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\
HARVARD COLLEGE
LIBRARY
FROM AN APPROPRIATION
BY THE
Graduate School
OF
Business Administration
Digitized by VnOOQ iC
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SfecA-
IN TWO SECTIONS JULY 11, 1921
THE GAS AGE
SECTION TWO— INDEX
Index Volume XLVH
January to June
1921
ROBBINS PUBLISHING CO., INC.
Succ«Mors to
Progressive Age Publishing Ck>.
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York City
rr
Digitized by VnOOQ iC
20315
t
^M
Digitiz
The Gas Age, VoL XLVIII
INDEX
INDEX
According to subjects and authors. *= Illustrated
/
PAGE
Accident :
Prevention neglected—Fred M. Smith 278
From escaping gas (see Legal Decisions)
Accounting :
Uniform system adopted in Michigan 29
Address, Presidents':
Natural Gas Assn.* — Harry J. Hoover 407
N. J. Gas Assn.— F. R. Cutcheon 110
Wis. Gas Assn. — Bruno Rahn 284
Advertising :
A. G. A. — Cash and carry* 350
Appliances — ^Frank H. Williams 389
Apportioning the*— Wm. B. Stoddard 23
Campaign, gas range* — ^William B. Stoddard 225
Display in "Own Your Own Home" exposition,
New York 452
Newspaper, Atlantic City Gas Co.* 352
Publicity in the South— Wm. B. Stoddard 7Z
Reaching the consumers at home* 30
What sort does the gas company need — Leake Car-
rawa^ 348
Window displays and trains of thought — ^J. E.
Bullard 22
Air trouble in gasoline recovery — Dr. O. J. Sieplein 364
Allen, C. A. — Cannel coal in Southern Utah 281
Allen, Geo. W. — Electricity for power-gas for heat 175
Analysis :
Gas oil, used in tests of water gas machines — C. E.
Reese 1
Indicators 6
Anderson, E. T. — Flow of gas calculation chart* 322
Anderson, Mejvin D. — Reduced meter travel in repair ^
shop* ^ • 305
Announcements :
Air Reduction Sales Co. acquires National Carbide
Corp. of Va 386
Credit Assn. formed 261
Doherty Research Company organized 343
Engineering Advertisers Assn. meeting ...• 385
Federation American Engineering Societies ZZ6
Indiana Gas Assn. meeting 292
Kirkgassen, Geo. J. advertising agency 301
Natural Gas Assn. convention 400
New Jersey — Penns. Gas Assn. meeting 292
Petroleum section, Am. Chem. Society formed .... 353
Southern Gas Assn.^ meeting 345
Southwestern Electrical & Gas Assn. meeting 398
Special rates to Natural Qas Convention 399
Surface Combustion Co. acquires Ratiometer
Corporation 259
Air heater described — Mark Meredith 112
Analysis, gas, indicators 6,117
Atmos tubular breathing mask* — Geo. Oliver Smith 404
Blowpipe used in reclaiming old pipe* 371
Boiler plani equipment* 79
Boiler tube blower* ' 123
Breathing 404-405
Coal and water gas* — R. Baker 129
Crane, crawling tread* 403
, Dayton oil gas generator* — F. C. Binnall 47
Drying, gas^fired — ^J. F. Springer 318
Electric blower for gas appliances 123
For operating the cutting torch* » . 9
Main and service locator* 125
Portable air compressor* 31
Trenching machine* 80
Water gfts sets tested in Chicago — C. E. Reese ^1
Appliances and equipment 28, 78, 123, 181, 311, 351, 401, 452, 500
Burner principles governing air injection — by Walter
M. Berry I. V. Brumbaugh and G. B. Shawn, of
Bur. of Standa*4§J2) ^
Burner tube and burSer ports — U. S. Bureau of
Standard reports » 120
Burners, design of injecting tubes* — Report Bur. of
Standards 75
Burners : i
Natural gas improved* — I. V. Brumbaugh 535
Chain stores for*— Alfred P. Post 297
PAGE
Donated and given away at Cincinnati (O.) con-
vention 304
Efikiency in use of natural gas — Samuel S. Wyer . 360
Equipment and materials — F. R. Cutcheon 110
Gas demonstration week in Los Angeles — ^William
B. Stoddard 225
Handling— Ed 288
Incinerator organization formed 124
In water-gas operation 311
Merchandising — ^Jas. P. Hanlan Ill
Merchandising debate, before joint N. J.-Penna.
Assn 444
Meter demand limiting — Henry L. Doherty 500
Patents, gas 77,122
Prices, retail, national— Alfred P. Post 491
Retail prices of, uniform national — ^Ed. 478
Appliances, domestic
Blue gas in— A. J. Huston 377
"Hot Wave" house heater* 78
Range, three in one* * 401
Range, gas, semi-enameled* 452
Water heater installations — ^J. C. D. Clark and Fred
K. Wells 217
Appliances, industrial :
Burners atmospheric, melting glass with — ^J. E.
Bullard 74
Furnaces, gas-fired, for heat treating— P. J. Lafore 163
Plate and angle furnace, application of gas to — H.
Howard Smith 164
Sales increase output — L. B. Grossman 206
Applying the gas regulation act — Norton H. Humphreys 134
AsbestoSj use, and save gas 114
Associations, gas (see "Announcements") :
A. G. A. at work 186
Company members, A. G. A 349
Company sections, A. G. A. — Ed 247
Employes, U. G. 1 326
111. Gas program 116
Natural Gas— President's address* — Harry J.
Hoover 407
Officers 80, 105, 167, 209, 252, 293, ZZ7, 282, 434
Penna. Oil & Gas Men's, county subsidiaries 72
Wisconsin Gas, President's address— Bruno Rahn 284
Associations meetings :
Illinois— Ed 246
Illinois Gas Assn.* 249
Indiana Gas Assn.* 397
Natural Gas Assn.— Edward C. Jennings 437
Natural Gas Assn., Cincinnati convention— Ed 429
N. E. Assn. Gas Engineers annual, program of 104
N. E. Assn.— Ed 156
N. E. Assn. Gas Engineers* 158
New Jersey-Penna., joint meeting 344
N. J. Gas Assn HO
Pacific Coast Gas Assn*— W. M. Henderson 204
Southern Gas Assn.*— J. H. Moore '. .. 486
Astoria, N. Y., plant put in operation 35
Automobile production cut hits gas business 256
Baker, R. — Combination coal and water gas* 129
Barnard, Geo. M. — Gas service declared essential 370
Barstow, W. S.— ^Adequate rate of return 135
Batt, Frank — Satisfaction helps rate increases 99
Bellamy, C. R. — Complete fuel service by utilities 416
Bemis* gas report on St. Paul, council defends 178
Berchtold, E. W.— Gas-fired steam boilers 164
Bigler,. F. R.— No gloom in Kansas City business 172
Binnall, F. C. — New producer oil gas plant* 47
Bird, E. H.— Oven gas the coming fuel* 193
Blauvelt, Warren S.— Plan for gas utility control 372
Blue gas in domestic appliances— A. J. Huston 377
Book Reviews:
Gas economies— Julius Springer 431
Helium bearing natural gas — G. Sherbourne Rogers 521
Natl Assn. Cost Accountants Year Book 490
Technology of lighting, manu., etc.— Dr. W. Bertels 521
Bower, Geo. C. — Greenville (Mich) Gas Co. adds to
plant* 171
Brenner, Erwin C— Purification of water gas* 315
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INDEX
The Gas Age, Vol. XLVIII
PAGE
British gas composition restriction act — Norton H.
Humphrys 283
Gas industry in 1920 — Norton H. Humphrys 52
Neutral sulphate process — E. V. Evans 44
Brown, J. A.^<^oncerning distributing systems* 236
> Brumbaugh, I. V* — Natural gas burners improved* .. 535
Bullard, J. E.:
Displays and trains of thought 22
Electric competition over-rated 56
Encourage employes to think 119
Melting glass with atmospheric burners 74
Sales talks from magazines 184
Bullock, Earl — Indiana Commission law 173
Bureau of Mines head resigns 29
Bureau of Mines reports 234, 281, 321, 424
Bureau of Standards reports 2(5, 75 120
Burners (see appliances)
Business :
Capital needed for 280
Editorial 379
Getting, methods scored — ^Wm. Gould 161
Modern commercial activities^jeo. A. Neal 390
Industrial, good— R. H. Godfrey 389
No gloom in Kansas City — F. R. Bigler 172
Outlook for 1921— Warren M. Persons, Elbert H.
Gary, and others forecast 14
Outlook— Ed. 156,331
Butte (Mont.) aqueduct and its 26-in. welded steel
main* 53
By-products :
Ammonia sulphate as weed killer — Exper. Station,
R. I. State College 244
Anthracene situation 190
As raw material* — R. S. McBride 457
Coal tar chemical production in 1919 85
Gasoline production — E. G. Sievers 414
Gasoline recovery air trouble in — Dr. O. J. Sieplein 364
Glasgow profits through — Mark Meredith 428
Sulphate of ammonia, British neutral process — E.
V. Evans 44
Sulphur, removing by oil — Mark Meredith 199
Tar (see Tar)
Campbell, John J., Meter trouble 409
Carbon black production statistics — E. G. Sievers .... 466
Carraway, Leake — What sort of advertising does the
gas company most need 348
Cement and lead- wool pipe joints* — Henry Fink .... 506
Chain stores for gas appliances* — ^Alfred P. Post .... 297
Charts ;
Flow of gas calculation* — E. T. Anderson 322
Radiation— W. F. Schaphorst 201
Chemical :
Carbonization, sulphur distribution in* — ^W. O.
Hutton and Prof. C. C. Thomas 88
Catalytic methane from blue gas — Mark Meredith 7
Coal tar, production in 1919 85
Industry, coal-tar, report of Tariff Commission on
—Oswald F. Schuette 63
Tests on removing of sulphur from carburetted
water gas* — Erwin C. Brenner * 315
Vitreosil now available* 351
Chemistry :
By-products, gas, as raw material* — R. S. McBride 457
Chicago advertising* 30
Gas business in 1920 — Samuel Insull 154
Clark, J. G. D.— Water heater installations 217
Cleaning gases 183- 367
Clendening, Byron M. — Public and utility commission 410
Coal:
Bill, Calder— Ed 100
Bituminous, water gas fuel — William W. Odell .... 424
Cannel, in southern Utab — C. A. Allen 281
Control British, now ended — Norton H. Humphrys 200
Control in Indiana 10
Conveyor contests by companies, results of 118
Conveyors cut costs — ^James H. Gregory 170
Gasification of, complete — Edward L. Richa 472
Output in Europe and America, 1920 387
Power-plant and its selection* — Robert June
Production nears 1918 level 70
Reserves — Ed 522
Stoppage in Great Britain — Norton H. Humphrys 470
Stored— Ed 379
Trouble in Great Britain — Norton H. Humphrys .. 427
Coke breeze used in building* 155
House-iheating— Ed. , 522
Coke Ovens, by-product:
Chicago By-Product Coke Co. plant 31
Donner Union Coke Corp. in operation 106
PAGE
Donner Steel Co. to sell to Buffalo Gas Plant .... 61
For small plants* — ^A. MacArthur 229
Gas the coming fuel*— F. W. Sperr and E. H. Bird 193
Gas service as supplier of fuel needs* — C. R.
Bellamy 416
Machinery: multi-spindle drive* — ^Adolph A. Rack-
off 183
Piron, at Woodward, Ala.* — Emil Piron 83
Practice at Jones & Laughlin plant* — C. R. Meissner
Productivity increased— Oswald F. Schuette 63
Semet-Sofvay, at Hamilton, Ont 34
Combination coal and water gas* — R. Baker 129
Commerce, international — Ed 203
Commercial activities— Geo. A. Neal 390
Business, how to get — Louis N. Yctter 182
Concrete building blocks made from fine coke and ce-
ment* 155
Condensation and compression — J. W. Lansley 191
Congdon, R. C, New type of Congdon standpipc* 460
Consolidated Gas Co. explains oil charge 258
Consolidation of Buffalo, N. Y., companies 393
Construction news— 37, 64, 106, 169, 211, 270, 295, 339, 384, 436,
484,530
Houston (Tex.) Gas & Fuel Co. needed improvements 398
Southern Public Utilities Co. at Charlotte, N. C. .. 211
Work at Atlanta, Ga 295
At Richmond, Va 61
Gloucester, Mass. Gas Lt. Co 169
Pipe line at San Antonio, Tex 33
Purifiers in Denver, Colo.* 41
Consumers :
City Gas Co. of Norfolk entertains 268
Financing through 249
Satisfaction helps rate increases — Frank Batt .... 99
Stockholders— Ed 100
Contract cancellations — Ed 57
Cancellation of Bull. Chamber of Commerce 245
Control, plan for, gas utility — Warren S. Blauvelt 372
Cooking :
Blue gas for— A. J. Huston 377
Operatic star uses gas for* 268
With gas in hotel kitchens — L. T. Joyce 162
Co-operation between company and manufacturer — Ed. 156
Correspondence :
New gas, the — ^W. J. McClary 465
Cost of materials, lower, welcomed 17
Grossman, L. B. — ^Appliance sales increase output .... 206
Customer stockholders — Ed 156
Cutcheon, F. R, — President's address, N. J. Gas Assn. 110
Cutting steel plate with a torch* 9
Daniels, Francis E. — State's view of stream pollution . . 324
Davey, A. F. — Lower B.t.u. — better service 303
Daylight saving campaign 122
Democracy, gas consumers' 21
Denver (Colo.) Gas & Elec. Co. purifiers* 41
Denver justice — Ed 522
"Dilemma" : 502
Displays and trains of thought — ^J. E. Bullard 22
Distribution :
Baltimore's 10 million cu. ft. holder* 469
Condensation and compression — J. W. Lansley 191
High pressure at Greenfield, Mass 106
Natural gas pipe reclaiming 369
Pipe joints, cement and lead wool* — ^Henry Fink 506
Submarine pipe at Green Bay, Wis.*— W-m, F. Miller . . 239
Systems*— J. A .Brown 236
12-inch submarine gas main at Green Bay, Wis.* —
Wm. F. Miller 239
Welded pipe line, Midway Gas Co.* 453
Doherty club house 260
Doherty, Henry L. — The demand limiting meter* 500
Domestic Science:
Kitchen, beautifying the* 30
Domestic uses of gas — L. T. Joyce 162
Dust arrester, producer gas* — ^W. H. Spear 187
Removing, from gases — N. H. Gellert 367
Dutton, L. R.— -Adjusting rates in period of change 242
Dye industry protection — Ed 59
Dyes, Outlook for, in U. S 388
Earle, N. H. — Heavy gas oil and checker brick spacing 314
Efficiency in office management — Ernest Jo^inson 346
Editorial :
Abraham Lincoln said 157
At your service 431
Business 379
Business outlook 156, 331
Buyers strike 101
Calder coal bill 100
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The Gas Age, Vol. XLVItl
INDEX
PAGE
Cincinnati convention 429
Coal reserves 422
Commission commended 430
Company sections 247
Consumer stockholders 100
Co-operation 156
Contract cancellations 57
Customer stockholders 156
Denver justice 522
Dye industry protection . i 59
Edison test, the 430
Electric propaganda 332
Employe councils ,. . 58
Employes representation 247
Fuel supply 101
Galena again 19
Handling appliances 288
House cleaning 288
House heating, coke 522
Housing prospects 57
Illinois meeting 246
Insufficient relief 59
International commerce 203
Investing savings 332
Labor autocracy 522
Lighting, gas 246
London gas 202
Natural gas 378
New Englander, the 156
New gases 429
1921 18
Nothing to worry over 289
Playing fair 333
Population 58
Price predicament 202
Publicity and selling 478
Research 288
Research 523
Retail prices, uniform national 478
Rocking the boat 19
Situation unbalanced 202
Solving the problem 478
Stored coal 379
Taxation discrimination 429
Training men 331
Valuation 58
Value 378
Vocational — government trains gas fitters* — R. T.
Fisher 309
Washington 101
We, the people 19
Educate and train managers. Dr. Hollis Godfrey 323
Ehlers, Williaim A. — Great future for industrial gas.* 494- 531
Education ; Edison test, the 430
Training men, Ed 331
Electric competition over-rated — ^J. E. Bullard 56
Propaganda. Ed 332
Wiring in shops. — ^J. F. Springer 519
Heat, light and power for New York. Col. Wm.
Barclay Parsons 264
Electricity for power — gSiS for heat. Geo. N. Allen .. 175
Elsman, Ralph — Democracy of gas consumers* 21
False charges e^tplained 208
Employes : Association U. G. 1 326
Attention called to GAS AGE by manager 174
Councils. Ed 58
Doherty's thrift plan for* 20
Encourage to thrift.— J. E. Bullard 119
Government 25
Investors build thrift. — Geo. H. Stack 228
Labor autocracy. Ed 522
Meetings — see Meetings
Mutual Aid Society of Consolidated Gas Co 64
Representation. Ed 247
Representation plan in Chicago 25
Stockholders, Worcester (Mass.) Gas Lt. Co 28
Emporia got its rate increase. — Carl B. WyckoflF 132
Enamel melting with atmospheric burners. — J. E. Bul-
lard 74
Engineering : (See Machinery)
Dust arrester system installed by Rochester com-
pany.*—W. H. Spear 187
Forethoughts on, Edward L. Rieha 472
Harrogate (Eng.) Gasification plant.* Frank H.
Robinson 462
Process of gas making with cheap oxygen.* E. A.
W. Jefferies 145
Engineers Club entertain publishers of "Gas World" 433
Engines, gas: Dayton oil gas generator* F. C. Binnall ^ 47
PAGE
Exposition : Industrial, at Portland, Ore 115
"Own Your Own Home," New York 401, 452
Evans, E. V. — British neutral sulphate process 44
Fernald. Prof. Robert H. — Natural gas supply failing
suggests by product producer manufacture .. 71
Reports annual ....94, 126, 159, 261, 334, 335, 342, 380, 381,
385, 451, 480,
Security offerings ..27, 61, 103, 117, 128, 135, 143, 212, 262,
291 480
Fin. News *. 212. 257, 290, 334, 380, 480^ 527
Financing through customers 249
Frank, Henry — Cement and lead pipe joints* 506
Fisher, R. T. — ^Veterans become gas fitters* 309
Fitters, gas, veterans become.* R. T. Fisher 309
Flow of gas, calculation chart.* — E. T. Anderson .... 322
Freeman, F. C. Principles governing rate making 151
Fuel and residual news 180, 223, 353
Automobile 343
Bituminous coal water gas — ^William W. Odell .... 424
Generator, evaluation of — Edward F. Pohlmann . . 276
In power plant management — Robert June 274
Motorcycle uses coal-gas for* 32
Production of, increases — Wash, corres 28
Service by utilities* — C. R. Bellamy 416
Supply— Ed 101
Galena again — Ed
Galena, 111., without gas
Gases, new — Ed
Gellert, N. H. — ^Removing dust from gases
Geological survey reports 121,
German industries, present status of
Godfrey, Dr. Hollis— 'Educate and train managers
Godfrey, R. H. — Industrial business good ;
Gould, William — Better gas merchandising
Merchandising methods scored
Government Helium plant. Ft. Worth, Tex
Governmental department wastes — Herbert C. Hoover
Governors (see Appliances)
Graphite industry in 1920
Gregory, James H. — Conveyors cut costs
Hahcock, H. D. — Leakage of Natural Gas
Hanlan, James P. — Merchandising gas appliances
Heat balance, water gas set — ^William W. Odell
Efficiency, water gas challenges producer gas
Requirements industrial gas — 111. Gas Assn. paper
Unit, reduced, effect of, on gas — Jacob B. Jones
Heaters : Radiant type
Heating :
Air for drying — ^J. F. Springer
Gas, in the ship yards — Mark Meredith
House and water-storage units*
Standards, development of — ^Alfred I. Phillips ....
Value, gas progress related to — Alfred I. Phillips
Helium (see Natural Gas)
Helium gas plant at Ft. Worth
Henderson, W. M. — Pacific Coast Gas Assn. meeting*
Herr, B. M. — ^Water gas challenges producer gas for in-
dustrial heating
Holder gas :
Baltimore 10 million cu. ft.*
Construction work on 34,
Hoover, Harry J. — President's address,* Natural Gas
Assn
Hoover, Herbert C. — Production deficiency and waste .
Hoover, Herbert C. — Governmental department wastes
Housecleaning — Ed
Housing problem and public utility credit— Oswald F.
Schuette
Prospects — Ed
Howe, H. E. — Research in industrial conservation
Humphrys, Norton H. — Applying the gas regulation act
British coal control now ended
British gas industry in 1920
Coal stoppage in Great Britain
Coal trouble in Great Britain
Gas composition restriction act
Huston, A. J. — Blue gas in domestic appliances
Hutton, U. O. — Sulphur distribution in carbonization*
Illumination (see Lighting)
Incandescent gas lighting:
Past, present and future — Dr. Howard Lyons
Thorium, Zirconium and rare earth minerals — U. S.
Geol. survey report
Indiana taxes on public utilities
Industrial conservation, research in — H. E. Howe
19
34
429
367
180, 387
170
323
389
300
161
114
363
388
170
411
111
517
189
253
98
251
318-
449
313
509
327
114
204
187
469
339, 469
407
286
363
288
173
57
42
134
200
52
470
427
283
377
68
121
340
42
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INDEX
The Gas Age, Vol. XLVItl
Industrial gas :
Appliance sales increase output — L. B. Grossman 206
Application of, to plate and angle furnace — H.
Howard Smith 164
Furnaces, for heat treating — P. J. Lafore 163
Great future for*— Wm. A. Ehlers 494
Heating in the ship yards — Mark Meredith 449
Heating, water gas challenges producer gas in —
B. M. Herr, 189
Melting glass with atmospheric burners — ^J. E. Bul-
lard 74
Requirements — 111. Gas Assn. paper 253
Uses of— L. T. Joyc? 162
Industry : Mnufactured gas at 1920— Census report 507
Insull, Samuel — Report of president, on Chicago gas
business in 1920 154
Interstate Public Service Co. form holding company 341
Inventor solves deadly gas danger 451
Inventories — Ed 19
Investing savings— Ed 332
Irvine, Frank — Basis for rate making discussed 140
JeflFeries, E. A. W. — Gas making with cheap oxygen . . 145
Jennings, Edward C. — Natural Gas Assn. annual meet-
ing 437
Natural gas in legislation 108
Johnson, Ernest — Efficiency in office management 346
Jones, Jacob B. — Effect of reduced B.t.u. on gas 98
Joyce, L. T. — Domestic and industrial gas uses 162
June, Robert — Power plant coal and its selection* 514
Power plant management 274
"Just an idea" 299
Kerr, W. F. — Mid-continent gas survey 392
Kings Co. Ltg. Co., charges against explained — Ralph
Elsman 208
Labor (see Employes)
Lafore, P. J. — Gas fired furnaces for heat treating 163
Laclede Gas Lights Co. balance sheet 214
Lamps:
Testing of*— R. H. Maurer 307
Vitreosil now available for* 351
Lansley, J. W. — Condensation and compression 191
Law, public utility, in New York-^Travis H. Whitney 282
Lead paint for wood and metal* — J. S. Springer 137
Lead wool for pipe joints* — Henry Fink 506
Leakage, natural gas — H. D. Hancock 411
Legal :
Act, gas regulation, applying the — Norton H.
Humphrys 134
Aspects of natural gas supply— John Simpson 421
Condemnation by gas companies — Pecos & N. T.
Ry. Co. vs. Malone 136
Legal decisions:
Affecting oil and gas companies 396
Chattanooga Gas Co., Atty. Gen. Frank M. Thomp-
son rules against 207
Contract to furnish gas obligatory — Bassell vs. W.
Na. Central Gas Co 192
Contract to supply gas binding, Hot Springs (Ark.)
Gas Co. vs. Ark. Natural Gas Co 508
Escaping, gas, negligence from, (Okla. Gas & El.
Co. vs. Okla. Ry. Co.) 17
Injunction of gas rate ordinance affirmed, Des
Moines vs. Des Moines Gas Co 287
Natural gas and Steptoe act fight 37, 40, 65
Negligence, No. Texas Gas Co. vs. Young 139
Pipe line right of way (Penna. law) 245
Rate rights judicially defined 197
Legislation, gas, problems in Ohio 222
Lewis, E. I.— Public utility regulation 179
Lighting, gas— Ed 246
A. G. A. report— Theodore H. Piser 116
Incandescent minerals 121
Methods of merchandising, scored — Wm. Gould . . 161
Past, present and future — Dr. Howard Lyon 68
Testing of lamps*— R. H. Maurer 307
Liquid gas 353
Lyon, Dr. Howard — Gas lighting, past, present and fu-
ture 68
Machine^ (see Apparatus)
MacArthur, A. — Gas ovens for small plants* 229
Machinery :
By-product and gas ovens* — C. R. Bellamy 416
Coal conveyors cut costs — ^James H. Gregory 170
Coke hauling in Elrama, Pa.* 354
PAGE ; i PAGE
Coke-oven battery, multi-spindle drive for reversing
part at*— Adolph A. Rackoff 183
Crane, crawling tread* 403
Dust arrester system installed by Rochester com-
pany*—W. H. Spear 187
Maintenance of chain-grate stokers — ^John M. May 312
Multi -Spindle drive*— Adolph A. Rackoff 183
Machinery, Operating (see "Operating kinks")
Spacing, heavy gas oil and checker brick — N. H.
Earle 314
Managers, educate and train — Dr. Hollis Godfrey 323
Management :
Contracts, cancellation of — Bull. Chamber of Com-
merce 245
Efficiency in — Ernest Johnson 346
Kings County Lighting Co. methods — Ralph Elsman 21
Power plant — Robert June 274
Manufacture :
Combination coal and water gas* — R. Baker 129
Complete gasification of coal — Edward L. Richa 472
Gasification plant at Harrogate, Eng.* — Frank H.
Robinson 462
Water gas, blue, catalytic methane from — Mark
Meredith 7
Water gas, Chicago experience in — Edward F.
Pohlmann 276
Operation in Madison, Wis.* — Geo. E. Wagner 271
Sets, Chicago tests of* — C. E. Reese 1
With cheap oxygen* — E. A. W. JeflFeries 145
Manufacturers, service to, by U. S. Dept. of Commerce 346
Manufacturing statistics 477
Market news-40, 72, 105, 167, 209, 252, 293. 337, 382, 434, 482, 528
Mason, F. H. — Oil refinery production in 1920 321
Maurer, R. H.— Testing of gas lamps* 307
May, John M. — Maintenance of chain-grate stokers .. 312
McBride, R. S.— Gas By-products as raw material* 455
Meetings, associations : (See Associations)
Meetings, employes :
Ashtabula (O.) meter readers' club* 450
No. Conn. Lt. & Pr. Co 110
Public Utility Information Committee 340
Meissner, C. R. — ^Adaptability in coke-oven practice* 503
Men in the industry:
General 36, 66, 109, 168, 210, 383, 435, 483, 529
Barrows, Geo. S.* 67
Blake, Alfred E 168
Blanton, Geo. J 294
Bruce, Howard* 109
Bump, Milan R.* 529
Clark, Horace H 294
Clerk, Sir Dugald 251
Dellplain, Morse* 397
Denning, L. B.* 483
Doherty, H. C, an evening with 184
Ehlers, W. A 435
Elsman, Ralph* 21
Feiker, Frederick M
Funk, Hon. Frank H 383
Harper, Robert Brinton* 338
Hoover, Harry J.* 400
Lambert, David N 438
Pollitt, L. L* 487
Potter, William W.* : 210
Onay, Harry A 221
Schutt, Harold S.* 36
Smart, Burton* 153
Stretch, Ray 260
Young, D. J 258
Merchandising appliance, debate before joint N. J.-
Penna. Assn 444
Conservation— John T. Naylon 302
Gas— Wm. Gould 300
Gas appliances— James P. Hanlan HI
Methods scored— Wm. Gould 160
Volume of sales increases 389
Meredith, Mark— Air Heater explained 112
Catalytic methane from blue gas 7
Gas heating in shipyards 447
Glasgow profits through by-products !.. 428
Removing sulphur by oil 199
Meriden (Conn.), steaming results at* 13
Meter demand limiting*— Henry L. Doherty 500
Installations, British 24
New company formed ' 433
Repairing*— Melvin D. Anderson 305
Trouble— John P. Campbell 409
Michigan utility companies organize public co-opera-
tion committee 173
Miller, Wm. F.— A 12-inch submarine gas main* 239
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The Gas Age, Vol. XLVIII
INDEX
Montgomery, H. L. — Effect of rates on service . .
Motorcycle uses coal-gas for fuel*
Moving pictures — Pittsburgh Water Heater Co.*
P. Post
PAGE
439
32
402
491
National retail prices — ^Alfred
Natural gas:
And Steptoe Act 37, 40, 65
Appliances, efficiency in use of — Samuel S. Wyer 360
Burners improved* — I. V. Brumbaugh 535
Colorado developments 400
Conservation in Penna 40
Conservation through merchandising — John T.
Naylon 302
Economiq aspects of* — E. G. Sievers 355
Editorial 378
Gasoline production — E. G. Sievers 414
Leakage of— H. D. Hancock 411
Legislation — Edward C. Jennings 108
Mid-continent gas survey — ^W. F. Kerr 392
News 107, 219, 262
Present status of — Harry J. Hoover 407
Supply failing suggests by-product producer man-
ufacture—Prof. Robt. H. Fernald 71
Supply, legal aspects of — John Simpson 421
Wasteful use of— Samuel S. Wyer 360
West Va., production 37
Naylon, John T. — -Merchandising conservation 302
Neal, Geo. A. — Modern commercial activities 390
News of the industry: 33, 37, 64, 102, 104, 106, 115, 124, 169, 212,
270/ 290, 334, 481, 524
Imperial Valley Gas Co. shuts down its plant .... 102
Kansas Natural Gas Co. system taken over by Em-
pire Companies 104
Marland Refining Co. and Kay County Gas Co.
consolidated 107, 212
Muscle Shoals Gas Co. incorporated 215
Wathington, 28,118
Western Gas Constr. Co. managed by Kappers Co. 115
New York's gas business in) 1920 94
New utility law— Travis H. Whitney 282
1921— Ed 18
Nye, Harry Gale— Things ain't what they was 112
Obituary :
Bryant, Charles F 109
Dougherty, Jos. Edward
Mason, Alphonso* 483, 526
Rosa, Dr. Edward Bennett* 467
Odell, William W. — Bituminous coal water gas fuel . . 424
Testing water in tar emulsions 234
Water gas set heat balance 517
Office:
Combustion Engineering Co 454
Fremont (O.) Gas & El. Co 181
Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co., Chicago 250
Brooklyn Union Gas Co. contract for 61
Production, 1920 222
Tennessee — Stuart St. Clair 394
Refinery production in 1920 — F. H. Mason 321
Operating kinks 224, 354, 406, 453, 541
Ovens (see Coke-ovens)
Ovens, gas, for small plants* — ^A. MacArthur 229
Oxy-acetylene torch, cutting steel plate with* 9
Welded pipe used in Montana aqueduct* 53
Welding on refrigerating apparatus* — Fred E. Rog-
ers 541
Research— Ed 523
Paint, durability in — L. M. Stocking 24
Lead, for wood and metal — ^J. S. Springer* 137
Parker, Geo. W. — Prices during the last six years 296
Parsons, Col. Wm. Barclay — Heat, light and power for
New York 264
Peoria (111.) distribution problems* — ^J. A. Brown 236
Philadelphia, new plant proposed for 480
Phillips, Alfred I.— Gas progress related to B.t.u.'s 327
Development of B.t.u. standards 509
Electrolysis in Milwaukee 126
High pressure line at Greenfield, Mass 106
Joints, cement and lead -wool* — Henry Fink 506
Line right of way (legal decis.) 245
Line, welded. Midway Gas Company* 453
Main and service locator* 125
Natural gas, reclaiming 369
Repairs, gas tape for 314
Standpipe, Congdon, new type of* — R. C. Congdon 460
Submarine at Green Bay, Wis*— Wm. F. Miller ?39
PAGE
Welded steel main in Montana* 53
Welding oxy-acetylene, on refrigerating apparatus*
Fred E. Rogers 541
Piron, Emil— By-product coke was at Woodward, Ala* 83
Piser, Theodore H.— A. G. A. gas lighting report 116
Plan for gas utility control— Warren S. Blanvelt 372
Playing fair— Ed 333
Pressure — Principles governing air injection, air en-
trainment and momentum of gas stream.
Tests — Bur. of Standards 26
National retail prices 491
Power plant coal and its selection*— Robert June 514
Management (see Management)
Pohlman, Edward F. — Evaluation of generator fuels.. 276
Population— Ed 58
Post, Alfred P. — Chain stores for gas appliances* 297
Price of gas :
Adirondack Power & Light Co. reduces 450
Adjusting, in period of change — L. R. Dutton 242
Atlanta, Ga 290
Baltimore company 34
Beaumont (Tex.) Gas Co 335
Boston Consolidated Gas Co 62
Brazil, Ind 291
Bridgeport, Conn 493
Brockton (Mass.) Gas Light Co 212
Brooklyn Boro. Gas Co. 60
Buffalo gas plant 197
Chattanooga, Tenn., returns to old rates 263
Citizens Gas Co., Indianapolis 35
Coast Valleys Gas & El. Co 433
Cohoes Power & Lt. Corp., complaint against heard 208
Columbus, 0 291
Consolidated Gas Co. of N. Y 214
Contra Costa (Cal.) Gas Co 290
Detroit City Gas Co 35
East Ohio Gas Co., Qeveland 34, 219, 222
Emporia Gas Co.— Carl B. Wyckoff 132
Georgetown, Ky 107
Grand Rapids, Mich 159
Greenville, N. C 177
Haverhill (Mass.) Gas Light Co 291
Houston, Tex 443
Indianapolis, Ind 336
Iroquois Natural Gas Co 343
Jamestown, N. Y 60
Kingston (N. Y.) citizens to appeal service charge 213
London gas — Ed 202
Louisville, Ky 35, 65
Montgomery (Ala.) Lt. & Water Pr. Co 60
New York City 340, 385, 435
Oklahoma 391, 398
Pacific coast 334
Petersburg, Va., Gas Co 340
Portland Gas & Coke Co 102
Phoenix, Ariz 51
Predicament — Ed 202
Republic-Lt., & Pr. Co 290
Schenectady (N. Y.) rate reduced 464, 485
Seattle (Wash.) increase upheld in Supreme Court 250
Service charge, definition of 221
Southern Counties Gas Co., Calif 485
Union Lt., Ht. & Pr. Co., Covington " 71, 107
Washington, D. C 62
Prices during the last six years — Geo. W. Parker . . .-. 290
Producer gas dust arrester* — W. H. Spear 187
Producer oil gas plant* — F. C. Binnall 47
Production deficiency and waste — Herbert Hoover .... 286
Prohibition, We, the people — Ed 18
Public and utility commission — Byron M. Clendening 410
Co-operation committee of Michigan Utility companies 178
Public utility:
Control, plan for— Warren S. Blauvelt 372
Policies, U. S. Chamber of Commerce for Construc-
tive—Oswald F. Schuette 118
Regulation — E. I. Lewis 179
Regulation, views of engineer on 376
Service at cost 55
Public utilities:
California, financing 143
Need money 432
Publicity and selling— Ed 478
Publisher of the "Gas World" honored 433
Purifiers :
Atlanta 530
Denver (Colo.) Gas & Elec. Co.* 41
Increasing capacity of, in Denver, Colo.* 41
purification of wat^r gas* — Erwin C. Brenner^^. . , . . , 315
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INDEX ' ^ The Gas Age. Vol. XLVIII
PAGE ^ ^"^^^ * • P-^^^
183* tv^Pkfp\v—Ed 101
284 Gas, 1920 census 507
' Graphite industry in 1920 388
99 Manufacturing 477
140 Natural gas production, 1918 414
151 Oil production, 1920 222
Oil refinery production in 1920— F. H. Mason 321
242 Steam boilers, ^s fired— E. W. Berchtold 164
439 Coal, and its selection* — Robert June 514
259 Steaming results at Meriden* 13
1 Stocking, L. M.— Durability in paint 24
Stoddard, William B. — ^Apportioning the advertising* 23
376 Gas demonstration week* 225
288 Gas publicity in the South 73
42 Stream pollution, State's view of — Francis E. Daniels 324
Success from knowledge, self-confidence, action —
283 Samuel Insull 258
472 Sulphur distribution in carbonization* — U. O. Hutton
and Prof. C. C. Thomas 88
462
Tank, welded, erected in Alabama* 24
305 Welded, shipping* : 366
Tar, centrifugal separator for* 513
541 Emulsions, testing water in — ^W. W. Odell and E.
11 W. Thiele 234
Philadelphia sells at 400 per cent increase 33
394 Tax on gross receipts, companies pay 393
184 Taxation discrimination — Ed 429
181 Taxe^ on Indiana public utilities 340
201 Public service corporations 385
Testing water in tar emulsions — W. W. Odell and E.
173 W. Thiele 234
63 Tests :
Burner* — U. S. Bureau of Standards 120
118 Burner, of Bur. of Standards 26
Godfrey conveyor contests, results from 118
491 On removal of sulphur from carburetted water gas*
478 — Erwin C. Brenner 315
55 Water gas, in Chicago* — C. E. Reese 1
370 Thiele, E. W. — Testing water in tar emulsion 234
366 "Things ain't what they was"— Harry Gale Nye 112
364 Thomas, Prof. C. C. — Sulphur distribution in carboniza-
466 tion* 88
355 Thrift campaign, Mr. Dohert/s plan* 20
414 Employes— investors build — Geo. H. Slack 228
421
268 Valuation— Ed 58
278 Of Indianapolis gas property 335
404 Memphis Gas & Elec. Co 126
Value— Ed 378
164
371 Wagner, Geo. E. — ^Water gas operation in Madison,
479 Wis.* 271
187 Washington— Ed 101
193 Water gas:
519 Challenges producer gas 189
318 Set heat balance— William W. Odell 517
137 Sets tests of, in Chicago* — C. E. Reese 1
1 1 Welded tank erected in Alabama* 24
228 Welding job, oxy -acetylene, in New York* 314
Wells, Fred K.— Water heater installations 217
180 Western Gas Const. Co. purchased by Koppers Co 60
509 Whitney, Travis H. — New York's new public utility law 282
203 Wyer, Samuel S. — Wasteful use of natural gas 360
98 Workers, gas, government 25
32 Works :
216 Astoria, N. Y., plant put in operation 35
Atlanta, Ga., experience with Congdon scrubber
266 standpipe system* — R. C. Congdon 460
430 Harrogate (Eng.) gasification plant* — Frank H.
173 Robinson 462
176 Greenville (Mich.) Gas Co.*— Geo. C. Bowen 171
386 Madison (Wis.) water gas operation* — Geo. E.
10 Wagner 271
Meriden (Conn.), steaming results at* 13
466 Window displays (See Advertising)
85 WyckofF, Carl B. — Emporia got its rate increase 132
387
223 Yetter, Louis N. — How to get commercial business 182
Rackoff, Adolph A. — Multi-spindle drive*
Rahn, Bruno — Gas conditions in Wisconsin
Rate increases, consumers satisfaction helps — Frank
Batt
Making, basis for, discussed — Frank Irvine
Principles governing — F. C. Freeman
Rates (See Price of Gas)
Adjusting, in period of change — L. R. Dutton
Effect of, on service — H. L. Montgomery
Ratifometers
Reese, C. E. — Chicago tests of water gas sets*
Regulation, public utility, views of engineer Calif.
Commission
Research — Ed
In industrial conservation — H. E. Howe
Restrictions on composition of gas, British gas regula-
tion act of 1920 — Morton H. Humphrys
Rieha, Edward L. — Forethoughts on gas engineering ..
Robinson, Frank H. — Harrogate (Eng.) gasification
plant*
Rochester (N. Y.) meter repairing* — Melvin D. An-
derson
Rogers, Fred E. — Oxy-acetylene welding on refrigerat-
ing] apparatus*
Rust, prevention and removal of — ^J. F. Springer
St. Clair, Stuart — Tennessee oil and gas
Sales talk from magazines — ^J. E. Bullard
Salesman's decalogue
Schaphorst, W. F. — Handy radiation chart
Schuette, Oswald F. — Housing problem and public
utility credit
TariflF commission reports
U. S. Chamber of Commerce votes for construction
policies
Selling:
Prices, retail— Alfred P. Post
Uniform National — Ed
Service at cost plan for public utilities
Declared essential — Geo. M. Barnard
Shipping large size welded tank
Sieplein, D. 0. J. — ^Air trouble in gasoline recovery ....
Sievers, E. G.— Carbon black production statistics
Economic aspects of natural gas*
Natural gas gasoline production
Simpson, John — Legal aspects of natural gas supply....
••'Six months in advance"
Smith, Fred M. — ^Accident prevention neglected
Smith, Geo. Oliver — ^Atmos tubular breathing mask . . .
Smith, H. Howard — ^Application of gas to plate and
angle furnace
Society, something wrong with
Solving the problem — Ed
Spear, W. H. — Producer gas dust arrester*
Spcrr, F. W. — Oven gas the coming fuel*
Springer, J. F. — Electric wiring in shops
Gas fired drying apparatus
Lead paint for wood and metal*
Prevention and removal of rust
Stack, Geo. H. — Employe investors build thrift
Standards :
Candle power, causes gas oil waste
Development of B.t.u. — ^Alfred I. Phillips
Lower B.t.u. — better service — ^A. F. Davey
Reduced B.tu., eflFect of on gas — ^Jacob B. Jones ..
Relative, for gas service
U. G. I. Co. to abolish candle power
State Commissions:
Boards endorsed by 33 states
Commended— Ed
Law in Indiana — Earl Bullock
News
New York Transit Commissioners
State : Control of coal in Indiana
Statistics :
Carbon black — E. G. Sievers
Chemicals, coal-tar, in 1919
Coal output, 1920 — U. S. Geol. Survey report
Coke industry
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Vol. XLVIT
Established 1883
January 10, 1921
Copyright 1921 No. 1
Chicago Tests of Water Gas Sets
The Williamson and Lowe Types of Water
Gas Machines Were Tested for Compara-
tive Efficiencies and Yields for the Informa-
tion of the m. Public Utility Commission
By C. E. REESE, The Gas Age Staff. New York City
THE Peoples Gas Light and Coke Company of
Chicago operate 60 water gas machines in their
7 plants. The equipment is distributed as follows
by stations: North — TTiirteen U. G. I. type of the follow-
ing sizes, two 8'6^ seven 11' (T, and four 12' (T. Divi-
sion— ^Ninc Williamson type, three 12'0" and six 12' 4"
and two twin machines of the 11 '(T design. Twenty-
Second Street — Six Williamson sets all the 12' 0" nominal
diameter type, and two twin machines W 8" in diameter.
South— Three 12' (T Williamsons, two 11' 0" twins, and
two 12'(r two-shell machines. Pitney Court — Twelve
U. G. I. type machines, six SOT and six 11' 0" in diameter.
Ninety-Sixth Street — Four U. G. I. type machines, one
& or, one 7' 6", and two 8' 6" in diameter. Willow Street
— Five U. G. I. machines, two 7' 6" and three 8' 6" in
diameter.
The machines listed above are rated according to the
following table of capacities.
Capacity per 24 Hrs in M. Cu. Ft.
With Good With Poor
Stoc Type Fuel Fuel
6'0" U. G. I. 600 480
7'&' " 800 640
S'O" " 700 560
8' 6" " 1000 800
S'S" " 1200 960
ID'S" Twin 2000 1600
irO" " 2000 1600
irO" U. G. I. 1700 1360
11' 0" " 2000 2000
11' 0" " 3500 2800
\2'Qr " 2000 1600
IZO" Two Shell 1000 800
12' 0^ Williamson 1500 1200
12' 0" " 1600 1280
IZO" " 3500 2800
12' 4'' " 2000 1600
12' 4" " 2500 2000
It is evident from these figures that the nominal
diameter of a water gas set is no criterion of the capacity
of the set. These figures emphasize the fact that such
items as the type, model, grate area, blast equipment
and size of shell connections must be considered before
a reliable estimate can be made of the capacity of a
water gas set. The personal element is a very import-
ant item in output of a plant, all other things being
equal, no two operators can accomplish the same results
on the same machine. This merely emphasizes the
importance of correct instruction during the training
of the gas maker.
The combined capacities of the above listed machines
are given in the following table:
Summary of Plants Tested and Capacities
Max. Rated 24 Hr.
Station Number of Cap. M. Cu. Ft. Working Cap., Btc
Machines Good Fuel Poor Fuel Good Fuel Poor Ftiel
North 13 27,300 21,840 21,800 17,400
Division .... 11 28,000 22,400 22,500 18,100
22nd. St 8 16,200 12,960 12,100 9,680
South 7 10,500 8,400 8,500 6,800
Pitney Ct. ... 12 19,200 15,360 15,000 12,000
96th. St 4 3,800 3,040 2,600 2,080
Willow 5 5,200 4,160 4,000 3,200
Total 60 110,200 88,160 86,500 69,260
Operating practice has shown that there is a reduction
of about 20 per cent from the maximum rated capacity
when poor fuel is used and that the working capacity
with good fuel is about 20 per cent above the maximum
rated capacity. Then when poor fuel must be used the
working capacity is decreased 20 per cent, so that with
poor fuel the capacity of a water gas set may be de-
creased about 40 per cent from the maximum.
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THE GAS AGE
January 10, 1921
Types of Machines
The construction of the "Twin" machines is such that
in an 11 foot set which stands 46 feet high the brickless
carburetter is located just above the generator and the
superheater on top of the carburetter. The space is
divided approximately as follows; superheater 21 feet,
brickless carburetter 7 feet and the generator 18 feet-
A twin set comprises two such shells which are operated
simultaneously. The Two-Shell machines are constructed
so that the carburetter and superheater are enclosed in
one shell. The U. G. I. and Williamson machines will
be described fully further along in this paper.
These plants produce approximately 66 million cubic
feet per day or 24 J4 billion per year. The company
purchases about ^ of a billion feet of water gas per
year from the Public Service Company of Northern
Illinois and approximately 3J4 billion feet per year
from the By-Products Coke Corporation at South Chi-
cago. The total gas produced and bought amounts to
28yi billions per year or over 77 million cu. ft. per day.
The water gas supplied by the Public Service Company
is delivered to the distribution system while the coke
oven gas furnished by the By-Products Coke Corpo-
ration is delivered to the Peoples Company at the 110th
vice would be confiscatory, and that a rate must be
authorized which will permit the company to earn, in
addition to operating expenses, taxes, and depreciation,
the said sum of $5^200,000 per annum that the
company is entitled to earn to cover necessary operating
expenses including taxes, allowance for uncollectible
bills, and allowance for depreciation, an ampunt which
is equivalent to 96.46 cents per thousand cubic feet of
gas sold ; that the company is entitled to earn in addition
thereto as a fair return upon the fair value of its prop-
erty used and useful in the public service an amount
which is equivalent to 20 cents per thousand cubic feet
of gas sold ; that the company is entitled to put in force
schedules which will produce an average price to its
consiuners of $1,164 per thousand cubic feet of gas sold."
Therefore, the primary rate established was $1.15 and
the secondary rate $1.00 per thousand.
Since this rate was established the valuation has been
completed and operating expenses increased until the
Peoples Company was forced to ask for a primary rate
of $1.40 per thousand cubic feet sold.
Williamson Water Gas Set
This machine is approximately 54 ft. high over all in
The explanation of the diagram of the Wilkinson generator
-and progress of the process from the crude material to the fin-
ished gas, as illustrated by the long drawing, is as follows:
Beginning at the left we see the tank containing gas oil and
the pile of generator coke and boiler coal next to it, the tar
Water Gm Mannfactniing Plant and AiudliarieB in
settling tank being shown beneath. Then comes the steam boiler
plant, including the feed water pump, preheater and coal ele-
vators, followed by the pump house and water softening tank.
The generator house contams the Williamson generator with
its hot scrubber and condenser, wash box and piping. The re-
Street Station where it is purified and metered, then
stored or compressed at the 96th Street Station. This
gas is distributed to over 700,000 consumers through
about 3,000 miles of distribution mains.
The structural costs of the property of the Peoples
Company used to render this service, not including de-
duction for depreciation, are according to five different
points of view as follows:
City's historical cost, $56,219,643.
Company's reproduction cost new, with prices as of
July 1, 1914 to July 1, 1919, $90,734,379.
Average 1906-1915 inclusive $60,007,851; January 1,
1917, $86,893,922; and July 1. 1919, $114,087,039.
Statement by the Commission
On June 16, 1920, the Illinois Public Utilities Com-
mission which was advised through approximate es-
timates of the above costs of the Peoples property issued
an order which in part reads as follows : "Considering
the facts in the record as to valuation and the facts as to
the market value of the use of money, of which we must
take notice, we are convinced that an allowance to the
company of less than $5,200,000 as a fair return upon
the value of its property employed in the public ser-
the 12 foot set, the generator being 12 ft. outside di-
ameter and 24 ft. high, with a gas passage of the
same diameter but about 4 ft. high just above the gen-
erator. At this point the shell widens out to about 15 ft.
in diameter and is divided into two parts, the carburet-
ter and the superheater, which are D shaped and each
7j4' on the short diameter and 24 high. The point at
which the hydrogen or blue gas pipe and oil spray enter
the carburetter is provided with a tee which stands
6 ft. high.
The generator is provided with either stationary or
rolling grates and is fed from the sides at the charging
doors. Two types of hot valves are used on this ma-
chine. The disc valve is constructed so that while
blasting or making an up run the valve parts are pro-
tected from the hot gases by a ring of insulating material
in the valve opening. The other type is a water sealed
valve, in this case the down run pipe and the hydrogen
pipe are concentric, but the down run pipe extends up
into the hydrogen pipe from below through a water
chamber in which there is a movable metal hood pro-
tected with fire proof material. Owing to the difference
in sizes of the two pipes, this hood can be revolved over
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January 10, 1921 THEGASAGE 3
the down run gas pipe and yet have the hood sealed efficiency of the Williamson and the Three Shell ma-
in water all around the down run gas pipe. chines the Peoples Gas Light and Coke Company made
The blast gases or blue gases and enricher oil enter five sets of tests, four of them on machines in the plants
the carburetter at the top, pass through the arched gas of the Peoples Company and the fifth on machines of the
passage below, then up through the superheater. The Public Service Company of Northern Illinois at the
stack valve is the horizontal rolling type and opens Niles Station. The machines were operated by the reg-
moving horizontally while the gas offtake is on the side ular gas makers and attendants subject to the instruc-
of the superheater shell and not connected to the stack tions of the engineers and chemists taking the readings,
valve fitting. The wash box is very similar to the type The testing squad worked in three sections on 8-hour
used on other machines except the tar and liquor lines shifts. In each case all testing equipment was known
are brought down to a large seal pot on the operating to be accurate before readings were taken,
floor so that the constituency of the liquor can be ANALYSIS OF COKE USED IN TESTS
watched and the operation of the machine regulated s^^^„ 22ad street NUes Division North Pitney ct.
accordingly. Moisture % 2.75 1.54 .86 .92 1.05
Lowe Three-Shell Water-Gas Set— U. G. I. Type Volatile matter % . . 3.00 4.20 2.86 3.26 1.29
This type of water-gas machine is so well known J^^^^^.^^*^^" ^^ • • • ^'{^ ^6.67 88.24 87.22 90.07
that only a few comparative notes are necessary. The ^^l" /^ ' ' ^'^^ ^% ^'^ ^'^ ^'^
hot valves shown are of the same type vd the William- Sulphur % 0.70 0.62 0.66 0.80 0.93
son valve has not been applied to the U. G. I. set. In Explanation of the Items in the Table
the first illustration the hydrogen pipe is much longer 1. — Two types of machines were used on these tests,
than in the second. The Williamson generator is charged the Williamson and the Lowe three-shell, and all except
from the side and U. G. L generator from the top. the Niles station tests were conducted at the properties
In the Williamson the checker brick in the carburet- of tne Peoples company.
Series from the Fuel Storage to Consumers Appliance
lief holder is readily recognized, followed by the works ex-
hauster, the shavings scrubber, the purifiers, station meter, tar
storage tank, water-front docks, storage holder, etc The dis-
tribution exhauster is operated by a gas engine and delivers the
gas to high pressure mains from which it is taken in district
governor vaults and directed into the low pressure mains. The
drip wagon serves the low pressure mains and from them sdso
is drawn the consumer's supply, a typical installation being
shown, including meter, incinerator, water heater, laundry stove,
gas range, gas grate, and lighting equipment.
ter are contained in a D shaped chamber which has a
relatively small horizontal area but is deep, while in the
Lowe type practically the reverse conditions obtain.
There are about an equal number of checker bricks in
carburetter and superheater of the Williamson machine,
while in the U. G. I. set there are twice as many checker
bricks in the superheater as in the carburetter. In the
former the gas offtake and stack valve are located in
different parts of the top of the shell, while in the latter
the gas off-take leads from the stack valve piece.
The stack valve connection is very small in the Wil-
liamson as compared to the Lowe valve. The former
stack valve slides in a horizontal direction, but the U. G.
I. valve revolves through 90 degrees in opening or clos-
ing. The Williamson machine requires less floor space
than the U. G. I. machine. A building with less groimd
area is required to house the Williamson than the U. G. I.
machine, but the former machine requires a much taller
building then the latter set. These latter points are
very important where land and building materials are
very expensive.
Efficiency Tests
In order to determine the actual normal operating
2. — ^Two or four machines were used during the tests
as indicated and the machines in each set of tests were
of the same size, thus making the average figures re-
liable.
3. — ^The duration of the tests varies from 10 to 30
days and means the operation of all the machines des-
ignated at the respective stations during these days.
4, 5. — On accoimt of different thicknesses of insulat-
ing material lining the shells, the same nominal size
machines often have different grate areas.
6. — This is the average amount of gas in thousand
cubic feet that each machine made per day it operated.
7. — This is the amount of gas in cubic feet that each
square foot of grate area produced per day of operation,
and is the factor for comparing the capacity of different
sizes and types of machines.
8. — ^This is the pounds of coke weighed through the
generator for each thousand cubic feet of gas made.
9. — This is the pounds of fixed carbon or the heat
giving element of the coke that was weighed through
the generator for each thousand cubic feet of gas and
is a measure of the fuel efficiency.
10. — This is the product of the total gas made and the
number of pounds of coke used per thousand cubic feet
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THE GAS AGE
January 10, 1921
RESULTS OF TESTS OF WILLIAMSON AND LOWE SETS
STATION 22nd STREET NILES DIVISION
1 — Type of machine Williamson Williamson Williamson
2 — Number of machines of same size tested 2 2 4
3 — Duration of tests in days 30 10 31
4 — Nominal size outside diameter in feet 12 12 12
5 — Actual grate area per machine in sq. ft 59 63.6 63.6
6 — Gas made per operating day per machine in M. cu. ft. 3328 2873 2939
7— Gas made in cu. ft. per sq. ft. of grate area 56600 45180 47403
8— Coke generator fuel used per M. cu. ft 31.08 30.61 31.06
9— Carbon per M. cu. ft 26.79 27.22 27.71
10— Gas made times pounds of carbon per M. cu. ft. in M. 5,327,191 759,846 8,963,520
11 — Kind of coke Mixed Fair Good
coke Pocahontas Pocahontas
12— Total gallons of oil used 926,641 139,575 1,271,260
13— Gas made in M. cu. ft 198,850 27,915 323,476
14— Gallons of oil used per M. cu. ft 4.66 5.00 3.93
15— Candle power 27.99 29.23 25.15
16— Candles per gallon 6.01 5.84 6.40
17 — Temperatures in degrees F. of Superheater 1380 1464 no
Temperature in degrees F. of Carburetter 1370 1352 record
18— B.t.u. of gas 703 678 None taken
19 — Pounds steam used per M. cu. ft. of gas made 30.65 no record no record
20 — Run-minutes 4 4 4
21 — Blast-minutes Approx. 4 3.4 to 4.6 3.5 to 4.5
22 — Blast pressures in inches of water 26.2 18 to 20 20
Pounds gauge 0.95 0.66 to 0.73 0.731
23— B.t.u. added to gas per gal. oil 109,700 100,100 118,400
RESULTS OF TESTS— AVERAGES
STATION 22nd STREET NILES DIVISION AVERAGE NORTH
8— Coke per M. cu. ft 31.08 30.61 31.06 30.92 30.82
9— Carbon per M. cu. ft 26.79 27.22 27.71 27.24 26.81
Weighted averages based on carbon 27.35
Weighted averages based on coke . . 31.04
14— Oil per M. cu. ft 4.66 5.00 3.93 4.53 4.23
16_Candle8 per gallon 6.01 5.84 6.40 6.08 5.70
NORTH
PITNEY CT
Three Shell
Three Shell.
4
4
29
30
12
11
59
59
2864
2480
48531
42017
30.82
31.59
26.83
28.15
7,364,459
8,560.190
Fair
Good
Pocahontoa
Pocahontas
1,161 OKO
1,401,865
274,486
304,092
4.23
4.61
24.15
26.67
5.70
5.78
1315
no
1400
record
695
None taken
30.89
31.70
4
4
3.1 to 4
4
no
18
record
0.66
111,500
104,800
PITNEY CT.
AVERAGE
31.59
31.26
28.15
27.49
27.52
31.22
4.61
4.42
5.78
5.74
of gas made. It is from these figures that the weighted
averages are calculated in the, results of tests — ^aver-
ages, tables.
11. — ^The coke used at 22nd Street was principally
from stock and consisted of Rhoda, two grades of
Pocahontas and a slight amount of run of oven. On
all the other tests Pocahontas coke was used princi-
pally from the railroad cars. At North Station no stock
coke was used and at the end of the test the car weights
were checked against the coke buggy weights.
12. — ^This figure gives the total number of gallons of
oil used at the respective stations during the test for
the enrichment of the gas.
13. — This gives the total number of cubic feet of gas
in thousands made at the respective stations during the
test.
14. — This is the amount of oil required to properly
carburet a thousand cubic feet of g^s to obtain the de-
sired quality and it is measured by individual meters on
the machines and checked against the oil storage tanks.
15. — This is the actual candle power of the gas as
taken on a bar photometer and ts an average of six
tests for each eight hour shift.
16. — ^This is the candle power that each gallon of oil
produced and is a measure of the oil or carburetting ef-
ficiency of the machine.
17. — ^These are the temperatures in degrees Fahren-
heit of the Superheater and Carburetter, it will be noticed
that in two of the three sets of readings the temperature
is highest in Superheater.
18. — The heating value of the gas was determined by
a standard Junker's Calorimeter, and is the average of
six tests for each eight hour shift.
19. — ^This is the pounds of steam required to ntake
a thousand cubic feet of g^s as measured on a steam
flow meter. At Division Street the indicating meters
had been installed but had not been calibrated so that
the relative amount of steam was set by the analysis
of the gas. At Niles the same program was followed.
20, 21. — ^The runs in all cases were four minutes but
the blasting time was varied to keep the machine in the
proper gas making condition as disclosed by the com-
plete analysis of the gas.
STATION
A — Coke per M.
CALCULATION OF WEIGHTED AVERAGES BASED ON COKE
22nd STREET NILES DIVISION
31.08 30:61 31.06
B— Gas made M 198.850 27,915 323,476
AXB 6,180,258 854.478 10.047,164
Total Gas made 550,241M.
Total AXB
Table (AXB) -r- Total Gas made
NORTH
30.82
274,486
8,459,658
PITNEY CT
31.59
304.092
9.606.266
578,578
17,081,900 18,065,924
31.04 31.22
CALCULATION OF WEIGHTED AVERAGES BASED ON CARBON
STATION
22nd STREET
NILES
DIVISION
A— Carbon per M 26.79 27.22 27.71
B— Gas made. M 198,850 27,915 323,476
AXB 5,327,191 759,846 8,963,520
Total Gas made 550,241M.
Total AXB 15,050,557
Total (AXB) -r Total Gas made 27.35
NORTH PITNEY CT.
26.83
274,486
7,364,459
28.15
304,092
8,560,190
578,578M.
15,924,649
27.52
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Jnnuary 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
22. — The blast pressure is the observed pressure in the
base of the machine and is give both in inches of water
and in pounds per square inch gauge. This pressure
has been the subject of much thought in the last few
years and the tendency is to increase the pressure.
23. — This figure when considered with the gallons of
oil used shows the relation between heating value of
the gas due to blue gas and that due to the oil.
Oil Efficiencies
The following figures compare the efficiencies of the
Williamson and the Lowe three shell types of water gas
machines in the utilization of gas oil on the heat value
basis as shown in the above tests.
Note : The 5 column tables have the same heads as the follow-
ing table.
STATION 22nd STREET
Type of water gas machine tested Williamson
Gallons of gas oil used per M. cu. ft. of gas made . . . 4.66
ANALYSES OF GAS OIL USED IN TESTS IN PER
CENT BY WEIGHT— FRACTIONATION
Degrees F.
0-300 1.08 .82 2.37 1.73 .41
300-400 4.33 4.42 7.82 8.14 3.33
400-500 18.59 15.62 28.11 32.22 20.51
500-600 40.21 40.15 37.42 41.26 41.91
600-700 26.71 33.12 22.41 1306 29.93
700-above, etc 9.08 5.87 1.87 3.59 3.91
NILES DIVISION NORTH PITNEY CT.
Williamson Williamson Lowe three shell Lowe three shell
5.00 3.93 4.23 4.61
ANALYSES OF GAS MADE IN TESTS IN PER
CENT BY VOLUME
Carbon dioxide 4.16 3.75 4.2 4.35 4.4
Illuminants 14.21 13.20 12.4 12.55 12.8
Oxygen 0.72 1.00 .9 71 .8
Carbon monoxide .... 29.72 29.10 29.6 30.21 26.3
Hydrogen 29.33 27.82 30.9 29.30 32.5
Methane 17.64 19.03 17.5 17.77 18.3
Nitrogen 4.22 6.10 4.5 5.11 4.9
HEAT UNITS ADDED BY OIL
Approximate B.t.u. contributed to the gas per gallon of gas oil used
Approximate B.t.u. contributed to gas per gallon of gas oil used on
basis of same quality oil used at 5 gallon rate in all tests
22nd ST.
109,700
NILES
100.100
DIVISION
118,400
NORTH
111.500
107,790 1100,100
111,170 112,940
Pitney Ct.
104.800
101.290
COMPARISON OF TYPES OF MACHINES-FOUR MACHINES
Williamson water gas machines at Division St. and 22nd St. Stations of the Peoples Gas Light and Coke Co. of Chicago.
Lowe three shell water gas machines at North and Pitney Ct. Stations of the same company.
Williamson
Approximate average B.t.u. contributed to the gas per gallon of gas oil used on basis of same quality oil
used at 5 gallon rate in all tests 109.480
Approximate per cent increase of average B.t.u. contributed to gas per gallon of gas oil used on basis of
same quality oil used at 5 gallon rate m all tests of the average Williamson water gas machine over that
of the average Lowe three shell water gas machine of the Peoples Gas Light and Coke Co 2.2%
Lowe
107,115
FIVE MACHINES
Williamson water gas machines at Division St. and 22nd St. Stations of The Peoples Gas Light and Coke Co. and at the Niles Station
of the Public Service Co. of Northern Illinois.
Lowe three shell water gas machines at North and Pitney Ct. stations of the Peoples Gas Light and Coke Co.
Williamson Lowe
Approximate average B.t.u. contributed to the gas per gallon of gas oil used on basis of same quality oil
used at 5 gallon rate in all tests 106.350 107,115
Approximate per cent increase of average B.t.u. contributed to gas per gallon of gas oil used on basis of
same quality oil used at 5 gallon rate in all tests of the average Lowe three shell water gas machine of
The Peoples Gas Light and Coke Co. over Williamson water gas machines at Niles Station of the Pub-
lic Service Co. of Northern Illinois and at the Division St. and 22nd St. Stations of The Peoples Gas
Light and Coke Company of Chicago — .7%
CALCULATION OF RELATIVE VALUES AND REQUIRED AMOUNTS OF VARIOUS WATER GAS GENERATOR FUELS FOR
THE MANUFACTURE OF 565 B.T.U. WATER GAS
The following table gives the average of analyses made during a two year period upon such generator fuels as are contracted for or in
stock by The Peoples Gas Light and Coke Company and also the weighted average analyses of all generator fuels used at all continuously
operated manufacturing plants of the above mentioned company.
AVERAGE ANALYSES
Kind of fuel Rhoda or Roda coke Tierney or T coke Solvay coke Manufacturer's coke Anthracite coal Mixed coke. 1916
Moisture % 1.68 1.67 4.46 3.78 3.92 1.92
Volatile matter % 3.55 3.68 2.47 3.92 8.51 3.49
Fbced carbon % 88.13 87.46 83.48 80.42 76.04 86.82
Ash% 6.64 7.19 9.59 11.88 11.53 7.77
By the use of the foregoing average analyses of generator fuels and an empirical formula which is based upon known qualifications of
good generator fuel and average operating results for the year 1916. the following percentage debits and credits of each generator fuel con-
tract^ for or in stock (as of the average analyses shown above) as compared with an ideal generator fuel consisting of 100% fixed carbon
are shown together with the final relative values as obtained by subtracting the respective sum totals of debits and credits from 100% for
each respective fuel.
DEBIT AND CREDIT FACTORS
Kind of fuel Rhoda coke Tierney coke Solvay coke Manufact- Anthracite Mixed coke
urer's coke coal 1916
% Fixed carbon deficiency —11.87 —12.54 —16.52 —19.58 —23.96 —13.18
% Fuel consumption for evaporation and moisture . . — .13 — .13 — .36 — .30 — .31 — .15
% Fuel unrecoverable in clinkers —1.33 —1.44 —1.92 —2.38 —2.31 — l.S?
% Fuel loss due to effect of ash and cleaning time . . —7.70 —8.34 —11.12 —13.78 —13.37 • -^.01
% Credit due to release of volatile matter +118 +1.23 +.82 +1.31 +2.84 +1.1^
% Sum total of debits and credits —19.85 —21.22 —29.10 —34.73 —37.11 —22.73
% Relative value of generator fuel 80.15 78.78 70.90 65.27 62.89 77.27
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THE GAS AGE
January 10, 1921
POUNDS OF FUELS REQUIRED FOR 565 B.T.U. WATER GAS
Kind of fuel Rhoda coke Tieraey coke Solvay coke Manufact- Anthracite coal Mixed coke
urer's coke
Pounds of generator fuel per M 35.32 35.94 39.93 43.38 45.02
1916
36.64
1916 generator fuel. The credit due to the release of
volatile matter was taken as one-third of the volatile
matter since with such generator fuels about one-third
of the useful constituents of the fuel appear in the final
gas made.
Actual operating results for the entire year of 1916
showed that in conjunction with 4.889 gallons of gas oil,
32.284 pounds of generator fuel of the average analyses
previously given were required per M cubic feet of 22
candle power gas made. On a 565 B.t.u. carburetted
water gas basis in conjunction with 3.3 gallons of gas
oil close to 36.64 pounds of the same quality generator
fuel would be required per M cubic feet of gas made.
The following required amounts of various generator
fuels were calculated by proportionately increasing or
decreasing the average requirement of 36.64 in accord-
ance with the proportionate decrease or increase, respec-
tively, of the relative values in relation to the relative
value of 7727 given above for generator fuel of the
quality of that of the year of 1916.
Section of WilliainBOii Water Gas Generator
In the foregoing tabulation, the per cent of fixed car-
bon deficiency was taken as the difference between the
per cent of fixed carbon in the fuel and 100, the per cent
of fixed carbon in the ideal fuel. The per cent fuel
consumption for the evaporation of moisture contained
in the fuel was taken as 8 per cent of the per cent of
moisture in the generator fuel. The unrecoverable fuel
in clinkers was figured as approximately 20 per cent of
the per cent of ash in the generator fuel as the average
loss of generator fuel in this manner for the entire year
of 1916 was found by actual operating results to be 20
per cent of the per cent of ash in the average generator
fuel used in that year. The fuel loss due to effect of
ash and cleaning time upon the possible make was taken
as 1.16 times the per cent ash in the generator fuel as
the average cleaning time for the entire year of 1916 in
terms of the total possible gas making time was equal in
percentage to 1.16 times the per cent ash in the average
The U. G. I. Water Gas Set
Gas Analysis Indicators
THE work of the gas chemistry section of the U. S.
Bureau of Mines, dealing with methods of prepara-
tion, purification, analysis, and testing of gases, in-
cluding fuel, illuminating and special gases, is described
in a recent report which concludes as follows :
"Probably not far from half of the time and energy
of the section has been devoted to the development of
recording gas analysis apparatus depending upon ther-
mal conductivity, and to the construction of such ap-
paratus for use in various Government establishments.
The features of this apparatus which give promise of
the most extended usefulness in industry were invented
and have been developed to the point of successful com-
mercial use within this section. The first plant installa-
tion was a single-point recorder placed, just a little more
than a year ago, in the experimental helium plant of the
Bureau of Mines, at Petrolia, Texas. This apparatus
was an immediate success and led to the demand for,
and the construction of, another single-point recorder,
two 6-point recorders, and one 16-point recorder for use
in connection with the various helium projects, one 4-
point recorder for use in analyzing water gas at Lang-
ley Field, and one hydrogen purity recorder for use at
the same field. All of this apparatus has been con-
structed and all but the 16-point apparatus has been in-
stalled. The two 6-point recorders, which determine
helium, methane, ethane, and nitrogen in various mix-
tures are reported to be giving particularly good satis-
faction. The Bureau has been requested to construct a
4-point recorder for determining sulphur dioxide in the
naval powder factory at Indianhead, Md., and another
6-point recorder for the Bureau of Mines. Apparatus
was also constructed for the Fixed Nitrogen Research
Laboratory at American University for the determina-
tion of ammonia, and the Bureau was recently informed
that when the large nitrate plant at Mussel Shoals is
reopened it will be asked to supply the recording equip-
ment for that plant. Apparatus of this character is
under construction elsewhere for at least five manufac-
turing concerns ; and one university laboratory is known
to have employed the method in experimental work.'*
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January 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
Catalytic Methane from Blue Gas
Discussion of the Possibility of En-
riching Blue Gas by Converting into
Methane Catalytically and Mixing
so as to Produce a 400 B. t. u. Gas
By MARK MEREDITH, Liverpool, England
WATER gas to-day, whether blu6 or partly en-
riched, has fallen into a certain amount of dis-
favour owing to the high cost of the materials
from which it is made, and the fact that, when considered
from the thermal standpoint it is more costly to manu-
facture than are the various types of coal gas. It will
be appreciated that when the new methods of charging
for "therms" become general the old established cus-
tom of drawing comparisons between various gas-mak-
ing processes purely on a volume basis will no longer
be appropriate. The volume basis, in fact, must give
way to the total yield of therms per unit weight of raw
material and the most economical process must be that
which produces the cheapest "therm," providing that
the thermal concentration of the gas produced conforms
with generally accepted opinions.
At the moment there are four different methods of pro-
ducing gas, all of which are likely to remain in oper-
ation for some years — Straight coal-gas produced in
horizontal retorts; mixed gas produced by steaming
vertical retorts ; blue water gas ; and the mixture yielded
by the complete gasification of coal. Owing to the
cUiims made for each individual method, it is instructive
to note that approximate thermal efficiency which may
be expected in each case. In the following table effi-
ciencies have been considered from two standpoints,
namely the efficiency of the whole process (which takes
into consideration the heat recovered in all the by-prod-
ucts) and the efficiency of gas production expressed as
the relation between the heat recovered in the form of
gas and the heat used and lost in the process of obtain-
ing this gas from a solid fuel.
Eflficiency
Efficiency of Gas Cost of
of procef s production crude gas
per cent per cent per therm
a — Straight coal gas
(horizontal retorts)
82
53
3.0d.
b — ^Vertical retorts
(30 per cent steaming) . .
81
55
2.4d.
c — Blue water gas
50
50
4.0d,
d — Blue water gas
(self steaming)
67
67
3.0d.
e — Complete gasification . .
63
60
2.9d,
It will be noted that blue water gas production as
ordinarily carried out gives the lowest efficiency with
the most costly therm, but the opportunities that present
themselves will be seen from consideration of the figures
which are obtained when the process is made self-steam-
ing— i.e., when the steam required for operation is raised
by means of the waste heat issuing from the plant. Pro-
vidin^f that plants of the kind are fitted with a self-
contamed boiler there is no reason why blue water gas
should not commend itself to all gas engineers as a
simple and one of the cheapest methods of producing
gaseous thermal tmits.
Catalytic Production of Methane .
The drawback of blue water gas is that it has a
calorific power rather too low to admit large propor-
tions of it being admixed with coal gas. Certainly, the
difficulty may be surmounted by the oil enrichment, but
the cost of oil almost prohibits its general use.
An interesting and probable alternative lies in the
synthetic production of methane from carbon monoxide
and hydrogen, a process which has assumed a new im-
portance at the present time in view of the fact that if
synthesis can be carried out with success on a practical
scale a means is provided producing a comparatively
high grade straight water gas without the use of en-
riching agents. A simple method for the synthesis of
methane is afforded by the reduction of carbon mon-
oxide by hydrogen in the presence of nickel. Thus :
C0 + 3H,=CH +.H20.
With an active catalyst the reaction occurs at 180-200
deg. C, and at 250 deg. C. the reaction is practically com-
plete. When the carbon dioxide is subsituted for carbon
monoxide the reaction becomes
COi+4H,= CH4 + 2HtO.
The reaction temperature in this case is rather higher
beginning at 230 deg C. and becoming rapid over 300
deg. C. At temperatures above 250 deg. C. in the case
of carbon monoxide a secondary reaction occurs, carbon
monoxide being converted into carbon dioxide and free
carbon.
2CO=C02 + C.
This reaction complicates the process owing to the
disposition of the free carbon on the catalyst, which is
thus rendered inactive.
Ordinary straight water gas contains approximately
equal quantities of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and
if passed over a nickel catalyst at about 450 deg. C. the
carbon monoxide disappears, being converted into meth-
ane and carbon dioxide, with the deposition of a certain
amount of free carbon on the catalyst. When the cata-
lyst becomes choked with carbon it is maintained at a
temperature of about 450 deg. C. and a current of steam
is blown through it, with the formation of carbon diox-
ide and hydrogen. The former gas in turn interacts to
form methane, so that the final mixture consists of hy-
drogen, methane, and carbon dioxide. The last named
may be removed when a gas of moderately high calor-
ific power is obtained. The two stages of the process
may be combined by employing simultaneously suitable
proportions of water gas and superheated steam.
Practical Considerations
In practice, more particularly so far as gas works
are concerned, the production in this way of gas con-
taining methane presents considerable difficulty owing
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THE GAS AGE
January 10, 1921
to the fact (as seen above in the equations) that theo-
retically, three volumes of hydrogen are required for
one volume of carbon monoxide, while on a working
scale the necessary proportion is found to be very much
greater. With straight water gas as produced in the
ordinary manner the proportions of the two gases are
nearly equal.
Water gas in the crude state contains a considerable
quantity of sulphuretted hydrogen and some sulphur
compounds. All sulphur bodies quickly poison the
catalyst, and even if gas purified in the ordinary way
from sulphuretted hydrogen were treated, there would
still remain the problem of other sulphur compounds.
Experiments on a semi-technical scale indicate that from
the gasworks point of view the process is scarcely prac-
ticable for many reasons. Primarily the question of
relative concentration* of carbon monoxide and hydro-
gen renders the evolution of a simple process extremely
difficult, while it is not altogether possible to avoid the
formation of nickel carbonyl.
From the point of view of gas production, it must be
borne in mind that four volumes (at lowest cost) of
carbon monoxide and hydrogen yield only one volume
of methane. Accordingly on a voluine basis the output
of a water gas plant would be very seriously reduced,
although this consideration is of less importance now
that the therm basis of selling gas has been introduced.
It will be appreciated that, while the volume output
given would suffer, the thermal output would not be
affected to so great an extent.
Sabatier endeavored to overcome the difficulty of ad-
justing volume differences by making a low temperature
water gas having a high content of carbon dioxide and
a low proportion of carbon monoxide. In this way the
necessary excess of hydrogen was obtained, the carbon
dioxide being removed before the mixture was passed
over the nickel catalyst. Before reaching the catalyst
vessel, the gas was passed over heated copper for the
removal of impurities. The objection to this method
lies in the fact that large quantities of generator fuel in
the form of carbon dioxide must necessarily be wasted.
As an alternative Elworthy proposed to add hydrogen
to the water gas so as to adjust the relative volimfie re-
quirements, but such a method is rendered prohibitive
owing to the cost of producing hydrogen.
Possibilities of the Methane Process
The possibilities of the process are well illustrated by
the following results obtained from laboratory experi-
ments.
Conversion of CO into Methane
Mixture used for
reduction
Mixtures after re-
duction (a) . .
(b) ..
(c) ..
H, CO CH CO, N2
B.Th.
U. per
cu. ft.
80.9 16.3
64.8
60.6
61.4
0.2
28.3
30.8
31.8
1.4
0.6
2.8 298
6.9
5.8
6.2
466
488
490
after catalytic treatment, was mixed with the equiva-
lent volume of blue water gas, the resulting product
would have a calorific power of some 390 B.t.u. or just
the grade of gas which is best suited as a combustible
diluent for straight coal gas.
Ash Facilitates Equilibrium
Considerable study has been given to the effect of
catalysts in the reversible reaction known as the water
gas equilibrium
CO + H,0 = CO,-f-H,
In connection with hydrogen manufacture a number
of processes are based on the fact that in the presence
of suitable catalysts steam and carbon nionoxide react
to give hydrogen and carbon dioxide as shown above,
and at temperatures above 600 deg. equilibrium is quick-
ly established. It has been shown that iron and lime
(constituents of ash) tend to promote the attainment of
equilibrium and for this reason it has been suggested
that the ash content in coke is operative in facilitating
equilibrium.
Gwosdz has pointed out that over a range of 560-855
deg. a considerable proportion of carbon with dioxide
(up to 29 per cent) is always formed with coke contain-
ing 8.5 per cent ash ; whereas with pure carbon (lamp-
black with 0.1 per cent ash) even at 600 deg. the water
gas contains only 8.6 per cent of carbon dioxide. The
opinion of this investigator is that in the primary re-
action between coke and steam carbon dioxide is not
formed, but only carbon monoxide and hydrogen. This
is followed by the establishment of water gas equilib-
rium in the upper layers of fuel bed, followed by catal-
ysis promoted by ash in the fuel.
Further experiments show that when steam is passed
through coke the carbon dioxide content of the gas is
extremely small, in fact under 1 per cent. Both theory
and practice, therefore, point to the fact that the final
gas mixture obtained depends on the proportion of the
ash in the fuel. As, therefore, equilibrium in the above
quoted reaction is most probably established in the up-
per layers of the fuel there is every need to ensure that
the steam flow to the generator is so regulated (par-
ticularly during the later minutes of the run) that the
least possible excess shall pass through to the top por-
tions of the fuel bed.
It has been suggested that the proportion of methane
(0.5 to 1 per cent) found in blue water gas is due to in-
teraction between carbon monoxide or dioxide and hy-
drogen promoted by the ash acting catalytically. The
contention, however, is open to considerable doubt, par-
ticularly in view of the fact that for such interaction
it would seem necessary for nickel to be present.
It has been shown that deterioration of the catalyst
due to deposition of carbon may be remedied by slowing
down the gas stream for a short period, during which
time the nickel is given an opportunity to recover its
activity. The period of rest results in the interaction
of hydrogen with the free deposited carbon, methane
being formed. From the figures given above it will be
observed that the average calorific power of methane-
hydrogen mixture produced catalytically would approx-
imate to 480 B.t.u. per cu. ft. Accordingly, if the gas.
Customer Owrnership
Total customer ownership sales of the Preferred
Stock of Byllesby electric and gas companies will run
about $6,200,000 par value for 1920, compared with $3,-
388,100 in 1919, a gain of 83 per cent. The companies
which sold their securities direct to their customers
were: Northern States Power Company, Louisville Gas
& Electric Company, Arkansas Valley Railway Light &
Power Company, Oklahoma Gas & Electric Company,
Western States Gas & Electric Company, San Diego
Consolidated Gas & Electric Company, Mountain States
Power Company and Tacoma Gas & Fuel Company.
These companies, during the past few years, have dis-
tributed upwards of $14,500,000 of their securities
among more than 20,000 of the people to whom thev
supply electricity and gas services.
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THE GAS AGE
9
Cutting Steel Plate with a Torch
Description of a New Machine for Operat-
ing the Cutting Torch Adapted to Irregu-
lar Surfaces and Feeding Almost Automat-
ically in Tests Made on Heavy Armor Plate
ANEW machine for operating the oxy-acetylene
cutting torch was given a test recently in indus-
trial service at the government proving grounds,
Sandy Hook, where its possibilities were demonstrated
in the presence of engineers of the Development Depart-
ment of the Linde Air Products Company and a group of
practical cutting-blowpipe operators from the Oxweld
Acetylene Company's Newark welding shop.
The latter company some time previously had entered
into a contract to reduce 4,000 tons of puctured armor
plate to furnace charging sizes, and the new machine was
developed with the co-operation of Linde engineers in an
effort to effect economies in the oxy-acetylene process in-
volved. The test was an unusual one in every way and a
revelation to the engineers and operators alike.
For the purpose of independent research and develop-
ment work, the Linde Company maintains at its Buffalo
plant one of the largest and best equipped experimental
shops in the country, and this service is frequently util-
lized by customers and contractors who contemplate
using the oxy-acetylene torch for special purposes.
The particular problem involved in the Sandy Hook
job was to devise, if possible, a semi-automatic me-
chanical means of cutting irregular surfaces. The con-
ditions confronting the Oxweld cutters were such that
no straight-line cutting machine then on the market
was adapted to the work. Accordingly, Linde engineers
went to Sandy Hook at the invitation of the Oxweld
company, examined the physical features to be over-
come and began work on the problem at once.
It was not a commonplace situation. The armor plate
was badly warped by the impact of the shells which had
pierced it in target practice, and the punctures (six in
each plate) were mushroomed and ragged. Each of
the plates (3" thick by about 9' x 13') weighed between
seven and eight tons.
Besides irregularity of surfaces, another difficulty
loomed large in the metallurgical composition of the
■metal, which contained high percentages of nickel and
chrome. This kind of steel yieds a heavy and viscous
•slag that does not flow freely from the kerf in blowpipe
cutting. This not only retards the cutting speed but
necessitates higher oxygen pressures than are required
in cutting ordinary steel of the same thickness.
The engineering difficulties, however, were quickly
•overcome and a completed test machine was on the job
within a week after the Oxweld's hand cutters started
"work, or virtually at the outset, so that any economies
resulting from machine cutting would effect a material
•saving on the contract. It develops that the actual
•economy will be considerable, and the Oxweld people
were so pleased with the showing made in the test that
the company immediately authorized the building of two
additional machines. It is estimated that the savings on
this one contract will more than pay for these machines.
In the meantime it is anticipated that the new applica-
tions will be further developed, as machine cutting of
irregular surfaces has been a long felt want in wreck-
ing operations.
The inventor of the machine describes it in the follow-
ing technical terms :
"The power for operating the machine is furnished
by a General Phonograph Company spring motor. On
the turntable spindle is a worm. In mesh with the worm
is a 72-tooth worm wheel on a horizontal shaft' running
in two bearings. On the outboard end of this horizon-
tal shaft is fastened a knurled-groove pulley. Above
is another and larger knurled-groove pulley which is
held down by spring tension. Through these two rollers
pass jointed knurled pull-rods of which the out end is
attached to a torch carriage.
**A lever is attached so as to pivot on the idler roller
shaft and, when raised to a vertical position, applies a
brake to the lower driving shaft, at the same time sep-
arating the two rollers, giving freedom to the knurled
pull-rod. The usual phonograph speed control is used.
A change is made in the governor weights of the motor
to run faster. This, together with the large gear re-
duction provided, gives a greater towing power to the
pull-rod.
"An Oxweld Q-7 machine cutting torch is mounted on
a two-wheel cart having wheels 3" in diameter. The
wheels are made of cast iron and the bearings and wheels
are protected from sparks by metal shields. Runners
are provided on each side set close to and inside of the
wheels. The runners are three inches in length and
are mounted to clear the plate ]/%", Their function is to
prevent the torch carriage from falling off the plate at
the start and finish of the cut.
"The combination of the two-wheeled cart with swivel
connection to the pull-rod keeps the tip of the torch at
the correct distance from the surface of the plate at all
times in spite of the irregular surfaces of the warped
armor, and the cut is thus kept at the correct angle to
the plate. A "C" clamp attaches the motor to the plate
and may be moved to a new line of cut by releasing the
hand set-screw."
Cutting Punctured Armor Plate
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THE GAS AGE
January 10, 1921
The entire equipment does not weight over 30 pounds.
In "setting up" all that is necessary to adjust the align-
ment is to place the motor so that the pull-rod extends
over the line of cut, as the rod is always in the direct
line of cutting. Changing to new lines of cut is almost
as simple as moving a typewriter from one desk to
another.
It would be interesting to pit the machine against an
expert hand cutter in a test of speed and gas consump-
tion, but it would be hardly fair to the hand cutter
because the machine has no nerves to yield to fatigue.
Its greater speed is largely due to its steadiness, as is
also its saving in gas consumption. It makes a clean,
straight kerf, which is the technically economical cut,
and its advance is as regular as clockwork. So long as
its spring is wound and the brake released it will run.
The ultimate promise of the new device undoubtedly
is in the fact that with it the unskilled and inexpert
cutter can accomplish as much as the most experienced
hand cutter — a fact that will make it a big factor in its
particular field.
Feed for Torch Cutter
Gas Is Practically Always Supplied by Corporations
In view of article 4, section 33, of the California Con-
stitution, declaring that the Legislature shall pass laws
for the regulation and limitation of the charges for
services performed and commodities furnished by tele-
graph and gas corporations, etc., the California Supreme
Court holds, Hansen v. Vallejo Electric Light & Power
Co., 188 Pac. 999, that section 629 of the California Civil
Code, requiring gas and electric companies to furnish
gas and current on application, etc., and imposing a pen-
alty for failure, is not invalid as discriminatory in vio-
lation of article I, section II, because it omits partner-
ships and individuals.
The court takes judicial notice that the business of
supplying a community with gas or electricity for light,
heat, etc., is in California practically always conducted
by a corporation. Isolated cases of the conduct of such
business by an individual, copartnership or voluntary
unincorporated association may exist in some small
communities, but they are extremely rare.
Coal Control Law in Indiana
From the monthly Review of the U. S. Bureau of Labor
AT A recent special session of the Indiana Legisla-
ture, what is perhaps a novel law was passed
giving the State practically complete control of
the coal-mining industry within its borders. Members
of the State Board of Accounts are constituted a special
coal and food commission, having authority in this re-
gard until March 31, 1921. Full power as to obtaining
testimony and requiring the submission of records and
accounts is given this commission. Its supervisory con-
trol extends to the parties owning, operating, controlling,
or leasing any coal-mining property within the State or
enjgfaged in selling coal either at whole-sale or retail.
Mining operators are to pay an annual license of $25,
wholesale dealers $10, and retail dealers $5. There is
also a charge of 1 cent per ton on all coal mined. The
sum thus raised is to be used by the commission in
administering the law.
The commission has the right and is required to reg-
ulate and fix prices of coal moving in intrastate com-
merce. This extends to all persons producing or selling
coal in any way. Expenses, costs, transportation
charges, depreciation, depletion, and a just profit must
be taken into consideration in fixing prices, which must
not be confiscatory nor less than the cost including rea-
sonable returns.
The power of the commission does not extend to coal
entering interstate commerce, nor coal used for manufac-
turing purposes. Mines must furnish an adequate sup-
ply for domestic consumption at the prices fixed by the
commission. Penalties are provided for violation of the
act, including both fine and imprisonment.
The commission also has authority to investigate food
costs, covering transactions of dealers of all classes, and
is to make recommendations to the governor for a bill
to be presented to the next legislature to prevent pro-
fiteering, hoarding, and the destruction of food.
Prompt action was taken by a coal-mining company
and by retail dealers to test the constitutionality of the
foregoing law, and on September 6 three judges of the
United States court handed down an opinion sustaining
it. The proceedings were an effort to secure injunctions
restraining the State from enforcing the provisions of
the law, the claim being made that it was unconstitu-
tional.
Judge Baker, who delivered the opinion, stated that the
application for the injunction involved "the one funda-
mental question of the right of the State to touch at all
the coal-mining business." The principles upon which
the legislature acted were considered, and it was held
that it represented the people and has absolute sover-
eignty over the persons and properties within the limits
of the State except in so far as these powers had been
surrendered to the Federal Government. The fourteeth
amendment could not be regarded as crystallizing the
situation at the date of its adopion and the police power
of the State remained fully capable of exercise.
An order was issued denying the application for a
temporary injunction and the bill was dismissed with-
out prejudice. "It will be dismissed without prejudice
and the record may show affirmatively that there is
absolutely nothing decided except the one question that
the State under its police power can lay its hand upon
the coal-mining industry." Following the decision, the
commission notified the operators to pay the tonnage
tax immediately, and also announced that it would fix
prices within 10 days from the date of the court's
decision.
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THE GAS AGE
11
Prevention and Removal of Rust
Practical Hints in Simple Language
Upon the Protection of Iron and Steel
Surfaces and Preparation for Painting
By J. F. SPRINGER, New York City
EVERYBODY is familiar with rust but not every-
body knows that it is a chemical combination of
iron and oxygen. If a piece of steel and iron be
left out in the weather, it will soon show rust — in fact,
will often rust entirely away. For this reason, it is
important to protect in some way such structures as the
Brooklyn Bridge, as otherwise they would eventually'
lose their strength because of the encroachments of
corrosion. However, steel will not rust when protected
from the action of oxygen and moisture. This may bt
regarded as a most important fact. If we can exclude
oxygen from a steel or an iron surface, it will not suffer
attack from rust. That is the reason why greased or
painted articles of steel and iron do not rust unless
there is some break in the coating.
An exposed piece of bare iron or steel is liable to the
corrosive action of rust, because the atmosphere is ev-
erywhere and because this atmosphere contains oxygen
amounting to about 20 per cent of itself. The remaining
80 per cent of nitrogen is inert and does not corrode
iron or steel. It serves to dilute the oxygen and make
it less active than it would be if the atmosphere were
100 per cent oxygen.
If 20,000 soldiers eager to fight are thoroughly in-
termingled with 80,000 others who will not fight, the
20,000 will be hindered because of the necessity of get-
ting around the 80,000 and at the enemy. Every soldier
will be hindered by four non-combatants. At the same
time the four non-combatants can not prevent the one
soldier from ultimately making his attack. So also in
the case of the atmosphere, the four parts of nitrogen
may hinder by blocking the way, but they can not
actually prevent the one particle of oxygen from ulti-
mately getting in its work. Things undoubtedly rust
much more slowly because of the nitrogen in the at-
mosphere, but the 20 per cent of oxygen will sooner or
later get in its work and corrode the metal.
Moisture Needed
However, it has been foimd that iron and steel do
not so readily suffer from rust unless some third, and
perhaps fourth, things are present. If there is no mois-
ture present, the rusting at ordinary temperatures will
probably not take place at all. Things kept indoors
and dry, rust but little or if they rust at all it is due to
condensation upon them of moisture from the air.
Pure iron seems to resist the corrosive action of oxygen,
better even when it is out-of-doors.
Articles made of iron and steel will rust if exposed
to air and the weather. But, if kept painted or covered
with a coating like oil or grease, they will not rust.
Nor will they suffer if kept perfectly dry and in a dry
atmosphere.
Not everyone realizes that ordinary water dissolves
a proportion of air and contains air bubbles; the fish
breathe by means of these bubbles. It will readily be
seen, perhaps, that an article of iron or steel when put
into water may yet suffer from rust. It will probably
not rust as rapidly as it would if exposed to the or-
dinary atmosphere in the presence of simple dampness ;.
but it will, nevertheless, rust by reason of the oxygen
in the air bubbles. Since the iron oxide called rust is
a hydrated oxide, water is necessary for its formation.
PROTECTIVE COATINGS
Vaseline is an excellent material for coating and pro-
tecting articles of steel. When tools have to be left
a tool box or a tool shed under such conditions that
they will be exposed for a long time to air and moisture^
a good way to protect them is to give them a heavy
coating of vaseline. The moisture which facilitates the
action of atmospheric oxygen does not have to be rain.
It may simply be dampness in the atmosphere. Again,,
if a pipe end with its thread has to be left oiit of doors
or anywhere else where moisture can get to it, we may
preserve the thread by giving a heavy coating of vase-
line. We may need, however, to wrap the pipe end with
its coating of vaseline in order to prevent the coating^
being rubbed off.
Red Lead Paint
Another method of protecting exposed iron and steel
surfaces which are to be left exposed for a protracted
time, is to coat them with a heavy layer of simple paint
made with red lead. Of course, the red lead may not
be so easy to remove later on. One must think of this at
the time. Vaseline can be "cut" off with gasoline or
benzine. This fact recommends vaseline for such cases
as those which will ultimately require the removal of
the protective coating. On the other hand, there are
many cases where the film of red lead paint will never
constitute anything objectionable as other paints can
be applied over it. Such coatings may be gotten rid
of by the use of a gas or other torch operated by a
forced blast. Sometimes, where the amount of paint
to be removed is but little, turpentine my be used as.
a means for loosening it before removal.
Rusting Together
Rust sometimes makes trouble in such cases as the
following. Two or more iron or steel plates or other
articles have to be kept tight together in an exposed
situation for a prolonged time. Afterwards, it may be
desirable to separate them and it may then be almost
impossible to get the one loose from the other. A nut
may be screwed upon a bolt, a threaded end may be
screwed into a tapped hole, a panel of sheet piling is>
driven interlocked with another panel, etc. Later on, it
is desired to separate one from the other and it refuses.
A good deal of trouble from this source could be pre-
vented by using vaseline or other grease between the
two parts at the start. The vaseline need not be the
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THE GAS AGE
January 10, 1921
pure stuff sold at drug stores, but the much cheaper
crude vaseline. This may be thinned, if necessary, by
kerosene.
Loosening the Rusty Grip
Sometimes, things that have rusted together may
have their grip reduced by the use of kerosene. Thus,
the nut that rusted fast to a bolt end may often be un-
screwed if kerosene is applied to the rusty part and
permitted to soak into the joint. Kerosene may be put
into a suitable can and be repeatedly applied. Or, by
a little ingenuity, one may often arrange a little dam
around the nut and fill this with kerosene and thus
keep the nut continually flooded with the oil. Kerosene
is thin and will find its way into small crevices.
Galvanizing
Zinc is an excellent material with which to coat iron
and steel articles that require protection against rusting,
the process being called galvanizing. Galvanized iron
and steel is to be had in standard shapes but the repair
shop may need to protect articles small in size and of
odd shapes. The shop will have to do the work itself
or send it out. The work will often be quite simple
and will not require that the job be sent to specialists.
If the article, or the portion of it requiring the zinc
coating, can be thoroughly cleansed, the coating may be
put on by simply dipping into a bath of molten zinc.
First, as to the cleansing. This may be carried out
as follows. (The remarks that follow may be used in
other connections than that where galvanizing is in view,
and where an absolutely clean surface is required. The
reader may, accordingly, find it advantageous to go over
it, even if he is not interested in galvanizing).
If the surface has just been machined, scraped, filed,
surfaced with clean emery, ground against a clean grind-
ing wheel, or otherwise made to show the clean metal,
then no other cleaning will be needed. Or one may be-
gin by knocking off scale, scraping off dirt, etc.
Grease is now to be removed. There are two kinds
of grease — animal and mineral. Animal grease can be
gotten rid of by dipping the article in a boiling solution
of caustic soda, and keeping the article there for a time.
Mineral grease — such as vaseline, crude oil, etc. — may
be removed by means of gasoline or benzine. The article
should be pretty clean, after the removal of all grease.
A final treatment may, however, be given with an acid.
A 5 per cent solution of sulphuric acid may be used ;
only, the article is not to be left in the solution for
more than a few minutes — not, at least, until rust begins
to show. The article is to be thoroughly rinsed in clean
water after withdrawal from the caustic soda bath and
before being put through the acid solution. Similarly,
let it be washed with clean water after the acid treatment.
The next thing is to dip it into the molten zinc. No
directions are, perhaps, needed for this; however, one
is to make sure that he is using as pure zinc as possible.
When the metal is in a molten condition, any scum on
top is to be skimmed off.
Rust from Electrolysis
Electrolysis will produce rust. In one case the elec-
tric action which takes place when two different metals
are in contact in the presence of an acid, creates
a current which leaves one of the metals and causes
corrosion. A copper wire lashing to a galvanized chain
in water will soon result in severe corrosion.
It would be a very good rule to avoid using iron or
steel in contact with any other metal in cases where there
and corrosion from galvanic action is probably greatly
aggravated where electric currents are flowing near-by
— as when a steel gas pipe is laid in a trench near the
trolley line. In fact the leakage of stray currents from
trolley lines to underground pipes and the flowing of
such current along the pipe, jumping the joints and
passing frequently from one pipe to another, has created
enormous damage through the corrosion and pitting of
underground pipes.
More as to Paint
Linseed oil, boiled or raw, is about the best medium
to use in mixing paint. It has been claimed that boiled
oil will give somewhat better results. However, if one
can not conveniently get the boiled oil, raw linseed oil
may be used. It is not recommended that those unused
to the operation undertake to boil the raw oil and thus
convert it into the boiled variety.
A good linseed oil is of a pale-yellow color, is bril-
liant, limpid, dries well with a rich luster, and has a
pleasant, nutty taste, says one writer. When the paint
has been prepared, it may be brushed on the iron or steel
in the usual way. However, it is well to heat the
metal in advance, if this can conveniently be done. Such
pre-heating has the effect of promoting the drying pro-
cess. On the other hand, if the metal can not be heated,
it is recommended to warm the paint itself, say, to 150°
F.
Naturally, the one bottoming coat and the three sub-
sequent coatings must be continually followed by other
coatings at suitable intervals of time if the metal is to
be prepetually protected. For example, an exposed tank
or container is first to have its four coats and then it is
ready to begin its career of a rustless life. But additional
coats, say one per year, are to be added to compensate
for the loss of protection brought about by the expos-
ure to air, wind, rain, etc.
Removal of Rust
Gasoline, kerosene and the like are fairly good liquid-
to use for the purpose of softening the rusty layer and
making it possible to clean it off.
Some years ago two investigators, J. N. Fried and C.
W. Marshall, made a report on the removal of rust by
chemical action. Sodium citrate in the form of a strong.
20 per cent solution is a good agent for the purpose of
dissolving off a coating of rust. A steel plate was entire-
ly cleared of rust by simple immersion for four days.
There is, however, the objection that sodium citrate
is about as expensive as camphor, so that the cost may
now and then be prohibitive. A 10 per cent solution
of aluminum sulphate is another rust-removing agent.
It succeeded in one day in cleaning off the rust from an
iron surface. Ferrous sulphate in the form of a 10 per
cent solution is still another suitable agent.
Boric acid (boracic acid) was found by these investi-
gators to be the best. Boric acid is not especially cheap,
but only a little is required. A 3>4 per cent solution is
quite active and very successful. In two days, it does the
business. If the article is not required for a time, a
weaker solution — say, a two per cent one — may be used.
The tests were made upon actual natural rust. The test
plates of steel were first soaked in water and then ex-
posed to the air for one month.
In using the foregoing solutions of various chemicals,
one prepares first a suitable bath and then immerses
the article deeply enough to cover all the rusty part.
The bath and the immersed article are then left alone.
Naturally, a good deal of rust may often be removed
by scraping or the like as a preliminary operation. The
is to be exposure to the weather. This trouble of rustingrust-removing solution will then have less to do.
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THE GAS AGE
15
Steaming Results at Meriden
Noteworthy Yields from Steaming with
Woodall-Duckham Vertical Retorts,
Showing How a Lower B.t.u. Require-
ment Resulted in 6 Cu. Ft. Per Pound
THE coal gas plant of the Meriden (Conn.) Gas Light
Company consists of three Woodall-Duckham
benches each containing four retorts or ovens of a
nominal capacity of 5j4 net tons of coal per retort per
day. The plant is constructed on the continuous car-
bonization principle and has heretofore been recently
described in The Gas Age (See issue of June 16, 1919,
p. 633).
The recent reduction of the B.t.u. requirements by the
state to 528 has made it possible to secure a marked
economy in operating results by producing a certain
amount of water gas directly in the coal gas retorts. This
is accomplished without appreciably adding to the operat-
ing expenses of the plant. The water gas is generated
by introducing steam directly into the lower end of the
retorts. This steam in its upward passage first meets
the incandescent coke which has already passed through
the carbonizing zone of the retort. The steam is thus
superheated and probably a small portion of it is dis-
sociated at the expense of the waste sensible heat in the
coke and of course the value of the amount of coke con-^
sumed. Such steam as passes undecomposed into the
heated zone of the retort apparently attacks the carbon
deposit on the surface of the retort more actively than it
attacks the coke itself, as the carbon deposit has been
materially lessened and the loss in the quantity of coke
produced has been so slight that it scarcely shows, up to
the present time, on the company's records.
Effect of Miscellaneous Coals
In common with other plants the Meriden Company
has been obliged during the past few years to carbonize
coal obtained from miscellaneous sources and varying in
quality from ordinary steam coal to Pittsburgh gas coal.
Their stock pile still contains a mixed lot of coal which
even now makes operating conditions very variable. The
results, therefore, have not been uniform enough to form
a basis of accurate comparison, but the last six months,
during which the retorts have been stfeamed, have been
productive of very interesting figures.
Vertical Retort Plant of the Meriden Gas Light Co.
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THE GAS AGE
January 10, 1921
The amount of steam introduced has been in varying
amounts up to 10% of the weight of coal carbonized de-
pending on the condition of the holders and the quality
of the coal. This has resulted in an average yield dtuing
the last few months, even with the poor coal above-men-
tioned, of 5.56 cu. ft. per pound of coal with an average
B.t.u. value of 528.
An unexpected feature is that the throughput per re-
tort has increased from about 5j/2 net tons to 7 net tons
of coal per retort per day. The reason for this increased
throughput may be that the increased circulation of gas
through the lower part of the retort due to the intro-
duction of steam has caused a better heat transmission
into the center of the charge, or it may be possible that
improved producer operation due to the use of sized
coke accounts for the increased throughput, at least in
part. Operating conditions, due to the variable quality
of the coal, etc., have not been stable enough up-to-date
to enable accurate comparative tests to be made.
Preheating
In this plant a certain amount of heating (to about
800** F.) of the secondary air is obtained in a recuperator
arranged around the lower ends of the retorts and utiliz-
ing the waste sensible heat of the coke. The secondary
air is then heated to a further extent in an ordinary
waste gas recuperator, after which the waste gas passes
through a waste heat boiler and the heat in same is re-
covered down to about 450** F. With the amount of
steam introduced at Meriden the quantity of waste heat
available in the coke is sufficient to superheat and per-
haps dissociate some of the steam without lowering
the temperature of the recuperator arotmd the lower ends
of the retorts. In fact, on account of the increased
throughput of coal the temperature of the discharged
coke is greater than formerly and is now only slightly
below the ignition point.
Were there a still lower B.t.u. standard in force it
would be quite feasible to increase, to a certain extent,
the amount of steam introduced and converted into water
gas without sacrificing the economy of the plant. The
effect of very much heavier steaming, however, would
be to lower the temperature of the recuperator around
the retorts, thereby increasing the amount of heat taken
from the waste gas in the waste gas recuperator and the
consequent loss of capacity in the waste heat boiler. A
further effect would be a greater requirement of heat in
the carbonizing zone of the retort for the purpose of dis-
sociating the steam in producing water gas. This would
be at the expense of producer fuel which, for the pur-
pose of making water gas in a retort, is not very effi-
ciently applied.
Still Lower B.tu. Desirable
From results noted in England where a lower B.t.u.
standard prevails it is indicated that about 400 pounds
of steam per net ton of coal carbonized, or 20%, can be
profitably converted into water gas directly in the retorts
without noticeably affecting producer economy. This
amount would, however, affect the capacity of the waste
heat boiler somewhat
At Meriden during the last few months it has been
possible to obtain an occasional car of Pittsburgh gas
coal of good quality. This has been mixed with coal
from the stock pile and used. During these periods the
plant, which had a nominal capacity of 750,000 cubic
feet of gas per day when not steaming, has produced
slightly over 1,000,000 cubic feet of about 528 B.t.u. gas
per day with a yield of over 6 feet per pound using 10%
of steam. WTien the time comes that a normal supply of
good coal can again be regularly obtained there seems
to be no reason to doubt that even these good results
can be very substantially improved.
The labor to operate is, of course, not affected by the
steaming process. The labor in this plant consists of 11
men distributed over three shifts. These 11 men re-
ceive all coal from the railroad cars, operate the retort
house, handle all coke and deliver same to delivery
wagons or railroad cars.
Jl Jl jl
The Business Outlook for 1921
Forecasts Brought Out by an Inquiry from
the Editor of Review of Reviews Sent to
Diversified Interests and Expert Economists
A SERIES of three questions was put to a number of
gentlemen whose opinions are usually regarded as
being authoritative, induced by the drop in sales
during the last weeks of last year, the queries and replies
being published in the January issue of the Review of Re-
views. From these we take the extracts which are here
reproduced. The questions were as follows :
1. — Is 1921 to be a year of acute industrial depression
and great suffering or will current readjustment soon
merge into normal times?
2. — Are prices on their way to, or near, pre-war levels,
or will they halt considerably above such levels?
3. — ^Will reductions of wage costs follow reductions in
cost of living at some reasonable interval ?
Professor Irving Fisher
Dept. of Political Economy, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.
Now that prices have fallen, there seems to be a general
opinion that they are destined to continue falling until
they have reached the pre-war level.
It does not seem to me that there is the slightest chance
of this happening within any foreseeable time. There
are two causes which have produced a permanent dislo-
cation in the price level. One is the Federal Reserve Act
of 1914, with its later amendments ; and the other the im-
portation of a billion dollars of gold during the war.
It was this double inflation which raised prices so rap-
idly in the last five years, and there is no corresponding
deflation in sight. The Federal Reserve Act, with its
expansion of credit far beyond the possibilities of the old
national banking system, is surely with us to stay ; and
while foreign nations may gradually withdraw a part of
the gold which we have acquired because of the war, their
finances are in such a state, because of the great costliness
of the war, that this withdrawal of gold must be spread
over decades or generations.
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The truth is that the recent recession of prices is not
the beginning of any general deflation, but only the re-
bound always incident to the credit cycle after a period
of rapid inflation. In other words, we are passing through
a crisis.
Judging from the indications, best interpreted by Pro-
fessor Persons, of the Harvard Bureau of Economic Re-
search, the pendulum has swung about to the limit and is
now pausing before beginning, in the spring, a backward
swing.
We may therefore expect hard times and business de-
pression only through the winter and, in less degree, in
the spring. In its latter half, at least, 1921 should be a
year of prosperity.
The readjustments of wages usually follow the price
swing, but with a considerable lag behind. In the present
instance the readjustment is complicated by the immigra-
tion situation, and I would not like to express any definite
opinion as to the future behavior of wages without giv-
ing the matter much more study.
Warren M. Persons
Professor of Economics, Harvard University. Cambridge. Mass.
A forecast of general business conditions in 1921 is a
forecast of the prospective business cycle ; it is not a fore-
cast of long-time tendencies. It depends, therefore, upon
an analysis of those economic factors which we judge will
be most influential in moulding affairs in the next two
to four years, rather than of the more fundamental fac-
tors which may be expected to register their effects over
a period of ten to fifteen years or longer.
To prophesy concerning industrial activity, prices, and
wages in 1921 is to estimate the length and intensity of
the present phase of the business cycle— depression — and
the probable nature of the next phase— business revival.
A conclusion as to these points is the main basis for pre-
dictions relating to, first, speculation and the course of
security prices ; second, business activity and the course
of commodity prices and wages ; and third, banking and
short-timje interest rates.
An industrial crisis (or downward turn in business ac-
tivity and wholesale commodity prices) occurred last
April. The subsequent business unsettlement and reces-
sion in commodity prices have now continued for nine
months. In pre-war times the corresponding phase of
the business cycle lasted ten to sixteen months before it
was replaced by business revival. Judging by pre-war
experience, therefore, it is probable (as has been stated
in the Harvard Advance Letters and Review of Economic
Statistics) that business revival will begin between Feb-
ruary and July or, to pick a single month, in April, 1921.
With this date in mind, let us consider the three ques-
tions proposed by the Review of Reviews.
First, the opening months of 1921 will probably be
months of industrial depression, some unemployment, de-
creased wages, increased commercial failures, lower re-
tail prices, reduced imports, an easier money market, and
increasing security prices. In the spring, however, in-
dustrial depression will be replaced by revival. An early
revival of industry is indicated by the fact that the
physical volume of production of both manufac-
tures and mining in the United States was con-
siderably lower in 1919 (and probably in 1920)
than in 1916, 1917, and 1918. Present stocks of goods,
therefore, are probably not large. The establishment of
a sound basis for financing the export of our raw mate-
rials to Europe would hasten our industrial readjustment.
Second, commodity prices will probably halt consider-
ably above their pre-war levels. The price index of the
United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, based on over
300 raw and manufactured commodities, was 225 in No-
vember, compared with 100 in 1913 ; Bradstreet's index,
based mainly on grain, meat, cotton, wool, metals, hides,
and leather, was 148 on December 1, compared with 100
in 1913. The wholesale prices of highly fabricated com-
modities, such as cloths and clothing, lumber and build-
ing materials, and housefumishing goods, are much
above the average for all commodities; and raw mate-
rials, such as farm products and metals, are much below
the general average. A number of important raw mate-
rials, such as cotton, wool, and leather, are selling much
below recent costs of production, and probably below the
costs that will rule next year, even with considerably re-
duced wages. It is probable that the wholesale prices of
some commodities have reached bottom, that for other
commodities concessions in prices will be made during
the winter by manufacturers who desire to keep their
plants running, and that retail prices, especially of high-
ly fabricated articles, will recede from present levels. The
passage of a soldiers' bonus bill and the issue of Govern-
ment bonds to finance the payments would probably lead
to credit and price inflation.
Third, since 1916 wages in manufacturing establish-
ments have advanced as promptly and to a somewhat
greater degree than has the cost of living. With a con-
siderable reduction in the cost of living, employers will
have a strong case for reducing wages. In spite of the
resistance that will be offered by organized labor it is
probable that there will be an appreciable reduction in
wages.
Elbert H. Gary
Chairman of the Board *of Directora. United States Steel Corporation
Answering your three questions, I beg to express my
opinion as follows :
The year 1921 will not be a period of acute industrial
depression. It is a time for the exercise of caution, wis-
dom, and courage. The state of mind indulged by business
men generally will have a decided influence. The oppor-
tunities for future economic success are pronounced. If
any other coimtry can avoid insolvency, our country can
prosper, for we possess the necessary resources and un-
doubted ability.
Readjustments are not in all respects proceeding sat-
isfactorily, because of the indifference or defiance of cer-
tain business men — including particularly retailers or
middlemen in some lines, whose selling prices are much
higher than they ought to be. But the law of supply
and demand is controlling the situation, and we should re-
turn to reasonable and normal conditions at least within
six months, and probably sooner.
Prices are on their way toward pre-war levels, but
they probably will not in the near future, if ever, return
to the pre-war basis. This question will be more or less
affected by the fact that many advances in prices and
rates have substantially increased in other countries, and
will not and should not in many important particulars re-
turn to those obtaining prior to the war.
Reduction of wage costs will follow reduction in cost
of living. The subject should be carefully and deliberate-
ly considered by employers before deciding what is
proper. If employers are consistent and fair, labor gen-
erally will reciprocate. I would urge all employers to
bear in mind constantly that the welfare of their em-
ployees is a matter of first importance.
A. Barton Hepburn
Chairman of the Advisory Board. Chase National Bank. New York
The year 1921 is bound to be a period of readjustment,
of business uncertainty, with the suffering that comes
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THE GAS AGE
January 10, 1921
from unemployment, passing dividends, etc., and, in some
degree, business failures.
The history of past booms and depressions shows that
our present experience is logical and inevitable and nec-
essary. People do not remember ; they do not learn from
the past, do not profit from experience. One year ago
everyone was helping along inflation, blind to the inevit-
able fall in prices. They bought beyond their needs in
the belief that they could sell at advancing prices. Such
people need a lesson, and are now having it. Where peo-
ple make mistakes financially, they must suffer financi-
ally.
People are now making the mistake of too great cur-
tailment, just as they made the mistake of too great ex-
pansion when prices were advancing. Wool and copper
are down to pre-war prices. Cotton is low enough, and
retailers ought to put in orders for goods made from
basic materials which have reached bottom prices or near-
ly so. There is danger that goods will not exist sufficient
to meet imperative demands; and in that case prices
might advance. What we need is an orderly recession
and not an experience of ups and downs.
If the cost of living comes down, the price of labor will
follow, and in all fairness should recede in parallel col-
umns with the cost of what labor has to buy. Labor
cost will be the last to come down, and may not reach a
pre-war level. Labor is intelligent and realizes the situa-
tion, as is evidenced by the employees of many plants
offering to accept a reduction in order that the plants
may resume or continue. Of the wool spindles, 40 per
cent are now idle and have been for some time. Wool
costs less than in 1914, and if retailers would place orders
these mills could work to capacity, especially if labor
would make some concessions as well. I do not look
for wholesale or horizontal reductions in the price of la-
bor. Where men have been laid off for want of orders,
they may be re-employed whenever business starts up at
a lesser wage scale.
You cannot go on a spree without suffering in the cold
gray dawn of the morning after ; and whether our suffer-
ing be limited to the morning or extend till the evening
depends upon the attitude of our public. If with patience,
industry, and, above all, economy, they will pull together,
the period of prosperity which is inevitable will be very
much hastened.
The country as a whole did not grow richer from 1915
to 1920, notwithstanding apparent prosperity. It was a
period of extravagance and waste. Now the country is
growing richer because we are economizing, because our
people are refusing to pay the exorbitant prices asked
by our profiteering merchants, because we are saving.
The present condition represents an industrial depres-
sion, a commercial depression, but not a financial depres-
ion. In all our troubles heretofore we have suffered from
a money stringency. Fortunately, the Federal Reserve
Bank has obviated that and funds are available, albeit
at very high rates of interest. High rates of interest are
a blessing in disguise, because they restrain improvident
adventure, enforce conservatism, and by so doing obviate
the cause which produces them and are consequently
self-corrective.
Our sound financial condition is a greatly alleviating
feature of our present situation. If coupled with economy
and conservatism on the part of our people, we may look
forward confidently to the future and to renewed pros-
perity at no distant day.
Samuel H. Hedges
President of the Seattle Chamber of Commerce
Sentiment here in the Northwest, as I read it, is that
there will be more or less depression until foreign mar-
kets adjust themselves. It is believed, however, that we
are at the present time entering upon a stag of depres-
sion, with spring promising to show improvement in
some lines.
Prices, in my judgment, will not settle to a pre-war
basis for some time to come. Retail merchants here ex-
pect prices on the general run of articles to be somewhat
above pre-war prices when fluctuating markets now oper-
ating are stabilized.
Increased efficiency in production can be expected, in
view of the abundance of labor; and this consideration
will help industries in this country to compete more suc-
cessfully in foreign markets. The readjustment which
the nation is now going through will bring us down to
the development of those things which supply the ele-
mental necessities and induce people to come back to the
land. The Pacific Northwest — where food, lumber, min-
erals, and other basic commodities are in such abun-
dance— should be one of the first to feel the stimulus.
Daniel Willard
President. Baltimore and Ohio Raih'oad
Of course I have no definite knowledge concerning the
future, but I find that I have somehow gained the im-
pression— as a result, I suppose, of what I have seen and
heard — that 1921 is not to be a year of acute industrial
depression and great suffering, but that the volume of
business done during that year will probably be some-
what less than in the year just coming to a close. I be-
lieve we will gradually but constantly revert to normal
conditions.
I do not expect to see prices or wages as a whole go
back to pre-war levels. I do expect to see prices much
lower than they are, and, as prices go down, wages will
probably go down to some extent also; but I do not
think that either material prices or wages are likely to
reach pre-war levels in the immediate future.
I am inclined to think that reduction of wage costs
will follow reductions in cost of living. Wage cost,
however, reflects not only the actual rate of wages paid,
but also the efficiency of the worker. I am confident
that there has already been a very considerable decrease
in actual wage cost due to the increased efficiency of the
worker ; and it is probable, as I view the matter, that as
material prices continue to go down, wages will also
show a similar trend within certain limits. I do not ex-
pect to see wages reach pre-war levels.
Clark Howell
Editor, Atlanta Constitution
World readjustment , hesitating and uncertain, follow-
ing the close of the war, is now taking place with kalei-
doscopic rapidity ; and no man knows, nor can any man
predict with reasonable certainty of accuracy, what will
happen within the next month, much less the next year.
If six months ago anybody had predicted the fall in
prices in agricultural commodities that has recently oc-
curred, the prophecy would surely have been discredited.
Never have values fallen so much in so short a period of
time.
In the South, for instance, cotton that was in world-
wide demand in the spring at above thirty-five cents now
faces a frozen market at fifteen cents; and at the high
prices entering into the production of the crop the grow-
er is confronted with a loss that staggers the imagination.
As it is with cotton, so it is with grain and cattle in the
West. These crops are the foundations of the natives'
prosperity. Little wonder, therefore, that the whole
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January 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
17
country has been brought to a sudden halt in the mar-
velous march of the past few years to newly acquired
values.
The pendulum had to swing back, and that it has done
so with a sudden jerk may knock some of the props of
business out of place; but, after all, it may be for the
best, for the reaction must inevitably be as sudden in the
other direction. And when it comes it will carry every-
thing before it, just as happened when it turned with col-
lapsing force to sweep the values of agricultural com-
modities a few months ago.
Forttmately, the structure is fundamentally sound.
There has been no panic. We have the Federal Reserve
banking system to thank for that. A very large part of
the product of the farm is still being held by the produc-
er, who is enabled the better to withstand merciless sacri-
fice because of his stronger condition as the result of the
last few years of unprecedented prosperity.
The prices of these products will react for the better
and, in my opinion, the reaction will be under full head-
way before next spring.
The main drawback now is our attitude toward the
balance of the world. We can expect neither the sym-
pathy nor the confidence of the world as long as we main-
tain our present position of isolation and indifference, if
not contempt, toward the other nations of the earth. The
world is ready to do business with us if we will but let it
and if we assist in opening up the channels of trade and
credit. We cannot hope for a return to normal condi-
tins so long as we maintain our present attitude of aloof-
ness in the effort of the world to get back to a peace
footing.
The more active we become in the effort to readjust
world-wide conditions to a normal basis, the quicker will
be the response to our own desire to get back to normal.
We cannot evade our obligation in this respect without
paying the penalty in loss of both confidence and trade.
Our neighbor's house is on fire, and we should be on the
job of helping to put it out. Otherwise, when the work
is done by others he will naturally and rightfully turn
to those who lent a helping hand in distress without
stopping to discuss abstract theories of the selfish ad-
vantage of isolation and aloofness.
Prices are fast on their way to lower levels. This is
particularly true of the products of the farm. The down-
ward movement of industrial products is slower, but none
the less sure. The one largely controls the other, and
both will in turn control the wage scale which went sky
high in response to the increasing cost of living brought
about by the climb in prices of the products of the factory
and the farm. Farm labor in the South is already on a
much lower wage scale than a year ago, when it was
scarce at any price offered for it. Now it is plentiful,
and the surplus has the effect of lowering the price in
other lines, for, after all, the price is controlled by the
demand, and as the demand lessens the price must fall.
This is true the country over.
But the wage scale will be the last to return to normal,
and it will probably never get back to the pre-war level,
for conditions are not and probably never will be the
same. And so with prices generally. They will fall, and
some may get to pre-war level, but, as a rule, the halt
will come before the pre-war level is reached, and they
will establish a new level which will not be materially
changed until the country's expense budget is not so
largely made up of items that are necessary to pay the
cost of our participation in the war and of putting the
country on an increased basis of efficiency to meet possi-
ble crises of the future.
Lower Costs Welcomed
THE so-called deflation movement has so far failed
to exert any influence upon the cost of materials
entering into the manufacture of artificial gas, says
the Emergency Committee of the American Gas Associa-
tion. Coal and oil, the principal raw materials, arc pur-
chased under contracts, and have not yet reflected the
declining price tendency that is shown in other com-
modities.
Statistics of a group of twenty-five gas companies op-
erating in fourteen states indicate that the increase in
average revenue per thousand cubic feet of gas from 1914
to 19^ was only 24c, while over the same period the in-
crease in average cost of oil, coal and coke was over 36c
per thousand cubic feet, thus giving an increase in cost
for manufacturing materials more than 12c in excess of
the increase in average revenue per thousand cubic feet
The increased rates granted to these companies have
been insufficient to meet the increased cost of raw mate-
rials alone. Other costs, including labor, entering into
the distribution and delivery of the gas to the consumer's
premises swell the total increased cost to 44j^c per thou-
sand cubic feet in 1920 over the average cost of 1914,
making the total increased cost at the burner 20^c in
excess of the increase in average revenue. The average
net income per thousand cubic feet in 1920 is 18c under
the average for 1914.
About seven hundred of the thousand or more arti-
ficial gas companies operating in the United States have
been granted increases in the rates that they were per-
mitted to charge in 1916, but many of these are not per-
manent and others have been inadequate in amount to
insure profitable operation. There is one favorable de-
velopment, however, in the fact that the public as well
as the regulatory bodies better understand the situation
now than at the time when the need for increased rates
first became necessary.
•
Negligence from Escaping Gas
Two gas companies were furnishing natural gas for
fuel purposes to a railway company by contract, under
the terms of which the gas companies were to test the
meter from time to time. The meter was installed in a
house a short distance from the railway company's pow-
er house. To test it, it was necessary to let some gas
escape.
While this was being done the railway company
placed a tarpaulin over the power house doors, to pre-
vent gas entering the boiler room. This means was ap-
proved by the gas companies' employees. When the
wind blew the escaping gas in the direction of the boiler
room where fires were burning, the railway company's
employees, discovering gas odors in the boiler room,
warned the gas company employees that too much gaa
was escaping, but were assured that everything was all
right. Then there was an explosion of the escaping gas
in the boiler room, damaging the railway company's
property.
In an action of the railway company against the gas
companies it was held, Oklahoma Gas & Electric Ca v.
Oklahoma Ry. Co., 188 Pac. 331, that there was suffi-
cient proof of negligence on the part of the gas com-
panies to submit the case to the jury, in view of the
duty of the gas companies to exercise a high degree of
care to prevent the escape of gas.
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Editorial
\ Nineteen Twenty-one
"Times change and we change with them" — Bonbonius
The law of progress is the law of change. As we pass
from our "indefinite incoherent homogeneity to a defi-
nite coherent heterogeneity" we experience amputations
and remodelings which are far from pleasant but must
be borne patiently that good may come out of it. For
five years we have looked back longingly to the good
old days ; we have been told that "it will feel good when
it stops' hurting" and most of us believe that the future
will develop wonderful things for our people and for the
gas business. Therefore, let us be patient awhile longer,
put our house in order, and keep our plants and per-
sonnel up to satisfactory efficiency.
The new year promises violent readjustment followed
closely by renewed activity. Prices will invite pur-
chasers long before they become ruinous. Some of the
money made in profiteering will be lost before all the
high-cost material is sold but these losses have been
expected and should not affect confidence. Necessary
additions to plant should be made whenever favorable
opportunity offers. Lower wages, cheaper materials, re-
duced living costs, stimulated production and great
business activity promise to follow in order. Incident-
ally men must do more work, wastes must be reduced,
fuels must be conserved, taxes must become less and
business initiative must be encouraged.
To our readers and advertisers we extend the compli-
ments of the season with best wishes for their continued
prosperity and thank them one and all for the many
courtesies we have received during the year. We are
continually improving our service to them, endeavoring
to make our publications more and more essential to the
progress of the industry, and are grateful for their ap-
preciation and cooperation. The gas indtistry has a re-
sponsibility which must be met by initiative and vigor,
the reward for which is prosperity for the producer and
happiness for the recipients of the service.
We, the People
"O. faithle:$s and perverse generation" — St.Mark
We, the American people, sons of pioneers and the
favored of fortune, what shall we say for ourselves
when the history is written and our acts stand out bare
and blushing before the gaze of the generations who
will follow us? Our forefathers came to this land to se-
<:ure liberty of thought and action. Independence was
the keystone of their principles and for it they ventured
their all upon the chances of war, as is plainly seen in
the second paragraph of the Declaration of Indepen-
dence :
"We hold these truths to be self evident: that all men ar-
created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with cer-
tain unalienable rights; that among these arc Hfe, liberty and
the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, govern-
ments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers
from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of
government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right
of tfie people to alter or abolish it and to institute a new gov-
ernment."
That seems plain enough. The fifth amendment to
our national constitution says that "no person shall be
deprived of life, liberty or property without due process
of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public
use without just compensation." The fourth amend-
ment goes more into detail as follows :
"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
papers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures,
shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon prob-
able cause, supported by oath or affirmation and particularly de-
scribing the place to be searched and the persons or things to
be seized."
Remembering that the principles embodied in these
quotations are at the very fotmdation of our system of
government and that they express the convictions of a
united people ; that even the lawless and thoughtless are
jealous of their personal rights; and, observing the
difficulty the government officials are having in enforc-
ing the so-called prohibition amendment, we might very
reasonably conclude that one is not compatible with
the other. Read what the editor of the Wall Street
Journal (Dec. 20) said regarding this situation :
"The crime wave is in part a product of prohibition. When
a law is passed which everybody ridicules and nobody keeps
who was not continent and temperate before, its breach
brings all laws into contempt. This is the inevitable effect of
interference with personal liberty beyond a well defined point
Prohibition is not and never can be enforced, except at a cost
incomparably beyond its worth. Breach of that law is so easy
that it makes breach of all laws seem easy also."
We, the American people, have a problem on our
hands wider in range than the yearnings of brawlers
and tipplers. We must draw the line more plainly be-
tween privileges which the government may control
and those which are not subject to federal prohibition.
For example, if labor has a right to strike for more
return and thereby upset business conditions, why
should not the butchers strike until customers agree to
pay more for meat; or banks refuse to lend unless ex-
tortionate rates are paid? It is not so much a question
of drinking alcohol, smoking tobacco, or consuming
sweetened preparations, as it is of defining the rights of
the individual in the exercise of which he will not be
disturbed — ^unless he trespasses upon the undisputed
rights of other individuals.
We, the people, have rights, gas companies have
rights, as well as investors, employes and consumers,
but these rights are as nothing unless we combine to
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January 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
19
insist upon their being respected. Just one more amend-
ment, defining personal rights of an American citizen,
and then let us go slow on amendments to our national
constitution lest our people lose respect for that also.
Galena Again
"For you have done a wicked thing and it will work us woe"
The story of Galena gas was told in our preceding
volume. The city of Galena "blew out the gas" when
it opposed granting the local company a price which
would keep it solvent, for the plant was sold and
scrapped because it could not pay expenses. The in-
ference was that the city was "hard up" and consumers
•could not pay a higher price. This has since been shown
to have been fallacious for recently the city permitted
the municipally owned water plant to increase its price
ior water 40 per cent. But, the damage is done, a plant
worth $60,000 was auctioned oflf for $17,000, consumers
"have stored their gas ranges and water heaters in cellar
and attic, and are now begging for coal wherewith to
-cook their meals. Any investor who would risk his
money in a gas plant in Galena would be considered
venturesome indeed. Galena will pay dearly for their
•corporation-baiting policy and the gas consumers will
not be the only sufferers through their putting the plant
•out of business.
Inventories
•Everything is worth what its purchaser will pay for it" — Publilius
There can be little question but that the writing down
of inventories is a step which must soon be taken and in
many cases it is bound to be a costly operation. Price
revisions have caused serious impairment in values and
with a negligible demand it is difficult to realize on the
stocks on hand.
A glance at the inventories reported by some nineteen
widely diversified industrial manufacturing companies,
for the half year ending June 30th, 1920, showed that,
with the single exception of the fertilizer concerns, all
"have higher inventories. The few months which have
-elapsed since these stocks were valued have materially
altered the prices in most cases. The average increase
in the inventory value for the group is approximately
34 per cent.
There are some companies which are serving unap-
preciative customers who have money to pay a 600 per
cent increase in price for luxuries, but fight any pro-
posed increase in prices of such products as public util-
ity service. It is with these companies that the rates
have not increased in proportion to the costs of coal, oil
and labor and they are anxious to dispose of material
in order to offset, at the end of the year, deficits that
are already apparent. This condition is, of course, un-
fortunate for the gas companies and ultimately for the
•consumers; because these materials will be needed to
provide service for gas consumers when construction
-materials and labor permit the house building programs
to be resumed.
Another feature of the inventory problem is the re-
fusal of bankers to lend money on assets at inventory
valuation, some placing it at half the company's esti-
mate which would make some companies appear any-
thing but solvent. There has been a tremendous shrink-
age of inventory values during the past year and this
will naturally affect the basis for taxation. Daniel C.
Roper advises remedial legislation and says that "the
legislation proposed is the only way in which we can
avoid forcing under the hammer large productive plants
and vast quantities of materials. Such a result will
paralyze many industries and create a psychology of op-
position to the income tax law that might even jeopard-
ize the continuance of the law."
Rocking the Boat
"Sit down, sit down, you're rocking the boat"— Song
Those dyspeptic malcontents who cast gloom and
doubt upon the business situation and predict wide-
spread disaster and panic, slinking about like hyenas
with their hollow laugh and driveling at the prospect of
valleys strewn with bare bones, can be likened only to
a Nero who would set the world afire and play his fiddle
at the dance of death and destruction. Don't do it.
Think ahead. There is nothing really wrong about the
situation. The sooner it adjusts itself to normal con-
ditions the better. The year 1921 will see a return to
prices which will be normal for present conditions and
lower than now prevail. That will mean that someone
will lose some money on some of the things he has to
sell — but the average seller has made enough during the
past year or two to provide against this loss. So, why
worry?
Adapted from the Saturday Evening Post
We just gotta get some pipe laid this year
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20
THE GAS AGE
January 10, 1921
Mr. Doherty's Thrift Plan
By Getting the Wage Earn-
er to Save He Hopes to
Get Funds for the Utilities
MR. Henry L. Doherty of New York
has begun a thrift campaign
through liberal advertising space
in the New York daily papers. In a per-
sonal interview with one of our repre-
sentatives, Mr. Doherty expressed the
hope that this thrift campaign would be
taken up by manufacturers and heads of
industries throughout the country and
made a national movement. He believes
that many of our economic troubles
come from lack of thrift. He wants,
therefore, to see the wage earner edu-
cated to save his money and invest in
industrial and utility securities. If all
manufacturers and heads of utilities and
other industries would induce their em-
ployees to save money and invest in se-
curities, preferably in others than their
own, he thinks it would have a great ten-
dency to provide for misfortune, busi-
ness depression and old age and at the
same time, what is far more important,
establish a better attitude on the part of
the workers towards capital.
Of course, Mr. Doherty is hopeful that
as this campaign progresses his own com-
panies and utilities will benefit by it. It
is of particular interest to gas men and
other utility managers throughout the
country as a movement toward getting
new capital for their enterprises.
Realizing that the public utilities of the
nation are in need of money which they
must obtain through the sale of stocks
and bonds, and believing that there is
caoital in the country that can be hapoilv
diverted in the direction of public serving
companies, Mr. Doherty has conceived
this plan whereby he intends to obtain
these funds, and at the same time benefit
the people who will invest.
Already he has spent thousands of dol-
lars in advertisements to explain his plan
to the readers, most of whom are wage
earners, and these are the ones that he
wznts to reach. More than ten half, page
ads have already appeared in New York
newspapers. They have a personal touch
and read like an intimate letter to you
from your best friend who hopes to put
you on the track of something he believes
is for your good.
In general the idea is similar to "baby
bonds." To get away slightly from Mr.
Dohert/s idea merely for the sake of
Underwood k Underwood Studios
Henry L. Doherty, N. Y.
making a few points clear, we shall ex-
plain what appears to be the basis of the
project.
In this country there are millions of
workers who save very little, if any,
money. Many of them can't because of
domestic demands on their pocketbooks,
but there are a host of others who have a
surplus every week after their ordinary
bills are paid. The greater part of this
money is spent on pleasure and therefore
goes to the fund which is used to build or
improve more places of pleasure, while
industries which are seriously in need of
money have to go without. Now if more
tnan a million people were to cut down
on their entertainment expenditures, and
use the saving for purchasing, either di-
rectly or indirectly, utility stocks, the
public service could be improved, and a
greater demand for labor in the more
useful enterprises would result. Less
money in the country would be going in-
to luxury, and there would be more con-
struction work undertaken.
"We are inaugurating this campaign
for thrift and investment," one of Mr.
Doherty's advertisements reads, "be-
cause we believe that we are most likely
to make a success of it if success be pos-
sible. This belief is not based on con-
ceit but is due: —
1. In our faith that the wage-earner
can be made an investor.
2. That we have had more experience
in this work than most people.
3. That our experience in the public
utility business, where in cases
some hundreds of thousands of cus-
tomers' accounts must be handled
monthly, better fits us to handle
the accounts of small investors, ex-
peditiously and economically.
4. That the growth and present po-
sition of Cities Service Company,
the largest corporation under our
management, not only has laid the
foundation for success of this dem-
onstration but indicates in a meas-
ure what can be accomplished along
well planned lines."
If two million wage earners were to
save five dollars a week, and buy small
lot securities with it, within a year there
would be about half a billion dollars go-
ing into public utilities. With improve-
ments that would result these companies-
could pay larger dividends than they are
able to at present, and the service to the
public would improve consequently. Then
too, by putting his money into these util-
ities which serve him, the investor w^ould
be receiving a sort of rebate on his bills,
through dividends.
In Mr. Doherty's own companies there
are thousands of employees who save and
invest. They are helping to solve un-
employment, and protecting themselves
against it in a measure. The plan is no-
panacea, but there is a great deal of
strength and sound economic good in it.
It is one of the undertakings of an in-
dividual that helps the nation as well as
the originator of the idea. The war
helped us to see what thrift meant while
the battle lasted.
But soon after the tide turned and we
had a period of extravagant expendi-
ture, which was in part responsible for
the depression which now exists. The
only way to get back on a solid, economic
basis, Mr. Doherty believes, is by incul-
cating the spirit of thrift and conserva-
tion of our earnings.
Gas men and other utility interests
would do well to give careful considera-
tion to Mr. Doherty's plan and see if they
cannot make use of the publicity which
will be given to it to induce people in
their own communities to save.
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January 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
21
Gas Consumers' Democracy
Ralph Elsman, Once Office Boy,
Introduces the Consumer into
the Affairs of His Company
RALPH ELSMAN, office boy, in a
small gas company at seventeen and
president and controlling owner of
the Kings County Lighting Company of
New York at thirty-five, has a brand new
solution for the problem of successfully
operating a public utility corporation.
Out of this young man's faith there is
beginning to develop what may be the
dawn of a new era in the management
of the great -companies upon which the
American public djepends for light, power,
heat and transit. That faith is so exceed-
ingly simple that one wonders why it has
remained for this young man to test
it in practice, while so many older heads
than his have puzzled unsucess fully over
the problem for a score of years or more.
Ralph Elsman's creed is simply a be-
lief in the power of common understand-
ing. He believes public utility corpo-
rations can succeed only when they have
a point of direct contact with the com-
munity they serve. Firmly committed to
that creed, he has bought the controlling
interest in the company of which he is
now president, borrowing on his individ-
ual credit a sum said to have been in
the neighborhood of $1,000,000 to do so.
On the strength of that same faith he
plans to issue securities of the company
for $2,000,000 more and sell them to the
gas constuners.
To bankers, professional capitalists or
the millionaires of Wall street ? Not at all.
He plans to sell $2,000,000 worth of these
securities to the people of South Brooklyn
who come every month into the offices
of the company to pay for the gas they
have consumed. The money will be used
to place the company in a position better
to serve the public.
That is Ralph Elsman's £rst point of
contact with the community he serves.
He believes that common understanding,
the pivot on which his entire theory rests,
must be based upon the financial interest
of the community in its public utility
corporations.
But he proposes to make the point of
contact between the company and the con-
sumer a contact of representation as well
as one of financial interest. He is going
to sell stock — stock carrying with it a
share in the management of the company.
In other words, he wants to make the
people of South Brooklyn understand that
his company is also their company, and
he wants to get them to share with him
the opportunity and responsibility of di-
recting its destinies.
Furthermore, he proposes to divide
these same responsibilities and opportim-
ties with his employes. Like the men who
buy the gas, the men who make it are to
sit upon the board of directors.
Mr. Elsman in a public satement re-
cently said :
"In assuming control and the presi-
dency of Kings County Lighting Com-
pany I know that I am undertaking a
great responsibility to the communities
served by the Company. Both the Com-
pany and communities have undergone
great hardships. For years South
Brooklyn struggled to secure adequate
transportation and finally got the four
great rapid transit lines that now serve
this section. These facilities brought
great real estate development, but the gas
company was not fully equal to the situ-
ation. During 1917 and 1918 war neces-
sities absorbed materials and labor so that
nothing could be done to prepare for de-
mands when the war should end. At the
same time the Company was forced to
undertake protracted rate litigation. New
capital for plant and street main expan-
sion could not be obtained until litigation
could end successfully for the company.
This has just been accomplished. Con-
sequently the Company must stretch itself
enormously to catch up with the four
years of exceptional growth in the terri-
tory.
"Over one million dollars of work is
now under way. Of this over $800,000,
is now under way at the plant so as to
increase the gas output. Over 10,000 feet
of gas mains and services are being laid.
Meters are being set as fast as the plant
work justifies the adding on new con-
sumers. This work is being rushed night
and day so that the public shall benefit
at the earliest moment.
Travis H. Whitney said :
"I am very glad to be associated with
Mr. Elsman in his plans to make the
Kings County Lighting Company of real
public service. I know that he is in earn-
est and that his plans present an oppor-
tunity to bring about the close harmony
and cooperation that should exist between
the public and a utility company that fur-
nishes a public necessity. The adminis-
tration of the original Public Service law
helped to bring about a recognition that
utility companies were not merely private
corporations yet public regulation was an
indirect aqd frequently a cumbersome
and prolonged method of accomplishing
results. Reciprocal recognition by a com-
pany and by the pubUc of the rights and
necessities of each other will, however,
bring about prompt and satisfactory re-
sults. I believe that the placing of a
representative of the consumers and ol
the employes on the Board of Directors
is an important advance whereby a com-
pany, the public it serves and the employee
who labor for both the company and the
public may have a mutual understanding
and 'respect that will be beneficial to both.
Both Mr. Elsman for the Company and
the communities served by his company
have a wonderful opportunity to popu
larize a utility and therefore to secure
full advantage for all."
Ralph Elsman
Consoliated Absorbs New York Plant
The Consolidated Gas Company of
New York has received permission from
the Public Service Commission to ac-
quire 75 per cent or more of the stock
of the Bronx Gas and Electric Company.
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22
THE GAS AGE
January 10, 1921
Displays and Trains of Thought
The Successful Show Window Is
the One that Has a Central Idea
yet not Lacking Detailed Appeal
By J. E. BULLARD
PSYCHOLOGISTS tell us that the
only way we can create a desire
for the goods that we have to sell
is to bring about the proper association
of ideas. An easier way to say all this
is to say that we must set going the
right trains of thought. It is self-evident
that unless we can get people thinking
along the right lines we will never be able
to sell them the maximum amount of that
which we have to sell. When making
displays it is very necessary to bear this
fact in mind. It is not the way the
display looks so much as the train of
thought that it sets going that counts.
Suppose we see an all gas kitchen dis-
play. In it we find a gas range, a water
heater, an incinerator and gas lighting.
It is fitted up as a real kitchen and a
much more convenient kitchen than the
ordinary kitchen is. What train of
thought is this display going to set go-
ing?
It will be something along this line.
"That is certainly an awfully convenient
kitchen. I will have to fit mine up that
way sometime. I wonder if I could get
along without a coal range in the kitchen.
It certainly is a lot cleaner to use gas.
I'll go in and order a water heater any-
how then I'll be just that much nearer to
an all gas kitchen."
This Company's Display Worked
A certain gas company had a perma-
nent all-gas kitchen display in its window.
The only changes ever made in this
window was the changing of the appli-
ances and lights. This kitchen was a real
kitchen. It was equipped with running
water and was often used for demonstra-
tion purposes.
One woman saw this display and be-
came interested. There were no gas ap-
pliances in either the house she lived in
or the adjacent house that she also owned.
She ordered the same appliances that
she had seen in the window for each
house. In her own house she moved the
coal range out of the kitchen when the
gas range was installed in the spring.
She made her kitchen look as much like
the display kitchen at it was possible to
make it look. She did this, however,
only during the summer. She was sold
on the idea of the all-gas kitchen and
went to the trouble of moving out her
coal range every spring in order to en-
joy one in the summer but she was not
sold on some other method to heat her
kitchen. The display failed at this point
and, therefore, she moved her coal range
back into the kitchen every fall.
The same rule applies to laundry equip-
ment. Display one or two pieces of
laundry equipment and it may not set
going a real sales making train of
thought in the minds of people who look
at the display. Group together laundry
equipment enough so that the result will
be an ideal laundry and people will im-
mediately want to duplicate this laundry
in their own home.
Maximum Sales
The maximum sales of gas are not
likely to result from the display of a
single type of range alone. The person
who sees such a display thinks of ranges
and not of all gas kitchens. If she al-
ready has a range she is only casually
interested. She is interested just enough
to make sure that the range is no better
than the one she already owns provided
she is not entirely satisfied with her pres-
ent range. The display is not likely to
suggest the purchase of anything but that
particular type of range.
This does not mean that displays
should never be made of one type of
range only. Such displays may be nec-
essary to clean out an overstock of a cer-
tain type of range or they may serve their
purpose to get gas ranges into homes
where it would take much longer to in-
troduce gas in the kitchen if all sales
attention was concentrated upon all gas
kitchens. But this does not change the
fact that these displays are not such that
set going the trains of thought which
in the long run result in the greatest
possible sale of gas.
In the gas business, possibly more than
in any other line of business it is neces-
sary to watch the news columns of the
newspapers. Suppose that in the morning
papers there is an account of the death
of one or more persons caused by a hose
becoming disconnected from a room heat-
er. If a person reads this new*; and
that same morning enters the gas office
and sees a number of room heaters dis-
played and some of them with long
hose connections which might easily be-
come disconnected what train of thought
is the display going to set going? The
chances are that instead of thinking along
the line of the desirability of room heat-
ers, he will think of the deaths that these
room heaters cause and that it will be
much safer to keep such heaters out of his
home. He may even go so far as to
relegate any heaters that he may have to
the junk pile.
The news should be studied carefully
each day and all displays made with an
idea of keeping the train of thought set
going by the displays upon the right
track. The daily news has a great deal
to do with the track upon which trains
of thought set going by any display will
run and this is especially the case with
gas.
Practically every day there are items
in the newspapers which help set going
desirable trains of thought All that it
is necessary for the gas man to do is
to get aboard the right train. As has
already been shown, even unfavorable
news may be used in such a way as to
increase sales if action is quick enough.
It is this quick action and alertness that
is vital to the full realization of the sales
value of news. In a day or so all news
becomes more or less stale and loses its
value. Quick action is necessary if this
news is to be capitalized.
In making displays the closest atten-
tion must be paid to every little detail.
A mistake in a single detail may set go-
ing an undesirable train of thought. If
you draw a picture of a cow with a man
sitting on the wrong side of that cow
and milking her that picture isn't going
to sell anything to a farmer. It will just
make him laugh and feel certain that you
don't know much about your business.
If you make a display to appeal to wom-
en and a small detail in the arrangement
is wrong, women are not going to start
thinking along the line you desire when
they see that display. Instead they are
going to think that some man made the
display and that men really don't know
very much about the work of women.
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January 10, 1921
THE GAS AGS
23
Apportioning the Advertising
Ad. Campaigns Used in
Kansas, California and
in British Columbia
By WILLIAM B. STODDARD
NOW that the end of the year is ap-
proaching and the advertising and
publicity managers of the different
concerns are trying to decide on their
advertising appropriations for the ensu-
ing year no better way of getting a line
of the desirability of the different papers
could be followed than that adopted by
the £^s company of Syracuse, N. Y.
Their publicity took the form of a coupon
sale, in which special prices were offered
on a number of household merchandise.
Coming as it did in the holiday buying
period it had a very stimulating effect on
the sales and at the same time gave the
company a good idea of the relative pop-
ularity of the three newspapers of the
city. A half page was taken in each, at
the top of which was announced
HOLIDAY COUPON SALE
In every home there is usually one fa-
vorite newspaper, the one upon which the
housewife depends for her daily store
news. We want to know which is your
favorite. The coupon sale has proven a
most successful method of finding out.
When we receive the coupons, they are
all carefully counted out and credited to
the newspaper from which they are
clipped. Thus we are able to determine
which is the best, the second and third
best, and we distribute our advertising
accordingly. So you see how valuable
this information is to us, and why we are
willing to offer very extraordinary in-
ducements for you to bring the coupons
here tomorrow.
The advertisement was divided into
small squares in each of which was noted
some special offering. Each square con-
tained the name of the newspaper in
which the advertisement appeared. To
secure the article advertised it was
necessary for the customer to present the
coupon with the money in order to make
the purchase, as none of the special sale
offerings were sold unless accompanied
by the coupon. In noting the slips turned
in from the different newspapers it was
easy to see which were read by the
majority of housewives, and the space in
the different journals was regulated ac-
cordingly.
Gm ComiMUiy lasiiet a Report Card
A fine piece of publicity was gotten out
recently by the Wichita Gas Co. Wichita,
Kan. The merchants of the city had
banded together for a big Suburban Day,
the advertising being especially directed
towards suburbanites, with a refund of
car fare when purchases reached a certain
specified amount. Several days before the
sale hundreds of patrons received through
the mail a large manila envelope, the size
and shape of those in which school re-
port cards are placed. The novel form in
which the ad appeared called it to the
attention of both old and young, and
after the "report" had been scanned it
was noticed that on the reverse side ap-
peared several items of merchandise on
which a special price for Suburban Day
only were quoted.
Vancouyer Window Display
Picturing Gas Comfort
The human interest type of advertising
is coming into greater favor with each
recurring season. The aim of every ad
should be to make the reader want to ex-
perience the comfort gained by possessing
the commodity advertised. The Pacific
Gas and Electric Co., Redwood City,
Calif., has recently been conducting ap
extensive campaign, not only for the in-
stallation of gas pipes, but for gas heat-
ers. The winters are so mild all over
the south and southwest that gas as a
winter chill chaser has proven very
effective. Many, too, have been induced
to install a gas heater through the com-
fort brought to mind by the pertinent
series of ads that has been run. These
are uniform in size and appearance but
each gives some particular reason for g^s
installation. Among the best were:
SOLID COMFORT
A comfortable chair, slippers, smoking
jacket and pipe awaiting. Yet without
warmth, the clean appealing warmth that
the Rector system of gas heating means
to a home — ^how uninviting the sceue is.
Rector is paramount where equality
and service are deciding factors. It per-
mits perfect temperature control in every
room.
Think it over. Decide now whether
your heating is all diat it might be. If
it isn't— if there are cold corners in your
home — if the furnace requires a lot of
attention and the fuel makes a lot of
dirt and work —
Telephone us. We want to tell you
about the
PACIFIC GAS AND £LBCTRIC CO.
Advertising Stoves and Fuel
The Vancouver Gas Co., Vancouver, B.
C, have recently been conducting a cam-
paign relative to the merits of gas coke —
one of their by-products. Their ad was
headed by a bank roll and a pocket book
on which features were painted, and the
ad was captioned:
BUY NOW— SAVE MONEY
Gas Coke— $10.00 a Ton, in Two Ton
Lots or More
Buy your winter's supply of coke ere
winter set in
CLEAN AS SUNSHINE
— that is the kind of heat you get from
gas coke. Last winter there was not
enough of it to go around ; the same con-
dition may prevail this winter. Be pre-
pared. Telephone Seymour 5000.
VANCOUVER GAS CO.
They have certainly g^i'^sped the
essentials of successful advertising when
it comes to window display, as they con-
fine their efforts to a single piece of mer-
chandise. The window is by no means
bare, however, as the gas stove which
they placed on view was set in a room
with tiled linoleum like that of a modem
kitchen, the walls being covered with
sanitas cloth. A clear white light flood-
ed the window, making the stove stand
out in bold relief, and down in front were
three framed cards. The first of these
was evidently supplied by the manufac-
turer as it bore the stereotyped "^ool
Kitchen Komfort" which was hardly a
timely sign to display at this season.
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THE GAS AGS
January 10, 1921
Durability in Paint
Paints More Lasting in Ro-
man Days Because of Dif-
ferent Existing Conditions
By L. M. STOCKING
PAINTS are not as durable today
as they were in historic and pre-
historic times, partially because we
are now using them in damp climates
and in cities and centers where gases
and acids, which accompany industrial
life, are prevalent. In the ancient and
romantic days from which history has
come down to us, there were no factory
chimneys. Moreover the classic lands of
Egypt, Palestine, Greece, and Rome, were
so dry that historic exhibits were pre-
served indefinitely. The Parthenon at
Athens, the temples and tombs at Karnak
and Luxor in Egypt; were originally
colored. Disentombed Pompeii and Hcr-
culaneuam, show that the ancient Romans
used paint. The excavations and tombs
of Mesopotamia, (the land of Adam
and Abraham) have given up colored
exhibits from four thousand to seven
thousand years old. The rock buildings
of our own pre-historic Indians of Peru
and New Mexico, thousands of years old,
reveal the use of dyes and colors used
in paints. These are dry climates.
Paint in the Gas World
Today a paint is called upon — especially
in the gas world, to resist dampness,
chemicals, gases, wear, heat, cold, ice, etc
Therefore we modems have devised the
silica-graphite paint, with its inert quali-
ties of pigment, its facility of fish-scale
expansion and contraction; its tight
"cling" to the metal; thus excluding the
permeation of the film by dampness; its
armor power to resist wear. Graphite
alone will not resist wear, through it
has unequalled power to resist dampness
and chemicals.
When Nature links the flake silica-
graphite, as in the Ticonderoga, New
York mine, the pigment is endowed with
the dual qualities of hardness and unc-
tuousness. A mechanically mixed sili-
ca-graphite does not stay in suspension,
nor does it afford elasticity. It does not
wear as well, because it is irregular and
rougher. Exclude dampness with a sili-
ca-graphite paint and you get durability.
Impermeability of the film to gases
and moisture, in the most important
quality of a protective paint. Of
course no paint, in which a linseed oil
is used as a binder, should be put in
service before the vehicle is thoroughly
dry. Linseed oil is tKe best known bind-
er: strong, elastic and living.
Seventy per cent of paint is wasted
because proper painting conditions arc
not complied with. Part of a gas holder
submerged constantly or part of the
time, will of course require more frequent
renewals of paint than parts rising out
of water, etc.
Never let a bright, dry day pass with-
out thinking of painting. Get your paint-
er to work on a dry day and on a dry,
cleaned surface. A dry day is a jewel to
the wise painter, who would insure him-
self of economy.
Use a long service paint, at least on
the main bqdy of your structure. Don't
waste labor. Labor is a diamond, judg-
ing by what the workmen think of their
services: — $10 a day. It is not the "per
gallon" price that counts. It is the "per
year" cost.
During the war years painting fell be-
hind and structures deteriorated. Re-
newals now will waste three times your
original capital. Therefore we make this
appeal to patriotic gas men: "Who will
get a ladder and a paint-pot and join
the paint bridgades of economy upkeep?"
by using today (and not tomorrow) those
protective paints that give the longest
service and a satisfactory appearance.
Some gas companies which are follow-
ing into line with the "onward march"
of the artistic architectural appearance
of cities, are building castellated stone
walls around their holders. But the
holders need painting just the same!
Some British Installations
The Cutler-Hammer Manufacturing
Company of Milwaukee have installed
several meters in British gas plants re-
cently. At the Linacre plant of the Liver-
pool Gas Company they put in a 600,000
cu. ft. per hour Thomas meter; two
Thomas meters to be used by Glasgow
Corp.; two meters for measuring water
gas distributed by the Gas Light & Coke
Co., of London; 400,000 cu. ft per hr.
meter to be installed by Brentford Gas
Gas Co., of London, at their Southall
Works; and a meter for the Great West-
em* Colliery Co. to measure surplus coke
oven gas sold to the town of Pontypridd.
Largest Welded Tank Erected
in Alabama
What is perhaps the largest welded
tank ever built was recently completed
by the Welded Products Company at
Birmingham, Ala., for the Liquid Car-
bonic Company. The tank is 22 feet in
diameter and stands 30 feet high. It was
made of % in. steel plates, joined at the
seams by oxy-acetylene welding. The
big tank has satisfactorily withstood the
required tests and has been found gas
tight in all of the welded seams under
excess-of-working pressures.
The Welded Products Company uses
oxy-acetylene with remarkable success
in tank construction, and has for some
time specialized in this field of welding,
having built many large tanks for gaso-
line storage and other uses in the South.
The welded construction has been proved
thoroughly satisfactory and very much
cheaper than riveted tanks of the same
capacity. The welded tank has a distinct
advantage also in the fact that it is not so
susceptible to rust as the riveted tank.
This company has one of the best
equipped welding plants in the country,
having the latest improved Oxweld ap-
paratus throughout. Linde oxygen is
supplied to the blowpipes through a sys-
tem of shop piping. The company is esti-
mating now on the gas holders for the
new plant of the Linde Air Products
Company at New Orleans, and if award-
ed this contract there will shortly be a
new "largest welded tank" to take its
rank in the welding field, and, incident-
ally, to open up an entirely new outlook
for the industry.
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January 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
25
Gas Workers^ Government
Peoples Gas and Coke
Company Frame a Co-op-
erative Labor Management
A "CONSTITUTIONAL convention"
of its employes is to be called by
the Peoples Gas Light and Coke
Company of Chicago, to formulate an
employe representation plan. It is part
of the "new thought" in industry which
in the last three years or so has led a
number of large employers to set up sys-
tems of co-operative government by which
the workers receive an equal voice with
the management in dealing with questions
of pay, hours, rules, working conditions
and any other debatable matter that can
arise between employer and employe.
The plan is based upon the experience
of some three hundred American com-
panies, among them the following: The
International Harvester Company, the
Colorado Fuel & Iron Company, The
Bethlehem Steel Company, The Standard
Oil Company of Indiana at Whiting, The
Goodrich Tire & Rubber Company and
The Public Service Company of North-
ern Illinois.
The Object
The object of the proposed Employe
Representation Plan is to provide means
by which employes shall participate freely
and fully in settling all company ques-
tions that directly concern them. Among
these are questions of pay, hours, work-
ing conditions, rules, and in fact every
kind of question that can arise between
employer and employe.
To provide the "machinery" for this,
joint councils are proposed in 'which
elected representatives of the employes
shall sit and vote on absolutely equal
terms with a like number of management
representatives. These joint councils
would be: (1) Departmental Joint Coun-
cils, one for each department or group
of small departments named above; (2)
A General Joint Council representing
these departments; (3) Special Joint
Councils (when necessary) representing
two or more departments. But all joint
councils would be formed on a strictly
"fifty-fifty" basis: one-half, representa-
tives of employes; the other half, repre-
sentatives of the management.
For choosing these employe representa-'
tives, semi-annual primaries and elec-
tions are proposed. Voting would be by
secret ballot. For convenience in voting,
the employes in a large department would
be grouped into election units — "pre-
cincts" as it were — of approximately fifty
each and the employes in several small
departments would be grouped together
to form similar units.
The management, by the proposed plan,
would have no part or influence in select-
ting the employe representatives. No
person could vote in the primaries or
elections, or serve as an employe repre-
sentative, who is an officer, official, su-
perintendent, or otherwise a supervisory
official, or who has any power to hire,
to discharge or to discipline. The man-
agement would appoint one-half of the
joint council members but, as stated be-
fore, the employe representatives and the
management representatives would have
equal voting power on all questions com-
ing before them.
The Election
The employe representatives to be nom-
inated and elected as described, and an
equal number of management representa-
tives, would make up the departmental
joint councils : a council for each depart-
ment or group of small departments.
These departmental councils would meet
regularly once a month (and in special
sessions when necessary) on company
time. They would have full power to
take up all questions concerning em-
ployes in their relations to the company.
The general joint council, as proposed,
would be a body of higher jurisdiction,
made up equally of employe representa-
tives and management representatives
elected by the respective departmental
councils. The special joint councils, in
case need of them should arise, would
be made up of the employe representa-
tives and the management representatives
of two or more departmental councils.
This Employe Representation Plan al-
so proposes the creation of an Industrial
Relations Department, the head of which
would report directly to the president of
the company. A considerable part of his
duties would be to serve as a connecting
link or intermediary between the rank
and file of employes on the one hand
and the officers, officials and supervisory
employes on the other, particularly in
connection with the Employe Representa-
tion Plan. He or one of his assistants,
wotjld preside at the various joint coun-
cil meetings but without a vote and his
office door would always be open.
Adoption of the proposed plan would
open to each employe, or group of em-
ployes, at least four ways of getting fair
treatment and full consideration of any
matter affecting him or them: (1) By
taking it up with immediate superiors in
the department; or (2) with the elected
employe representative of the the voting
unit; or (3) with the manager of in-
dustrial relations; or (4) by direct peti-
tion to a departmental joint council. The
employe representative or the manager
of industrial relations, or both, could also
take it up with departmental officials or
refer it to the departmental joint council.
Procedure in all matters brought be-
fore a departmental joint council would
be as follows : The council's action in a
given case would be in the nature of a
recommendation to the head of the de-
partment from which the matter had
come. If he declined to follow the rec-
ommendation, the employe represent-
atives could appeal to the next higher
company official or to the general joint
council; and the employe representatives
in the general joint council could appeal
from any higher official, first to an ex-
ecutive council composed of the vice-
president and other officials and, sec-
ondly, directly to the president of the
company. In case of no agreement be-
tween the president and the employe rep-
resentatives, the matter would be sub-
mitted to arbitration.
The gas company officials believe that
some form of employe representation
would be a good thing for the employes,
the managing officials and the stockhold-
ers of the company, and for the public
that we all serve; that it would tend to
produce the best possible relations be-
tween employes and all those having su-
pervisory or managerial duties, and con-
sequently tend to produce greater effi-
ciency in the operation of the company.
But before any plan is submitted for ap-
proval by the board of directors, it is de-
sired that everybody concerned shajl have
the fullest opportunity to study it in de-
tail.
To that end, B. J. Mullaney has been
directed to call, at an early date, and
preside over a meeting of employe and
management representatives which will
sit as a sort of constitutional convention
to consider, line by line and section by
section, the Employe Representation Plan
sketched in the foregoing.
Industrial Consumers Cut Off
The Arkansas Natural Gas Company,
through circulars, has served notice on
industrial consumers that all contracts
will be terminated and that hereafter
gas will be supplied only when there is
a surplus above the needs of the domes-
tic consumers.
The decision not to renew the contracts,
it is said, is to relieve the company of
any legal obligation to supply gas to in-
dustrial consumers.
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26
THE GAS AGE
January 10, 1921
Principles Governing Air Injection
Air Entrainment and Momentum
of the Gas Stream — ^Tests of the
Bureau of Standards on Shutters
By WALTER M. BERRY, I. V. BRUM-
BAUGH, G. F. MOULTON and G. B. SHAWN*
THE momentum of a body is equal
to the product of the mass times
the velocity. In an atmospheric bur-
ner the quantity of air injected will de-
pend primarily upon the mass rate of dis-
charge of the gas through the orifice.
How much of the momentum of the
£^s stream is converted into momentum
of the mixture will depend upon the de-
sign of the injecting tube and the resist-
ance of the burner. The resistance of
the burner will depend upon the shape
and size of the burner and the area of
the ports. In general, for any one bur-
ner the injecting tube that will produce
the largest pressure in the burner per
unit of momentum will be the most efl5-
cient. The greatest pressure in the burner
will represent the largest per cent of the
initial momentum of the gas stream con-
verted into the momentum of the mix-
ture.
There is, of course, always some loss
in energy due to internal friction and
eddy currents, and the total momentum of
the mixture must always be less than
the momentum of the gas stream.
To show the effect of changing the gas
pressure, specific gravity of the gas and
the gas rate on air entrainment there
are shown several problems with values
taken from the experimental data.
Since, in making the calculations of
the following problems, we are not con-
cerned with any particular unit of mass,
but merely the relations of the masses
under various conditions, it will greatly
simplify the calculations if we take the
unit of mass as the mass of a cubic
foot of air, and for simplicity call it 1.
The unit of momentum will be the prod-
uct of velocity in feet per second times
mass of one cubic f6ot of air.
Relation between Gas Pressure and Mo-
mentum of Gas Stream
A change in the gas pressure results
in a change in both the velocity of the
gas stream and the mass of the gas going
through the orifice per unit of time.
Let us assume that at one inch pres-
sure the volume of a 0.65 specific gravity
gas issuing from an orifice is 30 cubic
feet per hour, and the velocity of the
stream is 82.3 feet per second. The mo-
mentum of the stream will be
velocity x mass=82.3 x ^^ ^ '^^ = 0.445
3600,
units per second.
If the pressure is now increased to
four inches, the volume going through
per second will be doubled, the velocity
will be doubled, the mass per second will
be doubled, and the monentum will be
164.6 X ^,]1^^^ = L780 units per second.
Thus where the gas rate is increased
by change of pressure the increase of
momentum of the gas stream is directly
proportional to the pressure increase
Experiments have shown that over the
range from 2 to 6 inches of gas pressures
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the air-gas ratio remains practically con-
stant with change in gas pressure.
If a burner with an orifice pressure of
2 inches will inject two volumes of air ta
one of gas, and if the gas pressure is
increased, thereby increasing the gas rate,
the volume of air injected will be in-
creased, but the air-gas ratio will remain
the same as it was before.
Suppose it is desired to know what
the relation would be between the momen-
ttmi of the gas stream and the stream of
the mixture in a case where the pressure
is increased, but the gas rate is kept con-
stant by reducing the size of the orifice.
Taking the values, in Fig. 26, which
were used in Example No. 1,
Gas pressure 2 inches
Specific gravity of the gas 0.65
Gas rate — Cubic feet per hour 47.5
Air-gas ratio from the 2-inch
"no tube" results 3 to 1
Velocity of mixture at first port 5.08 feet
The momentum of the mixture, from Ex-
ample No. 1, is 0245 units per second.
If the gas rate is kept constant, the
mass of gas flowing through the orifice
per second must remain constant, and
since the velocity of a gas stream in-
creases as the square root of the pressure,
the momentum of the gas stream must in-
crease in the same ratio.
If the pressure is changed from 2 inches
to 4 inches, and if the relations de-
scribed in the previous examples hold
good, the ratio between the momentum
of the mixture at 2 inches pressure and
the momentum at 4 inches pressure will
be proportional:
0.245 : 1/2" : : X : |/4, where X = 0.346
units per second.
Relation between Momenttmi of Mixture
and Pressure in the Burner
It has been stated that there is a de-
finite ratio between the momentum of the
gas stream and the momentum of the
stream of the mixture. For any increase
in the gas rate there is a corresponding
increase in the momentum of the stream
of the mixture, resulting in an increase
in the pressure in the burner. Fig. 12
shows the pressure in the burner with
three gravities of gas, and Figs. 21 to 27
inclusive show the pressure in different
*PiibIi8b«d with the pennission of the Director
**« the U. S. Bur«»" "f Standards, Washington, D. C.
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January 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
27
burners with different gas rates and gas
pressures.
The preceding examples have been used
to illustrate clearly the following condu-
sions which can be summarized as
follows :
1. Where the g^s rate is increased by
change of pressure, the momenta of the
gas streams are directly proportional
to the pressures.
2. Where the orifice is adjusted to give
the same gas rate under the same orifice
pressure, with gases of different* specific
gravities, the momenta of the gas streams
are proportional to the square roots of
their gravities.
3. The ratio between the momentum
of the gas stream and the momentum of
the stream of the mixture is always the
same for any one burner irrespective of
orifice pressure, specific gravity of gas,
or the volume of the mixture going
through the burner.
4. When the pressure is changed to
give the same gas rate for gases of differ-
ent gravities, the air entrainment, is pro-
portional to the gravity.
5. The pressure at any one point in
the burner increases in direct propor-
tion to the increase in the momentum of
the stream of the mixture.
If a change in gas pressure or gas
rate should cause a considerable change
in the temperature of the burner, the vol-
ume of air injected would be slightly
different from the calculated values for
the new condition, and there would not
be quite the agreement between the above
stated relations.
The Air Shutter
Domestic appliances are generally ope-
rated at different pressures in different
localities and must be so designed by
the manufacturer that they will give sat-
isfactory service even with extremely low
pressures. Such burners, when operated
with medium and high pressures, inject
too large a volume of primary air and
an adjustment of the air shutter is nec-
essary.
Most municipal ordinances require that
the minimum gas pressure shall not be
less than two inches, and it would seem
that in designing a burner for the aver-
age condition pressures lower than inches
should not be considered. If this is con-
ceded we can say that good design in a
domestic range burner demands that,
when the burner is operated with arti-
ficial gas at its maximum capacity — from
15 to 18 cubic feet per hour at 2 inches
pressure, the burner should operate sat-
isfactorily and give good fiame charac-
teristics -with the air shutter wide open.
If this is not possible the port area is
not correct for the volume of gas, and
what we have gained in injecting power
through the use of good orifices, injecting
tubes, etc., we have lost by restricting
the free flow of air into the injector This
is equally true for industrial appliances,
but as these are usually designed more
nearly for the existing conditions, it is
not necessary to make so much allowance
in design for varying conditions as in the
case of domestic burners.
These values have been plotted in the
curves of the accompanying chart and
show the loss of injecting power with the
decrease of the area of air inlet for the
particular conditions stated in Table 12
We do not attempt to draw any definite-
conclusions from these curves, since there
o
SO
I
28
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8
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L
_
OO a# O.a 1.2 1.6 Z.O B-^ 3^ S.Z 3.6 ^O
Primary Air Oper?//7^(sq./n)
Area of Air Shutter Opening Required
The maximum rate at which a burner
is to be operated must be known. It is
also necessary to know what the minimum
size of air shutter opening should be in
order to get the required volume of air
into the burner. To form some opinion
of the area of air shutter opening re-
quired, a burner was operated with the
air shutter in a position where it offered
no resistance to the flow of air, and the
total volume of air injected was deter-
mined. By gradually closing the air inlet
and observing the effect on air injection
the values shown in Tablel2 were ob-
tained.
TABLE NO. 12
REDUCTION IN THE VOLUME OF
AIR INJECTED WHEN CLOSING
THE AIR SHUTTER
Gas Rate 77 Cu. Ft. per Hour — Specific
Gravity of Gas 1.0 — Gas Pressure 4 In.
—Burner IK Inch. With 1.05 Square
Inch Port Area — With Injector.
Total Air Area of Velocity thioush
Injected Air Inlet Air Inlet
(Cubic Feet) (Square Inches) (Feet per Second)
318 4.0 3.18
317 Z2 3.91
313 2.0 626
305 1.4 8.72
285 0.8 1425
260 0.6 17.35
210 0.4 19.13
138 02 27.56
are a number of things to be taken into
consideration. The air injection will vary
with the momentum of the gas stream,
the size of the burner, the design of the
injector, and the area of the air shutter
opening. In general one might say that
to keep the loss of air injection down to
one or two per cent, it is necessary to
have the shutter opening large enough
that the velocity of the air through the
opening does not exceed four or five feet
per second.
New Kings County Stock
Deputy Public Service Commissioner
Morgan T. Donnelly, of New York, has
approved the new $2,000,000 issue of
Kings County Lighting Co.'s 8% preferred
$tock, $1,750,000 of which is to be used
under terms of the approval order for
extensions and improvements to the com-
pany's plant, and the balance for working
capital. From the proceeds of the sale
of the stock the company expects to pro-
vide for three new water gas generators,
with a combined capacity of 3,000,000 cu-
bic feet of gas daily; a blowing plant,
piping system, and the completion of the
extension of the mains recently ordered
constructed by the Public Service Com-
mission for the benefit of consumers in
the newly developed sections of BrooklyTi.
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28
THE GAS AGE
January 10, 1921
Production of Fuels Increases
Bituminous Coal and Crude and
Gas Oils Increase — British Dye-
stuff Enactment Affecting Congress
By OSWALD F. SCHUETTE
(Washington Correspondent)
WASHINGTON, D. C, Jan. 4.--
Notwithstanding gloomy predic-
tions about the future oil supply
•of the nation the immediate situation ap-
pears to be better than for some time
past. The latest figures of the Geological
Survey show that new records were es-
tablished in November both as to the
average daily rate of production in the
United States and the volume of imports.
As a consequence more than 3,000,000
barrels of petroleum were added to re-
serve stocks over and above the amount
used during the month.
During the first eleven months of the
year 1920 409,000,000 barrels of petroleum
were produced in the United States as
■compared with 345,000,000 barrels during
the corresponding months of 1919. It
seems assured, therefore, that the calen-
dar year 1920 will show a total produc-
tion of 450,000,000 barrels, an increase of
more than 70,000,000 barrels over the out-
put in the year 1919.
Petroleum Production
The production of petroleum in the
United States during November aver-
aged 1,303,000 barrels per day as against
1,287,871 in October and 1,262,966 in Sep-
tember. The total produced in November
was 39,090,000 barrels. Imports of crude
oil in November totaled 13,750,199 bar-
rels as compared with 11,361,376 barrels
in October. Exports amounted to 634,794
barrels, the excels of imports over exports
totaling 13,115,405 barrels.
The total available in November was
52,205,405 barrels, when the amount pro-
duced and the excess of imports over ex-
ports are added together. Consumption
totaled 49,014,000 barrels, which was
somewhat less than the October total of
49;181,000.
Gas and fuel oil output in October
amounted to 823,000,000 gallons, with
799,000,000 gallons in storage, an increase
of 28,00,000 gallons during the month.
Secretary of the Navy Daniels in a dis-
cussion of the future oil supply for the
vessels of the Navy suggests the advisa-
bility of Governmental control of the dis-
tribution of oil.
"What is the present duty of our coun-
try with reference to oil? said Secretary
Daniels. "It is, first of all, to recognize
that, coal and water power should be
more and more utilized in industrial
plants ashore and on railroads, and the
oil held for ocean commerce and the
Navy. If the future oil supply is as
small as many believe, why should not
the government control the distribution
of oil so as to insure that its merchant
ships and naval ships, practically all oil
burners shall never be found impotent
because of the only fuel which can insure
their superiority?
"We have been wasteful of our re-
sources. Coal and oil and water consti-
tute the basis of national prosperity and
international commerce and the best na-
val operation. Has not the time come
when oil and coal and water power shall
be nationalized, and their ownership and
distribution bCj regulated for the good of
all and not permitted to be controlled by
those who have not been free from prof-
iteering?
Government Action
'Whether the government shall buy and
carry on production of coal, oil and water
power, or regulate their production, dis-
tribution and price is a question of press-
ing importance. Certainly the govern-
ment cannot sit still and permit con-
tinued profiteering and waste. Govern-
ment regulation of the price of oil, coal
and water power should become as fixed
a government policy as regulation of rail-
roads, express and telegraph rates. It is
indeed more important as to coal and oil
because they are of limited supply and the
world is threatened with the peril of their
exhaustion."
Advance figures indicate that the pro-
duction of bituminous coal for the entire
calendar year 1920 was about 555,500,000
tons. During the final weeks of the year
production continued at such a steady
pace that the total was much greater
than seemed likely during the sunmier.
Production for 1920 was considerably
more than 1,000,000 tons ahead of 1917, a
year when requirements were large and
production about equalled consumption.
The 1920 total is far ahead of 1919 but
this does not mean much because in 1919
production fell short of consumption and
consumers used up the extra stock they
had acquired in 1918.
Production for the coal year has been
on a basis of 11,222,000 tons per week as
against an estimated demand of 10,288,000
tons.
Much interest has been aroused in this
country by the enactment of legislation
by the British Parliament for the re-
striction of imports of dyestuffs and allied
chemicals as a means of protecting the
domestic industry. The act creates a
licensing committee to control imports.
It is provided that the act shall remain in
effect for a period of ten years.
Enactment of legisation by Great Brit-
ain has given new impetus to the move-
ment for the passage of a measure by
Congress for the protection of the Amer-
ican dye industry. Senator Knox of
Pennsylvania particularly has expressed
the hope that something can be done at
the present session of Congress. The
general belief, however, is that action
must wait until the general revision of the
tariff at the special session which will
meet in March. Hearings on this bill are
now in progress.
Issues Stock to Employees
Over 75 per cent of the employees of
the Worcester (Mass.) Qas Light Co. have
become stockholders of the corporation.
Of the total of 250 people on the com-
pany's payroll 189 have taken advantage
of the company's offer of the new 8 per
cent guaranteed cumulative preferred
stock at the par value of $100 a share.
Approve Utility Bond Issue
The proposal of the Cincinnati Gas &
Electric Company to authorize an issue
of $50,000,000 in prior lien and refunding
mortgage bonds running forty years, with
sinking fund provisions, has been ap-
proved by the company's stockholders.
The bonds will be issued at such times
as the company's financial needs require
and will bear such interest as the mar-
ket conditions at the time of sale call
for. Of the $50,000,000 issue $15,000,000
is set aside to refund present outstanding
note issues.
Stove Company Taken Over
The Wheeling Stove and Range Com-
pany has been taken over by the Wheel-
ing Corrugating Company. As soon as
their reorganization is completed they
will issue a new stove catalofirue.
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January 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
29
U. S. Bureau of Mines Head
Resigns
Washington, D. C, December 31. — Dr.
F. G. Cottrell, Director of the United
States Bureau of Mines, today handed his
resignation to the President, through Sec-
retary of the Interior Payne. He leaves
the bureau to take up his duties as chair-
man of the Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Technolog>' of the National Re-
search Council.
Dr. Cottrell recommends as his suc-
cessor H. Foster Bain of California,
whose name was formally presented to
the President.
At the same time Secretary Payne has
handed to the President the appointment
of H. Foster Bain, of California, as suc-
cessor to Dr. Cottrell.
Mr. Bain was educated and trained as
a geologist and mining engineer. He was
one of Herbert Hoover's assistants in
London on the Belgian relief work dur-
ing the war. Before that he was editor
of the Mining and Scientific Press of
San Francisco, Calif., and later the edi-
tor of the Mining Magazine of London,
England. He made some important min-
ing investigations in south and central
Africa and later undertook similar inves-
tigations in China. At one time he was a
mine operator in Colorado and once was
connected with the United States Geo-
logical Survey. Subsequently, he was the
first director of the Geological Survey of
Illinois.
For a time during the war Mr. Bain
was assistant director of the Unhed
States Bureau of Mines, following up
production and manufacture of metal
products, explosives, and other chemical
substances for war purposes. At the close
of the war Mr. Bain returned to private
Ufe.
Mr. Bain was bom at Sejmiour, Indi-
ana. Graduating from Moore's Hill Col-
lege, Indiana, in 1890, he spent two years
at Johns Hopkins University and later re-
ceived his doctor's degree from the Uni-
versity of Chicago. He has been for many
years a prominent and active member of
of ilie American Institute of Mining and
Metallurgical Engineers, the Mining and
Metallurgical Society of America and the
American Mining Congress.
Frank L. Cross Dies in
Detroit
Frank L. Cross, general manager of
the Detroit City Gas Co., died in Harper
hospital on Dec. 27 of sleeping sickness.
Mr. Cross had been suffering from that
malady for about six weeks.
Mr. Cross was bom in 1880 and came
to Detroit from the University of Michi-
gan. He entered the employ of the gas
company and in time attained the rank of
superintendent of distribution. He left
here in 1910 and went to Madison, Wis.,
as general manager of the gas company
there.
Seven years later he went to St. Patil
where, for' three years, he was vice-presi-
dent and general manager of the St. Paul
Gas and Electric Co.
Uniform Gas Accounting
Adopted in Michigan
The Michigan Public Utility Commis-
sion at a public hearing held in Lansing on
November 30, adopted the theory and gen-
eral plan of the Uniform System of Ac-
counts for Gas Corporations recently ac-
cepted by the National Association of
Railway and Utility Commissioners, and
ordered that on and after January 1, 1921,
all gas utilities under the jurisdiction of
the Commission be required to set up
their accounts in substantial accord with
such system.
A copy of this system will be sent to
company members of the A. G. A. as soon
as these are off the presses; the charge
for which will be $1.00 per volume.
Gadsden to be Speaker at Indianapolis
Philip H. Gadsden of Philadelphia,
president of the American Electric Rail-
way Association and chairman of the
emergency committee of the American
Gas Association, will be one of the chief
speakers at the annual meeting of the
Indiana Public Utility Association in In-
dianapolis, Jan. 13. The session will be
the first ever held in all branches of the
industry. Plans for it are being made by
a committee headed by Harry Reid, presi-
dent of the Interstate Public Service Com-
pany. His committee is preparing a list
of speakers that will include national
leaders in each' phase of the utility busi-
ness. Charles L. Henry, president of the
Indianapolis and Cincinnati Traction
Company, is president of the Indiana
Public Utility Association, and will pre-
side at all the sessions, including luncheon
and dinner meetings in the Riley room of
the Cla3rpool, and a general session in the
assembly hall.
'We are adopting a new idea by plan-
ning to have our sessions semi-public,"
said Mr. Henry, in announcing the date
for the meeting. **Wc can not, of course,
hold public meetings within the time and
space available, but we are asking all
utility company operators who attend to
bring with them representative men from
their respective communities."
Sell Gas Below Cost
Springfield, III, Jan. 6.— That the
Springfield Gas and Electric company is
selling gas at less than the bare cost of
manufacture and without any return on
any valuation of the properties was the
evidence of witnesses examined at a re-
cent hearing before Examiner Hugh C.
Dillon of the Illinois public utilities com-
May Have to Disregard Gas
Conservation
Dayton, Ohio, Jan, 4. — ^With the mer-
cury hovering around the zero mark.
Mayor J. M. Switzer said that unless the
Dayton Gas company could guarantee to
furnish enough g^s for cooking and light-
ing purposes, the proposed gas conserva-
tion • ordinance which has been hanging
fire for the past few days will be thrown
out bodily.
Mayor Switzer, in making the state-
ment, was hopeful that an amicable settle-
ment of the problem would be made at a
special meeting of the city commission.
Representatives of the g^s company
have been asked to be present at the
meeting.
Wettem Gat Construction Expansion
Ft. Wayne, Jan. 3.— Nearly ISO new
employes have been added to the field
force of the Western Gas Construction
company, owing to the great business of
the company. The work in the field, or
outside work, is limited for the most part
to the erecting of apparatus manufactor-
ed by the company. Forces in other de-
partments are not being enlarged, inas-
much as the present number of shop em-
ployes is sufficient to take care of all the
inside work.
|1X)00,000 Gat Waste
Topeka, Jan. 3 — Enormous wastage of
gas through leakage from the lines of the
Kansas Natural Gas Co. and the Kansas
distributing companies, is shown in a re-
port prepared by H. S. Snell, chief en-
gineer of the court of industrial relations.
Out of 16,573375,000 cubic feet of gas
piunped into the pipe lines of the company
annually only 7,642,386,000 reach the con-
sumer, according to Mr. Snell's report
Judge Clyde M. Reed has computed
the heat so wasted as equal to 300,380
tons of coal, which at the minimtun mine
price would be worth $1,201,000. These
figures apply to the Kansas Natural lines
alone, which distributes according to
Judge Reed's estimate, about one-third
the natural gas consumed in the state.
Fight Referendum for Gas
Rates
Louisville, Ky., Dec. 29— A temporary
injunction in the case of the Kentucky
Utilities Company against the city of
Cynthiana, Ky., has been granted, deny-
ing the right of referedum to the people
on the increase of rates for electric cur-
rent, which had been granted previously
by the State Board of Commissioners.
The rate of 14 cents as set out in the
articles will be charged private consumers.
The Kentucky Utilities Company was
required to give bond to indemnify the
city and citizens in case the injunction
is dissolved. This injimction was granted
early in December.
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30
THE GAS AGE
January 10, 1921
Reaching the Consumers at Home
Beautifying the Kitchen and Adding
Fuel-Saving Appliances — Striking Dem-
onstration of the Value of Advertising
JE. DAVIES, Superintendent of the
Commercial Department of the
• Peoples Gas Company of Chicago
says for a long time he has had the idea
of making the kitchen beautiful and at-
tractive to the women of the household.
To do this he has, as a part of his ad-
vertising work, made all sorts of special
offers to consumers. Special sets and
combinations have been devised and sold
at moderate prices to help educate the
consumer to use the most up-to-date fuel
saving appliances. The accompanying
photograph shows the variety of hand-
bills that reach the users of gas in Chi-
cago to convince them of the desirability
of using new heaters and sanitary cook-
ing utensils.
Mr. Davies' first thought was cooking
utensils, and he was so successful that he
added kitchen cabinets. John Weeden,
advertising manager of the Peoples Gas
Company says they started in with sales
of three or four a day. They put the at-
tached advertisement in the Chicago
papers and the sales jumped to ten a day
and held that average.
For an experiment they cut out this ad-
vertisement and the sales dropped to ao
average of three. They put it back and
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The Gas Company
Offers
Standard Gas Raojes
mJ Other Ca$-Bmming Appliantm
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c
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The Gas
Company
Offers
^PfSF^^'^:^^^
Combination Ran^e
and Radiator
{Ca$ Fuel for Both)
KEEPS coal, dirt and ashes OUT of the kitchen.
Gives HEAT just WHEN and WHERE you WANT it.
Special Offer on the Above:
EdipMCo^»iil«Ga<RMtceN*.477 )*tf% ^%«0
Oiu/One 6.Sectian Wolff P»..^ (^^C^^Z
'^'^-^"•^'"*tW*|^ onrf One Section Wolff Prei.^ f
Sled Gu Radiator IMzd-JCsMjj) I
'861
The Pressed Steel Gas Raduior
M made of the best sheet steel.
Cos Radiatots art initabk /or Living
Room. Ubrury. DtmngRooin. Kikken
ri* : **• C«.. r^:^«
Can also lie purchased on liberal DEFERRED PAYMENT pUa '•i
7»«'
Cm
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
January 10, 1921
THE GAS AGS
31
their sales are averaging ten again.
An interesting side light on the adver-
tisement by the Gas Company of a high
grade article which they are not di-
rectly interested in, is that the sales of
McDougall cabinets have greatly increas-
ed all over the city in all the furniture
and housefurnishing houses.
Mr. Davies says the women of Chi-
cago with the present scarcity of domes-
tic help welcome any appliance or con-
venience which helps them in their
homes, washing machines, ironing ma-
chines, etc.
The Gas Company have also exploited
the Universal cake and bread mixer, hav-
ing Mrs. West of the Universal Co. here
for several weeks with most satisfactory
results.
The Soft Answer
John Weedon, Advertising Manager
of the Peoples Gas Co. of Chicago an-
swers all "knocking** letters and, as he
says, makes friends for his company.
The attached is a sample of some of his
work :
LETTER No. 1
Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co., Chicago.
Dear Sirs:
If your system permits selectional mail-
ing of your "Gas Gazette," in which I read
the enlightening information that my gas
bill may be reduced by using less gas, you
have my permission omit this enclosure
when sending my bill.
Why not give the man who writes
this gaseous copy a Stilson, and let him
look after some of the gas-burning equip-
ment which, because of poor combustion,
wastes more gas than you can smell?
Yours truly,
ANSWER TO LETTER NO. 1
Dear Sir:
The man who writes the "gaseous copy"
for the Gas Gazette is a good deal handier
with a typewriter or a fountain pen than
he is with a Stilson wrench ; nevertheless,
we have several men who are adepts at
gas adjustments, and we will have one
of them call at your house and see if
he can not make our serivce to you more
to your liking.
Our only desire is to give our custom-
ers the best service that the present time
and circumstances will permit and none
other of your tradesmen can do more
than that I notice that your total gas
bills for this year to date have amounted
to $15.87. That is seven and a half cents
a day for the 212 days to July 31st— less
than the amount of one street car fare
and only a little more than one telephone
call. Of course, I do not know what
your domestic arrangements are, but un-
der almost any circumstances I believe
you get more real service from gas than
from the same amount of money spent
in any other direction.
I can quite a4)preciate, however, that if
the adjustment of your appliances or the
pressure is not right the annoyance from
that source quite offsets any question of
expenses. To remedy this condition we
will send a man and we hope when he
gets through you will be able to readjust
your opinion of the gas company.
Our desire is to satisfy our customers,
but with seven hundred thousand of them
of all sorts and conditions, we can only
give them special attention as they make
their wants known. You may rest as-
sured that any complaint or suggestion
you make to the company will be given
full attention, and if a remedy is possible
it will be applied.
Yours truly,
HIS FINAL LETTER
Dear Sirs:
The writer hastens to acknowledge with
thanks your most gracious letter in reply
to the roar he made a few days ago anent
"Gas Gazette."
I think your letter should be put before
every correspondarit as a model of the
kind of reply which turns a knocker into
a booster for the corporation.
If the man who writes or edits your
house organ dictated your letter of
August 14th, keep me on the mailing
list. By the way, your argument reduc-
ing my gas bill to the few pennies a
day it actually has amounted to ought to
be the best kind of material for the
Gazette.
With an entirely revised idea of the gas
company and of the calibre of help it
employs, I am,
Yours very truly.
Chicago By-product Plant
HaK Finished
The Chicago By-Product Coke com-
pany is putting $18,000,000 of new steel
and concrete building on 250 acres.
Work on the plant was started last
spring and has since employed around
1,500 building trades men. It is half done.
The output will be 32,000,000 cubic feet
of gas per day, or about one-fourth the
amount used in Chicago. When the plant
is running older units will be temporarily
closed for overhauling and perhaps re-
building* to be equally economical. With
the growth of the parent company's in-
dustrial sales and the natural growth of
the city all the plants will be needed.
The main generator building of the
water gas plant, with a capacity of
20,000,000 cubic feet a day, will be 225x88
feet. There is an exhauster house, 50x58
feet, boiler house and a number of other
related buildings.
In the coal gas plant two batteries of
fifty ovens each are being put up, each
172x60 feet.
Buildings are being erected to store
240,000 tons of coal— about 120 days' sup-
ply and 35,000 tons of coke.
Huge gas reservoirs are under way.
The coal gas plant will produce 12,000,-
000 cubic feet of gas and 1,500 tons of
coke per day. Marketable by-products
will include benzol, toluol, xylol, an as-
sortment of naphthas, creosote oils, wood
preservatives, etc.
The coke produced in this plant will be
used in the water gas plant which will be
completed in the early spring; the coal
gas plant late next summer.
New Electrically Driven Port-
able Air Compressor
The ordinary portable air compressor
is driven by a gasoline engine; this one
is driven by an electric motor. The close
connection permitted by the short belt
drive with idler pulley makes this ar-
rangement a practicable one.
Many compressors are in use by con-
tractors for cutting pipe trenches, taking
up pavements and calking mains.
The equipment consists of a standard
class WG-6 Sullivan Single Stage Bolt
Driven Compressor with inlet valve un-
loader, as supplied on ordinary station-
ary units of this type. The compressor
and motor run at constant speed, and
when the pressure in the receiver exceeds
the pre-determined limit, the pilot valve
shown on the side of the air cylinder
acts under the impulse of air from the
receiver, to raise the inlet valves from
their seats, thus allowing the piston to
reciprocate without load until the air
pressure in the receiver again falls;
when the pressure on the pilot valve is
released, the plungers underneath the air
inlet valves drop, thus allowing the valves
to seat and compression to be resumed.
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32
THE GAS AGE
January 10, 1921
Lower B.t.u. Standard in
Pennsylvania
The Public Service Commission of
Pennsylvania has modified and changed
Article III of the rules and regulations
pertaining to gas service utilities con-
tained in Circular 9-A insofar as the same
relates to heating standards for manufac-
tured gas to read as follows :
"Each utility furnishing manufac-
tured gas service must supply gas which
when tested within a one mile radius from
the point of manufacture, shall give a
monthly average of not less than 520
British thermal units total heating value
per cubic foot as referred to standard
condition of temperature and pressure.
The minimum heating value of manufac-
tured gas shall never fall below 500
British thermal units. Manufactured gas
delivered to the mains under pressures
above five (5) points per square inch
shall be tested for heating value before
compression.
New Branch of Oil and Gas Att'n
A local branch of the Oil and Gas
Men's Association of Pennsylvania, has
been organized at Waynesburg, Pa. The
meeting, which was attended by about 50
men interested in the oil and gas industry
in Greene county, was presided over by
Attorney W. J. Kyle, who acted as tempo-
rary chairman. The speakers were David
L. Starr, of Pittsburgh, secretary of the
state organization; Leb Mills, president
of the Beaver coimty association; James
A. Curry, of Washington, and Attorney
B. N. Freeland, of Waynesburg.
Six Gas Companies are In-
corporated
W. A. Letson and H. H. Barrett of
Brownswood, Texas, and S. A. Boorstin
of Tulsa, Okla., are the incorporators and
directors of six gas corporations with
an aggregate capital stock of $1,830,000,
which have been granted charters by the
Secretary of State. The corporations will
operate in the counties of Brown, Erath
and Comanche. The various corpora-
tions are as follows : Central Texas Pipe
Line Company of Brownwood, capital
stock $1,000,000; Brownwood Gas Com-
pany of Brownwood, capital stock $350,-
000; Stephenville Gas Company of Ste-
phenville, capital stock $150,000; Dublin
Gas Company of Dublin, capital stock
$100,000; De Leon Gas Company of Dc
Leon, capital stock $80,000; Comanche
Gas Company of Comanche, capital stock
$150,000. The purpose of the corporations
is to supply cities and towns gas for
lighting, heating and power.
This Unique European Motorcycle, Equipped with Sidecar, Uses Coal-Gas, Which Is
Stored in the Big Bag Overhead, for Fuel at an Average Cost of One Pence (English
Money) for 10 Miles, or Normally, Two Cents (American). The Coal Gas Car Is
Said to Have Worked Very Satisfactorily in Tests and It Is Said to Be the First Time
This Fuel Has Ever Been Utilized for a Motorcycle
Government Determines Rel-
ative Service Standards
Summaries of various investigations of
the Bureau of Standards relative to gas
engineering and gas chemistry are con-
tained in the annual report of the Bureau
submitted to Congress.
Relative to standards for gas service
the report says:
"The increasing difficulty of obtaining
oil and other gas-making materials, and
of financing improvements and replace-
ments of gas plants, has given rise to a
critical situation in the gas industry.
During the year the Bureau has received
an unusual number of requests for assist-
ance from cities which were dissatisfied
with their gas service, and advice has
been sought in other cases where, as a
means of reducing costs of manufacture,
gas companies have appealed for a reduc-
tion from the hig^ standards of quality
which have hitherto prevailed in this
country. Such readjustments of stand-
ards to meet changed conditions are eco-
nomically desirable and in tliis case prac-
tically inevitable, but the effects of such
changes are manifold, and some of them
are difficult to foretell. For example, it
is as yet uncertain to what extent the
amount of gas used by the average cus-
tomer would be affected by a given
reduction in the heating value of the gas
supplied. It is certain that many of the
arguments advanced regarding the rela-
tive usefulness of gases of different qual-
ity have been based on exceedingly mea-
ger engineering or experimental data. It
is also certain that the usefulness of any
gas must depend on the proper design and
adjustment of the appliances in which it
is burned. Consequently such experimen-
tal work on gases as the Bureau has been
able to do during the past few years has
been directed to these two ends; that is,
to furnish a better foundation of definite
knowledge regarding the useftilness of
different gases, on which a fair readjust-
ment of standards may be based.
"In such unsettled conditions as now
exist in the gas industry, when both ope-
rating companies and regulatory authori-
ties have to meet new problems and make
decisions based at best on a very limited
fund of experience, the services of the
Bureau as a clearing house of information
are especially valuable. Its contact with
interests of every kind in all parts of the
country enables it to apply to any particu-
lar local problem the results of expe-
rience in other places, and thus to save
much duplication of effort and costly ex-
perimentation by local authorities who
otherwise would have no means of know-
ing current developments elsewhere.
Moreover, the Bureau's established posi-
tion as an impartial agency has made it
possible to improve relations between
companies and authorities.
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January 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
33
News of the Industry
Peopl
es Gas Denied 20 Per
Cent Increase
Chicago, Dec. 27.— The Illinois Public
Utilities commission has denied a peti-
tion by the Peoples Gas Light & Coke
Company for a 20 per cent increase in
rates. The commission's order makes
permanent the rate of 60 cents for the
first 400 cubic feet, $1.15 for each addi-
tional 1,000 feet and $1 per 1,000 for all
over 50,000 cubic feet. The company had
asked a straight rate of $1.40 per 1,000,
which would yield $7,500,000 additional
annual income.
The commission went "fifty-fifty" with
the city and the gas company by fixing the
value of all properties of the Peoples Gas
Light & Coke Co. at $85,000,000, exclud-
ing the main office building. The city
valued the property at $55,000,000. The
gas company^s figures were $114,000,000.
The company's net earnings for the
year 1919, applicable to the bond discount
and other fair annual charges, were in-
sufficient and resulted in a deficit instead
of producing the net earnings of $2,480,-
000, which the commission believed the
company was entitled to earn when it
entered its order in July of 1919, accord-
ing to the commission's report. The show-
ing for the first five months of 1920 was
even less favorable.
"It was not until July, 1920, when the
full effect of the emergency rates began
to be felt," the report states, "that peti-
tioner was able to pay some return on the
investment other than that represented by
the bonds."
New Pipe Line at San
Antonio
San Antonio, Texas, Jan. 8. — ^The
South Texas Natural Gas company, a
$5,000,000 concern with capital fully paid,
has been formed to construct a pipe line
and pipe gas from the Three Rivers fields
to San Antonio for domestic and com-
mercial usage. F. A. Hornaday is presi-
dent of the company. An agreement has
been reached with the San Antonio public
service corporation, which now supplies
San Antonio with artificial gas, to take
over the natural gas at the city limits and
distribute it.
The right of way for the pipe line,
which will be 70 miles in length, has been
tentatively secured and the line will fol-
low the route of the San Antonio, Uvalde
and Gulf road. Only 11 miles of the line
will be laid on property of individual
owners, the remainder of the line to be
on the railroad company's right of way.
A contract for the output of the Grub-
stave Investment association gas wells in
the Three Rivers district, said to be
capable of producing 50,000,000 cubic feet
daily, has been closed.
Officers of the company are F. A. Hor-
naday, president; J. J. Stevens, vice pres-
ident; H. A. Pagenkoff, secretary; J. W.
Hunolt, treasurer. Directors are: A. W.
Brams, Baxter Springs, Kans. ; Mattes
Brothers, Joplin, Mo., and H. Schwab,
Louisville, Ky.
Indianapolis May Use Gas
Rationing Plan
Although the city council has refused
to approve a rationing plan to be in force
during possible shortages of gas in Indi-
anapolis this winter, the Citizens Gas
Company, in the event of such an emer-
gency, will put into effect a plan followed
during the strike of bituminous miners a
year ago, J. Dorsey Forrest, General
manager, has announced.
The plan to be adopted, if there is a
shortage, Mr. Forrest said, will be to re-
duce the gas pressure at stated hours
during the day and night, so as to give a
full pressure during hours when meals
are cooked, and only a light pressure be-
tween meals. This will insure plenty of
gas for cooking, by preventing the use of
the reserve supply for heating during the
day time. The rationing plan turned
down by the council made it mandatory,
during gas shortages, for consumers to
use gas for cooking, lighting and hot
water heating, only, and gave the gas
company power to enforce the order by
turning off gas where consumers were
found violating the rationing order.
Three New Natural Gas Companies
Muncie, Ind., Jan. 2, — ^Three new com-
panies have been formed in Indiana for
the purpose of sinking and operating oil
and gas wells. The Muncie Oil and Gas
Company, of Muncie. Ind., with a capital
stock of $300,000, has filed articles of in-
corporation. The directors are B. G.
Cochrane, H. P. Rhodes and T. O. Wil-
liams. Jacob M. Noble. Will J. Dohync
and George M. Cornelius have organized
the Patoka Oil Company here with a cap-
ital of $50,000. The Golden Rule Devel-
oping Company, also of this city, has been
organized with a capital stock of $100,000.
The directors are G. H. Hennann, ^. F.
Lewis, W. H. Retterer. J. O. Brown. E. C.
VanLuvan, Vernan Hinkle, Ida Simms,
T. P. Seaton. C. K. McCormack, Albert
Pfeiffer, E. H. Ramsey, C. L. Dwyer and
C. P. Briggs.
City Sells Tar at 400 Per
Cent Increase
Philadelphia, Jan. 6. — ^A bid approx-
imating $5.20 a barrel for all coal tar
produced as a by-product at the city's
gas works, Holmesburg, has ended the
practice under which the material was
disposed of for $1.26 a barrel.
Dunlap Slack & Company, a firm with
which Congressman Harry C. Ransley
was connected, has held the contract for
coal tar for some time and submitted a
bid for next year identical with the one
under which it gets the product now.
As a result of the throwing out of this
bid several weeks ago new bids were ob-
tained yesterday which boosted the re-
turn to the city more than 400 per cent.
Dunlap Slack & Company did not file a
new bid.
The high bidder is the United Gas Im-
provement Company, which offers to take
the product at 10 cents a gallon. Barrels
contain 52 gallons. The Barrett Manu-
facturing Company offered five cents a
gallon, while the Crystal Soap Manufac-
turing & Charcoal Company offered $225
a barrel. The Real Estate Roofing &
Manufacturing Company offered $2.00 a
barrel. The coal tar was analyzed by the
city chemist and representatives of the U.
G. I. and Barrett companies. It was pro-
nounced unexcelled in its quality. The
output is about 1500 barrels a year.
Appliance Mfrs. Make Con-
servation Pledges
Pittsburg, Jan. 7. — Manufacturers of
and dealers in gas stoves and appliances
agreed to co-operate in gas conservation
and methods for accomplishing this in
the homes, at a recent meeting in the
William Penn Hotel with representatives
of various civic organizations. No con-
crete plans were announced, and the cam-
paign will be continued during gas con-
servation week, beginning January 10.
S. S. Wyer urged raising of gas burn-
ers in stoves and other methods of econ-
omizing in the use of natural gas. A
dealer who is raising gas burners in
stoves at a cost of $3 per bumec, said
the price was fixed by the gas companies.
Wont Distolve Rate Injunction
New York, Jan. 6. — ^Application of Pub-
lic Service Commission and Attorney-
General to dissolve the injunction which
restrains public officials from attempting
to enforce the 80-cent gas law against
Kings County Lighting Co., has been de-
nied by Federal Judge Hough.
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THE GAS AGS
January 10, 1921
Semet-Solvay May Build Can-
adian Ovens
Syracuse, N. Y., Jan. 3.— William Hut-
ton Blauvelt, consulting engineer, Semet-
Solvay company, has returned from Ham-
ilton, Ont., after making a preliminary
survey for erection of a gas manufactur-
ing plant to cost $4,000,000.
Arrangements for building the plant,
which is proposed for furnishing gas for
iMuminating and industrial purposes, are
tentative, but if the plan goes through,
the local concern will doubtless build the
coke ovens in which the gas will be man-
ufactured.
Necessity of a reliable and adequate
supply of ammonia and necessary coke
led the Solvay Process company to build
a block of 12 ovens here, after .plans of
the Semet-Solvay ovens in Europe, and
they were put into operation late in 1892.
That they are good today, although not
like the modern construction, is ample
testimony to their intrinsic worth.
These first ovens had a capacity of but
four and one-half tons of coal and the
coking time was 30 hours, so that each
oven had a capacity for coking three and
six-tenths tons of coal a day.
Today the kind of plant the Semet-Sol-
vay company will build for Hamilton in-
terests, and which it also plans to instal
here in addition to its present equipment,
gives each oven a capacity of from 20 to
22 tons a day. The same crew of men
that operated 25 ovens in the early days
and coked 125 tons of coal a day can
handle a 60-oven block today with the
help of modem machinery and coke from
1,200 to 1,400 tons daily.
Definite developments in the Canadian
situation are expected soon after the
first of the new year, with the probability
of a similar arrangement beween the lo-
cal company and the corporation which
will be formed to sell the gas and coke for
industrial and commercial purposes.
Fargo to Vote on Gas Fran-
chise Amendment
Fargo, N. D., Jan. 3.— January 19, 1921
is the date set for the special election on
the proposed amendment to the gas fran-
chise according to resolutions adopted by
the city council in special session.
Judges for the election and polling places
will be determined at the next regular
meeting of the council on Jan. 10. The
franchise provides for a maximum of
$2.25 per thousand cubic feet until May
31, 1921 and another maximum of $2.00
from May 31 until the expiration of the
franchise in August, 1922.
The Denver Gas & Electric Company
has recently erected two 500,000 cu. ft.
district holders, built by the Stacey Man-
ufacturing Co., of Cincinnati. They have
enlarged also four water gas purifiers.
Utali Gas Company Pays Damages
Salt Lake City, Jan. 7.— Damages ag-
gregating sli^fhtly in excess of $84,000
were awarded by Judge P. C. Evans, of
the Third district court today in the case
of Hattie G. Kinsman and 81 other plain-
tiffs against the Utah Gas & Coke Com-
pany.
The suit has been pending for approx-
imately six years. In 1915 the district
court entered an injunction against con-
tinued operation of the defendant com-
pany's plant on west South Temple street,
on the ground that it was injurious to the
value of property and health of residents
in the surrounding territory.
Galena Is Without Gas
Galena, 111., Jan. 4 — Galena has blown
. out the gas I
Since Ulysses S. Grant, once the town
tanner, gave up his private practice to
take up that little task of preserving the
Union, as related in all school histories,
nothing of such nation-wide interest has
emanated from this river city of north-
western Illinois. Galena, the oldest city
in the state, learned in a few days that
one of the most elusive and necessary
servants of the modem man is gas.
Galena hasn't quite gone back to the
tallow dips and to hewing down fire-
wood in the manner of its pioneer set-
tlers, but that, perhaps, is partially due
to the fact that said pioneers had used
up most of the afore-mentioned firewood
and had died off, taking with them their
secret of making tallow dips of the kitch-
en leavings.
Successive attacks upon the local gas
company in Galena have ended in the
destruction of the plant and the dty is
without gas for cooking, lighting and
heating. The fact that the city is being
denied this service is enough to point a
warning and a moral.
It will be interesting to note whether
those who thought they were gaining
some local political favor by destroying
the plant are doing anjrthing to build
another plant to take its place.
Indictment of Utility Com-
panies Dismissed
New York, Jan. 4— United States Judge
Julius M. Mayer handed down an opinion
sustaining a demurrer and dismissing the
indictment against the Brooklyn Edison
Company, Inc., Walter F. Wells, Harry
P. Wood, the B. J. Lynch Coal Company,
Inc., which means the use of priority or-
ders for coal transportation from mine to
tidewater does not violate the Lever act.
A few weeks ago Judge Mayer dismissed
Government indictments charging the
Brooklyn Edison Company, Inc., and the
Adelphia Coal Company, Inc., with hoard-
ing and profiteering in the sale of coal
given priority in transportation for public
utility purposes.
Cleveland Passes 35 Cent Gas
Ordinance
Cleveland, Dec. 24— The City council,
without a dissenting voice, passed the
Woods-Marshall gas franchise ordinance,
which provides that the East Ohio Gas
Co. shall supply gas in Cleveland over
a ten-year period, beginning Feb. 6, at
a flat rate of 35 cents a thousand cubic
feet.
Council passed also, without comment
of any kind being made, another fran-
chise ordinance which provides that over
a period of one year, beginning Feb. 6,
the East Ohio Gas Co. shall sell any arti-
ficial gas marketed in this city at from
80 to 85 cents a thousand cubic feet.
The Lakewood council communicated
with Cleveland to ascertain what action
the Geveland council had taken and they
passed an ordinance similar to the Cleve-
land measure in every respect with the
exception of the street light provision,
which was not included as Lakewood has
no gas street lights. The ordinance deals
only with natural gas, as the artificial
gas system does not extend to Lakewood.
Martin B. Daly, president of the East
Ohio Gas Co., on being informed of
the Cleveland council's action, said:
'We cannot accept either ordinance,
of course."
"What will your next move be?" he
was asked.
"I have nothing to say." he replied.
**WiIl you appeal to the state public
utilities commission ?"
"I shall refer the matter to my board
of directors," said Mr. Daly.
'When will they act?"
*! couldn't say. They have a meeting
the end of January."
On the issue made by council in pass-
ing the two gas franchise ordinances, the
next logical step by the East Ohio Gas
Co., if it means to maintain service, is
an appeal to the state utilities commis-
sion, city officials say.
Baltimore Increase Affects Few
Baltimore, Jan. 6. — ^While the new rate
established by the Public Service Com-
mission for secondary gas nearly doubles
the original price fixed in February, 1916,
it was pointed out by experts of the Pub-
lic Service Commission that Baltimore
continues to get gas cheaper than any
other city in the United States.
The order which will be effective until
May 15, 1921, authorizes the Consolidated
Gas, Electric Light and Power Company
to increase its rates for secondary gas,
used by about one-third of the consumers
for heating purposes, from 50 to 60 cents
per 1,000 cubic feet. The first rate fixed
by the commission in February, 1916.
when gas was divided into two classes
with different rates, was 35 cents per
1,000 cubic feet. This remained effective
until December, 1918, when it was in-
creased to 50 cents per 1,000 cubic feet.
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January lu, 1921
THE GAS AG£
35
Increase Asked Despite Coke
Profits
Indianapolis^ Dec. 29 — Permission to
charge 90 cents a 1,000 cubic feet of gas,
an increase of 30 per cent over the pres-
ent 60-cenl charge, is requested in a
petition the Citizens Gas Company filed
with the public service commission De-
cember 15. The company asserts it must
have the higher rate in order to finance
an improvement program requiring the
expenditure of $1,000,000 next year, and
$1,750,000 in the two following years.
In addition to this, tlie company says
it must have approximately $1,750,000 to
finance ordinary improvements that will
require approximately $100,000 annually,
and to pay oS on May 1, 1921, $350,000
of its 7 per cent general mortgage bonds ;
May 1, 1922, $450,000, and May 1, 1923,
$550,000. The company supports its peti-
tion by citing its present condition and
the fact that for the year which ended
December 1 increased demands on it for
service make improvements and exten-
sions imperative. Officers of the com-
pany, when the petition was filed, issued
a statement to the public
The petition says that for the twelve
months which ended December 1 the
total gas sales amoimted to 3,041,327,000
cubic feet, whereas the total sales for
the corresponding previous twelve months
was 2,669,532,000 and for the twelve
months preceding that, 2,529,178^000. The
petition explains that it is only because
the company has enjoyed a splendid coke
business, that the citizens of Indianapolis
have been able to buy gas for 60 cents
thus far. The petition says:
"It is literally true that cheap gas in
Indianapolis has not been provided by the
people of Indianapolis, but by business
interests throughout the country which
have purchased the coke and by-products
other than gas from the petitioner."
The company directs attention to the
fact that it had to resort to the produc-
tion of water gas in order to arugment its
coke-oven gas supply and that the actual
cost of producing water-gas, without
any allowance for depreciation, repairs
overhead and return on capital, has been
in excess of 60 cents a 1,000 cubic feet.
The petition says that if the omitted items
were included the actual cost would be
in excess of 60 cents a 1,000 cubic feet.
The petition says that if the omitted items
were included the actual cost would be
more than $1 a 1,000 cubic feet The
principal expense, the petition says, in
water gas manufacture is for gas oil,
which is used to enrich the water
gas. Last year it required approxi-
mately 50 cents worth of oil to enrich
each 1,000 cubic feet sold and delivered
for 60 cents, the petition says.
is being made by citizens of this town.
They are at present supplied with arti-
ficial gas which has taken a sharp upturn
in price. Lexington is tlie nearest point
to Danville now being served with nat-
ural gas.
Want natural Gas Supply
Danville, Ky., Jan. 3 — ^A move to sc-
core natural gas for heating purposes
Detroit City Gas Rate Offer
Detroit City Gas Co., a subsidiary of
American Light & Traction Co., has been
offered a flat rate of 79 cents per 1,000
cubic feet for gas by the Detroit City
Council, providing it make extensions to
its Unes aggregating from $50,000,000 So
$75,000,000.
This does not represent an increase
for the small consumers using up to 50,000
cubic feet a month. For those using from
50,000 to 100,000, it means a 10-cent in-
crease, from 100,000 to 200,000, a 20-cent
increase, and for those using over that
amount a 30-cent increase over the pres-
ent level.
Inasmuch as the provisions of the
Cotmcil call for the outlay of such a
large siun of money, it is not certain that
the offer will be accepted.
New Schedule in Louisville,
Kentucky
The new gas schedule for the city of
Louisville, Ky., authorizing the mixing
of artificial with natural gas was passed
by the City Coimcil and was signed
by the Mayor December 15. The meas-
ure was passed unanimously.
The consumer using 25,000 feet per
month will pay 47 cents per 1,000, an in-
crease of 10 cents per 1,000; 30,000 feet
per month will cost 49 1/6 cents per
1,000 an increase of 12^ cents; 35,000
will cost 40 5/7 cents, an increase of
14 2/7 cents; 40,000 will cost 51 7/8
cents, an increase of 15 5/8 cents; 45,000
will cost 52 7/9 cents, an increase of
16 8/9 cents; 50,000 will cost 53>^ cents,
an increase of 17J^ cents; 55,000 will
cost 55 cents, an increase of 19 1/11 cents;
60,000 will cost 56^ cents, an increase
of 20 5/12 cents; 65.000 will cost 57 4/13
cents, an increase of 21 4/13 cents;
70,000 will cost 58 3/14 cents, an in-
crease of 22 3/14 cents; 75,000 will cost
59 cents, an increase of 23 1/3 cents;
80,000 will cost 59 11/16 cents, an in-
crease of 24 1/16 cents; 85,000 will cost
60 5/17 cents, an increase of 24 5/17
cents; 90,000 will cost 60 5/6 cents, an
increase of 25 5/18 cents; 95,000 will cost
61 6/19 cents, an increase of 25 6/19
cents; 100,000 will cost 61^ cents, an
increase of 26^ cents.
N. Y. Gets Millions More
Cubic Feet of Gas
New $6,000,000 Unit Just Put in Operation
The gas supply for the City of New
York was increased iti volume by many
million cubic feet on December 20, when
the second imit of the water gas plant of
the Astoria Light, Heat and Power Com-
pany at Astoria, L. I., was placed in opera-
tion.
There was great activity in the im-
mense brick generator house at twenty-six
minutes after eleven o'clock yesterday
morning, when George B. Cortelyou,
President of the Consolidated Gas Com-
pany of New York, pushed a brass lever
that started the steam through one of
the twelve new generators which began
to make gas for the city. The generator
house is three htmdred and sixty-three
feet long, eighty-seven feet wide and
eighty-five feet in height. With the com-
pletion of this imit the increased manu-
facturing capacity of the works of the
Astoria Light, Heat and Power Com-
pany is 30,000,000 cubic feet daily and
increases the normal daily capacity of
the entire plant to 80,000,000 cubic feet.
The new unit first fired up yesterday
would provide sufficient gas to fill half
the requirements of Philadelphia, one-
third the supply of Chicago, and all tlie
gas necessary for Boston. The Astoria
plant will hereafter manufacture daily
twenty million cubic feet of coal gas and
sixty million cubic feet of water gas. The
additional unit cost $6,000,000. The man-
ufacture of coal gas was begun there
fourteen years ago, and eight years ago
the first water gas plant was added to
the Astoria Light, Heat and Power Com-
pany's plant, which is tlie largest gas man-
ufacturing plant in the world. The new
imit will daily require 500 tons of an-
thracite coal and 140,000 gallons of gas
oU.
The new unit was placed in operation
about six weeks ahead of schedule time,
to provide for any extraordinary demand
during this winter. On January 31 last
the supply of gas for that day was 166,-
500,000 cubic feet. Among those who
were at the introduction of the new part
of the plant yesterday were: John A.
Garver, of Shearman and Sterling; Lewis
M. Greer, Howard Bruce, President of
Bartlett Hayward Co.; Alton Miller,
Walter R. Addicks, Vice-President of the
ConsoUdated Gas Company, William H.
Bradley, Chief Engineer; George E.
Woods, Assistant Engineer; William Cul-
len Morris, Engineer of Construction, and
W. Greeley Hoyt, President of the Stand-
ard Gas Light Company.
Sell Gas Franchise For $35
The Green River Gas Company, Ken-
tucky, has bought the gas franchise in
Columbia, Ky., for $35 and promises to
have gas burning in the town by August,
1921.
Natural Gas Dividend
Natural Gas Co. of West Virginia, a
subsidiary of Manufacturers Light &
Heat Co., has declared a 50% stock
dividend.
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THE GAS AG£
January 10, 1921
Men in the Industry
John J. BurnB, commercial manager of
the Laclede Gas Light Company, has the
leading article in the Saint Louis Women
at Work magazine for December. His
article shows that he can not only write
but that he knows how to analyze what
an exposition means to a large city.
His story is devoted to his impression of
the Woman's Exposition recently con-
ducted in St. Louis.
Bert H. Jardine is now business man-
ager of the Empire Gas & Fuel Com-
pany Bartlesville, Okla. Mr. Jardine has
been manager of the Knoxville, Tenn.,
Gas Company for several years.
C. S. Callan has been elected assistant
of the Oklahoma Natural Gas Company.
Mr. Callan will remain in Pittsburgh,
Pa., in charge of transfer office of the
company.
F. P. Best, of the Morris Knowles
engineering firm of Pittsburgh, Pa., is the
gas expert who will, under the jurisdic-
tion of the Alabama Public Service Com-
mission, make a thorough investigation
of the gas supply and distribution situ-
ation in Montgomery.
Dr. George C. Butte has retired from
the Texas Railroad Commission. Dr.
Butte has been in charge of the gas and
gasoline division. He has returned to
the University of Texas, from which he
came to the commission for one year.
Matthew Bigger, a well known nat-
ural gas man, who was connected for
many years with the Philadelphia Com-
pany, died at his home in Edgewood, Pa.
He had been placed on the retired list
in 1909.
Merle £. Abbott, Sales Manager, Gas
Department, Weir Stove Company, Taun-
ton, Mass., has been appointed General
Sales Manager. This Company, which
is one of the largest, manufactures Glen-
wood Ranges, Heaters and other Appli-
ances. Mr. Abbott has been associted
with the concern for nearly twenty years,
having served in all departments of the
industry.
George A. Forrester, formerly associ-
ated with the Empire Gas & Fuel Com-
pany, has joined Chas. E. Straub to form
the firm of Straub & Forrester, consult-
ing geologists, appraisers and oil and
gas income tax consultants, located at
present at 402 Bitting Building, Wichita,
Kan.
Henry L. Doherty and Frank W. Fru-
eaufif, president and vice-president of the
City Service Co., have awarded scholar-
ships to five sons of employes of their
company in recognition of high standards
of service and loyalty set by the fathers.
Harold S. Schutt, one of the newly
elected vice-presidents of the American
Gas Association and chairman of the
Commercial section, was born in Mil-
waukee where he was educated in the
public schools of that city. Upon leaving
school he took a position with the Mil-
waukee Gas Light Company. In 1902 he
left Milwaukee Gas Light Company and
became associated with John S. Allen,
then Manager of the Beloit Electric Com-
pany at Beloit, Wisconsin. A couple of
years after he was appointed Commer-
cial Manager of the Southshore Gas &
Electric Co, South Bend, Indiana, the
property then being controlled by R. C.
Dawes of Chicago. The next year he
was appointed General Manager of the
Harold S. Schutt
Chicago Heights Gas Company, Chicago
Heights, Illinois.
In 1907 Mr. Schutt became General
Manager of the Michigan City Gas &
Electric Co. at Michigan City, Indiana,
then controlled and operated by C. H.
Geist. During the period of his con-
nection with this Company a complete
new electric generating station was con-
structed. Two years later he was select-
ed as General Manager of the Wilming-
ton Gas Company, property controlled
and operated by C. H. Geist. This plant
being largely extended and several hun-
dred thousand dollar additions were made
during his stay at this plant. In 1912 he
was appointed General Manager of a^^
the utilities controlled and operated L
C H. Geist.
Mr. Schutt is also President of the
Philadelphia Engineering Co., a subsid-
iary corporation which handles all of
the construction and purchasing for the
C. H Geist Companies. He has devoted
a great deal of personal time during the
last three years to the handling of the
various rate increases which the com-
panies controlled by the C. H. Geist Com-
panies have secured.
Merton C. Robbins, publisher of The
Gas Age, has just been appointed a
trustee of the University of Vermont
from which he was grawduated in 1898.
J. E. O'Neil, W. F. Fitzpatrick, N. K.
Moody, E. P. Patterson and J. A. Holli-
dan, directors of the Prairie Oil & Gas
Company, were all re-elected at the an-
nual meeting held last week in Independ-
ence, Kan.
Alan D. Harris, Jr. formerly superin-
tendent of the Coal Products Manufac-
turing Company, Joliet, III., has been
made superintendent of coke ovens, Lack-
awanna Steel Company, Buffalo, N. Y.
Mr. Harris has been assistant superin-
tendent at the Lackawanna plant since
Jan., 1920.
W. W. Freeman, president, the Union
Gas & Electric Co., Cincinnati, Ohio, is
chairman of the recently organized Ohio
Committee of Public Utility Information,
with headquarters in Cleveland, Ohio.
C. E. Steele, Sterling Gas Company,
Port Colborne, Ontario, was re-elected
president of the Natural Gas & Petro-
leum Association.
Earl James has been promoted to the
position and title of Assistant Superin-
tendent of Transportation and Distribu-
tion with the Oklahoma Gas & Electric
Company.
F. W. Crawford, Columbus, Ohio, is
now a director of the Manufacturers
Light & Heat Co., as well as retaining
his connection as president of the United
Fuel Gas Company and vice president of
The Ohio Fuel Supply Co.
C. B. McKinney, Dallas, Texas, is the
new president of the South Central Gas
Association.
Frank A. Leach is now assistant gen-
eral manager of the Pacific Gas & Elec-
tric Co., and is making San Francisco
his headquarters.
B. C. Logan is now manager of the Ar-
kansas Natural Gas Co., Little Rock,
Ark. G. G. Hanks, formerly in charge
tt Little Rock, has been transferred to
lope.
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January 10, 19^1
Ttt£ 6AS A6£
37
More Facts in Steptoe Act
Fight
Figures intended to show that more
of the natural gas produced in West
Virginia is piped to outside consumers
than is furnished consumers within the
state were introduced by H. S. Nease,
statistician of the West Virginia PubUc
Service Commission, when he took the
stand at the hearing before Special United
States Commissioner Levi Cooke of the
suit brought by Ohio and Pennsylvania
states against West Virginia to declare the
Steptoe law unconstitutional. The hear-
ings were held at the court house in
Charleston, W. Va. An argument arose
between Mr. Nease and A. Leo. Weil,
attorney for Pennsylvania, when Mr.
Nease gave figures to show that of the
production by seven companies in 1919
of 164,426,341,000 cubic feet of gas, the
sales to West Virginia constmiers amouted
to only 29,360,811,000 cubic feet, or 17.9
per cent. In his totals the statistician
gave the entire production of the state
in 1920, of seven largest companies, as
219,053,658^000 cubic feet, and the amount
used and sold in the field of operations
at 14,567,068,000 cubic feet; the total pro-
duction less the amount used in field ope-
ration, as 204,567,068,000 cubic feet;
amount used within the state by private
persons or enterprises, 20,799,543,000
cubic feet, and the net pubHc supply
183,687,047,000 cubic feet. The seven
companies in 1919 produced in West Vir-
ginia 63,603,888,000 cubic feet. The gross
supply was 213,765,187,000 cubic feet, in-
terchange, 39,286,137,000 cubic feet, and
used or sold for field purposes, 10,052,-
709,000 cubic feet
Mr. Weil asked the witness if the
29,360,811,000 cubic feet sold to West
Virginia consumers included 10,052,709,000
cubic feet used or sold for field pur-
poses. Receiving a negative reply, he
estimated that 40 per cent instead of
17.9 per cent of the 164,426,341,000 net
supply for public service was sold to
West Virginia consumers. Mr. Nease
said, however, that in that case 10,052,-
709,000 cubic feet should also be added
to the 164,426,341,000 cubic feet before
the percentage should be estimated. That
would make the percentage 22 per cent,
according to Mr. Nease. When Mr. Weil
questioned the justice of this, the statis-
tician said that was a matter for the court
to decide.
Mr. Weil also asked if so-called free
gas, which is supplied by companies to
persons who have leased property to them
or granted them rights of way, was in-
cluded in the production totals. Mr. Nease
answered that in the majority of cases
the total sale of gas was equal to the total
production. It developed in the question-
ing that in some cases such free gas is
charged only to the expense account in-
stead of being included in the receipts.
Construction Work
Work has been started on the con-
struction of an addition to the power plant
of the Citizens* Gas Company, of Indian-
apolis. The addition will be used to aug-
ment the present plant at the Prospect
street station and the building, exclusive
of the equipment will cost approximately
$20,000.
The Gas Machinery Co. of Cleveland,
Ohio, have been awarded contract by the
Canton Gas & Electric Co. of Canton,
Illinois, for a new five foot double super-
heater carburetted water gas apparatus,
which will be erected in a new building
adjoining the retort house.
The water gas set is to be complete
with all auxiliary equipment and the Gas
Company will use this new water gas
plant in conjunction with its present coal
gas works, to supply the increasing de-
mand for gas in the dty of Canton.
A very interesting plant is now being
installed at Winchester, Ind., to use nat-
ural gas as a means of enriching blue
water gas. It will not be necessary to
use any oil as long as any natural gas is
available; although the plant is so de-
signed and equipped that the manufacture
of standard carburetted water gas can be
commenced on very short notice should
there be a discontinuance of the flow of
natural gas caused by freeze-ups or
trouble in the high pressure lines. The
plant design and new equipment are from
The Western Gas Construction Company.
The Board of Public Works of Rocky
Moimt, N. C, are making another addition
to their well equipped plant by the in-
stallation of a No. 5 Roots Booster with
by-pass, which is being installed for them
by the The Western Gas Construction
Company.
Erection work on their 8 ft. 6 in.
Western Water Gas Set is progress-
ing, and by the time this is published, the
machine will undoubtedly be in operation.
Included in the report of the Louis-
ville Gas and Electric Company to city
officials were the following facts: The
company has completed a 30-mile pipe line
from its main line to the Pennegrade gas
field in Floyd County, Ky. It has drilled
wells, with an open flow of 6,000,000 cu.
ft. per day, which means 2,000,000 ft. per
day available. Nov.l9, for the first time,
gas from the Pennegrade field was pump-
ed to Louisville.
In addition, the company is now drill-
ing four more wells, which are expected
to have an open flow of 7,000,000 cu. ft.
per day, of which about 2,500,000 ft. will
be available, it being impossible to con-
duct more than that quantity from an
"open" flow of 7,000,000 through a pipe
fine. These four wells are expected to
be ready for operation in January. A
'impressor has been completed on a
seven-mile line built to the gas field in
Johnson County, which is yielding about
3,500,000 ft. per day. Another com-
pressor is completed at Winchester, Ky.
The Western Gas Construction Com-
pany of Fort Wayne, Indiana, has again
been favored with contracts for gas hol-
ders for export
In this case the hdders will be sent
to the West Indies, and arc on order
received from a prominent export firm
of New York City.
The Gas Machinery Company of Cleve-
land, Ohio, have been awarded contract
by the Canton Gas & Electric Company
of Canton, 111., for a new five-foot double
superheater carburetted water gas appa-
ratus, which will be erected in a new
building adjoining the retort house.
The water gas set is to be complete
with all auxiliary equipment and the gas
company will use this new water gas plant
in conjunction with its present coal gas
works, to supply the increasing; demand
for gas in the city of Canton.
The Consolidated Gas, Electric Light
and Power Company of Baltimore has
placed additional orders with The U. G.
I. Contracting Company of Philadelphia
for Automatic Controls for their carbu-
retted water gas apparatus. With this ad-
ditional equipment 14 of their sets will
be operated automatically.
The U. G. I. Contracting Company has
lately installed Automatic Controls on the
water gas apparatus of the York (Pa.)
Gas Company. This order closely fol-
lowed an order given to the same com-
pany for the installation of a large cone
top type set.
The U. G. I. Contracting Company late-
ly completed the installation of a set of
its improved cone top type carburetted
water gas apparatus at the Easton (Pa.)
Gas Works. This new apparatus gives
the Easton plant an additional capacity of
nearly 1,500,000 cu. ft. per day. The new
set is hydraulically operated.
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tHE GAS AGE
^iMHMMdl^M
Januafy 10, 1921
Appliances and Catalogues
Automatic Oven Regulator
The Eclipse Gas Stove Division of the
Geo. D. Roper Corporation, Rockford, 111.,
has manufactured an oven temperature
regulator which is the latest addition to
the Eclipse line of products and is said
to have been received very favorably by
appliance users. The manufacturer claims
it is of simple construction with only a
few moving parts and practically nothing
to get out of order, thus insuring continu-
ous satisfactory service to the user.
It is based upon the law that different
metals expand and contract differently
when exposed to temperature changes.
This difference in expansion and con-
traction takes place between a brass tube
and a steel rod which runs through the
tube. This movement causes a valve to
open and close automatically, thus con-
trolling the supply of gas delivered to the
burner and consequently regulating the
temperature of the oven. The maker
claims that if the indicator is set for the
temperature desired the automatic regu-
lator will maintain that temperature in
the oven indefinitely. The manufacturer
guarantees such operation.
The manufacturer claims that the
Eclipse Gas Range embodies the desira-
ble features of: Automatic Oven Regu-
lator, Patent Ventilated Oven, "Cop-Ro"
Lining, made to A. G. A. specifications
and guaranteed for 5 years.
The ''Eclipse Fire" No. 3 Heater is
about to be placed on the market at a
price, it is stated, that will enable the gas
companies to add a substantial profit and
then offer the heater to their consumers
at a low figure. The manufacturer claims
this four radiant heater will use efficient-
ly all the gas delivered to the burner and
distribute all the heat generated.
The Eclipse people announce an offer-
ing of single and double oven ranges at
low prices.
The Chicago Flexible Shaft Company,
5601 Roosevelt Road, Chicago, 111., is pub-
lishing a series of catalogues showing the
applications of the Stewart furnaces,
blowers and tempering baths to the treat-
ment of metals. These publications
should be of interest to the commercial
department of every gas company as a
means of securing industrial business and
to the production department because of
the information they contain on the heat
treatment of metals. .
The Bartlett Hayward Company of
Baltimore have issued a catalogue de-
scribing the "Feld" Scrubber. They give
a number of figures and tables of interest
to gas men. They discuss the application
of this washer to the removal of tar,
lampblack, napthalene, cyanogen, am-
monia and the scrubbing of blast furnace
gas and copper smelter fumes. Its ap-
plication is shown to the recovery of
potash (KjO) in cement, sugar and mo-
lasses works. A review is given of the
scrubbers application to remove oil va-
pors, metallic "Fume," precious metals,
mercury, lead, arsenic, zinc, sulphur diox-
ide, carbon dioxide and sulphur.
The Ingersoll-Rand Company have
placed on the market a direct or alter-
nating current motor driven air compres-
sor of 118 cu. ft. per minute capacity
weighing about 2% tons. ^It is construct-
ed along the same lines as the well known
vapor fuel motor driven, compressors of
the 45, 118 and 210 cu. ft. types.
The Foxboro Co., of Foxboro, Mass.,
have issued bulletin No. 114 describing
the Foxboro-Heath carbon dioxide re-
corder. This bulletin describes the con-
struction and operation of this new in-
strument in detail. It operates by means
of a plain water syphon. There are only
three moving parts — the clock movement
for rotating the chart, the pen-actuating
float, and the dotting mechanism. The
manufacturer claims; all delicate and
complicated parts have been eliminated,
there are no mechanical adjustments to
be made, and nothing to wear or get out
of order. A caustic solution is used to
absorb the CO, from the flue gas. The
deterioration of parts is avoided by use
of a small amount of oil which prevents
the caustic solution from coming in con-
tact with all but the heavy iron absorp-
tion chamber. Combustion engineers,
plant superintendents and boiler firemen
will be interested in this new CO, re-
corder.
The Plant Engineering and Equipment
Co^ of 192 Broadway, New York City,
has issued a new catalogue describing ap-
pliances which it furnishes to steam
plants for power and heating, mills, fac-
tories, industrial plants, chemical plants,
tanneries, refineries, laundries, ice plants,
packing houses, hotels, apartment build-
ings and schools. These appliances are;
peeco steam trap gauges, Corliss valve
steam traps, Detroit return-to-boiler traps,
turbo-blowers for steam boilers, Mason
condensation meters, Trane heating spe-
cialties, valves and traps, peeco utility
strainers and steam separators, auto-
matic coal saving systems, steam pumps,
electric pumps, and meters for water, oil,
gasoline, etc. The company maintains for
the public plant engineering and pur-
chase service departments.
The Rockaway Gas and Electric Ap-
pliance Co, have recently opened a store
in Far Rockaway for which they would
like to receive catalogues from manufac-
turers of gas appliances, and statements
of trade discounts.
New Directory and Market Data Book
Grain's Market Data Book and Direc-
tory of Class, Trade and Technical Pa-
pers, now on the press, promises to be of
unusual interest to advertisers generally
and users of trade and technical papers
in particular. It not only lists all of the
business publications of the United States
and Canada, giving circulations, rates,
type page sizes, closing dates, etc., but
supplies a market analysis of each trade,
profession and industry. Thus the reader
is given the basic facts of each line in
which he may be interested, including its
buying power, buying methods, character
of requirements, etc. The volume, which
is bound in cloth and contains nearly 500
pages, is published by G. D. Crain, Jr.,
417 S. Dearborn Street, Chicago.
H. C. of Laundering Good for
Gas Company
The new H. C. of L. the high cost of
laundering, has induced many Portland,
Oregon, restaurants to install their own
laundry machinery. Some of them have
bought through the Portland Gas and
Coke Company complete equipment con-
sisting of ironers, washing machines, and
Gasco dryers.
The business is of very much more im-
portance than one would first think. One
of the leading restaurants in Portland
has a laundry bill of $2;000 a month.
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January 10, 1921 T H E G A S A G E 39
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40
THE GAS AGE
January 10, 1921
Fight Domestic Consumption
Reduction in Sewickley
Word received in Pittsburgh indicates
that the Sewickley complainants in the
fight against the Manufacturers' Light
and Heat G)mpany are determined to get
the Public Service Commission of Penn-
sylvania to grant the desired relief, if
found to be equitable. Attorneys for the
domestic users of the fuel stated before
the Commission the other day that the
Manufacturers' Light and Heat Com- *
pany should be compelled to cut down
all industrial use of natural gas during
the winter months in order that the
compan/s regulation fixing a minimum
of 40,000 cubic feet a month to domestic
consumers would not be necessary. Gif-
ford K. Wright, representing several
large domestic consumers in the borough,
which lies just outside the city limits of
Pittsburgh, said that the measure was not
a conservation move, as the company was
trying to get every foot of available gas
to sell it to industrial users. He main-
tained that the regulation was an arbi-
trary one and a discrimination against
any one who had a home large enough
to require more than 40,000 cubic feet a
month. He asked that the Commission
restrict the use of natural gas for in-
dutries, and also place its consumption
by domestic users on an efficiency of
apparatus basis.
Attorney A. M. Linn, representing
George L. Craig, one of the complain-
ants, suggested that the Commission pro-
mulgate a rule requiring gas to be sold
to industrial users at half the domestic
rate. He said that this would solve the
question of adequate domestic supply,
as the companies would voluntarily refuse
gas to industries.
A. Leo Weil, the attorney for the state
of Pennsylvania in the fight against the
enforcement of the Steptoe act in West
Virginia, and also the attorney for the
Manufacturers' Heat and Light Com-
pany, told the Commission that the new
regulation was only the beginning of a
movement toward the conservation which
he said at this time could not be foretold.
He said there were three questions in-
volved, cutting off of the industrial sup-
ply, reasonableness of the rule which three
years ago resulted in the withdrawal by
the company of the classifications for in-
dustrial users, and the reasonableness of
limiting the supply to 40,000 cubic feet a
month. He said the company had 12,000
domestic consumers, and less than 4 per
cent were affected by the rule. He argued
that the company was forced to get its
domestic supply from the Hope Natural
Gas Company, but that it did have auxili-
ary resources to carry it through the peak
hours of consumption. He said the com-
petition in the field made it necessary for
the company to have a market for its
surplus gas or lose the investment in the
field.
Coke Still Dropping
Gas Oil Steadier While Cast Iron
Pipe Has Large Drop. Some
Bituminous Mines are Shut Down
MANY bituminous miners producing
the lower grades of coal have shut
down, owing to lack of demand and the
big drop in price for coal. It is contended
that they cannot afford to sell at $2.75 a
ton, the current market quotation for
coals commonly known as pool 34, and
will remain shut down until the middle of
January, or longer if the market docs not
improve.
The followinf quotations are made by leading
interetta. Reductions in prices since the last issue
are indicated by an asterisk (*). and advances in
prices are indicated by a dagger (t).
Cast Iron Pip*
New Yorlc quotes: 6-in. and heavier, per ton
^63.30; 44n. ^73.30; and $2.00 additional for Class
A and gas pipe.
Chicago quotes. r.o.b. Chicago ez-war tax as fol-
lows: Water pipe. 4-in.. ^69.10* 64n. and larger
*$64.10; Class A and gas pipe. $4 extra.
Wrought Pipe
The following discounts are to jobbers for carload
lots on the Pittsburgh basis card:
BuU Weld Steel, black: H^H^nd HIil,A7;H\xl
S4H: 9i to 3 in., 54.
Butt WeM Steel, galvanised: H. K And M in..
20H: Hin.. 40; K to 3 in.. 4m.
Butt Weld Iron, black: H Mnd H in^ U H in.,
25H: Hin..29H: 9itolHin..24H: 2and2HiiL
33H.
Butt WeM Iron, galvanised: H and K in.. +25;
HbL.llH; Hin.. ilH:KtolHin..8:2 and 2H
in.. 17H.
Lap Weld Steel, black: 2 in.. 50H: 2H to 6 in..
50; 7 to 12 in.. 47; 13 andl4 in.. 37 H; 15 in.. 35.
Up WeM Steel, galvanised: 2 in.. 34H; 2H to
6 in.. 37H: 7 to 12 in.. 33 H.
Up WeM Iron, black: 1 H in.. 24 H; 1 H in.. 31 H;
2 in.. 28H: 2H to 6 in.. 22 H; 7 to 12 in.. 19 H.
Up Wekl Iron, galvanised: 1 K in.. 9H; IH in.
I7H; 2 in.. 14H: 2H to 6in.. 9H;7 to 12 in.. 6H.
Butt Weld. Steel, extra strong, plain ends: black
H. k and H in.. 43; H in.. 48; 9i to IH in.. 52;
2 to 3 in.. 53.
Butt Weld. Steel, extra strong, plain ends, gal-
vanised: K. K and H in.. 25H: H in.. 35H: H to
lHin..39H;2to3in.. 40H.
Butt Weld. Iron, extra strong, plain ends, black:
H in., -f-17; H in.. 23H; H in.. 28H; K to 1 H in.
24H;2and2Hin..34H.
Butt Weki Iron, extra strong, plain ends, gal-
vanized: H in.. +50; K in.. 6\i; H in.. 15H; H to
1 H in.. 9H; 2 and 2 H in.. 19H.
Up W^ Steel, extra stroog. plain ends, black;
2in., 48H;2Hto4in..48:4Hto6in.. 47; 7 to 8
in.. 43; 9 to 12 in., 38.
Up Weld Sted. extra strong, plain ends, gal-
vanised: 2 'in.. 37; 2H to 4in.. 36H; 4H to 6 in..
35H: 7 to 8 in.. 29H; 9 to 12 in.. 24 H.
Up Weld Iron, extra strong, plain ends, black;
IK in.. 21H; IH in.. 27H: 2 in.. 29H; 2H to 4 in..
23H; 4H to 6 in.. 22li\ 7 to 8 in.. 14H: 9 to 12 in..
9H.
Up Weld Iron, extra strong, ptein ends, gal-
vanized: IK in.. 6H; IH in.. 13H: 2 in.. 16H.
2 H to 4 in.. 1 1 H: < H to 6 in,. 10 H; 7 to 8 in.. 10 H;
9tol2ln..5H.
To the large jobbing trade an additiooal 5 per cent
Is allowed over the above discounts, which are sub-
ject to the usual variations in weight of 5 per cent.
Stracttwnl StMl
For structural steel at the mfll, Pittsburgh. Pa.,
the following quotations are made:
Bars, per 100 lbs. n3.38
Angles. 3 to 6 in., K in. thfek, 100 lbs. 2.45
Tees. 3 in. and larger. 100 lbs. 2.45
RiveU. K in. and larger. 100 lbs. n.3S
Beams and channels up to 15 in. per 100 lbs... . 2.45
H in. and heavier sheared plates, per 100 lbs.. . 2.65
SbeeU, No. 28 black, per 100 lbs. 4J5
Sheets No. 10 blue annealed, per 100 lbs. 3.55
SbeeU No. 28 galvanised, per 100 lbs. 5.70
9 For painted corrugated sheets add 30 cents per
100 lbs., for 25 to 28 gauge; 25 cents for 19 to 24 gauge.
For galvanised corrugated sheets add 15 cents all
gauges.
Coka
Connellsville. Pa., quotes at ovens:
Furnace coke, prompt ^$5.50
Furnace coke, future 16.60
Foundry coke, prompt ^.50
Foundry coke, future 8.50
Buffak). N. Y.. quotes;
72-hour Connellsville foundry $7.00
48-hour furnace *6M
GaaOn
Pennsylvania gas oO. 34 to 40 deg.:
F.o.b. Clarendon. Pa. gaL t^Hc
Texas gas oO:
34-36 deg. at wells gaL fSHc
32-34 deg. at wells gaL •5Hc
Oklahoma gas oiL 32 to 36 deg. gravity
F.ab. Ardmore. Okla gaL •SH
Hafrictoflaa
Water gas checker brick:
F.o.b. Perth Amboy. N. J., per 1000.. . .$65 to $70
F.o.b. Clearfield. Pa., per 1000 35
F.o.b. St. Uuis. Mo., per 1000 50
Fireclay brick. Clearfield. Pa., per 1000... 55 to 60
Silica brick, Mt. Union. Pa., per 1000 55 to 60
Plant Suppllaa
Common brick at dock, in carload lots. New
York, per 1000 $15.00
Portland cement, at dock, without bags. New
York, per bbL 3.70
Tarredfelt, 141b. per 100 sq.ft.. per ton 50.00
White lead in oil. New York, per 100 lbs. fH.OO
Red lead in on. New York, per 100 lbs. •U.OO
LaadWooi
QuoUtions. f.o.b. Pttth Amboy. N. J., follow:
Uss than 100 lbs. per lb lOHr.
100 to 2.000 lbs., per lb. SHc
Ton lots, per lb 8Kc
Five ton lots, per lb 75ic
Carload lots, per lb. 7Kc
Calkliig Matarlals
QuoUtions. f.o.b. New York. N. Y.. are:
Tarred or untarred Eagle Jute packing rope in
50 or 100 lb. cons, per bale ^Hc
Plumbers Spun Oakum, in bales of 50 Iba.
each, per bale ••••. $2.75
Pit lttd« New Yoifc, N. Y.. per too lb.. ...••• .H«JO
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Vol. XLVII
EstabUshed 1883
January 25, 1921
Copyright 1921
No. 2
Increasing Capacity of Purifiers
The Oxide Capacity of the Boxes Was Trebled
for the Same Ground Space Occupied at the
Plant of the Denver Gas and Electric Light
Company by Extending the Boxes Upward
By GEORGE WEHRLE, Supt. Gas Dept., Denver, Colo.
THE Denver Gas & Electric Light Company recently
completed a purifier installation which was novel
insofar that it almost trebled the existing capacity
of the purifiers without requiring additional ground
space or piping changes and at a cost comparatively low
to that of installing new purifiers of similar capacity.
History of Denver Purifiers
When the present plant was erected in 1888, the gen-
erating equipment consisted of eight coal gas benches
of sixes, which was increased in 1892 by the instal-
lation of two 8-ft. water gas machines. The output at
that time was 350,000 cubic feet per day, representing
5% of the present maximum output.
The purifying equipment, as originally installed con-
sisted of four boxes 25' x 2(y cross section and 3' high.
These boxes were of the then prevailing type, made of
cast iron and designed to accommodate the shallow beds
of lime then used. Afterward, they were converted into
oxide purifiers, accommodating one layer in each box,
about 2! in depth, and having an oxide capacity in the
battery of approximately 3,000 bushels. This handled
the entire requirement of the plant, both coal and
water gas, for a number of years until it became nec-
essary to expand in order to meet the growing output
Steel extensions were then fastened to the inside of
the cast iron water lute and the lute filled with neat
cement. The tray arrangement and piping inside of
boxes was changed so that two 2 layers of oxide were
accommodated, the gas entering the center of the boxes,
passing through the layers of oxide and out top and
bottom. This arrangement handled the entire output
of the plant until 1910 when the purifier capacity had
again been exceeded and it was considered advisable
to separate the two kinds of gases before purifying.
Two concrete purifiers were constructed for coal gas
use. These two boxes are 40'x40' cross section and
16' in depth, extending 11' below the ground level. They
are arranged to accommodate four 3' layers of oxide,
giving a capacity of approximately 15,(XX) bushels of
purifying material in each box.
For another ten years the water gas purifying re-
Purifier Boxes before Alteration
The Same Boxes Extended Upward to Twice the Former Height,
the Purifier House Removed, Doors Provided in the Side of Uie
Boxes for the Removal of Oxide and Dry Lutes Provided for
the Covers
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42
THE GAS AGE
January 25, 1921
quirements remained within the capacity of the four
original boxes, but as the increased output represented
an additional and ever increasing amount of water
gas, it became necessary to increase this purifying ca-
pacity. Ground space for additional purifiers being at a
premium, it was decided to extend the old boxes in
the air as had been done before, and plans were con-
sequently drawn up and the work carried through to
completion.
Increasing the Depth of Boxes
Due to the cast iron construction of the original puri-
fiers, it was necessary to reinforce the bottom of the
boxes by suitable I-beams and pillars. An additional
stiffening was obtained by placing a 6" layer of rein-
forced concrete on the floor of the boxes. A lO* I-
beam arranged around the edge of the floor, and suit-
ably supported underneath the boxes, carried the weight
of the additional steel and the purifying material.
The water lutes were cut off and extensions double the
original height of the boxes were riveted in place, mak-
ing the present height twelve feet from the floor. Dry
lute covers were installed and the crane track raised
from the floor level to a point near the top of boxes.
The building in which the purifiers were originally
housed was torn down, thus putting the new purifiers
in the open air. One purifier was converted at a time,
the work occupying about one month each, so that
purification was carried on in three boxes at all times.
Increased Capacity
Under the present arrangement, each box contains
two 5' layers of oxide, giving a total capacity in the
purifiers of approximately 17,000 bushels, whereas the
total capacity before alterations were made was ap-
proximately 6500 bushels. It has been foitnd, since
the increased amount of oxide is used, that the boxes
last longer between changes than the difference between
former and present capacity would attain, thus indicat-
ing that more gas is being purified per bushel per change.
Revivification in situ is, and has been, accomplished
by blowing air through the oxide at stated intervals
and the material not changed until packed or fouled.
Provision has been made for emptying the altered
purifiers through doors arranged on three sides of
each box. The oxide will be elevated into the boxes
by means of a home-made portable motor-driven belt
conveyor.
Ji ji j(
Research in Industrial Conservation
Importance of Research in Securing Increased
Production, the G>nservation of Supplies and
the Selection of Best Materials and Methods
By H. E. HOWE. Washington, D. C.
I THINK we can agree that by industrial conservation
we mean the intelligent use of our natural resources.
The intelligence assumed in the formula is the
product of research or of experience which is usually
more costly in the long run than if the laws underlying
the procedure had first been determined by the scientific
method. The research in turn may be concerned with
men or materials; by knowing the most possible about
both, the industrial manager is easily able to increase
economic production.
Saving of Time
In the chemical industry, the labor item is relatively
higher, due to the necessity of employing a larger num-
ber of specialists and highly trained men, than is the
case in many other lines of industrial activity. To con-
serve the time of such employees is important and new
apparatus is constantly being designed with this in view.
A striking example of how science conserves time Is
drawn from the experience of a certain, mill in the
application of modem bleaching methods; a reaction
that was thought to take thirty hours for its completion
was found to go forward under properly controlled
temperature and pressure in forty-five seconds, so that
but one-fifteenth of the capital was required to provide
apparatus and stock formerly tied up in the process.
A more recent instance can be drawn from the great
rubber industry where the application of organic accele-
rators has lessened the time for satisfactory vulcanization
from two to two and a half hours to thirty minutes.
There is some possibility that research on the vulcan-
ization process may still reduce this time and, what is
more important, vulcanize certain materials in a way
to make them far more satisfactory substitutes for
rubber than they have been heretofore.
The subject of curing, involving as it does many
complex reactions, offers many opportunities for the
development of methods that will conserve time. In
some instances science has not yet showed us how to
accelerate curing processes and at the same time retain
the qualities desired in the finished product. In many
others, by the use of somewhat different temperatures
and pressures, wholly satisfactory results have been ob-
tained and where the so-called artificial curing methods
have failed to give desired results, this can often be trac-
ed to a failure on the part of the operatives to properly
control variables upon which success of the process
depends.
Accelerated Production
The ability to work more rapidly is the equivalent of
time conservation and ij is well known that a machine
shop equipped with modern tool steels, which research
has provided, is enabled to do three times as much work
as one which relies upon the older carbon steels. This
is because the new steels are capable of working at a
very much higher temperature without suffering defor-
mation of their cutting edges and these higher tempera-
tures are reached when the machine itself is speeded up
to three times its former cutting rate.
The introduction of the mixing machines into the
concrete industry is another direct contribution of re-
search in mechanics and physics. A new development
has recently been made in this same field whereby the
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January 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
43
advantages of time saved and efficiency achieved by
present mixers may be increased while at the same time
a saving of material will be effected because of the better
utilization of the cement in the concrete mass. This
achievement has only been possible because of re-
search on the finished product of the older mixers, which
has shown a large proportion of the cement unused and
a coating of the fine and coarse aggregate with a mortar
more diluted than is desirable for the best results.
Lightini^ Increases Production
In increasing the hours available for production the
scientists who arc studying the art of illumination
deserve the highest credit. Their results have been
achieved through the co-operation of engineers, chemists,
physicists, and metallurgists, so that today an industrial
establishment mav be illuminated so satisfactorily that
there is parcticalfy no loss of efficiency under artificial
illumination as compared with daylight and no serious
inconvenience to the workers. Although the story has
frequently been told, I would again remind you of the
fundamental scientific research upon which our present
methods of illumination are based.
I would not have you forget the great difficulties over-
come by the pioneers in developing methods for produc-
ing ductile Tungsten, nor the work of Langmuir on the
conductivity of inert gases which in combination with
the Timgsten has given us the modem type of high
efficiency incandescent electric lamp.
I would remind you also of what has been accom^
plished in duplicating the spectrum of the sun in vari-
ous types of daylight lamps useful alike to industry and
to science and more recently those types of carbons
which duplicate sunlight so accurately that they may
be used in conducting real daylight fading tests upon
the new dyes that are constantly being produced.
In addition to these various appliances, we must
mention the work of the illuminating engineer, a special-
ist who is too seldom employed in applying the princi-
ples of illumination which have been established
through research to the solution of our illuminating
problems. One needs but to see the marked difference
in appearance of the same room and settings imder dif-
ferent types of illumination to realize in what crude
fashion these details are ordinarily handled in factory as
well as sales room and home.
Reduction of Noise
We are just coming to appreciate what is to be gained
in subduing imnecessary noise and there is reason to
believe that there is much that can be done in industrial
conservation by the elimination of as much of the noise
as possible. The tendency in this direction is occasion-
ally shown by new devices in which sound deadening
materials are employed but it is only since the work of
Sabine was begun that we have had any real basis upon
which to measure the ability of various materials to
insulate us from noise. At the present time these re-
searches are going steadily forward and some interesting
facts have been discovered which are somewhat at vari-
ance with the popular conception of how to construct
a wall or floor, a window or door, to transmit the mini-
mtun of sound.
Scientific Control of Operation
The conservation of materials is an old story. You
will recall that a motto of one of our successful com-
mercial laboratories has been "science conserves resoure-
es," and this conservation is effected in many ways.
T know of no more important conservation of material
than that which comes from the control of processes so
that seconds and inferior articles may be eliminated al-
most entirely. The production of seconds constitutes one
of our greatest wastes for such finished articles not only
represent the raw materials but also the expensive labor
which has been put into their production.
I remember one instance where the manufacturers of
a certain type of bearing had no scientific control over
their process and who frequently found sixty percent of
the finished product to be useless. When the war
brought inspectors and rigid specifications to many
plants, which until that time had managed to get on
in more or less haphazard fashion, many of them began
to see the necessity for scientific control of materials
and processes.
There are records of steel mills which found that
they were unable to make the type of billet which cer-
tain customers wanted until they had made their control
more rigid. There was a manufacturer of a small case-
harded steel part who found that he could not fill his
contract until he got at the scientific principles under-
lying the necessary process. Previous to that time he
was losing as high as seventy percent of the finished
article because it twisted out of shape during the hard-
ening process. His comparatively small investment in
science enabled him to turn out ninety-eight percent of
this product so satisfactory that from that time on he
received practically all the orders for that particular
article.
Frequently manufacturers undertake the production
of articles from raw materials not suited to the purpose
and this continues today notwithstanding the assistance
available on every hand. The producer of the raw ma-
terials, who is too infrequently consulted as to the pro-
per methods of using his product, should always know
as much as possible regarding the scientific principles
imderlying such uses.
Protecting Stored Material
There is yet much to be done in learning how to
protect stores of both raw and finished products. Great
headway has been made in the provision of rust pre-
ventive and proofing compounds some of which ac-
tually remove incipient rust and can be applied without
previously treating the metal surfaces. There is re-
corded an experience of a pulp mill where a certain ftm-
gus began to destory great resources of pulp wood
stored near at hand. It was a scientist who prescribed
the application of a few gallons of sulphite liquor which
destroyed the growth and saved thousands of dollars.
We still have great losses yearly in tobacco due to the
lack of control over the fermentation process and the
appearance of rust and rot in storing bales.
Digressing for a moment, I would like to point out the
great need for long-time studies upon the diseases which
destroy some of our most important raw materials,
namely food stuffs in storage and in transit. We are
spending many millions annually in an effort to increase
food production and our investment in work intended
to develop methods for the proper storage and trans-
portation of this food when produced is wholly inade-
quate. So long as losses of this type make it necessary
for us to pay for four sweet potatoes every time two
are delivered to us, and to pay for an extra shirt which
we do not get every time six are bought, due to the
invasion of destructive agencies, the problem will re-
main important. The losses in other materials are
often as great and the field as a whole merits the most
serious attention of the American public.
While much has been accomplished, it is apparent
that there is much more yet to be done and scientists
are continually endeavoring to have the public at large
understand its pressing needs and to have industry avail
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THE GAS AGE
January 25, 1921
itself of what science is now able to offer. Industry
must support science in its effort to establish an increas-
ing number of fundamental principles which can be
applied to the further solution of industrial problems.
There are a number of the natural sciences which have
not been introduced to industry in the the same way as
has chemistry. Oftentimes industry is imfortuate in
placing its problem before a particular science when
another is better able to be of real assistance. In the
past too often the sciences themselves have remained
apart and have not contributed each to the other's work
in as great a degree as is desirable. Wherever sciences
have been cross fertilized, the results have been remark-
able and the achievements to be accredited to physical
chemistry today is an illustration of the point I would
make.
The Research Council
In the hope of bringing about some of this desirable
work the National Research Coimcil has been organized
with the co-operation of the national scientific and
technical societies, many imattached individual special-
ists, men from the educational institutions, and scien-
tists in the employ of our Government. There is one
Division of the Council which has for its purpose the
stimulation of fundamental research in industry and the
persuasion of industry to support research conducted
for public good It urges the establishment of labora-
tories by the industries, having abtmdant illustration of
the profit to be ^ined by the experience of our leading
American establishments. It urges industry to co-ope-
rate upon the solution of problems so fundamental that
they can be pursued in common without detriment to the
individual interests of the concerns co-operating. It
requests support for certain projects all of whidi are
planned with reference to public welfare and the stimula-
tion of research. In some cases these Involve merely
providing more efficient working tools for the use of ihe
scientists both in academic and in industrial life.
So often when such arguments as I have presented
are laid before a man in the industry he assents as to
their soundness and may often appear bored at a re-
petition of an old storv but in too many cases he re-
mains unconvinced and feels that his own industry is
so peculiar that no lessons can be drawn from the
experience of others and that he is doine so well that
that assistance of science is not required. It is in this at-
titude that we are interested and we hope to see a change
from a passive a|^eement to an active application of
the principles which we know from expenence to be
sotmd.
ji jt ji
British Neutral Sulphate Process
The Neutralizing of Free Acid by Ammonia
Gas at the South Metropolitan Gas Co. Plant
in London as Described before the Southern
District Assn. of Gas Engineers and Managers
By E. V. EVANS, East Greenwich Plant, London, England
AT the last annual meeting of the British Sulphate
of Ammonia Association emphasis was laid upon
the necessity for improvement in the average qual-
ity of sulphate manufactured in that country, if the en-
larged and keener competition of the future was to be
faced successfully. Owners of moderate-size plants were
strongly urged to give consideration to the question of
manufacturing a high quality neutral product which
could compete with the material placed upon the mar-
ket by America, Germany and Holland. At the present
time only one-twelfth of the total production of sulphate
of ammonia in Great Britain was in the form of a neu-
tral product, and in view of the high-grade material be-
ing manufactured by our competitors, and the many dis-
abilities which surround the use of the acid-containing
product, it behooved them to see that no stone was left
unturned in investigating manufacturing processes. Pro-
ceeding, Mr. Evans, in the Gas World, said:
The problem of manufacturing from the ordinary gas-
works sulphate of ammonia a neutral salt with specific
physical properties is not such a simple one as it would
at first glance appear to be. In the case of the ptuifica-
tion of an organic product such as indigo, salicylic acid
or napthol — ^products which are sold by the pound weight
— ^an extra operation such as re-crystallization or dis-
stillation does not materially affect the final selling price.
Considering, however, that the pre-war selling price of
sulphate of ammonia was of the order of lj4d. per lb.,
and is now about 2d. to 2j4d. per lb., there is limited
scope for the application of refinements in the process.
This problem has engaged the attention of numerous
chemists during the past few years, and I need only men-
tion the names of Adam, Capron, Linder, Lessing and
Sheard to remind you of the many processes which have
been devised for the production of a high quality sul-
phate of an acid-free nature and of a low moisture con-
tent. These processes have been based upon the removal
of the acid by means of washing the impure crystalline
sulphate with a neutral or slightly alkaline solution of
ammonium sulphate, or with water, or by mixing the
crystalline sulphate with a fixed alkali or an allcailine
carbonate, or by neutralizing the acid by means of am-
monia gas.
German Synthetic Ammonia
In the years before the war a large proportion of the
sulphate of ammonia made by the South Metropolitan
Gas Company was exported to the Continent and Amer-
ica, London being essentially an exporting centre. It
had been our practice, therefore, to foster these markets
and to maintain a close watch upon the development of
the synthetic trade of other countries.
The technical success of the Haber synthetic ammonia
process in Germany and the rapid development of this
process by the Badische Anilin und Soda-Fabrik caused
us no little concern, for it was evident that, starting with
such pure chemical reagents as gaseous nitrogen and hy-
drogen, and sulphuric acid manufactured by the contact
process, their final product would be of first quality. Our
apprehensions were fully justified when, in 1913, we first
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January 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
45
received a sample of the German synthetic product. It
is quite neutral and practically free from moisture, and
its mechanical properties as well as its color are excellent.
At that time we were manufacturing what was consid-
ered to be a good salt in this country — at least we were
operating the same process as in 1918, when the Sulphate
of Ammonia Association's annual report referred to the
tmiversal praise bestowed upon the salt supplied by our
company. I do not quote this in any boastful spirit, but
rather to emphasize the fact that the German salt in 1913
was vastly superior to our product, which was considered
in this country to be a high quality salt.
This fact was further impressed upon us when we re-
ceived, in common with other sulphate manufacturers, a
letter from an American firm which emphasized the
marked inferiority of British sulphate as compared with
the German product, and proceeded to advise us that,
unless immediate steps were taken to improve our prod-
uct, we should awaken one day to find we had lost the
American trade that we had been endeavoring for a num-
ber of years to build up. These imfavorable comments,
and the comparative inferiority of our product, stimulated
us to further efforts in the direction of improving the
quality of our salt.
Our first attempts to manufacture a neutral high qual-
ity salt, which started in January, 1918, were unsuccess-
ful, owing to the proposed processes being too compli-
cated for economic large scale production. One process
of this order produced from ordinary gasworks sulphate
a particularly pure material possessing all the required
physical properties, but the installation and working costs
were too high to allow us to proceed with manufacture.
The salt manufactured by* the application of this pro-
cess in a small unit appears to be very similar to the Ger-
man synthetic product, and we have never been able to
manufacture by subsequent processes a material with
such an excellent appearance. We also tried processes
which, up to 1919, had been patented, but for one reason
or another turned them down, the main reason being that
the appearance of the final product compared unfavora-
bly with the ideal we had been forced to set ourselves.
The South Metropolitan Process
The problem of manufacturing neutral sulphate of am-
monia when imdertaken by a large company is one which
must occupy the attention of several members of the
staff. Our solution of the problem resulted from the col-
laborative effort of our technical men, prominent among
whom are my colleagues, Messrs. Parrish and Rollings.
I must also not omit to include the name of the gas engi-
neer and manager of the Stafford Corporation, W. M.
Valon, whose help has been very much appreciated.
The process now adopted by our company for the man-
ufacture of neutral sulphate of ammonia provides for
neutralizing the sulphate by means of condensing the
vapors from the fixed ammonia still, diluting the solution
of ammonia thus obtained imtil its strength is such that
it loses practically no ammonia at the temperature at
which it is used, and then washing the crystals of sul-
phate of ammonia in the centrifugal machine at 75**C.
The condensing system employed to obtain the solu-
tion of anmionia consists of a serpentine condenser, to-
gether with a blow pot and spraying device. A pipe is
directly connected to the ammonia still, and periodically
the blow pot is charged with the ammonia condensate
and there diluted. By the admission of compressed air
or steam to the blow pot (with the serpentine condenser
out of circuit) the ammonia solution can be sprayed as
required.
The sulphate plant is provided with separate stills for
dealing with the free and fixed ammonia of the ammoni-
acal liquor. A 2-in. pipe is taken from the gas pipe con-
necting the two stills, which in turn is taken to the ser-
pentine condenser placed directly above the centrifugal
machine. In the case of installations operated with a sin-
gle column still, the ammonia condensate is obtained
from a pipe connected above the liming chamber of the
still, or from the top tray of the fixed still in those plants
where such is furnished. The serpentine cooler allows of
an appreciable accumulation of wash liquor. Indeed, it
is only necessary to shut off the ammonia pipe for 60 sec-
onds to transfer to the blow pot sufficient liquor to neu-
tralize one ton of salt per hour. It is found that the con-
densate from the fixed still consists essentially of am-
monium hydrate of fairly pure character. The purity of
the condensate — ^that is, its freedom from sulphides, car-
bonates or cyanogen compounds — is a function of the
temperature to which the ammoniacal liquor is preheat-
ed, the efficiency of the free still and the time contact and
effectiveness of the liming arrangements.
We find that 8 gals, of condensed ammonia solution
containing 0.5 per cent NH, suffice to neutralize one cen-
trifugal charge — viz., 6 cwt. of acid salt containing 0.4
per cent H2SO4. Calculation shows that the ammonia
actually used is only about 40 per cent of that theoretic-
ally required to neutralize the sulphuric acid held by the
salt. This is due to the fact that in the centrifugal basket
displacement or washing and neutralization proceed
simultaneously. During this neutralization small quanti-
ties of ammonia do escape, but the evolution of pyridine
by the decomposition of pyridine sulphate and its re-
placement by anunonia is the chief source of objection.
It has thus been found advisable to install a suitable
draughting device over the centrifugal machine.
The procedure of neutralizing the salt in the basket
of the centrifugal machine is as follows : — The salt is di-
rectly discharged from the saturatpr into the centrifugal
machine, and is there whizzed for a period of two min-
utes at full speed, for the purpose of allowing the major
portion of the acid mother liquor to be removed. At this
stage the speed of the machine is reduced to such a ve-
locity that the basket is just revolving, and the ammonia
solution is sprayed on to the bed of salt until the pre-
determined quantity — namely, 8 gals. — has been applied.
Drying is then completed at the maximum speed and the
salt discharged.
Drying and Physical Condition
After neutralization the salt, which contains from 1 to
1.5 per cent moisture, is discharged from the centrifugal
machine and conveyed to a drying tower. This next
procedure is considered by us to be an essential feature
of the process. Investigation has shown that the hy-
groscopicity of the acid sulphate is due to the free acid
present; further, that if a completely neutral sulphate
of ammonia be dried, it will continue to retain its physical
condition and the crystals do not subsequently cement to-
gether. Such a material when in contact with moist air
certainly hardens on the surface. Indeed, any salt will
do this, but hardening takes place at the surface only,
and does not penetrate into the mass. Thus the slightly
bound crystals can be easily separated by crumbling be-
tween the fingers. Salt taken from our ordinary store
heap will fall through the fingers like grass seed.
It is essentially this physical nature that the farmer
requires, so that the salt may be either strewn upon or
drilled into the ground without presenting those objec-
tions that the acid-containing material must have done.
It is perfectly certain to us that although it is a distinct
advantage to produce material which will not effect any
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46
THE GAS AGE
January 25, 1921
rotting of the bags, yet that in itself is not enough ; the
physical nature of the product is also a factor of very
considerable importance.
Drying is effected by means of heated air, the salt
gravitating against the upward current of air. In the
drying tower a series of baffling arrangements have been
devised to aid the distribution of the salt and the elimina-
tion of water. The baffling effect is carried out by means
of hollow perforated pyramids which act as a distribut-
ing umbrella, together with staggered triangular bars
and flaps, and this arrangement has been arrived at as
the result of experience.
The necessity for completely separating the salt at the
first stage of the drying process is essential, as there is a
tendency, in the presence of so much liberated water
vapor, for the material to clog together. The salt is fed
into the tower, kept in rapid motion and obviously well
distributed, and eventually collects at the base, from
which it is discharged onto a traveling conveyor leading
to the boot of the elevator, which in turn feeds the salt
again to the tower. In this way a circuit is established
and the salt is maintained in circuit until the requisite
degree of dryness is obtained.
As before stated, the salt leaving the centrifugal ma-
chine contains 1 to 1.5 per cent of water, and the final
salt is dried to a standard of 0.04 per cent. Approxi-
mately 80 per cent of the water is removed in the first
cycle. Several additional cycles are necessary to obtain
the degree of dryness required. The whole operation
occupies from ten to fifteen minutes, depending on the
moisture content of the original sulphate, the size of the
crystals and the temperature of the heated air.
It is our practice to effect the removal of moisture by
means of air raised to a temperature of 150®C., and for
the purpose of heating this air a furnace is constructed
outside th^ sulphate building. After the salt is dried it
is transferred to store by a conveyor.
An important question in considering the practicabil-
ity of processes for the manufacture of neutral sulphate
relates to the quantity of mother liquor produced in the
process. The experience gained during the two years in
which this process has been operated leads us to believe
that no trouble need be anticipated from surplus mother
liquor, provided the strength of sulphuric acid supplied
to the sulphate of ammonia plant does not fall below 70
to 72 per cent HjSO^.
There are a number of small details in the working of
this process, such as the production of a colorless salt,
of well-defined crystals, etc., which could be elaborated
upon, but this would appear to relate generally to the
manufacture of sulphate of ammonia rather than particu-
larly to the manufacture of a neutral salt.
Finally, it is essential that the buildings in which the
neutral and dry sulphate of ammonia is stored in bulk
should be reasonably well ventilated and that the drain-
age should be adequate and efficient.
The cost of operating the neutralizing process is 4d.
per ton, whilst the drying process costs lid. per ton of
sulphate made.
Although we are in every way satisfied with the pro-
cess, I do not come to recommend for your adoption any
one particular process.
DISCUSSION
Experience at Stafford
W. M. Valon of Stafford related his experience as he
had happened to be working on the same lines. Mr.
Evans had shown them what was being done with a 20-
ton plant; at Stafford they made 4J4 to 5 tons a day.
At Stafford they did not use a drying tower in the form
used by the South Metropolitan Company. They used
an apparatus in the form of a tunnel or a 12-in. pipe,
and they got the complete effect with one cycle. The
heater was different. They used a steam heater, and the
consumption for 5 tons was 35 lb. of steam per hour, so
that it was cheap. Their costs at Stafford averaged gen-
erally under 9d. a ton for both neutralizing and 4rying.
There had been a correspondence in the technical press
about neutral and dry sulphate going hard when stored
in bulk. He had not noticed that hardening except on
the surface. He thought that an experiment might be
useful to see how hard he could make his sulphate. He
steamed a heap of sulphate until the salt was very wet.
When it dried they cut the outside surface, and found the
sulphate had the appearance of having gone hard. If it
had been ordinary sulphate one would have required a
mallet to break it up, but with the neutral sulphate he
found he could cut it easily, and when pressed in the hand
it simply broke down at once into a perfectly fine powder.
That showed that neutral and dry sulphate of anunonia
would not cake hard.
As to the user, they had been making neutral sulphate
for a considerable time, and for nearly two years the
farmers they supplied had been receiving nothing else.
About eight months ago they had a breakdown, and had
to make ordinary sulphate. They sent this sulphate out
in the ordinary way, the farmers not having definitely
ordered neutral sulphate. They sent 10 tons to one farm-
er, and the next morning he sent it back along with a bill
for cartage. That farmer refused to use it, and they had
to send it away from Stafford. They found it impossible
to use any other kind of sulphate than neutral sulphate.
They used to make 250 tons a year, and they sold half
of it locally ; now he could get rid of far more than the
total make. The farmer would have this sulphate once
he had tried it. The manufacture was simple, and the
apparatus required no extra labor. They had one man
for eight hours, and he worked the plant just as when
they made ordinary sulphate.
As to cost, a plant making a matter of 400 to 600 tons
would cost from £500 to £550. Going up to 1,000 tons,
if they added £50 for every extra 200 tons they would get
about the figure. That was as near as he could go. They
got an extra price for this sulphate, and making allow-
ance for loss of weight through making 25^ per cent
salt, they now received 9s. a ton extra profit. That
meant that it was absolutely a business proposition to
make this sulphate, even if it was not obvious that it
was necessary in these days to make the best product.
Dr. Lessing's Work
Dr. R. Lessing said they were all indebted to Mr.
Evans for bringing before them the details of the process
which he and his colleagues had elaborated.
To neutralize the salt the most obvious thing was to
add more free ammonia, as the South Metropolitan Com-
pany did. A patented device by Mr. Linder appeared to
him to be very simple, and certainly of chemical interest
in the elegant way in which neutralization was carried
out by adding a small quantity of fixed alkali — sodium
carbonate, lime, ammonium carbonate, etc. — in proportion
just sufficient to obtain neutralization. Before he knew
this it never occurred to him to treat sulphate with lime ;
but if they came to consider it there could be no danger
in treating 2 cwt. of ammonia with 2 or 3 oz. of hy-
drated lime. There was just enough ammonia set free
to penetrate the whole mass, and the whole thing was
neutralized in the space of a few seconds. What remained
was to be dried. That was an elegant way of doing it,
but it was quite open to anybody to neutralize by con-
centrated ammonia solution. The lime method, how-
ever, was a very simple one.
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January 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
47
New Producer Oil Gas Plant
Description of a Novel Process for
Making 1000 Cu. Ft. of 450 B.t.u. Gas
without the Use of External Retort
Firing and with Four Gallons of Oil
By F. C. BINNALL, New York City
A MOST vital problem confronting the industrial
world today is its soiirce of energy or fuel. With
the ever increasing cost of this raw material, the
only relief that can be expected is through the dis-
covery of a new source of power, or a substitute fuel —
both of which are highly improbable — or through more
efficient means of utilization of the present known
fuels. The latter offers a more nearly correct solution,
not only for immediate relief ; but, also, for the perman-
ent adjustment of this difficulty.
It i§ patent to every one familiar with combustion
engineering that only a small fraction of the heat rniits
supplied to a given system is actually utilized in prac-
tice. This is due not only to the inefficient methods
practiced today, but, also to the nature or form in which
such fuels are supplied. Many of the fuels in the form
used require from 50% to 100% or more excess air for
their application in present practice. Thus, there is
lost through the waste gases a large portion of the
heat that otherwise could be utilized. The problem then
becomes not how many heat units are supplied, but
how many heat units supplied are in an available form at
the given working temperature.
Gas is the only known fuel which can be efficiently
burned with the theoretical quantity of air, thus in-
suring the maximum number of heat units available on
the basis of heat imits supplied. Furthermore, it is
the only fuel which will produce uniformity of tem-
perature, and allow constant or maximum speed in all
industrial operations. Thus gas offers an easy means
for the solution of the fuel problem.
The Dayton Process
During the past eight years, in their researches for a
cheap, clean fuel, W. C. Dayton and his associates (now
the General Oil Gas Corporation) have developed and
built an oil gas generator which produces a gas that
meets all the needs of a cheap and clean fuel capable
of producing high heats with the maximum of efficiency.
This process known as the "Dayton Process" is the
most efficient thermally of all processes for the manu-
facture of a commercial gas.
In principle, it is essentially an air-oil process in which
air and oil are fed into hot retorts through a proportion-
ing atomizer. Within the retorts partial combustion or
combination of certain constituents of the oil takes place
with the oxygen of the air supplied, liberating sufficient
heat to promote and continuously maintain the tem-
perature for thermal decomposition of the hydrocarbons.
Just enough air is admitted to the retort with the oil
to liberate by this partial combustion, sufficient heat to
gasify the balance of the mixture and maintain the
retort temperatures without the application of external
burners.
All heat necessary for the decomposition of the hy-
drocarbons is supplied internally. Approximately 88 to
89 per cent of the heat imits in the oil are obtained in a
usable form as gas or tar. As the tar carries only 6
to 7 per cent of the total heat units supplied in the oil,
it then follows that over 80% of the total heat units are
produced in a fixed gaseous form capable of being ap-
plied for industrial operations in the most efficient man-
ner known today. The tar which is recovered possesses
valuable properties, and will be taken up below. The
fact that no intermittent or external heating is required,
distinguishes it from all other methods of artificial gas
manufacture.
The only raw material necessary is a liquid hydro-
carbon such as residium or fuel oil, which is atomized
Three Dayton Oil Gas Generators
Exhausters and Pumps in Generator Room
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48
THE GAS AOE
January 25, 1921
and mixed with preheated air in predetermined and
automatically maintained proportions, and fed contin-
uously into retorts located within properly insulated
settings. Within the retorts partial combustion of a
portion of the carbon and hycfrogen and the total sul-
phur content of the oil takes place with the oxygen of
the air supplied, generating stiffident heat to:
a — Continuously maintain the reaction temperature.
b— To take care of heat lost through radiation and
conduction, and
c — ^The sensibe heat carried out by the hot gases.
This primary reaction or partial combustion in the gas-
making stage is sufficient to carry as a fixed gas that
portion of the oil which would be deposited as carbon
in the ordinary destructive distillation or carburetting
processes, the loss of which produces a lowering of
efficiency. Thus there is delivered as a combustible in
a gaseous form practically all the carbon of the oil.
Operation FeaturiMi
The apparatus is simple, compact, and continuous
retort temperatures and inefficient operating conditions.
For the production of a gas over 560 B.t.u. per cubic
foot some external heating is necessary, as the air sup-
plied to produce this heat content docs not permit of
sufficient primary combustion in the retort to generate
the requisite quantity of heat to sustain the reacton.
The production of 450 to 500 B.t.u. gas produces a
maximum efficiency thermally, and allows the maximum
production per unit of time.
Reaction Poculiarities
The process is founded on correct chemical and phys-
ical principles, applied in such a manner as to promote
the highest heat and gas-make efficiency under all rates
of make per unit of time. The air supplied for the
partial combustion during the gas-make stage is pre-
heated by the exit hot gases, leaving the retort. This
preheated air is intimately mixed wth the oil at the
atomizer, and is supplied through a pipe together with
the oil into the center of the retort. Thus complete
vaporization of oil, and admixture with the air, is in-
in operation, and produces a fixed gas easily controllable
within the heat unit range of commercial uses. The
gas-make is continuous, Uniform and automatic, irre-
spective of the make per unit of time. The air and oil
settings of the atomizer are initially made for the partic-
ular grade of gas desired, and when once adjusted this
ratio of: air to oil cannot vary. Thus the maintenance
of this predetermined ratio of air to oil supplied, insures
a continuous production of the grade of gas desired.
If the ratio of air to oil is varied, the temperature
of the' retort, and the quality of the gas will vary, for
if more air is added, the partial combustion of the hy-
drocarbons will be more complete, thus generating more
heat per unit of time, resulting in a leaner gas, and
higher twnperatures within the retort. The higher
temperatures cause a disturbance in the equilibrium, re-
sulting in a change in the quality of the gas.
The grade of gas can be varied at will from 300 to
560 B.t.u. per cubic foot by adjusting the air-oil ratio
control on the atomizer. The production of a gas lower
than XX) B.t.u. ner cubic foot produces prohibitive
Diagram of the DAjrton Oil Gas Process Showing
sured before entering the hot zone, and there is no
decomposition of the oil in the liquid phase to augment
carbon deposition.
By this method of prevaporization, the maximum sur-
face of the oil molecules is exposed in the reaction cham-
ber insuring an efficient gas-make state. Vacuum is
known to promote the formation of unsaturated hydro-
carbons in the gaseous phase. In the Dayton process
the large percentage of inert nitrogen present in the
air supplied for partial combustion, brings about a
lowering of the partial pressure on the hydrocarbons in
the gaseous state, acting as though an actual vacuum
had been applied on the hydrocarbon system. Thus
in the ''cracking" or gas-make stage the conditions
are proper for the formation of the maximum produc-
tion of unsaturated compounds which possess a very
high heating value.
It follows then that due to the production of these
unsaturated compounds, the process is capable of pro-
ducing a high heating value gas with a high nitrogen
content — a property which no other commercial gas
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January 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
49
possesses. Since in the process, the surface and pressure
of the gas make system (approximately atmospheric)
are constant; and the concentration, time the tempera-
ture are under control for any predetermined condition,
it follows that when once started the process will deliver
continuously and automatically the grade of gas de-
sired.
-Sulphur Reactions
The gas produced is free from sulphur compounds
and mechanical impurities such as dust particles, and
no purification is necessary for the production of a clean
,gas. The gas is clean because the only raw materials
used in its production — oil and air — are free from im-
purities.
The fact that the sulphur in the oil is oxidized to the
•dioxide form during the gas-make stage brings about a
practically sulphur free gas, as the dioxide sulphur
passes out with the waste water from the hydraulic
main and water scrubber. The practical effect of this
phenomenon is such that in commercial installations in
stantly adjusts the gas-make to this condition by reduc-
ing the air pressure on the oil and air feed system to a
point where the gas-make equals the demand. The
make is correspondingly automatically increased when
the demand increases. During these automatic changes
in rate of gas-make, the B.t.u. of the gas will not vary,
due to the maintenance of the constant ratio of air to
oil at the atomizer under all conditions.
Starting-up
The apparatus is quickly started by heating the retorts
externally to the reaction temperature. Less than one
hour is required to bring a cold retort to operating ef-
ficiency. Where the load factor is such that a portion
of the plant is in operation over the full twenty-four
hours of the day, the entire plant is always ready to
deliver its maximum output instantaneously, for the
reaction temperatures are constantly maintained in the
balance of the settings.
However, where the plant is entirely shut down over
night or Sunday, the settings are so insulated that the
the Progress from Oil Storage to Consumers Main
producing 100 cubic feet of gas from a quantity of oil
carrying 310 grains of sulphur, there is present in the
unpurified gas only 1.34 grains of total sulphur.
Since, under most statutes, purified illuminating gas
is permitted to carry 30 grains or more of sulphur per
100 cubic feet, the statement that Da)rton gas is free
from sulphur is warranted. It obviously follows that
using any of the commercially obtainable oils, no puri-
fication for sulphur will be required.
Automatic Provisions
No costly and cumbersome gas holder is necessary
with the Dayton process, as with other systems where
the gas-make is intermittent, or where there are wide
variations in the quality of the gas requiring an "av-
eraging up." Only a small regulating gasometer of
about 300 cubic feet capacity is required.
If there is a sudden decrease in consumption, or the
demand for gas is curtailed, the Dayton apparatus in-
bumer provided need be operated less than three-quar-
ters of an hour to obtain the necessary retort temper-
atures for gas-making. In case consumption is curtailed
for two to three hours, the heats in the retorts are
somewhat maintained by the insulation.
Plant and Labor
The complete installation is small and compact. Only
1500 square feet of floor space is required for a plant
with a production of 1,000,000 cubic feet per day. This
is in direct contrast to the plant required for a producer
gas, coal gas or water gas set. In addition, there is
required no auxiliary steam generating or purifying
equipment, thus making the process simple and self-
contained.
The labor required is small. One man per shift i«*
sufficient to operate a plant of 1,000,000 cubic feet ca-
pacity per day. His duties are only nominal and super-
visory ; for when once started the process is continuous
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THE OAS A0£
January 25, 1921
and automatic. His main responsibility is to see that
the oil supply tanks are filled, and that the compressor
is properly lubricated. There are no raw materials to
be conveyed or handled as in an ordinary gas plant.
Gas Yield Data
Approximately 4 gallons of residium or fuel oil is
required for the production of 1,000 cubic feet of 450
B.t.u. gas. From this there is recovered 0.28 gallon of
tar. As the tar is equal to or greater in value (see
data below) than an equivalent quantity of the oil used ;
for comparison purposes, then 4.00 — 0.28 = 3.72 gal-
lons of oil actually consumed per 1,000 cubic feet of 450
B.t.u. gas.
Based on results commercially obtained, the cost of
production of 1,000 cu. ft. of 450 B.t.u. gas in a plant
Heat Balance for Production of 450 B.t.u. Dayton Gas
Oil used 4.00 gals.
Tar recovered 0.28 gals.
Oil consumed 3.72 gals.
Heat supplied B.t.u.
4. gallons oil at 136,000 B.t.u. per gal. . . = 544,000
Heat Recovered:
1,000 cu. ft. gas at 450 B.t.u. per cu. ft. . . =450,000
.28 gal. tar at 136,000 B.t.u. gas = 38,080
Total Heat Recovered 488,080
Heat Loss 55,920
Percentacres i
Heat in gas = 450,000 ^ 544,000 82.72%
Heat in Tar = 38,080 ^ 544,000 7.00%
Heat Lost = 55,920 -^ 544,000 10.28%
Total 100.00%
Specific Gravity 1.02
View of Scrubbers and Connections
producing 1,000,000 cu. ft. of gas daily with the labor
of one man per shift becomes :
Cost of Production 450 B.tu. Dayton Gas
Oil ... 4.0 gal. at 8c. per gal 32.00c.
Power . . . 3/5 KWH per M. of gas at 1.5c. per
KWH 0.90
Water ... 8 cu. ft. at 30c. per M. cu. ft 0.24
Labor ... 1 man per shift at 55c. per hour .... 1.32
Plant Maintenance at 3c. per M. gas 3.00
Total Gross Cost 37.46c.
Credit 0.28 gal. tar at 8c. per gal 2.24
Net Cost 35.22c.
No account is taken of the light oils obtainable as
by-products.
SECTION TilROUGH STANDARD GAS GENERATOR UNIT
The Dayton Oil Gas Producer of Gas
Chemical Characteristics of Gas:
Percent by volume
CO, 6.1
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 14.7
O, 0.9
CO 5.6
Saturated Hydrocarbons 7.8
H, 1.7
N^ 63.2
Total Sulphur — (grains per 100 cu. ft) 1 to 2
Flame Temperature (Theoretical) 3700** F.
Nitrogen in Combustion Mixture
Dayton Gas Illuminating Gas
Per 100 cu. ft. of gas 450 B.tu. 630 Bt.u.
Nitrogen in 100 cu. ft. gas . 63.2 6.8
Nitrogen in com. air 2.92 (3.60 vol.) 442.0 (5.58 vol.)
Nitrogen in mixture .... 355.4 cu. ft. 448.8 cu. ft.
Combustion Data
Dayton Gas Illuminating Gas
B.t.u. per cu. ft. combustible
mixture 97.50 95.8
Water vapor formed .... lbs. 28.75 169.5
Total weight combustion pro-
ducts lbs. 478.00 1291.0
Conversion efficiency Per Cent 49.75 46.3
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THE GAS AGE
51
Volumes Air required for combustion Dayton Gas 3.60
Volumes Air required for combustion City Gas 5.58
Details of Construction and Operation
A single motor is the sole motive power for the air
and oil fed to the generator and for the exhauster on
the finished-gas system. The air-feed system is con-
nected directly to the service oil tank and to an air
regulating valve on the gasometer. If the gas-make
is greater than the gas consumption, the gasometer will
rise, release the air regulator valve, and decrease the
air pressure on the air feed line, and on the oil service
tank.
As the pressure on the air and oil supply have de-
creased the same amount, the ratio of feed at the retort
has decreased substantially in the same ratio. And
vice-versa should the consumption be greater than the
make, the gasometer falls, the air regulating valve
closes, and the air pressure on the air and oil systems
increases, thus increasing the oil and air entering the
retort in the same constant ratio, increasing the gas-
make. As the ratio of oil to air cannot vary, the tem-
perature of the retort cannot vary, and consequently the
B.tu. content of the gas cannot vary. This constant
ratio of air to oil feed is the basic controlling principle of
The diagram shows a cross-section of the retort or
generator with the details of the necessary auxiliaries,
together with the burner which is used in heating the
retort up to the reaction temperature in starting.
The retort or reaction chamber is well built, strong
and durable under the temperature used. It operates
under low pressures, never exceeding one pound per
square inch gauge pressure at a maximum. The retort
chamber is small and compact. It is approximately 24
inches in diameter and forms a chamber which internally
is four inches in breadth. The actual volume barely
exceeds 0.5 aibic feet for a retort with a daily output
of 80,000 cubic feet of gas.
The retorts are assembled in units of two and multi-
ples of the same up to any desired number needed. The
construction is such that any one or more of the re-
torts may be cut out without interfering with or affecting
the remainder of the set. Thus the failure of a single
unit will not interrupt gas making or seriously curtail
the output of any commercial-size installation. An un-
usually safe feature of the apparatus is that the retorts
can be changed by two men within an hour. The life
of a shell compares well with the life of an ordinary
water gas generator.
TYFICAL PIAM 9f eiMCIIATIMe UIIIT OF tlCHT RCT •tTS -, .
CAPACITY eooiBoo cu.rT. m lAY /r /f - ^^
Four Benches of Two's for Producer Oil Gas
the successful operation of the Dayton process. It is
automatic in operation for any grade of gas desired.
The hot gases and vapors from the retort pass
through a heat interchanger giving up a portion of
their heat content to the incoming air, thence into the
hydraulic main where they are initially cooled and
part of the vapors removed. From there they pass to
the water scrubber where they are further cooled, and
more vapors removed, and then directly to the regu-
lating holder.
From the regulating holder, they pass through a tar
extractor to an exhauster which supplies the gas main.
In case the gas is delivered from the exhauster in
greater quantities than is consumed it is returned to
the hot gas line entering the scrubber through a check
valve, thus raising up the bell of the holder which
automatically operates the air regulating valve on the
air supply to the system.
The water from the Scrubber and hydraulic main is
removed by way of the separator where the tar separates
and passes into the primary storage and the water
passes to the sewer through the oveilflow.
The tar from the tar extractor is recovered in the
primary tar tank and then is transferred to the tar
storage tanks.
Gauge Board for the Dasrton Process
The first commercial installation of the Dayton ap-
paratus was made two years ago at a large industrial
plant, and has been in contnuous nd successful oper-
ation ever since. During the last year five additional
installations have been made. In each one of these in-
stallations it has supplanted a different fuel. It has
replaced natural gas and coke oven gas, displaced illu-
minating gas, producer gas and the direct burning of
oil, each in a different plant, and has met with success.
In its application to furnaces the only requisite is that
the air supply to the burner be cut down, because the
air requirements for complete combustion are less than
for most gases.
In its utilization Dayton gas can economically com-
pete with natural gas, illuminating gas and the direct
burning of oil in any industrial operations. It can
also be used for admixture with the ever-decreasing
supply of natural gas or for admixture with coal gas
for all industrial and domestic purposes. In addition,
it can also be used for gas undertakings of cities and
towns as well as in gas engine installations for indus-
trial power development in which it will effect a very
considerable saving.
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THE GAS AGE
January 25, 1921
British Gas Industry in 1920
Progress Has Been Made Toward Better
Things, Headed by the National Gas
Council, the British G>mmercial Gas
Assn., and Institution of Gas Engineers
By NORTON H. HUMPHREYS, SaUsbury, England
LOOKING back at the leading events during 1920,
one is at last able to record a decided move towards
recovery from the disastrous effects of War con-
ditions and the adaptation to fit new and entirely un-
foreseen conmiercial and financial circumstances.
The attention of gas engineers is for the moment
centered round the labours of the National Gas Council,
which have been conducted in a manner that entitles
the Council to claim a fair share in the work of rehabili-
tation. There is now good reason to believe that the
position and status of the industry is improving and that
a new era of prosperity will follow the bad times ex-
perienced since 1914.
Value of Association
The need for a live and really representative As-
sociation, always on the look out in all directions, is
shown by attacks on vital parts of the industry from
unexpected sources. Opposition from local authorities
and others who claim to represent the interests of the
gas consuming public may always be anticipated. Many
of these are originated by political and other outside
motives and we may confidently look to the Board of
Trade, to take them at not more than their true value.
The matters now in view are illustrated by the pro-
posal put forward by automobile interests, that gas
makers should be compelled to strip their gas for ben-
zole, irrespective of any considerations as to desirability
or profit earning. This is simply an attempt to penalize
gas interests for the benefit of another industry. Or
the endeavours to secure special advantages in the matter
of supply, pressure and other items, put forward by rail-
way interests. Or large increase in the already exor-
bitant rates for transport of coal and other heavy ma-
terial. Or by a very important innovation, engineered
by scientific cranks, and not on behalf of consumers,
comprising regulations for the composition of g^s and
limitation of certain constituents. The percentage of
inerts, carbon monoxide, and methane has been men-
tioned.
Incidentally this would mean another Government
department to be supported at the expense of the now
heavily loaded gas consumer. Some of these may be
worth consideration in a quiet time when nothing else
is doing, but are quite superfluous at a period when the
industry requires all its energies, to adjust itself to
new conditions and recover its pre-war position. In
respect to these and other cognate matters, the Council
has competently guarded the rights of gas companies
and consumers.
Membership and Subscriptions
The status of the Council as a representative body is
proved by the fact that the membership includes 506
companies and 106 municipal owners, covering 85 per
cent of the total make of gas in the first case, 94.5
in the second and nearly 90 per cent over the whole.
For some time, municipalities were thought to be ladc-
ing in enterprise as compared with the companies, but
these figures are remarkable evidence to the contrary.
The comparatively large deficiency on the part of
the companies is probably represented by small village
concerns (small municipalities usually have enough to
do with the funds at their disposal, outside the purchase
of gas works) established as a consumers' company to
supply local needs, and as much interested in a cheap
supply as in earning a profit. They have no fear of
competition, no incentive to extend business and fre-
quently are without means for so doing.
In such circumstances, it is difficult to convince the
directors that the National Gas Council is of any direct
benefit. And in every community there are a few toadies
who do not object to hear the music, but are mean
enough to look the other way when the hat comes round.
The subscription takes the form of a small fixed rate
per million cu. ft. of gas manufactured, an arrangement
that enables the smallest to participate on equal terms
with the largest, and disposes of the objection that
the small scale of operations does not warrant the outlay.
The work done during the past year, as summarized in
monthly reports issued to members, should be a power-
ful factor towards reducing the small proportion of
outsiders.
An important innovation agreed on by the National
Gas Council, the British Commercial Gas Association,
and the Institution of Gas Engineers, and one that is
capable of further development, is an arrangement for
joint subscriptions. The liabilities of gas undertakings
in respect to the three, can now be discharged by one
payment based on the rate of 5s per million cu. ft. of
gas made per annum.
Nontechnical directors are apt to kick, if asked to
subscribe to say eight different associations per annum.
Where they would readily pass say £25 in one sum, they
look askance if requested to pass £2, following £3 last
month, and £5 the month before. Not being much use
in other directions, they are in force when obstructing
these little etceteras. Some managers tell me that they
find it useless to put forward more than two subscrip-
tions per annum. And, some prefer to pay it out of
their own pockets. Not the least satisfactory part of
the work done by the Council is the advancement of gas
directors towards broader views.
In the course of a presidential address delivered at
the recent annual meeting of the Council, D. Milne
Watson, (chairman of the Gas Light & Coke Company,
the largest gas undertaking in Great Britain) speak-
ing on the question of financial hardships, said that he
was always optimistic as to the intentions of the Board
of Trade, when the Board promised to remedy the de-
plorable state of gas finances, brought about by the
exigencies of the War. Coming from a gentleman who
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January 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
53
is probably in the best position for speaking with author-
ity, as the Council are almost continuously in contact
with that department, this is promising. A careful
perusal of the new regulations fully supports the opinion,
as it is evident that gas undertakings are afforded
greatly improved facility in the matter of applications
under the new Act.
The less obtrusive but not less important work of
the British Commercial Gas Association, in connection
with the sales department, has been carried on with
equally competent energy; the District Associations,
Senior and Junior, have been hearing and discussing
papers bearing on all the leading questions of the day.
But the Institution of Gas Engineers has lapsed into
little more than a research department under the auspices
of the Leeds University. Like a comet, it flashes forth
for a few days each year, with a presidential address and
a budget of valuable reports ; but subsides into obscurity
during the remainder.
Dividends and Price
Interest is now centering round the applications under
the Gas Regulation Act, 1920, as affording a way to-
wards pre-war dividends and values of shares. Already
some 60 applications have been filed and many more
would have been in evidence but for an official annouce-
ment, intended to mitigate the inconveniences of a rush,
to the effect that applications granted at any time during
1921, would be entitled to the benefit of any advantages
in the way of dividend or otherwise, over the whole
of the year.
In the applications already deposited, the existing
standard price of gas, (under maximum dividend) ranges
from 2s.-9d. to 6s.-6d. per 1000 cu. ft. These were for
the most part fixed by pre-war regulations. The prices
per therm, which include all increased manufacturing
expenses up to date, cover Is.-Od. to 2s.-2d. the majority
being in the neighborhood of ls.-6d. When comparing
therms with 1003 cu. ft, we must remember that the
bulk equivalent of one therm will depend upon the de-
clared calorific value, which will not be fixed until after
the order is granted. As this may vary from 400 to 550
B.tu., the prices asked cannot be compared on an equal
basis.
Local conditions vary so much that anything like a
uniform standard all over the country does not seem
possible. The Act seems to provide for diversity rather
than unity. And no one seems decided as to what
really is the "best" value to declare in regard to a par-
ticular district.
The coming of the therm has not attracted much at-
tention in the manufacturing department, probably be-
cause some are already under calorific standards, and
many others have seen the writing on the wall and
acquainted themselves with the production of B.tu.
rather than cu. ft. Also many engineers are sitting on
the fence, waiting for removal of Government restric-
tions on coal, and of the gross injustice involved in being
compelled to accept any rubbish that the District Com-
mittee may choose to order, containing anything up to
30 per cent of ash, as genuine gas coal at the full con-
trolled price.
There is much discussion in the accountant's depart-
ment, and difference of opinion as to the best way of
introducing the therm to the user of gas on the quarterly
bill. One also waits to see how the new regulations
will stand the test of a Government inquiry, or what
the opposing local authorities think of them.
J| 41 Jl
26-in. Welded Steel Main in Montana
Butters New Aqueduct is an Engineering
Triumph and Includes 26,000 Feet of
Welded Large Size Pipe Wliich Was
Installed Under Difficult Conditions
BUTTE'S new 28-mile water pipeline, recently com-
pleted at a cost of something more than a million
dollars, carries water from tiie Atlantic watershed
to serve a city on the Pacific slope. The use of oxy-
acetylene welding instead of adopting riveted or screwed
joints and in preference to welding by other processes,
is one of the most important features of the Butte pro-
ject from an engineering point of view.
General Description
The project presented unusual physical obstacles. In
places the line climbs abrupt slopes, threads ttmnek
through solid granite, and clings to sheer mountain
walls. In one place a 10-horse team, used in an effort to
haul a three ton "T", had to be abandoned and block and
tackle substituted. Caterpillar tractors, auto trucks and
ponderous excavating machinery were in constant use.
Where grades were too steep for trucks, horses were
pressed into service, and where they could not n^otiate
the climb the caterpillars were hooked on.
The new pipeline duplicates the old line (in service
since 1900) and was built to supplement, not to replace
it, except during periods when repairs to the old line
became necessary. The new line is composed partly of
steel-banded redwood stave pipe, and partly of ^^ thick,
double-coated steel pipe, the sections being on the av-
erage 17j4 feet in length and weighing from 2,000 to
2,4W pounds, according to diameter. The wood pipe is
used up to a hydrostatic pressure of 300 pounds per
square inch, and the steel pipe for pressures in excess
of 300 pounds. There are approximately five miles of
the steel pipe in which the working pressures vary from
350 to 400 pounds per square inch. In one place a
grade of 38 degrees is maintained for a distance suffi-
cient to elevate the line 400 feet, and there is a lift of 800
feet in a distance of 3000 feet — from pumping plant
to standpipe.
This standpipe, which is made of concrete and stands
75 feet high, was erected at the same elevation as the
"South Fork" reservoir, some nine miles distant, its
function being to take up the "water-hammer" in the
pipe. The water rises or falls in the standpipe with
each stroke of the pump, thus equalizing the pressure
on the line.
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THE GAS AGE
January 25, 1921
It is claimed that the great pumps, three in number,
are the largest ever built, and that but one pumping
station in the world lifts a column of water to a greater
height. The three pumps are capable of delivering
15,000,000 gallons of water every twenty-four hours.
Besides this volume, the South Fork reservoir receives
daily 1,000,000 gallons drawn from the south fork of
Divide Creek, bringing Butte's total available water
supply up to 16,000,000 gallons per diem.
Following are some interesting material and construc-
tional data relating to the completed line :
26-Inch Oxy-acetylene Welded Pipe 3,674 Feet
24-Inch Oxy-acetylene Welded Pipe 22,368 Feet
Total Oxy-Acetylene Welded Pipe . . . 26,042 Feet
26-Inch Steel-Banded Redwood Stave Pipe . 42,326 Feet
24-Inch Steel-Banded Redwood Stave Pipe . 71,954 Feet
Total Redwood Stave Pipe (lineal) . . 114,280 Feet
was also lower than it would have been for screwed con-
nections.
Another great advantage was a greater flexibility of
the welded joints, which readily yielded to conform to
the contours of the trenches. Flexibility is highly im-
portant in a country where many sharp curves must be
followed. Another consideration was the advantage in
speed of construction — an important element in this
important element in this work, where an average of 350
men were employed over a continuous period of five
months. It was very important also to have the work
completed in the early fall before the rigors of winter
should halt it entirely and this might not have been
possible had it been handled differently.
But, were there no other consideration, the fact that
the steel pipe lies embedded several feet under the sur-
face where the joints are exposed to seepage from rain
and snow and to the attack of rust, would be conclusive
in determining an engineer today on using some form
of welded construction, owing to the unquestioned ulti-
mate economy of this method of jointing. The welding
was done under the superintendence of F. E. Woodbridge
of Butte and Helena. Oxweld apparatus was ordered
for the work.
How the Welding Was Done
Joints were lined up by means of pump jacks and held
in position by steel clamps made of ^-inch strap steel
Welded Line of 26-iiL Steel Pipe
The construction of the pipe line required 1125 tons
of steel pipe; 1,750,000 board feet of redwood staves;
1100 tons of steel bands (used on the redwood pipe);
and 426,000 malleable shoes, weighing from 6 to 8
pounds each for the wooden pipe construction. There
were 160,000 cubic yards of excavation, including earth,
loose rock and blasting.
Why the Line Was Welded
The reason for using welded construction instead of
the customary riveted or screwed connection is primarily
one of efficiency, though it also resulted in a marked
economy. To have secured the same strength in the
joints with screwed pipe, very much heavier pipe would
have been required, and if riveted pipe had been used
lapping the joints would have been necessary. In either
of these cases the material cost for pipe alone would
have been considerably higher than it was. The labor
cost of the welded construction, everything considered,
Device for Lining up Pipe for Welding
3 inches wide held in place by a band. The joints were
then tacked in four places, after which the operator
proceeded from any one of the "tacks" as a starting
point. It was possible in many cases to turn jointed
lengths 200 feet long to 300 feet long at one time, thus
enabling the welder to operate continuously on top of
the pipe. Where long curves were necessary many of
the joints were made by the operator welding around
the pipe in place, but supported on skids, thus eliminat-
ing the necessity of excavating hellholes in the solid
rock which would have been very expensive.
The curves were very numerous on this work and the
joint construction was so carried out as to distribute
the bend over several connections, a small amount being
allowed at each weld. This not only gave the line a
graceful appearance, but reduced flow friction to a mini-
mum, which is one of the great points in favor of welded
construction. Owing to the fact that the pipe will carry
water to its full capacity the year round, the expansion
and contraction are practically nil, but as a safety meas-
ure where the curve occurs in the line or the pipe de-
scends or mounts an incline, additional curve is allowed
to provide for such possible expansion and contraction.
Lowering Pipe into Trench
The pipe was suspended over the ditch by 8 x 8 in.
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January 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
55
skids for distances of from 300 to 400 feet and when
ready for the trench, one end was slightly raised with the
pump jacks to allow removing skids at that point, when
the unsupported end was allowed to drop into the ditch.
The succeeding skids were then taken out in a similar
manner and succeeding sections of welded pipe were
thus lowered to the bottom of the trench. In some cases
there were as many as seven joints suspended between
the point of the jack and the first skid, causing a total
strain of approximately seven tons on one of the joints.
In some cases, when the wind was very severe, shelter
was necessary for the flame as air currents tend to cause
oxidation ; very little trouble was experienced, r^;ardless
of the weather, and the welding measured up to inspec-
tion requirements.
It will be appreciated, of course, by those familiar
with oxy-acetylene work, that it was very necessary to
have the metal clean and free from foreign substances
and to avoid using an excess of either of the gases, as
the pipe in this aqueduct has to withstand heavy pres-
sure.
^ Jl J»
Public Utility Service at Cost
The Automatic Adjustment of Rates is a
Necessary Feature of the Plan as well as
Protection to Investors and Regulation
Designed to Insure Justice and Service
IN May 1919, President Wilson appointed a commis-
sion to investigate and report upon problems con-
fronting the Electric Railway Industry. After ex-
tended hearings and study the commission issued its
report. The outstanding feature of which is the strong
recommendation of the Service-at-Cost plan, the com-
mission's discussion of which is reprinted as follows :
Service-at-Cost Plans
The electric railways have responded to the improve-
ments in the arts and sciences, and it may also be said
that the science of regulation has fairly kept pace with
the requirements of public service and the growth of the
industry. Franchises have been the result of experiment.
The contract fare established an unsound rate basis, and
in some instances commissions were slow to reach con-
clusions in rate cases. Investors lost confidence in the
electric-railway business. It was thought that a contract
must be evolved which would meet all the requirements
of the industry as well as of the public.
Thus came the cost-of-service contract. It has worked
well in Cleveland during the most difficult period in the
history of the industry. It seems to have worked fairly
well in the other cities where it has been tried out, and
to justify the following statement made by Secretary
Baker :
•'I believe that any community in America will pay
cheerfully and willingly whatever rate of fare is neces-
sary to carry the people on their street railroads, and to
maintain good service in their communities, if they are
sure that they are paying only proper operating ex-
penses, proper maintenance, and a proper return on
capital"
Practically all of the witnesses for the electric-railway
industry favored seryice-at-cost franchises. That ser-
vice should be provided at cost is not a new principle in
the regulation of public utilities. It is back of all public
service commission regulation, and expresses the re-
action from the original contractual relations between
ijtilities and communities, under which fares were fixed
and limited, while return was not.
The application of the term **service-at-cost'' in recent
working agreements between the electric railways and
the cities of Cleveland, Cincinnati, Dallas, Montreal, and
to a limited extent the city of Boston, does not clearly
describe such agreements. They are, in effect, the de-
vices for automatically and quickly adjusting price to
cost.
Feattu*es of the Contract
It is, therefore, not so much the principle back ot
such plans as it is the method provided for carrying
that principle out that concerns the commission in this
phase of the traction problem. Without going into
unnecessary detail, it will suffice to state that the main
features of the contract are:
a — Fair valuation of the property.
b— Capitalization to conform thereto.
c — Agreed return upon capital.
d — Public control of capital issues, and, to a certain
extent, over expenditures.
e — Public supervision over management, operation,
and service.
f — ^Automatic changes of rates, to meet fluctuating
economic conditions, and to insure a proper retiu-n on
the value.
g — Private operation, subject to the right of the mu-
nicipality to purchase the property at its value, or upon
an agreed price.
h — Reduction of taxes and assessments.
The service-at-cost contract is still in its experimental
stage, and naturally a number of criticisms have been
made of it. These have been considered, but with the
limited experience under this contract, we believe that the
criticisms are more theoretical than real. If these de-
fects prove to be substantial, and result in unduly in-
creasing the cost of service, they can be removed by
improved regulation, but if they can not finally be avoid-
ed, then it would seem that the public has ample pro-
tection in the contract's purchase provisions.
Merits of the Plan
Generally speaking, the main criticism of this form of
contract is that it tends toward inefficiency and uneco-
nomic operation; that it contains no provision for the
control of strikes, or uninterrupted service, and that
labor and management may co-operatively increase the
cost of operation to the point where the public may be
unduly burdened.
From the point of view of credit restoration, the out-
standing advantage of this contract is that rates are
automatically adjusted to meet changing operating con-
ditions. We are inclined to think that the assurance of
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THE 6AS AGE
January 25, 1921
an automatic adjustment of fare will do more than
anything else to restore the confidence of the investor
in these properties.
Public confidence will be immeasurably strengthened
through the valuation of the properties, because the
figure that is established constitutes the basis of the
return to the investor, and fixes, at least, the minimum
price which the publiq will be obliged to pay, if, at some
future time, it should decide to purchase and operate the
property. When the value is thus fixed, there can be no
further dispute as to capitalization or excessive profits,
because the people will know just what they are paying
for. The controlling element in its favor is the restora-
tion of public confidence in the corporation, due to the re-
moval of those elements of friction which have so
frequently engaged the attention of the public.
It might also be said that to a certain extent it re-
moves the railways from the idea of speculative gain,
and places them upon a common-sense business basis
where the people pay for the service they get, and where
the opportunity for large profits no longer exists, since
economies and lower operating costs are reflected in
reduced charges for service. When the contract is once
established,' the opportunity for municipal corruption
is reduced to the minimum.
«^ Jl «^
Electric Competition Over-rated
That Electric Aggression Is More Annoying
Than to Be Feared in the Building Up of Gas
Business is Briefly Brought Out by the Author
By J. E. BULLARD, Providence. R. I.
A PESSIMIST is one who believes that the dark
lining of a dark cloud is made of German silver
or that the gas industry is going to yield to electric
competition and eventually go out of existence. An
optimist is one who takes advantage of the darkness
caused by the dark cloud to raise mushrooms or develop
photographs. Such a man knows that an industry
which has continued to progress and to grow steadily
for over one hundred years is not going to be driven
out of existence by another industry that to date has
never been able to decrease the sale of candles and
kerosene oil lamps.
The gas man who accepts as hard facts the philoso-
phies of the people that have grown out of the optimistic
propaganda of the electrical men is bound to go very
far astray. The experience and the facts in the case
show that the disastrous effects of electric competition
are more mythical than real. In fact there is reason
to believe that the gas industry would never have made
as great progress as it has during the past twenty-five
years if it had not been for electric competition. Such
competition has stimulated growth more than it has
retarded it. No great records are ever made without
competition.
If the gas industry had continued to enjoy the monop-
oly that it did enjoy for over fifty years there would
have been no stimulus for greater effort and no such
progress as has been made since electric competition
has been in the field would have been possible. It is
probable that one reason why the electric industry has
been growing at a more rapid rate than the gas industry
during the past two decades is due to the fact that gas
had enjoyed a monopoly for so long that it was not
prepared for rapid progress. It had to get ready be-
fore it could move ahead fast. The greater and the
more serious the electric competition becomes the
greater the progress we can expect in the gas industry.
Up to date the electric competition has been more
imaginary than real. It is true that the electric com-
panies have made serious inroads into the lighting field,
but that has been due to the fact that there has been
more money for the gas man in the cooking and the
industrial heating field than there has been in the light-
ing field. The electric man has not taken the lighting
load away from the gas man. The gas man has let him
have it because the Ughting load was the most trouble-
SiTUQ and the least profitable. There are many problems
connected with operating, lighting, heating and power
loads from the same gas mains, especially if the power
loads form a very large percentage of the total load. The
cooking and heating loads are large consumers of gas
and result in no sudden fluctuations of great magnitude.
For this reason they have been developed. In fact a
study of the gas man's endeavor during the past years
will show that practically all of it has been concen-
trated upon the heating load.
It is being demonstrated every day that the gas man
can go out and secure both lighting and power business
if he so desires. In fact he has less difficulty in taking
these loads away from the electric man and holding
them than the electric man has in securing heating loads.
In these fields, however, there is real competition and
merely securing contracts does not mean that the busi-
ness is going to stick permanently any more than win-
ning a world's championship in the ring or on the track
means that the winner is always going to be champion.
It requires constant and intelligent effort to hold this
business.
A study of the Toronto situation gives the gas man
grounds for being optimistic rather than pessimistic
in regard to the future. There is no really good reason
why the gas man should worry even if all the available
water power resources are developed to their capacity.
There is also another thing that every gas man should
bear in mind. That is that the cheapness of developing
power from water has been greatly over-estimated.
There are comparatively few large water power devel-
opments where power is being developed at as low a
cost as it is being generated in the largest and most
efficient steam power plants.
When the gas man stops to consider that the overall
thermal efficiency of the best steam electric generating
plants is scarcely more than sixteen per cent and that
they will average more nearly ten per cent and that the
coal used is completely consumed leaving no by-products,
is there any good and sufficient reason why he should
fear or worry about any sort of electric competition. In
the very best electric plants using steam and as has
already been stated steam plants generate electricity at
a lower cost than it can be generated at many water
power developments, more than 80% of the B.t.u.'s in
the coal is lost. How long could a gas works manager
hold his job if he allowed 80% of the B.t.u.'s in the coal
to pass up the chimney ?
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Editorial
Housing Prospects
No house is complete without gas supply
The National Council of the U. S. Chamber of Com-
merce will hold a conference in the New Willard Hotel,
Washington, D. C, on January 27 and 28 to discuss mat-
ters relating to the housing problem in this country.
Those who are interested in the subject will profit by at-
tending this conference — and seeing that the merits of
gas service are not overlooked in the light of future fuel
supplies.
It is estimated that there is a present shortage of 1,-
250,000 houses and the remarks on January 3 of John
Ihlder, manager of the Civic Development of the Cham-
ber of Commerce, being very much to the point, are re-
produced herewith :
"For a number of years prior to the World War it is con-
servatively estimated that there were erected in the United States
between 350,000 and 400,000 familv dwellings in a year. This in-
cludes homes and apartments. During the war, construction of
houses was practically at a standstill, with the exception of what
building was done by the Government. As a result of this we
came out of the war far behind our regular building program.
The situation has not improved a great deal since the signing of
the armistice except- for a brief spurt early in 1919, because
those who planned building homes put it off until prices should
become stabilized. In 1919 it is estimated that there were built
about 70,000 houses in the United States, while the number erec-
ted during 1920 will probably turn out to have been even smaller
than that figure.
"While it is true there are many houses for sale, these are
nearly all now occupied by tenants. The number of houses for
rent in most communities is practically nil and the majority of
these houses are not suitable for the needs of the average wage
earner. The man with an income of $5,000 a year or more
doesn't have as much trouble getting desirable quarters as the
wage earner who cannot afford to pay high rents. The wage
earner and those earning small salaries are the ones who are hit
hardest by the housinc; shortage. It is for these folks that de-
cent homes must be built. Meanwhile they, as well as many
with larger incomes, are doubling up or taking in lodgers. In-
creased rents, too, have caused many families to share their
quarters with outsiders, so we have the anomaly of a block or an
apartment house containing a larger number of people than it
ever did in the past, yet with an occasional house or apartment
vacant because those needing better quarters can't afford to pay
any higher rents. This overcrowding of rooms is viewed with
anxiety by the public health officials who realize how infectious
diseases spread under such conditions."
The Supervisor of the Surveying Department of the
National Board of Fire Underwriters declared recently
that 889 homes are being burned in the United States
every day, 65 per cent of the fires occurring in dwellings.
L>uring the past ten years, the average fire loss was
$242,201,600; since about $914,376,500 was spent per
year for buildings, it is evident that one-fourth of the
added housing capacity is destroyed each year, which
must be considered in housing calculations.
The housing shortage began in 1917 when the govern-
ment suggested that building operations cease and that
banks discourage loans on such construction. Tax on
mortgages also discourages building, the income tax
keeps up rents and the use of building materials requir-
ing long hauls adds to the cost. Evidently Washington
realizes some obligation in correcting this situation and
it is hoped that pending bills will receive serious con-
sideration; also that these houses be equipped for gas
service as well as electric.
Contract Cancellations
"If you can't take a man's word, what can you take?"
Violent price fluctuations always put traders to the
severe test and there have been many unpleasant revela-
tions connected with people of previous high standing.
On the other hand, the business man who "will stand
without hitching" and whose "word is as good as his
bond" has supported the situation and stood by his con-
tract obligations in a way which entitles him to future
consideration.
The industrial situation has suffered intense demorali-
zation as the result of an epidemic of cancellation of con-
tracts. The decline in prices has been too rapidly pre-
cipitated, the cessation of industry has been too abrupt,
and the alarm and shock have thereby been greater than
desirable. Prudent business methods avail nothing where
there is widespread repudiation of obligations.
Everyone should be interested in maintaining honest
and fair business practices. The modem business organi-
zation is very complex and sensitive; of necessity its
daily transactions are largely based upon good faith and
credit. It is impracticable to have all transactions of
purchase and sale secured by the formality of a legally
drawn contract ; the whole business structure is depend-
ent upon regularity in recognized methods and upon a
general acknowledgment and observance of obligations ;
all parties to such transactions intend this when they en-,
ter upon them. There can be no security in business
otherwise, and the persons who disregard their obliga-
tions in a time of crisis are contributing to a general
state of disorder which may cause some greater losses
than the ones they are trying to escape.
Population
"And some have'greatness thrust upon them"— Twelfth Night
The population of continental United States a year
ago was 105,708,771 and outlying possessions are credit-
ed with 12,148,738 people, making a total of 117,857,509
persons under the protection of the Stars and Stripes.
The population of the United States increased 15 per
cent (as compared with 21 per cent during the previous
decade), the outlying possessions increased 32 per cent
in population and the average total increase was about
16 per cent. This rate is less than during the previous
decade due to restricted immigration, losses during the
war and to the influenza epidemic. We are growing great
at a good pace without any special effort on our part, in
fact there is a strong sentiment in favor of selective ex-
clusion and restriction of immigration.
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58
THE GAS AGE
January 25, 1921
Although this reduced growth is the average condi-
tion, it did not apply to certain sections. For example,
the western states showed big increases, from 28 per
cent for Texas to 120 per cent for Washington, while
the section about New York increased from 20 to 34 per
cent. Iowa showed a loss, and the central western states
generally fell off in population. The U. S. Census Bu-
reau has just issued its reports on the population of cities
which show some remarkable increases for small towns.
Among the cities remarkable for growth are such as
Highland Park, Mich., which jumped from 4,120 to 46,-
500; Long Beach, Calif., from 17,800 to 55,590; Miami,
Fla., from 5,471 to 29,549; Gary, Ind., from 16,800 to
55,378; Tulsa, Okla., from 18,182 to 72,075, etc. Pleas-
ure resorts and industrial towns have shown the greatest
increases; Bethlehem, Pa., increased 292%; Akron, O.,
202%; Detroit, Mich., 113.4% and Flint, Mich., 137.6
per cent, etc. The desire on the part of the people to earn
good wages and to spend the surplus freely has changed
the status of many cities although the increases thus
secured are not liable to be permanent as was discovered
recently in Detroit.
Truly, we are a great people, we have grown great
in size, wealth and power ; but, the test also includes the
ability to retain as well as to secure these desirable
things. The future problem is to stabilize, conserve, or-
ganize, make secure and preserve these great forces in
order that our people first and the world second may
enjoy their advantages. There is another thought that
comes home to us. The annual increase of 1.5 per cent
in population means an increase in the demand for gas,
for mains, and for gas-making capacity. However, the
increased demand for gas is at the rate of about 10 per
cent per year, showing that the demand for gas is seven
times the rate of increase for population. This is ex-
plained by the gradual substitution of gaseous for liquid
and solid fuels which is exactly as it should be.
Employe Councils
"The will of man|is|by hifl|reason ■wayed"— Shakspeare
The British commission which has been formed to or-
ganize closer relations between employer and employe,
under the name of the National Joint Industrial Coun-
cil of the Gas Industry, has drawn up a model constitu-
tion the adoption of which by such local works com-
mittees they recommend. There are regional councils
also who advise with the local organizations. The pur-
pose in view is to stimulate interest in production effi-
ciency, improve working conditions, inquire into com-
plaints, encourage improvements and inventions, inves-
tigate unsatisfactory conditions and consider all matters
of interest to the company and its workers.
The constitution recommends that each works com-
mittee shall consist of representative workers from each
department or other division and representatives from
the management, all being employes, the number being
agreed upon by the committee. The men shall be elected
by the employes and the management representatives are
selected by the board of directors. All over 21 years are
qualified for voting and election and the term is one year.
The chairman of the works committee shall be a repre-
sentative of the management and there may be two sec-
retaries, one for each party. Any senior representative
of the management may preside in the absence of the
chairman. Meetings are held as determined and special
meetings can be called on request. Members shall be
notified at least 48 hours before the meeting but special
meetings can be held without formal notice. Subjects
for discussion must be announced at least four days be-
fore the meeting. Voting is by show of hands, a quorum
requires one- third the members of either of the two sec-
tions, and adoption must be unanimous. No deductions
from wages shall be made for attendance at these meet-
ings and the company supplies the meeting place, books
and stationery necessary.
Nothing is said concerning power to enforce conclu-
sions arrived at by this committee, the assumption being,
probably, that the management would use its best efforts
to bring about the desired changes. Neither is there pro-
vision to meet running or extraordinary expense. Unless
such committees have authority to determine and exe-
cute, they become simply advisory and there will be no
interest taken in their work. The directorate and execu-
tives as well as the rank and file must back up their rep-
resentatives and agree to abide by the decisions, using
the veto power only where conditions not generally
known demand it. Plans like this are well worth con-
sidering. When employes become stockholders they are
entitled to a voice in the management and such voice
may encourage them to become stockholders.
Valuation
"Worth what its purchaaer will pay for it" — Publilius
A great company of experts are today puzzling over
a correct basis for calculating valuation and the litera-
ture of the subject is as voluminous as it is vague. Con-
fining ourselves to gas companies and assuming that
they are assured of security in the futtu-e, and of a
charge for service which will provide adequate income,
the value of such a company to an investor will depend
upon what percentage of the value of its securities it can
earn. Can it be assured of meeting its bond interest
and a dividend which can successfully compete with in-
vestment money demands at the time? If we grant this,
then the price for gas is arrived at by the accountant
as the rate necessary to meet the total cost of doings
business, and it will vary as such cost varies.
It is very simple in principle but on details the doc-
tors disagree. For example, how shall we arrive at the
value of the property for the purpose of figuring the
return upon investment? Some say: Take the book
value of capital investment; others contend that re-
placement value at present prices is more correct ; Pub-
lilius says it is worth what a purchaser will give for it*
which may be an old-fashioned view but one which
brings us to the rate of return as the basis of value
rather than the money spent on the plant.
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January 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
59
* This is not the place to develop a valuation basis but
we simply want to call attention to the tremendous
effect of the practical view upon the result. The value
of an enterprise depends upon the return it can provide
to the investors, the operators and the consumers. The
operators require comfortable wages, the consumers de-
mand adequate service and the investor holding the com-
pany's securities wants as much for the use of his money
as other similarly situated users will pay. Whatever
cost this will result in must be made up, after deducting
other income, by rates. Therefore rates are the result
and not the first premises of the proposition.
We all know that the securities of public utilities are
wonders of intricacy and strategy. They are the result
of past conditions and frequently of imtechnical de-
cisions. Through refinancing and methods with which a
broker is familiar some of this "dead wood" can be
converted into a clearer and more modem system of
capitalization imtil ultimately the securities will repre-
sent the actual value and be quoted at par. This con-
summation is worth the trouble it will take to bring it
about.
Insufficient Relief
*'What man,^if Jiis son ask for bread, will give him a stone.*'
The general business situation- has been investigated
by Bradstreet's and they report that wholesale prices
last month were an average of 34.7 per cent below the
peak prices of last February. Although the trend of
wholesale prices is not generally reflected in retail prices,
the propaganda freely distributed would lead one to
think that prices to consumers also were destined to a
corresponding drop. But, "things are seldom what they
seem." The American Gas Association, in a recent let-
ter, had the following to say regarding how these falling
prices have thus far failed to reach the gas companies :
"Commodity prices are said to be falling. From many quar-
ters come reports that the deflation movement is well under way,
but so far as the gas industry is concerned, the recession has not
y^ been felt. In several situations, citizens' associations have
recently opposed applications of gas companies for increased
rates on the grotmd that they are unnecessary in the face of a
falling market and lower prices.
'The position of gas companies at the present time should be
made clear to the public and to regulatory bodies also. Such
companies must obtain their manufacturing materials on con-
tract To purchase them as needed in an tmcertain open market
would endanger the continuity of the supply, which is the most
vital factor in gas service. Until present contracts expire, gas
companies cannot hope to benefit to anv appreciable extent by
lowering of prices. On the other hand the recent advance in
freight rates has added a financial burden which, in most cases,
has not yet been compensated for in the price of gas.
"In fact, gas rates are still generally insufficient to yield a
fair return on property devoted to serving the public During
and after the war, the prices of commodities advanced rapidly,
causing a proportionate increase in the cost of manufacturing
and distributing gas. On the other hand, long delays have al-
most without exception been experienced by companies seeking
relief from inadequate rates.
"Regulatory bodies have felt that high prices were very tem-
porary; and rate increases, when grantee^ have been generally
insufficient to cover the higher cost of coal and oil alone, neg-
lecting entirely the greater cost of labor, money and taxes. Con-
trary to expectations, the prices of these materials continued to
advance, and the gas companies were forced to continue selling
their product at rates so inadequate as to threaten the continuity
of the supply in very many communities.
"As showing the inadequacv of the past rate increases, statis-
tics of a group of twenty-five gas companies operating in four-
teen states indicate that the increase in the average revenue per
thousand cubic feet of. gas from 1914 to 1920 was only 24 cents,
whereas the cost of oil and fuel increased 36 cents, and other
expenses entering into the distribution and delivery of the gas
to the consumer brought the total increased cost to the company
up to 44^ cents. The increase in the average revenue was thus
insufficient to cover the greater cost of supplying the gas to the
consumer by 20J4 cents per thousand cubic feet. In fact, the
rates failed by 12 cents per thousand cubic feet to cover the
actual increase in the cost of oil, coal and coke.
"With the general price deflation, it will not be surprising if
there is a clamor here and there for reduction in the price of
gas and a return to former rates. An intelligent presentation of
the facts to the public and regulatory bodies, who only recendy
have begun to realize the necessitpr for a more liberal attitude
in dealing with the utilities if their essential services are to be
preserved, will go far to counteract any unreasonable insistence
in reducing rates.
"It will take many months, in some cases several years, at rates
which now yield a fair profit, to compensate gas companies for
the accumulated losses which they sustained during a long period
of starvation. They must again be put on a prosperous business
basis if adequate service is to be maintained and if their equip-
ment is not to suffer as has the service and equipment of the
railroads."
Dye Industry Protection
"Helplrefuaed i8lhindranceIeought[and found" — Browning
Representative Longworth of Ohio sees an imperative
need for Congress to pass, at an early date, a bill con-
trolling the importation of German dyes. He claims
Germany is ready to flood our market with dyes, at the
resumption of trade, at prices which will wreck our dye
industry. President Wilson also has advocated pro-
tection of the American dye industry in two of his mes-
sages to Congress, saying:
"If we are to have a dye industry, which has been so
essential in time of war, we must allow the start we have
made to grow. Nothing is more imperative, and I be-
lieve the dye bill, which would keep out German dyes
except those which are not made in this country, should
be passed at the short session of Congress. The moment
trade with Germany is opened the German dyes will
be started on their way here in large quantities."
Every gas company is vitally interested in the dy6
industry because it is largely based upon the by-prod-
ucts of the gas and coke industries. A drop in the
price of dyes means a reduction in the demand and
price for tar and this would mean less revenue for those
gas companies supplying tar to cliemical plants.
Sit Down! Tott're Racking the Boat!
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60
THE GAS AGE
January 25, 1921
Gas Activity Gives Future Promise
Koppers Company Buys
Western Gas Construction
Former Contract Gave Control for Five
Tears— New One Settles Purchase
Ft. Wayne, Ind., Jan. l^— The Western
Gas Construction company, one of Fort
Wayne's biggest industries, is now owned
and controlled by the Koppers company,
of Pittsburgh. The actual deal was
closed when the stockholders and credi-
tors of the Western Gas company signed
the contract. It is announced that there
will be no change in the personnel of
the company and that the policies will
remain unchanged.
The Koppers company has considerable
capital and it is t>elieved that the local
plant will be expanded as soon as condi-
tions will warrant. Plans have been
made several times for the extension of
the plant, but actual work has been
delayed time and again, and such delays
were caused, it is said because of the
fact that the Koppers company did not
have full control of the business.
Some three years ago, when the finan-
cial condition of the local plant became
unsteady, it was necessary for a com-
mittee of creditors, composed of several
local banks, to assume charge of the
affairs of the company to prevent a com-
plete loss. Following an investigation,
H. B. Rust, the president of the Koppers
company, was brought to Fort Wayne
to assume the management and operation
of the gas construction company for a
.period of five years. The deal just con-
summated terminates the pervious con-
tract and gives the Koppers company
complete control.
The oflFcers of the Western Gas Con-
struction company are H. B. Rust, presi-
dent; W. F. Rust, Vice-president; S. T.
Brown, secretary and treasurer. The
local management consists of F. H. Beebe,
manager; William C. Marquardt, assist-
ant treasurer; T. W. Stone, chief en-
gineer; W. W. Hackney, sales engineer;
George Albert, superintendent and C. A.
Stier, purchasing agent.
Rigid Coal Control BiU
Oflfered to House
Washington, D. C, Jan. 12.— Sweeping
Federal regulation of the coal industry,
both bituminous and anthracite, was rec-
ommended in Congress by the special
committee on reconstruction which has
been conducting an inquiry of alleged
coal profiteering. A bill embodying the
recommendations of the committee was
introduced by Senator Calder (New
York), chairman of the committee, with a
statement that it should be considered
immediately. It was stated further that
at the end of the committee's investiga-
tion, which is far from complete, addi-
tional regulatory legislation would be
recommended.
The provisions of the Calder bill are
extremely drastic, in the opinion of those
engaged in the coal inquiry, and they
will make a bitter fight against its en-
actment. It not only proposes publica-
tion of the profits made by those in the
industry, but gives to the President pow-
er in case of "emergency threatening
either unreasonable prices or shortage of
coal supplies" to fix maximum prices,
commissions and margins ; to deal in coal
and control its production, movement and
distribution, so as to put the Government,
and not those self-interested, in control
of the emergency.
Administration of the proposed coal
regulation is placed in the hands jointly
of the Federal Trade Commission, the
Interstate Commerce Commission and the
Geological Survey. The latter is em-
powered to gather data available to the
public of the amount of coal produced
and other details as to its actual mining,
which it has been furnishing for some
time.
Startling Decision in New
York
Jamestown, N. Y., Jan. 17 — Gas men in
the Pittsburgh district have been startled
by a decision by the Public Service Com-
mission of New York State in the James-
town case, and they are rather gloomy
about the matter. The Commission de-
cided that the gas company supplying the
city of Jamestown are obliged to read
meters previous to January 15, and make
prices effective from that date of 32 cents
per thousand cubic feet for the first ten
thousand, 42 cents for the next five thou-
sand, and 47 cents for all over that, with
a 2 per cent discount. The company of-
ficials say this is practically a confisca-
tion of their property, and will carry the
case to the higher courts.
Montgomery, Ala., Plant Gets Increase
Montgomery, Ala., Jan 15— Judge
Henry D. Clayton in Federal court grant-
ed the petition of S. B. Ireland as receiver
of the Montgomery Light and Water
Power Co., for an increase in gas rates
for Montgomery, the award being for a
rate of $2.25 per thousand cubic feet,
applicable at the next meter readings.
Brooklyn Gas Rate Held In-
valid
Brooklyn, Jan. 12— The gas rate of
$1.40 per 1,000 cubic feet charged by the
Brooklyn Borough Gas Qmipany has
been held invalid in a decision handed
down by the Appellate Division Second
Department, it was announced by John
P. O'Brien, Corporation Counsel. Mr.
O'Brien said the majority opinion of the
court sustained the right of the city to
argue in behalf of the consumers in such
cases.
The decision, said Mr. O'Brien, sus-
tains an injunction restraining operation
of the gas rate.
The opinion was written by Justice
Townsend Scudder and holds that the
rate must be reasonable, whether fixed by
the Public Service Conmiission or by
the company, and that consmners have
the right to defend themselves. The
Brooklyn Borough Gas Company serves
the Coney Island and Sheepshead Bay
sections of Brooklyn.
Gas Ordinance WUl Include
Misdemeanor Clause
Austin, Texas, Jan. 12 — With the pass-
age of the ordinance Thursday ordering
the Austin Gas Light Company to reduce
its rates to the 1919 schedule, the city
council won its fight for cheaper gas.
Ordinary rules of procedure were su-
spended at the meeting of the council in
order that the passage of the ordinance
might be hastened as much as possible.
A clause placing the ordinance into im-
mediate effect was included.
The council's order reducing the gas
rates will be enforced through a clause
in the ordinance which will make it a
misdemeanor for the gas company to
charge in excess of its 1919 rates.
Next A. G. A. Meeting Begins
November Seventh
Chicago, Jan. 21. — It was annotmced
here today that the American Gas Asso-
ciation will hold its third annual con-
vention during the week of November
seventh in Chicago. Arrangements have
been made to have the exhibition at the
Congress Hotel and the meetings at the
Auditorium and Congress Hotels.
Since July 1, 1920, the Helena (Ark.)
Gas & Electric Co. has been making
water gas exclusively. The coal gas
plant was discontinued and dismantled
since that date.
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January 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
61
N. Y. Court Overrules Gas
Company^s Plea
The exceptions entered by the New
York and Queens Gas Company to the
report and opinion of the special master
rendered on August 6 last relative to
items entering into the cost of manu-
facture and distribution of gas were over-
ruled in a final decree filed in the
United States District Court by Judge
Julius M. Mayer. He also overruled the
company's exception relative to the
amount and value of property upon which
it claims to be entitled to a fair return
through the rates chargeable to its con-
sumers, because he says a determination
of the full value of such property is un-
necessary for the reasons set forth in
his opinion of November 3.
The decree requires the gas company,
under a bond of $200,000, is to keep
correct accounts and records of all gas
sold by it and of all moneys received by
it for gas sold, which are to be open to
the inspection and audit of the defendants
until the determination of appeal to the
United States Supreme Court. It further
provides that the plaintiff shall cause to
be placed in red ink or color conspicu-
ously on the face of each gas bill sent
out to any consumer charged at a rate
in excess of gas sold the words: *Tre-
servc this bill in order to protect your
rights" and "This bill is rendered sub-
ject to the notice on the back thereof."
Coke Gas to Be Used for City
in Experiment
The W. J. Judge gas plant, which
supplies Buffalo with artificial gas, has
made arrangements with the Donner Steel
Co. to obtain a supply of 1,000,000 cubic
feet of coke-oven gas a day. H. C.
Palmer of the Judge plant said recently
that the contract is a temporary one
and is largely of an experimental nature
to sec how coke-oven gas will serve to
augment the Buffalo supply.
City Engineer George H. Norton has
given the Judge plant a permit to build
an eight- inch main from the Donner coke
plant. Work on the main has been
started. At present the Judge plant pro-
duces about 3,000,000 feet of gas a day.
N. T. Company Sells Note Issue
An issue of $25,000,000 of short term 6
per cent non-convertible notes of the Con-
solidated Gas Company of New York has
been purchased by the National City
Company, according to an announcement
made this week, following a meeting of
the directors of the former corporation.
It is expected that a public offering of
the securities expected to be of one, two
and three year maturities, will be an-
nounced within a short time by a s)mdi-
cate to be headed by th^ JJatignal City
Company,
Consumers Buy Up Gas Company Stock
Consumers of the Northeastern Oil
and Gas company, of Conneaut, Ohio,
1,000 strong, have organized themselves
and bought the concern whose officers
threatened to shut off this city's gas
supply.
The new management is prepared to
negotiate for increased supply wherever
it is available and has started a system-
atic search of the Madison and Austin-
burg fields.
N. Y. Company Closes Big
Gas Oil Deal
Brooklyn Union Gas Co. has closed a
contract with Standard Oil of New York
for 45,000,000 gallons of gas oil at 123
cents a gallon, including transportation
costs to the works. This covers re-
quirements for the first half of 1921 with
the option to renew at the same price for
needs in the second half of the year.
This is the highest price ever paid by
a local gas company for gas oil under
contract. It represents an increase of
five cents a gallon over the contract made
by Brooklyn Union for the first half of
1920. The advance is equivalent to an
increase of $2,250,000 in the cost of the
half year's supply over the cost in the
first six months of 1920.
Since last July Brooklyn Union has
been purchasing its oil on "spot" delivery
and paying 12 cents or more a gallon.
The Consolidated Gas Co., which uses
over 125,000,000 gallons a year, is negoti-
ating for its 1921 supply and will un-
doubtedly pay around 1254 cents a gallon.
Its contract is expected to cover the
first six months' requirements. Last
year Consolidated paid 7 cents a gallon.
New Financing of New York Gas Com-
pany
The Brooklyn Borough Gas Co. has
been granted permission by the Public
Service Commission to issue $300,000 8%
cumulative preferred stock, redeemable
at any time at 110; and $30,000 10-year
7^2% convertible bonds, for the purpose
of reimbursing the company for recent
expenditures. The bonds are convertible
par for par at any time into the 8%
preferred stock and are redeemable any
time before Jan. 1, 1931, at not to exceed
105. The Commission authorizes the
company to sell the bonds at not less
than 90% of their face value, such dis-
count to be amortized before conversion.
Lone Star Gas Stock
Stockholders of Lone Star Gas Co. rat-
ified the proposition to increase capital
stock from $10,000,000 to $11,000,000 and
to issue the additional $1,000,000 stocH,
offering it \Q stockholders f^t par.
Most Sweeping Decision on
Gas Rates Made
Albert H. Sewell, official referee to
hear and determine the suit of the New
York & Richmond Gas Co., against state
and county officials regarding its rate,
has filed a decree declaring that the $1
rate under which the company operates is
unconstitutional and permits the com-
pany to put into effect its own rate. The
decree is said to be the most sweeping of
any yet handed down in a state court.
Jacob H. Goetz of Whitman, Ottinger &
Ransom, was counsel for the company.
Grant Increase in Arizona
Phoenix, Ariz., Jan. 12 — An increase
in gas rates of 30 cents per 1000 cubic
feet has been authorized by the corpo-
ration commission. The raise of gas rates
in Phoenix became effective January 1,
according to the order of the commission.
The gas company's application to in-
crease its minimum charge from 50 cents
to $1 per month, applying to all bills for
500 cubic feet or less, also was granted.
The raise in rates was granted solely
on the increase in the cost of fuel oil,
according to the commission, which may
take later action on the application in
view of the fact that when the matter
came up for hearing the showing of the
company was based on operations for
the year 1919.
Richmond Gas Shortage Danger Passed
All danger of a stortage of gas at the
city gas works in Richmond, Va., this
winter has now been eliminated. Director
of Public Utilities E. W. Trafford reports.
The new water gas plant, capable of
supplying one-third of the city's needs,
has just been completed and is now being
tested, previous to being put into use next
week. Other extensive work at the gas
works is still far from completed, and the
gigantic gas holder being erected will
not be ready until spring. When these
are ready many economies can be effected,
as the works can then operate on a nor-
mal head all day and store gas for the
peak load. At present many sections
have to -be heated up at great cost to
make gas fast enough to supply the
peak demand, and then cool down as
soon as the rush is over.
Oklahoma Merger
Consolidation of the Marland Refining
Co. and the Kay County Gas Co,, which
has been in progress of completion since
October, was declared effective at a
special meeting of the boards of directors
of the two companies held at Ponca City,
Okla., recently when it was officially an-
nounced that over 92% of the stock of
both companies has been deposited under
the consolidation.
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62
THE GAS AGE
January 25, 1921
Bureau of Standards Reports
on Capital Cas
Washington, D. C, Jan. 11.— The rate
charged for gas to private consumers is
$1.32 at present with reductions to large
consumers. The Federal Government and
the government of the District of Colum-
bia under the existing law pay only 70
cents per thousand cubic feet.
The Bureau of Standards estimates
that the cost of manufacturing and dis-
tribution is $1.24 per thousand feet, this
figure applying to gas used for other than
Government purposes. The Bureau esti-
mated the cost of supplying gas to the
Government departments and the District
of Columbia at $1.15.
It is contended by the Bureau that if
the Government pays $1.15 for its gas the
rate to private consumers could be cut
from the present figure of $1.32 to about
$125.
With regard to the efficiency of opera-
tion of the gas company the Bureau states
that an investigation disclosed that the
amount of coal and oil consumed was as
small as reasonably could be expected
and that the plant as a whole was being
operated economically. Furthermore, it
was stated that the expenditures for puri-
fication, supplies, and miscellaneous work
and distribution all appeared to be nor-
mal and reasonable charges. The only
charge found to be higher than normal
was that for labor as a result of the high
rate of wages prevailing.
The report of the Bureau says that 92.8
per cent of the gas is sold to private con-
sumers at $1.30 per thousand cubic feet,
3.2 per cent to the Government at 70 cents,
and four per cent for street lighting.
Wyoming Gas Plant May
Close
Sheridan, Wyo., Jan. 17.— -A. C. Foster
of the firm of Sweet, Causey and Foster
of Denver, owners of the Sheridan Gas
company, sent a telegram to Harry M.
Huntington, secretary of the state public
utility commission, who is in Sheridan,
stating that he would not close the gas
plant here pending a hearing on an ap-
plication for increased rates which would
be filed with the public utility commission
at once.
Nebraska Plant Burned
Kearney, Neb., Jan. 12— The Kearney
gas plant was completely destroyed by
fire in the evening.
An explosion blew out the north wall
of the building and within a few seconds
the wrecked structure was a seething fur-
nace. It is believed one of the large gas
containers exploded.
The loss is estimated at about $60,000.
As a result of the fire Kearney will be
without gas for fuel and heating pur-
poses for some time.
Choose Men To Make Philadelphia Gaa
Survey
Philadelphia, Jan. 14 — Before leaving
for Florida Mayor Moore announced the
appointment of four members of the
commission to make a study of the Phil-
adelphia Gas Works. The fifth member
will be named within a few days.
The commission will start work at an
early date, as under the ordinance of
Council the report must be filed by April
1. Council has provided $25,000 for the
investigation.
The four members named by the Mayor
are: Milo R. Maltbie, 177 Broadway,
New York; W. F. Hine. 177 Broadway,
New York; Howard R. Sheppard, secre-
tary and treasurer of the Isaac A. Shep-
pard Co., range and stove manufacturers,
of this city, and Thomas F. Armstrong,
president of the Conkling- Armstrong
Terra Cotta Co., of this city. The Mayor
said the fifth member of the commission
would be announced later.
Gas Rate Increase in Boston
Boston, Jan. 8— The Department of
Public Utilities has just authorized the
Boston Consolidated Gas Company to
raise the standard price of gas from $1.35
to $1.^ per thousand cubic feet; this is
the third increase allowed the company
within a year. The original petition
asked for a new price of $1.50.
The cit/s expert examined the claim
that with present rates the guaranteed
dividened of 7 per cent could not be as-
sured if depreciation was to be account-
ed for, and decided that a 5-cent increase
was justified.
Pennsylvania Utilities Co. Issues Gold
Notes
New York, Jan. 11— An offering of
$1,125,000 of ten year 6 per cent secured
gold notes of the Pennsylvania Utilities
Company is being handled by Hollister,
White & Co. It is secured by a mort-
gage on all property, rights and fran-
chises of the company, subject to $4,965,-
000 prior lien bonds outstanding. As
the latest appraisal of the company's prop-
erties placed their valuation at $7,914,-
500, there is an equity of more than $1,-
824,000 behind the notes. The present
issue is due May 1, 1926, and is callable
in whole or in part on any interest date
at 101 and accrued interest. The price
is 86.50 and interest to yield about 9 per
cent.
Scranton To Test Qnality of Gas
Scranton, Jan. 13— Tests of the gas
now being supplied consumers of the
Hyde Park Gas company, at the rate of
$1.70 per 1,000 cubic feet, will be made
by the city in connection with its fight
on the forty-cent increase put into effect
by the concern on August 1 of last year.
City Solicitor R. S. Houck has just an-
nounced.
Illinois Utility Giairman and
Two Others Resign
Springfield, 111., Jan. 11— James H.
Wilkerson, chairman of the state public
utilities commission has resigned as a
member of the commission. The resig-
nation took effect January 10. The re-
signation was anticipated.
Commissioner Patrick J. Lucey has
also resigned, as he intends to return to
the practice of law in Chicago. Com-
missioner Frank H. Funk of Blooming-
ton also resigned as he has been elected
congressman for the seventeeth district.
To Supervise Plants in Mas-
sachusetts
Boston, January 13. — Complete su<
pervision of the rates charged by gas,
electric light and water companies, is ask-
ed by the department of public utilities in
its annual report to the legislature.
At present a gas company, for exam-
ple, which has never had its rates fixed
by the department is subject to no super-
vision, and may increase its rates without
limitation. The only check upon it is
that the mayor of a city, the selectmen ol
a town, or twenty customers, may take
the matter to the commission. If the)
succeed in convincing the commission tha
the proposed rate is excessive, it is or
dered reduced, and thereafter the com-
mission has jurisdiction of the rate.
City Wins Gas Suit
New York Jan. 12 — Corporation Coun*
sel John P. O'Brien has announced that
the Appellate Division has decided that
the $1.40 rate for gas charged by the
Brooklyn Borough Gas Company was in-
valid, that the lower court was justified
in issuing an injunction restraining the
company for making the charge, and that
the city had a right to intervene in all
lighting litigation.
The injunction against the company
was issued by Justice Scudder of the
Brooklyn Supreme Court on Sept 10, on
the application of Gerald Morrell. Mr.
O'Brien explained that the decision of
the Appellate Division settled once and
for all the right of the city to defend the
interests of the people in suits seeking to
set aside statutory rates.
Set Temporary Standard for Three
Pacific Cities
Seattle, Washington, Jan. 11— The
Public Service Commission has ordered
that manufactured gas in Seattle main-
tain a standard of from 500 to 530 British
thermal units, in Tacoma of 450 to 47S,
and in Spokane of 520 to 560, until the
commission completes its investigation.
Rising costs have compelled the gas
companies either to increase the rate or
to decrease the quality of the gas.
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January 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
63
Tariff Coininission Reports
Find that Productivity of By-
product Ovens Has Increased
More than Seventeen Per Cent
By OSWALD F. SCHUETTE
WASHINGTON, January 15.— The
Tariff Commission has submitted
to President Wilson an elaborate
census report on the coal tar industries of
the United States.
This report is a survey of the domestic
dye and coal-tar chemical industry in
1919, and presents the results of a special
investigation made by the Commission.
The report includes a sunmiary of the
developments in the coal-tar chemical
industry, 1919, and describes the progress
made in its various branches. It also
contains a census of dyes and coal-tar
chemicals, 1918 and a detailed discussion
of the significant facts in the production
of crude, intermediate, and finished coal-
tar products during 1919.
Increase in Coke-oven Output
"One of the outstanding developments
during 1919 which is of significance in
considering the future of the coal-tar
chemical industry," says the report, "is
the increase of 172 per cent in the pro-
ductive capacity of by-product coke-ovens
in the United States. The production of
coke in by-product ovens was 562 per
cent of the total production, and thus,
for the first time exceeded the output
of the wasteful beehive ovens. There is
no question that, with the possible ex-
ception of anthracene, adequate supplies
of fundamental raw materials are now
available from domestic sources for the
future growth and expansion of the coal-
tar chemical industry in the United
States. In 1919 considerable progress was
made as to supplies of anthracene, the
output of this important material being
about three times the production of 1918.
Moreover, a larger proportion of it was
refined. Although this shows encourag-
ing progress, a much greater increase
in output must be secured before there
will be a sufficient supply of anthracene
for alizarin and vat dyes. It may be
roughly estimated that the 1919 produc-
tion contained about one-fifth the amount
of pure anthracene required for American
needs. The difficulty in securing ad-
equate supplies of anthracene is the most
important and fundamental problem
awaiting solution in the dye industry.
Important work is underway which points
to the solution of this problem in the
near future. When a sufficient supply of
anthracene is secured, an adequate pro-
duction of alizarin and vat dyes will soon
follow."
Concerning the vital shortage of an-
thracene, the report says:
"It may be roughly estimated that the
1919 production of crude anthracene con-
tained less than one-fifth of the amount of
anthracene required for domestic needs.
The fundamental difficulty is not primar-
ily an actual lack of anthracene in the
tar, nor are there purely technical dif-
ficulties in its recovery, but rather the
fact that its removal leaves the pitch
so hard that it does not find a ready
market in this country. Any method of
recovering anthracene wTiich seriously
disturbs the marketing of other larger
fractions of the tar, especially the pitch,
would make the anthracene so expensive
that the dyes derived therefrom could
not t>e made on a competitive basis. In
England and Germany large amounts of
hard pitch were used for the briqetting
of coal dust and coke breeze, but this
industry is little developed in the United
States. England shipped considerable
amounts of crude anthracene to Germany
before the war.
Obtaining Anthracene Difficult
"The securing of supplies of anthracene
adequate in amount and at a cost which
is not prohibitive is perhaps the greatest
difficulty confronting the industry. Wheth-
er the problem will be solved by the tar
distillers or by the development of a
synthetic process for making anthraqui-
none (the most important intermediate
made from anthracene) from raw ma-
terials now available in adequate quan-
tity can not be determined at the present
time. Active work along both lines is
well under way and important progress
has been made during 1920. Production
of carbazol was reported in 1919 by one
firm. It is obtained as a joint product
in the separation of anthracene from
coal tar. The development of a demand
for carbazol would facilitate an increase
in the production of anthracene from
coal tar.
"Of the total of 214 firms, 65 had
separately organized research laboratories
for the solution of technical problems
in the manufacture of their products and
for the discovery of new products," the
report continues. "During 1919 the net
operating expenses of these research lab-
oratories, together with the cost of the
research work done in the laboratories
not separately organized for research,
was $4,274,247. This includes salaries,
apparatus and materials, after deducting
the value of salable products made in
research laboratories. This statement is
probably an understatement of the real
cost of experimental work, since it does
not include in all cases the cost of ex-
perimental work done as a part of manu-
facturing operations and not shown on
the books of the companies as a charge
against research."
Not the least valuable portion of the
report is a comprehensive directory of
American manufacturers of coal-tar pro-
ducts. This list includes all firms that
reported to the Tariff Commission the
production of coal-tar products during
1919, except that 56 objected to the publi-
cation of their names.
New
Illinois Governor Hits
Utilities Act
Springfield, 111., Jan. 10.— Declaring his
fidelity to the Chicago platform, which
was killed in the republican state con-
vention of May 10, Governor Len Small
in his address to the legislature, follow-
ing his inauguration, declared that his
executive and political actions for the
next four years would be based on the
principles contained in that platform.
In his recommendations to the legisla-
ture, the new governor suggests a major-
ity of the principles contained in the re-
jected platform be adopted and urges that
the principles involved be enacted into
law as speedily as possible.
Abolishment of the utilities act, action
to stop profiteering, a law which will pre-
vent tax dodging and early completion of
the hard road system, form the main rec-
ommendations of the new governor.
"I urge the general assembly to repeal
the state utilities act and thereby abolish
the state utilities commission," the gov-
ernor said.
"I urge the enaction of legislation
which will permit the city of Chicago or
any other community to own its own
transportation system."
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THE OAS AGE
January 25, 1921
New Construction Work
Thirty Years of Mutual Aid
Thirty years ago in New York the Gas
Companies Employees' Mutual Aid So-
ciety was organized, when Mr. Robert A.
Carter became its first president, by the
vote of the employees of the Consolidated
Gas Company.
Long before welfare work and coop-
erative systems for employees were con-
sidered necessary parts of business activ-
ity, the Society was organized, February
17, 1891.
Today there are more than 4,200 mem-
bers. Through the medium of this or-
ganization, employees are taken care of
in sickness and their families are aided
by the prompt payment of death benefits.
The society has three separate funds —
the Insurance Fund, the Sick Benefit
Fund, and the Relief Fund. In the case
of the Sick Benefit Fund, the companies
contribute an amount equal to that paid
by the employees, dollar for dollar. In the
event of the death of a member, the em-
ploying company contributes $100 to the
beneficiary, while from the Insurance
Fund $250 additional is paid, making a
total benefit of $350. The Relief Fund,
which was instituted to take care of cases
of unusual distress, is supported entirely
by the proceeds derived from a yearly
summer outing and an annual entertain-
ment and ball, a regular feature of the
winter season.
Membership in the Employees' Mutual
Aid Society is not, of course, obligatory,
but when statistics are studied, the bene-
fits derived are clearly seen. The figures
show that on an average, over a period of
twelve months, one man in three becomes
ill and draws sick benefits. To date, the
society has paid 871 death claims totaling
$277,550. The Sick Benefit Fund was in-
augurated in 1902 and front that time up
to November 30 last, $236,693.44 has been
paid.
The present ofl&cers of the society are:
Wilder F. Lawrence, president; Nelson
D. Van Blarcom, secretary; Harry W.
Haight, vice-president, and William G.
Zepf, treasurer.
No Opposition to Advance in Mnncie
No opposition to an advance of fifteen
cents a thousand feet on gas charged
Terre Haute consumers was offered
recently at a hearing of the Indiana
Public Service Commission on the
petition of the Indiana Coke & Gas Com-
pany and the Citizens Gas & Fuel Com-
pany for the increase. The present rate
U eighty cents.
A large volume of work is expected to
be done by the gas utilities of Indiana
during the coming year toward adding to
their plants and making such alterations
as will give the various plants maximum
efficiency. The tendency of the Indiana
companies during the past year as shown
by the annual report of M. D. Atwater,
director of service for the public service
commission, has been to keep down con-
struction work because of high labor and
material prices. The same applied to the
addition of new machinery. His report
shows that the gas utilities of the state
spent during 1920 only $71,000 for plant
additions and reconstructions out of a
toUl of $13,189,530 spent by all utilities.
Four steel purifiers 40 ft. dia. x 12 ft.
high are the latest addition to the puri-
fying equipment of the Peoples Gas Light
and Coke Company. These boxes will
be connected by a set of valves and fit-
tings to enable them to be operated in
series with any box first. The engi-
neers of the Peoples Gas decided on an
arrangement of piping that would give
the least exposure of the connections to
the weather. The contract for the puri-
fiers, piping, and valves was given to
The Western Gas Construction Com-
pany, of Fort Wayne, Ind.
The model H gas reversing valve and
the usual connections accompanying same
have been purchased and installed on two
of the 10 ft. Water Gas Machines at the
Station "A" plant of the Detroit City
Gas Company by the Western Gas Con-
struction Company. The valves were fur-
nished by The Western Gas Construc-
tion Compan}', that also supplied the men
to put them in place.
The Gas Machinery Company has just
put in for the Rockford Gas Light and
Coke Co. of Illinois a new nine-foot gen-
erator to connect with their water gas
set. The generator was installed while the
machine was still in operation. This was
done by pladng the generator at an angle
to the usual center line of the apparatus
and by making a new connection to the
carburetor. During the period of recon-
struction it was never necessary to shut
the machine down for a greater period
than 48 hours.
The Detroit Edison Company of Port
Huron, Mich., has recently installed a
7-foot diameter water gas set made by
the Gas Machinery Company of Cleve-
land, with auxiliary apparatus. The ad-
dition was made in order to provide for
a larger demand upon the company and
to give them a standby or an emergency
capacity. They have also installed four
new compressors with a capacity of 40,-
000 cu. ft. per hour. Their street de-
partment has recently laid 50,000 feet of
new mains. Part of this system is the
completion of a ring system for one part
of the town.
About two and one-half miles of high
pressure line have been completed by the
New Orleans Gas Light Company. They
also will have installed a 24-inch main
across the New Basin Canal. They ex-
pect to have their 3^^ mile high pressure
line completed some time in January.
The Adirondack Power & Light Cor-
poration of Oneida, N. Y., have discon-
tinued the manufacture of coal gas and
have replaced their old apparatus with
a Tenney No. 5 bituminous coal and
fuel oil water gas set. The apparatus
was manufactured and installed by the
American Gas Construction Company of
Iowa.
The Los Angeles Gas & Electric Corp.
have planned to lay from 65 to 90 miles
of gas mains during this year for com-
mercial purposes. The details of the sys-
tem will be made public later.
The Georgia Railway & Power Com-
pany has installed a Babcock-Wilcox
Waste Feed Boiler and a 250-h.p. boiler.
They are also making changes in their
coke and ash handling machinery. They
have just received two Ingersoll-Rand
Compressors and have ordered two Dc
Laval Steam Turbine Gas Pushers. At
present they are erecting a new water gas
purifier and an improved Congdon scrub-
ber. They are also extending their trunk
mains and installing additional district
governors.
The Gas Machinery Co., Qevdand, has
installed a five foot water gas set for the
North Platte Light & Power Company,
Nebraska.
All the main work, holder foundations
and part of concrete work for the new
vertical retort and conveyor system has
just been completed by the Annapolis
Public Utilities Company of Annapolis,
Md. They have already started fieJ4 work
on the holder and retort plant
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January 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
65
Weil Is Gas Companies^
Sleuth
Charleston, W. Va., Jan. 15 — Hearings
in the Steptoe act by the West Virginia
legislature, protested by the gas com-
panies in Pennsylvania and Ohio, have
been resumed at Charleston, W. Va., and
of course are being attended by Attorney
A. Leo Weil, of Pittsburgh, who has
the reputation of knowing more about
the legal status of the gas situation than
any man living. On the first day of the
resumed hearings at the Federal District
Court, before Special Commissioner Levi
Cooke, of Washington, D. C, compari-
sons of the production, consumption, ex-
portation and importation of gas in West
Virginia, Pennsylvania Ohio, Indiana and
Kentucky, with a view to showing that
enormous quantities of gas are exported
to neighboring states, were a feature of
the early part of the hearing. Charles
E. Krebs, mining engineer, a witness for
the defense, was submitted to direct ex-
amination by Fred P. Blue, counsel for
the defense (West Virginia state), and
to direct examination by Mr. Weil on
behalf of Pennsylvania state, who en-
deavored to show that discrepancies ex-
isted in the statistics presented by Krebs.
Optional Gas Rate in Ken-
tucky
Louisville, Ky., Jan. 20 — Developments
continue in the ' changing gas rates in
Louisville, following the shortage in early
December and the consequent necessity
of mixing artificial gas with the natural
supply. The late development is an offer
of an optional rate for gas made to
large consumers who use a constant
amount during the summer and winter
season. This new rate has been made
for those who do not use gas for heating
purposes and carries a maximum rate
of 60 cents a thousand cubic feet, instead
of more than $1 a thousand, as pres-
cribed in the recent ordinance. This new
rate will prevail during the winter only.
An example attached to the new agree-
ment says : "A's total consumption of
gas during the months of June, July,
August and September was 800,000 cubic
feet, or a monthly average of 200,000
cubic feet. Desiring to use gas during
the months of December, January, Feb-
ruary and March, A guarantees that he
will not use more than 125 per cent of
the foregoing average of 200,000 cubic
feet during any month, or a maximum
of 250,000 cubic feet a month.
•He also agrees that he will discon-
tinuc the tise of ga? »fter fwr hours'
notice from the company so to do, and
will not resume its use until he has
received permission from the company."
The rate will work out as follows:
First 2,000 cubic feet, $1.33; next 3,000
at 38.888 cents per thousand, $1.17; from
5,000 to 10,000 at the same rate plus 5.555
cents per thousand; between 10,000 and
20,000 the same rate plus 11.111 cents a
thousand will apply. For everything
consumed above 20,000 cubic feet, a rate
of 66.666 cents a thousand feet will be
charged.
Rate Raise Request Based on
Depreciation
Oklahoma City, Jan. IS— Hearing of the
Oklahoma Natural Gas Company's request
for a city gas rate has been resumed
before the Corporation Commission in
Oklahoma City. The gas company con-
tends that city distributing companies
should pay flat rates for gas the same
as customers now pay the local distribut-
ing companies. The gas company further
contends that it is not getting a fair
return upon valuations. It claims an or-
iginal cost valuation in excess of $15,000,-
000 and a reproduction value of $30,000,-
000 upon which was earned a net income
in 1919 of $1,340,000 with no allowance
for depreciation.
Kansas City Ready to Buy
Gas Plant
Kansas City, Jan. 11 — ^The first step
toward Kansas City, Kas., acquiring its
own gas plant was taken when Mayor
Mendenhall instructed the city legal de-
partment to prepare a bill to be presented
to the Kansas legislature empowering
the city to purchase, own and operate
a natural or artificial gas plant.
The city commissioners began to con-
sider the municipal gas plant recently
when the 50-cent increase was ordered
by Judge Booth. It is argued that the
city can purchase natural gas as cheaply
as the private corporation, and that by
combining with the present municipal
plants much of the expense could be
avoided. Should the Kansas Natural be
found unfriendly in the matter of prices
artificial gas can be made by the city.
The present plant is said to be valued
at 2 million dollars. The proposed law
would provide for voting bonds to pur-
chase this and paying them out of the
income from gas users. This system
was used in the purchase of the water
plant and in the building of the electric
light plant
McKeesport's Gas Spectre
Pittsburgh, Jan. 20 — McKeesport's gas
boom is dead — buried under an avalanche
of "dry" holes and stock certificates.
All the famous gushers have ceased to
produce in paying quantities and most of
them have been plugged. "What is the
truth about the McKeesport gas mag-
nates—did any of them get rich?" is the
question often asked. And the answer is
diflicult. Few persons care to speak of
the "corpse." Fewer will talk of their
finances. There were five classes of peo-
ple, at least, who made their money,
namely :
1 — The drilling contractors, whose
prices were doubled and tripled as the
intensity of the boom increased. Dozens
of drillers made fortunes, admitting they
had never received such high prices for
drilling contracts.
2— Persons who had leases to sell, sold
them and collected the money. Most of
the lease owners demanded cash and a
one-eighth royalty. Most of them got the
cash, or part of it, but very few re-
ceived any considerable royalty.
3 — Persons who were lucky enough to
be in on the Foster-Brendel gusher. This
gusher paid $3,000 a month on an invest-
ment of $150. But the number of such
dividends was greatly restricted.
A — ^Those who bought stock at par and
sold it at a higher rate when the market
advanced. For example, stock in the
Dutcher (the so-called "Poor Man's
Well") sold for $50 at par, but when the
well came in the stock advanced, some
selling as high as $750 per share. The
well paid but $50 for each share of stock.
5 — Some of the promoters, but not all.
The early promoters, who were wise
enough to place their capitalization at a
good figure, made out handsomely, but
late comers in the field, who were selling
stock when the boom broke, were lucky if
they finished even.
Oklahoma Rate Raise Fig-
ures Announced
Oklahoma City, Okla., Jan, 4. — Gas
rates in Blackwell and Braman will be
raised to 40 cents a thousand, with 10 per
cent reduction for prompt payment of
bills. This was the rate set forth in an
agreement presented to the corporation
commission and commissioner Campbell
Russell announced the order would be
drawn along the lines of the agreements.
The old rat^ was 25 cents a thousand.
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THE OAS AOE
January 25, 1921
Men in the Industry
Harry PotU, engineer at the Illinois
Northern Utilities power plant at Ster-
ling, was electrocuted Jan. 9, when he
accidently touched a high tension switch.
£arl James has been promoted to the
position of assistant superintendent of
transportation and distribution with the
Oklahoma Gas and Electric Company of
Oklahoma City.
Bert H. Jardine is now business man-
ager of the Empire Gas and Fuel Com-
pany at Bartlesville, Oklahoma. Mr.
Jardine has been manager of the Knox-
ville Gas Company, at Knoxville, Tenn.,
for several years.
Elmer S. Stack, formerly president and
general manager of the Stack Heater Co.,
of Boston, has joined the Riverside Boiler
Works, Inc., as manager of the Stack
division of that company. Under his
management the Riverside company will
manufacture "Riverside-Stack" products.
Mr. Stack's name has been for many
years well known in connection with
heating water by gas, steam, coal, or
otherwise. "Riverside-Stack" products will
be marketed throughout the United States
to the trade.
Mr. Stack has been a contributor to
both the plumbing and gas papers and is
a specialist in Massachusetts and else-
where on hot water engineering problems.
William M. Ford, 52 years old, for sev-
eral years chief clerk of the distribution
department of the Citizens Gas Company
of Indianapolis, died at his home here
early yesterday morning after a week's
illness with pneumonia. Mr. Ford was
well known in musical circles of Indian-
apolis.
Bert C. Dunkin is now the general
manager of the Albia Light and Railway
Co. His predecessor was Ralph W.
Boyer.
Harry Flint has been made secretary
and treasurer of the Peoples Service Co.,
at Connersville, Ind., succeeding C. E.
J. McFarlan.
George Broadhurst has been appointed
assistant manager of the Tampa Gas Co.
£. F. Putnam has succeeded S. A. Smith
as superintendent of the Connecticut
Light & Power Co. at Norwalk, Conn.
L. O. Gordon, formerly identified with
the American Public Utilities Co., Grand
Rapids, has been made general manager
of the Southern Minnesota Gas & Elec-
tric Company's gas plant at Albert Lea,
Minn.
W. J. Barrington has taken the place
of V. L. Bullis, as superintendent of the
Orlando Water & Light Co., Orlando,
Fla.
E. H. Dustin succeeds W. T. Lincoln as
superintendent of the Westfield Gas &
Electric Light Works, Westfield, Mass.
Mark D. Wells is the new secretary and
manager of the Decorah Gas Co., Deco-
rah, la., succeeding W. W. Sanders.
Charles W. Taggart is the new general
manager of the City of Norwich Gas &
Electric Department, Norwich, Conn.,
succeeding S. J. Kehoe.
E. Greathoose is now engineer of the
Mt. Carmel Public Utility and Service
Co., Mt. Carmel, 111., succeeding Ellis
Wilkens. •]
B. C. Blaine succeeds W. S. Norton as
secretary of Louisiana Gas Co. Inc.,
Shreveport, La.
Clarence S. Lomaz is now the general
manager of the St. Louis Coke & Chem-
cal Co., at Granite City, 111.
Chas. J. Gale is the treasurer, of the
St. Louis Coke & Chem. Co., Granite
City, 111.
W. R. Dunlap has been elected secre-
tary and treasurer of the Barrie (Ont.)
Gas Co., Ltd.
A. W. Higgins succeeds H. L. Nichols
as President of the Southern Minneso-
ta Gas & Electric Co., at Albert Lea,
Minn.
Wiley Mull succeeds W. G. Cross as
superintendent of the Twin Cities Gas
Co. gas plant, at Beaumont, Calif. Mr.
Cross remains as secretary and treasurer
of the plant.
y. B. McConahay now fills the position
of general manager and superintendent of
the Paulding, (O.) Gas Light & Fuel Co.,
taking the places formerly held by T. S.
Atkin and I. R. Raudabaugh respectively.
S. Vertin is now the engineer of the
Water & Light Dept. of the city of Vir-
ginia, Minn., replacing Paul Vidler. A.
Trotter succeeds Edward Wencel as sec-
retory of the Water & Light Dept of
the city of Virginia, Minn.
L. H. Doughty is now the general man-
ager of the Norfolk Light & Fuel Co..
Norfolk, Neb. succeeding H. J. Cole.
C. £. Sterena local manager of the
acetylene gas plant at Delorine, Manitoba.
James Wakefield succeeds Geo. W. Kit-
chen as general manager of the Madera,
Calif. Gas Co.
Charles D. Marx is the chairman of
the board of public works at Palo Alto,
Calif., succeeding M. A. Buchan.
A. Pogson is the local manager at
Moosomin, Manitoba.
Arthur Pass succeeds G. S. Naish as
superintendent of the Tri City Gas Co.
at Gadsden, Ala.
Wiley F. Corl replaces E. R. Locke as
secretary and general manager of the
Mexico Power Co., Mexico, Mo.
£. R. Locke is now vice-president and
treasurer of the Mexico Power Co.
C. J. Demers is the new general man-
ager and engineer of the Huntsville (Ala.)
Gas Co.
£. Carroll succeeds S. Sludge as sales
manager of the Huntsville Gas Co.
Huntsville, Ala.
J. Mainers becomes Vice-President of
the Southern Minnesota Gas & Electric
Co., at Albert Lea, Minn., in place of
Mr. Higgins.
J. A. Van den Berg is now the as-
sistant general manager and purchasing
agent of the Southern Minnesota Gas &
Electric Co., at Albert Lea, Minn.
A. E. England formerly Supt. Alton
(111.) Gas & Elec. Co., has taken the
place of T. B. Anderson as general mana-
ger and engineer of the Kirksville Gas,
Heat & Electric Co., Kirksville, Mo.
A. Heisterman is now the superinten-
dent of the Manitou Gas Co.'s plant at
MaaitoUy Manitoba.
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January 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
67
C. R. CoQchinaii, formerly assistant
purchasing agent for the Pere Marquette
Railway, has just accepted the position of
purchasing agent of the Detroit City Gas
Company.
Merle £. Abbott, who has been em-
ployed by the Weir Stove Company of
Taunton, Mass., has been appointed gen-
eral sales manager of the company.
H. C. Deffenbaugh has returned to the
Empire State Gas and Electric Associ-
ation as assistant to the secretary, after
some years out of the industry.
Shirley R. Mitchell, of the Walworth
Manufacturing Company of Boston, has
just been appointed works manager of
the Walworth Company's Kewanee plant.
He was a packer for the company in 1894
and has risen in several capacities, hav-
ing been a shipper, counter saleman, and
manager of different branches of the
business.
W. W. Lowe, general manager of the
Bartlesville (Oklahoma) Gas and Elec-
tric Company, is now a proud dad. A
very little young man came to his home
recently to stay for a long time. Mrs.
Lowe was formerly in the geological
department of the Empire Gas and Fuel
Company offices at Bartlesville.
Reese Kintaing has succeeded Geo. L.
McCloskey as president of the Renovo
Consolidated Gas Co., Renovo, Pa.
Thot. Gilchrist, the general manager,
now fulfills the duties of D. F. Spangler,
formerly secretary and treasurer of the
Renovo Consolidated Gas Co., Renovo,
Pa.
H. L. St John is now the president of
the Waxahachie Gas Co., Waxahachie,
Tex., in the place of Henry M. Wallace.
Leslie H. Fordyce is the treasurer of
the Waxahachie Gas Co., Waxahachie,
Tex., instead of M. M. Western.
M. K. Rann has succeeded M. A. Lynch
as secretary and treasurer of the St.
Johnsbury, Vt., Gas Co.
Frank Serotti is now the engineer of
the Springfield (Vt.) Gas Co., filling the
position formerly occupied by R. F.
Droun.
S. A. Goodman succeeds Harold Miller
as works superintendent of the City Gas
Co., of Norfolk, Va.
W. Washabangh is the new general
manager of the City Gas Dep*t. of Char-
lottesville, Va.
George S. Barrows, one of the newly
elected vice-presidents of the American
Gas Association, and chairman of the
manufacturers section, was born in Pat-
terson, New Jersey, October 4, 1871. He
is married and has three children. After
attending the school of Mechanical Arts
of the Massachusetts Institute of Tech-
nology, and the Massachusettes School of
Technology, he spent four years at the
University of Pennsylvania.
Mr. Barrows has patented numerous
inventions applied to gas lighting and
utilization, and has written many tech-
nical papers for societies and some for
magazines. Although his career has been
George S. Barrows
Bachrach
rather marked with changes, he has held
quite closely to his specialty. Soon after
leaving the university he was employed
as a rodman on the Cincinnati Southern
Railroad, but the following year went
with the Welsbach Company where he
worked as a draftsman and later became
one of their engineers. In 1895 he
traveled through Europe for the Wels-
bach Company and in 1902 became vice-
president of the Carolinas Monazite Com-
pany. He has also been in South Amer-
ica for the Welsbach Company. In 1905
he became manager of the New Business
Department of the Wyandotte Gas Com-
pany of Kansas City, and in 1906 occu-
pied a similar position with the Kansas
City Gas Company.
Philadelphia was Mr. Barrows next
stopping place when in 1909 he became
a member of the engineering department
of the United Gas Improvement Company,
and since 1915 he has been the manager
of the Gas Heating Department of the
General Fire Extinguisher Company of
Providence, R. I. He is a member of
about ten professional societies, and of
as many clubs. While at college he took
part in the athletics of his classes and is
still a tennis, golf and yachting enthusiast.
P. R. Hampton is the superintendent of
the City Gas Dep't. of Charlottesville, Va.
T. Norman Jones, Jr^ is now the gen-
eral manager, instead of E. G. Holzer, of
the City Gas Co., of Norfolk, Va.
G. B. Williams succeeds W. J. Kehl as
secretary and treasurer of the City Gas
Co., of Norfolk, Va.
W. £. Meub succeeds L. A. Manchester
as secretary of the Youngstown Sheet &
Tube Co., Youngstown, O.
Arthur Brown is now president of the
Menomonie (Wis.) Gas Co.
K. Sollie replaces W. K. Forsstrom as
chief engineer of the Youngstown Sheet
& Tube Co., Youngstown, O.
Morris F. Hagy is the superintendent
of the gas plant at Oxford, Pa., succeed-
ing Harvey Kent.
H. A. Chandor is now the secretary and
treasurer of the Defiance, (O.) Gas &
Electric Co.
J. Robishaw has succeeded W. L. Stev-
ens as engineer of the Defiance, (O.) Gas
& Electric Co.
A. B. MuUer, the sales manager of the
Defiance (O.) Gas & Electric Co., is tak-
ing the place of J. F. Deatrick.
John M. Nangle is now the director of
public service in charge of operations at
Bellefontaine, Ohio.
N. J. McGrath is the new superinten-
dent of the Orange County Public Service
Corporation at Middletown, N. Y. He
succeeds Frank D. Carlow.
Jas. J. Brann is the receiver of the
SufFem, N. Y., Gas Co., which is now
being operated.
Frank NoUett is the new manager and
purchasing agent of the Municipal Gas
Plant at Bath, N. Y., now the only
municipally operated gas plant in the
state of New York. The city purchased
the plant for $35,000.
C. A. Otos succeeds George W. York
as president of the Roswell Gas & Elec-
tric Co.
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68
THE OAS AGE
January 25, 1921
Gas Lighting, Past, Present and Future
A Discussion of the Mantle Light
and the Theories upon which Its Dis-
covery and Development Depended
By DR. HOWARD LYON of the Wclsbach Company*
THE world seems suddenly to have
come to a parting of the ways in
matters political and moral and
in its attitude toward the use of the
stored energy of the earth.
Yesterday, the habit was prodigality.
Today the slogan is conserve, conserve.
At present, light is produced most
wastefully. No matter how produced the
thing which is mainly produced is heat
and only a fragment comes to us as
light. From the coal pile to light, the
bulk of the coal pile goes to hear and
a part which I may speak of as the dust
appears to us as light
There are those who are dreaming of
producing light directly by the transfor-
mation of energy but it is only the humble
fire-fly that seems to have succeeded in
that remarkable problem.
A phase of the changing situation as
far as conservation is concerned is the
tendency toward the production of a
different t3rpe of gas, of illuminaling gas,
than that with which we have been fa-
miliar. It has been the custom through
a long series of years to rate gas accord-
ing to its candle power.
Rate Bated on B.tn.
The new rate asked for by the pro-
ducers of gas is a thermo-power rating
based on the British thermal unit. Just
as we speak of a quantity of sugar or
water, so many pounds of sugar or so
many pints of water; so we may speak
perfectly definitely of such and such a
quantity of heat. The unit quantity of
heat is that required to raise the
temperature of a pound of water one
degrree Fahrenheit, and is generally
briefly designated by B.t.u. and at I
will have occasion several times to speak
of the B.t.u. rating of gas, I will use that
simple abbreviation. It is a quantity
expression, perfectly definite.
The gas company has foimd in con-
sequence of what has become now really
a scarcity of oil, that oil is too expen-
sive to put into water gas for enrichment
to give high candle power. Possibly the
producers of gas could put materials
derived from coal into what is known
as blue water gas — water gas without the
enrichment of oil — and get a satisfactory
•Part of a paper read in New York before the
December meeting of the niuminating Engineering
SodetJ.
number of B.t.u.'s, at less expense than
that incurred in putting oil into the gas.
In the course of my discussion, it is
my purpose to make clear to those not
technically trained, the nature of the
problems involved in these questions.
In the production of light in the past,
it has been customary to burn gas in
an open flame burner and to produce light
by the incandescence of the free par-
ticles of the carbon in the gas. If water
gas is not enriched with oil, it does not
free particles of carbon in such a way
as to give light. In fact, this change in
composition marks the passing of the
open flame burner as a source of light,
but this is a case in which both producer
and consumer are greatly benefitted. The
producer can make some other type of
gas cheaper. The Consumer is driven
to the use of gas through the Bunsen
flame and the mantle, and obtains six
times the efficiency he can possibly obtain
with the open flame burner. Such a
change would be a definite advantage to
both the producer and the consumer.
Bunsen Burner and Mantle
In the production of light through the
agency of the Bunsen burner and mantle,
many difficulties are encountered. These
difficulties are due to the fact that the
energy, gas, is not standardized. It may
differ in composition and in pressure.
Such differences may occur from city to
city or they may occur within the same
city. They may occur within the suc-
cessive hours of the day or days of the
week or months of the year. There is
an ever changing pressure and composi-
tion of the gas.
Another consideration comes in when
we apply gas to the production of light,
namely, the flame temperature of the gas.
The flame temperature of gas is a func-
tion of two things; first, the quantity of
heat absorbed in raising the products of
combustion up to the final temperature.
One of the changes that has been pro-
posed by the Gas Companies is the
production of what is known as blue
water gas, which is composed mainly of
carbon monoxide and hydrogen in some-
what nearly equal parts, constituting
95 per cent of the gas, this being mixed
with a coal gas to bring up the Bt.U.
^ value, to a certain standard.
After people became familiar with the
fact, they would be quite satisfied to
purchase gas according to its B.t.u. con-
tent, but at present, there is no wide-
spread knowledge concerning the meaning
of B.tu. value of the gas.
Before I can explain the significance
of flame temperature, it will be necessary
for me briefly to discuss the mantle.
About 35 or 36 years ago. Karl Auer, an
Austrian, in Vienna, was making some
experiments on bodies that we call rare
earths. He was studying the spectrum
of the element erbium in the form of
erbium oxide. He conceived the idea of
saturating a cotton thread with a salt
of erbium and then burning off the fabric
of the thread thus securing some of the
material in form to introduce into a
flame for his spectral study. To his very
great astonishment, he found that when
the material of the thread burned off,
the erbia ash, repeated in all its struc-
ture to the minutest detail the fibres of
the thread.
This lead him to wonder whether other
rare earths in general had these char-
acteristics and he began to investigate.
He found that that was a common char-
acteristic, namely, that bodies of the rare
earth group did form a coherent ash.
Dr. Aner, Baron von Welsbach
Dr. Auer who is known now as Baron
Von Welsbach conceived the idea from
his experiments with rare earths that
it would be possible to weave cotton in
the form of a cylindrical web, to saturate
it with the rare earths, and then to bum
off the cotton fabric and have a cylinder
or cone that could be brought down
over the Bunsen flame and be made a
source of light.
He had already noted that the oxide of
the rare earth when introduced into the
flame glowed with great brilliancy and
he did actually show the processes of
making the earlier mantles, but they were
composed of materials that were known
as Ceria. Lanthana and Zirconia.
These mantles were sold to the public
but they were very unsatisfactory. They
were not durable. They became fragile
under the influence of atmospheric ele-
ments as Carbon dioxide and water vapor.
very much as lime slakes when exposed
tp the atmosphere. The business of
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January 25, 1921
THE GAS AOB
69
mantle making was not very prosperous
while mantles were composed of these
materials. Dr. Auer went to the problem
of making a better selection and his effort
finally resulted in the selection of two
of the oxides of the rare earths, ceria and
thoria in the proportion of 1 per cent of
the former to 99 per cent of the latter.
Mantles of that composition are made
and universally used throughout the
world today. No better composition has
been foimd and we may fairly say no
better composition is in sight than that
consisting of 1 per cent cerium oxide
and 99 per cent thorium oxide.
The Temperature Problem
The problem was or is, how to heat
cerium oxide to a high temperature or
to a sufficiently high temperatture to
make it an efficient light radiator. The
method is exceedingly simple. A very
small portion, 1 per cent of cerium oxide,
is combined with a very large amount,
99 per cent of thorium oxide. Thorium
oxide nearly attains the high tempera-
ture of the flame and heats up the small
portion of cerium oxide. At that high
temperature, the cerium oxide is an
efficient radiator of light.
Simply stated this is the theory, of
this particular composition. It might
occur to one that if we increased the
quantity of cerium oxide we would sectire
better results. No, because in that case
we pull down the temperature of the
flame and it would not radiate light
efficiently. One might think that the
output of light might be increased by
diminishing the cerium oxide. That
would not do, because when we passed
a certain limit there would not be enough
cerium oxide to radiate, so there is a
critical composition in a mantle in the
percentage of cerium and thorium oxide.
There is a critical weight of a mantle
per imit of surface. If a mantle is made
very light, it glows very brilliantly, but
it is too fragile. It will not stand up.
If it is made too heavy it cannot be
heated hot enough to radiate efficiently.
These are all problems of mathematical
precision. We may increase in any gas
lighting device the efficiency of light out-
put very materially by increasing the
entrainment of air. Increased entrain-
ment of air means a condition that per-
mits passing greater ntunber of B.t.u.'s
per miit of time through a square unit of
surface of the mantle than when the
entrainment is low. One of the first
objects, that we seek in the construction
of gas burners for producing light
through the agency of the mantle is to
increase first, if possible, the amount
ot entrainment which the burner is able
to effect
By increasing entrainment we may de-
liver into the meshes of the mantle a
greater number of heat units and * also
insure burning of more gas within the
meshes of the mantle in a unit of time
than would be possible if we did not have
a high entrainment
The position of the mantle with ref-
erence to the flame has a most im-
portant bearing upon the light output.
As I have stated before, the mantle
should be positioned so that the final
combustion will occur within the meshes
of the mantle.
There is generally some sort of mech-
anism by which the gas stream may
be controlled, as pressure increases or di-
minishes or gas changes in composition.
I have spoken of changes constantly
occuring due to the non-standardization
of the gas.
From the orifice gas issues into a tube
of some width, which has openings to
admit the air from the atmosphere. Gen-
erally these openings are controlled by
an air shutter and the amount of air
that enters may be determined by turn-
ing the air shutter. This tube you
notice gradually narrows down to a cer-
tain diameter at this point. We speak
of that as the constriction. It makes a
great deal of difference where that con-
striction begins as a real constriction, that
is, how far away from the point of the
issuing gas. It also makes a great deal
of difference whether that constriction
bears some definite relation in diameter
to the gas stream. All those matters are
attended to with great care.
Stream Lines of Gas
Beyond the constricted portion, the
tube again widens to conform with the
stream lines of the gas. You have heard
of stream lines in connection with auto-
mobiles and aeroplanes. In fact, pro-
jectiles are made to conform with stream
lines of the air swishing past the pro-
jectile with high velocity as it speeds on
in its flight. Attention to stream lines
of projectiles has resulted in an increase
of velocity.
This widening of the tube at some
specific and definite angle furthers the
passing of the gas through the tube with
the minimum of friction.
If you look at a commercial burner,
it looks casually as though someone had
conceived of that as being a pretty shape,
but back of that shape, pretty or other-
wise, is some foundation of principle.
Beyond the widened portion and in the
burner head, attention is still given to
the stream lines so that there shall not
be eddies in the coiurse of the flow. When
all these things are attended to, the air
is taken in in larger and larger pro-
portions to the volume of the gas that
is passing through.
In this particular burner this repre-
sents one arm or outlet. Some where in
the structure of a burner there must be
something equivalent to a piece of wire
gauze to prevent back fire, as the matter
is termed. At the moment of turning
on the gas and after, there may be a
back fire or explosion which will shatter
a mantle. Somewhere within the struc-
ture is introduced a bit of gauze; its
purpose being just the purpose of the
gauze in the miner's lamp, to lower the
temperature of the mixtture so that igni-
tion will not spread further than just to
the gauze.
When we turn gas into a burner there
is not only the air that is entrained in
the air ports but also that which was
present in the burner tube. There may
be such' a proportion of air at the outset
as to form an explosive mixture.
Explanation of Explosions
In turning off gas, the loss of velocity
of the issuing gas may result in an ex-
plosion. There are two forces always at
work. The first is the translational
velocity of the gas out from the burner
nozzle and the second is the velocity
with which the explosion spreads through
the mixture of air and gas back towards
the burner.
The flame is the resultant shape of the
zone where those two forces or veloci-
ties are balanced, the onward motion of
the gas and the backward explosion as
the combustion takes place.
What objection is there to chimneys?
Why just the objection of great bulk.
Until within very recent years, burners
had to be provided with chimneys to
give a satisfactory output of light By
increasing the entrainment, to four vol-
umes of air to one of gas, we are able
to dispense with chimneys, and this very
materially tends to diminish the bulk
of the burner structure ^nd permits ar-
tistic surrounding or housing of the light-
ing device. To the layman, it obliterates
the lighting device and all he sees is the
light through an attractive housing.
We have here illustrations of burners
that are spoken of as semi-direct bur-
ners like this and this (indicating). These
show the importance of the point to
which I have referred— increased entran-
ment Such burners operate without
chinmeys. There is a brilliant incandes-
cence of the mantle without a chimney
or cylinder.
Thus, the breakage of glassware is
eliminated and the structure can be con-
cealed within the bowl. When the fixture
is hung, one sees no part of the burner
structure at all. One of the arms is
the conductor of the gas, down to the
burner structure. In these varous smaller
imits, compactness of structure is due
to the fact that we do not need to
surroimd the burners with close fitting
glassware. The glassware that is pres-
ent is either for artistic purposes or to
cut off the intense glare of a mantle
surface.
Gas Company Gives Extra Dividend
Fayette County Gas Co. of Pennsyl-
vania declared an extra dividend of 2%'
in Victory bonds payable January 20.
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THE GAS AGE
January 25, 1921
Coal Production
Nears 1918 Level
Federal Power CommiBsion Seeks En-
largement of Water Power Act
(By Staff Correspondent)
Washington, Jan. 17 — Increased coal
production during the fall of 1920 brought
the total for the year up to a much great-
er amount than was anticipated at the
time fears of a shortage were entertained
last summer.
The total production of bituminous coal
for the year 1920 was about 566,516,000
tons according to the figures of the
Geological Survey. This was greater
than during any previous year except the
war maximimi of 1918 when the total was
579,000,000 tons. It is somewhat in ex-
cess of the production of 1917, the first
year of the war, when the total was
552,000.000. The 1920 total is far ahead
of that of 1916, when it was only 503,000,-
000. Production in 1919 fell below the
1916 figure, the total being 458,000,000,
the poor showing being due to the strike
in the latter part of that year.
The anthracite strike during 1920 kept
the total production of anthracite down
below what otherwise would have been
possible Tlie total production for the
year was 89,000,000 tons. The largest
production on record was in 1917 when
the total was 100,000,000. The production
in 1916 was 88,000,000, in 1918 it was 99,-
000,000, and in 1919, 88,000,000.
The combined production of anthracite
and bituminous in 1920 amounted to 646,-
000,000 tons as against 678,000,000 tons in
in 1918, and 652,000,000 in 1917. The total
was above that of 1916 and 1919, the com-
bined production in 1915 amounting to
391,000,000, and in 1919 to 546,000,000.
The Federal Power Conunission is seek-
ing legislation which will provide a per-
sonnel adequate to handle the applica-
tions involving 13,000,000 horsepower
which have already been made under the
terms of the Federal Water Power Act
which became effective last June. Under
the original act the commission has no
authority to employ a single individual
other than its executive secretary in the
performance of its work, but must depend
entirely upon personnel loaned by the de-
partments of war, interior, and agricul-
ture. The force so assigned numbers only
31 individuals and is sufficient merely to
keep abreast with the preliminary activi-
ties incident to consideration of pending
applications, to organization, and to
handling of the general correspondence
of the commission.
The total of 13,000,000 horsepower in-
volved in applications thus far made is
five times greater than the total acted
upon by the government in the preceding
20 years. It equals the combined installa-
tion in hydro, steam and gas, in all the
central electric stations, commercial and
municipal, which had been constructed
in the United States up to 1917. It is 60
per cent greater than the present devel-
oped water power of the United States,
and is approximately 75 per cent of the
developed water power of the world.
The Bureau of Mines has just published
Bulletin 5 of the Committee on Stand-
ardization of Petroleum Specifications,
containing in the latest revised form all
of the specifications which have been
adopted by the specifications committee
for Federal purchases of petroleum prod-
ucts. It also gives very complete descrip-
tions of the methods of testing adopted
for each product. These specifications
supersede those previously published in
Bulletins 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the committee.
Bulletin 5 became effective December 29,
1920.
Mr. Munroe Attends Indi-
ana P. U. Assn. Meeting
Interest of Public and Utilitiet Go Hand
in Hand He Says
Indianapolis, Ind., Jan. 17— That the
welfare of the public and the welfare of
the public utilities go hand in hand, was
the assertion of Charles A. Munroe, pres-
ident of the American Gas Association,
Jan. 13, at the banquet in the Claypool
Hotel here, which marked the close of the
first annual meeting of the Indiana Pub-
lic Utility Association. Mr. Munroe
pointed out that if the public utilities of
a city are crippled financially they will be
unable to give adequate service and the
city will cease to grow.
The meeting co-ordinated individual
efforts for some months past, to get rep-
resentatives of the public utilities of the
state to work together, both for the benefit
of the public and the utilities. The dom-
inant note of the addresses at the banquet
and during the business sessions was the
importance of closer co-operation be-
tween the public and the utilities — the
laying before the public, with all the
cards on the table, of the problems of the
utilities that the public might get a better
insight into these problems.
Philip H. Gadsden, president of the
American Electric Railway Association,
another speaker at the banquet, said that
the great need in the public utility field
today is credit and that this is linked
directly with rate adjustment. It is ab-
solutely necessary, he added, if public
utilities are to continue to function, that
they must establish new credit and create
a flow of new capital into their securities.
"The answer to this whole problem," he
said, "is the granting of rates to the pub-
lic utility companies which will insure a
return to the security holders that will
induce them to invest."
"The adjustment of public utility rates
to a basis that will attract new money
into the field," he said, "will be hastened
by a thorough tmderstanding of the pub-
lic utility problems, and the best way to
bring about that understanding is to be
frank and advertise. As the only cus-
tomer of public utilities," he said, "the
public is entitled to know all about their
business and any public utility which can
not stand the searchlight of honest pub-
lic inquiry can not hope to obtain help
through favorable public sentiment Put
your house in such order that you will
fear the questions of no man," he said.
He advised that utilities should insist
upon courtesy from their employes to-
ward consumers, adding that the man
who reads the meter is the gas company
in the consumer's eye and that it is vital
to the company that he create a good
impression. In touching upon the finan-
cial difficulties of public utilities, he said
that the regulation of rates from which
other kinds of business do not suffer, is
the basic cause of their troubles. He de-
clared the system is too rigid to meet
emergencies such as those created by the
war.
Charles L. Henry, president of the as-
sociation, who presided at the banquet,
announced the appointment of F. O.
Cuppy, of Lafayette, and Thomas Dona-
hue, Lafayette, of the Northern Indiana
Gas and Electric Company, to the execu-
tive committee, which is increased to
eleven members.
During the afternoon session, E. K.
Hall, vice-president of the American
Telephone and Telegraph Company, whose
subject was, "Public Relations," touched
upon the importance of public utilities to
public welfare. He referred to the Wool-
worth building in New York and said
that it was built around the elevator
service. He pictured the distress the
country would suffer if all public utilities
suspended operation for thirty days. He
asserted there is no longer danger of
utilities rates being too high, as they
would be revealed under continuous reg-
ulation and could be changed at any time,
but that the real danger is in the rates
being made too low, crippling the indus-
try and injuring its service to the com-
munity.
Martin J. Insull, president of the Na-
tional Electric Light Association, whose
subject was, "Public Utilities, the Peo-
ple's Business," pointed out that the pub-
lic should be educated as to the import-
ance of the public utilities in business and
social life. "Surely the public utilities
may be spoken of as "the public's busi-
ness."
New Gas Well
Indianapolis, Ind., Jan. 17 — ^The Rail-
roaders' Oil and Gas Company, which is
developing a gas field along the Ohio
river, eighteen miles below New Albany,
Ind., brought in, at a depth of 425 feet
well No. 2 with a gas flow of 750,000 feet
a day recently.
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January 25, 1921
THE OAS A6£
71
Natural Gas Supply Failing
Suggests By-Product Pro-
ducer Gas Manufacture
Supply Being Exhausted by Reckless Use,
Warns Engineering Expert
By PROF. ROBERT H. FERNALD
America's natural gas supply is being
exhausted by criminal negligence and
reckless extravagance, according to Prof.
Robert H. Fernald, htad of the depart-
ment of mechanical engineering in the
University of Pennsylvania, who in a
survey for the American Society of Me-
chanical Engineers urges the use of by-
product producer gas to relieve an acute
national situation.
*The rapid exhaustion of our natural
gas supply through criminal negligence
and reckless extravagance resulting in
drastic restrictions in order to conserve
what little we have left brings us
abruptly to a realization of the situation
and leads us seriously to query regard-
ing possible substitutions for this re-
markable natural fuel," says Dr. Fer-
nald, formerly engineer in investigations
upon gas producers for the United States
Geological Survey and the Bureau of
Mines.
*The situation is acute. It is there-
fore imperative that we begin exhaustive
investigations to determine the most
practical solution of the industrial prob-
lems that have been for many years past
so vitally dependent upon our natural
gas supply. The results reached through
such investigations may lead into chan-
nels quite different from those under
consideration at the present time, as the
necessity of the situation may develop
unthought of possibilities.
'With the limited amount of study
that has been given to this problem to
date, the most conspicuous source of
relief seems to be through the develop-
ment of by-product producer gas. This,
of course, is practically an unknown field
in the United States. Spasmodic at-
tempts to develop interest have come
to the attention of engineers from time
to time, but no serious study of the situ-
ation in its relation to the larger com-
mercial developments of the country has
as yet been undertaken.
"In Europe we find by-product pro-
ducer gas somewhat extensively used and
the large central station near the mines
recovering the by-products from the fuel
and distributing the gas under pressure
for several miles through the industrial
districts, has become a dependable source
of supply.
'Through the abundance of our fuel
supply and our indifference to the needs
of future generations we have been ruth-
lessly extravagant and wasteful of our
fuel resources during the past decades.
An appreciation of the necessity of re-
covering by-products has but recently
received thoughtful consideration from
those agencies that are most seriously
interested in the problems of fuel conser-
vation.
"At the present moment low tempera-
ture distillation processes are attracting
more than casual attention. Investigation
may show a combination of low tem-
perature distillation and the manufacture
of by-product produces gas to be a dis-
tinctly economical and commercial solu-
tion of our natural gas problems, as these
processes, on the one hand, lead to the
maximum by-product recovery, and, on
the other, to a supply of gas commer ially
adaptable to heating and general indus-
trial processes.
"Our natural gas situation is a serious
one. The solution requires more than
the casual financial interest of the private
dividend seeker. It requires systematic
study and research involving the ex-
penditure of large sums of money. It
is a problem of national importance and
must be attacked on a broad basis. It
calls for the best thought and most seri-
ous consideration of the ablest experts
available, financially supported from
sources that will guarantee the results
of the investigation to be free from in-
dustrial or commercial bias.
"It has been estimated that two decades
will see the total exhaustion of the nat-
ural gas supply. We cannot afford to
wait longer."
Conference on Use of Gas Appliances
Indianapolis, Ind., Jan. 17 — Following
a conference of city officials and E. I.
Lewis, chairman of the Indiana public
service commission, regarding the gas
service at Newcastle, Ind., an ordinance
will be introduced in the city council de-
fining appliances for the burning of gas
and excluding furnaces, open grates and
old-fashioned stoves. The city gets its
gas supply from West Virginia, and, in
order to better the service, conservation
measures are to be undertaken along with
the increase in rates. Mr. Lewis informed
the city officials that the municipality had
the power to pass regulatory measures to
conserve the gas. The gas is distributed
by the Interstate Public Service Com-
pany. This company buys the gas from
the Logan Gas Company, paying twenty-
two cents a 1,000 cubic feet. At present
the Logan company is getting 35 cents in
Ohio.
Illinois Plant to Stop Operating
Springfield, Jan. 11 — ^Alleging unbear-
able conditions imposed by the city coun-
cil, the Springfield Gas and Electric com-
pany has served notice on consumers that
service would be discontinued March 10.
Efforts by the Springfield Commercial
association to purchase the company's
property have been unsuccessful.
Oil from Cannel Coal
Oil development from Cannel coal in
the Colob coal field in Utah is expected
soon, according to the annual report of
the State Industrial Commission to the
Governor of that state.
The Cannel coal is in a remote region
at the head of the North Fork of the
Virgin River above Zion National Park.
The United States Bureau of Mines an-
alyzed the sample submitted and found
that it yielded oil at the rate of 68.8
gallons to the ton. The specific gravity
of the product was .9045, its setting point
was 30 degrees centigrade, which is 97
degrees F. The coal has a percentage of
22.2 ash and a nitrogen content of 1.30
percent.
United States Geological Survey report
says that Colob field has 2,672,000,000 tons
of coal. Its coal is a sub-bituminous pro-
duct, except for the Cannel area already
noted. It is estimated that this coal bed
would produce an amount equivalent to
about one year of the present production
of the United States.
New Natural Gas Rate at Covington
Covington, Ohio, Jan. 10— Fifteen
thousand consumers of natural gas in
Covington will begin this morning the
payment of an increase of from 50 to 100
per cent in their monthly bills under the
new five-year franchise granted by the
City Commissioners recently to the Union
Light, Heat and Power Company.
The old franchise, sold by the city just
twenty years ago, expired last midnight.
The sale of that franchise was a memor-
able event in the history of Covington.
The Covington Gas Company of Coving-
ton and the Detweiler Company of Tole-
do, O., were the opposing bidders for the
franchise.
Cities to Carry Rate Raise to Higher
Court
Oklahoma City, Jan. 12.— On the
ground that the corporation commission
has overstepped the powers granted it by
the constitution, Oklahoma City in con-
junction with Muskogee, will apply to the
state supreme court immediately for a
writ of prohibition against the corpora-
tion commission to nullify the commis-
sion's order granting a 10 cent gas rate
increase to the Oklahoma Natural Gas
company. This was decided at a called
meeting of the city commission when J. S.
Estes, special counsel for the city, an-
nounced that W. P. McGinnis, city at-
torney of Muskogee, had advised him
that the Muskogee city connnission will
join Oklahoma City in applying to the
supreme court for relief.
The Watkins Illuminating and power
Company of Watkins, N. Y., have closed
their plant on account of coal prices.
They are now trying to sell their prop-
erty, free from mortgage, at $10,000.
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THE OAS AGE
January 25, 1921
The News in the Markets
Pennsylvanians Building Up
Oil and Gas Ass'n
One of the newest and at the same
time most important of the organizations
of oil and gas men is now in the making,
and known as the Pennsylvania Oil and
Gas Men's Association, which is centered
in and aromid the city of Pittsburgh.
To this end he has been busy lately or-
ganizing county subsidiaries, each to have
a representative on the state board of
directors, and the latter has already ap-
pointed an executive committee to take
charge of the business affairs of the
Pennsylvania Oil and Gas Men's As-
sociation.
Up to this writing eleven counties of
the state have been rounded up, as fol-
lows, with their representatives on the
state board: Allegheny, James H. Duff;
Beaver, Levi Mills ; Butler, E. L. Wasson ;
Crawford, Joseph Fleming; Clarion, H. J.
Slicker; Forest, R. M. Herman; Greene,
P. A. Troutman; McKean, William J.
Healey; Venango, David B. McCahnont;
Warren, George L. Craft; Washington,
James P. Eagleson. The officers of the
state board of directors are as follows:
President, H. G. Barcroft, of Bradford;
vice-president, H. S. Grayson, of Wash-
ington; secretary, D. L. Starr, of Pitts-
burgh; treasurer, Frank Brayman, of
Pittsburgh. It is expected that every
county in the state where oil and gas is
sold will be organized and represented
on the state board within the next few
months. The annual meeting of the
whole organization will be held on May
2 in Pittsburgh, when it is expected
that every county in the state will send
a delegation.
An executive committee of five mem-
bers, created by the state body, will have
active charge of the affairs of the organ-
ization, although their decisions on the
most important matters will be subject
to revision by the board of directors.
Questions of legislation affecting the
industry in Pennsylvania will be partic-
ularly looked after, but the organization
will have nothing to do with any public
utilities. It is said that the Pennsylvania
Oil and Gas Men's Association is what
has been desired for many years by men
engaged in the industry.
Steel Pipe Prices Reduced
The Jones & Laughlin Steel Company
has reduced its selling prices on steel
pipe and other tubular goods to the leve)
of the industrial board's prices of March
21, 1919.
Report
The following quotations are made by leading
interesu. Reductions in prices since the last issue
are indicated by an asterisk(*), and advances in
prices are indicated by a dagger (t).
Cast Iron Pipe
New York quotes: 6-in. and heavier, per ton
$63.30. 4-in. $73.30; and $4.00 additional for Class
A and gas pipe.
Chicago quotes, f.o.b. Chicago ex-war tax as fol-
lows: Water pipe, 4-in.. $69.10; 6-in and larger $64.10;
Class A and gas pipe. $4 extra.
Wrought np*
The following discounts are to jobbers for carload
lots on the Pittsburgh basing card:
Butt Weld Steel, black: H. >i and H in-. 50H;
Hin..54H: >itx>3in.. 57H.
Butt Weld Steel, galvanized: H. >i and H in..
24; H in-. 40; H to 3 in.. 44.
Butt Weld Iron, black: H in.. 16H; M in.. 20H:
M to IH in.. 2SH; 2 and 2>i in.. ZZ)^.
Butt Weld Iron, galvanized: Hand H in.. +25;
H in., llH;Hin.. IIH; ^ to IHin.. 8>i; 2 and 2H
in.. 17H.
Lap Weld Steel, black: 2 in.. 50 H; 2H to 6 in..
53 H; 7 to 12 in.. 50 H; 13 and 14 in.. 41; 15 in.. 38 H-
Lap Weld Steel, galvanized: 2 in.. 38; 2 H to 6 in..
41; 7 to 12 in.. 37.
Lap Weld Iron, black: l>iin., 24>i; IH in.. 31 H*.
2 in.. 21; 2H to 6 in., 23; 7 to 12 in.. 20.
Lap Weld Iron, galvanized: IH in.. 9H; IH in..
17H; 2 in.. 7; 2H to 6 in.. 10; 7 to 12 in.. 7.
BuU Weki Steel, extra strong, plain ends, black:
H. y4 andH in.,46H; H in.. 5lH; V4tolHin..
d5H; 2 to 3 in.. 56 H.
Butt Weld Steel, extra strong, plain ends, gal-
vanized: H. yi and H>n., 29; H in.. 39;K to 1 H in..
43; 2 to 3 in.. 44.
Butt Weld, Iron, extra strong, plain ends, black:
Kin..+17; Hin.. UH; Hin.. 19H; H to IH in .
25H;2and 2H in.. 34^.
Butt Weld Iron, extra^strong, plain ends, gal-
vanized: H in.. +50; H in.. 3 H; Hin..6H; ^itolH
in.. lOH; 2 and 2H in.. i9H>
Lap Weld Steel, extra strong, plain ends, black;
2 in.. 48H; 2H to 4 in.. 51 H; 4M to 6 in.. 50H; 7 to
8 in.. 46 H. 9 to 12 in.. 41 H-
Lap Weld Steel, extra sUong. plain ends, galvan-
ized: 2 in.. 37; 2 H to 4 in.. 40; 4^ to 6 in.. 39; 7 to
8 in.. IZ\ 9 to 12 in., 28.
Lap weld Iron, extra strong, plain ends, black:
IH in.. 2iHi IH in., 27H: 2 in.. 22H; 2H to 4 in..
24; 4H to 6 in.. 23; 7 to 8 in.. 15; 9 to 12 in.. 10.
Lap Weld Iron, extra strong, plain ends, galvan-
ized: l)4in.. 6H;lHin.. 13H; 2 in.. 9;2H to 4in..
12; 4H to 6 in.. 11; 7 to 8 in.. 3; 9 to 12 in.. 234.
To the large jobbing trade an additional 5 per cent
is allowed over the above discounts, which are sub-
ject to the usual variations in weight of 5 per cent.
Stmctiml Ste«l
For structural steel at the mill, PitUburgh. Pa.,
the following quotations are made:
Bars, per 100 lbs. ♦$2.35
Angles, 3 to 6 in.. >i in. thick. 100 lbs. 2.45
Tees. 3 in. and larger, 100 lbs 2.45
Rivets, % in. and larger, 100 lbs * 4.10
Beams and channels up to 15 ixL per 100 lbs. . 2.45
\i in. and heavier sheared plates, per 100 lbs. f 2.45
SheeU. No. 28 black, per 100 lbs 4.35
Sheets No. 10 blue annealed, per 100 lbs. .. . 3.55
SheeU No. 28 galvanized, per 100 lbs. 5.70
For painted corrugated sheets add 30 cents per 100
lbs., for 25 to 28 gauge; 25 cents for 19 to 24 gauge.
For galvanised corrugated sheets add 15 cenu all
Coke
Connelsville. Pa., quotes at ovens:
Furnace coke, prompt *$5.00
Furnace coke, future * 6.00
Foundry coke, prompt 6.50
Foundry coke, future ♦ 7.50
Buffak). N. Y.. quotes:
72-hour Connellsville foundry $7.00
48-hour furnace * 6.00
GaaOU
Pennsylvania gas oil. 34 to 40 deg.:
F.o.b. Clarendon, Pa. gaL 8Hc
Texas gas oil:
34-36 deg. at wells gaL •Sc
32-34 deg. at wells gaL *5c
Oklahoma gas oil. 32 to 36 deg. gravity
F.o.b. Ardmore, Okla. gal. *5c
Water gas checker Imck:
F.o.b. Perth Amboy. N. J., per 1000. . .$65 to $70
F.ab. Clearfiekl. Pa., per 1000 35
F.o.b. St. Louis. Mo., per 1000 50
Fireclay brick. Clearfield. Pa., per 1000. . . 55 to 60
Silica brick. Mt. Union. Pa., per 1000. . . 55 to 60
Plant Supplies
Common brick at dock, in carload loU. New
York, per 1000 $15.00
Portland cenoent. at dock, without bags. New
York, per bbl 2.70
Tarred felt. 14 lb. per 100 sq. ft., per ton 50.00
White lead in oU. New York, per 100 lbs *13.00
Red lead in oU. New York, per 100 lbs. tl4.50
LMd Wool
Quotations, f.o.b. Perth Amboy. N. J., follow:
Less than 100 lbs. per lb. lO^c
100 to 2.000 lbs., per lb %%c
Ton loU. per lb «3<c
Five ton loU. per lb 1%^
Carload loU. per lb IMc
Calking Materials
Quotations f.o.b. New York., are:
Tarred or untarred Eagle Jute packing rope
in 50 or 100 lb. coils., per bale t6c
Plumbers Spun Oakum, in bales of 50 lbs.
each, per bale $2.75
Pig lead. New York. N. Y.. per 100 lU. . . 1«5.37H
Gas Conservation Week a
Success
Pittsburgh, Jan. 17— A week full of im-
portance to men and women interested in
gas conservation in the Pittsburgh dis-
trict has come and gone, and if all the in-
structions given by experts at the Bureau
of Mines are followed out the matter of
gas conservation will take an optimistic
turn. There was never a session of the
undertaking that did not have an in-
terested crowd of spectators eager to
learn how to use the commodity and what
changes to make in their household ap-
paratus. Every instructor, whether man
or woman, knew their lesson, and it was
put up to the public in a very intelligent
maimer that will be easy to follow. Gas
men of Pittsburgh confidently look for
good results of the experiment
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THE GAS AGE
73
Gas Publicity in the South
Gas an Appropriate Fuel in the
South, but the Gas Man has to
Prove This to the Consumer
By WILLIAM B. STODDARD
GAS is an especially appropriate fuel
for the sunny South, since the days
are chilly rather than cold, and a
fire that warms a room or a house at
once, and can be removed as quickly
when it becomes warm, is more to be de-
sired than the care of a furnace. The
gas companies in all the larger cities
have been awake to their opportunities,
too, and no more aggressive publicity
campaigns have been waged anywhere
than in the country below the Mason and
Dixon line.
The Mobile Gas Co., Mobile, Ala., have
for a long time been featuring service,
and their advertising has been of a na-
ture to attract considerable attention. A
recent ad showed a large gas tank, and in
parallel columns a letter to the public and
one to their employees. These read :
To the Public: We are literally your
servants. Our business is not merely to
sell you gas, but to give you good gas ser-
vice. Do us the favor of selecting our
office as the proper place to register com-
plaints. We invite your help and coop-
eration at all times. We are always ready
to make an investigation, and any errors
will be promptly rectified.
It is our constant endeavor to give you
a service which is complete and satisfac-
tory in every detail. Any employee who
fails to recognize this fact and who does
not do his utmost to serve you is not
rightly representing our company and its
policy toward the public.
This consistent publicity, with the at-
mosphere of personal interest, makes
much for good will, and when, as in this
case, the personal attention received at
the offices complements the announcement
of it in the papers, it means that many
people besides those who sit in dentist's
chair like to "take gas."
Alabama Display
In Montgomery, Ala., one of the finest
buildings in the commercial section is that
of the Montgomery Light and Water
Power Co. At night it is truly "the cyn-
osure of all eyes" as it is completely out-
lined in electric lights, while atop of the
big building is a huge sign "Cook with
Gas." The company is ever ready to help
the civic societies of the city, and during
the pre-holiday season one of its large
windows was entirely given over to a
showing of dolls and doll clothes and ac-
cessories, all of them being offered for
sale by one of the charity associations of
the city for the benefit of the poor chil-
dren's Christmas fund. The other win-
dow showed one of the latest model gas
ranges, beside which was a card:
Just to remind you. Be sure to get that
gas range before the strain of preparing
for a houseful of guests, and the demand
upon time and temper is upon you. It will
make your work in the kitchen so easy
and pleasurable that you will be able to
enjoy the festivities as much or more
than those who have no part in the prep-
aration of the dinner.
At one side on a pedestal draped with
red was a gas griddle with a card :
Don't forget to order a pancake griddle.
Show Room and Main Office of the
Montgomery Light and Water Power Co.
Everyone in the family, especially the
children, loves pancakes. And never are
they so good as when baked on one of our
vulcan, griddles.
At the other side was another pedestal
which held a gas toaster, with card :
Why you should have a toaster. Toast-
ing over a coal or wood fire is a hazard-
ous operation. The heat varies, and be-
fore you know it the toast is black and
burnt. Gas heat is uniform. By using a
gas toaster the presiding genius of the
household can satisfy the toast taste of
any member of the family, and serve it
piping hot.
The Birmingham (Ala.) Railway, Light
& Power Co., recently increased their gas
supply, and noting the increased gas bills
sounded a note of warning to their pa-
trons. This took the form of a paragraph
of advice printed on their monthly gas
bills. At the bottom of the statement was
printed in big letters "Don't waste your
gas. See other side." On the reverse
side of the bill was printed :
An analysis of our meter readings so
far this month indicate that a large ma-
jority of our gas consumers are using
approximately the same amount of the
new gas as they used of the old. There
are, however, many customers whose me-
ter readings indicate an increase in the
use of new gas.
Such thoughtful consideration, call it
"service" or whatever you will, is bound
to work to the advantage not only of the
consumer but the gas company.
A Company Known all over the South
A company that is known all over the
south for its elaborate and effective win-
dow displays is the New Orleans Railway
and Light Co. The recent cold snap in
Louisiana which came so suddenly that
it caught lots of people unawares was
used by them to preach a little lesson on
preparedness. They had two window
groups that brought out their moral more
effectively than reams of printed advice
could have done. All through the south
and south-west, on account of the mild
climate, people are apt to neglect proper
precautions for heating their homes and
offices, and here is where the gas com-
pany made their play. The window was
divided into two sections. In one hud-
dled up at her desk, trying to operate her
typewriter, was a girl in furs and jacket,
with a rug wrapped around her knees. A
drooping palm was seen in the back-
ground and a rusty oil stove occupied the
centre, while a card bore the single word
"Freezing." The other section of the win-
dow showed a girl busily clicking away
at her machine, unencumbered by wraps,
and wearing a lacy lingerie blouse. A
fresh and vigorous palm waved in the
background. In the centre of this section
was a bright and shining gas heater and
a card said '^Working in comfort." By the
heater was a neat sign :
There will never be a better time than
right now — Be prepared for Jack Frost.
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74
THE GAS AGE
January 25, 1921
Melting Glass with Atmospheric Burners
New 2800 Degree Crucible for
Enamel Melting — Two Days Need-
ed to Bring Furnace to Full Heat
By J. E. BULLARD
TWENTY-eight hundred degrees of
heat at the crucibles, flue gases reg-
istering a temperature of only 600
degrees Fahrenheit, and the top of the
furnace when running full blast cool
enough so one can sit upon it without
discomfort, this is something that a num-
ber of gas experts pronounced as impos-
sible. It, however, is something that has
been accomplished in an atmospheric
burner furnace installed in the plant of
Carpenter & Wood, Inc., manufacturers
of enamel for jewelers, at 27 Mathewson
Street, Providence, R. I.
This enamel is made very much in the
same manner as is glass. The ingredi-
ents are mixed together, placed in a
crucible and brought to a high enough
temperature to melt. The mixture is then
ladeled out and passes through the re-
maining steps. Some fuel, however, must
be used to melt the material in the cru-
cibles. Coke, oil or gas may be used for
this purpose. Coke is bulky and dirty.
Gas is by far the most satisfactory.
Mr. Thomas H. O'Brien of the firm
of Carpenter & Wood, Inc., who worked
out the idea of the furnace was sure
enough that he was on the right track
that he built an experimental furnace.
Mr. Peterson, the industrial gas salesman
of the Providence Gas Company tested
it and found a furnace temperature of
2100 degrees and a flue temperature of 600
degrees Fahrenheit. The success of this
furnace appears to rest upon two things.
First its complete insulation and second
upon a carefully regulated draft.
Constniction of Furnace
It is constructed in the following man-
ner. The combustion chamber and sup-
port for the crucible are in the center.
They consist of a block of fire brick 18
inches square with a cylindrical hole in the
center 12 inches in diameter. The gas bur-
ners are at the bottom of this cylindrical
hole. The burner itself is placed just a
little distance back from the inner walls
of the block to protect them from the
intense heat. Burners are brought in
from the opposite sides of the furnace,
there being two burners for each com-
bustion chamber. These burners are also
introduced in a tangential position and
set up a whirling motion around the
crucible.
Around this fire brick combustion cham-
ber there is a three inch air space. Then
comes a four inch wall of fire brick, four
inches of sil-o-cell brick and four inches
of red brick. This makes the shortest
distance from the outside of the furnace
to the inside wall of the combustion cham-
ber eighteen inches. Naturally, it will
require a tremendous heat inside the fur-
nace to make appreciable difference in
the temperature of the outside walls.
The top of the furnace is covered with
three inches of fire brick and three inches
of Betson furnace lining. The crucible
or pot used in the furnace is what is call-
ed a skittle or cannon pot. It bellies out
at the middle and tapers off to a smaller
diameter at the top and at the bottom.
The clearance between the pot and the
walls of the combustion chamber at the
greatest diameter of the pot is about one
and one-half inches. These pots are
equipped with close fitting lids and above
them when being used in the furnace are
placed thick covers of insulating mate-
rial. This means that above the fire pot
when in use there are practically nine
inches of insulation.
The furnace is constructed with two
combustion chambers. In other words
it is a double furnace, having four bur-
ners in all, and a capacity of two cruci-
bles or pots. Between one combustion
chamber block of firebrick and the others
there come first three inches of air space,
then eight inches of fire brick and then
three inches of air space. This eight
inch wall is relied upon more to separate
the two than to provide insulation, for
when one end of the furnace is being
used the other is also.
The Flue
A heavily insulated flue rises from the
top of the furnace to a height of
about eighteen inches from which there
arises an ordinary six inch galvanized
iron flue pipe. In spite of the fact that
the furnace has been in use for many
months the galvanizing has not been burn-
ed off this pipe. There is a certain hot air
furnace in a certain home equipped with
the same size and type of flue furnace.
That pipe has been in use but one sea-
son yet practically all of the galvanizing
upon it has completely disappeared. The
heat has done it. This gives an idea of
how low the temperature of the flue
gases of this furnace run.
The flue pipe is connected to a flue
which in turn connects with a seventy-
five foot stack. The draft from the
furnace is regulated by means of tees
at the point where the furnace flue pipe
joins the stack flue. By opening or clos-
ing openings of the tees more or less
air from the room is allowed to enter
the stack flue. Thus the amount drawn
up the furnace flue is reduced.
Ordinary atmospheric Bunsen burners
with single burner openings and with in-
dividual capacities of about fify feet an
hour are used Secondary air is drawn
in at the point where the burners enter
the furnace walls and the air and gas
are so controlled as to get as nearly as
possible a perfect mixture. The control
as already stated is at the junction of the
furnace flue and the stack flue. The
greater the draft the more secondary air
is drawn in and the less the draft the
less secondary air is drawn in. Mr.
O'Brien stated that he did not believe
the furnace would work without a stack
connection and this delicate regulation.
Two Days to Heat
It requires about two days to bring
this furnace up to full heat without
danger of cracking crucibles or linings.
After it has been brought to full heat it
is operated continuously until a sufficient
quantity of enamel has been made.
In regard to the actual economy of
operation, Mr. O'Brien gave the follow-
ing comparisons between this furnace and
a pressure burner furnace used in the
same plant for small batches. The gas
ccnsumption of the atmospheric burner
furnace is 200 cubic feet an hour. The
consumption of the pressure burner fur-
nace is 350 cubic feet an hour. While
the atmospheric burner furnace turn-
ing out 150 pounds of product, the
other furnace turns out 80 pounds.
In other words the atmospheric burner
furnace consumes about 43 per cent less
gas than the pressure burner furnace and
has a producing capacity more than 87
per cent greater.
It does the work exactly as well as the
pressure burner furnace after it has once
been brought up to full heat and main-
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January 25, 1921
THE GAS AG£
75
tains the desired temperature of between
2600 and 2800 degrees. Careful attention,
however, must be given to the walls and
the top and all cracks repaired the mo-
ment they become evident. It is also
necessary to equalize the draft with care.
The furnace has proven ideal for con-
tinuous operation but has not served for
small batches where it is not desired to
keep the furnace going for a couple of
weeks or more. For daily batches smailer
crucibles and pressure burner furnaces
are employed. This furnace, however,
has demonstrated what can be done with
the proper insulation and the balancing
of the secondary air without the aid of
any air pressure.
No part of the outside of the furnace
ever reaches a temperature that is uncom-
fortable to the hand. As a matter of
fact the furnace is so regulated that a
person can actually thrust his hand into
che exhaust flue pipe without being
burned.
The first cost of the furnace is of course
higher than it would be if less attention
were given to insulation. When it is in
continuous operation, however, it does
not require many weeks to save enough
on the gas to offset this cost. The
amount saved in gas alone during the
course of a year will pay interest and
depreciation on a very much larger in-
vestment. For example the figures given
by Mr. O'Brien which are approximations
rather than a result of tests, give the
amount of gas required for producing the
same amount of enamel in the case of
this furnace as materially less than half
what it would be if he used the same
type of furnace used for the smaller
batch. Of course, however, allowance
must be made for the gas necessary to
warm up the furnace. The longer the
furnace is operated continuously, how-
ever, the less important this becomes.
Mr. O'Brien is certainly very much
pleased with the result and Mr. Peterson
has profited by not trying to prove that
what has been accomplished could not be
done.
^ ^ ^
Design of Injecting Tubes
The Necessity of Correctly De-
signed Injecting Tubes Shown
by Bureau of Standards Tests
By WALTER M. BERRY, I. V. BRUM-
BAUGH, G. F. MOULTON and G. B. SHAWN*
WHEN a gas under pressure issues
from an orifice, the kinetic ener-
gy of the gas causes the sur-
rounding air to be set in motion in the di-
rection of the gas stream. Due to the
great velocity of the gas stream eddy
currents are set up in the surrounding
air. This eddy current motion consumes
much of the energy of the gas.
The function of an injector is to elim-
inate, as much as possible, this eddy cur-
rent movement. It also serves to convert
the velocity of the gas stream into the
velocity of the mixture which enters the
burner, and does so with the least loss
of energ>', thus making it possible to in-
ject a greater volume of air.
The idea of a constriction in the mix-
ing tube of the burner in order to secure
better flame characteristics under certain
conditions is not at all new. In fact near-
ly all domestic range burners are so de-
signed. Just why it is that the applica-
tion of it has received so little attention
in the design of industrial burners is
hard to see, unless it is that most indus-
trial fuel engineers figure on installing
blast burners wherever the condition re-
quires a high air injection and high tem-
perature.
In atmospheric burners the flame char-
acteristics of combustible gases vary with
the change of ratio of primary air to gas.
When the air-gas ratio of the mixture en-
tering the burner is low, the combustion
at the ports is slow, the flame is long,
and the heat liberated per unit of flame
area is low, relative to that of a mixture
of a higher air-gas ratio. When the air-
gas ratio of the mixture entering the
burner is increased, the rate of combus-
tion at the ports is increased^ the flame
height is decreased, the flame area is de-
creased, and the heat liberated per unit
of flame area is increased. The higher
air-gas ratio condition permits of greater
concentration of heat, and, therefore,
greater burner capacity per unit of burn-
er surface.
By use of a correctly designed injecting
tube it is possible to secure:
1. Increased efficiency, resulting from
higher flame temperature.
2. Increased capacity, resulting from
the injection of a greater quantity of air.
There is no better demonstration of the
practical value of the use of an injector
than that made by Thomson King of the
Gas and Electric Company, Baltimore,
Maryland, during the extremely cold win-
ter of 1917-1918. Many installations of
gas-burning hpusc'-heating boilers in that
city were entirely inadequate to supply
the required heat during the severe
weather and to secure more heat from the
boilers it was necessary to increase the
gas consumption of the burners. This
was accomplished by inserting injecting
tubes made out of tin Into the mixing
tubes of the burners, whereby the capac-
ity of the boilers was increased suffi-
ciently to give entirely spitisfactory re-
sults.
Injector Design and Position of Orifice
Bearing in mind the advantages of an
injector, it was decided to determine, if
possible, what design of injector would
cause the maximum air injection.
To eliminate the effect of as many vari-
ables as possible, all the preliminary in-
vestigations were made with one burner,
and the design of the injector was varied
to determine the most efficient injector
for that burner. The burner selected was
a 1^-inch pipe burner with a port area
of 0.75 square inches. Since the specific
gravity of the gas does not affect the de-
sign of the injector, air instead of com^
bustible gas was used for the sake of con-
venience.
By using a constant orifice pressure the
gas rate was kept constant. Observing the
pressure obtained in the burner by the
use of different injectors, the relative
merits of different designs of injecting
tubes could be determined. It is evident
that with a constant gas rate the tube
which gives the maximum pressure in the
burner must necessarily inject the most
air.
In the accompanying illustration are
shown the dimensions of some of the in-
jecting tubes that were made and tested.
These tubes were made of brass and cut
on a lathe. The end of the pipe burner,
designated as the mj^^ing tube, WRS ream-
ed out so that the Injecting tube made a
tight fit when inserted in the burner.
Tube No. 5 is the type of injector which
*TblB paper is published with the permission of
the Director of the Bureau of Standards, Wash-
ington, D. O.
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76
THE GAS AGE
January 25, 1921
was used in the first part of the investi-
gation. It was soon realized that, in or-
der to draw definite conclusions in regard
to the design of the optimum injector,
it was necessary to investigate the shape
and length of the approach, the area of
the throat, as well as the shape and length
of the outlet.
In a previous section of this report it
has been shown that there is a linear re-
lation between certain pressures in the
burner and the gas rate in cubic feet per
hour when the orifice pressure is con-
stant. These pressures arc known as max-
imum pressures and are obtained by
changing the distance of the orifice from
the throat of the injector. The distance
of the orifice from the throat is extreme-
ly important, and it seems that the best
position of the orifice for any given in-
jector can be determined only by experi-
ment.
The Optimum Injector
From a study of the preceding charts,
and from observations made on other
tubes which it did not seem necessary to
report, it is possible to draw some defi-
nite conclusions concerning the design of
the optimum injector.
1. The change of the lines of the ap-
proach of the inlet to the lines of the
outlet should be gradual.
2. The approach should follow approx-
imately a curvature which should be not
less than 3 inches radius for a $^-inch
throat. Other sizes should be propor-
tioned about the same.
3. The outlet angle should be about two
degrees.
It is, of course, true that in some in-
stallations the length of the injector is
limited, and for that reason tubes No. 1,
No. 2, and No. 3, shown in the illustra-
tion, were designed.
Relative Injecting Power
of Different
Tubes
No Tube
Air-Gas
60.0 cu. ft
per hour
gas rate
3.25
Ratio
75.0- cu. ft.
per hour
gas rate
2.45
Tube No. 1
5.00
3.85
Tube No. 2
4.90
3.80
Tube No. 3
4.55
3.50
Tube No. 4
4.75
3.65
Tube No. 5
4.40
3.40
From a study of this table we note that
in the case of this particular burner with
a rate of 50 cubic feet per hour it is pos-
sible to inject 54 per cent more air by the
use of Tube No. 1 than without the use
of a tube. Tube No. 1 is only about 2
per cent better as an injector than No. 2,
about 9 per cent better than No. 3, 5 per
cent better than No. 4, and 12 per cent
better than No. 5,
From conclusions based on our study
of many injectors of different designs, we
believe that any improvement over the
type of the design of injector No. 1 will
not add more than a very few per cent
to the injecting power. It should be re-
membered, also, that these tubes are
made with smooth surfaces and that in
practice, when the injector is cast, the
unavoidable rough surface may offer an
appreciable resistance which might cause
slightly less favorable results than have
been obtained in the laboratory.
The Capacity of an Injecting Tube
The determination of the capacity of an
injector seemed at first to be a difficult
problem, but the problem was greatly
simplified as soon as it had been deter-
mined that, for any one burner and in-
jecting tube, there was a definite rela-
tion between the different variables, and
that the best injector for any one burner
with any one specific gravity of gas, ori-
fice pressure, and volume of gas going
through the injector, was also the best
injector for any other specific gravity of
gas, orifice pressure, etc.
^Etsqi^**'
r—-;^ ^ NAt -\
I I ^ "I INI 11
f. — jjs' - 4— *#•
No>6 " I
Design of Injecting Tabes
The problem resolved itself into a de-
termination of the relation between the
total port area of the burner and the area
of the injector throat. Injectors of defi-
nite throat areas and burners with defi-
nite port areas were necessary. Three in-
jectors of the following dimensions were
made: each had an angle of approach of
10.5 degrees, an outlet angle of 3.5 de-
grees with throat diameters of H inch,
^ inch, and Y^ inch respectively. This
design is shown by injector No. 4 in the
illustration. Since it is essential that the
change from the lines of the inlet to
those of the outlet should be gradual, the
tubes were cut with the throat diameters
smaller than desired and then carefully
rounded off so that their lines were, as
nearly as possible, exactly alike.
In this study air was again used for
the sake of convenience, and an orifice
pressure of 4 inches of water was used
Since each injector has its own dis-
tance of the orifice from the throat which
produces the maximtun pressure in the
burner, it was necessary to determine that
position for each injector. To be abso-
lutely sure that this distance of the ori-
fice held good for any given injector
when the port area had been changed, the
tests shown in Fig. 16 were made. Again
to be sure that the maximum pressure ob-
tainable in the burner for any gas pres-
sure bore a linear relation to the gas rate
with a change of port area numerous tests
represented by the curves shown in Fig.
16 were made. Invariably when the gas
rates were changed the maxinmm pres-
sures fell on the same straight line for a
given injector and a given port area.
It would seem that the ^-inch throat
would produce a higher pressure for a
0.70 square inch port area than that shown
in the figure because the ^ inch result
for the 0.75 square inch port area is so
near the intersection for the ^-inch
throat. If we plot the area of the J^-inch
throat as the best injector for the 0.45
square inch port area, the area of the
^-inch throat as the best injector for the
0.70 square inch port area, and the area
of the f^-inch throat as the best injector
for the 1.05 square inch port area, the
points will plot a straight line curve.
From this straight hne we observe that
the ratio of throat area to port area
should be about 0.43. As a result of the
study of our numerous data we believe
this relation will hold good over a wide
range.
City Officials See Plant in
Operation
Five councilmen of Columbus, Ohio, ac-
quired first-hand knowledge and infor-
mation on gas producing when they in-
spected the Wheeler compressing station
of the Ohio Fuel Supply G)., near Lan-
caster. Karl W. Griffith, attorney, and
F. H. Crawford, general manager of the
producing company, conducted Weinland,
Westlake, Griffin, Tailor and Milliken on
the trip.
Details of compressing were explained,
from the actual compression to the ex-
traction of gasoline from "wet" gas.
Councilmen expressed surprise at the
magnitude of the plant, in which 14 gas
and steam engines develop approxi-
mately 15,000-horse power.
Great interest was shown in the process
"t)y which the company extracts high test
gasoline from the gas. Approximately
3500 gallons of this by-product is produced
at the Wheeler plant daily an average
of 80 gallons for every million feet of
gas compressed. The gasoline is sold by
the company at 23 cents a gallon, bringing
in an income of approximately $1000 a
day, officials said.
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January 25, 1921
tfiE GAS AGE
77
New Gas Patents
The following gas burner patents will
be of interest to manufacturers and gas
conservationists.
1,362,938. GAS-BURNER Karl G.
Gustafsson, Pittsburgh Pa. In apparatus
for firing kilns and like furnaces, the
combination with a plurality of gas up-
takes opening into the kiln through the
floor thereof and means for supplying
gaseous fuel to said uptakes, of a gas
burner for each uptake, said gas burner
being made in sections positioned one
on top of another and extending up-
wardily above said uptakes and said bur-
1,363,048
l,362,6dl
ner sections being offset one with respect
to the other to thereby form a gas outlet
at the abutting ends of each pair of said
offset sections.
1,563,048. BURNER FOR BAKE-
OVENS Jack B. MacDonald, Oakland,
Calif. A burner comprising a generating
chamber having downwardly and in-
wardly curved side portions, means for
supplying fuel to the chamber, means
for spraying water on top of the cham-
ber, whereby the water will flow down
^e sides thereof, and a plurality of bur-
ner jets extending downwardly and in-
wardly from the lower edges of said
curved side portions of the chamber,
whereby the jets are protected from said
water.
1,362,881. BURNER. Curtis C Lilli-
bridge, Hutchinson. Kans. A device of
the character described comprising a bur-
ner including a lower stationary member
and an upper manually rotatable member
spaced slightly from one another, means
to supply fuel to the space between said
members, a manually rotatable gas
spreader disposed over said upper mem-
ber, and means co-acting with the upper
member and gas spreader to cause the
former to rotate with the latter, sub-
stantially as set forth.
1,364,813. BLUE-FLAME GAS-SAV-
ER. James E. Ryan, San Diego, Calif. A
device of the character set forth, consist-
ing of a disk-like body formed with a
central hood, the body being provided
with a plurality of openings and slots
and carrying on its under face a plurality
of radially arranged lugs, the lower edges
of which are arched inwardly and formed
with series of notches to engage the upper
face of a gas burner as herein shown and
specified.
1,364,801. GAS-GENERATING-RE-
TORT CONSTRUCTION. Bernard R.
Pfeifer, Jessie, N. D., assignor to The
Pfeifer Straw Gas Producer Company,
Fargo, N. D. In an apparatus for pro-
ducing gas and other products from veg-
etable material, comprising in combina-
tion, a furnace housing forming a com-
bustion chamber, a retort within said
housing and extending for a distance of
its length above said combustion chamber,
said retort having a vent duct forming an
outlet therefrom, a plurality of horizontal
flues traversing the upper portion only of
said retort and opening into the housing
for communication with said combustion
chamber, the retort being provided with
an opening at one end below the flues for
access to permit material to be freely in-
troduced and removed from said retort,
and a smoke outlet duct connected with
said flues remote from their communica-
tion with the housing and exteriorly of
the latter.
1,364,678. HEATER. Truman R.
Barnes, Derby, Conn. A heater compris-
ing a body of substantially rectangular
formation constructed of sheet metal and
open at its top and bottom, legs support-
ing said body spaced above the floor, a
grill supported in the top opening of the
body and flush with the edges thereof and
including a flat outer frame portion ex-
tending around and secured to the inner
surface of the body and acting to rein-
force the upper portions of the walls of
same, a flat reinforcing band disposed
within the bottom opening of the body
and extending around the walls of said
body flush with the edges thereof, an
imperforate radiating plate spaced below
the grill and above said reinforcing band
and wholly closing communication be-
tween the top and bottom openings, a gas
pipe extending centrally through the body
below said radiating plate and supported
1.364,801
I,364.>f8
in opposite walls thereof, and burners
supported in spaced relation on said pipe
so as to direct and equally distribute
flames against the under surfaces of said
imperforate heat radiating plate.
Save With a Smile
"Save with a Smile" is a booklet which
has just been printed by H. M. Byllesby
& Co. in an effort to promote thrift and
savings, particularly in the cities and
towns served by affiliated electric and gas
companies, upwards of 20,000 of whose
customers have become profit-sharing
partners in the utilities serving them.
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78
tH£ GAS AGE
January 25, 1921
Appliances and Catalogues
Gas Fired Furnace, the "Hot
Wave"
The gas Utilities Corporation, Spruce
and Ninth Streets, Philadelphia, Pa.,
have issued a new circular describing
the new "Hot Wave" house heater.
Skeleton of Furnace
The "Hot Wave" Gas House Heater
replaces coal-operated furnaces and boil-
ers of hot water, stream and vapor
systems of house heating. The "Hot
Wave" Heater replaces the coal furnace,
but the radiators already installed are
not disturbed.
The owner of a "Hot Wave" Gas House
Heater lights the pilot in the fall and
pays no further attention to it until
the following spring, when he turns
out the pilot light. The "Hot Wave"
Furnace automatically maintains the tem-
perature of your home at whatever you
set, decreasing it at night and increasing
it again in the morning.
When you wish to spend a day away
from home you turn the dial of your
thermostat to the night side. The tem-
perature of the house is then held at,
say, 50 degrees F. while you are away,
and then automatically cutsback to the
higher day temperature at any hour you
set on the dial for your return.
The "Hot Wave" Furnace heats your
house accurately and automatically
gauges your fuel which is completely
burned and the heat utilized. You escape
all the trouble of "banking" your fire
and the often greater annoyance of find-
ing the fire out on your return home.
All these features of the "Hot Wave"
Gas House Heater are secured by simple
and scientifically designed means which
gives a practical regenerative effect in
utilizing heat from the gas to such an
extreme limit that the heater shows actual
efficiency of 96.12 per cent.
The illustration is self explanatory,
showing the very compact design of the
heater for six to ten room houses. When
a large number of rooms have to be
heated two of No 1 or 2 Model "B" heat-
ers are banked together and act as one
with all the automatic features of the
single heater.
In addition to its efficiency and de-
pendable automatic control, the salient
features of the "Hot Wave" Heater are :
Fuel economy.
Small space occupied.
Portability — a very desirable feature,
making it easy to handle and a prime
factor in its cost of installation.
Absence of boiler foundation.
Elimination of fire hazard by having
the fire box raised so high from the floor
that practically no heat is radiated from
the boiler itself. This in connection
with the extremely low stack temperature
leads toward reduced fire insurance pre-
miums.
Low first cost of installation.
Arrows Indicate Circulation
To sum up, the "Hot Wave" gas fired
house heater is the system par excellence
for securing an ideal of luxurious com-
fort in the home tluring cold weather,
and this is secured through the use of an
apparatus so efficient in its operation and
so reasonable as to first cost and operat-
ing cost as to bring it within the reach
of the general consumer.
The Magic Chef, "Lorain"
The credit for the very appropriate
name, mentioned above, of the oven tem-
perature regulator which has been adopt-
ed as the name of the new publication
of the American Stove Company of
Chicago has been offered to Mr. D. C.
Seewer, Advertising Manager of the
Laclede Gas Light Company of St. Louis.
Mr. Seewer replied as follows to a letter
asking him how he hit on the name.
"There is very little credit due the
writer in connection with the 'Magic
Chef idea. It is simoly 'one of those
things* which flash into the mind when
one views a masterpiece, whether it be a
statue, a painting, motor, or a gas range.
So, you see, the real credit is due the ap-
pliance itself and to you people who are
responsible for its development."
In the January issue of The Magic
Chef, a brief, clear cut appeal is given
for earnest and wholehearted co-ope-
ration, real co-operation, between the
dealer and the manufacturer. That is
the dealer and the manufacturer will
profit by their concerted efforts in the
momentum of intelligent advertising.
New Gas Appliance Catalogue
The Detroit Stove Works, 1320-1380
Jefferson Avenue, Detroit, Michigan, have
recently issued a new Gas Range and
Appliance Catalogue. It lists in detail
the products which they sell to the gas
industry. This catalogue illustrates and
describes their various types of gas
ranges, griddles and toasters, hot plates,
kitchen heaters, laundry stoves, novel oak
combination heater, salamander, table
stoves and water heaters. Complete in-
formation is included as to terms, tele-
graphic code and repair parts
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January 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
79
New Boiler Plant Equipment
Continuous CO2 Recorder
The soaring price of fuel is causing
plant owners and operators to use the
available means of reducing fuel waste,
notably CO, recorders, to a greater ex-
tent than ever before.
The greatest single waste of fuel is
heat discharged up the chimney, which
represents about 35 precent of the fuel
in the average boiler plant. The largest
part of this waste is due to incorrect air
supply, that is, instead of converting as
much heat as possible into steam, a part
— and often a very large proportion — of
the burning fuel is utilized in heating
large volumes of excess air to chimney
Fig. 1 Single Unit CO2 Meter
temperature — the heated air then escap-
ing mixed with the products of combus-
tion and representing lost heat. Con-
tinuous CO2 determinations enable fire-
men and engineers to co-operate in burn-
ing fuel with the most efficient proportion
of air. They also show up other causes
of boiler inefficiency, so .that wasteful
practices may be "nipped in the bud."
Coincident with the present acute in-
terest in better boiler economy, the
Uehling Instrument Co., 71 Broadway,
New York City, has introduced a new
model COa recording equipment, known
as style U, which embodies important
improvements over the superseded model.
Chief among its advantages claimed are
remarkably quick action, greater access-
ibility and simplicity of parts, and the
economy of combining in one machine
means for determining CO, simultaneous-
ly from any number of boilers, up to a
total of six.
A single unit Uheling CO, equipment
for one boiler consists of three principal
parts, namely the CO, Meter proper. Fig.
Fig. 4 Preliminary Filter
1, recorder Fig. 2, an auxiliary boiler
front indicator. Fig. 3, and a preliminary
filter which is located under the
boiler, Fig. 4. This filter removes the
soot and dirt from the flue gas sample
before it reaches the intermediate and
final filters on the machine. The meter
is placed wherever most convenient. Its
function is to actuate the boiler front
indicator and recorder in the engineer's
office.
The flue gas is analyzed, that is the
COa is extracted, in the meter. The
principle involved in the operation of
this machine depends upon the change in
pressure caused by a change in volume
in a stream of gas flowing through two
apertures. Referring to Figure 5, gas is
caused to flow continuously through first
aperture (A) and then (B) by means of
an aspirator or syphon. A reduction of
the gas volume between the two apertures,
by absorption of the COa content, causes
a change of pressure or tension in Cham-
ber C which is transmitted to recorder
and indicator, calibrated in per cent COa.
The COa Meter consists essentially of
a cylindrical regulator on which is
mounted the analyzing mechanism. This
regulator maintains constant the suction
Steafn
£l5>=-Gas inlet
20%
r ^
s- o
Fig. 5 Operating Principle
created by the aspirator, thereby elimi-
nating all changes in tension between
aperatures (A) and (B) except those
caused by absorption within Chamber C.
It is the latter changes in tension which
the indicator and recorder register.
Suction in Chamber C actuates the
recorder and indicator instantaneously
and continuously. The only appreciable
lag was formerly in the travel of the
flue gas from the boiler to Chamber C.
In the new model the flue gas travel is
hastened by utilizing the main aspirators
exhaust in an auxiliary aspirator for the
purpose of drawing the gas from the
boiler up to the absoption chamber while
the main aspirator draws the gas sample
through the absoption chamber.
Multiple equipments combine in a single
outfit means for measuring COa from
2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 boliers independently and
simultaneously. It is most economical
to equip the boilers in batteries of six
each, but this is not absolutely necessary,
inasmuch as th^ COa Meters are now
built on the "unit" or "Sectional" plan
and may be added to from time to time.
For example, a company can purchase
Fig. 3 Indicator Fig. 2 Recorder
a single-unit, two, three, four, or five-
unit equipment initially and easily attach
additional units, up to a total of six, as
new boilers are installed.
With multiple unit machines each
boiler is equipped with its own recorder,
auxiliary boiler front indicator, prelimi-
nary filter, and absorbent chamber with
necessary appurtenances, but the aspira-
tor and other parts of the master unit
serve all units in common.
The recorder. Fig. 2, operates on the hy-
drostatic principle. It makes a continu-
ous record of the present CO^ furnishing
an autographic history of the operation of
each boiler. Thus the real facts are re-
corded and the fireman gets a square deal.
The boiler front indicator guides the
fireman in supplying just the right
amount of air to burn the fuel with the
least loss of heat up the chimney.
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80
THE GAS AGE
January 25, 1921
One-Man Trenching Machine
Construction companies or plant man-
agers contemplating new plants or ad-
ditions to present properties will note
with interest the new multipedal trencher
of the Austin Machinery Corporation of
Chicago shown herewith. This machine
is designed after the fashion of military
tractors to operate through heavy friction
clutches on each side, to turn practically
within its own radius and to be operated
by one man. It is particularly applicable
to plant work where new pipe lines are
being run underground.
A crew hoist raises and lowers the
digging arm automatically, and the end-
less chain and buckets are of standard
type. This hoist also acts effectively, be-
cause of its construction, as a lever to
force the buckets to dig, by crowding the
bucket line against the face of the ditch
or cut.
A cleaning device takes care of the
sticky dirt and scrapes out each bucket
as it passes a point at the head of the
excavator boom, directly over the con-
veyor belt. This can be adjusted to de-
liver the excavated material to either
side of the machine.
The gasoline engine is of four cyl.,
four cycle type, cooled by an inclosed
radiator.
The digging width, with 18-in. buckets,
will run from 20 in. to 28J/2 in. and with
24-in. buckets from 26J^ in. to 29 in.
The standard boom will dig up to 6 ft.
in depth, although the machine is sub-
stantial for service with an extensive
equipment for digging 8 ft. deep. The
traction accommodates itself to irregular
surfaces, as the equipment consists of
two oscillating multipedals. Each one of
these multipedal tractions is driven in-
dependently by a friction clutch, so that
in turning in a confined space one may
be stopped while the other is going
ahead, turning the machine practically
within its own length.
The conveyor belt is reversible, so
that it can deliver dirt on either side.
Adjustable screws are provided for tak-
ing up the slack.
An important feature of the working
performances is its easy interchange-
ability for digging trenches with vertical
banks or small ditches with sloping sides.
Godfrey Conyeyor Company
A catalog, 16 pages, by the Godfrey
Conveyor Co., Elkhart, Ind., illustrates
and describes the Godfrey system for
handling coal, ashes, etc. The principle
of the system as applied to coal, is to
receive coal from bottom dump cars into
a chute underneath the railroad track,
the chute conveying it by gravity into a
bucket in which it is elevated and carried
to a storage pile or elevated to a bin
or conveyance.
"Always Faithful"
This folder issued by the Homestead
Valve Mfg. Co., Homestead, Pa., illus-
trates and sets forth the advantages
of quarter-turn valves for use on air,
water, steam, gas, oil, acid, alkali lines,
etc.
Gas Associations
THE following list covers the officers
of the principal gas associations, the
address of the secretary, and the date and
place of the annual meeting.
New England Association of Gas En-
gineers—Pres., Walter F. Norton, Nashua,
N. H.; First Vice-Pres., Burton Smart,
Portland, Me.; second vice-pres., V. E.
Bird; sec, John L. Tudbury, Salem, Mass.
Annual meeting February 16, in Boston.
West Virginia Natural Gas Association
—Pres., H. A. Wallace, Charleston, W.
Va. ; sec.-treas., Edwin Robinson, Fair-
mont, W. Va. Convention.
Ohio Oil and Gas Men's Association—
Pres., James W. McMahon; sec.-treas.,
William H. Thompson, 811 New First
National Bank BIdg., Columbus, Ohio.
Convention, October, Columbus, Ohio.
Canadian Gas Association — Pres., C. S,
Bagg, Montreal, Que.; sec.-treas., G. W.
Allen, 19 Toronto St., Toronto, Can.
Convention.
South Central Gas Association^(For-
merly Texas Gas Association) Pres., F.
C. Armbuster, Shrevcport, La. ; sec.-treas.,
S. J. Ballinger, San Antonio, Tex.
Michigan Gas Association— Pres., John
W. Batten, Detroit, Mich.; sec.-treas., A.
G. Schroeder, Grand Rapids Gas Light
Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. Convention.
Empire State Gas & Electric Associa-
tion—Pres., H. W. Peck, Schenectady, N.
Y. ; sec, C. H. B. Chapin. 29 W. 39th St.,
New York, N. Y.
Pacific Coast Gas Association- Pres.,
William M. Kapus, Portland, Ore.; sec-
treas., Henry Bostwick, 445 Sutter St.,
San Francisco, Calif. Convention.
American Gas Association — ^Pres.,
Charles A. Monroe, Peoples Gas Light &
Coke Co., Chicago, 111.; sec.-man., Oscar
Fogg, 128 E. Fifteenth Street, New York.
Convention, Chicago, 1921.
lUinois Gas Association— Pres., W. M.
Willett, Aurora, 111.; sec.-treas., R. V.
Prather, 72 W. Adams St., Chicago, 111.;
R. V. Prather, 305 DeWitt Smith Bldg.,
Springfield, 111. Convention, 1921.
Indiana Gas Association— Pres., W. W.
Goodrich, Winchester, Ind.; sec.-treas.,
E. J. Burke, Citizens Gas Co., Indian-
apolis, Ind. Convention, 1921.
Iowa District Gas Association— Pres.,
W. W. Taylor, Omaha, Neb.; sec.-treas.,
H. R. Sterrett, Des Moines Gas Co., Des
Moines, la. Convention, 1921.
Wisconsin Gas Association— Pres.,
Bruno Rahn, Milwaukee, Wis.; sec.-treas.,
Henry Harman, 182 Wisconsin St., Mil-
waukee, Wis. Convention, 1921.
Pennsylvania Gas Association— Pres.,
J. H. Keppelman, Reading, Pa.; scc-
treas., W. O. Lamson, Jr., Chester, Pa.
Convention, April, 1921.
New Jersey State Gas Associatioii—
Pres., F. R. Cutcheon, Long Branch, N.
J.; sec.-treas., Wm. P. Adams. Conven-
tion, April, 1921.
Natural Gas Association of An&erica—
Pres., H. Hoover, Cincinnati, Ohio; sec-
treas., Wm. B. Way, 904-5 Oliver Bldg.,
Pittsburgh, Pa. Convention, Cincinnati,
Ohio, May, 1921.
Southwestern Electrical and Gas Asso-
ciation— Pres., A. Hardgrave, Dallas,
Texas; sec, H. S. Cooper, Slaughter
Bldg., Dallas, Texas; treas., J. B. Walk-
ker. Convention, 1921.
Southern Gas Association— Pres., E. C.
Stothart, Charleston, S. C; sec.-treas.,
George H. Smith, Norfolk, Va. Con-
vention, May 24, Savannah. Ga.
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January 25, 1921 THE GAS AGE 81
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82
THE GAS AOE
January 25, 1921
Correspondence
No Oil for Carburetting Gas
Editor, The Gas Age :
Dear Sir: Our pamphlet, "The Petro-
leum Outlook/' reprinted in various
journals and in part in your issue of
November 25, 1920, seems to have created
the opinion, among members of the gas
industry, that the "oil interests" were
in all probability responsible for this
survey of the petroleum situation and
for the issuance and distribution of the
pamphlet. This inference we are assured
is drawn from the statement that "The
first step in the policy of a retrenchment
in the petroleum industry is to cut the
gas industry off and appropriate gas oil
to automotive use . . .."
We desire to take this opportunity of
assuring the gas industry that neither
the oil interests nor any other interests,
nor in fact anyone outside our own or-
ganization, were in any way involved in
or responsible for this article. It was
prepared wholly on our own initiative
and at our own expense because there
was available within our organization a
great amount of information bearing up-
on what we believe to be a very serious
situation, not only for the gas industry,
but for every citizen of the United States.
We believe that when the sentence
quoted is taken with its context in the
monograph, it must be evident that the
"program of retrenchment" is not our
program, but the program formulated in
the working of natural laws. Earlier
we point to the inevitable waning of the
petroleum resources as a feature in the
program. Needless to say, we do not
advocate the latter contingency; no more
do we advocate the other. We simply
deduce what we believe to be inevitable,
though not necessarily immediate, in the
natural working of cause and effect.
Gas oil is coming to be worth more as
a source of motor fuel than as a source
for gas. It may be oflFered that gas may
be considered as a necessity and the
automobile as a luxury. This was per-
haps true, certainly truer at least, in the
past, but no one fully alive to the grow-
ing complexity of economic needs can
regard the automobile in the interests of
transportation as a whit less vital than
the carburetor in the interests of gas
service. Even granted a possible differ-
ence in economic worth between the two,
who is to be the judge and what the
basis of measure? We are content to
accept the monetary measure of economic
worth.
It is true that the gas industry con-
sumed 28,000,000 barrels of oil in 1919,
and that gas oil is an essential adjunct
to the manufacture of so-called water
gas. It would seem that some way ought
to be found to reserve this to the gas
industry. The difficulty comes in devis-
ing the machinery for doing this and
indicating how this machinery shall be
operated. Leading men in the gas in-
dustry who sought assurance last winter
from the oil interests that gas companies
could be certain of a necessary supply
of oil at all times were met with the
statement that there is oil to be had by
anyone who can pay the price.
Such a statement as this makes us
feel very strongly, and we believe that
we had intimated rather plainly in our
monograph that, in our opinion the oil
industry is in a very grave danger of
regulation or even of nationalization un-
less it can find some way to place itself
upon a basis which ensures a better
utilization of the resource, and it is
precisely because the oil industry is so
rapidly developing into a motor trans-
portation industry that this danger is
increasing.
Without interference, the automotive
need will undoubtedly appropriate gas
oil in increasing proportion, and the
only sound procedure, as we see it, is
for the gas industry to prepare itself
as rapidly as may be for this eventuality.
Arthur D. Little, Inc.
Cambridge, Mass., Jan. 8, 1921.
Civil Service Examinations
Mining and Metallurgical Engineer,
$4,000-15,000. Receipt of Application!
To Close February 15, 1921.
The United States Civil Service Com-
mission announces an open competitive
examination for mining and metallurgical
engineer. A vacancy in the Bureau of
Mines, Washington, D. C, at $4,000 to
$5,000 a year, and vacancies in positions
requiring similar qualifications, at these
or higher or lower salaries, will be filled
from this examination, unless it is found
in the interest of the service to fill any
vacancy by reinstatement, transfer, or
promotion.
Assistant Examiner, Patent Office. Feb-
ruary 9-11, 1921
The United States Civil Service Com-
mission announces an open competitive
examination for assistant examiner. Pat-
ent Office, on February 9, 10, and 11,
1921, at the places listed hereon. Vacan-
cies in the Patent Office, Washington,
D. C, at the entrance salary of $1,500 a
year, with the increase granted by Con-
gress of $20 a month to appointees who
perform satisfactory service, and vacan-
cies in positions requiring similar quali-
fications, at this or higher or lower
salaries, will be filled fi-om this exami-
nation, unless it is found in the interest
of the service to fill any vacancy by
reinstatement, transfer, or promotion.
Applicants should at once apply for
Form 2118, stating the title of the exami-
nation desired, to the Civil Service Com-
mission, Washington, D. C; the Secretary
of the United States Civil Service Board,
Customhouse, Boston, Mass., New York,
N. Y., New Orleans, La., Honolulu, Ha-
waii; Post Office, Philadelphia, Pa., At-
lanta, Ga., Cincinnati, Ohio, Chicago, 111.,
St. Paul, Minn., Seattle, Wash., San
Francisco, Calif.; Old Customhouse, St.
Louis, Mo.; Administration Building,
Balboa Heights, Canal Zone; or to the
Chairman of the Porto Rican Civil Ser-
vice Commission, San Juan, P. R.
Application should be properly executed
excluding the medical certificate, and must
be filed with the Civil Service Commis-
sion, Washington, D. C, with the material
required, prior to the hour of closing
business on February 15, 1921.
The exact title of the examination,
should be stated in the application form.
Recent Cas Company Changes
The Linton Gas Company of Indiana
recently went out of business and has
been sold to N. A. Phipps. The Citizens
Natural Gas Company of New Castle,
Indiana, is now out of business and the
Berea Heat and Light Company of Au-
burn, W. Va. has been dissolved.
The Relief Gas Company of St Cath-
erine, Ontario, is in the process of liqui-
dation, and the Stilwater-Pawnee Gas
Company of Oklahoma has gone out of
existence "never having completed its
deal for a franchise" according to former
officers* report.
The Electric Bond and Share Company
announces that the following companies
are now out of existence and that their
properties are owned and operated by
the Pennsylvania Power and Light Com-
pany:
Columbia and Montour Electric Com-
pany of Bloomsburg and Danville, Pa.
The Northern Central Gas Company of
Milton and Williamsport, Pa. and the
Northumberland County Gas and Electric
Company of Sunbury, Pa.
"During the year," says the Chief En-
gineer of the New Jersey Board of Pub-
lic Utility Commissioners, "the Atlantic
City Suburban Gas and Fuel Company,
whose property was formerly operated by
the Pleasantville Heat, Light and Power
Company was re-organized under the
name of the Pleasantville Gas Company
and the gas plant in Sea Isle City, for-
merly operated by the Sea Shore Gas
Company, is now being operated by The
Friars Gas Company. The Pemberton
Township Water, Sewerage and Light
Company ceased gas operation during
the year and leased its gas plant to the
municipality, which undertook the oper-
ation thereof for the purpose of con-
tinuing the street lighting."
Two Million Gas Bond Isaue
Washington Gas Light Co., Washing-
ton, D. C, was authorized Jan. 6, to
issue and sell $2,000,000 7^% five year
gold notes, by the Public Utilities Com-
mission of the District of Columbia.
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Vol. XLVII
Established 1883
February 10, 1921
Copyright 1921
No. S
By-Product Ovens at Woodward
The Designer of These New Ovens Describes
the Advantages of This Particular Arrange*
ment of Flues as They Were Developed by
One Year's Experience at Woodward, Ala.
By EMIL PIRON, Engineer, New York City
THE American Italian Commercial Corporation has
erected for demonstration purposes at the by-prod-
uct plant of the Woodward Iron Co., Woodward,
Alabama, 12 Piron Coke Ovens which, during the year
in which they have been in operation, have shown the
influence of the following advantages :
A short coking time.
Large coke output.
Large quantity of surplus gas.
Easy operation.
Strong construction.
The following short description of these ovens will
make it easier to understand by what means these ad-
vantages have been obtained.
The drawings herewith reproduced show the cross
section of the sidewall, the coke chamber and g^ve a
general view of the ovens.
The most prominent characteristic of the ovens is the
continuous heating from the top downward, without in-
version of any kind and the arrangement for continuous
recuperation of heat instead of employing the usual re-
generative system.
The recuperator consists of rows of vertical flues,
one for air and the other for burned gas. These rows
are arranged adjacent to each other in such a manner
that the wall between the two rows is in contact with
the burned gas on one side and with the air on the other
side, transmitting the heat continuously from the burned
gas to the air. The burned gas flues are under the cok-
ing chamber and the hot air flues lie beside it.
There are two, four or six rows of flues to each oven,
according to the surface requirement for heat trans-
mission.
Situated below the rows of vertical flues of the re-
cuperator are horizontal channels for fresh air and for
burned gas, the admission, of fresh air being r^;ulated
at the channel entrance by registers and the suction of
the stack channel being controlled at the flue gas chan-
nel exit by registers also, so that regulation and starting
and stopping of operation of each oven is independent.
Orifices or ports located at the bottom of each vertical
flue of the recuperator connect these vertical flues with
the horizontal channels.
The air drawn through the air channel registers by the
Yiefw on Top of Battery Showing Standpipes to Left and Gas Manifold to the Right
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84
THE GAS AGE
February 10, 1921
Section through the Air Flues
natural draught of the vertical flues, ascends in these
flues, is thereby heated and passes into the horizontal
channel at the level of the oven bottom and continues
its way upward through the vertical flues provided in
the hollow brick of the sidewalk; reaching the upper
part of these channels, it returns in flues located between
the rising flues descending in the vertical heating flues
of the oven sidewalls.
The gas is delivered into the top of the descending flue
from a distribution main passing along the top of the
oven, with branches leading along the top of the oven
and from these drop the pipes, one to the top of each
heating flue through which inspection of the flue can be
easily made. Coming into the upper part of the heating
flue the gas meets the hot air and bums while descending
along the oven walls.
The burned gas passes into the bottom channel under
the retort through the orifice at the bottom end of each
down flue, then continues downward through the verti-
cal flue-gas flues of the recuperator and passes through
the orifices at the bottom into the horizontal channel
through the damper or register and thence to the stack
channel and chimney.
The main feature claimed for "Piron" ovens is perfect
automatic regulation of heat throughout the whole side-
wall. In "Piron" ovens all orifices are large and almost
no resistance opposes the gas circulation. The total re-
sistance between the entrance of air in the recuperators
r*2
Section through the Oven and Waete Gas Fluee
and the outlet for waste gas to the stack does not ex-
ceed 1 mm. of water column, which is tmusually smalL
This advantage is due to the downward combustion.
When gas is admitted in the bottom of the sidewall
and the flame bums upwards, the draught is naturally
stronger where the vertical flues are hotter. As a strong-
er draught increases the combustion, these flues have a
tendency to grow still hotter and it is necessary to admit
the gas through small orifices offering a noticeable re-
sistance to avoid overheating of such flues. With down-
ward combustion it is quite different because when the
flues are hotter the downward draught is smaller and the
intensity of the combustion decreases without need of
any means of r^^lation.
The great uniformity of heating, combined with the
fact that there is no inversion and flames continually
heat the whole length of the sidewall explains the short
coking time and the resulting large output of coke per
oven and small fuel gas consumption per ton of coal.
It will be noticed that the hot air from the recupera-
tors passes into a horizontal channel and through ports
in the bottle brick of each flue leading upward beside
the oven before reaching the upper part of the oven for
combustion in the down flue. This has a cooling effect
on the bottle brick situated between two heating flues
and prevents its melting, so dangerous in other type
ovens which do not have such a method of cooling. The
bottle brick of the upward flue being maintained at a
Puiher Side of Oreni
Coke Quenching Side of Orena
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February 10, 1921
THE OAS AGE
85
lower temperature offers a better resistance, and the
strength of the sidewall is, therefore, increased. Another
factor which contributes toward strengthening the side-
wall is the non-use of the horizontal flue at the top of
the sidewall.
The facility of operation is the direct result of the ex-
cellent automatic heat regulation and the continuous
heating without inversion.
Other ovens have been designed using recuperators of
heat and heating from the top with downward combus-
tion; the defect in their recuperators was the leakage
through the joints and cracks due to defective combi-
nation of brick and the high pressure difference between
the air and waste gas flues of the recuperators.
The "Piron" recuperators have all their flues going in
one vertical direction and they can expand and contract
during any number of coolings and heatings of the bat-
tery without showing any cracks and the small difference
in pressure of 1 mm. of water column between the air
and waste gas in the two series of flues makes leakage
through the joints practically nothing.
The reason why many of the attempts to use down-
ward combustion have failed is probably because the gas
was brought in contact with the air at a point where the
air and gas did not meet in parallel streams and at al-
most equal velocity. When air and gas meet in parallel
streams at equal velocity there is no reason why the
flames should not bum while going downward as well
as when going upward and, in fact, the downward com-
bustion at Woodward functions perfectly.
It is true that recuperators of heat for the same effi-
ciency require more refractory material than regenera*
tors, but in case of regenerators the ovens must be sup-
ported by strong walls while the recuperators of this
oven are constructed in such a manner that they support
the ovens without any wall.
In general figiu"es the ovens at Woodward have re-
sulted in a saving of 25% of fuel gas and 10% to
20% shorter coking time. The weight of refractories
was only 85 short tons per oven for a size loading over
29,000 lbs. of wet coal. With a coal of usual content in
volatile matter and moisture these ovens use less than
usual of the gas produced for fuel purposes, saving a
greater percentage as surplus gas. The importance of
gas saving increases every day and surplus gas is fre-
quently the most important by-product in the coke in-
dustry.
^ ^ ^
Prospects for Coal Tar Chemicals
The Census of Dyes and Coal Tar Chemicals
for 1919 Is Given in Tariff Information Series
No. 22 and From It the Following Extracts
Are Taken. This Is Most Recent Information
THE account of the progress of the industry, as
given in the following pages, is based upon detail
reports from' 214 manufacturers, and, it is believed,
that the canvass includes every manufacturer of dyes
and other coal-tar chemicals in the United States. The
investigation was carried out in conformity with a re-
•quest of the President to secure information necessary
to administer section 501 of the act of September 8, 1916.
The production reports of individual manufacturers were
-collected by the Bureau of Census and transmitted to the
Tariff Commission for tabulation and interpretation.
In the tariff act of September 8, 1916, the coal-tar
chemicals are divided into three groups, which conform
in general (although not in every detail) with commer-
cial practice. Group I, the crudes, exempt from duty,
which are contained in and separated from crude coal
tar; Group II, intermediates, dutiable at 15 per cent and
2j4 cents per pound, which are produced from the crudes
by chemical processes, and which, with some exceptions,
are used only for the manufacture of dyes or other fin-
ished products by further chemical treatment; Group
III, dyes and other finished products, now dutiable in
part at 30 per cent and in part at 30 per cent and 5 cents
per pound. This grouping is adhered to in the following
discussion of the industry.
The Domestic Industry
The development in the production of coal-tar chem-
icals in this country during 1919 is shown by comparing
the production of that year with the production during
1918.
Pkoductkm Stfttittictt for |1919
Num-
berof
manu- Quantity
fac-
turert
Group I.— Crudcif* 24
Group II. — Intermediates 116
Group III. — ^Finished prod's. 155
Pounds
177,'362,426
82,532,390
Dyes
Dutiable at 30 per cent
+5 cents per pound . ... 52,310,482
Dutiable at 30 per cent. 11,091,712
Total of Dyes 90 63,402,194
Cblor lakes, dutiable at
30 per cent plus 5 cts.
per pound 34
PhotOjsraphic chemicals
dutiable at 30 per cent
plus 5 cents per pound
Medicinals, dutiable at
30 per cent
Flavors, dutiable at 30
per cent
Symthetic phenolic res-
ins, dutiable at 30 per
cent plus 5 cents per
pound
Tanning materials (syn-
thetic)
Perfume materials. . . .
10
31
9
7,569,921
335,509
6,777.988
610,825
3,794,534
41,419
Value
$17,657,750
63,210,079
59,950,522
7,648,333
67,598,855
4.179,964
1,059,340
7,883,071
1.318,654
2.381.358
164,302
^Production of coal-tar distillers does not include production of
crudes at by-product coke ovens, which was reported to United
States Geological Survey.
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86
THE GAS AGE
February 10, 1921
Crudes
One of the outstanding developments during 1919
which is of significance in considering the future of the
coal-tar chemical industry is the increase of 17.2 per cent
in the productive capacity of by-product coke ovens in
the United States. The production of coke in by-prod-
uct ovens was 562 per cent of the total production, and
thus for the first time exceeded the output of the waste-
ful beehive ovens. There is no question that, with the
possible exception of anthracene, adequate supplies of
fundamental raw materials are now available from do-
mestic sources for the future growth and expansion of
the coal-tar chemical industry in the United States.
In .1919 considerable progress was made as to supplies
of anthracene, the output of this important material be-
ing about three times the production of 1918. More-
over, a larger proportion of it was refined. Although
this shows encouraging progress, a much greater in-
crease in output must be secured before there will be a
sufficient supply of anthracene for alizarin and vat dyes.
It may be roughly estimated that the 1919 production
contained about one-fifth the amount of pure anthra-
cene required for American needs.
The difficulty in securing adequate supplies of anthra-
cene is the most important and fundamental problem
awaiting solution in the; dye industry. Important work
is under way which points to the solution of this prob-
lem in the near future. When a sufficient supply of an-
thracene is secured an adequate production of alizarin
and vat dyes will soon follow.
The value of the crudes produced during 1919, as
shown in Table 1, does not represent the total production
in the United States, as those crudes produced at by-
product coke ovens were reported to the United States
Geological Survey and are not available at the present
time. Complete information is therefore not at hand
for an accurate analysis of the production of these raw
materials in the United States during 1919.
Intermediates
From Table 1, it is apparent that the total production
of intermediates decreased from 357,662,251 pounds in
1918 to 177,362,426 pounds in 1919. This falling oflF was
due to decreases in the output of certain intermediates
which were used during 1918 in the manufacture of ex-
plosives and poison gases, or which were made during
1918 with the expectation of future military demands.
The signing of the armistice left on hand large stocks
of these intermediates and during 1919 they were divert-
ed to the manufacture of dyes and other finished prod-
ucts.
The most conspicuous example of this kind is phenol,
which decreased from 106,794,277 pounds in 1918 to
about 1,543,659 pounds in 1919. At the signing of the
armistice about 35,000,000 pounds of phenol were on
hand awaiting conversion into explosives. Other sim-
ilar cases include benzene sulphonic acid, monochloro-
benzene, dinitrotoluene, diphenylamine, nitronaphtha-
lene, and dimethylaniline, all of which were used in sub-
stantial amotmts in making military explosives as well
as in dye making. If these intermediates are eliminated
from consideration, those remaining show a gain of over
10 per cent in production in 1919 as compared with 1918.
However, this gain in gross output does not measure
the progress of this branch of the industry. Of much
greater importance was the appearance of about 76 in-
termediates that were not made during 1918, and many
substantial increases in the amount produced of certain
intermediates which are comparatively difficult to make,
but which are needed for dyes of high quality.
Dyes
During 1919 the total output of dyes was 63,402,194
pounds, valued at $67,598,855, an increase of about 8 per
cent in quantity as compared with 1918. The produc-
tion in 1919 exceeded by 38 per cent in quantity the im-
ports during the fiscal year 1914. The increase in total
output by no means measures the whole improvement in
the situation. An analysis of the figures for 1919 shows
many instances of substantial decrease in those dyes
which are relatively easy to make and also of those
neeied in large amounts during 1918 for Army and
Navy uniforms. Decreased output of these particular
dyes has been more than offset by the increased output
of dyes of better quality, many of which were made for
the first time in the United States during 1919.
The domestic industry has been especially success-
ful in the production of those colors for which there ex-
ists a large and constant demand. Sulphur black, which
is consumed in the United States in larger amounts than
any other color, was produced to the extent of 14,504/70
pounds by 13 manufacturers. Some of the American
brands are superior in quality to the best products im-
ported from Germany before the war. Another notable
achievement was the production during 1919 of indigo
in amounts exceeding our prewar import. This dye,
which ranks second in consumption by the United
States, ranks first in world consumption on account of
its large use in China.
As has been pointed out in earlier reports of the com-
mission, during 1915 and 1916 the new American dye in-
dustry naturally sought the line of least resistance by
making the dyes which were easiest to make, and the
consumers used whatever dyes they could get instead of
the varieties they preferred. As a result there were
many cases of enforced substitutions of both German
dyes (available from stocks) and American dyes. This
substitution in early years of the war materially dam-
aged the reputation of American dyes. During the suc-
ceeding years there has been a steady and progressive
improvement in the situation. Although consumers were
better supplied with the particular dyes they desired in
1919 than they were in 1918, there were still needed cer-
tain types of dyes which could not be supplied from
American sources in the quantity desired. Thus in 1919
there was an insufficient domestic output of vat dyes
which, on account of their extreme fastness and beauty
of shade, are important for cotton shirtings, ginghams,
and calicos. Considerable progress has be^ made, how-
ever, toward supplying these much-needed colors. There
is also a demand for many individual dyes of other
classes which are not yet available at all or only in in-
adequate amounts. This is particularly true of alizarin
derivatives and of certain other specialties.
Export Trade in Dyes
The domestic production of certain dyes has devel-
oped to a point beyond the quantity necessary for domes-
tic consumption, and a large surplus has been available
for export to foreign markets, particularly Japan and
China. During the calendar year 1919 the United States
exported "dyes and dyestufTs" to the value of $17,084,-
435, of which $10,724,071 represented aniline dyes, $1,-
355,936 logwood extract, and $5,004,428 other dyes. For
the nine months ending September 30, 1920, the domestic
exports of dyes and dyestufTs amounted to $26,032,389,
of which $17,038,235 was aniline dyes, $2,321,090 was
logwood extracts, and $6,673,064 was other dyes. This
sum for the nine months of 1920 is more than double
the exports during the same period in 1919 and also ex-
ceeds the value of total imports during the fiscal year
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February 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
87
1914. The actual quantity exported, however, is smaller
than the prewar import, and the increase in value is due
to a higher value per pound. During 1919 and 1920
(nine months) Japan and China took about one-third of
our total exports of dyes.
In estimating the significance of this achievement of
the domestic industry in the exportation of dyes it should
be remembered that domestic manufacturers during 1919
and 1920 have met little competition in foreign markets
from German dyes. It should also be pointed out that
any deductions as to the competitive strength of the do-
mestic industry which are based on exports of dyes do
not take into consideration the fact that the domestic
industry is still deficient in the important group of vat
and alizarin dyes.
The coal-tar dyes exported include sulphur dyes,
chiefly blacks and browns; direct cotton dyes, chiefly
blacks, greens, blues, and reds ; indigo (synthetic) ; acid
dyes, chiefly scarlets and oranges ; and basic dyes, chiefly
malachite g^reen, methyl violet, and magenta. The ex-
port trade in dyes is an important factor in producing
dyes at a low cost to the domestic consumer. Germany,
in order to minimize her costs of production, made every
effort to develop and dominate foreign markets.
Census of Coal-Tar Crudes
Those firms engaged primarily in the operation of
coke ovens and gas houses, and operating distilleries for
the production of crudes, reported their output to the
Greological Survey. Unfortunately the production of
crudes by these firms has not yet been tabulated, and
complete figures on the production of coal-tar crudes
during 1919 are therefore not available. It should be re-
membered that the figures for individual commodities in
the second table represent only a part (in some cases a
small fraction) of the total quantity of crudes available
to the dye industry in 1919. These figures must be con-
sidered in connection with those for crudes at by-product
coke ovens and gas houses, to be published at a later
date by the United States Geological Survey.
There are, however, available facts showing that there
exists, as far as crude materials are concerned (anthra-
cene excepted), an adequate supply for the future growth
and development of the coal-tar chemical industry in the
United States. For example, the Geological Survey has
reported that the productive capacity of the by-product
coke ovens during 1919 increased 17.2 per cent over that
of 1918. During the war the military demand for the
by-products of coal distillation, especially toluene and
ammonia, caused the War Industries Board and the War
Dq)artment to aid in the erection of by-product coke
ovens. The completion of many of these ovens during
1919 is responsible for this increase in productive ca-
pacity.
During 1919 the output of coke decreased sharply as
compared with 1918 because of strikes in the steel and
coal industries. But the reduction was almost entirely
accounted for by the output of the wasteful beehive
ovens. The production of coke in by-product ovens in
1919 was only 3.2 per cent less than in 1918. As a re-
sult the output of coke from by-product ovens exceeded
for the first time that of beehive ovens, which do not re-
cover the valuable by-products. It would appear, there-
fore, that there was only a slight decrease in the quantity
of coal tar available during 1919. Transportation diffi-
culties interfered with shipments of coal tar to distillers.
This is reflected by decreases in output as shown in the
third table. Shortage of coal due to strikes in coal mines
also caused considerable quantities of tar to be burned as
fuel. These factors resulted in less tar being distilled.
In general the conclusion may be drawn that there was a
reduction in the output of crudes in 1919.
Productioii of Coal-tar Crudes During 1919, by Firms not Primarily
Engaged in the Operatioo of Coke-oven Plants
and Gas Houses
Value
Name Quantity Value per
unit
Totalcrudes* $17,657,750 ....
Benzene gaUons. 1,826,373 560,547 10.31
Toluene " .. 510,957 235,321 .46
Napthalene, crude pounds. . 12,612,203 327,201 .03
Solvent napthha 266,013 78,817 .30
Dead or creosote oil gallons . . 43,434,059 4,264,594 .10
Pitch of tar short tons . . 283,066 3,619,339 12.79
Other distillates gallons. . 6,867,001 1,461,500 .21
Refined tar barrels... 1,384,047 6,540,778 4.73
*The instructions sent to manufacturers were as follows:
Include under "dead or creosote oil" only products which may
be used for creosoting. Include under "other distillates" shingle
stain oib, disinfectant oib, and flotation oib which do not contain
over 5 per cent of phenol. Include under "refined tars" those tars
which are used for road treatment, saturating felt, and for protec-
tive coatings.
Phenol and all distillates which, on being subjected to distillation,
yield in the portion distilling below 200^ C. a quanti^ of tar adds
equal to or more than 5 per cent of the original distillate, are not
to be included here but are to be placed in Group II.
Cresol, for the purpose of the schedule, is defined as a distillate,
containing not more tnan 5 per cent of phenol and at least 50 per
cent of the isomeric cresols.
Comparisoo of ProductioQ of Coal-tar Cmdes, in 1919, by Finns
not Primarily Engaged in the Operation of Coke-oven Plants
and Gas Houses
Value
Name Quantity Value per
unit
Totalcrudes $17,657,750 ....
Bensene, gallons 1,826,373 560,547 10.31
Toluene, gallons 510,957 235,321 .46
Napthalene, crude, pounds 12,612,203 327,201 .03
Solvent naphtha, gallons 266,013 78,817 .30
Dead or creosote oil, gallons 43,434,059 4,264,594 .10
Pitch of tar, short tons 283,066 3,619,339 12.79
Other distillates, gallons 6,867,001 1,461,500 .24
Refined tar, barrds 1,384,047 6,540,778 .731
Shortage of Naphthalene
The output of crude naphthalene by tar distillers dur-
ing 1919 was 12,612,203 pounds valued at $327,201, as
compared with 40,138,092 pounds valued at $1,281,-
440 in 1918 by the same group of manufacturers. (These
figures are not total output as previously explained.)
This large reduction in output by tar distillers was due
to several causes, among which was the decreased dis-
tillation of tar. At the time of the signing of the armis-
tice there were on hand large stocks of crude naphtha-
lene which had accumulated as a by-product in the effort
to secure maximum supplies of toluene for making ex-
plosives. As a consequence, producers of crude naph-
thalene expected an oversupply and therefore diminished
their production by leaving considerable naphthalene in
the cheosote oil, thereby increasing the yield of creosote
oil then in great demand. When export restrictions on
dyes were removed there developed an unexpectedly
large export demand for dyes and intermediates made
from naphthalene. This quickly exhausted the accumu-
lated stocks and resulted m an acute shortage of naph-
thalene toward the end of 1919 and in the earlv part of
1920. Imports of crude naphthalene from England dur-
ing 1919 were not as large as was anticipated, owing to
English export restrictions and transportation difficul-
ties. During the first nine months of 1920, however,
imports of naphthalene amounted to nearly 11,000,000
pounds.
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THE GAS AOE
February 10, 1921
Sulphur Distrib'n in Carbonization
A Study Made by the Faculty of Johns Hop-
kins University in Collaboration with Messrs.
Fieldner, Davis and Powell of the U. S. Bu-
reau of Mines at Suggestion of Gas Industry
By U. O. HUTTON and Prof. C. C. THOMAS, Baltimore, Md.
ALTHOUGH chemical literature has an abimdant
record of good work on the carbonization of coal,
an intimate study of the sulfur distribution and of
the compoimds formed upon the carbonization of coal in
retorts or ovens, seems never to have been made.
Wibaut and Stoffel (Rev. Trav. Chim., 1919) made a
study of the sulfur in coal and that remaining in the coke
after carbonization, separating the sulfur of the coal and
coke into organic and inorganic and giving methods of
analysis, -^out the same time, Messrs. Powell and
Parr, at the University of Illinois, (Bulletin No. HI, Il-
linois Eng. Exp. Sta.) carried on experiments to deter-
mine something of the nature of the sulfur compotmd in
coal and analytical methods for their determination.
These investigators found the sulfur existing in four
forms, though all four forms need not necessarily be
present in all coals: (1) sulfate sulfur; (2) pyritic sul-
fur; (3) resinic sulfur; (4) humic sulfur. They have
developed methods of analysis for these different types
of sulfur compounds. They also studied the transforma-
tion of non-volatile sulfur in carbonization and foimd
that there is no occurrence of sulfur as sulphate in the
coke, nor as pyritic,' resinic or humic sulfur as termed in
the original coslL
However, there was sulfur present as sulphide and the
remaining sulfur consisting of the greater part present
was attributed to some possible organic combination.
This bears out Wibaut's experiment in which he finds
that pure carbon and sulfur will form a compound on
heating that is apparently a stable solid at high temper-
atures.
Work upon this subject was suggested by W. Ful-
weiler of the United Gas Improvement Company of Phil-
adelphia, and after a correspondence with A. C. Fieldner
of the Pittsburgh Experimental Laboratory of the U. S.
Bureau of Mines, it was found that the Bureau of Mines
was already engaged in a study along this line. It thus
seemed that if we made a sulfur balance over the car-
bonization in retorts, it would fit in as one of the neces-
sary links in a study of the sulfur of coal. It was also
suggested that a study be made of the organic sulfur
compounds remaining in the gas after the regular puri-
fication process had been passed through. This latter
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Variation of Sulphur in Charge
proved too much for us to carry through in our rather
limited time.
, The importance of a study upon this line is easy to
realize, since during the war when gas companies could
not always exercise their choice on coal, there were oc-
casions when the residual sulfur in the gas reached
rather menacing quantities; and it is likely that before
many years have passed, more and more high sulfur
coals will be forced upon the gas companies and the
problem of decreasing tne sulfur sent out in the gas will
be a pressing one.
Apparatus
The by-product laboratory has all the essentials of a
small coal gas plant. The retort is of fire clay, a standard
eight-foot D-shaped retort, 14" x 22^4", mounted in a
direct-fired setting. A single ascension pipe, 7" diame-
ter, at the mouthpiece end of the retort connects through
the bridge and dip pipe to the hydraulic main in which
a one-half inch water seal was carried for these experi-
ments. The gas is led from the hydraulic main through
four-inch pipe to the primary condenser. Root exhauster,
secondary condenser, a Smith glass wool tar extractor,
two ammonia washers in series, ammonia liquor being
circulated in the first by means of a pump and fresh wa-
ter being used in the second.
The purifier consists of a cylindrical steel tank, 3J4
feet in diameter and five feet high. A natural iron-ore
purifying mass was used in two layers, each 18^ thick.
All pieces of apparatus are so connected "that they may
be by-passed at will. The gas was metered through dry
tutf
Rate of Gas Production
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Effect of Temperature on Sulfuretted Hydrogen
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February 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
89
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Ayerage Variation of Sulfnretted Hydrogen
meters, two 30-light meters being connected in parallel,
one with the 300 cubic foot gas holder, and the other
to an inch and a quarter pipe leading to the power house
where the gas was burned under one of the steam boilers.
Special holders were obtaind to take samples for these
tests. These holders had a capacity of approximately 10
cubic feet and were connected by individual pipes to a
lower room where the Referee's sulfur apparatus was
set up. The gas for these holders was drawn off the main
just past the exhauster and through a tube containing
gas wool and two towers, in series, filled with marbles
^S0O^ /SOO* /JOO* /^OO* t9*i
Effect of Temperature on Sulfur Variation
over which water circulated for an ammonia washer. The
gas was then passed through a small iron oxide purifier ;
then through a Wolffe bottle containing lead acetate as
a safety so there was no chance of hydrogen sulfide get-
ting to the test holders without warning being given by
the discoloration of the lead acetate. The gas then passed
the wet test meter in the holder.
Recourse was taken to the above method of sampling
rather than drawing the gas off the main system after
the purifier box for the reason that the volume of the ap-
paratus was approximately 280 cubic feet and even
though this amoimt of gas were allowed to pass before
drawing off the test sample, it would be rather impossi-
ble to conjecture how much gas should be passed due to
the inevitable mixing when a new charge was started.
With this auxiliary apparatus, it was possible to open a
cock at the holder and rapidly flush the gas from the
line, after allowing sufficient gas to pass through to
sweep out approximately the 10 cubic feet of gas in the
apparatus between the ascension pipe and the exhauster.
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Organic Sulfur Varying with Charge
-7 1 3 "^
Carbon Dianlphide and Organic Sulfur
Appkratus
Coal for these tests was kindly presented to the Uni-
versity by the United Gas Improvement Company
through Mr. Fulweiler. The analysis of this coal and
data on its sulfur forms, as furnished by the Bureau of
Mines, is given in Tables I and IV.
An apparatus was erected to absorb organic sulfur
compounds from the purified gas by means of silicic acid
gel. This apparatus consisted of a motor-driven com-
pressor so as to get a pressure of about five pounds and
the gas was passed through two washers in series con-
taining sodium carbonate to remove carbon-dioxide ; then
through a drying tower containing calcium chloride;
then through two towers in series containing cottonseed
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Effect of Carbon Ditulphide on Sulfur in Gaa
oil to wash out light oils. The gas then passed through
a water-cooled container holding about 7 pounds of Uie
silica gel.
The apparatus was built to handle 400 cubic feet per
hour but was found to foam at that rate so the amount
passed was reduced to about 150 cubic feet per hour. Gas
entering this apparatus contained, on the average, 152
grains of sulfur per 100 cubic feet ; and upon leaving, a
content of only 2.4 grains, showing an efficiency of 84%.
Procedure
In the first test run, a uniform charge of 300 pounds
of coal was used, one charge being burned off a day ; the
retort being charged as soon in the morning as the tem-
perature could be brought to the desired point — from 4
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THE GAS AOE
February 10, 1921
/ 2 3 f 5
Effect of Liming Coal
to 6 hours being required to "bum off" a charge, de-
pending upon the temperature used. The setting being
direct-fired made it rather difficult to maintain uniform
heating conditions throughout the day. Thus the rate of
temperature rise was rather variable and caused a varia-
tion in the rate of gas evolution with the same maximum
temperature.
The coke was quenched and weighed upon drawing
and a sample taken. Temperatures were taken at half-
hour intervals bv a base metal thermocouple, the hot
junction being placed in the center of the retort on the
top of the charge. In several charges, temperatures were
also taken in the center and bottom of the charge for
purposes of comparison.
The time rguired for carbonization was divided into
five periods : Tne first four, one hour in length ; the fifth
usually an hour but extended if all the gas had not been
evolved. After 10 cubic feet of gas had been passed, to
flush the old charge out of the hydraulic main and pri-
mary condenser, the sampling was begun. A sample of
gas produced during each period of carbonization was
drawn off through the auxiliary purifying train into one
of the ten cubic foot test holders. A hydrogen sulfide
determination also was made upon this gas.
Readings of the meter were taken at half-hour inter-
vals and an attempt was made to draw gas proportion-
ately to the rate at which it was being produced. It was
also possible to draw a proportional sample to the 300
cubic foot holder to be used for check purposes in de-
termining the total sulfur. The hydrogen sulfide was de-
termined by means of the cadmium chloride test, as out-
lined in the American Gas Engineering Handbook. The
or^^anic sulfur not removed in the purificaton of the gas,
bemg usually termed the "total" sulfur, was determined
in a lower room of the laboratory by the Referee's sul-
fur apparatus; three to five cubic feet being ordinarily
used for these tests.
An attempt was also made to determine the proportion
of carbon bisulphide in this total sulfur. The method
used was that described by Lunge, absorption by alco-
holic potash. It was found rather difficult to determine
the sulfur in this reagent as it was also necessary to free
the gas from carbon dioxide by means of KOH and to
remove the moisture with CaClj, and further to saturate
the gas with alcohol before entering the absorbing re-
agent. There was possibility of any of these reagents
absorbing some sulfur so a determination was made by
the Referee's sulfur apparatus of the residual sulfur af-
^ — 3 X'
Effect of Sixe of Charge on Sulfur
ter passing the gas through these reagents and the car-
bon bisulfide was obtained by difference.
It was not possible to make a study of what sulfur
contpounds and alcoholic potash solution will absorb.
Lunge states that it is an efficient absorber of carbon
bisulfide. There is every reason to believe that it will
also absorb any mercaptane contained in the gas ; and as
alcohol alone is an efficient absorber of hydro-carbons,
it is likely that some thiophene and similar compounds
would be absorbed ; so the figure given as carbon bisul-
fide should be taken only to represent the order of mag-
nitude of this factor.
The volume of the hydraulic main was determined and
the sulfur condensed here was determined by taking a
sample before and after the tests. The tar was drawn off
from the bottom of the main and combined with the tar
of the other parts of the apparatus. Samples were also
taken of the ammonia liquor before and after the run,
and the increase in sulfur determined ; about twelve gal-
lons of make-up water being added for each charge. As
the ammonia concentration was rather low, not a great
amount of sulfur was absorbed by this liquor. The sul-
fur in these liquors was determined by oxidation with
bromine and precipitation as barium sulfate. The tar
was freed from all possible water and weighed. A sam-
ple was taken in which the sulfur was determined by
combustion with oxygen in a Mahkr bomb and pre-
cipitation and weighing as barium sulfate.
Experimental Operation
Part I. — ^A series of runs was made usine a uniform
charge of 300 pounds of coal and varying Uie tempera-
ture; the maximum temperature of the period ranging
from about 1500**C. to 1800**C. The coal charge was
the United Gas Improvement coal of the analysis
shown in Table I. The pressure on the chaining end of
the retort was kept as near neutral as possiole and al-
though several charges had previously been burned off,
it was difficult to prevent a certain amount of leaka^ge
through the retort or a leakage of the furnace gases in-
to the retort, should the pressure differential lie on that
direction. As only one charge was burned off during
the day, there was difficulty in keeping up the retort
temperature. This was accentuated by the inevitable
cooling of the setting during the night when the fire
was banked. Occasionally 3ie temperature drop was
sufficient to cause cracks to open up in the retort walls.
That the leaking was sometimes excessive is shown by
some of the gas analyses, in particular, Charge No. 9.
Later mention of this will be made in r^^rd to the sul-
fur in the coke. A sununary of these tests is given in
Table IV, and some of the more important results are
plotted in curves I, III, IV and V.
In studying the sulfur that is gasified, it will be noted
that the hydrogen sulfide content of the gas rapidly falls
off during the carbonization period. In these tests, the
concentration in the first period averaging 1600 grains
per 100 cubic feet of gas and dropping to about one-
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February 10, 1921
THE GAS AGS
91
fourth that amount in the fifth hour. The variation in
the total sulfur in the gas is somiewhat diflferent. From
a sulfur content of about 25 grains per 100 cubic feet
for the first hour, the minimum of about half the maxi-
mum is reached in the fourth hour and the sulfur con-
tent from this point seems to be on the increase. If we
turn to Curve VII, we will note that this increase is ap-
parently due to tb^ increase in carbon bisidfide.
This fits pretty well into the theory that carbon bi-
sulfide is a product of secondary reaction; and in the
last period, when less than 10% of the gas is pro-
duced, the flow of gas from the retort being conse-
quently sluggish, also the retort and coke being at the
maximum temperature, there is greater opportunity
for carbon bisulfide to be formed, although the hydro-
gen sulfide concentration may be at its lowest point. If
we take the average content of total organic sulfur in
the gas (Curve V) we will note that there is apparently
a considerable increase as the temperature of carboni-
zation is raised. This is naturally to be expected as
secondary reactions will play a more important part.
The sulfur content of the tar likewise shows an increase
with an increase of the maximum temperature of car-
bonization.
Part n. — In studying the effect of the size of charge
upon the sulfur distribution, charges of 400 and 200
Temperature Through the Charge
pounds were compared with the runs made in Part I
with 300 pounds. The variation in results other than
the total organic sulfur are too irregular to draw any
conclusions as to the effect of larger charges. But if
we note Table 5, and Curve VI, it is apparent that there
is a decrease in the total sulfur content with increasing
size of charges. There are probably two combining
causes to produce this decrease.
With the smaller charge, the temperature rise through
the mass is more rapid. When the charge is increased
to 400 pounds, the amount of free space is diminished
to only 20% of the volume of the retort; while with a
200-pound charge, the free space amounts to approxi-
mately 60% of the retort volume. Thus the gas leaves
the retort much sooner after evolution in the case of the
400-pound charge; and there is less opportunity of sec-
ondary reaction to take place. Curve IX shows a com-
parison of total organic sulfur for a 200-pound charge
compared with 300-pound charges of approximately the
same temperature. Curves X and XI show a comparison
of 300- and 400-pound charges.
Part IIL — ^Two test runs were made to determine the
effect of liming the coal upon the sulfur distribution. As
in Part II, we are not warranted in drawing many con-
clusions from the sulfur distribution outside of that re-
maining in the gas. Milk of lime was sprayed on the
coal before charging, 1J4% and 2% of calcium oxide
being added to the coal and distributed as well as pos-
-7—. J 3 T^ 7"
Temperature of the Center of the Charge
sible. Table 5 shows the result of these tests. Charge
13 having 1>^% of calcium oxide and Charge 14, 2%
calcium oxide. Apparently most of the calcium oxide
remains in the coke and shows up as ash as indicated
in Table 2. Curve V shows the total organic sulfur
variation compared with a similar charge of approxi-
mately the same temperature limits without lime. This
shows a marked decrease in sulfur during the lean
period.
Conclusions
In the Appendix is included a report by Messrs. Da-
vis and Powell of the Bureau of Mines in regard to the
form of sulfur occurring in the coal and coke. There is
one point that should probably be considered in con-
nection with their conclusions. As shown by the gas
analysis, there was at times considerable leakage into
the retort. There is a possibility that part of the sulfur
at the bottom of the charge was brought in as sulfur
dioxide and deposited as an organic sulfur compound
on the surface of the coke. This is offered as a sugges-
tion to account for the abnormally high sulfur content
of this sample. Sample A of low temperature shows
abnormally low sulfm*. This must be attributed to
faulty sampling.
In conclusion, it may be stated that the results of
these tests show three avenues open to reduce the total
sulfur in gas: (1) low tenroeratures ; (2) larger
charges ; (3) liming the coal. The first of these is in-
compatible with economical operation of a gas plant.
The second is open to but few objections. Indeed there
is no good reason in evidence why retorts should not be
charged to their maximum capacity at all times. The
time of carbonization may be increased but the total
make of gas should not suffer. Liming the coal is not
looked upon with much favor in this country but the
Cheltingham plant in England has been operated with
1J4% calcium oxide for a number of years and they
report an increase in ammonia yield as well as a re-
duction in sulfur compound. These two factors should
help outweigh the cost of lime and the detriment to the
coke.
20
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•
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Total Organic Sulfur in the Gas
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92
THE GAS AOE
February 10, 1921
APPENDIX
Report on Coal and Coke from Experimental Retort
Teat at Johns Hopkins University
By T. D. Davis and A. R. Powell, Coal and Coke
Products Laboratory, Bureau of Mines Ex-
periment Station, Pittsburg, Pa.
Analyses of sulphur forms in coal and coke. Coal
No. 34478. Results expressed in per cent sulphur in
air-dried coaL
Sulphur as pyrite 0.78
Sulphur as sulphate 0.01
Organic sulphur 1.15
Total sulphur 1.94
Coke No. 34446. Sample A, composite of medium
temperature runs. Per cent sulphur in air-dried coke.
Sulphide sulphur 0.29
Organic sulphur 1.07
Total sulphur 1.36
Coke No. 34447. Sample B, high temperature run.
Per cent sulphur in air-dried coke.
Sulphide sulphur 0.60
Organic sulphur 1.44
Total sulphur 2.04
Coke no. 34448. High temperature run, upper J4*
of coke. Per cent sulphur in air-dried coke.
Sulphide sulphur 0.35
Organic sulphur 1.29
Total sulphur 1.64
Coke No. 34449. High temperature run, bottom ^4"
of coke. Per cent sulphur in air-dried coke.
Sulphide sulphur 0.59
Organic sulphur : 1.66
Total sulphur , 2.25
Coke No. 34450. High temperature run, center of
coke. Per cent sulphur in air-dried coke.
Sulphide sulphur 0.24
Organic sulphur 1.16
Total sulphur 1.40
An account of the forms of sulphur in the coal and
the methods used for their analysis has already been
described (Powell and Parr, Bull. HI, Engineering Ex-
periment Station, Univ. of Illinois, 1919).
Sulphur exists in coke in two forms. The sulphide
form comprises ferrous sulphide and any sulphides of
other metals that may be present. Pyrite is never
present in finished coke since it is entirely decomposed
below 600"C.
The analysis of the sulphide forms is performed by
treating the finely powdered coke with fairly strong
hydrochloric acid, boiling, and collecting the hydrogen
sulphide evolved in cadmium chloride.
The other form of sulphur in the coke given above,
"organic*' sulphur, is determined by the difference be-
tween the total sulphur and the sulphide sulphur. The
term "organic" sulphur is applied to coke simply as a
convenient name since there is as yet no absolute proof
that this sulphur is in actual oreanic combination. The
indications are, however, that this form of sulphur is
associated, either chemically or physically, with the
carbon of the coke.
Experiments in the Bureau of Mines laboratories
have indicated that during the destructive distillation
of coal, pyrite is decomposed to ferrous sulphide and
hydrogen sulphide, the sulphur of the pyrite distribut-
ing itself equally to these two products. Any sulphate
sulphur present in the coal is reduced to sulphide.
The oreanic sulphur of the coal undergoes several
typts of decomposition. One-fourth to one-third of the
or^nic sulphur goes off in the form of hydrogen sul-
phide. A verv small portion goes into the tar in the
form of thiophene, etc. The remainder of the organic
sulphur changes radicallv between 400® and 500® C to
the "organic" sulphur of the coke.
Secondary changes also play an important part
Some of the sulphide sulphur is converted over into the
"organic" sulphur of the coke. This accounts for the
fact that the sulphide sulphur found in coke very rarely
equals half of the pyritic sulphur as it should by the
above reactions. Also some of the hydrogen sulphide
is converted to carbon bisulphide by secondary reac-
tions with the red hot coke. One ot the most import-
ant secondary reactions is the equilibrium existing be-
tween the sulphur of the coke and the sulphur of the
by-product gas.
The active constituent of the gas seems to be hydro-
gen. The by-product gas travelling through the coke
cleanses it of sulphur to some extent so that most coals
will lose one-half of their organic sulphur instead of
one-fourth to one-third as eiven above for the primary
distillation. On the other nand, when the gas becomes
sufficiently high in hydrogen sulphide there may be an
absorption of sulphur from the gas into the coke, al-
though this has not been absolutely proven as yet
We would judge from the analyses that about 60-
65% of the coal was left as coke, so that this factor
must be used when comparing the sulphur of the coal
Table 1.— Analytb of Coal am Charged (U. 8. Bureau of
Mine^
Percent
Hydrogen 5.44
Carbon 77 .46
Nitrogen 1.60
Oxygen 6.79
Sulfur as Pyrite 0.78
Sulfur as Sulfate 0.01
Organic Sulfur 1.15
Total Sulfur 1.94
Ash 6.77
Volatile 38.53
Moisture 1.18
Fixed Carbon 53.52
Calorific Value determined 13972.00
Calorific Value calculated 14191.00
Table a.—Analsrtis of Coke
Charge No. 9& 11 12 & 13 8& 19 10& 14 20 17&18 21
Moisture 1.59 2.20 1.71 0.79 2.11 1.40 0.46
Vol. Matter... 2.51 2.64 2.03 2.12 1.40 1.61 0.77
Fixed Carbon. 84.85 84.28 85.09 84.63 84.87 85.79 87.07
Ash 11.15 10.88 11.17 12.96 11.62 11.20 11.72
Sulfide Sulfur.. 11.15 0.60
Organic Sulfur. 1.07 1.44
Total Sulfur... 1.36 1.96 1.88 1.79 1.94 1.91 2.04
Table 3.— Coke Variatiofi (U. S. Bureau of Mines)
Sample from Top of Chg. Center Bottom Average
Vol. Matter 0.50 1.11 0.45 0.77
Fixed Carbon 90.59 88.54 87.02 87.48
Ash 8.91 10.35 12.53 11.75
Sulfide Sulfur 0.35 0.24 0.59 0.60
Organic Sulfur 1.29 1.17 1.67 1.45
Total Sulfur 1.64 1.41 2.26 2.05
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February 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
93
Table IV. — Carbonization Data for 6 Charges
Charge No 8 9 12
Coal charged, lbs 300 300 .300
Coke produced 200 203.8 202.7
NH* Liquor lbs. S. per ton 0.232 0.233 2.86
Hydraulic M. Liq. S/ton 0.347 0.340 0.392
Tar produced/Ton 136.0 120. 133.0
CaO charged with coal, lbs
Virgin liquor, lbs 1.14 120, 120.
Gas cu. ft. coal 7250. 6500. 7500.
Gas % of Total A 15.5 19.4 16.3
B 27.1 21.1 32.5
C 23.6 27.3 24.6
D 23.2 - 14.7 18.8
E 8.0 13.3 7.8
*' F 2^12
Temperature A ......!.". ! . . . '. . . . .* . ..'.'. 1123 948 %8
B 1282 1163 1230
C 1425 1395 1515
D 1585 1465 1640
E 1646 1525 1658
H'S, gr./lOO cu. ft. A 1514 1370 1417
B 1166 1442 1122
C 838 1318 915
D 485 674 6%
E 445 395 444
Average %5 1132 944
Total Organic Sul. A 27.2 24.1 25.9
B 21.6 20.2 21.2
C 14.1 19.5 15.6
D 7.3 9.5 9.6
E.. 7.3 9.3 11.9
Average 15.8 17.7 17.7
Lbs. sulfur/ton coal 38.61 38.61 38.61
coke 25.0 18.48 26.46
tar 1.03 1.19 1.18
Org. S 0.18 .16 .19
H'S 9.99 10.61 10.09
Liq 0.58 .57 .68
Unaccounted for 1,8 7.76 0.01
Table V. — Effect of Varying Size of Charge
Coal Charged 300 300
Coke Produced 202.2 206.5
NH» Liquor lbs. S./ton 0.280 0.230
Hydraulic Am. Liq. S./ton 0.333 0.360
Tar lbs. produced/Ton 133 127
CaO charged with coal, lbs 4.5 6.0
Virgin liquor lbs 120 113
Gas, cu. ft./ton coal 7100 9300
Gas % of Total A 11.1 17.3
B 23.3 27.5
C 36.1 20.0
D 26.1 18.7
Temperature A deg. C 1075 1040
B " 1347 1272
C " 1602 1485
D " 1718 1668
E " 1725 1795
H'S gr. per 100 cu. ft. A 1740 1516
B 1487 827
C 780 698
D 746 464
E 450 372
Average 977 778 •
Total Organic SuL A 26.3 30.1
B 21.1 19.5
C 17.4 17.9
D 10.9 11.6
E 11.4 10.1
Average 17.7 16.2
13
17
18
300
300
300
203.4
201.4
201.7
0.200
0.253
0.233
0.407
0.379
0.327
146.
130.
120.
120.
133.
120.
7900.
9000.
6800.
16.1
19.0
18.6
35.2
26.5
23.2
23.5
26.6
26.5
14.2
15.9
14.9
11.0
12.0
13.4
3.4
935
1175
1070
1160
1360
1350
1347
1610
1545
1580
1720
1640
1610
1795
1690
1481
1370
1506
1042
1074
1417
644
725
892
512
520
817
408
495
470
850
878
994
20.2
26.6
24.8
15.7
25.8
23.5
14.1
24.4
20.5
11.7
23.2
12.7
12.9
27.2
8.6
15.1
25.4
18.8
38.61
38.61
38.61
26.80
25.24
25.75
1.26
1.31
1.05
.17
.32
.19
9.58
11.30
9.67
.61
.63
.56
0.19
0.19
1.58
400
400
200
274.0
269.3
136.4
0.230
0.220
0.270
0.320
0.360
0.41O
123
130
145
125
125
115
8400
7800
8400
16.8
17.5
18.8
23.8
24.3
25.8
23.3
21.9
28.1
21.2
16.4
1060
1040
990
1428
1405
1255
1605
1540
1415
1760
1700
1580
1812
1790
1675
1446
1377
1248
994
1133
984
902
964
743
539
586
646
424
498
386
858
844
839
28.1
26.2
30.1
25.5
20.5
26.6
25.7
17.1
23.4
21.1
11.6
27.7
21.6
11.2
28.7
23.1
17.5
27.1
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94
THE GAS AGE
February 10, 1921
Table V (continued) — ^Effect of Varying Size of Charge
Coal charged, lbs 300 300 400 400 200
Lbs. sulfur tott Coal 38.61 38.61 38.61 38.61 38.61
Coke 26.14 26.66 26.16 26.13 27.80
Tar 1.16 1.38 1.33 1.25 1.25
Org. S 0.17 0.28 0.28 0.32 0.32
H* 9.90 10.90 10.30 9.40 10.06
Uq 0.61 0.55 0.55 0.58 0.68
Unaccounted for 0.92 1.11 0.06 0.93 0.40
to that of the coke. In coke and gas making practice Also, most of the organic sulphur of the coal has been
it has been found that about one-half of the coal sul- retained in the coke, in an altered form, of course,
phiu- is left in the coke, very little variation ever oc- The sample of coke from the center shows much less
curring in this respect. According to this, coke pro- sulphur, both sulphide and organic, than the bottom
duced from a coal of 1.94% sulphur content should give sample. This may be due to the ptu^ng action of the
a coke containi^ 1.60% sulphur. The analyses, how- gas going up through the mass.
ever, show 1.36% sulphur in the moderate temperature At the top both forms of sulphur are a little greater
coke and 2.04% sulphur in the high temperature coke. {„ quantity than in the middle, but much less than at
These wide variations must be due to sampling since t^e bottom. This may be due to the fact that the gas,
the sulphur content of the coke vanes greatly m differ- ^^en it reaches the top, contains more sulphur than it
ent parts ot the retort. a'a u 4^ ^-u *
Assuming that the coal which has been analyzed is a ^*^ ^*^^ ^ ^^^ f ^^^- . . , . ...
representative sample, the sulphur analyses of the dif- I^ "^"^t be understood that the above deductions are
ferent sections of coke from the high temperature run based simply on the samples that were sent A more
show in general what has happened. Taking the bot- complete study of the coke at many different places
tom sample, the sulphide sulphur figures ought to be through the retort would probably throw more light on
just about one-half of the pyritic stSphur of the coal, the question of sulphur in coke.
ji Jl Ji
New York's Gas Business in 1920
Statement of a Year's Performance by a Com-
pany Having Gross Assets of Nearly 205 Mil-
lion and Output of About 38 Billion — ^Next
to the Largest Gas Company in the World
SINCE every gas company has experienced the effects
of conditions prevailing during the recent period
of stress it will be of interest to examine into how
these conditions affected the largest gas company in this
country and the one most persecuted during the past by
officious and self-seeking representatives of the people.
Every concession made in relief of the company was con-
tested until the public itself became aware of the injus-
tice and the inadequacy of the rates charged. After pay-
ing 7 per cent on stock and interest on bonds the com-
pany declared a loss from gas operation of $4,343,286,
calculated on the 80 cent rate. From July 1 to Aug. 5
a rate of $1.00 was charged, which was then increased
to $1.20 under final decree, resulting in an increased in-
come of $2,796,723, which was in relief of the loss stated.
The statement issued by the company on Jan. 24, refer-
ring to its experiences and progress during the past year,
includes the following information:
New Gas and Electric Plants
For the present and future, the Consolidated Gas Com-
pany and its subsidiaries are confronted not only with a
continuance of high operating costs, but also a substan-
tially increased investment per unit of productive or dis-
tributive capacity, on which future rates must be such as
to yield a fair return. The increase in the maximum win-
ter demand for gas made necessary the construction and
equipment of an additional water-gas plant at Astoria,
having a daily capacity of 30,000,000 cubic feet. The
plant, which is known as "Plant D," is practically com-
pleted, six 12j4-foot generators out of tne twelve which
will constitute the equipment of this station, having been
put in service. The plant represents an expenditure of
about $6,000,000, which does not include all of the auxil-
iary structures required for a complete water-gas plant.
The growth in the demand for electric service has like-
wise necessitated the erection, which is now in progress,
of a new generating station in the Bronx, at the foot
of East 132d and 134th Streets on the East River, by the
United Electric Light and Power Company, which will be
known as the Hell Gate Station. It is estimated that its
ultimate cost will approximate $24,000,000.
During the period of the war, the electric companies
felt constrained, as a matter of compliance with the pol-
icy outlined by the federal authorities, as well as of
sound business policy, to defer, to the greatest possible
extent consistent with the fulfilment of their franchise
obligations, expenditures for construction purposes.
It became necessary, however, in 1920, to increase sub-
stantially the transmission, distribution and sub-station
facilities of the New York Edison Company, not only
for the purpose of meeting the prospective increase in
the demands for its service, but to provide greater in-
surance against interruption in service in respect of the
business already on its lines. This involved capital ex-
penditures, during the yeai' 1920, by that company of ap-
proximately $11,763,000.00.
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February 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
95
Expenditures
The aggregate capital expenditures of the Consoli-
dated and its affiliated gas and electric companies, for the
year 1920, were $29,817,035, of which $21,190,800 was
for electric property and $8,626,235 for gas property;
and it is estimated that, in the year 1921, it will be nec-
essary to expend, for additions to and extensions of the
gas and electric plants and distributing systems, a sum
substantially in excess of last year.
These capital expenditures will represent from one and
one-half times to twice the outlay, which would have
been required prior to the war, for additions and exten-
sions of corresponding productive and distributive ca-
pacity. These expenditures in 1920 and 1921 are ren-
dered imperatively necessary by reason of the franchise
obligations of the gas and electric companies to meet the
demand on the part of the public for their service.
Unlike other industries, these companies may not cur-
tail their capital expenditures, for any reason whatso-
ever, below the point where the requirements of the pub-
lic may be fully and adequately met. Nor can the readi-
ness on the part of these companies to render service, lag
behind the public's demand for service. The demand for
service must be anticipated and anticipated with suffi-
cient liberality to insure a margin of safety above the
maximtun demand that can reasonably be foreseen, and
the manufacturing and distributing plant and equipment
must be kept adequate to supply such demand.
Furthermore, the cost of money (that is to say, the
rate of return upon which capital has been obtainable),
has increased from 33 1-3 to 50 per cent. In other words,
in order to put a dollar of investment imder existing con-
ditions, upon a parity with a dollar of investment under
pre-war conditions, the earnings upon each dollar would
have to be from twice to two and two-thirds as great as
upon the pre-war dollar. This element of cost alone
would operate to render otherwise adequate rates entire-
ly inadequate ; but the rates have not been otherwise ade-
quate, because the cost of the materials and labor enter-
ing into the production and distribution of gas and elec-
tric current have likewise enormously increased.
Coal and labor are the principal elements of cost in the
production and distribution of electric current. The
price of steam-coal, delivered alongside the electric com-
panies' docks, has increased during the period of the war
fron\ $3.00 to $8.40 per ton, and the rate of wages paid
hourly employees in the various electric departments has
increased approximately 100 per cent. The principal
items entering into the cost of manufacture and distri-
bution of gas are coal, gas-oil and labor.
The price of anthracite, before the war, was approxi-
mately $4.67 per ton, as compared with the present cost
of $12.07 per ton f.o.b. the docks of the gas companies.
The price of bituminous coal, f.o.b. our docks, prior to
the war, was $2.30, as compared with the average price
paid in the fall of 1920 for gas-coal of $11.82. The gas-
oil contract for the year 1915 was at the rate of 8 cents a
gallon. The price for 1921 is at the rate of 12J4 cents a
gallon. The rate of wages paid hourly employees in the
various gas departments has increased approximately 100
per cent.
Unnecessary Litigation
The necessity for an increase in the rates charged to
the public for gas and electric current, especially in the
gas rate, has been obvious for a long period of time, not
only to those entrusted with the administration of the
affairs of these companies but to most of their customers
as well, who appear to realize that, if the companies are
to continue to render the best gas and electric service
possible and to keep up such service without a break,
they must be permitted to collect rates which will enable
them to meet the tremendously increased costs of coal,
gas-oil and labor.
Notwithstanding this very fair and common-sense at-
titude on the part of users of gas and electric service,
coimsel for some of the public authorities from the open-
ing of the trial of the Consolidated Gas Company case,
felt called upon to delay and obstruct in every possible
way, that judicial ascertainment of the facts which was
the constitutional right of the company. Every essential
fact set forth in our previous reports and every essential
contention made by counsel for the companies, have now
been judicially sustained and fortified in the present liti-
gation.
Time, effort, and expenditure of money that should
have been unnecessary, have been required in this task,
owing to the attitude of these self-appointed champions
of such consumers as do not wish to pay increased rates,
irrespective of their merits or the urgent necessity there-
for, and even after the contest is won and the justice of
the companies' claims is demonstrated, there remains
what Judge Hough, in the Federal Court, referred to as
the disposition "to sullenly contest in every species of
guerilla action the legitimate consequences of the main
victory." In the ultimate analysis, the consumers and
the taxpayers alike have to bear the heavy burdens of the
expense of this kind of litigation, which would be avoid-
ed under a more sound adjustment of the regulatory law
and mechanism of the state.
Increased Gas Rate
The proceedings begim by the Consolidated Gas Com-
pany in January, 1919, to obtain, relief from the eighty-
cent gas rate, culminated in a favorable report from the
special master appointed by the United States District
Court for the Southern District of New York, and the en-
try, on August 11, 1920, of a final decree in that court,
sustaining all essential contentions of the company and
putting in eflfect a rate of $1.20 per thousand cubic feet.
The rate of $1.20 was adequate to cover actual operat-
ing costs as of early 1920 and pay an eight per cent re-
turn upon the company's actual investment in property
used in its gas business, although it does not represent
more than nve per cent upon the present value of such
property. With the increases in rates of pay and in the
cost of coal and other materials during 1520, and the in-
creased cost of gas-oil during 1921, elsewhere discussed
herein, the $1.20 rate barely covers present operating
costs and yields virtually nothing as return upon invest-
ment. It is therefore as unremimerative and confisca-
tory today as was the 80-cent rate when the proceedings
to test the validity of that rate were begun.
The rate suits instituted by subsidiary gas companies
have been advanced with all practicable diligence during
the year. On November 19, 1920, the Federal Court en-
tered a decree confirming, with minor modifications, the
Report of the Special Master in the New York and
Queens Gas Company case, and restraining the public
authorities from enforcing the statutory maximum of
$1.00 against that company and from interfering in any
way with the charging of an adequate rate by that com^
pany. On November 19, the company put in effect a
rate of $1.25 per thousand cubic feet plus a service
charge of 75 cents a month, which, as of that date, was
sufficient to defray operating costs and yield slightly less
than seven per cent upon the company's investment.
The introduction of the service-charge principle in
rate-making is looked upon as a sound and logical step
of great importance to the public and to the gas industry.
Naturally, the service charge has commended itself to
the company's consumers in Queens; and its introduc-
tion by other companies in the metropolitan territory is
forecast. With the increased cost of gas-oil for 1921,
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THE GAS AGE
February 10, 1921
the present rate, including the service charge in the
Flushing territory, barely covers actual operating costs.
Other subsidiary companies in the Manhattan, Bronx
and Long Island City territories, put in eflfect a $1.00 rate
on July 1, 1920, under preliminary injimction granted by
the Federal Court. Modifying orders increased this rate
to $1.10 on December 1st, 1920. As intended by the
Court, this rate, at that time, )rielded, approximately, ten
cents per thousand cubic feet over and above actual
operating costs; and the Court ruled that, under tem-
porary injimctions in advance of trial, the rates should
be such as to yield ten cents per thousand cubic feet
above such actual costs, the theory of the Court being
stated to be, that the only measure of relief which should
be granted on preliminary injunction, is such as will re-
lieve only "the more acute cruelties of the situation" and
leave the company under the "sting of financial neces-
sity" to expedite its case.
The increased cost of gas-oil for 1921 has added more
than 21 cents per thousand cubic feet to the production
costs; and the $1.10 rate, therefore, falls more than 10
cents short of meeting present actual operating expenses.
Action to advance the rates now being charged by the
various gas companies to a figure adequate in view of
present costs of oil, coal and labor, will be taken at an
early date.
Heat Unit Standard
From time to time, within the year, public authorities
within the state of New York, have initiated inquiries as
to the advisability of discontinuing a candle-power
standard for gas and substituting therefor the British
thermal imit standard. Engineers and executives of this
company have attended such hearings when summoned
and have placed at the disposal of the public authorities
any experience or information desired by them in reach-
ing a conclusion.
The position of this company has been, and is, that,
within the limits of operating possibility, it will furnish,
and does furnish, to its consumers, gas of such standard
of candle-power or heating value as may be desired and
directed by the public through its official representatives,
and that the company will, in turn, require the payment
of a reasonable rate for the gas of the quality thus pre-
scribed. So long as 22 candle-power gas is prescribed
by statute or commission order, the company will fur-
nish that quality of gas and expect to be paid therefor a
commensurate rate.
The inquiries of the public authorities within the year
have, however, established, in the opinion of the com-
pany's executive, that the continued requirement of the
22 candle-power standard produces gas of no greater
utility to the consumer than that of approximately 550
British thermal units, but makes the necessary price of
gas to the consumer, under the 1921 price for gas-oil, ap-
proximately, 12.16 cents per thousand cubic feet more
than would be necessary under such thermal unit stand-
ard. The large waste of oil resulting from the continu-
ance of the candle-power standard no doubt has a bear-
ing upon the present oil prices.
Reference has been made to the increase in the price
of coal and in the rate of wages paid to labor, which con-
stitute the principal elements of expense in the produc-
tion and distribution of electrical energy. These increases
have occurred largely since The New York Edison and
The United Electric Light and Power Companies made a
voluntary and experimental reduction in their maximum
rate for electric service to 7 cents per kilowatt hour.
Regulations prescribed by the Public Service Commis-
sion during the war period had indicated a preference
on the part of the regulatory authorities for a temporary
surcharge, based on and varying with the increased coal
price, rather than an increase in the fixed price of elec-
tric current, as a means of obtaining the additional reve-
nue necessitated by the sharp advances in the cost of
coal. Accordingly, during 1918 and 1919, coal adjust-
ment clauses were made applicable to several classes of
service, and in 1920, when the unprecedented cost of coal
brought a serious extremity and it became evident that,
if these companies were to be enabled to maintain their
service and their soimd financial position during the con-
tinuance of maximum costs of coal and labor, it became
imperatively necessary to extend the operation of the
adjustment clause to consumers to whom it had not
theretofore applied.
The procedure provided by the Commission's orders
was therefore availed of to make applicable also to gen-
eral consumers an adjustment clause partially covering
the increased cost of coal to the companies. This ad-
justment charge was put in eflfect on December 1, 1920,
and amounted for that month to nine-tenths of a cent per
kilowatt hour. The amount of the charge is subject to
readjustment, automatically, from month to month, in
accordance with the variations in the cost of coal and
will disappear if and when the price of coal falls to the
basic price upon which the 7 cents kilowatt hour maxi-
mum rate was predicated.
Return on Capital
It would appear to be unnecessary to say anything in
justification of the company's policy of maintaining thus
far its usual rate of dividends, despite the prevalence of
high prices for materials and labor, inadequate rates for
its service, and consequent inadequate earnings. These
dividends represent, in part, an appropriation of ap-
proximately $10,000,000 from undistnbuted surplus earn-
ings which, as the result of the conservatism which has
governed the company's policy in this regard, accrued
over a period of years during which the rates for the
service yielded actually less than a fair return upon the
investment in the ^2ls and electric properties. That is to
say, the rate of dividends paid on the capital stock during
those years represented more than twice the rate of re-
turn actually earned on the original cost of the tangible
property devoted to the public service and more than
three times the rate of return actually earned during that
period on the present reproduction cost of this property.
The capital stock of the Consolidated Gas Company is
essentially an investment security, only a small percent-
age of it being held by brokers in behalf of clients. Of
the 9,500 shareholders 69 per cent own less than 51
shares each. It has been deemed advisable, notwith-
standing the impairment of current earnings and pend-
ing the granting of relief sought in the court from inade-
quate rates, that the usual rate of dividends should be
maintained.
Bronx Company Acquired
The Consolidated Company has acquired and holds
4568 shares of the capital stock of the Bronx Gas and
Electric Company, pursuant to an order of the Public
Service Commission for the First District made on De-
cember 31, 1920, authorizing the company to acquire the
whole or any part but not less than 75 per cent of the
4865 shares, of the par value of $100 per share, of the
capital stock of the Bronx Company issued and out-
standing, at a price not exceeding $75 per share. This
was not a competing company, but supplied gas and elec-
tric current in what is known as the old Town of West-
chester, which is adjacent to the territory supplied with
gas by the Central and Northern Union Gas Companies,
and with electricity of The New York Edison Conq)any
and the Westchester Lighting Company.
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THE GAS AGE
97
The territory served by The Bronx Gas and Electric
Company is suburban in character and sparsely settled,
amoimting virtually to a succession of communities with
open country intervening. These factors have kept dis-
tributing and other expenses high and made continued
financing of the enterprise under inadequate rates a bur-
den to its owners. Beyond any doubt, however, the re-
gion is susceptible of substantial development at a date
probably not remote, and it seemed that thei interests of
present and prospective consiuners, as well as of the
Consolidated Gas Company, would be served by the ac-
quisition of a majority of the stock at the attractive
price at which it was oflfered by investors weary of the
struggle against high costs of materials and labor and
long-deferred adjustments in rates to a living basis.
Variation in Output
The ratio increase in gas output with which started
early early in 1920, did not continue throughout the year.
In the spring and through the siunmer months, it was be-
lieved by some that the companies would be called upon
in the fall for an increased quantity of gas for heating
piuposes, principally because of the shortage of coal for
domestic and industrial use, but toward the end of the
year the coal shortage was partially relieved, which,
combined with the fact that the last two months of the
year were imusually mild, resulted in an increase sub-
stantially less than was anticipated.
Supply of Coal and Oil
The difficulty of obtaining an adequate supply of gas-
coal and anthracite was attended by a very substantial
increase in the cost per ton at the mines and in the cost
of transportation to our manufacturing plants. The cost
of rail transportation, insurance, lighterage, etc., has be-
come more than the coal itself formerly cost delivered at
our plants, and there would seem to be little likelihood
that these costs, together with the increased cost of la-
bor at the mines will decline at any time now capable of
being forecast.
Anthracite, for which before the war we used to pay
$4.67 per long ton f.o.b. our manufacturing plants, and
which in the year 1919 was delivered to our plants at a
price of $7.98 per long ton, and which cost in the early
part of 1920 $8.16 per long ton, was increased during the
last half of the year 1920 in excess of $12.00 per long
ton f.o.b. our plants.
Likewise bituminous coal, for which before the war
we used to pay $3.30 per long ton f.o.b. our manufac-
turing plants and whicn in the year 1919 was delivered
to our plants at a price of $5.77 per long ton, and which
cost in the early part of 1920 $6.00 per long ton, was in-
creased during the last half of the year 1920 from $11.00
to $14.00 per long ton f.o.b. our plants.
No trouble was experienced in obtaining delivery of a
sufficient quantity of gas-oil for our needs during the
year, but the price we have to pay for it has materially
advanced.
The outlook for the future as to gas-oil cannot be said
to be reassuring, from the viewJ)oint of the consiuners
of a gas industry still required by law to operate under
a 22-candle-power standard, prescribed at a time when
the supply of gas-oil was ample and the price one-foiuth
to one-third of the present figure.
The increased, and still increasing, use of the lighter
products of petroleum, notably gasoline, and the con-
stantly increasing effort of the producers to supply the
demand, has resulted in the withdrawal from the market
of a large portion of the oil best suited for gas produc-
tion. We are informed that it still may be obtained, and
contracts have been made for our 1921 supply, but at a
price that opens up the serious question as to whether
its use can be continued.
Gas Oil Supply Prospects
Tests and experiments have been made by company
engineers as to the possible use of lower grades of oil in
gas manufacture, but there are as yet no conclusive de-
velopments as to either the practicability of its use, par-
ticularly imder the candle-power standard, or as to its
availability in adequate quantities. The high price of
coal has created a demand for oil fuel. Many ships of
the United States navy and the merchant marine have
been converted from coal to oil-burning vessels. This
further use of the heavy products of petroleum in the
immediate future might be deemed to indicate that fuel
oil may not be obtainable, if indeed its use is found
practicable.
A contract has been made with the Standard Oil Com-
pany of New Jersey for the gas-oil requirements of the
Consolidated and its allied gas companies operating in
the Boroughs of Manhattan, the Bronx and Queens, at
the price of 12j4 cents per gallon plus harbor transpor-
tation, which varies slightly for each plant but is less
than one-eighth of a cent per gallon as to most of the
plants.
This increase of approximately 5}i cents per gallon
will add to the cost per thousand cubic feet of mixed
coal and water-gas sold by the Consolidated Gas Com-
pany, approximately 21 J4 cents, and to the cost of
straight water-gas sold by our affiliated companies ap-
proximately 23^ cents. The contract covers the period
ending Jime 30, 1921, with the privilege of renewal for
the balance of the year ; and it is also subject to the con-
dition that the quantity stipulated may be reduced in ac-
cordance with the quantity required to produce gas
which will conform to any modification of the present
twenty-two candle-power standard.
The price of 12j4 cents a gallon is one-half cent less
than the price which The New York Mutual Gas Light
Company paid for its gas-oil requirements during the
last half of the year IS^. The Mutual Company pur-
chases its gas-oil separately from the Consolidated Gas
Company and tlie other affiliated companies and from
another oil company. In 1920 its contract at the 7-cent
rate expired July 1 ; thereafter it was unable to obtain a
contract for any period until the latter part of Decem-
ber, when it made a contract for the delivery of gfas-oil
in 1921 at the same price and upon the same terms as the
Consolidated Company.
During the last half of 1920, and at the present time,
other gas companies, in and near the City of New York,
have been paying for gas-oil contract prices ranging
from 12 to 14 cents a gallon.
Increase in Gas Sales
The gas sales of the Consolidated Gas Company in-
creased during 1920, as compared with the previous
year, 2,176,671,300 cubic feet, or 11.72 per cent. In 1919,
there had been an increase in gas sales of 3.04 per cent
as compared with the previous year.
Its gas sales and those of its allied gas companies in
the Borough of Manhattan, increased during the year
3,204,485,100 cubic feet, or 12.55 per cent, as compared
with an increase of 3.01 per cent in 1919.
In the Borough of The Bronx, the increase during
1920 in the volume of sales amounted to 423,609,300 cu-
bic feet or 8.77 per cent, as compared with a loss of 120
per cent in 1919 below the previous year.
The combined gas sales of the Consolidated Gas Com-
pany and its allied companies in the Boroughs of Man-
hattan, the Bronx and Queens and in Westchester Coun-
ty, amounted to 4,201,900,000 cubic feet more in 1923
than in 1919, a gain of 12.46 per cent, as compared with
a gain of 2.03 per cent in 1919 over the previous year.
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THE GAS AGE
Febraary 10, 1921
Effect of Reduced B.t.u. on Gas
This Paper Was Read before the January
Meeting of the New Jersey Gas Assn. and
Treats the Subject from the Standpoint
of Both the Producer and the Consumer
By JACOB B. JONES, Supt. Bridgcton (N. J.) Gas Light Co.
SPEAKING entirely from the practical side, the fol-
lowing is the story of just how the reduction in the
B.t.u. standard affected our conipany and its con-
sumers. Bridgeton, being a city of 15,000 population, it
may be said would fairly represent an average condition.
We have the usual domestic business, ranges and water
heaters ; also quite a fair amount of gas lighting with the
latest type of mantle burners and semi-indirect fixtures ;
some industrial business, and quite a fair amount of com-
mercial lighting.
These facts are merely mentioned to show that the ef-
fect of a reduced B.t.u. standard would probably be the
same in either a small or a large operation.
Althoufifh I do believe the smaller company can
put the change into effect with less complaint from the
consumers than can the larger company, because it is
distinctly a "home folks" proposition, and comes into
more intimate contact with the consumer.
Effect upon Employes
We operate a straight coal gas plant, and the night and
day foremen in charge had been getting excellent results
all through the war period, and in fact had been faithful
to an exceptional degree. Their first thought was that
we were not satisfied with results, and wanted a higher
3rield of gas per pound of coal carbonized.
We sat down in the retort house and went all over the
whole situation and explained that while the increased
yield was certainly to be desired, that it was far more
important to send out a uniform quality of gas from day
to day. They fell in with the idea and we gradually
started the reduction, at the same time we began our
newspaper advertising and told the consiuners the whole
story.
About the time things were going along in fine shape
in the retort house, the boys in the distribution depart-
ment started talking about the gas and the calls they
were getting for stove adjustment.
We had purposely kept from saying anything to them
tmtil the change was actually in effect, so there would be
no waiting in anticipation of the great calamity about to
happen. When it arrived it was simply a part of the
day s work to make the necessary adjustments. The
necessity for the change was explained fully and it must
be said that they gave their sincere co-operation. Many
a complaint was saved coming into the office by the tact
of the man on the job.
Attention to Consumers' Appliances
We had six automobiles and each night the work was
laid out so the cars would be as widely distributed as
possible. When they had finished their job they called
the office and asked if there was anything else in that
neighborhood. It sometimes happened that a call only
a very short distance away had just been received, and
the effect of having a service man there within a very
few minutes certainly made our work much easier.
Early in the period of gradual reduction in the B.t.u.
standard, it became apparent that most of our calls were
coming on account of oven adjustment. And when the
top of the stove was affected it was generally in cases
where the stove conection was taken from the house line.
We had very few calls where the gas was delivered to
the appliance under adequate pressure.
In our location we have something over 1,000 arc
lamps on maintenance. One man devotes his entire time
to this work. With the exception of a few of the older
type lamps with the fixed orifice, he had no trouble what-
ever. These lamps were promptly changed for the Ra-
dio 30, but most likely would have soon been changed in
any event
We did not have a single complaint from users of wa-
ter heaters of either the automatic or the ordinary tank
type.
Very early in the reduction period, we became con-
vinced that pressure conditions and an adequate supply
were of more importance than the B.t.u. content, and
worked on this theory.
In many instances where we found a gas range con-
nected from a 3^" side outlet, we ran a new ^i" direct
stove line at our own expense. This may appear to be an
extravagant method, but we feel satisfied that it was
more effective in the immediate neighborhood than gen-
eral newspaper advertising.
What the Consumer Is Interested In
In other words, we did everjrthing possible to keep
the consiuner satisfied. While our newspaper advertis-
ing referred to the reduction in the standard, the boys
on the job avoided any reference to it whatever. They
quickly found that the consumer was not interested in
B.t.u.'s what they cared most about was how many quar-
ters they had to put in the meter and the kind of service
they received.
Promptness in answerine service calls is always to be
desired, but in a change of this kind it is of the utmost
importance. •
In addition to our newspaper advertising, we used the
reverse side of the statement slip left by the meter reader
and urged the consumer to report promptly any diffi-
culty they were having.
The reduction was made very gradually in our situa-
tion, taking a full two months to reach the 535 B.tu.
standard which we placed as our low point.
It is particularly significant to us that the three larg-
est consumers on our lines, all operating tmder different
conditions, never required a single moment's attention.
The first was a big canning concern, using the Kemp Au-
tomatic System ; the second, a large industrial constuner»
using the American Gas Furnace Gjmpany appliances
for the high tempering of dies; and the third, a news-
paper office, operating six linot)rpe machines. We con-
sider these typical industrial installations, and the fact
that they did not have a single moment of interruption in
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February 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
99
their service, would seem to weigh heavily in favor of
the adoption of a lower standard.
How It AfFects the Gas Company
In the case of the straight coal gas operation, I hon-
estly believe that the saving in holder cost is very slight
indeed. While not qualified to speak for the water gas
operation, I am led to believe that the saving in cost is
very much greater.
I do believe, however, that under the 525 B.t.u. stand-
ard, the adjustment of appliances, once they are properly
made, eliminates to a large degree the number oi service
calls.
Carbon on mantle burners is practically unknown ; the
old complaint of smoking pots and pans is no longer
heard, and a more satisfactory service is rendered.
Frankly, after making a comparison of a large number
of accounts selected at random, we have been unable to
find any increase in the rate of consumption per meter.
Although, offsetting this, we put an increased rate into
eflfect at about the same time the standard was reduced,
it is likely that the comparison was hardly fair, as the
consumer no doubt exercised greater economy.
I am convinced, however, that the increase in con-
sumption would be so slight as to be hardly noticeable
It is my own personal opinion that any gas company,
maintaining an average pressure of 35 tenths (as indi-
cated on a water column U gauge) on the inlet side of
the meter, and with standard piping conditions on the
consumer's premises, can render a better service with a
525 B.tu. gas than was possible under the higher stand-
ard
Good Work of the A. G. A.
It has also been demonstrated that any of the appli-
ances that are built under the A. G. A. specifications are
easily capable of an adjustment for 525 B.t.u. gas, and I
believe that most of them would give service under a
450 B.tu. gas.
As stated, we were placed in the peculiar position of
reducing the standard and raising the selling rate at the
same time.
Supplementing our advertising on statement cards,
newspaper work and personal contact, we used the A. G.
A. advertising service, and of them all we had the most
g^ood from "One Man on the Block Makes Public Opin-
io*. **
ion.
The state board of public utility commissioners modi-
fied the heat unit standard from dOO to 525 B.t.u. largely
at the request and upon the initiative of this association,
after it was supported by technical testimony taken at a
pubUc hearing held in Trenton.
I firmly believe that it is not only the legal duty, but
the moral responsibility of every gas-operating man to
support the ruling of the state board of public utility
commissioners on this important decision, and if carried
out in spirit as well as in letter, the eflfect of the reduc-
tion in the B.t.u. standard will be to the mutual interest
of both the consumer and the gas company.
Satisfaction Helps Rate Increases
By FRANK BATT, Mattoon, 111.
IN the earlier years of the utility business when rates
were adequate and the margin of profit sufficient to
enable a utility to operate without regard to any
Sreat degree of dficiency, it was the usual practice to
andle the consumers as a secondary consideration. Util-
ity companies as a rule made sufficient competence or re-
turn on their investment that increased or decreased
btisiness in a small d^^ee was of little or no conse-
quence. This does not apply to all companies, but the
feeling of indiflference and superiority of the officials of
the majority of utilities exhibited little regard for the
feelings of the consumers. This feeling is even now
sometimes apparent among the old timers and it is ex-
ceedingly hard to eliminate such practices wherever
found.
Public Relations
The only method found to be successful is to cultivate
a feeling of confidence in all our relations and even if it
costs a little money to do so we will be repaid by in-
creased business and a lessening of expenses incurred
in obtaining relief from oppressive rates.
Confidence can however only be secured bv service.
By this I mean that like any other business which is suc-
cessful, we must render the best possible service in our
power.
Satisfactory Service
One hundred per cent service can best be obtained by
rigid application of the service rules for utilities as pre-
scribed by the commission and if these are followed little
opposition will be encountered. The rules have been
formulated for the sole purpose of acting as a medium of
justice to the companies in their public relations and if
closely followed it will be found that little complaint can
be made by either side.
In our public relations little discrepancies and irregu-
larities often crop up but they can easily be overcome if
a little forbearance on both sides is allowed.
Practice in an Illinois City
As an exampW of good public relations may be cited
a certain company which in one year obtained three rate
increases at the cost of only three trips of one man to the
Utility Commission's office. This man is manager of a
gas and electric company in a medium sized town and
each week he consults his various department heads re-
garding that part of the service under their jurisdiction.
Each in turn relates exactly the conditions whether good
or bad or indifferent and relates his endeavors to main-
tain the desired standard of service. Faults are discussed
and remedies suggested and eventually each department
head is instructed or advised to carry out such improve-
ments as are necessary to maintain the best possible ser-
vice. No irregularity is too small to be beneath notice
and no correction too large to be left and not rectified
immediately. The whole atmosphere at these meetings
is service, and produces results.
The manager then visits the mayor and city counsel
who are acquainted with the service conditions which
have existed since the previous meeting. The complaints
made to the city authorities are discussed and reports of
those previously received, which have been investigated
and remedied, are given to the officials of the city and
discussed in detail.
This procedure has resulted in complete confidence be-
tween the city and the company and there has never been
any opposition to an application of any nature whatever
made to the state commission by the company.
The solution of the problem is held by such employes
that have direct dealings with the consumers. If each
employe endeavors to obtain, by his actions and cour-
tesy, the goodwill of the public, the majority of difficul-
ties in their and the company's public relations will be
reduced to a minimum.
It should be every employe's ambition to please the
consumers by promptness and efficiency in all their un-
dertakings and the inconvenience to himself will be re-
paid by reduction of existing opposition.
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Editorial
Consumer Stockholders
"When fair occasion calls, 'tis fatal to delay" — Lucan
It is not generally appreciated that a considerable por-
tion of the average income of our countrymen is derived
from securities representing investment. The Statistics
of Income, just issued by the U. S. Internal Revenue for
the year 1918, covering 4,425,114 personal incomes, de-
clares that 7.9 per cent of the reported incomes were de-
rived from interest on investments, 13.9 per cent from
dividends, and 1.6 per cent on profits from the sale of
securities, a total of 23.4 per cent. The proportion re-
ceived from interest and dividends increased with the in-
come class; the percentage of income from dividends
ranged from 2 per cent for the smaller income to 72 per
cent for the larger while interest ranged from 6 to 18 per
cent. There is so much valuable data in this report that
it should be secured by all students of the subject.
The surtax upon personal incomes and excess profits
tax on corporations is changing this balance, for the
large investors are selling their holdings of securities
carrying with them taxable incomes and buying those
free from tax. This throws upon the market so mtich
perfectly good stock and bonds that the prices have
reached very attractive quotations. The investor who
buys at the present prices and holds his securities will
not only receive a liberal rate of interest on his invest-
ment but be in a position to sell out at a good profit some
time in the future when the interest rate on money
reaches a much lower level.
This fact should be taken advantage of by all com-
panies issuing securities, more particularly public util-
ities who need money for extensions. In 1918 the 18,246
corporations in the transportation and public utility
business reported a gross income of over 3.7 billion dol-
lars ; it is a big business and the consumers have a tre-
mendous buying power. Securities must be sold to some
one and since the monied men don't want them, a new
market must be created. Why not sell them to the ones
who use the service? Splendid I That brings* us up to
the present campaign, headed by Henry L. Doherty,
which proposes a definite plan for placing company se-
curities among consimiers.
It would be desirable if companies presented this
proposition to citizens as a way to make money rather
than as a savings proposition. "Make your money work
for you" we would say. Ask them to become a part own-
er of the gas company and share in its profits ; as most
consimiers think a gas company a mint, that should ap-
peal.
Mr. Doherty proposes that this selling plan be organ-
ized as a nation-wide movement. Various plans should
be tried and a central bureau should collect and compare
results to arrive at the best plan. The Gas Age would
be glad to oublish the details and results of such plans
for the information of those who do not wish to experi-
ment. We would suggest, however, that selling securities
to small holders who find subsequently that there is no
way of disposing of them again is poor policy. The plan
must be broad and stable enough to allow of large tran-
sactions and frequent changes. Easy payments are at-
tractive; plenty of reports on the company's prospects
and successes also will help.
A special investment window is desirable in the office
of the company and this should be a permanent institu-
tion, to make easy the transfer of securities and the giv-
ing of investment advice. The selling of securities might
be made just as well recognized a branch of the business
as the selling of gas, coke, appliances or anything else.
The need is urgent for placing gas securities permanent-
ly where they belong; when the people own their gas
company they will feel more kindly toward it and so will
others as well.
There is another reason why the money available for
investment has changed. The smaller incomes have in-
creased and the larger incomes have decreased in num-
ber. The increase in returns filed with the internal reve-
nue collectors was almost entirely for incomes under
$10,000 per year. The larger incomes were reduced in
number about 50 per cent Therefore it is the average
citizen who has made money recently who must be in-
duced to put his surplus in public utility securities. There
should not be much trouble in getting a man to support
his local institutions where he can watch the business
and share in its prosperity. If the consumer feels that
he is sure to g^t some of the money back in dividends
which he pays on his gas bills, he will be better satisfied.
Just another suggestion ; sell stock to consumers instead
of bonds; a stockholder is a part-owner while a bond-
holder is only a money lender. Make the consumer feel
that it is really his own company that he is patronizing.
Calder Coal BiU
"New things succeed as former things grow old** — ^Herrick
It is high time that industries awoke to the fact that
if they themselves do not adequately meet the demands
of the times the government will step in and use its au-
thority to compel. .The coal men are now facing this
situation in the Calder bill for the federal regulation of
the coal industry and they are very profuse in their de-
nunciations of its provisions. No doubt there are many
points of weakness in the bill itself but not so many as
there are in the armor of the defense. We do not feel
disposed to take up the cudgels in protection of practices
which existed among coal men in the past ; neither are we
in favor of the unnecessary control and regulation of in-
dustry. Nevertheless we are willing to admit that the
court of final resort as well as of first instance is the
public and that if the provider of the service is unfair
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February 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
101
or inadequate the government which represents the peo-
ple must step in and protect them. When once the gov-
ernment officials get into a berth it is not so easy to get
them out again — aye, there's the rub.
The most hopeful sign is active production in a period
of reduced consumption. This may permit the accumu-
lation of surplus stores which would be a wise move even
at rather higher prices than those to which we are ac-
customed. There is no particular objection to high
prices when the prices of all other commodities are cor-
respondingly high and the producer can adjust his price
to his costs and make a fair profit. The evil lies in unfair
prices and unfair methods in controlling distribution and
supply. In fact it would be very bad for all of us if
prices took a sudden tumble. Even low prices are high
when everyone is "broke."
The principal objection we have to the Calder bill is
that it is a species of special legislation provided for a
temporary emergency but which will continue to operate
for a long while after the condition creating it has disap-
peared. We already have too many laws of that kind
on our statute books. A federal law of this kind should
enunciate a principle which is fundamental and essential
rather than details of a procedure. Any official who is
really competent to supervise the coal industry is also
capable to interpret his duties and plan his own opera-
tions.
Fuel Supply
"Fortune brings us boats that are not steered" — Shakespeare
A record production of petroleum is reported by the
Oil City Derrick as having occurred during 1920. The
total is stated as 442,162,954 barrels, which is a gain of
75,907,343 barrels over the previous record year of 1919.
This gain is several times the usual gain over the year
before and shows the effect of high prices for oil upon
development and production.
The price at the point of production for gas oil from
the refineries of western Pennsylvania ranged from 10
cents in January to 14 cents in May, falling to 8 cents in
December. The Mid Continent refineries began the year
with 7-cent gas oil, raised it to 10 cents in May and ended
the year with 5.5 to 6 cents. The year saw a uniform in-
crease in the rate of production of petroleum, rising from
25 to 40 millions of barrels. The refinery production of
gas oil in 1917 was about 420 million gallons, rising to
680 million in January, 1920, and ending October with
830 million gallons. The oil shortage is evidently not
due to restricted production.
Bituminous coal, on the other hand, showed a decreased
production in 1920 of 3,500,000 tons less than during the
first normal previous year of 1917. Anthracite fell off
in production about 2,000,000 tons in comparison with
1918. This decrease of 3 or 4 per cent may not seem
much and can be easily explained. Fortunately mild
weather conditions and restricted production by manu-
facturing plants have contributed to ward off the threat-
ened serious shortage of coal and that is something for
which the industry can be thankful. Altogether, fuel
supply conditions are not as bad as they might have been
under less fortuitous circumstances.
Buyers Strike
••Lay on Macduff" — Macbeth
The consumers' strike which is now in progress is de-
signed as a protest against the exorbitant prices which
have recently prevailed, backed by a determination to re-
fuse to pay anything but what may be considered reason-
able. This might be called a good move if it were con-
fined to those articles only upon which exorbitant profits
have been made, either in the process of production or
selling. But, when the public tramples upon the prof-
iteer it also steps upon the producers who have been fair
and therein lies the injustice and injury. Campaigns like
this show little discrimination and many business men
play safe to a degree that simply aggravates their own
difficulties.
Washington
••Let our object be our country and nothing but our country* '—Webster
Before we go to press again this nation will have cele-
brated the birthday of the first president of our republic ;
a man who gave of himself unselfishly in order that his
people might breathe the air of freedom and live in
peace. His was the first Americanism. Since that time,
all sorts of policies and practices have had their turn in
the handling of national affairs, many of which were
more or less divergent from the principles laid down by
Washington, so that when Theodore Roosevelt de-
claimed on Americanism and the deterioration of nation-
al virtue, he touched a popular chord which continues to
vibrate even unto this day. We are trying to remain a
free people, to be governed by justice and humanity and
a desire to prosper through the application of fair deal-
ing; but, we are having a hard time of it. Remember
Washington. Consider the good of your country before
personal gain. Be sturdy, steadfast, straight and stren-
uous. Thus may you be a worthy citizen of the grand-
est republic on the face of the earth, and contribute
toward the attainment of the ideals for which we as a
people stand.
The Power of Suggestion— Talk Prosperity
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102
THE GAS AGE
February 10, 1921
Company Must Supply Gas
Pending Commission In-
vestigation
The Missouri public service commis-
sion, in a report just entered on a com-
plaint of a St Joseph gas patron against
the gas company, held in effect that the
gas company does not have the right
to shut off service, pending decision of
a case in which a patron disputes in
good faith a charge made by the com-
pany. In the past users of gas, who
believed bills too high, often submitted
to the charge, rather than have their gas
cut off while they were seeking redress
before the public service commission or
in the courts. Under the ruling just
made, the company will be compelled to
go on furnishing service pending settle-
ment of the matter.
Utility Commissioners Un-
confirmed
Nominations by Governor Edwards of
New Jersey to compose a new Board of
Public Utility Commissioners were not
confirmed by the State Senate in special
session. In a 'ten minute executive ses-
sion, the Senate by a vote of nine to nine,
refused to force the Senate judiciary
committee to report the nominations to
the Senate. The brief session adjourned
without date.
British Dyestnift Law
Washington — ^U. S. Consul-General R.
P. Skinner, at London, cables that the
British dyestuffs law which prohibits
importations except under license became
effective January 15. Members of the
committee have not yet been appointed.
Address to which applications for license
should be sent is 53 Spring Garden, Man-
chester.
GoTemment Operation Grows in Disfavor
A newspaper survey conducted by the
Press Service Company of New York
shows that the American public becomes
more and more opposed to government
and municipal ownership and operation
of utilities. Out of 5,154 questionnaires
sent to editors of the country, 4,666 or
86% gave it as their judgment that the
people of their communities were over-
whelmingly against city, state or national
-governments competing in business with
citizens. The 1919 survey showed 83%
of the editors to be of that opinion, in-
dicating that in the past year an ad-
ditional 3% have swung farther away
from a desire to participate in socialistic
experiments.
Abram Cox Stove Company Holds An-
nua! Meeting
The annual meeting of the Abram Cox
Stove Co. took place in Philadelphia re-
cently at the home office of the company
with representatives from all parts of the
country in attendance.
Prepay Meters and Foreign Exchange
Rates
The Pittsfield (Mass.) Gas company
will not accept any more Canadian quar-
ters which may be used in gas meters by
housewives, as owing to the difference
in the exchange rate between this country
and Canada, the Canadian quarters are
considerably below par. Whenever they
are found in gas meters now, they are
given back to the housewives who have
to redeem them with U. S. money.
Imperial Valley Another
Galena
The passing of the Imperial Valley
Gas Company of Calif, as a public utility
was completed through the issuance of an
order by the Railroad Commission per-
mitting the company to shut down its
plant and cease operating.
The company has long been in the
hands of a receiver. Last August be-
cause of lack of funds to purchase nec-
essary supplies, it ceased operations.
Efforts to raise funds by the sale of
receiver certificates in the communities
of £1 Centro, Imperial and Holtrille,
which were served by the utility were
unsuccessful.
In May, 1920, the company applied to
the Railroad Commission for authority .
to either increase its rates or retire from
the utility field. The Commission
granted the increase in rates. In the
order the Commission says:
"The evidence shows that this increase
in rates did not result in increased rev-
enue, many of the consumers having
discontinued their patronage. The only
conclusion to be reached from the evi-
dence is that this utility for some months
prior to its discontinuance of service
was operating at a loss and would nec-
essarily continue to lose money to future
operations unless large expenditures
were made for renewals and changes in
equipment. There is no possibility of
acquiring additional investment of capi-
tal in this enterprise to rehabilitate its
affairs."
Gas Plants Will Be Sold To Pay Taxes
Lambertville, N. J. — ^The property of
the New Jersey Northern Gas Company
about which volumes have been written,
will be sold at public sale by Edward
J. Moonan, receiver of taxes for the city
of Lambertville, on Friday, February 18.
The following day, John E. Barber, col-
lector of taxes in Delaware Township,
will hold a similar sale at Sergeantsville.
niinoia Gas Companies Granted 7% Rate
Increase
The Illinois Public Utilities Commis-
sion has granted a 7% increase in gas
rates to the Quincy Gas & Heating Co.
Quincy and the Central Illinois Public
Service Co. property at Charleston.
Portland Gas Rate Increased
Salem, Ore., — Under an order issued
by the public service commission effec-
tive Jan. 15, gas rates to patrons of the
Portland Gas & Coke company are in-
from 70 per cent in the case of the small
user to approximately SO per cent in the
case of the big consumer.
Gas Company Gets Restrain-
ing Order
The Lincoln Gas & Electric Light
company of Lincoln, Neb., was granted
a restraining order by Federal Judge T.
C. Munger Saturday afternoon against
the city of Lincoln and its commissioners
preventing them from further enforcing
the emergency ordinance passed by the
city council November 15, 1920, fixing the
price of gas at $1.50 per thousand cubic
feet with a service charge of twenty-five
cents a meter.
Judge Munger in granting the restrain-
ing order imposes several conditions for
safeguarding the gas consumers and the
defendants. The restraining order is in
force until a further ofder of the fed-
eral court. Judge Munger in the opin-
ion says that it is undisputed that the
gas company has actually failed to re-
ceive enough money in any month since
June, 1920, to pay its operating expenses
under this and a prior ordinance fixing
the price of gas at $U0. Against this
fact is urged that the gas company has
not properly managed its business be-
cause it pays too much for materials and
indulges in too great an expense in op-
erating its plant. The order fixes the
bond of the company at $10,000.
Would Hold Meter Deposit Interest Until
Meter is Removed
J. M. Lane, conunissioner of public
property and public utilities, has prepar-
ed to give consideration to change in
policy of the Joplin Gas Company of Jop-
lin, Mo., whereby interest on meter de-
posits of customers will not be paid until
the meter is taken out
Consolidated Gas Company
Contracts for Oil
The Consolidated Gas Company of
New York has closed a contract with the
Standard Oil Company of New Jersey
for 70,000,000 gallons of gas oil to be de-
livered during the first half of 1921. The
price of this oil is 12% cents per gallon
a new high record and an advance of 5$^
cents per gallon above the price paid
during the first half of 1920. This in-
creased price will add $3,675,000 for six
months to the operating expenses on this
one item alone.
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February 10, 1921
THE GAS AGS
103
U. G. I. Co. Bonds Offered
Drcxel & Co. and Harris, Forbes &
Co., Inc., are offering $7,500,000 United
Gas Improvement Company 8% two-year
coupon gold notes at 99.45 and interest,
to yield about 8.30 per cent The bonds
are dated Feb. 1, 1921, and mature Feb.
1, 1923. The bonds are redeemable at
the option of the company on JO days'
published notice, either as a whole, ^r in
amounts not less than $250^000, on Aug.
1, 1921, and Feb. 1, 1922, at 102 and in-
terest, and on Aug. 1, 1922, at 101 and
interest.
The company agrees to pay the normal
federal income tax not to exceed 2%
annually, and also to pay the interest free
of the present Pennsylvania state tax.
Providence Customers Buy
Charles H. Manchester, president of
the Providence Gas Company announced
recently that the entire block of shares
of the corporation that was offered to
customers of the concern had been ex-
hausted, the entire amount having been
subscribed for.
The offer became effective Jan. 3 and
continued until the close of business
hours yesterday. There were 1263 appli-
cations received for a total of 5483 shares.
As the corporation at the beginning of
the year had about 1880 stockholders the
additional applicants have increased the
number approximately 70 per cent.
The stock was offered at exactly the
cost to the company of $53 per share, and
was limited to not more than five shares
in the family of a customer. According
to the terms of the offer the stock is to be
paid for in cash or in equal payments on
Feb. 1, May 2, Aug. 1, and Oct 1.
Capital Stock
The Texas state authorities have auth-
orized the San Antonio Public Service
Co., to issue $2,300,000 additional capital
stock, the funds realized therefrom to be
used for extensions and betterments and
to pay the company's portion of the cost
o^ constructing eight new concrete bridg-
es that the City of San Antonio will
build, as well as one-third of the cost of
paving certain streets. Of the proposed
new issue $2,000,000 will be 8% Preferred
stock and $300,000 Common stock, $100,000
of the latter, it is stated, being subscribed
in cash. This new issue will raise the
capitalization of the company to a total
of $7,000,000. The present $4,700,000
Common stock is practically all owned by
the American Light & Traction Co.
Merger
Notice of the merging of Cayadutta
Generating Co. with the Fulton County
Gas & Electric Co. was filed at Albany
Dec 31.
Mattachasetts Commisaion Urges State
Control of Corporate Securities
Boston, Mass. — ^Three bills for strict
regulation of the sale of securities were
recommended by the Massachusetts Com-
mission to Investigate the Sale of Cor-
porate Securities and Related Matters
in its report filed in the Legislature.
The first measure provides that all
securities of private companies which are
to be offered for public sale, and which
are not at present supervised must be
approved by the Department of Public
Utilities before they may be offered to
the public. The second bill places pri-
ate bankers under the jurisdiction of the
Commissioner of Banks and requires the
filing of a bond with the State Treasurer
to cover the amount of money on deposit
with such bankers. The third measure
makes exaggerated statements of the
condition of securities, either oral or
written, punishable by a fine of not more
than $10,000, or by imprisonment of not
more than 10 years or both.
Consolidated Gas Company Buys Capital
Stock
More than 75 per cent of the $486,500
outstanding capital stock of the Bronx
Gas and Electric Company has been
acquired by the Consolidated Gas Com-
pany under the recent ruling of the
Public Service Commission permitting
the merger of the two organizations. The
Consolidated assumes the obligation of
$1,100,000 5 per cent bonds of the Bronx
company maturing in 1960.
Results of Customer Ownership Plan
Sales of preferred stock of Standard
Gas & Electric Co., of Chicago, and sub-
sidiaries, under the "customer ownership
plan, for the year just closed amounted to
$6,343,050 par value, considerably more
than in any year since this plan was in-
augurated. Total sales of all securities
was $8,439,400, of which approximately
25% was on the partial payment plan."
Employes Own Securities
Figures recently compiled show that
employes of the Byllesby-managed elec-
tric and gas companies own $1,353,174
par value of the securities of the com-
panies for which they work and other
Byllesby organizations. The total num-
ber of employes at the utility properties
is 4,808 of which, 1,007 are security hold-
ers, or 20.6 per cent.
Notes Oversubscribed
The entire issue of $1,250,000 20-yr.
8% Bond Secured Gold Notes Series **B"
offered by the Southwestern Power &
Light Co., at 97 and int. has been over-
subscribed.
The Equity of Bonds
The sale by public utilities of junior
obligations in the form of preferred and
common stocks in the territories which
they serve is of importance to the hold-
ers of the senior securities to an extent
known to but few investors in the opin-
ion of Allen G. Hoyt, vice-president of
the National City Company. He says:
"The possession of a junior financing
medium is essential to a public utility in
creating equities for its funded obliga-
tions and, in addition, there is a senti-
mental value of local ownership of a
company's securities. For example, the
Pacific Gas and Electric Company since
November 1 has secured locally to the
territory it serves subscriptions to $3,-
300,000 of its first preferred stock. Up
to that date investors holding the pre-
ferred stock numbered more than 9,000.
The large amount of money raised
through the sale of stock has added
greatly to the equity behind the com-
pany's bonds."
Meeting Gas Crisis
In the last two years, 689 of the 1,024
gas companies in the United States have
been granted increases in rates. In real-
ity there have been 1,288 increases, inas-
much as more than one raise has been
necessary for some companies in order
to preserve service. On the other hand,
there are 335 companies that have had
no increase and still are struggling along,
paying high prices for coal, oil and labor
and not able to make ends meet
*The large number of recent rate in-
creases in all sections of the country
plainly shows the general trend of pub-
lic opinion towards a square deal to
public service companies," says Philip
H. Gadsden, chairman of the Emergency
Committee of the American Gas Associ-
ation. '^Leading business men in grow-
ing cities have been quick to realize that
community development depends in large
measure upon the growth and prosperity
of the utilities, and the people have been
rapid in learning that utility companies
are just like any privately owned enter-
prise— ^they cannot render service unless
they earn a fair profit such as enables
them to live."
Corporate Maturities in Feb-
ruary Small
The aggregate of corporate maturity
in February;, 1921, including railroad*
public utility and industrial bonds, is
unusually small, $37,809,010, against $81,-
790,220 in January and $91,454,180 in
February, 1920.
The public utility list of maturities
$19,550,560 is unusally small. In the pub-
lic utility list the largest and most im-
portant maturity is United Gas Improve-
ment $7,500,000 one-year 6% notes, due
February 1, 1921.
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THE GAS AGE
February 10, 1921
Program of Convention New
England Association of
Gas Engineers
The fifty-first annual meeting of the
New England Association of Gas Engi-
neers is to be held at the COPLEY PLA-
ZA Hotel, Boston, Massachusetts, Feb-
ruary 16th and 17th.
The annual dinner will be February
16th, at 6.30 o'clock, and will be addressed
by speakers of note; among them United
States Senator Moses of New Hamp-
shire.
A program of interest has been devel-
oped covering commercial as well as tech-
nical subjects. The program, as made
out, consists of the following papers:
GAS LIGHTING, by A. J. Smith, Con-
cord, New Hampshire; PRINCIPLES
OF GAS RATE MAKING, by F. C.
Freeman, Providence, Rhode Island ; GAS
MAKING FROM CHEAP OXYGEN, by
E. A. W. JeflFeries, Worcester, Massa-
chusetts; INDUSTRIAL USES OF GAS.
by Messrs. Joyce, Smith, Bertshold and
Lafore, Boston, Massachusetts; and RE-
PORT ON INSTALLATION OF WA-
TER HEATERS, by J. C. D. Clark, Bos-
ton, Massachusetts.
The officers of the Association are:
President, W. F. Norton, Nashua, New
Hampshire; Vice President, Burton
Smart, Portland, Maine; 2nd Vice Pres-
ident, V. E. Bird, New London, Con-
necticut; Secretary annd Treasurer, J. L.
Tudbury, Salem, Massachusetts.
A large attendance is expected, and
any gas men in the vicinity of Boston at
that time are urged to be present to
take part in the discussion.
The Ideal Family of W. M. Crane Co.
British Coal Tar Embargo Lifted
The Department of Commerce has re-
ceived a cablegram from Consul General
Skinner at London, announcing that the
British Board of Trade has removed the
prohibition on the exportation of coal
tar, as well as all products obtainable
therefrom and all derivatives suitable for
use in the manufacture of dyes and ex-
plosives, and synthetic indigo. This re-
moval was made effective February 1.
Eighteen Mentha' Operation at Lost Suf-
ficient to Entitle Company to Relief
In passing upon exceptions taken to
the report of the special master in
Kings County [Gas] Lighting Company
vs. Nixon, the United States District
Court for the Southern District of New
York has asserted that even if a period
of eighteen months when conditions were
abnormal was insufficient experience on
which to fix a reasonable rate, it is
sufficient to show that the existing rate
was confiscatory where the plant was
operated at a loss during the entire
period. (268 Fed. 143.)
At a recent meeting of the officials and
employees of this company, the Vulcan
family heard with deep appreciation the
words of gratitude for the loyalty, ener-
gy and enthusiasm they had displayed.
They heard with interest of the many ob-
stacles that had been overcome, and the
storms they had helped to weather.
The employees were unaminous in the
feeling that they had been paid a great
tribute by Mr. Crane and Mr. Warner
and wanted to show their appreciation of
this confidence. They realized that they
had been energetic, enthusiastic and loyal,
but were loyal because they knew their
employers had made them feel th^ were
men not machines — although they gave,
they got, in every instance, up to their
full deserts.
The older members of this organization
had seen Mr. Crane and Mr. Warner
work when work was hard and seen them
smile when only strong hearts could keep
the moisture of discouragement from
their eyes, thus steering the ship safely
through all kinds of weather into their
present haven.
They realized the unity of purpose and
efforts of the management and laborers
and out of kind appreciation they presen-
ted Mr. Crane and Mr. Warner with the
following resolutions beautifully en-
grossed in colors.
Gas System Taken Over
Empire Companies Will Operate Kansti
Natural
As of January 1, 1921 the Kansas
Natural Gas Company which supplies
gas to a large number of cities in Kansas
and Missouri, has been turned over to
the management of the Empire Compa-
nies by the receiver, J. M. Landon. No
change in the location of the company's
offices in Independence is contemplated
for the present. The persoimel of the
Kansas Natural is about 600, thirty-six of
whom are employed in the Independence
office building.
The Kansas Natural Gas Company has
two subsidiaries, the Mamett Mining
Company and the Edgar Oil Company.
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February 10, 1921
THE GAS AG]
105
Gas Associations and Market News
THE following list covers the ofl&cers
of the principal gas associations, the
address of the secretary, and the date and
place of the annual meeting.
Hew EncUnd AMOcUtloii of Oat En^een—
Pres., Walter F. Norton, Nashua. N. H.; first
vice-pres.. Burton Smart, Portland, Mej second
vice-pres.. V. E. Bird; sec., John L. Tudbunr,
Salem, Mass. Annual meeting February 16-17,
in Boston.
nilAols Gat AMOcUtion-Pres., W. M. Willett,
Aurora, 111.; sec-trcas., R. V. Prather, 72 W.
Adams St.. Chicago, 111.: R. V. Prather, 305
DeWitt Smith Bldg., Springfield, 111. Conven-
tion, March 15, Hotel Sherman, Chicago.
Paanqrlvaiila Oat Aasoclatioii— Pres., J. H.
Keppelman, Reading, Pa.; sec.-treas., W. O.
Lamson, Jr., Chester, Pa. Convention, April,
1921.
Hew Jeraey State Oat Anoclation— Pres. F.
R. Cntcheon, Long Branch, N. J.: sec-treaa.,
Wm. P. Adams, convention, April, 1921.
Kattinl Oat Aisodatloii of America— Pres, H.
Hoover, Cincinnati, Ohio; sec*treas., Wm. B.
Way, 904-5 Oliver Bldg.. Pittsburgh, Pa. Con-
vention, May 16-20, Cincinnati, O.
Seatbeni Oat Anoclatioii— Pres., E. C. Stot-
hart, Charleston, S. C; sec-treas.. G^oi'f^ ^•
Smith, Norfolk, Va. Convention, May 24, Sa-
vannah, Ga.
South Central Gas AasecUtioii— Pres., C B.
McKinney, Dallas, Tex.; first vice-pres., F. L.
Weisser, San Antonio, Tex.; second vice-pres.,
Fred C Armbruster, Shreveport. La.; acting
sec.-treas., C H. Seidenglanz, Dallas, Texas.
Convention, October 4.
Ohio Oil and Gat Men's Anoclation— Pres,
Tames W. McMahon; sec-treas., William H.
Thompson, 811 New First National Bank Bldg.,
Columbus, Ohio. Convention, October, Colum-
bus, O.
American Gas Assectatlen— Pres., Charles A.
Monroe, Peoples Gas Light ft Coke Co., Chicaao,
m.; sec-man., Oscar Fogs, 128 E. Fifteenth St,
New York. Convention, Chicago, Nov. 7-12, 1921.
Seothwestern Electrical and Gas Assoctatlon—
Pres., A. Hardgrave, Dallas, Texas; sec, H. S.
Cooper, Slaughter Bldg., Dallas, Texas; treas.,
Canadian Gas AssodatiMi— Pres., C S. Bagg,
Montreal, Que.; sec-treas., G. W. Allen, 19 To-
.•onto St., Toronto Can.
West Virginia Hatnral Gas Association— Pres.,
H. A. Wallace, Charleston, W. Va.; sec.-treas.,
Edwin Robinson, Fairmont, W. Va.
Michlflui Gas Assodation-Pres., John W.
Batten, Detroit, Mich.; sec.-treas., A. G. Schroe-
der. Grand Rapid* Gas Light Co., Grand Rapids,
Mich.
South Cantral Gas Association— (Formerly
Texas Gas Association) Pres., F. C Armbuster,
Shreveport, La.; sec-treas., S. J. Ballinger, San
Antonio, Tex.
Empire State Gas ft Electric Association—
Pre*., H. W. Peck, Schenectady, N. Y.; sec, C
H. B. Chapin, 29 W. 39th St., New York, N. Y.
Padflc Coast Gas AssocUtion— Pres., WillUm
M. Kapua, Portland, Ore.; sec-treas., W. M.
Henderson, 812 Howard St., San Francisco, Calif.
Indiana Gas AssocUtion— Pres., W. W. Good-
rich, Winchester, Ind.; sec.-treas., E. J. Burke,
Citizens Gas Co., Indianapolis, Ind.
Wisconsin Gas Assodation-Pres., Bruno Rahn,
Milwaukee, Wis.; sec-treas., Henry Harman,
182 Wisconsin St., Milwaukee, Wis.
Iowa District Gas Association— Pres., W. W.
Taylor. Omaha, Neb.; sec-treas., H. R. Sterrett,
Des Moines Gas Co., Des Moines, la.
Canadian Gas Association— Pres., C S. Bagg,
Montreal, Que.; Ist vice-pres., E. H. Caughell,
St. Thomas, Ont.; 2nd vice-pres« Col. D. R.
Street, Ottawa, Ont; sectr., G. W. Allen,
19 Toronto St., Toronto, Ont.
Report
The following quotations are made by leading
interests. Reductions in prices since the last issue
are indicated by an asteriskC*), and advances in
prices are indicated by a dagger (t).
Gaat Iron Pipe
New York quotes: 6-in. and heavier, per ton
$63.30. 4-in. $73.30; 3.in. $83.30 and $4.00 additional
for Class A and gas pipe.
Chicago quotes, f.o.b. Chicago ex-war tax as fol*
lows: Water pipe, 4-in., $69.10; 6-in and larger $64.10;
Class A and gas pipe, $4 extra.
Wrought Pipe
The following discounts are to Jobbers for carload
lots on the Pittsburgh baaing card:
Butt Weld Steel, black: H. M and Hin- 50H;
H in., 54H; ^ to 3 in.. 57H.
Butt Weki Steel, galvanized: H. K and H in-t
24; H in.. 40; 9i to 3 in., 44.
Butt Weld Iron, black: H in-. i6H; H in*. 20H;
9i to IH in.. 25H: 2 and 2H in.. 33 H*
Butt Wekl Iron, galvanized: H and K in*. +25;
H in.. llH;Hin.. 12^; H to iHin.. 9H; 2 and 2H
in.. 17H.
Lap Weld Steel, black: 2 in.. 50H; 2^ to 6 in..
53H: 7 to 12 in.. 50H: 13 and 14 in.. 41; 15 in.. 38 H-
Lap Weld Steel, galvanised: 2 in.. 38; 2H to 6 in.,
41; 7 to 12 in., 37.
Lap Wekl Iron, black: IMin.. 24H: IH in.. 31 H;
2 in., 21; 2 H to 6 in., 23; 7 to 12 in.. 20.
Lap Weld Iron, galvanized: IK in., 9H; IH in..
17^; 2 in., 7; 2H to 6 in., 10; 7 to 12 in.. 7.
BuU Wdd Steel, extra strong, plain ends, black:
%. V4 and H in..46H; H in.. 5lH: '^tol^in.,
55H; 2to3in..56K.
Butt Weld Steel, extra strong, plain ends, gal-
vanized: H. KandHin.. 29;Hin..39;KtolHin..
43; 2 to 3 in.. 44.
Butt Weld. Iron, extra strong, plain ends, black:
Kin.. +17; Hin.. 14M; Kin.. 19H; K to IH In..
2SHl 2 and 2K in.. 34K.
Butt Weld Iron, extra strong, plain ends, gal-
vanized: Kin.. +50; Hin..3H-, Kin..6K; KtolK
in.. lOK: 2 and 2K in.. 19K.
Lap Weld Steel, extra strong, plain ends, black;
2 in.. 48K; 2K to 4 in.. 51 K; 4H'to 6 in.^ 50H: 7 to
8 in.. 46 H. 9 to 12 in.. 41 K- tl
Lap Weld Steel, extra strong, plain ends, galvan-
ized: 2 in.. 37; 2 K to 4 in.. 40; 4K to 6 in.. 39; 7 to
8 in.. 33; 9 to 12 in.. 28.
Lap weld Iron, extra strong, plain ends, black:
IK in.. 21K; IK in.. 27K; 2 in.. 22 K; 2H to 4 in .
24; 4K to 6 in.. 23; 7 to 8 in.. 15; 9 to 12 in., 10.
Lap Weld Iron, extra strong, plain ends, galvan-
ized: IKin.. 6K: IK in.. 13K: 2 in.,9;2Kto4in..
12; 4K to 6 in.. 11; 7 to 8 in.. 3; 9 to 12 in., 2K.
To the large Jobbing trade an additional 5 per cent
is allowed over the above discounts, which are sub-
ject to the usual variations in weight of 5 per cent.
Scmctoral Steel
For structural sted at the miU, Pittsburgh. Pa.,
the following quotations are made:
Bars, per 100 lbs. $2.35
Angles,3 to6in..Kin.thick. lOOlbs. 2.45
Tees. 3 in. and krger. 100 lbs. 2.45
Rivets, K in. and larger, 100 lbs 4.10
Beams and channels up to 15 in. per 100 lbs., t 2.55
K in. and heaviei sheared plates, per 100 lbs. t 2.45
Sheets, No. 28 black, per 100 lbs. t 4.60
Sheets No. 10 blue annealed, per 100 lbs t 3.80
Sheets No. 28 galvanized, per 100 lbs. t 5.95
For painted corrugated sheets add 30 cents per 100
lbs., for 25 to 28 gauge; 25 centa for 19 to 24 gauge.
For galvaniKd corrugated sheet* add 15 ocntt aU
Goko
ConnelsviOe, Pa., quotes at ovens:
Furnace coke, prompt t$6.00
Furnace coke, future 6.00
Foundry coke, prompt t 7.00
Foundry coke, future * 7.00
Buffalo. N. Y., quotes:
72-hour ConndlsviUe foundry $7.00
48-hour furnace 6.00
GaaOn
34-40 deg. Penn. gaL ♦ 7Kc
32-36 deg. at wells. Tens gaL • 3Kc
32-36 deg. OUa. gaL • $Hc
Water gas checker brick:
F.o.b. Perth Amboy. N. J., per 1000. . .$65 to $70
F.o.b. Ckarfield. Pa.. perlOOO 35
F.o.b. St. Louis. Mo., per 1000 50
Fireclay brick. Qearfield. Pa., per 1000. . . 55 to 60
Silica brick. Mt. Union, Pa., per 1000. . . 55 to 60
Plant Sappiloa
Common brick at dock, in carload lots. New
York, per 1000 $15.00
Portland cement, at dock, without bags. New
York, per bbL • 2.40
Tarred felt. 14 lb. per 100 sq. ft., per ton 50.00
White lead in oil. New York, per 100 lbs 13.00
Red lead in oU. New York, per 100 lbs. 14.50
Lead Wool
Quotations, f.o.b. Perth Amboy, N. J., follow:
Less than 100 lbs. per lb. 10 Kc
100 to 2 .000 lbs., per lb. 8 Kc
Ton lots, per lb. 8Kc
Five ton lots, per lb 7Kc
Cark)ad k>ts, per lb 7Kc
Calking Bf ateriala
Quotations f.o.b. New York., are:
Tarred or untarred Eagle Jute parking rope
in 50 or 100 lb. coils., per bale 6c
Plumbers Spun Oakum, in bales of 50 lbs.
each, per bale $2.75
Fig lead. New York. N. Y.. per 100 lb. . . . n4.75
Chomistxy Priia Awarded
The Perkin Medal, for the highest
achievement in applied chemistry, was
presented to Dr. Willis R. Whitney, Di-
rector of the Research Laboratory of
the General Electric Company at Schen-
ectady, N. Y.
As a member of the Naval Consulta-
tion Board during the war, Dr. Whitn^
perfected a detector for giving warning
of the approach of submarines, which
was put into practical application.
The award was made by the American
Section of the Society of Chemical In-
dustry. The Perkin Medal, named in
honor of Sir William Perkin, discoverer
of aniline dyes, was offered by the Amer-
ican Chemical Society.
Ohio Coal Freight Increase Permanently
Rejected
Columbus, Ohio.— The Ohio Public
Utilities Commission permanently reject-
ed railroad coal rate schedules filed by
all coal carrying roads in Ohio,
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106
THE GAS AGE
February 10, 1921
Stenches for Detecting Gas
Leakage
Loss of life and property often restilt
from leakage in the distribution of natural
gas and illuminating gas. The detection
of leaks by adding stenches to the g^
would reduce losses materially and thus
promote economy to the producer and
safety to the consumer.
Bureau of Mines Technical Paper 267,
"Stenches for detecting leakage of blue
water gas and natural gas/' by S. H.
Katz and V. C Allison, describes the
properties of various stenches studied by
the bureau, the methods used by the bu-
reau in measuring their intensities, costs
of the different stenches, and methods of
impregnating gas in pipes. A copy of
this paper may be obtained free by writ-
ing to the Director, Bureau of Mines,
Washington, D. C.
Misimderttandiiig» Utilities Difflcutty,
Judge Sayi
In granting to the Des Moines Gas
Company a temporary rate increase from
$1.25 to $1.50 a thousand cubic feet, Judge
Wade said ; "Two-thirds of the difficulty
in public utility matters arise out of a
misunderstanding or lack of information
upon essential fundamental considera-
tions. There seems to be a determined
effort in every city where these problems
arise, on the part of some individual or
individuals, to carry on propaganda which
inspires doubt and suspicion— which de-
stroys confidence in officers of the law
who have duties to perform in relation to
such matters and to convince the people
that they are being robbed in the interest
of "corporations." The people will be fair
if they only understand, and those who
spread misinformation and misrepresenta-
tion are gulty of a grave wrong against
the community."
Oklahoma Oil Land Leatei Changed
Lessees of oil lands in the Osage Re-
servation will henceforth be permitted to
lease ground without limit, in a part of
the tract and elsewhere up to 20»000 acres,
instead of 4,800 acres, which heretofore
has been the maximum. A decision to that
effect has been reached by the Office of
Indian Affairs, Department of the Inte-
rior, and was made known recently in a
letter from Cato Sells, commisaoner, and
approved by John Barton Payne, Secre-
tary of the Interior, to the superintendent
of the Osage Indian Agency.
The decision is made as the result of
a hearing granted to the lessors of tracts
on the reservation, held on November 16.
The oil operators at the hearing advanced
numerous arguments as to why removal
of all restrictions on the number of acres
they might lease would be beneficial to
them, and a few days later the decision
was reached to give them all they asked
for.
Construction Work
The Greenfield Gas Light Company of
Massachusetts recently completed the
construction of a mile and one quarter of
a high pressure distribution line. The
joints were welded and the line was
tested at 50 pounds of air pressure. In
two places the line crosses bridges, on
each of which there is an expansion
joint and the pipe at these places is
htmg on roller carriers. This bit of
construction work was installed to supply
a 2-point Connelly district governor
which will carry an inlet pressure of
12 pounds, and will be so regulated that
breaks can carry the loads provided the
pressure on the load line drops to a
point as low as four inches and they will
cut out at Ai4 inches.
The Donner Union Coke Corporation
of Buffalo, N. Y., have just put in oper-
ation 150 Koppers by-product coke ovens.
Part of the gas is used for heating the
blast furnace air preheating ovens, and
53 per cent of it is sold to the Donner
Steel Co., Inc.
Improvements started a year ago by
the Southern Minnesota Gas 8l Electric
Co., of Albert Lea, Minn., have just been
completed. They consist of a new 100,-
000 foot holder, a five foot water gas set,
a new exhauster and a Stacey governor.
These jobs were done by the Western
Gas Construction Company, the Connelly
Company and the P. H. 9l F. M. Roots
Company.
The Gloucester Gas Light Company of
Massachusetts has awarded a contract for
a new 8-ft. double super-heater carbu-
reted water gas set to the Gas Machinery
Company of Cleveland. They will also
install other new auxiliary apparatus to
take care of the rapidly increasing output
The Hartford City Gas Light Company
of Conn., are installing a new 11 -ft wa-
ter gas machine which will be completed
within the month. They have also added
several miles of feeder main to their dis-
tribution system.
Extensive improvements to its gas plant
are being made by the Cariisle Gas &
Water Co. of Carlisle* Pa. The contract
was awarded to The U. G. I. Contract-
ing Co. of Philaddphia, and included new
carburetted water gas apparatus of the
U. G. I. cone top type, blowing plant with
a complete new blast pipe system for all
sets, relief holder repairs and remodding
and changes to yard connections.
The Albion Gas Light Co. (Michigan)
recently awarded a contract to The U. G.
I. Contracting Co. of Philaddphia for
additional carburetted water gas equip-
ment
The New York Public Service Commis-
sion has announced that the Kings County
Lighting Company has contracted for
$2,000,000 worth of new gas mains, which
will be sufficient to provide light and fuel
to every intending customer. The new
mains are expected to be completed early
in January.
The commission has ordered the Kings
Cotmtry Company to make connections
with the mains of the Brooklyn Borough
Gas Company in order to insure an ad-
equate supply of gas.
The Peoples Gas Company of Marsh-
field, Wisconsin, ptit their carburetted
water-gas set (four foot Gas Machinery
Company Set) in operation. They have
laid eight miles of high pressure mains
and have 220 services on their lines.
The officers of the company are Presi-
dent, A. G. Felker; Secretary, Louis
Trossen; Treasurer, R. C. Hastings; and
The Board of Public Works of Rodcej
Mount, N. C. have placed a contract,
which is probably the first large order
of the year for gas apparatus. This
order includes two steel purifiers, twenty
feet in diameter with fittings, valves
and piping for the same. The contract
for this apparatus was placed with the
Western Gas Construction Company who
have just installed an 8' 6" water gas
set at this plant
The City Gas Department of Carlottes-
ville, Va. is installing a water-gas set, to
replace the coal-gas apparatus.
Price of gas at Sarnia, Ontario has
been raised from 30 cents to 40 cents per
1,000 cu. ft.
The Letts Gas & Oil Co., Letts, Ind.
is now charging 60 cents per 1,000 cu. ft
instead of 35 cents.
Fly Wheel Proves Hams
A large fly wheel on a bailing machine
used by the Pavilion Natural Gas Com-
pany in that place recently broke loose
from the machine and flew over diree
houses and crashed through Miss Helen
Elwell's dining room window. The wheel
in its flight of thirty rods shattered the
window, many flowering plants and part
of the furniture of one room. No one
was injured.
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February 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
107
Natural Gas News
Kentacky Fight Over $3^0
Gas Rate
Louisville, Kj., Feb. 2— The gas com-
pany at Georgetown, Ky., has been en-
gaged in a somewhat bitter contest with
citizens for sereral weeks in regard to
an increase in gas rates. The company
recently annomiced that rates would be
increased at $3.20 a thousand feet, where-
upon a public meeting of consumers was
called and an agreement reached to de-
line to pay the increase. The company
met this action by announcing that the
plant would be closed down as soon as
the supply of coal on hand had been
comumed. From that time on, tiie gas
situation was the foremost topic of dis-
cussion in Georgetown until late in Jan-
uary when a mass meeting was held
attended by officials of the company and
citizens, at which an agreement was
reached satisfactory to both sides. The
agreement provides for the folowing rates
for the next three months:
Minimum $2.50 per month; $2.75 per
thousand under 5,000 feet; $2.50 per
thousand under 10,000 feet; $2.25 per
thousand for more than 10,000 feet
Gas Company Planned
Corpus Christ^ Tex. — ^Investigation
from all angles of the natural gas prob-
lem in this district, now being conducted
by a committee from the Corpus Christi
Commercial Association, headed by
Harry J. Hart, is not the only or the
chief feature of the gas situation. A well
defined movement for a local gas com-
pany has been started and the report of
the conmiercial association's committee
only is awaited before public announce-
ment of plans, capitalization, etc., is made.
It is understood that the company will
endeavor to dispose of the bulk of its
capital stock in Corpus Christi and to
make itself as much of a 'liome" com-
pany as possible.
New Rate in Covington, Ky.
Louisville, Ky., Feb. 3 — A new and
largely increased rate for natural gas
has been put into effect in Covington, Ky.,
under the terms of a new five year fran-
chise granted to the Union Light, Heat &
Power Company. The old franchise un-
der which gas was sold at 30 cents per
thousand cubic feet is superseded by the
new arrangement whereby a sliding scale
is put into effect of 47, 50 and 60 cents per
thousand.
Gas and Oil Company Consolidate
The consolidation of the Marland Re-
fining Co. and the Kay Cotmty Gas Co.
was declared effective Jan. 3. It was
officially announced that over 92% of the
stock of both companies has been de-
posited under the consolidation plan.
Because of requests from many stock-
holders who were unable to deposit their
stock on or before Dec. 26, 1920, it was
decided that stock of Marland Refining
and Kay County Gas companies would
be accepted upon the same terms if sent
to W. H. McFadden, care of Marland
R^ning Co. at Ponca City for exchange
during the month of January.
Ontario Commission to Fix Natural Oas
Sate
Ingersoll, Out — Municipalities in this
section of Ontario which are dependent
to a certain extent on the natural gas
fields for fuel have appealed to the
Ontario Minister of Mines against the
increase in rates from 45 cents to 85
cents per 1000 cubic feet Instead of
advising the municipalities not to pay
any increase at all, as it was hoped he
would do, the Minister has proposed that
negotiations be entered into to arrive at
an interim rate which the municipalities
would pay until a commission appointed
by the government has made a thorough
investigation of production and distrib-
uting costs.
Several towns and townships have
made a tentative rate with the gas com-
panies, the price varying from 50 to 70
cents per 1000 cubic feet. Some hard-
ship is being experienced as a result of
the determination of the government to
enforce gas regulations which prohibit
the use of gas for heating in schools
and churches.
Conservation of Gas Winners
Recently the Muskogee Gas & Electric
Company conducted a contest among the
pupils of the Muskogee High School for
the best written essay on the subject,
Conservation of Gas. Out of the sev-
eral hundred papers submitted Louis
Silverton won first prize, Emily Butz
second prize and Carter Allinder third
prize. The contest was a feature of the
gas conservation campaign, which is be-
ing promoted in natural gas territories,
because of the diminishing supply of
natural gas.
More Gas for Dayton
Cincinnati, Feb. 3!— A new well with
an output of more than 1,000,000 feet a
day will be ready soon and the additional
supply for Dayton, Ohio, should be suf-
ficient, Qark A. Ward, president of the
Dayton Gas Co., said recently.
Mr. Ward urged the public to be pa-
tient and overlook the present shortage,
which has been noticeable in certain
sections of the city more than in others.
He said he believed the supply coming
over the (Xiio-Indiana pipe line in the
near future would be more than sufficient
for all reasonable purposes.
Kansas City Would Purchase Oas Plaat
Harry A. Mendenhall, mayor of Kan-
sas Gty, Kas., and Hugh J. Smith, dty
counselor, will leave for Topeka Wed-
nesday to present to the legislature lor
passage a bill which will enable tiie
city to purchase and operate the local gas
distributing plant.
The bill was drafted by Judge Smith
upon order of Mayor Mendenhall and
provides that the city may, by exercise
of the right of eminent domain, purchase
and operate the local plant. Three ap-
praisers to fix a value on the plant and
mains would be appointed by the three
judges of the district court under the
provisions of the bill.
Mayor Mendenhall ordered the bill
drawn after the gas company had served
notice upon the city commissioners and
the gas consumers of the city of an in-
crease in rates of 50 cents per month for
"service." The city claims it is helpless
to fight the increased rate, and that the
only alternative left to obtain a lower
rate is the purchase and operation of
the plant on a municipal basis.
Oas Leakage to be Investigated
The Corporation Commission has dele-
gated a gas expert of Bartlesville to in-
vestigate the complaints that there is
an excessive gas leakage in the natural
gas distributing systems of Wagoner
and Muskogee. The Oklahoma Natural
Gas Company wants to assist in the
natural gas conservation movement and
requested that a thorough test be made
for any excessive leakage.
City Complains of Gas Service
Springfield, 111., Feb. ^-The Illinois
Public Utilities Commission heard today
the complaint of the city of Bellville
against the St. Clair County Gas & Elcc^
trie Co., of insufficient gas and electric
service in Bellville.
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108
THE GAS AOB
February 10. 1921
Natural Gas Legislation
An Outline of Bilk Now Before
Legislatures in Ten States Where
Natural Gas Is Now a Problem
By EDWARD C JENNINGS
THE American Petroleum Institute
has given to the Natural Gas As-
sociation of America a list of bills
about to be presented or actually pre-
sented in the Legislatures of the di£Fer-
ent states mentioned below, directly
affecting the natural gas industry, all of
which explain themselres. By states
they are as follows :
iBdiaaa— House Bill No. 34, introduced
by Shugart: "A bill rendering all gas
and oil leases void after failure for five
years to operate or pay rentals and
providing for cancellation in recorder's
office. "Referred to the committee on
natural resources. Senate Bill No. 43,
inEtroduced by Meeker. "A bill requiring
persons, firms and corporations engaged
in the production of natural resources
to make yearly reports to the department
of conservation." Referred to the com-
mittee on finance.
Wyoming— House Bill No. 6, intro-
duced by Peach. "A bill establishing a
bureau for the protection of petroleum
and gas.** Referred to the committee on
mines and mining. This bill was intro-
duced on January 13, 1921, and its title
is as follows: "A bill f6r an act estab-
lishing and creating a bureau for the
protection and conservation of the
natural resources of petroleum and gas
from destruction through improper oper-
ations in production, to be known as
the Department of Oil and Gas, provid-
ing for the appointment of a state oil
and gas supervisor; prescribing his
duties and powers; fixing his compen-
sation; providing for the appointment
of deputies and employes, providing for
the inspection of petroleum and gas
wells ; creating districts for the purpose
of carrying out the provisions of this
act; requiring all persons operating
petroleum and gas wells to make certain
reports; providing for the election of
commissioners in each district created to
act as a board of arbitration and pro-
viding for their recall; providing pro-
cedure for arbitration of departmental
rulings and appeal therefor; creating a
fund for the purpose of the act.
Montana— A bill introduced by Shoe-
maker entitled ''A bill relative to urging
the state legislature to give special at-
tention to the passage of oil laws."
Arkansai— Senate bill No. 28, intro-
duced by Emory, entitled "A bill amend-
ing the corporation commission act"
Referred to the committee on public
service corporation. House bill "No. 58,
introduced by Ebel and Horowitz, en-
titled "A bill to provide for a severance
tax for all minerals, oil and other natural
resources taken from the soil." Re-
ferred to the committee on judiciary.
California— Assembly bill No. 12, in-
troduced in the House on January 1, by
Lyons. Section 1 declares that every
private corporation, etc., owning, operat-
ing, managing or controlling any petro-
leum plants for compensation in Cali-
fornia, is engaged in an essential
industry, and is declared to be subject
to the provisions of the act known as the
Public Utilities Act, approved April 23,
1915. Section 2 defines the term "petro-
leum plant" that which includes all pro-
perty used in connection with the pro-
duction, refining, transportation and de-
livering of petroleum and its products.
Assembly bill No. 27, introduced in the
Hotise by Morrison on January 6, 1921,
in whidi every corporation, etc, engaged
in California in producing, refining, buy-
ing and selling or transporting crude
petroleum or any of its products is de-
clared to be a public utility, subject to
regulation by the Railroad Commission
under the act of the Legislature of the
state of California known as the Public
Utilitiet Act, approved December 23,
1911.
New York— House bill No. 88, in-
troduced by Henderson, January 12, 1921,
makes it a penal offense for any officer of
an oil or mining corporation to know-
ingly make a false sUtement in an ap-
plication to any stock exchange to list
the shares of such corporation; prohi-
biting any person dealing in the shares
of such a corporation from publishing
vertisements containing statements of the
value of the property of the corporation,
its present or prospective earnings, etc.,
unless the president and a majority of
the board of directors shall have filed
with the state comptroller certain de-
tailed statements of the corporation's
property, etc. It is also offense to publish
an advertisement false in fact or in-
consistent with the filed statement.
Kanaa»— Senate bill No. 118, intro-
duced by Badger, entitled "A bill to pre-
vent pollution by oil, salt water or refute
from wells drilled for oil or gas, and
prescribing penalties."
Ohio— Sute bill No. 29, introduced 1^
Miller, entitled "A bill providing for a
production tax upon tiie value of coal,
oil, gas or other minerals mined or pro-
duced within this state."
Weat Virginia— Senate bill No. 5, m-
troduced by Poling, entitled "A bill to
amend and re-enact chapter 5 of the
Acts of 1919, relating to a state license
tax on the production of petroleum, oil
and natural gas." Referred to tiie com-
mittee on judiciary.
OUahoma— Senate bill No. 5, intro-
duced by Leedy, entitled ''An act pro-
viding for the taxing of oil and gas leases
and for a recording tax or registration
fee when filing said leases for record,
and providing for procedure for collec-
tion of special tax and for other pur-
poses; providing a penalty for violating
the provisions of such act, and declaring
an emergency." Referred to the commit-
tee on oil and gas. Senate bill Na 33,
introduced by Leedy, entitled "An act
to levy a special tax of 1 cent per gallon
upon gasoline sales at retail in the state,
for public purposes, and providing a
penalty for tiie violation of this act and
declaring an emergency." Referred to
the committee on revenue and taxation.
House bill No. 64, introduced by Admire,
entitled "An act to amend Section 1,
Chapter 207, Session Laws of 1917, relat-
ing to oil and gas conservation and de-
claring an emergency." This bill author-
izes the Corporation Commission to
creat an oil and gas department under
the jurisdiction of the Commission, and
to appoint a chief oil and gas conserva-
tion agent who will have charge of die
department The bill contains an emer-
gency clause. House bill No. 68, intro-
duced by Herod, entitled "An act to levy
a special tax of 1 cent per gallon upon
gasoline sales at retail in the state, for
public sdiool purposes, and providing a
penalty for the violation of this act and
declaring an emergency." House Bill No.
82, introduced by Harris and Bell, en-
titled "A bill placing the chief oil and
gas conservation agent under the control
of the chief mine inspector."
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February 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
109
Men in the Industry
H. Browne has succeeded J. P. Bitgood
as chief engineer of the Danielson and
Plainfield Gas & Electric Co., Dainielson,
Conn. Mr. Browne will also act as pur-
chasing agent of the Company, in place
of Nathan D. Prince, who continues as
secretary and treasurer of the company.
H. 6. LeamiA has succeeded A. W.
Raiche as purchasing agent of the Men-
ominee and Marinette Lig^t & Traction
Company.
Raymond A« Latting is now the sole
owner of the gas plant at Grand Ledge,
Mich.
M. R. Grorer succeeds H. L. Hanley
as secretary of the Madison Light &
Fuel Co., of Madison, Ind.
X. F. Bnlmahn of the Iowa Southern
Utilities Co. at Centerville, la. fills the
office of general manager and purchasing
agent, formerly held hy Mr. J. C. Johnson.
E^ Jacobson has succeeded Lyman Bern-
hard as secretary of the company.
John Gremer has succeeded Mr.
Frankeberger as plant superintendent of
the Union Gas & Electric Co. Mr. Gre-
mer was born in Kronach, Germany, in
1879 and came to this country when
24 years old. Fourteen of the seventeen
years that he has lived in this country
have been spent working for this com-
pany. He has been an apt pupil of Mr.
Frankeberger and is a worthy successor
for him.
M. M. Western has resigned as treas-
urer of both the Corpus Christi and Wax-
ahachie Gas Companies, in Texas.
Leslie Fordyce is now secretary and
treasurer of the Corpus Christi Gas Co.
and Treasurer of the Waxahachie Gas
-Company.
A. L. Frankeberger has accepted a
position as plant superintendent of the
St. Clair County Gas & Electric Co.,
East St Louis, 111. He was formerly
employed by the Union Gas & Electric
"Co., Bloomington, 111., where he worked
in all departments of the company. He
was with this company fifteen years and
was plant superintendent for the last
three years, during which time he made
•quite a reputation for himself as an effi-
•cient operator by using bituminous coal
as water gas generator fuel.
Howard Bmce, one of the newly elect-
ed Vice-Presidents of the American Gas
Association and President of the Bart-
lett-Hayward Company of Baltimore was
bom in Richmond, Va. He was gradu-
ated as a civil engineer from the
Virginia Military Institute. For a short
time he was in the employ of the
Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad and soon
went with the East River Gas Company
in Baltimore. Before he left this com-
pany he vlrsLS the Assistant Superinten-
dent of Plants and Superintendent of
Construction. In 1902 he became En-
Howard Bruce
gineer of Construction for the Consoli^
dated Gas Company of New York.
While with the Consoldiated Gas Com-
pany as William H. Bradley's assistant,
he aided in the design and construction
of the plants of the Astoria Light, Heat
& Power Company. In 1907 upon leaving
the Consolidated Company, he became
General Manager of the Bartlett-Hay-
ward Company and later when this cor-
poration reorganized, ,he became Vice-
President and General Manager and in
1917 was elected President and General
Manager of the company which position
he still holds. During the war, the
Bartlett-Hayward Company engaged in
the manufacture of munitions for the
government and at the time of the arm-
istice had in its employ more than 22,000
people.
Mr. Bruce is a director and member
of the executive committee of the Con-
solidated Gas, Electric Light & Power
Company of Baltimore, a director of
the Hyattsville Gas & Electric Company,
a class three director of the Fifth Dis-
trict Federal Reserve Bank.
W. P. Henry succeeds Robert L. Henry
as President of the Collinsville Gas
Company.
R. G. St Jobn has resigned as secretary
of the Corpus Christi Gas Co., but still
retains that office with the Waxahachie
Gas Co.
Warren S. Blauvelt became President
of the Indiana Coke and Gas Company
in the early part of 1920. At the same
time, A. M. Ogle, formerly the general
manager of the company, was elected
chairman of the board of directors, and
Paul N. Bogart, formerly the president
became the vice-president. This change
enables Mr. Bogart to devote more time
to his legal and commercial business.
Joseph H. Meyers has succeeded Wm.
S. Riselay as Attorney in Fact, of the
Buffalo Gas Plant.
E. I. Wakeman has resigned and no
successor has been elected as yet, to
takei his place as President of Greenville
(Texas) Gas Co.
Obituary
It is with deep regret that we record
the death of Mr. Charles F. Bryant, who,
for the past eleven years has been the
auditor of the Westchester Lighting
Company.
Mr. Bryant entered the gas industry
as an employee of one of the Illinois
utility companies, later became identified
with the U. G. I. Company of Philadel-
phia as one of its traveling auditors and
was afterwards employed by the Con-
necticut Railway and Lighting Company.
For some time he served in the Account-
ing Department of the Consolidated Gas
Company of New York, and in November,
1909, was appointed auditor of the West-
chester Lighting Company.
In the death of Mr. Bryant is lost a
faithful and valued employee and a kind
and helpful friend. Mr. Bryant is sur-
vived by a wife, a daughter and a
brother.
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THE GAS AGE
February 10, 1921
Appliances, Equipment and Materials
Abstracts of Address by President F. R. Cutch-
eon before the New Jersey Gas Association,
Jan. 21, 1921, and Notes of the Convention
WE should endeavor to have the
manufacturers of gas mantles
and burners standardize on a
comparatively small number of tjrpes
and sizes of mantles, so that when a gas
company changes its source of supply
the old stock will still fit the new burners
and it will not be necessary to carry
so many styles in stock. This applies
also to glassware.
Gat Hoae
The subject of safe ends for gas
hose has been discussed a good deal but
not much progress has been made toward
the general introduction of a standard
safe hose. There is room here for
some valuable work in original research
to produce a hose that will not dry up and
crack or dissolve and disappear and
which will have the mechanical strength
to resist rough handling.
Mettn
The gas meter has become almost a
standard instrument in its two forms,
the tin meter, and the cast iron meter,
but there is still much room for im-
provement We place our meters in
the consumers basement and thereby we
assume some liability for any damage
due to leaks in the service pipe, we also
take the responsibility of sending our
meter readers into the constuners house
which often results in charges of burg-
lary, damage claims for fire losses and
other complaints, and always means the
loss of considerable time. If we can
devise a meter and a container to hold
and protect the meter which will enable
us to place our meter at the curb line
and read, set or remove it without loss
of time, the time saved by the meter
reader will pay a liberal return on ad-
ditional investment and we shall be re-
leased from all liability such as I have
mentioned.
Water Gas
Another line of reasearch which will
repay investigations is the development
of a carburettor for a water gas set
which will operate continuously for sev-
eral months on low grade fuel oil instead
of gas oil.
I would suggest that if spherical bricks
were used and a hopper form of con-
struction adopted at the top and bottom
the brick mi^t be changed without in-
terfering with the operation of the set
for a Icmger time than is required to
heat up the new brick. The old brick
can then be cleaned and used again.
Fuels
The industry is now confronted with
the viul fact that at the present rate
of consumption gas coal, anthracite coal,
and oil will all be exhausted within a
few generations. If the gas industry is
not to perish from the face of the earth
we must find new gas making mate-
rials which would naturally be found
in some form of vegetation which grows
rapidly and can be compressed into form
suitable for gas making, the straw from
our farms, swamp grass, sea weed and
other weeds suggest themselves as the
most readily available. Possibly some
form of large tuber resembling potatoes
could be developed especially for this
purpose if our horticultural experts will
turn their attention to this problem.
Perhaps the recovery of potash may be
made a valuable source of by-product
revenue and thus o£Fset the cost of ob-
taining such raw materials.
PromotioB
I o£Fer these suggestions merely to
indicate some of the many lines along
which our members may work for the
benefit of the industry as a whole and
our own companies particularly. In or-
der to stimulate such work I propose to
have the association offer a prize or
'prizes, for the best paper on an original
subject pertaining to the gas industry,
the competitions to be open to students
in all colleges and high schools in the
state of New Jersey and to all officers
or employees of gas Companies or gas
appliance manufactureres within the
state.
Notes of the ConventioB
Plans to improve the present appliance
and production equipment used by gas
companies and to find other materials
for gas making were advocated at the
Annual Convention of the New Jersey
Gas Association held January 21, at the
Robert Treat Hotel, Newark, N. J.
An interesting and timely address by
the President, F. R. Cutcheon, on the
needs of the industry held the attention
of all present An appropriate paper was
read by Jacob B. Jones, Superintendent
of the Bridgeton Gas Lic^t Co., of
Bridgeton on The Adoption of Reduced
B.tu.'t— Its Effect Both from a Gas Com-
pany and Consumer's Standpoint" A
comprehensive survey was made of the
commercial field and its needs by James
P. Hanlan of the Public Service Gas Co.,
of Newark, N. J., in his paper on **Mer-
chandising Gas Appliances Under Pres-
ent Conditions."
The meeting was attended by 55 mem-
bers and guests and nine new members
were elected. A new constitution was
adopted to enable the association to de-
velop and promote the welfare of the gas
indtistry. A luncheon was held at 12:30
noon at Robert Treat Hotel at which
there were in evidence many indications
of good fellowship and co-operation for
the advancement of the gas industry.
Cooperation Talk, Lnnch and
Social Meeting Enjoyed by
Gas G>mpany Employees
The employees of The Northern Con-
necticut Light and Power Co. recently
attended a faithful service reward meet-
ing given by the company. A luncheon
was served followed by a solo l^ Miss
Abrahamson and a talk by Walter P.
Schwabe, general manager. Mr. Schwabe's
encouraging talk was, in part, as follows:
I have two reasons for calling you to-
gether at this time. First: To tdl you
some things about the operating affairs of
the company that I feel you as em^oyees,
as well as the public, should know and
— Second: To impress upon you the need
and importance of close attention to and
the exercise of the highest degree of effi-
ciency in your work; so that the com-
pany's financial condition will remain un-
impaired, your present rate of wages
maintained, and the public satisfactorily
served without a change in our present
gas lighting rates.
Some of the increases in our operating
costs compared with 1916 are as follows:
Purchased Gas 80%.
Materials 60 to 200%.
Wages 40 to 100%.
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February 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
111
Now you will wonder how we manage
to get along without having made an in-
crease in our electric lighting rate and
without larger increases in our other
rates.' I will tell you.
We have been taking on many new
users of electricity and gas in the last
four years, on existing lines, and our
patrons have been liberal in the use of
both electricity and gas. This additional
business has been sufficient to nearly o£F-
set our increased costs.
So far we have continued to earn suffi-
cient to pay our bond interest and regular
dividends, but the amount in excess of
this that we are entitled to for contin-
gency and surplus in order to maintain a
proper financial standing has grown less
from year to year.
But the time of wage reductions, im-
employment and the taking of losses by
those ^o have profited by the high pric-
es, is now here.
In our case we must all do all we can to
keep down our costs by increased effi-
ciency and close attention to our work.
That means putting in not less than a
full day's work every day and doing our
work right, eliminating errors and mis-
takes and waste of time.
We must all do all we can to maintain
the demand for our service and everyone
of you should do your part toward this
end by treating our patrons so they will be
satisfied customers.
You are all familiar with the saying
that "A satisfied Customer is the best ad-
vertisement." You are the ones to make
our customers satisfied. The company's
reputation is what you, who come in con-
tact with our customers, make it Always
remember that the very existence of the
company depends upon the goodwill of its
customers.
Remember to be polite and courteous,
especially when using the telephone. When
you make a promise, keep it. Do your
work right and should you hear of a com-
plaint, take the customer's view of it and
report it to the proper department.
With efficient management and efficient
work on your part and the proper atti-
tude in our relations with our patrons, I
feel we can continue to render our ser-
vice at the lowest cost to the user, con-
sistent with good service, and the nature
of the territory we cover, and continue to
enjoy the good will of the public
Adamion Now Makes Tanks and Arc
Welded Products
The Adamson Mfg. Co., East Palestine,
O., have added a new department for
manufacturing all kinds of storage, pneu-
matic and pressure tanks, welded pipe,
battery casings, evaporators, condensers,
and a large line of arc welded products.
Merchandising Cas Appli-
ances Under Present
Conditions
By JAMES P. HANLAN*
The thinking, planning and work nec-
essary to sell gas appliances is going to
do us all much good.
The best thing that could have hap-
pened for the men whose jobs it is to
sell merchandise is the change from a
seller's to a buyer's market
It is going to change a raft of sales-
men from order-takers to order-getters.
For the next few months as least,
sales managers will have a man's job.
It won't be as easy to merchandise gas
appliances perhaps as other household
necessities because gas companies as a
rule, prior to the war, didn't have much
competition to meet in selling gas appli-
ances.
Now it is different, and like it or not,
we have got to merchandise gas appli-
ances and meet the competition of the
host of dealers who have taken on the
sale of gas appliances.
To get our share of this business now
and make it a source of profit to us as
it must be to our competitors, we have
got to do what any other successful
retailer does, merchandise gas appliances
by the methods which other successful
retailers have necessarily had to follow.
I don't mean to blindly adopt the methods
of department stores, as their methods
in their entirety do not apply to a spe-
cialty shop and that is what we are —
specialists in the sale of gas appliances.
What we must do is to study the meth-
ods of successful hardware, furniture
and house furnishing dealers, mail order
houses, electric shops, gas appliance
stores and other gas companies who are
successfully merchandising gas appli-
ances, and adopt any of the good ideas
that have contributed to their success,
changing them if necessary to meet our
particular requirements.
I have said we are a specialty shop,
and as such have expert knowledge and
facilities at our disposal which our com-
petitors have not at their disposal and
we should make full use of this advan-
tage. As I see it there are several things
which we should do rifi^t now and
quickly.
First, make our display of gas ap-
pliances the most comprehensive and the
most attractive of any in our community.
We should have a complete assortment
of gas appliances and include in it the
best that is in gas merchandise, so that
our stores will be looked upon by pros-
p^tive purchasers as the logical place
to shop for gas appliances.
Second, reprice all merchandise on the
basis of present cost prices and establish
resale prices that will allow us to net
10% after all legitimate expenses have
been charged against the merchandise for
its sale and installation.
Third, make our terms of sale such
that customers can afford to include a
certain amount monthly in their expenses
for some gas appliance which they have
a legitimate need for.
Special inducements should be made to
prospective purchasers to buy now in-
stead of later. We could afford to sell
at a closer margin providing we could
increase the volume of our business and
turn over.
Newspaper advertising should be
heavily increased for the next three
months and the best sales copy be em-
ployed. Good copy can be procured from
the manufacturers, the American Gas As-
sociation or from the Mcjunkin Com-
pany of Chicago. There is no excuse
for failure to have good advertising now
days, even tho the sales manager doesn't
know how to prepare it himself.
Direct by mail advertising should be
generously used. This, likewise, can be
gotten from the gas appliance manu-
facturers.
The interest and enthusiasm of sales
people must be kept up by helpful talks
and by giving them such facts as will
enable them to intelligently meet the
arguments advanced by customers for not
buying now. They should not be al-
lowed to wander, but their work should
be so directed that they will do the
maximtnn amotmt of creative sales work
each day, which might reasonably be
expected of them.
Our problem today is perhaps no dif-
ferent from other retailers except that
we are better off than many in that we
are selling necessities. The prices of
gas appliances while higher in the past
year than many of us would like to have
seen them, still in comparison with many
other articles are better value even at
present than most other household ne-
cessities.
Many gas sales managers and sales-
men had to mark time for so long that
they necessarily had to slow down and
now we have got to speed up again.
Therefore, while all of us may feel that
we personally are doing all we can to
meet the problems confronting the re-
tailer, this change from a buyer's to a
seller's market is going to make many
of us think until it hurts, compel us to
put more constructive efforts into our
work and not be satisfied with past per-
formances if we are to remain in the
gas merchandising business.
Now, let us all spit on our hands and
go to work in earnest. While the ex-
pression is not an elegant one, I recall
years ago that the fellows up in the woods
who cut the most 4' wood in a day were
the ones who started to work that way
each day.
*Paper rcftd by James P. Hanlan of the PubUc
Service Gas Ck>mpany of Newark, N. J., befon
the New Jersey Association January 21, 1921.
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112
THE GAS AGE
February 10, 1921
Things Ain't What They Was
EVERY once in a while I hear some
croaker with a foghorn vojce and
a bullfrog disposition say :
"Things ain't what they was."
And I feel like coming right back at
him and saying:
"No, and they never wasl"
Of all the gloomygusses with which
this otherwise jolly world is afflicted, the
worst is the guy who thinks that we of
the present age have some special brands
of trouble, and that the gas business or
the shop business or some other business
was a sweet dream of joy back in the ZO's
or Sffs and now is a nightmare instead.
Thank heaven for the present. It has
more chances of success, more chances
for happiness and hiphooraying than any
blooming past that ever was, or any
future that ever will be. I believe in
Now. If a bird in the hand is worth
two in the bush, a day that is here is
worth a hundred pounds of old almanacs
or a ton of unprinted calendars.
There is only one man who won't
make a success of the present, and that
is the man who is living in a rusted past
and in the days that are covered with
Kass the Past €k>od-Bye
and Take the Future by the
Hand Says a Manufacturer
By HARRY GALE NYE
verdigris. He is right after all: Things
aint what they was.
In the good, old days, you could be
sloppy about your credits perhaps, and
soak the fellow who paid hard enough to
cover the cost of both jobs. But you
can't do that any more. You have got
to run a business like a bank, not like
a raffle. You have got to know where
you are at, and where you want to be.
Every once in a while some fellow will
tell you how cheap material used to be
compared with what it is now. We are
paying almost as much for iron now as
our granddads paid for steel. But these
fellows talk as though you oug^t to be
permitted to buy pipe at an 1880 price
and install it at a 1921 figure.
Life is not standing still. It is moving,
and we have to move with it or get run
over or left behind. We can't afford to
sit down and weep over the past, no
matter how good we thought it was. We
arc not living then, but now. We have
got to be up to snuff and down to
business. We have got to think so much
about today that we haven't any time to
mourn over yesterday.
Most of the men who think that the
past was better than this aren't sore be-
Ji J$ J$
cause the past is gone but because the
things of the past will not do. Ther
are merely admitting that the pace is
twiftt and that they haven't kept up with
the pace.
So, if I were yott, and yon are one of
those fellows lingering over the grave
of dead days, I would Idss the past good-
hjt and take the present by the hand. 1
would prune off the dead limbs and give
the new shoots a chance to shoot New
blossoms will not grow on stems that
are heavy with old fruit Someone has
said that today is here, tomorrow may
never come. One thing is sure: Today
is here, yesterday will never come back.
Some one has said also that a woman
is as old as she looks and a man as old
as he feels. And we have improved on
that by saying that a woman is as old
as she lo<to, and a man isn't old until
he quits looking. A man isn't old until
he quits looking ahead.
No, my friendly things ain't what they
was. Thty are a blamed sight better.
For the man with get up and get, with
push and plans, with ideas and ideals,
there is no time like the present and no
day like today.
An Improved Air Heater
Explained by a British Gas
Man with Efficiency Data
By MARK MEREDITH, Liverpool, England
THIS apparatus was originally con-
ceived in response to an inquiry for
an apparatus, gas heated, to supply
pure hot air, free from products of
combustion, for cloth drying, but can be
put to many other uses where pure hot
air is required.
The apparatus is segmental in con-
struction and so, can be built up to any
size to suit any required capacity. The
apparatus comprises a number of similar
parts or sections which can be readily
placed in position, the number and size
of the sections determining the capacity
of the apparatus. The said sections are
built up side by side and also one upon
another and placed between end sections
containing the air transfer passages and
the inlet and outlet respectively, and be-
tween side plates. The top and bottom
sections aho of the apparatus are pro-
vided with securing flanges, whereby the
adjacent sections are united.
The air which enters the apparatus at
the top and passes in a number of streams
moves with high velocity back and forth
in horizontal channels on its way to the
outlet at the bottom of the apparatus.
whilst the products of combustion from
the gas burners which extend under the
apparatus, rise through narrow vertical
ducts, disposed between the several air
channels, suitable horizontal ribs being
provided which project into the vertical
gas ducts to cause the gases to have a
circuitous path and to give up their heat
very effectively to the walls of the air
channels.
Each vertical section of the apparatus
comprises a portion of a vertical gas
duct for the hot gases with a portion of
two air heating channels at each side of
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February 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
113
the portion of gas duct The superposed
sections bed one upon the other, the pro-
jecting edge around the gas channel in
each section entering within and forming
a positioning piece for the section above.
The flanges upon the end and side sec-
tions which are bolted together hold the
structure together as a unit. The pro-
jecting edges form a good joint with the
parts of the sections which seat there
around so as to prevent products of
combustion gaining access to the air
space of the heater.
The gasbumers may be either of the
liigh pressure or the low pressure type
and extend the full width of the appa- The details of the test are as follows :
ratus, one row of burners being disposed Volume of air passed per hour
beneath each of the vertical gas passages. 17760 cubic feet
The tests of the experimenUl apparatus Met temperature of air
(unlagged) gave a thermal efficiency of 50^ Fahrenheit.
87.5 per cent Outlet temperature of air
The apparatus under test was of a 22S* Fahrenheit
size calculated to heat 30.000 cubic feet ^^^ -^ temperature . 275* Fahrenheit
of air per hour to SOJ C but the fan ^^^ absorbed = 66,992 B.Th.U.'s.
used in the test would only P^ss 17760 ^^ ^.^ ^ V. = .01686.
cubic feet of air per hour, so that if '^*^ ^ .. . .. •
the proper quantity of air had been Gas used = 180 cubic feet per hour,
passed, the thermal officiency would have Calorific Value = 425 B.Th.U/s.
been higher still. Thermal Efficiency = 87.5 per cent
Uses Inside Data to Fight Gas
Plant
Statements from a report of the Stand-
ard Oil Co., of New Jersey, parent
company of the East Ohio and the Hope
Natural Gas companies, will be used by
Councilman J. R. Hinchliffe of Cleve-
land in the council fight against the
effort of the East Ohio company to ob-
tain an increase in gas rates in Cleveland.
These statements, which will be pre-
sented to the public utilities committee of
council, deal chiefly with the increase
in extraction of gasoline from the gas
supply of the Hope company, which sup-
plies the East Ohio with most of its
gas as compared with the decrease in the
supply of gas, and reports concerning the
probable future of the fields from which
these companies get their gas.
Mr. Hinchliffe said that he will con-
tend that, despite the Bemis report, which
declares the extracticm of gasoline does
not materially affect the heat value of
gas so treated, the amount of gasoline
being taken out by the Hope company
is increasing rapidly, "it surely must
make a difference in the heat value."
Meantime the company is advertising
in the local press with the following :
An Open Letter to the Public from the
President of The East Ohio Gas Com-
pany.
To the Consumers of Natural Gas in
Qeveland and the Suburbs:
The rock or well pressure of a gas
field is the all important means of de-
termining how rapidly the supply of gas
is being depleted. This pressure denotes
the degree to which Nature has com-
pressed the gas in the sands in which
it is stored. As the gas is removed, the
pressure drops in the same proportion.
For instance, if you have 200 lbs. gauge
pressure of steam in a boiler, and allow
one-half of it to escape you will have
only 92.8 lbs. gauge pressure left.
The fact that you may produce more
gas in one year from a field does not
mean that your supply is increasing. On
the contrary, you have decreased the
supply by exactly the amount that you
have taken out. The fall in the rock
pressure will indicate the fall in the re-
maining power to produce.
It is the same as taking steam out of
a boiler after you have ceased making
new steam.
This being the case, the action of the
rock pressure in the gas field of West
Virginia, from which Cleveland and its
suburbs get their chief supply of gas,
is interesting.
It is taken from sworn testimony of
Gas Man^s Young Son a Car-
toonist
Gerald A, Higgins, the sixteen year old
son of Arthur A. Higgins, superintendent
of the Providence Gas Company, must
inherit some of his father's commercial
geologists and experts from actual gauge
measurements.
In 1905 the average rock or well pres-
sure was 930 lbs., while in 1919, it was
only 134 lbs.
Statements or figures as to increased
sales only show that the decline in the
remaining supply is increasing.
Very truly yours,
M. B. Dabr
youngster made for a Providence Ga»
Company advertisement in one of the
local newspapers. Perhaps the day is
not far distant when there will be two
Higgins in the Providence company.
Gerald is navigating well toward the
ability to judge from the drawing the advertising department.
WHICH?
litis costs on an This costs on an
average $16.20 average $6,00
per mo, for fuel per mo. for fuel
WHICH?
PROVIDENCE GAS CO.
8ALESB00M8
62-04 WEYBOSSET STREET
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THE GAS AGE
February 10, 1921
niinois Rate Fixing Jnrisdic-
tion
Some candidates for public favors re-
cently attempted to leave the impression
that if the state public utilities com-
mission were abolished in Illinois, they,
if elected, would go ahead and fix rates
for electricity, gas, transportation and
telephones at whatever they saw fit. That
is entirely untrue. Even were local
authorities given power of fixing rates,
these would not be final and in every in-
stance would be subject to review by
impartial courts. The Chicago Daily
News, in discussing the situation, said
editorially:
The legislature can abolish the state
public utilities commission. But of course
abolition of the commission would not
restore absolute home rule in regulating
the rates or charges of the utilities. To
assert that is to deceive the public
'l^egulation by local authorities would
not be final, but subject in every case to
review by the courts, state and federal
A rate fixed without regard to the facts —
a 'political rate' imposed without a proper
investigation— would be set aside as con-
fiscatory if it failed to provide a fair re-
turn on invested capital.
''Rates charged by public utilities must
be reasonable and just, not alone from
the consumer's point of view, but also
from that of impartial courts. Where
there are no state or local commissions to
deal out justice to all interests, the courts
may and do perform this necessary func-
tion."
New Security Offerings
New offerings have not been as numer-
ous as in recent months. Wide interest
was manifested in the financing of two
Standard Oil Cos., as follows :
$25,000,000 SUndard Oil Company
(California) 10 year 7% gold debentures,
at 100 and interest
$30,000,000 SUndard Oil Co., (New
York) 7% serial gold debentures, due
Jan. 2, 1925 to 1930, price 100 and interest
$12,500,000 Virginia-Carolina Chemical
Co., 12 year 7yi% debentures, at 96^ and
interest, to yield about 8%.
$10,000,000 Pacific Gas and Electric
Co., 1st and Rfg. 20 year 7% bonds, at 99
and interest, to yield about 7.10%.
$25,000,000 Consolidated Gas Company
of New York, 1 year 8% notes, at 100
and interest
$5,000,000 Brooklyn Edison Company,
Inc., general mtge. 20 year 7% *bonds, at
97H and interest, to yield about 7}i%.
$4,000,000 Niagara Falls Power Co., 1st
and cons. mtge. 6% bonds, due Nov. 1,
1950, at S7j4 and interest, to yield over
7%.
New York Reports Natural Gat Supply
The Public Service Commission of
state of New York second district, has
made the following findings in connection
with complaints filed against the Iroquois
Natural Gas Co., of Buffalo.
1. It is not deemed advisable under
existing conditions to provide for a
mixed gas.
2. It is recommended that the Iroquois
Natural Gas Co., consider the introduc-
tion of the "sliding scale upward" rate,
and ultimately the diree part rate.
3. The prohibitory period for the con-
sumption of gas in furnaces originally
constructed for the use of other fuels is
extended so as to begin Nov. 1, and con-
tinue to April 15.
4. Industrial use in excess of 40fiOO
cubic feet per month shall be discontinu-
ed between Dec. 1 and April 1.
5. Gas engines exceeding ten horse-
power, and boosters, fans, and blowers
shall be discontinued.
6. The company is directed to make a
survey of consumer's appliances and sup-
ply to its patrons instructions for the
efiicient and economical use of gas.
7. Four ounces is continued as the
standard pressure. «
Kansas Governor Would Relieve Indui-
trial Court of PubUc Utilitiet Work
Governor Henry J. Allen in a message
to the Kansas Legislature said :
1 believe that the principles of the
industrial court law have become es-
tablished in Kansas and that some of
our neighboring states are likely in the
legislative sessions this winter to write
into their statutes somewhat similar pro-
vision for industrial courts. The Kansas
Court of Industrial Relations has worked
under a severe handicap, which has robbed
it of an opportunity to rest its fate upon
its own merits.
"Because of a desire to save the cost of
an additional body, the industrial court
was given the administration of the old
public utilities law. At that time the fear
was expressed by the presiding ofiicer
of the court who had served upon the
public utilities board that the heavy work
of administering the public utilities law
might hamper the work of the court
This fear has been fulfilled. Public util-
ities work has so increased that the court
has been robbed of the opportunity to do
more than care for the acute industrial
cases.
"As an indication of the relative time
the court has had at its disposal for in-
dustrial work and public utilities work;
it is only necessary to point out that there
have been 650 public utilities cases and
28 industrial cases docketed.
"If the court of industrial relations is
to work out the big real purpose of its
existence, it will need to be relieved of
the burden of public utility regulation."
GoTemment Gas Plant Near-
ly Finished
Finishing touches are being put on tiie
federal government's $5,000,000 helium
gas plant six miles north of Fort Worth,
and operations on a large scale are ex-
pected to begin soon.
Established in 1917 at a cost of |800/)00,
the plant has been an experiment station
thus far. But the wortii of the gas and
its economy for use by the navy and army
balloons have been proved to the satis-
faction of military experts.
In addition to the plant near Fort
Worth, the government also has con-
structed a private pipe line from Petn^a
which brings natural gas from the Lone
Star Company's wells right into the
plant After the argon qualities, from
which helium is obtained, have been ex-
tracted, the gas is returned to the mains
and burned by Forth Worth and other
consumers in northern Texas.
The argon of helium plant was erected
in great secrecy, a guard of soldiers
being constantly maintained around it
until after the amistice. During war days,
admission was denied to the public and
only picked workmen were employed.
The experiments at the station had
been so successful before the armistice
that it was predicted the use of the argon
gas would speedily terminate the conflict
The gas is shipped from Fort Wordi
to Galveston and New Orleans in cylin-
ders and loaded there aboard navy de-
partment vessels for transportation to
balloon fields.
Use Asbestos, Save Gas
Suggestion to Appliance Maaufacturaii
One source of waste on a gas stove is
generally overlooked: the continued loss
of heat by radiation before the sauc^an
reaches boiling point is sometimes very
considerable, especially in cold weather
and with a big metal pot Remembering
that hot air always rises, and that there-
fore loss by radiation takes place, es-
pecially from the lid, it is possible to
e£Fect a considerable saving of gas by
the following means: Get a sheet of
asbestos about one-sisth of an inch thick,
and from it, with a sharp pointed knife,
cut circular pieces to fit over saucepan
lids of various sizes. A hole in the center
of each allows the knob to come through.
When the pot or pan is filled with cold
water and set over the gas to boil, fit
the asbestos cover on the metal or china
lid, and let it stay on till the utensil is
removed from the flame. (The asbestos
must never be placed over an open pot,
as the steam would soak it with moisture.)
You will be surprised to see how much
sooner the water will come to boiling
point, or, if slow cooking is desired, to
what a tiny bead of gas you can reduce
the flame.
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Gas Company Finally Wins
its "Valuation"
In deciding the valuation case of
The Peoples Gas Light & Coke Com-
pany, the Public Utilities Commission
finds that the cost to reproduce the
company's property, exclusive of the
office building, ''going value," stocks of
materials and supplies and working
capital, is $105,000,000. Tor rate mak-
ing purposes," the commission fixes the
value of the company's property, exclus-
ive of the office building, at ^,000,000.
The $105,000,000, which the commis-
sion finds to be the reproduction value
of the company's property — ^and repro-
daction or replacement is the basis on
which value is figured in business — is
considerably more than the total of out-
standing stocks and bonds. Even the
valuation of $85,000,000 "for rate making
purposes" comes close to equaling the
total of outstanding stock and bonds.
Another important consideration in
this connection is that a valuation has
finally been secured.
Elects New Officers
Columbia, S. C— The Columbia Rail-
way Gas & Electric Company, of Co-
lumbia, S. C, at its annual meeting held
January 12th elected F. H. Knox presi-
dent to succeed Edwin W. Robertson,
who was made chairman of the board,
and F. L. Pearce succeeded R. Charlton
Wright as secretary of the company. The
board of directors is now constituted as
follows : J. M. Bell, R. B. Herbert, F. H,
Knox, J. B. S. Lyles, George W. New-
man and Edwin W. Robertson of Co-
lumbia, and F. Q. Brown, Henry Parsons
and J. G. White of New York City.
Gas Company Has Industrial Exposition
The Portland Gas & Coke Co. of Port-
land, Oregon, inaugurated an Industrial
Exposition, advertising it in the news-
papers, and thousands of people visited
it and were interested in the exhibition
of things made by gas. Among the
articles displayed were the following:
Automobile fenders, radiators, etc.
automobile licences, badges, gloves, hat
shapes, steel saws, ice cream cones, coffee,
bakery goods, candies, lamp-shades,
frames, peanuts, dies.
Besides the display advertising put in
the newspapers, the daily papers had
their reporters furnish free write-ups in
regard to the undertaking.
The exposition lasted from January
3rd until January 16th.
Fix Rate after Court Decision
A new rate of $1.25 per 1,000 cubic feet
of gas just went into effect in Staten
Island.
Koppers Co. Explains Acquisitidn of
Western Gas Construction
The Koppers Company in a statement
just issued says "it has recently exer-
cised an option outstanding since 1917 to
acquire the controlling interest in The
Western Gas Construction Company of
Fort Wayne, Indiana.
"Since 1917 The Koppers Company has
directed the operation of the business of
The Western Gas Construction Company
and the recent acquisition of a proprie-
tary interest only means, therefore, a
continuation of the policies of the com-
pany which have been in force during
the past three and one half years.
'The outstanding capital stock of The
Western Gas Construction Company has
been increased to $750,000, the present
charter limit.
The company is now in a stronger
position in every way than ever before
in its history. While it has for years
been recognized as one of the leading
concerns of its kind in the country, tmtil
The Koppers Company took control of
its management in 1917 the company
had suffered from lack of proper finan-
cial backing. Since the beginning of the
control of its management by The Kop-
pers Company, its business has steadily
increased and broadened, and the sound-
ness of its present conditicm and the
substantial character of its present back-
ing gives promise of a steady and heal-
thy growth in the future."
New Commissioner Appoint-
ed in Illinois
Judge Cicero J. J. Lindly of Greenville
has been appointed a member of the
Illinois Public Utilities Commission by
Governor Small.
Temperature and Pressure Tables for
Saturated Ammonia
The United States Bureau of Standards
has published a tentative table on the
properties of saturated ammonia. The
final tables, which will include data for
superheated ammonia, will not appear
for some time.
The preparation of these tables has en-
tailed years of labor and the development
of new testing apparatus.
Utility Increases Reasonable
The Railroad Commission of California
in an official report to the government
makes the statement that rates for public
utility service are nearer to per-war days
than any other commodity. It is pointed
out that other commodities have in-
creased from 100 to 500 per cent, while
the average increase in public utility
rates is 20.77 per cent.
Bill to Stop Gas Stock
Gambling
Pittsburgh, Feb. 3— A survey of the
McKeesport gas boom, containing statis-
tics as to the number of persons who lost
money in projects there, and the total
cost of fraudulent and unsuccessful pro-
motions, is being undertaken by State
Assemblyman C. L. Kelly, of McKees-
port, preparatory to the introduction of a
bill aimed to prevent similar gas stock
scrambles. Mr. Kelly has been consult-
ing with George H. Ashley, state geolo-
gist, with a view to incorporating in the
bill measures to prevent the "peppering"
of land in the vicinity of gas strikes.
Gas Rates Reduced
Northern New York Utilities, Inc., has
been ordered 'to reduce the gas rate from
$2J0 to $2.17 in Watertown, N. Y. The
commission calculates that this rate will
yield the utility 8%.
Approximately 50% of the gas sold in
FreeporJi 111., is used for industrial pur-
poses.
Gas Rate Unconstitutional
New York & Richmond Gas- Co.— Al-
bert H. Sewell, official referee to hear and
determine the suit of the company against
State and county officials regarding its
rate, has filed a decree declaring that
the $1 rate under which the company
operates is unconstitutional.
Following the decision President Wil-
liam K Welsh announced that the price
for gas would be raised from $1 to $125
per 1,000 cu. ft., effective Jan. 12. In
addition, the above award authorizes a
charge of 2^ cents per day to be made
to all residents whose homes are equipped
for gas but who do not use it It is
expected that the city will appeal at once.
Two Dollar Rate at Freeport, N. T.
Freeport, Jan. 13— Notice has been re-
ceived by the village trustees from the
Second District Public Service Commis-
sion of the action allowing the Nassau
and Suffolk Lighting Company to file not
later than January 20 a schedule that
fixes the rate for gas per 1,000 cubic feet
at $2.00 and a service charge of 70 cents
for each consumer. This will make the
initial 1,000 feet cost $2,70 less 10 cents,
which the Commission allows by its
order for bills paid within fifteen days,
and thereafter the rate will be $1.90 per
1,000.
Gas Company Quits Business
The Nanaimo Gas & Power Co., Ltd.,
Nanaimo, B. C, has gone out of business.
F. G. Peto i.s the liquidator.
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THE GAS AGE
February 10, 1921
A. G. A. Gas Lighting Report
Results and Recommenda-
tions of a Questionnaire Sent
Out by the Subcommittee
By THEODORE H. PISER. Chaimum
OUT of the 525 member companies,
53 gas (exclusively) companies
and 81 combination companies re-
plied, to the Gas Lighting Questionnaire
of the A. G. A. which is 41 per cent of
all the member companies. Your com-
mitte believes that this comparatively
high percentage of replies is in itself an
indication* of the considerable interest
taken by gas men in gas lighting.
Gas (exclusively) companies reported
as follows: (Total 53.)
Question No. 1: What special sales
efforts on residence lighting, commercial
lighting and street lighting have you
made in the last 12 months?
Answers: 1 blank; 30 "none"; 22 (40
per cent) reported activity, summarized
as follows:
Constant solicitation; exhibiting, speci-
alizing and pushing sales of semi-indi-
rects; a gas company in New England
reports from 20 to 50 men selling mantle
lamps and semi-indirect lighting fixture
and maintaining them all the year round ;
changing obsolete gas units to modem
units especially in churches and public
buildings; literature distributed daily on
gas lighting by outdoor salesmen; a New
York State gas company reports that its
salesman carry C. E-Z- and inverted
lights with them and make their own in-
stallations during the lighting season;
general advertising, house-to-house cam-
paigns, sales floor displays. A Canadian
company reports a canvass of its com-
mercial lighting, getting new installations
and bringing up-to-date any of the units
which were behind times; also while the
daylight saving time is in effect charges
maintenance rates for nine months, giv-
ing the three summer months without
charge.
Question No. 2: Please outline your
plans for special efforts on gas lighting
for the coming season.
Answers: 1 blank; 35 reported ''none";
17 (32 per cent) gave plans summarized
as follows:
Six companies plan to run house-to-
house semi-indirect campaigns this fall;
advertise through pamphlets sent out
with monthly bills; push the sale of
mantle lamps; attractive floor displays
of semi-indirect, portables, domes, show-
ers, floor-standards, fancy brackets and
shades.
Then the report gave questions and
answers of the rest of the questionnaire.
Dedncticma from Qneatiouudre Aatwera
The general deductions to be made
from the replies to the questionnaire
are, that practically one-half of the mem-
der (one-sixth) gave us no date on which
thusiastically and aggressively going
after gas lighting and either gaining or
holding their own; that about one-third
are letting gas lighting go by the board
and are naturally losing; and the remain-
der (one-sixth) gave us no data on which
to base conclusions.
(jenerally speaking, the combination
companies are not interested in gas light-
ing—the exception being some of the
eastern combination companies. Outside
of the east the combination companies
probably had very little if any gas light-
ing to start with, but in the east some of
the combination! companies began origin-
ally as gas companies and a good many of
them are yet actively pushing gas light-
ing. For instance, the largest semi-in-
direct lighting campaign run up to the
present was operated by a combination
company in Lawrence, Massachusetts.
And other representative combination
companies in the east (such as Lynn,
Mass., Nashua, N. H., and others) have
run one or more successful lighting cam-
paigns recently.
The answers show that quite a nmnber
of the member companies are having a
good deal of trouble with their commer-
cial lighting. The local gas lighting
conference at Boston, held April 9, 1920,
developed the fact that some of the com-
panies are using a very practical and
effective scheme for building up their
commercial lighting. This takes the form
of going out after dual lighting, that
is, the substituting of gas arcs or gas
lights for some of the electric lights for
the reason that frequently the electric
service fails, and unless a building has
some gas lighting it is very apt to be in
total darkness. And as a department
store manager said: *1 will never know
how much silk hosiery we lost from that
counter during the time the electric lights
were out." It is not diflicult to get stores
which are using electricity to put in some
emergency lights, but emergency gas
lights in an emergency are of no use
because they are not maintained. Bat
with dual lighting there is a cerUin
portion of the illumination by gas, in
regular use, which gives the gas company
enough consumption to make it pay to
maintain the service.
The questionnaire developed several
requests for a more reliable pilot and a
method to prevent gas from discoloring
the ceiling. Considerable strides have
been made by manufacturers in im-
proving pilot lights the past few years,
but it is only fair to say that the great
trouble the gas companies have had in
getting proper material for gas making
has had a seriotis effect on the pilots and
also has caused undue ceiling discolor-
ation. It is to be hoped and expected
that as things gradually return to nor-
mal in this respect there will be much
less pilot trouble, particularly with the
new tsrpe pilots, and a minimum of ceil-
ing discoloration with the new types of
fixtures.
A careful reading of each questionnaire
answer shows plainly as mig^t be ex-
pected, that those gas companies which
report the use of aggressive methods in
pushing gas lighting and the providing
of good maintenance are also able to
report that their gas lighting is in good
shape.
General Conditiona Affecting Gaa Light-
ing
Before the war gas companies in gen-
eral maintained their lights, practically
all had complete forces of solicitors, were
campaigning and generally pushing the
gas lighting business. During our par-
ticipation in the war these activities
were necessarily greatly diminished, prin-
cipally through losses by withdrawals
from the personnel to enter the service.
Since the finish of the war there has been
a fairly rapid building-up of the selling
and maintenance forces, but this year
further resumption of activity in gas
lighting is still curtailed by the lack of
gas-making materials and their high
prices and by the low rates under which
the gas companies have been operating-
all of which has so harassed the gas
manager that he has not had sufficient
time to give to gas lighting. These
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February 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
117
conditions are now gradually easing up,
however, and we believe that next year
the new committee will have a more
fertile field in which to work.
Regarding this field, it is too frequently
considered by the gas men that the con-
sumption of lighting units is small and
hardly worth bothering with. This may
be true when considering a single unit,
but when considered in quanity the case
is found to be far di£Ferent Take this
matter of replacing regular size single in-
verted lights, one of which is ordinarily
found in the living room. This unit will
bum about four feet of gas and have
a pilot lifi^t If this is replaced by one
of the newer types of fixtures, say two
mantles, the consumption will be six
feet in addition to the same pilot con-
sumption as on the single unit, so that
for every fixture thus installed we have
an increaaed consumption of two feet per
hour.
It has been found that lights installed
in living rooms bum on the average 1,000
hours per year, which gives an increased
consumption in the living room of 2000
feet per year, so that for every 1000 fix-
tures installed we obtain an increased
consumption of 2,000,000 cubic feet per
year. One combination company which
installed 3000 fixtures thus increased its
consumption in the neighborhood of
6,000,000 cubic feet per year, and all of
this increase was sent out without ad-
ditions to its mains, service or meters.
There are certain sections of every
city wherein gas companies cannot sell
a great deal of domestic or ever indus-
trial fuel so that, if they lose their light-
ing business, their mains and services
will practically lie dormant Your com-
mittee believes that the member com-
panies sometimes lose sight of the fact
when considering gas lighting, that where
they have services and a meter installed
the cost to them to deliver 1,000 feet of
gas on those premises is practically as
much as to deliver 10,000 feet or more;
that is, of course, except the bare cost
of putting the gas in the holder.
Recommendationa
There are three essential things nec-
essary to the holding and building-up of
gas lighting:
First, periodical and thorough main-
tenance, and your committee believes
that this can be given on practically a
self-supporting basis. If further proof
were needed of the absolute necessity of
maintenance for gas lighting it would
be the fact that the electrical interests
are rapidly taking it up. This is des-
cribed in a paper by Mr. J. L. Stair en-
titled 'Maintenance of Indirect Lighting
Equipment" (page 292 Transactions I.
E. S.).
Second in importance is the moder-
nization of lighting units, not only be-
cause the newer units are more artistic
and provide the consumer a more com-
fortable light with higher efficiency, but
they require materially less maintenance.
All of us know no matter how carefully
the fixtures are made they require main-
tenance ; and we also know from past ex-
perience that our customers will not give
them this attention, either through .lack
of knowledge or indi£Ference.
Third, in order to increase gas light-
ing it is necessary to pipe both old and
new buildings, and in several locations
where modern gas lighting has been ag-
gressively pushed a considerable amount
of important lighting business has been
secured in churches and public buildings
as well as residences, but it must be
understood that this business can only
be had through high-grade solicitors with
adequate salaries.
Your committee therefore strongly rec-
ommends to those member companies
who are not doing so, (1) that they install
at once a thorough system of maintaining
their incandescent burners; (2) that they
modemize their lighting units as rapidly
as possible; and (3) endeavor to secure
the piping of old and new houses through
the medium of high-grade and well paid
solicitors.
That one member of the Gas Lighting
Committee be also appointed on the Pub-
licity and Advertising Section so that
more direct connection can be had be-
tween the two committees, with the end
in view of preparing some advertising
help for the use of the member companies
in promoting gas lighting.
That no attempt be made by the Pub-
licity Section to provide a standard cir-
cular or booklet for the use of member
companies, but rather, that their co-
operation could best take form in the
preparation of a number of electrotypes
so that each company could adapt the
advertising to its own situation. These
electrotypes illustrating gas lighting units
should be of di£Ferent sizes to suit small
single column, double column and larger
sized advertisements, together with sug-
gested copy and layout, and be sold to
member companies at cost.
That considerable help for gas lighting
would be obtained if a National Lighting
Week were once more observed, particu-
larly if given as much publicity as when
first inaugurated several years ago' and
as is now given to Gas Range Week and
Gas Water Heater Week.
There is really but one serious trouble
with Gas Lighting; namely, that it has
not been properly sold to some of the
member companies. Therefore our prin-
cipal and concluding recommendation is,
that next year's committee confines its
e£Forts chiefly to reporting facts and
figures to the Association from time to
time regarding successful sales efforts
and campaigns on different lighting units,
with figures showing the yearly con-
sumption of those units, and with other
helpful information; as the committee
believes that those who are not pushing
gas lighting are simply failing to do so
because they do not realize the large rev-
enue the other company members are
actually obtaining from gas lighting.
Great Increase in G>al Tar
Products
Washington, D. C, Feb. 1— Figures of
imports of coal tar products for No-
vember 1920 as well as for the first
eleven months of last year show heavy
increase-^creases which probably will
play an important part in the final writ-
ing of the chemical schedules of the
coming Fordney-Penrose revision of the
tari£F.
During November 1920, these figures
show that coal tar products were im-
ported into the United States to a total
of $2,107,682 against only $543,094 in No-
vember 1919. The largest item in this
total was listed as "dead or creosote
oir of which 2,347,631 gallons came in
duty free during November 1920, at a
valuation of $624,170. In November 1919,
this item was listed at 132,965 gallons at
$17,194. By far the larger share of the
coal tar products came from Germany,
the imports aggregating $699,902 in No-
vember 1920 against $66,341 in November
1919.
For the eleven months period ending
with November, 1920, the imports of coal
tar products aggregated $12,466,816
against $5,861,394 in the same months of
the preceding year. Germany's share in
the eleven months was $1,515,922 against
$82,643 in the preceding year.
Switzerland was listed at $2,626,839
for the eleven months of 1920 against
$1,945,695, but in November 1920, the
Swiss share was only $260,165 against
$247,307 in November 1919.
Correction
On page 6 of the January 10 issue of
this journal appears an article entitled
"Gas Analysis Indicator." In the • first
parafirraph the source of the work is
ascribed to the Bureau of Mines. This
was an error since the entire material
and quotations were taken from page
153 of the annual report of the Bureau
of Standards for the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1920, and the work originated
in the Bureau of Standards.
Notes Authorized
The Washington (D. C.) P. U. Com-
mission has authorized the Washington
(D. C.) Gas Light Co. to issue $2,000,000
of 5-year 7%% gold notes and the sale of
$1,200,000 of the issue at this time. Pro-
ceeds are to be used to reimburse the
company for the costs of new construc-
tion and extensions.
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118
THE GAS AGE
February 10, 1921
Gas Problem Like Other Utilities
U. S. Chamber of Commerce Votes for
Constructive Public Attitude Toward Util-
ities— Past Errors Should Be Overlooked
By OSWALD F. SCHUETTE
WASfflNGTON, February 1— Fun-
damental principles of public util-
ity problems vary little whether
they apply to gas companies, to telephone
corporations, or to street railway enter-
prises. For that reason the entire gas
industry of the United States has a vital
interest in the announcement of policies
adopted by the Chamber of Commerce
of the United States as the result of a
referendum vote on a program for the
upbuilding of the nation's street railway
systems.
By a vote of 1689 to 0, the constituent
members of the Chamber adopted the
declaration that ''existing traction facili-
ties should be conserved." The committee
which proposed this declaration an-
nounced that it believed the attitude of
the public should be constructive and not
destructive, "that the point of view must
be that local transportation is an in-
dustry to be fostered and developed, with
ample provision for correcting abuses
and for preventing anyone from taking
unfair advantage of the public attitude."
The committee further took a position
which is vital to many gas companies,
declaring that despite charges that there
had been financial mismanagement in the
earlier history of many traction compan-
ies, "if it be conceded that the public
interest is to obtain good service at
lowest cost and that street railways are
essential and necessary, then the sen-
sible way to deal with the problem is
to permit existing organizations to earn
a sufficient sum over their operating ex-
penses to induce investment of capital
for extensions and improvements."
On this statement, by a vote of 1677 to
0, the Chamber adopted a declaration that
"the attitude now taken towards street
railway problems should be based on the
present and future needs of the com-
munity."
By a vote of 1657 to 24, the Chamber
decided in favor of private ownership
and operation, on the recommendation
of its committee which declared that "a
canvass of every consideration that has
been brought forward in support of pub-
lic ownership and operation has resulted
in the committee's finding in it no solu-
tion for present problems or means of
meeting future requirements.
The Chamber also voted— 1653 to 16—
that provision should be made against the
consequences of unfair competition.
This clause was explained by the com-
mittee which drafted the proposals to
mean that traction companies should not
be subjected to competition from any
other source which is not tmder corre«
sponding regulation and obligations.
Even more important to gas companies
was the decision, by a vote of 1460 to
167 that "all burdens unrelated to the
service performed should be removed
from street railways." The commtitee
declared that rates charged for street
railway transportation should not be
made an indirect method of taxation and
that a street railway company should be
taxed only on the basis of other com-
parable taxpayers.
Results From Godfrey Con-
veyor Company Contests
The Godfrey Conveyor Co., Elkhart,
Ind., have just announced the results of a
number of contests by companies tising
Godfrey conveyors.
Our gas companies will find food for
thought in the handling costs indicated
by these tests. Gas companies can figure
from these their savings.
The tests are given in full below:
FIRST PRIZE $50.00. Hilligoss &
Son of Shelbyville, Ind., on Nov. 24, 1920,
unloaded 96600 pounds of lump coal and
conveyed it to storage 87' from the rail-
road siding in one hour and eighteen
minutes.
Each bucket load was raised and car-
ried at a height of 30^ and lowered to
the ground storage.
SECOND PRIZE $25.00. The Finch
Coal Co., of Kokomo, Ind., on Nov. 19,
1920, unloaded 94200 pounds of lump coal
and conveyed it to storage 150' from the
railroad siding in one hour and forty
minutes.
Each bucket load was raised and car-
ried at a height of 50^ and lowered to
ground storage.
THIRD PRIZE $15.00. W. G. Block
Co.. Fairfield. la., on Nov. 30. 1920, un-
loaded 103000 pounds of large egg coal
and conveyed it to storage 50' from the
railroad siding in one hour and thirty
minutes.
Each bucket load was raised and car-
ried at a height of 50' and lowered to
ground storage.
FOURTH PRIZE $10.00. Fred Scher-
er of OtUwa, 111., on Nov. 18^ 1920, on-
loaded 96800 pounds of lump coal and
conveyed it to storage 32' from the rail-
road siding in one hour and thirty-two
minutes.
Each bucket load was raised and car-
ried at a height of 56' and lowered to ^
bottom of the storage bins.
FIFTH PRIZE $10.00. Edwards Coal
Co., of Ames, la., on Nov. 18, 1920, un-
loaded 96600 pounds of large egg coal
and conveyed it to storage 40' from the
railroad siding in one hour and twenty-
eifi^t minutes.
Each bucket load was raised and car-
ried at a height of 40' and lowered
24' to storage.
SIXTH PRIZE $10.00. Quincy Coal
Co., Quincy, 111., on Nov. 4th, 1920, un-
loaded 93600 pounds of large coal and
conveyed it to storage 110' from the rail-
road siding in two hours and fifty-seven
minutes.
Each bucket load was raised and car-
ried at a height of 52' and lowered to
bottom of storage bins.
FIRST HONORARY MENTION. W.
J. Baker Co., Janesville, Wis., on Nov.
16^ 1920, unloaded 133400 pounds of hunp
coal and conveyed it to storage 70' from
the railroad siding in three hours and
five minutes.
Each bucket load was raised and car-
ried at a height of 40' and lowered to
grotmd storage.
SECOND HONORARY MENTION.
Manhart Coal Co., Northfield, Mmn., on
Nov. 9, 1920, unloaded 98740 pounds of
anthracite stove coal and conveyed it to
storage 20' from the railroad siding in
one hour and forty minutes.
Each bucket load was raised and car-
ried at a height of 40' and lowered to the
bottom of pockets.
POINTS CONSIDERED IN JUDG-
ING. You will note that in judging this
contest the following details were taken
into consideration, namely, weight of
coal, size of Itunps, distance bucket was
raised, lowered and conveyed, the siic
motor that was used for power and the
time consumed in the operation.
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February 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
119
Encourage Employees to Think
The Value of an Employee Will Be
Enormously Increased if He Can
Be Persuaded to Use His Brains
By J. E. BULLARD
THE saleman who does not think
18 not as good as a talking machine
because he can't even repeat the
same talk without making mistakes. In
order to be of value a man must use
his head, he must develop it, he must
train it and the only way that he can
do this is by thinking. The onty way
in which mankind is not inferior to '
some of the lower animals is in the use
of his head.
A man's value is determined by the
amount of right thinking that he does.
It is for this reason that every man's
right thinking powers should be devel-.
oped. It is not going to school that
counts. It's not graduating from college
that counts as much as actually using
one's head. We find many men who are
able to secure college degrees without
learning how to think. We find men
who have never had any educational ad-
vantages who have learned how to think.
It is the man who learns how to think
who wins.
The more thinking we do in the gas
business, the greater the progress that
will be made in the gas business. If
every employee could be persuaded and
trained to use his head just a little more
than he does all the additional thoughts
that would result would mean just that
much more progress, just that mudh
more added consumption of gas, just
that much more increase in salaries to
these thinkers, just that much more ad-
dition to the dividends paid the stock
holders. Everyone would benefit It
might even be possible to reduce gas
rates instead of being obliged to increase
them in order to meet constantly in-
creasing costs.
There must be some real reward or
we don't get much real thinking done.
There must be some system whereby the
person who does the thinking can see
how this thinking is going to make his
life easier and not that of some one
else. Mankind did not domesticate the
horse because of any kindly feeling to-
wards the horse. He did it because
it would make his own life easier. He
did it because he could make the horse
do much work that he would have to
do himself if he did not domesticate the
horse.
Real Rewards for Real Thinking
If we want gas company employes
to do some real thinking we will have to
give them some real rewards. The better
Ae rewards the better will be the think-
ing. It doesn't matter so much what
form these rewards may take. They
may be prizes, bonuses, royalties, pro-
motions, increases in salaries or wages.
They may be given in any way and
either fail or succeed. There is only
one thing that is essential. They must
be of such a nature and given in such
a way that they will be recognized by
the employes as real rewards. Some of
the methods used in the army may well
be adapted to business.
The employe is closer to the con-
stuner than anyone else. He can see
things that no one else can see. If he
will think and if he will make thought-
ful suggestions these will be worth more
than suggestions that could be secured
from any other source. He is- in a posi-
tion to do a great deal towards improv-
ingi the operation and the public relation
of the company.
Two things, however, must always be
done if these suggestions are to be se-
cured. First each employe must be
given full credit for the suggestion. It
must not go to the head of the depart-
ment he is in or to some official of the
company it must go to the man or woman
who made the suggestions. In some cases
public acknowledgment will serve the
purpose best. In other private acknowl-
edgment will answer. Much depends
on local conditions, the employe and em-
ployer and employe relations.
The next thing is to put as many of
these suggestions into operation as it is
possible to put into operation. The more
that are used the more will be made and
the better they will become.
Make Employee Part of the Company
The company which puts into effect
the suggestions made by an employe is
making that employe a part of the com-
pany. There is something in the com-
pany that he has made, that is a part
of himself. As a result he is going to
be more loyal to the company. He is
going to work harder for it He is going
to think more than he has ever thought
before in order that more of himself
may be built into tht company. It is
going to be his company as well as that
of the stock holders.
It is this sort of feeling that we need
in business to-day more than ever be-
fore. The only way that wc can get it
is to make the employe take a deeper
interest in the company to make him
feel that the company is to a certain
extent the result of his own work and
thinking, to get his thoughts a little far-
ther away from the pay envelope and a
little closer to the upbuilding and the
prosperity of the company.
Using Employees' SnggeitioiM
One way of doing this is to use the
suggestions that employes make. Sug-
gestions that apparently are not a de-
cided improvement over past methods
may result in a very decided improve-
ment in employe morale and it's em-
ploye morale as well as material effici-
ency that wc want to improve. It doesn't
make much difference how efficient a
motor car we have if the man who drives
it leaves the engine running idle long
enough each day we won't get very many
miles from each gallon of gasoline.
In the past in many industries, we
won't include the gas industry in this
class, employes have spent a great deal
of thought upon the problem of getting
more for accomplishing less. If the
same amount of thought had been
given to accomplishing more for the
same money, the cost of living to-day
would be considerably less than it actual-
ly was in 1914.
Columbia Gas Dividend
The Columbia Gas and Electric Com-
pany declared a regular quarterly divi-
dend of $1.50 a share, placing its stock
on a $6 annual basis, against a $5 rate
paid for the last year. The dividend is
payable on February 15 to stock of record
on January 31.
For 1920 the company reports gross
earnings of $14,614,362, an increase of
$2,491,766 compared with those of 1919.
Its surplus, after payment of taxes, fixed
charge, etc., was $4,836,541 in 1920,
against $3,257,400 in 1919.
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120
THE GAS AGE
Febniary 10, 1921
Burner Tube and Burner Ports
Characteristics of a Satisfac-
tory Burner Determined by
Government Laboratory Tests
By WALTER M. BERRY, I. V. BRUM-
BAUGH, G. F. MOULTON and G. B. SHAWN*
THERE are a few appliances in
which the character of the flame b
of comparatively little importance
provided the gas is completdy burned. An
example of such an appliance would be
the ordinary space heater, or the type of
warm air furnace where the products of
combustion mix with the air and are de-
livered into the room. In these api^i-
ances the luminous flame • would be as
efficient as the bunsen flame.
In most cases, however, the tempera-
ture of the flame is of great importance
and we might say, in general, that the
closer the atmospheric burner approaches
the performance of the blast burner, the
higher will be the efficiency obtained, and
the wider will be the field of application
of such burners.
Different processes will require burners
of different characteristics, and to get the
very best results one should have a burn-
er designed for the particular quality and
composition of gas, and for the pressure
available. In domestic appliances this is,
of course, impracticable and the best that
can be done is to strike a good average
and to make them so that with read-
justment they will give fairly satisfactory
results over widely varying conditions. In
such appliances it is essential that the
heat is properly distributed, that the flame
is so located as to allow complete combus-
tion without objectional odors and poi-
sonous products, and that high thermal
efficiency is not secured by sacrificing
other items such as convenience, simplic-
ity, and safety.
In industrial burners, on the other
hand, where large quantities of gas are
being used, the cost or inconvenience of
changing the design of burners to suit
the exact conditions is trifling. The de-
sign of industrial burners is worthy of
greater attention than has been given the
subject.
As a very general statement, we can
say that burners should have the follow-
ing characteristics:
(a) For a given size they should have
a large capacity. Large capacity means
reduction in cost of manufacture, and
permits concentration of heat which usu-
ally produces greatest efficiency. Increase
*Publiahed with the permission of the Director
el tiie U. S. BureaTi of Standuds, Washlngtan, D. O.
in velocity of mixture going through the
burner means less heating of the burner.
(b) The burner should be capable of
operating with a high air-gas ratio, since
an air-gas ratio that approaches a theo-
retical mixture produces a small flame of
high temperature.
(c) The flames should be of uniform
height in all parts of the burner, so that
the distribution of heat will be uniform.
(d) The burner must stand a consid-
erable variation in the gas pressure, or
gas rate^ without giving trouble.
(e) The flame must not flash back in-
to the burner.
Relation betwaen the Total Port Area
and the Capacity of Burnera
(a) Burners without Injecting Tubes
With pipe burners as ordinarily con-
structed without injecting tubes, die ne-
cessity of keeping a correct ratio be-
tween the port area and the cross-seo-
tional area of the pipe becomes extremdy
important when it is desired to secure the
maximum capacity from the burner and a
good injection of primary air.
Due to the heating of the burner and
the expansion of the mixture within the
burner, the capacity is reduced somewhat
Underwood k Underwood
Gas testing equipment for field work. Complete equipment is carried in
these four trunks for making tests of the accuracy of test meters, the heat-
ing value, pressure, and purity of city gas
(f ) The flame must not blow off.
The velocity of flame propagation in-
creases rapidly with increase in the air-
gas ratio, but decreases again before the
theoretical mixture has been reached.
The increase in speed of combustion is
accompanied by a decrease in the size of
the flame and an increase in the tempera-
ture of the flame.
upon the burner being lighted and is
further reduced when an object is placed
over the burner which will cause some of
the heat to be reflected back upon die'
burner.
Unless we know the average tempera-
ture of the burner it is impossible to cal-
culate the reduction in capacity. Just
what the heating effect will be b indcfi-
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February 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
121
nite and will d^end upon the installa-
tion, but with a little experience one
should be able to make the proper allow-
ance for the temperature effect for each
condition.
(b) Burners with Injecting Tubes
With injecting tubes of good design we
obtained the curves which show the ca-
pacities of burners of .45, .75, 1.05, and
1 J5 square inches port area.
A still more efficient injecting tube,
shown by No. 1, was designed later. With
this design it is possible to secure slightly
higher capacities.
Effect of Length of Burner on Capacity
The 0.45 square inch port area burner
was less than half as long as the 1.05
square inch port area burner, and it was
at first thought that the greater capacity
per unit port area secured with the throat
was due to increased friction loss with
the longer burner.
Where the burner is unusually long, or
has cross arms, or sharp bends, it is diffi-
cult to calculate the friction loss and re-
duction in capacity, but some allowance
will have to be made depending upon cir-
cumstances.
Pressures in Pipe Burners
In pipe burners all of the mixture must
pass the first port. The velocity of the
mixture, therefore, is greatest at this
point, while mt the last port the velocity
is nlL At the first port we have both
velocity and static pressures but at the
last port there is, of course, no velocity
pressure. The static pressure is the max-
imum, then, at the last port The volume
of the mixture which issues from a port
is dependent upon the static pressure at
that port. If the ratio of the port area
to the cross-sectional area of the pipe is
large, there is a wide difference in static
pressures and, consequently, in the vol-
umes of the mixture which issues from
the first and last ports.
How to Choose a Burner for Any Con-
dition
Much of the foregoing information on
the effect of port area and burner size is
valuable and is essential for a real un-
derstanding of the problem, but it will
not serve the eveiyday requirements of
the industrial fuel engineer and appliance
man unless the information can be tabu-
lated clearly so that he can select quickly
and accurately the proper burner for any
given condition.
In view of this fact we have compiled
a series of tables based on the preceding
experimental work and calculations,
which show the capacity of various sizes
of burners for different pressures and
air-gas ratios.
These tables are adapted for the con-
ditions specified only, but if these tables
or further modifications of them are
found to work in everyday practice, it
will be a simple matter to work up such
tables for any other given condition.
Since the capacities of burners without
injecting tubes increase with increasing
port area, it will be difficult to make up
tables that will be generally applicable for
the various types of burners.
Many of the industrial pipe burners are
made at present with a port area within
5 to 10 per cent of the cross-sectional area
of the pipe, and this works well in prac-
tice for the usual low capacity secured
without injecting tubes, and ^ere it is
not necessary to have a very uniform dis-
tribution of heat. A port area ofi 20 per
cent, or even 40 per cent, less than the
cross-sectional area of the pipe might
prove to be more satisfactory in many
installations.
In designing an installation the first
thing to consider is the volume of gas
that will be required for the particular
operation. The next point to consider is
the nature of the operation, since if the
appliance is a drying oven or any other
installation requiring hot air, it will be
sufficient if the gas is completely burned,
and the characteristics of the flame are
not so important If, on the other hand,
a hot flame is required, and especially
where a large quantity of heat is re-
quired in a small space, it is absolutdy es-
sential that much of the air required for
combustion is drawn in as primary air.
Increasing the primary air, however,
makes it necessary to have a more defi-
nite relation between the gas rate and
the port area, for a small change in rate
will either cause the burner to flash back,
or the cones to blow off.
amounting approximately to $323,600,000
of which $63,900,000 has been retired,
leaving outstanding $259,700,000 par value
owned by investors throughout the United
States.
Oklahoma Utilities Great
Boon
Gas and electric companies in Oklahoma
daily serve more than 225,000 customers.
According to statisticians, average Amer-
ican families number five persons. It is
therefore safe to assume that annually
1,125,000 persons, or more than one-half
the people in this State, are customers
of the companies furnishing these ser-
vices. Telephone companies in Oklahoma
have in excess of 200,000 subscribers
availing more than 1,000,000 people of
service. Street and electric railways have
averaged 32,000,000 passengers per year
for the last ten years.
ByUesby Booklet Published
H. M. Byllesby & Company is distrib-
uting a new booklet describing the scope
and services of the organization, which
is described as "a nation wide organi-
zation fotmded on constructive service to
the growing daily necessities of people^
cities, farms and industries.
It is pointed out that as investment
bankers Byllesby & Company b respon-
sible for the distribution of securities
Shoot-A-Iite
Appliance Dept. Managers will do well
in noting that there is now a manufac-
turer of gas ''liters" who has sufficient
confidence in the efficiency, durability
and service of his liter to give a three-
year guarantee with every liter.
This is a step towards making gas
liters a big seller for gas companies.
The "Shoot-A-Lite" always was a good
seller for the gas companies who handled
it, but now with the three-year guaran-
tee, it is evident that millions of gas
users will be owners of Shoot-A-Lite very
shortly.
The manufacturers are : National Liter
Co., 702 £. 63rd St., Chicago; Eastern
Office, Woodhaven, N. Y., Coast Distrib-
utors, C. B. Babcock Co., San Francisco.
Sand, Gas Mantles and Sparking Metal
There may not be much connection be-
tween the objects mentioned in that well-
known rhyme, "The time has come,' the
walrus said, to talk of many things, of
shoes and ships and sealing wax and
cabbages and kings,'" but there is a
close connection between sparking metal,
gas mantles, and one kind of sand. It
comes about in this way. Incandescent
gas mantles are made by impregnating a
woven hood with thorium nitrate, which
is then calcined to the oxide. Thoriimi
compounds are extracted from monazite,
a mineral that is mined in the form of
sand. Therefore gas mantles and mona-
zite sand are closely related, for it is the
oxide of thorium, which glows intensely
when heated, that makes the light from
a gas mantle so superior to a bare gas
flame. Where now does the sparking
metal come in? Monazite contains not
only thorium but some other rare-earth
metals. Among these is cerium, com-
pounds of which are obtained as a by-
product in the extraction of thorium, and
it happens that more of these are pro-
duced than anybody has known what to
do with. Cerium is a soft metal tiiat
throws o£F glowing particles when
scratched, and it is therefore usedinvar-
ioiUs forms of gas lighters and pocket
lighters for cigars. It is too soft to use
alone so it is alloyed with iron to make
sparking metal.
The occurrence, production, and use of
these and other interesting rare metals
are discussed in a report on Thorium,
Zirconium, and Rare-Earth Minerals in
1919, by W. T. Schaller, just issued by
the United States Geological Survey. A
copy of this report can be obtained free
on application to the Director, U. S.
Geological Survey, Washington, D. C
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122
THE GAS AGE
February 10, 1921
Latest Gas Patents
1,364^1. GAS-BURNER. Ithamar
M. Justice, Dayton, Ohio, assignor to* The
Manufacturers Equipment Company, Day-
ton, Ohio. In a gas burner, the combina-
tion of an air nozzle and a gas nozzle
secured within the air nozzle, an integral
434.4.4/0
J.3«»4,094'
cone-shaped deflector in the gas nozzle
comprising a cone having its apex di-
rected toward the inlet port of the nozzle
and its base toward the outlet part there-
of, a supporting base whereby the de-
flector is secured in said nozzle, a plu-
rality of bars whereby said cone is se-
cured to the base and spaced therefrom
and gas spaces between said bars where-
by the gas is caused to flow evenly over
the surface of the cone, and means in the
air nonle to cause the air discharged
therefrom to envelop said gas and inter-
mix therewith.
1,364,410. WATER-GAGE SAFETY
DEVICE. Ernest Pulsifer, Salem, Mass.
In combination with a boiler having a
water-gage-glass and gage cocks for
controlling communication between each
end of the gage glass and the boiler, an
actuator for automatically causing said
gage cocks to be closed when fluid pres-
sure is supplied thereto, a pressure op-
erated device, and means controlled there-
by for supplying fluid pressure to said
actuator, said device being normally act-
uated in one direction by fluid pressure
supplied from points adjacent one end of
the gage glass to cut off the fluid pressure
supply to said actuator, adapted and ar-
ranged to be actuated in the opposite di-
rection by direct boiler pressure, when
the opposing pressure is relieved, to per-
mit fluid pressure to be supplied to said
actuator.
1,364,094 GAS-BURNER. Edwin H.
Fisher, Pittsburgh, Pa., assignor to Scien-
tific Materials Company, Pittsburg^, Pa.
A gas burner comprising a gas and air
mixing chamber, a cylindrical burner
body leading from the mixing chamber,
an exterior bead on the burner body, a
sheet metal cap adapted to fit over the
end of the burner body and to be ac-
curately positioned relative thereto by
said bead, perforations in the top of the
cap, and unrestricted lateral perforations
in the sides of the cap positioned above
the top of the burner body and immedi-
ately below the top of the cap.
Successors to the Detroit Heating and
Lighting Company
January 1, 1921, the Detroit Heating &
Lighting Co., ceased to function as a
company. It was absorbed by the Weld-
ed Steel Barrel Corporation of Detroit,
Mich. The acquired property will be
known as the Welded Steel Barrel Cor-
poration Plant No. 2. All materials pur-
chased for plant No. 2 will be delivered
to the Detroit Heating & Lighting Co.,
old plant. All material will be invoiced
directly to the main office of the Welded
Steel Barrel Corporation, Plant No. 1.
Starts Daylight Saving Cam-
paign
A campaign which includes both Con-
gress and the New York State Legisla-
ture has been launched by The Merchants'
Association of New York City in behalf
of Daylight Saving during the five Sum-
mer months, in the Eastern Time Zone,
May 1 to September 30.
Appeals are being made to other com-
mercial organizations and to the Mayors
of cities in New York State, to members
of Congress and to the State legislators^
to establish Daylight Saving upon the
Atlantic seaboard and as far west as
Cleveland, in response to the demand of
a great majority of the people inhabiting
this section.
Mr. S. C. Mead, SccreUry of The As-
sociation, has sent a letter to the
members of the Senate Cbnunittee on
Interstate Commerce and of the House
Committee on Interstate and Foreign
Commerce which have charge of a bill
introduced by Senator Edge and Repre-
sentative Ackerman, creating the five
months daylight saving.
In the interest of more than sixteen
million persons engaged in business and
professional pursuits in the Eastern Time
Zone," the letter says in part, *The
Merchants' Association of New York
desires to be recorded with the members
of the Committee on Interstate Commerce
of the Senate as favoring and urging the
restoration of daylight saving time within
that zone on a five months' basis, as
provided in S. 3670, introduced by Senator
Edge and pending before that Committee.
'The studies and investigations con-
ducted by this Association and other
commercial, civic, trade, labor and social
welfare organizations, as well as by
medical associations, have demonstrated
among other things that daylight saving
during 1918 and 1919, through the extra
hour of daylight thus made available for
healthful recreation, resulted in a marked
increase in efficiency among industrial
workers, proved beneficial to the health
and general welfare of millions of in-
door employees, permitted the cultivation
of home gardens, saved vast quantities of
fuel through reduced consumption of gas
and electric light, and in other ways was
a distinct economic advantage to the Na-
tion.
'Those benefits, we believe, should be
preserved and made permanent to the
great industrial, commercial, financial and
professional population, representing as
it does nearly 85 per cent of all persons
employed in gainful occupations in States
within the Eastern Zone."
"Making public service more attractive
to competent men" will come when public
service is on a business, and not a polit-
ical, basis. — Wall Street Journal, N. Y.
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February 10, 1921
THE OAS AGE
123
Appliances and Equipment
New Boiler Tube Blower
A new steam blower for removing scale
and soot from marine and other tubular
steam boilers was developed in Sweden
as a result of the war.
It is now manufactured and sold under
the name of Superior. It is handled in
the United States by Hamilton & Hansell,
Inc., New York. A brief description
follows :
The Superior blower can be employed
on multitubular boilers and is easy to
mount. The apparatus, as used on steam-
ers or stationary boilers in Sweden, is
shown in Figs. 1 and 2. From the steam
connection a pipe is drawn to the blower.
When the blower is to be used the steam
valve is opened and steam admitted only
for the few minutes during which the
blowing takes place. Steam leakage
through the blower is thereby prevented.
The amount of steam used is compar-
atively insignificant. When the steam is
flowing over the hot grate it is dried,
and as the blowing takes place when the
boiler is hot and without any simultane-
ous influx of cold air, the soot easily
gets loose and is removed by the steam
jet.
The blower is pushed in and then
turned around in order to let the steam
jet bear upon the tube plate. At the
same time the steam blast in the smoke
box is turned on and helps the removing
of the soot from the boiler. The steam
from the blast is colored black by the
soot as long as the tubes are dirty. — From
The Iron Age.
Protection of Metals
The Calorizing Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
have brought out a special edition treat-
ing this subject from the oxidation point
of view. This handsome volume by W. E.
Ruder of the Research Laboratories of
General Electric Co., is divided into two
parts. The first is on protective coatings
for metals by L. A. Hawkins and H. B. C.
Allison, the second discusses calorizing,
its development and application. Useful
tables conclude the book.
Electric Blower for Gas Appliances
A special ring oiling motor blower
unit has been brought out by the Elec-
tric Blower Co., 352 Atlantic Ave., Bos-
ton, Mass., for use in connection with
gas combustion.
These units are made in various sizes
for use with various gas appliances, such
as doughnut cookers and candy ket-
tles, gas heaters, blow pipes and brazing
torches, soldering outfits, etc.
The manufacturer claims that where
it is desired to obtain a large quantity
of heat within a limited area, it can
be accomplished by using the proper
marvel electric blower.
Application of the Swedish Soot Blower to a Stationary Boiler
Details of the Swedish Superior Blower
Speaking of Cabinets!
George B. Cortelyou, president of the
Consolidated Gas Company of New York,
was at first private secretary to President
McKinley and afterwards secretary to
President Roosevelt. His service es-
pecially at the time when McKinley lay
upon his dying bed at Buffalo, was mas-
terly and Roosevelt recognized it In
addition Roosevelt discovered in Cortel-
you qualifications which justified pro-
motion to a cabinet post, in fact to three,
one after the other. In the desperate days
of the panic of 1907, Mr. Cortelyou as
Secretary of the Treasury did as much as
any one man and more perhaps than any
other excepting J. P. Morgan to bring
that panic to a close.
Marvel Electric Blower
Efficiency and Combustion Appliance
Catalogue
The Defender Automatic Regulator
Co., St. Louis, Mo., is sending out a new
catalogue explaining in detail their prod-
ucts. They solicit your inquiries con-
cerning any of the following products:
efficiency instruments, combustion appli-
ances, damper regulators, water gauges,
gauge cocks, pressure regulators, pump
governors, chronometer valves, float
valves, balanced valves, stoker regulators,
thermometers, pyrometers, and record-
ing instruments for draft, pressure, tem-
perature and COs readings.
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124
THE GAS AGE
February 10, 1921
New Sales Orgaiiization
Formed
Of special interest to gas companies
is the announcement that the Odorless
Incinerator Company of New York has
been formed to take over the sales for
the United States of the "Little Giant"
Odorless Incinerator.
This incinerator was advertised ex-
tensively in the gas papers last spring
and summer and aroused considerable
interest abroad as well as here. Inquiries
and orders were received from all sec-
tions of the country and a number of
foreign countries.
The men back of the New York or-
ganization are great believers in the
"Little Giant" Odorless Incinerator as
one of the most promising gas appliances
ever placed on the market and are mak-
ing plans for adequate local and state
•representation to supply the demand that
present indications lead them to expect.
It is their idea to furnish complete
co-operation to gas companies in the way
of sales helps, advertising series for in-
sertion in local newspapers and show
cards. In the near future, advertising in
national mediums is also to be con-
sidered. In fact, new folders are in prep-
aration at present writing, while a se-
ries of dealer newspaper ads for gas com-
panies will be ready for distribution
in a few days. To carry these plans into
efficient operation a strong sales force
is being organized.
New Trade Publications
The Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co., of Mil-
waukee, Wis., are distributing new publi-
cations 875 and 876, which will be of in-
terest to men of the gas industry. The
former is a 12-page 8j^ x 11 book-
let descriptive of the Thomas Meter
which is used for measuring large quan-
tities of conunercial gases and air. The
operation of the meter is briefly given
so as to be readily understood and
its various uses are presented. The vari-
ous parts of the meter are illustrated and
described and several views show instal-
lations in blast furnace plants, steel mills,
city gas plants and distributing gas com-
panies. The manually operated Thomas
Meter is also illustrated.
Publication 876 is a 4-page, 8H x 11
leaflet descriptive of the Thomas Calor-
imeter, which gives graphical records of
the total heating values of gases. The
temperatures are measured by two elec-
trical thermometer units using the well-
known principle employed in the Thomas
Meter. The gas is mixed with air and
burned in a tank unit, and a graphic in-
strument which records the heating units
is located in a recorder case at any de-
sired distance from the tank unit — in the
superintendent's office or wherever the
record will be most convenient. Uses
and diagrams of the calorimeter are
shown as well as a portion of a graphic
chart, which records the B.tu. per cubic
foot of gas in a continuous record. By
consulting the chart, mixtures of various
gases mey be controlled so as to maintain
a fairly constant B.t.u. content in the re-
sulting mixture. The chart is also use-
ful in the operation of water gas ma-
chines, and in regulating the rate of fuel
gas fed to coke ovens.
Portland Gas Company Ap-
peals to Housewives
The accompanying cut shows how John
H. Hartog, sales manager of the Port-
land Gas & Coke Co., appeals to house-
wives to use gas correctly. The text of
five other advertisements in the news-
papers reads as follows:
Housewives
The Gas Calendar says:
"DONT keep a full flame
under water which has
reached boilitig point."
That^s wasting money!
"DON'T leave a burner on, full force,
while not in use."
"DON'T light burner and then go and
fetch things."
*T)ON'T allow flame to extend outside
of the bottom of the vessel."
"Matches are cheaper than gas. DON'T
let it burn a minute while not needed."
"DON'T buy cheap appliances. DON'T
use a wornout range."
Opens Southern Office
The Combustion Engineering Cor-
poration announces the opening of a
branch office in the Candler Building,
Atlanta, Georgia. This office has been
placed in charge of Mr. A. A. Hutchinson,
who has had an extensive experience in
the engineering field and is widely known
in the South, having been actively en-
gaged in the field of combustion.
Well Known Company Opens
up Western Sales Office
The Connelly Iron Sponge & Gov-
ernor Co., have established a western
sales department at 770 Peoples Gas
Building, 122 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago,
111.
The sales department is in charge of
Arthur L. Smiley, who has represented
this company in the west for about
fifteen years. The production depart-
ment is in charge of Chas. O. Pratt, an
experienced gas man, who was formerly
associated with the gas compaines at
Portland, Maine, and Worcester, Mass.
The opening of this new office will
enable this company to give better ser-
vice to their customers and friends in
the west and also enable them to take
care of their growing business.
All gas men are invited to make this
office their headquarters when they are
in Chicago.
Humphrey's Sales Force Dis-
cusses Gas Water Heater
Campaign
The salesmen of the Humphrey Co.,
Kalamazoo, Mich., about 50, attended the
annual sales conference held at the com-
pany's home office last week. Plans for
intensifying the selling campaign in the
gas water heater field were discussed at
length, and the sales representatives re-
turned to their respective territories with
many ideas to carry into effect in 1921
for the purpose of increasing sales.
A Customer Ownership Romanes
One of the Byllesby Customer Owner-
ship salesmen tells this one: A short
time before Christmas a young man came
into the office and confided that he was
engaged to be married but wished to
apply the acid test to the young lady's
disposition toward economy. He had
reasoned that he would give her a share
of the company's stock for a Christmas
present and observe the results. The
share was purchased and delivered, but
nothing further was heard from the
young man. Shortly after Christmas,
however, an order was received from the
young lady herself for three more shares
of the company's stock— so it is judged
that the experiment was a great success
for all concerned. Thus doth cupid reign
supreme — even in the 20th Century.
Centralises Gas Supply
Richmond, Va. The Henrico Gas Com-
pany is out of existence. The Richmond
City Gas Works now supplies North
Richmond, Va., with gas.
Gas Property Sold
The Henrietta (Tex.) Oil and Gas Co.
reports that it has sold its property to the
Lone Star Gas Co. of Dallas, Tex.
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February 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
125
Main and Service Locator In-
dicates Depth of Pipe in
Ground
Figure 1 shows the four essential parts
of the Stewart Brothers (Ottawa, 111.)
pipe locator and depth indicator. The
box with the lid open contains an electric
battery and an ammeter, the functions of
which are described below.
Referring to fig^ure 2 you will see that
two service pipes in two houses along the
main are connected with wires, which are
clamped on to secure good low resistance
contacts. Each wire runs from one of
the poles' of the battery to a service pipe
in a house. When these connections are
made the ammeter indicates that the cir-
cuit is complete, that is, a current flows
through the wires, services and mains.
The electrical equipment adapted for
this work is based upon the long and well
established electrical laws which are
thoroughly reliable. The magnetic field
is the natural result of the electric cur-
rent in the circuit and is detected by
loud as before because the sides of the
circuit do not contribute to the strength
of the field at that point.
Fig. 1. Box and Head Phones
This magnetic field is then employed as
shown in figure 4 to determine the depth
of the pipe. A stick is placed with one
end exactly over the main or service, at
Fig. 2. Magnetic Fields
ceiver stops you indicate that the pipe is
in a line perpendicular to the coil. You
then have determined the angles at both
ends of the stick and knowing the length
of the stick the depth of the pipe can be
computed. However, all this has been
worked out by the inventor so that when
the coil is revolved the indicator reads
the depth of the pipe in the ground in-
stead of the angle through which the coil
was revolved. When the noise ceases in
the receiver the depth is to be read. The
laws underlying this development are
fundamentally sound and well estab-
lished. I jJI
This ingenious device will enable any-
one interested in locating mains or ser-
vices of gas, steam or water systems to
determine their depth. The exact depth
is important for making up estimates of
pipe replacement and extensions. This
instrument will enable public service
companies to determine definitely where
their mains and services are located and
their depth for record purposes.
Fig. 3. Locating the Main
means of the coil. The strength of the
field is indicated by the noise in the re-
ceiver.
In figure^ 3 the operator is holding the
coil with the flat surface down and walk-
ing from the wire side of the circuit
toward the main side. He is in the in-
side magnetic field which is indicated by
the loud noise in the receiver. This noise
is produced by an electric current in ^e
telephone receiver circuit which is the
result of the coil cutting the lines of
force in the magnetic field. These mag-
netic lines of force encircle the wires,
services and main like the growth rings
on a tree
Bearin^^ the above relations in mind,
You realize that when the flat coil is held
directly above any part of the pipe cir-
cuit the mag^netic lines of force will pass
across the coil, not through it, and there
will be no noise in the receiver, indicat-
mg that the pipe is exactly under the coil.
When the operator passes over the pipe
to the outside magnetic field the noise
occurs in the receiver again but not as
right angles to the Imaginary line from
the pipe to the ground surface and also
at right angles to the imaginary vertical
plane of the pipe. The other end of the
stick is passed through loops at one end
of the coil. The top part of the coil is
unlatched. The stick gives the distance
of the coil from the pipe and by turning
the top part of the coil back slowly away
from the pipe until the noise in the re-
Fig. 4. Locating Pipe Depth
New Ladle Catalogue
The Whiting Foundry Equipment Co,
Harvey, 111., have issued a new ladle cat-
alogue, No. 156, superseding catalogue
No. 147.
. This book contains a description of a
new helical-worm geared crane ladle,
which is said to be a great improvement
in ladles and is giving excellent service.
A new style ladle truck for use with lift
trucks is also described and a new teapot
spout ladle having the spout on the inside
of the bowl is shown.
A new circular has been issued for the
trade by the Walworth Manufacturing
Co., Boston, describing 48 types of brass
gate, globe and angle valves and 16 types
of brass check valves.
Plant Resumes Opeiationa
The Greenville (Mich.) Gas Company
has been again put in operation. Geo. C
Bower is manager of the plant
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Pcbniary 10, 1921
Memphis Gas & Electric Go.
ValiMtioii
1. The report of the valuation of the
properties made by Hagenack & Erick-
son, Chicago^ on behalf of the company,
shows the following figures :
a— Historic cost of the property,
$9,513,542, to which was added $600,000
working capiul and $1,250,000 as a rea-
sonable valuation to be placed on the
fact that the company was a going con-
cern, thus bringing the total value of
the property at present, based on its
historic cost, to $11,363,541.
b— Cost of replacement of property
computed upon an average extending
over five years, $9,711,741, without Uking
into account depreciation of the pro*
perty, and at $7,814,019 allowing for
depreciation. This, with the items listed
above providing for a working capital
and value as a going concern, brought
the total, without depreciation, to $11,561,-
741; with depreciation to $9,664,019.
c — Cost of replacement figured for the
year 1919-20 without depreciation, $11,-
871,364; with depreciation, $9,519,713.
Adding the items for working capital
and value of a going concern the totals
arc $13721,364 and $11,369,713, respec-
tively.
2. The report of F. G. Proutt, expert
The report of F. G. Proutt, expert
on behalf of the city shows the historic
cost and the replacement cost on both
a five-year average and on the average
for the two past years. That is the
historic cost, $9,513,542; the replacement
cost on a 5-year average with no account
taken for depreciation, $9,711,741, and
with depreciation, $7,814,019, and the re-
placement cost without depreciation on
the 1919-20 basis, $11,871,364, and with
depreciation, $9,519,713,
On the basis of historic cost Proutt
does not think the items of working
capital and value of a going concern
should be added: whereas, he thinks an
item of over $600,000 in superseded prop-
erty should be deducted. On the basis
of replacement on the 5 and 2-year bases,
instead of adding $600,000 for working
capital and $1,250,000 for value of a going
concern, places these two items at $468,-
841 and $276,000.
This brings his total estimate of the
value of the property- on the basis of
historic cost to approximately $8,913,541,
or $2,450,000 less than that of Hagenach.
On the basis of replacement cost on a
5-year average Proutt's figures for the
total valuation of the property, taking
no account of depreciation are $10,456,-
555 and $8^558,860 with depreciation, or
$1,105,186 less than Hagenach's, with no
account taken of the item of $600,000
in superseded property.
Taken on the cost of replacement es-
timated for the years 1919-20, Proutt's
figures for the total valuation without
depreciation are $12,616,205; with de-
preciation, $10,264,554.
3. The Tennessee P. U. Commission
has fixed $9,300,000 as the valuation of
the properties for. rate making purposes.
Customers Buy Securitiei
The Standard Gas and Electric Com-
pany and its subsidiaries sold to cus-
tomers during 1920 under the partial
payment plan $6,343,050 par value of
preferred stock of the former, the larg-
est amount in any single year since the
plan was inaugurated. Total sales of all
of the securities were $8^439,400.
Annual Report of Cities Service Co.
Cities Service Company's report for
twelve months ended Dec. 31 shows gross
earnings $24,698,039 against $19,977,550
for the preceding year ; expenses $700,472,
compared to 703335; net earnings $23,-
997,566, against $19,273,715. Interest on
debentures, $1,941,628; net to stock, $22,-
055,938; dividends on preferred stock
totalled $4,685,474; net to common stock
and reserves, $17,370,463. Surplus and
reserves, $52,950,942.
Dividends
Louisville Gas & Electric Company,
Preferred, lfi%, paid January 15 to
stock of record December 31, 1920.
Western States Gas & Electric Com-
pany, Preferred, l}i%> paid January 15
to stock of record December 31, 1920.
Cities Service Co. has declared the
regular monthly cash dividends of }4 of
1% on the common stock, the preferred
stock and the preference B stock. The
regular monthly stock dividend oi \%%
was also declared on the common. All
dividends are payable March 1 to stock
of record February 15.
Bonds Authorised
The California Railway Commission
has authorized the Western States Gas &
Electric Company to issue $264,000 of its
1st & ref. mtge. 5% sinking fund gold
bonds, due 1941, proceeds to be used to
reimburse company for expenditures
made.
Stock Offering
It is stated that the Consumers Gas
Company of Toronto has received satis-
factory tenders for the sale of 12^86
shares of stock (par $50). 'The new
capital will assist the company in pro-
viding necessary extensions, which will
be of benefit to the present gas users, and
will enable the company to take care of
the natural increase in business, incident
to the city's domestic growth, as well as
to cope with the very large call that has
arisen for gas for industrial purposes."
Electrolysis in Milwaukee
City of MihrmnkM
A book on this subject has been pub-
lished by E. £. Brownell, B. £. E, of
Philadelphia, Pa. It contains 546 pages
of electrolytic informatioa bound in sub-
stantial doth.
This book was written for nine pur-
poses, namely:
1. To give a brief history of the Mil-
waukee Water Works from the original
date of construction to 1919.
2. Showing early electric street rail-
way practice throughout the United
States, with special reference to the orig-
inal and present day practice in Milwau-
kee.
3. Electrolytic conditions in Milwau-
kee, as a£fecting the Milwaukee Water
System, including early reports and rec-
ords.
4. Biography of those engaged in con-
ducting electrolytic surveys and mitiga-
tions from 1888 to 1919.
5. Legal review on the rights of in-
junction for injury to and the destruction
of subsurface metallic structures by elec-
trolytic deterioration.
6. History of the American Telephone
and Telegraph Co., on electrolysis.
7. To record personal data for general
public use.
8. To give engineering information on
electrolysis to the city of Milwaukee.
9. As an answer to the electrolytic re-
port of the United States Bureau of
Standards and the report amended for
the Railroad Commission of Wisconsin.
Civil Service Examinatioiis
Assistant Valuation Engineer (Oil and
Gas), and Valuation Engineer (Oil
and Gas)
The United Sutes Civil Service Com-
mission announces open competitive ex-
aminations for the positions listed abore.
Vacancies in the technical staff of the
Income-Tax Unit of the Bureau of Inter-
nal Revenue, Treasury Department, at the
salaries stated below, and in positions
requiring similar qualifications, at these
or higher lower salaries, will be filled
from these examinations, unless it is
found in the interest of the service to fill
any vacancy by reinstatement, transfer,
or promotion.
Grades and salaries.— The register of
eligibles will be divided into the follow-
ing grades, the entrance salary for each
grade, within the range stated, depending
upon the qualifications of the appointee:
Grade 1, valuation aid (oil and gas),
$1,200 to $2,500 a year.
Grade 2, assistant valuation engineer
(oil and gas), $2,500 to $3,600 a year.
Grade 3, valuation engineer (oil and
gas), usually $3,600 to $4,800 a year, but
in exceptional cases hii^er salaries may
be paid.
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February 10, 1921 THE GAS AGE 1^
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128
THE GAS AGE
February 10, 1921
Gas and Manuf acturing Items
Two California Plants to Issue
Stocks and Bonds
To secure funds with which to im-
prove and extend its system the Los
Angeles Gas and Electric Corporation
plans a stock issue of $1,000,000.
Western States Gas and Electric Co.
has been authorized by the California
Railroad Commission to issue $264,000 of
its first and refunding mortgage 5% sink-
ing fund gold bonds, due January 1, 1941.
The proceeds from the sale of the bonds
are to be used to reimburse the company's
treasury for expenditures made in con-
nection with plant extensions, additions
and betterments. The Western States
company operates -in Stockton, Richmond
and Eureka.
New Cutler-Hammer Offices
After endeavoring for some time to lo-
cate suitable office space in St Louis,
The Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co. of Mil-
waukee has finally secured offices in the
Railway Exchange Building, Suite No.
2111. This office is a branch of the Chi-
cago district office. Mr. Harold Phillips,
formerly of the engineering department of
Chicago and later office manager of the
Chicago office, will be in charge of the
new St. Louis branch.
Whiting Foundry Co. Changes Name
The Whiting Foundry Equipment Co.,
Harvey, Illinois, announces that it has
changed its name to Whiting Corporation,
increasing its authorized capital stock
from $700,000 to $3,000,000.
The Whiting Corporation remains un-
der the same management and will con-
tinue the manufacture of cranes, foun-
dry equipment and railway specialties as
heretofore.
Plant Ownership Changes
Plcasantville, N. J.,— The Atlantic City
Suburban Gas & Fuel Company and the
Pleasantyillc Heat Light & Power Co.
have been extinguished by receiverships,
and the Pleasantville Gas Company now
operates the plant. The superintendent
is Harry Lovett.
Moving Pictures at Gas Works
The Firefoam Company gave a moving
picture demonstration of what their prod-
uct will do. The pictures were shown
at the Atlanta, Ga., Gas Works. These
pictures were instructive and showed the
advantages of this method of firefighting.
Bamsdall Properties Gas Output
Gas output this year of the Bamsdall
Corporation is expected to approximate
5,000,000,000 cubic feet against 4,500,000,-
000 cubic feet last year. Gas properties
controlled by Barnsdall are owned and
operated by Potter Gas Co., a subsidiary,
with wells in McKean and Potter Coun-
ties and Alleghany County, New York,
one of the oldest gas producing areas in
this country. Properties include gas and
oil rights on 59,000 acres with 589 wells,
and 500 miles of pipe lines are operated.
Better Days for Utility Bonds
Public utility bonds falling due for
payment during 1921 aggregate $305,110,-
350, of which amount only $16,708,200
matured January 1. The unusually large
amount is due largely to the fact that
many issues maturing in 1920 were ex-
tended because of the tight money market
and unfavorable conditions for financing
public utility corpus ations.
With the turn of the year, bankers
believe that money will be easier and
rates of interest will gradually recede.
The slump in commodity prices will be
particularly beneficial to public utility
corporations, whose earning power is al-
ready showing increases.
New Bond Issue
Announcement has been made by the
Bangor Gas Light Company that the
appliance business will be divorced from
the utility. The Interstate Appliance
Corporation will thereafter conduct that
end of the business and Mr. Leslie A.
Clark, who has been affiliated with the
Bangor Gas Light Company, for some
time past, will become Bangor Manager
of the new appliance corporation.
Essay Contest on Conservation of Gas
Recently the Muskogee Gas & Electric
Company conducted a contest among the
pupils of the Muskogee High School
for the best written essay on the subject,
"Conservation of Gas." Louis Silverton
won the first prize, Emily Butz second
prize and Carter Allinder third prize.
The contest was a feature of the gas
conservation campaign.
Porchases Gas Plant
Knoxvillc Gas Co., Knoxville, la.—The
plant of the Knoxville Gas Co. has been
purchased by Ralph H. Porter, who is
operating it tmder the name of the Knox-
ville Light & Fuel Co. The price of gas
has been increased to a fiat rate of $225
per 1,000 cu. ft.
Ceases Manuf acturing. Buys
Gas
The Woburn (Mass.) Gas Light Co.
has ceased manufacturing gas and now
receives its supply from the Arlington
Gas Light Co. and distributes it in Wo-
burn.
News Bond Issue
Bonbright & Co. and Halsey, Stuart
& Co. of New York City announce the
issue of $1,250,000 Southwestern Power
& Light Co. twenty-year 8% bond se-
cured gold notes, dated January 1, 1921,
which are offered at 97 and interest, to
yield about 8-3/10 per cent The South-
western Power and Light Co. owns and
controls public utilities, including natural
gas properties. A public utility service
is furnished in 122 communities including
many important cities, including Fort
Worth, Waco, Denison, Wichita Falls, El
Paso and Galveston.
Pexto-annnal Sales Conventioa
The members of the sales force of the
Peck, Stow & Wilcox Co., together with
the executives, met in Southington, Jan.
6th on the occasion of their annual sales
meeting, which was from all standpoints
a great success, and unusual interest and
enthusiasm was in evidence. Pertinent
subjects were discussed and company
policies carefully reviewed. The entire
selling organization while appreciating
present conditions, expressed optimism
concerning the immediate future.
Restoring French Gas Plants
Of the 200 gas plants in the devastated
regions of France 150 were destroyed.
Fifty-two are again reconstructed and
furnish their full quota of gas, and forty-
two are partly reconstructed and able
to furnish about 50 per cent of their pre-
war production. It is not intended to
reconstruct forty of the plants destroyed
because of the development of water
power.
Deseronto Without Gas
The municipality of Deseronto, Ontario,
finding that year after year there was a
deficit, decided to go out of the business
of manufacturing gas, and consequently
Deseronto is without gas.
Gas Men Subscribe to Hoover Fond
The Goodfellowship Club of the Kansas
City and the Wyandotte County Gas
Companies have answered the appeal
from Mr. Hoover for funds for the starv-
ing childem of Europe by voting Fifty
Dollars ($50jOO) for this fund.
Digitized by
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Vol. XLVII Established 1883
February 25, 1921
Copyright 1921
No. 4
Combination Coal and Water Gas
Description of a Water Gas Generator and
Vertical Retorts in One Shell to Produce a
Mixed Gas under Conditions Designed to
Secure the Utmost Economy and Efficiency
By R. BAKER of Perry & Co., Westminster, London, England
GREAT progress has been made of late years in the
production and distribution of a gas more suited to
the present day requirements of the consumer than
the high candle power gas previously supplied. Owing
to the introduction and widespread use of the incandes-
cent mantle for lighting purposes it has now amply been
proved that a gas of a calorific value of about 450 B.t.u.,
provided it is kept of a constant quality, gives better
satisfaction to the consumer; while it can be sold at a
substantially lower price than the richer gas, with the
added advantage that the cheapened cost of production
assists gas companies in meeting competition from vari-
ous sources. At the present time everything points to
The Most Recent Two-Shell Generator
the fact that this cheaper gas will become the standard
gas of the future.
Some Old Troubles
In tracing the course of events during the past few
years, it will be seen that as the candle power of the gas
has decreased to meet the requirements of the improved
conditions of distribution and consumption, it has be-
come the practice to produce from the coal as large a
volume of gas as possible, and, with this end in view,
the working heats of the retorts have greatly been in-
creased, the consequence being that in addition to the
shortened life of the retort settings, gas managers have
Exterior View of Combination Plant
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130
THE GAS AGE
February 25, 1921
had to encounter such troubles as stopped ascension
pipes, pitched hydraulic mains, napthaline deposits,
larger proportions of COj, HjS, CSj, and Cyanogen.
Moreover, the considerable vacuum under which the
retorts have been worked has resulted in the per-
centage of nitrogen present in the gas being augmented,
while, owing to the reduced amount of ammonia ob-
tained, a further loss has been occasioned under this
head. In their total effect upon the annual account for
repairs, purification, etc., these items represent a by no
means insignificant loss to a gas undertaking ; and, even
when! coal is carbonized tmder these conditions, the gas
obtained is yet frequently of an illuminating and cal-
orific power considerably above the standard which it
is desirable to reach.
Improved Practice
It is in the production of a large volume of gas suit-
able for modem requirements, that the value of Water
Gas has become so universally recognized, and the prac-
"tice of modern up-to-date gas works is to produce from
their coal a slightly smaller quantity of a richer gas and
to mix with this a large proportion of water gas, ob-
tained from their coke. The effect of this is that all the
troubles enumerated above are eliminated, as it is not
necessary to work retort settings on such a high tension,
the consequence being that while slightly less gas is
made, of a quality richer in hydrocarbons, the life of
the settings is lengthened, and the retorts are not so
quickly carboned-up. The proportions of impurities de-
crease, yield of ammonia is greater, more coke is obtain-
ed per ton of coal carbonized, tar is of a thinner consis-
tency, giving less trouble from stoppages, and less fuel
is needed for heating the retorts. More important still
is the great economy effected in fuel, an economy which,
at the present time, is a matter of national duty.
The following is an average analysis of unpurified gas
produced by the K. and A. system : —
Carbon Dioxide 3.75 per cent.
Carbon Monoxide 43.70 per cent.
Hydrogen 45.10 per cent.
Nitrogen 6.95 per cent.
Marsh Gas 0.50 per cent.
From this it will be seen that the addition of a pro-
portion of the above gas to the hot coal gas at the foul
main in its passage from the retorts, gives a most satis-
factory blending of the two gases, as the blue water
gas contains over 90 per cent, combustibles, and has an
affinity for the light oils in the coal gas which would
otherwise be deposited with the tar in condensation. The
proportion of blue water gas added may easily and ex-
actly be adjusted to suit the varying conditions of indi-
vidual works in regard to quality of coal used and stand-
ard of gas desired, and the great advantage of this sys-
tem of working is that no alterations nor extensions are
necessary to existing arrangements for condensation,
washing and purification.
A description and a few illustrations of an economical
and up-to-date plant for the production of either blue or
carburetted water-gas is given herewith. This plant is
by no means a new and untried invention, but has been
tested most thoroughly at a number of gas works both
in England and abroad for some years.
Moreover, coke is not the only fuel which can be used
in this plant; it is possible to treat coal directly, while
such fuels as wood and even peat have been gasified
successfully.
The System Explained
The plant consists of two generators each having
above it a charging vertical retort surrounded by re-
generators of checker brick-work, all enclosed in a
single oval section shell.
During the blow, the blast is admitted at the bottom
of each generator simultaneously, so that the two fuel
beds are blown "in parallel," the resulting gases passing
up through the checker work where they are burned by
means of secondary air inlets escaping by the stack
valves. This heats up the bituminous coal in the vertical
retorts which is gradually working its way downward so
that it is already almost incandescent when it arrives at
thd hot coke zone.
When the blast is turned off, steam is admitted at the
top of one generator, passes down through the heated
checker work, where it is very highly superheated, into
the first fuel bed, whence it passes under the arch and
into the bottom of the second fuel bed and up through
this, the gas finally escaping through the retort outlet
into the gas main. As the hot gas passes through the
fuel in the retort it is automatically cleansed of particles
of dust and solid matter, and at the same time is cooled
down considerably ; all moisture is thus driven off from
tjie coal, which is in this way heated by the gases on its
way down to the generators.
It will readily be appreciated that there is considerable
saving of heat by this procedure and a high efficiency is
obtained since the cooler the temperature of the gas as
it leaves the venerators the less the wear and tear on
pipes and washing plant
It will be seen that the travel of the steam through
the incandescent carbon is double the length of the blast
travel, so that the plant combines the two ideals of a
shallow fuel bed for the blast, and a deep fuel bed for
the steam, while the long contact of the steam with the
incandescent carbon ensures the production of a gas
with a very low percentage of CO,.
After each blow, the direction of the run of steam is
reversed, i.e., after the first blow, the steam enters
through the checker work and escapes through the re-
tort, and after the second blow it enters through the
checker work and escapes through the retort and so on.
The average duration of the blow is one minute, and
of the run six minutes.
Should the works be equipped for enriching water gas
by means of benzole, any existing apparatus can be util-
ized. With regard to oil carburation this process is ex-
tremely economical. By means of a special arrangement
it is possible, in manufacturing oil-carburetted water
gas, to obtain an increased enriching efficiency per gal-
lon of oil ; and, since the cost of oil for carburetting rep-
resents practically 75% of the total cost of produdng^
carburetted gas, it will be appreciated that any economy
on the oil account is a point worthy of consideration.
Workmg Results
The following is the report on a trial of the plant at
Messrs. Clayton & Sons' Pepper Road Works, Leeds,
conducted by Prof. William A. Bone. The plant had
been started up early on the previous Monday morning,
tmder the direction of H. E. Smith, of the K & A.
Water-Gas Co., and was working to supply blue-water-
gas for steel welding purposes in Messrs. Clayton &
Sons' Works.
The trial extended over a period of six hours — 10 a, m.
to 4 p. m. — the whole of the results recorded in this
report being taken by Mr. Bone and three assistants ; all
subsequent analytical work was carried out at Leeds
University under his direction.
Immediately before commencing the trial, the fires in
both generators were cleaned and ashes removed; the
fuel was then made up to a certain level in both gene-
rators and the trial begun. At the conclusion of the six
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February 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
131
hours* run the fires were then made up to the same level
as at the commencement. All fuel charged into the gen-
erators during the trial, including that required for
filling up the generators to the standard level at the end,
was weighed. Immediately after the conclusion of the
trial the fires were again cleaned and the amount of
ashes and clinker removed were weighed ; the weight of
these ashes was not allowed for in the return of fuel con-
sumption during the trial as their bulk was so much
smaller than that of an equal weight of coke.
The gas generated, after passing through a water-
spray scrubber, was conducted along a 10-inch main to a
station meter, and from thence into a gas holder of about
27,000 cu. ft. capacity. It left the scrubber at a tem-
perature of 7.5°C., and passed through the meter at an
average temperature of 4.8**C., and a pressure of about
5 inches (water gauge) above that of the atmosphere.
From the gas holder, the gas was delivered, through a
6-inch main, to the shops, where it was used for welding
purposes. All the gas samples were taken from the
main as it entered the shops.
The arrangement of the plant unfortunately did not
allow of any measurements either of the steam required
for the generators or of the power required to provide
the air blast, so that it was impossible to deduce the
actual thermal efficiency of the process from the results
obtained; it was possible, however, to determine with
certainty the proportion of carbon of the fuel actually
converted into "water-gas," as well as the ratio of the
calorific value of the water-gas to that of the coke used
to generate it.
Unfortunately the weather was very cold and wet
during the whole period of the trial, and although the
plant was in a fairly sheltered position, the conditions
were unfavorable.
The results obtained are summarized as follows (at-
tention is drawn to the fact that all data concerning the
volumes and calorific value of the gas refer to the dry
gas at 0**C. and 760 m. m.) : —
Summary of Results
Total duration of trial — 6 hours, from 10 a. m. to
4 p. m. inclusive.
(a) Total coke charged, 36.5 cwt., 35.45 cwt. dry coke.
5.91 cwt. dry coke per hour.
(b) Analysis of the fuel. The fuel was an ordinary gas
coke ; as charged it contained 2.9% of moisture. The
dry coke contained: — Carbon, 87.2%; Hydrogen,
1.2%; Ash, 7.3%.
The calorific value of the dry coke, 13,300 B.t.u. per lb.
(c) Total make of gas— 131,000 cu. ft. dry gas at 0**C.
and 760 m. m. ; 21,833 cu. ft. dry gas at OX. and 760
m. m.
(d) Composition of the gas. Two continuous samples
of the gas, each taken over a period of two hours,
were analyzed as follows : —
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrogen
Methane
Nitrogen
Total Combustibles 88.80 89.70 89.30
(e) Mean Calorific values of the gas per cu. ft. at 0**C.
and 760 m. m.— Gross, 308.9 B.t.u.'s; Net, 284.0
B.t.u. 's.
(f ) Yield of dry gas per lb. dry coke— 33 cu. ft. at 0**C.
and 760 m. m.
(g) Yield of dry gas per lb. carbon — 37.84 cu. ft. at
O^'C. and760m. m.
(h) Percentage of carbon in coke appearing in the gas
— 60.65.
(k) Ratio of calorific values of the gas and coke — Gross,
0.766; net, 0.705.
(1) Observations on respective durations of air blows
and steam runs. Altogether 14 cycles of air blows and
steam nms were timed during the trial, with the fol-
lowing results : —
Average duration of the air blow 70 sees.
Average time required to operate valves 12 sees.
Average duration of the steam run 308 sees.
Ratio Steam Run -f- Air Blow = 4.4.
Average actual gas making periods — 47.4 minutes
per hour,
(m) Weight of ashes and clinker removed at end of trial
— ^2cwt. 2qrs. 16 lbs. Although the ash of the coke
was very ferruginous, the formation of large clinkers
was very small. The largest clinker formed during
the trial weighed 10 lbs. only, and there were three
OOnjV fOffACKS.
AUOSfUI.«LillO
4.20
3,35
3.75
43.35
44.00
43.70
44.85
45.35
45.10
0.60
0.35
0.50
7.00
6.95
6.95
Section of CombinAtion Generator
others weighing 8, 7, and 6 respectively. All the rest
were quite small, weighing less than 5 lbs. each. This
was a very satisfactory feature of the trial,
(n) Average steam pressure at the boiler — 155 to 160
lbs. per sq. inch.
The plant worked very smoothly throughout the trial,
the gas was of very uniform and good quality, and the
make quite regular.
The carburetting appliance is made up of the follow-
ing parts: A small galvanized storage tank, an oil-
pump, an air-pump, a three-way cock, and a regulating
oil-spray for each generator.
The blue water gas passes from the relief holder back
into the retort-house, and is measured by a Rotary meter.
Two 2 in. pipes are run from the outlet of the meter.
To one is fixed a 2 in. full way cock, and to the other a
quadrant cock with a scale attached. The bye-pass and
quadrant taps are inside a case fastened to the waII and
locked.
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132
THE OAS AGE
February 25, 1921
Emporia Got Its Rate Increase
Extracts from a Speech to Local Organizations
Which Helped to Secure a Ninety Per Cent
Increase in Gas Rates Without Opposition
By CARL B. WYCKOFF. Pres. and Man., Emporia, Kans.
PRECEDED by a month of newspaper publicity, the
manager of the Emporia Gas Co. delivered a written
address before the Chamber of Commerce, Rotary
Club, and other civic and local organizations which was
so well received and successful in securing the increase
desired that some extracts from it may be of value to
others who are contemplating a similar campaign. The
portions herewith reproduced will give an idea of the
style and subjects discussed:
"I come before you to talk upon a subject so serious
that every citizen of Emporia should give it the closest
attention — our gas company. I have located in Em-
poria permanently and am as proud of my city as the
oldest inhabitant. Emporia is my home and I am for
Emporia first, last and all the time. Your problems are
my problems and my problems are your probjems. Like-
wise the problems of our gas company are your prob-
lems if we are to use gas in our city.
The Story of Galena
"No doubt you have read the recent story of Galena in
the Gazette. Sixty years ago Galena, which was one of
the older cities of Illinois, decided to build a gas plant.
They had to dig trenches through rock and it was expen-
sive so that the investment was a little larger than usual.
But, for over 60 years, the good wives of Galena used
gas and enjoyed its conveniences. They charged $2.00
for gas and war-time high costs forced them to ask for
an increase. A prominent citizen successfully opposed
the increase and succeeded in— choking the gas company
to death, for the plant was sold at auction and scrapped.
Was that citizen a benefit to his town or not — I leave it
to you.
"I am here to tell you what confronts Emporia today.
Your gas company never paid one cent in dividends nor
has it paid its bond interest for four years. In addition
to this we have lost $3000 which is represented by bills
we have not been able to pay. There is also a note in
bank for $1000 which must be paid shortly. The unpaid
interest on bonds amotmts to $35,000. Since our gross
business amounts to but $60,000, can you blame bond
holders for becoming anxious ? How would you like to
have your money invested in our gas company?
"The stock of the Emporia is owned by 70 people;
some are widows and there are some charitable organi-
zations represented. The Ladies Home Association of
Grand Rapids owns three shares of our gas company
stock. Do you want to use gas at the expense of such
people ? Do you want to receive gas as a charity without
paying the full price? I am sure you do not. You are
fair and want to live and let live. No horse can drag a
plow long unless he is well fed. The gas company has
a big load to pull and it is getting weaker and less able
to do it. Think of the increased costs it has to pay with-
out being able to increase its income !
"In 1917 the company paid $3.80 per ton for coal
which now costs $8.82 ; each dollar increase in the cost
of coal means 10 cents increase in cost of gas so that gas
costs 58 cents more by reason of this alone. Oil in 1917
cost four cents per gallon ; today it costs 10 cents. At
3.5 gallons per 1000 cu. ft. this increase amounts to 21
cents. In 1917 three men ran the works, 12 hours per
day at $40 per month. Today the men work 10 hours
and get $150 per month and an extra man has been add-
ed. Labor thus adds another 20 cents to increased cost.
The cost in holder in 1917 was 32 cents per thousand ; in
August it cost us $1.16. Our receipts were $1.72 per lOOO
cu. ft. and the difference is left to pay distribution ex-
pense, maintenance, overhead, debts, depreciation and re-
serve— ^an impossibility. A rate 90 per cent greater than
at present will be necessary.
"Emporia is an exceptional city. It ranks high in pro-
gressiveness. Extensions are now needed and there is
no money to make them nor can it be secured until the
company's credit is restored. It is proud of its record
and its prosperity but it will be no credit to it should
history tell of starving its gas company out of existence.
We must have money or we cannot exist and I want to-
bring home to you the seriousness of the situation. I
now want to tell you about the conditions imder which
we are at present operating. Our coal contract expired
so that we now pay $2.50 more for coal and this adds^
25 cents per thousand to the cost for gas. An increase of
35 per cent in freight rate adds another cent. Increased
oil costs add 20 cents.
"A crisis is upon us. We cannot let the property de-
teriorate further. We will not be able to pay this
month's coal bill withput the assistance of the banks and
that means some assurance of better business. We want
to and know how to serve you and are willing to do so.
We can make the gas business in Emporia one to be
proud of. But, we must have your cooperation. The
question is: Do you or do you not want gas? Examine
our books ; we have no secrets ; come over and see for
yourself.
The Basis for Rates
"I have closely studied this subject of rates and am
impressed with the equity of the proposed modem sys-
tems for charging. In figuring a gas bill there are two
The More Gas You Use the Cheaper the Rate
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February 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
133
distinct kinds of charge. The one is cost in holder, in-
cluding all production expense such as labor, coal, oil,
material used at the works, and expense for its main-
tenance. This cost of gas is easily calculated. Among
the expenses of the business after the gas leaves the
holder are the following :
Distribution Expense
Maintenance of mains, meters, etc., $ 500
Trouble expense and gratuitous work 50
Reading meters, delivering bills 75
General Expense
Executive salaries and expense 300
Office salaries and expense 110
Office supplies and expense 100
Rent 75
Legal expense 90
Taxes 200
Miscellaneous interest 35
Uncollectable Accounts 60
Depreciation 400
Total readiness to serve expense $2020
"The depreciation charge is only 1 2-3 per cent of the
investment and the operating costs are based on August,
1920. In that month we had 997 consumers. Since the
above costs are as much for one consumer as another,
dividing $2020 by 997 gives an average charge of $2.02
per consumer. This expense exists, whether or not any
gas is supplied ; it is a big expense since it is about one-
half the $4300 income from gas sales in August. This
readiness to supply gas when it is asked for is a neces-
sity ; without it, no gas could be delivered. Although
the expense does not go into the cost of making gas,
it must be met, just as lodge dues must be paid whether
you attend or stay away. This brings up the subject also
of improiitable consumers and minimum bills:
Unprofitable Customers
"Our present minimum bill is seventy-five cents,
which includes a readiness to serve charge of twenty-
five cents. Last month we had 134 of these minimum
consumers. How long would your gas company last if
everyone had a minimum bill ? It cost $2.02 for overhead
expense per consimier. This does not include operating
expenses nor material used nor return on investment.
Now each one of these consumers cost the company $2.02
and we received seventy-five cents from each so we there-
fore lost $1.27 on each one of these 134 consumers or a
total loss of $170.00.
"You may think that this is not much but it is one of
the many items that go to make a high gas rate for an
improperly managed gas company. Last month we sold
a total of 2,515,000 cubic feet of gas. Dividing $170.00
by this amount of gas sold and you will find that this
loss amounts to $0,067 per thousand feet sold. This
means that everyone who used gas and helped support
the gas company was forced to pay $0,067 for every
thousand feet of gas he used in order to make up the
loss incurred by these 134 consumers. I will ask you
again ; is that fair? Is there any business to such an ar-
rangement? ,
"I have explained the loss in carrying the minimum
consumer under the present system of computing gas
bills. It unfortunately does not end there. The expense
of manufacturing gas and putting it into the holder is
$1.16 per thousand just at present. This is actual cost
of labor and material alone. At our present rates we
charge $1.75 per thousand for the first five thousand cu-
bic feet with a readiness to serve charge of twenty-five
cents. This makes a total of $2.00 for the first 1000 feet.
Now the cost of making this one thousand feet is $1.16
and the prorata expense per consumer of the other de-
partments is $2.02 so you can see that the first thousand
feet actually costs $3.18 and we have been selling it to
you for $2.00. Is there any wonder that we have a one-
horse gas company and are giving the rotten service that
we are. Your business would be the same if you were
operating under these conditions. Now we have in the
past lost $1.18 for each consumer that used 1000 feet of
gas. I will now give you a list of consumers whom we
serve at a loss and also the amount of loss under -each
class.
Number of
Cu. Ft. Gas
Amt. Gas
Cost Per
Loss Per
ToUl
Consumers
Consumed
Bill
Consumer
Consumer
Loss
134
Minimum
0.75
$2.02
$127
$170.00
37
200
0.75
2252
1.502
55.574
38
400
0.95
2.484
1.534
58292
43
600
1.30
2.716
1.416
60.888
44
800
1.65
2.948
1.298
57.112
55
1000
2.00
3.180
1.180
64.900
56
1200
2J5
3.410
1.060
59.060
53
1400
2.70
3.644
0.944
50.032
52
1600
3.05
3.876
0.826
42.952
46
1800
3.40
4.108
0.680
31.280
41
2000
3.75
4.340
0.590
24.190
56
2200
4.10
4.572
0.472
26.432
42
2400
4.46
4.804
0.344
14.448
35
2600
4.80
5.036
0236
8260
40
2800
5.15
5.268
0.118
4.720
772
$745.14
"As shown by the above figures we have lost money on
772 consumers out of a total of 997. This loss amounts
to $0,296 for every thousand feet of gas that we sold
last month. Now who is going to pay this for if we are
to have a gas company it must be paid by someone. Is
it right to make the man pay this loss who is using* gas
and making your gas company possible? Is it right to
make him pay $0,296 for each thousand feet he used in
order to furnish gas at the burner for the one who only
uses it occasionally? Or should we compute our bills
on a base that will make everyone 'tote fair'? If you
are to charge on the former plan gas will be so expensive
that the latter class will not be able to support the form-
er class. You will lose money on the former class. It
will therefore be goodbye gas company.
The Rate Necessary
**With a readiness to serve charge of $1.00 (just half
the actual cost) and a maximum rate of $2.50 which we
will have to have or quit business, we will still lose on
all consumers that use 600 feet or less. There are 252
consumers in this class and at the proposed rate we will
lose a total of $193.18. It therefore follows that there
must be some additional arrangement made to reduce
this loss. The solution to this is to make a minimum
charge of $2.00. This will save a loss of $152.00 and
will only leave $41.18 loss in serving the public.
"Now let us think about this minimtun bill of $2.00.
Is there any way in which you can get more for your
money than by paying $2.00 to have gas at your service
any hour of the day or night if you want it? If it is not
worth that to you, you should discontinue your service,
for it is not right to strangle your company or your city
by making yourself an expense to some one else.
"If you want to have gas at your beck and call, there
is nothing lost in using the minimum amount and there-
by not pay for gas that you did not use, which is the way
it may appear to some. There is no cheaper means of
cooking. Gas rates are based upon the price of coal, oil
and labor and you are paying for the increase whether
you use one fuel or another. It may be that you buy
your kerosene at the grocery store and have it put on
your grocery bill and you buy it in such quantities that
you really do not realize the amount of your expense as
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134
THE GAS AGE
February 25, 1921
you do when you pay it .to the gas company in one lump
sum each month. The future price of gas in your city
depends upon the cost of material and the amount of gas
you use. If we could increase our gas sales fifty per
cent we could reduce the cost of gas tremendously. You
will find that we are as much interested in reducing rates
as you are. We want to live and let live. The lower our
rates the more gas we sell and our business becomes one
of big sales and small profits.
"Now you can control your future rates by supporting
your gas ^company. Let me tell you another way in
which you control your individual rate and that is by
your own consumption. The more you use the cheaper
your rate. If the minimum bill is $2.00 and you use only
100 feet it will cost you $2.00 per hundred. If you use
200 feet it will cost you $1.00 per hundred and so on
down the line. If you use 1000 feet it will cost you $3.50
per thousand.
"Gentlemen, I have been asked a number of times as
to what was the matter with our gas company. I have
answered. I want your moral support."
j$ j$ j$
Applying the Gas Regulation Act
Attempts to Satisfy Demands of Con-
sumers to Meet Special Requirements
Are Not to the Best Interests of Either
the General Consumer or the Company
By NORTON H. HUMPHRYS, Salisbury. England
THE Board of Trade have lost no 'time in starting
the machinery required for working the new Act.
Under Clause 4, three persons are to be appointed
as referees and at least one of then* is to have practical
experience and knowledge of the manufacture and sup-
ply of gas. They have selected gentlemen well known
in gas circles as Metropolitan gas referees a body that
was nominally confined to London, but that in practice
has set the tune throughout the country for all oper-
ations incidental to the testing of town gas for several
years past. The change is therefore in name rather
than in nature.
The Referees
The names of C V. Boys, F. R. S., Dr. J. S. Haldane,
F. R. S., and W. J. Atkinson Butterfield, M. A., F. I. C,
F. C. S., do not need introduction to gas engineers, even
in the United States. The gentleman last named pos-
sesses the special qualification required, being the chief
chemist of the Gas Light & Coke Company, London.
The same clause specifies the appointment ot a compet-
ent and impartial person to act as chief gas examiner and
Sir R. T. Glazebrook, K. C. B., F. R. S., has been se-
lected. These appointments arri approved by managers
of gas undertakings as suitable and likely to lead to a
satisfactory discharge of the important duties and re-
sponsibilities authorized by the Act
The duties of the referees are much the same as those
entrusted to their Metropolitan predecessors. They are
to prescribe the places, times, apparatus and methods
by which tests are to be made, the form of reports, and
the means by which they are to be made accessible to
the public. They have power to inspect any gas works
and to demand information as to the position of pipes,
etc.
In accordance, with the same clause, separate commit-
tees have been appointed to inquire into the necessity or
the desirability of limiting the proportion of carbon
monoxide and incombustible matter, allowed to be pres-
ent in the gas. The decisions arrived at will probably
rank as important precedents, and will therefore be anx-
iously scrutinized by those interested in the gas indus-
try, with the hope that the errors of the past will not
be repeated.
Regulations too Hastily Formed
Legislation that might have been advantageous to
all concerned was rendered useless, if not worse, by
tmdue haste in the formation of precedents, that ac-
auired the position of standing orders against which
liere was no appeal, before they had been tested by ex-
perience in working. And the better plan, on the present
occasion, would be to withhold a definite decision on
these points until the working under the new regulation
is well under weigh; and then to collect practical evi-
dence as to the need for restriction.
The weak point about these subjects, is that there
is no positive evidence on their behalf. This applies
also to a third inquiry to be presently considered. Like
many of the War regulations, a fixed rule will be most
unequal as to its effects. In some cases they will be
negligible, in others anything up to ruination. Some
undertakings, owing to matters beyond their control,
have been in a position to pay full dividends throughout
the last six years while their neighbours could not make
ends meet.
Hardships
It is useless to give with one hand and to take away
with the other. The present legislature was primarily
promoted as a relief measure from the hardships that
have been thrust upon them, one after another, with a
celerity that shows a marked contrast to the slow pro-
gress of the Regulation Act through Parliament It
is no use to give with one hand and take away with the
other; but Parliament is so immured to the rule that
nothing must be granted to a gas undertaking, without
adequate quid pro quo, that it is difficult to get this fact
properly appreciated. It is useless to say that gas
undertakings may have full liberty to declare the most
economical calorific value, if clauses are added that
practically rule out anything below 500 B.tu.
One cannot too often repeat that the gas industry is
now in such a shattered state that even a trifling addition
to the manufacturing or distribution expenses may
prove "the last straw."
Pressure Demands
Another Board of Trade Committee has been taking
evidence, on the opposition made by the railways, to
every application under the new Act, with a view of
obtaining special advantages in the matter of supply
pressure. It should here be observed that the import-
ance of these questions is not confined to the parties
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February 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
135
immediately interested. Seeing that evenr tmdertaking
is subject to be roped in under the Act, after two years,
whether they like it or not, the whole industry is con-
cerned.
The Act specifies a minimum of 20 tenths pressure
in all pipes of T diameter and upwards. The railways
want not only an omission of the size of pipe, but a
concession that takes into consideration the quality o?
the gas, as expressed by the rule : Quality x pressure =
10,000. The 20 tenths to apply only to 500 B.t.u. gas :
a 400 B.t.u., to have 25 tenths, a 300 B.t.u. gas 33 tenths,
etc. Another way of expressing their demand is: To
find the pressure divide 10,000 by the declared calorific
value. This puts a premium on the cost of low power
gas, and under some conditions may force the pace
towards a higher quality, in place of tiie lower qualities
which are believed to be advantageous in the interests of
all concerned.
Preferential Pressures
An important precedent is also set up. If one class
of consumers can demand special considerations, another
can follow suit and the ultimate result may be respons-
ibility for half a dozen different supply pressures.
The reference to size of pipe in the Act, shows that
some consideration was attached to the quantity of gas
concerned. And this exposes another weak point in
the opposition. Conditions desirable for the supply of a
terminal goods yard in London, may be quite unneces-
sary for a small village station. In the first case, busi-
ness is active and continuous; in the other, there is
practically nothing doing beyond the lighting of a
signal box, for eight hours out of the 24.
In large towns there is an all-night consumption that
in any case requires a pressure of 20 tenths or more to
be maintained all night ; but what of small towns where
there is practically no night consumption. In many of
these the mains are old and defective and there are
no means of renewing them. A pressure of say 25
tenths at the railway means the same or more in all
parts of the district, seeing that the railways are in-
variably below rather than above the average datum
level the only alternative is a special main to the station,
perhaps a distance of a mile or more. And all this to
meet a theoretical difficulty. No evidence of existing
defective supplies is forthcoming.
Railway companies, like other large consumers, in-
variably omit to state that their large custom is already
discounted to the hilt by special prices, or rebates which
in many cases exceed the amount received by the share-
holders. While the prices of gas have increased, the
profits have decreased; and I know cases where the
restricted dividend allowed is equivalent to 6d. per 1000
cu. ft. of gais sold, which under the old standing per-
centage discount the railway companies are getting as
much as lOd. This fact was not mentioned in the pub-
lished report. Again, in the case of a low declared value,
they will claim the full benefit of the corresponding
reduction in price.
Requirements of Doubtful Necessity
Who is to bear the extra expenses involved in meeting
this demand? The railway companies do not offer to do
so. The gas shareholder's dividend is reduced far be-
low a living wage, to a merely nominal amount. The
extra expense must eventually come on the consumer.
Yet no one seems to have recognized that it is a con-
sumer's question.
Several important factors have been overlooked in
all these Committee items. The fii-st thing should be
positive evidence of the necessity, gathered from ex-
isting experience ; then the additional cost involved, who
is to pay it ; and the effect on other obligations.
<Ji ^ ^
Adequate Rate of Return
Opinion of a Prominent Financier and En-
gineer on the Needs of Public Utilities and
the Demands Arising from Present Conditions
By W. S. BARSTOW. New York City
FOR the past five years the public service companies
in this country have had all they could do to meet
the constantly increasing costs of labor, coal and
material by getting rate increases that enabled them
merely to exist and continue as solvent concerns. It
has not been possible, with the operating difficulties with
which these companies have had to contend, for either
the companies or the Commissions to give full consid-
eration to some of the broad questions that now must be
fairly passed upon by the Commissions if these com-
panies are to continue to serve and satisfy the demands
of the public as to extensions, etc.
In spite of the fact that where increased rates have
been obtained, the percentage of such increases was
much less than the percentage of increased cost in labor
and materials, there has been a belief in many communi-
ties that these increases are satisfactorily solving all
problems and producing a profit above a proper return
to the investor. This is far from the fact. Any given
company has not solved its problem unless the invest-
ment in common stock is paying in cash a proper rate
of return after provision for all reserves and contin-
gencies.
The fact that companies cannot continue to expand
on borrowed money, and that directors have not the
right to prejudice the interests of their stockholders by
so expanding these companies is not subject to arg^ument
Further expansion, therefore, means that these com-
panies must earn enough money, not only to pay a cash
return on the common stock that would make additional
stock of this class salable in competition with all the
other securities that are available in the world-wide mar-
ket, but that conmion stock be permitted to pay some
of the cash return that it has had to forgo during the
past five years ; otherwise, investors will not be attracted
to the enterprise as they will see that in another period
of similar financial stress they will again be without any
return on their investment and with no chance of ever
making it up.
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136
THE OAS AOE
February 25, 1921
Pre- War Conditions
Theoretically a perfectly financed company is one
where the entire investment is represented by common
stock. Investors in this case with no prior mortgage
lien have no chance of losing their property through
foreclosure of indebtedness, and all returns go to them
in the form of dividends. It is hoped that this form of
financial organization can be made more possible in the
future than has been for a period of years. A workable
form of financial organization, though not desirable,
would be where not more than 50% of the securities is
represented by long-term bonds, 25% by preferred stock
and 25% by common stock. If the bonded indebtedness
becomes greater than this percentage, the risk to the
common stockholder becomes correspondingly greater
and it is not possible to secure money for investment in
such common stock unless a correspondingly- higher
rate of dividends is paid. Assuming the percentage of
different classes of securities to be as stated above, how-
ever, it would have been possible before the European
war, to sell such securities on about the following basis :
Bonds 5^%
Preferred Stock 7 %
Common Stock 10 %
The total cash necessary to pay interest and dividends
on securities, therefore, would have averaged about 7%.
This rate of return is a cash return and not a bookkeep-
ing item of eamines. To secure this for the investor,
the company would be obliged to earn, before the war,
in addition to the 7% on the valuation, at least 2% more
for contingencies and 2% more for depreciation, or a
total of 11% on the actual capital invested. This, how-
ever, would be predicated upon a company's financing
every dollar of its construction by the sale of securities
in the same proportion. To the extent that a company
sells more bonds, the interest in both classes of stock
would be prejudiced, and such investment would become
less as it would have to have a correspondingly higher
cash return to compensate it for the increased risk it
would be taking.
As this in turn tends to make it more and more diffi-
cult to sell both common and preferred stock, it would
become necessary to use more and more of the cash from
earnings to take care of necessary construction require-
ments, still further prejudicing the investment of the
stockholders and making it theoretically necessary to
get a higher and higher rate of return on the physical
property if the investors were not to suffer a loss on their
investment.
Present Conditions
Now, in addition to all of the factors set forth above,
the companies find themselves face to face with a very
radical change in the security markets. The same char-
acter of bonds that must now be sold to raise money for
a company on a 5^% basis before the war must be sold
today on a basis which means that the company has to
pay from 8 to 8j4 % for its borrowed money. Probably
a bond issue that represented only 50% of the property
investment could be wholesaled on about an 8% basis,
other things being equal. This means a correspondingly
higher cash return on all classes of stocks, assuming they
are salable. In other words, if 11% to cover return on
investment, depreciation and contingencies was fair be-
fore the war, it would require at least 13^% today.
But this assumed return would completely ignore the
fact that common stock investment in these companies
has been without a return or has had a very small cash
return for a period of years. No investor would or should
put up money for the common stock of such a company
subject to control as to its cash return, unless the princi-
ple was recognized that if that cash return is to be re-
duced during such period of stress as we have gone
through, the deficit can later be made up.
Under present regulated rates, therefore, it is ques-
tionable whether public utility companies can be proper-
ly restored and be placed in a position where they can
again begin to expand as strong, solvent companies
whose stock is sought after as an investment, unless for
a period of time a return of at least 15% is allowed upon
investment. With this return, public utility properties
of the better class, other things being equal, can prob-
ably begin to recover, set up proper reserves for contin-
gencies and depreciation, pay proper cash returns to
their stockholders, and look forward to the time when
additional amounts of their common stocks can again be
sold to help take care of the needs of the public.
Facts and Not Theories Should Govern
It is important that these considerations be urged upon
commissions at every opportunity because, until they arc
recognized, the public service business in this country
will continue to have serious problems and will be un-
able to properly meet the growing needs of the public,
whose chief concern is service, which service can result
only from retaining the interest of the investor. It is
vitally important that these principles be recognized so
that the sale of the common stocks of these companies
can again become possible, opporttmities be given to lo-
cal investors to purchase such additional common stocks,
and investment bankers co-operate with the public, com-
panies and the commissions to create a broad general
market for such common stocks.
If such broad general market is created, it will of it-
self create the best regulation. The company whose com-
mon stock has been selling at a premium for a substan-
tial period, due to safety and return, can secure capital
for extensions through the sale of additional stock of
this class so that increased economies can be passed down
to the public. The company, on the other hand, whose
stock is unsalable or selling at a heavy discount and
which is continually obliged to refund maturing loans,
is obviously unable to carry on proper service to the pub-
lic, as under such conditions no property can take care
of its operation and extensions from earnings alone.
These are facts, not theories, and the sooner they arc
treated as such the sooner the problems now present will
be solved.
Condemnation by Gas Companies
The Texas Commission of Appeals holds, Pecos &
N. T. Ry. Co. V. Malone, 222 S. W. 217, that the Texas
statute of 1914, arts. 1283 a— 1283 f, as to the in-
corporation of gas, electric current and power companies,
in providing for the condemnation of land by such a
company in the same manner as is provided by law in
the case of railroads, pipe lines, and tel^japh and tele-
phone lines, does not extend to gas, electric current and
power companies the benefits of art. 6531, allowing a
railroad, in a suit aeainst it by the owner of land, to liti-
gate the question of condemnation.
It is held clear from a reading of the state statutes
giving the various corporations organized under them
the right of eminent domain that it was the l^slative
intention to provide a direct method of obtaining the
requisite lands and right of way to transact the cor-
poration's business and one in which the initial steps
to condemn were to be taken by the corporation and
not that condemnation should proceed by the indirect
method of imauthorized entry, by the corporation, upon
the citizen's land, thus encouraging the institution of a
suit by the owner in order to lay a predicate for con-
demnation by the corporation.
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February 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
137
Lead Paint for Wood and Metal
An Elementary Discussion on the Pro-
tection of Surfaces, the Merits of Lead
Paints and Method of Applying Them
By J. S. SPRINGER, New York City
PAINTING is done for protection and decoration
and this answers the general question as to why
there are so many varieties of paints. Although
exposure out of doors differs from the exposure in-
doors it sometimes happens that the same paint will do
well in both situations.
Red Lead and White Lead
Among paints having the greatest reputation are red
lead and white lead. The former is a sesqui oxide of
lead; white lead is a basic carbonate of lead. The
former is made by what is a simpler chemical process
than the latter. Metallic lead has two principal oxides,
denoted by the formulae PbO and Pb804. The second
formula indicates that there is relatively more oxygen
in combination with the lead than in the first formula.
This means that red lead (Pb804) has been oxidized to
a further extent than litharge (PbO).
Litharge may be made by exposing molten lead to
air. It is yellowish in color. When the yellow litharge
is heated to 560°, it is attacked by the oxygen in the air
and becomes red lead. Frequently the red lead as sold
over the counter, may contain more or less litharg^.
This is objectionable. In the old days, standard red
lead is said to have contained no more than about 60
per cent of red lead. The balance consisted, presuma-
bly, of the yellow litharge. Even today, the commer-
cial red lead may at times contain not more than 70 per
cent of the real article, with the balance in the form of
the objectionable litharge.
Red lead has for a century or more been the standard
protective material for metal surfaces. Much of this
red lead was undoubtedly impure, and this is the reason
why many painters and engineers are said to have dis-
liked it. Today, those who know insist on a relatively
ptwe article. Litharge reacts on oil at ordinary temper-
atures, and the paint becomes viscid and ropy; and, if
permitted to stand becomes compact and heavy. This
is objectionable.
Red lead containing substantial percentages of lith-
arge is also apt to consist largely of coarse particles.
These coarse particles are especially objectionable in
paint used on vertical and steeply inclined surfaces.
They start "runs," the paint runing down in drops and
tear-like masses, leaving too little in their trail, and
making unsightly lumps ; also each of these coarse par-
ticles which remains in place extends through the en-
tire thickness of the film from the underlying metal to
the atmosphere, and forms a weak and defective spot in
the film.
A ropy paint acts badly under the brush ; the bristles
stick together in little clusters, with the result that fur-
rows or ridges are made in the paint film. The surface
^ill be thoroughly roughened, so that the resistance to
'le wear and tear action of wind and dust will be less
an with a smooth surface. In fact, this is so well un-
derstood that it is approved practice to put varnish on
exteHor woodwork, as such a smooth surface will out-
last a rough one, as that produced by the use of
pumice stone. The good resistance of very smooth sur-
faces may be noted in the case of bicycle frames, as A.
H. Sabin points out.
About 1908, the engineers of the U. S. Government
agreed to call for 94 per cent true red lead. This means
that only 6 per cent litharge is permissible. It is in
fact possible to go beyond this and manufacture a red
lead that contains less than 2 per cent litharge. Such
a pure article as this is affected Sv^ little by oil that it
may be ground in iit and then sold as red lead in oil.
Such red lead is now procurable in the open market.
The following cases illustrate the use of such pure
red lead for objects that are continually exposed. A
big gas holder of the La Clede Gas Light Co. at St.
Louis is protected by this paint. So also is the fire boat
"William L. Strong" of the N. Y. Fire Department At
Jeffersonville, Ind., is a long viaduct belonging to the
C. C C. & St. L. R. R., which is thus protected. So
also with other railway bridges. The Mobile Gas Co.,
Mobile, Ala., has employed this type of paint on gas
holders. The great Commonwealth Pier at Boston is
painted with this superfine red lead.
Litharge Is at Times Useful
Litharge is sometimes considered a valuable addi-
tion to pure red lead. The idea is to get some special
qualities to cover some special requirements. The Met-
ropolitan Board of Water and Sewers in Massachusetts
specified a mixture of pure (98 per cent) red lead and
of powdered litharge in order to get a hard paint suited
to surfaces continually under water. Water tends to
soften paints, so that it is desirable to start with a hard
film. Their recipe is understood to have been as fol-
lows:
Pure red lead (98%) 22.6 lbs.
Boiled linseed oil to make up 1 gallon
Litharge, in powder form 2.4 lbs.
The red lead and the oil are mixed, to make up 1 gal-
lon, and the litharge is added. It is considered that the
paint thus prepared is better than a simple red lead
paint made with an impure article though containing
just the right amount of litharge.
A good general scheme to follow for outside service
is the following : Let the first coat (priming) consist of
33 pounds of superior red lead to one gallon of oil ; the
second, of 30 pounds to one gallon of oil; and the
third, of 28 pounds to 1 gallon of oil.
Durable Red Lead Paint
There are, it seems, various opinions as to the pre-
cise proportions for a thoroughly durable red lead
paint. For extreme durability, the following is recom-
mended by competent authority.
Red lead 33 pounds
Linseed oil 1 gallon
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138
THE GAS AGE
February 25, 1921
One gallon of the resulting paint contains 22.57
pounds of the red lead, and 5.30 pounds of oil. A num-
ber of important railroads are said to use this formula.
The formula of the U. S. Navy (20 pounds of red
lead in 1 gallon of resultant paint) is said to be sub-
stantially the same, since the turpentine and turpen-
tine dryer really evaporate and leave a higher weight
of red lead per gallon. On the great steel Hell Gate
Bridge at New York City — that is, on surfaces to be
bolted or field-riveted — ^a red lead paint containing 24.-
75 pounds of red lead per gallon was employed. This
means 37.50 pounds of red lead to 1 gallon of oil.
It is said that such a mixture is only possible with a
red lead 98 per cent pure. It is understood that the
painters found that it could be spread satisfactorily.
This same paint is to be recommended for cases where
severe wear is to be anticipated, as in the gutters and
valleys of metal roofs.
It is preferable to buy red lead in the form of a paste.
It is claimed that such dustless red lead never causes
lead poisoning. It is a guarantee that the red lead is
very pure, since anything less than an article 97 per
contain a rather excessive amount of oil. The idea is
to provide enough to satisfy the appetite of the wood
and still leave enough to form, with the white lead, an
effective paint.
If white lead is used in the paste form, it is consid-
ered good practice to use 4 gallons of oil to 100 pounds
of the paste. Two gallons of turpentine are to be in-
cluded along with a small quantity of dryer. Such a
mixture will produce about 9 gallons of white paint
suited for general purposes as a priming paint. It is
to be recollected that the 100 potmds of paste really
contain 1 gallon of oil, so that the 9 gallons^ of mixture
will contain 5 gallons of oil. This priming paint is a
fair standard, good for general purposes. But, if the
wood is of a pitchy character — ^as, for example. South-
ern pine or cypress — then to 100 pounds of paste, one
may properly add 3 gallons of oil and 3 gallons of tur-
pentine. The turpentine acts favorably with the pitch.
It is to be preferred to benzine. A substitute for tur-
pentine may be used, if the only purpose is to thin the
paint. The priming coat, despite the loss of turpentine
by absorption, will cover satisfactorily about 600
square feet — that is, 6 square feet of surface to 1 pound
of white lead paste.
Knots in the Wood
It seems that there is no well-known and satisfactory
method of treating knots so that they will be unobjec-
Ten Tons of Red Lead Used on this Rochester Holder
cent pure would harden in the container. Such paste
is founded on a fine grained red lead, since the neces-
sary 97 per cent purity could not well be gotten with the
red lead in the shape of coarse grains.
White Lead Paint
White lead is said to be about 2300 years old. More
skill is required in its application than where ready
mixed paints are used. As red lead is the leader in
metal paints, so is white lead in wood paints. It may b(
used on new or old wood; but the preparation of the
proper mixture varies with the wood, etc. New work
should have three coats. Hard wood offers no espe-
cial difficulties. Oak and other hard woods usually re-
ceive white lead paint evenly and contain little or noth-
ing to affect the paint.
In England, where there is much moisture, four coats
are the standard. Here in the United States, three are
considered as generally sufficient. The first or priming
coat has the duty of filling up the pores and the like,
thus providing a solid surface for the next or body
coat. 'The mixture for the priming coat should usually
Red Lead Used on this Big Boston Pier
tionable spots after the painting is done. A usual meth-
od, however, consists in applying a heavy coat of shel-
lac varnish. This is done prior to the use of any paint.
EngUsh Priming Coat
In England, where, as already said, four coats con-
stitute the standard, the priming coat for new work is
made with red lead, if the job is a high-class one. A
Knot dealt with by a heavy coat of red lead is under-
stood to be put pretty well out of the disfigurement
business. It is said, however, that if the knot is really
to be effaced, the priming coat of red lead should be
made by the formula calling for 33 or 40 pounds of red
lead to 1 gallon of oil. Three coats of white lead will
cover this, or two coats of tinted lead. This seems to
be about the best thing to do where the wood is new
and the knot contains considerable pitch. If the work
is such that it has already been left exposed to the
weather for a year or two, the resinous matter will
probably have pretty well disappeared; so that the
conditions will naturally favor painting. Resinous
wood may be given a preliminary coat of japan drier
which has been thinned with turpentine. Apparently,
this coat does no harm to the subsequent coats of ordi^
nary white lead paint. •!
The Body Coat
The body coat should be made with a much heavier
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February 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
139
paint than that used for priming. Thus, to 100 pounds
of white lead paste (containing already 1 gallon of oil)
may be added Ij^ gallons of oil, Ij^ gallons of turpen-
tine, and 1 pint of a suitable dryer. This formula pro-
duces a thick and opaque paint. There is only 2j4 gal-
lons of oil in the whole mix, as against 5 gallons in
the priming paint. It is desired, however, that it should
really contain, as a finished coat, a less proportion of
oil than before. It is expected that the priming coat
will lose a very large percentage of its oil by absorp-
tion into the wood. This is a point to be watched with
different woods. Where the wood absorbs but little,,
the priming coat should contain less oil.
The nail holes and other large indentations are to
be filled up with putty or a substitute prior to the ap-
plication of the body coat.
Putty
Putty, it seems, is easily adulterated ; so that the com-
mercial article is often partially composed of unsuitable
Fire Boat '*Wm. L. Strong" Painted with Red Lead
materials. One can make his own putty, if necessary,
sin>ply by mixing up, in a thorough manner, a heavy
paste of whiting and linseed oil.
WagonSy Motor Trucks, AutomobileSi Etc.
Where motor trucks or the like are to be repainted,
some simple suggestions may perhaps be of value. The
following remarks apply to wood surfaces. A beginning
is made by freeing the surfaces of grease and oil. This
is done by washing the oily parts with benzine. The
next thing is to sandpaper the old coat, making sure
to cut the old gloss down. Wherever the old paint is
completely gone, these places are to be given a coat of
paint and allowed to dry. In cases where the old coat
in greneral is still a fair covering for the surfaces, two
color coats and one varnish coat may be enough. The
first color coat is to be a flat one. In other cases, where
the old paint is pretty thin, the flat coat is repeated,
whereupon a color coat and a varnish coat are added.
As to selection of color paint, let the choice fall on
colors that have been ground in japan. To reduce them
to a workable thinness, use turpentine. After each coat
is laid on and has dried, a rubbing-down treatment is
to be given. Curled hair is understood to be a good
thing with which to do the rubbing. Whatever is used,
let it be seen to that it does not scratch the paint. There
should be an interval of twenty-four hours or more be-
tween coats. Elastic varnish of the best quality is a
good finishing material. A good plan consists in add-
ing some of the color to this varnish. It will then have
less of a yellow cast and will increase the covering ca-
pacity.
Do All Varnishes Look Alike to You?
There are said to be more than 200 varieties of var-
nish. Each is adapted to a particular use. The best
for a particular purpose is not necessarily the one that
costs more. Piano varnish will ordinarily probably
cost something like a third more than marine varnish,
but it will not do the service of the latter.
Take the word of the reputable manufacturer as to
which of the many varnishes should be the one selected.
On the other hand, the store salesman may not always
give you the best guidance. If you are advised to
choose a quick drying varnish, the advice is probably
worthless. A. H. Sabin says: "The varnish that dries
most quickly is the varnish that gives the poorest ser-
vice."
Wax in varnish improves it, perhaps, by imparting a
beautiful dead finish. The gloss varnish treated with
wax may not need any hand rubbing. The dead finish
will soon pass away, however, and the original gloss
assert itself.
As to turpentine and benzine. Turpentine ordinarily
costs very much more than benzine, so it is of im-
portance to know whether it is really better in a var-
nish. Competent authority says that for most cases it
is better. One reason is that it evaporates much less
rapidly, and for other causes stays with the varnish
longer. It is desirable to retain for a time the turpen-
tine or benzine for the reason that irregularities such as
brush marks then tend to smooth out and the result is
naturally a better finish.
Jury Decides Negligence
NEGLIGENCE is a matter for the jury to decide
in the case of a gas explosion resulting in dam-
ages brought before the court for adjustment. In
an action for injuries caused by an explosion of gas
the jury made special findings that the gas was cut-oflF
at the stopcock or cut-off near the curb adjacent to the
plaintiff's property on a specified date, but that the end
of the supply pipe under the house was not plugged up,,
that at that time no gas was escaping through the
supply pipe, and that the gas came from the main
through the stopcock.
In the trial court's charge to the jury the court failed
to submit for their answer the question of whether or
not the possible escape of gas from the stopcock or from
the end of the service pipe under the house constituted
negligence of the gas company. It was held that the
court should have submitted the question to the jury
as to whether any one or all of the facts found con-
stituted negligence on the part of the company.
The issue was sharply drawn in the evidence as ta
the efforts made by the gas company to shut off the
gas escape through both the stopcock and the end of
the service pipe. The facts found strongly suggested
some intervening cause for the gas escape. While the
failure to submit the question of negligence to the jury
was held not justified. North Texas Gasr Co. v. Young,.
Texas Civil Appeals, 220 S. W. 254, this failure would
not per se entitle the gas company to a judgment iit
its favor.
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140
THE GAS AGE
February 25. 1921
Basis for Rate Making Discussed
Order of the New York Public Service Com-
mission, 2nd District, on Application of the
Rochester (N. Y.) Gas and Electric G)rpora-
tion, Including Review of Charging Methods
By FRANK IRVINE, Commissioner, Albany, N. Y.
THE Rochester Gas and Electric Corporation asked
permission to increase its rates for gas in the city
of Rochester and adjoining territory. The company
was formerly known as the Rochester Railway and
Light Company, and in 1907 the Commission of Gas
and Electricity fixed the maximum price for gas to
be charged by it in the city of Rochester at 95 cents per
thousand cubic feet. Accompanying this there has been
a minimum charge of 50 cents per month. The 95 cent
rate applied to amounts of consumption embracing the
needs of all ordinary domestic consumers.
The present petition asked that a service charge of
40 cents per month be substituted for the minimum
charge, and that the commodity rate be increased under
an order which shall permit its automatic adjustment
from time to time according to the increase or decrease
in prices of coal and oil. The reason for the application
at this time is the allegation that imder the enormously
enhanced cost at present of materials and labor and es-
pecially of coal and oil the company's revenues under the
old rates are inadequate.
Assuming that the rate was properly adjusted in 1907
it might almost be presumed that it has now become
inadequate, but imaided by such presumption the evi-
dence abundantly demonstrates the fact. Before con-
sidering what the new rates should be it is important
to determine wherther on principle a rate variable from
time to time in accordance with the fluctuation of par-
ticular operating costs is legal or proper and whether
the service charge is a legal and desirable element of
the rates, said the commission and continued :
The Variable Rate
During the late war sudden and extreme fluctuations
in the price of coal led to many proposals to establish
rates with a standard base and varying upward and
downward from that base as the price of coal should
rise or fall. This device appealed particularly to large
consumers of electric energy, came to be known as the
"coal clause," and crept into the power rate of many
electric corporations; and such rates are now in effect.
Applied to such consumers, generally large consumers,
with officials having the information and experience
necessary to calculate their expenses with this clause
in view, such rates have not been the subject of com-
plaint, and it must be assumed that they have operated
equitably and to the satisfaction of the electrical cor-
porations and the consumers as well. Whether they
should be applied to the great mass of consumers may
not present a different legal question, but certainly pre-
sents, an entirely different problem as to justice and
expediency.
Underlying the rate provisions of the Public Service
Commissions Law is the principle not only that rates
shall be reasonable but that they shall be published, and
to such a degree stable that the consumer may know in
advance the price to him of the service to be rendered.
This may to some extent be accomplished by the varia-
ble rate, that is to say, the period of stability may be
such as to give the consimier the price for one, two, and
three months in advance by basing, for example, the
rate for any quarter upon the experience of the corpora-
tion for the preceding quarter. This hardly accom-
plishes the purpose of accommodating rates to rapidly
fluctuating costs. By the method suggested the rate for
a given quarter would be based not on the actual costs
for that quarter but on the costs for the preceding quar-
ter.
In the long run the price paid by the consumer would
be the average based upon costs in the different periods,
but to accomplish this result no such device as that pro-
posed is necessary. While the result might not be un-
just to the permanent consumer and would be more just
than a varying price based upon future estimating costs,
the very uncertainty would be bound to cause discontent
and suspicion. Furthermore, it is not only the price of
coal and oil that have in recent years changed greatly.
While these are very important elements in the cost of
supplying gas, they are far from being the only factors.
With the information provided by the record in this
case and the basis of rates herein to be established, all
that is desirable in the proposed scheme can be provided
by fixing at this time the rate for a definite and short
period with the provision that at the end of that period
the company may apply at the foot of this order for an
increase, or the Commission may, of its own motion or
on complaint, reopen the inquiry with a view to making
a reduction.
To facilitate this procedure the corporation should file
with the Commission in such detail as may be required
an income statement showing its revenue and its operat-
ing expenses, including not only the cost of coal and oil
but all other expenses. Any readjustment that may be
found necessary can then be made expeditiously and ac-
cording to the method prescribed by the statute and the
regular practice of the Commission.
The Service Charge
The service charge as the term is herein used is a uni-
form charge to all consumers, which together with
another charge based upon the amoimt of gas constuned
Iftonstitutes the entire rate to be paid. The service charge
is not new although it has not as yet come into general
use. It is sometimes called a readiness-to-serve charge
and sometimes a consumer's charge.
Its real nature does not seem to be generally under-
stood by consumers, and unless it is understood it ap-
pears to them to be a mere arbitrary imposition in ad-
dition to the regular price also paid for what they con-
sider the service supplied. It differs from the familiar
minimum charge in that it is imposed on every consumer
regardless of the quantity of gas used, while the mini- '
mum charge is practically imposed only upon those con-
sumers using less than a certain quantity of gas, and be-
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February 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
141
comes absorbed in the meter or commodity rate as soon
as that quantity is reached.
It was intended to serve the same purpose as the ser-
vice charge but only did so to a limited extent and in a
very crude manner. Its advent was greeted by an enor-
mous storm of disapproval on the part of consumers.
Its injustice was vehemently asserted, and because of its
partial and discriminating effect the attack was not with-
out foundation. It had sufficient reason behind it to
enable it to resist the attack. It is now all but universal
where the service charge is not applied, and it is an in-
teresting fact that those who now resist the service
charge are strenuous advocates of the minimum charge ;
some of them, probably, merely because they are accus-
tomed to it ; others for reasons worked out as applied to
their own bills by means of a lead pencil and a pad of
paper.
The Commission has in a number of cases recognized
the propriety of the service charge. The charge was
approved in the Annual Report of the Commission to
the Legislature in 1920 (page 84). Circumstances in
this case require a re-examination of the principle in-
volved and a clear statement of the nature and reasons
for the charge and for its adoption in preference to the
prevailing minimum rate.
The Commission having been tmable to complete its
investigation for a final determination of the case, and
the urgent need of the applicant for additional revenue
demanding immediate relief, a preliminary order was
made July 1, 1920, authorizing the installation of the
proposed service charge of 40 cents per month, and that
rate is now in effect.
Recently complaints have been filed signed by a large
number of consumers protesting against this charge and
hearings have been accorded the protestants. This fact,
together with the conclusion of Commissioner Barhite,
contrary to that of the other Commissioners, justifies
and demands a more extended discussion than would
otherwise be warranted in view of the past acts and de-
terminations of the Commission.
A moment's consideration must convince any one that
every gas company is subject to a very considerable ex-
pense in the case of a person whose premises are con-
nected with the company's mains, who has a meter in-
stalled, the valve open, and who uses no gas whatsoever.
Suppose in any community that no patrons should in
fact use gas for a period of one month. The plant of
the company is there and yielding no return. It must to
a certain extent operate in order that any one may have
gas if he tries to use it. In fact the expense of the com-
pany would be substantially the same as in normal times
except for the actual cost of producing the gas that
would ordinarily be consumed during that period. To a
degree this applies to the case of a single consumer who
is, as the phrase goes, "connected up," but who does not
use gas for any particular period, as, for example, if his
house be closed during a summer vacation. All expenses
can now be ascertained through the accounts of the com-
panies required to be kept according to a uniform system
prescribed by the Commission largely for this purpose.
In this way costs can be analyzed, and when so ana-
lyzed it is found that certain thereof vary directly and
proportionately with the number of consumers, that is
to say, the cost to the corporation of standing ready to
serve is exactly the same whether the consumer and his
family be away on vacation with the house closed or
whether he be a large industrial consumer using many
thousand feet a day.
In addition to these items there are others where un-
doubtedly a great part of the total is likewise propor-
tioned to the number of consumers and has no relation
to the amount of gas consumed. In fact the only item
of expense clearly and imquestionably dependent upon
the amount of gas consumed and not in any degree upon
the number of consumers is the cost of producing the gas
and storing it in the holder.
It is elementary that the corporation is entitled to a
fair return on the value of its property used and useful
in the public service, or as section 72 of the Public Ser-
vice Commissions Law states the rule "a reasonable av-
erage return upon capital actually expended."
The corporation provides and installs meters and it
bears the expense of the pipe from the main to the prop-
erty line. Here is an investment upon which it is entitled
to a return and which is constant whether gas is used or
not used. Meters must be inspected and kept in repair
and so must the service pipes. Meters must be read
whether gas is used or not, accounts must be kept with
the individual consumer and bills must be rendered and
accounts collected.
While the rendition and collection of bills is not re-
gardless of whether any gas is consumed, the expense in
nowise relates to the amount of the consumption, and
it is, therefore, a charge which should be distributed
among the customers as a total. Meters and services
depreciate regardless of the consumption and the total
depreciation depends upon the number of meters and
number of services.
The size and extent of mains is largely related to the
number of consumers, and theoretically, therefore, some
proportion of the return on this investment and some
proportion of the cost of maintenance and of deprecia-
tion should go into the service charge; but these items
have also a direct relation to the amount of gas produced
and used and in the absence of any satisfactory basis of
apportionment it is better to refer them entirely to the
commodity cost. The same is true of taxes. We might
extend the inquiry to other less important items but
enough has been said to illustrate the principle.
If we have nothing except a straight charge of a given
amount for each hundred or thousand cubic feet of gas
consumed, it is manifest that those who consume the gas
are paying not only the cost of supplying them but they
are paying the expense sustained by the corporation in
holding itself ready to serve others connected up who
use the gas not at all or in very small quantities.
It should be of no concern financially to the corpora-
tion whether it receives its revenue in the form of a
straight commodity rate, in the form of a commodity
rate with a minimum charge, or in the form of a com-
modity rate plus a service charge. In any event it is en-
titled under the law to receive sufficient revenue in the
aggr^ate to pay all its operating expenses under reason-
able and economic management, to pay its taxes, to pay
"a reasonable average return upon capital actually ex-
pended," and to make reservations out of income for sur-
plus and contingencies (Public Service Commissions
iaw, section 72).
This revenue to which it is entitled is a fixed sum to
be paid by consumers in one form of rate or another,
and the question involved is in nowise a question of
greater or less revenue to the company but a question of
distributing the fixed burden among the consumers
equitably and without discrimination.
From what has already been said it must be clear that
a straight commodity rate is inequitable, and if permit-
ted at all should be permitted only under exceptional
conditions where the inequity resulting is inconsiderable.
The static cost above referred to can not, of course, be
distributed with absolute justice and equity among all.
The man who uses no gas but is connected up is not in
precisely the same situation as a man who uses one
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THE GAS AGE
February 25, 1921
hundred feet a month, and neither is in the situation of
a man who uses one hundred thousand feet a month. A
general basis must be found which will result in a mini-
mum of inequality.
The question, therefore, resolves itself into a con-
sideration as to which of the two remaining rates is
preferable: the minimum charge or the service charge.
The expense to be paid being in g^reat part exactly, and
in the rest almost exactly^ proportioned to the number of
consumers, the service charge, made the same for each
consumer, is indicated strongly as the proper rate. The
indication is so strong that it may well be taken as con-
trolling unless its opponents can in some way demon-
strate the superiority of the minimtun charge. The first
point always made is that it is tmfair to the small con-
sumer.
Commissioner Barhite asks, "Is it just or reasonable
that the modest householder who requires a few hundred
or a few thousand feet per month should pay the same
amotmt to be applied to the general and constant ex-
pense of the company as the business man who requires
hundreds of thousands of feet in the same time?" The
answer to this question must be "No" ; but thq question
involves the assumption that the service charge includes
the entire general and constant expense of the company.
The service charge should include only such parts of the
expense as are incurred in maintaining the service proper
as distinguished from supplying the commodity, and
only that part that is the same or substantially the same
both for the modest householder and the large business
man. So stated, the answer to the question must be
"Yes."
It is said the service charge is irrespective of the ben-
efit received and has no relation to it, and that a rail-
road might as well charge a certain sum irrespective of
the number of miles traveled. There is a distinct benefit
received in having a commodity ready to use if desired,
and if the patron desires this and if it costs the corpora-
tion money to satisfy his desire it is entitled to com-
pensation. If a railroad company kept a special train on
a sidetrack under steam ready to convey a party at any
time and as often as desired from point to point, it might
well exact a very considerable service charge.
It is said that a very large percentage of the con-
sumers are small users and yet pay the greater part of
the amount which the service charge is intended to pro-
vide. They pay only their proportion. They pay as
much and no more than the large consumer. They do
not pay the greater part unless they are the greater num-
ber.
The average consumption of gas in Rochester is 2700
feet. With a minimum rate of 50 cents and a commodity
rate of $1.45 the bill for the average consumer would be
$351. With a service charge of 40 cents and a com-
modity rate of $1.30 his bill would be $3.91.
In the case of the minimum charge, the small consum-
er, as pointed out by Commissioner Kellogg in the pe-
tition of the Glen Cove and Sea Cliff Gas Company, de-
cided herewith, pays the entire cost of the service so
far as it is separated. He alone bears any burden be-
cause the commodity rate, if properly imposed, must be
increased to cover that portion of the service cost not
met by the very small consumer who pays the minimum
bill.
The opponents of the service charge deduce from these
arguments in some manner that it works a discrimina-
tion against the small constmier, but every argument
advanced applies with equal or greater force to the mini-
mum charge. Assume a commodity rate of $1 a thous-
and cubic feet and a minimum charge of $1 per month.
The man whose house is closed in the summer pays $1
and uses no gas. The very small consumer, probably a
professional man in his office, uses, say, 100 feet and
pays $1. Another small consumer uses 900 feet and pays
$1. Another uses 1000 feet and pays $1. An industrial
consiuner uses 100,000 feet and pays $100. No part of
the cost of service is directly paid by any one who uses
1000 feet or more. The man on vacation pays $1 service
charge, and the assumed professional man in his office
pays 90 cents.
The small consiimer thus pays a special charge for
the service, and, because the commodity rate is higher
than it would be under a service charge, he pays in ad-
dition a part of the service cost of the large constmier. If
anything further is necessary to demonstrate the dis-
criminations worked by the minimum rate, the following
illustration, from a report of a committee of the Glovers-
ville Chamber of Commerce, should be sufficient:
"The minimum gas rate is inequitable. A sample case
cited is the best proof. Mr. A. and Mr. B. are in the
minimum class, which is placed, say, at $1. Mr. A. uses
90 cents worth of gas a month ; he pays $1. Mr. B. uses
20 cents worth of gas a month; he also pays $1. If the
interest on the service investment to that residence or
office is 50 cents, the company sustains a loss from Mr.
A. of 40 cents that must be made up by some other
consumer, while it has made a profit of 30 cents off Mr.
B."
A single objection remains to be considered, and that
is based on the law. Sec. 66 of the Transportation Cor-
poration Law provides that no gas light corporation in
this State shall charge or collect rent on its gas meters
either in a direct or indirect manner. In Buffalo v. Buffa-
lo Gas Co., 81 Appellate Division 505, it was held that a
so-called minimum charge was shown to be a meter rent
only by evidence that it varied in proportion to the size
of the meter.
It is only by a straining of language that a service
charge as above described, uniform among all classes of
customers and depending upon the stmi of all the ex-
penses that are uniform, could be distorted into a rent,
direct or indirect, for the gas meter. At the same time,
it is possible that a factor in the service charge covering
a return on the cost of the meter and its depreciation
might be an indirect rental and for that reason should
be eliminated from the service charge although other-
wise it ought properly to be included.
The Rates
It is first necessary to determine how much the service
charge should be. The following table, based on the
evidence as to the actual expenses of the corporation,
justifies the proposal of the petitioner to make the charge
40 cents a month :
OOMPUTATION OF SSRYIOE OHABGE FOR ROCHESTER
Meter and iiwtallatlon work f 17.688
Work on oonBumcr't premlMt ' 28,865
R«p«in to meton 21.916
Repair* to senrioea 4.885
Commercial expenie 126.481
stationery and printing (00%) 8,784
General adminiatration (22.6 of total) 26.762
DeprecUtion on aenrloea and Inatallatfnna (8%) 84.949
Depreciation on metera (8%) 16.856
Total operating ooet, aenrloe $279,090
UncoUectible billa 20.996
8% return on investment in senrices and installation, leas depreciation 89.066
8% return on investment in meters, less depreciation 89.480
$428,680
$488,680 divided bj 80,000 (meters) equals $6.86 annual aervioe chaise, or
44.6 cents per month.
To remove any doubt as to the application of section
66 of the Transportation Corporations Law, there should
be deducted $54,836, the two items of return on invest-
ment in meters and depreciation of meters. This leaves
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February 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
143
$373,794, which divided by 80,(XX), the number of meters
in use, indicates a total charge of a fraction over $4.67
a year, or 38.9 cents a month. While this very closely
meets the theory of the petitioner it is not likely that it
is the result of the same calculation. In the above cal-
culation nothing has been included for distribution, su-
perintendence and supplies, insurance, accidents and
damages, legal expenses and taxes, although unquestion-
ably some |)ortion of these accounts should go into the
service charge if it were possible to make any reasonable
apportionment thereof.
There has been no complete inventory and appraise-
ment of the property. In making the temporary or-
der of July 1st a value of $8,435,891 was used. This was
the book value according to the latest figures then ob-
tainable and based on a minimtmi allowance for work-
ing capital. On further evidence with the capital ac-
counts, fixed and working, adjusted to January 1, 1920,
this figure is $8,645,891. Checking this with informa-
tion in the Commission's records in capitalization cases,
it is deemed safe to accept this figure as the rate base.
Assuming then a service charge of 40 cents a month,
the commodity rate may be arrived at, as follows :
Total op«ntiiiff expenses tint tight months of 1920 |1»968,028
Coal carboniMd $686,006
Water-gas oU 887,869
922,874
Operating expenses, excluding residual credit and coal and oil cost $1,040,049
Reduced to annual basis $1,560,974
•Coal carbonised, estimated at $10 a ton 1.528,887
Cas oil, estimated at 14c a gallon 840.000
Bstfanated additional wages 125,000
$4,049,811
Residual credit, estimated at 25o per M cu. ft made (first eight
months 1920, 28.84c) 8.100,000 multiplied by 25 equals 775,000
$8,274,811
Taxes, excluding Federal income tax 190,000
TTnooUectible bills 18,000
S% on $8,646,891 691.671
Neceesary gross revenue for a "fair return" $4,178,982
Revenue from service charge, 80,000 meters at $4.80
per annum $884,000
Miscellaneous revenue 80,000
414,000
To be made up from consiunption diarge $3,759,982
Estimated sales, 2,946,000 If co. ft (S% loss of gas considered) :
8,759,982 divided hj 2,946,000 equals $1.28 average return per M cu. ft
required mhius $0.91 average return per M cu. ft 1919 equals $0.87 average
increase in price of gas required.
$0.96 (present maximum price) plus $0.87 equals $1.82, the maximum price
to be allowed.
If no service charge were to be allowed the result
would be :
$4,178,988 minus $80,000 (misoeUanaous rwenues) equals $4,148,982.
$4,148,982 divided hj $2,946,000 equals $1.41, the average revenue required.
Deducting 91 cents, the present average revenue,
leaves 49 cents per thousand cubic feet additional re-
quired to give a proper revenue. This would make the
maximum rate $1.45 a thousand.
The above figures are merely a summary. An anal-
ysis of the several items presented would only serve to
bewilder rather than elucidate. The summary is based
on careful calculations of the detailed figures in evi-
dence. These have been checked wherever possible and
it is confidently believed that the results are correct
It is not usual to fix gas rates more closely than in
multiples of 5 cents for each thousand cubic feet. With
a service charge of 40 cents a month the maximum com-
modity rate should be $1.30 a thousand feet. The com-
pany has always supplied gas in large quantities to con-
sumers at lower rates. These are availed of by industrial
consumers. As the enhanced costs are referable almost
entirely to production, the increase should theoretically
be uniform to all classes of consumers.
As in the industries, gas competes with electric and
steam power, it is probable that the large quantity rates
are based on competitive factors. These large quan-
tity industrial rates have not heretofore been fixwl by
the Commission and it is not desirable that they should
now be fixed, but the increase in no class should vary
more than 5 cents from the general increase of 35 cents
a thousand computed to be required on the entire output.
Chairman Hill and Commissioners Kellogg and Van
Namee concur ; Commissioner Barhite dissents as to ser-
vice charge, filing opinion.
Jl Jl jl
Finances of California Utilities
The Railroad CommiBsion of the State of Cali-
fornia Have Rendered Valiant, Efifective Ser-
vice on a Big Scale and in a Broad-Minded
Way to Both the People and Public Utilities
THAT the public utilities of the state of California
were forced in 1920 by the development of all
parts of the state, to plan for the expenditure of
many millions of dollars for construction and other
work is indicated by a compilation of securities data
made by the Department of Finance and Accounts
of the Railroad Commission.
During the twelve months ending December 31, 1920,
California utilities — steam and electric railroads, gas
and electric companies, water companies, telephone and
telegfraph companies, warehouse and steamship com-
panies and motor companies — filed with the Commission
applications to issue securities that aggregated $179,-
•668,083.61. The Commission approved applications to
the extent of $152,119,927.37, denied applications total-
ing $250,500, dismissed requests aggregating $3,491,560
and on December 31 had pending applications totaline
$50,678,783.03.
In only two years since the effective date of the Pub-
lic Utilities Act,(March 23, 1912) has the amount of
securities authorized by the Commission in 1920 been
exceeded. In 1914 the Commission authorized $226,-
725,501.98 and in 1916 $186,633,146.21. In 1919 the
issues amounted to $72,774,902.57. Since March 23,
1912, the grand total of securities authorized by the
Commission amounts to $1,084,560,452.39.
The following table shows a segregation of the se-
curities and also a comparison with the previous year :
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THE GAS AGE
February 25, 1921
12 mos. ending Dec. 31 1920 1919
Stock $60,435,606.00 $16,151,816.90
Bonds 68,742,246.81 54,928,950.00
Notes 21,038,860.56 1,714,135.61
Certificates 1,903,214.00
Total $152,119,927.37 $72,774,902.51
Permission to issue securities was obtained by the
several classes of utilities as follows :
12 mos. ending Dec. 31 1920 1919
Kind
Steam railroads .... $ 4,523,354.00 $ 4,812,811.80
Electric railways .... 46,434,279.04 8,867,562.10
Gas and Electric
companies 82,515,708.66 56,095,461.51
Water companies ... 12,215,650.67 1,445,831.90
Telephone & Telegraph
co's 2,990,755.00 161,390.20
Warehouse companies 401,050.00 634,200.00
Steamship companies 1,854,100.00 540,340.00
Motor Companies . . . 1,185,030.00 217,305.00
Total
$152,119,927.37 $72,774,902.51
Purpose
Additions and better-
ments $ 73,045,192.37 $43,708,588.21
To refund indebtedness . 3,508,460.00 18,526,152.30
To be used for collateral 29,580,000.00 797,000.00
For reorganization pur- « . . . ,^ ^
poses 43,594,500.00 9,743,162.00
For miscellaneous pur-
poses 2,391,775.00
Total $152,119,927.37 $72,744,902.51
That extensive construction work was planned in 1920
particularly by gas and electric companies, is shown by
the following:
Pacific Gas and Electric Company received permis-
sion to issue $42,610,902.54 of stock, bonds and notes,
of which $26,110,902.54 of securities were to be used for
acquisition of property and for construction purposes
and $16,500,000 of bonds for collateral purposes. $110,-
902.54 of notes were authorized to acquire the properties
of California Power and Manufactunng Company, and
the balance, consisting of $6,000,000 of preferred stock,
$10,000,000 of 20-year 7% bonds and $10,000,000 of
collateral trust notes, to be used as the company pro-
ceeds with its construction program on its own system
and on that of Mt. Shasta Power Corporation, (Pit
River) a subsidiary company.
For work on the Caribou Development and other
parts of its system. Great Western Power Comp^ of
California received permission to issue $1,500,000 of
preferred stock and $5,000,000 of 10-year 8% bonds.
Southern California Edison Company was authorized
to issue $10,438,000 of securities,— $438,000 of bondsto
refund those of Edison Electric Company, and $5,000,-
000 each of stock and bonds for construction purposes.
On December 31, 1920, there was pending before tiie
Commission, petitions of this company to issue $20,-
000,000 more of stock and bonds.
For construction work and additions and betterments
during 1920, San Joaquin Light and Power Corporation
was authorized to issue $6,515,163.31 of stock and bonds,
Western States Gas and Electric Company, $1,020,000
of stock and bonds. Southern Sierras Power Company,
$1,040,478.55 of bonds, Southern Counties Gas Con^any,
$1,329,389.26 of bonds. Snow Mountain Water and
Power Company, $1,500,000 of stock and Los Angeles
Gas and Electric Company, $1,000,000 of bonds.
To enable San Francisco-Richmond Ferry Company
to construct a ferry boat to transport automobiles across
San Francisco Bay, the Commission authorized the issu-
ance of $800,000 of stock. On December 31, 1920, the
Commission had under advisement the application of
Golden Gate Ferry Company to issue $1,000,000 of stock
to equip and operate a ferry system between San Fran-
cisco and Sausalito.
East Bay Water Company received permission to issue
$406,221 of stock and $1,662,339 of bonds to procure
funds for its San Pablo project.
San Dic^o and Arizona Railway Company, building a
line from San Di^o to Seeley, Imperial County, was au-
thorized to issue $1,000,000 of bonds to Southern Pacific
Company to complete the road.
To purchase equipment. Southern Pacific Company
was authorized to issue $1,903,214 of equipment trust
certificates and Northwestern Pacific Railroad Company
to issue $1,301,240 of bonds.
The reorganization of United Railroads was sanc-
tioned by the Commission on December 22, 1920, when
Market Street Railway Company was authorized to issue
$32,150,000 of stock, $8,725,000 of bonds and $5,200,000
of notes to acquire the system of the former company.
Santa Maria Gas Company was authorized to issue
$300,000 of stock, $408,000 of bonds and $82,000 of notes
to take over Santa Maria Gas and Power Company and
the gas properties of Midland Counties Public Service
Corporation in San Luis Obispo Coimty.
Sweetwater Water Works was authorized to issue $1,-
000,000 of stock and $450,000 of bonds to purchase the
system of Sweetwater Water Company in San Di^^
County.
Federal Telegraph Company was authorized to issue
$2,391,775 of stock to re-finance the system. Heretofore
the Poulsen Wireless Corporation, which owns all the
outstanding stock of Federal Tel^aph Company, had
outstanding $24,917,750 of stock. To reconcile the out-
standing stock with the value of the properties, the Com-
mission approved the plan whereby the $24,917,750 of
stock of Poulsen Wireless Corporation was exchanged
for the $2,491,775 of stock of Federal Telegraph Com-
pany, the former company then to be disincorporated.
Securities authorized to be issued for collateral pur-
poses increased $28,783,000 during 1920. This large in-
crease was caused by the prevailing high rate of interest,
which led several of the larger utilities to issue short-
term obligations bearing a high rate of interest, secured
by long-term bonds. Pacific Gas and Electric Company
was authorized to pledge $16,500,000 of general and re-
funding mortgage bonds to secure the payment of $10,-
000,000 of 5-year 7 per cent notes ; San Joaquin Light
and Power Corporation, to pledge $2,625,000 of first
and refunding bonds to secure an equal amount of 15-
year 8% collateral trust bonds, Los Angeles Gas and
Electric Company, to pledge $1,500,000 of first and re-
funding bonds to secure $1,000,000 of 4-year 7% notes.
Spring Valley Water Company to pledge $3,250,000 of
4% general mortgage bonds to secure $2,500,000 of 6
per cent notes.
An order of a public service commission, mere-
ly directing a gas company to file, post and publish ac-
cording to law, its tariff and schedule of rates cover-
ing service complained of is not a final finding and
determination by the commission of the matter com-
plained of, and until- such a final determination has
been made an appeal is premature. People's Natural
Gas Co. V. Public Service Commission, Pennsylvania
Supreme Court, 110 AtL 467.
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February 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
145
Gas Making with Cheap Oxygen
New Process Proposed before the Convention
of N. E. Gas Engineers and Discussed in a
Technical Way, Bringing Out the Possibilities
By E. A. W. JEFFERIES, Worcester, Mass.
AVERY complete and masterly study of the pro-
posed process of manufacturing city and industrial
fuel gas direct in one operation, using only bi-
tuminous coal, steam and free oxygen was read by
Professor J. W. Cobb at the annual convention of the
Institution of Gas Engineers in London, Jime 1920 and
published in the "Gas Journal" of Jime 8th, pages 640
to 647, including the free discussion following it.
Of course the success of this proposal is entirely de-
pendent on the cheap separation of oxygen from the
atmosphere, as gas engineers know and have known
for many years. The authors of the above study and
all those who discussed it recognized this happy event
as the fundamental necessity if we are ever to have gas
cheap enough to use for every purpose where heat is
required — both in domestic and industrial furnaces and
burners, for generation of power and heating of build-
ings.
Previous Investigations
The method of producing Oxygen cheaply is handled
best by Mr. F. E. Norton in various published statements
which indicate a cost ranging from 6 cents to 30 cents
per 1000 cu. ft. depending on the scale of operations
and upon the cost of capital and labor (See "Chemical
and Metallurgical Engineering," New York, September
15th, 1920).
The object now is to study the amount of Oxygen re-
quired and the nature and value of the gas produced as
well as its cost, from a somewhat different angle than
that of the more scholarly and scientiific treatment pre-
sented by Professor Cobb. My plan is to base the de-
ductions on good gas-producer practice, with which prac-
tice and its development I have been intimately con-
nected in the U. S. for the past 25 years.
Messrs. Cobb and Hodsman studied this problem by
means of data drawn from the usual retort or carbon-
ization process as used in gas works where the conditions
diflFer greatly from those prevailing in the proposed
direct process. In the one case distillation of volatiles
is first effected in a closed retort heated from without,
while oxidation of the Carbon is effected in another
apparatus by an intermittent process in which Air and
Steam are blown thro' it alternately (water gas gener-
ation). In the proposed case both carbonization and
distillation go on together continuously in one vessel
by actual contact between the fuel and the oxidizing
agents intimately associated. That "vessel" is the mod-
em gas-producer or producer-gas-machine and the
new process is substantially identical with producer-gas
practice except that the nitrogen has been removed
from the blast, leaving only a gentle current of steam
and oxygen.
It therefore appears reasonable that good gas-pro-
ducer practice should afford data worth studying care-
fully as a basis for the performance of the new process,
if it may be so called. There will of course be diflfer-
ences caused by removing the nitrogen, but they will be
favorable differences. The volume of the gas being
reduced 50% by removal of nitrogen, and the lowering
of temperature by the use of a deeper fuel bed, will ma-
terially diminish the loss from sensible heat carried away
wastefully. Then, too, the deeper fire-zone gives longer
contact between the carbon and the oxidizing agents and
will therefore bring about considerable diminution in
the percentage of CO,, which latter is always dead loss.
I cannot however share the hope that CO, is reducible
to the point su^ested by Professor Cobb's data, and
have assimied 39b as a more practicable figure. I have
also assumed that the nitrogen content will not turn
out to be less than 2% instead of 1%. Also that the
higher temperature of distillation as compared with
retorting will reduce the quantity of condensible tar
vapor.
It is not my intention that these remarks should
be interpreted as in the slightest degree critical of the
splendid work of Messrs. Cobb and Hodsman for which
I have the greatest respect, believing that their courage
in presenting it at this propitious time will redound
greatly to their credit before long and probably mark
the beginning of a new epoch in the all-absorbing pro-
blem of fuel economy ; an epoch especially favorable to
the fortunes of those whose investments are now tied
up in Gas properties facing destructive competition,
whether individuals or communities.
Reactions and Yields
First, with reference to the quantity of Oxygen re-
quired, we must necessarily indulge in a little elementary
Chemistry. To oxidize the carbon in a good grade of
gas coal containing 60% fixed carbon, 34% volatiles
and 6% ash, we must supply for every 100 lbs.
of dry coal 30 poimds of dry steam and 640 cu. ft. of
oxygen (measured at 0°C). Should Professor Cobb's
estimate regarding COg prove attainable then this quan-
tity of oxygen will be reduced to 600 cu. ft.
The same study also shows that from the fixed
carbon, steam and oxygen we shall obtain (per 100 lbs.
of coal), 1710 cu. ft. of carbon monoxide (CO), 600
cu. ft. of Hydrogen (H,) and 90 cu. ft. of carbon di-
oxide (CO,), also that enough surplus heat has been
provided to oflFset all the losses, namely the losses by
by conduction thro' the walls of the gas-producer, by
the sensible heat carried off in the hot gas, and by the
heat necessary to distill the volatiles. This latter func-
tion is performed wholly by the heat of the gases gen-
erated in the lower part of the fuel bed, serving to cool
them regenerator fashion as they rise thro' the fresh
fuel above. Distillation thus conserves part of the
heat generated by oxidation of the carbon which would
otherwise be wasted, and may therefore be said to con-
simie practically no fuel.
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146
THE GAS AGE
February 25, 1921
Professor Cobb's estimate of these losses combined
is 5.1% of the total heat energy of the coal, which I
fear is slightly too low. However, actual facts on this
point are extremely difficult to obtain. Data taken under
my own observation apparently indicate only 12% total
loss in good Gas-Producer practice, after crediting the
heat value of the tar vapors (estimated, see Dr. W. A.
Bone's book "Coal and its Scientific Uses," page 344).
The great reduction in CO^ and in the volume and
temperature of gases generated by the proposed means
compared with the steam-air blown gas-producer seems
t6 warrant us, however, in figuring only about 6% loss
by heat carried away. I must, nevertheless confess that
my courage would not have been equal to placing this
figure so low but for the support given by Professor
Cobb's calculations. (Note that the result works out
here at 6.2% loss).
So far I have only covered the oxidation of the car-
bon, the heat losses, and the amount of oxygen and steam
required. There remains the consideration of the volatile
matter which is the most difficult factor because there are
no data known to me which strictly comply with the new
conditions. The nearest approach is by certain long
continued gas-producer tests in which the samples were
collected and analyzed continuously day and night for
months. These tests constitute, in respect of continuity.
"S re TT
Gai UMd to Operate Separation Plant
perhaps the most unique, comprehensive and reliable
data of this kind ever recorded. They are published
by the Morgan Construction Company of Worcester,
Massachusetts, in their Producer-Gas Machine Catalog,
and altho' they do not represent the exact conditions
prevailing in the steam-oxygen blown gas-producer, yet
they do represent them far more accurately than pres-
ent gas works data can do, and the corrections nec-
essary by reason of the elimination of nitrogen, etc., are
not difficult to make with a fair degree of certainty.
Further, they can be checked.
The table published by Dr. Bone in his monumental
work, (page 363) is also a valuable confirmation of the
figures given in the Morgan catalog, because that table
is the result of actual working and of painstaking care
under personal observation, altho' the period covered and
the continuity of the analyses were undoubtedly much
less.
Heat value per cu. ft. 400 B.t.u. The coal used in
these calculations is a good grade of Pennsylvania or
West Virginia gas coal (34.5% vol.) yielding 14240 B.t.u.
per pound (dry) and containing 80% total Carbon.
We may assume 92.26% of this total carbon is retained
in the fixed gases and about 7% in the tar vapors (Bone,
page 344).
Therefore the fixed gases from 100 lbs. of coal carry
80 X 0.9226 = 73.8 lbs. of carbon, and as every 100 ft.
of gas carries 2.388 lbs. of carbon, we have substantially
31 cu. ft. of gas from every pound of coaL (73.8 -i-
2.388).
Based on these records and making proper corrections
for reduction in CO,, Nitrogen and heat losses, we ob-
tain the following results for the analysis of all the
fixed gases, exclusive of condensible tar vapors.
B.t.u.
per 100 cu. ft. Weight Carbon in
Fixed Gas Oo C Fixed Gat
CO. 3.0% 0J68 1bs. 0.100 lbs.
C,H4 .... 1.4% X 1680 B.tu. = 2352 0.109 lbs. 0.093 lbs.
CH, 7.6% X 1070 B.tu. = 8132 0J39 lbs. 0254 lbs.
H, 28.0% X 346 B.t.u. = 9688 0.157 lbs.
CO 58.0% X 343 B.t.u. = 9894 4.530 lbs. 1.941 lbs.
N 2.0% 0.156 lbs.
Totals per 100 cu. ft. of Gas 40066 5.659 lbs. 2J88 lbs.
As the total weight of Gas as shown by the above
Table is 5.66 lbs. per 100 cu. ft. the weight of fixed gas
from one pound of Coal (31 cu. ft.) must be 5.66x0.31
= 1 .754 lbs., made up as follows :
Fixed Carbon 0.600 lbs.
Steam 0.300 lbs.
Free Oxygen (6.4 cu. ft) 0.571 lbs.
Fixed volatiles (7 cu. ft.) 0.283 lbs.
Total Gas per pound Coal 1.754 lbs.
The efficiency of the process can now be computed.
Heat Values in One Pound of the Coal Studied
Fixed Carbon . . .0.600 lb. @ 14.600 B.t.u. Per lb. = 8^60 B.tu.
Fixed Volatiles .0.283 lb. @ 15,830 B.tu. Per lb.= 4,480 B.t.u.
Condensible Tar .0.057 lb. ® 17,544 B.t.u. Per lb.= 1,000 B.tu.
14,240 B.t.u.
Ash 0.060 1b.
Steam 0.3 lb. @ 1,000 B.t.u. Per lb. = 300 B.tu.
Total Heat Value Put Into Gas Producer Per
lb. Coal 14,540 B.ta
The voltune and heating value of the gas from one
pound of above coal is made up as follows :
Co, 0.9 cu. ft
CO 17.1 cu. ftx343 B.t.u. per ft = 5865 B.tu.
H, 6.0 cu. ft X 346 B.t.u. per ft = 2076 B.tu.
Fixed volatiles .... 7.0 cu. ft. x 640 B.t.u. per ft. = 4480 B.tu.
ToUl 31.0 12421
Heat value per cu. ft. 12421 -=- 31 = 400 B.t.u.
Summarizing these data which, as stated, are based
on good modem Gas-Producer practice we have the
following facts:
1 Gas coal (dry) 100 lbs.
2 Gas produced 3100 cu. ft at 0*C
3 Heat value 400 B.tu. per cu. ft
4 Steam used (dry) 30 lbs.
5 Oxygen used 640 cu. ft.
6 Oxygen used per 1000 cu. ft of gas . . 206.5 cu. ft. (640 -r- 3.1).
7 Condensible Tar rejected (by-product) 57 lbs.
8 Heat values. Gas — Coal, excluding Tar = 12420 -r- 13240
= 93.8%.
9 Ditto, including heat of Steam = 12420-=- 13540 = 917%
10 Ditto, including condensible Tar and Steam = 12420 -f- 14540
= 85.4%.
It is difficult to compare these results with those ob-
tained by Messrs. Cobb and Hodsman because (outside
of the fact that they based their study on the present
Retort Process) they obtained their data from an in-
ferior gas coal yielding only 12730 B.t.u. per lb. Prob-
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February 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
147
ably this was a war coal which would not be used for
gas making purposes in normal times, because North
of England mines can produce just as good gas coals
as those of Pennsylvania. The quantity of gas per
pound, however, works out at substantially the same in
both cases, but naturally the better coal gives a better
qtudity, namely 400 B.tu. per cubic foot instead of 352
B.tu.
Cost of Gas and of Oxygen
Data on the cost of gas production by this process,
at the rate of 10 million cubic feet per day, and of the
cost of the Oxygen separately, have been prepared for
one of the largest Pennsylvania gas companies, based
on present high figures for capital, labor and machinery
prevailing in the United States.
Such an equipment must gasify 145 gross tons of
coal per day, yielding 69,000 cu. ft. of gas per ton. It
must also separate at least 3 million cu. ft. of oxygen
per day from the atmosphere and reject 8 million cu. ft.
of nitrogen. The figures submitted are as follows :
A. — Oxygen Plant with maximum capacity of
3 million cubic ft per day,
machinery only, erected . . $350,000.
B — Gas-Making plant consisting of six
producer-gas machines, 2
steam boilers, coal and ash
handling machinery, flues
and piping, erected $150,000.
C — ^Buildings, Fotmdations and Equipment
covering all the above . . . $100,000.
F — Fimd for preliminary trial rtms and ad-
justments $ 50,000.
These figures cover all apparatus for producing the
raw gas, but do not include scrubbers, washers, gas-
holders, exhausters, etc., which are standard equipment.
It includes everything necessary to deliver the raw gas
at 1 in. pressure in a main adjacent to g^s house.
Assuming that the average cost of good gas coals
delivered at the given location may be taken at $4.50
per gross ton and the gas consumption to be provided
for is 3.4 million M. per annum, the cost of the gas
works out as follows :
Cents per
1,000 cu. ft.
Interest on $650,000. at 7% per annum 1.34
Maintenance and Amortization on $500,000.
at 9% per annum 1.32
Coal at $4.50 per 2240 lbs. delivered (69,000
ft of gas) 6.52
Labor on Gas-Producers at 55c. per ton coal 0.80
Supervision and Labor to operate
Oxygen Plant at $90.00 per day 0.90
Fuel for Oxygen Plant (4.7% of coal gasi-
fied) 0.32
Water, Supplies and sundries at $40.00 per
day, (for Producer and Oxygen Plants) . . 0.40
Total Cost of Raw Gas 11.60
The above figures do not include the cost of wash-
ing, purifying and storing the gas ; neither, on the other
hand, do they allow for the income obtainable from by-
products. These two items tend to balance each other
but do not come within the author's personal experience.
Finally, no credit has been given for the possible value
of eight million cu. ft. of nitrogen produced daily be-
cause there is no immediate market developed for it.
The prospect is that in the near future this by-product
of oxygen separation will have a substantial value in
the production of artificial fertilizers, carbide, nitric
acid, etc., when such industries are located near the gas
works. Nitrogen has also a potential value for creating
a non-oxidizing atmosphere in annealing furnaces and
in chemical operations when produced so cheaply in
large quantities.
The cost of the oxygen itself, separated from the
above data, works out as follows :
Capital Cost of Oxygen Plant $350,000.
Interest, maintenance and amortization at
16% per annum 56,000.
Supervision and Labor, $90. per day 32,400.
Fuel, $32. per day 11,520.
Supplies and Sundries, $25. per day 9,000.
Total cost per annum $108,920.
Total cost per day 302.50
Cost Variation Due to Size of Plant
If this plant operates at
Cost in cents
per 1000 cu. ft.
Full capacity (3 million ft. per day) 10.1
2J4 million ft. per day 12.1
2 million ft. per day 15.1
Assvuning 15c per 1000 ft. for the oxygen, and 200
ft. consumed per 1000 ft. of Gas, the Oxygen costs
3c. per 1000 ft of gas delivered to the mains.
It therefore appears possible by the figures submitted
above to manufacture a most desirable gas for all pur-
poses without the use of oil at a cost when properly
located, even in these very expensive times, which fav-
orably compares with the present increasing cost of
natural gas. The quantity available is limited only by
the supply of coal and capital whereas the supply of
natural gas is rapidly diminishing and in many cases
impossible to obtain in winter when most needed. Fur-
ther, this gas containing large percentages of carbon
monoxide and hydrogen bums at a substantially higher
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148
THE GAS AGE
February 25, 1921
temperature than natural gas because the latter requires
4 times as much air to burn it, while the B.t.u. content
is only 2^ times as much.
City Gas Companies may, therefore, reasonably look
forward to a new era in their business, not only in the
ability to meet the present demand at a very much lower
cost, but principally because the field of operation is
thereby broadened to cover the supply of fuel for heat-
ing houses and buildings, for operating gas engines,
and for every industry requiring it. Except for raising
steam in large units and for those greater furnace oper-
ations where producer-gas made on the spot is more
economical, solid coal or coke can not possibly supply
heat so cheaply and conveniently, all things considered,
as gaseous fuel carrying 400 B.t.u. per cubic ft. when
sold at a fair profit over the cost of manufacture in-
dicated by these data, plus the cost of distribution.
Oxygen Required in Gas Making
The operation of gasifying bituminous coal with a
mixture of free oxygen and steam can be considered in
three phases:
First — Sufficient of the mixture in proper proportions
must be provided to convert about 80% of the
fixed carbon to carbon monoxid (CO).
Second — Sufficient additional free oxygen must be pro-
vided to cover heat losses. Of this amount a
certain portion will inevitably be converted to
CO2 due principally to imperfect action, and
the remainder will be converted to CO.
Third — Distillation of the volatile matter.
Let us take up a study of the first two phases only.
One pound of Carbon requires 1 1/3 lbs. of Oxygen
(15 cu. ft), producing 2 1/3 lbs. CO = 30 cu. ft.
The heat energy generated thereby is 4450 B.t.u.
If this amount of oxygen (15 cu. ft) is obtained by
disassociation of steam then an additional amount of
heat must be provided by other means, because —
The heat required to separate 15 cu. ft. of oxygen
from steam is 10,380 B.t.u. This action releases 30
cu. ft. of hydrogen which on burning later in the
atmosphere, as part of the gas, returns the same
amount of heat, namely 30x346=i 10,380 B.tu.
The balance of heat to bersupplied for this phase is
therefore 10380 — 4450 = 5930 B.t.u.
This amount of heat will be generated by gasifying
5930 ^ 4450 = 1 1/3 lbs. of carbon to CO without
steam, requiring 15 x 1 1/3 = 20 cu. ft. of free oxygen
and producing an additional 1 1/3 x 30 = 40 cu. ft.
of CO.
Note that the steam required to supply the above 15
cu. ft. of oxygen and 30 ft. of hydrogen = 1>4 lbs.
The first phase therefore requires, to reduce to 1 lb.
Carbon
Carbon 1 + 11/3 = 2 1/3 lbs. H- 2 1/3 = 1 lb.
Free Oxygen 20 cu. ft. -^ 2 1/3 = 8,60 cu. ft.
Steam lyi lbs. -2 1/3= .64 lbs.
Gaseous CO. 30 + 40 = 70 cu. ft. -h 2 1/3 = 30.00 cu. ft.
Products Hydrogen 30 cu. ft. -^21/3= 12.86 cu. ft.
The second phase. A total loss of at least 6% of the
heat of the fuel must be provided for. One-half of
this amount, namely 3%, will be represented by gen-
eration of CO2. Assuming the final volume of the
Gas is 30 cu. ft. per pound of coal it will, therefore,
contain 0.9 cu. ft. of CO,.
As one cu. ft. of CO, requires one cu. ft oxygen in its
formation (and 0.033 lbs. carbon), we must supply 0.9
cu. ft. of free oxygen and bum 0.03 lbs. carbon for this
purpose, but as this gas leaves the producer at a low
temperature it carries away practically no heat in
itself, being non-combustible.
The remaining 3% of heat loss, namely, 14600 x 0.03
= 438 B.t.u. can be met by oxidizing one-tenth lb. of
carbon to CO, requiring 1.5 cu. ft. free oxygen and
producing 3 cu. ft. of CO, (4450 ^ 10 = 445 B.t.u).
The second phase therefore requires :
Carbon Oxygen
For unavoidable generation of CO, 0.03 lbs. 0.9 cu. ft.
For balance of heat loss (3%) 0.10 lbs. 1.5 cu. ft.
0.13 lbs. 2.4 cu. ft.
and the gaseous products are : —
CO 3.0 cu. f t.
CO, 0.9 cu. ft.
The coal is assumed to contain 60% of fixed carbon,
hence every pound of coal contains 0.6 lbs. carbon, of
which 0.13 lbs. is gasified by free oxygen as described
above, leaving 0.47 lbs. to be oxidized by the steam
and oxygen mixture.
Referring back we now have the following quantities
from the first phase :
One Pound Carbon 0.47 lbs. Carbon
Free Oxygen a6 cu. ft. x 0. 47 = 4 cu. ft.
Steam 0.64 lbs. x 0.47 = 0.30 lbs.
CO 30 cu. ft X 0. 47 = 14.1 cu. ft.
H, 12.86CU. ft.x0.47= 6.0cu.ft.
Cu. ft. Gas 20.1
Adding first and second phases (13 + 15) we have,
for one pound of Coal :
Carbon 0.47 -f 0.13 = 0.60 lbs.
Free Oxygen 4.00 + 2.4 = 6.40 cu. ft.
Steam = 0.30 lbs.
CO .... 14.1 -t- 3 = 17.1 cu. ft. X 343 = 5665 B.t.u.
H, = 6.0 cu. ft. X 346 = 2076 B.tu.
CO, = 0.9 cu. ft.
Total Gas from oxi-
dation of Carbon .... 24,0 cu. ft. . 7941 B.ta
7941 -^ 24 = 322.5 B.t.u. per cu. it
APPENDIX
The J. N. Liquid Gas Separator Described by the Jef-
feries-Norton Corporation of Worcester, Mass.
The fundamental feature of the Jeflferies-Norton Sys-
tem is that the still is operated at substantially the same
pressure as the compressor gives. There is nothing
whatever in the distillation of air which requires that the
gas be expanded from a very high pressure into the still
at the pressure of the atmosphere, is is done in existing
systems.
On the contrary it is easier to distill the air at a high
pressure since the removal of oxygen from nitrogen re-
quires that the upper part of the still be able to condense
practically pure nitrogen to be used as a rectifying liquid
lower in the still, just as an alcohol still must be able to
condense almost pure alcohol at the top, which runs
down the column to rectify the mixture and carry the
water towards the bottom, while the alcohol vapor is
driven towards the top.
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Keeping a high pressure on the still makes it much
easier to reach the temperature of liquid nitrogen. For
instance, under atmospheric pressure nitrogen does not
condense until its temperature is lowered to minus 196**
C, while under 10 atmospheres pressure it condenses at
minus 169** C, and under 20 atmospheres pressure it
condenses at minus 157 °C
The production of the rectifying liquid in the column
is, therefore, comparatively easy. The still itself does
not differ essentially from that used by Linde or Claude,
except that it is built to stand high pressure and operates
more rapidly, due to the greater density. It contains a
condensing drum at the top and an evaporating drum at
the bottom, which permit cooling at the top and heating
at the bottom of the column. This is done by means of
a refrigerative compressor circuit which acts to evapo-
rate the liquid oxygen at the bottom of the column in
exchange for condensation of a corresponding amount of
liquid nitrogen at the top of the column.
This circuit corresponds to the ordinary refrigerating
circuit, except that the heat is abstracted at a very low
temperature from the top of the still or column and is
rejected at a considerably higher temperature to the
oxygen at the bottom. The result of this application of
well-known practice is that the still can be operated at
the same pressure as the entering air — ^namely, at 10 to
20 atmospheres — instead of at one atmosphere, as is the
usual practice; and in addition all the air entering the
system can be separated instead of only about 70% of it.
The next important improvement is that we use ex-
pansion engines for cooling the whole system, instead of
only the cold end of it, and these engines are provided
with cylinders having fibrous linings which actually give
80% of the theoretical cooling, instead of only 40%. The
latter is the greatest efficiency obtained with cylinders
having iron surfaces, at these very low temperatures.
This means that very much less gas needs to be ex-
panded to provide the required cooling and that most of
the separated nitrogen is brought up to atmospheric
temperature in the interchanger while under the original
pressure.
The oxygen is expanded while cold to a moderate
pressure suitable for distribution around the works, and
some of the nitrogen is also expanded in a cooling en-
gine. The remainder of the nitrogen, usually over 50%
of the volume of the original air, issues from the appa-
ratus at practically the same pressure as it Entered. " This
ldtrt)gbn is then superheated, using coal, gas or oil for
fuel. When expanded in suitable engine cylinders it
easily furnishes the power required to drive the primary
compressor. This method of operation reduces the
power cost to an almost negligible quantity, instead of
being, as heretofore, by far the largest element of cost in
separating oxygen from air.
The reason for this extremely small power cost is that
the J-N process is in principle a reversible cycle, which
means that its theoretical efficiency is unity. Therefore,
if mechanically perfect, it would only require the amount
of power demanded by nature to bring the separate con-
stituents of the air up to atmospheric pressure — namely,
3 H. P. per 1,000 cu. ft. of oxygen separated per hour.
The system has a further advantage of major impor-
tance— namely, the gas which goes through the cooling
engines is taken from the return circuit so that it has all
been liquefied and re-evaporated and will, therefore, be
free from moisture or other impurities which might
obstruct the expansion engines. We are operating such
engines of large size on natural gas, which is impossible
to expand at low temperature without the purification
secured by liquefaction, as we have described. These
engines with fibrous cylinder Knings operate with less
mechanical difficulty than an ordinary air compressor.
The removal of moisture and carbon dioxide from the
air to be separated is one of the most important elements
in the operation. We accomplish this by duplicate pre-
cooling counter-current interchangers which freeze out
the moisture completely ; and by using them alternately
we secure continuous running with a proper refrigerative
exchange between the interchanger which is being thaw-
ed and the one which is being cooled. Continuous opera-
tion of the plant is thus secured, an impossibility here-
tofore.
The variable factor is the relative amount of refrig-
erative effect required to keep the system cold against
external heat ; and this factor increases very rapidly as
the apparatus gets smaller, so that it is not possible to
gain much with a very small plant. On the other hand,
it is absolutely impossible for the older systems to reach
any high efficiency, no matter how large they are, be-
HEAT ncrro«
NIT
J-N GAS SEPARATION SYSTEM
JCFPKRieS-NOfnON COHPORATION.
«lfORCeSTKK, nA«S.«ft«.
Diagram of Oxygen-Nitrogen Separation
cause their defect is a fundamental one of thermodynam-
ics— ^namely,the dissipation of the work of compression
by the interchange or transfer of heat from the incoming
air, under high pressure, to the outgoing gases from the
still under atmospheric pressure thus destroying its po-
tential or power to do work. This is a very simple and
well-known phenomenon, but for some reason it has not
been recognized in this industry as the real cause of such
great waste of power.
The J-N system approaches closer and closer to the
theoretical limit of efficiency as the plant increases in
size, because its defects are purely those of structure and
insulation against outside heat. The cost of oxygen,
therefore, depends upon size of plant and to some extent
upon location, which governs cost of fuel and labor.
There will usually be very little variation, however, from
the following figures, which include all fixed charges :
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THE OAS AGE
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Oxygen per Minute Cost per 1,(XX) cu. ft.
4,000 cu. f t 6 cents
2,000 cu. ft 10 cents
1,000 cu. ft 15 cents
500 cu. f t 24 cents
Herewith is a cut showing in outline how the appa-
ratus is arranged. This simple diagram represents much
more than would appear on the face of it. In our opin-
ion, it is the solution of the problem of the separation of
mixed gases of every kind in large quantities at not more
than one-tenth to one-twelfth of present cost
DiscusBion
By P. C. Freeman, Providencey R. I.
DR. Jefferies' paper presents an original thought on
the manufacture of so-called city gas. The pro-
cess suggested by him is quite different from that of
our conventional methods of coal carbonization and
carburetted water gas manufacture. If the results
figured by Mr. Jefferies can be attained in actual prac-
tice we, indeed, have here a system of gas manufacture
which will, in time, revolutionize our present methods.
The possible important points in its favor are :
Low capital investment.
Large source of raw material supply,
0)mparatively no by-products to be disposed of.
Cheap holder cost gas.
Against it are :
Public prejudice to low B.t.u. gas.
Increased distribution system costs.
Amortization of existing manufacturing systems.
There must always be a "first time" for a new thing.
A new thought never crystalizes until you begin to think
about it. What I have to say about the suggested system
should not be considered as a condemnation of it, but
rather as a word of caution or suggestion which I hope
will help the author and others to guide them in their
work and thoughts relative to the process.
There are not many gas making processes where pure
oxygen is used on a large practical scale. I fortunately
have had such experience, as I designed and helped to
start up the carbon monoxide generators at the Edge-
wood Arsenal, Edgewood, Md., for the government dur-
ing the war. This carbon monoxide was combined with
chlorine in the manufacture of phosgene. The genera-
tor is similar to a water gas generator in which coke
is used and pure oxygen and carbon dioxide and passed
thru the fire to form carbon monoxide.
Carbon monoxide of 97% purity was made. It was
found that the rate of production had to be slow. If it
was pushed the COg in the gas from the machine was
high. It was also found that the active fire zone was
very shallow. Pure oxygen at ignition temperature with
carbon produces instant active combustion. There is no
delayed combustion such as will take place in the pres-
ence of inerts. This intense fire zone produces clinker
and lining trouble and also, for good reaction on the
carbon dioxide and due to its shallowness, requires slow
rate of gasification.
Claims Doubted
For a production of 10,000 M per day the Author pro-
poses 6 machines,I presume 5 active and 1 reserve. This
is at the rate of 2,000 M per machine per day. I ques-
tion very seriously the ability to run 1 machine at that
rate and produce only 3% COj in the finished gas. My
judgment is that it cannot be done. The producer run
on pure oxygen would have to be of the clinkering type
similar to the Kerpely, I doubt th^t the ordinary con-
centric grate non-clinkering type of producer could be
used for the work.
I question the ability in every day practice to obtain
the efficiency of over 90% calculated. I note especially
there has been no allowance for carbon in producer ash.
The ability to overcome the troubles of tar and pitch
made from bituminous coal in a producer should not
be lightly passed over. To renwve these and make a
cold clean gas is a problem in itself. I do not know
that it has been solved in this country.
The quality of coal specified in the paper is unknown
in present day practice of New England gas works.
Cost of the Gas
In order to bring home the value of oxygen steam pro-
ducer gas to New England gas men I have made an
estimate of the holder or operating costs of such gas.
This is based upon the efficiencies which Mr. Jefferies
thinks could be obtained and his oxygen costs as I have
no information on this phase of the problem.
The paper gives a cost of 1.32 cents per M for repairs
and amortization. I would judge the repair costs alone
as at least 2 cents per M.
Coal would cost $9.25 per net ton. This would be 13.4
cents per M.
Labor on gas producers is given as 0.8 cents M. In
my judgment, this cost for the coal and ash handling
labor on producers, exhausters, yard, and general labor
would not be less than 3 cents per M.
Supervision and labor to operate the oxygen plant and
fuel for oxygen plant I have taken at the figure oi 122
cents assumed in the paper.
Water, supplies and sundries is given as 0.4 cents.
I believe it would be at least 2 cents.
Steam and power for producers, exhausters, ptmips,
etc., have been omitted. This would nm 50 lbs. per M.
or, with steam at 40 cents per 1000 lbs., 2 cents per M.
Purification would cost 0.5 cents per M.
Total cost for 400 B.t.u. per cubic foot gas would be
24.1 cents per M.
The holder cost of 500 B.t.u. gas with $9.25 per net
ton coal is somewhere in the neighborhood of 50 cents
per M.
From my experience I would say 500 B.t.u. gas is
not worth for city use lj4 times 400 B.t.u. gas. I would
assume it as worth say l}i times as much so that, on a
comparative utilization basis, the holder cost of 400
B.t.u. gas would be in the neighborhood of 27.1 cents per
M, while 500 B.t.u. gas would be 50 cents. I would say
that 400 B.t.u. gas could show a possible saving of not
more than 23 cents per M.
This 23 cents per M would have to pay for the in-
terest at not less than 8% and depreciation at not less
than 5% on new investment necessary and would also
have to take care of retiring the existing manufacturing
plant. It would be my judgment that there would not
be enough in it to warrant such a new undertaking on
a large scale.
It is to be noted that a 10,000 M daily capacity plant
has been used in the paper for a yearly production of
3,400,000 M, or a machine load factor of 94%. In gas
works operation the machine load factor would not be
over 70%.
Process Worth a Trial
I feel that the process should be given some consid-
eration for it has promise of some economies, especially
for a new plant. It would be my suggestion that the
$50,000 provided as a "fund for preliminary trial runs
and adjustments" be used for experiments before the
CQUstructipn of a complete plant is undertaken.
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THE OAS AGS
151
Principles Governing Rate Making
The Engineer for the Providence Gas G)m-
pany Analyzes the Fundamentals of Rate Sys-
tems before the N. E. Assn. of Gas Engineers
By F. C. FREEMAN, Providence, R. I.
IT is indeed a pleasure to know that we gas men are
now at last alive to the importance of the form of our
gas rates. I cannot urge upon all of us a more im-
portant study than that of our rates. It is a fact that we
have been negligent in that respect in the past. Let us
all, each and everyone, get behind the ball and start it
rolling in the proper direction, by a study of our costs.
During recent years most of us have seen our outgo
exceed our income. It has been the tendency of com-
missions to regulate our income so that it may equal our
outgo. I believe that such income should have a safety
factor to properly maintain and develop the utility. It
is just as reasonable as a safety factor used in the design
and construction of a structure, though it need not be
nearly as large. The result of fair-minded commission
action in several states is bringing about political inter-
ference to do away with commissions. We and our con-
sumers cannot look upon such action without alarm,
and all of us should, in every way, resist such a step
backwards which will only result in crippling utilities
and their service to the public.
All of us and the people we serve speak of the profit
in the gas business. There is no such thing. At the
best we can hope to have the income equal (with a rea-
sonable factor of safety) the outgo. What we call profit
usually is the interest on notes and bonds and the divi-
dends on stock. We wouldn't call the wages we pay our
men and ourselves profit. No more would we call what
we pay for coal, oil and cast iron profit. Why then
should we call interest and dividends profit? They are
simply the wages of money, just as true in form as any
other wages we pay. Our public should be educated to
understand that, with a utility, it is required that income
equal outgo without the great excess possible in other
lines of commercial life.
Our utility industry is one of the oldest that has
served society. All of us in the past have been, and
many of us today are contented if our income equals our
outgo. We have not concerned ourselves much over the
form in which we receive our income. Why should we?
If we expect to hold the consumers we have; if we
expect to increase the sales to the consumers we have ; if
we expect to get new business in the face of coal, coke,
oil, electricity, and other competition; if we expect to
live and grow, and from the standpoint of economics,
best serve society, it is imperative that we study the
form of our gas rates, and that we do it now. The sun
of the gas industry is just rising but to those of us who
will not be keenly alive to the situation it has practically
set.
Forms of Rates
We have seen in the gas industry the following rates :
Straight flat meter rate.
Straight flat meter rate with discount for large quan-
tities.
Block meter rate.
Minimum charge rate.
Service charge rate.
Rate with coal clause.
Th^ Three Part Rate.
All of these rates are simple and explainable to most
people of ordinary intelligence. They may be expressed
in not over twenty lines of type. What do we find are
the forms of rates of our electrical brothers? I have
investigated those of three New England companies.
The first company requires 12 pages to explain its 7
different forms of rates. The second company requires
14 pages to explain its 8 different forms of rates. The
third company requires 13 pages to explain its 8 differ-
ent forms of rates. How many people understand them?
I dare say there are many in the company itself who
don't. Let each gas man ask himself how long the elec-
tric industry would survive if it were to use rates similar
to those now in use in the gas industry.
The public, I believe, as a general thing, are little in-
terested in the form of rates. They are free and ready
to criticize, their only interest being in rates that will
make the bills to themselves as low as possible. If they
will not study the rates it is up to them to leave the mat-
ter in the hands of their commission, men who are
trained in such work, and who will protect their inter-
est In the face of the established rate forms of elec-
trical men, I do not believe we have anything to fear
over such form of rates as we may put into effect. Our
type of rates are far simpler than the electric ones and
will be understood more readily by commissions and the
general public.
Nature of a Public Utility Business
The commercial merchant usually sells goods at what
the traffic will bear. If he happens to have a certain
line of goods which he purchased at an unusually low
price, he has the choice of selling them at a low price
to draw trade in the nature of advertisement or at the
higher price of his competitors. If he has a large stock
of goods he may have to move them at a low price. There
is no science to the prices he asks. Opportunity, judg-
ment and competition largely govern. He figures his
profit on the basis of his selling price. There is no limit
to such profit.
Our utility, each in its respective sphere, is a monopoly
and it is right and proper that it should be r^^lated so
that its income equals its outgo. This r^^lation should
be performed in a scientific manner by commissions and
not by any method of bargaining as by local govern-
ment.
The management of a utlity is merely a common agent
or clearing house who see that the outgo is spent in a
reasonable way for the wages of labor and money and
for the many items necessary to conduct the utility and
that for the income received the patrons be given th^
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152
THE GAS AGE
February 25, 1921
best service. The income should be large enough that
each may receive the best service possible, and not so
low that each would receive such services as the income
will allow.
Further, the income should be obtained in such form
that the utility may live and grow so that it can give
better, equitable and cheaper service to all. In the last
analysis the patrons are as vitally interested in the sup-
port and gfrowth of a utility as the investors. The con-
sumers and employes of a utility should be its investors.
It would be well if they were exclusively so. If each
consumer were to advance the money necessary for the
physical property required for his particular service, he
would conduct his own gas business with the great ad-
vantage of collective ownership in reduced costs.
Such a plan would give to each a service at minimum
of actual operating costs. There is nothing to prevent
such investment on the part of consumers and it should
be systematically encouraged by all utilities. If tb* con-
sumers cannot or care not to make such investment why
should they oppose those who do, in order that the con-
sumer may receive the benefits of the service he desires?
The Test of a Rate
In passing upon a gas rate the commission will usual-
ly apply the following tests to it :
Is it just?
Is it reasonable?
Is it sufficient?
Is it discriminatory?
Is it preferential?
A reasonable and just rate^ is one that is just both to
the utility and to the consumer. It must be sufficient in
that the income will equal the outgo. It must be rea-
sonable in that the items of outgo are fair and warranted
for the circumstances and conditions tmder which the
utility operates. It must be sufficient to encourage ad-
ditional investment in the service of the public.
A rate must not be preferential or unjustly discrim-
inatory by being greater or less than charged any other
person for a like and contemporaneous service. Very
few gas rates have been investigated to determine
whether they are preferential or discriminatory. In jus-
tice to our various classes of consumers and to the wel-
fare of our utility it becomes necessary for us to insti-
tute rates that will be based upon the service rendered
each class of consumer. I am certain that thie ttend of
our rates will be in that direction and that commissions
will view rates with this idea in niind more than has ever
been done before. This phase of rate making will be
principally dealt with in this paper.
It would be manifestly impossible for me to say in
the abstract what the income and outgo of a particular
utility should be. If the utility is operated reasonably
it is in a far better position to know its facts than I
would be to guess and say what they should be. Such
is not the purpose of this paper. It is my intention to
explain the principles on which rates may be based. That
is, with the detailed facts of outgo, to so separate and
allocate them that they will form the cost of complete
service to various classes of consumers. From this a
scientific or otherwise system of rates may be formu-
lated
Classification of Outgo
An examination and study of the various items of
outgo will show that they may be divided into and allo-
cated to five classes of expenditure. Outgo is not equita-
bly divisible in direct proportion with the amount of
gas used. Items of outgo should each be allocated in
accordance with the service such items render to various
classes of gas consumers. Such an allocation of outgo
will form a rate which will ask of each consumer to pay
for the expense they have caused by personal and physi-
cal service of the utility to them. The five divisions are :
1. True commodity charge.
2.. Customer — General Charge.
3. Customer — ^Direct Charge.
4. Quantity or Charge for the service of the total
amount. This is not for gas as a physical com-
modity.
5. Demand or charge for the service of the maxi-
mum amount. This is not for gas as a physical
commodity.
In general, in order to obtain a preliminary idea, these
charges may be defined as follows :
The true commodity charge is for Gas as gas and is
practically equal to the operating or holder cost of gas
per unit.
The Customer General Charge is made up of such
items as may be equally divided between the various
consumers irrespective of size when such items are
caused alike by all.
The Customer Direct Charge is for such items as each
specific individual may cause without benefit to the other
consumers. When no direct charge is made by the util-
ity for such items it becomes necessary for all con-
sumers to divide such cost.
The quantity charge is for such service as may be
caused by the total units of gas delivered. This charge
is added to the true commodity charge and termed com-
modity charge in the rate.
The demand charge is for such service as may be
caused by the msximuni rate of gas delivered.
The load factor of a consumer is the ratio of the aver-
age units of gas used in a unit of time over a period di-
vided by the maximum units of gas used in a unit of
time over the same period. For instance, if 24,000 c f.
were used in 24 hours at an even rate of 1,000 c. f. per
hour, the load factor would be 100% for the 24 hours.
Or, if during 1 hour 2,000 c. f. were used, the load factor
would be 50%. Or, if the 24,000 c. f. were delivered
all in 1 hour, the load factor would be 4 1/6% for 24
hours (i.e. 1 -5- 24).
In the separation and allocation of the items of out-
go into the five classes of charges I will follow the clas-
sification of outgo prepared by The American Gas In-
stitute entitled /'Uniform System of Accouuts for Ga$
Companies," published in 1914. Most of the gas com-
panies follow this system of accounts^
The items of outgo which will be considered are :
Unaccounted for Gas New Business
Distribution Expense Taxes
Commercial Expense Depreciation
General Expense Investment Charges
The capacity of the gas manufacturing plant or works
and that of the holders and distribution system may be
reasonably well defined by the service that is demanded
of them by a community of gas consumers.
The distribution system mains from the outlet of the
gas holders up to the inlet of the house service or sup-
ply pipes must be ample to maintain at least a minimum
working pressure to each house at outlying points with
a reasonable variation in pressure during the day. The
sizes of such systems are determined by the peak of
maximum hour's use or demand for gas. We as gas
men know that it is the noon or evening hour of October
or December, in general, and the noon Sunday hour of
August in a summer colony that compels us to rein-
force our main system. Without consideration of the
seasonal diversity factor in order to place the cost of
such main system to those who cause it, it becomes
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February 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
153
necessary to know the maximum hourly demand or limit
it for each consumer.
A gas works usually consists of a coal gas plant with
carburetted water gas plant, though occasionally in
fair sized plants it is a coal gas plant alone. If the dis-
tribution system is provided with large holder capacity,
the gas making capacity of the plant must be equal to
at least the average day of the maximum week. If the
holder capacity is average, the works must have a ca-
pacity of at least the maximum day. If the holder
capacity is small, the works must have a capacity of
more than the maximum day in order to keep up the
holders to required distribution pressure during the
peak hours. In general, it may be said that the capacity
of the gas works is determined by the maximum day's
sendout. . . .
[Here follows a detailed discussion of demand and its
calculation and other items in the outgo classification,
including diversity factor, which lack of space prevent
our giving in full at this time. — Ed.l
In working out a rate it will be necessary to prepare
Tables of Demand by which to apportion the Items of
Outgo. In such instances, where the charge varies di-
rectly with the demand ; the first column of the respect-
ive table should contain the number of consumers in
the various classes of use; the second column should
state the demand of each class ; the third column should
state the total consumer demand that is, first column
figures multiplied by second column figures ; the fourth
column should state the percentage of the Outgo Ex-
pense applicable to each class, that is, the ratio of the
figures in the third column to the summation of the
third column. With the percentage of Outgo applicable
to each class, a ready determination can be made of the
chargfe to various individual demands. Where the
charge varies as the square root of demand, a table
similar to that in paragraph 35 should be prepared.
The Ideal Rate
The ideal rate is the theoretically perfect one. It is a
four part rate and would be as follows :
COMMODITY— Gas shall be sold at (x) per M cubic
feet in accordance with meter statement. (This rate
would be alike to all users and would be the summation
of the true commodity and quantity charge.)
DAILY DEMAND— Service shall be sold at (x) per
year per M cubic feet per day of maximum use during
the year. (It would be difficult to control this factor
and, therefore, difficult to establish this rate. The daily
demand charge would be equal per unit of demand.)
HOURLY DEMAND— Service shall be sold at (x) per
year per 1000 cubic per hour of maximum use. (The
charg'e would not be constant per unit of demand, as it
would be made up in part of a constant charge per unit
of demand plus a charge which varies as the square root
of demand. This charge per unit of demand would de-
crease with increase of demand.)
CUSTOMER — All consumers shall be charged for ser-
vice (x) per year.
Modified Ideal Rates
This rate would be similar to the ideal rate of para-
graph 61 except that, in the determination of the daily
demand charge, the maximum month's demand for gas
would be used as the factor of daily demand.
Three Part Rate
This rate would be similar to the modified ideal rate
of paragraph 62 except that there would be no daily de-
mand feature in it, this part being combined with the
hourly demand charge by basing the daily demand on
the hourly demand.
True Service Charge Rate
COMMODITY— Gas shall be sold at (x) per M cubic
feet in accordance with meter statement. (This rate
would be alike to all users and would be the summation
of the true commodity and quantity charge.)
SERVICE CHARGE— Service shall be sold at (x) per
year per M of maximum month's demand for gas during
the year. (The hourly and daily demand charge of the
ideal rate would be determined by the maximum month's
use of gas and to this would be added the constant con-
sumer's charge. The (x) would be variable per unit of
monthly demand and would decrease per unit with in-
crease of monthly demand.)
In working out the true service charge it would be
necessary to go through the following steps :
A — From the consumers' ledgers determine the num-
ber of consumers who use the same monthly maximvun
rates of gas during some month of the year.
B — Prepare a table which gives the percentage of
charge for each class, considering the charge varies in
direct proportion to the monthly demand.
C — Prepare a table which gives the percentage of
charge for each class, considering the charge varies as
the square root of the monthly demand.
D--Obtain from company records the money value
of the outgo items in accordance with colunm 1 of the
summary of expense or outgo allocation to divisions of
rate charges.
E — Combine the items of expense under quantity
charge, divide by yearly sales and add to true average
yearly commodity charge to obtain commodity charge.
F— Combine the items of expense under demand which
vary directly with demand and apply table under item
B.
G — Combine the items of expense under demand,
which vary as the square root of demand, and apply
table under item C
. H: — Combine charges fotmd by steps F and G.
I— Combine items of expense found under customer
charge of the summary and divide by the number of
consumers.
J — Combine charges for various monthly rates of gas
as per step H with step I to obtain true service charge
for various monthly rates of demand.
The true service charge must not be confused with a
meter or service pipe charge as it is a charge for the
services of all the facilities of the utility placed to the
use of the consumer in accordance with the maximum
monthly demand for gas.
In billing a consumer on the true service charge rate
the service charge per month is entered in accordance
with the maximum month's previous use of gas. The
consumer's service charge is increased for the future if
any succeeding month's use of gas exceeds the month
for which the rate has been set or is reduced if in a
year's period the maximum month is lower than that for
which the rate has been set. To the service charge is
added the commodity charge.
It will be found for 89% of all the consumers — those
who use up to 4,000 per month — that 260 rubber stamps
in which the service charge and commodity charge are
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154
THE OAS AOB
February 25, 1921
combined in steps of 100 cubic feet use, will facilitate
billing; 500 more stamps will take care of about 8%
more of the total consumers, or a total of about 800
stamps will take care of 97% of all consumers.
There are many consumers whom the utility should
never have served. It would have been better from a
standpoint of equity if such had never been taken on, as
they have been carried at less than cost, in other words,
paid for by other consumers. In the final analysis of
any rate, its effect on this class of consumer should be
studied. If such a consumer is driven off by the rate
there will be the leakage, depreciation, tax and cost of
money loss on the distribution mains and service pipe
devoted to such consumer. If the rate must be made
less by more than the amount of these items to hold
such a consumer, it would not be proper for the utility
to do so.
The Final Rate
It is my belief that either the modified ideal rate or
the three part rate are the ultimate goal for which all of
us should strive. They will require the installation pf
demand limiting governors. The rate, however, will in
time educate the public so that they may know what they
are paying for. They don't now ; 99% of them believe
they are paying for gas only.
Such type of rates, especially the three part rate, is
a most reasonable and equitable one for the electric util-
ity, particularly as its facilities are determined prac-
tically directly by the hourly demand. The electric util-
ity will come to it in time for nearly all classes of ser-
vice.
We will come to the true service charge rate, and, ul-
timately, to either the modified ideal rate or the three
part rate. I hope, for the good of all concerned, that
the time will be soon. It will be if we will sit down and
study the matter. I don't think listening to this paper
will educate any one of us in its details. If it has
aroused interest in the subject, I do feel that a further
study will be of benefit to the reader and the industry,
and that my effort will receive its reward.
Chicago Gas Business in 1920
Report of the Pres. of the Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co.
By SAMUEL INSULL, Chicago, 111.
WHILE this year we have not made any money out
of the manufacture of gas, the other properties
owned by the company, such as this building,
and the profit of its by-product trading company, the
profit from its merchandise business, and the profit that
came from the operation of its own coal mines and coke
ovens, have been sufficient, together with the increased
rates that we received the middle of the year, to put us
on the right side to the extent of about $380,000.
Value of Property and Return
But apart altogether from the question of profit, cer-
tain things have been accomplished in connection with
this property during the last year, which I think are a
cause of great congratulation. For a great many years
the Peoples Gas Light & Coke Company has been more
or less a football of politics. It has been the stepping
stone to office of a great many gentlemen with political
aspirations. It has been their practice to refer to the
Peoples Gas Light & Coke Company as a property that
was practically no property at all, that was composed
mainly of water.
A body of representative citizens of this state, under
oath to perform their function as members of the State
Public Utilities Commission, have certified that this is
not so ; and that the property of the company useful for
gas making purposes, outside of any other property it
has, is worth $85,000,000, and that the company, at
the present value of money, is entitled, after allowing for
necessary depreciation and reserve — which they specify
in their decision, — to an income equal to 7.5 per cent on
the valuation of $85,000,000.
Now, to my mind, that is the first step towards putting
this institution in first class financial condition and it
does not matter to what extent statements may be made
in future by people interested in depreciating the value
of this property. In fact, we have this great building
and a number of other assets, so that the total value of
the company's property runs way beyond any such
figure as $85,000,000.
When the commission decided that we were entitled to
7y2 per cent on our property, they however refused to
give us the rates that would give us 7j^ per cent. Under
a previous decision we were only able to get an increase
in our income for one-half of the year, so that the show-
ing that we present to you today is the best that we can
make.
Position and Prospects
Our business is in extremely good shape. Our rela-
tions with our 700,000 customers have never been better
than they are today. We have, we think, a very good or-
ganization, the esprit de corps of which is at as high a
point as it ever has been in the history of the company.
And assuming we are approaching a period when ma-
terials will go down in cost and labor will, at any rate,
prove to be more efficient than it has the last few years,
I think we can look with reasonable confidence to the
future of the property.
I do not mean to say we have no difficulties to meet
and overcome. We have a very large floating debt. We
have a depressed condition of our securities that makes it
practically impossible to raise new money, although it is
equally impossible for us to function from year to year
without spending from a million and a half to two
million dollars on extensions and new plant. But with
the prospect of the finishing up of the new coal gas plant
and new water gas plant now being built for us by the
Koppers Company (or, rather, being built for the Chica-
go By-Product Coke Company by the Koppers Com-
pany) and putting them into operation later on in the
year, I think that our prospects are reasonably good.
The regulation of the Peoples Gas Light & Coke Com-
pany and similar public utility properties of the State,
is being brought into question as a political issue, and
the matter is now likely to be dealt with before the pres-
ent State Legislature — with what result, it is impossible
to say at this moment. But, the public has been served
with notice that there is $85,000,000 being employed in
the manufacture and distribution of gas in the city of
Chicago; the fixed charges paid out by the company
represent but a portion of the 7^ per cent earnings on
the capital that the commission states we are entitled to,
and earnings from other properties entirely independent
of gas manufacture had to be used last year to make up
our balance sheet and show us on the right side as far
as that charge is concerned.
Those various things are evidence that a property of
this kind cannot and will not under the laws of this state
and the laws of the country be allowed to go on per-
manently without giving a fair return to the investors in
that property for the money they have put in and which
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February 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
155
has contributed toward the valuation that has been made
by the Public Utilities Commission.
Last year the situation was very bad; it was a very
critical time for this corporation. As we sat here at last
year's meeting, we were running behind practically
$10,000 a day. Now that has all changed. That went on
for a period of between five and six months.
So far as I am concerned, I feel great confidence in
addressing you today as to the future. You will have to
exercise patience. You cannot pay dividends on a prop-
erty that has $5,000,000 of floating debt to liquidate—
$4,000,000 of accounts payable and $1,000,000 of loans
and notes — practically $5,000,000 of floating debts to
take care of. The property must be put in good financial
condition. But as rapidly as that can be done, I have no
doubt but what the directors will take up the question of
a return to the stockholders on their investment. It will
take some time to clean off our loans and accounts pay-
able ; and they are very excessive.
Dividends
It is impossible for me to state at this particular
moment just when we can commence to pay dividends.
I cannot say whether it will take three months, or six
months, or nine months, or twelve months. There is one
factor which we do not in any way control, and that is
what is going to be done with the rates. The annual
report, which you have just approved and which you
have all received by mail, sets forth that we did not think
we got as favorable a decision for the company as we
ought to have got, and therefore we appealed to the
Circuit Court of Sangamon County, which is the proper
court for us to go to under the utility law.
Immediately after that action, the lawyers represent-
ing the city of Chicago moved before the Utilities Com-
mission for a rehearing of the case, both as to valuation
and rate, and no action has been taken on that motion.
Those two matters, the matter of the appeal before the
Circuit Court of Sangamon County, and the matter of
the motion before the Public Utilities Commission, are
matters which we in no way control. We must cut our
cloth accordingly and trim our sails as the wind blows.
Therefore, if I were to say that dividends will be paid
within a given period, I would be giving an assurance
which I have no right to give.
You cannot liquidate five million dollars of debt im-
mediately. Some of it has been liquidated by means of
using up material on hand ; with changing conditions we
will not have to carry as much material on hand as we
carried during the period when it was so difficult to get
material. Some of it will have to be liquidated out of
earnings. When the debt gets to reasonable proportions,
representing the natural purchases of thirty or sixty
days, and the company is reasonably comfortable finan-
cially, I have no doubt that then the directors will take
up the question of resuming dividends.
Tar Oil in Engines — The development of the Diesel
engine depends to a very large extent upon the distribu-
tion of supplies of fuel oil, so that they will be available
at every port of the world at a reasonable price. Britain
is at a great disadvantage in comparison with many
others because of the fact that all its supplies of mineral
fuel oil have to be transshipped from abroad. There is,
however, the possibility of utilizing creosote, tar oil and
shale oil as a fuel for Diesel engines, and it is felt in
many quarters that much could be done to regularize the
supplies of fuels of this nature. At a recent meeting of
the Diesel Engine Users' Association, the importance of
using creosote in place of fuel oil imported from abroad,
was urged. British tar and oil distillers and other inter-
ests should co-operate with the users of Diesel engines,
with a view to gfuaranteeing supplies of home-produced
fuel at rates cheaper than imported mineral oil is, at
least, worthy of sympathetic consideration. It must be
remembered however, that in many cases Diesel engines
have not been found to run with entire satisfaction on tar
oils, and if this fuel is to prove as economical and reli-
able as mineral fuel oils, steps must be taken to provide
fuel valves and atomizing devices which will prove as
capable of dealing with the former kind of fuels as with
the latter.
Coke Breeze Used in Building
A New Use for Coke Breeze Has Been Developed at
East Ashlandy Kentucky, Where Concrete Building
Blocks Were Made from Fine Coke and Cement
WHILE the cost of coal has been mounting steadily
during the past years, the use of coke breeze as
fuel has become correspondingly more general so
that the majority of gas plants are now equipped to bum
their breeze outputs either under boilers or elsewhere.
There are still some plants, however, where, due to local
conditions and lack of proper equipment, the disposal of
breeze is a troublesome question.
The photograph shows what is, as far as can be
learned, an entirely new use for coke breeze, that is for
Built of Blocks Made from Breeze
making concrete blocks. The building shown is a store-
house built recently at Ohio River Lock and Dam No.
29, East Ashland, Ky., using these breeze blocks. The
breeze was obtained from the adjoining Semet-Solvay
coke oven plant, operated by the Kentucky Solvay Coke
Company and was ordinary fine breeze, through a ^4"
screen.
The blocks were made by mixing coke breeze and
cement in proportions of two ordinary wheelbarrows of
breeze to one sack of cement. The breeze contains just
about the proper mixture of large and small particles to
take the place of any first-class fine gravel. The floor of
this building was also made from a mixture of breeze and
cement, using two wheelbarrows of breeze to 1J4 sacks
cement.
As will be noted, the blocks present a very neat ap-
pearance in contrast with the white mortar used in
building. The blocks are exceedingly hard and are ex-
pected to withstand weathering considerably better than
the usual cement blocks. The floor also turned out very
well and should outwear an ordinary cement floor.
In those plants where the disposal of breeze is a prob-
lem, this way may open up a new market, particularly if
the local price of gravel happens to be high. The brief
experience in building this storehouse has indicated no
difficulties whatsoever and none are to be expected.
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Editorial
The New Englander
"I am constant as the Northern Star"— Caesar
One who attends the annual convention of the New
England Gas Engineering Association, must be im-
pressed with the sterling qualities of the New Englander
which shows itself not only in the individual? who make
up the gathering, but also in the character of the pro-
gram and the spirit which pervades the convention.
The convention just held in Boston marked the fiftieth
anniversary of the Association and while in the gather-
ing many venerable white heads were to be noticed, these
same men of the passing generation showed in their re-
marks and attitude that they were men of sound engi-
neering and business ideas with an optimistic eye to the
future and determined that their plants should be in the
van of progress.
Although the New Englander is regarded everywhere
as a conservative, it is noticeable that one of the most
advanced theories for the production of cheap gas was
presented in detail at this meeting. Whether the use of
cheap oxygen in connection with the manufacture of gas
will ever be realized from a practical standpoint remains
for the experimenters and research men to determine.
But surely, this interesting paper has given the gas
fraternity something to think about.
It was in New England that the commission idea of
regulation had its birth and the old Bay State has for
many years set up standards of regulation which have
been emulated throughout the country. It was therefore
fitting that the chairman of the Massachusetts commis-
sion should be one of the principal speakers at the ban-
quet, which, by the w^y, has come to be a function
looked forward to by thoughtful, serious men, with
much anticipation. Leading educators from Yale and
Harvard have graced the banquet table in recent years
and on this 50th anniversary an Episcopal divine spoke
on practical business matters such as the relation be-
tween capital and labor, in a way that left no room for
doubt that Bolshevism has no place in the staid old New
England States. A tone of wholesome goodfellowship
and integrity was evident everywhere at the meeting of
the New England Association that should be emulated
and have its influence throughout the country.
Cooperation
"Faith builds a bridge across the Rulf" — YoiinR
Sales managers of gas companies, it is claimed, are
apparently sending manufacturers very few orders for
stoves, ranges, water heaters and other appliances. Be-
cause their gas sales are at a low point at this time, they
seem over cautious and do npt s^e any reason for placing
orders for the future. As we see the situation, it is
about like this.
Since the country will recover in a comparatively short
time from the present business depression and there will
then be a big demand for ranges, water heaters and other
appliances on the part of the public, if the gas companies
place no orders for these appliances at the present time,
but come into the market with their orders three or six
months later, they are very apt to find all the other com-
panies doing the same thing with a resulting jam of
orders at the manufacturers' plants and inability to make
deliveries, with the usual result of an increase in prices.
Our advice to sales managers is to place orders with
the manufacturers of appliances now so that they may
continue the operation of their plants even though the
goods may not be delivered until some months hence.
We believe that sales managers will be insured a more
uniform price, and even a lower price, by the continued
and normal operation of manufacturing plants than
would be the case otherwise ; or, as we have pointed out
above, if there comes a flood of orders a little later, the
increased demand will send the price up. There is also
a probability that, with a reduced output, the unit cost
price is greater and consequently the sale price is higher
than holds in times of normal production.
We see nothing to be gained by the commercial de-
partment adopting the policy of buying from hand to
mouth, perhaps only a half dozen ranges at a time and
occasionally a water heater or two as demanded by the
consumer, but there is a great deal to be lost. By show-
ing confidence in the industry through assisting the man-
ufacturer and placing orders ahead at this time, the
latter will be able to maintain his or^nization, and keep
up normal production, and, it is to be hoped, normai
prices.
Business Oatlook
"Where there is a will, there is a way" — Proverb
The recent luncheon and editorial conference of the
New York Business Publishers' Association was devoted
to a discussion of business conditions as seen through the
eyes of editors representing journals devoted to some of
the key industries. The general tone was not optimistic
and the story of past months was not encouraging. The
general complaint was a falling off in the volume of
business and the inadvisability of further increasing
prices to provide adequate income. It was generally
conceded that wages must come down and a foreign de-
mand be built up, the latter involving the development of
a practical plan for financing foreign purchases in such
a way that the exchange rate will not react unfavorably
upon the business,
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February 25, 1921
THE OAS AOE
157
What is claimed for business in general does not apply
to the gas industry. The demand from gas consumers is
all that can be expected but the cost of production in the
face of rigidly fixed rates results in the same condition-:—
no profit. However, the reduction of wastes, practice of
economies, efficient operation and new methods are cor-
recting this condition so that gas companies are open to
congratulation rather than otherwise on the general out-
look.
Our correspondent says that the gas company "is in a
far better position today than almost any other manu-
facturer— ^there is no 'buyer's strike.' The daily use of
gas goes oi> about as usual, there is no price cutting to
meet competition, no necessity for taking a loss on raw
material bought at a high price and there is a decided
tendency toward lower prices for raw materials. While
other manufacturers are curtailing in every direction,
the gas manufacturer is in a position right now to plan
for improvements which will increase the efficiency of
his plant."
Have faith ; be enterprising ; believe in the consumer
and his needs ; help the fellow who helps you ; when you
decide on what you need, order it at once while the
getting is good, for there is a demand accumulating in
this country which means anything but low prices and
abundant supplies.
Customer Stockholders
"What is thine is mine, all mine is also thine" —Plautus
Public Utilities constitute a big family of which the
gas business is but one of a number. They all have sim-
ilar problems to face, and should keep in touch with each
other and profit by the experience of the brethren.
When we received a card signed by Kidder, Peabody &
Co. of New York, offering for sale stock in the American
Telephone and Telegraph Company, with a blank order
form on the back, we were interested and read the card
which ran along as follows :
"Become a partner! The directory shows you to be a
slitJscfiber to a telephone. Why not be aii ownler in the
Bell Telephone property ? ' The averagt cost to the sub-
scriber of his telephone (without toll calls) is about $36
per year. The dividends on five shares of American
Telephone & Tel^japh Co. stock are $40 per year. Five
shares of the stock will cost, at present market prices,
just under $500. Why not own enough stock to pay
your telephone bill out of your dividends? The com-
pany has, for the last 14 years, paid without a break,
$8.00 a year on every share of its stock. We will send
you further information regarding the company if you
wish and undertake your order for small or large
amounts."
This plan for attracting investors among customers is
well thought out and might be adapted directly to gas
company needs. There are some problems which can be
handled from a central bureau but selling stock to cus-
tomers is a local enterprise requiring local initiative and
the backing of the company executives. It cannot be
farmed out. Local men must operate and perpetuate the
plan. Local brokers and bankers can help and the com-
pany can establish an investment window in their office ;
but, their efforts do not compare with the effect of a free
use of such a slogan as — Pay your gas bills with divi-
dends from gas company stock.
Abraham Lincoln Said
"You can't fool all the people all the time"
It is high time the American people registered a de-
termination to stabilize their own convictions and poli-
cies in regard to both private and national affairs. We
cannot get together and push along the car of Progress
unless we are of one mind and united in our purpose.
The president of the Guaranty Trust Company of New
York, at the banquet of the State Banks Association, had
the same idea when he said: "This nation, in common
with others needs, even more than stabilizing of prices
and economic conditions, a stabilizing of mind. It is
time for us to turn away from those false prophets who
have inflicted their fallacious theories upon a suffering
world." For example, the theory that public utilities
were created and useful only as footballs to be kicked
about by aspirants for political favor. Mr. Sabin con-
tinued: "Such perverted thinking and loose talking as
have ruined a great state like Russia are now seeking to
injure our private aqd public institutions, and are striv-
ing to undermine our national Constitution and form of
government. They are productive of such a dastardly
assault upon life and property as was made a few months
ago in the heart of the financial district. They are re-
sponsible today for the utterly false and absurd rumors
surreptitiously circulated about solvent firms and sound
financial institutions. In the public press, the parlor, or
on the platform they are destructive of public confidence
and subversive of public interest and must be stamped
out. Although I am a firm believer in the power of truth
to prevail eventually despite all the efforts of her tra-
ducers, I am equally confident that in the end the instiga-
tors of such attacks will find that their lies act as boom-
erangs*. They are boimd to discover that Abraham
Lincoln thoroughly understoad the Axnerioan people
when he said, *You can fool some of the people all the
time, and all of the people some of the time, but you
can't fool all the people all the time.' "
He saw hU shadow— but has he gone back?
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THE GAS AGE
February 25, 1921
Oxygen Gas Process Discussed
New Process of Cheap Gas Making Presented
at N. E. Gas Engineers Convention. Commer-
cial Policy of Companies Criticised. Wages of
Money Advocated. Industrial Gas Uses Shown
THE 50th year of the public service
of the New England Association of
Gas Engineers opened at the Copley
Plaza Hotel in Boston Feb. 16, favored
with dear, crisp New England weather.
A large and enthusiastic representative
group of members was in attendance.
Recent additional members had brought
the total membership up to 278 men.
In the opening address the president,
Mr. Norton, pointed out that every man
should take part fully in the discussions
and give constructive helpful suggestions.
In part be said:
"The past three years have demonstrat-
ed to us the gn^eat benefit of team work in
all matters; in no business is it more
needed than in the gas industry. I would
recommend that the gentlemen who
served on the membership committee of
the American Gas Association serve in
the same capacity for our association,
and see that every gas company in New
England is enrolled in our ranks.
"When we realize the amount of help
and information given by the American
Gas Association to the smaller companies,
who surely need it most, I fail to see
reason for any company, however small,
not being enrolled in the company mem-
bership, and I hope a year from now,
the five remaining New England States
may stand with Connecticut, one hun-
dred per cent strong in membership.
"The coal situation has become so un-
bearable to the public, that it is being
investigated before a special committee of
the United States Senate, who are to
report that all coal operators, wholesalers,
jobbers, and retailers will be compelled
by statute to file at regular and frequent
periods, with Federal Agencies, reports
of the tonnage produced, and other in-
formation pertaining to their business.
With these reports in the proper hands
for the use of Government Agencies, it
is believed that the situation will be
cleared up so that when a gas company
makes a coal contract it will know that
it is going to get what it contracted for.
For several years past it has been im-
possible to obtain from the operators
a contract reasonable or equitable owing
to the many terms and conditions in the
contract that we have been forced to
sign. Without a contract that is equally
binding to both parties, you can readily
see how impossible it is for* a company
which has a contract with the public to
sell its products at a fixed price, to meet
its expenses, if the operators are free to
refuse to deliver. It is time that contracts
should be made that will be binding to
both parties signing them.
"The question comes up as to how far
the gas consuming public will go in com-
Burton Smart, Portland, Maine. The
new president of the New England As-
sociation of Gas Engineers.
Born April 16, 1873, Portland, Maine.
Graduated from Portland Public
Schools; from High School in 1892; busi-
ness college, 1893.
Lumber business 1892-1895.
Started with Portland Gas Light Com-
pany October, 1895, as Cashier and
Accountant.
Appointed as Treasurer of Gas Engi-
neers early in 1910.
Joined the New England Association in
1911. The Guild of Gas Managers about
1912. American Gas Association 1912.
Belongs to the Portland Republican
Club, Portland Chamber of Commerce
(Treasurer 1916-1918), Economic Club,
Rotary Club and State Street Club.
Married; has four children.
petition, and competition it is with the
automobile owner for the use of gas oil
If these conditions are not changed soon
for the better I see only one way out of
the trouble and that is the changing over
of these plants to modem coaJ gas plants.
This course means new capital, and with
the present rates, it will be very difficult
to attract capital. It is gratifying to see
that it is being recognized by everyone
connected with the industry, that the en-
tire abandonment of the candlepower
standard, and the lowering of the B. T.
U. heating standard, must be made in
order to conserve our coal and oil sup-
ply.
Employes and Customers Inyestors
"Although we thought during the past
few years owing to the increased cost
and inferior quality of materials we had
all the burdens we could carry, we now
have a harder task to straighten out the
difiiculties that confront us; but with
the intensive training we have gone
through, we are better fitted to meet them,
and get back to the bed rock of effi-
ciency. This I believe can be brought
about much easier by the methods now
in vogue by many utility companies, in
the sale of stock and bonds to our em-
ployes and customers.
"By the above method we also are
able to accomplish another thing; that
is to break down the barrier which, I
am sorry to say exists today in some
centers between capital and labor.
Financial Confidence
"Let me say I feel an industry like
ours that has stood so firmly through a
long period of adversity, and given good
service, must and will come back, and
command the financial confidence that it
did years previous to the great war."
Following Mr. Smith's paper on "Gas
Lighting," Mr. Gould, Commercial man-
ager of the Gas and Electric Improve-
ment Co., of Boston startled the audience
by criticism of the gas companies mer-
chandizing policy which he character-
ized as "Trying to hog all the gas appli-
ance business." The point made by him
was that the gas industry should fallow
the lead of the electric industry and en-
courage large numbers of points of con-
tact with the possible customers through
dealers, plumbers, retailers, etc.
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THE GAS AOE
159
Mr. Gould's remarks are given else-
where in this issue.
The afternoon of the first day found
the association intensely interested in an
address by E. A. W. Jefferies of Wor-
cester, Mass., on "Gas Making with
Cheap Oxygen." This highly appreciated
contribution to the gas industry litera-
ture is printed in full in this issue. Mr.
Je£Feries described in a very interesting
manner how through the work of the
gOTemment on helium extraction for
aerial navigation a process was perfected
that could be used for obtaining cheap
oxygen. With a supply of cheap oxygen
Mr. Jefferies detailed the process by
which 69,000 cu. ft of 400 B.t.u. gas
could be produced from a ton of coal
at a cost in the holder of 23 cents per
thousand cu. ft
While many gas engineers felt that
the plan was a highly theoretical one, it
nevertheless was well worth careful
thought, study and research.
Banquet
The speakers at the banquet in the eve-
ning were : Colonel Oscar Fogg who em-
phasized the needs of the gas industry
for new capital Commissioner V. R.
Weed of Massachusetts who appealed to
gas men, that during the next three
years, which might be as difficult as the
last three, to accord the same degree of
justice to the public as the public had
shown in conceding increased rates; and
Burton Smart, the newly elected pres-
ident who reviewed the extent of the gas
industry in New Ens^d. Mr. Smart
showed that the territory contained 129
gas companies representing $89,000,000
with 8^446 miles of mains, supplying 1,-
129,000 consumers using 34,000,000,000 cu.
ft. of gas annually which product was
worth $42,500,000.
The concluding speaker of the evening
was the Reverend Wm. Porter Niles of
Nashua, N. H., who impressed his hear-
ers with his argument that the gas com-
panies and other industries must be free
from labor dictation to conduct their own
affairs. Mr. Niles maintained that public
welfare stands above any and all classes
or factions of industry.
The second day of the Convention
brought forth a report by F. C. Freeman
of Providence on "The Principles of Gas
Rate Making" which was a valuable
treatise on the subject This valuable
analysis of all costs and their proper al-
location is given elsewhere in this issue.
The domestic and industrial uses of gas
in New England were very helpfully ex-
plained by prominent men in the industry.
It was especially interesting to note the
great variety of use for industrial gas
that these men had developed.
These important papers are given for
the stimulation of industrial business.
It was advocated in the paper by J. C.
D. Oark of the Boston Consolidated Gas
company who has followed "Water Heat-
er Installations" in minute detail, that a
maintenance department should look after
such appliances.
The new officers of the association are :
Burton Smart, president; V. E. Bird,
vice-president; R. E. Wyant, vice-pres-
ident; Directors, H. N. Cheney; C. E.
Paige; Chas. R. Prichard; W B. Nichols;
and John L. Tudbury, secretary and
treasurer.
Grand Rapids Gas Co. Is
Without Contract
Grand Rapids, Mich. — ^The gas situ-
ation is in a very mixed condition. The
franchise of the Grand Rapids Gas Co.,
a subsidiary of the American Light &
Traction Co., of New York, expired in
May, 1920 and the last temporary con-
tract under which the company has been
operating expired February first Con-
tinual dickering has taken place during
the past month as to what the rate in the
new contract shall be but no settlement
has been made.
The company has submitted figures to
show that the loss during the past year
operating under the rate agreed upon,
which at present is $1.50 per 1,000 cubic
feet, has been more than $40,000 and the
city officials are quite willing to accept
these figures. The city, however, wants
a new contract for the ninety days be-
ginning February first to call for a rate
of $1.35 while the gas company is willing
to continue furnishing gas at the present
$1.50 rate.
All proposals for settlement have been
ot no avail. Arbitration, which seemed
a certain way of settlement, was finally
refused by the Grand Rapids Gas Co.
officials on the ground that the agreement
as proposed "precluded the arbitrators
from passing upon the essential matters."
It was also held that the limitations be-
tween the $1.35 and the $1.50 as suggested
by the city as basis for the arbitration
did not permit the arbitrators to fix a
higher figure if it deemed it wise so to do.
In his letter to the city commission re-
fusing the plan, John T. Young, vice-
president and general manager, suggested
that if the city desired to submit further
proposals for arbitration which would
give the arbitrators power to fix a rate,
consult as to valuations and agree upon
a rate of return for the company other
than that stipulated by the city in its
former agreement, it would entertain the
plan.
Manager Young has forecast that the
January report of the company will be
forthcoming in a short time and that it
would show, he stated, the company was
entitled to the $1.50 rate. He said that
coal had been charged in the report at
$8.74 per ton.
As the situation now stands the whole
matter probably will be referred to the
Michigan utilities commission before final
settlement can be made either on a new
franchise or a temporary contract which
would be retroactive to February first.
According to the gas company officials
the proposed rate of $1.35 would only
mean a further deficit and although the
city has agreed to guarantee the com-
pany against loss and has offered to
amortize the debt, the gas officials con-
tend they do not see any logical reason
for entering an agreement increasing the
indebtedness at a time when by continu-
ance of the present rate the deficit pro-
bably can be written off and then the
rate reduced when the cost of materials
has been lowered enough to warrant a
reduction.
Pacific Gas & Electric Co.
Annual Statement
Year Ended December 3l8t, 1920
Gross Earnings, including
Miscellaneous Income .. $35,385,833.61
Maintenance and Reserve
for Depreciation 4,585,932.88
Operating Expenses, Rent-
als, Taxes (including Fed-
eral Taxes) and Reserves
for Casualties and Un-
collectible Accounts .... 20,657,073.48
ToUl Expenses $25,243,00636
Net Income 10,142.827J25
Bond and Other Interest . . 4,920,435.71
Balance $ 5,222,39134
Bond Discount and Ex-
penses 306,537.64
Balance $ 4,915,853.90
Additional Depreciation Re-
serve 1,000,000.00
Surplus $ 3,915,853.90
Dividends Accrued on Pre-
ferred Stock 1,777,933.03
Balance $ 2,137,920.87
Dividends Accrued on Com-
mon Stock 1,700,202.90
Balance $ 437,717.97
New President Lawrence Gas
Company
Lawrence, Mass. — ^At a meeting of
directors of the Lawrence Gas Com-
pany Wednesday, February 9, the fol-
lowing officers were elected: President,
Irving McDowell Garfield, Boston; vice-
president, Fred H. Sargent; treasurer,
R. W. Emmons, 2d, Boston; directors,
N. H. Emmons, R. W. Emmons, 2d;
I. M. Garfield, all of Boston, Fred H.
Sargent, J. H. Bride, Franklin Butler,
Walter Coulson, Thomas Gannett and
Robert Gardner of Boston.
The retiring president, N. H. Emmons,
served for thirty years as president of
the company. Two new members were
added to the board of directors which
formerly consisted of seven. The new
members are Mr. Gannett and Mr. Gard-
ner.
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160
THE GAS AGE
February 25, 1921
Merchandising Methods Scored
Wm. Could, Commercial Manager of the Cas
and Electric Improvement Co., Boston, Mass.,
Tells the Cas Engineers of New England
How. to Increase Their Cas Business
By WM. GOULD, Boston, Mass.
FOR the past five or six years at
Conventions or Committee Meetings
which I have attended I have heard
the question constantly asked, ''What can
we do to hold our gas lighting business?"
This question has always irritated me
more or less but has at last come to the
point where it has driven me to make an
analyzation of the reasons which have
brought about a condition of mind that
would make us think negatively regard-
ing our business.
It is a most astounding condition
that would allow this question to be
asked regarding so important a part
of our gas output which various estimates
have made from 22% to 34% of the
entire sales of gas, and I have wondered
if anything basic or fundamentally wrong
existed in the entire structure of our
gas merchandising.
There have been any number of cases
where the gas companies, which have
made an effort to build up their gas
lighting load, have shown wonderfully
good results and there have been
numerous examples shown where the gas
lighting load was diminishing because
there had not been made a consistent
effort to sell gas lighting units.
In the first place with these examples
above mentioned, each as convincing as
the other, why should we take the pessi-
mistic, destructive and negative example
on which to base our opinions and atti-
tude toward the gas lighting business. I,
therefore, suggest that instead of asking
ourselves "how are we going to save
our gas lighting business," to change
this to the affirmative side and hereafter
to appear ''How are we to increase our
gas lighting business.**
I am not trying to show here the good
points of gas lighting, as I think this
would be adding insult to the gas men
and gas lighting manufacturers. It is
needless to say that we have attractive
fixtures, the best kind of light, most
efficient in foot candles and in rays
beneficial to the eye and at a fair price,
all of which will convince any fair
minded and constructively thinking gas
man that we have one of the best lighting
units that is made.
It has been suggested that we ought
to have more beautiful fixtures, that
there should be changes made in the
general appearance of the gas lighting
fixture and numerous suggestions which,
to my mind, would in no way change the
efficiency and good points of gas light-
ing, but have merely been used as alibis
and excuses that the gas company men
have as reasons for not having the gump-
tion to push the business on which the
gas industry was built up and from
which it is today receiving important sup-
port.
I have been thinking about this gas
lighting and its merchandising for a
number of years and have been fooling
myself during that time with superficial
facts and points brought out by those
who thought it too much trouble to push
this business. I have recently made a
deeper analyzation of gas lighting and
gas appliance merchandising in general.
These facts which I am about to bring
out will arouse a great deal of criticism
and antagonism in the breasts of "Gas
company men and gas appliance manu-
facturers," because I have reached the
conclusion that the methods of gas mer-
chandising used by them in general, are
the fundamental and basic reasons why
gas lighting has not been increased in the
majority of gas companies and why gas
appliance sales have not increased to the
mark, which any other industry but ours
would have made it.
The principal excuse which I have
heard on every side given as the reason
for not getting more gas lighting business
was the electric light competition, and
having merchandised electric appliances
for nearly twenty years and gas appli-
ances for nearly half that time, I have
tried to make a careful comparison of
the methods used in merchandising gas
appliances and those used in merchandis-
ing electrical appliances. I am amazed
that this comparison has not been made
before, as the difference between them
is so wide and so fundamentally apart
that I think if you will bear with me, I
can conclusively prove to you that gas
merchandising has not been more suc-
cessful, because we are operating, not
only on an entirely different basis than
that employed by the electrical industry,
but basicly different from any other in-
dustry that merchandises successfully.
Read the following reasons and facts
and think them over.
In the gas industry the gas appliance
manufacturers and the gas companies are
the two active merchandisers. How does
this compare with the electrical indus-
try? They have the manufacturers of
electrical appliances, the jobbers, the con-
tractors and the central stations all sell-
ing electrical appliances, and when I say
this I am trying to bring out the point,
that there are four branches of the elec-
trical industry actively merchandising, as
compared to two in the gas industry.
A few of the following figures re-
garding the New England District which
will prove as a conservative estimate
for any other district in the United States,
might make this point a little sharper
to enter into the minds of the gas men
that I know will be antagonized. In the
New England States, as a most con-
servative estimate, there are 1000 con-
tractors who, on an average, employ three
men, making in the Electrical Contract-
ing business 4,000 men; in the jobbing
end there are another 1,000 men employed.
The manufacturers have at least 1,000
men in this territory, which makes in
round numbers a total of 6,000 men
whose entire time is devoted to mer-
chandising electrical appliances and
whose motive, selfish or not, is to put
all kinds of appliances and equipment
on the lines of the Central Stations with-
out one cent of selling expense to the
Central Stations. This force is augment-
ed by department stores, drug stores,
hardware and novelty shops which are
also selling agents for the Local Central
Station.
Now take up the gas industry's method
of merchandising. What have we to
compare with the above figures? Nothing!
or Less!
A large estimate of the number of gas
appliance men who are working in the
New England District would be one
hundred which, to my mind, is more than
offset by the passive or antagonistic at-
titude of approximately 2300 plumbers in
the New England District. Also consider
the detrimental affect on the gas com-
panies, service and gas appliances in
general, that the cheap ten cent mantle,
as sold in 5 and 10 Cent Stores, is having.
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Febniary 25, 1921
THE GAS AOE
161
If you will, therefore, consider what we
have to offer on the gas industry's mer-
chandising methods, as compared to the
electrical industnr's methods, we have
considerably worse than nothing. As an
example, we could put it into figures
something like this ; selling agents for
the electric industry in the New England
territory 6000 without one cent of selling
expense to the Central Stations. For the
gas industry we have 100 gas appliance
manufacturers, minus 2300 plumbers,
minus stores selling cheap and trouble
making gras mantles and appliances, which
even though we take out a certain number
of the plumbers who are boosting for
the gas companies makes a pitiful show-
ing for gas merchandising methods.
Right here I would like to say, in justice
to the more progrressive gas companies,
that there are some in New England who
have gotten the active co-operation of
the plumbers and other stores and are
very successful in increasing their sales
of gas appliances and in making a better
feeling in the community toward the gas
company.
This must impress all who read that
we are handicapped either through cus-
tom, Ignorance, narrow mindedness or
even laziness in the gas industry, and
have been looking everywhere else for
the real reasons why gas lighting has
not increased in proportion to our sales.
Handicapping in this way our gas
lighting business is serious enough, but
when this occurs it has a most detri-
mental effect on the service that all gras
appliances give and acts as an indirect
handicap to the sale of other gas appli-
ances.
As a gas company man T want to be
very frank in what I have to say for I
firmly believe that this situation can be
changed if those who have been the cause
for it will see the light and switch to the
right track. I firmly believe, as a gras
company man, that we are to blame for
this for the following reasons :
1. Manufacturers of gras appliances
have been many times told and rudely
so that if they sold their appliances to
any one else In the town that the gras
company would not do further business
with them.
2. Manufacturers of gas appliances
have considered the credit side of the
question and have taken the lines of
least resistance and complied with the
Gas Company.
3. Gas piping is done by every gras
company of any size, while electric wir-
ing is turned over by the Central Sta-
tions to the electrical contractors in the
town. Electrical wiring is a more deli-
cate and difficult job to do than gras
piping.
4. Most gras companies have made the
selling price of appliances installed at
a figwc which Iff f?9 way woul4 ?ittr»ct
the local plumber, hardware dealer or
any other self-resoecting mechanic, even
if they were enabled to buy standard
makes of appliances from the manufac-
turers.
5. Gas manufacturers take the sug-
srestions of the gas company men regard-
ing improvements, etc.. to be made on
their appliances, but the gas annliance
manufacturer is very reluctant from fear
of Josing business to offer constructive
suggestions to the gas companies in meth-
ods of merchandising.
Right here T would like to sav that
T am in no way suggesting that the gas
companies go out of the merchandising
business any more than the electrical
central stations are, but the supervision
and co-operation used by the electrical
companies in seeing that proper appli-
ances are put on their lines can also be
done bv the gas companies with plumbers,
hardware men, etc.
It might be well to turn over a part
of the piping business to the abbve
people under supervision of the gas com-
pany and as this has been successfully
done by central stations in turning over
the electrical wiring to the contractors
with the resultant growth of the electri-
cal business, it seems that we need not
hesitate reearding piping.
If we will consider what this would
mean to us, which it already means to
the electrical business, T am sure that
some steps will be taken toward remedy-
ing the present old fashioned method,
as well as trying to dictate to the gas
appliance manufacturers who thev shall
sell to. In* the figures given above as
to the number of electrical men outside
of the central stations actively eneaged
in selling electrical appliances, this not
onlv is helping to sell appliances, but is
selling electrical service as well. If we
had the same number of sellincr agents
outside of our gas companies selling the
public gas lighting as well as other gas
appliances with the same amount of show
room and show window displays, with a
like amount of newspaper and local ad-
vertising, and with a like amount of
friendly and co-operative spirit toward
the gas companv by these agents with
hundreds of additional demonstrating
points of gas appliances, with its per-
sistent keeping before the public gas
appliances and the service derived there-
by, it could not fail to increase the
sales of gas appliances and gas service
and thereby make it easier for a cus-
tomer to buy our appliances, unless every
advertising agency in the world is wrong.
What we arc doing with our present
methods of gas merchandising is. putting
it plainly, making ft necessarv for our
clients (a much better term than con-
sumer) to go to one place in a town or
city to buy gas appliances. How ridic-
ulous this would be if we had to go to
one store in our town or city to buy
suear, butter or eggs. Yet this is ex-
actly what the gas company men are do-
ing in not having other places that dis-
play and sell gas appliances.
A few more convincing facts which
are comparative and can be used as a
basis of figuring larger ^owns. In a
small town of 25,000 inhabitants you
will find at least:
6 Electrical Contractors and eighteen
employees
6 Drug stores and employees
6 Hardware stores and employees
3 Builders and employees
3 Department stores and employees
3 Architects and employees
a total of at least 45 active selling agents
for the local central station, all boosting
the electrical business and selling elec-
trical service as well as the appliances.
In addition to this you have the iobbers
and manufacturers salesmen of electrical
appliances comine into town with the
latest selling campaigns, show window
and show room decorations and adver-
tisements. On the gas company side of
the Question, what have we to compare
with this. Practically nothing!
Men of the gas merchandising indus-
try. T am plead ine with you to break
aw?»v from an old fashioned custom in-
herited. Let us increase our gas lighting
and our gas appliance business by having
these extra sales agents outside of our
own gas company organization selling
and assisting us, and most important of
all, at not one cent of selling expense
to us.
Confer with your plumbers and hard-
ware men and with your department
stores and see if you cannot get them to
aid you in selling gas appliances so that
there will be enough in it for them to
make it worth while, bearing in mind
that we must not have any idea of going
out of the appliance merchandising busi-
ness and keeping in mind that we must
favor real, active co-operation and su-
pervision with all these extra selling
agents who are working at no expense
to us.
There is no question of a doubt that
this will entail more work and more
planning, but we have been busy enough
explaining why we can't do things and
while T feel we have in this article
enough suggestions and reasons why we
can do things and as no good results can
come except through extra work. T will be
fully compensated even in spite of an-
tagonism and criticism, if you will think
over the above facts and figures and
let your own good business Judgment
guide you further.
H. W. Hunter of the Baltimore ap-
pliance companv is taking a few weeks
rest at Warm Springs, Va. Mr. Hunter
is rapidly recovering from the shock of
an automobile accident and will be back
with his friends in a sbort_^mc
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162
THE OAS AGS
Pebrtiary 25, 1921
Domestic and Industrial Gas Uses
Practical Experiences of New En^i^Iaiid
Cas Engineers with Gas in Kitcliens, Res-
taurants, Factories and Boiler Plants
By L. T. JOYCE, Boston*
Cas in Hotel Kitchens and
Restaurants
DURING the last three and a half
years, gas has generally replaced
coal in Boston hotels. Prior to
that time our experience in securing Its
nse was most disheartening. Whenever
a hotel proprietor was approached, onr
proposition was turned down at once, he-
cause, as the hotel men said, of its great
cost as compared with other fuel. An-
other reason was that the chefs would
not use it. This last objection was well
founded, as In almost every case the chef
antagonized us from the first. His state-
ment was that gas was not a practical fuel
and for that reason he would not use it.
In the first gas kitchen that we equip-
ped with hotel ranges they still retained
about half the installatfon on coal. Mr.
Smith, who was then one of the propri-
etors of the Hotel Hayward, was the
first man In Boston who had courage
enough to make a trial on gas hotel
ranges. The chef objected most stren-
uously at first, but he afterwards came
Into line and said Uiat for many things
It was superior to coal. Mr. Smith from
that time to the present day has been a
consistent friend and user of gas In his
business, and at the present time Is con-
ducting a very large restaurant in Boston,
and has an entire gas equipment In his
kitchen.
Our first entfre gas kitchen was In-
stalled at the Hotel Victoria In Janu-
ary of 1917. The chef there seemed to
be willing at least to give the thing a trial.
Mr. Page, who was then managing fht
house, having seen Installations In New
York and in some Institutions here, was
inclined to think he might make It gc
This Installation was made and proveo
successful from the first. The kitchen
crew, as we expected, was not friendly,
but after a week or two when they began
to realize that their work was made easi-
er, they began to think there was some-
thing in the gas kitchen. A little later,
I do not believe you could get the chefs
to take It out.
We then went after the proprietors
of the hotels. We were at that time
♦Written for the 51 Pf Annual Meetmir of the New
England Aatpdntipp of Gfu^finrerBrFelffUBry, 1921
threatened with a coal shortage, which
afterward became a real fact. They came
Into line, one by one; and today, we have
in Boston, wholly equipped with gas.
twentv-six hotels and institutions and
thirtv-one large restaurants.
Our argument with the hotel owner
was that we could give him more reli-
able service and a sanitary kitchen that
would be cooler In summer. We could
eliminate the noisy activities In the kit-
chen in the cariv morning hours, which
disturbed the sleep of the guests. During
the dav when the fires were not being
used, thcv could be turned out. whereas
if they were using coal fires they would
have to b<» retained. The storage of coal
In the kitchen was anotfier Important fac-
tor, as was also the removal of ashes.
Peoairs for gas ranges are from 20 to
40 per cent less than coal.
Strange to say we had very few com-
nlaints of hicrh bills, as everyone seemed
perfectly willing to pay for gas In the
kitchen when they saw the results they
could obtain.
In all cases where Installations have
been made, we advised the dailv reading
of the meter; having some reliable per-
son such as the steward or the engineer,
take this readine at the same hour each
dav. If there was anv unusual Increase
in consumntion. this could be accounted
for then and not wait until the month had
nassed. Wc found that this woriced verv
well. I would like here to cite a case
where I believe this method saved the
business for us. One of the hotels
where the installation had been made,
had changed hands, and a new Idtchen
crew was taken on. After the first bill.
we crot a letter from the pronrietor. sav-
ing that if this was the best that we
could do with gas. he intended to take
the gas kitchen out and renlace it with
roal. T might add here that this bill
was Just about double what It was for-
merly, with the old crew operating the
ranges. I went up and saw this man
and talked with him and urcred him to
have the daily readincr of the meter made.
This was done and the second month
thev had their bills back to normal. This
installation is still in operation and giving
satisfaction.
We made no cljiimf to the hotel pn?r
prietors tfiat gas would be cheaper than
coal, but we did tell them that we believed
that with careful operation, gas could be
used as cheaply as coal, cverytWng con-
sidered. This has been proven in in-
staTlatlons where proprietors have in-
formed us that gas was costing Uiem no
more than coal, and that their service
was better. Of course we have installa-
tions where gas is costing more than
coal, in one case nearly tfAct as much. Tn
reply to my question as to whether this
man would care to go back to coal again,
he said that not under any drcnmstance
did he believe he would use coal in his
kitchen again.
One of our Installations was tfiat of
the hotel Touraine. This Installation con-
sists of nine sections of Gariand hotel
range, with three 18-Inch spreader plates,
which gives them more surface to sUde
their pans and utensils above. After
these ranges are In operation these
spreader plates become hot and you can
keep food hot on them. There is also
one large roast oven and one 50-Inch
broiler. The chef and his assistants In
the kitchen are most enthusiastic over
these gas ranges, which have now been
Installed for over two yt^rs ( Julv, 1918> .
Tn talking wltfi the management the other
day I was informed that thev did not
believe that their gas had cost them any
more than coal, and they were very will-
ing to say that their service was much
more reliable than formerly. T tried to
get some figures relative to actual cost
but they did not care to give them otit.
Thev serve from 1,000 to 1.200 meals a
dav In this hotel. They have service at
anv hour of the dav or night. The man
who formerly looked after the fires Is
able to do something else, and they have
bettered their service generally. They
further told me that if coal was b^ck at
the old price they would not use cr^l
as a fuel. And this bpinfon seems to be
general among the hotel owners In Bos-
ton.
It may be Interesting to note that ten
years ago In our endeavor to get f?as in-
stallations in Boston hotels, we offered
to put an installation free in this very
same hotel under the very same manaire-
ment, if they would tise gas, but couH
i?9t get the propodtfon accepted.
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gcbruAry 25, 1921
We have a maintenance system which
provides for periodical calls at the ho-
tels. This service was formerly given
free of charge, except that hotel owners
had to pay for cost of parts, but labor
was furnished free. We now make a
charge for all service rendered, and
mapy of the houses have taken advantage
of this. The usual maintenance con-
tract for first class hotels proviiics a
call of four hours each two weeks^ cost-
ing ^9bM a year.
We have had success m our mstalla-
tions in hospitals and institutions from
the first, and today we have» I think, all
of the large hospitals and many of the
smaller ones equipped with gas, and the
hospital superintendents all ^ree that
gas is the ideal f ueL
In Boston where resUurants were for-
merly equipped with coal and very lit-
tle gas, this condition has changed mate-
rially, for practically all of our large res-
taurants are now using gas entirely. We
have one chain of restaurants where
three years ago coal was the fuel used
by them almost entirely, but after making
an installation for one of their restau-
rants, we have changed all of their stores
in Boston, which number oght and the
management is perfectly satisfied with the
results obtained.
There are still two or three hotels in
Boston that are not using gas, but we hope
to bring them into line.
I regret that I have not been able to
get the data covering the costs of ser-
vice with gas in hotels, but formerly
when we had gone into this somewhat we
found that conditions were so very dif-
ferent in the various houses that results
were entirely different in every case.
Su£Bcient to say, however, that I do not
believe we have one hotel that is dis-
satisfied with the gas installation in its
kitchen. With inteUigent operation of
hotel ranges, there is no good reason in
my mind why gas cannot be made as
cheap a fuel as coal and at the same time
give much more satisfactory results.
Gas Fired Furnaces for Heat
Treating
By P. J. LAFORE, Boston
I WILL first speak about an installation
we made converting general heat
treating furnaces from oil to gas. The
increase in the price of fuel oil and its
poor and varied quality, has made it
possible for us to replace oil fired fur-
naces with gas, and show a saving in fuel
cost, in addition to turning out better and
cleaner work, greater production, and a
saving in repairs and in tubes and pots
on annealing and carbonizing work.
A typical installation of this kind was
one that we put in at the New England
Annealing and Tool Company. This
company does general steel heat treating
work and have the following furnaces:
THB GAS AGB
First:— One double chamber annealing
furnace, one chamber of which is 20 ft.|
long, 4 ft wide, 1 ft 6 in. high to springj
of arch; and the other chamber 16 ft]
long, with the other measurements the
same as the 20 ft side. The furnace is
built of fire brick, without insulation and
has 18 in. side walls, 27 in. walls between
chamber, and a 9 in. roof. It is of the
over fired type, the heat passing under the
arch down through checker work in the
floor and out a fine which runs length-
wise of the furnace in the wall on the
burner side.
The 20 it. chamber formerly had six
oil burners and 16 ft chamber five. These
furnaces operate at about 1450'' to
IbSO"" F., the charge in the 20 ft side
being approximately five tons, and on the
16 ft side, four tons.
Second;— Two hardening furnaces with
inside dimensions 2 ft Sin. wide, 2 ft 2 in.
deep, and 10 in. high from hearth to
crown of the arch. The walls are of 4}4
in. fire brick enclosed in. a steel casing
without insulation. These furnaces for-
merly had two oil burners placed in
diagonally opposite corners, and are of
the under fired oven type. They operate
between 1400** and 1500^ F.
Third ;'-High speed steel furnace, the
inside dimensions of which are 1 ft 2 in.
wide, 1 ft 2 in. deep, and 8 in. from
hearth to to crown of arch. The walls
are of 9 in. fire brick enclosed in a steel
casing, without insulation. This furnace
operates at about 2000** to 2350'' F. Two
oil burners were formerly used and were
placed in diagonally opposite corners,
and the furnace was of the under fired
oven type.
Fourth: — Simplex furnace, with inter-
nal dimensions 1 ft 6 in. wide, 1 ft 6 in.
deep, and 8 in. from hearth to crown of
arch. It has 4j4 in. fire brick walls en-
closed in a steel casing and is without
insulation. Two oil burners were used
in this furnace in a similar manner as
the other small furnaces. It operates at
1450^ to 1550'' F.
Fifth:— <^bonizing Furnace.
When we installed the Surface Com-
bustion Company burner equipment, the
furnace was in such poor condition that
we could not put gas burners in it It
was torn down, and the New England
Annealing and Tool Company are going
to build a new furnace ; the inside dimen-
sions of which will be 8 ft long, 5 ft
wide and 2 ft 2 in. from hearth to crown
of arch. It will be constructed of fire
brick with 18 in. walls and 9 in. roof,
but will not be insulated. The furnace
will be of the over fired type, similar to
the annealing furnace and will have four
gas burners placed on the two opposite
sides. It will be used for carbonizing and
general heat treating work.
The oil burners that were formerly
used, were of the Gilbert & Barker low
pressure type, using air at one-half pound
pressure.
In cb?^"g<"g over to gas we installed
the Surface Combustion Company high
pressure system using a No. 1 Nash Com-
pressor, operating at ten pounds pressttre.
This is a single pipe, one valve system,
in which air is drawn in from the atmo-
sphere at the inspirator, the proportions
of air and gas always remaining con-
stant, no matter what the pressure or
the consumption.
There are a number of systems that
could have been used, but in choosing
the Surface Combustion, we felt that it
would be best for this particular case, as
the insUllation was a farily large one,
with prospects of being increased, and
it required very accurate control and wide
range of temperature. In addition to this,
it was necessary that it require very little
attention and the one valve pressttre
system seemed to meet these require-
ments satisfactorily.
When we changed to gas we installed
the gas burners in approximately the
same locations as the oil bitrners, twelve
bttrners were placed on the 20 ft side
and ten on the 16 ft side of the anneal-
ing furnace, and two each on the small
furnaces.
In comparing the two different fuels,
we find there is no comparison in the
work done by them. With the gas we
obtain wonderfully accttrate and itniform
temperature control; which results in
more and better work, and steel that is
free from scale. The annealing tubes are
also free of scale, which prolongs their
life considerably. With the oil it was
impossible to keep the temperature tmi-
form, even though they gave it more at-
tention than they now do the gas. In
addition to this the work and annealing
tubes and carbonizing pots scaled very
badly.
We have not taken any gas readings
ourselves, but the New England Aimeal-
ing and Tool Company have taken very
accurate readings of the gas constimed,
and have some data on the oil coxtstimp-
tioiL From these figures we find that gas
is approximately 10% cheaper than oiL
The gas costs about $1.20 per 1000 cubic
feet, and the oil, 16c a gallon. Summing
up, the results are very much in favor
of gas, as it is not oitly cheaper, but the
qttaltty and qitantity of the work is mttch
better.
Another very interesting installation
if one at the Watertown Arseital. This,
also, uses the Surface Combttstion High
Pressttre System. They have a No. 4
Nash Compressor in the gtm plant, sup-
plying the gas at ten potmds pressttre to
one 37 ft gim furnace, which is of the
cylindrical pit type, with tiers of burners
placed all arotmd the furnace.
Two 12 ft gtm furnaces similar to the
above, and one general heat treating fur-
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164
THE GAS AGS
February H, 19^1
nace, approximately 12 ft. long, 5 ft wide
and 5 ft. high to crown of arch. This
furnace is divided into two chambers
with removable roof and is under fired,
with the burners placed on two opposite
sides.
In the hardening plant they have six
cylindrical furnaces approximately 7 ft.
in diameter and 8 ft. high, that are used
for heat treating 14 in. armor piercing
shells, one shell being heated at a time.
The burners are placed in tiers around
the furnace. These furnaces are entirely
different from anything used elsewhere;
and shells treated in them have broken
records in government tests. They are
used for both hardening, and drawing
heats, and it is necessary in both cases,
to have different temperatures m differ-
ent parts of the furnace at the same time ;
in addition to maintaining a perfectly
constant temperature at each point. In
addition to this it is necessary to keep
the nose of the shell cold on the draw,
and water is continuously run through
the bottom of the furnace, over the nose
ot the shell during the heat The fur-
nace is divided mto three zones, one
above the other, with a series of burners
encircling the furnace in each zone. It is
possible to maintain a perfectly uniform
temperature in each zone, and at the
same time have a difference as great as
lUU" centigrade between the top and bot-
tom zone, a distance of about three feet.
In addition to these furnaces there is an
armor plate furnace, of the under ffred
type, with burners along two opposite
sides. This furnace is approximately 18
ft long, 5 ft wide and 18 in. high.
The high pressure gas is supplied by
a No. 7 Nash Compressor.
Some of the furnaces were installed
during the war, while others have been
put in since, and the work that they have
done has exceeded the expectations of
the government metallurgists and engi-
neers, as well as ourselves. The gun fur-
naces have competed with both electricity
and oil, and have shown their superiority
to a very marked degree.
Application of Gas to Plate
and Angle Furnace
By H. HOWARD SMITH
Industrial Engineer, Massachusetts Gas
Companies
AMONG the many installations this
past year of gas fuel for industrial
purposes is one to a plate and angle fur-
nace in a ship yard. The work for years
has been done by coke and oil. All plants
have tried to get away from the tremen-
dous scale formed on the metal by these
fuels. In all former furnaces of this
type the flame has been permitted to come
in direct contact with the metal, thus
forming the objectionable scale and oft-
times burning the metal. By the appli-
cation of gas to a properly constructed
furnace these troubles have been largely
eliminated.
At the ship yard in question several
systems were considered by the manage-
ment The chief engineer of this plant
was an oil enthusiast He did not con-
sider gas capable of the work and when
hnally persuaded to consider the possibil-
ties of this latter fuel he would only ac-
cept it when applied along oil burning
lines. The fallacy of such a procedure
was apparent to us.
Accordingly when permission was fi-
nally forthcoming, we designed and con-
structed a furnace having inside dimen-
sions of 30 feet, 6 inches (length) 5 feet
8 inches (width) and 24 inches from the
floor of the furnace to the center of its
arch. The furnace is of brick construc-
tion with I beam buck stays 5 feet apaa
on each side.
The walls are nine inches thick. There
is a two-inch dead air space between
these outer ^alls and the silica brick
inner lining. The entire furnace is lined
with silica brick. The floor is of this
material laid on end and imbedded in
No. 33 Johns Manville high temperature
cement This lining has great heat re-
sisting powers and long wearing qualities.
Without it the intense flames would soon
burn through the arch.
There are 24 inch vents at the bottom
of the side walls. No vents are placed
in the arch. This form of construction
pulls the heat to the bottom of the fur-
nace. In this way maximum heat is
produced from the fuel burned and ra-
diated onto the metal.
As in many other industrial instal-
lations the Maxon Premix burner proved
suitable for this work. Four of the num-
ber four burners were used, two being
placed on each side of the furnace. Each
burner was equipped with a four-inch
manifold from which three three-inch
sticktite nozzles were projected through
the burner openings in the top of side
walls. The furnace thus equipped burns
15,800 cubic feet of gas per hour.
The openings in the side walls through
which the nozzles were placed were six
inches in diameter. The nozzles were
four inches in diameter. These openings
were purposely made large so as to keep
the nozzles cool and prevent their burn-
ing. Each nozzle projects through its
opening but three-quarters of an inch.
All burner openings were flared on the
sides and upper part so as to direct the
flames along the top of the furnace arch.
By staggering the nozzles on either side
the whole of the furnace is a complete
glow when brought to its full heat. There
are absolutely no black spots. The heat
is radiated onto plates and angles so that
the flames do not at any time come in
contact with the metal.
This production of true radiated heat
at a temperature of 1400 to 1800 degrees,
with entire absence of direct flame con-
tact, leaves the material clean and clear
with very little scale.
After the furnace has been lighted for
fifteen minutes steel angles thirty feet
long, four inches wide and one-half inch
thick are fully heated in six minutes.
Plates that are twenty feet long, five feet
wide and five-eighths inch thick are
ready in twenty-one minutes. Material
is then brought from the furnace and bent
into shape. After cooling it is punched
and made ready for riveting. No further
heating is necessary.
Six angles are heated at the same time.
Obviously only one plate at a time can
be heated. The original sizes of the
plates and angles are more nearly main-
tained than in oil or solid fuel furnaces.
There is a considerable labor and time
saving in the operation of this gas fired
furnace, as the burners reqiiire no at-
tention while in use and work is pro-
duced in shorter time. With a gas rate
of approximately $1.08 per thousand there
is but a slightly higher fuel cost at the
present time in comparison with these
other fuels. No fuel need be kept burn-
ing when the furnace is not in use while
with oil this would be necessary. As in
nearly all gas installations the reduction
in noise and a more cleanly shop is
worthy of consideration.
Gas Fired Steam Boilers
By Mr. E. W. BERCHTOLD, Boston
THERE are over one hundred and
twenty-five (125) high pressure gas
fired' stean^ boiler plants representing
over eight hundred thirty-two (832) H.
P. on the lines of the Boston Gonsolidated
Gas Company today. In addition to the
high pressure steam gas-fired plants, we
have ten plants representing 56 H. P.
operating under 15 lbs. of steam pressure.
There are numerous calls for gas-fired
boilers in bottle-washing, milk pasteuriz-
ing, bakeries, shoe factories, candy fac-
tories, large water heating systems, etc
At the E. C Campbell Company, 240
Milk Street, Boston, The Boston Consoli-
dated Gas Company has two of their 8
H. P. Boilers connected together. These
boilers supply steam at 80 lbs. pressure
for four 75 and one 25 gallon jacketed
kettle, 1 glucose Unk, 2^x2^x5 feet
and another one 4x3x6 feet The ket-
tles and boiler are located on the same
floor, the steam is taken thru a 2>4 in.
steam main which runs directly over these
kettles. Each kettle is connected sepa-
rately with a 1 in. steam line. The returns
are taken from the bottom of each kettle
thru steam traps. These returns run
separately to a 2 in. main return to a
4}4x 2)^x4 Warren Steam Pump and
receiver, the condensation then being
pumpted back automatically. The pump
is also run from the gas steam boiler
plant
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February ^, 1921
THS OAS AOS
165
Up to about two years ago, the Kane
Boiler was principally used throughout
Boston, at that time the Boston Con-
solidated Gas Company imdertook to de-
sign and construct a high pressure gas-
fired steam boiler. The Boston Consoli-
dated Gas Company boiler is of the up-
right fire tube type, by this I mean, a
vertical boiler with tubes running ver-
tically, the heat from the burners passing
up thru these tubes and the water and
steam are around the tubes on the inside
of the shell.
Since February 1, 1920, The Boston
Consolidated Gas Company has sold
thirty-five (35) steam boiler plants, ag-
gregating over three hundred and thirty-
one (331) H. P. Ten (10) of these plants
were Kane High Pressure 3team Boilers,
aggregating 70 H. P., fifteen plants ag-
gregating 205 H. P. were Boston Consoli-
dated Gas Company high pressure plants,
ten of these plants were Bryant low
pressure steam plants, aggregating 56 «
H. P.
These low pressure plants were for
milk pasteurizing, restaurant cooking and
water heating. The high pressure plants
were for candy factories, tailor shops and
for general cooking where high temper-
atures are desired.
It will probably be well to give a
general description of the Boston Con-
solidated Gas Company boiler, as most
of you are not familiar with its con-
struction.
First: there is a base plate which is
made of cast iron and is three (3) inches
high. There are openings around the
side allowing the air to pass between the
Hoor and the plate, to make the tloor cool.
Second: there is the base, which is
mounted on the base plate. This is also
of cast iron. This base has a 22x8 in.
opening with removable door. Tnis open-
ing is provided so that the burners may
be removed with very little ditticulty.
At the lower edge of this base there are
secondary air openings two (2) inches
high and seven (7) inches long. These
secondary air openings may be closed
and opened conveniently with an air
shutter ring, which is provided and fits
inside the base, and is adjusted for each
air condition.
Third: comes the boiler itself. This
upright boiler has vertical tubes. It is
mounted on cast iron base, the upper tube
sheet or head, as you may call it, is
flanged in, and the lower head flanged
out. There is an opening in the top of
the base just large enough to receive the
lower head of the boiler, making tight
joint, therefore, it is necessary for all
the heat to travel up the vertical tubes.
Fourth: comes the outer casing. This
casing consists of two (2) 1-8 steel plates,
rolled in larger diameter than the boiler.
These plates are bolted together and
packed with one (1) inch block magnesia.
This insulation is one (1) inch thick.
The casing is made in sections, and is
then mounted on the same base as the
boiler, leaving an air space between the
boiler and the casing. One-fourth of
the distance up the casing from the bot-
tom there is a flue opening provided.
Next, we have on the top head, which
is flanged in, a round baffle plate, which
is practically the same diameter as the
head itself. There are four (4) legs,
four (4) inches long attached to this
baffle to hold it in place. The baffle is
placed on the upper head, the top ex-
tending about two (2) inches above the
boiler.
Next comes the bonnet or top, which
is also of cast iron. This bonnet is cast
in two pieces and is bolted together with
two bolts, making it very easy to as-
semble and remove, as the case may be.
The bonnet does not rest on the boiler,
it rests entirely on the outer casing. This
allows a direct fire travel from the bur-
ner up through the tubes to the top
baffle plate, out under the edges of the
baffle phate, over the edge of the boiler,
down the space between the boiler and
the casing and out to the flue, which is
located one-fourth the distance up from
the bottom of the casing. A top flue
connection is also provided for use in
poor draft conditions, in which a damper
is placed so that all or part of the flue
gases can be deflected to the lower flue
opening. This damper has a notch in
its upper side to prevent accumulation
of gas in the bonnet.
The burner used on boilers of 8 H. P.
and over was specially designed by the
Improved Appliance Company of New
York. It consists of five (5) burner tubes
on a two (2) inch manifold, the end( and
center burner tubes had each a 1>^ in.
pipe opening. The second and fourth
burner tubes had each two (2) 1^ in.
pipe openings or burner ports. Each
was baffled or capped to spread the flame.
The consumption of this burner ranged
from 600 feet to 1200 feet. On the smaller
type boilers under 8 H. P. an M type
Improved Appliance burner was used.
Gas regulation is obtained by a Bryant
Fuel Control Governor, which is manu-
factured by the Bryant Heater Co., of
Cleveland, Ohio, and is the snap action
type, that is when the steam is at the
pressure the regulator is set for, it shuts
off the gas entirely, and no more steam
is made.
A pilot light is always burning. The
regulator maintains a given pressure
within a range of two pounds. The old
type boiler regulator did not cut down
the gas sufficiently to prevent blowing the
safety valve. When steam was not being
used, it was necessary to turn one or
more burners off by hand.
Gas Companies Do Their Best
Finds Every Effort is Made to Improve
Service
Los Angeles, Cal. — "The gas distrib-
uting companies in the city of Los
Angeles are providing service as near
satisfactory as is possible imder the
extraordinary conditions confronting
them," is the finding made public yester-
day of a special committee of the Cham-
ber of Commerce, of which Capt. John
D. Fredericks was chairman.
Almost simultaneously a statement was
issued by Gas Supervisor Masser of the
State Railroad Commission. It follows
in part:
"After a conference with officials of
the Los Angeles Gas and Electric Cor-
poration, it was decided that the manu-
facture of water gas made from carbon
briquets, and similar to much of the gas
sold in eastern States, should be discon-
tinued. It is hoped that this change may
result in. a material decrease of offensive
odors now being experienced. Water gas
is in itself a good fuel but it contains
certain chemical compounds, such as car-
bon monoxide, which may not be burning
completely in our gas appliances as now
adjusted, thereby resulting in consider-
able annoyance to gas consumers.
"Because of the tremendously heavy
demand for gas, it has recently been
necessary to operate all possible gas-
generating equipment. About 2 to 6 per
cent of the total gas manufactured, has
been water gas."
To Their Interest
The Chamber committee states that
"it is to the interests of the distributing
companies to distribute where possible
the highest grade of gas."
The committee recommends that the
Chamber of Commerce "encourage in
every way possible the extension of the
manufacturing capacities of the com-
panies." On the cause of present com-
plaints of users as to the quality of gas
supplied to them, the committee's report
says:
"The difficulties experienced by our
gas users arise from the fact, that do-
mestic appliances which will burn sat-
isfactorily one quality of gas, will be
unsatisfactory on another quality, either
a higher grade or a lower grade."
Follow Suggestions
Of the efforts of the companies to im-
prove the quality of gas, the report says :
"We And that all of the suggestions
for improvement given by the experts of
the State Railroad Commission have been
faithfully executed by the gas distribut-
ing companies. We find that as long as
conditions necessarily produce a varied
quality of mixture, the use of gas will
be subject to the inconveniences naturally
flowing therefrom."
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166
Jl.
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February 2S, 1^1
Joint Conventioii
ILLINOIS GAS ASSOCIATION
(17Ui Annual Meeting)
ILLINOIS STATE ELECTRIC ASSO-
CIATION
(20Ui Annual Meeting)
ILLINOIS ELECTRIC RAILWAYS
ASSOCIATION
(12tli Annual Meeting)
HOTEL SHERMAN, Chicago
March 15 and 16
Opening Session, Tuesday,
March 15, 1921
10:00 A. M. President's Address, W. M.
Willett, Pres. Illinois Gas Ass'n.
Auditing Commitee's Report, E. E.
Corken, Central Illinois Light.
Secretary-Treasurer's Report, R. V.
Prather.
Appointment of Convention Com-
mittees.
Sale of Securities Locally, John F.
Gilchrist, Pres. Commonwealth
Edison Co.
Wednesday, March 16
10:00 A. M. "What the National Asso-
ciations are doing."
American Gas Association, Chas. H.
Monroe, President.
American Electric Railways Asso-
ciation, Philip H. Gadsden, Pres.
National Electric Light Associa-
tion, Martin J. InsuU, Pres.
Report of Nominating Committee.
Election of Officers.
6:00 P. M. Annual Banquet Reserva-
tions for one thousand, $5.00 per
plate. Make reservations through
Charles Luther, Chairman Enter-
tainment Committee, Room — ,
Peoples Gas Light & Coke Com-
pany, Chicago, Illinois.
Afternoon Session, March 15
Gas Section
(Louis XVI Room)
2:00 P. M. "Tar Emulsion," Messrs.
Wm. Odell and E. Thiele, Labor-
atory, Peoples Gas Light & Coke
Company.
"Evaluation of Generator Fuel,"
Edward S. Pohlmann.
"Accident Prevention in the Gas In-
dustry," Fred M. Smith, Bureau of
Safety.
Electric Section
(Crystal Room)
2:00 P. M. *The Consumers Steward-
ship of the Coal Deposits," W. L.
Abbott, Chief Operating Engineer,
Commonwealth Edison Company.
"Modern Accounting Methods," J.
H. Thomas, Central Illinois Light
Company.
Discussion :—H. E. Addenbrooke,
Commonwealth Edison Company.
"Methods of Measuring Reactive
Factor and Apparent Power for
Basis of Rate Making," Ray H.
Wolford, Ass't Eng. Meter Dept,
American Gas & Electric Com-
pany.
Discussion: — C E. Brown, Meter
Engineer, Commonwealth Edison
Company.
Electric Railway Section
(Grey Room)
2:00 P. M. "Passenger Traffic Analysis
and Control," M, J. Feron, Chica-
go Elevated Railroads.
"Shop Organization and Mainte-
nance and Inspection of Equip-
ment," J. M. Bosenbury, Illinois
Traction System.
Discussion led by John Suther-
land, Tri-City Railways Company ;
H. A. Johnson, Chicago, North
Shore & Milwaukee R. R.
"Introducing the Employe to the Job
and Following Him Up." W. R.
Holton, Mgr. Real Estate Dept,
South Side Elevated R. R. Co.
Discussion led by F. E. Fisher,
Gen. Supt. Chicago, Ottowa &
Peoria R. R.; E. F. Gould, Aurora,
Elgin & Chicago R. R.
Afternoon Session, March 16
Gas Section
(Louis XVI Room)
2. -00 P. M. "Problems of the Engineer
Selecting Proper Distribution Sys-
tem," J. A. Brown, Gas Eng. Ho-
denpyl. Hardy & Company.
**Thc Recovery of By-Products,"
Angus MacArthur, the Koppers
Company.
"Rules and Tables for Determining
Gas Requirements of Industrial
- Appliances," Industrial Depart-
ment, Peoples Gas Light & Coke
Company.
Electric Section
(Crystal Room)
2. -00 P. M. "Comparative Cost of Pro-
ducing Power by Isolated Plants
vs. Central Station under Present
Conditions," John H. Mitchell,
New Business Manager, E. St.
Louis Light & Power Co.
Discussion: John G. Learned,
Public Service Company of North-
ern Illinois.
"Testing of Instrument Transform-
ers," F. A. Kartak, Professor
Electrical Engineering School of
Engineering of Milwaukee.
Discussion: Mr. Bushnetl, Corn-
wealth Edison Company.
"Hazards of Faulty Switchboard
Construction," R. N. Bert» Elec-
trical Supt Rockford Electric
Oxnpany.
Discussion : C C Adams, Switch-
board Specialist, (General Electric
(Company.
Electric Railway Section
(Grey Room)
2.-00 P. M. "Labor Saving Devices of
the Maintenance of Way Depart-
ment and What Th^r Save,**
Charles Clark, Eng. of Mainte-
nance of Way, Cleveland Ry. Ca
(3000 ft film to illustrate)
Discussion led by S. J. Steiner,
Aurora, Elgin & Chicago R. R.;
C B. Coates, Chicago Pneumatic
Tool Company.
"Merchandise Service and Its Pos-
sibilities," D. W. Snyder, Jr., Gen-
eral Superintendent Bloomington
& Normal Railwi^ & Light
Discussion led by E. St Louis &
Suburban Railway Company; C
E. Thompson, Chicago, N. Shore
& Milwaukee R. R. Co.
'^Results of Automatic Substation
Operation," Chas. H. Jones, Chi-
cago, North Shore & Mil.
Discussion led by A. P. Jenks,
Manager R. R. Department, Gen-
eral Electric Company; S. E.
Johnson, Aurora, Elgin & Chica-
go R. R. Company.
City Gets Better Fuel Gaa
Quality and Preaaure Good, Saya City
Chemist Johnson
Spokane, Wash.— rThe quality and pres^
sure of the Spokane artificial gas supply
was better in January than for months
past, Qty Chemist Johnson stated yes-
terday. During January the daily aver-
age of heat units was 550, as comjArcd
with the temporary trial standard, fixed
by the state public service commissioa,
of 525 to 540 units.
The highest number of heat units re-
corded in one day was on January 6,
with 569. The lowest record for one
day was on January 29, with 528w
Yesterday afternoon the gas was tested
for pressure by the city chemist, who
lighted a jet from a Bunsen burner
three-eighths of an inch in diameter. The
flame shot 18 inches into the air. This
the chemist said, was equivalent to the
five-inch water pressure test
Digitized by
Google
February 25, 1921
THE GAS AOB
167
Gas Associations and Market News
T^HE following?: Kst covers the officers
■■• of the principat gas associations, the
address of the secretary, and tfie date and
place of the annual meeting:.
Oklahoma TTtllWes AsMcUtloii— CotivetiHon.
March 8-10, Hackins Hotel, Oklahoma Oty,
Okla.
Tmnola Oas J^snoHaflon— T>re^.. W. M. WHIett.
At»mm. Til.: «•»«». -t^enx.. "R. V. "Prpther. 72 W.
A<lptn« 55t.. O'l^'arro. Til.: "R. V. Prather, .IDS
n^Wl** ^mUh PMrr. ^nrin^pM. Til. Chtiren-
tioti. March 15-17. Hotel Sherman, Chicaf?o.
Wfsc«»«(Hii (Ins Ajwociatloii— Pre^., Brtinn
RahT». Milwaukee Wis.: vlce-pr***,, A. F. Dav-
ev. ^#»hoTCTin. Wis.: ^ec.-tr.. H«»ii»T Harman.
182 Wisconsin St. Milwatikee. Wis. Annual
conventimi. Hotel Pfister, Milwaukee, March 22
and ?3. 1921.
Pen«^^vaiil« flmn A««oc1atioti— Pres., T. H.
"K^nne^rvun. P^a^inqr. Pn.t •«»c..trea«.. W. O,
T ••mcnfi. Tr . PKcf^r. Pa. ConTCntion. April.
13-15. 1921. in Philadelnhia, Pa.
W^w T^sev ^♦a*e Oas A«^«»Hs*lon— Pres. F.
P. C^^fh^nn. T^Ti'T Pranrh. N. T.: ««M»..treas..
Wtn. P. Adam^. rmivention. April. 1921.
WaltiTnl flan AM«w»1«HAn of America— Pres. H.
TToove** rJnolfiTiati. Ohio: «i#k» -treas.. Wm. B.
Wi>^ 004-^ OHv.»i- PM'*.. Pitt«hiirflr"h. Pa. Con-
vention. Mar 16-20. Cincinnati. O.
S'»ii*>*m Oaa A«*oHatlon— Pre«.. F. C. Stot-
l»jirt. C^ir1»»«ton. S. C : ser.-frea«.. fJenrire H.
^n»ith V'>rfolk. Va. Convention. Mar 24. Sa-
vannah. Ca.
Canadian Gas A8fM)rla«on— Pr^«.. C. S. Pa****.
Montt^al. Owe-: 1st vice-ores., E. H. Can-'hell.
^t. Thoma«. Otit. • 2nd vlce-nres.. C«l. T». P.
Sfreet. Otf-i^a. Ont.: s*»c.-tr.. G. W. Allen.
io TorAr»io St.. Toronto Ont. Convention, Aut-
25-^ ^Vindsor Hotel. Montreal.
finnm Central Ob* Awoclatton— Pres.. C. P.
MrKintiev Dallas. Tex.: first vlce-nres., F. L.
Wct««of. San Antonio. Tex.: second vlce-pres..
Fred C. Armhmster. Shreveport. Ia.; actlncr
«ec.-tre9«.. C. H. SeidenRlanz. Dallas. Texas.
Convention. Octoher 4.
Ohio on mnS Gas Keii'a AssoHstfon— Pi*#»«.
Tjitnes W. MrMj^honr •er.-tr.'as.. Wllliatn H.
Tf«omn«nn. *11 Ne-^ Ftr«it National Pank Pldsr..
rVilon^htia. Ohio. Convention. Octoher. Colnm-
hns. O.
Awerlrati Oaa awoMsflop—Pres.. Char1e« A.
M^onroe. Peonle* Oa« T.lflrht fr Coke Co.. CMca<w».
Til.; e#^..n^an.. 0«/«nr Po't.t. 128 F Fift^«»nth St.
Ne^v York. Convention. Chicacm. Nov. 7-12. 1921.
S«af1iwe«*#ni Btec*T*'ii1 and Oa« AssodaHnn—
'•♦■e*.. A. Hardfrrav Dall***. Texa«: sec H. S.
Tooner Slatiffhter Pidff.. Dallas. Texas: treas..
T. B. Walker.
Catiadlaw Gaa Asaoclatloii— Pr^s.. C. .S. Ba*»e.
MonfT^^l. Otte.: «*»r -frejis.. G. W. Allen. 19 To-
^tmfo St.. Toronto Can.
W*«t Vlrirfnla WatnTa! Gas Aii««clat!«ii— Pres..
TT A ^Vallflce. C^arlrston. ^V Va.: sec.-treas..
Edwin Rohlnson. Fairmont. W. Va.
MIcMp^n O99 A<«aocfatfoii — Pres.. Tohn W.
"P:»t*«»n. ^'•♦^oit. Mi^'h.: «er -tr^as.. A. G. Schroe-
#l^r. Grand Panids Gas Light Co.. Grand Rapids.
Mich.
Sirath Central Gaa Association — ^Fomierlv
T,.xa« G»« A««ociation> Vrr^ . P. C. Armhti«*er.
Shrev^nor* T.a : sec.-trea*., S. J. Ballfnfirer, San
Antnnio. Tex.
Wmpfwi «♦*♦« Ga« ik Electric Aaaoclatlon—
P-#^« TT. W. V^f^V Sr1i»»ne/»tadv. N. Y.: •e** . C
H B OiJinin ?o W VHh St.. Ne-r York. V Y.
Pa'^fle Coa^ Gas Aa««elatfoii— Pres.. William
'^. Kanii«. Po-'lnnd. Ore.: ser.-treas., W M
H^wd^«on. R12 H/^-vard St.. San Francisco. Cslif
T«i4f*«>a Gas Aaaoc^atioB— Pres.. W. W. Good-
rir-h. Win'*hp«t^r. Tnd ? «er.-*«-ea« . F. J. Btirke.
Citirens Gas Co.. Tndianapolis. Tnd.
X^i8C*»nsfil G*« Attsoclatfofi— Pros.. BniT»o Rahn.
■*#I|'"'»»ikee. W?«.: •^'•-trens.. Honrv Harman,
182 Wisconsin St.. Milwaukee. Wis.
T*wa T>lntHct n«, Assodatloii— Pre*.. W. W.
Tjivlor Omah'« V#»»>.: *^c -trf^a*.. H. R. Sterrett.
Dea Moines Gaa Co., Des Moines. la.
r«f»a^t«n Gas Assoclatfoii--Prr«j.. C. S. Hmr**.
M<*n*^^ii\. Oue : Ist vire-pres.. E. H. Canorhell.
^t. Thomas. Ont.: 2nd vice-pre« . Col. D. R.
^tr^f. Ottawa. Ont.: sec.tr.. G. W. Allen
to Torrmto St.. Toronto. Ont.
Wew Rndattd Association of Gas Bnsrlneers—
"Pre^.. Burton Smart, Portland. Me.; vice-pres..
V. F. Bird; vlce-pres.. It E. Wyant; wc. John
L. Tudbnrj, Saleni, Mass.
Report
The following quotations are made by leading
Interests. Reductions in prices since the last ipsue
are indicated by an asterlskC*^. and advances In
prices are Indicated by a dagger (t).
Cast Iron Pipe
New York quotes: 6-ln. and heavier, per ton
S63..W. 4-in. 87.1.30: 3-in. 88.1.30 and 84.00 additk>nal
for Class A and gas pipe.
Chicago quotes, f.o.b. Chicago ex-war tax as fol-
lows: Water pipe, 4-in.. 869.10; «-ln and larger 864.10;
Class A and gas pipe. 84 extra.
Wroultht Pipe
The following discounts are to lohbers for carload
lota on the Pittsburgh basing card:
Butt Weld Steel, black: H. H and Hln., 50 H:
H in.. S414: W to 3 in.. 57 H.
Butt Weld Steel, galvanized: K. K and H in..
24; \4 in.. 40: ^ to 3 in.. 44.
Butt Weld Tron. black: H In.. 16^; H hi.. 20H:
f^ to m In.. 25 M: 2 and 2 M in.. 33 H.
Butt Weld Iron, galvanised: V<and Kin., •f2S;
H In.. im;mn.. t2H; H to IHin., 9H: 2 and 2H
in.. 17K.
Lap Weld Steel, black: 2 in.. 50 H: 2 M to 6 in..
S3H: 7 to 12 in.. 50H: 13 and 14 in.. 41 : 15 in., 38 K.
Lap Weld Steel, galvanized: 2 in.. 38; 2 M to 6 In..
41: 7 to 12 in.. 37.
Lap Weld Tron, black: 1 H In.. 24 M: 1 H In.. 31 H;
2 in.. 21: 2H to 6 hi., 23: 7 to 12 in.. 20.
Lap Weld Iron. gaWanized: IK ?n.. 9H; 1H in..
17 V<: 2 in.. 7: 2 H to 6 in.. 10: 7 to 12 in.. 7.
Butt Weld Steel, extra strong, plain ends, black:
Mu V4 and % in.. 46^; H in.. 51 M: V* to m in..
55 M: 2 to 3 in.. 56 H.
Butt Weld Steel, extra strong, plain ends, gal-
vanised: H, KandHln., 29;Min..39:KtolHin..
43: 2 to 3 In.. 44.
Butt Weld. Tron, extra strong, plain ends, black:
H In., 17: « in.. 14H: Hin.. 19H; K to 1H in..
2SH: 2 and 2%i in.. 34^.
Butt Weld Tron. extra strong, plain ends, gal-
vanized: Kin.. -1-50: |<in..3U: mn..6H; KtolK
fai.. lOK: 2 and 2 H In.. 19^.*^
Lap Weld Steel, extra strong, plain ends, black;
2 In.. 48M: 2H to 4 In.. 51 K; 4H to 6 in.. 50M: 7 to
8 in.. 46K. 9 to 12 in.. 4m.
Lap Weld Steel, extra strong, plain ends, galvan-
ised: 2 in.. 37: 2M to 4 in.. 40; 4H to 6 in.. 39: 7 to
8 in.. 33: 9 to 12 in.. 28.
Lap weld Tron. extra strong, plain ends, black:
IK in.. 21 K: IK in.. 27K: 2 in.. 22 K; 2H to 4 in.
24; 4K to 6 In.. 23; 7 to 8 in.. 15: 9 to 12 in.. 10.
Lap Weld Tron. extra strona. plain ends, galvan-
ized: IKin.. 6K: 1 K in.. 13K; 2 ln..9:2Kto4in.,
12; 4K to 6 in., 11 ; 7 to 8 in., 3; 9 to 12 in.. 2^.*^
^'To the large Jobbing trade an additional 5 per cent
is allowed over the above d'scounts. which are sub-
ject to the usual variations in weight of 5 per cent.
Stmctoral Steel
For structural steel at the mil!, Pittsburgh. Pa.,
the following quotations are made:
Bars, per 100 lbs. ♦82.10
Angles. 3 to 6 in..K in. thick. 100 lbs. * 2.20
Tees. 3 in. and larger. 100 lbs ♦ 2.20
Rivets. K 'n. and larger. 100 lbs ♦ 4.00
Beams and channels up *o 15 in. per 100 lbs. . ♦ 2.25
K in. and beav'er sheared plates, per 1 00 lbs. * 2.25
Sheets. No. 28 black, per 100 lbs * 4.20
Sheets No. 10 blue annealed, per 100 lbs. . . . ♦ 3. 20
Sheets No. 28 galvanized, per 100 lbs ♦ 5.50
For painted corrugated sheets a^''* ^0 cents per 100
lbs., for 25 to 28 gauge; 25 cent« f<^t 19 to 24 ganre.
For galvapizj^ ^orn^atfd fhcftp odd 15 CttltS >11
Coke
ConnelsvOle. Pa., quotes at ovens:
T'umace coke, prompt •84..50
Furnace coke, future ♦ .5.75
Foundry coke, prompt ♦ 5.50
Foundry coke, future ♦ ^.50
Buffalo, N. Y., quotes:
72-hour Connellsville foundry 87.00
48-hour furnace 6.00
Gaa on
.34-40 deg. Penn gal. 5Kc
32-36 deg. at wells. Texa« gal. ♦ .3c
32-36 deg. Okla gal ♦ 2Kc
Water wis checker brick:
F.o.b. Perth Ambov. N. T.. per 1000. . .865 to 870
F.o.b. C'parfield. Pa., per 1000 35
F.o.b. 5?t. Louis. Mo., per 1000 50
Fireclay brick. ClearfieM. Pa., per 1000. . . 55 to 60
Silica brick, Mt. Union, Pa., per 1000. . . 55 to 60
Plant Supplies^
Common brick at dock. In carload lots. New
York, per 1000 f 1.5.00
Portland cement, at dock, without bags. New
York, per bbl ♦ 2.40
Tarred felt. 14 Ih. per 100 sq. ft., per ton .50.00
White lead in oil. New York, per 100 lh« 13.00
Red lead in oil. New York, per 100 1b« 14.50
Lead Wool
Quotations, f.o.b. Perth Amboy. N. .T.. follow:
Less than 100 Ihs. per lb lOKc
too to 2.000 lbs., per lb a«^c
Ton lots, per lb 8Kc
Five ton lots, per lb 7 Vc
Carload lots, per lb 7Kc
Cnlklntf Materials
Quotations f.o.b. New York., are:^
Tarred or untarred Eagle Jute packing rope
. in ."»0 or 100 lb. coils., per bale 6c
Plumbers Spun Oakum, in bales of 50 lbs.
each, per bale 82.75
Pig lead. New York. N. Y.. per 100 lb. . . . ^84.60
Bituminous Coal — Net Tons. P.O.B. Mines
Ctirrent Quotations — Snot Prices,
Coal Market Quoted Price
Low Volatile. Eastern
Pocahontas mine run ColnnihTis $.17^
Pocahontas lump Columbus 6 00
Pocahontas mine run ....; fTiicago ^7S
Pocahontas lump Oiicago .1*^
Pocahontas mine run Boston 6 00
Pool 1 New York .1 ««)
Pool 1 Philadelphia 3 "^O
Pool 1 Baltimore 3 00
Clearfields mine run Poston 21^
.Sntnersets mine run Posto" 2^0
Pools 10. 11 New York ^ FO
Pools 10. II Baltimore ? V\
Pools 10, 11 PhiladHnhia ? ««>
Pool 18 New York 2 1"?
Pool 18 Plitlarlclohia 200
P'^'^l 18 Baltimore 200
Flirf, VolaHie. Fsstem
Pitt«hnrerh mine run Pitt^htirt^h '>'><
Pittshnrcdi scM. o^s Pitt^hnrffh ? ^^
"fanawha tnine run Colnmhti* ^^
Kanawha Itimn roTiiTPhtis .1 R^
TTorVincr mine run Colnn^hn^ ^ ''^
TTorkin*' lump Colurnhii* .17^
Pitts. 'N'o R mine nin ricvclnnd ^^^
Pitts. No. R lump nt^x'r^'iri,^ ^^
Pont 14 rw. f4\ Phna''''|nhta ''IO
Pool .14 fU. 64^) Ne*t. YorV ^ "^
Pool .14 r.-W. 64> Baltimore 2 1?:
MMwert
P'ranklin. Til. n>ine run . '^'ra''n ^^
Franklin T]1.. Ttimn Chicstrn 1^
r«»ntra1 TH.. mine run rTitrao'O ^^0
Tentrnl Til., limin rTiicaim 9 00
Tr.r? 4*h V«»;n. mine run .. rhira«70 1 R^
Tn/1 4*h Vein. I'lmn Ch^rjic^n 7 V)
Tnr? K*h V*Jn n^ine rtin .. rTitcafo 1 RO
Tn<1. ^*h Vein. Iiimn Oii**avo '''0
^f«»nf1nr/1 min* run St. T.oni^ 100
<:»a"<1'»»-'l lumn ^t. T^vi^ 7 v\
^^'^"st Kv.. *nine run T,oi't<:vJne ' ^0
We«t Ky.. lumo Loni^villc 1 '>^
«onth
PJqr ^^;)ni »"ine run "nirminc^ham 7 OK
Wirr ^^'irri Tiimn Birmir''^am 1^0
*^ F. Fv.. mine nin ..,,.,.. T^uisviHe 4 00
S. E. Ky., lump Louisville ^-p
Digitized by VnOOQ LC
168
THE OAS AGE
February 25, 1921
Men in the Industry
AuBdn FoUett nas been elected presi-
dent of the North Attleboro (Mass.)
Gas Light company to succeed Harry
F. Barrows, who has filled the position
for the past 15 years. Mr. Barrows
refused to accept another term because
of ill health.
Charles A. Ward, President of the Day-
ton Gas Company, returned recently
from Columbus, where he conferred with
officials of the Logan Gas and Fuel
Company in regard to providing for an
ample supply of gas to Dayton con-
sumers, in view of the fact that the
city had adopted an ordinance increasing
rates.
W. S. McLucas has succeeded I. W.
Morris, as treasurer of the Wyandotte
County Gas Co.
K. P. Hankins is superintendent of
the Warsaw Gas Company.
Geo. M. Spalding has been elected
president of the Windfall Gas Co.,
Eldred, Pa. to take the place of A. B.
Dunsmore, who is now acting as sec-
retary, treasurer and purchasing agent
of the company.
John Dolan succeeds Archibald R. Loop
is superintendent of the Windfall Gas
Co. at Eldred, Pa.
H. O. Britt has been appointed sales
manager and superintendent of the Co-
lumbia Gas Light Co., replacing J. M.
Steele.
M. P. Roper, Vice-President and
Treasurer of the Geo. D. Roper Cor-
por., Rockford 111., is making a combi-
nation business and pleasure trip to
Phoenix, Arizona, and the Pacific Coast.
He will spend some time in Los Angles
and San Francisco.
T. R. Hoskins, of Bradford, Pa., suc-
ceeds S. P. Oaks as Manager of the
Elk Producing Co., Glen Hazel, Pa.
George £. Nicholson is now president
of the Wyandotte County Gas Co., hav-
ing succeeded E. L. Brundrette.
Herbert L. St. John has succeeded
Henry M. Wallace as President of the
Corpus Christ! Gas Cp, ^nd of the
^axahachie Gas Co.
Alfred £. BUke, for the three past
year's Sales Engineer for The Sur-
face Combustion Company, and who
opened up the Pittsburgh Office of that
Company, has resigned to enter the ser-
vice of The U. G. L Contracting Com-
pany of Philadelphia and has been ap-
pointed to represent this Company in the
Pittsburgh District, with offices at the
Union Arcade in Pittsburgh.
Mr. Blake was born in Nashua, N. H.,
received his Bachelor's Degree in Chem-
ical Engineering at New Hampshire
State College, and a Master's Degree
from University of Pittsburg. He has
Alfred £. BUke
been on the teaching staff of Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, Carnegie Institute
of Technology and University of Pitts-
burg. He was occupied in industrial
chemical research at Mellon Institute,
University of Pittsburgh, for five years,
part of which time was devoted to the
study of problems relating to glass-house
ceramics, when the great need for in-
creased application of science and
modem methods to the use of fuel be-
came apparent.
While a member of The Surface Com-
bustion Company's sales force, Mr. Blake
formed a wide acquaintanceship in the
Pittsburgh district and secured first-hand
knowledge of fuel problems, which should
be of great assistance in his new work;
that of introducing substitutes for the
waning supply of natural gas.
Mr. Blake is a member of the American
Ch^mic^l Society, Th« Amcnc»w Ccr^wia
Society, The Engineers Society of Wes-
tern Pennsylvania and Alpha Chi Sigma.
He has contributed extensively to the
technical literature of The Engineers
Society of Western Pennsylvania, and
contributed several articles to the trade
journals on fuel subjects.
D. F. Bnrritt, general manager of the
Middle West Utilities Co., recently re-
turned to Chicago after a thorough in-
vestigation of the operating condition
and extension requirements of the vari-
ous gas and electric properties of this
company.
Frank Batt, gas engineer of the Cen-
tral Illinois Public Service Co., recently
reviewed witfi Mr. Burritt general
manager of the Middle West Utilities
Co., the satisfactory operating and con-
struction progress of the gas properties
of the C. I. P. S. Co.
Edwin O. Edgerton is no longer Presi-
dent of the Board of Commissioners of
the California Railroad Commission. A
new president will be chosen in February.
Chester H. Powell has been appointed
Commissioner of the California Rail-
road Commission.
Oscar Grebe succeeds J. E. Meadors
as purchasing agent of the Cisco Gas
and Electric Co., Cisco, Tex.
W. C. Fisher is the new vice-president
and general manager of the Northern
Westchester Lighting Co., at Ossining,
N. Y.
Charles F. Shults formerly district
superintendent of the American Engineer-
ing Co., is now chief engineer of the
Cromby plant of the Philadelphia Subur-
ban Gas and Electric Co., Phoenixville,
Pa.
Harold VanDoren formerly with the
Grasselli Chemical Co., has accepted a
position as research chemist with the
Koppers Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.
Charles C. Miller of the statistical de-
partment of the Empire Gas and Fuel
Co. of Bartlesville, Okla., has gone to
Warren, Pa., where he will install a
cost system. The work will keep him
in the east about six weeks.
James Twohig, general foreman of the
engineering department, of the Kay
County Gas Co. of Ponca City, Okla., was
injured last week when a hoisting engine
"back-fired," striking him in th? hwd.
We h?i§ returned to work.
Digitized by VnOOQ iC
February 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
169
Construction News
Gas G>inpany to Build New
Plant
Gloucester, Mass. — ^Improvements of an
extensive nature in the plant of the
Gloucester Gas Light Co., are under way
and when completed will make it second
to none for its size of any in New Eng-
land. Installation of machinery is now
going on at the station at the foot of
Duncan street; a new relief holder will
be constructed and contracts call for the
c<mipletion of all work by July 1, 1921.
Thq signing of agreements for the
transfer of the Voss property on Duncan
street, at the corner of Wharf street was
the last step.
The property which the company will
acquire from the Voss estate is the wood-
en block at the comer of Duncan and
Wharf streets and the building known
as the Voss homestead adjoining on Dun-
can street. Both parcels contain about
6,500 feet of land and the buildings and
land are assesssed for $8,400.
The present structures are to be re-
moved by April 1, when the gas com-
pany plans to breaki ground for the
construoction of a new* relief holder,
about 58 feet in diameter, with a ca-
pacity of 50,000 cubic feet. The hold-
er will be of a modem type, known
as the outside constmction, and built of
sted and iron.
At the present time one of the two
holders on Pearce street, with a ca-
pacity of 100,000 feet is being used as
a relief holder, while the other with a
200,000-foot capacity is used for storage.
When the new holder is built both these
holders will be used for storage.
The new machinery to be installed
includes a new eight-foot water gas set,
new condenser, station meter, exhauster
and turbine blower. Other improve-
ments will be made in the station. The
blower room will be enlarged and other
departments will be made larger also to
accommodate the new machinery.
The eight-foot water gas machine will
give the plant a producing capacity of
70,000 cubic feet per hour. The present
machine is a six-foot type with a capac-
ity of 25,000 cubic feet
The improvements are the first of
a large nature made at the local plant
since 1901, although after the big fire
of 1912 a new water gas machine was
put in. During the years the business
of the con^any has been steadily increas-
ing until last summer, the output taxed
the o^ndty to its utmost and made
necessary the manufacture of gas about
24 hours per day on many occasions.
The purchase of the Voss property,
the construction of the new holder and
installation of new machinery means an
outlay of thousands of dollars but will
put the company in position to care for
a substantial increase in business, render
better service and also put out gas of a
more even pressure.
The water gas set will be furnished
by the Gas Machinery Company of
Qeveland, Ohio. The new relief hold-
er will be built by the Stacey Brothers
Gas Constmction Company of Cincinnati
through the Eastem Service Company,
131 State street, Boston, eastern agents.
Beardstown, 111.— The gas supply of
Beardstown will be increased to a total of
180 thousand cubic feet a day in a short
time. The Central Illinois Public Service
company has installed an additional gas
bench, which will be in service the middle
of next month.
The company has put on a stock sell-
ing campaign in Beardstown and a large
amount has been sold.
Portland to Make Improvements
Portland, Oregon.— The Portland Gas
& Coke company plans to make im-
provements, including a new storage
tank and mains, costing in the aggre-
gate $1,141,230 this year, according to
announcement by Hilmar Papst, gener-
al manager.
The proposed new storage tank to
cost $400,000 is to be located somewhere
on the east side, he said, but the site
has not yet been obtained.
Among the new mains to be put in
will be one to supply the Sunnyside,
Montavilla and Hawthome districts,
one for the Portland Heights district,
one to supply the feeder at Pacific and
Occidental streets in addition to a num-
ber of smaller installations.
The Hopkins Municipal Gas Plant,
Minneapolis, Minn., has been increased
by the addition of a new water gas set
and three 10,000 cubic feet water gas oil
tanks at a. cost of $19,000.
Milburn, Okla., is building a transmis-
sion line to the city limits of Tishomingo,
a distance of 8 miles. The Tishomingo
Public Utilities will furnish light and
power to Milbum when the new line is
completed.
Warsaw Gas Service to Be
Improved
Warsaw, Ind. — Plans for improvements
at the local gas plant have been approved
by officials of the Warsaw Gas company,
according to the local manager, Keith P.
Hankins. Mr. Hankins states that the
contract for the improvements will be
awarded in a short time and that all
benches will be renewed immediately. Be-
cause of the gas famine existing here and
at Winona Lake last summer, much ap-
prehension has been felt in regard to the
service for the coming summer. The
matter has been discussed by local or-
ganizations, the city council and has been
before the public service commission on
different occasions. It is believed that
with the proposed improvements ade-
quate service will be insured.
More Coal Gas to be Made
The Benton Harbor — St. Joseph Gas
& Fuel Co., are refilling four benches
of inclined sixes. £. C. Campbell, man-
ager of the company, states that when
the refilling is finished the output will
probably be ninety per cent coal gas.
He plans to increase the industrial bus-
iness of the company.
Japanese Chemical Engineer
Buys Gas Plant
Mr. S. Tsukada, chemical engineer for
the Nagoya Gas Co., Ltd., Nagojra,
Japan has placed an order with the
U. G. I. Contracting Co., Philadelphia
for a water gas plant to be erected in
Nagoya, Japan. He is returning to Japan
after over a years study of English and
American methods of gas manufacture.
He was much impressed with the large
number of water gas installations in this
country.
Mr. Tsukada would be pleased to have
American manufacturers place his name
on their mailing lists to receive literature
and catalogues of production and appli-
ance equipment.
Gas Plant Survey Nears Com^etion
Scranton, Pa.— Experts engaged by the
city to make a survey of the property
of the Hyde Park Gas company, the gas
departlnent of the Scranton Gas and
Water company, will not complete their
work here for at least two weeks and
the preparation of their report will take
considerable time after that.
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170
THE OAd AGE
February 25, 1921
Present Status of German In-
dustries
Berlin, Germany— Much has been writ-
ten lately about the reviving prosperity of
German industry, and rosy accounts of
rapid progress have been given, partly
based on the declaration of profits of mil-
lions of marks, reckoned by the inflated
currency, and partly on the rising exports
from certain industries. When these fig-
ures are reduced to pre-war levels, how-
ever, and compared with the statistics
before 1914, it is seen that the German
industries as a whole are far below the
standard reached during the amazing 10
years of progress before the war.
The greatest activity prevails in the
coal and machinery producing industries,
but while some works are fully employed
because they are manufacturing goods
urgently required for reconstruction,
others are running only part time. In the
miscellaneous industries serious unem-
ployment and short time prevails, and the
textile industries are generally in a bad
way because of the double difficulties of
coal and raw material shortage.
A Typical Example
A fairly typical example of what is
happening in the engineering industry,
which is best fitted to meet the crisis
which followed defeat in the war, may be
found in the situation at one factory vis-
ited. Five thousand persons, including a
small number of women, were working in
this factory, which is a specialized works
belonging to one of the powerful com-
bines in the industry. The products are
chiefly huge gas engines of a capacity up
to 2000 horsepower, Diesel motors, gas
and electricity plants, traveling cranes of
the heaviest and most ingenious types,
railway carriages and wagons, and motor
lorries. This factory is now working 30
hours a week, but from various causes,
extremist political agitation (which has
subsided much in recent months), and the
reduction of hours to eight per day by
legislation, the average production per
worker is considerably lower than it was
in 1914, and the total production of the
factory is less than SO per cent of the
pre-war standard.
John H. Keppehnan, President and Man-
ager of the Consumers Gas Co., Reading,
Pa., contemplates the addition of a new
boiler, exhauster and purifying boxes
during this year. Industrial business
will be added
How Carburetted Water Gas It Made
and Distributed
The department of training and educa-
tion of the Peoples Gas Light & Coke
Co., Chicago, 111., has issued a diagram-
matic chart prepared by Mr. Harper and
Mr. Becker on this subject. A complete
discussion accompanies the chart making
it very instructive and valuable.
The president of the United Gas &
Electric Improvement Company, Mr. H.
H. Barnes, of 66 Broadway, New York
City, advises that the company's gas
plant in Merida, Yucatan, has been
closed down.
GAS WASHING AND HUMIDIFY-
ING PKOCBSS. Joseph P. Ruth, Jr.,
Denver, Colo. The method of di£Pusing
gas through a column of liquid of sub-
stantially uniform horizontal cross sec-
tion which comprises imparting uniform
upward movement to the column by in-
troducing the liquid at the bottom of the
column and removing it from the top,
the removed liquid being passed down-
wardly and caused to form a downward-
ly moving column, the columns being
maintained separate and distinct with a
positive division between them through-
out the greater portion of their lengths,
maintaining substantially the same liquid
level in the two columns, the liquid thus
being removed from the upwardly mov-
ing column into the downwardly moving
column below the liquid level, the path of
Croat Section of Washer
the upwardly moving column being sub-
stantially unobstructed, conducting the
liquid from the descending column to the
lower portion of the ascending column,
and introducing gas into the lower por-
tion of the upwardly moving column.
The Montgomery Light & Water Power
Co., have awarded contract to the Sta-
cey Manufacturing Co., Cincinnati, for
the immediate replacement of their dou-
ble lift Holder the collapsing of which
put the dty out of gas temporarily.
The Stacey Manufacturing Co., Cin-
cinnati, are just completing three one
million foot Holders ; one at Granite Gty,
111., one at Memphis, Tenn. and the
other at Williamsport, Pa.
New Gas Company
Utility Gas Company, Union Bank
Building, Pittsburg, Pa.; capital stock,
$50,000; incorporators: Joseph Hartman,
M. P. Leonard, Annie L. Leonard, Thom-
as J. Flaherty, Homer Adams, Pittsburgh,
Pa.
Conveyors Cut Costs
ChicAfO Kefillt Boxes Economically
By JAMES H. GREGORY
THE Peoples Gas light and Coke Com-
pany of Chicago purchased last year
five Barber Greene conveyors. With
this equipment and nine men, the work
of dumping and refilling the huge filter
boxes with oxide has been reduced from
twelve days to six. Eighteen men with
wheelbarrows were required to do this
work previous to the installation of the
machines. By use of conveyors, the force
of men was reduced by half and the time
cut in two. The actual money saving was
$300 a box, representing the difference
between the labor cost with and without
machines. All work was contracted for
at $800 per box before the installation of
the machines and at $500 per box after-
wards. If the same work were done to-
day by hand it would undoubtedly cost
more than $800 because of the increased
price of labor.
When a box is opened, a B-G conveyor
is placed partly inside to feed the string
of machines which take the oxide to any
place in the storage yard and pile it there.
No shovelers are required for outside
piling, so all work inside.
There are sixteen filter boxes at this
plant, each having a capacity of 12,000
bushels of oxide. The machines are
rarely idle, some one box requiring at-
tention all the time. It is possible, how-
ever, by the use of machines, to have
all the boxes loaded and none requiring
dumping. At such times, work can be
found for the force in turning over the
oxide or unloading cars of new oxide.
Fresh oxide is brought into the plant
at the rate of 140 carloads a year and
old shipped out at about the same rate.
Conveyors are an important part in un-
loading and loading these cars. The
old oxides is turned over by hand two
or three times before ready for use again.
A crusher is used to break up the large
lumps. This method is necessarily slow
and often times the oxide has to stand
so long that it catches fire. Under the
process of manufacture used here, the
oxide comes out dry and is therefore as
readily handled when it is taken out of
the boxes as when it is put in.
Lebanon, Ky., will have natural gas
by next winter according to the plans of
the City Council. On January 29 the
Council began receiving bids for furnish-
ing gas through a pipe line.
Twenty-eight miles of new pipe has
been received by the Midway Gas Com-
pany of Los Angeles, Calif., for a parallel
line to the nearby gas fields. Thirty-
two miles of additional pipe have been
shipped from the Eastern factories.
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February 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
171
Brooklyn Gas Plant Fire Does
Only Slight Damage
A fire occurred at the works of the
Kings County Lighting Co., Brooklyn,
N. Y., at 55th Street and 1st Avenue on
Sunday afternoon, Jan. 23rd. The U. G.
I. Contracting Company, having the con-
tract for the improvements at our Works,
installed a 60' scrubber condenser be-
tween our No. 2 Generator House and
Relief Holder, the distance between the
two latter being approximately 25 feet.
The creosoted wooden trays were to
be installed on the following day and we
temporarily piled them alongside the
scrubber. In some way, at present un-
known, these trays took fire and were
practically destroyed. At the present
time, the only damage that was caused
the Company was the breaking of the
window panes on the end of No. 2 Gen-
erator house together with the damage
caused to the doors and sashes.
The 100,000 foot Relief Holder does
not appear to have been damaged in anv
way. Our loss is very small and is cov-
ered by insurance. For a short time op-
erations were suspended until we felt it
was perfectly safe to use the Relief
Holder. There was no inconvenience
caused our consumers as our Distribution
holders had a sufficient gas supply so that
it was not necessary at any time to re-
duce pressure.
Brick Building Costs
Boston, Mass. — Estimates purporting
to show that in 1898 a mason and helper
laid 1,500 bricks in an eight hour day,
at an average wage rate of thirty-five
cents a hundred, whereas now they aver-
age 500 bricks a day, at a rate of $2.72
a hundred, were presented to-day to the
special committee of the Boston Chamber
of Commerce that is investigating the
building situation.
Ketnm Tubular Boilers
The Henry Vogt Machine Co., of
Louisville, Ky., have issued a bulletin
number 5 describing their return tubular
boilers. This book gives complete in-
formation concerning the construction of
these boilers and their settings. Details
are shown of the grates and a number of
drawings give construction details that
will be of value to gas companies in
installing new boilers.
To Sun Pipe Line
Directors of the Chamber of Com-
merce of Danville, Ky., are making
arrangements to have gas piped to Dan-
ville from the Green river natural gas
fields near Campbellsville. The Green
River Gas Company, with which concern
the deal is pending, has recently pro-
cured a franchise to enter Columbia, and
it is also perfecting arrangements to pipe
gas to Lebanon and Springfield, Ky.
The company has 25,000 acres of land.
Its gas wells produce 25,000,000 feet per
day although they have barely touched
the great rescvoir that is confined in that
area.
Adds to Gas Plant
The present owner of the Greenville
Gas Co., Greenville, Michigan, has
finished definite steps to insure an ad-
equate supply of gas in Greenville. Geo.
C. Bower, Manager, relates the interest-
ing method by which the property has
just been built up.
At the time of the purchase of the
plant the small benches of three were
only supplying gas for a few hours a
day, immediately standard quarter depth
benches of sixes were installed. The
12,000 cu. ft. holder was repaired and
two steel tanks were added to the gas
storage capacity. These tanks are eight
by forty feet, with dished heads, triple
riveted on the longitudinal seams and
made from 5/16" steel with Vi" steel
New Tanks for Greenville Plant
heads. They were tested for 100 lbs. air
and water pressure.
A compressor was added to the plant
equipment, which draws gas from the
relief holder, so to speak, and forces it
into the storage tanks at pressures from
thirty to eighty pounds. The gas is
released through a governor into the
distribution system at 7" water pressure.
No individual house governors are used.
By these changes the company has
increased its production and storage
capacity so that they have plenty of gas
at all times and are able to charge the
retorts regularly.
It appears that this system of oper-
ation is not in very general use for
local distribution of gas, except where
the gas is sent through high pressure
lines to a point some miles away and
then reduced by house governors. How-
ever, this seemed to be the quickest and
most economical way to provide gas
for Greenville, and the system is work-
ing nicely.
Cement Specifications Made
Uniform
Complete agreement has been reached
on Specifications and Tests for Port-
land cement, so there is now one speci-
fication covering both commercial and
governmental use. Only minor changes
were necessary in order to eliminate
slight but long-standing discrepancies
which had existed between the industrial
specifications and those of the Govern-
ment.
The revised specifications, which were
agreed upon by Committee C-1 of the
American Society for Testing Materials
and the government Departmental Com-
mittee on Cement, have received the ap-
proval of the American Engineering
Standards Committee.
Copies may be obtained from the Amer-
ican Engineering Standards Committee.
29 West 39th Street. New York, or from
the American Society for Testing Ma-
terials.
Reinforced Concrete Con-
struction
The Bureau of Standards, Technologic
Paper, No. 173, "Tests of Bond Resist-
ance Between Concrete and Steel" just
issued embodies the results of three in-
vestigations made by the Concrete Ship
Section, Emergency Fleet Corporation,
(1) to study the eflFect on bond resistance
between concrete and steel of the applica-
tions of various anti-corrosive coatings of
high tensile stress, and (3) to study the
relative merits of different methods of
anchoring the ends of stirrups to meet
certain conditions which arise in con-
crete construction. All the paints tested
(18) reduced the bond resistance. The
length of lap for eflFective splicing was
found to be greater than is generally sup-
posed to be necessary. For anchorage of
stirrups 270 degree loops were found to
be more effective than the other types of
anchorage tested.
Initalls U. G. I. Plant
The Wisconsin Gas & Electric Co. has
awarded to The U. G. I. Contracting Co.
of Philadelphia the contract for the in-
stallation of carburetted water gas appa-
ratus at the Racine, Wisconsin, plant.
The installation will include the U. G. I.
Automatic Control and Electric Alarm
System. With the completion of this set
the Racine plant will have added 1,600,000
cu. ft. to its manufacturing capacity.
The Wisconsin Company has also
awarded to The U. G. I. Contracting
Company a contract for the installation
of 2 U. G. I. High Pressure Producers
and auxiliary apparatus, together with
Gas Flues, Blowing Plant, etc. Each of
the producers will be capable of gassify-
ing 25 tons of coke per day.
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THE GAS AGE
February 25, 1921
No Gloom in Kansas City
F. R. Bigler, Purchasing Agent, Kansas City
Gas Co., Says Business is a Condition of the
Mind and Should be GK)od. Optimism Keynote
YOUR dollar is getting to be worth
more— especially your food dollar —
according to official figures of the
labor department.
The clothing dollar, the traveling dol-
lar, amusement dollar, and other doUars,
have been getting more valuable, too,
but the food dollar leads the others with
an advance of 25 per cent since June.
The department figures show the food
dollar is worth exactly 56.1 cents, as
compared with 1813. Turning it around,
you pay now only $1.78 for the food
which in 1919 cost $1. Along last June
it took $2.19 to buy that amount of food.
The food dollar then was worth only
45.7 cents, as compared with 1913.
Then, there are different kinds of food
dollars. The sirloin steak dollar is now
worth approximately 64 cents, compared
with 1913. In July it was worth only 52
cents.
Cause for Optimism
What better cause for optimism could
one wish than these figures showing the
ratio of production in the United States:
20 per cent of the world's gold.
25 per cent of the world's wheat.
40 per cent of the world's iron and
steel.
40 per cent of the world's silver.
40 per cent of the world's lead.
50 per cent of the world's zinc.
85 per cent of the world's automobiles.
52 per cent of the world's coal
60 per cent of the world's aluminum.
60 per cent of the world's copper.
60 per cent of the world's cotton.
66 per cent of the world's oil.
75 per cent of the world's com.
Most Food Dollars Show Increased Value
commenting favorably on the "Optimism"
of some of the varities of food dollars,
as shown by federal figures, is as fol-
lows:
Summer Present
Value. Value.
Egg dollar $ .64 $ .37
Butter dollar 57 .61
Milk dollar 54 .52
Bread dollar 47 .51
Rice dollar 46 .65
Potato dollar 16 .53
Sugar dollar 20 .52
Coffee dollar .60 .75
Nobody loves the man whose face con-
statly is clouded with gloom.
Nor is he the man who meets with suc-
cess in the world of business. His spirit
of pessimism goes into every business
office with him and, sad to say, it too
often lingers long after he is gone.
But apathy and gloom fast are being
banished from business offices, retail
stores and industries by the wave of op-
timism which is sweeping the dty, given
impetus by full page advertisements in
The Post Wednesday and Thursday,
with supplementary news articles.
Business men in all lines of trade are
commenting favorably on the "Optimism"
campaign and many of them besieged
the business office Thursday for extra
copies of the papers to send to salesmen,
branch houses and customers throughout
the trade territory.
The advertisements carried recently
were devoted entirely to facts showing
that prices of commodities are down and
that there is nothing to prevent normal
business, if normal buying is resumed.
Let Your Money Work
In these advertisements it was shown
that the one factor needed now to usher
in a period of real prosperity, is for peo-
ple to quit hoarding their money and let
it work.
Merchants, business men and bankers
all unite in the declaration that the pub-
lic holds the key to the situation in its
hands. That key is contained in the one
word — buy.
Most lines have been reduced to at-
tractively low prices. Everywhere retail
stores have cut their prices in half.
Buy intelligently, but buy, is the advice
of heads of Kansas City's civic organ-
izations and business men.
To hold off and wait like Macauber
"for something to turn up," will not bet-
ter the situation, business men declare.
Poor business results in lack of employ-
ment and in other ills that ultimately
react on the public. In the end the public
suffers.
Organized backing of the "Optimism"
campaign by civic organizations to carry
the movement in a practical way into
every shop and store and into every
home, will result, if the interest shown
by many members of these organizations
is an indication of the general feeling.
Wholesalers Are Alert
At a meeting of the Wholesalers com-
mittee of the Chamber of Commerce
recently, the campaign was to be dis-
cussed.
E. W. Mentel, industrial commissioner
of the Chamber of Commerce, said that
suggestions as to why such a campaign
is vital at this time would be welcomed.
Commenting on the enthusiasm aroused
over the movement, Mr Mentel expressed
approval of the idea
"There is no question but such a move
is the thing needed to give impetus to
business and to give the public, as well
as the merchants and business men, the
confidence that has been lacking in a
marked degree for the past few months,"
he said.
"The outlook for spring business is
good," he added. "Prices are down and
now is the time for the public to get over
its timidity and buy on the old normal
basis."
Optimism thrives lustily in the offices
of F. R. Bigler, purchasing agent for the
Kansas Gty Gas company. As a practi-
tioner of what he preaches, Mr. Bigler
leaves little undone.
His "sermon" on optimism is particu-
larly vital at this phase of readjustment
"Business is all a condition of the mind,*
he declared. "An average of eight out
of every ten men on the streets and in
offices are pessimists.
One-Third of World's Gold
"When you tell them we have one-
third of all the gold in the world, one of
the largest crops of all kinds of farm
products the country ever had; that
there are more than 105 million people in
the United States who must buy goods
and would do so if the proper points were
brought out showing them it was to their
advantage to buy— -if you can get the
millions of people in this country to loc^
at things in this light — business will boom
and unemployment cease.
"If every buyer in the country would
now place his orders for the next six
months with reputable firms, getting quo-
tations for immediate orders, and have
future orders shipped as needed at the
market prices at the time of shipment,
the factories could resume normal oper-
ations. And the buyer would be getting
his goods cheaper than if he waited two
or three months to place his order.
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February 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
173
"One way to keep the cost down i-; to
bnjr— now. Start the factories going
and give the workers employment. These
things will bring back normal conditions.
"There is no man or woman who does
not need something he or she has to buy.
Let everyone 'chip in' with a purchase,
smile a real smile and business will be
good."
Realty Man FaTora It
Kelly Brent, vice president of the real
estate board, recently declare'^ he was
heartily in favor of the movement.
Why business right today is better than
it has been for months in the real estate
business has shown marked improvement
today with several prominent real estate
men and each of them told me that their
business had shown marked improvement
in the month of January.
"The portion of the advertisement in
The Post Thursday referring to the pur-
chase of homes is particularly interesting
lo real estate men. And it is eveii more
beneficial to the public. There can be
nothing better than a community of home
owners. It makes for good government
and satisfied people."
Mr. Brent announced that he would be
glad to get behind the "Optimism" move-
ment and place it on a real campaign
basis.
The Housing Problem and
Public UtiKty Credit
By OSWALD F. SCHUETTE
Washington, D. C— The importance of
the present housing shortage in the
United States to the gas industry of the
country was emphasized by the figures
presented to the Housing Conference of
the Chamber of Commerce of the United
States by Philip H. Gadsden, vice-presi-
dent of the United Gas Improvement
company of Philadelphia and president of
the American Electric Railway Associa-
tion. He declared that the public utilities
of the country would require $852,500,000
properly to equip the 1,250,000 houses and
apartments which this country now needs.
He declared that unless public regulatory
bodies granted rates which would provide
attractive returns for investors, this
flow of needed capital could not be ob-
tained.
**One of the most serious problems in
connection with the housing situation,"
said Mr. Gadsden, "is the great need for
moaey by the public utilities with which
to make extensions. In order properly to
equip the improperly housed residents of
the United States with heat, light, trans-
portation and telephone facilities, the
public utilities would have to raise a to-
tal of $852,500,000. This total is reached
by combining the estimates of the most
reliable authorities in the public utility
field.
'^his is a most astounding total to
contemplate even in a field of industry
which has good credit. Unfortunately,
the public utilities fidd is not >blest today
with good credit, hence this problem be-
comes doubly difficult for the operators
who must furnish public service to the
people when these houses are finally built.
"There is no hope on earth of ever get-
ting these needed extensioils (if the credit
of pubHc utilities is not restored. The
shortest step toward restoration of credit
is for regulatory bodies to permit public
utilities to earn such a return on their in-
vestments as will attract new .capital' into
the public utility securities field. Regula-
tory bodies must recognize the fact that
many public utilities were carried to the
brink of disaster by enormous costs dur-
ing the war and that investment on their
securities practically dosed because of
uncertainty of returns. If these facts
are not recognized and rates regulated
accordingly, needed extensions cannot be
made.
"I am not pessimistic however regard-
ing the attitude of regulatory bodies.
Throughout the country they are display-
ing a, highly intelligent grasp of the sit-
uation and are evincing a desire to play
fair with the public utilities. With the
cooperation of the regulatory bodies,
public confidence in public utility securi-
ties can be restored, and with that confi-
dence will come a flow of money into
the public service fidd that will make
extensions possible."
The conference found that the present
inadequacy of housing presented a grave
menace to the country and urged lower
costs of construction, both in materials
as wdl as in labor, as the chief solution.
It reconmiended that special studies be
made by local authorities to work out a
more definite constructive program.
Indiana Commission Law
By EARL BULLOCK, Indianapolis, Ind.
Little doubt could remain concerning
what the representative public in Indiana
thinks about the present utilities law. A
hearing held in the House of Representa-
tives January 27 crowded the chamber to
overflowing and those favoring the re-
tention of the present law were over-
whelmingly in the majority.
Although members of the public service
commission were present at the hearing,
none of them offered any information
except when incorrect statements were
made concerning the work of the com-
mission since its establishment. Two of
the men responsible for the investigation
of the bill were present. Representative
Claude A. Smith, one of the two, spoke
briefly on the merits of the bill.
B. R. Inman, manager of the Indiana
State Chamber of Commerce, came to the
defense of the present commission in an
address which lasted for more than an
hour. He called attention to the fact
that the alleged expenses of the commis-
sion were being used by those opposed
to it as propaganda to prevent the people
from gaining a true inkling of the ex-
isting conditions. He assured those pres-
ent that except in one or two instances,
the commission had cost the state of
Indiana less money than commissions in
the employ of other states.
"It is now my purpose to make an
argument against the abolishment of the
public service commission," said Mr. In-
man. "I assume that a statement of
facts relative to the service rendered by
the commission is more to be desired in
connection with this hearing than any
opinion that I might express as to the
merits or dements of the proposed bill
now pending oefore the legislature.
"One section of the public service com-
mission act of 1913, provides that a fee
of 15 cents for each $100 worth of se-
curities be authorized, which accrues to
the commission. This is a most variable
revenue, varying between $13,000 and
$25,000 per annum. Because of the two
unusual reorganizations yielding more
than $50,000, there was a realization of
$100,521.68 in 1920. This means that the
total available revenue for the Indiana
commission for the year 1920 was $206,-
521.87 and that the commission actually
cost the state, during the year 1920,
$53,618.71, instead of $100,000 as appro-
priated by the state.
'Trior to 1918, about fifty-six per cent
of all the coal-consuming points in In-
diana were without rates on coal from
all the coal producing districts of the
state. On Oct. 5, 1918, a tariff of rates
was published and yet remains in effect.
This prompt action relieved the people
of great distress and saved the state and
the people hundreds of thousands of
dollars."
Among those who spoke before the
committee advocating the retention of the
commission were Charles L. Henry, presi-
dent of the Indianapolis & Cincinnati
Traction Company; Mayor Charles Jew-
ett, of Indianapolis; Henry A. Bamhart,
president of the Indiana Telephone As-
sociation; Dick Miller, president of the
City Trust Company; E. Vernon Knight,
president of the New Albany Veneering
Company; Joseph Kebler, vice-president
of the Indianapolis Board of Trade, and
Joseph E. Bell, former mayor of Indian-
apolis. Many prominent men of the gas
industry were present, but they did not
take the floor.
It is estimated by utility heads that
were the commission abolished, about
seventy-five per cent of the utilities of
the state would be in the hands of a
receiver within six months and probably
a shorter period. Their securities, they
declare would fall to such a point, almost
inunediately on the passage of the bill,
that it would be impossible to carry on
business and some utilities declare they
could not even buy materials.
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174
THE GAS AGE
February 25, 1921
Manager Calls Attention to Gas Age
The Manager of a Gas Company
Keeps in Close Touch with All
the Departments of the Company
AM interesting account follows show-
ing how Mr. C. £. Paige, manager,
Worcester Gas Light Co., Worces-
ter, Mass., who is one of the most enter-
prising and progressive managers of New
England, reviewed the important gas lit-
erature by referring to articles in The
Gas Age.
Mr. Paige has followed the gas litera-
ture very closely for a long time for the
purpose of calling the items of special
interest to his associates. He finds valu-
able information in The Gas Age for
every department of the industry.
Memo to Operating Dept. "There are
some particularly interesting articles
in The Gas Age for January 10th.
On page 1 are recounted the Chicago
Water Gas Tests.
Of especial interest is the article "Cat-
alytic Methane from Blue Gas,** on
page 7. This would be a good article
to read in connection with Mr. Jefferies
paper.
The article on 'Prevention and Re-
moval of Rust' on page 11, as well as
the report on the 'Steaming Results at
Meriden, Conn.,' are worth attention.
*Gas Workers' Government' on page
25, may be of some interest to you."
Memo to Accoimtiiig Dept "Our friend
Mr. Elsman, is again written up in The
Gas Age for January 10th. The article
is on page 21.
I think Elsman's career should furnish
an inspiration to all of us."
Memo, to Commercial Dept 'The Gas
Age for January 10th is a remarkable
number.
'The Business Outlook for 192V con-
tains an article worth reading, and may
be found on page 14.
'Mr. Doherty's Thrift Plan' on page 20,
and Ralph Elsman's story on page 21,
will interest you, but you will be es-
pecially interested in the articles on
pages 22 and 23.
'Principles Governing Air Injection'
on page 26 is good, but the article on
'Reaching the Consumers at Home* is
of special interest"
Memo, to BzecutiTe Dept "There are
some exceptionally interesting articles
in The Gas Age for January 10th.
I am sure you will be glad to look over
the Tests of Water Gas Sets* reported
from Chicago.
'Cutting Steel Plate with a Torch' on
page 9, is an article to which I am
calling Mr. Mooney's attention.
'Prevention and Removal of Rust* on
page 11, is worthy of the attention of
your Engineering Department.
'The Business Outlook for 1921' on page
14, I am sure will interest you.
Mr. Doherty describes a 'Thrift Plan'
on page 20, and Ralph Elsman is quot-
ed on page 21.
'Gas Workers* Government in Chicago*
is described on page 25, etc."
Memo, to Manufacturinf Dept "You will
be interested in an article in The Gas
Age for January 10th, which may be
found on page 9 and entitled, 'Cutting
Steel Plate with a Torch.' *'
Know Your Employees!
The January issue of Sparks, pub-
lished by the Toledo Railways & Light
Company, which is controlled by H. L.
Doherty & Company, printed in full the
paper on "Labor Efficiency" read by
Frank R. Coates at the Doherty mana-
gers' meeting in New York. Mr. Coates
believes in welfare work but not in a
bonus system. He has suggested seven
ways of obtaining greater efficiency in
operating Doherty interests. They are as
follows :
1. Know your employees.
2. Have your employees know you.
3. Have your workers and co-workers
contented.
4. Treat them all fairly and squarely.
5. Let them know by practical ex-
amples that their future depends entirely
upon themselves.
6. So educate all in your employ that
they respect and revere the American flag,
and that they know for a certainty that
the same principles that the flag sym-
bolizes are the underlying principles in
your business.
7. Lastly, have all in our great or-
ganization follow out to the fullest extent
our slogan: "Pride of Workmanship"
and "Pride of Service."
Company Changes Managment
The Bemidji (Minn.) Gas Co. is now
operated by local interests. Following
are the new officers of the company:
President, J. L. George (who is also
treasurer and manager) ; Secreary, G. S.
Harding; Engineer, E. Eickstadt; Su-
perintendent J. M. Cogwin. The com-
pany now has 460 consumers and its
annual sales for the year, approximated
10.000.000 cu. ft. of gas.
Move to Abolish Home Rule
in Michigan
Declaring that "most people now be-
lieve that it is good public policy to
demand that utilities furnish a reason-
ably efficient service, and they also be-
lieve that it is equally good public policy
that public utilities receive an adequate
rate for such service," Representative
Defoe of Alpena, Mich., announced a
few days ago the preparation of a bill
to give the State of Michigan full con-
trol of its public utilities. He also de-
clared that "a state utility commission,
possessing and exercising complete con-
trol over all utilities, with broad powers
of regulation, can pass upon the equity
or inequity of any rate free from any
local bias or prejudice and can keep the
rates throughout the state on an equal
basis and without any discrimination."
Mr. Defoe pointed out the inability of
the municipalities outside of Detroit to
engage in the investigations required if
rates fixed by the local authorities are
to stand in court. The long dispute
between the city of Detroit and its
street railway was cited as an evidence
of the need for the proposed legislation.
Research Graduate Assistant-
ships Open
The Engineering Experiment Station
of the University of Illinois, Urbana.
III., directs attention to the research
graduate assistantships which are main-
tained in the experiment station. With
each of these there is an annual stipend
of $600, with freedom from all fees for
instruction except matriculation and a
final fee.
Two new assistantships, in addition to
the previous fourteen, have been estab-
lished under the patronage of the Illinois
Gas Association. The assistantships are
open to graduates of approved American
and foreign universities and technical
schools, and must be accepted for two
consecutive college years. At the end
of this period, if all requirements have
been met, the degree of Master of
Science will be conferred.
DeflatioB No Help to Gat Industry
Indianapolis, Indiana. — The so-called
deflation movement has so far failed to
exert any influence upon the cost of ma-
terials entering into the manufacture of
artificial gas. Coal and oil, the principal
raw materials, are purchased under con-
tracts, and have not yet reflected the de-
clining price tendency that is shown in
other commodities, according to £. J*
Burke, secretary of the Indian (Jas Asso-
ciation.
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February 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
17b
Booklets for Helping in the
Sale of Securities
'The Tale of Two Hundred Cities" is
the title of a sixteen-page booklet pub-
lished by the Public Service Company
of Northern Illinois to assist in the sale
of its securities to its customers. An
interesting story it told about the com-
pany, the extent of its properties and
the diversity of interests served and a
few figures arc given to show the growth
of the business and earnings of the
company. The pages are so filled with
maps and attractive photographs that
the actual text fills only about six pages.
The Giant of the Valley" is the man-
ner in which the Missouri Gas & Electric
Service Company designates itself in a
booklet which has been used to encour-
age its customers to purchase its se-
curities. The booklet is profusely illus-
trated and the interesting photographs
of different institutions and sections of
the district outnumber many times the
illustrations of the company's properties.
A human-interest story which is not too
long points out what gas and electric
service has done and can do for the
conununities served.
Gas Company Files Valua-
tion Rate Appeal
Minneapolis, Minn. — Setting forth that
the valuation of the company should be
$11,000,000 and that the rate of return
should be 8 per cent, the Minneapolis
Gas Light company, through its receiver,
filed a cross appeal in the gas rate case.
The appeal was filed in the United States
district court and the citation was signed
by Judge Wilbur F. Booth. Papers were
served upon City Attorney C D. Gould.
The city recently filed an appeal con-
tending that the valuation of $8,000,000,
fixed by the court last spring, is too high.
At that time the rate of return was fixed
at 7^4 per cent.
Both the appeal and the cross appeal
will be heard in the United States circuit
court of appeals, either at St. Louis or
Denver. The date of filing the record
is fixed for March 22.
Mattachuiettt Gat Bamiiif t
Boston, Mass.— Combined net earnings
available for dividends of subsidiary com-
panies of Massachusetts Gas Co. for
December were $311,427, a decrease of
$42/S46 or 12XH% compared with cor-
responding month a year ago.
Gas Engineer Goes to New York
A. S. B. Little, gas engineer of the
Illinois Public Utilities Conunission since
its beginning in 1914 has resigned to
work for the city of New York. Mr.
Litfle will handle all gas rate engineering
work for the franchise division of the
city.
Electricity for Power - Gas for Heat
The Feeling Grows That Electrical
Energy Should Be Used for Power
Purposes Only — ^The Reasons Why
By GEO. W. ALLEN, Canadian Correspondent, Toronto
A severe jolt was given the popular
idea that the electrical industry will
shortly oust the gas companies from the
commercial field by Mr. Geo. W. Allen,
advertising manager of the Consumers'
Gas Co., in addressing the Mining and
Metallurgical Club of the University of
Toronto, Jan. 27, 1921.
Electricity for Power
There was he said a growing convic-
tion among electrical engineers that
electrical energy should be applied for
power purposes only. The belief that the
heating problem would soon be solved
electrically was quite unjustified by the
facts, as Mr. Allen proceeded to show.
Tranaformer Losses
Great losses of energy were suffer-
ed by transforming electrical energy into
heat energy. As a domestic example of
this loss, he said that the energy used
in heating one electric iron was sufficient
to run sixteen sewing machines simul-
taneously. Again, if all the possible en-
ergy developed by harnessing every
water fall in Canada were utilized for
heating purposes there would not be
enough heat generated to warm the homes
of Western Ontario. In connection with
the increasing demands for electrical
power, Mr. Allen expressed his belief
that the use of electricity for heating
purposes would one day be forbidden by
law, in order to supply the power de-
mands.
Saw Coal Wastes
As a solution of the heating problem,
the speaker reconunended the more sci-
entific use of coal, both domestically and
industrially. The waste per annum by
using ''raw coal" amounted to millions
of dollars.
A Few Facts
In the city of Toronto alone, 2,800,-
000 tons of coal were required each year ;
enough to fill Yonge street from Queen
street, four and one-half miles north-
ward to a depth of sixty feet The speak-
er showed that the utilization of coke
and coal gas would eliminate three
miles of this enormous tonnage.
Besides the saving in fuel, however,
there could also be manufactured from
the distilled coal over three hundred nec-
essary by-products, including coal-gas,
ammonia and sulphur compounds, and
the primary tars for the increasingly im-
portant coal-tar industry.
California Commission Bars
Ont^GoodWiU^'asEle.
ment in Valuation
In a decision fixing the price to be
paid by the city of Redding for the
electric distributing system of the Nor-
thern California Power Company in that
city the California Railroad Commission
made a far-reaching declaration against
according any value to "good will" as
an element in arriving at a fair price.
The element of good will, as the term
is applied to a business in a public
utility,** it declared, "is not to be con-
sidered in estimating the value of a pub-
lic utility plant, for the reason, among
others, Uiat the public utility enjoys a
monopoly of a particular business in the
community it serves and the public has
no choice but to buy from the public
utility or do without such service."
That profits made by the utility through
rates fixed by the commission cannot
be capitalized by the utility as a measure
of value was another declaration made
by the commission.
Another important rule laid down by
the commission was that the general
operating condition and efficiency of a
plant must receive consideration in the
finding of its value.
Concerned with the Northern Califor-
nia Power Company, Consolidated, in the
proceedings was the Pacific Gas & Elec-
tric Company, which has purchased the
property of the Northern company.
WashiBgton, D. C.
Department of the Interior issues state-
ment which says in part: That the
motor gasoline being sold at present
time is much better than that marketed
last summer and that it is almost as
v<rfati]e as that sold at this time in 1920^
is indicated by reports received by
Bureau of Mines in progress of semi-
annual gasoline survey."
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176
THE GAS AGE
February 25, 1921
Commission News
Mr. Haynes^ Seven Points
How It Came About
Indianapolis, Ind.— The other day, Mr.
Paul P. Haynes, a member of the Indi-
ana Public Service Commission, which
has charge of the regulation of public
utilities, was asked to make a public ad-
dress on the public service situation. His
views were desired particularly because
he had served on the commission through
the war period, when some of the gravest
public utility problems in history came
before him. Hence, he was invited to
handle the situation in any way that he
chose.
Haynes talked over the situation with
some of his colleagues on the commis-
sion, and then went over to the meeting
and told the folks just what public ser-
vice companies and the public will have
to do if the "hired help— that is the utili-
ties themselves— are to be kept working.
It is the high points of this straight-
from-the-shoulder talk by a man whose
interest is solely the public interest that
follow.
Tirat: The average increase in utility
rates during the past four years was sub-
stantially less than the average increase
in the prices of the necessities of life.
''Second: During the past four years
most utilities have earned less than a fair
return upon their invested capital, and
equity would seem to require that during
the next few years of down-grade prices,
utility companies should be permitted to
recoup reasonable losses suffered in the
period of up-grade prices.
"Third: Utility rates were not, and are
not now, based on the peak of war and
post-war operating costs and therefore a
considerable reduction in commodity
prices can occur before the average of
prices generally reaches the point in
which utility rates, generally speaking,
are now based.
"Fourth: There have been millions of
dollars of deferred maintenance during
the past four years which must now be
taken care of.
"Fifth: $100,000,000 should be expend-
ed for additions and improvements in the
next two years by the utilities of Indiana
in order to give the public services which
are vitally necessary to the industrial
welfare, health, comfort and convenience
of the people generally. Hundreds of
millions are needed in other states. The
public should know that these vast sums
cannot be obtained unless the financial
showings of utilities are such as to at-
tract it in a market in which all the world
is bidding for money.
"Sixth: The credit of utilities has been
impaired, and this vast sum of money
cannot be raised and the public cannot be
served unless the credit of the public
utility enterprises generally is improved
through the medium of adequate revenues.
"Seventh: The welfare of the sUte and
the country calls for a broad and sympa-
thetic understanding of these important
facts which should be of basic importance
in the formation of regulatory prices."
"Public confidence in utility corpora-
tions must be restored. The restoration
of confidence, in large measure, will de-
pend on the establishment of proper pub-
lic relations; open and above-board prac-
tices by the utility companies; and most
important of all, good service."
niinoia Has New Committioners
Springfield, 111. — Governor Small an-
nounced the appointment of an entire
new utilities commission, as follows:
Frank L. Smith, D wight; Cicero J.
Lindly, Greenview ; Patrick H. Moynihen,
Chicago; Al. W. Trovillion, Herrin;
James Sullivan, Chicago, all members,
and Julius S. Johnson, Rock Island, sec-
retary. The governor declared he be-
lieved Congressman Smith would accept
his appointment. Appointment will go to
the senate.
Appointment of the Illinois public
utilities commission will be delayed in-
definitely by Gov. Small, it is indicated.
This probably will be announced in Feb-
ruary after the legislature convenes.
One theory advanced in explanation of
the delay is that the Chicago city hall
powers fear that a new commission con-
tr<rfled by the state administration could
proceed immediately to increase rates
So long as there is a commission in
which a majority are former Gov. Low-
den appointees the state administration
does not feel that it carries any respon-
sibility.
Tallahaasee Owns 6ai Plant
Tallahassee, Fla. — There is now no
board of public works in the city of Tal-
lahassee. The government is commis-
sion - manager form. All the business in
every department is under the direct su-
pervision of the city manager who is
also purchasing agent The city of Tal-
lahassee owns its gas plant, electric
light, power and water works plants. J.
W. Greer, city manager, is manager of
the plants and operation. The com-
missioners are, Guyte P. McCord, Mayor,
A. P. McCaskill, and J. Stuart Lewis.
Public Ownership Approach
Is Seen
San Francisco, California — "Govern-
ment ownership of public utilities will
be prematurely forced on the country un-
less they are equitably regulated," said
Chester H. Rowell, who has lately re-
signed from the United States Ship-
ping Board to accept an appointment on
the California Railroad Coomiission. Mr.
Rowell was until recently the proprietor
and editor of the Fresno Republican and
a leader of the Progressive movement
He is a regent of the State University,
and has lately been reappointed by the
government to a 16-year term.
**The time has come in the public reg-
ulation of public utilities," said Mr.
Rowell on accepting the appointment,
"when justice, even justice, both to the
utilities and to the people, is vital. Ta
give utilities either too much or too lit-
tle would be to precipitate public owner-
ship before its time. I have had eiq>eri-
ence enough, in attempting to admin-
ister a huge business under public owner-
ship in Washington, to realize that we
need to make our governmental machin-
ery much more efficient for government-
al purposes before we can safely load
it with many more business functions.
"If we so restrict the utilities that
their securities cannot command private
capital, there will be no choice but to
provide that capital out of the fmbUc
taxes. On the other hand, if we permit
these public monopolies by overcharges,
inefficiency, extravagance, or fictitious
capitalization, to exploit the people, the
demand for premature public ownership
will become irresistible. The only safe-
ty is in even-handed justice. This, I
am confident, is the policy of my col-
leagues in the commission, and it will
be mine."
In appointing Mr.Rowell on the Rail-
road Commission, Governor Stephens
said: "I have great confidence that Mr.
Rowell will render very important service
in protecting the best interests of the peo-
ple as well as of the public utilities which
are so vital to California's welfare. Mr.
Rowell will ably and courageously safe-
guard the rights of the consumer and
investor alike.
BiU PttU UtiUtiet Under SUte Control
Gas and electric companies in St Paul
and other cities may be placed under
the administration of the state railroad
and warehouse commission, if a bill
introduced by Sen. W. A. Nolam Monday
night becomes a law.
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February 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
177
Illinois CommiBsion Holds
Adequate Service Jus-
tifies Higher Rates
In increasing the gas rate in Charles-
ton, Illinois, from $125 net to $1.90 net
the Public Utility Commission of Illinois
•carried out the policy that adequate ser-
vice is a corollary to adequate rates and
must be rendered by a company before
an increase in rates can be granted. The
Central Illinois Public Service Com-
pany, which operates the gas plant in
Charleston, Illinois, have at different in-
tervals appeared before the Public Utility
Commission of Illinois for increases in
gas rates but from the findings in these
•cases it always appeared that the com-
pany was not furnishing service that
would meet the standards as required by
the Commission.
In its last petition for an increase in
rates to the Public Utility Commission
of Illinois it was found after all the ev-
idence was submitted in the record,
that the Central Illinois Public Service
Company, was furnishing service that
was adequate, and therefore in connec-
tion with other findings was granted an
increase in rates.
niinoii Grants Increases
On January 24, 1921, the Public Utility
Commission of Illinois granted tem-
porary increases in rates pending a final
determination of just and reasonable
rates to the Quincy Gas and Electric and
Heating Company of Quincy, Illinois, and
to the Rockford Gas Light and Coke
Company which operates in Rockford,
Illinois. The following table shows the
old rate and the new temporary rate in
effect:
Quincy Gas & Electric Company
Old rate Temporary rate in effect
$1.35 Net $1.45 Net
Rockford Gas Light & Coke Company.
Old rate Temporary rate in effect
$1.25 Net $1.40 Net
Gas Raise Asked
Detroit, Mich.-nThe Detroit City Gas
Co. requested the common council to
raise the gas rate, declaring the present
rate of 79 cents per 1,000 cubic feet in-
sufficient.
No definite increase was asked.
The cost of producing gas in December
was about 80 cents per 1,000, and net
earnings were insufficient by $166,810.46,
the company's petition claimed.
Council took no action.
New Bond Issue
Eight million dollars of the Pennsyl-
vania Power & Light Company, series
A, first and refunding mortgage bonds
have been issued at 7 per cent. The price
is 92 and with interest to yield about
7.68 per cent. The issue is due Feb. 1,
1951.
Stockholders of Peoples Gas Light and
Coke Co. Have Meeting
The annual meeting of the stodchold-
res of the Peoples Gas Light & Coke
Company was called to order at 11 o'clock
A. M. in the library of their building,
122 S. Michigan Ave., on Thursday, Feb-
uary 10, 1921, by President Samuel Insull.
Two hundred and twelve thousand,
three hundred and seventy shares were
represented by proxy and 3,833 by share-
holders in person — a total of 216,203
shares out of 384,996.
The annual report of the company was
presented by President Insull.
The terms of office of Mr. Stanley
Field and of Mr. John Williamson, as
members of the Board of Directors hav-
ing expired, they were both re-elected as
members of the Board of Directors.
City and Gas Company Cooperate
Springfield, O. — City Manager Edgar
E. Parsons and Manager E. D. Abbott, of
the Springfield Gas company, held a con-
ference recently at the former's office
relative to the shutting off of the gas at
buildings during a fire. Mr. Abbott, ac-
cording to the city manager, said he would
co-operate in any way desired.
It was stated by Mr. Abbott that there
is a shut off gate in the alley at all of
the large buildings in the central dis-
trict.
Lower Greenville Gas Rate Ten Cents
Greenville, N. C— The granting of the
old discount rate of 10 cents on each
thousand cubic feet to all who pay their
gas bills by the 10th of the month was an-
nounced today by the local office of the
Southern Public Utilities company, fol-
lowing a meeting of the city affairs com-
mittee of the chamber of commerce and
of other organizations with utilities com-
pany officials. This amounts to a vir-
tual reduction in the gas rate here of
from $2.10 to $2.00 a thousand feet. The
utilities company has promised further
reductions if the price of gas coal is cut
by mine operators.
Honolulu Gas Company Petitions for
Increased Rates
The petition of the Honolulu Gas Com-
pany for increased rates was taken un-
der advisement by the public utilities
commission following the submission
at the hearing of a budget of estimated
expenses and revenues under the proposed
rates. A temporary order of the com-
mission granting the increase for 60 days
was issued recently.
Department of Interior announces that
Bureau of Mines has just published Bul-
letin 189, Bibliography of Petroleum and
Allied Substances in 1918, by E. H. Bur-
roughs, fourth in series of annual petro-
leum bibliographies.
California Commission Wel-
comes Legislative In-
vestigation
Responding to the attacks made upon
it by some members of the State Legis-
lature who are supporting a movement
for a legislative investigation of its ac-
tions, the California Railroad Commis-
sion has issued a statement declaring:
"The Railroad Commission cheerfully
and gladly welcomes any honest, fair
and impartial investigation of its de-
cisions and acts. It assumes that an
inquiry made by a committee under di-
rection of the State Legislature will be
an earnest, sincere and thorough-going
attempt to ascertain all the facts upon
which to base an intelligent report deal-
ing with the subject of the regulation
of public utilities, the principles which
govern the fixing of rates, the manner
of their application and the extent of
the benefits which the people dependent
upon such service derive therefrom."
In the course of a brief review of the
whole industrial and utility situation the
commission says:
"Public utility rate increases have
been held far below the level of all other
commodity prices. Pratically every other
article which enters into the life of our
people has advanced in price to a far
greater extent than utility service. The
Railroad Commission has seen to it that
the public utilities of California were
not permitted to make an unjust or an
unfair profit."
Service Charge in Favor
Port Chester, N. Y.— Francis Strat-
ton. President of the Westchester Light-
ing Company, recently stated he had
just returned from a trip over the greater
part of the county served by the company
and met many officials of the different
municipalities and found no particular
opposition to the sixty cent service
charge, which the gas consumers are to
pay if the Public Service Commision
approves.
"Mr. Stratton stated that he believed
the municipal officials and the people, gen-
erally, were quite thoroughly informed as
to the necessity and as to the justness
and fairness of this service charge
through the efforts of the officials and
employes of the Westchester Lighting
Company, by the advertisements and
general information, which has been given
out through the press and otherwise.
"Mr. Stratton believes that the public
may be depended upon to be fair when
it is properly and thoroughly informed,
and he anticipates no serious objection
on the part of the consumers to the plan
which has been adopted by the West-
chester Lighting Co., as well as some
sixty-five other companies in this State."
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178
THE GAS AGE
February 25, 1921
Michigan Utility Companies
Organize Public Coopera-
tion Committee
Michigan gas and electrical interests
are seeking to place themselves on a plane
of mutual understanding and friendly re-
lationship with the people of the state
through the establishment of a committee
of public information. The Michigan Gas
Association and the Michigan Electric
Light Association are behind the com-
mittee of which Henry W. Douglas, head
of the Washtenaw Gas Ca., of Ann Arbor,
Mich., is chairman.
Herbert Sylvester, district manager of
the Detroit Edison Co., is secretary and
treasurer. Other members on the com-
mittee are : A. C. Marshall, Detroit Edi-
son Co.; J. W. Batten, Detroit City Gas
Co.; Frank A. Newton, Michigan Light-
ing Co., Jackson; C. W. Tippy, Consum-
ers Power Co., Jackson; E. Holcomb,
Central Michigan Light & Power Co.,
Alma; George £. Lewis, Detroit Edison
Co., Ann Arbor.
Henry W. Tinkham, former assistant
managing editor and political writer for
The Grand Rapids, Mich. Press, has been
chosen director of publicity for the new
information committee.
The committee will prohibit participa-
tion in all controversial issues whether
local or statewide in scope, according to
Mr. Douglas.
'The committee is designed simply and
solely to provide a convenient, depend-
able agency through which anyone who
seeks it may have information relating to
gas and electrical companies and their
public relations. We will place our cards
on the table and the public may see what
problems we have to meet and how we
are meeting them,"^ he states.
Council Defends Bemis^ Gas
Report
St. Paul, Minn. — Criticisms of his re-
port on the coke plant by the St Paul
Trades and Labor assembly will be sent
to E. W. Bemis, utility expert, at Chicago
by Commissioner McDonald.
Mr. McDonald said he would request
a reply.
Conmiissioners Clancy and Wenzel,
who voted with the mayor and Commis-
sioner Ferguson, Matson and McDonald
to grant a 15-cent increase to the gas
company in order to help out the finances
of the coke company, today defended
their action and belittled the report
Took Hunt's Report
Mr. Wenzel said he understood the
Trades . and Labor assembly committee
depended for most of its information
on an analysis of the Bemis report made
by S. J. Hunt, former accountant in
Conunissioner Smith's department
''Mr. Hunt was the same man who
discovered a large surplus in the street
car company's reports," said Mr. Wenzel,
"and still went out to fight for an in-
crease in fare for that company.
"I feel that Mr. Bemis would not
recommend anything but what is best for
the people, for he had always been known
as an expert who fought for the public
side.
Can Reverse Action
"Under the circumstances I do not
think that a 15-cent increase for six
months as an emergency measure is too
high. We can tell next June what should
be done. If the figures show that the
company is making too much the council
will go back to the orignal rate."
Mr. Clancy took somewhat the same
position as Mr. Wenzel, saying he had
no confidence in Mr. Hunt's figures.
Mr. Smith, who voted against the
15-cent gas increase, had urged that the
gas company first agree to pay the coke
company 15 cents out of its profits and
then the city could pay an additional 15
cents, if necessary.
Hodgson Critidxes Assembly
Mayor Hodgson took the assembly to
task for being somwhat inconsistent He
said it was the labor councilmen who
made the fight for the retention of Mr.
Bemis by the city, and two of them voted
for his report.
According to Its own report the coke
company still is losing money. A re-
port received today by Mr. McDonald
shows the deficit for December was
$322,100.75, of which $180,117.86 consists
of deductions assigned to ''prior months."
Mr. McDonald said he did not under-
stand what these were and proposed to
seek an explanation.
Revenue Increases
The report shows that the company's
revenue during December increased from
$341.77627 in November to $360,699.92.
In November the deficit was reported as
$73,469.05.
The net deficit or loss for 1920 is given
by the report as $447,719^.
Shippers Oppose Abolishing
Corporation Commission
El Reno, Okla.,— The Oklahoma In-
dustrial Traffic League, representing
shippers in Oklahoma, has sent resolu-
tions to each member of the legislature,
protesting against the passage of bills
that would curtail the powers of the
corporation commission or hamper its
operations by reducing its appropriations.
The resolutions state that shippers
would sustain great loss if the powers
of the commission should be reduced or
crippled.
Directors of the Tulsa chamber of
commerce voted to support the Tulsa
Traffic association in its move to protest
against any action to abolish or limit
the authority of the corporation com-
mission.
Coal Regulation Prophetic of
Natural Gas Control
Secretary William B. Way, of the Nat-
ural Gas Association of America, re-
ceived at his office in Pittsburgh a letter
from a Washington correspondent, in
which he says regarding the Calder Coal
Act: 'Hearings begin Monday on the
Calder Coal Act, which provides essen-
tially a licensing system. Coal men are
concerned because some usually conser-
vative metropolitan newspapers have
shown a disposition favorable to 'nation-
alization,' and because of our announce-
ment that British mines had concluded a
world agreement on a program for inter-
national nationalization of mines. It is
claimed that nationalization would throw
a cloud on the title of all real estate,
owing to the possibility of the discovery
of coal or oil, since it is assumed that
control of coal would be followed short-
ly by the control of oil We do not an-
ticipate passage of the bill at this session,
or at all in its present form. We take
this occasion again to repeat that the
Harding program will be steadfast for
as little disturbance of business as
possible, and a minimum of experimenta-
tion."
After receiving this communication, Mr.
Way said : ''We have always assumed that
any acts of Congress leaning toward the
direct nationalization of any of the pri-
mary minerals would be quickly followed
by their reaching into the oil and gas in-
dustry, and this is the first direct intima-
tion we have ever had from an outsider
that other people think the same way.
Consulting Engineer Opens
Office
Wm. H. Fritchman, has opened a new
office at 26 Cortlandt Street, New York
City. Mr. Fritchman is a specialist in
utility engineering, having had several
years experience in that line before en-
tering the service of the Government in
the Bureau of Standards, three years ago.
Chicago Safety Cotoidl
Chicago, 111.— The Chicago Safety
Council, recently incorporated under the
laws of Illinois, operates as a Depart-
ment of The Chicago Association of
Commerce, in conjunction with the Na-
tional Safety Council. It has undertaken
the task of educating the people of that
community in safety principles and prac-
tices, to the end that a substantial re-
duction #ill be accomplished in accidents
of both a public and industrial character.
The Safety Council functions under the
direction of an Advisory Conmiittee, of
which Wm. Otter, Marsh & McLennan,
is Chairman; and the work at headquar-
ters is in charge of Harry J. Bell,
Secretary and E. G. Laughlin, Assistant
Secretary.
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February 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
179
Public Utility Regulation
By E. I. LEWIS
Two of the most vital needs of the
country, at this time, are — first confidence
in public utility securities; second, sub-
stantial foundation for investor's con-
fidence. Public utilities have undergone
a strenuous four-year period and they
emerge from the distressing war era, the
more strenuous post-war period and four
years of increasing operating costs in a
condition that demands the closest and
most careful attention.
Three years ago at the height of the
war period the President of the United
States, Secretary McAdoo and Controller
John Skelton Williams called on the utili-
ties not to use labor, materials, or moneys
except for most urgent requirements.
This resulted in a great amount of de-
ferred maintenance and accruing depre-
ciation. The war period was immediately
followed by the world indulging in a
frantic bidding for money with the result
that its rental rates went clear beyond
the reach of most regulated utilities.
This resulted in a continued deferment
of maintenance and the making good of
depreciation and obsolescence. On the
heels of this unfavorable condition came
the runaway market in coal and other
operating expenses. Through all three
eras there has been the greatest difficulty
in obtaining materials, supplies and re-
placements of all kinds needed to main-
tain high grade public utilities and public
service.
The result of these conditions over
which the utilities and the regulatory
commissions could not exercise sufficient
control, for they were world-wide in-
fluences, is that the utilities stand today
in a more or less depleted condition.
Services may seem to be adequate and
satisfactory, but there is a vast amount
of substantial work to be done to give
assurance to continuous and reliable
operation.
This demands in this country hundreds
ot millions of dollars in the next year or
two. To obtain this money at reasonable
rates, public utilities must have credit
which will attract the investor's discern-
ment
It cannot be emphasized too strongly
that the establishment of such credit is
really of more vital concern to the com-
munities served than to the utilities serv-
ing them. Cities cannot grow without
vast expenditures in the extension of
water and gas mains, street car and tele-
phone lines and other public services
which are the very foundation of modem
municipal life.
These mains and lines cannot be ex-
tended out of earnings. Such a policy
would result in prohibitive rates. Such
lines cannot be extended and the rates
for services kept low, unless there is
available to these great public servants
money at reasonable and low rates. Thf^
better the credit the more ready the sup-
ply of money and the lower the rate for its
use which, in turn, means the lower the
rate for the service rendered. For these
reasons, the interest of the utilities and
of the public they serve are identical.
It must be acknowledged that investors
have not been drawn, during the past
few years, to public utility investments.
There are many reasons for this. Money
is the most solicited commodity in the
world to-day. With all the world bid-
ding it exercises discrimination unknown
in pre-war times. Will it respond to the
call of a utility, or of regulatory com-
missions, when the record is one of un-
sound foundations of credit, passed legit-
imate dividends, deferred payment of
obligations, curtailed service which leads
to impaired and hazardous public re-
lations and inadequate maintenance in-
volving a dwindling and dissipating of
physical assets? If it does answer such
a call it exacts usurious toll, which means
less realization of cash on the face of
the securities and higher annual financial
obligations in dividends or interest rates.
All of this adversely affects public ser-
vice as well as the public utility.
Practically all of the states of the union
havel recognized at least the absolute de-
pendence of municipalities on plants
which will furnish them with good whole-
some water and fire protection, constant
and reliable electrical energy to light
homes, offices and stores and to move
the wheels of industry; good gas, es-
pecially for cooking purposes, reliable
and cheap street car service, dependable
and quick telephone service, etc. With-
out such service the modern city falls
into utter confusion, stagnation and
death. The result of such recognition
is that states declared is a matter of
public policy that these public servants
be closely regulated.
Having adopted such a state policy, it is
incumbent on the state now to provide
sound foundations of security for the
money that such public service demands.
This calls for reorganizations of utilities
where they are made aenemic and their
services unreliable and weak by excess
demands of securities that represent no
substantial claim upon the public. Having
established sound foundations, it is bad
judgment for the state to call upon those
who have placed their money in public
services to accept less than a fair earning
on such money.
The sum total of state regulation of
these utilities is the creation of a fair deal
and there can be no fair deal unless all
parties at interest are included and fur-
ther than that there can be no service
rendered to the patron unless somebody—
commonly known as the investor — ^pro-
vides the money necessary for the facil-
ities of service.
It is clearly the duty of the state to
create conditions for investment that will
make the investment just as good as gov-
ernment bonds. When that time is reach-
ed— and it is being reached in several
states that have not only regulation of
rates, but also of securities and franchises
—then the public may call on money say-
ing—"come to our service— in it you will
be absolutely safe and we will pay you a
fair, but not exorbitant, wage."
Labor Has Confidence in Cal-
ifornia Commission
John C. O'Connell, Secretary of the San
Francisco Labor Council recently ap-
peared before the investigators and asked
for an opportunity to tell the conmiittee
what organized labor thought of !the
Railroad Commission. Accorded the
chance he declared that there was not
a laboring man among the 75,000 affili-
ated with the unions of San Francisco
who did not have the utmost confidence
in the Commission. He said further:
'The message of the San Francisco La-
bor Council to you gentlemen of the in-
vestigation committee is this: The time
will come when the whole state of Cal-
ifornia will bless the man who estab-
lished this Commission. Up to the time
of its organization all California was in
the grip of the interests. Today they
are free from their control and the Rail-
road Commission is responsible.**
New Operators for Michigan Plant
The gas plant at Iron Mountain, Mich.,
formerly known as the Iron Mountain
Light & Fuel Co. is now operated by the
Citizens Gas Company of Iron Mountain,
with the following officers: President
and manager, O. B. Kohl; secretary and
treasurer. Dr. H. J. Larson.
Doherty Company to Store
Oil
Announcement has been made by Hen-
ry L. Doherty & Co. of their intention lo
organize an oil purchasing and stcrage
corporation to take advantage of present
low prices and buy crude oil to hold for
higher prices.
Telegrams were sent to brokers and
banking houses all over the country that
might desire to associate themselves
with the Doherty interests in the new
undertaking. An oil famine is predicted
in these telegrams, which assert that two
of the Doherty engineers have just re-
turned from Mexico and report as "crit-
ical in the extreme" the conditions in
Mexican fields producing light, refinable
oils. Many wells in these fields, the en-
gineers say, are going to salt water.
'TJnless new oil fields are discovered,"
the telegram goes on, "at points where
production may be easily and quickly
marketed and refined it is practically cer-
tain that an acute oil shortage will de-
velop, forcing prices for cnide to higher
levels than yet seen."
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180
THE GAS AGE
February 25, 1921
Fuel and Residual News
Coal and Oil Production De-
creasing
The figures comiHled by the United
States Geological Survey reveal a steady
decline in bituminoifs coal production
since the middle of December. For the
sixth consecutive week, the production in
the week ending Feb. 5 showed a de-
crease over the preceding week. During
the week it totaled 8,045,000 net tons.
This seems however to be a regular phe-
nomenon for this season of the year, and
so far there is nothing alarming about
the decline.
December figures for oil production
have also just been issued by the Geolog-
ical Survey revealing a similar decline.
The daily average production of crude
oil in December amounted to 1,256,806
barrels, a decrease of a little more than
33,000 barrels a day compared with the
November figures, although 200,000 bar-
rels greater than the the daily average for
December, 1919.
Imports during December, 1920,
amounted to 12345,482 barrels, a decrease
of almost a million barrels from the No-
vember figures but approximately 8,500,-
OOO barrels more than in December, 1919.
Preliminary figures for the year 1920
show a total production of 443,402,000
barrels of crude petroleum, a gain of 17
per cent compared with 1919 and 78 per
cent as compared with 1913. Imports of
petroleum during 1920 aggregated 106,-
175,000 barrels, more than double those of
the preceding year.
Consumption of domestic and imported
petroleum during 1920 reached the unpre-
cedented figure of 531,186,000 barrels but
it did not keep pace with the increase
of the petroleum available so that at the
•end of the year there was an apparent in-
crease in stocks of about 10,000,000 bar-
rels.
Indiana Gas and Oil Survey to be Made
Indianapolis, Ind. — ^The future develop-
ment of the gas and oil industry in
Indiana will be advanced in proportion
to the amount of work done in locating
structures favorable to the accumulation
of these natural resources, says Dr. W.
N. Logan, State geologist, who is the
author of a bill before the Legislature
asking that Indiana co-operate with the
Federal Government in making a topo-
graphic survey of the state. The bill has
the support of many leading farmers,
manufacturers, uses of natural resources,
including gas, ceramic clays, coals, brick
clays, of engineers, road builders, sur-
veyors and the state department of con-
servation.
Mid-Contiiieiit Cnid« Oil Haired in 16
Dayi
Kansas City, Mo. — Crude oil produced
in the great mid-continent fields of
Kansas and Oklahoma dropped one-half
in 16 days. Announcement of a 25 cent
cut by the Prairie Oil and Gas Company
and the Sinclair Oil and Gas Company
brought the price down to $1.75 a barrel,
compared with $3.50 January 24. Re-
stricted demand recently for fuel oil and
other petroleum products and an over-
abundant production are the reasons
given for the precipitate decline.
Operations in the oil fiields of the
Southwest generally have been curtailed
within the last month and sharp wage
reductions have been made. Pipe line
companies for some time have curtailed
acceptance of crude oil from 50 to 70
per cent. The remainder is being stored.
Ohio Production Tax
Cleveland, O. — Coal, gas oil and other
mining interests of Ohio are preparing to
fight the Miller gross production tax bill
calling for a levy of 1 per cent. The bill
was introduced in the Ohio legislature on
Jan. 18. Whether these interests will
join other tax-paying interests in a joint
fight against the bill has not been deter-
mined. ;
Another bill has been introduced in the
state senate by Senator Gilford, of Lucas
county, to provide for the establishing of
gas districts in cities of Ohio under the
same conditions as the present sewer
districts. It is the purpose of the meas-
ure to supply the gas by subdivisions.
A system of franchise taxes is pro-
posed in another tax bill which has just
been introduced in the state senate by
Senator Whittemore of Summitt county.
This measure would compel public utili-
ties leased by owners to an operating
company to pay franchise taxes.
Canada to Control Oil Ditcoveriet
Ottawa, Ontario — Oil finds in that re-
gion of the Northwest Territories trav-
ersed by the Mackenzie River have at
last been recognized by the government
to be of sufficient national significance
to warrant the suspension of existing
regulations pending further serious in-
quiry and the establishment of machinery
to cope with the situation which has
arisen through the bringing of this for-
merly desolate and practically uninha-
bited region to the attention of the world.
Candle Power Standard
Causes Gas Oil Waste
More than 80,000,000 gallons of gas oil
are being needlessly used annually in
furnishing Greater New York its arti-
ficial gas supply. At the present price of
12^ cents a gallon, this is worth about
$10,000,000.
The situation obtains because the gas
companies are required by law, to supply
gas of 22-candle power. By simply sub-
stituting a reasonable heat standard for
the present antiquated candle-power re-
quirement, the above amount of oil could
be saved.
There is no better proof of the antiquity
of the candle-power standard than the
fact that Greater New York is the only
part of the Empire State where it is still
in force. Three years ago the Public Ser-
vice Conmiission for the Second District
of New York, comprising all of the state
outside New York City, changed to heat
unit standard.
Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jer-
sey and Philadelphia, to mention a few
places, have had heat unit standards for
several years which run between 525 and
528 British thermal units. After three
years of experience with a standard of
585 units, the up-state Commission for
New York is holding hearings on the ad-
visability of reducing the standard to 525
heat units.
"Apparently something should be done,"
says the Wall Street Journal, '*to elimi-
nate this antiquated standard, particularly
in view of the difficulty which gas com-
panies are finding in obtaining an ade-
quate supply of oil even at high prices."
To Determine Chemical and Physical
Properties of Oils
The Bureau of Mines has announced
that it has planned to undertake a survey
of the various types of crude oils pro-
duced in the United States.
Petroleum Specifications
Bureau of Mines has issued a report of
the committee on standardization of pe-
troleum specifications, bulletin No. 5
which gives tests and oil data of interest
to chemists and water gas manufacturers.
Creosoted Ties
Vancouver, British Col. — ^The Cana-
dian Government Merchant Marine fleet,
sailed recently for Calcutta with 3,800,-
000 feet of creosoted ties for the East
India Railway Company. The complete
order calls for the delivery of 5,000,000
feet of creosoted ties.
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February 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
181
Appliances and Equipment
Extensive Series of Improve-
ments in Gas Company
Headquarters
Fremont, O. — Extensive improvements
have been completed on the interior of
the Fremont Gas and Electric company's
offiice, comer of north Front and Knapp
streete. The arrangement of fixtures and
equipment has been greatly changed
about and the plan will give the office
force much room. A neatly built par-
tition extends the entire length of the
lobby from east to west. This piece of
w^oodwork, highly varnished sample of
the joiners art, has been surmounted with
a metal fixture that also extends over the
entire length of the big room. Built on
the order of a finely constructed metal
fence, the arrangement is not only useful
but it is also very ornamental. Paint and
varnish have also added to the beauty
of the room and this improvement to-
gether with new electrical equipment
makes the ideal place for the clerical
force to work in.
Manager R. L. Hottenger stated recent-
ly that he would also install new office
effects to add to the modern idea that
prevails in the office. In the passageway
that leads up to the desks in the office,
an exhibit of all kinds of gas burning
stoves has been arranged. Gas consum-
ers by visiting the office can be taught
the latest ideas regarding gas conserva-
tion.
Municipal Company Installs
Calorimeter
Indianapolis, Ind. — At the cost of
more than $1,000 Goshen, Ind. has put in
a calorimeter at the municipal water,
light and heating plant for the purpose
of making daily tests of gas manufactured
and sold here by the Goshen Gas Com-
pany. The equipment was provided by
the board of public works after numerous
complaints had been registered with the
common council regarding the quality
of gas provided by the Goshen Gas Com-
pany. When a public hearing was held
on petition of the gas company asking
for authority to increase rates the In-
diana Public Service Commission or-
dered a calorimeter put in at the gas
plant.
Opens Branch Store
A new branch store has recently been
established by the Humphrey Co., known
as the Westchester Branch, located at
581 Main Street, New Rochelle, New
York. Mr. E. E. Jarrett is in charge.
Grand New Salesroom For Chicago
Chicago, 111.— When the alterations and
improvements now under way on the
main floor of the gas company building
are completed Chicago people will be able
to enjoy the benefits of the best appointed
and best equipped gas appliance display
rooms to be found anywhere. The loca-
tion on Michigan Avenue at Adams
Street opposite the Art Institute is one
of the choicest in the city and our cus-
tomers are cordially invited to make use
of our display rooms and inform them-
selves on all that is latest and best in the
application of gas to the needs of modern
housekeeping.
New Six Burner Box Cabinet
Gas Range
The Eclipse Gas Stove Co., of the Geo.
D. Roper Corporation, Rockford, 111., have
brought out a new six burner box cab-
inet range No. 486 with an oven IS'' by
14" high.
This range burns either artificial or
natural gas and is said to be sold at a
very low price to meet the demand for a
range with an extra capacity cooking top.
With Complete Splasher Equipment
One of the new features of this appli-
ance is the splasher back construction
which it is claimed does away with the
strip which has formerly been used in the
corners and makes a big improvement in
the range. It is announced that this
splasher will eventually be used on the
entire line of Eclipse ranges.
Agency Formed
A new general agency has been es-
tablished in Oakland, California, known
as the Humphrey Heater Agency of Oak-
land, Builders' Exchange, 355 Twelfth
Street, Oakland. Mr. Harry P. Gardner
is in charge.
Salesman's Decalogue
John H. Patterson, the president of the
National Cash Register Company, has
developed in Mosaic fashion some point-
ers which not only apply to his own sales
force but to salesmen in general.
1. The nerves from the eyes to the
brain are many times larger than those
from the ears to the brain. Therefore,
when possible to use a picture instead of
words, use one and make the words mere
connectives for the picture.
2. Confine the attention to the exact
subject by drawing outlines and putting
in the divisions; then we make certain
that we are all talking about the same
thing.
3. Aim for dramatic eflFects either
speaking or writing— study them out be-
forehand. This holds the attention.
4. Red is the best color to attract and
hold attention, therefore use plenty of it.
5. Few words — short sentences — small
words — big ideas.
6. Tell why as well atf how.
7. Do not be afraid of big type and do
not put too much on a page.
8. Do not crowd ideas in speaking or
writing. No advertisement is big enough
for two ideas.
9. Before you try to convince any one
else make sure that you are convinced,
and if you cannot convince yourself drop
the subject. Do not try to "put over"
anything .
10. Tell the truth.
New Appliance Company
The Hutchins Manufacturing Co., of
Middletown, O., has purchased the
Hutchins T-3 tank water heater branch
of the Dayton Manufacturing Co., of
Dajrton, O. This newly organized com-
pany will be managed by R. J. Hutchins,
the inventor of the heater. The company
will manufacture a complete line of tank
and automatic gas water heaters.
The Dayton Co. will continue the man-
ufacture and sale of the Ohio-M instan-
taneous bath water heater.
Gas Sales Company Formed
The Jenks Utilities Corporation, of
Jenks, Okla. has purchased the retail
gas business of the Jenks Gas Company,
and distributes gas in the town of Jenks.
The Jenks Gas Company continues a
wholesale business in gas and deals in
gas leases.
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182
THB GAS AGB
February 25, 1921
How to Get Commercial
Business
By LOUIS N. YETTER
This paper is not intended to cover the
entire ground, but just a few points that
the Solicitor should always bear in mind
in working his territory for the mutual
benefit of himself and his company. In
assigning a territory to the Solicitor, the
Company is entrusting him with a given
amount of its capital, because without a
territory it could do no business.
The Solicitor should study the condi-
tions and become personally acquainted
with as many of the people as possible,
endeavoring to maintain a good feeling
between the people and the Company.
By doing this he is sure to create
prospects, which generally result in pro-
fitable business to the Company if per-
sistently followed up.
He should make a special effort to push
those appliances upon which there is a
large consumption, not forgetting at the
same time, the smaller things.
He should be loyal to the Company,
remembering that the more prosperous
they are, the more they will be willing
to do by him.
Do not forget to give every consumer
in your territory consideration and if
possible, satisfaction. A satisfied cus-
tomer is a valuable asset to the Company.
It is also very necessary to pay special
attention to his catalogues and if there
are opponents in the same field, he should
possess a cursory knowledge of their
business also, so as to be able to take
up all propositions intelligently.
A Solicitor in presenting his goods
must be careful to dwell only on their
merits and advantages and not "run
down" the competitor, which is sure to
create unnecessary ill-feeling. He should
be careful to never misrepresent any
article or conditions, but rather deal with
the consumer as though he intended to
deal with them always.
Keep the Company's interest always be-
fore you and be enthusiastic about your
work and success is sure to follow.
The 100 Per Cent Claai
A typical example of what can be ac-
complished by ability, hard work and
perscverence is shown by the following
results which Louis N. Yetter, commer-
cial manager of the Atlantic City Gas
Co., and his loyal assistants accomplished
during 1919 in Atlantic City.
The increase in business in the various
departments was as follows : new service
work 100%, gas ranges and water heaters
sold 28%, gas sales 14%, and total mer-
chandise sales 33%.
Congratulationi
Mr. Louis N. Yetter and Mrs. Augus-
ta J. McQinch announce their marriage
on Monday, the fourteenth of February.
one thousand nine hundred and twenty-
one in the City of New York.
At home after the fifteenth of March,
fifty-one twenty-five Winchester Avenue,
Atlantic City, N. J.
New Sales Office in Detroit
The Chicago Flexible Shaft Company
is opening a Detroit office February 1st
for the sale and distribution of Stewart
Furnaces and to give the benefit of its
service and counsel in heat treating pro-
blems to customers in that territory.
The new office will be in charge of
Mr. Geo. P. Beck and will be located
at 601 Kerr Building.
White Enameled Heater
The Philadelphia Stove Co. has added
a white enameled water heater to their
line of clover triumph products. This
heater has several coats of white porce-
lain enamel. The company reports that
from tests and present indications of
heaters in use this finish will last indefi-
nitely and remain pure white.
Britain to Cease Control of Coal
London, England — The government an-
nounced last night that control of inland
distribution of coal and pithead prices
will cease on March 1. This decision has
been taken despite the declared opposition
of the Miners Federation to decontrol
before their wages negotiations have been
concluded satisfactorily.
Mr. Mesick Represents Kom-
pak Company
Mr. Kenneth S. Mesick has been ap-
pointed as a Kompak representative in
the West to cover Missouri, Kansas
and Nebraska. Mr. Mesick succeeds Mr.
Frank D. Wharton who is now acting
as a distributor of the kompak heaters
in the state of Oklahoma.
Mr. Mesick is well fitted to carry on
the work in this field as he has had an
experience of nearly two years with the
sales organization of the Peoples Gas
Light and Coke Company of Chicago.
He combines a practical education with
a very attractive personality and we
feel sure he will be heartily welcomed
by the many friends of the kompak heat-
er in that territory.
Back Again!
Announcement is made by the Hoffman
Heater Company of its purchase of the
business of the Fairfield-Hallett Com-
pany, of Boston, the New England dis-
tributing agency for Hoffman Heaters,
which since Mr. Hallett's retirement last
August to devote his attention to the de-
velopment of patents on a tank heater
and new type coupling, has been carried
on by Mr. C. L. Fairfield.
With the view of expanding Hoffman
business and service in New England,
this agency has been made a branch of
the Hoffman Heater Company and Mr.
Hallett has been engaged as manager.
The new tank heater and coupling pat-
ented by Mr. Hallett which attracted the
interest of water heater manufacturers
will be handled by the Hoffman Heater
Company, and brought out in the near
future with other new Hoffman products.
Chemical Activity Increatet
Journal of Commerce states that 32
chemical companies with authorized capi-
tal of $50,000 or greater, were chartered
last month to engage in manufacture or
distribution of chemicals, drugs, dyes, etc.
Aggregate indicated investment involved
in these enterprises is $22,295,000.
An order issued by the Railroad Com-
mission today authorizes the Los Angles
Gas and Electric corporation to issue
and sell $1,000,000 of its 6% preferred
stock. The proceeds are to be used to
defray in part the cost of additions and
extensions to the company's system made
necessary by the growth of the City of
Los Angles and the territory served. The
company estimates that in 1921 it will
be called upon to expend for additions
and extensions approximately $5,183,470.
This building program is made nec-
essary by the fact that the natural gas
supply available to the company is in-
adequate to meet demands, creating the
necessity for building up a reserve ca-
pacity, both gas and electric, to meef
peak conditions.
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February 25, 1921
THE OAS AQB
183
Multi- Spindle Drive
For Reversing Parts at
the Coke Oven Battery
By ADOLPH A. RACKOFF
THE coke oven machinery carries the
same importance in production as
any other machinery in the Indus-
trial World. It must be simple, durable
and with a portion of elaborateness. The
simplicity and durability will aid in
keeping down its upkeep, while the elab-
orateness will elevate the operator to a
greater skill and efficiency in his work.
The coke oven machinery must be "oil
proof and "fool proof" in all respects, if
possible. That is due to conditions that
exist around the coke oven. Furthermore
the coke oven battery allows for machin-
ery for the reversing part, to be of a labor
saving principle.
For this reason I have divided the ma-
chinery in classes, or units, so each
machine should function its part accu-
rately, though combined with same con-
trol, or time clock as used at the coke
oven; and each machine though indepen-
dent is identical, and all parts are inter-
changeable.
The dampers are controlled through a
driving spindle with a saddle moving
from left to right. The change in the
direction is controlled by the spindle. The
pull on the saddle will be just an addi-
tional weight to overcome the balance of
the dampers. The damper travel of any
WASTE HCAT FLUE.
oven is taken up by the ratio of the
sheaves. This drive is "fool proof" and
it can also be "oil proof," though not
shown in sketch.
For controlling and operating the air,
waste heat gas, coke and producer gas
lines that lie on each side of the oven;
the multi-spindle reversing machine will
give the very best satisfaction for that
purpose. The pulling elements operate
separately, though connected to the same
drive. All parts in the multi-spindle re-
versing machine are simple, durable and
interchangeable.
The same design with one spindle ma-
chine, to suit any travel of parts will find
its place in many industries, as a self-
contained labor saving device. The one
spindle machine can operate successfully
the decarbonizer rod at the coke oven
battery. Such a drive will harmonize
with the whole outfit
The valve is of a very simple design,
and while the reversing machine acts
with ease on the moving parts, they will
not jar and will stand long service. All
moveable parts allow independent ad-
justment, also can easily be replaced. The
valves are also fitted with a high grade
packing that can stand high temperature,
good surface contact and long service.
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184
THE GAS AGE
February 25, 1921
Sales Talks from Magazines
Browsing through the Advertising
Pages of a Magazine Is Profit-
able in Suggesting Selling Points
By J. E. BULLARD
EVERY salesman can pick up a lot
of new arguments and a lot of new
eflFective methods from the maga-
zines he reads. Some of these will be
found in the stories and articles, some
may be found in the editorials, but the
advertising pages will prove most fertile.
By magazines are meant the general pub-
lications, those not devoted to business,
the national mediums of the great adver-
tisers. Such magazines for instance as
the Saturday Evening Post, the American
Magazine, and all the other magazines
that carry many advertising pages.
The man who pays five, ten, fifteen or
twenty cents for a magazine and does not
carefully study the advertising pages for
sales suggestions is wasting part of the
money he has invested. Magazines can
be made to prove real investments if they
are used as eflFectively as they can be
used to increase the salesman's efficiency.
It is not necessary that the advertise-
ments refer to gas in order to make them
valuable. They may deal with most any
other subject and still contain valuable
information for the gas company sales
department. To illustrate let us go
through an issue of the Saturday Eve-
ning Post.
Case of a Food Ad
On one page we find a Crisco adver-
tisement. In this is a recipe for fritters.
It would probably prove valuable to the
demonstrators if they had this recipe in
their data book. It looks as though the
fritters made in accordance with this
recipe would prove to be mighty appetiz-
ing. Anyhow the demonstrators could
try it out and if they did prove so good
as they look in the advertisement it might
be a good investment to supply each one
with the ten cent book advertised on
this page. The writer has found such
books of very considerable value to dem-
onstrators.
Turning over to another page we find
the advertisement of the Brown Beauty
Beans Company. In the copy we read
this: "A quick dish— just warm them up;
five minutes on the fire and they are
piping hot, ready for the table." Now
what kind of a fire must you have to
heat these beans up within five minutes?
Gas of course. This shows the advantage
of gas appliances. Foods are now pre-
pared that require only heating up. With
a gas range one can return home only a
few minutes before meal time and still
have a hot meal of good things to eat
Passing on to a third page we come to
a half page used by the Lawson Odorless
Gas Heater. It will pay to study this
advertisement with the idea of picking up
arguments for the sale of room heaters.
Not necessarily the particular heater ad-
vertised but room heaters. The best part
of this advertisement is the picture which
shows the comfort resulting from the use
of a gas heater. The salesman who can
fix this picture in mind and have it in
mind when talking room heaters is
bound to sell many more than he would
if he merely recited a stereotyped sales
talk.
On the next page we find a real com-
pliment paid to gas. It is a PuriUn Oil
Cook Stove advertisement and starts oflF
with the head lines : "A Good Partner for
a Good Cook." Note not a cook but a
good cook. Try that on your next pros-
pect who is doing her own cooking. It
then goes on to say. "You are sure of a
clean, comfortable kitchen if you use a
Puritan Oil Cook Stove. Boiling, sim-
mering and baking can all be done at
the same time — and the Puritan gives just
the right heat for each, instead of a
sweltering fire that makes your kitchen
feel like a bake oven. Each utensil rests
in a clean, hot flame— like gas." These
points can not only be used in selling gas
ranges but the advertisement itself is a
great compliment to gas cooking.
The Gas Range Salesman
Some gas range salesmen have used all
the words and the ideas expressed in this
paragraph. Others have not. Those who
have not will find it to their advantage
to stow them away in the memory for
future use. It may be wise to note some
of them down in a note book.
The object of the salesman should be
to acquire as much skill in presenting his
sales talk face to face as thC) master ad-
vertising man has acquired in presenting
it on paper. To do this it is necessary
to study the advertising. It is necessary
to analyze the advertisements and dis-
cover just why the method used to attract
attention is or is not eflFective, why the
advertisement does or does not arouse
interest and why it does or does not
create a desire to possess the goods of-
fered for sale.
The next time you pick up a magazine
study the advertising pages from this
point of view and you will be surprised
at the number of selling points you are
able to pick up. You may not be able to
find actual information that you can use
in your work hut you cannot fail to get
ideas that will help you immensely. Just
try it and see for yourself.
An Evening with Mr.
Doherty
An interesting report of an evening at
the home of Henry L. Doherty is given
by William C. Freeman in the first of his
series of "Thrift" letters in the New
York newspapers in connection with the
Doherty thrift campaign. Mr. Freeman
says, of his visit with Mr. Doherty, in
part:
"I was in for a series of surprises that
Saturday evening. The first surprise came
when I walked up a narrow, carpeted
stairway, one flight, and was ushered in-
to a big living room, where my eyes
quickly took in its comforts. There is
one big settee, many easy chairs, two ta-
bles, several electric lamps, a grand piano,
two talking machines, an Aeolian orches-
trelle and a big pile o{ music rolls, three
bookcases filled with the kind of books
that everybody should read, as I later
learned, and the walls are covered with
rare old prints and the floor with fine
rugs. There is an open fireplace, too— one
of those unusual things found in the dty,
but which always delight men who were
raised in the country, as I was.
'Tn a few minutes dinner was served in
a very quaint dining room which has a
coal stove sitting back in the wall at one
end, and its red glow was most cheerful.
There were no frills about this dinner.
It was very plain but good— the kind of
dinner served in the average American
home, which is alwajrs good enough for
anybody.
'1 learned that he lives on Bridge
street, not as a fad, but because it is near
his place of business, to and from which
he walks every day."
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February 25. 1921 THEOASAOE 185
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186
THE GAS AOE
February 25, 1921
A. G. A. at Work
Commercial Section Activi-
ties of A. G A. for 1921
Sixteen members of the Managing
Committee met at Association head-
quarters on January 25th.
It was decided that the general policy
of the Association, namely, to concen-
trate upon a few of the most important
subjects and of carrying such matters
through to some definite conclusion,
would also be adopted by the Commercial
Section.
The following were accordingly con-
sidered as the matters having the most
important boaring on the development of
the sales and service branches of the
business.
Sales Campaigns. Some of the factors
which were considered as having a direct
bearing on the merchandising business of
gas companies and which will be con-
sidered by the Committee are "Putting
Non-Profitable Consumers on a Profitable
Basis," "Filling in the Valleys in Gas
and Appliance Sales," "Store Merchan-
dising," "Window Displays."
Selations with Customers. This subject
was considered as having a most direct
bearing on the successful operation of
the Sales Department. A satisfied cus-
tomer is the most valuable asset we have.
The prompt and satisfactory completion
of work on the customers' premises and
the proper maintenance of consumers'
appliances are basic factors in creating
favorable public opinion, so essential to
the successful functioning of the Sales
Department.
Induitrial Fuel Salee. It was decided
that sufficient publicity has not been given
to bring to the attention of industries the
advantages of gas as a fuel and it was
recommended that immediate steps be
taken to do this.
The plan of Association headquarters
was approved whereby W. A. Ehlers
would address the annual meetings of
industrial trade organizations whose
members were potential users of gas and
for the preparation of special articles
which would be offered to trade papers
representing these industries. This work
has already been started and the efforts
to secure such publicity will be continued.
It was also felt that the men in the gas
industry are, to a large extent, lacking
in data and information regarding the
many uses of gas in industries and it
was decided to prepare a bibliography,
classified by trades and uses, of all liter-
ature on the subject, which would be
available to members.
Heating. The 1920 Committee having
made a tentative report, which will ap-
pear in the 1920 Commercial Section
Proceedings, it was decided that this was
a subject of such importance that the
conunittee should be continued and in-
structed to proceed with its investiga-
tions.
Gat LightiAg. The sales of gas for
lighting are still a considerable percent-
age of the total volume sold and many
companies are making intensive efforts
to hold and increase this class of busi-
ness. It was decided to retain this
Committee and charge it with a further
study of the gas lighting situation and
to promulgate plans which will be help-
ful to gas companies in retaining and in-
creasing their present lighting business.
Annual Convention Program. It was
decided to make the program for the
Conunercial sessions at the Chicago Con-
vention next November one which will
be constructively helpful. The papers and
reports to be presented will be carefully
selected and only the most important
subjects will be selected and ample time
provided for discussion.
Suggeetiona by Members. As a result
of the questionaire recently sent to our
members we have received many and
valuable suggestions concerning the Com-
mercial Section's activities and program
for the 1921 Convention.
These suggestions have all been tabu-
lated and are being carefully considered
by the members of the Managing Com-
mittee.
Suggestiona to Membera. It will greatly
facilitate the work of the Committees and
the Association staff were companies to
more generally keep the A. G. A. head-
quarters posted as to their local activi-
ties, information regarding selling meth-
ods, service ideas, publicity, company
organization activities, etc., will be most
helpful and all members are invited to
keep the Association more closely in
touch with what they are doing.
A. G. A. Promotea UtiUtiei Credit
In connection with the Housing Pro-
gram at the meeting in Washington on
January 28th, of the United States Cham-
ber of Conunerce, the association was
represented by Philip H. Gaston, who
presented a valuable paper on the sub-
ject of the gas industry's relation to the
housing situation together with the prob-
lem of the rehabilitation of the utilities'
credit.
Research Work G>operation
A very constructive idea was launched
during the January meeting of the Exec-
utive Board of the A. G. A. regarding
the possible exchange of research work
and investigation which is constantly be-
ing carried on in the gas industry espe-
cially among the larger companies.
If, through the medium of the Asso-
ciation the results of such effort can be
published and distributed a great ser-
vice will be rendered to the entire indus-
try not excepting those very companies
who will have assumed the greater share
of the experimental work itself. Were
this organization to attempt equipping and
manning a central laboratory most cer-
tainly it would be unable to procure the
personnel for one such establishment that
would, in any wise, compare with the
combined personnel of the industry's
laboratories, and it would call for a pro-
hibitive expenditure of money. The
Board authorized the Secretary-Manager
to make an effort to interest the large
companies in such a service.
A. G. A. Memberahip Increases
The applications of two gas companies
and seventy-two individuals for member-
ship to the A. G. A. were approved, and
following a previously established policy,
the board also approved for election to
honorary membership the Presidents of
the Societe Technique de L'Industric
du Gaz en France and the Institution of
Gas Engineers of Great Britain for the
period of their term of office.
A. G. A. Convention Space Secured
The Secretary-Manager was authorized
by the executive board at the January
meeting to close contracts for space in
the Auditorium and Congress Hotels in
Chicago during the wedc of November
7-12 for the 1921 Convention.
Moving Picture! to Stabilise Credit
Mr. Fogg announced that considerable
progress had been made on the A. G. A's.
motion picture film, which will soon be
available to gas companies for local use.
This film is another effort to educate the
public in gas industry matters, to further
the work of the good-will campaign, and
will aid in the general movement to re-
habilitate the credit of utilities.
A. G. A. Executive Meeting
The March meeting of the Executive
Board of the A. G. A. will be held in
Chicago the afternoon of the 16th during
the joint meeting of the Illinois Gas
Association. Electric Association and
Street Railway Association.
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Vol. XLVII Established 1883
March 10, 1921
Copyright 1921
No. 5
A Producer Gas Dust Arrester
The Dust Arrester System Installed by
the Rochester Gas & Electric Corpora-
tion is Described by an Engineer in
the Gas Manufacturing Department
By W. H. SPEAR, Rochester, N. Y.
I
N the vertical retort plant at Rochester, N. Y., con-
trary to the usual practice of each bench being fired
by a small producer placed beneath, the whole battery
of 21 benches is heated by producer gas from a central
producer plant. A glance at the cross-sectional sketch
will show the general layout of the plant complete.
Origin of the Dust
One feature in the design of this plant is the passing
of the coke leaving the plant over an 1^" screen; the
total screenings through this is used as the producer fuel.
In order to bum fuel of this nature, a high blast pressure
must necessarily be used, and by using a high blast on a
fine grade of fuel, it is to be expected that some dust
will be parried along with the producer gas.
At the time this pkint was laid out, one of the many
problems that confronted the designer, J. H. Taussig of
MtTOftr/iatae
CroM S«etioB Drawing of Producer! and Retort Settiaga, Weat Station
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THB 0A8 AOB
March 10, 1921
the United Gas Improvement 0>., was how to best rid
the producer gas of the dust carried with it in order to
keep the dust from reaching the retort settings.
If this dust were allowed to reach the gas flues around
the retorts, it would only be a short time before these
flues would become choked up and insulated, so that
the heat transference would be greatly affected. This
would mean that the temperature of flie retorts would
gradually drop as the dust accumulation increased, which
would necessitate burning more producer fuel and carry-
ing a much higher temperature in the combustion cham-
bers of the retorts to do the same amount of work. This
would naturally increase the cost of production as well
as reduce the life of the retorts, due to the excessive
temperatures, which it would be necessary to carry as
the settlement on the flues increased.
Effective Dost Removal
This plant at the present writing has been in operation
ducer at a pressure of 1.5 in. water colunm. The
large volume of gas leaving the producer at tiiis pressure
carries with it fine particles of coke dust
The first point at which this dust is removed it at the
dust trap "B'* which is an individual dust arrester, one
being installed on each producer. There are Aree pro-
ducers in service at all times. These three individual
arresters are blown down once each day, and they remove
about 50 per cent of the total dust in the system. These
arresters are simply tees, the gas being taken off at die
top of the tee and an extension with an ell looking down
catches the dust. The dust is removed from the arrester
by means of a cone valve with a long extension lever at-
tached to it
The next point where the dust is removed is at "C*
which is the largest and principal dust arrester; it is
installed in the main gas flue header, and is known as
a cyclone arrester! This arrester is a large hollow cylin-
drical shell, the gas enters this shell on the side tangent
Bird's Bye View of Maniifacturiaf Plant, Convejori and Storage on Higher Ground
three years and up to the present time there has been
no sign of a dust settlement in the checkerwork arotmd
the retorts or in the combustion chambers. These flues
can be easily inspected by removing the fire clay screw
plugs, which are about 6 in. in diameter, and are located
in the side walls of the retort settings, opposite the ends
of the horizontal flues. On one side of the bench wall
these ports open to the flues which surround the retorts
and on the opposite side they open to the waste gas
flues which surround the recuperators.
Operation of Dust Separator
By the aid of the accompanying cross-section, we see
just how this dust is removed from the system. At "A"
which is the base of an 8 ft. 6 in. high pressure producer,
a blast of air and steam at about 10 in. of water pressure
is admitted, which passes through a conical stepped grate
with slots or openings between each step. This distri-
butes the blast uniformly throughout the fuel bed. At
Hie top of the fuel bed, the producer gas leaves the pro-
to the side wall of the shell and at an angle of 45° down-
ward. The outlet of the arrester is at the top of the
shell.
The action of this arrester is exactly, as its name im-
plies, that is, a cyclone. The gas as it enters the shell
impinges against the circular side walls, which causes
it to swirl as a cyclone, and as the velocity of the ^
steadily decreases as it reaches the center of this whirl-
pool, the dust drops out and into the catch basin exten-
sion at the bottom of the shell.
This arrester has proven very satisfactory and removes
about 48 per cent of the dust carried into the system;
it is blown down once every day. At "D" the foot of
the goose-neck carried over from the cyclone arrester
and extending down below the tie-in to the main header
is another dust trap, which is blown down once a week,
but very little dust is removed at this point.
Dust Traps
The next point where dust is removed it at the dust
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March 10, 1921 THB 0A8 AOB 189
trap "E," there are eight of these about 20 ft. apart chambers and flues are perfectly free from dust, which
distributed along the header. These are blown down proves the skill that the designer showed in solving this
once each week, but very little dust reaches these points, important problem in connection with the layout of this
The traps "D" and "E" remove practically the last traces plant.
of dust or 2 per cent. At "F" is another catch basin ,*. ^ •,
located directly under the ps damper on the intake flue *^"^«tte8S of Dust
to each bench. To date these have only shown a very The following screen test will show the character of
slight accumulation, which is cleaned out perhaps once the dust removed at the various dust arresters.
^^^^y^^^' - ^, . , ^ ^ ^ , Sr^u Indivkluml Cyclone Durt Trap.
How efficiently this dust arrester system has proven can Through Aneeter "B" Amster "C" "E"
be judged by the fact that since the plant has been in 20 Mesh Screen 95.3% 90.5% —
operation our heat condition has not changed in any 30 Mesh Screen . . .' 79.7% 87.0% —
respect. That is, the temperatures on the whole setting 40 Mesh Screen 68.0% 79.0% 99.3%
of 21 benches which average about 2750** F. in the com- 60 Mesh Screen 27.8% 42.4% 89.4%
bustion chamber, have not changed with practically iden- 80 Mesh Screen 16.3% 29.4% 59.8%
tical producer fuel consumption. 100 Mesh Screen 9.4% 20.4% 42.5%
Further, as far as we can ascertain the combustion 200 Mesh Screen 2.4% 8.4% 8.9%
^ ^ ^
Water Gas Challenges Producer Gas
The Efficiency of Gases Utilized for In-
dustrial Heating Depends upon Tem-
peratures and Waste Through Flue
Gases to the Advantage of Blue Gas
THE object of this paper by B. M. Herr, writing in
"Combustion," is to show that the selection of a
gas to take the place of Natural Gas for industrial
heating theoretically depends largely on the required
heating temperatures, and is meant to show tfiat there is
a field for both tmcarbureted Water Gas and clean Pro-
ducer Gas for this purpose, and also that the selection
from an economic standpoint may be very accurately and
positively made
Natural' Gas
A furnace requiring 100 cu. ft. of Natural Gas per
minute to maintain it at a certain temperature will
deliver at the exhaust the following weights of
incombustible gases and will carry with it heat according
to their respective specific heats :
Lbs. Sp. h. B.tu.
CO, =11.2926X0.216=2.439
H,0= 9.2319X0.481=4.441
N, =55.168X0.244=13.407
Latent heat=2.47086X966=2387 B. t. u.
When furnace temperature of 560** is required and gas
and air are at 60** before combustion we lose in exhaust —
• (560—60) 5.6866+2387=5230
Producer Gas
Going through same process with 100 cu. ft. of Pro-
ducer Gas —
Sp. h. B.t.u.
X 0.216 = 0.721224
X .481 = 0.380952
X .244 = 2.346548
Lbs.
CO, = 3.339
H^O = 0.792
N, = 9.617
Per deg. temp. diff. 20.287
The latent heat of steam=966 B.tu. Therefore in
burning the hydrogen the water formed is carried
through the exhaust taking this latent heat with it and we
lose also 9.2318X966=8918 B.tu. constantly as long as
the furnace exhaust is above 212** F. When the furnace
temperattu'e required is 560** and the Natural Gas and air
are at 60® we lose in the exhaust —
20.287X(560— 60)+8918 B. t u.=19062 B. t u.
Water Gas
Going through the same process with 100 cu. ft.
Water Gas, we find the products of combustion are as
follows, and the heat lost per degree difference of tem-
perature of the inlet and outlet gases is as shown below —
Lbs. Sp. h. B.tu.
CO, = 5.4564 X 0.216 = 1.1785
H,0= 2.47086X .481 = 1.1885
N, = 13.6047 X .^44 = 3.3198
Per d^. temp. difF. 5.6866
Per. deg. temp. diff. 3.448724
Latent heat=0.792X966=765 B. t u.
(560—60) 3.4487+765=2487 B. t u. lost in exhaust
Maintaining Temperature
Then the effective heat units or heat units available in
the furnace for maintaining the temperature are —
EflPective B. t u.
100 cu. ft Natural Gas . . . 97873—19062=78811
100 cu. ft Water Gas . 31450— 5230=26220
100 cu. ft. Producer gas . . 11940— 2487= 9453
Therefore in burning 97873 B.tu. of Natural Gas in a
certain period to maintain a furnace temperature of 560
deg. we have effective heat imits in the amount of 78811
B. t. u., which keep the furnace hot and supply heat for
radiation. Radiation being a constant for a certain fur-
nace at a certain temperature it remains the same for any
gas used.
To keep the furnace at this temperature using Water
Gas it would require for the same period —
78811-i-26220=3.01X10Q cu. ft =301 cu. ft
and for Producer Gas —
78811^ 9453=8.34X100 cu. ft=834 cu. ft
Carrjnng out the same method for furnace tempera-
tures of 1000 deg. and 1500, etc., we derive the attached
curve plotted between furnace temperature and differ-
ence between inlet and outlet and quantities of gas in cu.
ft. for either Water Gas or Producer Gas required to
replace Natural Gas. Then going back to the cost of
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190
THB 0A8 AOB
March 10, 1921
/•O' AStod" xooo"^ Ufoo^fmk.
Cvbie Feet of Oat for Verloiie Temperatoree
the gas per cu. ft. we can at once select the most econom-
ical gas to use for the c(mdition we want, considering
these costs £or argument as follows:
Natural Gas @ 30c. per M cu. ft.
Water Gas @ 10c. per M cu, ft.
Producer Gas . . @ 3c. per M cu. ft.
Then for 500 deg. temperature difference the relative
costs are —
Natural Gas cost=3c.
Water Gas cost=3.01c.
Producer Gas cost=2.602c.
A curve may then be plotted between temperature dif-
ference and cost, which develops quite a few points of
interest.
From this final curve you will note that at the prices
taken for the three gases, Producer Gas is the most eco-
nomical to use at temperatures below 1400 deg., while
from this point on Water Gas shows quite a considerable
economy and the higher the temperature the hi^^cr the
economy shown bv tfie Water Gas. The reason for this
is, first, that Producer Gas can really be made at sudi a
low cost on the heat unit basis that where the exhaust
temperattu-es are not high and the large amount of nitro-
gen content does not carry away a large proporti(xi of
heat, Producer Gas is very economical. The large pro-
portion of CO in Water Gas with its accompanying prod-
uct of combustion CO,, which has such a low specific
heat, shows us a high ^ciency when a f tunace uses this
gas at high temperatures. This is because the exhaust
does not carry large quantities of heat through it and
therefore Water Gas shows a better economy than eve&
Natural Gas at the prices figured. It also shows a better
economy on a heat unit basis.
O SfO i^OO ifOf> 2000 ZS60
Cost to BepUee 100 en. ft Katnrtl Oat
The Anthracene Situation
From the Census of Dyes and Coal Tar Chemicals for
1919 Which Was Reviewed at Length on
Page 85 of This Volume
Considerable progress was made during 1919 in the
production of anthracene, but the problem of securinc^
adequate supplies is still unsolved. In 1918 the actU2U.
anthracene contained in the crude anthracene produced
was about a quarter of a million pounds, but very little-
of the crude product was refined. In 1919 the outout of
actual anthracene was about three times the 1918 pro-
duction, and a much lar^r fraction of it was refined than
in 1918. Notwithstanding this encouraging progress a
much greater increase in output must be sectored before
there will be enotigh anthracene available from domestic
sources to supply the demand for alizarin and vat djres
which are so important to a well-developed industry. It
may be roughly estimated that the 1919 production of
crude anthracene contained less than one-fifth of the
amount of anthracene required for domestic needs. The
fundamental difficulty is not primarily an actual lack of
an^racene in the tar, nor are there purelv technical diffi-
culties in its recovery, but rather the fact that its re-
moval leaves the j^ch so hard that it does not find a
ready market in this country. Any method of recovering^
anthracene which seriously disturbs the marketing of the
other larger fractions of the tar, especially the pitch,
would m^e the anthracene so expensive that the dyes,
derived Uierefrom could not be made on a competitive
basis. In England and Germany larsfe amounts of hard
pitch were used for the briquetting of coal dust and odce
breeze, but this industry is little (kveloped in the United
States. England shipped considerable amounts of crude
anthracene to Germany before the war.
The securing of supplies of anthracene adequate in
amount and at a cost which is not prohibitive is perhaps,
the greatest difficulty confronting the industry. Whetn-
er the problem will be solved by the tar distillers or by
Ae development of a synthetic process for making an-
thraquinone (the most important intermediate made
from anthracene) from raw materials now available in
adequate quantity can not be determined at the present
time. Active work along both lines is well under way
and important progress has been made during 1920.
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THB 0A8 AOB
191
Condensation and Compression
Losses Through High Pressure and
Low Temperatures in Gas Distribution
are Discussed by the Assistant Service
Engineer of the 111. P. U. Commission
By J. W. LANSLEY, Springfield, III.
IN any artificial gas distribution system certain con-
densation loses are bound to happen when the ap-
propriate conditions of pressure and temperature are
realized. In the ordinary system, handling gas under 6
inches of water pressure, these losses are very insignifi-
cant except when very low temperatures are encountered,
when of course the most obvious eflPect is upon the candle
power of the gas. When, however, the pressure is in-
creased to 40 or 50 pounds comitant with a lowered tem-
perature these losses may mount to such a point that the
leakage figure may be seriously misleading.
Considerations in Testing
Under the conditions of temperature and pressure pre-
vailing on the high pressure distribution system conden-
sation losses of any moment will fall into two groups.
First, of course, is the condensation of part of the water
vapour in the gas. The second loss and the one which
affects the quality of the gas seriously is the condensa-
tion of certain portions of the group classed as Illumi-
nants; this group comprising memliers of the benzene,
ethylene, and acetylene series of hydrocarbons. A study
of the properties of the remaining constituents of the
gas, present to any appreciable extent, shows they are of
such a character as will resist liquefaction under present
conditions.
We considered rather closely if some chemical method
was not available for accurately determining the total of
these losses. It was suggested that an accurate analysis
of the gas before compression and of the gas taken a mile
down the high pressure line would give a reliable figure.
From the nitrogen content in these two samples the con-
traction in volume could be easily calculated.
Such a test is, however, of little value in any question
involving conditions of a period of a month. It would
represent an instantaneous condition and then only when
the utmost care was exercised in determining the inter-
val to be allowed between collecting the two samples so
that approximately the same gas would be sampled in
each case.
The calculation of the loss from the amount of water
and drip .oil secured during the month would be compar-
atively simple provided the exact chemical composition of
the drip oil could be secured. Distillation tests of this
oil are available and afford reasonable accuracy as re-
gards the benzene, toluene and xylene content of the oil.
But associated with these in the oil are a number of re-
lated hydrocarbons, intermediate in properties and of
such a character as prevents an accurate estimation of
diem except in a very completely equipped research lab-
oratory and then only with the utmost difficulty can their
quantity be determined.
Assumed Conditions
After a careful consideration we concluded that an
estimation of these losses could be made and while not
strictly accurate would afford some reasonable idea of
what these losses were during September, 1919. In the
following calculations it was necessary to use some aver-
age assumed temperatures and pressures, but as far as
possible they were taken to represent conditions during
September :
Total send out Sept., 1919 68,203,000 cu. ft.
Waukegan at 350 M. per day 10,500,000 cu. ft.
High Pressure Sendout 47,703,000 cu. ft.
Assumed average conditions:
Barometer 29.5*' Mercury
Holder pressure 0.6" Mercury
Temperature of gas leaving holder . 70** F.
Temperature of gas in mains 58**F.
Pressure in mains 43 lbs. gauge
It is readily seen that the high pressure send out of
47,703,000 cu. ft. must be corrected before any volumet-
ric estimation of the moisture content of the gas passing
to compression is made. Therefore since the gas en-
tered compression at a temperature of 70**F. tmder an ab-
solute pressure of 30.1" of mercury, this volume must be
corrected to 70®F. and 30.1" saturated with water vs^ur ;
and this corrected volunie is 48,826,000 cu. ft.
Water Vapor and Condensation
The vapor tension of water at 70** F. being 0.732" of
mercury the following expression gives the percentage
measure of the water vapour present in the above vol-
ume of gas measured at 70**F. and 30.1".
0.732X100-r-30.1=2.431%
Consequently since the gas leaving the holder at 70** F.
under an absolute pressure of 30.1" of mercury contains
2.431% water vapor, the m^imum possible loss by
reason of water condensation is 2.431%. This figure
however was not attained since the gas after compression
and cooling still retains a portion of its moisture ; which
amount is governed by the absolute pressure of the gas
and the vapour tension of water at the lowest temperature
attained in the mains provided that subsequently the
gas does not come into contact with drip water after a
possible rise in temperature.
The calculation of the amount of moisture condensed
then resolves itself into the following problem. First to
find the voltune of any quantity of gas measured at 70** F.
and 30.1" when placed under an absolute pressure of
117.09" of mercury at a temperature of 58** F., both vol-
umes to be completely saturated with water vapour ; then
to correct this volume back to 70** F. and 30.1" and to com-
pare this final volume with the original volimie. In these
calculations we have neglected 3ie change in volume
caused by the condensation of a portion of the Illumi-
nants in the gas.
43 lbs. gauge pressure= 87.59" mercury
Barometer 29.50"
Absolute pressure 117.09" mercury
Vapour tension of water at 70^F=0.732"
Vapour tension of water at 58**F.=0.482"
A=any volume of gas measured at 70** F. and 30.1"
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192 ^ THB OAS AGE March 10, 1921
mercury. The following condensed expression repre- Conclusions
sents the change in volume which takes place when the This estimation primarily assumes that every member
above problem is solved with the given conditions. of the Illuminants group is condensed in the exact ratio
AX29.368X117.09^(30.1X116.608)=0.9796A in which it occurs in the group. This does not happen in
The compression loss therefore is the difference be- practice. The higher members will be condensed first
tween A and this final volume of 0.9796 A or 2.03%. and more completely and will be found in larger percent-
The drip record for September shows that roughly ?^. ^ovnts in the drip oil than in the Illuminants group.
5975 gallons of water were secured. This amount of Th^s being true it is readily seen that to accomplish a
water yields a quantity of vapour which is 2.18% of ^^^^^ ^^^P^^^ 22 B.t.u. a less quantity of the lUumi-
the gas passing to compression measured at 70^F. and ^^^ ^^^^ ^e condensed. . , . . _ ^ .
30.1° of merouY. Consequently we are entirely justified m stating that
1.27% represents the maximum possible condensation
niuminants' Condensation '^^^ exclusive of water condensation under the conditions
rws. .. J ^- 1 Ml 1 ^ as given in this estimation. It is more than likely that the
.VI .'J^T ^"^ condensation loss will occur ahnost en- i^gf ^^ considerably less than 1.27%.
^.rfin '^c «! FO^P ^'f ^^^ ^ '"T'^^S- ^'^11 ^ It must be understood that these series of calculations
marsh gas series of hydrocarbons above ethane might be ^^ ^^^^ independently of each other and not related as
present and would be condensed, but only very slight properly they should be, since condensation of a
traces if any would ever be present and such may be ^^^^^ ^,^4 ^/ ^he Illuminants would also increase
ruled out of this estimation . ^ . , , the water condensation. Furthermore many average as-
By actual comparison between Ae heating value ca - 3^^^ conditions have been used but so taken iS our
culated from the gas analysis and that secured from cal- judgment as will represent conditions prevaiUng during
orimeter tests, we find the group of illuminants m the Seotember r & -&
water gas average 2300 B.t.u. and in the coal gas 2200 P«-«n"«r.
B. t. u. per cu. ft. Dividing the total heating volue of Average Losses
our gases into two groups classed as Illuminants and .-^^ .1 f j j j-
Remainder we have : ^^ maximuirj possible loss tmder our assumed condi-
tions is therefore 3.7% of the high pressure sendout and
Water Gas this figure is independent of the total volumetric high
11% Illuminants contributing : 253 B. t. u. pressure sendout since these calculations are equally as
89% Remainder 327 B. t. u. applicable to 1000 cu. ft. as to 48,826,000 cu. ft.
Total 580 B. t. u. It is, however, extremely difficult to set any arbitrary
Coal Gas average figure for these losses to be used in tfie calcula-
Q aof Til. ^-^ ^ 4. u ^' fvA A T> . tion of monthly losses. Conditions in Winter and Sum-
3.6% Illumm^its contributing 79 2 B. t. u. ^^^ jj^^ 3^ .^j;^, ^3 ^3 pressures, temperatures
Nn«t5„«^l?.*^*'' contributing 467.8 B. t. u. ^^^ even sendout that any estilnation of an average
Now assuming the mixed gas is composed as follows: ^^^^^ly condensation loss for use in any month of the
Mixed Gas year, is extremely hazardous.
65% Coal Gas contributing 349 B. ,t. u.
35% Water Gas contributing 203 B. t. u. ^ _, . , ^ ^vi ,.
Composite B. t. u. for mixed gas 552 B. t. u. Contract to Fumish Gas Obligatory
Under such conditions with the weather conditions of The West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals holds
September, the heating value of the mixed gas at Win- in Bassell v. West Virginia Central Gas Co. (103 S. E.
netka would be at least 530 B. t. u., a drop of 22 B. t. u. 116) that there is no implied covenant or condition in a
In the mixed gas before condensation the Illuminants lease of land for gas production, reserving a fixed, an-
would be found as follows : nual money rental for each productive gas well to be
3.6X0.65=2.34 contributing 61.5 B. t. u. drilled on the leased land and securing to the lessor
11.0X0.35=3.85 contributing 88.6 B. t. u. therein, by a stipulation, right to free gas for domestic
Total 6.19% contributing 140.1 B. t. u. purposes on the land, that the rent-yielding periods or
Therefore each one per cent of Illuminants in the lives of the wells shall not be reduced or limited, nor the
mixed gas contributes 22.6 B. t. u. towards the total number of rent-yielding wells necessary to full develop-
heating value of 552. The remaining 93.81% contrib- ment of the rented land limited or restricted by stimula-
utes 411.9 B.tu. or 4.39 B.t.u. for each one per cent. tion or acceleration of the flow of the gas from the wells
We can therefore express the heating value of the and through the pipe-line, by artificial means or meth-
mixed gas before compression^ as follows : ods, such as operation of compressors and gas pumps.
6.19X^2.6+93.81X4.39=552 The unrestricted right of the lessee in a lease for gas
After compression losses have occurred and the heat- production to operate its lines and wells by means of
ing value has been reduced to 530 the following expres- compressors and pimips and thus reduce the gas pressure
sion holds : in the portions of lines lying between the wells and such
22.6XA+4.39XB=530 compressors and pumps, by suction, to such an extent as
where A=the per cent of Illuminants and B the per cent to interrupt and destroy the lessor's supply of free gas
of Remainder in the compressed gas. for domestic purposes, from the wells, under a stipula-
Solving for A and B we secure: A=5.0%; B=95.0%. tion guaranteeing right thereto, does not absolve the
Now in every 100 volumes of the mixed gas before former from the obligation and duty to restore such
compression losses have happened are 93.81 volumes of supply, even though it may be expensive and inconven-
Remainder which pass unaltered into the final volume but ient to do so.
here comprising 95% of this final volume. Therefore The provision in the stipulation for such free gas, that
tiiis final volume is it shall be taken from the wells drilled on the rented
(93.8-r-95) 100=98.73 land, is not of the essence thereof; therefore the lessee
Consequently the condensation loss occurring in the II- may comply with the obligation by furnishing the gas
luminants amounts to 1.27% of the high pressure send- contemplated by it in adequate quantities and for the re-
out, quired period of time, from any other source.
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THB QA8 AGE
193
Oven Gas the Coming Fuel
Investigations Conducted by the Koppers
Company Laboratories and Reported in
the Journal of Ind. and Eng. Chemistry
By F. W. SPERR and E. H. BIRD, Mellon Institute,
Pittsburgh, Pa.
FOR nearly two years the production of by-product
coke in Ainerica has held the lead over that of bee-
hive coke. By-product coke manufacture is now
firmly established and continually growing, while bee-
hive coke is certain to decline to a position of minor im-
portance. Although the bulk of the coke and gas manu-
factured in by-product ovens is now consumed by iron
and steel plants, there is an increasing tendency for the
by-product coke industry to assume the position of an
independent fuel industry, and its relations are broaden-
ing to such an extent that they must be considered in the
study of almost every phase of fuel economy.
Increasing Shortage of Natural Fuels
Among the underlying causes of the many-sided de-
velopment of this comparatively new industry, there is,
first of all, the increasing shortage of the important,
natural fuels — anthracite, natural gas, and petroleum.
The difficulty of obtaining adequate supplies of anthra-
cite and the inferior quality of the material have com-
bined to favor the substitution of coke. Natural gas
finds its most satisfactory supplement in coke-oven gas
and has a further accessory in water gas made from by-
product coke.
Fuel oil is being replaced to an increasing extent with
tar and tar oils, while benzene has been successfully in-
troduced as a motor fuel distinctly superior to gasoline,
although on account of the comparatively limited
amount of the former available, there is no question of
competition between the two. The high price and poor
quality of the gas oils now available are having the
eflFect of discouraging the large-scale manufacture of
carbureted water gas, and, here again, coke-oven gas
appears as the most economical substitute.
An important factor in this connection is the high cost
of labor, which has made the ordinary retort process of
manufacturing coal gas an expensive proposition, and
has forced the artificial gas industry to a recognition of
A Typical Coal Testinf and Investif ating Laboratory
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THB OAt AOB
March 10, 19Z1
the advantages of carbonizing coal in relatively large
charges, as is done in the by-product coke oven.
The By-Product Oven as a Fud Producer
With the exception of ammonia and its compounds,
each of the primary products of the modem coke oven
has a technically important fuel value. It is with the
primary products that we are the most concerned. Pop-
ular fancy likes to speak of a by-product coke plant as
if it were a factory for dyes and drugs ; but this is, of
course, a misconception. In America it is very seldom
that the organization of a by-product coke plant pro-
ceeds farther than the production of the primary prod-
ucts, and although some of these products are indispen-
sable to our rapidly g^owinc^ American chemical indus-
tries, it must be recognized tnat, no matter how interest-
ing and important this sort of utilization may be, it is
far outstripped, in terms of dollars and cents, by the util-
ization of these and the other products as fuel.
Comparison with the Beehive Oven
It is of some interest from this standpoint to examine
these fuel values in detail. Such an examination will,
for instance, enable us to appreciate the great economy
of a by-product coke oven as compared with the bee-
hive oven which it is displacing. In coking one ton of
high grade coal in a beehive oven, the following fuel
must be consumed :
FneU Burned ia BeehlTe Oren ProceM
Fuelt Lott Equivalent
B. t. u. Lm. Coal
Gm. 11.000 ca. ft 6.160.000 440
Tar,9fia 1.401.000 100
Light oil. 4 gal 527.000 38
CokclOOlbe. 1,300,000 93
Total 9,381.000 671
In coking one ton of the same coal in the by-product
oven, we consume simply : Gas 4300 cu. ft. = 2,408,000
B.t.u., equivalent to 172 lbs. coal. For eveij pound of
coal coked, the beehive oven consumes 9,388,000 B.t.u.,
or 33.5 per cent of the heating value of the coal, while
tfhe by-product requires only 2,408,000 B.t.u., or 8.6 per
cent.
There were 48,166,719 tons of coal coked in beehive
ovens in 1918. If this had been coked in by-product
ovens there would have been saved the equivalent of
11,993,513 tons of coal.
Fud Propertiei of Coke and By-Products
Some data regarding the fuel properties of coke, tar,
pitch, and motor spirit (obtained by purifying the ben-
zenes recovered from coke-oven gas) are given in Table
I, while Table II gives information regarding coke-oven
gas obtained by different operating methods, as com-
pared with producer gas and water gas made from by-
product coke. The figures in these tables are given as
fairly typical, but there may naturally be considerable
variation, depending upon the kind of coal used and
upon operating conditions.
Fuel Propertifts of Coke, Tar, Pitch and Motor Spirit
Air Flame
Reqidre- Temp. C. deg.
ment With vTith Air
Sp. Lbs per B. t. u. per Lb. Cu. Ft. Cold Preheated
Gr. Cu. Ft. GroM Net per Lb. Air to 500*C.
Coke 12.900 12360 132 1875 2065
Tar 1.165 72.7 16.120 15.575 162 1900 2115
Pitch 1.250 78.0 15.660 15.370 155 1980 2230
Motor Spirit 0.877 54.7 18.060 17.360 176 1915 2165
By-Product Coke in the Iron and Steel Industry
Although, as has been stated, the use of by-product
coke is rapidly being extended outside of the iron and
steel industry, the bulk of this fuel is still employed in
this industry, largely in the blast furnace and, to a
smaller extent, in the iron foundry. The achievements
in the utilization of by-product coke in the blast furnace
are of the utmost importance from the standpoint of fuel
economy.
With modem methods of manufacture, and with a
better understanding of the conditions affecting coke
quality on the part of the producer and of the conditions
requisite for emdent utilization on the part of the con-
sumer, the old prejudice in favor of beehive coke has
been almost entirely wiped out.
It has b€«n shown in regular operation that the con-
sumption of by-product coke per ton of pic: iron is from
100 to 300 lbs. less than the consumption ofbeehive coke,
and blast furnace managers, as a rule, are now just as
favorable to the use of by-product coke as they were
formerly skeptical
So remarkable a revolution in both opinion and fH'ac-
tice would have been impossible without the develop-
ment of the modem by-product oven with its flexibility
of regulation and its means for exact heat control at
every point. Having such an apparatus, a proper study
could be made of the various factors affecting the quality
of coke by-products, such as the kind of coal and its
preparation, oven dimensions, and oven operating con-
ditions. Simultaneously, the effect of variation in coke
quality upon blast-furnace operation had to be deter-
mined.
It was necessary to go even farther than this — to
break away from old traditions of blast-furnace practice
with beehive coke and to determine what operating con-
ditions of the blast furnace would be necessary to give
the best results with by-product coke of a given quality.
It has not always been possible to make this sort of in-
vestigation as a systematic procedure; but our knowl-
edge of the general subject has been gradually built up
to a point of considerable practical value. There is still
a wide field for further development of this important
subject.
Development of other Uses
A point which it is especially desired to emphasize
here is that the advances scored in the use of by-product
coke in the blast fumace may be repeated in other lines
of application if similar methods are pursued. What is
especially needed is cooperation between the producer
and consumer of coke, to arrive at a correct understand-
ing of the requirements for each particular application.
Since we have in the by-product oven an apparatus of
utmost reliability, capable of treating a very wide range
of coals, the possibilities of future development in the
further utilization of by-product coke are very great.
One of the most prominent phases of such develop-
ment is in relation to domestic fuel, and the systematic
investigations now being conducted by the U. S. Bureau
of Mines, proving the merit of coke for this purpose, are
typical of what ought to be done in connection with
other important applications. There is no good reason
for replacing a single pound of anthracite with any solid
fuel other than by-product coke, and there is every rea-
son why the utilization of by-product coke ought to go
much further than the replacement of anthracite.
Other leading uses of coke, outside of the manufac-
ture of iron and steel, are in nonferrous metallurgy, in
the production of water gas, as railroad fuel, and as fad
for general industrial heating, especially where the
avoidance of smoke is desirable. That quality, physical
or chemical, which is best suited for one application is
not necessarily the best for another.
The iron foundry needs coke of different characteris-
tics from that required by the blast furnace, and still
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March 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
195
Typical Analyses of Coke-oven, Producer and Water Gas, with Heating Value, Air Requirement and Flame Temperature
nittini*
COs nuts Os
Straight coal gas before removing benzenes 2.2 3.5 0.3
Straight coal gas after removing benzenes 2.2 2.6 0.3
Rich coal gas before removing benzenes 2.6 4.3 0. 2
Rich coal gas after removing benzenes 2.6 3.2 0.2
Lean Coal gas before removing benzenes 2.1 2.0 0.3
Lean Coal gas after removing benzenes 2.1 1.0 0.3
Blue water gas 6.0 ... 1.0
Coke producer gas (cold) 5.0
Coke producer gas (preheated to 500* C.) 5.0
Other characteristics become essential when we consider
the use of coke in a water-gas machine. These consider-
ations are important in making it possible for a wide
variety of coals, producing cokes of different quality, to
be economically and profitably treated in the by-product
oven.
Utilization of Coke Breeze
One of the most interesting developments in fuel econ-
omy resulting from by-product coke manufacture has
been in the utilization of coke breeise — a material which,
not more than a few years ago, was regarded as nearly
useless. This material, containing as much as 85 per
cent fixed carbon (dry basis) and having a heating value
of 11,500 to 12,500 B.t.u. per pound, was formerly dis-
I>osed of for filling purposes or else completely wasted.
Of late years, with the development of improved stok-
ing machinery, it has been found possible to bum coke
breeze for steam-raising purposes with a high degree of
efficiency, and it is the general practice for by-product
coke plants to obtain' their entire steam requirements
from this fuel. After satisfying plant requirements a
surplus of breeze may still be left for sale, and its utility
as fuel is becoming more and more recognized in the
general market.
Tar as Metallurgical Fuel
The yield of tar obtained in by-product coking varies
with the kind of coal used. It may be as low as 4, or as
high as 12 gal. per ton of coal. With' the majority of
coals now being coked in America, the yield is from 9
to 10 gal. per ton. The use of tar for fuel, especially in
steel manufacture, has rapidly increased during the past
few years, and many of the larger steel companies, oper-
ating their own by-product coke plants, do not sell any
of their tar for distillation purposes, but use it exclusive-
ly for fuel.
In open-hearth practice, the consumption of tar per
ton of steel is 10 per cent less than the consumption of
fue\ oil. It is advantageously employed in combination
with producer gas. The resulting flame has a much
better melting dficiency than that of straight producer
gas, and the increase in the capacity of the furnace is
much greater than would be accounted for on the basis
of the heating value of the fuel used. These considera-
tions are of great moment, in view of the increasing price
of fuel oil, and at a time when the maximum output per
unit of investment is essential.
Tar Oils and Pitch
The various tar distillates have been extensively used
in Europe for fuel purposes ; but the demands for such
products in American creosoting and chemical industries
will undoubtedly prevent this sort of utilization here for
some time to come. There has, however, been a surplus
production of one tar product, namely, pitch, and its
burning warrants some consideration. It melts readily
to a liquid similar to raw tar, and, with a simple pre-
00
6.8
6.9
6.3
6.4
6.0
6.1
39.0
23.0
23.0
Hs
47.3
47.8
46.3
46.8
57.0
57.5
49.0
14.0
14.0
CH4
33.9
34.2
35.0
35.4
27.0
27.3
Nt
6.0
6.0
5.3
5.4
5.6
5.7
5.0
58.0
58.0
B.t.u.
per Co. Ft.
(OroM) Qp. Or.
591
562
630
605
528
497
305
128
128
0.44
0.42
0.45
0.42
0.38
0.35
0.55
0.87
0.87
Air Require-
ment Cu. Ft.
per Co. Ft.
Om
5.08
4.99
5.25
5.15
4.40
4.31
2.17
0.89
0.89
TeiM>,*'_ .
With Witb Air
Cold Preheated
Air to 500* C.
1865 2095
1870 2100
1870 2100
1875 2105
1875 2105
1880 2110
1920 2110
1495 1650
1665 1815
heating arrang^nent, could probably be used in the same
way as tar. The employment of pitch as fuel by direct
combustion offers some present promise, but, in view of
the increased demand for it, particularly in the electro-
chemical, industries, it is a question whether such appli-
cation can be counted on as permanent.
The Benzenes as Motor Fuels
Although the products from crude light oils, recov-
erable from coke-oven gas, are largely used in chemical
industries, the surplus production of these materials
since the close of the war has required their sale as
motor fuel, supplementing gasoline at an opportune time.
The lower boiling fractions of the crude benzene (ben-
zene, toluene, and xylene) are purified and used alone or
in mixture with gasoline.
This sort of utilization is very important in Europe,
where there is much less petroleum available than in the
United States. Here, even if all our coke were manu-
factured in by-product ovens, the amount of benzene re-
coverable would be only about 10 per cent of the annual
consumption of gasoline. However, the demonstrated
superiority of benzene motor fuels over gasoline gives
them considerable local importance in districts where
they are produced.
Coke-Oven Gas >
In recent years, an increasing number of by-product
coke plants have been built for the primary purpose of
supplying gas for industrial and domestic consumption.
The Koppers" oven, using part of its gas production for
its own heating requirements,, delivers a surplus amount-
ing to 60 per cent, or even more, of the total gas. This
surplus is about 6600 cu. ft. per net ton of coal charged,
and, after the recovery of benzenes, the gas has a heat-
ing value of 560 B.tu. per cu. ft
The heating value may be increased by retention of
the benzenes, by gas separation, or by enrichment; but
each of these courses of procedure is, in the long run,
uneconomical both to the consumer and the producer of
the gas, and is justifiable only where arbitrary local
standards of high heating values are enforced.
Straight coke-oven gas of 540 to 560 B.t.u. per cu. ft.
constitutes an ideal gaseous fuel for domestic and indus-
trial heating, and the demand for it is continually in-
creasing. It is, when manufactured at the rate of 1,000,-
000 cu. ft. or more per day, the cheapest high-grade arti-
ficial gas. The carbonization of coal in bulk, as in coke-
oven practice, naturally eflFects great economy in fixed
charges, maintenance, and operating labor as compared
with the old retort process for the manufacture of coal
gas, while the quality of the coke produced simultane-
ously with high-grade gas is far superior.
Among the principal causes for the rising demand for
coke-oven gas are the increasing recognition of the util-
ity and convenience. of gaseous fuel in general and the
growing shortage of natural gas. The relations of the
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THE OAS AGE
March 10, 1921
centers of production of by-product coke to districts in
which natural gas is largely used arc peculiarly fortu-
nate.
Coke-oven gas will be increasingly employed to re-
plenish the depleted supplies of natural gas in these dis-
tricts. For example, it has been shown that the total
amount of by-product coke-oven gas manufactured in
the Cleveland-Pittsburgh district, which is the largest
natural-gas consuming district in the United States, is
considerably more than the annual production of natural
gas in the state of Pennsylvania.
The Combinatioii Oymi in Relation to Gas Supply
Considerations of this nature have given great impor-
tance to the combination oven, which is the only t3rpe of
by-product coke oven, that can be economically heated
with either coke-oven gas or producer gas. If producer
gas is used, the entire output of high-grade gas is ren-
dered available for outside consumption.
Combination ovens have been in continuous and suc-
cessful operation in Europe for a number of years, and
one of the several installations in America has been oper-
ating during the past 18 mo., partly on coke-oven gas
and partly on producer gas, in accordance with the de-
mand for surplus gas and coke. In considering the pos-
sible advantages offered by the combination oven, it
should be pointed out that it can be heated with producer
gas made either from breeze and other small-sized coke,
or from low-grade coal containing either high ash, high
sulphur, or both. A high percentage of sulphur in the
gas is not detrimental to its use for oven heating. Fur-
thermore, the combination oven may be heated with
blast-furnace gas, which under certain conditions may be
a profitable procedure.
Water Gas from By-Product Coke
The growing importance of gaseous fuels for indus-
trial or domestic heating is such that we must look be-
yond the direct production of coke-oven gas proper and
consider other gases that may be made in connection
with the operation of a by-product coke plant. Car-
bureted water gas is being lars^ely manufactured from
by-product coke to augment the supply of coke-oven
gas ; but, as has been mentioned, the unsatisfactory sup-
ply of gas oil has had a discouraging effect upon the
manufacture of this fuel.
Blue water gas, on the other hand, offers considerable
promise. It has a heating value of 300 B.t.u. per cu. ft.
and thus stands midway between coke-oven gas and the
low-grade gases, such as producer gas and blast-furnace
gas. It can be used for a wide variety of heating pur-
poses without the necessity of preheating gas or air,
which is not true of low-grade gases.
Producer Gas and Complete Gasification
Producer gas manufactured from coke also deserves
some consideration in this connection. Coke producer
gas may be manufactured in connection with the opera-
tion of a by-product coke plant, not only for heating
the ovens, but also for furnishing an additional supply
of gas at relatively low cost to mix with and augment
the supply of coke-oven gas. This, together with the
possibilities offered in the manufacture of blue water
gas, brings up the question of complete gasification of
coal. With a process of complete gasification which has
been urged by many authorities on fuel economy, the
plant would ultimately produce no solid fuel, but would
convert all of the coke into gas to be mixed with the
regular coke-oven gas and sold.
Complete gasification offers more attraction in rather
densely populated industrial districts than in localities
where the gas would have to be distributed over long
distances. There can be no question but that in the
former case it will eventually be undertaken on a large
scale, and it is of interest to know the amount and qual-
ity of the gas that would be produced. Of course, in
each case, allowance must be made for the requirements
of the by-product coke plant with its necessary auxiliary
equipment.
If complete gasification were accomplished with the
producer gas system, the plant would produce 86,100 cu.
It. of mixed gas per ton of coal having a heating value
of 183 B.tu. per cu. ft With the blue water gas sys-
tem, there would be produced per ton of coal 33,100 cu.
ft. of mixed gas having a heating value of 380 to 385
B.t.u. per cu. ft. The latter ns would be satisfactoiy
for all domestic and industrial ptuposes, while the for-
mer would be of more limited application.
Technical Progress and Fud Economy
It remains to mention very briefly the technical de-
velopments in the by-product coke industry which have
contributed to fuel economy. There is, first of all, the
fundamental heating principle of the oven with its pro-
visions for economical heat r^^eration, accessibility^
and convenient and exact temperature regulation.
This heating principle not only has effected an im-
provement in coke quality and saving of gas over zny
other oven system previously introduced, but it has also
made possible the combination oven in which the regen-
erative system is adapted to the necessary preheating of
producer gas as well as air. The same principle is retain-
ed in the new triangular-flued oven system, and in a new-
type of gas oven that is now being introduced.
The use of silica brick in the construction of by-prod-
uct coke ovens is now universal in American practice and
has been an important factor in fuel economy. By its
superior heat conductivity this material has not only
made possible a considerable saving in the heat require-
ments of the oven, but has effected a reduction in the
time required in coking a charge of coal, and thus has
increased the carbonizing capacity per oven.
Its highly refractory quality makes possible the em-
plo}mient of higher flue temperatures, which have also
contributed to reduction of coking time. From the
standpoint of durability, it is superior to any other avail-
able refractory material. Its use has an important part
in the acknowledged superiority of American coking
practice over European.
Of the number of new developments that are just at
their beginning, there should be especially mentioned
those that are related to the by-product gas produce*,
which is admirably adapted to economical operation in
combination with the by-product coke plant. The by-
product producer is used to a large extent in Europe ; but
so far, conditions have not been favorable to its intro-
duction into America. The future will, however, see
much important; progress in this direction, and it is ex-
pected that the same degree of superiority will be at-
tained as has been achieved in the introduction and de-
velopment of the by-product coke oven.
Work is actively in progress in connection with other
developments and improvements in by-product coking.
One general statement might be made in relation to
tliese. It has been our experience that improvements
made primarily for the betterment of coke quality gen-
erally have a favorable effect upon the by-products. In
dealing with any given coal supply, it is not at all nec-
essary to sacrifice coke quality for good by-product
yields, as used to be supposed. This is important be-
cause the profitable disposal of coke is an essential
factor in the success of any enterprise of by-product
coking.
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March 10, 1921
THE GAS AGS
197
Gas Rate Rights Judicially Defined
The Court Decisions on Gas Rates
Are of Particular Interest at the Pres-
ent Time Since They Show that the
Rights of Companies are Recognized
MUNICIPAL officials feel that arbitrary control of
public utilities within the city limits is gradually
slipping through their fingers and express strong-
ly their determination to get back their old-time prestige.
However, the courts are better informed today and be-
lieve that even a public servant cannot give satisfaction
when tied up by unnecessary restrictions and crippled
by ruinous business conditions. They deserve a com-
portable living in order that the service can be rendered
in a satisfactory manner. The following recent cases
are worty of study :
Gas Rates of Various Cities not Comparable
An individual owner, Mr. Judge, engaged in the bus-
iness of manufacturing and selling gas for light, heat
and power in the city of Buffalo, owned certain property
in connection with said business and leased other prop-
erty from the People's Gaslight & Coke Company.
On April 27, 1918, he filed with the Public Service
Commission a schedule of rates for gas to be furnished
to the city and its inhabitants, increasing the price to
private consiuners from $1.20 to $1.65 for each 1,000
cubic feet, and increasing the price to the municipality
from 90 cents to $1.65 Tor each 1,000 cubic feet. On
complaint of the city against the proposed increase,
hearings were had and testimony taken, and the Com-
mission made an order fixing the price at $125 for each
1,000 cubic feet to individuals and $1.20 for each 1,000
cubic feet to the municipality.
The Commission found the value of the property to
be $3,000,000, and estimated that $200,000 was a reason-
able amount for operating expenses, making the rate
base $3,200,000. There were introduced in evidence
before the commission statements containing details of
the revenues and expenses of the business for each of
the five years from 1914 to 1918 inclusive. The official
report of the operations of the property for 1918 showed
an ^penditure for labor in that year of $2^1,310, and for
repairs to gas mains and services of $182,784. The
commission, in fixing the rate, accepted all other state-
ments in that report, except that it reduced the labor
expenditure to $161,561, and the expenditure for repairs
to gas mains and services to $44,900 a total reduction in
those two items of $237,633 from the operating ex-
penses of one year.
The commission's order fixing the rates showed that
in making these material deductions it took into con-
sideration rates in other cities and percentages of in-
crease for cost of labor and maintenance in such cities
during the period of five years. The cities of Rochester,
Utica, Syracuse, Albany and Troy were selected as a
basis for comparison, and detailed computations were
made in respect to gas operations in those cities.
After making a tabulation showing the percentage
of increase for labor expenditure in each of the five
cities from 1914 to 1918 inclusive, the commission con-
cluded : "It would seem that an increase of 40 per cent
over the 1914 charges would be a fair basis for es-
timating a reasonable charge for a current year, partic-
ularly in view of the fact that the cost in 1914 was
about 2^ times that of the company with the next
lower charge under this caption." The labor expendi-
ture of Mr. Judge in 1914 was $115,401, a 40 per cent
increase of which gives $161,561, the amount allowed
by the commission, instead of ^61,310, that actually
expended.
After making a similar tabulation in respect of the
five cities for the five years in question in respect to the
repairs to gas mains and services, and stating that the
Buffalo property includes 449 miles of mains, the com-
mission concluded that $1.00 per mile was a fair allow-
ance for maintenance, thereby reducing to $44,900 the
item of $182,784 actually expended. It was by making
these material reductions in the manner indicated that
the commission determined that the rates allowed by it
would produce 5.12 per cent on the rate base.
A review of the commission's decision was sought
by Mr. Judge and the People's Gaslight & Coke Co.,
and the New York Appellate Division annulled the
determination and remitted the proceeding to the com-
mission for a rehearing. People vs. Public Service Com-
mission, 183 N. Y. Supp. 283.
Neither Mr. Judge nor the company had any knowl-
edge that comparisons were to be made with these
other cities. No official reports or statements of any
kind pertaining to gas operations in those cities were
received in evidence. The facts so considered by the
commission were vital to the determination. They con-
stituted the foundation on which it was based, clearly
it was the right of the utilities to have an opportunity
to explain the conditions pertaining to such other cities,
or to show that those cities were not typical or repre-
sentative instances, or to introduce such evidence as
they might desire to refute or overcome the inferences
which not only nright be drawn, but which were actually
drawn by the commission and which entered into and
became an integral part of the order reducing the rates.
On their application for a rehearing the utilities specif-
ically complained of this comparison with other cities,
and that they had been deprived of their right to ex-
amine witnesses and to submit evidence concerning the
conditions prevailing in such cities and in respect to
the gas plants therein. By the denial of their appli-
cation they were deprived of a substantial right and
justice required that they should have a rehearing.
City and Company may Agree to Increase Rates
The Ohio Supreme Court holds, Phelps v. Logan Nat-
ural Gas & Fuel Co., 128 N. E. 58, that pending the
term of a gas-rate ordinance passed by the council of
a municipality and accepted by the gas company, it is
competent for the parties to modify or abrogate by
mutual consent the contract thus entered into.
Where the council of a municipality determined by
ordinance the rates to be charged consumers of gas for
an ensuing period of ten years and the gas company
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March 10, 1921
accepted the provisions of the ordinance, an ordinance
passed four years later and also accepted by the com-
pany, providing for an immediate increase in the rates
to be charged, is a valid exercise of municipal power and
constitutes a binding contract between the municipality
and the gas company, abrogating and superseding the
prior gas-rate ordinance.
A taxpayer of the municipality has no vested interest
in the contract such as will entitle him to maintain an
action for its specific performance after it has been abro-
gated by agreement duly entered into between municipal-
ity and gas company. The individual citizen is in no
exact sense the direct beneficiary of such contract The
benefits and rights accruing to him thereunder are his
by virtue of his membership in the municipal corpora-
tion. The latter embodying the collective citizenship
and representing the general welfare of its citizens, as
distinguished from the sum total of their divergent pri-
vate interests, is therefore the real as well as the nominal
party in interest in such contract.
The contracts of a municipal corporation, unless
limited by positive provisions of statute law, are gov-
erned by the same principles as apply to contracts be-
tween individuals. As between the latter, parties com-
petent to contract are competent to modify or to abrogate
the contracts, so far as executory, between them made;
the consideration therefor being found in the mutual
waivers of rights thereunder.
Express authority for the court's conclusion was found
in the case of Logan Natural Gas & Fuel Co. v. City of
ChiUicothe, 65 Ohio St. 186, 62 N. E. 122, wherein the
city, having granted in 1895 a franchise to the gas com-
pany fixing rates for the ensuing ten years, attempted
in 1900 to impose by ordinance and without the consent
of the company, a "flat charge" not provided for in the
original ordinance.
It was held that the ordinance of 1900 was invalid
for want of consent of the gas company, the other party
to the franchise contract, but the gas company, which,
without authority had been exacting a "flat rate" charge
of its own fixing, was expressly given the option of
carrying out strictly the contract of 1895 or of accepting
the provisions of the ordinance of 1900, which by such
acceptance would be validated. In other words, the
court in that case declared valid the precise course fol-
lowed by the gas company in the present action.
Modification of Price of Gas Between Companies
Construing section 6 of the Massachusetts statute of
1903, c. 417, as to the purchase of gas by the Boston
Consolidated Gas Company, the Massachusetts Supreme
Judicial Court says, Boston Consol. Gas Co. v. Dq)art-
ment of Public Utilities, 127 N. E. 417, that the power
conferred upon the gas company by the first sentence
of the section is to purchase gas at a price less than
it would cost the company to make its own gas in gas-
works of standard type properly equipped, suitably sit-
uated and of suflident capacity to make all the gas
required by the whole district supplied by the company,
as found by the board of gas and electric light commis-
sioners after a public hearing.
The next sentence of the section confers power upon
the board to determine from time to time the period or
periods during which the company "may so purchase
its gas at the price aforesaid," that is to say, the price
agreed upon between the Boston Company and its vendor
of gas, which price has been found by the board to be
less than the cost price to the Boston Company
making gas under the specified conditions. That is the
only "price aforesaid" in the section or act. The words
following, to the effect that "no contract for the pur-
chase of gas for more than thirty days shall be made
without the approval of the board," in this context
plainly can only mean that such general power of ap-
proval relates alone to the terms of the contract other
than the price, because the way in which the price is to
be determined has already been particularized by the
earlier provisions of the section.
A public hearing and a decision involving inquiry
into the art of gas making and the cost and deprecia-
tion and replacement value of extensive gasworks would
be futile if, after all, the price to be paid for the gas
purchased must be approved by the board according
to its untrammelled opmion. The public interest is fur-
ther protected by the express reservation in the last
sentence of section 6 that no contract of the Boston
Company for the purchase of gas should affect the
general power of the board to fix the price which it
should charge for gas to the consumer. No inference
is to be drawn from this conclusion of the court that
the board by the approval of a contract or otherwise
may bind itself not to exercise at all times the functions
vested in it by the statute.
The result of this conclusion is that the board has
already done all that is necessary to make effective the
purchase price of 35 cents per thousand cubic feet from
December 15, 1918, according to the agreement between
the Boston Company and the New England Fuel &
Transportation Company of July 21, 1919. It has found
that on the former date the government had ceased to de-
mand toluol and that this price was less than it would
cost the Boston Company to make its gas under the
conditions specified in section 6 of the act The board
could not thereafter prohibit such modification of the
price according to the terms of the section.
Indeterminate Franchise Terminable at Will
A village in Ohio brought suit to enjoin a gas com-
pany from discontining or in any way impairing the
service of the gas company to the village and its ii3iabi-
tants. The gas company claimed the right to discon-
tinue its service and withdraw from the village because
there was no contractual obligation on its part binding
it to render the service for any definite time. A per-
manent injunction was granted by the trial court, but
judgment dismissing the petition was rendered by the
Ohio Court of Apj^als and this is afiimied by the
Supreme Court Newcomerstown v. Consolidated Gas
Co., 127 N. E. 414, for the following reasons :
Where a gas company accepts a village ordinance
granting to the company a franchise to use the village
streets in the operation of its gas plant and providing
that the village will not, within 10 years after the pass-
age of the ordinance, require the gas company to sell
its products to consumers at less than the rate specified
in the ordinance, the proceedings constitute a contract
between the parties notwithstanding no time for dura-
tion of the ordinance is fixed by its terms.
The passage of such an ordinance and its acceptance
by the gas company constituted a contract between the
parties which was binding upon them as to the things
specifically stated in it but, as the duration of the fran-
chise was not fixed by the terms of the contract, the
duration was held to be indeterminate, existing cmly
so long as the parties actually agreed thereto (East Ohio
Gas Co. V. City of Akron, 81 Ohio St. 33).
A subsequent ordinance was passed granting the gas
company a 10-year franchise for the use of the streets;
but this ordinance provided for the written acceptance
of its terms and provisions, together with all the con-
ditions and privileges therein contained, within 30 days
after passage of the ordinance and no such acceptance
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March 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
199
was ever made by the company. Therefore, there was
no contract on the part of the company to furnish gas
at the rate specified therein and as the franchise in the
streets was granted as the condition of the acceptance
of all the terms it could not be said that there was a
valid contract for a new franchise. Under these cir-
cumstances it was held that the gas company was oper-
ating imder the original franchise, whose duration was
not fixed, but was indeterminate, existing only so long
as the parties mutually agreed thereto.
The filing by the gas company of a new schedule of
rates did not amount to an appeal to the Public Utili-
ties Commission. The filing was done by the company
on the theory that, as it had no contractual relations witn
the village, and had not accepted and of the proposals
made to it by the village, it was its duty to file a schedule
of rates which it would charge as long as it should ex-
ercise its indeterminate privilege, which would exist
as long as the parties mutually agreed thereto. Either
party was at liberty at any time to terminate the con-
tract.
Overcharges not within Court's Jurisdiction
A consumer sued a gas company to recover over-
charges under a franchise contract providing for a
stipulated price per thousand feet, subject, however, to
certain discounts when the pressure of gas at the point
of consumption is less than three ounces to the square
inch. The plaintiff prayed that he be permitted to sue
on behalf of the gas consumers in the city in similar
circumstances. It was held. Batman v. Louisville Gas &
Electric O)., Kentucky Court of Appeals, 220 S. W. 318,
that the action was not within the jurisdiction of the
circuit court, the only relief asked being separate judg-
ments for money for the plaintiff and those tor whom he
sued, and each claim being for less than $50, the amotmt
required to give jurisdiction under Ky. St. §§966, 1086.
Industrial Wastes and Smokestack Nuisance
In an action against a gas company for damages to
premises situated a short distance from and below, the
defendant's gas plant and to abate a nuisance alleged to
be caused by the percolation through the soil of large
(quantities of industrial waste, consisting of a tarry, oily
hquid, which the gas company had deposited in a sec-
tion of an abandoned sewer upon its premises and upon
the ground, polluting the plaintiff's well and injuring
his soil and from smoke from the gas company's smoke-
stack, because not high enough and not equipped with
efficient smoke-consuming devices, the Wisconsin Su-
preme Court, Austee V. Monroe Light & Power Co.,
177 N. W. 26, affirmed a judgment awarding damages,
enjoining the further deposits of industrial waste so,
as to pollute plaintiff's soil and the smokestack nuisance,
giving the company reasonable time to make the nec-
essary alterations.
The damages to the plaintiff were held special to
him to the extent that he might maintain an action
therefor and for an abatement of the nuisance, not-
withstanding the trial court found that some 20 other
wells in the vicinity were more or less affected by the
pollution of the soil. All such wells were on premises
adjacent to Thunder river, the small stream that flowed
past the gas plant and through a portion of the plain-
tiflf's premises. The industrial waste was carried down
the stream and affected the soil on both sides thereof
for a considerable distance. This fact was held to
make the permises of those affected stand in a different
relation to the nuisance than those of the rest of the
pubHc.
Not Bound Periodically to Inspect Gas Ranges
The New York Court of Appeals affirmed a judg-
ment of the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court
(183 App. Div. 543, 170 N. Y. Supp. 245) affirming a
judgment in favor of the defendant, the Central Union
Gas Company, dimissing the complaint in an action to
recover for personal injuries allied to have been
sustained by the plaintiff through the negligence of the
defendant.
The complaint allied that the defendant was a do-
mestic corporation, engaged in the business of furnish-
ing gas and gas ranges to consumers and installed the
gas range contained in the apartment in which she
resided ; that through the carelessness and neligence of
the defendant and its servants in failing to properly
inspect the gas range and keep it in good and proper
repair, after due notice to do so, the gas range leaked
and caused gas to flow into and accumulate in the body
of the gas range, as a result of which it exploded as she
was about to light the same and caused the injuries
complained of.
The Appellate Division held that it is not incumbent
on a gas company which has installed a range to inspect
it at frequent intervals; that where it appears in sudi
an action as this that the plaintiff turned on half way
the stopcock of two of the burners in the oven of the
range and then struck a match and put it in the oven
and the explosion followed and there was no evidence
of any other cause, the complaint should be dimissed.
R^noving Sulphur by Oil
By MARK MEREDITH, Liverpool, England
(Special Correspondent)
THE large proportion of organic sulphur in the gas
produced from Nova Scotia coals has always been a
serious problem at Halifax. Laboratory experi-
ments were undertaken with a view to ascertaining how
much the sulphur compounds could be reduced by wash-
ing the gas with paraffin oil. The results were surpris-
ing, for it was found that a reduction of 75 to 80 per cent
could be obtained if sufficient oil were used. Kerosene,
straw oil (such as is used for toluol and benzol washing)
and light lubricating oil were all found to be effective.
Experiments on a somewhat larger scale established the
fact that if the coal could be successfully redistilled and
the process made continuous, this method would prove to
be the quickest and best way out of the sulphur trouble.
Efforts are now being directed to this end with promis-
ing results. A steam distillation of the oil in the de-
phlegmating column of a tar-still demonstrated that the
oil can be cleaned up, and further laboratory tests with
the small scrubbers showed no falling off in its absorp-
tion capacity.
The proposed installation of washers will be placed
immediately after the purif)ring boxes. There will be
three steel towers 4 ft in diameter by 16 ft. high, filled
with wooden grids and arranged in series. Fresh oil
will enter the last scrubber, and, overflowing from this,
will be pumped over and over in the first and second
scrubbers successively. For the pumping a battery of
motor-driven gear-pumps, each havine a capacity of
about 600 gallons an hour, will be used. The saturated
oil from the first scrubber will overflow to a storage tank
located near the still; and when sufficient has been ac-
cumulated, it will be steam distilled at a low temperature
to remove the carbon-bisulphide, and then pnmped to the
fresh-oil tank to be re-drculated. Laboratory results
indicate that from 0.5 to 1 gallon per 1,000 cu. ft of gas
will reduce the sulphur over 5 per cent.
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THE 0A8 AGS
March 10, 1921
British Coal Control Now Ended
March 1 Ended the Government G>al
Control in Great Britain and the Supply
Is Now Regulated by Trade Conditions
By NORTON H. HUMPHRYS, Salisbury. England
OFFICIAL announcements have been issued, notify-
ing that Government Coal "Control" will definite-
ly cease on the 1st of March, and that all orders
or allocations made by the head or the district committees,
will be withdrawn on that date. Gas undertakings and
all other constuners of coal will therefore be as unre-
stricted in respect to purchases, as in 1913.
But in no other respect can they look for a resumption
of pre-war conditions. Much has happened within the
last six years. There has been outside and incompetent
interference, to fit the sales of coal according to railway
and shipping interests, apart from Government necessi-
ties. So the position of purchasers of coal will be very
different on March 2d, 1921, as compared with July 31st,
1914. It will be very strongly coloured by intermediate
happenings.
Effect upon the Oas Industry
The measure may be reviewed from a national, a po-
litical or other points of view ; but we are concerned only
with the effect on the gas industry, and the opinions of
those actually responsible for maintaining a sufficient
supply of gas. A conspicuous defect was that neither
gas companies or other consumers of coal had any ade-
quate representation. Railways, shipping and other out-
side interests had a good look in, but the consumer was tiie
last to be considered, and for this defect, not only gas
undertakings and gas consumers, but the general trade
of the country, will pay a heavy price for many years to
come.
One might query the word "control" in the title, be-
cause nothing in the way of a full control, taking in ev-
erything from A to Z, beginning with the prebminary
arrangements for production, and ending with the dump-
ing of the coal in the user's cellar, has ever existed. The
word has been used as a sort of blessed Mesopotamia,
but the real work has been chiefly confined to supervision
of sales and deliveries.
All that has been done to encourage production, is the
subsidizing of dark horses, mines that up to date have
proved unremunerative owing to working difficulties or
inferior quality of the product, thus bringing in rubbish
and forcing its sale at the price of honest coaL
Labor
The Federation of Miners discovered in 1912, that
it suited their book to keep stocks down, even at the
expense of short time or an occasional "strike." To this
end they did not hesitate to exploit war conditions, and
today, when the need for industrial cheap coal was never
more strident, the production per man compares badly
with that of 1913.
The Government has tried various plans for increas-
ing production, but without success ; and a striking crit-
icism on their latest endeavor in the direction of en-
couraging production by an increased rate of wake pro
rata, is that many mines are working on half time. The
Committee has utterly failed to increase the production
of genuine coal.
Quality of Coal
The position is worse so far as quality is concerned.
There was no endeavor to control quality, strong repre-
sentations from gas undertakings and other users receiv-
ing no more than the stereotyped statement that the mat-
ter should have attention (which in many cases means
that it will not have attention). On the contrary, a
strong move was set up in an opposite direction, tiie ef-
fects of which will not disappear concurrently with the
close of control
High Prices for Poor Coal
Many colliery proprietors have always maintained a
pride in the supply of good honest gas coal, reasonable
in respect to percentage of dust and dirt. In this praise-
worthy object, they have been heavily handia4)ped by
the competition of inferior material above instanced, and
by the "one price, irrespective of quality" policy, with
which the Government will always be associated, as it
would not be possible except under compulsion.
Buyers have been forced to take (at full price) any-
thing that was allocated, take it or leave it ; and the sec-
ond alternative was not practicable at the gas works when
the coal stores were empty. Many Wjere forced to accept
inferior and unsuitable material consisting largely of
screenings from house or steam coal.
Samples of controlled coal containing anything up to
30 per cent of incombustible matter, and as large a pro-
portion of dust that would pass a screen of 100 mesh per
square inch, was not uncommon. Such material would
have been refused at any price in 1913, and the difference
between actual intrinsic value and the control price, may
be counted in millions sterling, which gas tmdertakings
and consequently gas consumers, have had to pay. It
figures substantially in the increased prices and reduced
qualities of gas at the present day, as compared with
1913.
Regulation Confined to Sdling
The operations of the Coal Controller were in fact
confined to the section of the business which in gas works
parlance would correspond to the "sales" or the "out-
door" department; and it would be absurd to contend
that the head of the sales department, with assistance
from tiie distribution department, "controls" the gas in-
dustry. To assert that the Government has» "controlled"
the coal industry is equally absurd. They simply estab-
lished compulsory arrangements for delivery and supply.
It is useless to follow up the advantages claimed to
be obtained by control, seeing there is nothing with which
it can fairly be compared. Obviously the effect of war
contingencies and the lack of similar previous experience
should not be ignored by comparing with pre-war non-
control working.
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March 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
201
Whether control has proved advantageous, a necessary A, and in column B the corresponding figure is the ab-
addition to the numerous war expenses that have solute temperature divided by 100 and raised to tiie
strained our industry near to breaking point, or an un- fourth power all worked out
•called for complication f otmded on ignorance and in- For example, what is the radiation in 10 hours from a
experience, will remain a matter of personal opinion. rough cast iron surface whose area is 10 sq. ft, the tem-
perattu-e of the cast iron being 40 degrees Fahrenheit?
Wait and See Referring to the chart find 40 degrees Fahrenheit in
I have discussed the matter with many responsible Column A. Opposite in Colunm B is the figure 625. For
gas men ; but never met with anything exceeding very ^^^i^^ ^^^^ the table gives us the constant 0.167. We there-
half-hearted approval, on the principle that it is better to ^ ^« ^^^ *« radiation to be :
liave definite, than indefinite ills; and no one is anxious 0.157X10X10X625=9820 B. t u.
for the department to be contmued even for only another If this is the normal temperature of a room and if the
month. We could not foresee the effects when it was cast iron object is a radiator and it is desired to main-
started; and are equally ignorant as to those attending its tain the temperature of the radiator at 250 degrees Fah-
removal at short notice. To borrow the words used by renheit, how much steam is radiated in 10 hours?
one of our leading statesmen, uttered when the Germans Our formula now becomes :
were getting uncomfortably close to Calais, we must H=CAt(Ti — ^T,) where
•wait and see. T^— the higher temperature value given in column B
in chart ;
. T2=the lower value given in column B of chart.
A Handy Radiation Chart Find 250 degrees Fahrenheit in Coltmm A. O^pposite
By W. F. SCHAPHORST, Newark, N. J. *** figure in Colunm B is the figure 2550. Substituting
in our formula we now have:
The Stefan-Boltzmann radiation law is acknowledged 0,157X10X10 (2550 — 625) =30250 B. t u.
to be as good as or better than any. The trouble is, how-
ever, most people who have to figure radiation do not Bzample
like to use it because temperatures in it are given in de- , t -^ ^l i ^ ^ ^ ^«_
grees Fahrenheit absolute, raised to the fourth power, ^^^^^^^'^^'1 the normal temperature of the room is
which takes considerable time to compute. I have Aere- ^^ degrees Fahrenheit and if the cast iron object is to be
fore prepared the accompanying chart, which takes care JJ^<*.^ t J^]^^'^^^^'^ ^' as a heater and if brine is to
of the absolute temperatiire feature a^id also takes care ^ ^^^^^^ ^ *^ ^'"^^ mamteinmg it at a tempera-
of the raising to thrfourth power and dividing by one *^« ?^30 degrees Fahrenheit, how much heat will be
hundred. The law as given^ Stefan-Boltzmim is as ''^^Z^^-^^^'u^'^^^''^^^^
follows • o J Opposite 30 degrees Fahrenheit in the chart we find m
jjj.(-^j 'P^.^jQQ ^Ijgyg , - Column B the figure 575. Substituting this in our f onn-
H=heat radiated in B.t.u.'s per hour ^"^^^^^L^.r. ,^ok «.»«x «or t> .
C=a constant- for 0.157X10X10 (685— 675)=786 B. t. u.
smooth elass 0 154 "^'^ chart is made to include most of the temperatttfes
dull brass 0 0362 ***^* ^^^ "* average practice. Where temperatures are
lampblack ['.'.'.'.'.'.i::.'.:'. 0.154 "^^^"f ?t °"P"*\ *°"""^* ^^^'^ ".^; ^ .
sUghtly polished copper . . 0.0278 ^ ?^°^^i?!f S^J"** temperature m degrees Fahren-
dull oxidked wrought iron 0.154 »«='* *<^^«0 to the temperatare as given on the thermom-
clean, bright wrougTit iron 0.0562 S*"". Thus 40 degrees Fahrenheit aa given on the
highly poUshed wrought thermometer is equal to 600 degrees Fahrenheit absolute,
iron 0.0467
rough cast iron highly CommiBsiona Precede the Courts
oxidized 0.157
water 0.112 The West Virginia Court of Appeals holds, State v.
ice 0.106 Bluefield Waterworks & Improvement Co., (103 S. E.
A=area of radiating surface, sq. ft. 340) that the question whether rules, r^^lations and
t=time in hours practices of a public service corporation subject to the
T=temperature degrees Fahrenheit absolute provisions of the Public Utilities Act making it unlawful
(=460+ temp.) for public service corporations to make or give any un-
it is not very well known, but it is a fact that this for- due or unreasonable preference or advantage to any
mula can be applied very nicely to problems where it is particular person, firm, or corporation, or to subject
desired to determine the radiation due to increase or de- them to any undue or tmreasonable prejudice or disad-
crease of temperature. vantage, adopted by the company to govern its dealings
with its patrons, are unreasonable or unduly discrimina-
jBxMiple tory, is primarily within the competency of the Public
Using the chart, the computation is accomplished as Service Commission, and not subject to judicial super-
follows: vision until that body has had an opportunity to exert
Find the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit in Column its delegated administrative functions.
TEMPERATURE; DEGREES FAHRENHEIT
I I I .1 I ■ I ■ ■ I ■ I ■ 1 ■ I ■ t ■ I I I ■ I K ' I I [■■■■t..i.|..ii|.i..t'"ii.»ii|..ni i'i|i'..iiiii |i ■ ■ 1 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 ■ ■ I i I ■ ■ , { ;^
|i M l| I I M liiihl I I I I I M I I I ' I » I — -< — I'mlMiij II m| 1 1 I \\j i I I I i i I I. Ill M-l 01
^f^C^T'^SiSCirS^QV? CD J ^ ?2
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Editorial
Price Predicament
*'We are bom for cooperation"— Marcus AureUus
The economic situation is about as completely tangled
up by conflicting interests and short-sighted practices as
it well could become and there is no light ahead to guide
us into the Promised Land. There are two ways leading
to decreased price — by decreased costs or by increased
production. Perhaps both of these will appear as con-
templated when the present confusion gives place to
definite understanding. However, the present tendency
is toward reduced prices for food and clothing and keep-
ing up prices on other things of daily need.
The U. S. Bureau of Labor has just issued a report
on nearly 800 establishments relating to men employed
and pay roll, half of which made goods for wearing ap-
parel. These clothing industries in January had from 14
to 54 per cent less employes and paid out as wages 51 to
63 per cent less money than for the same period a year
before. The automobile industry had 65 per cent less
employes, iron and steel 25 per cent less, cigars 12 per
cent less and bituminous coal 3.2 per cent less men but
0.3 more paid in wages, than the previous January. Un-
fortunately the statistics do not extend to certain key
industries or they might reveal other interesting con-
ditions.
By reducing the number of workers the wage rate
may be reduced and the output per man increased but
the demand will increase and with its necessities the
price must follow the laws of competitive selling. We
are now under a new administration which is committed
to the protection and development of business. No
doubt considerable stimulation of business will follow
its activities, resulting in increased demand, added to
which the deferred demand will result in an3rthing but
lower prices. It does not appear at present as if the new
policies will strive so much for lower prices as for a
better balanced production and greater business activity.
In fact, the Federal Reserve Board recently advised
southern planters to produce less tobacco and cotton be-
cause the prices received for the last crop were too low.
President Harding recently declared in a Richmond
address that price fluctuations must be stabilized and
that individual business men should take this responsi-
bility home with them and make up their minds to pull
together. He blamed the farmers for overproduction
when deflation was in sight and inferred that the low
prices for farm products was their own doing. This may
be true as claimed by President Harding but the restric-
tion of production is not always the remedy. Much
better is the finding of new consuming fields and the de-
velopment of distribution, and this applies to gas works
by-products as well. For, if you cut down the quantity
of tar and ammonia made the quantity of gas produced
would be less than the demand and that would never do.
The problem is not so simple. It means new things,
development, research, coordination, a broad-gage grasp
of the conditions and authority to compel if necessary.
As we have often said, if industries will not conduct their
business to the best interests of the consumers, the gov-
ernment will step in and do it for them. This price pre-
dicament simply indicates poor management. We are
destined to have a high level of prices for some time.
Many must lose money but not enough to seriously
embarrass any but the weaker brethren. Those who
study their problem and try to readjust in a rational
way will surely survive and prosper.
London Gas
"Ptmiae the bfidge that carries you tafdy over" — Proverb
The price for gas had been stationary for 15 months
at 4s 8d (about 89.6 cents) but the high costs induced
the Peoples Gas Light & G>ke Co. recently to increase
it to 5s 6d (about $1,056), an increase of 16 cents. This
low price was made possible by the return from coke
sales, principally, although the market for all by-prod-
ucts was good, the prices being four times what they had
been seven years ago when the price for gas was 2s 6d
(or about 48 cents at present exchange rates). The
G)mmercial company doubled its price during that peri-
od and the South Suburban company increased its price
140 per cent, compared with this 87 per cent increase of
the Peoples company — all this in the face of a 200 per
cent increase in the price for coal and 120 per cent more
for oil (from 4 to 30 cents per gallon). The company
reports its increased costs as 206 per cent over 1913 with
152 per cent more income.
Because of the old prices, the Peoples company paid
at the end of the year a 2.5 per cent and 3 per cent divi-
dend rate on its stock while the South Metropolitan paid
5 per cent. It is evident that they will have to still fur-
ther increase the price for gas and the company's 830,000
gas consumers then will share the company's troubles.
American coal in France has cut down British coke ex-
ports to such an extent that the price is half of last sum-
mer gas coke prices.
The Situation Unbalanced
'*We know what we tie but we know not what we ouiy be'^^Hlunlct
Everyone is interested in the outcome of the present
economic situation and so much has been said about it
by irresponsible and impressionable writers that the av-
erage reader is about discouraged.
The drop in prices during 1920 was considerable in
some instances. The prices at the end of December
1920 of a selected list of standard commodities declined
in one year an average of 36 per cent, ranging from 70
per cent for rubber to 20 per cent for wheat, 16 per cent
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March 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
203
for cement and 8 per cent for pig iron ; compared with
this bituminous coal rose 60 per cent and petroleum 27
per cent in price. The Bureau of Labor reported for
the calendar year 1920 a decrease in living costs; in
December 1919 these were 100.6 per cent above those of
1914 and last December the figure was 93.3 per cent or
a decrease of seven per cent. However, the increase in
June was 114.6 per cent over 1914 and the drop from
that in December was 19 per cent. This decrease was
due to the lower prices for food and clothing; housing
increased from 14 to 45 per cent over 1914 ; coal and oil
fuel and light from 40 to 84 per cent ; furnishings from
176 to 206 per cent.
The bulletin of the New York National City Bank for
February says regarding this situation: "Taken as a
whole this comparison between raw materials and food
at wholesale and common articles of consumption at
retail shows that the readjustment of prices has not pro-
ceeded far enough to allow a general resumption of in-
dustry or to furnish the basis for a state of prosperity.
The producers of the raw materials cannot sell them at
the prices they are receiving and buy the finished goods
at the prices pr.evailing for them, and keep the latter in-
dustries employed.
"The makers of farm implements are sensitive about
criticisms leveled at them for maintaining prices. They
say that the biggest single item in their costs is steel,
and say that it is higher than when they made up their
price lists for 1919. Another important factor is fuel,
which is higher, and another, freight charges, likewise
higher, and finally labor, upon which there has been
little or no reduction
"The condition of easy sales, which makes a sellers'
market, has passed. The high cost of living of which
the wage-earners now complain, is in their own wage
scales, which, however, are largely nominal, not yielding
real results, because of the amount of lost time. This
is the situation which everybody is side-stepping, while
looking hopefully from day to day for better times.
The times cannot get materially better while industry
remains in this unbalanced state."
International Commerce
"We must idl hang together" — Franklin
We are all pretty well convinced that America must
revise some of its traditions and. policies in the light of
the requirements of the day in which we live. We can-
not pretend that our interests remain provincial when
our acts are international. We have a responsibility de-
rived from being the first nation in the world and what
we have already done in world affairs makes it necessary
that we do more. There is an International Chamber of
Commerce sitting at Paris in which America is repre-
sented by Frederick P. Keppel. Belgium and Italy have
selected their commissioners and Great Britain and
France will follow at once. They welcome suggestions.
Mutual understanding and the establishment of con-
fidence foster intematipn^^l progress. It is the purpose
of this body to remove international friction, facilitate
intercourse, safeguard trade, standardize documents and
laws, secure harmony, increase production, cultivate per-
sonal acquaintance and lessen prejudices, promote peace
and cordial relations, study and suggest regulations to
facilitate the development of economic resources, cen-
tralize information, and to tell the peoples of the world
the facts regarding international business. This is a big
program and the first annual conference which will be
held in London next June, should be of unusual interest.
Commercial relations today are at the bottom of na-
tional antagonism more than any other cause for wars.
Business is sensitive to many influences but there is no
act so irritating to the average business man as an on-
slaught upon his pocketbook. He is violently opposed
to any curtailment to his profits, especially through au-
tocratic and unfair aggression. Such matters will no
doubt be considered by this international board, and if
it is successful no league for the suppression of war
would be as effective in preventing it.
If our financial men would put their surplus money
into mines, plantations, factories and transportation in
China, at once and in volume sufficient to carry weight ;
and if the closest conceivable sort of treaty were made
with that nation, we would no longer need worry over
foreign markets or competition of foreign goods, for
China can, with American capital and American man-
agement, meet any producing market successfully. The
United States and China would form a league too power-
ful to be treated lightly and would be the best assurance
of uninterrupted trade conditions which would be profit-
able to both. In the N. Y. "Wall Street Journal," Guy
Morrison Walker wrote in a businesslike way about
future prospects in China, concluding as follows:
"China and the United States are the two great republics
of the world and our combined populations represent more than
one-third of all the people on earth. Together we represent
the most inventive and resourceful brains on earth, and the
greatest mass of virile, enduring human power; together we
are invincible. American brains and capital with Chinese labor
will do more than all other combinations to make the world 3
good place to live in and believe me, there are no people in the
world so trained in the principles of local self-government as are
the Chinese, and who will do more in the future to make de-
mocracy safe for the world."
"THE FLOWERS THAT BLOOM IN THE SPRING"
"We welcome the hope that they bring, tra U."
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204
THE GAS AGE
March 10. 1921
Pacific Coast Gas Men Meet
Association Opens Season of 1921
with Dinner and Demonstration
on Industrial Gas Equipment
By W. M. HENDERSON
THE Pacific Coast Gas Association
on February 12th, held its first
Get-together Dinner for the sea-
son of 1921. It was quite an event held
amidst surroundings that were strictlv
a gas man's atmosphere. The dinner was
prepared and served at the new industrial
gas display rooms of the San Francisco
Division, Pacific Gas and Electric Com-
pany.
The industrial gas display rooms and
experimental laboratory installed in San
Francisco by the Pacific Gas and Elec-
tric Company is one of the few such ex-
hibits existing in the United States. It
occupies a floor space of fully 10,000 sq.
ft. Within this area there has been as-
sembled all the types of gas equipment
suitable for industrial use, restaurants,
kitchens and house heating.
Large Attendance
Under the circumstances and in view
of the unique character of the program
announced to the membership, the in-
ducements were sufficient to bring forth
a great gathering. In fact, it was as large
an assembly of gas men as the Pacific
Coast Gas Association has ever enter-
tained. Dinner was set for 6.30 P. M. but
by 5.00 o'clock the guests were putting in
an appearance. This was well for it
gave them a chance to look over the ex-
hibit. Provision was made for early ar-
rivals by having present capable repre-
sentatives of the various appliances to
explain their operation, demonstrate their
use and answer questions. The hotel
equipment consisting of six sections of
ranges of different makes and the steam
tables operated by a low pressure boiler
were all in useful service preparing the
dinner for the hungry multitude of rapid-
ly assembling gas men. This sight cre-
ated unusual interest, particularly the
large bake ovens where hot biscuits and
individual pies were in the making. The
responsibility for this feature of the din-
ner had been assumed by Mrs. D. R.
Withers, domestic demonstrator of the
local gas company, and one of the two
lady members of the Pacific Coast Gas
Association.
When the dinner bell rang at the ap-
pointed time there were present, willing
and able to do justice to the repast, over
180 members and their guests. The whole
coast, Washington, Oregon, Nevada and
California, were represented. When one
remembers that the west is a country of
magnificent distances the promoters of
the feast can feel proud of their efforts.
Some of the pilgrims who arrived from
the Northwest traveled over 800 miles.
Mr. Chas. H. Dickey of the American
Meter Company, heard the call and put
3,000 miles behind him in order to be
amongst those present. A large delega-
tion headed by A. B. Day of Los Angeles,
came out of Southern California. This
alone is a testimonial for the producers
of the event. When a show has to com-
pete with all the inducements and attrac-
tions of the play-ground of California
and can entice these chosen people to
leave their perpetual sunshine and flow-
ers, it is a victory for the gas fraternity.
Five hundred miles is a long journey for
a dinner, but then for folks that live all
year round on climate; — a beef -steak, po-
tatoes and the national trade-mark, pie,
is some inducement. Still we do not gfive
entire credit to the inner-man for the ex-
odus from the South. We suspect that
these voyagers, were and are at heart,
first gas men and as such came to worship
at the shrine of the mid-year conclave.
We dread the results that this exposure
will have, Southern California's Chamber
of Commerce will, no doubt, impeach the
whole gang. There is this comfort for
them, they did their duty and the beef-
steak and pie, we hope, will give them
strength to withstand the ordeal. More
power to Add. Day and his crew of true
disciples, may the gas in their tanks never
run low.
The President's Welcome
Wm. Kapus from Portland, Oregon, as
President of the Pacific Coast Gas Asso-
ciation grave the gathering his blessings
and bid them tuck their bibs well under
their adams-apple and proceed with the
feast. It was evident that the national
indoor sport is dinner and gas men are
victims of the habit. When the small
blacks and cigars were in order. Presi-
dent Kapus again gave his attention to
the organization of the association as now
constructed, for useful and beneficial
work on behalf of the industry. The new
committee plan was sketched in detail
and the activities of these committees
were, for the first time, laid before the
members of the association. Hereafter
the annual meeting business program, will
be put on by reports and papers prepared
under committee supervision. These con-
sist of a Technical, Commercial and Ac-
counting section, each with a major chair-
man and sub-divided into staffs with sub-
chairmen and member preparing and in-
vestigating various phases of their de-
partment In this way the association is
actively engaged with a great many of
its members working the year round on
constructive investigation. The annual
convention this year will have something
of real value to offer the gas industry
and Wm. Kapus, President, can be
thanked for the energetic way in which
he is putting over the idea.
Present in Spirit
Following the report, the President of-
fered the Secretary, W. M. Henderson,
an opportunity to present himself and
unload some of the numerous communi-
cations and regrets from absent members.
Among the returns was a wire from Pres-
ident Munroe of the American Gas Asso-
ciation who. like a few others of our
eastern brothers, was with us in spirit if
not in person.
California Taxes
Next, Mr. W. E. Creed. President of
the Pacific Gas and Electric Company,
was introduced. He did not treat the
guests present to any of the usual ban-
quet oratory of glowing tributes to the
past, present and future of our industry
and its men. Mr. Creed had a message
and he connected with it immediately on
stepping to the center. The text of his
message dealt with the fact that at this
moment the California Legislature is at-
tempting to adjust its taxation to fit its
budget of expenditures. Like true poli-
ticians and unlike business men. it can-
not conceive that expenditures should fit
income. The California Constitution pro-
vides that state income is to be derived
from a fixed percentage, levied on the
gross income of public utilities. The ba-
sis of this is adjusted from time to time
so that the tax is fairly uniform with
the ad-valorem tax paid to city and coun-
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March 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
205
ty governments by the average citizen.
To be sure, it is always a bit higher.
Now the Legislature proposes to increase
the jolt, and this ia spite of the increase
revenue derived by the constant increas-
ing gross revenue of the utilities. This
is not the only question at issue, but be-
cause the Corporations ask for a hearing
they have been accused of trying to shift
their responsibility and domineer the
state government. As usual it is the
proper thing to lambast the utility and
the state politicians were making good
progress until, — until someone put the
question, — ^why, in view of the falling
prices and universal economy that is now
in practice, cannot the state get along
with the income of previous years and
still live in the style it was accustomed
to? It is yet to be answered. Mr. Creed
presented this tax question to his listen-
ers and took them behind the scenes so
that they might behold the whole shame-
home brew or making a place for Jack
Dempsey in the cabinet, then Henry will
be holding forth on "Service." It is a
good document and its exponent is sin-
cere, he practices what he preaches, for
there are no other gas consumers in these
United States who get that real original
brand of service that Mr. Bostwick dis-
penses as Manager of the Gas Company
in San Francisco.
On this occasion the topic was, as usual,
well put. He dwelt with the service that
was to be rendered the gas industry by
the establishing of an industrial labora-
tory and gas equipment display rooms
which were this evening serving such an
enjoyable purpose.
a>o It by Gas
With these preliminaries out of the
way the President brought on the real
"piece de resistance" of the evening pro-
gram. These were stunts put on by the
House Heating made possible by Hall
Unit Furnaces."
Mr. F. Mosher and Mr. H. Eckenroth,—
Who doubled up to properly put before
the assembly, "The Merits and Virtues of
the Bryant Steam Boiler."
Mr. L. F. Galbraith, — He exploded any
doubts or mysteries that might still lin-
ger in the mind as to the practical suc-
cess of the Rector System of Gas Heat-
ing.
Mr. A. Boss, — He, as champion of the
Kane Boiler, introduced this efficient ap-
pliance to the admiration of all present.
Mr. £. M. Levy showed the value and
necessity of the Taylor Instruments for
temperature control in metal treating.
As a grand finale, Mr. Fred Pelle, ably
assisted, put on a spectacular and inter-
esting demonstration. A stage had been
prepared for the purpose, on it was as-
sembled the various types of metal treat-
ing furnaces. Rivet heating with gas
Get-together Dinner — Pacific Coast Gas Association
ful spectacle of mulcting the corporation
in the approved political style. A little
more of this gospel preached in the style
as presented by Mr. Creed, cannot help
but sober up some of the extravagant
tastes of the State Legislature.
The tax question fixed in the gas man's
intellect, he relaxed to receive the words
of praise and wisdom that Wm. Kapus
promised when he presented the past
Secretary and present Vice-President,
Henry Bostwick. Mr. Henry is a pastor
or past-master on the subject of service.
It is the topic that he wags his finger on,
shakes his head about and in general goes
through all the contortions of the chronic
orators. Take any group of men, allow
Henry Bostwick to be present and if
they are not talking of a new recipe for
boys who carry the message and glad
tidings to the prospects, that there is
eternal happiness to all ye who heed the
words, "do it by gas." A program was
prepared by Mr. Frank Talcott, the Sales
Manager of the Gas Company in San
Francisco, which consisted of actual dem-
onstrations accompanied by descriptive
talks on the various types of equipment
on exhibition. C. B. Babcock, the pre-
eminent orator of the Pacific Coast Gas
Association, acted as master of cere-
monies and presented:
Mr. Robert Godfrey — His act was en-
titled, "Gas for bakeries, demonstrating
bake oven burners, hotel ranges and steam
tables."
Mr. D. McCorkle and Mr. Frank Malo-
ney,— They presented, "Factory and
was first illustrated. Cutting with high
pressure gas and oxygen, steel plate and
heavy steel bars; opening the eyes and
satisf3ring the pride of the gas men pres-
ent, that gas had its place in the metal in-
dustry. Mr. Pelle then demonstrated the
fact that steel bars can be readily welded
on the anvil after a heat taken in a gas
fired forge.
After such an entertainment and dis-
play of the utility of gas to meet the
needs of the home, factory and industry,
the gas men present, with pride in their
calling, courage and confidence in the
future, dispensed with knowledge that:
"Great conquerors greater glory gain
By foes in triumph led, than slain;
The laurels that adorn their brows.
Are pulled from living, not dead, bows."
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Marcii 10, 1921
Appliance Sales Increase Output
Industrial Gas Engineer of Charles H.
Tenney Co. Gives Valuable Points on
Industrial Gas Sales at January Meeting
of Gas Sales Association in Boston
By L. B. GROSSMAN
IT is the one aim and desire of every
gas company to increase its output
through some medium which will yield
the greatest financial return at the lowest
possible maintenance cost.
Campaigns are frequently organized,
with increased output as an objective,
and gas burning appliances for various
purposes are dispensed in this manner. In
many instances such campaigns are suc-
cessful, and the gas company is amply re-
paid for all time and energy so ex-
pended. This is not true in every in-
stance however, for many campaigns are
brought to an unsuccessful close, and the
gas company is forced to bear a serious
financial loss in consequence thereof.
Many appliances sold through cam-
paign methods require constant mainte-
nance service, and unless this service is
paid for by the consumer, the gas com-
pany is burdened with another item of
overhead expense.
It is not the purpose of this paper to
deal with the promotion of campaigns,
but to suggest the adoption of a more
stimulating business without a large in-
itial expenditure, and the assurance of an
ever increasing return to the gas com-
pany. Such results may be aflfected
through the sale of industrial gas appli-
ances.
In the first place, it is essential that the
successful salesman of industrial gas ap-
pliances be fired with zealous enthusiasm
and possess utter belief and confidence in
the efficacy of such appliances. In his
mind there mus't be no modicum of doubt
as to the sincerity of this belief. Sin-
cerity is the keynote of success in any
salesmanship.
Bolstering up this self-confidence there
must be a line of logical and clinching
argtunent based upon grounds of econ-
omy and efficiency. Technical knowledge
is also essential in order that the sales-
man may be conversant with the many
processes of manufacture, and the varied
forms of heat application.
At first glance it might seem scarcely
necessary that a salesman possess cer-
tain grounds of technical knowledge. The
question might be asked, why could not
an untrained man of wide experience in
the pure mechanics of fitting and instal-
lation excell in the sale of industrial gas
appliances with which he is so familis^r?
But the fact has been proven that for the
most part, expert and efficient though
such workmen may be, that without the
background of technical knowledge they
lack a certain breadth of outlook without
which they arc unable to co-ordinate the
knowledge which lies within their narrow
province with the industrial problems
presented by the needs of the various
manufacturers who are in line as sales
prospects.
Striking illustration of this would be
manifest in making recommendations for
new equipment, and in the contingency
of the problems arising which would call
for some appliance without exact prece-
dent. In such case the abstract knowl-
edge of the technical man would be able
to cope with somewhat of exactness with
the problem, where the untrained man
would be unable to depend upon standby-
past performance. The quality of imag-
ination, a quality which is undoubtedly
heightened and stimulated by technical
training also plays its part. Someone
has said "To be able to conceive in the
mind's eye — a magnificent city where is
now but a rolling stretch of sandy desert
wasteland and to bring such a dream to
reality, when it is a reality scarcely
measures up to the dream."
Apply this to the industrial gas situa-
tion and present to the prospect a vision
of economical benefit which oftentimes
from his conventional orthodox attitude
he has not taken consideration of.
That terse bit of Yankee philosophy
that "The best is the cheapest" meets the
situation squarely in the consideration of
industrial gas appliances. To build for
tomorrow and the years to come is hard
headed business sense. Makeshifts and
substitutes are but terms of wasteage.
In going after new business an indus-
trial salesman may in the first place seek
to convince his prospective customer not
by a recital of shadowy possibilities but
by a plain unvarnished statement of great
things actually accomplished. This is the
strongest of all sales arguments, for the
salesman knows that his appliances have
proven tried and true and that he can
give this same prospective customer con-
crete evidence of the superiority of the
appliances he is advocating by written
affidavits or by actual demonstration of
like installation.
To a surprisingly great extent the se-
curing of new business may be said to
depend upon some previous installation
which has given perfect satisfaction.
Therefore, it is self-evident that the gas
company should not take the attitude
that their interest ceases with the sale
once made.
A few months ago I was making a sur-
vey of a certain Connecticut factory rela-
tive to the further introduction of indus-
trial gas. This company was at the time
using gas in a small way and was pleased
at the results obtained. My recommenda-
tions were based on converting fuel oil
fires to gas and the satisfactory service
rendered by the gas equipment already in
use played no small part in their accept-
ance of my judgment in the matter of the
changes to be made.
Trial equipment was installed, and
after exhaustive tests, was accepted and
orders placed for more equipment. The
gas consumption in that one plant alone
increased from approximately 250,000 cu.
ft. per month to the present demand of
3,500,000 cu. ft.
To see that the appliances are kept in
perfect working condition, that com-
plaints are properly attended to, and to
create the impression that the customers'
interests are at all times paramount is
but sound business, and a guarantee of
future success. Too much stress cannot
be laid upon this phase.
An appliance once installed immediate-
ly becomes an important factor in plant
production. Therefore, it is absolutely
essential that the appliance be kept in
perfect working condition that it may do
its bit in the steady flow of uninterrupted
production.
Periodic calls on the customer should
make certain of this. Don't wait for them
to call and register a complaint. It is
good advertising when one manufacturer
says to another "they (the gas company)
seem as much interested in our daily
output gain as we ourselves."
In the past there .seems to have been
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THE OAlS A6£
207
a tendency on the part of gas companies
to be negligent in the sowing of that po-
tent sales stimulant — advertising. This
is particularly true in the field of so-called
local advertising, that is in the daily
newspaper advertising, which is, of
course, a purely localized affair. Such
advertising should as far as possible re-
frain from generalities and get down to
rock bottom arguments, which would
meet the requirements of the manufac-
turers in the said community. Advertis-
ing of industrial gas appliances scarcely
admits of undignified or catch phrase
forms of advertising, but on the other
hand it must be couched in plain every-
day language to attract the interest of
various persons engaged in small busi-
ness enterprises, who may afterward de-
velop into surprisingly sizeable prospects.
A great many times such men are of lim-
ited education and have no expert engi-
neers or advisors to interpret to them
elaborate technical arguments.
Such advertising should be carried on
with regularity. A small space once or
twice a week being of far more value
than the same total space inserted but
once a month. Spasmodic advertising
for such a line as industrial gas appli-
ances, is, except under unusual or special
conditions, money thrown away.
Another phase which should also be
considered is the proper advance arrange-
ment for publicity to be given associa-
tion meetings and conventions of men in-
terested in industrial gas appliances
which might be of interest to the ircncral
manufacturing public. It should be seen
to that press representatives covering
such meetings or conventions be shown
every consideration th-^t their view point
of the importance of the occasion be
heightened as mucli as possible.
Oftentimes a you:i ? press representative
enthused by splendid treatment at such
times, will go back to the office and write
an inspiring and interc t'lirr account of
the proceedings, bringing out certain side
lights which attract the attention of a
manufacturer. Such publicity is inval-
uable and is not ohlainable thru the paid
advertising channels.
Business along with life itself becomes
more complex with each succeeding year.
Time was when the owner of a business
enterprise could carry the details of his
business in his head, and depend upon
the reliability of his n^emory alone to
carry him thru any emergency. But in
this age of specialization and keen com-
petition with the ramifications of even
the smallest business enterprise extended
to a point almost beyond belief, it has
l)een found neces'-ary to substitute sys-
tematic written record for the mental in-
dex of old.
In connection with the survey of the
industrial gas field of any size it is ab-
solutely essential that some form of rec-
ord be prepared and be available at all
times. Such a record should include
concerns who are equipped with indus-
trial gas appliances, listing the appliances
in use, also the names of all other manu-
facturers of various lines, who may or may
not appear as prospective customers. As
far as possible it is well to ascertain the
peculiar lines of operation in various
manufacturing plants so that it might
be determined whether or not they could
be brought into line as customers for gas
appliances.
Such a record could be amplified by a
salesman during temporary lulls in busi-
ness when he would find time to classify
the smaller prospective customers though-
out the territory, this being done by a
systematic canvass.
Such a record is all important, and will
be of inestimable value in the connection
of securing new business.
The gas business, in step with all other
forms of human progress, gradually goes
from one evolutionary stage to another.
Yesterday, gas as a lighting medium was
the standby of the business. Today, in-
dustrial gas is gradually assuming the
dominant position. Tomorrow — well one
need scarcely be a seer to prophesy that
ras which solves the many industrial
heating problems will hold undisputed
sway.
This look into the future should tell
its own story and serve as a guidance to
the wise.
From the standpoint of nrofit alone,
officials and managers should see to it
that the sale of industrial gas appliances,
which means the sale of industrial gas,
is given a renewed ir-'petus and that no
chance be neglected to give gas to be
used for industrial purposes the public-
ity which it deserves.
Thompson Rules
Against Gas Co.
Holds Persons Complainiiig Had Right —
Also That Notice Was Inadequate
Chattanooga, Tenn.— In an opinion
handed down, Atty. Gen. Frank M.
Thompson ruled against the local Gas
company in two of the principal issues
at stake in the controversy between the
service corporation and the city.
The two points were whether the par-
ties complaining had a right to complain
and, second, did the Gas company give
legal notice of its intended increase?
Gen. Thompson's opinion on these points
follows :
1. I am of the opinion that the initial
order permitting the Chattanooga Gas
company to put in this rate upon condi-
tion that it give the thirty days* notice
was authorized by your commission under
section 4, subsections a, c and d, and also
under section 5, subsection d.
2. I think the commission had the ri.Q:ht
to make rule 16 and that it was proper
for it to order this increase of rates, sub-
ject to compliance with rule 16, by giving
the notice therein prescribed.
3. I am, therefore, of the opinion that
this was a valid order given by the com-
mission.
4. I do not think rule 2 applies for
the following reasons:
(a) This is not a complaint to have
a rate decreased because excessive or
increased because insufficient. It is a
complaint that the order of the commis-
sion has not been complied with, but
has been violated.
(b) It is in my opinion, the duty of
the commission, upon its own initiative,
or when it obtains information from any
source that its orders have not been com-
plied with to take steps to require com-
pliance therewith.
(c) For these reasons I do not think
the question of the sufficiency of the com-
plaint or of the interest or noninterest
of the parties making it should control,
because there is an active duty upon the
utility commission on behalf of itself,
the public utilities and the public at large,
to preserve and enforce its own orders.
I am, therefore, of the opinion that
your commission has jurisdiction to pro-
ceed and determine the question as to
whether its previous order of Aug. 13,
1920, permitting the increase of rates, has
bee complied with by the Chattanooga
Gas company by giving the thirty days'
notice to the public ]:equired in rule 16.
Your next inquiry is whether the gas
company has given such notice under
rule 16.
This rule, then, seems to indicate that
where the change in rate, fare, rule or
regulation increases the charge for or
curtailment of service, that tthe rate shall
not only be filed in writing with the com-
mission and the same posted in the office
of the company for inspection, but pub-
lication thereof be made, in a newspaper
for thirty days for the benefit of the
public. But where the change does not
result in an increase in charge for or
curtailment of the service, that the filing
of the rate with the commission and the
posting of the same in the office of the
company for inspection, without publi-
cation to the public, is sufficient.
In this case the rate was increased and
the notice required by the order made in
August, 1920, in my opinion, was not only
filing the rate with the commission, but
also the posting of the same in the office
of the company for inspection by the
consumer, as well as thirty days* publi-
cation in a newspaper to the public.
If I have gfiven you the correct, inter-
pretation of rule 16, and I think I have,
and that such interpretation is supported
by the foregoing authorities, then it is
for you to apply the facts in this partic-
ular case to the same and determine
whether or not the mere presentation of
the contract with the increased rate or
schedule to each consumer thirty days
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THE GAS AGE
March 10, 1921
before the expiration of his contract was
sufficient. The purpose of the notice, of
course, is that all consumers of gas may
know the rate not only which they pay,
but which all other consumers pay, in
order to determine from the total number
of consumers the gross income of the
company and thereby get some idea of
whether the rate they are paying is
reasonable or unreasonable.
I do not think the rule oq the subject
of notice is satisfied by giving each indi-
vidual consumer thirty days' notice that
his particular rate is to be increased, or
by giving each individual consumer or
any particular class of consumers such
notice thirty days before the expiration
of their contract Such notice, in my
opinion, does not meet either the letter
or the spirit of the statute or of rule 16.
Gas Rate Complaint
Troy, N. Y. — Hearing of the com-
plaint against rates for gas charged by
the Cohoes Power and Light Corpora-
tion in Cohoes and Waterford was con-
tinued before Public Service Commis-
sioner J. A. Kellogg yesterday at Albany.
City Attorney Frank Neary, with P. C.
Dugan of Albany, appeared for the com-
plainants, and Neile F. Towner of Albany
and Walter E. Wertime of Cohoes for
the company. Evidence was given by
the company to show prevailing oil, coal
and labor costs, C. A. Davis, the gen-
eral manager, stating that The Pruden-
tial Oil Company January 21^ had quoted
gas oil at twelve cents, f. o. b. tor six •
months and twelve and one-half cents
for a year's supply. He also gave freight
and handling costs. Generator coal, he
said, costs $12.63 a ton at the plant. He
said he did not expect any change in
labor costs and no decrease in taxes. He
said no oil company would quote con-
tract oil prices much under the Pruden-
tial, and he believed that a twelve-cent
price would prevail generally during the
year. He said it was not good business
to rely on buying spot oil, but it was his
belief that his company should operate
under a contract
Mr. Dugan quoted from a trade mag-
azine showing oil prices of five, seven
and eight and one-half cents a gallon,
the latter January 10. Mr. Davis said
there were spot prices at refineries. Mr.
Dugan secured admission from Mr. Davis
that some Cohoes industries were closed
down, but the witness insisted he did
not expect any decrease in the labor costs.
Other witnesses called were, E. J. Cheney
of New York and J. M. Daly, accountant,
also of New York, for the company; and
Alfred Serrault, a contractor, and G. W.
Goodard, an architect, both living in Co-
hoes, for the complainants.
False Charges Explained
By RALPH ELSMAN
Last March this Company notified the
builders and the public generally that
because of financial conditions it would
be unable to add additional consumers.
With the fixing of a new rate in Octo-
ber it was possible to make such ar-
rangements as would allow the Company
to add to its plant capacity and enlarge its
service. So we had at that time over 500
applicants where meters needed to be in-
stalled. There were over 1000 locations
where house service needed to be in-
stalled, from the street main into the cel-
lar and there was a considerable amount
of street mains to be laid. In all about 12
miles of pipe needed to be laid. Of this
over S0% is now done. Over 800 meters
have been set for new consumers between
December 13th and the end of January.
Of the more than 500 consumers who
needed only meters, everyone of them
now has a meter or their order is in the
shop and will be filled within two or three
days.
As to street mains and house services
there are a considerable number of cases
where, as the houses are unoccupied, a
meter is not necessary at the present time.
An illustration of this is the case of Geo.
A. Morrison, who appeared before the
Commission yesterday morning. Mr.
Morrison has eleven new houses, some of
which are not even yet completed. They
are all unoccupied with the exception of
one, which Mr. Morrison has moved into
temporarily in order to save the expense
of a watchman on his new houses. On
December 18th the contractor completed
the putting in of house services for the
eleven houses. The Company is now so
well along that it will place a meter in
any one or all of these houses as soon as
Mr. Morrison has a purchaser or an oc-
cupant who will make application for gas
service in the reg^ular way, making a de-
posit. Mr. Morrison asked for a meter
in the house that he is occupying tem-
porarily, but he objected to signing an
application and refused to make a deposit,
apparently on the theory that he was so
important that he is not under the obliga-
tion of complying with established rules.
When he signs an application for a meter
and makes a deposit, the Company will
be glad to furnish a meter.
As to his statement that he was told
that he should buy stock in the Company,
I may say that about the time the new
rate went into effect I told Mr. Morrison
and other builders that while the Com-
pany was anxious to enlarge its plant ca-
pacity, lay mains and house services and
install meters, this required large outlays
of capital and that the builders were as
much interested as the Company in thus
having the Company up to. date with the
territory. The fact that Mr. Morrison
has or has not subscribed for stock or
that anyone else has or has not sub-
scribed for stock has made no difference
whatever in the promptness with which
the Company has been installing service.
Over 80% of the street work is now done
and will be completed before the end of
February, if weather conditions permit
In addition, some 800 meters have been
installed for new consumers in new loca-
tions and the remaining applicants will
be taken care of just as rapidly as the
work can be done. Before the end of
February the Company will have all such
applicants cared for regardless of whether
they are stock holders.
I have noticed from newspaper ac-
counts the names and addresses of sev-
eral people who have alleged that they
have been unable to obtain gas service,
but the records. of the Company fail to
show any applications from them.
I have found that the critics of the
Company have been the ones chiefly dis-
seminating the idea that applicants can-
not get service unless they are stock
holders. So successful have they been in
circulating this rtunor that it has been
necessary for me to return the initial
payments on a ntunber of applicants who
subscribed for stock on the theory that
ir would hasten the furnishing of service.
In order that there may be no doubt on
the subject, sometime ago I laid down
rules to the employes and representa-
tives of the Company that anyone living
in the district and not a consumer of the
Company at the time should not be ac-
cepted as a subscriber for stock, and that
if anyone came into the office to subscribe
for stock they were first to be asked
whether they were a customer or an ap-
plicant, and if an applicant they were to
be refused the privilege of subscribing
for stock.
The next three weeks, if weather con-
ditions remain favorable, will see the
Company entirely up to date in the fur-
nishing of service to applicants. As to
builders they will know that as soon as
they have sold their houses or rented
them, the occupants can apply for and se-
cure service promptly. I am aware that
the very energetic efforts of the Com-
pany during the last two months to sat-
isfy the hundreds of new applicants have
reduced enormously the number of per-
sons with real complaints against the
Company. In consequence it looks as if
efforts have been redoubled to stir up
possible trouble in respect to this Com-
pany by some persons who do not live in
this district and therefore have no inter-
est in its prosperity but may have some
concern in holding it back.
New Coal Mines
United States Coal & Coke Co. of Gary,
W. Va., subsidiary of U. S. Steel Cor-
poration, will develop 18 coal mines in
McDowell County, W. Va. Annual out-
put will be several hundred thousand
tons.
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THE OAS AOB
209
Gas Associations and Market News
THE foHowinf? list covers the officers
of the principal gas associations, the
address of the secretary, and the date and
place of the annual meeting.
Gttfld of Gm Manacera— Convention Mar. 12.
Young's Hotel, Boston. Pres. H. K. Morrison,
Lrnn., Mass.; sec, C. R. Prichard, Beverly.
Mass.
UllnMi Gas AMOclatfon— Pres.. W. M. WiDett.
Aurora, III.; scc.-treas.. R. V. Prnther. 72 W.
Adams St., ChicaRO. Til.: R. V. Prafher. 3K
DeWitt Smith BIdir., Springfield. TH Conven-
tion. March 15-17. Hotel Sherman. Chicaffo.
Wlfconslii Oaf Asfoclatloii—Pres.. Bruno
Rahn. Milwaukee. Wis.; vice-pre*., A. F. Dav-
ey. Sheboygan, Wis.; sec.-tr.. H'-nry Harraan.
182 Wisoonsin St.. Milwaukee. Wis. Annual
convention. Hotel Pfister, Milwaukee. March 22
and 23, 1921.
PeniiSTlvamla Gaa Aaaoclatlon— Pres.. T. H.
Keppelman, Reading. Pa.; sec.-trea».. W. O.
Lamson. Jr.. Chester. Pa. Convention. April,
1315, 1921. in Philadelphia. Pa.
Indiana Gaa Aaaocfatloii—Pres., W. W. Good-
rich, Winrhenter. Tnd.: nec.-treas.. F T Burke,
ntizens Gas Co.. Indiananolts. Tnd. Conven-
tion April 25-26. 1921, West Baden Springs Hotel,
West Baden, Ind
Hew Jeraay State Gai Association— Pres. F.
R. Cotchcon. lAinv Branch. N. J.; sec.-treas..
Wm. P. Adams. Convention. Fourth week in
April, 1921.
Vatonl Gai Aatociation of America—Pre!*. H.
Hoover. Cincinnati. Ohio; sec.-treas.. Wm. B.
Way. 904-5 Oliver Bide.. Pitt!«hnnfh. Pa. Con-
vention. May 16-20. Cincinnati. O.
SontkoTB Gai Aasocfatlon— Pre«.. E. C. Stot-
hart. Charleston. S. C; sec.-tri'a*., George H.
Smith. Norfolk. Va. Convention, May 24. Sa-
vannah, Ga.
Canadinii Gaa Aiaociation— Pres.. C. S. Bagg.
Montreal, Que.; 1st vice-pres.. E. H. Caughell.
St Thomas. Ont: 2nd vice-pres.. Col. D. R.
Street, Ottawa. Ont.; sec.-tr., G. W. Allen,
19 Toronto St.. Toronto. Ont. Convention, Aug.
25-26. Windsor Hotel, Montreal.
Sonth Ceattal Gaa Association— Pres.. C. B.
McKinney. Dallas, Tex.; first vice-pres.. F. L.
Weisser, San Antonio. Tex.; second vice-prca..
Fred C Armbruster. Shreveport, La.; acting
sec-treas.. C. H. Seidenglanz, Dallas, Texas.
Convention. October 4.
Ohio Oil and Gas Men's Association— Pres,
Tames W. McMahon: sec-treas.. Wil'iam H.
Thompson. 811 New Fir*t National Bank Bldg..
Columbus, Ohio. Convention. October. Col am-
bus. O.
Anerican Gas Association— Pres.. Charles A.
Monvoe, Peoples Gas Light ft Coke Co.. Chicago.
111.; sec. -man.. Oscar Fogff. 12S E Fifteenth St..
New York. Convention, Chicago. Nov. 7-12. 1921.
Sonth Central Gas Association— (Formerly
Texas Gas Association) Pres.. F. C. Armbuster.
Shreveport. La.; sec.-treas., S. J. Ballinger, San
Antonio, Tex.
Empire State Gas A Electric Association—
Pres.. H. W. Peck. Schenectady. N. Y.; sec. C
H. B. Chaptn. 29 W. 39th St.. New York, N. Y.
Pacific Coast Gas Association— Pres., William
M. Kapua, Portland, Ore.; sec.-treas., W. M.
Henderson. 812 Howard St., San Francisco, Calif.
Sonthwestem Electrical and Gas Association—
Pres., A. Hardgrave. Dallas. Texas; sec, H. S.
Cooper. Slaughter Bldg.,' Dallas, Texas; treas..
J. B. Walker.
Canadian Gas Association— Pres., C. S. Bagg.
Montreal, Que.; sec.-treas.. G. W. Allen, 19 To-
ronto St.. Toronto, Ont
West Virginia Vatnral Gas Association— Pres.,
H. A. Wallace. Charleston. W. Va.; sec.-treas.,
Edwin Robinson, Fairmont, W. Va.
Michinn Gas Association— Pres., John W.
Batten, Detroit, Mich.; sec.-treas., A. G. Schroe-
der. Grand Rapids Gaa Light Co., Grand Rapids,
Mich.
lown District Gas Association-Pres., W. W.
Taylor. Omaha, Neb.; sec.-treas., H. R. Sterrett.
Des Moines Gas Co., Des Uoines. la.
New EngUnd Association of Gaa Engineers—
Pres., Burton Smart, Portland, Me.; vice-pres.,
V. E. Bird; vice-pres.. R, E. Wyant; sec.. John
L. Tudbury. Salem. Maaa.
Oklahoma Utilitlea AssocUtion— Pres.. J. W.
S^-artel. Oklahoma City; manager. H. A. Lane.
1107 First National Bank Bldg.. Oklahoma City,
Okla.
Report
The following quotations are made by leading
interests. Reductions in prices since the last
issue are indicated by an asterisk (*), and
advances in prices indicated by a dagger (t).
Cast Iron Pipe
New York quotes: 6-in. and heavier, per ton
$63.30. 4-in. $73.30; 3-in. $83.30 ;tnd $4.00 addi-
tional for Class A and gas pipe
Chicago quotes, f.o.b. Chicago rx-war tax as
follows: Water pipe. 4-in.. $69.10; 6-in ^and
larger $64.10; Class A and gas pipe. $4 extra.
Wronght Pipe
The following disrnunt.s are to jobbers for
carload lots on the Pittsburgh basing card:
Butt Weld Steel, black: yi. ^ and f^in.. 50V^;
J4in., 54J4; M to 3 in.. 57»/4.
Butt Weld Steel, galvanized: Mi. % and H
in.. 24; ^in., 40; ^ to 3 in.. 44.
Butt Weld Iron, black: «in., 1SV$; V$ in., 24^;
H to 154in.. 2954; 2 and 2»/5in., 33V$.
Butt Weld Iron, ralvanized: M! and ?4in.. +25;
f^in.. 11^; ^in.. SV,; H to 13Viin.. 9^; 2 and
2Hin., 1754.
Lap Weld Steel. blacV: 2 in.. 50V$; 2V5 to 6 in.,
53V4; 7 to 12 in., 50V^; 13 and 14 in.. 41; 15 in..
3854.
Lap Weld Steel, galvanized: 2 in.. 38; 254 to 6
in., 41; 7 to 12 in.. 37.
Lap Weld Iron, black: \Viin.. 2454: min. VV^;
2 to 2J4.. 2554; 3 to 6 in., 2754; 7 to 12 in.. 24»-4.
Lap Weld Iron, galvanized: 15i in . 9l4: IV^in..
1754; 2 to 254., 1154; 3 to 6 in., 1454: 7 to 12in..
1154.
Butt Weld Steel, extra strong, ntain rnds.
black: }i. H and H in.. 4654; 54in. 5154; H to
154 in., 5554: 2 to 3 in.. 5654.
Butt Weld Steel, extra strong, niain ^nd*.
galvanized: 54. 54 «nd ^ in.. 29; 54 in., 39; H
to 154 in.. 43; 2 to 3 in., 44.
Butt Weld. Iron, e^tra strone. nisi" "nds.
black: H in- 1354; ^ in.. 1354: V^ in.. 2354; ^
to 1J4 in.. 2954; 2 and 254 in.. 34V$.
Butt Weld Iron, extra stron*^ ntain ent^^ irs»1-
vanized: H in., 4654: H in.. 3'/: 54 in.. 1054: }i
to 154 in.. 1454: 2 and 254 in.. 1954.
Lao Weld Steel, extra stronqr. n'ain mHs.
black: 2 in.. 4854: 254 to 4 in.. 5t»/r 454 to 6 in.
5054; 7 to 8 in.. 4654: 9 to 12 in.. 4154.
Lap Weld Steel, extra strong nisin *»nds.
galvanized: 2 in.. 37; 254 to 4 in.. 40; 454 to 6 in.,
39: 7 to 8 in.. 33; 9 to 12 in.. 28.
Lap weld Iron, ^xtra strong, plain ends, black:
15< in.. 2154; 154 in., 2754: 2 to 254.. 2654; 3 to 4
in.. 2854. 454 to 6 in.. 2754; 7 to 8 in.. 1954; 9 to
12 in., 1454.
Lap Weld Iron, extra stronir, nIain ends gal-
vanized: \H in., 654; 154 in.. 1354: 2 to ?V$., 1354;
3 to 4 in.. 1654; 454 to 6 in.. 1554; 7 to 8 in.. 754;
9 to 12 in.. 254.
To the large jobbing trade an additional 5
per cent is allowed over the above discounts,
which are subject to the usual variations in
weight of 5 per cent.
Stmctnral Steel
For structural steel at the mill. Pittsburgh.
Pa., the following quotations are made:
Bars, per 100 lbs •$2.00
Angles. 3 to 6 in., H in. thick, 100 lbs. . . * 2.00
Tees. 3 in. and larger, 100 lbs * 2.00
Rivets, ^ in. and larger, 100 lbs • 4.00
Beams and channels up to 15 in. per
100 lbs ^2.00
54 in. and heavier sheared plates, per 100
lbs •2.00
Sheets, No. 28 black, per 100 lbs •4.00
Sheets No. 10 blue annealed, per 100 lbs. • 3.20
Sheets No. 28 galvanized, per 100 lbs. .. • 5.25
For painted corrugated sheets add 30 cents
per 100 lbs., for 25 to 28 gauge; 25 cents for 19
to 24 gauge. For galvanized corrugated sheets
add 15 cents all gau|^f.
Connelsville, Pa., quotes at ovens:
Coke
Furnace coke, prompt $4.50
Furnace coke future 5.75
Foundry coke, prompt 5.50
Foundry coke, future 6.50
Buffalo. N. Y.. nuotes:
72-hour Connellsville foundry $7.00
48-hour furnace 6.00
Gas Ofl
34-40 deg. Penn gal. •45<c
exas gal. •254c
gal. 25<c
ick:
N. J., per 1000 $65 to $70
I., per 1000 35
0., per 1000 50
on. Pa., oer 1000 .^5 *o 60
on, Pa., per 1000 55 to 60
Plant Supplies
Cbmmon brick- at dock in carload lots. New
York, per 1000 $15.00
Portland cement, at dock, without bags.
New York per bbl 2.40
Fed lead in oil New York, per 100 lbs 14.W
Tarred felt, 14 lb. per 100 s. ft., per ton .... 50 00
White lead in oil. New York, per 100 lbs. 13 00
Lead Wool
Quotations, fob. Perth Aroboy. N. J., follow:
Less than 100 lbs. per lb lO^c
100 to 2,000 lbs., per lb 8j4c
Ton lots, per lb: 8Jtc
Five ton lots, per lb 7Hc
Carload lots, per lb 754c
Calldnc Materials
Quotations f.o.b. New York, are:
Tarred or iintarr^d Eaele Jute necking
rope in .^ or 100 lb. coils, per b^le — 6c
Plumbers Snrn Oakum, in bales of 50 lbs.
each, per bale 22.75
Pig lead. New York. N. Y.. per 100 lb. .. 4.60
Bitnminoiis Coal — Net Tons. F.O.B. Mines
Current Quotations— Spot Prices,
Coal Market Quoted Price
Low Volatile. Bastom
Pocahontas mine run — Columbus "$3 50
Pocahontas lump Columbus •5.75
Pocahontas mine run — Chicago +3.50
Pocahontas lump Chicago +4.50
Pocahontas mine run .... Boston •5.60
Pool 1 New York •3.35
Pool I Philadelphia 3.50
Pool 1 Baltimore t3.15
riearfields mine run .... Boston 2.15
Somersets mine run Boston 2.50
Pools 10. 11 New York 2.50
Pools 10. 11 Ba1timor«» •^ ?5
Pools 10. 11 PhilaH*»1nhia *' ^5
Pool 18 New York 2.1.';
Pool 18 Philadelphia 2.00
Pool 18 Baltimore 2.00
High Volatile. Bastem
Pittsburgh mine run .... Pittsburgh 2.25
Pittsburgh sc'd. gas Pittsburgh 2.75
Kanawha mine nin Columbus 2.50
Kanawha lump Columbus •3.75
Hocking mine run Columbus 2.25
Hocking lump Columbus •3.50
Pitts. No. 8 mine run .... Cleveland 2.25
Pitts. No. 8 lump Cleveland 3.50
Pool 34 (54. 64) Philadelphia t2.2S
Pool 34 (54. 64) New York 2.15
Pool 34 (54, 64) Baltimore 2.15
Midwest
Franklin, III., mine run .. Oiicago 2.25
Franklin. 111., lump Chicago 3.50
Central III. mine run Chicago 1.50
Central 111., lump Chicago 2.00
Tnd. 4th Vein, mine run .. Chicago t2.50
Tnd. 4th Vein, lump Chicago 2.50
Ind. 5th Vein, mine run .. Chicago t2.00
Tnd. 5th Vein, lump Chicago 2.40
.Standard mine run St. Louis 1.90
Standard lump .St. Louis 2.50
West Ky.. mine run Louisville •2.00
West Ky., lump Louisville t2.75
Sontli
Big Seam mine run Birmingham •2.90
Big Seam lump Birmingham 3.50
S. E. Ky., mine run Louisville ^2.50
S. E. Ky., lump Louisville t3.75
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210
THE GAS AGE
March 10, 1921
W. E. Rogers has succeeded J. E.
Johnson as general manager of the Amer-
icus Lighting Company, Americus, Ga.
J. J. Hunter is now superintendent of
the Americus (Ga.) Lighting Company,
having succeeded J. R. Cameron.
W. P. IngersoU has been elected to
the presidency of the Canton (111.) Gas
and Electric Co., succeeding William H
Parlin.
E. S. Bliss has succeeded Ernest
Woods as industrial fuel engineer of the
Springfield (Mass.) Gas Light Co.
C. A. Forrest has succeeded A. D.
Forrest in the office of treasurer, and
filled the vacant office of purchasing
agent of the Twin State Gas & Electric
Co , Boston, Mass
Ernest A. Miles has succeeded Karl
Kemble as treasurer of the Clifton
Springs Sanitarium Co . operators of
the gas plant at Clifton Springs, N. V.
W. E. Hart has succeeded J. L. Ord-
way as engineer of the Twin State Gas
&' Electric Co
Col. Geo. D. Roper, was taken ill Wed-
nesday noon, February 23rd, and was op-
erated on at .5 o'clock that day at the
Rockford hospital. The doctors reported
the case as one of gall stones. The sur-
gical attention was secured jUst in time to
secure needed relief. The next day he
had recovered from the operation and
was resting very comfortably. Since that
time he has been improving.
Dr. H. Schoonmaker is now the acting
superintendent of the Clifton Springs
Sanitarium Company's gas plant, taking
the place of M. S. Woodbury.
H. T. Shaw has been elected vice-
president of the Twin State Gas & Elec-
tric Co., Boston, Mass., filling the office
left vacant by the death of Howard L.
Olds which occurred last September.
C. E. Mason, formerly vice-president
and treasurer of the Dansville (N. Y.)
Gas & Electric Co. has been elected to
the presidency, filling the vacancy caused
by the death of L. T. Mason. C. H. Ma-
son, general manager and engineer of
the company has been elected vice-presi-
dent. J. E. Mason takes up the duties of
treasurer as well as secretary, while W.
B. Mason succeeds C. H. Mason as sales
manager and purchasing agent.
R. Christie has succeeded R. J. Rayner
as superintendent of the Light, Heat &
Power Department of the St. Thomas,
Ont., Municipality.
William W. Potter was born August
1 1869, in Maple Grove Township, Barry
County, Michigan. He attended rural
school in that township, graduated from
the Nashville High School, attended the
Michigan State Normal College, was for
three years superintendent of schools at
Harrison, Michigan, graduated from the
University of Michigan in 1895.
He has served as city attorney of Hast-
ings, Michigan, Prosecuting Attorney of
Barry County, State Senator from the
Fifteenth Senatorial District, and as a
Member of the Michigan Public Utilities
Commission since its organization, and
at present is chairman of that body. He
has served also as chairman of the Li-
brary Commission of Hastings, Michi-
William W. Potter
gan, member of the Board of Education
and President of the Chamber of Com-
merce.
He has been President of the local
Bar Association, Chairman of the Com-
mittee on Legislation and Law Reform
of the State Bar Association, Vice-Pres-
ident of the Michigan Bar Association,
and a member of the American Bar
Association, was a member of the Com-
mission to revise the rules of practice in
all Michigan courts and of the commit-
tee to revise the tax exemption laws.
He has served as an officer and di-
rector of several corporations, including
the Thornapple Gas & Electric Company,
was Chairman of the first District of the
Michigan Draft Board under the select-
ive service regulations ; is the author of
a History of Barry County, Law of In-
terest in Michigan, and Michigan Evi-
dence, Civil and Criminal.
J. F. Jones, formerly assistant to N. O.
Weeks, sales manager of the Battle Creek
Gas Co . was advanced by the company
to that position when Mr. Weeks became
associated in the management of the
Montgomery Motor Sales Co. of Battle
Creek.
Thomas B. Leahy, of Pawhuska, Okla.,
who is an unclassified student in the
University of Oklahoma, received the
grand prize of $50 given by the Okla-
homa Gas & Electric Company in the
advertising and feature story writing con-
test, held in the school of journalism.
Mr. Leahy won first place in two out
of a series of six advertising contests,
which resulted in his receiving the final
prize. He is the son of W. T. Leahy, a
prominent cattleman of Osage County.
lie is studying journalism in the Univer-
sity, especially advertising in order to
I c able to efficiently market the live
stock which he breeds on his ranch lands.
Mr. Leahy is now president of both the
Oklahoma Hereford Breeders Associ-
j'tion and the Osage County Breeders
Association.
William Gosnell paymaster of the Roch-
ester Gas & Electric Corporation, has
returned to his desk with only a limp
to show for his long confinement in the
hospital. He wishes to express his ap-
preciation for many kindnesses shown
him by his friends during his illness.
W. B. Johnston has succeeded N. E.
(ierry as sales manager of the Consum-
ers Gas Co. of Toronto.
Clifton B. Day, for a number of years
manager of the Northampton Gas &
P^lectric Light Companies of Northamp-
ton, Mass., has resigned, and is now con-
nected with the California Electric Light
Company.
Edmund Cathels, for some time with
the Rhode Island Utility Commission,
Providence, R. I., is now connected with
the gas department of the Havana Elec-
tric Light & Power Company, Havana,
Cuba.
Charles Appleton has succeeded Mar-
tin Kennedy as secretary and general
manager of the Vinton (la.) Gas Com-
pany.
C. T. Clarke has succeeded H. M.
Taylor as Superintendent and sales man-
ager of the Barbadoes Gas Co., Ltd.,
British West Indies.
Major George A. Davis, manager ad-
vertising department of the Oklahoma
Gas & Electric Company, has been placed
on the "staff eligible list," being one of
the two Oklahoma officers thus honored.
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March 10, 1921
THE GAS A6B
211
Construction News
Gas Service
THE completion of work aggregating
$175,000 4* $180,000 upon the gas plant
and distribution system in Charlotte, N.
C, has just been announced by the South-
cm Public Utilities Company. The ex-
tensions to the distribution system and
the additions and improvements at the
plant have given Charlotte an absolutely
100 per cent gas producing and distrib-
uting plant. Gas service in Charlotte is
as near 100 per cent perfect as modem
engineering and equipment can make it.
Sight Mile* of Teeders"
The extension to the distributing sys-
tem include approximately eight nules of
"feeder^ main which is 'tied in" with
the service lines at strategic points
throu^iout the city to afford a uniform-
ly good supply and pressure of gas. One
of the most important features of the
recent extensions is the new high pres-
sure line which assures uniform pressure
for Myers Park, Elizabeth Heights and
all of the eastern section of the city and
at the same time relieves the Ibes feed-
ing the rest of the city of this consider-
able load.
A tar extractor and several carloads
of new purifying material now in serv-
ice insure as clean gas as can be pro-
duced commercially, while an increase of
40 per cent, in the holding o^iactty of
the plant and other additions and. im-
provements contribute to the 100 per cent
service being received t^ the gas con-
sumers of this dty at this time.
A Qvick Job
Among the last work included in the
improvements was the construction of the
high pressure line referred to above. An
old feeder main had been utilized for
the high pressure line at first However,
under the ten potmds of pressure, which
is 70 times the normal pressure in a gas
main, the old main went to pieces. Ilus
was just before Christmas and it would
have been a tragedy during the heavy
Christmas load to have failed to give
Myers Paric, Elizabeth Heights and the
eastern section of the dty the uniform
service to which they had become accus-
tomed during the two or three days the
old main had hdd up.
The problem was solved by Chief Con-
struction Engineer S. L. Duckett, Mana-
ger J. A. Forney of the gas department
of tiie Charlotte brandi, and their assist-
ants. A 2,000-ft line of 8-inch pipe was
laid and pat into service in six days'
time. Duckett, Voney, and Bill Ervki,
the capable outside foremen of the gas
department, worked day and night with
the result that the high pressure line was
put into service two or three days before
Christmas and the company's ideal of
service was saved.
Investment to Perfect Service
One rather noteworthy fact regarding
the investment of $175,000 or more in the
gas system of Charlotte is that is was
planned and made without the expecta-
tion of receiving, as a direct result, a
single new customer. It was designed
purdy for the purpose of maintaining and
perfecting the gas service of the dty. No
customers are served from the eight miles
of new mains. Almost without excep-
tion they are purdy feeders. The con-
sumption of gas in Charlotte had grown
beyond the capacity of the old system of
feeders and the entire project was simply
in line with the company's policy of giv-
ing the best service that is humanly pos-
sible.
25 Per Cent lacreate
The gas department of the Charlotte
branch of the Southern Public Utilities
Company today has approximatdy 5,000
customers. The daily output of gas
ranges from 675,000 cubic feet to 835,000
cubic feet The increase in gas consump-
tion in Charlotte the past year over 1919
was approximatdy 25 per cent.
To Improve PropertiM
EvansviUe, Ind.— Eiq>enditures of $421,-
900 for improvements of the gas, dec-
trie and street railway utilities at Evans-
viUe within the next two years is planned
by the PuUic Service Corporation, ac-
cording to company oflktals who appeared
before the oonunission recently. The
commission was asked to authorize the
sdling of $1,736,300 worth of securities
to refund maturing obligations and to
meet proposed eiq^endittures. Oflkials
predicted the securities would have to be
sold at 80 cents on the dollar. The bonds
would bear 6 per cent interst and mature
in 1929.
Coke ProdnctioB
The production of beehive coke, as re-
ported by the Geological Survey indicates
the «ame downward trend. The output
during the week ending February 5 to-
taled 231,000 net tons a dedme of 7 per
cent from the 24fl;000 tons of the preced-
ing wedc. A year ago, the same week
showed an output of 432,000 net tons.
Economy and Efficiency
Newport News, Va.— That the gas
plant being operated by the Newport
News and Hampton Railway, Gas and
Electric C(Mnpany is one of the most eco-
nomical, systematic, effident and wdl-kept
plants in the state was the verdict of the
dty council at the conclusion of its tonr
of investigation at the plant recently on
invitation of the officials of the plant
All members of the council gathered in
the office of the dty manager, together
with Frank Lawton, manager of the gas
plant and activities, and J. N. Shanna-
han, president of the company. The en-
tire group were taken to the gas plant.
There, under the direction of Frank B.
Lawton, the entire ddegation was taken
through the plant observing each, process
in the manufacture of gas under the new
system installed, which offidals of the
company declared the most economical
and effident S3rstem in use.
The U. G. I. Contracting Company's
Fidd Force is now engaged in compre-
hensive erection work for the Atmo-
spheric Nitrogen Co. at Syracuse, N. Y.
The installation indudes 2 sets of Blue
Water Gas Apparatus, each having a
capacity of 2,500,000 ctL ft per day,
Waste Heat Boiler, Condenser-Scrubber,
Fud Conveying and Wdghing System
and other apparatus, as well as the nec-
essary building for housing the apparatus
and equipment
The blue gas sets will be equipped with
Automatic Controls, Carborundiim lin-
ings. Air and Steam Controls, etc, whidi
make for efficiency in manufacture.
French Oovenmeat Bnds Coal Control
Paris— The coal traffic in France, which
has been under government supervision
for tht last five years, now is being con-
ducted on an open market basis.
The Richmond (Va.) City Gas Works
have placed orders with The U. G. L
Contracting Company for the installation
of an additional U. G. I. Automatic Con-
txdl as a result of the successful operation
of the Control first installed.
WasUngtxm, D. C— A complete di-
rectory of petroleum refineries in the
United States has just been issued by the
United States Bureau of Mines.
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212
THE GAS AGE
March 10, 1921
Financial and Corporate News
Cas Concerns Hit G>ming and
Gk>ing, Says Utility Man
Freight Equals Coal, Oil and Coke Five
Tears Ago
Public utility corporations in general
and gas companies in particular get hit
both "coming and going" by economic
conditions as they are affected by up and
down price movements.
This is the opinion of Philip H. Gads-
den, chairman of the emergency com-
mittees of the American Gas association
as expressed in a statement received by
Glenn R. Chamberlain, secretary of the
Grand Rapids Gas Light company.
Freight Rates Stationary
"During the war, when prices of coal,
oil and labor were going to new high
levels," Mr. Gadsden says, "corporations
furnishing essential public services were
unable to advance the selling price
of their products to meet tremendously
increased costs of materials with the re-
sult that many did business at a daily
loss, their financial reserves were eaten
up, and their credit gravely impaired.
"Now, with the downward trend in the
prices of general commodities, again we
are up against it. The fact is that to a
^as company the cost of coal, coke and
oil represents by far the bigger percent-
age of production expense. Whatever
may com© in the way of the lowering of
general prices, it is certain that freight
rates are not going down for a good long
time to come, and gas companies are
paying more in freight rates alone right
now than they paid at point of shipment
for coal, oil and coke five years ago.
Figures compiled last week covering a
large number of companies show that the
freight alone on gas-making materials
is in excess of their entire cost in 1915.
Regarding Comparisons
"Striking a numerical average in the
cost of anthracite, coke and boiler fuel,
these figures show an average freight
rate in 1920 of $3.47 a ton against an
average cost per ton at the mine in 1915
of $2.42. The average cost per ton at
the mine in 1920 of the three commodi-
ties named was $821. Add to this $3.47
for freight and we have a total cost per
ton of $11.68 as against $4J5 in 1915.
Summing it all up, the freight cost per
ton in 1920 exceeded die average cost in
1915 of the three commodities by $1.05
per ton.
'The same conditions apply to the cost
of gas oil, of which gas companies of
the country use more than 1,000,000,000
annually. Figures in my possession show
an average price per gallon of oil of
$2.17 in 1915 with an average freight
cost in 1920 of 223 cents. In other words
with an average price fpr oil of 10.1 cents
at points of shipment, plus a freight rale
of 223 cents per gallon, we have a total
for 1920 of 12.37 cents, as against a total
in 1915 of 320 cents per gallon, showing
an increase of 116^ per cent in freight
alone in 1920 over 1915."
CMl and Gas Companies Con-
solidate
Ponca City, Okla^— Marland Refining
Company and Kay County Gas Company
are now in process of consolidation
through exchange of stocks under a prop-
osition submitted to stockholders of said
companies early in November, 1920, by
Marland Oil Company. The exchange
of stocks under this proposition has
been declared effective only scattered
small holdings remaining undeposited. It
is expected that within sixty days prac-
tically the entire outstanding stocks will
be exchanged and the Marland Oil Com-
pany, the holding Company, will be func-
tioning. It is intended that both Mar-
land Refining and Kay County Gas Com-
pany will retain their corporate identity.
Los Angeles Gas & Elec. Corp.
Stock for Customers
Desirous of securing greater co-
operation between itself and its con-
sumers, the company is offering its cus-
tomers the privilege of subscribing to
$1,000,000 6 per cent cumulative Prefer-
red stock at 85 per share. Payment may
be made (a) in full at time of subscrip-
tioiif or (b) in installments of $5 per
share cash at time of purchase, and $5
per share on the first of each month
thereafter until the entire amount is
paid, or (c) in installments of $17 per
share cash at time of purchase and $17
per share per quarter, commencing on
Jan. 1, April 1, July 1 or Oct. 1, following
the expiration of one full month after
the date of payment of the first install-
ment.
The proceeds of this sale will be used
only for betterments and additions.
The surplus for payment of dividends
for the year ending Dec 31, 1930 was
$1,045,923.
City and Company Agree on
Dividend
Brockton, Mass. — ^As the result of a
hearing recently before the State com-
mission on public utilities, at the State
House, the Brockton Gas Light Co. will
keep its present sliding scale of prices in
e£Fect until next May, when another hear-
ing will be held at the Stete House May 3.
Less than 6 Per Cent Dividend
The company was represented by At-
torney Benjamin N. Johnson and General
Manager George H. Priest The city was
represented by Mayor Roger Keith and
City Solicitor W. M. Wilbar. Represent-
atives of the company gave the figures
to show the results of the operation of the
new rates since they became e£Fective
Nov. 10 last These figures showed diat
in November the business paid a divi-
dend of 7.11 per cent and that in Decem-
ber the dividend was 4.47, or an average
of 5.79 per cent for two months.
Mayor Keith spoke briefly and it was
agreed the continuance of the present
rates should be made until May. Mean-
time, the company agrees to submit to the
city the figures for the months of January,
February and March showing dividends
for those three months.
Attorney Thompson said the company
was taking into account the probable re-
duction in the cost of materials and sup-
plies during the coming months and had
no present intention of asking a further
increase in prices, on that account It
also took into consideration the fact that
the commission understood that it had
operated without being able to pay a div-
idend for four years, Mr. Thompson said.
Incorporate Gas Company
Ranger Gas Company, Ranger, Tex. —
Capital $500,000. Incorporators: A. P.
Barrett, F. S. Dudley, L. J. Wardlew.
Portland Gas Company Elects Directors
Annual meeting of the Portland (Me.)
Gas Light Co. was held in the companies
office building. Temple street, recently
with a large proportion of the stock rep-
resented. Six directors were selected
as follows: Fred N. Dow, Herbert Pay-
son, W. W. Thomas, Henry G. B^cr,
Edgar R. Payson and William J. Ward.
The first five are re-elected and Alderman
Ward, City gas agent, replaced Ex-AI-
derman John A. Saunders. Directors met
and organized later with the choice of
the following officers: Fred N. Dow,
president; W. W. Thomas, vice-presi-
dent; G. Warren Stiles, superintendent
of manufacture; Burton Smart, treasurer
and clerk; C. D. Fullerton, assistant
treasurer,
The Citizens Gas Light Co. of Jack-
son, Tenn., anounce a new gas rate effec-
tive December 1, 1920. The new rate is
$1.85 gross and $1.75 net
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March 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
213
To Appeal Service Charge
Order, Kingston, N, Y.
The special meeting of the Common
Cowicil called to take action regarding
the order issued by the Public Service
Conunission granting the Kingston Gas &
Electric Company the privilege of in-
creasing gas rates and instituting a meter
service charge of 50 cents a month, was
attended by a crowd of citizens, including
many women, who taxed the capacity of
the Council Chamber, with many out in
the hall and corridors unable to gain ad-
mittance.
Clerk Doremus read the call for the
meeting and immediately followed with
the reading of a resolution offered by
Alderman Martin of the twelfth ward.
The resolution was seconded by Alder-
man Myers and carried unanimously. It
was as follows:
''Whereas as a contract was entered
into by and between the city of Kingston
for itself and its citizens on one hand
and the Kingston Gas & Electric Com-
pany on the other, which provided among
other things the rates to be charged con-
sumers of gas by said company during
the life of the contract and
'Whereas, said Kingston Gas & Elec-
tric Company before the expiration of
said contract filed a petition with the
Public Service Commission, second dis-
trict, asking for an increase of rates to be
charged by said company to consumers,
for gas over and above those provided for
in said contract with the city, and
"Whereas on the 11th day of January,
1921, said Public Service Conmiission
made and filed an order, not only grant-
ing the petition of said Gas Company for
an increase in rates, but providing for a
monthly, 'service or ready to serve' charge
of 50 cents per customer and
"Whereas, the Common Council is of
the opinion that said order of the com-
mission not only removes said obligations
under the terms of said contract, but it
is unfair and unjust to the city and gas
consumers therein and
"Whereas it is the sentiment of the
Common Council that relief from said
order should be sought by the city, for
itself and its citizens by an appeal to the
courts from such order of the Public
Service Commission and thereby be it
"Resolved that the Mayor and Corpora-
tion Counsel be and are hereby empower-
ed and directed to take an immediate ap-
peal from said order of the Public Service
Commission to the courts, therefore be it
"Resolved that the Mayor and Corpora-
tiori Counsel be and they hereby are em-
powered and directed to take immediate
steps to secure from the courts by injunc-
tion or otherwise such further relief in
the premises as the law in the premises
will permit,"
Lincoln To Vote on $500,000 Bond Issue
for City Gas Plant
Lincoln, Neb. — City conunissioners de-
cided to submit a proposal for a $500,-
000 bond issue to the voters of the dty
of Lincoln at the April election for the
construction of a municipal gas plant
Action by the commissioners follows
announcement by the gas company of an
increase in rates from, $1.75 a 1,000 culnc
feet to $2.50.
Gas Earnings Up Fivefold
Higher Rates Send Peoples From 17 to
99 Cents a Share
Chicago, 111.—- A fivefold increases in
the earning of the People's Gas Light
and Coke Company in 1920 compared
with those of the preceding year was
disclosed in the recent annual report.
Surplus after charges and taxes amounted
to $380,752, or 99 cents a share earned
on the $38,500,000 capital stock, which
compares with $65,208, or 17 cents, in
1919.
Gross earnings aggregated $31,236,335,
against $24,543,798 in 1919 and operating
expenses $26,081,383, against $20,253,355.
No dividends were paid, so that the
balance of $380,752 was transferred to
the profit and loss surplus. Had the
company not received an increase in
rates, effective June 1, Samuel Insull,
president, told the stockholders, the com-
pany would probably have shown a big
deficit.
To Sell Oklahoma Cas Bonds
A group oi? bankers composed of Bon-
bright & Co., E. H. Rollins & Sons,
Spencer Trask & Co., the Federal Secur-
ities Corporation and H. M. Byllesby &
Co., Inc., will offer today a new issue
of $6,000,000 of first and refunding
mortgage 7^4 per cent gold bonds, due
on February 1, 1941, of the Oklahoma
Gas and Electric Company. The bonds
are offered at 95, at which they will
yield about 8 per cent. The proceeds of
the sale and of $2,500,000 of bond se-
cured notes and an issue of preferred
stock will provide funds for the retire-
ment of certain underl3ring bonds and
notes and for the payment of floating
debt incurred for extensions and addi-
tions to the compan/s property. Earn-
ings applicable to interest charges for
1920 were $1,276,114, more than 2.16
times the annual interest charges on the
new issue and on $2,7881000 of first
.mortgage bonds.
Gas Rate Increased
Atlanta, Ga. — The Railroad Commis-
sion of Georgia has granted the Atlanta
Gas Light Co., a rate increase for the city
and suburbs from $1.45 to $1.90 per
thousand cubic feet.
New Rate Gets Final O. K. of
Gas Company
Charles A. Ward, president of the
Dayton Gas company, informed the city
commission that ordinances Nos. 11,293
and 11,294, containing the new gas rate
and pressure clause have been officially
accepted by the Dayton Gas company.
According to Mr. Ward, decision to ac-
cept both ordinances was made at a
meeting of the board of directors of
the gas company on January 28.
The rate ordinance calls for a 50
cent rate for the first 5,000 feet, 55
cents for the next 5,000 feet, 60 cents for
the next 10,000 feet and $1 a thousand
for every thousand consumed over that
amount
Washington (D. C.) Gas
Light Co. Notes 0£Fered
Crane, Parris & Co., Washington, D.
C, are offering, at 100 and int, by ad-
vertisment on another page, the tmsold
balance of $1,200,000 5-year 7j4 per cent
Gold Notes.
Wayland Gas Co. Liqtiidation
The stockholders on Jam 15 received
a liquidating dividend of 12 cents per
share on the outstanding capital stock.
In March 1920 a distribution of $520
per share was made, making a total of
$5.32 per share thus far paid.
Because of their inability to have the
taxable income approved, the {trustees
are unable to say just when a final dis-
tribution will be made.
Semet-Solvay Co. Dividends
Discontinued
President H. H. S. Handy says in sub-
stance: "No more dividends will be re-
ceived by the shareholders as the terms
of the merger of the Semet Solvay Co.
with the others into the Allied Chemical
& Dye Corp. provides for stock allow-
ances for dividends earned up to Dec
31 last."
Ohio Gas & Electric Co. Bond
Offering
Redmond & Co., New York, offer a
limited amount of 1st Mtge, 6 per cent
Gold Bonds, due 1946 at 88 and int.
yielding 7 per cent Bonds are secured
by a first mortgage on the entire property
and are followed by 6 per cent Debenture
bonds and by Preferred stock paying 7
per cent and Common stock paying 8
per cent.
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214
THE GAS AGE
March 10, 1921
Consolidated Gas is Raised to
$1.50 by Order of Court
New York, March 1,— The gas rate for
consumers in, Manhattan and The Bronx
will be increased to $1.50 per 1,000 cubic
feet beginning today, according to an
announcement made by the officers of the
Consolidated Gas Company last night.
The money collected by the company in •
excess of 80 cents per 1,000 cubic feet
will remain impounded by the court,
however, so that it can be repaid if the
present judgment, which was handed
down yesterday in favor of the company,
is not affirmed by the United States Su-
preme Court on the pending appeal.
A statement issued by the company is
as follows:
"The rate at present fixed by the com-
pany will be $1.50. This rate will be de-
creased when and as the operating costs
decline. The company frankly does not
expect to decrease the rates of pay of
its employes. If and as the cost of gas
oil, generator coal and gas coal comes
down, decrease in this rate will be
promptly made.
'The company believes that a rate of
$125 per 1,000 cubic feet, plus a service
or 'consumer* charge of sixty cents per
month per meter, would be a preferable
form of rate."
Laclede Gas Li^t
Condensed balance sheet of the Laclede
Gas Light Co. as of December 31, 1920,
compares as follows:
Ata«Ci
1920
Plant $40,160,817
Stores 1.141,261
Cash 106,178
Accts. rcc 1,080,319
Defdchgs 482,712
Total $42,971,287
LUbiUtiM
Pfd. stock $2,500,000
Com. stock 10,700,000
Fund, debt 26,000^000
Bills & accts. payable . . 897.654
Accr'd UabU 704.502
Com. div. res 278,751
Surp. & resv 1390.380
Total $42,971,287
Peoples 6aa
Chicago— Illinois Public Utilities Com-
missioo has extended until March 24,
time for hearing arguments as to whether
Peoples Gas Light & Cpke Co. by Uldng
appeal to Sangamon County Court has
tied the commission's hands from any
modification of rates established on the
basis of 1920 prices.
Gas Company Would Sell
Lincoln, Neb.— The Lincoln Gas & Elec-
tric Light company has offered to sell
its plant to the city of Lincoln. This in-
cludes both gas and electricity. The offer
was made to the mayor and the city
council Monday morning in a letter from
J £. Harsh, vice-president and general
manager of the company. Mr. Harsh
said that the proposition has the approval
of the head ofEce. Because of unsatis-
factory operating conditions, the general
manager states that the corporation has
no desire to oppose mtmicipal ownership
of the utilities that it operates in Lin-
coln, as long as such a procedure does
not depreciate or destroy its property.
New Trial Denied Utah Gas
G>mpany
Salt Lake City, Utah— Judge P. C.
Evans of the third district court, sitting
as judge extempore by stipulation, denied
the motion of the Utah Gas & Coke
company for a new trial in the case
in which the company was made defend-
ant by residents in the vicinity of the
company's plant at First South and Ninth
West streets, for damages' done to prop-
erty as a result of gas and smoke from
the plant
In the original trial a verdict was ren-
dered in favor of the plaintiff, who had
brought injunction proceedings against
the company. The case was appealed to
the supreme court and was cited back to
the trial court with instructions that the
district court fix die amount of dam-
ages done to the property of plaintiffs.
The district court fixed the amount of
damages done in sums that totaled about
$85»000.
The company based its argument for
a new trial on the contention that the
amounts fixed t^ the court were too high.
Standard Oaa and Electric Company
Standard Gas & Electric Company re-
ports an increase of $115,716 in net rev-
enue for the calendar year 1920, the to-
tal for the year being $3,076,612. The
annual report (now under audit) after
all interest charges, amortizations and
full 8 per cent dividends on Preferred
Stock, will show a balance to surj^us of
$713,685 or 5.62 per cent on the $12,679,-
550 of Common Stock, outstanding. The
5.62 per cent earned on the outstanding
Common Stock for the year 1920 is after
leaving approximately $1,600,000 in the
subsidiary companies for surplus and re-
serves, which compares with 7.59 per cent
earned on the outstanding Common Stock
for the year 1919 after leaving approxi-
mately $1,100,000 in the subsidiary com-
panies for surplus and reserves. The to-
tal surplus account on December 31, 1920,
is $2,637,273.
City Win File Appeal
on Gas Increase Soon
Injunction May Mean Big Damage,
Warning of Mr. Mattison
Milwaukee, Wis.— Appeal of the city
from the order of the state railroad com-
mission increasing gas rates in Mil-
waukee will be filed within a few days.
The document is now being drafted and
probably will be ready for service before
the end of the week, according to Walter
J. Mattison, assistant city attorney.
The appeal will then come before the
circuit court of Dane county.
The appeal is based on the allowance
by the commission of returns of 8 per
cent upon the property, which the city
claims is unreasonably high and the al-
leged failure of the commission to give
adequate consideration to excess earn-
ings of the company in the past.
These excess earnings, it is claimed,
aggregate $2,000^000 for nine years.
Mr. Mattison says the granting of an
injunction to prevent the putting of the
rates in effect, would make the city
liable for damages to the amount of in-
creased revenue the company would re-
ceive during the period of litigation in
case the city lost.
The company claims that the new rates
will yield about $1,200,000 in increased
yearly revenues so that the city might
have to pay this amount or more.
As soon as prices of materials used
in making gas drop below the figures
estimated by the gas company, the city
will move to have the case reopened and
ask that the rate be reduced, Mr. Matti-
son said.
Victim of Sleeping Siekaaas
Mrs. Minnie lone (Bishop) Schall, wife
of Mr. Harry D. Schall, vice-president of
the Detroit Stove Works, died February
11th from sleeping sickness. Mrs. Schall
had been taken ill while visiting in Beloit,
Wis., late in September. She was bom at
Aurora, 111., February 17, 1867 and was a
graduate of Oberlin College. She was
active in civic, church and philanthropic
affairs in Detroit where she was much
beloved by a wide circle of friends. She
had been president of the Woman's Guild
of the Church of the Messiah and at the
time of her death was a member of the
Safety Bureau of Detriot which had to do
with the congested city traffic The fune-
ral was held from her late home in De-
troit Interment in the family lot at Ba-
tavia. 111. She leaves, besides her hus^
band, two sons.
Company Quits Bnaiaets
The Wildcat Oil & Gas Co. has gone
out of existence, having been absorbed 1^
the Industrial Oil & Gas Ca
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March 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
215
Court Orders Reply to Plea
on Gas Rates
Judge Booth Cites Company to Appear in
St Loiiii in Correction Case
Minneapolis, Minn. — The Minneapolis
Gas Light Company and Rufus R. Rand,
Sr., its receiver, were cited to appear in
the United States District Court of Ap-
peals at St. Louis, March 22, by Judge
Wilbur F. Booth, to show cause why the
decree of the United States district court
in the Minneapolis gas case should not be
corrected as asked in the appeal from the
decision filed by C. D. Gotild, city
attorney.
In the petition for correction Mr. Gould
declared that the district court was in
error when it confirmed the findings of
John F. McGee, special master in chan-
cery, placing the capital investment of
the Minneapolis Gas company at $8,000,-
000 and allowing it a return for gas of
7y2 per cent on the investment The fig-
ure for the capital investment should
have been $6,000,000, Mr. Gould said.
The report of Judge McGee, accepted
July 26, 1920, by Judge Booth, gave the
city six months or until January 26 to file
an appeal. While Mr. Gould advised
against the appeal the City Council by
a vote of 11 to 9 ordered the appeal to be
taken. Mr. Gould contended that the ut-
most reduction that could be brought
about was $500,000 in the capital invest-
ment of the company. This wotild rediKe
the present rate of $U1 a thousand cubic
feet for gas 2 cents a thousand, he said.
Judge Booth took under advisement the
petition of the City of St Qoud that the
suit of the St. Goud Gas company to in-
crease rates from $1.35 a thousand cubic
feet to $3J9 be dismissed from the feder-
al court because of lack of jurisdiction.
The company contends that the present
rates are confiscatory.
A Public Utility Issue
The Milwaukee Coke and Gas Com-
pany has sold to Dillon, Read & Co.
$2,000,000 of first mortgage collateral
sinking fund 7^ per cent gold bonds and
those bankers will offer the issue. The
issue has an annual sinking fund to retire
the entire amount by maturity up to 103
and interest and the bonds are callable as
a whole or in part on any interest day at
103. The new issue is secured by a like
amount of the company's 6 per cent, first
mortgage serial bonds. Its purpose will
t>c to reimburse the company in part for
70 per cent of additional expenditures for
the installation of coke ovens.
Muscle Shoals Gas Company Is Incor-
porated
Montgomery, Ala., Incorporation pa-
pers for the Muscle Shoals Gas com-
pany, of Florence, with an authorized
capiul stock of $600^000.00, of which
$450,000.00 is paid in, were filed in the
oflSce of Secretary of State, William P.
Cobb, recently. The gfeneral business of
the firm will be to own, maintain and
operate a plant and system for the pur-
pose of furnishing and selling illumin-
ating gas, electricity, steam and hot wa-
ter. The stockholders are: Charles B.
Kdsey, Qaude Hamilton and L. P.
Kleitz.
$100,000 Gas Plant Sold for
$20,000
Denver, Colo., — Gas consumers of three
southern Colorado cities are assured of
a continued fuel supply by a notice filed
with the Colorado utilities commission..
Recently the commission granted the
Otero Gas company, which furnishes La
Junta, Rocky Ford and Swink with
fuel gas, authority to discontinue its ser-
vice and dismantle the plant, which is
located in La Junta. The commission was
notified by the International Trust com-
pany that the plant had been sold to H.
B. Richardson, R. C. Todd and £. G.
Woodbridge, who would continue the op-
eration of the plant. The purchase
price was said to be $20,000. The new
owners contemplate extensive improve-
ments and the installation of modem
gas-making machinery, the plant has
been appraised at $100,000.
G>lambia Gas & Electric
New York, N. Y. — Columbia Gas &
Electric for January and twelve months
ended January 31, 1921, reports earnings
as follows, comparison is made with Jan-
uary, 1920, and the previous twelve month
period:
January gross $1,598,136 Inc. $195,823
Net after taxes,
inc. other income 1,059,502 Inc. 77,139
Surp. after fixed
charges 630,814 Inc. 51,557
12 months gross 14,810,186 Inc. 2,466^3
Net after tax, inc.
other income, 9,988,656 Inc. 1,775,952
Surplus after
charges 4,888,099 Inc. 1,588,895
Quebec Public Utilities Commission is
now known as Quebec Public Service
Commission.
Cargo of American Coal Arrives for Gas
Company
London, Eng. — British coal trade is
alarmed by the arrival of cargo of Ameri-
can gas coal from Pennsylvania consign-
ed to Gas Light & Coke Co., London's
biggest gas producer. This coal has been
delivered below price of coal from Wales,
Northumberland or Durham.
Gas Rate Hearing in Federal
Court Begun
Company Trying to Stop the City From
Interfering With Increasing Charges
Houston, Tex. — ^Hearings in the case
of the Houston Gas and Fuel company
against the city of Houston began Feb-
ruary 1, before W. C. Hunt, special
master in chancery, in Federal Court
building.
The suit is one in which the gas com-
pany is seeking an injunction against
the city to prevent the city from inter-
fering with an increase in rates charged
consumers for gas. The company is* also
asking a revaluation of its properties, al-
leging that the present rates, based on
present valuation, is confiscatory.
The city is contending that the present
supply of gas and the properties of the
company are inadequate to serve the
needs of consumers and the company's
franchise should be forfeited by reason
of these inadequacies. It also maintains
that the present plant of the company is
placed at more than its real valuation
and that present rates are excessive.
It is expected that the hearing will
consume several weeks. W. J. Howard
will represent the city and Clarence
Wharton the gas company. The city has
employed Lamar Lyndon and the William
Baeher company as expert engineers and
the gas company has secured the services
of H. P. Gillette, well known in the
street car case, as one of its experts. At
the conclusion of the hearing the master
will report his findings to Federal Judge
J. C. Hutcheson, who will render his
decision on them. ,
J. 0« Jacason Co., has acquired the
property of the Clendenin (W. Va.) Oil
& Gas Co. The J. O. Jacason Co. is a
joint stock company, not incorporated,
the owners being J. O. Jacason and L. V.
Koontz.
Gas Man Sues Partner for Company
Deal
Suit for $120,000 damages, for alleged
fraud and misrepresentation, has been
filed by S. H. Hale of Kansas City against
W. L. Stryker and M. D. Stryker of Fre-
donia, Kan. his partners in the owner-
ship of the Crow Oil and Gas compainy.
La Salle Oil and Gas company and Qftar
Creek Oil and Gas company, the latter
purchased within the last month.
The Elkton (Md.) Gas Company, suc-
cessor to the Elkton Gas Light Co., has
completed its organization. Following
are the officers and. directors of the com-
pany : Edward Deibert, President ; Stand-
ley Evans, Vice-President; William
Sterling Evans, Secretary, Treasurer and
General Manager; Joseph H. Perkins
and James L. Barber, Directors.
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216
THE GAS AGE
March 10, 1921
To Abolish Candle Power
Standard
Philadelphia, Pa. — Reduction of the
lighting standard of gas does not affect its
efficiency and according to observation m
other cities has not increased the amount
consumed or the bills of the consumers.
This claim was presented by expert
witnesses called by the United Gas Im-
provement Company to support its appeal
for a readjustment of its contract with
the city for the operation of the gas
works, in e£Fect since 1897.
The judges of the evidence are mem-
bers of the special commission to in-
vestigate the gas supply in the city
and the e£Fect of contract requirements
on the U. G. I. Company's finances.
Samuel T. Bodine, president of the gas
company, reiterated his statement that
money is being lost hand over fist on
the operation of the gas plant at the
present rate of $1 a thousand feet with
a return rate of 25 per cent cash to the
city on all revenues.
Mayor Moore warned of the serious
condition that would face the city if
this large income, which is expected to
reach $4,000,000 this year, is withdrawn.
The U. G. I. has been a good tenant, he
said.
Calla Many Ej^rtt
With these preliminaries over, the
commission, composed of Milo R. Maltbie
and W. H. Hines, of New York, and
Charles Day, Thomas F. Armstrong and
Howard R. Sheppard, of this city,
latmched into a session given to expert
and technical testimony by gas execu-
tives from plants all over the United
States and in Canada, who had been
called as U. G. I. witnesses.
The big drive of the day was made
on the change from a 22 candle power
for gas to th^ British Thermal Unit
standard, which substitutes units of heat-
ing value for units of lighting value re-
quired under the 1897 contract. The city
has permitted the temporary substitution
of thermal tmit fixing 530 as the mini-
mum quality of gas had been fixed per-
Officials of gas plants in Boston, Provi-
dence and Toronto declared that gas
supplies could not be reduced below the
point of efficiency and Arthur Hewitt,
general manager of the Consolidated Gas
Company, of Toronto, said that the mini-
mtun quality of gas had been fives per-
manently at 450 British thermal units,
but was being maintained around 485,
which was the lowest point of efficiency
yet arrived at.
Test Fees on Taloatioiia
No attempts were made to combat this
array of testimony and the 'U. G* I. con-
tinued by presenting Altotr MHler, en-
gineer of the New York'' Consolidated
Gas Company, who centered his testimony
on the question of valuations. Mr. miller
said the Philadelphia plant, which is
owned by the city and leased and operated
by U. G. L., is well maintained and
efficiently operated and is giving good
service. He believes it is worth from
$80,000,000 to $90,000,000 on a reproduc-
tion value now as compared with $45,000,-
000 to $50,000,000 before the war.
"What is the relevancy of this point
of valuation?" asked Mr. Maltbie, who
is chairman of the Commission, '^ill
the question be raised of a return on
this valuation?" The Company expert
indicated, however, that the data was
presented not for the information of the
commission, but might be used in fixing
upon the question of return.
The cost of making and distributing
gas here has increased 31 cents a thou-
sand feet over 1917, without any increase
in revenue, according to the testimony
of President Bodine.
Mr. Bodine cited the great growth in
the use of gas and the change from
stress on lighting to stress on cooking
and heating uses in the last decade.
"Against this," said Mr. Bodine, "is
the increased demand for the distillates
of petroleum, particularly to make gaso-
line as motive power for automobiles.
'The balance of petroleum left for use
in gas making becomes less each year and
will tmiquestionably shortly become whol-
ly inadequate to the demand.
"The interest of the city, the wel-
fare of the public, the satisfaction of
the consumers, the convenience of life,
demand that a solution shall be found
and no doubt it can be found, which
will insure a continued and adequate ser-
vice, a suitable and compensatory return
to the city and to the operator the
continued development and upkeep of the
gas works and as low a rate for gas as
the changing conditions of manufacture
and cost will permit.
Improve Plant
As a result of the satisfactory perform-
ance of the U. G. I. Automatic Control on
its water gas apparatus, the Lynn (Mass.)
Gas & Electric Co. has placed orders with
The U. G. I. Contracting Co. of Philadel-
phia for the installation of additional
Controls.
Engineers Meeting in Chicago
May 23rd through 26th has been set
as the date of the spring meeting of The
American Society of Mechanical Engi-
neers. It will be held in Chicago at the
Congress Hotel.
Sessions are planned by the Profes-
sional Sections on Aeronautics, Fuels,
Management, Material Handling. Ma-
chine Shop, Power, Forest Products and
Railroads.
City Gas Plant Opposed
Grand Rapids, Mich.— Grand Rapids
Gas and Light company officials have
pointed out that it would cost the city
$6,000,000 to buy or build a plant whereas
the City commission allows the present
company only $280,000 a year profit or
only seven per cent on $4,000,000. In
addition the city receives $120,000 annu-
ally in taxes from the company.
Automatic Control Installed
Following the recent completion of its
carburetted water gas apparatus, the
Springfield (Mass.) Gas Light Co. has
given the order to The U. G. I. Contract-
ing Co. of Philadelphia to install the U.
G. I. Automatic Control on this appa-
ratus.
Gas Consumers Are Urged
to Donate
Little Rock, Ark. gas consumers are
urged to contribute the equivalent of one
month's gas bill . to the fund for con-
ducting the fight against rate increases,
and are informed in a statement made
yesterday by E. B. Bloom, secretary of
the consumer's asodation, that no can-
vass of the dty will be made for the
funds.
Adds Water Gas Set
In keeping with the expansion of its
business the Atlantic City (N. J.) Ga»
Company is installing additional car-
buretted water gas equipment at its plant
The contract was awarded to The U. G. I.
Contracting Co. of Philadelphia, and the
new set will give the plant 3,500,000 en.
ft additional daily manufacturing ca-
pacity.
Texas Plant Sold
The Brenham Compress Oil & Mfg.
Co. now owns and operates the gas plant
in Brenham, Tex. D. C. Jennings is
president of the company, R. P. Thomp-
son, secretary and treasurer. The plant,
formerly operated by the Washington
Gas Co. was purchased by R. E. Penning-
ton, and sold by him to John T. Calla-
han of Houston, Tex., who resold it to
the Pennington Gas Co., who have lately
sold it to the Brenham Compress Oil k
Mfg. Co.
Night Lamps for the Stores Being Placed
Bridgeton, N. J.— Now that the police
department is furnishing a patrolman to
look after the store prope^ in the down
town district, the merchants are gener-
ally responding to the request of the
police to place a night lamp in their stores
which gives opportunity to have a view
of the interior. The Bridgeton Gas
Light Company has a large number of
orders for these lamps, several bong
placed yesterday.
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March 10, 1921
THB OA8 AGB
217
Water Heater Installations
Gas Engineers Discuss Sales, Installation,
Customers' Instructions, Maintenance and
Selling Facts of Water Heater Business
J. C. D. CLARK and FRED K WELLS*
YOUR Committee appointed to in-
vestigate and report on the feasi-
bility of the Standardization of Con-
nections for Water Heaters begs leave
to report as follows:
The Gas Water Heater is one of the
most important of gas appliances and its
use for domestic and industrial purposes
is rapidly becoming general in all cases
where convenience is considered as akin
to efficiency.
For some time the need of instructions
regarding method of installation has
been felt Owing to the diversity of
conditions to be met in di£Ferent sections
of New England it is quite impossible
to form a complete standard specification
to control in all sections. Gas pressures
vary, water pressures vary, house tapping,
both gas and water vary; flue conditions
vary, both as to building construction and
practice and also because of surround-
ings; buildings and insurance laws and
rules vary, and each case requires special
treatment.
However, the Committee sets forth
herein several essential features that have
to do with the sale, iconnectioa and
operation of water heaters which apply
generally, and may be considered wi^out
confliction with local or general restric-
tions.
The Sale
The first step is the purchase by the
customer of a water heater which he
may have in mind using to heat all the
water he uses, or just to help some other
water-heating device that he is at that
time using.
If the heater is purchased at the office,
before finally deciding on the size and
type, a pratical man should be sent to
the job to advise with the customer as
to the heater best suited to do his work,
and every e£Fort should be made to place
a heater of proper size to do all the
water-heating required for the premises,
and should a water-heater using other
fuel be found on the premises it should
be displaced.
Gas water heaters ought not to be sold
to bie cross-connected with any other
water-heating device. No other water-
heating device should be connected up
<WritUn for the 51tt Annual Meeting, of the New
Rnthind AModatioo of Gm Bncineers. February 1921
to a gas-fired water-heating system.
Our customers use gas water-heaters
more liberally during the summer
time. In the winter season when
the inital temperature of the incoming
water is 30 or 40 degrees lower than it
is in the summer time there is a consider-
able increase in expense, and it has been
found that by installing an additional
water tank the incoming water may be
warmed to room temperature and the
water drawn from this tank to a tank
water-heater, or to an automatic water-
heater as the case may be.
In cases where automatic instantaneous
water-heaters are installed the tank that
is found on the premises may be utilized
by connecting the cold water inlet
of the heater and hot water outlet
of the tank. In cases of automatic
storage systems which consist of a tank
and water-heater connected together they
may be connected to existing tank in the
same manner.
Some people still have a mistaken idea
that a coil in the coal fire box furnishes
hot water to boiler without extra expense
when coal fire is burning. The water
front is always consuming, when the fire
is burning, about one-fifth of all fuel
supplied to fire-box in its e£Fort to keep
the water hot in the tank. Whether need-
ed or not this cannot be prevented and
interferes very noticeably with the oper-
ation of the coal range for cooking and
especially baking. Practical engineers
who have given years of study to this
problem are authority for the statement
that one-fifth of the coal shoveled into
stove or furnace, with water coil, is used
for heating the water. Every pound of
coal has a certain capacity for developing
heat Naturally every unit going into
the water supply must be subtracted from
the heating capacity of the appliance.
It is believed that if a persistent effort
is put forth by gas companies to sell the
proper heater and install it so the tem-
perature of the water to be heated is as
near even all the year around as possible,
that we may obtain all of the customer's
water-heating business and displace
equipment that is using other fuel.
Tnitallatlon
The mecham'c who calls to measure for
installing a water heater should be
thoroughly familiar with all heaters sold
by his company. He should .make a
careful survey of all existing connections
and ascertain as nearly as possible, the
amount of hot water needed, making
notes of same, so that although he meas-
ures for the particular heater he was in-
structed to, he will have data when he
reports back to office to show heater
company who should recommend proper
method of installing.
When installation of a gas water-heat-
er is made there are four general
considerations to be observed: (1) De-
termine that the location is suitable for
the work intended; (2) make tight and
strong gas and water connections ; (3)
adequately protect combustible material
by proper spacing or insulation; (4) pro-
vide for proper disposal of the products
of combustion.
It would seem that these four things
are almost too obvious even for mention,
but persistent violations of good practice
in these particulars make it evident that
further emphasis on them is needed.
In order that a location be suitable for
the appliance it is necessary that the
convenient operation of the device be
insured. When awkward or difficult ope-
rations are necessary the likelihood of
accident is thereby greatly increased.
The need of tight gas and water con^
nections is obvious. To insure them it
is only necessary to place the appliance
on a secure fotmdation with pipe con-
nections properly made without strains.
A gas connection amply large enough
to supply the heater should be run and
after tiie connection is nutde the heater
and all appliances on the line should be
lighted at one and the same time, and if
a pressure drop of over 5/10 is apparent,
the piping, or meter, or both, should be
enlarged to avoid this drop. If an auto-
matic water heater is installed the gas
line should run direct from meter.
Water connections should be run the
same size as the opening in the water
heater. When brass pipe is used it may
be bent to make connection. In this way
the use of ells may be avoided.
Gas appliances are in general much
more easily installed properly to safe-
guard wood fioors, combustible walls, and
other parts, of the h.ouse or its fumish-
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218
THE GAS AGS
March 10, 1921
ings than are coal or wood-burning
stoves, and this has led to a carelessness
with gas appliances that is often serious.
It should be remembered that the prod-
ucts from burning gas, although ordinari-
ly cooled down to safe temperatures in the
appliance, are sometimes very hot. For
this reason the practice of ending a flue
connection in a closet or attic or running
it through wood walls or partitions, with-
out the use of a spacing sleeve should
not be permitted. To end a flue within
the house might in some cases cause an
accumulaticm of unburned gas which
could subsequently be ignited. The dan-
ger of contact of a heated flue pipe with
combustible materials is obvious. For
the same reason the hanging of clothes
or cloths on flue pipes to dry is not safe.
It is desirable to connect gas appli-
ances into an independent chimney.
Where this is not practicable a new
opening should be put in the chimney for
the gas appliance flue; this opening
should be above all other openings in the
chimney within the room. Flue pipe from
appliances should be of the same size as
the opening provided on the appliances
and should be as short and direct as
possible, joined together so any conden-
sation may travel down the inside of
the pipe, free from unnecessary bends and
obstructions, and provided with an air
gap, or down-draft hood, so no direct
pull is put on the appliance and to avoid
back draft troubles. No dampers to be
used. Giimneys should be examined to
see that they are clear and have a proper
draft, and that the chimney is not being
used to ventilate rooms above or below
our connections. If the chimney has a
continuous down-draft flue, connections
should not be made until it has been
remedied.
When installation is completed fitter
should light heater, adjust carefully and
make sure it is functioning properly be-
fore he leaves. There are also several
details such as seeing that cold water
tube in boiler is in place and in proper
condition, that expansion pipe on open
system of plumbing is clear and does
not extend into water in supply tank, that
all pipe dope should be used sparingly
and applied to male threads, not female,
etc. We will not cover here, but shop
superintendent should check these points
occasionally to be sure they are being
observed.
Inttmetioiia to Cvatomera
Very careful instructions should be
given by fitter when work is completed
regarding operation of heater. These
should be given to as many persons in
house as possible who will use, and not
confined to one person only. He should
explain j«sl what heater is supposed to
do and the results to be expected. Also,
when atitomatic instantaneous type is
used, thait supply is limited to capacity
of heater installed, and may all be drawn
from one or two faucets or divided be-
tween several, as the case may be. Com-
mon happenings, such as condensation,
change in temperature of water supply,
etc., should also be explained. While
these points seem trivial to many with
experience, it must be remembered that
a large percentage of people who use
these appliances have no knowledge of
such matters.
Maintenance
Periodical inspections should be made
by gas company to see that heaters are
working properly. Any necessary ad-
justments and cleaning of burners and
heating surfaces should be done without
charge. If it it evident that heater has
been misused it should be brought to
customer's attention so difliculty may be
corrected.
Outside Selling Agents
If co-operation of merchants, plumbers
and gas fitters is desirable, employ them
to do such selling and connecting work
as they are capable of doing. This might
increase the cost a little, but maybe
their co-operation would be worth the
additional expense. There is very little
difference between paying an outside fit-
ter or buying material and labor for our
own shop.
The gas company should exercise as
complete control over all installations as
possible. It is not a question of running
an appliance business, but one of keeping
control of the service that is involved.
It is not conducive to good service to
put the installation without supervision
into hands of tradespeople who are in-
terested only in getting their bills paid,
leaving the consumer alone with his
trot^les. When anything goes wrong
the gas company is blamed invariably
and that places the responsibility by
popular judgment, whether justly so or
not, with the company. If the people
hold the company responsible, certainly
the latter should put itself in a position
to enable it to make good.
In ConclntioA
Standardized methods must not be con-
fused' with standard practice. Standard
practice very often proves a stumbling-
block, which retards progress, and con-
sists of doing things a certain way be-
cause it has always been done that way.
If a better way is found to do a thing,
which wilt result in efficiency, it should
be adopted even though it is strictly
against any standard practice then known.
When something new is discovered in
gas manufacture it is not long before
all companies fall in line and adopt it
The same thing can and should be done
in the fitting shop and would be if a
little more attention were paid to this
important part of the gas business. By
the adoption of standardized methods,
uniform practice is obtained which con-
sists of the one best and most efficient
way of doing fitting shop work, but which
if subject to changes as newer and better
methods are discovered. However, the
best existing practice should always be
the standard practice adopted by all com-
panies. This can only be accomplished
by co-operation among the various com-
panies and the promulgation of any new
and efficient methods discovered by any
of them. No forms or methods, however,
should ever be adopted until by trial, it
has proven superior to that which it is
to succeed.
As the Bureau of Standards of the
United States Government, the American
Gas Association, and several other Na-
tional Associations co-operating, are now
working on a National Safety Code cov-
ering all phases of the gas business, in-
cluding water heaters, we recommend
that a questionnaire be sent to each gas
company in New England asking for
detailed information regarding local con-
ditions as to water supply, and their
practice in connecting water heaters, etc.
From this data, in connection widi the
National Safety Code, a standardized
method of connecting water heaters may
be issued which will be workable in the
cities and towns throughout New Eng-
land.
We also recommend that a permanent
committee be appointed to whom any re-
quests for advice or information regard-
ing this subject may be referred.
Commercial Gas Managers Elect Officers
The fifth annual meeting of the New
England Association of Commercial Gas
Managers was held at the Copley Plaza
Hotel, Boston, Mass., on Feb. 15th.
The following officers were elected for
the coming year: J. H. Sumner, com-
mercial manager of the Cambridge Gas
Co., Cambridge, Mass., president ; Charles
S. Hilton, commercial manager of the
Pawtucket Gas Co., Pawtucket, R. L,
vice-president; Sanford E. Gillette, sup-
erintendent Danvers Gas department,
Danvers, Mass., secretary and treasurer.
This association is made up of the
commercial gas managers of New Eng-
land who hold monthly meetings ex-
cepting during the mid-summer months
of the year.
Price Reduction of 10%
The Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co., an-
nounce that an approximate 10 per cent
reduction of all controller prices has been
effected as of February 14th by a change
in discounts.
All orders received bearing date after
February 14 will be shipped at the
reduced price. All orders now in the
house will be shipped at price in ^^t at
time of receipt and will not be subject to
cancellation.
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March 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
219
Natural Gas News
Adequate Rate to Increase
Economical Use of
Natural Gas
The East Ohio Gas Co. has refused to
-accept a new natural gas franchise offer-
ed to it by the city, as a continuance of
the one that expired Feb. 6. The city's
-offer calls for the same rate as now pre-
vafls— 37 cents per 1,000 cubic feet, less a
-discount of 2 cents per 1,000 cubic feet,
•or a net rate of 35 cents. The gas com-
pany declares it cannot serve the city at
this rate. It demands a graduated rate
scale running from 55 cents per 1,000
feet for the first 5.000 cubic feet to $1.05
l>er 1,000 cubic feet for all over 20,000
cubic feet. A discount of 5 cents per
1,000 cubic feet is offered by the company,
in blocks of 5,000 cubic feet, the dis-
count applying only as the 5,000, 10,-
*000» 15,000 mark was passed. It also
demands either a minimum charge oi
:$1.50 a month, or a flat charge of 75
cents for service, plus the charge for
the amount of gas used.
Both the city and the gas company de-
clare they have gone as far as they will
in trying to effect a compromise, and a
-deadlock has resulted. In a statement,
the gas company says that the new sched-
ule will discourage the wasteful use of
:gas.
"The average Qeveland consumer used,
during the month of December, 52 per
cent more gas than the consumers of
•other communities where higher prices
prevail," declares the company's state-
ment. "Kansas City, Mo., saved 62 per
-cent by raising the rate to 80 cents per
1,000 cubic feet The result was that
the people had satisfactory service.
"The saving will enable the company to
distribute the gas to be taken from the
large consumer to the 16,000 homes that
are now without gas service of any
land.
"It will insure good service cooking
of wells producing small quantities of
gas, that under present conditions must
"be abandoned on account of yielding no
profit to their owners.
"It will insure good service cooking
and other small domestic uses to all con-
'Stuners.
"The effect of this sliding scale up-
wards is not an experiment It is now
in use in about 100 cities and towns in
the state of Ohio and has resulted in
the saving of brge quantities of gas.
The company does not claim that this
Tate will produce more gas; it will mean,
-a better diistribution of the available
-supply and better service.
"If service is to be rendered, it will
be necesary for this company to pay at
least as high a rate per 1,000 cubic feet
of gas as any other company pays. Oth-
er companies and communities are bid-
ding for the gas remaining in the fields.
'The cost of producing and distrib-
uting gas in Qeveland in 1916 was 21
cents, and in 1920 it had increased to
36 cents per 1,000 cubic feet.
"Our present contract with the Hope
Natural Gas Co. will expire on March 1,
1921. The Hope company has given us
statements showing that gas obtained
now in the West Virginia fields costs
$25,866 per million cubic feet, open flow
of wells, as against a cost of $2,787 per
million cubic feet, in 1910.
"Since 1916, the natural gas resources
available of Cleveland have decreased at
an average rate of 5 billion cubic feet
per year, and at the present rate of con-
sumption and considering present sources
of supply, will be reduced in 1923 to 19
billion cubic feet. In the past year Cleve-
land and its suburbs consumed 31 billion
cubic feet
"The sworn statement of the state ge-
ologists of Ohio and West Virginia, con-
firmed by the reports of the United
States bureau of mines, show that the
rapid depletion of the gas supply is gen-
eral throughout the West Virginia and
Ohio fields. There is no disputing the
authorities dted with reference to ac*
tual conditions. We can and are ready
to verify them to anyone questioning
their authenticity.''
WovM SMlore Commisaimi
Topeka, Kansas — Gov. Henry J. Allen
has sent a special message to both
branches of the Legislature asking that
the work of the Industrial Court be en-
tirely separated from the work of the
Public Utilities Commission. The Gov-
ernor pointed out that during the year of
the Industrial Court only 31 wage dis-
putes had been brought before it, while
more than 1200 cases involving rates and
service of various public utilities had
been presented. The time of the court
had been so taken up with utilities mat-
ters that it had been unable to give to
the industrial cases the attention the law
contemplated.
The Governor proposed to restore the
Public Utilities Conunissioa to its old
functions and give it enlarged powers.
The Brookfield (Mo.) Gas, Electric ft
Heating Co. has a new coal gas bench,
put in by the Russell Engineering Ca
of St Loaisw
After Natural Gas, What?
If natural gas is giving out, as gener-
ally believed, what is the fuel of the fu-
ture? Prof. D. J. Demorest, of the Ohio
State university, answers, artificial gas,
meaning by that a combination "coal-gas-
water-gas," 45,000 cubic feet of which
can be produced from a ton of coal. This
gas will have approximately one third of
the heating value of natural gas, can be
produced at a cost of 25 cents per 1000
cubic feet and delivered to the consumer
at about 50 cents.
The by-products of this gas making,
for each ton of coal, will be. Prof. Dem-
orest says: 120 pounds of valuable tar,
five pounds of anmionia and two or three
gallons of benzols. "These," he adds,
"are the bases for the following great in-
dustries: the agricultural fertilizer indus-
try, the drug industry, the dye industries
and the explosive industries, with a good
many associated industries." What a tre-
mendous growth in die chemical indus-
tries will be based upon the artificial gas
industry here in Ohio! Perhaps after all,
the waning of the natural gas will be a
boon and the chemical engineer win be
one of the chief beneficiaries.
Petition for Increased Gas Rates at Mew-
castle
Newcastle, Ind.— The hearing of the
petition of the Interstate Public Service
Company at Newcastle attracted a large
crowd of local gas users. The company
set forth its petition for an increase in
rates from the present price of forty cents
a thousand cubic feet to sixty-five cents
a thousand up to 6,000 feet, above which
they asked for a rate of $1.50 a thousand
cubic feet.
The gas company stated that the higher
minimum is requested in order that they
may pay the Logan Natural Gas company
a flat rate of thirty-five cents a thousand
cubic feet and that the ascending scale
was desired in order to cut down usage
of gas and thus result in conservation.
Service Charge In K. C. K. to be Deter-
mined.
The Kansas industrial court held a
hearing March 1 to determine whether
the court shall allow the Wyandotte
County Gas Company and other dis-
tributing companies in the state to con-
tinue charging the meter, or service,
charge of 50 cents to each consumer, was
received by Mayor Harry A, Mendenhall
of Kansas City, Kas.
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THE GAS AGE
March 10, 1921
Mayor Blames City **Ga8
Hogs" for Shortage
Elmira, N. Y. — Following complaints
that Elmira's g«s supply is not what it
should be» despite the fact that an in-
creased rate is being paid by consumers,
Mayor George W. Peck recently ap-
pealed to the people of Elmira using
gas to be fair in the matter of con-
sumption. According to Mayor Peck, too
many people are using an excessive
amount of gas and this takes the supply
from the consumer who is trying to con-
serve.
The E. W., L. & R.R. Company has
furnished the city with a long list of
names of consumers who are using more
gas than they should.
Mayor Peck points out that Elmira last
month received 500,000 feet more of gas
than was received during December a
year ago. And despite this fact com-
plaints are being received that the gas
supply is inadequate.
Mayor Peck said his list shows that
many homes are using more than 40,000
cubic feet of gas. This is wrong. Be-
tween 6,000 and 8,000 cubic feet is a fair
amount to use under normal conditions
and in extreme cases 10,000 feet could be
used. However, when it comes to con-
suming more than 40,000 cubic feet of
gas a month, it isn't right.
The records at Mayor Peck's office
show that between 400 and 500 consumers
are using more that 9,000 cubic feet of
gas a month. Many are using gas in
furnaces and this is not allowed.
'We can't dictate in this matter," stated
Mayor Peck. "The only thing we can
do is to appeal to the people. If every
consumer would do his part there would
be a sufficient supply of gas for all."
Gas Rates to Increase Springfield, O.
Gas rates in Xenia will be increased
from forty cents to forty-five cents net
per thousand feet, if the Public Utilities
Commission approves a new rate sched-
ule, according to announcement of J.
T. Curry, assistant general manager of
the Ohio Fuel Supply Company, who
came to Xenia recently and conferred
with the members of the city commission.
Although the probable increase of rates
has been expected because of the scarcity
of gas and the alarm given out last fall
that the gas supply might give out
in extreme cold weather the first real
news of an increased rate was brought
to Xenia by Mr. Curry. The new sched-
ule for Xenia and nine other cities will
be presented to the Public Utilities Com-
mission within the next two weeks.
American Gas Calls Notes
The American Gas and. Electric Com-
pany has called its outstanding 6 per
cent notes, series 1921 and 1924, payable
on April 29, at the Irving National Bank.
Illinois Chamber of Commerce Favors
Commission
Chicago, Feb. 20 — ^In the referendum
conducted by the Illinois Chamber of
Commerce on state regulation of public
utilities, 22,864 votes were cast, of which
21,825 favored state regulation of the
utilities.
The resolutions upon which the favor-
able vote was recorded were that :
"Public utilities should be regulated in
an equitable manner, fair and just alike
to the companies and customers.
"Electric, gas, transportation and tele-
phone companies, having largely out-
grown local boundaries, should be regu-
lated by a commission maintained by the
state and equipped with expert technical
advisers, rather than by local bodies of
non-experts giving only part of their time
to this work.
"Utilities located entirely within one
local jurisdiction should nevertheless be
regulated by a state conmiission rather
than by a local body.
"Appointments to the state utilities
commission should be made by the gov-
ernor under some system that will in-
sure a non-political unbiased and strictly
business-like administration of the a£Fairs
of the conmiission."
Rate Increased, Gas Supply Decreasing
Akron, O.— The East Ohio Gas Co.,
was authorized to increase the gas rate
in Kenmorc 5 cents to 45 cents per
thousand effective Feb. 1.
L. B. Terry, manager of the gas com-
pany, intimated yesterday that the gas
supply in Kenmore may be cut o£F next
year. A rapidly dwindling supply of nat-
ural gas is given as the cause. He ad-
mitted that the present gas supply is
inadequate on cold days and declared that
the diminishing supply of gas is the cause.
Natural Gas Depletion to
Benefit Coal
Pittsburgh, Pa.— Decrease of the supply
of natural gas is to result in benefit for
the coal mining industry of Pennsylvania,
and the prices of coal are to be consider-
ably lower than during recent years, when
they went to unprecedented heights, ac-
cording to Chief of Mines Seward E.
Button in his annual report to the gover-
nor covering the work of his department
in 1920. The chief declares that the time
has come to modernize the soft coal code,
enacted in 1911, and that arrangements
have been made to secure information
as to the safest methods of operating
electrical machinery and storage battery
locomotives. Mr. Button expresses the
belief that anthracite cdal will never be
cheap owing to the great demand for it.
Supreme Court Denies Gas
Rate Increases
Oklahoma City, Feb. 28— The sUte su-
preme court granted application of Okla-
homa City, Muskogee, Guthrie, Enid,
Shawnee, Wellston, Chandler and El
Reno for a writ of prohibition to prevent
the corporation commission from enforc-
ing an order granting the Oklahoma Nat-
ural Gas company increased rates in
those cities e£Fective January 1, 1921.
Proceeds from the increase were to be
placed by the company in a fund to be
used only for extension of pipe lines and
betterment of service as the corporation,
commission might direct The court held
that the commission was without author-
ity to establish such a fund.
Corporation Commission Can
Change Contract Rates
Oklahoma City — ^The corporation com-
mission has a right to control and su-
pervise rates and contracts entered int(^
between two utilities or public service
corporations where such rates are '^in-
conscionably oppressive and impair obli-
gation of the public service corporations-
in their discharge of their duty to the
public." This was the holding of the state
supreme court in denying the application^
of the Oklahoma Gas and Electric com-
pany for a writ to prohibit the Oklahoma
Natural Gas company from establishing-
a city gate rate to replace the present
contract with the Oklahoma Gas and
Electric company which provides that the
latter shall pay two-thirds of its gross-
receipts to the Oklahoma Natural for
the gas received from the pipe line com-
pany.
Town Near Gas Wells Must
Go Gasless
With gas wells within three miles of
them furnishing heat and illumination to
people 25 miles away, residents of Hall-
ville, Mercer county, must go gasless,.
according to a decision made recently by-
Public Service Commissioner J. W. Read,,
of Pennsylvania. When the Union Light
and Heat Company applied for permis-
sion to abandon its lines in Hallville,.
and also in Forestville and Harrisville,
Butler county, the Public Service Com-
mission asked the Manufacturers' Light
and Supply Company to provide for the
three townships. This was agreed to by
the gas company, but through misunder-
standing Hallville was left out of the new
agreement. Recently gas wells were
drilled near Hallville by the Manufac-
turers* Light and Supply Company and
they are furnishing gas within a radios
of 25 miles. Conmdissioner Read an-
nounced that the Public Service Com-
mission is not empowered to force die
company to supply Hallville residents,
as no charter has been graqted.
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March 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
221
Pittsburgh Gas Men Interest-
ed in Massachusetts Case
Members of the Natural Gas Associ-
ation of America, particularly those in
the Pittsburgh district, are vitally inter-
ested in the^ report of the Department of
Public Utilities of the State of Massa-
chusetts to the State Legislature on the
expediency of a service charge by gas
and electric companies, in which it gives
the definition of service charges as fol-
lows:
''The term 'service charge' has no defi-
nite technical meaning. It is frequently
used, however, to distinguish a rate or
charge which is not dependent upon or
related to the amount of gas or elec-
tricity used by a customer during a given
period from a rate or charge for each
tmit of gas or electricity so used meas-
ured by a meter. Its employment has
resulted from the attempt to recognize
in rates certain factors in the expense of
supplying service to customers which are
not proportional to the niunber of units
supplied to eadi. Two such factors are
so distinctive as to be commonly ac-
knowledged as proper bases far rate
structures. They are often spoken of ais
'customers' and 'demand' costs, and as
often indiscriminately as 'standby' 'readi-
ness to serve,' or 'service' costs, and
charges in the rates based upon such
costs have been given like names. The
Commission has, therefore, assumed that
the Legislature in its resolve intended to
use the term 'service charge' not in any
restrictive or technical sense, but rather
as describing all charges or rates made
by gas or electric companies to their
customers which are independent of and
not directly affected by the amount of
gas or electricity actually used."
The report of the Commission goes
thoroughly into the necessity or expedi-
ency of service charges, winding up this
part of their report by saying:
''The proposition of a service charge
in gas rates is by no means novel.
It is a theory of rate-making long since
adopted and applied in rates in other
parts of the country. In the neighboring
state of New Hampshire a question over
a proper minimum charge for gas gave
rise, seven or eight years ago, to a pains-
taking study of the matter by the Public
Service Conunission, and experience and
farther study has led that Commission to
introduce and require in rates for gas a
service as distinguished from a minimum
charge, in addition to a rate per thousand
cubic feet consumed. A similar policy
has been followed by others of the im-
portant commissions of the country, and
in some instances charges in gas ra^es
based not merely on distinctively custo-
mer costs but on respective 'demands' of
the ruiitomers have also been introduced.
This last factor, however, has been more
commonly employed in the making of
electric rates."
The Commission ends its report with
the following conclusions or recommenda-
tions: The problem of just and reason-
able rates which are fair to all and are
not unjustly discriminatory or preferen-
tial is not one of abstract but rather of
applied theory. Its solution may not
necessarily be the same for every com-
pany or for any one company at all
times. The business of making and of
distributing gas and electricity is still in
the development stage, and especially in
electricity every year brings some addi-
tion to the variety and usefulness of its
application. If it be assumed that the
only just and reasonable rate is a uni-
form price or rate for each and every
cubic foot of gas or kilowatt hour of
electricity supplied a customer regard-
less of every other consideration, obvi-
ously there is no justification for a ser-
vice charge. But this is not the conclu-
sion of those who have studied and in-
vestigated the subject most thoroughly,
not in the interest of the companies but
rather of their customers. While the
Department is by no means of the opin-
ion that service charges should be indis-
criminately adopted, yet it is convinced
that such a charge may not only be
justified under some circumstances but
perhaps be the only practicable means
of adjusting fairly the relative payments
which customers should make for the ser-
vices respectively rendered them.
"But a more important consideration
which has impressed the Department in
the course of its inquiry is the inconsist-
ency of those particular limitations upon
its otherwise unrestricted authority over
gas and electric rates. The Legislature
has the undoubted right to limit the De-
partment's authority with respect to rates
to any extent which it may deem advis-
able. But a divided responsibility is
rarely in the public interest, and so long
as the legislative policy is to delegate
practically the whole field of rates to the
Department, it hardly seems necesary or
expedient to restrict its authority in this
one particular. Nor is it probable, in
the light of available experience and
knowledge, that such a limitation wotdd
be imposed now were the issue the
enactment for the first time of these
provisions of the statute.
"The Department therefore recom-
mends that these restrictions be removed
and that the law authorizing it, upon
complaint, to reduce the price of gas or
electricity be amended so that it may
modify or annul any service or similar
charge adopted by a gas or electric com-
pany on its own initiative. A bill em-
bodying this recommendation is at-
tached."
Manufacturers^ Light and
Heat Manager a Versa-
tile Chap
Pittsburgh, Pa. — ^You have to hand it
to Harry A. Quay, general manager of
the Manufacturers' Light and Heat Com-
pany, as an all-round business man and
citizen interested in civic affairs of his
city and community. A few dasrs ago
he staged a monster party, which he said
was in celebration of his birthday but
in reality was to honor the 600 or so
world war veterans of the borough of
Avalon, where Mr. Quay makes his home.
He is also a member of the borough vol-
unteer fire, department and quite popular
with the officials of the hustling little
suburb. Consequently it was no trouble
at all for him to conscript the borough
hall to stage the celebration. Among
his guests, outside of the soldier boys,
were members of the Pittsburgh City
Council, judges of the Allegheny County
bar, and members of the Natural Gas
Association of America.
Natural Gat Rate Increased
The Staimton Gas Company which dis-
tributes natural gas to the city of Staun-
ton, Illinois, has received an increase
from $.40 net for the first 10,000 cu. ft.
to $.65 net for the first 10,000 cu. ft.
Petitions for Re-hearing Denied
The petition for a re-hearing, asking
for an additional increase in gas rates
filed by the North Shore Gas Company,
operating in Waukegan, Illinois, and vi-
cinity, in which the right to charge $1.60
per 1,000 cu. ft, was denied by the Com-
mission. The petition by the Central
Illinois Light Company for increased
rates in Pekin, Illinois, were permanently
suspended on the finding that the service
furnished by the company did not meet
the requirements.
PubUc Utmties Courie at Yale
New Haven, Conn.— A course dealing
with the regulation of public utilities, to
be conducted by members of the bar
whose actual work gives them first hand
knowledge of the problems involved, is to
be added to the Yale School of Law, it is
announced. The first lecturer will be
Nathaniel T. Guernsey, head of the law
department of the American Telephone
& Telegraph Company of New York.
The value of the U. G. I. Automatic
Control continues to be appreciated by
gas managers as is evidenced by the
orders being received by the U. G. I.
Contracting Co. of Philadelphia. That
Company reports having lately received
orders for these Automatic Controls from
Haverhill, Mass., South Bend, Indiana,,
and Chicago, 111. (2).
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222
THE 0A8 AOB
March 10, 1921
Injunctioii Restrains Gas G>.
from Shutting OS Gas
Cleveland, O. — ^Mandatory injunctions
demanded by Cleveland and the saburbs
of East Cleveland, Lakewood and West
Park to prevent the East Ohio Gas Co.
from carrying through its threat to cut
off all gas service at midnight Sunday,
Feb. 6, were granted by Judge George P.
Baer in common pleas court three days
before the date set by the gas company
for the suspension of service.
The company's announced intention of
cutting off the gas service was an ulti-
matum in answer to the city administra-
tion's demand for a contract covering the
next 10 years at the rate now prevailing,
3S cents a thousand feet net for all nat-
ural gas.
The injunctions call for continuance
of service at present rates until further
notice from the court, and for service
under all the regulatory terms of the new
ordinances in Qeveland and the suburbs
which the East Ohio company rejected.
That the East Ohio will move swiftly
to bring about an authoritative decision
on whether it has the right to withdraw
service permanently and that it will com-
bat enforcement of the new ordinances
even for a short time was indicated by
the arguments of its attorneys at the
hearing on the injunction.
Thomas H. Hogsett, of the law firm of
Tolles, Hogsett, Ginn & Morley, told the
court at the hearing that the East Ohio
did not desire to cut off service on Feb.
^, but that some drastic action had be-
come necessary to protect the company's
rights against assault. The paramount
issue from the view point of the East
Ohio Gas Co., Mn Hogsett declared, was
whether the company had the right to
withdraw service and reclaim its prop-
-erty here, and on this issue, he indi-
cated, ^e later legal battles would be
fought. He charged that the city at-
torneys were seeking a pre-ad judication
of the real issue. This assertion drew a
rebuke from Judge Baer.
A time for a hearing on the question
of whether the injunction shall be made
t>ermanent will be set following the com-
pany's motion to dissolve the order. Such
a motion is expected to be filed by the
East Ohio Gas Co. almost momentarily.
The attorneys for Geveland and the
suburbs moved simultaneously in the in-
junction proceedings, according to a pre-
arranged plan, their pleas being almost
identical. Each petition recited a de-
tailed history of the gas controversy here.
The Cleveland petition, in addition to
covering the natural gas situation fully,
stipulated specifically that no effort
should be made to interfere in any way
with artifical gas service.
In addition to Law Director William
B. Woods, the city of Geveland had
present Franchise Commissioner John D.
Marshall and Assistant Law Director
Alfred Clum.
Lakewood was represented by Law
Director Robert G. Curren, East Qeve-
land by City Solicitor E. A, Binyon and
West Park by Village Solicitor J. H.
Wenneman.
In presenting the East Ohio Gas Co's
argument, Mr. Hogsett called attention
to the company's suggestion to Mayor
William S. Fitzgeraki, of Cleveland, in
his recent open letter that service might
be continued throughout the cold months
by mutual agreement if the company's
rights to withdraw ultimately were not
prejudiced.
''The company does not want to turn
off the gas," said Mr. Hogsett, "particu-
larly at this time of year, but something
must be done to protect the company
against the assault which is being made
by these gentlemen through their ordi-
ances.
"In other words, if, without prejudic-
ing our legal right now, you agree that
they shall not interfere with our rights,
and you want this service continued
through the winter months, we are per-
fectly willing to do that. That is the
thing that should be done.
"They are asking this court, however,
by mandatory order to direct the company
to conform to the terms and conditions of
those ordinances, which the company says
are impossible of performance.
"Those are things that are ultimately
to be decided in the case. They are ask-
ing this court in advance to prejudge
the situation and issue a mandatory order
that we conform to the provisions of
those ordinances.
"It isn't a question of rate that is in-
volved, but other conditions in these or-
dinances."
Natural Gas Conservation in
Louisiana
Washington, D. C — The Bureau of
Mines has announced that at the request
of Governor Parloer of Louisiana, it is
preparing to conduct an investigation re-
garding methods for the conservation of
natural gas in that state. The investiga-
tion will be made by R. A. Cattell, petro-
leum engineer, under the general direc-
tion of H. W. Bell, engineer in charge
of the field office of the bureau at Dal-
las, Texas. The expense of the inves-
tigation will be borne by the state of
Louisiana.
Ofl ProductioB
The output of petroleum in the United
States, for the year 1920 aggregated 443,-
402,000 barrels, valued at $1,360,000,000
against 377,719 barrels in the preceding
year, worth $775,000^000. The total num-
ber of producing wells is now 258,600 in
fifteen states.
Gas Legislation Problems in
Ohio
Pittsburgh, Pa.— Secretary William B.
Way, of the Natural Gas Association of
America, after reading the rtport oi the
Ohio Gas and Oil liien's Assodatioii,
made a condensed report on certain bills
that are up in the BudcQre state legisla-
ture and senate that are of interest to
gas men everywhere, and speaks of four
in particular as follows:
Senate bill No. 55, introduced by Gif-
ford, of Lucas County, seeks to estab-
lish gas districts outside the limits of a
mun^pal corporation, the same as water
companies, and plaec them under the
supervision of an engineer and the county
conunissioocrs;
Senate biU No. 29, by Miller— Public
hearings are being held, and Mr. Freeman
T. Eagleson presented the arguments why
the bill should not apply to gas companies,
the principle one being that gas com-
panies are public utilities and are now
paying ^ per cent upon their gross in-
come, and that they should not be re-
quired to pay in addition an extra 1 per
cent upon their production. Gas oompa-
Bies in this bill are the only utilities on
which it is sought to place a production
tax.
Senate Joint Resolution No. 68 — Ben-
der of Cuyahoga— This is a resolution
introduced providing for die appointment
of three senators and three house mem-
bers to investigate the production and
distribution of natural gas throughout
the state. The resolution states that
there is reported to be a shortage in the
supply of natural gas by corporations and
persons having control of the supply and
distribution, and that, as a result of lax-
ity and control by certain large corpo-
rations, a large percentage of natural gas
has been wasted. The resolution abo
states that it has been alleged that great
profits have been made at the expense of
conservation in the public interest It
is proposed that the probers pay special
attention to production, distribution, cost,
selfing price and waste, and any odier
matters in connection therewith which the
committee deems of public interest. The
attorney general or his as^stants may
act as council for the committee at its
request to aid in the conduct of the probe.
Such committee shall have full power
to summon witnesses and compel their
attendance, to administer oaths relative
to their testimony, to compel the produc-
tion of whatever books, records, docu-
ments and papers as may be necessary
for complete investigatioa of the sub-
ject matter.
(House BiU No. 64-By Ramey— A bill
advocated by sportsmen to protect the
fish streams against the pollution of the
streams by drilling operators for oil and
gas, etc
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March 10, 1921
THE 0A8 AGE
223
TarifiF Problems
Washington, D. C. — Although coal tar
products and dyestuffs are not listed in
the emergency tariff bill on which the
representatives of the two houses of
Congress are now conferring, they are
certain to be represented in any prelimi-
nary emergency measure which the sixty-
seventh Congress may consider while it
is trying to work out the details of a
genera] revision of the tariff.
As soon as the Senate had passed the
emergency measure, Chairman Fordncy
of the V^9ys and Means committee of the
House of Representatives, hurried to
Florida to discuss with President-elect
Harding, the advisability of trying to
pass some form of emergency tariff
legislation in the early weeks of the spe-
cial session, to bridge over the months
of tedious work which the two houses
have ahead of them in their promised
revision of the myriad schedules of the
tariff law.
The debates over the Longworth dye-
stuffs bill— which will die when the pres-
ent session ends — ^showed that both hous-
es realized the importance of legislation
which would protect this industry against
the resumption of full blast production
by the German coal tar producers. So
far, the fact that we are still technically
at war with Germany has served as an
emergency protection against its dye-
stuffs output, but the importations from
that country are growing steadily, and
as soon as the Harding administration
officially proclaims the end of the war,
it is likely that there will be a deluge of
imports from Germany.
It is this likelihood of growing imporU
in every line that is worrying the con-
gressional leaders, who know that the
passage of a general revision of the tar-
iff laws before some time late in the sum-
mer is impossible. More likely say com-
petent observers, the fight over the dif-
ferent schedules ¥dll tie up such a meas-
ure tmtil fall. In the meantime, the pros-
pect of the general increaase in tariff
duties would put an inordinate premium
upon importations, and it is to counter-
act this that the Republican leaders have
been discussing the advisability of some
kind of interim legislation. Originally it
was suggested that this purpose might
be served by the resurrection of the
Ding^ey or Aldrich-Payne schedtiles but
tfab program turned out to have a lot of
snags ahead of it Then came the propo-
sal to attempt to pass a bill which would
provide for general increases in exist-
ing rates, based if possible, on some
plan of executive determination of the
difference in the cost of production in
the United States and abroad.
Announcement of the Warren
Oil G>mpany
By A. S. MATTHEWS, President
"The Warren Oil Company of New
York, Inc. and its subsidiary companies,
the Buffalo Refining Company, and the
Jamestown Oil Company, beg to advise
that inasmuch as the Warren Oil Com-
pany of Fennsylvania has found it nec-
essary to ask for a receiver and accord-
ingly some question may have arisen in
the minds of some of the people with
whom we do business as to our own
financial position, due to the similarly
in name, etc., that the following are the
facts in this matter:
"The Warren Oil Company of New
York is not and never has been con-
trolled in any way by the Warren Oil
Company of Penns3rlvania. At the pres-
ent time our finances are absolutely on
their own basis and entirely independent
from any of the obligations of the War-
ren Oil Company of Pennsylvania. We
have recently funded all of our floating
indebtedness and are in a remarkably
strong position. No change i^atever in
our administration or selling or financial
policies has taken place or will. We have
very recently filed detailed information
on the above with both Dunn and Brad-
street, and request cooununication with
them by anyone interested."
The Dye Market
The leading firms of dyes and chem-
ical products in Germany, according to
the Stock Exchange Gazette, are making
detailed preparations to capture the Jap-
anese market. It is pointed out that the
anti-dumping legislation recently enacted
in England makes it the more necessary
for Germany to seek new markets.
Statistics of the Gas Industry
The A. G. A. is compiling a detailed
set of statistics of the gas industry from
confidential information sent to it by the
gas companies. This work is very im-
portant and eadi company is urged to
return the questionnaire as soon as pos-
sible.
Survey of G>ke Industry
Washington, March 4,— The United
States Geological Survey has completed
its preliminary returns of the 1920 pro-
duction of byproduct coke. These figtves
show a record breaking total for tiie
year of 50,908,000 net tons, an increase
of 5,764,000 net tons over the 1919 figures
and of 4,910,000 net tons over the 1918
output which had heretofore been the
high water mark of production.
More than 850 new ovens were put into
operation during 1920 and 580 additional
ovens are now under construction.
Adding these figures to the 1920 esti-
mate of beehive coke production of 20,-
980,000 tons makes a total of 51,888,000
tons of coke produced in 1920, although
this figure is still exclusive of the gas-
house coke.
The following table itemises the output
of byproduct coke for the last three
years, by states, in net tons— excluding
screenings and breese:
By-product Coke Output
State
1918
1919
1920
Alabama
2,6H451
2,230,933
3,075,000
Colorado
230,663
412,863
511300
niinots
2,285,610
1,703,903
2,086300
Indiana
3,898,215
3,702,180
4467300
Kentacky
517,749
408,278
466,000
Maryland
474,368
356,237
685,000
Massachusetts
556,397
393431
531,000
Midiigan
(*)
(•)
1,433,000
Minnesota
784.065
586,094
664,000
New Jersey
682,148
788.465
722,000
Mew York
1,069,587
751J067
1341.000
Ohio
5,226434
5474,027
5.497,000
Pennsylvania
4,586,981
5372.762
7,710,000
Tennessee
124,469
104^49
138300
Washington
30,129
26^
23,000
West Virginia
60333
392312
414.000
Michigan, (b) Missouri. Khode bbnd &
Wisconsin
2,293,021
2339.294
1.145300
ToUl 25,997,580 25,145,542 50»908,000
(a) Included in combined Slates.
(b) 1918 and 1919 only.
Wrought Iroa aad Steel
The Reading Iron Co., of Reading, Pa^
have issued a new bulletin No. 2 in which
is described the structural differences be-
tween wrought iron and steel, and their
relation to the field of welded pipe. This
is written to interest the layman as well
as the cogineen
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224
THE GAS AG:
March 10. 1921
Operating Kinks
Welded Steel Manifolds
A view taken in the shipping yard of
the Stcere Engineering Co., when load-
ing a rush shipment of welded manifolds
for use on the coke ovens of one of the
largest steel plants in the country.
The pictures tell their own story.
They claim the day of pipe fittings is
past for this class of work. Welding, if
properly done, is not only much better
but costs less.
Every piece here shown was tested
to 150 lbs. per square inch before leaving
the shop.
They have steel shops and machine
shops for handling work of any size and
any quantity.
No Leaks
A Lead Pipe Cinch— Why
Wipe a Joint?
J. H. SCHALEK, Manufacturers Light &
Heat Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.
Remember how, when you were young-
er, you watched the plumber wipe a joint
and you didn't understand why a plumber
had the nerve to request monetary re-
muneration for such a cinch as wiping
joints? Remember? And — when the
time came when it was necessary for you
to repair a break in the water pipe how
you made desperate efforts to invent new
swear words to ease your rage, when the
solder refused to stick? And — when aft-
er three more hours — surrounded by
words foreign to Sunday Schools — ^you
finally got it to stick, it suddenly melted
a two-by-four hole in the pipe? Do you
still remember? Simple as it appears to
the onlooker joint wiping demands a
high degree of manipulative skill which
is acquired only after much practice.
Gas men who have the occasional job
m whi :h two lead pipes must be connect-
ed or where a lead and iron pipe must
be joined may forget their past grim
struggles with wiped joints if they will
be guided by the accompanying sketch.
Best of all, no skill is required. The un-
ion should be just large enough to allow
the lead pipe to slip in readily. The
tongue of the half-tmion is filed or
ground off. The pipe is then inserted and
peined or hammered over the seat of the
half-union. The same operation is per-
formed with the other part of the union
and pipe. The hammered pipe has been
in service in my home for over a year and
holding tightly against a pressure of over
ninety pounds per square inch without de-
Good for AmmonU
veloping a leak.^ The sketch shows how
an iron and lead pipe may be joined
by this method.
This wrinkle is not only useful to those
companies that connect up their Westing-
house meters with lead pipe, but can also
be used for high pressure water connec-
tions.
Big Flywheel Repair
Repair work of every description comes
to the Newark welding shop of the Ox-
weld Acetylene Company from many re-
mote localities. Some of these, by rea-
son of their unusual or special character
are of particular interest to industry in
general. Among such may be noted the
broken half of a large flywheel that was
badly shattered in rim and web, shipped
to Oxweld by a firm in Richmond, Va.
The wheel is 18 ft. in diameter, the
spokes being S^''xS'' in cross section at
the rim, which is 25" wide by 2*' thick,
and the hub 1^^" long with a bore T
in diameter. The rim was broken apart
in one place and all of the three spokes
of the broken half wheel were sna^tped
off short at the rim.
A Quick Job
The illustration shows the job in its
completed form, the welded operations
being indicated by white chalk marks.
Preparation for welding and the actual
welding required 57^ hours. The cost
was a small part of what the Richmond
firm would have had to pay for a new
casting, and the saving in time was even
a greater economy.
The Cooling of Quenching Oil in the
Heat Treatment of Steel
The Griscom-Russell Company, 90
West Street, New York, has recently
published a 29 page illustrated booklet
entitled, The Cooling of Quenching Oil
in the Heat Treatment of Steel, by Ken-
neth B. Millett. This describes in a very
readable manner the necessity for heat
treatment, the various quenching medi-
ums and systems commonly used, the ad-
vantages of continuous circulation of the
medium and the excellent adaptability of
the Multiwhirl Cooler to the cooling of
quenching oil. Typical installations are
featured, showing the layout of the pip-
ing with recommendations for the proper
size and number of coolers to meet the
requirements.
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March 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
225
Gas Demonstration Week
An Interesting and Valuable Account
of a Successful Gas Range Campaign
By WILLIAM B. STODDARD
IF more of the old spirit of The Three
Musketeers "Each for All," could be
instilled into the hearts and brains of
the business men of this country all would
benefit far more than through the aver-
age cut-throat policy that prevails in
most localities between merchants of
•competitive lines. Of all the cities of the
country where co-operation does prevail
Los Angeles, Calif., is probably the best
example, and the various publicity stunts
pulled off have the whole-hearted back-
ing of every reputable merchant.
One of the best and most successful
-campaigns was that conducted last spring
l)y all the dealers and handlers of gas
ranges and gas appliances. The first week
in May was chosen as Gas Demonstration
Week, and it was played up strikingly
for several weeks in advance. Abundant
space was taken in the newspapers, and
owing to the liberality of gas advertising
the papers gave the Demonstration Week
the original outlay in the stove that burns
the fuel — but by the unerring results
which the law of mathematics works out.
Because gas is capable of being util-
ized more directly against the object to
be cooked its efficiency is double that of
oil, and nearly three times that of coal.
The efficacy of gas is set down as 40
per cent; that of oils, 20 per cent; and
that of coal, 15 per cent.
The children's interest was gained by
the issuance of a little booklet, adorned
with gay pictures, which contained the
rhymes of the Modern Mother Goose.
These read as follows :
THE MAIDEN
A little maiden all forlorn.
Who rose with the sun on a summer's
morn,
And wept as she thought of the bread
and cake
And pies and cookies she had to bake.
PeninsuUr Gat Range Display
plenty of free publicity in the reading
columns. In addition to this there were
many paid notices in the reading columns.
One of the best was a two column box
on the front page, reading:
GAS ECONOMY PROVED
Gas is proved to be the more economi-
cal fuel, not only by monthly bills, if all
fuel expenses are added ud. as well as
THE HOD
She filled the range with a hod of coal;
The heat was enough to try her soul ;
She labored till noon with an aching head.
Till she finished her baking of cake and
bread.
THE MAN
Then the man with a smile so bland,
Who came to the door with his hat in his
hand.
And told the maiden a tale so fair
That she ordered a Gas Range then and
there.
THE RANGE
Then the Gar Range that came next day
And turned all the drudgery into play.
That banished the coal and ashes and
heat,
And cooked things fit for a king to eat.
AGAIN THE MAIDEN
And the maiden forlorn has grown sweet
and fair
Since her life has been freed of its worry
and care,
And she blesses the man with the smile
so bland
Who came to the door with his hat in
his hand.
And told her a tale so true and so fair
That she ordered a Gas Range then and
there.
These books were kept in stock by
all handlers of gas supplies and given
out with every purchase, and hundreds
of them were mailed to the rural com-
munities and residents of small towns
near by. Each booklet had printed on
the inside of the cover:
GAS DEMONSTRATION WEEK
May 1-7 Los Angeles, Calif. May 1-7
Bring your parents to the firms men-
tioned below during the week of May 1,
and let them see how much easier it is
to cook with gas.
Another way in which these jingles
could be used to good advantage would
be to print one each day in the local pa-
pers, and advise the children that they
could secure books containing the pic-
tures illustrating the rhymes from any
of the gas appliance dealers. This would
not only insure a visit to the store (usual-
ly accompanied by an adult) but would
get the public into the habit of reading
the ads to see what jingle was coming
next. Various gas appliances could be
featured on the same page, and attention
called to the dates of Gas Demonstra-
tion Week.
Of course, the individual companies
advertised in whatever manner seemed
best to them, there being many demon-
strations of the gas appliances in the win-
dows and inside the stores. The Los An-
geles Gas Appliance Co. borrowed fur-
niture and wax models from one of the
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226
THE GAS AOB
March 10, 1921
department stores and arranged a sec-
tion of dining room, with table set for
dinner. Here were a father and two
children seated at a table, while a young
matron was coming towards it with a
roast in her hands. A screen shut off a
portion of the window, and on the other
side of the screen was a Jewel gas range.
A card down in front gave the pithy little
conversation :
Father: "Dearie, you are a jewel!
Mother: "Yes, daddy— but it's because
I have a Jewel Gas Range, the one
you bought me yesterday. It's a pleasure
to get dinner on such a range. I'm so
glad to get rid of that smoky and dirty
stove we've had so long."
Overhead was a large sign "Have You
a Jewel in Your Family?" Another card
close to the glass invited everyone to
come in and witness the cooking of vari-
ous appetizing viands on one of the gas
ranges.
Overells, Los Angeles, featured the
1921 type of range, stressing the materi-
als that go to make up the modern gas
range. At one side was an old gas stove,
covered with rust, and at the other one
of the newest makes. A card above the
old stove said: "Good-bye, Gas ranges
made of steel or charcoal iron that soon
rusts out and leaks, causing most of the
accidents and explosions." Another card
advised: "No Peninsular Gas Range will
rust out, because it is made of ampico
iron." Scattered about were smaller cards
calling attention to the various good
points of this particular gas range. The
firm purchased six car loads of gas ranges
for the big Gas Sale week, and through
intensive advertising disposed of a fine
lot of stoves.
A Romance From the South
Graphic Picture of
Gas Making Costs
MiaBeapolii Gat Co. Showi Comparative
CoiU of Coal, Oil, Pipet and Labor
St. Paul, Minn.— A graphic picture of
gas production costs for the past five
years, as compared to the return gained
from the sale of the gas produced, is
one of the features shown by the Minne-
apolis Gas Light Co. at the building show
at Kenwood armory. Graphic examples
of the comparative costs of coal, oil,
pipes, tools, labor and general mainte-
nance are shown.
Gas rates in the city have been 13 to 14
cents lower than an average taken from
43 representative cities, according to a
statement issued by A. H. Rand, assist-
ant secretary of the company. The gas
is of greater heating value than the
average, Mr. Rand said.
"The Minneapolis Gas Light Co. has
been in operation 50 years," Mr. Rand
said. "During that time there was no
interruption of service, the company in-
stalled and paid for 592 miles of gas
mains, compared with the 650 miles of
This picture illustrates a very delight-
ful incident in an interesting romance
from the South. Mr. B. F. Pickard, who
is General Commercial Manager of the
North Carolina Public Service Company
at Greensboro, N. C, is seated on the
piazza in the picture and beside him is
Miss Fanny Hendrix, who was Assist-
ant Commercial Manager at Greensboro.
They were spending the week-end as
guests of Mr. and Mrs. George Taylor,
the well known sales manager of "Oriole"
stoves at his camp "Rest A While" at
Craggy Mountain, near Ashville.
The romance of Mr. Pickard and Miss
Hendrix was concluded by their mar-
riage in October at the home of the Tay-
lors in Baltimore "and they lived happily
ever afterwards" — ^and continue to read
The Gas Age.
'*Rett A WhiU** CfAgfy Mountain
city water mains paid for by the property
owners.
"Gas oil has increased 100 per cent,
boiler fuel 125 per cent and gas. coal 133
per cent. Gas has increased 48 per cent.
The company employs 610 persons and
when viewing the exhibit of beautiful
ranges and living room heaters it is well
to remember that these 610 employes are
making possible to householder and man-
ufacturer the use of such economic equip-
ment."
Plants Offer More for Gas
Big CoMUiiMra, Howerer, Want Part of
Incroaae Put on HomM
Detroit, Mich.— After an hour's hear-
ing, on Feb. 10th, the Council took under
advisement the request of the Detroit
City Gas Co. that it be allowed to in-
crease its rates to $1.07 per 1,000 cubic
feet of gas.
The committee of manufacturers and
large consumers of gas, appointed some
time ago at a meeting at the Hotel Stat-
ler, headed by Arthur D. Waterfall, gen-
eral manager of Dodge Bros., as chair-
man, presented a letter to the Council
asking that the present system of slid-
ing scale of rates be continued.
Faetoriet Offer Scato
In place of the increase asked for by
the company, the committee recommend-
ed that a service charge of 75 cents a
meter be charged against every meter,
and that an increase of 11 cents a thou-.
sand cubic feet be placed on all consum-
ers using more than 50,000 cubic feet a
month.
This latter increase would a£Fect only
large industrial consumers of gas, such
as those represented by the committee.
Mr. Waterfall said that such an increase
would increase the Dodge Bros, gas bill
22 per cent and that of other consumers,
using less gas than Dodge Bros^ from
22 to 25 per cent
The meter charge would increase tiie
gas bill of the average residential con-
sumer 30 per cent H. C. Abell, engineer
for the gas company estimated that the
average gas bill of the householder now
is $2.40 a month.
Pointa to Other Cities
The gas company presented figures
showing that the average rate paid in
other cities during the years 1894 to 1920
was $1.09 per 1,000 cubic feet In De-
troit he said the rate averaged 71 cents
per 1,000 cubic feet
At present the maximum rate it 79
cents, diminishing to 49 cents a 1,000 for
the large consumers.
The committee stated that the com-
bination of the meter charge with the
11 -cent increase in rates for large con-
sumers would net the company sufficient
revenue to meet its needs, present price
conditions being taken into considera-
tion. Statistics and the audit made by
the committee were promised the Counctl
on request
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March 10. 1921 THE GAS AGE 227
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228
THE GAS AGE
March 10. 1921
Employee-Investors Build Thrift
Treasurer Utica Gas & Electric G>mpany,
Utica, N. Y., Tells How This Company Re-
cently Sold Stock to Many of Its Employees
By GEORGE H. STACK
INTEREST in profit sharing, stock
ownership and similar plans for the
promotion of thrift education is na-
tion-¥dde. The development among work-
ers everywhere of a feeling of proprietary
interest in, and as a natural corollaiy a
sense of loyalty to, the business which em-
ploys them has become the serious con-
cern of all large emi^oyers. The Utica
Gas & Electric Ca recently dosed a
successful sale of its 7 per cent cumu-
lative preferred stock to employees on
a deferred-payment plan which resulted
in a large percentage of emplojrees be-
coming stockholders.
The par value of the stock is $100 per
share, and it is preferred both as to
assets and dividends over the common
stock. The deferred-payment plan calls
for full payment in two years, at the
rate oi $1 per share peir week, or in one
year at the rate of $2 per share per week.
Employees on the semi-monthly payroll
pay monthly in amounts equivalent to
the weekly rate.
The sale opened Dec. 6 and continued
for two weeks to Dec. 20, 1920, reaching
a total of $90,600. This amount was
subscribed by 377 out of 513 permanent
employees. When the total for the first
day's sales mounted to $33,000 the suc-
cess of the sale was assured. Each
succeeding day added a goodly quota, but
even the feeling of optimism created by
a rising barometer did not prevent the
restik from exceeding the best hopes.
The company had long been desirous
of evolving some plan suited to local
conditions for educating and encourag-
ing its employees in the way of systemat-
ic saving and safe investment When
an issue of preferred stock was first
contemplated, about a year ago, it seemed
that here was the opporttmity, primarily,
to encourage in a practical way habits
of thrift among employees and secon-
darily, to enable diem to acquire a finan-
cial interest in the company.
PrelimiiiAry Survey of En^loyeet* At-
titude
Cards of inquiry were sent out in April
of last year to ascertain whether or not
employees would be interested in sub-
scribing for this preferred stock on easy-
payment terms in the event that it was
decided to put out the issue. Tlie re-
sponse was ahnost unanimously in the
afiirmative. This was most reassuring
because there had been some misgivings
as to the general attitude of the em-
ployees toward the plan.
Soon after the issue and sale of the
stock was authorized by the Public Ser-
vice Commission, Second District, a cir-
cular letter was sent to all employees
announcing the fact and inviting them
to think the matter over and be ready
when an employee-solicitor should call
for their subscription. Meanwhile a sell-
ing organization had been formed, ccmi-
posed of six teams, each with a captain
and from two to eight solicitors, accord-
ing to the number of names assigned to
each team. The total number of solici-
tors was eighteen, all employees. At the
beginning of the second week of the sale
a second circular letter was addressed to
employees who had not then subscribed,
pointing out the value of the saved
dollar over the spent dollar, emphasizing
that once started right the incentive of
seeing their fund grow is pretty sure
to keep them at it, and stating that the
company was desirous of as wide a dis-
tribution of stock as possible among
employees, both because economic con-
ditions make it highly desirable that a
spirit of saving and safe investment be
developed among workers everywhere
and because it was glad of the oppor-
tunity to enable them to become, with
its other stockholders, joint owners of
the company and to share in its business.
This circular was effective in speeding
up the sale and a considerable factor
in making it a success.
The number of shares likely to be sold
was uncertain. While the response to
our inquiry addressed to employees had
been favorable, nearly eight months elap-
sed between the date of the questionnaire
and the opening of the sale, and there
was no way of measuring any change
of sentiment which might have taken
place in the meantime. We knew of only
one similar sale in a city comparable in
size and general conditions to Utica. In
that case $50,000 of the compan/s pre-
ferred stock was sold to employees in
a two weeks' campaign. With that total
in mind we set up a bogey of $100,000
to shoot at. The sale of $50,000 would
have been considered a success, and a
toUl of $75,000 was all we really dared
hope for, though, of course, we urged
on our various teams the necessity and
the possibility of making bogey. The
result was quite beyond our real ex-
pectation. That nearly 75 per cent of
our total employees are now stockholders
or prospective stockholders is a g^tify-
ing expression of faith in the company's
future and denotes a feeling on the
part of these employees that th^ have
been getting and will continue to get
"a square deal." It is also a most favor-
able commentary on the progress of
thrift education among them.
Large Number of Cash Sales
A most encouraging feature of the
campaign was the amount of stock sold
for cash. It was evidence that tht
practice of thrift had already become a
habit with many <^ our employees. An-
other of the surprises was the class of
employees which made the largest cash
purchases. One mechanic paid $1,500
in cash and subscribed for $500 on in-
stallment A janitor in one of our plants
produced a check for $1,000 and is se-
riously considering taking another $1,000.
Another employee brought in $800 in
greenbacks, and many others paid cash
in varying amounts. These examples
of preparedness had their effect in en-
couraging other employees to join the
company's thrift club.
One peculiar thing in connection with
the sale was the fact that while in drives
of this nature the sales are usually made
on an. ascending scale, beginning with
small sales and increasing day by day
as the campaign progresses, our sale was
on a descending scale, opening with a
total of more than $33,000 the first day
and gradually decreasing to smaller
amounts as the sale neared its dose.
This, we believe, was due to the confi-
dence of our men in the compaiqr's se-
curities and their desire to take advant-
age of the opportunity to pturchase stock
on the easy terms offered.
The company is now pr^Mtring to offer
preferred stock to its customers on a cash
and deferred-payment plan. The latter
calls for a 10 per cent cash payment
with subscription and 10 per cent mofltfa-
ly for nine months. Not more than ten
shares are to be sold to anv customer
on deferred payments.
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VoL XLVII Established 1883
March 25, 1921
Copyright 1921
No. 6
Gas Ovens for Small Plants
Paper Presented at the Convention of the Dl,
Gas Assn. by a Representative of the Koppers
Co. in Which are Described New Features
By A. MacARTHUR, Pittsburg, Pa.
IT IS generally recognized that coke made in by-prod-
uct ovens is greatly superior for every purpose to
that made in coal gas retort houses. While the cost
of carbonizing coal has always been cheaper in ovens
than in retorts, the size of the plants, their capacity and
their large investment cost has made the method avail-
able only to the larger gas companies. In order that
the smaller gas companies may have the advantages of
coke oven efficiency, the "Small Gas Oven" has been
designed.
Comparison of Systems
There seems to be great reluctance on the part of
some gas men to go strongly into the manufacture of
coal gas, for the reason that they "do not want to go
into the coke business." They want to make gas, and
gas only — frowning on the production of tar, coke, and
ammonia as necessary evils. Of course, these by-prod-
ucts are taken care of in the average retort house
plant, but only for the reason that they have to be. If
the plant includes water gas machines, it is profitable
Longitudinal Section Through Gaa Works Type of Oven
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230
THE GAS AGE
March 25, 1921
to have coke made within the plant to supply them.
But we find in general that coal gas has, in a great
number of plants, taken second place to water gas,
and this is as it should be if we have only quantity
production of gas in mind. A water gas machine is
a piece of apparatus excellently adapted for the pro-
duction of gas. It can be operated with comparatively
few men, has a relatively low first cost, great flexibility,
and is easily controlled.
If we were to judge our gas making apparatus by
these points alone, there would be no question but that
the water gas process would be our choice. Contrasted
with a water gas machine, a coal carbonizing plant
of any type, whether it be horizontal or vertical retorts,
inclined slots or coke ovens, is a huge and cumbersome
plant, requiring a larger outlay of capital ; a larger labor
force, and the handling of large quantities of raw material
for the same gas production, so that to start with, the
coal gas plant has to contend with a great handicap.
There must be then, some justification for the present
coal gas installations, and you will agree the only justi-
By-Prodttct Oven Advantages
It is not claimed that the By-Product Regenerative
Combination Gas Oven plant will get more B.t.u.'s out
of a ton of coal than were originally there, but the value
of the B.t.u.'s can be increased by changing the state or
condition in which they are held. As an example, 1,000,-
000 B.t.u.'s in the form of coal is worth about 20 cents,
while in the form of gas it will be worth from $1.00 to
$3.00. In the form of coke this million B.t.u.'s is worth
from say 25 cents up to 60 cents, so that it is the state
or condition of B.t.u.'s that we change, and in order to
have a plant financially successful, we must produce
this change economically and have the greatest number
of B.t.u.'s released for sale in the form of the most
valuable fuel which, of course, is gas.
Figure 1 is a photograph of a model which was made
primarily as a study of the triangular flued construction
recently developed by The Koppers Company. To my
mind the picture is most valuable as an illustration of
what is actually built inside the battery walls.
Figure 2 shows a cross section cut through the oven
secuoB Tnrougn jriuea
fication is the fact that gas can be produced cheaper in
this manner ; and the reason that it can be made cheaper
is due to the sale of by-products and coke. Then the
plant which will give the maximum quantity of these
products combined with a superior quality should be
attractive.
In retort house plants there is made a coke which,
when put on the market, is not favorably received.
There has been little preparation of the product to make
it attractive in appearance and due to its fragile structure,
a large per cent is broken down to breeze by the time
it reaches the point of consumption. The result is a
dissatisfied feeling on the part of the customer, who
in ,tum is not slow to tell the gas man about it.
Suppose a plant is designed which, while giving the
maximum gas possible for distribution, will at the same
time produce a coke of the best quality. Then we re-
move the objectionable features of the marketing of
this product and gain all the advantages of coke oven
practice.
lengthwise, and shows the waste gas flues, regenerators,
fuel gas mains, the oven chamber, gas offtake port, and
four coal charging holes.
Figure 3 is a section through the oven wall into
which are built the vertical and horizontal flues.
Figure 4 is a transverse section through the ovens,
walls and r^enerators of a typical combination oven.
Producer Gas and Air are heated in alternate regenera-
tors, separated from each other by heavy walls. The
small round port directly below the flue is used when
the oven is heated with coke oven gas.
Figure 5 shows the pipe arrangement used to conduct
producer gas from the fuel main, which, in this case,
is below the walkway, to the inlet of the gas regenerator.
Figure 6 will give an idea of what is meant by the gas
oven which has been designed to meet the needs of gas
companies whose daily output is not large enough to
warrant the installation of a battery of full sized ovens.
As you will see, the reduction in size has been effected
by shortening the oven from 37 ft. to 19 ft. By reducing
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March 25. 1921
THE GAS AGE
231
the oven size in this way, there have been introduced no
new factors and every feature of this oven has been
proved by the successful operation of the large batteries
now in operation.
Coal is dropped from the usual overhead storage bin
into a larry car, which again drops the charge into the
oven.
The regenerators below the oven are standard except
as to length.
There is only one waste gas flue, however, and the
fuel gas is supplied from one side only. The coke is
pushed onto the coke wharf direct instead of using a
liot coke car. These features are provided to reduce the
cost of installation, and are possible by reason of the
short oven.
rail or water. This plant we will say has a maximum
sendout of 1,500,000 cu. ft. of gas per day. With a fair
grade of gas coal we may expect at least 10,500 cu. ft.
of 575 to 600 B.t.u. gas., 12 gallons tar, 6 to 7 lbs. NH,,
1,000 lbs. coke and 100 lbs. breeze from each ton of coal
carbonized. To produce the maximum of 1,500,000 cu.
ft. we will require 143 tons of coal necessitating an in-
stallation of 10 7.6 ton ovens working on a 12-hour
coking schedule. The coal is crushed and delivered to
an overhead storage bin and from there conveyed to the
ovens in an electrically driven larry car. One man and
helper can take care of the whole charging part. This
operation may be so arranged that two shifts are all that
are necessary.
The pushing of the coke is done by means of an elec-
Model of Interior ConBtruction of Ovens Showing Triangular Flues
Figure 7 will give an idea of how a complete by-prod-
uct eas oven plant would appear.
The combination feature of this design is of the most
vital importance to the gas man. It permits of a flex-
ibility found in no other type of coal carbonizing plant
and is adjusted to the varying demands for gas.
Essentially this plant consists of chambers containing
from 6.5 to 7.6 tons of coal. These chambers are heated
with producer gas made in outside mechanical producers.
Throughout the plant mechanical means wherever pos-
sible are used to reduce the labor needed.
Pliuit Operation
Wc will now take a specific plant and look into opera-
tion, startinf^ with the coal coming to the plant by either
trically operated pusher, the doors of the ovens being
handled by a man on each side so that our coke pushing
crew consists of three men who may also be worked
only two shifts out of the three.
We have the usual foreman necessary for the smooth
operation of any unit. We have also a man known as
the heater, who is responsible for the oven heating. This
is an important job, as good uniform coke with maxi-
mum recovery of gas and by-products cannot be made
unless uniform and even heating is provided. The fore-
men and heaters are 3-shift men. Just imagine a crew
of 12 supplemented with a few laborers handling 143
tons or more of coal per day, and not having a really
"mean" job for any of them.
Besides these men, we have the usual yard and re-
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THE GAS AGE
March 25, 1921
pair men as well as a few men to operate the producers.
The battery is built out in the open and has not the
usual dust, smoke and steam common to a retort house.
Coke is pushed from the ovens onto a coke wharf and
is there quenched. One man looks after this quenching
and feeding of coke from the wharf to a belt conveyor,
which takes the coke up to the screening station. Here
the coke is divided into the different sizes such as fur-
nace, foundry, domestic and breeze. The sizing of this
coke is most important, and great care is taken of its
proper preparation for the market.
Quality of Coke
Recently the vice president of one of the largest gas
companies in the United States, operating both coke
ovens and retort houses, told me that the coke made by
the ovens would net to his company a dollar and a half
more per ton than the coke made in the retort house.
This was the case if the same coal were used in each, and
all other conditions being the same. Further, he stated
that the marketing of by-product oven coke caused very
much less trouble to his company.
Now, figure what this means on a one million and a
half plant producing say 70 tons of coke. At $1.50 more
per ton this item would amount to $105 per day, or 7
cents a thousand saving on the net cost of gas.
Metallurgical coke broadens the coke market as well
as increases the value of average ton produced, and
while most plants mix coals to make this coke, it is being
produced in a number of plants from straight high
volatile coals.
By-product coke, having a greater density, weighs
from 15 to 30 per cent more than retort house coke on
the same moisture basis, and with its excellent prepa-
ration, makes a more valuable fuel for water gas gen-
erators. By its use the capacity of water gas machines
has been increased 15 per cent.
As domestic fuel it compares most favorably with an-
thracite coal and is preferred to anthracite by many
people who have used both fuels. It is clean, contains
less ash, and is easily handled in the home furnace.
In this plant the breeze is burned under the boilers,
supplying all the steam requirements of the plant.
Sketch Giving Section Acroaa Plant
Plan for Firing with Either Oven oc Producer Gaa
Tar from these gas ovens is of a superior quality, con-
taining less free carbon and water and more of the val-
uable tar oils and acids than the usual retort house tar.
This quality makes for higher retvutis and less trouble
of disposal.
Ammonia is recovered as either ammoniacal liquor
and concentrated, or in the form of ammonium sulphate.
As sulphate, ammonia is in the most Valuable form, as
it can be stored without the usual losses and finds a mar-
ket which will net to the company the greatest return.
The sulphate plant has a higher investment cost, how-
ever, and in the case of small installations, this by-prod-
uct is usually recovered as liquor.
Producer Gas Plant
To heat the ovens, a producer plant is used which con-
sumes by weight in the form of the smaller coke from
240 to 280 lbs. of coke per ton of coal carbonized. The
smaller coke has a lower market value and is used to
good advantage in this manner.
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March 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
233
The producer gas is cooled and cleaned before going
to the ovens and the sensible heat recovered by raising
steam sufficient in quantity to operate the producers and
cleaning machinery.
By using cold producer gas, a very close adjustment
of the gas burned is obtained, as the regulation is made
with iron cocks. Clean gas insures a long life to the
ovens and flues, as well as efficient heat transfer, due
to the fact that there is never an accumulation of ash
and slag on the walls or flues.
The efficiency of the self-contained producer plant
will be found greater than a number of individual built-
in producers, as the fuel bed is kept constant in thickness
and temperature, resulting in a imiform quality of pro-
ducer gas and lower imderfiring.
The great problem of regulation of gas output has been
a constant factor which has worked against the install-
ation of a coal gas plant, and this is taken care of per-
fectly in the small gas oven plant.
To best illustrate this point, we will again refer to
out 1,500,000 cu. ft. plant.
can be taken care of by a combination of these two meth-
ods, and the sudden daily demands met by varied op-
eration of the producer plant. It might be well to state
here that all or any portion of the battery may be heated
with either gas. As an extreme case, we may imagine
this plant operated on a 24 hour coking schedule using
coke oven gas to heat the ovens. This would result in
surplus gas for distribution of approximately 450,000
cu. ft. and shows here a coal carbonizing plant having
the flexibility far beyond the needs of any gas company.
And the plant may be operated any place between these
two extremes.
Conclusion
Judging from the life of large coke oven installations,
the ovens in this plant will have a life of 15 years with-
out any repairs to oven brickwork, or from two to three
times the life of the average retort setting.
The writer has purposely refrained from mentioning
in this paper the present and probable future of carbu-
retted water gas. It would seem that enough has been
Isometric View of Small Oven Plant Deaigned for Gas Works
Suppose the demand fell to 1,000,000 cu. ft., how
would we operate this plant ?
If the coke market were good, we would reduce oper-
ations in the producer plant and continue to run the ov-
ens at full speed, using the surplus 500,000 cu. ft. of
coal gas to heat some of the ovens. This change would
also release more coke for sale, as it would reduce the
amount used in the producer plant. If, however, it was
not desired to make excess coke, gas at the rate of one
million cu. ft. per day could be made, still operating the
producer plant to supply the underfiring, and slow the
oven operation to a point where just the required amount
of gzs would be made. In this case we would be oper-
ating on say 19j4 hours coking time.
While it takes a few days to make radical changes in
the coking time, it is a matter of a few minutes to change
the oven firing from producer gas to coke oven gas, or
vice versa, and this fact in a general way will take care
of a varying demand. For example, the season demand
said and written on that subject to startle every man
responsible for the prolonged production of this gas.
The alternate in making city gas is by the carbonization
of coal, and this process is more profitable, only when
the coal by-products are such that they command a re-
liable market, and a good price. It appears reasonable
and logical, then, to urge the installation of such equip-
ment as will produce the most and best by-products ob-
tainable from coal.
[As a contribution to the literature of advanced gas
processes, this paper is worthy of unusual attention. The
gas plant of the future must fill a number of new con-
ditions and the by-product oven is entitled to considera-
tion in view of past performance and promise for the
future as shown in this design.
— Ed. Gas Age.]
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THE GAS AGE
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Testing Water in Tar Emulsions
Presented before the Illinois Gas Assn. and
Published by Permission of Director of U. S.
Bureau of Mines. A Rapid Method of Testing
By W. W. ODELL, U. S. Bureau of Standards and
E. W. THIELE. Peoples Gas Light & Coke Company. Chicago
AS a part of the gas research program conducted
under a co-operative agreement between the En-
gineering Department of the University of Illi-
nois, the Illinois Geological Survey, and the U. S. Bu-
reau of Mines, a study has been made of the factors
causing or affecting the formation of the tar-water
emulsions in the process 6f manufacturing water gas.
This investigation was made after the research commit-
tee of the Illinois Gas Association suggested that the
problem was one requiring further study and the full
report will soon appear as a bulletin.
In conducting this investigation the Peoples Gas Light
and Coke Company co-operated by furnishing the use of
one of their laboratories in Chicago, by assigning E. W.
Thiele to take an active part in the work, and by other
expressions of interest in the experiments conducted.
In the course of this study it became desirable to
have a short and simple method for determining the
water content of tar emulsions. This paper presents two
such methods which were employed by the writers and
which may be of interest to others.
Nature of Tar Emulsion
Tar emulsion is essentially tar in which droplets of
water of various sizes are suspended. Strictly speaking
there may be almost any amount of water in the sus-
pension. It would be unusual, however, to speak of a
tar with 10 per cent water as an emulsion. On the other
hand, the water content may be very large, sometimes
as high as 85 per cent of the whole. Such an emulsion,
in spite of its being mostly water, will not mix with wa-
ter, for each water drop is completely surrounded by tar.
On the other hand, it may be readily diluted with more
tar, or with any of the solvents for tar, since the tar in
the emulsion forms a continuous network, to every part
of which the solvent can penetrate.
Previous Work on This Detennination
Aside from the various modifications of the distilla-
tion methods, there seem to be only two methods which
have been used to determine water in tar. Brunkow
(Gas Age Sept. 15, 1916, p. 280) evaporated a heavy oil-
gas tar, containing no light oils, in a drying oven, while
Kayser (Proceedings Pacific Coast Gas Ass'n, 1910, Vol.
8, p. 458) has described a calcium carbide method. It is
evident that the former is of very limited application;
the latter, though probably accurate, is difficult to carry
out and requires elaborate apparatus.
The standard method of determining the water in tar
is, of course, by distillation. In the method of the Bar-
rett Company, as described by Weiss (Jour. Ind. Eng.
Chem., 1918, Vol. 10, p. 734) 200 cubic centimeters of
the emulsion are mixed with 200 c.c. of light oils and
distilled to 400 degrees F., the water being collected and
measured. An accuracy of 0.1 per cent is claimed for
the method. Considering the various sources of error
inherent in the method, such as the sticking of water to
the sides of the condenser and the solubility of water in
the oils, this would seem to be the extreme limit ; if the
mixture shows any considerable tendency to "spit"
(froth and boil over) the limit will be much higher. A
determination by this method also requires a consider-
able amount of time and attention on the part of the
analyst, as well as a good deal of desk space.
There is, however, another method which, so far as we
are aware, has not been used for tar, but has been much
used for the analogous petroleum emulsions. It is com-
mon practice to determine water in these by adding to
them a light gasoline. The mixture is then centrifuged,
whereupon the water goes to the bottom and its volume
can be read directly. (U. S. Bureau of Mines, Technical
paper No. 25, 1912.) This method is the same in prin-
ciple as Method I, described below.
Method I — Centrifuging with a Heavy Solvent
This makes the use of the fact that tar emulsions can
be mixed with heavy solvents. The tar is completely
dissolved in the solvent, so that the water droplets are
suspended in a liquid which is not, like tar, of nearly the
same specific gravity as water, but is much heavier, and
also much thinner than tar. Under these cirounstances
it is not difficult, upon centrifuging, to bring all of the
water to the top where its volume can be easily measured.
The apparatus for carrying out this method can be
obtained readymade, since ordinary milk and cream
testing apparatus is very suitable for use in this way.
In our work we use an ordinary hand centrifuge made
for milk testing and built to accommodate eight bottles
at one time. A speed of about 2,000 r.p.m. could be at-
tained with this apparatus.
The form of bottle used is shown in the illustration.
It holds about 50 c.c. and has a long slender graduated
neck. The graduations are niunbered, each unit repre-
senting 0.2 cubic centimeters.
The quality most desired in a solvent for use in this
method are that it should be a fluid of high specific grav-
ity, a good solvent for tar and immiscible with water.
Carbon tetra-chloride and carbon bisulphide, of com-
mon liquids, best fulfill these conditions. We found the
latter to be slightly the better of the two ; but its ready in-
flammability and disagreeable odor led us to prefer the
carbon tetra-chloride.
With most tars, however, when they are mixed with
the solvent and centrifuged for a reasonable time in a
hand centrifuge, there is at first sight not a complete
separation of tar and water. The upper portion of the
neck of the bottle contains clear water, and the body
contains solvent with tar dissolved in it. But between
these is a material which is somewhat like the original
emulsion, being dark and rather thick. It has no sharp
upper boundary. It varies in amount with different tars,
being generally most abundant with the most obstinate
emulsions, in which it may occupy more room than the
clear water.
On closer inspection, however, it is seen to be lighter
in color than the tar solution below, and to have a sharp
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March 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
235
lower boundary. If now a glass rod be inserted in the
bottle, practically the whole of this material can be
drawn out, sticking to the rod. U it is then rubbed on
glass, the water in it will separate, and it is then seen
that the bulk of the rest, which consists mainly of car-
bon, is very small. In other words, the whole part of
the liquid which is above the sharp line between the tar
solution and the sludge may be considered, without any
great error, as being all water. If greater accuracy is
desired a longer centrifuging will reduce this sludge still
further, and even cause it to be eliminated. Warming the
solution before centrifuging helps in the separation.
Seen from above, the surface water-carbon bisulphide
and water-carbon tetra-chloride is convex. In the cen-
trifuge, however, such surfaces are flattened out, so that
the line of demarcation on the neck of the cream bottle
represents a flat surface of contact, since the stain will
remain even when the meniscus changes shape — ^if the
sluge permits a change of shape. It is, therefore, neces-
sary to allow for this in reading the upper surface — a
point intermediate between the upper and lower edges
of the meniscus being chosen.
The method, as we carry it out, is as follows : Weigh
out 10 grams of tar emulsion into a cream bottle. Fill
the bottle nearly to the neck with carbon tetra-chloride
and mix well by shaking carefully. Fill the bottle to the
top graduation with carbon tetra-chloride and centri-
fuge. Two or three minutes at 2,000 r.p.m. are ample
for most determinations. Read the number of divisions
occupied by the water, counting all the sludge as water,
and taking as the upper mark a point half-way between
the top and bottom of the upper meniscus. Twice the
number of divisions equals the per cent of water by
weight. If per cent by volume is desired, take 10 c.c. of
emulsion in place of 10 gm.
The cream bottles can be obtained with necks of vary-
ing diameters. We made use of 30, 35, and 50 division
bottles, according to the amount of water in the tar.
There are also obtainable 10 division bottles, called milk
bottles. The fewer the number of divisions, the smaller
the neck, so that these bottles are more accurate for
smaller amounts of water but the slender neck makes it
somewhat difficult to fill them.
In some, experiments made with a synthetic tar emul-
sion prepared from anhydrous tar, carbon, and water it
was found that the results seemed, as might be expected,
slightly high, but the differences were within the neces-
sary errors in reading the volume of water. The meth-
od, for large amounts of water (say 75 per cent), is ac-
curate within the limit of 1 per cent. It is more accurate
the smaller the amoimt of water present in the emulsion.
It is very evident that this method is more rapid than
the distillation method. It is easy to make two deter-
minations by this method in less time than it would take
to set up the apparatus for a determination by distilla-
tion.
Eight determinations can be made and the apparatus
cleaned in half an hour.
Method n— Coagulation with Carbon Black
This method depends on the fact that carbon black
has a very strong absorbing power for the oils of which
tars are composed. Carbon black is a light, fluffy pow-
der, somewhat similar to lamp black, made by the im-
perfect combustion of natural gas. When this is added
to oils or tar in proportions depending on the character
of the oil, it forms a pasty mass, of the consistency of a
heavy putty. The amount required to do this with tars
is about one-fifth the weight of the tar. The tendency
to do this is so strong that when carbon black is added
to a tar emulsion it will draw the tar, as it were, away
from its network around the water, leaving the water
drops free to unite and to be poured off.
The method of making a determination is very sim-
ple. We found a mortar a convenient receptacle in
which to perform the operation. Weigh out into a mor-
tar 100 gm. of the emulsion. Add successive small por-
tions of carbon black, meanwhile mixing well with a
spatula until the residue becomes a thick paste, similar to
thick putty, pouring off into a graduate the water that
separates from time to time. Knead the paste well with
a spatula or pestle until no more water separates. The
cubic centimeters of water separating represent directly
the per cent of water in the original emulsion.
It is evident that the accuracy of this method is great-
er the larger the amount of water present,^ since the chief
source of error is the water retained in the paste. We
found that we could represent this loss very well by add-
ing to the water found 2 per cent of the percentage of
anhydrous tar. With this correction, the results ob-
tained were very close to the true value. Not enough
work was done to determine whether this factor is suit-
able for all varieties of tar emulsions. Probably each
analyst can determine this factor for his particular use.
35 —
30 -E
20-=
194
0^-=
<0
■5
Flaak Used in Method No. 1
It will be seen that for emulsions of high water content
the correction is not of much importance.
Discussion of the Methods
Applicability — ^The distillation method works easily
and quickly for tars of low water content, but for tars
of high water content it becomes tedious and difficult.
Method I, while suitable for all percentages of water, is
most satisfactory for emulsions with a low water con-
tent. Method II, on the contrary is best suited for emul-
sions of high water content.
Cost of Material — This is small for all three methods,
and need not be considered, in comparison with other
factors.
Apparatus Needed — In this respect Method II is most
favorable as its requirements for apparatus and materi-
als are few. Method I, on the other hand, requires a
centrifuge and special glassware. The distillation meth-
od occupies an intermediate position.
Time — In regard to time, the two methods here pro-
posed are far in the lead, compared to the distillation
method.
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236
THE GAS AGE
March 25, 1921
Accuracy — ^Here a carefully conducted distillation
should have the advantage. Which of the other two
methods is the better depends on the water content of the
tar.
In conclusion, it seems probable that for the sale of
tar and tar emulsion the methods here proposed can
hardly compete with the distillation method, especially
as the latter is quite firmly entrenched in contracts. For
routine works analysis, however, where the highest ac-
curacy is not required, those methods will, it is thought,
be found very useful, as they require but a small frac-
tion of the time that a distillation demands. Especially
is this true of Method II. Many laboratories may not
find it profitable to invest in a centrifuge, but a can of
carbon black costs little and may save a good deal of
time and trouble.
jft jft jft
Concerning Distributing Systems
The Gas Engineer for Hodenpyl Hardy & Co.
Discussed This Subject before the Illinois Gas
Assn. and Referred to Experience at Peoria
By J. A. BROWN, New York City
THE Peoria distribution system, like that of most
other towns of that size, was not designed, it just
grew. The distribution system in a small town us-
ually consists of plenty of good cast iron mains of ample
size, and troublesome pressure variations are usually
tmknown. Holder pressure is put directly to the mains
or through a constant pressure governor. As the town
grows, feeder mains away from the plant become nec-
essary until finally the point is reached where either for
the lack of capital or by reasons of economy of opera-
tion, pressure boosting is started. At first this is only
necessary in maximum hours and only low pressures are
required; rule until the boosting causes poor service
because of high pressure in the parts of the town adja-
cent to the plant ; or possibly it b^ns to cost too much.
It is right here that the decision as to the future dis-
tribution system in the town must ordinarily be made.
This usually takes place when cities grow to fifty thou-
sand inhabitants or over. The decision may be delayed
by boosting the pressure still higher and installing serv-
ice regulators in the area affected by the higher pres-
sures— ^this area expanding as the load grows. This
may delay the decision many years. One town with
which the writer is familiar has done this for fifteen
years and now operates several thousand service regu-
lators. Another method of delay is the isolation of some
one feeder main from the plant to the distribution cen-
ter and doing most of the boosting on that line.
These delays may be necessary for financial or simi-
lar reasons ; but the point is that the decision as to what
is to be the final plan should not be made without a
careful engineering study. And while there are a num-
ber of methods of procedure, all of which have advo-
cates and advantages, it is not my intention to attempt a
text book on the subject. The job is to get started on
the right method for your load, your town, your main
system, and your pocket book; or devise some means
for delaying the start and meanwhile furnish the proper
service.
In 1916 and since, the Peoria Company was confront-
ed with the same new set of conditions confronting
pretty generally all gas companies in growing towns.
Their main system was loaded to capacity; their load
had rapidly grown ; labor and material were high in
price and hard to obtain and no money was forthcoming
to buy them with when the company's income was so
entirely inadequate under existing rates. As was to be
expected imder these conditions, our service suffered and
we soon found ourselves face to face with the gas com-
pany's paradox:
Better service necessary to obtain better rates ; and
Better rates necessary to obtain better service.
Map of PeoriA Showing Location of High Preuurt Mains
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March 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
237
We were right at the above described point, where
our low pressure system was no longer adequate without
radical changes, which might not work out economically
in the long run. I will describe what we did to relieve
the situation.
The map shows Peoria to be a long, narrow town along
the Illinois River. Paralleling the river and about one
mile back is a line of bluffs, where most of the growth
in the residence section in the past fifteen or twenty years
has taken place. About fifteen years ago Peoria had two
gas companies with plants adjacent, and, of course,
when these companies combined each had its own sys-
tem of feed mains.
In 1917 our booster system became inadequate and we
isolated one of the low pressure feed mains, 12 inches in
diameter, as far as the center of the business section of
the town and this aided for a short time. In 1919 con-
ditions became such that it was necessary to make some
extensive changes to get an adequate supply to the whole
bluff district as our isolated main was no longer ade-
quate, even when carrying two pounds pressure. An
engineering study was made at that time and consider-
ation given to the design of a feeder main system which
would be capable of expansion and enlargement to meet
Whether the pipe be steel or cast iron, the sizes decid-
ed upon, and the relation of fixed cost to the pumping
cost, is for a large part a function, of the prevailing
prices at the time the study is made. I will, therefore,
not burden you with these comparisons.
The lines laid were steel pipe 10 inches in diameter,
all joints, except a few expansion joints being welded.
The lines in use at present will deliver gas to the govern-
or stations, which are located approximately one and
one-third miles away from the holder and in the cen-
ter of the residence district, at the rate of 400,000 cubic
feet per hour with five pounds drop in pressure. The
present maximum hourly output is 250,000. When the
two lines are extended to their ultimate lengths of two
miles and three miles respectively, their capacity will be
with five pounds drop, 250 M. per hour. As greater ca-
pacity becomes necessary the pumping equipment may
be changed to compressors for delivering gas at higher
pressures.
The pumping cost at present, with coal figures at $3.50
per ton, works out at 0.97 cents per M. at five pounds
pressure. With the compressors it is estimated that the
cost will be 2.7 cents per M. at fifty pounds pressure.
Before Installing Booster and Recorders
any future demands. Plans were laid out for, and es-
timates made of the installation costs of low pres-
sure mains along with medium and high pressure mains.
The system shown on the map attached was finally de-
cided upon and the described pipe lines laid and put into
operation.
The portion marked "A-B" shows the existing 12 inch
isolated main; the portion niarked "B-E" is a new 10
inch steel main, 5,000 feet long and designed to ultimate-
ly extend for two miles ; the portion marked "A-C" is a
new 10 inch steel main, 5,000 feet long and designed to
ultimately extend for three miles; the portion marked
"A-D" has just been completed. The dotted lines indi-
cate the proposed extension of these lines ; the locations
marked "G" are governor stations.
These high pressure lines were primarily designed to
furnish service to the residence porton of the city lo-
cated on the bluffs, where, of course, the peak loads will
be more pronounced. Larger low pressure mains, lead-
ing from the plant are retained and furnish service to
the business section of the city, which load, of course,
is more steady. At present pressures up to five pounds
may be carried on these lines by means of steam engine
driven positive blowers located at the plant.
Effect of Pumping Gas and Taking Charts
The cost of the lines was as follows :
9,688 ft. of 10 inch steel pipe at $1.95 per ft. $18,891,60
Labor laying and welding 15,208.18
Pumping Equipment 10,910.64
Regulating Stations 1,132.57
Total $46,142.99
This equals $4.76 per foot, and is 75 per cent of the
price of laying 20 inch cast iron pipe the same year, the
20 inch cast iron pipe being the size of low pressure
main necessary to carry an equal amoimt of gas to the
same locations with a reasonable drop in pressure.
We have here at least the beginning of a system which
may be expanded to care for any anticipated needs. The
cost has not been great ; the service is satisfactory. There
is nothing novel or new about it. It seems to be the
logical *'next step" for an overgrown low pressure main
system such as this was. To talk about it is a good deal
like talking about the weather. It is not advanced as
anything worthy of copy ; the same system is used in a
very much more extended form in nearly every large
city.
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238
THE GAS AGE
March 25, 1921
In operating the Peoria main system great dependence
is placed on a long distance recorder which has been de-
signed and developed by a member of the Peoria com-
pany's organization. This instrument takes the form of
a recording pressure gauge and is located at an outlying
station. The pen of the gauge is attached to a mechan-
ism for indicating the variation in pressure on a sensi-
tive volt meter located in the pressure room at the plant.
This instrument has been in use for a number of years
and has proven most reliable.
Naphthalene Removed with Hot Tar
One feature of the "problem" in Peoria is not under
ordinary cirounstances found with the present distri-
bution system, and that is our old friend Naphthalene.
To be sure, it is made at the works, but once out into
the main it becomes a distribution problem and there is
none to dispute this. It has been present and trouble-
some in Peoria for years and it certainly played its part
when the main system became loaded to capacity. In
the past few years many of the ordinary expedients for
alleviating this trouble have been resorted to ; but along
with the strengthening of the main system came the ne-
cessity of cleaning up all naphthalene deposits in exist-
ing mains. The deposits were not of recent origin but
tests indicate that the plant was sending out all the gas
would carry.
It has been the writer's privil^e to be connected in
an engineering and operating capacity with some recent
small gas oven installations where the gas came from the
carbonizing chambers at a temperature above the or-
dinary and so higH that naphthalene was formed in
quantities considerably in excess of that which could be
carried in the gas through the plant and in the distri-
bution system. In research work carried out by the
holders of the Gas Fellowship maintained by the Michi-
gan Gas Association at the University of Michigan it
has been clearly indicated that hot tar will absorb and
hold more naphthalene than cold tar. A scrubber was
installed immediately at the outlet of the cari>onizing
chambers and so arranged that the condensed tars, the
condensed liquor, or a mixture, might be overpumped.
Tests were made to determine the effect on the gas qual-
ity and no appreciable loss in calorific value could be
discovered. When the scrubbing was done with hot tar
we obtained an almost complete absorption of the naph*
thalene from the gas.
Based on the above experience a hot tar scrubber 4 ft.
in diameter and 36 ft. high was installed in the Peoria
plant last year and since it has been in operation we have
been sending out gas so completely free from naphtha-
lene that our service complaints from this cause have de-
creased over one-third. Indications are that the older
deposits are being cleaned up, as shown by simultane-
ous tests for naphthalene carried on at the plant and out
on the distribution system. The tests at the distribution
system will show naphthalene where the test at the plant
remains clear.
Sizes of Mains
The writer is connected with twelve companies in
cities ranging in size from twelve to one himdred thou-
sand inhabitants, and there are few problems at all com-
mon to any of them. Each one has a problem to itself.
It is not often that an engineer has an opportimity to se-
lect a proper distribution system. The job is to take
what exists and make it as proper as possible. In this
day of limited resources expediency has usually been the
rule. Necessity has driven us to a closer study of our
distribution systems and the increasing prices of the
labor and material that go into them have promoted a
greater economy in their use. Perhaps this is just as
well and practices will change as the relation of oper-
ating costs to the fixed charges on these main systems
change.
In the future I doubt if we shall be as lavish in the use
of cast iron pipe of ample size as we have been in the
past. These systems, comprising as they do approxi-
mately one-third of the total value of the gas company's
property, are at best used to capacity only a few hours
per day and we must lay our plans so that the existing
system shall be utilized to a fuller extent than ever be-
fore. To accomplish thi^ we must use higher pressures
and more feed mains at higher pressures.
The present service rules for pressure must be amend-
ed— ^not so that poorer service will result, but that r^-
ulations that prevent the use of higher pressures with
no advantage to the consumer will be ekminated. For
example, the hours of little or no consumption might be
excluded when specifjring the allowable variations. The
average size of mains should decrease, not increase. The
average size of mains in the twelve cities of which I
speak is 4.84 inches ; in 1910 it was 4.70 inches. The
sales per mile of main are 4.065 million and in 1910 they
were 2.6 million, an increase of fifty-seven per cent,
whereas the increase in average size of main is only 2.7
per cent. Getting better? Yes; but our main system
must be so designed that it will be increasingly so.
Another problem that some of our cities are confront-
ed with is the large industrial consumer, whose load
springs up almost ovemieht and sometimes falls away
as suddenly. Such a load, if at all possible to carry on
the existing main system, usually throws it out of all
balance and special but not too expensive construction
is necessary to take care of it. I have in mind such a
load that has grown up in one of our cities. In this case
one concern, removed from oiu- holders by a mile but
still in the populous part of the city, has increased its
load from 6,650,000 in 1914 to 25,000,000 per month in
1920, and this load is thirty-five per cent of the total
output. In this case it was taken care of by raising pres-
sures on isolated mains and at the same time the remain-
der of the system was arranged so that these isolated
mains might become high or medium pressure mains
feeding through governors into the low pressure mains.
I cannot refrain from again stating that there are very
few "Problems" in designing a distribution system that
are at all common. Eadi city has its own problem and
demands different treatment, depending on its existing
mains, the character of the load, and the topography of
the town. Certain it is that our distribution systems
may be so designed that the average size of main may be
less and the holder capacity necessary may be less. I
have in mind one city where the average size of main
required is considerably under the ordinary and the
holder capacity about 30 per cent, this result being ob-
tained by the use of a number of district holders.
I believe we are coming to the time when we shall
not be able to lay down a few blocks of 6 inch main be-
cause service is required in some newly developed res-
idence territory, hoping that some day the main may be
loaded to capacity ; or to extend our 12 inch line several
blocks or half a mile because the city wants to pave and
we are afraid to reduce the size because some day we
may be sorry that we had done so. I know that a good
deal of that sort of engineering has gone on in the
past. Such decisions acctmiulating result in main sys-
tems costing two dollars per M. annual output when
they might have been built for less than one. Who
does lay mains this way? Lots of mains are laid this
way and I know that we cannot continue to so waste
material and labor. How to avoid it? Get busy and
make some real plans.
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March 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
239
A 12-inch Submarine Gas Main
Portion of a Paper Read before Annual Meet-
ing of Wisconsin Gas Assn. by Supt. of Gas
Department of Wisconsin Public Service Co.
By WM. F. MILLER, Green Bay, Wisconsin
GREEN BAY, a city of 31,000 population, is situated
on both sides of the Fox River which flows north
into Green Bay. From a gas consumption stand-
point the river evenly divides the city. Since the gas
works is established on the east side of the river, this
necessitates feeding the west side distribution system
through submarine mains laid in the bed of Fox River.
Previous Installations
The first submarine main installed was a 6 in. cast
iron main laid up with lead joints and crossing the Fox
River at Main Street bridge. This, location was chosen
because at the time of installation only the north end
of the west side was populated. Later developments
were toward the south and extensions to the distribution
system necessitated the installation of an auxiliary 4 in.
high pressure submarine main at the Mason Street
bridge.
When the old Mason Street swing bridge was re-
placed by a modern bascule bridge, the abutments and
piers for this bridge interfered with the existing 4-in.
high pressure main and necessitated its removal and re-
placement by a 2-in. high pressure line laid up with
double street ells. Upon completion of the bridge, a
second 2-in. high pressure line equipped with Dresser
couplings was installed.
The supply of gas delivered by the 6 in. low-pressure
main and the 2-in. high-pressure mains soon proved in-
adequate for the increasing demand of the west side.
Further re-inforcement was added by installing a 6-in.
low pressure main at the Mason Street bridge. The new
main was of steel pipe laid up with Dresser couplings.
This 6 in. low pressure main was later changed to high
pressure by connecting it with the old 4-in. high pres-
sure supply line.
Further increases in gas consumption presented a new
problem. Our distribution holder of 300,000 cu. ft. ca-
pacity throws a maximum pressure of 7 in. of water. On
days of heavy gas consumption this holder would uncup
and pressure conditions would be particularly bad on the
west side.
Adding a water gas machine to the plant equipment
provided additional manufacturing capacity and flexi-
bility. Pressure on the east side was bolstered up by
high pressure re-inforcement. Delivering gas at ade-
quate pressure to the west side still presented the old
difficulty, — insufficient main capacity.
A 12-Inch Main Finally Installed
It was finally decided to lay a 12-in. main from the
outlet of the distribution holder to the east bank of Fox
River at the foot of Pine Street and to construct a 12-in.
submarine main across Fox River to tie into the wesc
side distribution system. A No. 5 Sturtevant Booster
capable of maintaining a 13 lb. pressure was to be in-
stalled on this line at the gas works ; the pressure to be
regulated by a governor stationed on the west side.
The first procedure was to get a permit from the
Government Engineering department to lay a submarine
main under Fox River. This permission was granted,
the permit specifying that the minimum depth of the
main top be 30 ft. below datum at the east dock line and
26 ft. below datum at the west dock line.
Submarine Main Equipment
On account of the price, weight in handling, flexibili-
ty when lowering into the river, and method of joining
it was planned to use steel pipe. The pipe selected was
12-in. standard line pipe weighing 49 lbs. per foot and
cut in 20 ft. lengths threaded on both ends. These
lengths were to be connected with special river sleeves.
The river sleeve selected is constructed as follows : A
12-in. steel coupling 5 in. long is used as a core for a
cast iron sleeve. A rubber gasket and a malleable iron
follower slip over the ends of the pipes to be connected ;
one on each end of the sleeve. The rubber gasket, 1 in.
wide by J^ in. thick in cross section, has a triangular
groove cut in the side next to the sleeve and a bevel on
the side next to the follower. These gaskets are tipped
with canvas to protect the rubber from decomposition
by contact with condensation.
The followers are bolted to the sleeves by sixteen ^
Plan and Section of Submerged Gas Main at Green Bay, Wis.
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THE GAS AGE
March 25, 1921
Driving Piles to Support Main
in. machine bolts, eight on each end, to draw up the gas-
kets. This makes a double joint consisting of the screw
coupling and the two gaskets that is absolutely gas tight.
The weight of this sleeve is 275 lbs.
General Plan of the Installation
The site selected for this main was at a point where
the river is approximately 1,100 ft. wide. The eastern
bank of the river is filled up to the dock line but the
river extends about 400 ft. beyond the west dock line.
These dock lines are about 6/0 ft. apart; the normal
channel of the river lying midway between and with a
maximum depth of 24 ft.
The main was installed to grade to a point behind the
east dock line. According to Government permit, the
main at the east dock line would lie 4 ft. lower than at
the west dock line. Since the distance between dock
lines was approximately 670 ft., a grade of 1 in. per 14
ft. of main was established. Beyond the west dock line
the depth decreased from 26 ft. at the dock line to 4 ft.
at the shore line ; a grade of 1 ft. per 20 ft. of main.
Supporting the Submarine Main
A contract for installing this main was let to a local
contractor and dredging x)perations were commenced.
A large dipper dredge was used to dig the trench be-
tween dock lines. West of the west dock line the river
was too shallow to float the large dredge and an orange
peel bucket rigged on a boom attached to a pile driving
outfit was used to excavate this part of the trench. Still
closer to the west shore line it was necessary to dig the
trench with pick and shovel.
The original plan specified that the main be laid in
the bottom of the trench dug by the dredge. Upon
Pile Drivers in Operation
completion of the dredging, soundings taken with a pole
indicated that the bottom of the river varied consider-
ably in bearing qualities. A new plan was adopted which
called for driving a pair of piles at the edge of the
trench and capping them with a 6-in. x 8-in. timber to
form bents for supporting the main.
The location of these bents was determined by the
stiffness of the pipe and not by the load. One foot of 12-
in. pipe weighing 49 lbs. displaces 55 lbs. of water.
Hence a resultant force of 6 lbs. per foot would be ex-
erted upward when the pipe was immersed. A "Dresser
Sleeve" weighing 275 lbs. displaces 155 lbs. of water.
Therefore a resultant force of 130 lbs. would act down-
ward on each coupling. Since one coupling was used for
every 30 ft. of pipe, this force would be distributed 6 lbs.
per foot.
The resultant of these two 6 lb. forces, one acting up-
ward and the other downward, would be zero and the
main would float. This proved to be the case when we
later attempted to lower the main. Since bearing stress-
es were negligible, it was decided to locate these piling
bents at 40 ft. intervals between dock lines, so that a
maximum of two joints would lie between bents.
Accordingly 55-ft. piles were driven from above the
water line to straddle the trench at 40-ft. intervals. At
80-ft. intervals a third pile was driven on the down
stream side of the pile forming the bent, to act as a gin-
pole from which to lower the main. These additional
piles were temporary and were to be pulled when the
main was in place.
Piling was driven for eighteen bents. Fifty-five foot
piles were selected of a size that would drive with a min-
imum penetration of 20 ft. The next problem was to
cut these piles off at the proper depth and to complete
the bent by drifting the cap to the piles.
Establishing the Gradient and Work of Diver
Datum was located from a Government bench mark
and a point in the plane of datum was established on the
eastern dock line. A transit was then located on the
west dock line and a 4-ft. gradient was established be-
tween dock lines by driving nails into the pilings at
points of intersection of this gradient line. A diver was
then employed to cut off the piling and drift on the caps.
The points of cut off were determined by butting a 32-
ft. 6-in. pole against the nail driven into the top of the
pile and setting another nail just below this pole. Guide
strips were nailed to both piles at the cut off points and
the sawing was done with a one-man cross cut saw. The
cap was then marked, drilled, and sunk into position
with weights. The diver drove a }iin. x 18 in. drift bolt
through each end of the cap into the piles, thus complet-
ing the bent.
This stage of the procedure proved to be very tedious.
The diver was working through the ice and in muddy
water where it was impossible to see the work. Measure-
ments taken of sawed off portions of the piling showed
that actual cut off points varied only 1/8 in. one way or
the other from established points. The best progress
made by one diver in an eight-hour day was sawing off
four piles and setting two caps.
Placing the Pipe
The pipe for the river main was given three coats of
specially prepared Pyro pipe paint applied hot with a
brush at the gas plant. The pipe was then hauled to the
river bank and out on the ice where it was placed direct-
ly over the center line of the pile bents. The first length
of pipe was snubbed to prevent turning while the Dres-
ser sleeve was screwed up with two 54 in. chain tongs
with 20 ft. pipe extensions on the handles. Four men to
each chain tong were required for screwing up the pipe.
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March 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
241
A mixture of 1/3 white lead and 2/3 red lead was used
in making the joints.
After two lengths of pipe were connected, one man
followed putting bolts in the couplings and drawing up
the gaskets. When these joints were tight, the main
was again gone over carefully with pipe paint. The con-
dition of the ice being precarious, it was thought advis-
able to hang the pipe as connected in slings suspended
from the temporary piles. In order to distribute the
weight over a greater area of ice the main was rested on
cross timbers.. This plan was followed throughout the
connecting of the pipe.
The drip pot, to be installed behind the east dock line,
consisted of an 18 ft. length of 12 in. pipe with a cast
iron plug leaded into the end. A foot of concrete was
poured inside the pipe on top of the cup to insure a
water and gas tight joint. A steel point bolted to a
coupling was screwed on the bottom end of this drip
pipe. This was done to allow the drip to be driven by
a pile driver, if necessary.
The drip was joined to a 12 in. Dresser tee connected
to the river main and set bull headed in a 12 in. riser 30
ft. long. This tee had no threads ; the pipe simply slip-
ping into the nms of the tee and butting up against lugs.
Malleable iron followers and rubber gaskets similar to
those used on the Dresser sleeve were drawn up by bolts.
As a precaution against leakage these joints were filled
with lead before the gaskets were made tight.
In order to prevent any tendency of the river main
tee and fastened to the river main by a J^ in. x 3 in. split
ends and bent into a "U" bolt was slipped around the
tee and fastened to the river main by a J4 in.x3 in. split
band placed just behind the first Dresser sleeve. As an
added precaution against any lateral movement, addi-
tional bands were placed on the drip and riser; one
above and one below the tee. These bands were fastened
by tie rods to a second band placed on the river main.
Testing for Tightness and Bending
Upon completion of the work of connection, the ends
of the main were sealed by blank flanges and the main
was tested for leaks by pumping up 50 lbs. air pressure
with a 6 in. Westinghouse locomotive type air compres-
sor. The maximum pressure to be carried at present by
the main will be 12 lbs. We decided to use a factor of
safety of four to provide for future increases in pres-
sure, if required.
This air test showed the Dresser sleeves to be abso-
lutely tight. Some of the pipe used in the main had
standard steel couplings in the middle of each length.
This pipe was purchased last year when material was
scarce and we were unable to get enough straight lengths
to complete the main. Under 15 lb. pressure these coup-
lings leaked badly. The lap welds on one length of pipe
opened up for a distance of 1 ft. on one and where it-
entered the Dresser sleeve. It was necessary to spot-
weld the seam of this pipe and also the seams on each
of the standard couplings. When this welding was com-
pleted the main was again tested with 50 lb. air pres-
sure and was found to be tight.
An argument as to whether a 12 in. standard line pipe
would bend without straining the joints was settled by
chaining one end of a 100 ft. length of main to a pile
and applying a strain to the free end with a block and
tackle.^ The pipe bent readily and without permanent
distortion; the bends coming in the middle of pipe
lengths and not at points next to Dresser sleeves.
Lowering the Main
The main was now hung in slings attached to block
and tackle which were fastened at §) ft. intervals to the
Supports on the Ice for Main while Connecting
temporary piling. The ice was out and the main low-
ered imtil it rested on the surface of the water. This
completed all preliminary work preparatory to the ac-
tual laying of the main.
During the latter stages of this preliminary work, the
weather had moderated to such an extent that the ice
became imsafe to work on. The unexpected delays oc-
casioned by the necessary welding operations nearly
wrecked our plans for lowering the main. On the 16th
of February the main was ready to lower with the ice
on the river breaking up before a 60 mile gale.
A man stationed at each tackle was instructed to low-
er his section of main a slight distance at a time at sig-
nals given by his foreman. The riser from the drip was
set in the guides of a pile driver on the east dock, so
that it could be driven to a point where the footing of-
fered appreciable resistance to the steel point of the
drip. Below this point it was planned to sink the drip
and riser with a water jet.
The drip and riser was lowered 10 ft. by the piledriv-
er. As soon as the pressure exerted by the main against
the ice was relieved by the main being lowered, the wind
broke up the ice and a scow and pile driver which had
been frozen-in on the upstream side of the main broke
loose and drifted across the main. Fortuntely this
craft did not have sufficient draught to snag the par-
tially lowered main.
In attempting to check the mad career of the pile
driver down stream, a man snubbed a line around one of
the temporary piles. The strain was so great that the
pile was almost pulled before the man let go with the
Une, and the pile driver raced down the river and crashed
into the protection piling of Main Street bridge. The
men stationed at the tackle on the gin poles were ma-
Close up View of Main before Lowering
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THE GAS AGE
March 25, 1921
rooned on top of the piles and had ^ perilous journey
ashore in the boat which rescued them from their pre-
dicament.
Further attempts to lower the main were fruitless ; the
weight of the main being insufficient to sink it into place.
Local jimk yards were visited and large chimks of cast
iron were purchased with which to weight the main.
One of these weights was fastened to each end of a
length of steel cable. This cable was given several wraps
around the main, the weights hanging on either side.
After hanging 5,400 lbs. of iron on the main which still
refused to sink, this plan was abandoned in favor of
landing the main on the bents by partially filling with
water.
The main was finally submerged after several inter-
ruptions caused by the point on the drip coming in con-
tact with obstructions which had to be removed by a
diver. The next problem was to keep the main in po-
sition after the water had been pumped out of it.
It was not considered practical to strap the main to the
cap as any tension would have a' tendency to loosen the
cap from the pile. It was therefore decided to weight
the main at each bent. Scrap street car wheels weighing
500 lbs. apiece were used for this purpose. These wheels
were lowered with a pile driver and located at the bents
by the diver.
Final Testing and Cast
After the main was patrolled and weighted by the di-
ver, another 50 lbs. of air pressure was pumped into the
main to test for any leaks which might have developed
due to lowering strains. The main was found to be ab-
solutely tight. To prevent anjr tendency of the current
to shift the main from its initial position, wed^ blocks
were drifted to the caps on each side of the mam.
The west shore connection was then made to an ex-
isting main. Behind the eastern dock line another 12-in.
Dresser tee was connected, bullheaded to the top end of
the 12 in. 30 ft. riser from the drip. This tee was then
connected to the east shore line.
A blank fiange was bolted to the top of this tee. This
flange had a 2 in. tap into which a 2 in. suction line was
screwed. The suction line was placed inside the riser
connecting the drip pot with a pump stand. The pump
cylinder was placed mid-way in the suction line. This
made all pump parts enclosed in the riser where they can
easily be removed for repairs or adjustments.
As all bills against this main have not been entered
to date, we cannot give the exact cost of the completed
main. A very close approximation is $16.50 per foot.
This includes all labor and material charges against the
main up to the time of completion.
ji ji ji
Adjusting Rates in Period of Change
Review of Controversy Over Proper System
of Charging and the Adjustment During
Transition From the Old to the New Rates
By L. R. DUTTON, Jcnkintown, Pa.
THE Philadelphia Suburban Gas and Electric Com-
pany in their operation covers an area within 25
miles of the city of Philadelphia. This is divided
into districts as follows :
The Jenkintown District supplies both gas and elec-
tricity in the area included from Jenkintown to Telford,
with headquarters at Jenkintown.
The Delaware County Division supplies gas only from
Darby south to Marcus Hook in Delaware County, with
Chester as the main office of the district.
West Chester supplies electricity and steam heating
service to the boroughs of West Chester and Malvern.
The Coatesville Company supplies gas only to the
Borough of Coatesville.
The Phoenixville-Pottstown District supplies gas and
electricity in the area running from Phoenixville to
Pottstown, with an office in each Borough.
During the past three years there have been rate in-
creases in all classes of service as the occasion demands,
but in no cases have the rates kept up to the advance in
the cost of the service furnished by the company. Pro-
tests /Were made to the Public Service Commission dur-
ing the past three years and there have been under ad-
justment continually controversies originating in some
of the smaller towns supplied.
Within the area supplied, there are at least one hun-
dred towns, boroughs and cities, each with their own lo-
cal government, and in many cases each publishing one
or more local newspapers.
Previous Rate Adjuttmentt
'The rate increases at Jenkintown started February
26, 1918, when the gas rate was increased 20c per thou-
sand ; no change was made in the rates until June 1, 1920,
when the Company added a service charge which aver-
aged 75c but varied in amount according to the size of
the meters. This service charge was not generally un-
derstood by consumers and continued controversy arose
from the misunderstanding.
Early in the fall of 19& it became apparent that the
Company should again increase its rates, owing to the
costs of fuels and labor, and a conference was held at the
office of the Company, to which were invited the officials
from the twelve or more boroughs and representatives
from business associations of twenty other towns. At
this conference there was discussed the necessity for an
increase gas rate and the conclusion as to the form of
rate was placed up to the representatives of the various
communities.
There was an almost unanimous decision from the rep-
resentatives present that the consumers would not ob-
ject to a reasonable advance in the rates if the company
would abandon the separate Service Charge and add it
instead to the first thousand cubic feet of gas.
After consideration, the Company agreed to this sug-
gestion, hoping to continue to merit the good will of its
patrons, not caring to be arbitrary as to the method of
raising revenue ; a schedule of rates built along the lines
suggested was filed with the Commission on (>:tober 21,
1920. A four-page circular was addressed to each con-
sumer, outlining the situation and the method by which
we had arrived at the new form of rates.
Preparing for a Commission Hearing
About three weeks after this rate was filed, a group
of consumers, who had not complained before, started
to complain of the increase in rates and filed a protest
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March 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
243
It became apparent both to the G)inmission and our offi-
cers that the proper thing to do under the circumstances
was to have a complete valuation of the Suburban prop-
erties, covering as they do several hundred square miles
of area, and it will be appreciated that the taking of the
inventory for this valuation is quite a problem and was
expected to involve several months' work. On Decem-
ber 21st the Commission handed down an order for the
valuation of the property ; the inventory to be completed
by July 1, 1921, and the appraisal to be completed by
October 1, 1921.
The Suburban Company promptly engaged Stone &
Webster, Inc., of Boston, engineers of ability and world
wide reputation, to proceed promptly with the work, so
that a complete inventory will be finished about April
1st, three months ahead of the required time.
Shortly after the order of the Commission for a val-
uation of the property, it dawned upon the complain-
ants that it. would be necessary for them to do some
work on their own part, and because there was no city or
borough organization large enough or disposed to finance
the cost on behalf of the complainants, the problem of
financing presented itself and the methods that they
used to raise funds stirred up considerable newspaper
publicity.
The lawyer engaged by the complainants has been
furnishing newspaper articles of statements which are
absolutely untrue or statements of perverted facts, to
prejudice the consumer against the Company and lead
them to contribute from one to five dollars each to the
fund which is to pay his fee. Not content with the news-
paper articles, the committee with which he is connected
have solicited and arranged meetings with the fire com-
panies, improvement associations, etc., throughout the
district, carrying on the same type of propaganda as in
the newspapers, and appointed local persons who had a
grievance against the Company to solicit from house to
house. Those who are familiar with the situation can
see how easy it is to stir up prejudice under circtunstanc-
es where paying additional money is involved, particu-
larly when they are promised that on the payment of
one dollar their gas bill will be materially reduced.
The Company has not thought it dignified to combat
the statements made at these meetings by attendance be-
cause the facts are very largely given to the public be-
fore the rate increases are made, and the move is not be-
ing backed by prominent suburban people of the dis-
trict. The only statement for publication by the Com-
pany was the one issued February 21st over the signa-
ture of the President.
When the facts are finally brought out before the Com-
mission in a hearing, all the rate increases will be fully
substantiated and it will be proven that consumers have
been obtaining service at less than cost.
A Gas Rate Problem
A complaint was recently filed with the Pennsylvania
Public Service Commission against the Philadelphia
Suburban Gas and Electric Company in the Jenkintown
Division, regarding its methods of billing consumers on
November 20, 19^, when a new gas rate became ef-
fective.
The Company has about 8,500 consumers, and to pro-
vide a method to enable consumers to understand their
bills, a special form of bill was devised for consumers
in the month of November, illustrating the method of
billing the two rates in effect during the term of the bill.
It was necessary to bill under the two rates because the
Company has a system of reading meters daily and the
system could not well be change! nor could the Com-
pany obtain enough meter readers to read all the meters
in one day ; i.e., the day the new rate became effective.
The rate in force previous to November 20th was a
two-way charge rate as follows :
Readiness to serve charge, 5-light meter $0.75 per month
First 5,000 cubic feet of gas used 0.15 per C
Second 5,000 cubic feet of gas used 0.14 per C
In making up the new rate, as a result of a demand
from groups of consumers, that the Company abandon
the Readiness to Serve charge which was not understood
nor popular, the Company combined the Readiness to
Serve Charge and the first one thousand cubic feet of
gas and constructed a rate as follows :
First 1,000 cubic feet of gas $2.25
Next 4,000 cubic feet of gas 0.20 per C
Next 5,000 cubic feet of gas 0.18 per C
When it came to making out the bills, it was realized
that some little problem was involved in compl)ring with
the law, under the rates filed and making up a bill that
could be understood by the consumer.
The plan which appealed to the Office as being fair
and easy of understanding was to accurately determine
the quantity of gas to be billed in each period by finding
the average daily consumption for the month and mul-
tiplying that by the number of days during which gas
was used imder the old rate and then under the new rate.
The same method was used in determining the amount
of the Readiness to Serve charge for a fraction of a
month. To illustrate this, we give a sample of the bill
of a consumer who entered a complaint.
CALCULATION OF RATE
The consumer used 8,300 cu. ft. of gas between No-
vember 1st, 1920, and December 3d, 1920. The rate
changed on November 20th, 1920.
METHOD OF BILLING BY GAS COMPANY
19H-32 of 8,300 cu. ft.=4,900 cu. ft. rate before 11-20-20
13^32 of 8,300 cu. ft.=3,400 cu. ft. rate after 11-20-20
Ready to Serve Charge, 75c per month before Nov. 20-20
Old Rate
19-h32 of 75c, Ready to Serve Charge=0.47
4,900 cu. ft. @ 15c per C. =7.35
$7.82
New Rate
1,000 cu. ft. @ 22>^ per C. =2.25
2,400 cu. ft. @ 20c per C. =4.80
7.05
Total $14.87
The consumer who entered the complaint claimed that
the Company was not justified in billing under both
rates as he stated the maximum rates in one month's
period and claimed his bill should be made up as fol-
lows :
METHOD OF BILLING CLAIMED BY CONSUMER
Old Rate
19/32 of 75c, Ready to Serve Charge=0.47
4,900 cu. ft. @ 15c =7.35
$7.82
ICew Rate
100 cu. ft. @ 20c (2d step— New Rate) 0.20
3,300 cu. ft. @ 18c (3d step— New Rate) $5.94
$6.14
Total $13.96
No particular question or complaint was made as to the
method of determining the quantity of gas used in each
period nor as to the apportionment of the Readiness to
Serve charge, but the consumer to suit his own conven-
ience applied the second and third steps in the new rate.
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244
THE GAS AGE
March 25, 1921
Upon a study of the situation by the Executives of the
Company, it was determined that to meet a condition of
this kind which had never been raised on a gas rate be-
fore, it would take a long method of calculation on each
bill, to accurately determine what the exact charge should
be, and it was foimd in using the method which the
Executives used, the question of apportioning the
quantity of gas consumed was not a factor in the solution.
In other words, it was possible to take the total quan-
tity of gas used in the thirty days and by apportioning
the reading period into number of days before and after
the date upon which the rate became effective, both max-
imum rates could be properly apportioned and arrive at
a result illustrated in Calculation C.
C—CORRECT METHOD OF BILLING
Old Rate
19/32 of Ready to Serve charge, 7Sc =$0.47
19/32 of 5,000 cu. ft.=2,969 @ 0.15 = 4.45
19/32 of 3,300 cu. ft. =1,959 @ 0.14 = 2.74
Ngw Rate
13/32 of 1,000 cu. ft. = 406 @ 0.22>4 = 0.91
13/32 of 4,000 cu. ft. =1,625 @ 0.20 = 3.25
13/32 of 3,300 cu. ft. =1,341 @ 0.18 = 2.40
$7.66
Total
$6.56
$1422
To demonstrate that the above is subject to proof, the
total amount of gas in the thirty day period was calcu-
lated on both the old and new rate and by subtracting,
the difference in the two rates was determined. Inas-
much as the increased rate was only in effect 13 days of
the total period, it was found that 13/32 of the increased
rate should be applied to that period. This added to the
cost under the old rate, as illustrated in Calculation D,
produces the same result as method C.
D— PROOF CHECK METHOD C
Old Rate
Ready to Serve Charge 0.75
5,000 cu. ft. @ 0.15 = 7.50
3,300 cu. ft. @ 0.14 = 4.62
$12.87
New Rate
1,000 cu. ft. @ 0.22J4 =$2.25
4,000 cu. ft @ 0.20 = aoo
3,300 cu. ft. @ 0.18 = 5.94
16.19—12.87=3.32 3.32X13/32=1.35 12.87+1.35=1422
Effect of the Charge Demanded
A question for decision was put up to the Commission
by both parties, and a hearing held on March 3d, 1921 ;
the Gas Company submitting that it was perfectly willing
to re-calculate all of its bills on this basis, and render to
the consumers any credit which might be due them. It
was found, however, that because the new rate showed
a decrease to consumers using under 1,000 feet of gas,
there would be necessarily a charge tq small consumers
and any credits accruing would be to the consumer of
large amounts.
The Gas Company has completed and submitted to the
Commission results of new calculations as follows:
In a group of 673 consumers in one town, there was
a net credit of $120.00 or a credit of 17c each.
In another town of 155 consumers, there was a credit
of $19.00, or about 12c each.
Another group of 72 consumers showed a credit of 6c
each.
Another group of 88 consumers showed a credit of 7c
each.
When considering the necessary time involved in
making the calculation as above, it can readily be seen
that the time of the clerks in calculating* the bills, mak-
ing up the ledger records and sending out credit mem-
oranda, etc., involved a larger expense to the company
than the total credits to consumers.
Ammonia Sulphate as Weed Killer
Report by the Experiment Station of the Rhode Island State '
College, Kingaton, R. I.
This method of reducing or eliminating weeds from
lawns was developed by a wide series of experiments ex-
tending over 20 years at the Experiment Station of the
Rhode Island State QjUeee. All lawn grasses require
in order to grow at their best, that the soil be supplied
with plenty of plant food in the three elements found in
all commercial fertilizer, namely nitrogen, phosphorus
and potassium. Most grasses and weeds also require
that the soil be not sour, but Rhode Island and other
Bent Grasses which make an even turf and which stand
close clipping, grow well in an acid soil. Fescues, if used
by themselves, also grow well in an acid soil.
The usual fertilizers employe4 for top-dressing lawns
in the spring do not develop acidity and permit the
coarsely growing weeds to crowd out the grass.
Nitrogen is commonly furnished in nitrate of soda,
which tends towards an alkaline reaction. By substi-
tuting a similar amount of sulphate of ammonia which
is not more expensive, an acid condition of the soil is
gradually produced which weakens the weeds while not
affecting either the Bent Grasses or the Fescues. Thus in
two or three seasons the weeds will entirely disappear,
or in new lawns, will never become troublesome.
The phosphorus can be applied in acid phosphate and
the potash in muriate of potash as usual Different soils
require different amounts of plant food, but a good pro-
portion for average conditions is 250 pounds sulphate
of ammonia, 400 poimds acid phosphate and 250 pounds
muriate of potash to the acre. A smaller amount than
this should be used on newly seeded lawns.
At present no commercial fertilizer of this mixture is
on the market, but the constituents can be obtained from
dealers in fertilizer chemicals, and readily mixed when
needed.
Precautions : It should be noted that a too heavy ap-
plication of sulphate of ammonia will injure the grass as
well as the weeds, but in the proportions noted, it may
safely be used as freely as the common lawn fertilizers.
It is necessary that the fertilizer be distributed evenly,
when the lawn is dry, in order not to bum the grass.
Where convenient it is well to sprinkle the lawn thor-
oughly after applying the fertilizer. Do not, in pre-
paring the lawn or afterwards, use lime, wood ashes, or
any substance which will tend to produce an alkaline
reaction.
It is also only reasonable to expect that lawns in which
the weeds have for a long time had the upper hand, will
only slowly be brought into a weedless condition.
Cost of Research — The total taxes collected by the
U. S. Government for fiscal year 1920 totalled $5/15,-
329,260 or $53.72. Of this 4.2 per cent was spent for
research, education and development. The Bureau of
Standards spent but $768,000 as an average for a ten
year period. This is a picajrune appreciation of original
development work which should be corrected. Perhaps
some of the expense can be borne by the industries
benefited.
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THE GAS AGE
245
Cancellation of Contracts
From the Bulletin of the
Chamber of Commerce of the
United States, Washington, D. C.
AN exhaustive study of the practice of cancellation of
orders and repudiation of contracts in almost every
division of business has been made by the Fabri-
cated Production Department of the Giamber of Com-
merce of the United States as a result of which it groups
opinions as to possible causes under these three heads :
"First: That the practice is the result of war time ir-
re^larities and will pass as we return to a normal basis.
"Second : That we are now reaping the results of the
loose business practices inaugurated before the war,
when many lines were in a state of over production and
the measures taken to unload this surplus were demoral-
izing. These entertaining this belief feel that the rem-
edy is in a general reformation of our system of order
taking, making each order a contract enforceable by law.
"Third: That we have been drifting away from the
fundamentals of sound business and the 'Golden Rule/
and that we must return to a stronger belief in the rights
of others and a higher regard for our own integrity if
the change is to be permanent."
Terming the cancellation practice a "serious matter/'
the bulletin goes on to say that "earlier in the year when
cancellations began to trickle in they were almost wel-
comed by those having more orders than production,
but as prices began to crumble and the tide of refusals to
perform set in, the seriousness of the situation was man-
ifest, for it brought with it a curtailment of production.
"The retailer cancelled to the jobber and wholesaler
and they in turn to the manufacturer, and he to those
supplying his raw materials. — a literal 'passing the
buck' and shirking of responsibility regardless of conse-
quences. Sellers had encouraged buyers by misleading
natemali^xn in assuming many of the natural responsi-
bilities inherent of their customers* functions as mer-
chants— 'We will take care of you* or 'vou may return
the goods' are examples of some of the undermining
factors when the pinch came. Everybody seemed to be
doing it and it was by no means confined to the weak,
but houses of more than ordinary standing permitted
their buyers to get rid of their responsibility. It is said
'big* buyers coerced sellers by threatening to cut off
future purchases if contracts were enforced. Last but
not least, it is claimed that banks favored cancellations
as a rapid means of house cleaning and bringing busi-
ness back more quickly to a normal state. If the latter
conclusion has any merit the fact should not be lost
sight of that somebody paid the bill, for between May
and November the failures both in manufacturing and
among merchants increased rapidly.
"Dun eives the total volume of commercial failures in
May. 1920, as $10,826,277, and in October, 1920. as $38.-
914,659, while in October, 1919, the total was $6,871,966.
But the monetary loss was not the greatest loss, al-
though many went to an untimely business grave be-
cause somebody did not 'make good.'
"The apparent lowering of business standards has
made doubtful the value of business written and placed
upon the books for future shipment. Production sched-
ules could not be definitely worked out because of this
increasing doubt."
In suggesting the possil^le remedy for this evil, the
bulletin says, "there is a strong feeling that this thing
must not happen again and to that end many trade or-
ganizations have met and formed committees and bu-
reaus to deal with it.
"The credit Cooperative and Credit Methods Com-
mittee of the National Association of Credit Men have
met to consider it and they suggest truly there seems to
have been a dulling of public conscience. Should one
who habitually repudiates his contracts and orders be
given a higher credit ratinp- than he who lets his notes
and drafts go to protest? They also feel that one rem-
edy, and as a safeguard against the unscruplous, would
be that each line of trade should at once examine its
contract making and order takine methods to bring
them strictly within leeal lines. This is practical and
can be immediately applied.
"We, feel however, that perhaps the most effective
remedy must be the one that will call us back to 'first
principles,' to where we can 'point with pride' to our
house as one that 'fills its orders and keeps its contracts'
"There are manv in all lines who have through all
this upheaval stood steady and right — ^preferring to take
loss rather than mar a lifetime record of good perform-
ance. The advertising men redeemed their line from
discredit by standing for 'clean advertising'--it meant a
loss of business and money to those who pioneered it,
but the fight was won and it paid. What shall the
'slogan' be that can be used in a countrywide campaign
to clean up uniust cancellations, broken contracts and
bad faith? Before we legislate for the other fellow let
there be a pause for self-examination — will we do what
we expect our customers to do?
Pipe Line Right of Way
In the Act of May 29, 1885, and its supplements, the
legislature of Pennsylvania has declared that the pro-
duction and supply of natural gas to the public is a
public use and that corporations created for such pur-
pose should be invested with the right of eminent do-
main. Where the company and the owner are unable to
aeree as to the amount of compensation for a desired
right of way, the constitutional provision reouiring such
corporations either to pay or secure the probable dam-
ages before entry upon the land is effected, on the refusal
of the owner to accept the company's bond, by the pre-
sentation of the bond to the court of common pleas of
the proper county and its approval by the court. As the
statutes give no right of appeal from the order of the
court approving or refusing its approval of the bond in
such cases, it is held. In re Bond of Equitable Gas Com-
pany (72 Pennsylvania Superior Court 371) that the
only remedy available to one considering himself ag-
grieved by the order of the court is the common law
writ of certiorari. An allegation that the proposed tak-
ing of the owner's land was not for a public use but was
in reality an attempt on the part of the corporation to
take the property of the owner for a private use cannot
be considered on exceptions to the bond. If the proceed-
ings in the case are regular in form the order of the
lower court will be sustained. ^^ ^
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Illinois Meeting
"How'good it'is'for'brethren'to dwcirtogether in unity"
Chicago witnessed a notable event in the joint con-
vention of the Illinois Gas Association, the Illinois State
Electric Association and the Illinois Electric Railway
Association. The attendance exceeded all previous
gatherings of these district associations and the joint
sessions brought them closer together and revealed their
common interests to a greater extent than ever before.
They all agreed that the keynote of the situation was
getting consumers and the public interested in the pub-
lic utility business and thus gain their confidence. The
financing of the utility through consumers' investments
in Chicago was discussed by Vice President Gilchrist
of the Commonwealth Edison Company.
Another vital subject was brought up by President
Munroe of the American Gas Association in relation to
taxation and the possibilities of having public utility
securities made tax exempt. This works in very well
with securing customer investors. Martin J. InsuU de-
clared that the American people were fair minded and
will practically appreciate being told the facts regarding
the business. Another valuable paper dealt with coal
supply which W. L. Abbott presented in an interesting
manner, showing the result of waste.
The banquet was presided over by Rufus C. Dawes
who spoke on public relations and restoration of finan-
cial credit. Congressman Copley, Charles A. Munroe,
>^ dam Geschwindt (President 111. State Elec. Assn.) and
T'avid Kinley (President of the Univs. of 111.) also were
among the speakers, the keynote being restoration.
The officers of the Illinois Gas Association during the
coming year are : President, H. H. Clark ; Vice-president,
R. S. Wallace ; Secretary and Treasurer, R. V. Prather ;
newly elected directors, C. R. Bradley and C. H. Quack-
enbush.
The entertainment features at the banquet were
thoroughly well appreciated and greeted with enthusias-
tic and prolonged applause. As shown in the photograph
upon page 249 a platform was provided for the enter-
tainers and the numbers were given during the progress
of the banquet so that the after-dinner speeches after-
ward proceeded without interruption. This was a good
arrangement and the substitution of really excellent per-
formances for the usual banquet horseplay was received
with general approval. Particularly were the selections
sung by a soprano from the Chicago grand opera com-
pany greeted with approval and delighted applause. It
was a stroke of genius which led the management to the
securing of such talent and they are to be congratulated.
The selection of Toastmaster Dawes was a happy one
and the scholarly address of the president of the Univers-
ity of Illinois set the pace for the high standard set by
the after-dinner speakers; they were given close at-
tention by all the dinars,
Gas lighting
••Threatened men arc long-lived"— -Proverb
Since the time when precdcious electric lighting told
gas light to go out and not come back, the quantity of
gas used for that purpose has not become less although
the proportion is today startlingly low. Gas lighting
had a real friend in the Baron von Welsbach and had
acquaintances in the business, but it cannot be claimed
that the gas industry itself was anything but indifferent
to the struggles of gas lighting. Gas men yielded the
business to electric competition with hardly a real
fight and even the gas journals stamped it as a dead is-
sue when they erased the name "gas lighting*' from
their sign boards.
In 1917 the "London Journal of Gas Lighting" changed
its title to "Gas Journal" and the "American Gas Light
Journal" became "The American Gas Engineering Jour-
nal." "Light" had previously changed its name to "The
Gas Industry." That left only one important gas light
journal in the field ; however, it was in January of this
year that the "Journal fur Gasbeleuchbung und Was-
serfach" changed its name to "Das Gas und Wasser-
fach." This acknowledgment on the part of the gas
journals that gas lighting is no longer a primary con-
sideration cannot but have a depressing effect upon the
friends of gas lighting. If the changes mean anything
at all they reflect the conviction of the publishers that
gas lighting is very much "de trop" and therefore to be
dropped from the list of intimate acquaintances.
If that IS a justified explanation, the most recent
change made this month by the "American Gas Engi-
neering Journal" in adopting the name "American
Gas Journal," would indicate that gas engineering
was about to go the way of gas lighting. In its edito-
rial announcement it was acknowledged that gas men had
not adopted the term "engineering" as applied to that
journal. However, the publishers have done well to
shorten the title of their journal and the change will be
generally approved.
This general stampede to disown gas lighting does
not meet our views.
We have always advocated the retention and develop-
ment of the gas lighting business. Why should we per-
mit a competitor to enter our field and preempt a busi-
ness which is now our own? Giving in to save trouble
does no credit to the fighting spirit of our forefathers;
those trail-blazers took fast hold of what was their own
and dared anyone to take it away from them. At the
New England meeting one speaker declared that the
way to hold gas lighting was to go out and get some
more of it. Those hopeless inquiries as to how to hold
gas lighting made him "tired" he said. Most of the
trouble is imaginary; when we adopt genersil niain*
tenance, gas lightin|^ will be very desirable.
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We concluded an editorial upon this subject on page
112 of our issue for February 1, 1917, as follows: "It
is evident that, if gas lighting is doomed to go down, it
will be because its friends have deserted it and not
through any reason for which gas lighting itself is re-
sponsible."
Company Sections
"All your strength^.in your union" — Hiawatha
The American Gas Association requests that sections
be formed in the individual companies and offers to as-
sist as far as possible in forming these local organiza-
tions. A model constitution and by-laws have been pre-
pared and a program of meetings is outlined. To get
together in such meetings and have an opportunity to
ask questions and listen to discussion of matters that
come up in the routine of daily work, to listen to men
who are prominent and expert in their line, to get an
insight into some of the puzzling problems the company
is trying to solve, is an opportunity which can be pro-
vided generally only in this way. There are changed
conditions to meet and new ideas to digest in the tomor-
row of the future and there is no better way to do this
than to get together with fe.et under the same table, con-
tributing to the general smoke, listening to the man with
a message, and having every man feel that the com-
pany's problems and successes are his also. Mr. Stotz or
Mr. Hall at headquarters will give those interested in this
association extension work full information as to pur-
pose and method. May the plan succeed, for "wherever
two or three are gathered together" there is always
"something doing."
Employes Representation
"We recognize that .the management, .the company and the public have rights"
The plan which is now under consideration for adop-
tion by the People's Gas Light and Coke Company of
Chicago should be watched with more than casual in-
terest. About February 1 a three weeks conference was
held by 55 employe and 55 management delegates to
consider the details of the plan which set March 10 as
the date when it would be approved or otherwise by se-
cret ballot, a majority vote of both employes and of
management representatives being necessary for adop-
tion.
The result of the voting was gratifying to those inter-
ested in the plan. There were 1709 votes cast out of the
eligible 1816, the void ballots bringing the total vote
to 1701. Of these 1574 voted for it and 127 against,
making the adoption almost unanimous. Since 1475 of
these votes came from the rank and file and but 234 from
the management, it is very evident that the employes
very strongly favor the proposed plan and when the
Board of Directors of the company approves it, the plan
will at once go into effect.
The general purpose is to facilitate adjustments be-
tween employes and the management by means of joint
conferences which make recommendations to the man-
aging officers "in reference to wages and salary rates,
hours, working conditions or any other matters affecting
the relations of the employes of the campany." The in-
troduction (Art. 1, Section 1) declares the purpose to be
as follows:
"The general objects are, by this modification of the
methods of the management, to promote mutual un-
derstanding, justice and harmony in the co-operation, of
the employes and the management; to provide for pro-
tection and promotion of the interests of the employes
as to pay, hours, conditions of work, and all other mat-
ters affecting them as employes; to improve the effec-
tiveness of the management; to foster efficiency and
economy ; to insure fair returns to the stockholders ; and
to assure continuous and satisfactory service, at just
rates, to the public."
The plan is outlined in a 46-page booklet issued by the
company and copies can probably be obtained from B
J. Mullaney, manager of the Public Relations Depart-
ment of the company. The five articles and numerous
sections give a definite idea of the details of this plan
to bring closer together the supervision and the working
force and to solidify the organization. It is a splendid
idea and we hope that nothing will interfere with its
being given a fair opportunity to demonstrate its worth.
The plan should fit in nicely with making employes
stockholders also. The recent success of Portland in
selling a million of 8 per cent 5-year gold notes to their
employes and customers shows how very practical are
the benefits arising from closer confidential relations.
^lOLUES
A Word to tbe Wiae
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248
THE OAS A6£
March 25, 1921
Financing Through Customers
This Was the Keynote of the Chicago Conven-
tion of the Illinois Gas Association. A Brief
Review of Proceedings is Herewith Presented
By a Staff Correspondent
THE 17th annual meeting of the
Illinois Gas Association was held
in Chicago at the Hotel Sherman,
March 15 and 16 in joint sessions with
the 20th annual meeting of the Illinois
State Electric Association and the 12th
annual meeting of the Illinois Electric
Railway Association. The attendance for
the two days exceeded those of former
years. The total membership of the
Illinois Gas Association is forty- three ac-
tive and fifty-four commercial members.
The convention keynote was to inter-
est the public in your business, thereby
gaining its confidence, its support and
its loyality to the utility that it is served
by.
President's Address
The opening address of the president,
W. M. Willett, was characteristic of the
foregoing paragraph, and he pointed out
the fact that safe and sane legislation
for public utility should be a basic factor
in order that these vote seeking politicians
could not mislead the people and by this
plan you interest your community in your
business. Perhaps, in other words, beat
this politician to it and educate your
people to the correct fundamentals of
your business. His talk in part follows:
"One of the greatest handicaps in the
development of the utility industry, at
least in recent years, has been the general
suspicion aroused through misconception
and lack of information on the part of
the public, and through ignorance, and
through agitation by the self-seeking
small caliber politician. When they have
the truth the people are fair, and we owe
it as a duty of good citizenship to see
that they are not misled and to go over
the heads of these demagogues, straight
to the people with our problems. We have
in our keeping the savings wrought by
hard work and self-denial of approxi-
mately 400,000 men and women, repre-
senting with their families about one-fifth
the population of this State, totaling the
vast sunj of one and one-quarter billions
of dollars. We are responsible to about
200,000 employes and their families rep-
resenting nearly a million souls. We
must accept this responsibility, and in
this time of stress and readjustment with
the world's manner of thinking turned
topsy-turvy, with the non-thinking ready
to accept radicalism such as has destroyed
nations, we must see that the truth is
always kept in the fore. In such periods,
short-lived as they usually are, we find
the agitator and the shouting type of
politician springing up to advocate the
confiscation of utility property or utility
value. The fact should not be overlooked
that when he is discussing this he is not
only discussing the confiscation of utility
property but the confiscation of all prop-
erty, whether store or farm, or the
worker's home, for the same theory must
apply to all. These theorists and radicals
cannot attain permanent success in this
country that offers to all from the most
lowly equal opportunity to advance his
position and become an owner of part
of the great wealth which is constantly de-
veloping in a nation of such unbounded
resources, but if we allow it, by becloud-
ing the issue, they may make a great deal
of trouble.
"At the present time the housing prob-
lem is one of the most serious facing
the State and it vitally concdrns the
utility industry. On every side in the
urban and rural communities alike we
hear of the distress of our people who
are unable to obtain housing facilities.
We find them beset by greatly increased
rents, due in part to the increased tax-
ation, but without a doubt largely to the
great shortage of dwellings which ha> led
to exceedingly high rentals. It is a sit-
uation which affects every householder's
pocketbook, discomforts him and causes
him agitation which has a decided effect
upon the entire program of readjustment,
and necessitates immediate rectification.
"There can be no new dwelling, there
can be no growth to our cities and
towns unless the utilities are prosperous
and able to grow as the demands from
our people come to us. Unless we are
able to furnish gas, electricity, telephones
and transportation this housing program
cannot go forward and the suffering and
inconvenience of our people cannot be
relieved.
"How are we to extend our gas mains
and add to our plants? How are we to
extend our electric lines and equipmeni,
and our communication and transportation
facilities to serve the new buildings as
fast as they are contemplated or extended
to new subdivisions yet undeveloped? It
has been conservatively estimated that not
less than $500,000,000 of new capital
must be obtained from the thrifty
through the exchange of our securities
for their savings within the next three
years, if we are to keep pace with the
necessary growth in housing facilities.
We must obtain this money and invest it
in the public's good. We must obtain it
in competition with all other industry
unrestricted as to earnings and sale price.
We must maintain a credit such as will
make our securities appeal to the cautious
and conservative investors. We must be
able to assure him that his savings will be
safeguarded and that he will receive a
fair interest return in exchange for his
money's use. We must keep our properties
on such prosperous footing as will enable
us to keep pace at all times with the
State's growth, and with the demands of
its people, and, on such basis as will at-
tract business and industry to the State.
"We should not minimize the difficul-
ties of the present situation. We arc
paying high freight rates on our coul
and coke, our oil, our steel, and our
great quantities of materials that enter
into production and maintenance. Th?
interest charges we pay for use of the
great sums of money we must borrow are
fixed by the price we must pay in com-
petition with other industries that are
unregulated as to earnings. We arc
forced to contract for our coal, coke, oil,
and supplies over long periods, for our
service must be continuous and we can-
not rely upon daily market supplies of
these products, nor take advantage of
momentary declines in market prices.
It does not seem humanly possible that
greater economies can be practised by
the industry than has been the case dur-
ing the war and post-war period without
great injury to the service upon which
the public is so dependent. But somehow,
inadequate as our revenues from rates
are, due to the burdens imposed upon us
in the shape of operating expenses and
cost of money over which we have no
control, we must find a way to keep the
industry not only alive and fiuictioning,
but progressing and growing so that the
people's interest may be served.
"I suggest your whole-hearted co-opcr-
ration with your commercial dubs, your
dric organizations, your dty authorities
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March 25. 19^1
fHE 6AS ACt
249
and every. group of citizens who should
be actively interested in solving our prob-
lems. It will be only through the fullest
co-operation that this situation which
means so much to the prosperity and hap-
piness of our people, our communities,
and ourselves will be met.'*
The talk made by John F. Gilchrist,
Vice-President of The Commonwealth
Edison Company at the morning session
on March 15 was perhaps the keynote of
the convention. He chose for his topic
"Fmancing Through Your Customers"
a plan of financing that had been de-
veloped by the Conmionwealth Edison,
the Insull Properties and the Public Ser-
vice Company of Northern Illinois. These
companies have applied it and have met
with success, not only in this period but
during the abnormal periods of 1919 and
1920.
Fuumcing Plan
The plan in brief is as follows : The
basis for this new method in financing
are placing in him an opportunity to make
more money and if he compares with the
general type of employe, he will have
one thought in mind, that will be to make
good.
Continuing also in this line of thought,
Mr. Gilchrist stated the fact that in
certain drives they had made, it was a
good plan to stimulate the sales by form-
ing teams headed by a captain of say a
certain number of men in proportion to
the total number of employes. The
placing then of a certain goal to be
reached would create rivalry. This
turns financing into a game.
Small Gas Oven
Angus MacArthur of the Koppers Com-
pany read a paper on "The Small Gas
Oven for the Gas Industry." The en-
lightenment offered by this paper was
that a new small combination oven now
being manufactured by the Koppers Com-
pany now makes it possible for the small
the factors that determine the value of
generator fuel.
The significance of the first day session
was that the convention had thus far
been a great success and it was evident
that the talks and papers were all dis-
tributed under high pressure, also the
pressures were maintained and at no time
did the pressure or B.t.u.'s drop to a low
level.
Mr. Munroe's Message
Charles A. Munroe, President of the
American Gas Association, found every-
body in an enthusiastic frame of mind
and talked on "What the National As-
sociation is Doing."
He said in part that the Associations
were very much interested in taxation,
especially taxation on securities. He
stated that municipal and state securities
had always been exempt from the income
tax and that the securities issued by
utilities had always been subject to the
income tax. This forms a very clear prob-
lUinois Gas, Electric and Railway Association Banquet
was found that by educating a man,
especially your consumer, as to the fun-
damentals of your business you awoke
within him interest. With this in hand
the financial end of your business can be
approached.
It developed after careful study had
been made of all conditions that the
first step to reach this consumer was
through your employe. In other words,
Mr. Gilchrist stated, "Peddle your securi-
ties to your customer by employe or-
ganization."
In getting this employe sales organi-
zation, stress must be put upon the fact
that by placing this new responsibility on
your employe, you create a feeling in
him that he is a bigger part of your
company than he really thought he was.
The thought immediately jumps into his
mind that by selling your securities you
utility to install this equipment without
a great deal of expense.
Tar Emulsions
William Odell and E. Thiele presented
an interesting discussion on "The Rapid
Determination of Water in Tar Emul-
sions." This paper discussed two methods
of determining water in tar. First, cen-
trifuging with a heavy solvent and second,
by mixing carbon black which has a
strong absorbing power for oils of which
tars are composed. The full detail of
this paper will be found in this issue.
"The Evaluation of Generator Fuel for
the Manufacture of Carburetted Water
Gas," by Mr. Edward S. Pohlman fol-
lowed. The discussion led by W^illiam A.
Dunkley of the State Geological Survey
was exceptionally good and discussed all
lem that in order to get the investor
interested in public utility securities you
must make your securities immune to the
income tax.
To accomplish this the National As-
sociations are going to conduct a nation-
wide campaign in which they intend to
arouse enough interest on this point that
Public Utility securities will he made
exempt from the income tax or municipal
and state securities made subject to the
same tax.
Martin J. Insull, President of the Na-
tional Electric Light Association gave a
short talk and he concurred with Mr.
Gilchrist's ideas. He said. "Educate the
people to the fundamentals of the Public
Utility business, give them the facts and
the American people, being fair-minded,
will understand and in so doing, you have
gained their confidence."
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March is, m
Coal Deposits
W. L. Abbott, Chief Operating Engineer
for the Commonwealth Edison Company,
read a paper on "The Consumers Steward-
ship of the Coal Deposits/' This paper
was a clear statement on "our sloppy
methods of conducting our affairs/' and
was also "to show what a tax that con-
duct is upon ourselves and upon our
descendants; and if, as a result of this
and similar discussions, public attention
is drawn to existing conditions that are
costing the present generation millions
in money and the future billions in coal,
a way will ultimately be found whereby
we can with honor discharge our Steward-
ship of the Coal Deposits/'
£. S. Beaumont led the discussion on
the paper "Accident Prevention in the
Gas Industry" by Fred M. Smith of the
Bureau of Safety and agreed very heart-
ily with Mr. Smith's idea.
Other papers read were "Some Remarks
Concerning our Distribution System" by
J. A. Brown, Gas Engineer, Hodenpyl,
Hardy and Company, and "Rules and
Tables for Determining Gas Requirements
of Industrial Equipment" by Mr. Zander,
Industrial Department, Peoples Gas Light
and Coke Company. This last paper was
very good in that it is very complete and
would enable anybody to go out on the
job and understand just exactly what they
were doing. These papers and discussions
will all be found elsewhere in this issue.
Banquet
Rufus C. Dawes acting as toastmaster
at the banquet of the joint association
impressed upon the minds of those pres-
ent that in effecting restoration, a per-
fect understanding must be had between
the people and public utilities, that honest
public service should receive an honest
return for that service and steps must
be taken to re-establish credit and restore
confidence in the utility.
Congressman Ira C. Copley, President
of the Western United Gas and Electric
Company, Charles A. Munroe, President
of the American Gas Association; Adam
Gechwindt, President of Illinois State
Electrical Association and David Kinley,
President of the University of Illinois
were the speakers of the evening. These
talks, although varying, all contained the
point "Restoration" and to this end all
public utility men must work.
The new officers of the Illinois Gas
Association are: President, H. H. Clark;
Vice-President, R. S. Wallace; secretary
and Treasurer, R. V. Prather; C. R.
Bradley and C. H. Quackenbush were
named directors.
Bacharach Opens New Home
This company has opened up a new of-
fice with 18,000 sq. ft. of floor space at
Homewood Station, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Manometers and engine indicators have
just been added to their products. Ask
for complete details of these products.
Appeal Filed in Circuit Court cm Gas
Rate Roling
Montgomery, Ala.,— The city attorney
has filed in the circuit court of Montgom-
ery county the transcript of the city's
appeal from the decision some time ago
of the Alabama Public Service Commis-
sion in fixing a rate for gas in Mont-
gomery. Several weeks ago the public
service commission granted the Mont-
gomery Light and Water Power Com-
pany higher rates upon petition of S. B.
Irelan, receiver.
Gas Company Sold to Bond Holders
Beaumont, Tex.,— The Port Arthur
Gas and Power Company recently de-
clared bankrupt, was sold by the receiv-
er to a representative of the bondholders
to satisfy their claim of $215,000 in first
mortgage bonds. The plant now is be-
ing operated by a committee of citizens.
Recent Gas Rate Increase is
Upheld in Supreme Court
Seattle, Wash.— Existing gas rates for
Seattle were upheld in a decision by the
supreme court.
The rates were increased in a tariff
filed with the public service commission
by the Seattle Lighting Company Nov.
26, 1919. The rates were approved by the
commission and went into effect, but an
action for review was brought by the City
of Seattle before Judge John M. Wilson
of the superior court of Thurston County.
Judge Wilson upheld the public service
conmiission's action, and an appeal was
taken to the supreme court.
The supreme court affirms Judge Wil-
son's ruling in the case, holding that
"so long at the commission acts within
its powers, its findings, when supported
by substantial evidence, will not be dis-
turbed in the absence of a showing of
capriciousness or arbitrary actions."
The schedule, as upheld by the supreme
court, went into effect April 1, 1920, but,
in the event that the gas company had
lost its case, a refund would have been
necessitated.
The old rate was 60 cents (net) for
300 cubic feet or less; 65 cents for 400
cubic feet; 75 cents for 500; 85 cents for
600; 95 cents for 700; $1.05 for 800;
$1.15 for 900, and $1.25 for 1,000. The
next 1,000 cubic feet was $1.20, the next,
$1.15; the next, $1.10; the next, $1.05;
the next 35,000 at 85 cents per thousand;
the next 60,000 at 75 cents per thousand,
and the next 100,000 at 65 cents a thou-
sand.
The present rate, which was upheld,
is as follows: 500 cubic feet or less, 75
cents (net) ; the next 1,500 cubic feet $1.50
per thousand; the next 3,000, $1.30 per
thousand; the next 35,000 $1.05 per
thousand; the next 60,000, 95 cents per
thousand, and 85 cents per thousand for
all in excess of 100,000 feet
Responsibility and Service
The finished portion of The Peoples
(jas Light and Coke Co. display rooms
was thrown open to the public and in-
cidentally to the delegates of the IllincMs
(xas Association Convention which met
at the Sherman Hotel, Chicago^ Mardi
15-16. Many took advantage of the op-
portunity to inspect the new quarters.
The Peoples (xas Stores when com-
pleted will be the largest and finest
salesrooms in 'the trorld deroted ex-
clusively to gas appliances, cooking con-
veniences and general kitchen helps.
The management of the sales depart-
ment seems to have come to the con-
clusion that not only should a house wife
have gas appliances of the highest type
suitable to her need, but that unless she
has proper and satisfactory cooking
utensils and other kitchen aids, she will
not get the highest possible amount of
satisfaction from the gas service wfaidi
the company supplies.
The store is located in the Gas Com-
pany building on Michigan Avenue and
Adams Street and affords an opportunity
for a window display covering in all about
300 feet.
The window trimming is artistic and
admirable, the credit for which, we under-
stand, is due to Miss Katherine Fred
White, who is in charge of the company's
display department
In addition to the regular line of gas
appliances, aluminum kitchen utensils of
every kind, kitchen cabinets, mixing bowls,
Pyrex baking dishes, casseroles, steam
cookers, ironing boards, white top kitchen
tables, in fact, everything is shown that
can lessen the work and make the home
more attractive and agreeable.
The finished display will include a com-
plete laundry equipment, washing ma-
chines, ironers, sanitary dryer cabinets,
and auxiliary appliances.
The stores are capitalizing, in their
advertising, two very valuable assets, per-
manent responsibility and scientific ser-
vice.
Bngineering Advertisers Association
Blects Officers
At the annual meeting of the Engineer-
ing Advertisers Association, held recendy
in Chicago, Keith J. Evans, advertising
manager of Jos. P. Ryerson & Co., was
elected president. Julius HoU, advertis-
ing manager of the Link Belt Co., was
elected vice-president. J. B. Patterson
advertising manager P. H. & F. M. Roots
Co., was chosen treasurer. D. T. Eastman
advertising manager of the Eagle Picher
Lead Co., was elected Secretary.
J. R. Dxf formerly with the Welsbach
Co., Chicago, is now representing the
Aluminum Cooking Utensil Co., of New
Kensington, Pa., from the Chicago office,
.111 West Washington St
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Mareh 25. 1921
THE GAS AGE
251
Men in the Industry
Lanur Aldridge takes the place of W.
H. Hood as secretary of the Alabama
Power G>.
R. A. Mitchell is the new vice-presi-
dent and treasurer of the Alabama Power
Co. succeeding Thos. W. Martin and H.
S. Swan respectively.
F. M. Moodie and R. M. Hobbie are
the new directors of the Alabama Power
Company.
Paul W. Fisher is the new secretary
and treasurer of the South Carolina
Light, Power & Railways Co., Spartan-
burg, So. Car.
Geo. F. Lamb succeeds O. H. Hinds,
as manager of the LeMars Gas Co.,
LeMars, la.
J. F. Jonea has succeeded William O.
Weekes as sales manager and industrial
engineer of the Battle Creek Gas Co.,
Battle Creek, Mich.
A. A. Rackoff is now engaged in priv-
ate engineering practice designing, de-
veloping, estimating and supervising steel
and coke oven gas plants. Mr. Rackoff
specializes in ladles for purifying molten
steel, reversing gears for coke oven bat-
teries, special machinery and labor saving
devices. His address is Wilkinsburg,
Pa., P. O. Box 2.
Kenneth B. Baird formerly chief
chemist at the Pittsburgh byproduct coke
plant of the Jones & Laughlin Steel Co..
is now chief diemist of the Donner
Union Coke Corporation, Buffalo, N. Y.
Merlin Wiley has succeeded Robert
P. Hudson as secretary and treasurer
of the Sault Ste. Marie Gas and Electric
Company.
Birch Tygart is now the purchasing
agent of the Indiana Coke and Gas Co.
having replaced J. G. Van Winkle.
F. H. Klemenhagen is now the manager
and engineer of the Renville (Minn.)
Municipal Gas Plant, succeeding Paul
Fnglem.
J. B. Booth has succeeded Ralph Kel-
sey as general manager and industrial
foel engineer of the Brookfield (Mo.)
Gas, Electric and Heating Company,
Sir Dongald Clerk, consulting engineer,
of London advises that he will spend
several months in America. This is very
welcome news because we have followed
with much interest his works on gas,
petrol and oil engines and have been in-
terested in his studies for the imprcve-
ment of the gas and motor vehicle in-
dustries.
Mr. Clerk is chairman of the Conjoint
Board of Scientific Societies' Commit-
tee on Water Power in the British Em-
pire and will take some interest in the
water power developments of the United
States and Canada.
Sir Dougald is a member of several im-
portant British associations a few of
which are as follows: Institution of Me-
chanical Engineers, Fellow of the Chem-
Sir Dougald Clerk
leal Society, President 1908 of the En-
gineering Section of the British Associa-
tion, Past President of the Junior In-
stitution of Engineers, Past President of
the British Gas Industries, President of
the Incorporated Institution of Automo-
bile Engineers, and Member of the Royal
Institution.
Mr. Clerk has read many scientific pa-
pers and given lectures before the Royal
Society, Inst., C. E. Society of Chemical
Industry, Royal Society of Arts, Royal
Institution, etc. His book on The Gas
and Oil Engine is well known and wide-
ly read.
He is fgni pf motoring ^4 yachting
and takes these means of keeping physi-
cally fit and mentally alert.
In a recent letter to The Gas Age he
said: "With regard to the American vis-
it, I propose to arrive in New York in the
third week of May, and I have promised
to give an address on Internal Combus-
tion Engines for Motor Cars at the Meet-
ing of the Society of Automotive Engi-
neers to be held at the beginning of June.
"I have long taken an interest in gas
matters, as you know, and I desire to
discuss questions of thermal efficiency in
gas manufacture with some of the lead-
ing engineers of your great industry. I
have taken part in such investigation
and discussion in England for some years
past."
S. G. Pierson, the vice-president of the
Coloiado Fuel & Iron Co., Pueblo, Colo.,
has taken over the duties of treasurer
as well, occupying the position formerly
filled by J. A. Writer.
J. P. Conroy. The radiant heat type of
gas heater has no more enthusiastic ad-
vocate than Mr. Conroy. When he re-
signed his position as manager of the
General Gas Light Co. branch in New
York City, where for a long while he su-
perintended the introduction of "Radiant-
fires" in this section, he went with the J.
H. Grayson Manufacturing Co. of Athens,
O., who make the "Ray-Glo" radiation
heater and will open an office and show
room in New York for that company.
His experience and touch with the indus-
try will be of great value for he has been
prominent in the radiant heater business
in this country since their introduction
here.
The radiant heat type of gas heater was
developed since 1905 in England, the
Richmond Gas Stove and Meter Co. being
one of the first to undertake its manu-
facture. Four of the Richmond people
then founded the J. H. Grayson Manu-
facturing Co.: General manager, J. H.
Grayson; secretary, W. B. Simpson; su-
perintendent, W. Carr; ass't supt., G. L.
Grayson. Both the superintendent and
assistant superintendent have had long
experience in the shops of the Richmond
company and this will be of great value in
the manufacture of the new "Ray-Glo"
heater, an extensive line of which will
soon be offered to the gas industry.
Frank Mason, formerly manager of
the industrial sales department of the
North Shore Gas Company, Waukegan,
111., is now manager of the Grand Haven
Gas Company, Grand Haven, Mirh.
Digitized by VnOOQ iC
252
THE GAS AG
Mkrch 25, 1921.
Gas Associations and Market News
f r^HE following list covers the officers
X of the principal gas associations, the
address of the secretary, and the date and
place of the annual meeting.
PeBBssrlTABia Gas Association— Pre s.. J. H.
Keppelman, Reading. Pa.; scc.-treas., W. O.
Lamson, Jr., Chester, Pa. Convention, April
1315. 1921. in Philadelphia, Pa.
iBdiaBa Gas AssociatioB-Pres.. W. W. Good-
rich. Winchester, Ind.: sec.-treas., E. J. Burke,
Citizens Can Co.. Indianapolis. Ind. Conven-
tion April 25-26, 1921. West Baden Springs Ho-
tel, West Baden. Ind.
Iowa District Gas AssociatioB— Prrs.. W. W.
Taylor, Omaha, Neb.: sec.-treas.. H. R. Ster-
rett, Des Moines Cas Co., Des Moines. la. Con-
vention, April 20-21, Des Moines Hotel. Des
Moines, Iowa.
New Jersey State Gas Association— Pres. F.
R. Cutcheon, Long Branch, N. J.; sec.-treas.,
Wm. P. Adams. Convention, fourth week in
April. 1921.
Natural Gas AssociatioB of America— Pres., H.
Hoover. Cinrinnati. Ohio: sec.-treas.. Wm. B.
Way, 904-5 Oliver Bldg.. Pittsburgh, Pa. Con-
vention. May 16-20, Cincinnati. O.
Southwestern Electrical SBd Gas AssociatioB
—Pres., A. Hardgrave. Dallas. Texas; sec, H.
S. Cooper. Slaughter Bldg.. Dallas, Tex.: trea««.,
T. B. Walker. Convention, May 18-21, 1921,
Hotel Galvez, Galveston, Texas.
Sonthem Gas Association— Pres., E. C. Stot.
hart. Charleston. S. C. : sec.-treas.. George H.
Smith. Norfolk, Va. Convention, May 24, Sa-
vannah. Ga.
Canadian Gas Association— Pre ^., C. S. Bagg.
Montreal, Que.; 1st vice-pres.. E. H. Caughell.
St. Thomas, Ont.; 2nd vice-pres.. Col. D. R.
Street. Ottawa Ont.: sfc.tr., G. W. Allen. 19
Toronto St., Toronto, Ont. Convention, Aug.
25-26, Windsor Hotel, Montreal.
Sottth Central Gas Association— Pres.. C. B.
McKJnney. Dallas, Tex.: first vice-ores., F. L.
Weisser, San Antonio, Tex.; second vice-pres..
Fred C. Armbruster. Shreveport. La. ; acting
sec.-treas., C. H. Seidenglanz, Dallas, Texas.
Convention, October 4.
Ohio Oil and Gas Men's Association— Pres..
Tames W. McMahon: sec-treas.. William H.
Thompson, 811 New First National Bank Bldg.,
Columbus, Ohio. Convention, October, Colum-
bus. O.
American Gas Association— Pres.. Charles A.
Monroe, Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co.. Chica-
go, 111.; sec-man.. Oscar Fogg. 128 E. Fifteenth
St.. New York. Convention, Chicago, Nov. 7-12,
1921.
Soath Central Gas Association— (Formerly
Texas Gas Association) Pres., F. C Armbrus-
ter, Shreveport. La.; sec.-treas., S. J. Ballinger,
San Antonio, Tex.
Empire State Gas & Electric Association—
Pres., H. W. Peck. Schenectady. N. Y., sec, C.
H. B. Chapin, 29 W. 39th St., New York, N. Y.
Pacific Coast Gas Association— Pres., William
M. Kapus, Portland, Ore.; sec.-treas.. W. M.
Henderson, 812 Howard St., San Francisco,
Calif.
West Yirfinia Natural Gas Association— Pres.,
H. A. Wallace. Charleston, W. Va.; sec.-treas.,
Edwin Robinson, Fairmont, W. Va.
Michigan Gas Association— Pres.. Tohn W.
Batten, Detroit, Mich.; sec.-treas., A. G. Schroe-
der, Grand Rapids Gas Light Co., Grand Rap-
ids, Mich.
Report
New Encland Association of Gas En^n
Pres., Burton Smart. Portland. Me.; vice-pres..
V. E. Bird; vice-pres., R. E. Wyant; sec, John
L. Tudbury, Salem, Mass.
Oklahoma Utilities Association— Pres.. T. W.
Shartel, Oklahoma City; manager. H. A. Lane,
1107 First National Bank Bldg., Oklahoma City,
Okla.
Guild of Gas Managers— Pres.. H. K. Morrison.
Lynn, Mass.; sec, C R. Prichard, Beverly,
Mass.
niinois Gas Assoclation-Pres.. H. H. Clark.
Chicago, 111.; sec.-treas. R. V. Prather. 72 W.
Adams St.. Chicago, III.: R. V. Prather, 305
DcWitt Smith Bldg.. Springfield, 111.
Wisconsin Gas Association— Pres., Bruno
Rahn. Milwaukee. Wis.; vice-pr**H,, A. F. Dav-
ey. Sheboygan. Wis.; sec.-tr., Henry Barman,
ISi Wisconsin St.. Milwaukee. Wis.
The following quotations are made by leading
interests. Reductions in prices since the last
issue are indicated by an asterisk (*), and
advances in prices indicated by a dagger (t).
Cast Iron Pipe
New York quotes: 6*in. and heavier, per ton
$63.30. 4-in. $73.30; 3-in. $83.30 and $4.00 addi-
tional for Class A and gas pipe.
Chicago quotes, f.o.b. Chicago ex -war tax as
follows: Water pipe. 4-in., $69.10; 6-in and
larger $64.10; Class A and gars pipe, $4 extra.
Wrought Pipe
The following discounts are to jobbers for
carload lots on the Pittsburgh basing card:
Butt Weld Steel, black: H, M and Hin.. 50'/;
}4in., 54J4; J< to 3 in., 57^4.
Butt Weld Steel, galvanized: M, \i and \i
in., 24; Hin.. 40; )< to 3 in., 44.
Butt Weld Iron, black: ^in., 1554; V2 in., 24J/5;
H to IKiin.. 29'/^; 2 and 2Hin., 33<^.
Butt Weld Iron, galvanized: ^ and mn.. +25;
^in., im; J4in., ^\ ^ to 13j4in., 9'.^; 2* and
2j4in.. 17»/4.
Lap Weld Steel, black: 2 in., 50^; 2^4 to 6 in.,
53V$; 7 to 12 in.. 50^^; 13 and 14 in., 41; 15 In.,
Lap Weld Steel, galvanized: 2 in.. 38; 2^^ to 6
in., 41; 7 to 12 in., 37.
Lap Weld Iron, black: min., 24^4; IJ^in.. 31 V$;
2 to 2>4.. 25^; 3 to 6 in.. 27^; 7 to 12 in., 24M.
Lap Weld Iron, galvanized: \\i in., 9V5; IV^in.,
17^; 2 to 2^., llj?; 3 to 6 in., 14^; 7 to 12in.,
11^.
Butt Weld Steel, extra strong, plain ends,
black: H. ^ and H in.. 46^; ^in. 5154; Va to
154 In.. 5554; 2 to 3 in., 5^.
Butt Weld Steel, extra strong, plain ends,
galvanized: 54. M and ^ in., 29; 54 in., 39; ^
to 154 in., 43; 2 to 3 in., 44.
Butt Weld, Iron, extra strong, plain ends,
black: M in.. 1354; H in., 1354; 54 in.. 2354; Va
to 154 in., 2954; 2 and 254 in.. 3454.
Butt Weld Iron, extra strong, plain ends, gal-
vanized: 5< in., 4654; H in-. 354: 54 in., 10^; «
to 154 in., 1454; 2 and 254 in., 1954.
Lao Weld Steel, extra strong, plain ends,
black; 2 in., 4854: 254 to 4 in., 5154; 454 to 6 in.
5054; 7 to 8 in., 46>4; 9 to 12 in., 4154.
Lap Weld Steel, extra strong, plain ends,
galvanized: 2 in.. 37; 254 to 4 in.. 40; 454 to 6 in.,
39; 7 to 8 in.. 33; 9 to 12 in.. 28.
Lap weld Iron, extra strong, plain endn. black:
15< in.. 2154; 1J4 in.. 27>4; 2 to 2!4.. 2654: 3 to 4
in., 2854. 454 to 6 in., 2754; 7 to 8 in., 1954; 9 to
12 in., 1454.
Lap Weld Iron, extra strong, plain ends gal-
vanized: \% in., 654; 1>4 in., 13'/^; 2 to 254., 13'4;
3 to 4 in.. 1654; 454 to 6 in.. 1554; 7 to 8 in.. 754;
9 to 12 in.. 254.
To the large jobbing trade an additional 5
per cent is allowed over the above discounts,
which are subject to the usual variations in
weight of 5 per cent.
Structural Steel
For structural steel at the mill, Pittsburgh,
Pa.,' the following quotations are made:
Bars, per 100 lbs $2.00
Angles. 3 to 6 in.. 5^ in. thick, 100 lbs. .. 2.00
Tees, 3 in. and larger, 100 lbs 2.00
Rivets. ^ in. and larger, 100 lbs 4.00
Beams and channels up to 15 in. per
100 lbs t2.10
54 in. and heavier sheared plates, per 100
lbs •2.00
Sheets, No. 28 black, per 100 lbs • 3.85
Sheets, No. 10 blue annealed, per 100 lbs. • 3.00
Sheets, No. 28 galvanized, per 100 lbs. . . • 5 00
For painted corrugated sheets add 30 cents
per 100 lbs., for 2S to 28 fr^uge; 25 cents for 19
to 24 gauge. For galTanixcd corrugated fbects
add 15 cents all gauges.
Conneisrille. Pa., quotes at ovens:
Furnace coke, prompt ,... $4J0
Furnace coke future ».. $75
Foundry coke, prompt S.SO
Foundry ooke. future •600
Buffalo, N. Y.. quotes:
72-hour ConnelUirille foundry .«. $7.00
48-hpur furnace 6.00
Gm Ofl
34-40 deg. Penn gal. t454c
32-36 deg. at wells, Texas gal. t%
32-36 deg. Okla gal. t2^
Water gas checker brick:
F.o.b. Perth Amboy . N. J., per 1000 . .$65 to ^
F.o.b. QeaHield. Fa., per 1000 35
F.o.b. St. Louia. Mo., per 1000 50
Silica brick, Mf. Union, Pa., per 1000 55 to 60
Silica brick. Mt. Union. Pa., per 1000 55 to tt
Refractories
Bauxite brick. 56% Al, f.o.b. Pittsburgh $ leo
Chrome brick, f.o.b. Eastenr sfaippjcg
points 8a-J00
Chrome cement. 40-50 % CraOs 45-50
Chrome cement. 40-45 f^ CraOs. sacks in cax
lots, f.o.b. Eastern ihipoing points -55
Fireclay brick, 1st quality. 9-in. shapes,
f.o.b. Pennsylvania. Ohio and Kentudcy
works 5S-«
Fireclay brick. 2nd quality. 9-in. shapes,
f.o.b. Pennsylvania. Ohio and Kentucky
works 45-50
Magnesite brick, 9-in. straight ICO
Magnesite brick. 9-in. arches, wedges
and keys 105
Magnesite brick, soaps and spliu IX
Silica brick, 9-tn. sizes, f.o.b. Chicago
district 65-70
Silica brick, 9-in. sizes, f.o.b. Birming-
ham district 56-61
Silica brick, 9-in. sizes, f.o.b. Mt. Union.
Pa 50-60
CalldBff lUtwUls
Quotations f.o.b. New York, are:
Tarred or unUrred Eagle Jute packing
rope in 50 or 100 lb; coils, per bale .... 6c
Plumbers Spun Oakum, in baiea of SO lbs.
each, per bale 215
Pig lead. New York. N. Y.. per 100 lb. .. AM
Bitniniiioiia Coal— Net Tons, F.O.B. MlsM
Current Quotatione— Spot Pricea,
Coal Market Quoted Prke
Low Yolatllo, Eastern
PocahonUs mine run — Coltxmbns $3.»
PocahonUs lump Columbus 5.^
Pocahontas mine run .... Chicago 3.»
PocahonUs lump Chicago 4.50
Pocahontas mine run .... Boston 5.60
Pool 1 New York '5^0
Pool 1 Philadelphia •JiB
Pool 1 Baltimore 'XOO
Clearfields mine run ..;. Boston ^2.00
Somersets mine run Boston ^fO
Pools H). U New York JU
Pools 10. 11 Baltimore 2J5
Pools 10, 11 Philadelphia 125
Pool IS New York t2J5
Pool IS Philadelphia t3J5
Pool IS Baltimore t2.75
HlgSi Volatile, Saatera
Pittsburgh mine run — Pittsburgh "JOD
Pittsburgh ac'd. gas Pittsburgh 2.^
Kanawha mine run Columbus •Z.g
Kanawha lump Columbus JJO
Hocking mine run Columbus J«
Hocking lump Columbus 3.»
Pitts. No. 8 mine run Cleveland •2.00
Pitts. No. 8 lump Cleveland i^
Pool 34 (54. 64) Philadelphia *2S0
Pool 34 (54. 64) New York •2.00
Pool 34 (54, 64) Baltimore 100
Midwest ,^
Franklin, III., mine run .. Chicago *.«
Franklin, III., lump Chicago '3^0
Central III. mine run — Chicago JL.»
Central HI., lump Chicago 2.0D
Ind. 4th Vein, mine run .. Chicago ^^
Ind. 4th Vein, lump (3iicago 2*5
Ind. 5th Vein, mine run .. Oicago 2.5
Ind. 5th Vein, lump Chicago ^^
Standard mine run St. Louis 1«U
Standard lump St. Louis 2-»
West Ky., mine run Louisville t2.^
West Ky., lump Louisville t3.00
Soatb __
Big Seam mine run Birmingham ^JO
Big Seam lump '. Birmingham 3.^
S. E. Ky.. mine run Louisville "2JJ
S. E. Ky.. lump Louisville •3-»
Kansas mine run Kansas City 4.^
Kansas Inmo ............. Kansas CXtf f*W
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March 25, 1921
THB 0A8 AOE
253
Industrial Gas Requirements
Paper Presented by Industrial Dept. of The
Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co. before 17th
Annual Convention of Illinois Gas Assn.*
THE technical committee of this as-
sociation has suggested to have a
paper under this title, which would
be of value in figuring the cost of oper-
ation with gas on prospective installa-
tions, and thereby to assist in getting the
business.
To do justice to a subject of such
magnitude would require a book, and
even then it would necessarily be so com-
plicated that in many cases it would lose
its real value. However, we will endeav-
or in this short paper to approach this
problem as closely as possible and present
something of value. It should be remem-
bered that the data given herein can only
apply to cases in a general way; condi^
tions of apparatus, as well as local con-
ditions and methods of operation, will
greatly influence the gas consumption
and change the figures accordingly.
To' treat this subject, we will select
ten different classes of appliances, each
class to be representative of operations
of similar nature:
1. Heating Water and other Liquids.
2. Steam Boilers.
3. Varnish Burners.
4. Coffee Roasters.
5. Core Baking.
6. Japanning.
7. Galvanizing.
8. Soft Metal Melting.
9. Brass Melting.
For simplicity, let us establish a basis
of fig^urcs to be used hereinafter..
Gas at a heat value of 600 B.t.u. per
en. ft.
Cost of gas $1.00 per M. cu. ft.
To arrive at the real cost of operation,
all fuels should be figured at the burner
or on the grate. Gas is metered and
delivered at the burner without any addi-
tional cost The cost of coal as fuel is
made up of a number of items: the
initial cost, unloading, storage, labor of
firing: 2in<l removing ashes, etc. To the
initial cost of oil also must be added
the losses by leakage and evaporation,
^Written for the 17th Annual ConTention of
the miBois Gee Association in Chicago, March,
isn.
the cost of heating and pumping, reduc-
tion in volume due to separation of water
and other unusable matter contained in
the oil as received. These items vary in
all cases and usually add materially to
the initial cost of the fuel.
When we talk about a cubic foot of gas
containing 600 British thermal units, do
we really get impressed into our minds
what this means as a heating unit, or
how we can use it to do work of different
kinds? Let us get a view of it from a
practical angle in useful work.
One cubic foot of gas is a volume 12"
in 3 dimensions, under a pressure of 30"
mercury above perfect vacuum and at a
temperature of 60** F.
This volume is composed of various
gases of which some or all will com-
bine with oxygen in burning, forming
new combinations. This process evolves
heat which is measured by a standard
called a British Thermal Unit, which is
the quantity of heat absorbed or given up
by 1 lb. of water changing its temperature
1 degree F. The oxygen required for
combustion is ordinarily furnished by
mixing the gas with air. Pure air con-
tains 21% of oxygen, the remaining 79%
are nitrogen, which are a dead weight in
the mixture. To burn one cubic foot of
600 B.t.u. gas, about 6 cubic feet of air
are required to furnish the necessary oxy-
gen for perfect combustion.
This gives us then 7 cubic feet of mix-
ture, having also a heating value of 600
B.t.u. The heat developed by combustion
will raise the temperature of these 7 cu-
bic feet of mixture to appro^mately
3,500** F. ; that is, if no heat at all were
taken away from it by surrounding bod-
ies. This i^ called the theoretic flame
temperature of a gas. Now let us fix
this picture in our minds, using figures
as stated. The working unit of a cubic
foot of gas equals 7 cubic feet of mixture
at 3,500** F. From this body we may ex-
tract heat, absorbing it by work and fur-
nace lining. It is evident that it is phys-
ically impossible to do work at a tem-
perature of 1,750® F., at a theoretic effi-
ciency of more than 50 per cent, the
remaining 50 per cent will be rejected
in flue gases. In practice, we find
that the efficiencies of apparatus are
far below this ; 3,000" F. seems to be the
highest temperature possible in a fur-
nace of good design. To get an idea of
the various efficiencies, we submit the
following table, giving percentages of the
heat input that are possible to be ab-
sorbed in the work:
Working temperature 3000 2800 2600 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400
Working efficiency 0% 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48
Working temperature 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 100 0
Working efficiency 54% 60 60 72 78 84 90 100
IVOIOASLC I.055
/dCrVL WOffK^
PLUe WOS5K5 —
Gr«phic«l Temporaturt Sketeli
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254
THE OAS AOB
March 25, 1921
This condition is graphically shown in
the following sketch, at an even temper-
ature of 2,500* and l^"" F.
The volume of products of combustioo
from 1 cubic foot of gas is very close
to the volume of the mixture, and runs in
heat carrying capacity very cloee to the
phjrsical properties of air. The expansion
in volume, due to temperature, is shown
in the following table:
1 cubic foot of mixture, or products of
combustion, equals at a temperature of:
100** F
1.00 <
:u.
ft
200
1.03
M
300
'1.17
M
400
1.53
M
600
1.88
M
800
224
M
1000
2.61
M
.1500
3.50
U
2000
4J8
U
2500
529
U
5000
6.17
M
Heat absorbed to raise various
sub-
stances 1* F.
in B.t.i
1.
1 lb. Water
1.000
1 " Copper
0.095
1 " Steel
0.114
1 " Cast iron
0.13
1 " Lead
0.031
1 « Tin
0.056
1 ** Zinc
0.096
1 " Brass
0.094
1 " Aluminum
0.198
1 " Oil
0i6
1 ** Benzine
0.45
1 " Brick Work
020
1 " Stone
020
1 " Sand
020
1 " Coal or Coke
020
1 " Air (13 cu. ft.)
0237
1 " Fruit
0.92
1 " Fruit, dried
0.84
1 " Meat Beef
0.68
1 '< Meat Pork
0.51
1 " Fish
0.82
1 " Butter & Cheese
0.64
1 " Vegetable
0.91
1 " Milk
0.90
1 " Eggs
0.76
1 " Olive Oil
OJl
1 " Wood
0.60
1 - Ice
OiO
1 ** Asphaltum
a40
Heating Water and Other Liqiddt
This is an operation for which only
gas or solid fuel can be considered. Oil
is not practical, due to the low temper-
ature in the combustion chamber which
makes it difficult to bum oil. Water and
other solutions must be heated in many
industrial processes. Under this heading
we will consider those appliances where
tiie heat is applied externally. The typi-
cal appliance for this work is known as
a boiling stove, either round or rectangu-
lar in shape.
Standard appliances of this kind, up to
100 gallons capacity, are designed to
bring the contents from cold to a boiliiig
point in 1 hour. The efficiency runs
about 60%. To raise tiie temperature
of 1 gallon of water in this type of ap-
pliance from:
50* F. to 212* F. (boiling water) re-
quires ^ cu. ft. gas.
50* F. to 140* F. (hot water) requires
m cu. f t gas.
To maintain these temperatures with-
out cooling by work requires one-third
of the hourly consumption. Heat ab-
sorbed by tiie work must be added to the
heat losses in the appliance.
Bxample:
What is the operating cost of a 60-gal-
lon tank in which 500 lbs. of steel are
treated and raised to a temperature of
212* F. from 70* R?
Answer:
1st hr. heating up 60x3.75 . . .
2nd hr. holding temp (1/3)
75 cu. ft
Mat 500xl42x.l 1=131 cu. ft
33479x100x10
-=797 cu. ft per hr..
225cu.ft
600
2nd hour 206 Cu. ft
Note: 500— weight of metal
142 — temperature rise
600 — heat value of gas
.11 — specific heat of steeL
With a cost of only about 20c per hour
on an appliance of this kind, it is evident
that gas is the cheapest fuel, as compared
with a coal fire and the labor connected
with it Although the bare toel cost of
coal might be lest than ooe-half of this,
the difference is more than offset by the
cost of labor and dirt from coal and
ashes.
Steam Boilera
Steam is used in many different ways
for heat operations ; by means of jacketed
kettles, coils of pipe in open space or im-
mersed in solutions, or steam is blown
directly into the • solution where addi-
tional water formed by condensation is
permissible.
The standard appliance for generating
steam is the gas-fired steam boiler. The
average efficiency of this appliance varies
from 65% in the smaller sizes, under 5
H. P., to 75% in larger sizes of 10 H. P.
and 15 H. P.
^A standard boiler horse power is de-
fined as 33,479 B.tu. absorbed in water
and steam, or the evaporation of 30 lbs.
of water from feed water at a tempera-
ture of lOO"" F. to 70 lbs. of steam pres-
sure, or the latent heat of evaporation of
34Ji lbs. of water at 212* F. The latent
heat of 1 lb. of steam, either by absorp-
tion in evaporation, or giving off in con-
densing, is 970 B.t.u. This is the amount
of heat useful in heating appliances.
The gas consumption per hour of a
boiler of a given horse power (10 H. P.)
having an efficiency of 70%, may be
figured as follows:
70x600
or 797 cu. ft gas per 1 H. P. per hr.
Kulea for figuring horse power re-
quired in various applications in indus-
trial appliances:
1st — Kadiatioii in a room or inside of an
oven at various temperatures of tiie sur-
rounding atmosphere.
1 square foot of radiating surface will
give off 1.5 B.tu. per hour per 1* F.—
difference between temperature of steam
and surrounding air.
Bxam^e:
What is the horse power required to
supply 3,000 lineal feet I'' pipe coil (1,000
sq. ft surface) in an oven of a temper-
ature of 150'' F., with steam at 10 tbs.
pressure (steam temperature 240* F.) ?
Answer :
(240-150)
1000x90xli= 4.6 H. P.
970x30
(Jas required per hr.:
4.6X797=367 cu. ft per hr.
One boiler horse power will carry the
following radiation per hour in a room
or oven of various temperatures, with
natural circulation in still air, or blow-
ing a blast of air over the coils at differ-
ent velocities. Steam temperature 240^
F., latent heat 952 B.tu., useful heat—
952x30=28,560.
Square feet radiation
Temp, of
Temp. Diff.
In Still
Oven
240-
Air
200°
40'
475
175
65
292
150
90
210
125
115
165
100
140
135
75
165
115
50
190
100
25
215
88
0
240
80
—Blast Yeloc. ia ft per
mja.—
250
500
750
1,000
248
164
98
69
152
100
60
43
110
72
43
31
86
56
34
25
72
46
28
20
60
39
23
17
52
34
20
15
46
30
18
13
42
27
16
12
Horse po^wer required to supply 1
square foot of coil submerged in water
of various temperatures with 10 lbs. steam
pressure (temp, of steam 240"* F.):
Di£f. Temp.
Temp, of Steam Iroa Pipe BraM Pipe Copper
ft Water 0>ils Coils CbOt
.23 H. P. .42 H. P. .48 H. P.
.43 J3 .»
ja \M 1.4S
1.04 2M0 tSd
IJS 3JS ZM
Water
1»* SO*
VSS 75
140 100
115 12S
90 150
« ITS
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March 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
255
Jacket kettles are figured on the fore-
going basis. Actual tests on a 50 gallon
copper kettle gave the following data :
Initial temperature of water 72« F. 81« F.
Final temperature of water 812« F. 81« F.
Temperature raiae 140* F. 131« F.
Weight of water heated 400 lbs. 400 Ibt.
Gallons of water heated 48 lbs. 48 lbs.
B.t.u. absorbed in water .... 56000 52400
Steam pressure 10 lbs. 70 lbs.
Steam temperature 240« F. 31«» F.
Time required 42 min. 9 min.
The latent heat (heat given off by con-
densing steam) of 1 boiler horse power
hour is at:
10 lbs. steam pressure
952X30=28560 B.tu.
70 lbs. steam pressure
897X30=26910 B.tu.
To supply 56,000 B.tu. to be absorbed
in the water requires approximately 2 H.
P. hours. To this should be added 25%
for losses by radiation. It follows that a
50 gallon copper jacket kettle to boil
water continuously every 45 minutes with
10 lbs. of steam pressure requires a 3 1/3
H. P. boiler. To boil water continuously
every 10 minutes with 70 lbs. steam
pressure requires a 16.6 H. P. boiler. In
practice, we find that the time required
to charge and discharge the material
boiled gives the boiler a chance to re-
cuperate. We recommend a 12 H. P.
high pressure boiler to furnish steam to
a 50 gallon jacket kettle, or a 4 H. P. low
pressure boiler for slow work.
Yamish Burners
Varnish is made by heating a batch of
**stock," consisting of gum, resin and oil,
in a copper or iron kettle, mounted on a
truck over a fire in the floor, to a tem-
perature of 520** to 750** F. The kettles'
are about 36" diameter and 36" deep.
About 65 gallons of stock are heated per
charge, to which lighter oils are added
after the stock is removed from the fire,
making about 150 gallons of varnish.
This, of course, will vary somewhat in
the different kinds of varnish made.
Varnish is highly imflammable when
heated, and for this reason the boiling
is done in the open bottom of "a large
chimney. Long flames are dangerous,
therefore, a blast gas burner is used with
a short concentrated flame, or coke where
solid fuel is used. We are using 2
sizes of special burners, one having an
liourly capacity of 1,200 cu. ft. for slow
and low temperature work, and one hav-
ing a capacity of 1,800 cu. ft per hr.,
-where the work is forced.
Our test records show:
Coke required to heat 1 batch of stock,
65 gals. (150 gal. varnish to 580' F.
92 lbs.
Same work with gas 910 cu. ft.
Varying in practice, a batch is heated
in from 30 min. to 2 hours. These figures
show initial fuel cost only.
Coffee JtcMiitiiig
Coffee is roasted in revolving perfor-
ated metal . drums, usually holding two
bags of coffee (260 lbs.). Gas is applied
in some cases externally under the drum
or in other cases fire is applied inter-
nally through one end of the drum.
Soft blast burners give the best results.
To roast one charge requires about 30
minutes.
Gas consumption on externally-fired
roasters is 300 cu. ft. per charge of 260
lbs. in 30 minutes. Gas constmiption on
internally-fired roasters is 180 cu. ft. per
charge of 260 lbs. in 20 minutes.
Japanning
The standard appliance for this work
is an oven built of sheet-iron walls, con-
taining insulation from Ij/i" to 2^ thick.
The temperature varies from 300' to 450'
F. Some of these ovens are used for tem-
pering springs, in which case the tem*
perature is raised to about 600* F. The
majority of ovens are direct-fired, by
placing either atmospheric pipe burners
or soft blast tip burners near the floor on
each side of the oven. In others, the gas
is burned in separate compartments so
that the products of combustion do not
come in contact with the work, to dis-
color it. These are known as indirect-
fired ovens.
The average gas consumption is 1 cu.
ft. per cubic foot of oven space per hour
on 350** work, with a direct fire. In an
indirect-fired oven, we allow 154 cu. ft.
per cubic foot of oven space. A direct-
fired oven for 600* work will also require
W cu. ft per cubic foot of oven space.
These figures hold good in charges of
average light weight, such as sheet iron
parts and light castings. For heavy work,
' over 1 ton per charge on a floor space of
100 sq. ft., an allowance should be made
for heating the extra material. The time
of baking varies from 1 to 3 hours in
different methods.
We have test reports on japanning
hardware as follows:
Cu. ft of Gas
Weight of Gas G>nsumed per 100 lbs.
Material in ctL ft. Material
1348774 lb. 655800 48.6
1537193 lb. 763400 49.7
1646739 lb. 875340 53.2
1819671 lb. 1132290 622
1805418 lb. 1039320 57.6
The above work was done at 350* F. in
direct-fired ovens and one hour baking
time.
Galvanising
Galvanizing is a process to cover iron
parts with zinc to prevent corrosion. It
is done by dipping the parts to be gal-
vanized ii^ a molten bath of zinc. Tanks
used for melting are ustially rectangular
in shape, from 2 to 3 ft. wide and 3 to 4
ft deep, varying in length from 10 to 24
ft The best method of applying heat is
on the side of the kettles near the bottom.
We have a year's record of galvanizing
plant in this city from which the follow-
ing data is taken ^ .
Bqnipment:
Two tanks, one 22 ft long and one 12
ft. long, containing 63 tons of metal.
This metal is kept hot during nights
by a small fire throughout the year.
Nature of Work:
Galvanizing rods and steel shapes,
and general job work.
Weight of inm galTanized 9,210,000 lbs.
•Tbtai gmi consumed (day and
night) 16,516,200 CO. ft..
Metal added to bath lfil4fiOD lbs.
Tsmpentiire of bath 850« F.
Arerage gas per ton of material 3,600 en. ft.
Arerage gas per 100 lbs. of
material 180 on. ft.
Demand of gas per hr. per 1 ton
metal approximate! r 100 cu. ft.
Demand of gas on a 40 ton bath 4,000 cu. ft.
Soft Metal Melting
Under this group we will consider
standard appliances using a cast Iron pot
and a blast burner equipment, capacity
1,000 lbs. metal and up :
1,000 lbs. lead 200 cu. ft. gas
1,000 lbs. zinc 1,000 cu. ft gas
1,000 lbs. aluminum . . 3,250 ctL ft gas
The above figures are to bring metal
from cold and melt it ready for^ pouring.
If metal is to be held as in case of lead
hardening or pouring small amounts at a
time, we have found the figiures shown
in the table below to cover average con-
ditions :
— Cu. Ft per Hour —
Degrees F. Lead Zinc Aluminum
600 100
700 115
800 130 350
900 145 380
1,000 160 420
1,100 175 460 1,250
1,200 200 500 1,500
1,300 225 550 1750
1,400 250 600 2,000
Brass Melting
This class of work is done in open-
hearth furnaces, or in crucibles.
To melt 100 lbs. of metal ready for
pouring in an open-hearth fnmace:
Brass— 366 cu. ft. of gas
In crucible furnace, capacity per charge
200 lbs. of more :
Brass— 450 cu. ft of gas
The foregoing figures are for red brass,
melting ingots, gates, scrap and bor-
ings, not to exceed 30 per cent, poured at
a temperature of 2,200^ F. In some
cases a temperature of 2,600* F. or more
is required for casting name plates, etc.
To obtain this temperature requires up to
700 cu. ft of gas per 100 lbs. of metal.
Core BaUng
Every foundry uses cores. It is of
great importance that these cores be
properly baked in order to be uniform
and to have the greatest mechanical
strength to resist the action of the metal
poured arotmd them in a mould. There
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256
THE GAS AGE
March 25, 1921
are two methods of baking cores; one
is called the "day oven" method. These
ovens are arranged with drawer shelves
on which smaller size cores are baked
contmuously all day. The baking is
done in 1 hour to 1 hour 15 min. The gas
demand on this type of oven runs approx-
imately 1 cu. ft. per hour per cu. ft. of
space in the oven.
Another method is the baking of cores
in "night ovens," These ovens arc usu-
ally of brick, having racks or shelves for
the cores, or else they are truck ovens.
The trucks are drawn out of the oven on
a track and loaded with cores as they are
moulded during the day. At night the
truck and cores are drawn into the oven
and baked during the night. The oven is
heated for about 4 to 6 hours, and then
the gas is turned out, leaving the cores
in the hot oven until morning.
The gas demand for this type of oven
averages about ^ cu. ft. of gas per hour
per cubic foot of oven space. The time
of heating is lengthened or shortened, ac-
cording to sizes and shapes of cores. The
temperature required in the ovens varies
frwn 300" to 475** F.
Our records show the gas consumption
on small cores not to exceed 5 lbs. each :
On Day Ovens:
37,220 lbs. cores— 39,600 cu. ft. gas
19,305 lbs. cores— 23,200 cu. ft. gas
On Night Oveat:
Aver. 1 ton cores — 1,500 cu. ft. gas
Oven Fnmacet
Under this heading we will consider
all rectangular fire brick lined furnaces,
such as used in tool rooms for die hard-
ening, up to larger sizes used for case
hardening or other similar work. The
design in general consists of a heating
chamber suitable for the work; the work
is supported by a fire brick slab raised
from the furnace bottom suflkiently to
form the combustion chamber; below it
a blast burner equipment is used, with a
number of burner tips on each side en-
tering the combustion chamber.
The workmg temperature in this class
of -^^ furnace varies from 1,200** F. for an-
nealing to 2,300** F. for heat-treatmg high
$peed steel. The method of operation
also varies greatly; some work is done
in 30 minutes and other w6rk requires
10 hours per charge. It is customary to
figure the demand of gas per hour, as
the quantity required to bring the furnace
from cold up to the working temperature
is 30 minutes in smafler furnaces, and 1
hour in the larger furnaces. To deter-
mine tiie demand of gas per hour scien-
tifically in each case would lead us into
many difficulties, but the following table
computed from actual figures gives the
ratio between square feet of surface and
cubic feet of gas per hour, and may
serve as a rough and ready rule :
Required— The area in sq. ft of heated
fire brick walls, framing the heated
chamber, not including any interior
construction, such as slabs or other
supports :
Sq. ft U0O»F. Working Temp.
Interior 1ft Hourly Holding Temp.
Furnace Demand Suoceasive Hn.
Walls Cu. Ft.— Ratio Cu. Ft.~Ratio
5 120 24. 65 13.
10 180 18 100 10
20 300 15 165 8.2
30 375 12.5 210 7.1
40 465 11.6 250 62
60 540 9. 300 5.
80 600 7.5 330 4.5
100 700 7. 400 4
W0O» F. Working Temp.
Ist Hourly Holding Temp.
Demand SucceaaiTe Hra.
Cu. Ft— Ratio Cu. Ft.— Ratio
200 40 110 22.
300 30 165 16.5
480 24 280 14
625 21 390 13
775 19 425 10.5
900 15 540 9
1050 13 675 8.4
1200 12 800 8
Example:
Length of side walls 30"
Height of side walls (12 4. 6) 18"
Width between side walls 24"
Two sides 7.5 sq. f t
Top and bottom 10.0 sq. ft.
Front and back 6.0 sq. ft.
23.5 sq. ft
The ratio for 23 sq. ft, furnace surface
and a working temperature of 1800* is
given as 24 and 14, respectively.
23x24=552 cu. ft. gas 1st hour
23 xl4 = 312 cu. ft. gas succeeding hours
On a 10-hour operation (carbonizing
375 lb. charge) :
552 -I- 9 X 312 —to heat furnace
3360 cu. ft. gas
375 X 1800 X 16 to heat material
360 cu. ft. gas
(600-5-2x100-
300 Total— 3720 cu. ft. gas
If the furnace temperature is only 1600"
F., the consumption of gas may be cor-
rected, as follows:
3720x1600
= 3307 cu. ft. gas
1800
Records on actual test on the foregoing
charge and size of furnace shows a con-
sumption of 3218 cu. ft. of gas during a
10-hour operation.
The amount of heat in flue gases, which
is considerable in high temperature work,
may be used by recuperation, or the pre-
heating of the air, thereby raising the
range of temperature before and after
combustion to a higher plane. In other
words, elevating it to a higher percentage
of heat above the working temperature.
In practice, it is possible with good de-
sign to effect a saving of 20% fuel, when
the air is heated to 50% of the oven tem-
perature. A furnace operatmg contmu-
ously for 10 hours, at ISOO"" F. (oven
temp.), with preheated air to 750* F. will
require 20% less gas than operating with
cold air. The saving iq fuel depends, of
course, upon the point to which the pre-
heating is carried.
In concluding this paper, we have not
attempted to cover the field as complete-
ly as we would like to, as space and time
do not allow us to go further into details.
We have endeavored to give some useful
information with the following in mind :
1st— That we assume gag is burned un-
der perfect conditions. This is not al-
ways found so.
2nd— That we have a certain quantity
and quality of heat, that we must use in-
telligently.
3rd— This heat is produced by using a
fuel of superior quality, and therefore, in
its application all wastes should be avoid-
ed as far as possible.
4th— That the unavoidable losses in
different operations vary greatly and that
it is of greater importance and more diffi-
cult to estimate the losses of heat in an
appliance than the heat absorbed in the
work.
Auto Production Cut Hits
Gas Business
Grand Rapids, Mich. — Gas companies
in Michigan have been affected by the
rise in the prices of materials just as
everywhere else in the cotmtry and just
as these utilities in various cities were
sure of having enough coal and materials
on hand to assure sufficient supplies of
*gas to industries and families, a change
in the situation occurred.
The automobile industries were among
the first to curtail production and as a
result the consumption of gas by these
concerns was lessened. This has been
felt especially in Michigan in which the
large automobile centers are located —
in Detroit, Flint, Pontiac, Lansing and
to a less extent in other cities.
Then, too, extensions and improvements
made have added to the cost of gas pro-
duction, making an increase in rates in
some places absolutely necessary. The
Manistee Gas Co., of Manistee, recently
was granted an increase to $2 per 1,000
cubic feet with a monthly service charge
of 50 cents.
The Ludington, Mich., Gas Co. in sub-
mitting a demand to the city commission
for a higher rate declares that in spite
of lower costs of fuel it is running behind
financially and owes its creditors two and
a half years' interest.
A move is now under way in Traverse
City to have the present gas rate reduced.
A. V. Friedrich, president of the Trav-
erse City Gas Co., has written the city
commission expressing his willingness to
co-operate with the commission and es-
tablish a lower rate as soon as ccmditions
will warrant such action.
Digitized by
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March 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
257
Financial and Corporate News
Michigan Asks List of Gas
Rate Schedules
Lansing, Mich.—The state public utili-
ties commission has directed every gas
company in Michigan to file detailed
schedules of rates covering every com-
munity served.
Electric and power companies in the
state have on file with the capitol authori-
ties schedules of this sort and it was
deemed a proper move for the gas com-
panies to carry out the same system.
Following the issuance of this order the
Michigan Gas Association called a meet-
ing of gas managers which convened at
Ann Arbor for the purpose of working
out uniform schedules for filing with the
commission. In spite of the fact that a
^eat number of Michigan companies are
working under a franchise and are not
subject to the control of the Utilities com-
mission, all will comply with the order,
as a result of the Ann Arbor meeting.
The rule provides that where a com-
pany is doing business in more than one
city or community it shall file a schedule
of rates for each community and there
shall be included in the schedule any con-
tract under which any consumer may
liave service under special rates.
United Gas Improvement
Philadelphia, Pa.— Following the an-
nouncement of quarterly dividends of
1 per cent on the conmion and 1^ per
cent on the preferred stock, March 11th,
Samuel T. Bodine, president of the United
Gas Improvement Co., gave out the fol-
lawing statement:
"Mr. William C. Dickerman, vice-pres-
ident in charge of operations of the
American Car & Foundry Co., was today
elected a director of the United Gas
Improvement Co. Mr. Dickerman is a man
of wide and successful business ex-
perience. His election has been urged
by a number of large shareholders who
have felt that it would be a benefit to the
company to have upon its board a New
York director of recognized prominence
in a£Fair8.
"As the number of directors is limited
'by charter Mr. Thomas J. Dolan, who
felt that the election of Mr. Dickerman
vould be useful to the company, suggested
that he should resign as a director in
order to make a vacancy. In accepting
Mr. Dolan's resignation the board placed
on record their ^predation of the fidelity
and ability with which he has served the
company."
Gaa Company Secretary to be Mayor
Wm. Bass, who has been secretary of
the Citizens Gas Company of Shelbyville,
Ind., for a number of years, has an-
nounced that he expects to be a candidate
for the nomination of mayor of that city
on the Republican ticket.
Gas Company to Quit Bnsineaa
The Colfax Gas Company of • Colfax,
Ind., has filed a preliminary certificate of
dissolution with the Secretary of State of
Indiana.
Guarantees Service
Indianapolis, Ind. — Acting under a sec-
tion of the public service act, the Warsaw,
Ind., city council has given notice that it
will pass a resolution prescribing the
quality and pressure of gas, to be provid-
ed by the Warsaw Gas Company, and
providing a heavy penalty for every day
that this standard is not maintained.
Warsaw and Winona Lake suffered from
a gas famine last summer during the rush
season at Winona Lake.
New CompKny Formed
The Petersburg Oil Company of Peters-
burg, Ind., has been organized with a
capital stock of $100,000 for the pur-
pose of sinking gas and oil wells. The
region around Petersburg, Ind., is said by
experts to be destined to be one of the
best gas and oil producing sections in the
state and is expecting to excel the, pro-
duction of the famous gas belt in the
north central section of some years back.
The directors of the new company are:
Alex Singer, H. W. Malott, G. T. Frank,
F. J. Berger and M. G. Thompson.
Organize Gas Company
Announcement has been made of the
organization of the Mohawk Company at
Indianapolis, Ind. The company is or-
ganized for the purpose of sinking gas
and oil wells. The directors are C. A.
Breece, B. R. Meredith and Charles Un-
ger. The Victory Petroleum Co., with a
capital stock of $500,000 has also been or-
ganized here for the purpose of drilling
gas and oil wells. The directors are R. B.
Marshall, E. O. Hobbs and J. L. Nimal.
Detroit Gaa Rate Low
Detroit, Mich.—The Detroit City Gas
Co. must be permitted to charge more
than 86 cents a thousand feet if it is to
make a profit, according to a preliminary
report made by Henry Steffens, Jr., con-
troller, as the result of his audit of the
company's books.
Detroit Gas Rate Raised by
Council Action
Detroit, Mich.—The Detroit City Gas
Co., was granted permission to increase
its rate to domestic customers from 79
cents per 1,000 cubic feet to 85 cents, by
the city council. The rate to industrial
consumers using more than 100,000 cu. ft.
will be 75 cents each 1000 feet and to c<m-
sumers of more than 200,000 cubic feet it
will be 65 cents.
According to authorities, the increase
will give the company increased revenue
to the sum of $922,000 per year. The in-
crease to the domestic consumer will not
add more than 20 cents to the monthly
bill, it is said.
The decision granting the increase ends
a six-months efifort on the part of the gas
company to obtain an increase from tiie
city.
Denied Higher Gat Rate
Ludington, Mich. — ^A request of the
Ludington Gas Co. that it be allowed to
charge gas consumers 50 cents monthly
for meter rental as a means of increasing .
revenue has been tabled by the city com-
mission.
Indiana Franchise Law
Gas companies in Indiana have been
considerably interested in the progress of
a bill introduced in the Indiana legisla-
ture which would enable all public utili-
ties to surrender their franchises and to
receive an indeterminate permit up to
July 1, 1923, from the Public Service Com-
mission, enabling them to proceed on the
same basis as though they had a fran-
chise from the municipality in which they
are located. The bill came out of the
house committee with a divided report,
the majority favoring its passage and a
minority advocating indefinite postpone-
ment. Opposition to the bill, however,
became less and less as it progressed
through the house, so that upon its final
passage there were only six negative votes
to 80 for the bill.
New Lease Law
A bill has been introduced in the Indi-
ana legislature which would provide that
leases on all natural gas producing plants
in the state shall become void after a
period of 5 years when the plants have
not been operated for lease purposes and
when the rent has not been paid beyond
that period. There was no opposition to
the bill.
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258
THE GAS AGE
March 25, 1921
Consolidated Gas Company
Explains Oil Charge
New York— Former Justice William L.
Ransom, counsel for the Consolidated
Gas Company, said during a recent inter-
view:
''During the six months from August
1, 1920, when the $1^ rate went into
effect, the actual cost of making and dis-
tributing gas, including return on the in-
vestment, was $14,705, instead of $120,
per thousand cubic feet of gas sold. Dur-
ing the operation of the $1^ rate, the
company's receipts from its gas sales"
have been more than $3,200,000 less than
operating expenses plus a fair return on
actual investment, as computed by the
court.
"At the present time, such cost exceeds
$1.4947 per thousand, and it has been
officially announced to-day that the next
tax rate will be 2.77 for Manhattan, 2.84
for the Bronx, and 2.85 for Queens
which will add at least 1.7 cents per
thousand to the cost, bringing the present
1921 figure above $1.50.
"At the present time a rate of $1.50
will do no more than pay actual operating
expenses and a return of not more than
7% on the actual investment as computed
by the Court.
"This rate will be decreased when and
as the operating costs decline. The com-
pany frankly does not expect to decrease
the rates of pay of its employes. If and
as the cost of gas-oil, generator coal and
gas-coal, comes down, decrease in this
rate will be promptly made.
"The company believes that a rate of
$125 per thousand plus a service or "con-
sumer" charge of 60-cents per month per
meter, would be a preferable form of rate,
yielding approximately the same revenue
as a flat rate of 1.50 per thousand. As
soon as this can practicably be done, the
company will seek authority to change
to this sounder and fair basis for its
charge.
"Counsel for some of the defendants
have tried, in the public press, to fasten
responsibility for this increased cost of
gas upon this company's present contract
for gas-oil, which is at the rate of 12^
cents per gallon. This explanation does
not explain. In 1920, down to the mid-
dle of December, this company paid only
7.1 -cents per gallon for its gas-oil,
whereas other companies in this city and
vicinity were paying 125^ cents to 15
cents per gallon. Nevertheless, during
the six months ended January 31, 1921,
the actual costs of operation plus return
on actual investment were over $1.47 per
thousand, despite the low oil price for
four and one-half months of this period.
*Tf the Corporation Counsel, the At-
torney-General or the Public Service
Commission will produce any oil com-
pany or companies which can and will
deliver a usuable quality of oil at a better
price, and these public authorities will
take the responsibility for the public con-
sequences of a possible cessation in the
supply of gas through the non-delivery of
gas-oil promptly in the required quanti-
ties, the Consolidated Gas Company will
gladly make a contract with such an oil
company. The Consolidated Gas Co. has
been unable to get a better price, and its
contract has been such as to fulfill its
responsibility for a constant and adequate
supply of gas. The consequences of a
poor quality or uncertain supply of gas-
oil would be such as this company would
not wish to risk. Besides, as the Federal
Court has found, this company, year by
year, on the average, pays substantially
less for its gas-oil than do other com-
panies in this city and vicinity, even
though purchasing oil from oil companies
not identified with the oil company from
which this company has purchased since
1913.
*This company has not thought to in-
crease its revenue except as its costs
of materials and labor have increased.
As those costs go up or down, the com-
pany's revenues have to go up or down,
to cover those additional costs, but not
to add a cent to the company's revenues,
over and above such increases in operat-
ing costs."
Pacific Coast Gas Engineer
Visits Chicago and New York
Mr. D. J. Young, vice-president and
general manager of the Tacoma Gas and
Fuel Co., the Puget Sound Gas Co., and
the Olympia Gas Co., is spending a few
weeks in the office of the H. M. Byllesby
Co., in Chicago and with various interests
in New York. Mr. Young is one of the
livest gas wires on the Pacific Coast and
is doing things right. He sells 450 B.t.u.
service with all the consumers offering to
testify before the state commission that
their bills are no larger than they were
with 600 B.t.u. gas. He has a rate that
produces which reads as follows : 0 cu. ft
$1.00; 100 cu. ft. $1.10; 200 cu. ft. $1.20;
300 cu. ft. $1J0; and so on to 1000 cu. ft
$2.00; next 1000 cu. ft $1.40; next 1000 cu.
ft. $1.30; next 1000 cu. ft $120; next 6000
cu. ft $1.15; next 15.000 cu. ft. $1.00; above
25,000 cu. ft. $0.90. He says it treats them
all alike.
Mr. Young says that they have the best
state commission in Washington that
there is in the United States. His com-
mission is composed of a lawyer, a poli-
tician, and a farmer, all blessed with a
lot of good common sense. Before he
came East he applied to the commission
for leave of absence, giving them full
power to act in his absence.
Eaton Rapids, Mich.— The Michigan
Public Utilities Commission 'has fixed a
rate of $1.90 per 1,000 cubic feet for this
city. The decision is a temporary one.
Knowledge, SeK-Confidence,
Action
By SAMUEL INSULL
The March American contains an arti-
cle in which Mr. Insull tells the things
that will count most if you want to be
promoted. A few of the gold nuggets
which it conUins are repeated below.
'The men I know who have gone
ahead fastest have been just normal fel-
lows. They were set off from the others,
in the beginning, only by the fact that
they made a practice of using the con-
structive little opportunities which the
others neglected. And that practice gave
them the special abilities they needed.
"One of our vice presidents came with
us as an inspector of underground work,
another as a bookeeper, another as an
office boy. Our secretary and treasurer
began with us as an office boy. And so
on down the line.
''None of them was rich or had influen-
tial friends to back him. Some had not
so much as a high-school education; but
they all had the characteristics I have
mentioned; a sort of eagerness to be
serviceable in unexpected ways. It was
this, more than all other factors put to-
gether, that has put them where they are
today.
"Everyone has been told that the way
to get on is to do more than is expected
of him. But not everyone realizes just
how the method works. The qualities
which most often hold up the progress
of men in business are lack of knoidedgc,
lack of Mlf-confidence, and that idle habit
of thought which does not lead to action.
'The effort to do the little unnecessary,
useful thing just beyond one's absolute
duties is a direct attack on all three of
those failings. It develops knowledge,
right where knowledge is needed most,
by the incomparable method of experi-
ence. It develops self-confidence in the
same way. And it is itself the very pro-
cess of getting action as a result of
thought.
"One of the great advantages of this
constant efifort to be more serviceable is
the alertness it usually gives a man to
suggestions for improving his work, even
if the suggestions are only implied. The
fact is that the best suggestions in the air
in any office are likely to be apparent
only to people who are peculiarly sensi-
tive to them — who are on the lookout
for them.
"Half the battle is choosing the right
place to work, getting at least near to
the sort of thing we want to do.**
Diridendt
The By-Products Coke Company has
declared a 10 per cent stock 'dividend on
capital stock, payable March 25 to stock
of record March IS.
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March 25, 1921
THE OAS AOB
259
Increases Price of Gas
Reduces B.t.u.
Principally because of an increase in
the cost of oil used by the San Diego
Consolidated Gas and Electric Company
in the manufacture of gas and electricity
and the payment of a franchise tax to
the city, thereby increasing the company's
operating costs, the Railroad Commission
today authorized the company to increase
its gas rates by 20% and its electric rate
from 10 to 15%. The San Deigo com-
pany is the only utility in the state serv-
ing electricity exclusively from a steam
plant. In order to keep the increase
within the amount allowed, the Commis-
sion authorized the company to reduce
the heat unit of the gas from 570 to 540
B. T. ITs. The gas rate in Escondido is
not increased to the same extent as the
San Diego rate, the increase there rang-
ing from 12 to 15%.
According to the Commission's deci-
sion the increase in oil cost used in gas
operations amount to $150,000. A further
increase in expenses amounting to $18,-
400 is due to the newly established 2%
franchise tax of the dty of San Diego.
The Conmiission fixes $3^74,160 as a
fair value of the company's gas property.
Money for Service and Los Angeles, Cat
Development
The Los Angeles Gas and Electric
Corporation has applied for authority to
issue $2,000,000 of its first preferred stock.
An order by tiie commission made last
month authorized the company to issue
$1,000,000 of stock. This application is
for another issue, the company claiming
that it needs the money in order to main-
tain its service standards and to meet
growth and development requirements of
Los Angeles and vicinity.
To Issue Development Securities
San Francisco, Cal. — ^Pacific Gas and
£lectric Company, has asked for authority
Electric Company has asked for authority
to issue $3,000,000 of its first preferred
capital stock. The proceeds are to be
used to reimburse the company's treas-
ury for moneys expended for plant de-
velopment and to pay in part for con-
struction work on hydroelectric pro-
jects now under way.
Brooklyn Injunction Extended
New York, March 1^— The injunction
which the Brooklyn Union Gas Co. ob-
tained from the United States District
Court restraining the Public Service
Commission, the Attorney General of
New York and the District Attorney of
Kings County from enforcing the provi-
sions of the statutory law regarding gas
rates was extended by Judges Ward,
Hough and Mayer sitting in statutory
court, until June 1.
Service Temporarily Cut Off
A recent explosion in the Racine plant
of the Wisconsin Gas & Electric Co., tem-
porarily cut off the gas supply to Cud-
ahy and South Milwaukee.
Dividends Declared
The American Public Service Company
has declared a quarterly dividend of $1.75
a share on the preferred stock, payable
April 1, to stock of record March 15.
Would Delay Commission Control
Indianapolis, Ind.— A bill introduced
Feb. 14, in the Indiana house of repre-
sentatives would extend the time until
July 1, 1923, in which public utilities of
the state may surrender their franchises
and come under provisions of the public
utility act. The measure was referred
to the judiciary committee.
City Attorney Requested to Handle Gas
Case
Milwaukee, Wis. — ^Representatives of
the Women's Fair Price league appeared
in the city attorney's office with a request
that City Atty. Williams personally rep-
resent the city and the women's organ-
ization at the gas rate hearing before
Commissioner. Jackson, Friday.
The conunittee said the league would
be satisfied only if the head of the office
appeared in the case. The women said
that they had an appointment with Mr.
Williams and asked to see him person-
ally.
Williams in Court
"Mr. Williams is trying a case in
court," said Asst. Atty. W. J. Mattison.
He telephoned that he would be unable
to be here this afternoon. I am familiar
with the case and will be pleased to go
over it with you."
"Mr. Williams is a public servant and
we want him to handle the case," said
Mrs. Duncan. "We have a right to ask
this."
Eangs G)iinty Gas News
Volume one, number one, of this pub-
lication for enlightening the gas con-
suming public has just made its appear-
ance. It explains to the consumer how
the Kings County Lighting Co., makes
gas; invites the consumer to elect a di-
rector for local gas service, explains why
gas costs more today than it did in 1914;
shows that there is $227 behind each $100
in new stock issued by the company;
points out that there is a vast growth for
the company in the next few years and
invites the gas consumer to own enough
stock to pay part or all of their gas bills.
These are only a few of the leading
items which this paper contains. We
commend Mr. Elsman's open frank pub-
lic policy and are sure that it is the right
method to secure public confidence and
co-operation.
Public Service Company of
Northern Illinois
Public Service Company of Northern
Illinois has issued its annual report for
the year ended December 31, 1920, show-
ing a surplus after charges and taxes of
$1,365,776, equivalent after deduction of
preferred dividends $7.47 a share earned
on the $12,063,500 common stock. This
compares with surplus of $1,346,206, or
$7J8 a share in the preceding year.
Income account for the year of 1920
shows as follows :
Total oper. rev $11,415,087
Opcr. exp. & deprec 7,633,997
Net oper. revenues $3,781,090
Taxes & uncoil, rev. 466,662
Balance $3,314,428
Other income 234,853
Total income $3,549,281
Interest chgs., etc 2,183,505
Balance $1,365,776
Pfd. dividends 464,770
Com. dividends 781,139
Surplus $119,867
Central lUinoia PabUc Service
Chicago^ 111.— Annual report of Central
Illinois Public Service Co. for the year
ended December 31, 1920, shows as fol-
lows: Gross, $5,168,090; net earnings,
$1,342,472; net income, ^3,266; prefer-
red dividends, $233,163; surplus, $60,103.
Announcement
The Surface Combustion Co., Inc., 366
Gerard Avenue, Bronx, New York Qty,
Manufacturers of Industrial Furnaces,
have acquired the entire rights and inter-
ests of The Ratiometer Corporation,
Rochester, N. Y. The latter company has
during the last few years manufactured
Ratiometers. The Surface Combustion
Co. Inc. have established a separate man-
ufacturing and sales organization in its
own plant in New York Gty, where it
will continue this business under the
name of The Ratiometer Corporation.
The Ratiometer is a mechanical device
for the automatic proportioning of gas-
eous fuels and the air used for their com-
bustion. The manufacturers claim this
device can be readily installed on any
two-pipe system, automatic temperature
control being maintained entirely through
the gas line.
Other patent rights recently acquired
by The Surface Combustion Co. Inc., are
the Clark principle of intermittent firing
for enameling furnaces and the Langen-
berg-Fetterly furnace for heat treating
Armor Piercing Shdls.
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260
THE GAS AGE
March 25, 1921
Measure to Equalize Share
and Cash Capital Is Debat-
ed in State Senate
By THOMAS CARENS
Boston, Mass.^The Burdett bill to
equalize the cash and share capital of
certain gas and electric companies met
further obstacles in the Senate sresterday,
and after the longest debate of the pres-
ent session, which the entire body fol-
lowed with attention, the question of or-
dering the bill to a third reading was
postponed until a week from today.
Senator Parkhurst of Winchester, de-
livering his maiden speech, explained in
great detail the reasons which prompted
the committee on power and light, of
which he is chairman, to report the bill
favorably, and he was warmly commend-
ed by his colleagues for the character of
his presentation.
Sought by Many Companiei
''Let me say first of all," he went on,
"that this bill will not permit stock-wa-
tering. Nor is it the petition of a single
electric light company, which has been
intimated. It has the support of 26 elec-
tric companies, 15 gas companies and 13
companies distributing both. I can best
illustrate its meaning by griving specific
ca^es.
'The Cambridge Gas Company is cap-
italized for $1,680,000, but its assets rep-
resent $2,635,000 paid in, or a premium of
$955,000. When the Cambridge Gas Com-
pany declared a dividend of 10 per cent
as it did recently, consumers may protest
at such a high rate of profit, but when
this dividend is applied to all the money
paid in, it shrinks to 6.37 per cent
The Edison Company of Boston offers
a more striking instance. Its capital is
$22,528^000 and yet it has received pre-
miums of $17,000,000. When the Edison
Company, therefore, declares a dividend
of 12 per cent investors in Edison stock
receive only 6.68 per cent, not an ex-
orbitant rate.
"If this condition continues," he said,
"lighting prices will continue to rise,
rather than fall, while if this measure of
relief is adopted the companies will be
enabled to enlarge their plants, provide
improvements, and eventually serve the
consumer at a lower rate.
"I know it is not popular to stand up
iiere and plead for a corporation, much
less a gas or electricity company, but
these corporations are the children of
the state. They have rights as well as
the consumers."
Kanaas City, Kaa^ Aaka Eminent Domain
For A UtiUty
Topeka, Kans. — Senator Ridgway of
Wyandotte County introduced a bill to
permit Kansas City, Kas., to buy or con-
demn the gas plant and operate it.
The bill gives the city authority to ex-
ercise its rights of eminent domain in
acquiring the plant. It may either oper-
ate it as a distributor of natural gas or go
into the business of manufacturing gas
for the use of its citizens.
The plant may be operated in the
same way and under the same general
management as the dty light and water
plants.
Bitominoufi Coal Water Gas
Those gas men who have followed the
development of this method of making
water gas will regret to learn that Ray
Stretch, Manager of the Union Gas &
Electric Co., will soon leave the gas in-
dustry. While others were busy discuss-
ing whether it could be done or not, he
was busy doing it. That is why his com-
pany won the reputation of being the
operating yard stick for Illinois plants.
The hundreds of problems which he and
his loyal assistants solved are very in-
teresting, ask him about some of them.
We regret very much that he is leaving
the gas industry. His methods of man-
agement will long be remembered by those
who were fortunate enough to know him.
One was constantly impressed with the
open, frank, square method in which he
handled every detail of his company.
When he needed a nickel more, than his
gas rate then provided, he told the Illi-
nois Public Utilities Commission the
facts and they granted the increased rate.
The commission knew he was operating
efficiently and telling the t^uth. There
were other times when he went to the
Commission, by request, for a little fa-
therly advice from Commissioner Shaw.
Of course he got it. He went back to
Bloomington knowing more about law,
but he always left a clean slate behind
him.
We congratulate the automobile indus-
try on their good luck in securing his
services. Much as we will miss him in
the gas industry, we know, that he will
build the right kind of public utility
opinion where ever he goes^
Middle Weat Utilitiea
Chicago— Middlewest Utilities paid
quarterly 1^ per cent interest, March
1. on preferred dividend certificates is-
sued in lieu of cash for June 1, 1918, pre-
ferred dividend. Directors meet late in
March to act on preferred dividend which
was promised at the rate of 3 per cent for
this year and 4 per cent next year.
Gas Company Purchases Truck
Greensburg, Ind. — The Greensburg Gas
and Electric company has purchased of
the Powell & Sons a new one ton Ford
truck to be used in the business. It is
fully equipped with starter, lights and
all modern appliances.
Secures More Ga« — Rate In-
creased
Conneaut, O., Mar. 19— Through an
agreement reached between the Hellenic
Petroleum & Gas Co., of Ashtabula, O.,
and the Northeastern Oil & Gas Co., of
Conneaut, assurance of at least 300/)00
feet of additional natural gas daily for
Ashtabula county gas consumers has been
effected, according to F. B. Dunn, presi-
dent of the Conneaut company.
Under a contract signed by the two
companies, the Northeastern company, a
retail gas corporation, gets the supply
from a well recently drilled in Austin-
burg township by the Hellenic Company,
producer.
Gas consumers served by the North-
eastern on January 1 took over control of
the company from M. B. Daly, president
of the East Ohio Gas Co., and his Cleve-
land associates. Various municipal coun-
cils in the county, which had refused in-
creases in gas rates to the company under
its former management, have passed or-
dinances granting the reorganized North-
eastern Oil & Gas Co. the right to charge
a sliding scale of $1 per thousand for the
first 5000 feet, $125 per thousand for the
second 5000 feet and $1.50 per thousand
for all over the second 5000 feet.
American Gas Furaace Co. Concentrate
Offlces
The American Gas Furnace Company-
announce that their, entire personnel will
henceforth be concentrated in a main
office in Elizabeth, N. J., in which city
their two plants are located; also that
they have discontinued selling operations
through their former sole agents, Messrs.
E. P. Reichhelm & Company, Inc.
Doherty Club House
The Doherty Organization has just
opened a new club for the use of the
members of its organization at 11 West
51st Street, New York City.
Two fine old brownstone front man-
sions have been acquired and completely
remodelled. They have been furnished
throughout with up-to-date equipment
and furniture, including billiard table,
reading room, library, card room and so
forth.
Sleeping rooms are provided on three
floors for the benefit of out of town mem-
bers of the organization who happen to
be in New York. This will provide an ex-
cellent meeting place for members of the
Doherty Organization and is in line with
other similar clubs established in other
cities as in Washington.
United States exports of aniline dyes
during December were valued at $1,788^
170, of which China took $728,650.
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March 25. 1921
THE GAS AGE
261
Municipal Ownership a Fail-
ure in Seattle
Mtmicipal ownership of street railways
in Seattle, Wash., has been a^ failure ac-
cording to the conclusion drawn by the
Washington State Weekly which says:
"Up to date the street car problem
has been a disappointment. Service is
worse than it ever was, with no prospect
-of improvement. Some $700,000 in taxes
of one kind and another that the utility
company once paid into the treasury is
now paid by all of the other taxpayers.
Katioiul Chamber of ConmMrce Meeting
At the annual meeting of the Chamber
•of Commerce of the United States to be
held in Atlantic City April 27 to 29 a
group session will be held at which there
will be completed plans for American
participation in the London conference
and at which the subjects proposed for
the London meeting will be gone over.
Win Suit Against Dayton Gas
Company
Dayton, O. — Forty-five hundred dollars,
with interest from November 18, 1916,
was the verdict returned for the plaintiff
Mrs. Carrie B. Ahlers, against the Dayton
Gas company.
Damages for complete destruction of
her property at 329 South Wayne avenue,
caused by the explosion of a pipe be-
longing to the gas company, was sought
by Mrs. Ahlers. The pipe located in
front of her residence was alleged to have
been corroded. Part of a brick struc-
ture adjoining the Ahlers' residence was
wrecked at the same time.
Mrs. Ahlers was absent on the after-
noon the property was destroyed and did
not know of the occurence until she
returned home.
Credit Association Formed
In order to promote the most effective
cooperation in strengthening the credit of
"the gas, electric light and street railway
utilities, a joint committee of national
utility associations has been organized by
the American Gas Association, the Na-
tional Electric Light Association and the
American Hectric Railway Association.
Each of these organizations has desig-
nated a group to represent it as members
of the joint committee, which, as at pres-
•ent constituted, consists of: Randall
Morgan, B. C. Cobb, Frank W. Frueauff.
H. G. Bradlee, Lucius S. Storrs, Chas. A.
Munroe, Joseph K Choate, E. C. Faber,
J. B. McCaU, John W. Lieb, R. A. Carter,
O. D. Young, Henry L. Doherty, S. Z.
Mitchell, P. S. Young, P. H. Gadsden, W.
W. Freeman, Charles L. Edgar, A. P.
Lathrop, B. I. Budd, M. H. Aylesworth,
B. B. Burritt, O. H. Fogg.
Municipal Plant Bzpenaet and Sates In-
crease
Holyoke, Mass. — ^The annual report of
the municipal gas and electric depart-
ment, made public showed a heavy in-
crease in operating expenses over the
previous year and an increased consump-
tion in both gas and electricity.
The amount of gas used in 1920 was
7 per cent greater than in 1919, while
the amount of electricity used was 20
per cent greater than the previous year.
In the gas department the increased
cost of coal, oil and wages amounts to
$101,096.44, an increase of 53 per cent
over 1919. The increase in total expenses
in the gas department was $126,655.13,
amounting to a 44 per cent increase over
1919.
Thirty-two new meters were installed
in the gas department during the year
and in this . deparment, $58;500 in bonds
were retired.
A net loss of $43,954.67 was shown in
the gas department, total receipts
amount to $368,066.46, while expenditures
were $411,641.13. The increase in gas
rates from $1.20 to $1.60 was in effect
only four months of the year, not long
enough for the department to break even
in a year of heavily increased operating
expenses.
The electric department showed a net
profit of $53,321.24, with receipts of $602,-
800.39 and expenditures of $549,479.15.
The receipts for both departments
totaled $1,063,011. There was a balance
of $91,432.76 left over from 1919, making
a total of $1,154,434.76, as against total
expenditures of $1,227,625.63, a net loss
of $82,029.01.
Gas Rates Reduced
Bridgeport, Conn. — Meriden Gas Co., a
Competitor of Conn. Light & Power Co.,
is Forced to Reduce Rates.
The Silver City Corporation Controls
Electric Light Company which is in In-
dustrial War with bigger Company in
Southington Field, Utilities Conunission
turns an attentive ear to the complaint
of Meriden Public and wipes out The
Service Charge.
Cities of Connecticut which have had
50 cent "service charges" imposed on
their citizens by gas companies and have
had the charge sustained by the State
Public Utilities Commission are startled
to learn that the city of Meriden came
before the commission and got the rate
reduced and the service charge elimin-
ated.
Women Protest High Gat Rates
Boise, Ida. — Protests against permitting
the Boise Gas Light & Coke company
to increase its present city lighting rate
will be sent to the public utilities com-
mission by the Good Citizenship club.
Resolutions to this effect were passed
at the business meeting at Carnegie hall.
Cheaper Gas for Minneapolis
Minneapolis, Minn., will get dollar gas
by September 1, if costs of materials
used in making gas remain at present
levels. The present rate is $1.31.
This was the statement today by A.
H. Rand, general manager of the Min-
neapolis Gaslight company.
Mr. Rand also said there may be a
slight drop in present gas rates, April
1, when the present quarter is ended.
He said it would not be large however
as coal used until that time was bought
on contract at $1025 a ton.
Oil prices have decreased however,
from 8% cents to Syi cents a gaUon,
plus freight The company uses approx-
imatdy 30,000 gallons a day and lower
prices are effecting a daily saving of
$2,400.
Lower coal costs are necessary, how-
ever to any considerable lowering of
gas prices, based on the cost of manufac-
ture in the holder. These are anticipated
with the resumption of lake traffic in
the spring.
What Thrift Does
Chicago, 111.— Statisticians have been
making some extraordinary discoveries
in connection with the preachment of
thrift. The rapidity with which wealth
accumulates is indicated by a new set of
figures made public showing that were
^workers of the country to save 10 per
cent of their wages and invest these in
safe securities, such as those of the elec-
tric light and power, gas or telephone
company serving diem, paying them 6 per
cent interest annually, they would in a
single generation accumulate more wealth
than has been accumulated in all of these
centuries and all generations.
Business G>nditions Better
The general business situation is mark-
ed by greater confidence than was man-
ifest in the last weeks of 1920, says the
National Qty Bank of New York, and
there are tangible evidences of improve-
ment. The apprehensions and rumors of
impending trouble which are always a de-
moralizing influence when the credit sit-
uation is under strain, have been largely
cleared away. The irresponsible talk
about a "panic" has been silenced. The
epidemic of business failures predicted
for the end of the year did not come.
The number of reported bankruptcies has
increased, but has not been alarming, and
the cases have been mainly of small con-
cerns of mushroom growth, who extend-
ed their business rapidly upon small cap-
ital while prices were rising and did not
have the reserve resources to meet the
losses that were inevitable when reverses
came. The substantial business structure
of the country is unshaken, and whatever
anxiety there may have been upon that
score has been relieved.
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262
THE GAS AGE
March 25, 1921
Natural Gas News
Decision Issued in Ontario
Gas Dispute
London, Ontario — ^The Ontario Rail-
way Board has given a decision which
if applied to the whole of the Province
will effect a settlement of a number of
grievances which have arisen in connec-
tion with the. price of gas and other pub-
lic utilities. This decision is to the ef-
fect that the London City Gas Company
is not justified in charging more for ar-
tificial gas than 90 cents per thousand
cubic feet, the price stipulated in the con-
tract 25 years ago. The gas company
some months ago imposed a "readiness
to serve" charge, which was the equiv-
alent of raising the price of the gas about
30 per cent. This charge has been declar-
ed illegal and has consequently been dis-
continued. It is now expected that this
ruling will be applied also to natural gas
companies and similar concerns holding
franchises under provincial enactment
which have raised their rates without
authority.
Until now the gas companies have not
been officially informed that their raising
of rates above the figure stipulated in the
franchise is illegal, and consequently the
people all over the province have been
faced with the possibility of having to
pay much higher for their fuel and light
The ruling now is that the companies
may neither discontinue service nor
raise their rates. In order to keep some
of the companies solvent, however, pleb-
iscites in various localities are planning
to authorize necessary rate increases.
Proposed Law Would In-
crease Price for Gas
Enactment of a bill introduced in the
House of Representatives at Columbus
and intended to conserve the natural gas
supply in Ohio for domestic consumers
would have the effect of jeopardizing the
gas supply for Ohio users, or of abnor-
mally increasing the price of it. This
was the prediction of Folk Laffoon, sec-
retary of the Union Gas and Electric
company.
The measure, introduced by Represent-
ative Davis of Noble county, would limit
the use of natural gas to domestic pur-
poses, and provides that no constuner be
permitted to use more than 50,000 cubic
feet of gas a month. "The passage of the
bill would have a very serious effect upon
our local business," Mr. Laffoon said.
'Tt would mean that we would have to
discontinue service to all industrial con-
sumers. It would put all the gas com-
panies in the attitude of maintaining ex-
pensive transportation facilities for a
service of practically only 90 days out of
the year. There is very little gas used by
domestic consumers in the mild-weather
period. We could not afford to main-
tain transportation facilities for that bus-
iness alone. The industrial consumers are
our outlet 4 in the sunmier time for the
supply in the warm months. If such a
bill is enacted we could not afford to
comply with its terms without increas-
ing the price of gas to domestic consum-
ers to many times the present price in
order to pay the carrying charges now
borne by the industrial consumers."
To DriU for Gas
Cleveland, O., Mar. 16— The East Ohio
Gas Co. is completing plans to sink test
wells on land it has leased in Geauga
county. The number of test wells may
exceed a dozen. The company has
quietly acquired leases on 20,000 acres
around Chardon, 0.» near here, it is
announced.
Test wells also are to be sunk shortly
by the Commercial Oil & Gas Co., of
Ashtabula, O. This company, comprising
business men of Ashtabula, has leased
12,000 acres in Geauga county, adjoining
Cuyahoga, of which Cleveland is the
county seat, on the southeast
Home Town Financing
The San Antonio Public Service Com-
pany has just placed on the market an
issue of $2,000,000.00 in cumulative Pre-
ferred Stock yielding an annual return of
S%. This stock is being sold to employes
and customers and the selling is being
done principally by the employes. At the
end of the first month approximately $80,-
000.00 worth of this stock has been sold.
In order to give the customers the best
information possible and the kind of serv-
ice to which they are entitled an Invest-
ment Department has been organized.
This Department is in charge of Mr. S.
J. Ballinger, Commercial Manager of the
Company. Just enough salesmen are kept
in the Investment Department to take
care of inquiries and assure the proper
treatment. No effort is made to secure
experienced stock salesmen. Company
employes who are familiar with our busi-
ness and know how to be polite and
courteous to the public are used as special
salesmen.
Change in Ownerahip
Loudenville Oil & Gas Co. of Cameron,
W. Va., is now owned by the Dunn Sta-
tion Oil & Gas Co., Cameron, W. Va.
Peculiar Suit Against Gas
Company
Pittsburgh, Pa.^They have keen ideas
out Greensburg way as regards chances
of collecting damages against gas com-
panies, as evidenced by the filing of two
suits asking a total of $60,000 damages
against the People's Natural Gas Com-
pany, of Pittsburgh* Joseph G. Dom, of
Bradenville, claims $10,000 for personal
injury alleged to have been received in
October, 1919. He sUtes that the gas
company had a pipe line extending over
the mine of the Bradenville Coal and
Coke Company, in which he was working,
and that the pipe line broke, gas was
sucked into the mine, an explosion fol-
lowed, and he was injured. David R.
Watkins, also of Bradenville, was in-
jured at the same time, but he places his
grievance at $50,000.
McKeesport Lesson Leaves
Its Impression
An echo of the McKeesport gas field
activities of a year ago can be heard in
Swissvale and other suburbs of Pitts-
burgh today. With the drilling of a gas
well in that section a few months ago
interest in the speculative game was re-
awakened. More recently a well was
completed on the Wolf property and an
effort has been made to capitalize the
completion of these wells by sales of
stock in newly organized companies. Pro-
moters, however, are not meeting with
success, owing to the experience of in-
vestors in the McKeesport field, which
promised so much a year ago and is
now a painful memory to thousands of
people. One man who was approached
on the stock proposition said:
"Although persistent rumors have cred-
ited the well on the Wolf property as
producing 2,000,000 cubic feet of gas a
day, the actual flow is about 500,000
cubic feet, and the promotion of com-
panies to drill other wells is at a stand-
still, because the McKeesport collapse
hasn't been forgotten."
Company Changes Name
The former Pacific Gas & Electric Co.
of Phoenix, Ariz., is now operated under
the name of the Central Arizona Light
& Power Company.
Natural Gat Plant Abandoned
The natural gas plant of the Northern
Ohio Fuel Company at Kansas and Betta-
ville, Ohio, has been abandoned.
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March 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
263
Gas Company Must
Return to Old Rates
Fails to File Notice, Loosea Case
Chattanooga, Tenn.— Following agita-
tion started several weeks ago by The
Chattanooga Times against the increase
in rates by the Chattanooga Gas company,
the public utilities commission of Ten-
nessee issued an order prohibiting the
company from putting the proposed new
rate into effect. The suspension of the
new schedule, ordered by the public utili-
ties conunission Dec. 9, after the general
manager of The Times and public officials
of the city had filed a formal complaint
against the increase, was made by the
commission by the final order issued
yesterday. The order, signed by Com-
missioners A. B. Enloe, Hannah and
Campbell, sets out the charges made by
the complainants, H. C. Adler, Conunis-
sioner Emil Wassman and Mayor A. W.
Chambliss, and sustains the contentions
of Frank Carden, city attorney, who
handled the case for the complainants.
Failed to Comply with Rules
The rate increase was suspended, per-
manently, by reason of the fact that the
gas company failed to comply with Rule
16 of the commission's regulations, in
that no notice of the new schedule was
posted for public inspection, or adver-
tised in the newspapers. Rule 16 pro-
vides that the gas company should have
nosted, for public inspection, a notice of
the proposed new schedule of rates thirty
days before the date of its becoming
operative. What the gas company really
did was to send a representative of the
company to the consumers to be affected
by the rate increase with a verbal ex-
planation. There were about 126 users
of gas for commercial purposes affected
by the ruling. The company failed to
introduce any proof at the hearings of
Dec. 9 and Dec. 27 which even intimated
that the rules governing the posting of
notice and the advertising of the pro-
posed rate had been complied with. The
company, however, made a desperate at-
tempt to secure the approval of the com-
mission in its proposed increase and as a
last resort field a petition in which they
asked that the complaint against the
rate increase be dismissed for the reason
that the mayor of Chattanooga, the com-
missioner of public utilities and The
Chattanooga Times were not authorized
to file a complaint, because they were not
personally or financially interested. The
attorney-general of the state overruled
this position in an opinion rendered at
the request of the commission and the
final order suspending the new rate as
unauthorized was the result The order
of the commission follows :
The Chattanooga Gas Company filed
in this office a new schedule of rates,
charges and regulations as of date Aug.
1, 1920. Complaint was made to the
commission that said new schedule of
rates, charges and regulation was not
posted for public inspection in Chat-
tanooga in the manner as is prescribed
in Rule 16 of this commission's rules
and regulations. Whereupon, the com-
mission did, on Dec. 9, 1920, by its I and
S. Document No. 94, suspend the appli-
cation of said rates, charges and regu-
lations pending a hearing thereon.
"A full and complete hearing was held
in the office of the commission on Dec
27, 1920 and the proof shows that the
new and advance schedule of rates was
not posted for public inspection, or pub-
lished in a newspaper, or newspapers,
in the city of Chattanooga for the bene-
fit of the public; but that in lieu thereof
the defendent company notified the sev-
eral gas users (approximately 126) that
were directly affected by the change in
rates as set forth in the new schedule,
said notice being given by a personal
canvass by a representative of the de-
fendant company, it being claimed that
each gas user affected by the new sched-
ule was told in detail by said canvasser
the actual effect that the said new
schedule would have in the case of each
respective user.
*We are of the opinion and find that
the schedule of rates, charges and regu-
lations of the Chattanooga Gas company
filed in this office as of Aug. 1, 1920, did
not lawfully become effective thirty days
thereafter for the reason that the public
(citizens of Chattanooga) was not fully
advised of the changes in rates, charges
and regulations as contained in said
schedule by the posting and publishing
of said schedule thirty days in advance
of its effective date, in the manner re-
quired in Rule 16 of the rules and regu-
lations of this commission on covering the
regulation, supervision and control of
public utilities and we are further of the
opinion and find that said schedule
should not be accepted for filing by the
commission for the reason that said de-
fendants did not conform to the rules and
regulations of the conunission."
No Opposition to Higher Rates
Terre Haute, Ind.— No opposition to
an advance of fifteen cents a thou-
sand feet on gas charged Terre Haute
consumers was offered recently at a
hearing of the Indiana Public Service
Commission on the petition of the Indi-
ana Coke & Gas Company and the Citi-
zens Gas & Fuel Company for the in-
crease. The present rate is eighty cents.
W. S. Blauvelt, of the Indiana Coke &
Gas Company, told the commission his
company's profits were mostly paper
profits, adding as an explanation that the
money earned by the plant had been spent
on its enlargement and improvement
The case was taken under advisement by
the commission.
Gas Companies to Extend
Systems
Los Angeles, Cal., Mar. 14— The South-
em California Gas Company was today
granted by the Kailroad Commission
authority to exercise the rights obtained
under franchise permitting the construc-
tion and operation of its gas distributing
system in the cities of Eagle Rock and
Burbank.
Chicago Gas Company Loses Supreme
Court Case
Springfield, 111., Mar. 18— The state
supreme court has held the Peoples Gas
Light & Coke Co., of Chicago, liable for
$20,249 court costs incurred by the Cook
county master in chancery in investi-
gating the company's tax assessment of
1909. The costs were at first assessed
against the city.
Montgomery Rates Modified
Montgomery, Ala.*-On Mar. 15, Judge
Henry D. Clasrton, modified his previous
order of January 5 raising the gas rate
in Montgomery charged by the Mont-
gomery Light and Water Power com-
pany, to the extent of placing the
amount to be charged for the first ten
thousand cubic feet per month by the
Light company at $2.10 the rate granted
by the Alabama Public Service Conunis-
SIOD.
It was stated at the court that it was
upon motion of S. B. Irelan, receiver for
the Light company, that Judge Clayton
fixed this rate, which reduces the charge
from $2.25 for the first 10,000 cubic feet
to $2.10.
Gas Company Proceeds to Move for New
Trial
Salt Lake City, Utah.— Notice of in-
tention to move for retrial of damage
suits involving $84,000, decided in favor
of property owners near the gas plant
by Judge P. C. Evans of the Third dis-
trict court last December, was filed Sat-
urday by the Utah Qas & Coke company.
A series of suits was brought by residents
against the company for the detrimental
effiect which the operation of the gas plant
had upon the value of thdr holdings and
health.
By stipulations between representatives
of the company and the resident proper-
ty owners. Judge Evans will preside at
the retrial, if one is granted.
$436,000 Nassau & Suffolk Lighting
Co. five-yiear 9% gold debenture bonds
a9e being offered by Minturn & Co., 40
Wall St., New York City at 101 and
accrued interest, yielding 8.80%. The
bonds are dated September 1, 1920, are
in denominations of $1,000, $500 and $100.
redeemable at 102 and interest
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264
THE GAS AGE
March 25, 1921
Heat, Light and Power for New York
A Discussion of the Factors Entering
into the Production of These Products
at a Meeting of the A, S. C. E.
By Staff Correspondent
AVERY able, complete and com-
prehensive discussion of this sub-
ject was recently presented by CoL
William Barclay Parsons of New York
City, from the electrical point of view.
Various phases of the subject were
presented by prominent men in the
industry. W. S. Mille mentioned die
developments which made it possible
to reduce the cost of current from eight
to one cent a kilowatt hour. Farley Os-
good, vice president of the Public Ser-
vice Electric Co., of N. J. and Frank
Smith, vice president of the United Elec-
tric Lig^t and Power Co., mentioned
many practical points. Geo. O. Smitii,
Director of the U. S. Geological Survey
gave a very complete survey of the coal,
oil and power centers of our country.
He said the coal center was in Nebraska,
the oil center in Colorado, the water pow-
er resource center was in Wyoming. He
added confidentially that one of his en-
gineers had reported that the power de-
mand center was located in Ohio, in fact
at Marion, Ohio, (Applause) F. O. Black-
well dwelt upon the tidal possibilities of
electrical development
Heating
The electrical discussion in no case
brought out the heating end of the paper.
Perhaps if the discussion had gone on a
little longer some one would have shown
that electrical energy is only seven per-
cent as efficient for heating purposes as
it is for power purposes and Mr. Par-
sons would have been convinced, from
conservation reasons alone of the use-
lessness of advocating electrical heating.
Cooperation
H. E. Skouger, consulting engineer,
recognized that something had been omit-
ted from the discussion and added the
following remarks:
"The figures presented by Colonel Par-
sons as representing the requirements of
energy in form of electricity for motive
power and for the illumination of our
Metropolitan District for the coming ten
years calls forth unity in action, coope-
ration in development and the most sin-
cere attention from our engineering so-
cieties, corporations. State and Munic-
ipal authorities.
Another Energy Source
"To the availiable sources of energy,
as brought forth by Colonel Parson, may
be added one which of late has been
given considerable attention by author-
ities in Great Britain.
**In a recent issue of an engineering
periodical from that country appears a
tentative plan as presented to an now
being considered by the Waterpower Re-
source Committee of Great Britain for
the harnessing of the tide of the river
Severn.
"The plan proposes the development of
a net amount of 500,000 horsepower gen-
erated exclusively by the tide of this riv-
er in conjunction with auxiliary reser-
voirs further inland, these reservoirs
being supplied with water pumped by
part of the power developed so as to
insure a continuous power supply from
this source.
"While we, of course, do not have a
rise and fall of tide such as that of the
coast of Great Britain speaking of the im-
mediate vicinity here, we can however
register a fall and rise of six feet in
this locality increasing as high as seven-
teen feet at the coast of Maine; and it
might prove quite feasible that a con-
siderable power source for this dis-
trict may be found in a development of
this kind.
SiipplyiBg Heat
"The question of supplying our vast
Metropolis with energy in the form of
heat for domestic and industrial consump-
tion should receive an equal measure of
attention and effort on our part.
"It may be said with a certain degree
of accuracy that within a brief period
of time gas as an illuminant will be ob-
solete from a practical and economical
point of view, and that electric power
only will be used for such. Two reasons
appear |)aramount to substantiate this
fact: The first being that electric energy
is by far more desireable in every respect
for illumination under any condition, and
secondly that the existing laws relating
to illuminating gas are such that with
present methods of manufacture and the
steady rising price of gas-oil the cost of
producing illuminating gas will reach
a point eventually where it will become
almost prohibitive for g^eral use.
Gas Oil Contract
"In this connection it might be of inter-
est to record that a local gas corporatioa
recently closed a contract for their year-
ly gas-oil supply amounting to ITOfM,-
000 gallons at a price of I2-% c per gal-
lon; and based on one thousand cubic
feet of gas consuming three gallons of
gas-oil, the initial cost before manufac-
ture has been entered into has reached
the simi of 37.5c per thousand cubic feet,
adding hereto, of course, cost of opera-
tion, maintenance of plant and delivery
of gas and supervision.
"This fact naturally justifies beyond
question the gas companies' continued de-
mand for an increase in their rates.
Gas Rtview
"There remain however far greater
fields for the gas industry of this terri-
tory for the further and properly direct-
ed employment of their organization and
equipment and for the better use of their
products in supplying the requirements
.of this community. Unlike other indus-
tries, who are continually employing re-
search for the new and broader appli-
cation of this products, the gas industry
has been practically at a standstill for
the past fifteen years, and finding itself
replaced by its ambitious brother, elec-
tricity, has virtually, it appears, resigned
itself to be relegated to the background
while it should actually enjoy equal popu-
larity and should in equal measure serve
this vast populous country and its indus-
tries.
"With the multitude of industries cen-
tered here and the millions of homes
clustered about, representing practically
an equal number of individual power
plants for the production of heat units,
and with all these plants recording their
usual percentage of waste and with their
usual and well-known cumbersome re-
quirements for maintenance and the oc-
cupation of men and trucks for ddiveiy
of fuel and for the disposal of ashes
and refuse, and being at the same thne
an everlasting nightmare to the individ-
ual caretakers, it represents as a whole
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March 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
265
a condition far in the rear of our ad-
vanced development as a community and
industrial center.
HMt Re^n>ir«mtntt Important
''Furthermore, bearing in mind the fact
that energy in the form of heat — ^not as
power— affects the quality and cost of
practically every article of manufacture,
it is apparent that the industrial re-
quirements of heat are just as essential
as the industrial requirements for power.
The increasing demand for better quality
and decreased cost of manufactured prod-
uts naturally results in a need for bet-
ter methods and appliances and a form
of energy adapted to these requirements
which may be supplied at reasonable
cost.
Heat With Gat
"Assuming the foregoing to be cor-
rect and that gas has ceased to serve
as a useful illuminant, and that we are
today largely concerned with its uses
as a heat medium for industries and the
home, the present methods pertaining to
the production of gas as an illuminant
will naturally not apply to gas as a source
of heat energy.
"In order to accomplish a thorough
indulgence by our indJMstries and our
home in the extensive use of gas for heat-
ing to the absolute exclusion of the in-
dividual uses of coal, the production of
gas must be such that the price thereof
is sufficiently attractive and gas appli-
ances so developed that the cost of the
siding service will warrant its use.
Exclude Oat Oil
"This condition can be reached by the
exclusion of gas oil and ceasing to pro-
duce domestic coke in the manufacture of
gas and adopting a lower B. T. U. stand-
ard which will permit manufacture of a
gas substantially equal to the present
city gas in calorific intensity and odor.
Super Power Station
''Such porcedure would make possi-
ble the creation of the inevitable super-
fuel gas station, which will prove equally
important and equally as necessary as the
super-power stations of which we have
heard a great deal and which, by virtue
of the unquestionable savings, will be an
established fact in the near future.
"It may prove quite possible that the
cost of heating our homes or the cost of
heat required in our factories will not be
very much lowered below that of today,
but other factors of equal importance, in-
dustrially and otherwise, are largely af-
fected by the procedure of super-fuel gas
stations than that of individual power
plants.
Six Factors
''As factors of importance affected by
radr ffooedure, might be mentioned the
fc^lowtns.
"First. Complete recovery of the im-
mense value of the by-products which
are now a total loss in the isolated heat-
ing or power plant both as an income to
the consumer of coal as well as a loss
to the industry where theae products
would be of vital importance.
"Second. The reduction of coal con-
sumption incidental tQ better methods
of utilizing heat with gas burning appli-
andes which will result in a greater
amount of coal being available for export
or other use.
"Third. The man power and trucking
hours now consumed in the delivery of
coal and removal of ashes and refuse
will be made available for the handling
of more valuable freight and cargo to and
from steamers and to and from factor-
ies, and would furthermore tend to les-
sen the congested traffic conditions in
the streets of our City.
"Fourth. The immense area occupied
by individual and small coal supply sta-^
tions would be made available for the
building of homes and factories, and like-
wise the coal yards clustered about the
inland rivers would be made available
to more lucrative business in freight and
other industrial plants.
"Fifth. The work of the home will
be greatly lessened and cleaner condi-
tions will prevail.
"Summing up, it may be assumed that
a survey of the requirements of heat,
light and power in the Metropolitan Dis-
trict should recognize the requirements
for domestic and industrial heating and
the results likely to be brought about
by improvement in gas service recognized
by authorities throughout the world as
feasible. The super-fuel gas station de-
mands recognition because of its abil-
ity to meet those heating requirements
in a manner and at a cost which does
not at the present time seem possible
with electricity at its present stage of
development."
Coniolidated Gas Speaks
A. W. Stark of the Consoilidated Gas
Co., took the floor and pointed out the
following facts that are by no means so
small that they can be neglected :
*^n reading the title of Col. Parsons'
paper, I had rather hoped that he would
more widely discuss the factors which
are naturally suggested by the subject.
Instead of that, Cd. Parsons has confined
himsdf to a rather general consideration
to the electric power requirements of the
Metropolitan District.
"The factors set forth are interesting,
especially the anticipated requirements for
1930, a total of 6,700,000 horsepower, of
whidi 4,500^000 will be consumed in the
Metropolitan District
Power For New York
"The paper dwells at great length upon
the saving, in fact the necessity of pro-
viding for this power through other
means than bringing the coal to the pow-
er stations in New York, but has failed
to mention or refer to the necessi^ of
the sister public service industry, known
as the gas company. The gas companies
also require lai^e quantities of fud, and
in addition, millions of gallons of oil
to carry on their industry and serve the
same public.
Gas Facts
"To emphasize to some extent the omis-
sion of the subject in reference to these
industries, it is interesting to note that
in the area described by a 20 mile radius
from this building, it is estimated that in
the maximum day of the last year, there
was consumed by the public approximate-
ly three hundred million cubic feet of
gas, and using the customary factors
for determining the annual consumption,
this would represent sixty billion cubic
feet of gas per annum.
"Assuming a fair average for the ther-
mal value of this gas and an efficiency of
60 percent in its utilization, there is rep-
resented approximately two million tons
of coal and somewhat over four million
barrels of oil.
Gas Production at Mines
"No solution of the problem such as
natural resources suggested by Col.
Parsons for the generating of electricity
are available for the production of gas,
and even though it were possible to man-
ufacture the gas at the mines, the cost
of delivery and the investment of capital
in transmission lines and other equip-
ment would be prohibitive.
Gas Required
"As to the future of the gas indus-
try, rough calculations indicate that the
requirements are as astoundingly large
as that forecast by Col. Parsons for
electricity.
"The increase in maximum day in the
last five years is approximately 66 per-
cent. If this same increase is experi-
enced in the next five years, it is easy
to calculate that the annual consump-
tion will approach one hundred billion
cubic feet.
"The necessity for meeting instanta-
neous demand due to changes in temper-
ature, light and similar causes to that
affecting electricity, aU exist in the ga^
industry.
"In Manhattan and the Bronx alone
we have had a recent experience where
the temperature change from one day
to the next was but twenty degrees and
there resulted an increased demand of
dnrty million cubic feet This alone
represents a stand-by plant equipment of
over eight millions of dollars.
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266
THE GAS AGE
March 25. 1921
UtiUty Boards Endorsed by 33 States
Official Investigation Shows that
Public Service Commissions are
Doing Useful Satisfactory Work
GOVERNOR Charles H. Brough, of
Arkansas, has made known the en-
doresements of governors of thirty-
three states of their public utility com-
missions. These statements confirming
their experience with such regulations
were answers to telegrai^ed inquiries t^
the governor.
The attitude of other states of the
union as respects regulation of pnUic
utilities by state commission is of much
interest in view of the discussion which
has been had in Illinois and New York
relative to that form of supervision of
the affairs of the service companies.
In the message the governor gave his
personal view that he believed "state reg-
ulation should be perpetrated.'* Replies
were received by him as follows :
MauAchuaetts
Henry F. Long, secretary to Governor
Calvin Coolidge of Massachtuetts (vice
president elect) : — "Gov. Coolidge wishes
me to reply to your telegram and say
that the public utilities commission of
Massachusetts, comprised of chairman
and four associate members, is a perma-
nently established commission which has
done excellent work. No intention in
Massachusetts of doing away with this
conunission which has proven its use-
fulness."
Oliio
James M. Cox, governor of Ohio (dem-
ocratic candidate for presidency in the
last election) : — "We have had a most
satisfactory experience with our public
utilities commission. In fact our state
could not have done without it."
Michifan
Albert £. Sleeper, governor of Mich-
igan:— "Michigan created a railroad com-
mission in 1911 and gradually extended
its powers to include other utilities.
In 1919 a new statute changed the rail-
road commission to a general Public Util-
ity Commission with broadened powers.
I believe such a commission absolutely
indispensable but its powers should be
further extended. Believe our commis-
sion created in 1919 has been almost in-
dispensable to the wdfare of the state.
State regulation certainly should be per-
petuated."
New York
Alfred S. Smith, governor of New
York:— "The State of New York has been
committed to the poliqr of regulating
public utilities by commission since July,
1907. With comparatively few excep-
tions, this policy has worked very satis-
factorily. At first, therei were some con-
flicts in jurisdiction between the com-
mission and localities but practically all
of such defects in the law have been
remedied by legislative amendment or l^
interpretation by the courts. I think I
am justified in saying that the system
has worked very satisfactorily in this
state."
Georgia
Hugh Dorsey, governor of Georgia:—
"Our Commission, the first ever created
in the Union, functions well. We wotild
not consider repealing the law."
New Hampthire
John H. Bartlett, governor of New
Hampshire:— "We are well satisfied with
our .Public Service Cx)mmission and be-
lieve that our method is the best way to
regulate utilities."
North DakoU
Lynn J. Frazier, governor of North
DakoU:— "Board of railroad commis-
sioners consisting of three members reg-
ularly control and fix rates, charges and
services of all public utilities. I believe
that it is necessary to have some board
with power to make those regulations."
Oklahoma
J. B. A. Robertson, governor of Okla-
homa:—"I think it is very essential in
these days to have a corporation com-
mission or a similar board to regulate
and control public utilities. While our
commission has not given entire satisfac-
tion, it is not the fault of the system so
much as it is of recent conditions in ^e
business world.'*
Rhode laland
R. Livingston Beckman, governor of
Rhode Island:— "Find our Public Util-
ities Conunission of three members a
great snccess and can see no reason for
abolishing the same."
Washington
Louis F. Hart, governor of Wa^ng-
ton: — ^"Our experience with otu: Public
Service Commission has been most sat-
isfactory and its work has been of incal-
culable benefit to the people of our state."
Pennsylvania
>^liam C. Sproul, governor of Penn-
sylvania :— "We have in this state a public
service commission which has been ex-
tremely useful. We would not think of
abolishing it"
Wyoming
H. D. Carey, governor of Wyoming:—
"It would seem to me that for any state
to do away with its public utilities com-
mission would be a step backward. It
is my intention to ask our legislature to
increase the powers of our commission
although they have accomplished mncfa
under our present law."
Texas
S. Raymond Brooks, secretary, gover-
nor of Texas:— "The governor requests
me to answer your telegram. As yet
Texas has no public utility commission,
but a bill looking to the creation of sudi
a conunission is likely to be introduced
at the coming session of the legislature."
Yermoat
Perdval W. Qement, governor of Ver-
mont: — "Public Service (^mmission
working out satisfactorily in this state.
I am recommending increased authority
and facilities to enable commission to
investigate more tfaorooghly affairs that
come to it for approval and regulation."
Oregon
D. H. Upjc^n, secretary, governor of
Oregon :— "Governor absent Public Ser-
vice Conunission here has functioned suc-
cessfully. Some efforts have been made
to abolish it but have proved futile."
West YirginU
John J. Comwell, governor of West
Virginia: — ^"This state has had commis-
sion regulating all public utilities for ten
years. It is in<fispensable and there is
no sentiment for repeal of the law."
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THE GAS AGE
267
Utah
Simon Bamberger, governor of Utah : —
'Tublic Utilities Commission established
in Utah four years ago on the theory
of urgent need for proper regulation and
I cannot conceive justification for abol-
ishment. Most decisions are bound to
create a limited dissatisfaction temporar-
ily but in the end the action almost with-
out exception proves to have been war-
ranted."
New Mexico
O. O. Larrazolo, governor of New
Mexico: — ^"G>rporation G)mmission in
New Mexico has not given all the good
results it should for lack of suflBdent
power under the law. If properly cm-
powered to act, I consider such a com-
mission not only good but almost indis-
pensable/'
Nebraska
Samuel R. McKelvie, governor of
Nebraska : — "Our Railway Commission
constitutional body. Think it has done
good work,"
Montana
S. V. Stewart, governor of Montana: —
''Montana's experience with Public Util-
ities Commission has been entirely satis-
factory."
Nevada
E. D. Boyle, governor of Nevada: —
Nevada has had railroad and public util-
ities conunission since 1907. In 1910 the
name was changed and personnel slightiy
altered but functions remained the same.
We consider it an indispensable depart-
ment; first, because it keeps public ser-
vice corporations out of politics; second,
because it properly and intelligendy rep-
resents the state before the Interstate
Commerce Commission on all interstate
rates affecting our people; third, because
it effects by informal methods satisfac-
tory adjustment of interstate rates and
services; fourth, because it shuts out
improper and destructive competition,
and fifth, because it saves our industries
and people hundreds of thousands of dol-
lars annually. I may observe that there
is just the same need for a State Public
Service Commission now as before the
passage of the Esch-Cummins biU.**
MiMonii
F. D. Gardner, governor of Missouri : —
"••We have in this state a Public Service
Commission of five members. It hat
been compelled, owing to the high cost
•of everything, to grant increased rates
to Public Utility corporations. This has
raised, of course, a clamor over the ^tate,
Iml thotightful people and those who have
studied the situation, in my judgment,
realize that the situation would have been
far worse without a Public Service Com-
mission. Personally, I most assuredly
feel that the service commission is an
important and necessary adjunct of a
state government"
Connecticat
M. H. Holcomb, governor of Connect-
icut:— "Public Utilities Commission has
rendered valuable service in regulating
trolley conditions and other public utili-
ties. Dispensing with the commission
would not be considered."
Colorado
Oliver H. Shoup, governor of Colora-
do:— "Colorado Public Utilities Commis-
sion six years handled 380 formal and
1,100 informal ca^es besides many other
matters not placed on the docket Its
experiences on accotmt of rate advances
necessitated by abnormal operating costs,
in some instances, has been similar to
that of other state commissions but the
people of Colorado as a whole have evi-
denced confidence in the commission and
its work. The efficiency of state regula-
tion has been proven in many cases of
home rule. Study of its activities would
show that in regulation and supervision
of public utility service, even more than
of rates the commission is a source of
daily usefulness to the public. No ques-
tion but that state regulation of public
utilities has proven its value here."
Maine
Carl E. Milliken, governor of Maine :—
"We have a public utilities commission
in Maine. I believe in that method :»f
regulating public utmties."
Misaisa^^pi
L. M. Russell, governor of Mississip-
pi:— "Our people are thoroughly satis-
fied with our commission and would not
do without it."
Louisiana
John M. Parker, governor of Lou-
isiana:— "Louisiana has had for a num-
ber of years a railroad commission in
charge of railroad, tdegraph, tdephone
and express utilities. It has been an in-
valuable arm of ^state government and
there is no tiiou^t of dispen3i&g ynih
wiUi it."
Kentucky a.
Edwin P. Morrow, governor of Ken-
tucky:— ^"Experience of Kentucky with
railroad commission most satisfactory as
far as powers extend."
mission with the numbers gradually in-
creasing. Less than 1 per cent of the
cases appealed to the courts. Very few
decisions reversed."
Idaho
D. W. Davis, governor of Idaho: —
"This state has public utilities commission
of three members. We expect to continue
this commission as I believe it would
be a sad step backwards to do away with
state regulation of utilities."
Illinoia
Frank O. Lowden» former governor of
Illinois (Message sent Dec. 24, a few
days before his retirement) :— "Of course
there has been criticism of our public
utilities law because of the necessity of
increasing rates in consequence of tiie
war. Up to two years ago however, Ae
decreases in rates were much more num-
erous and greater than the increases. It
looks now as though it would be possible
in the next few years for the commission
to again reduce rates and indeed pro-
tect the public better than could be done
without a commission."
Indiana
James. P. Goodrich, governor of Indi-
ana:— ^"Our public utility commission has
been in force in Indiana for the past
ten years. Has given complete satisfac-
tion. It is undoubtedly a great step
in advance and will be retained in our
state."
Henry J. Allen, governor of Kansas: —
"Kansas Public Utilities Conunis-
sion established in 1911. Over 4.000
cases have been taken before this corn-
Thomas F. Kilby, governor of Alaba-
nw:— "The Alabama legislature created
a public service conunission in 1915. The
commission did not give general satisfac-
tion and the legislature in special session
in 1920 placed additional duties upon it,
increased salaries and required commis-
ioners to live in Montgomery. My be-
lief is under the present law better results
will be obtained."
California
William D. Stephens, governor of Cal-
ifornia:—"The State Railroad Commis-
sion of California regulation of public
utilities has justified its existence in every
way. California is strong for just such
a body."
Arisona
T. E. Campbell, governor of Arizona :—
"Am subscriber to principal of regula-
tion of public utilities through property
constituted board or commission, prefer-
ably the latter."
Maryland
Albert C. Ritchie, governor of Mary-
land:— "Maryland has had a public ser^
vice commission since 1910 and the state
regulation is here to stay."
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268
THE GAS AGE
March 25, 1921
Gas Company Entertains
Norfolk, Va.— The City Ga» Com-
pany of Norfolk entertained on Thurs-
day, February 17th, the Kiwanis Qub,
seventy-three strong, and on Tuesday,
February 22nd, the Rotarians, 118 strong,
and on Thursday, February 24th, the Gty
Manager, Council and other dty officials,
32 strong.
The programme on each occasion was
practically the same, Mr. T. Norman
Jones, the General Manager, acting the
host on each occasion. In a large room
at the Gas Plant, suitably decorated, a
luncheon was served by the ladies of the
company. During the progress of the
luncheon, Mr. £. G. Holzer, Assistant
General Manager, assisted 1^ a drawing
of die plant on the wall, explained the
apparatus required in the process of man-
ufacture, after which he demonstrated
the safety appliances used on street work,
and also gave a practical demonstration
of the pulmotor, followed by a descrip-
tion and the operation of the gas meter,
after which a tour of inspection of the
plant was made and the functions of each
apparatus explained by Mr. S. A. Good-
man, Works Superintendent.
Chicago Opera Star
Operatic Songbirds and Their
Favorite Dishes
One would think that the songbirds of
the operatic stage, many of whom are
extremely temperamental, would display
something of temperament in the selec-
tion of a favorite dish, and engage a spe-
cial chef to prepare it for them. Many
Usei Yttlcaa Gat Range
of them do, but the majority of the fa-
mous divas have their favorite dish and
enjoy nothing better than to prepare it
themselves.
Rosa Raisa, prima donna soprano of
the Chicago Opera Company, is shown
here in her kitchen preparing her favor-
ite dish of spaghetti, on a Vulcan Gas
Range.
Each affair passed off in a highly sat-
isfactory manner, and was thorouglity
enjoyed by all, many e^q^ressing their sur-
prise at the magnitude of the plant and
the equipment and processes necessary
for the production of gas.
Six Months in Advance
There was a man in our town
He was not wondrous wise.
Refused to pay his gas bill-
Objected to its size.
He called to see the gas man.
He raged and raved and swore
He would never pay that gas bill—
He'd use gas never more.
The gas man eyed him sternly,
And said, "My friend, keep still.
You will keep on using gas, sir,
And you will pay that bill."
The town man looked astounded
And wanted to know why
The gas man thus addressed him.
When he had murder in his eye.
"Go ask your wife the reason.
She'll tell you mighty quick.
That she prefers the gas stove.
And to it she will stick."
The town man hastened homeward,
And told his wife the tale.
He swore he'd junk the gas range.
Or offer it for sale.
"You'll take no foolish action,"
The town man's wife declared.
"And if you want a quarrd, sir,
Why, for fussing I'm prepared."
"I'll not give up my gas range,
I will not cook with coal.
You'd better soak your head, my dear,
'Twill help your silly soul."
"If you take out that gas range
To court you'll go with me.
I'll ask for a divorce from you
Along with al-mo-nee."
The town man thought it over,
And back to town did prance.
He gladly paid his gas bill
And six months m advance,
—Emporia Gas Company,
Serrice Firat
Oklahoma City— The senate has passed
finally Senate Bill No. 99, by Davidson
and Lillard, which provides that no per-
son or corporation, private or municipal
engaged in furnishing water or gas for
domestic use, shall turn off the supply
for non-payment of rental without first
serving notice at the residence of the con-
sumer and upon the owner or occupant of
the property.
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March 25, 1921 THE GAS AGE 269
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270
THE GAS AGE
March 25, 1921
Construction News
California G>mmi88ion Order
Construction Work Done
To prevent, if possible a recurrence of
the present gas situation in southern Cali-
fornia brought about by the shortage in
natural gas the Railroad Commission is-
sued orders to the companies serving
the communities in the South to prepare
plans for the enlargement of thdr re-
spective systems. The order is directed
to the Midway Gas Company, Southern
California Gas Company, Los Angeles
Gas and Electric Corporation and South-
em Counties Gas Company. It requires
that the plans shall be filed with the
Commission on or before March 30, 1921.
In the language of the Commission's
order they must be "complete plans for
the enlargement of their respective sys-
tems to provide for the rendering of
adequate gas service hereafter."
The order will affect gas users in about
80 communities in southern California.
The territory served covers a part of
southern Kern county, all of Los Angeles
and Orange counties and west part of
San Bernardino and Riverside counties.
Leominster, Mass.— The extension work
planned by the Leominster Gas Li^t Co.
for the coming season includes the ex-
tending of the main in Lancaster street
from the railroad bridge to the Viscoloid
plant and the extensicm of mains to
Lincoln Terrace and Tisdale street sec-
tions.
White light
Washington, D. C— The Bureau of
Standards reports the results of inter-
esting experiments conducted to deter-
mine exact standards for 'Srhite fis^t"
a light that will match sunlight An
official announcement of the results says:
The definition of 'Sirhite light" natur-
ally constitutes a very important part
of the sdentific foundation of colorimetry.
If we consider incandescent light sources
generally (including oil and gas flames;
carbon and metallic filament electric
lamps) we find that the light from sources
at comparatively low temperatures evokes
reddish or yellowish colors. As the tem-
perature of the source increases, the color
becomes paler and paler yellow and, at
higher temperatures, approximates to
"white." However, aH artificial incan-
descent sources are deddely ydlow in
comparison with sunlight, since it is not
possible to operate an artificial source at
a sufikiently hig^ temperature to color-
match sunlii^ We are led to anticipate
however, that a source at a suffidenUy
high temperature would color-match sun-
light, and further that sources of
still higher temperatures would appear
blue rdative to the sun. The question
arises as a matter of physiological optics
at what temperature would a source ap-
pear under standard conditions of ob-
servation neither blue nor yellow but
white? The further question then arises
relative to this standard, is the sun blue,
yellow or white? Recent experiments
made at the Bureau answer these ques-
tions in so far as four observers are
concerned. They are the first accurate
experiments of this nature ever per-
formed. The answers are:
(1) Theoretical. The temperature
which a hypothetical source would have
in order that its light mig^t evoke the sen-
sation white (the hueless sensation of
brilliance recognized as neither bluish nor
yellowish) would be about 5,200 degrees
absolute Centigrade.
(2) Practical. The light of the aver-
age noon sun at Washington evokes a sen-
sation very closely approximating white.
Lansing, Mich.— A large steel water
tank carried on a steel tower is a recent
addition to the equipment of the Lansing
Fuel and Gas Company. The tank was
fabricated by The Western Gats (Con-
struction Company.
Meter Question ia up in Michigan
Ann Arbor, Mich.— The Michigan (las
Association, in a meeting here, has de-
cided to take up with the state public util-
ities commission the matter of prepay-
ment meters and deposits on meters as
are required at present by most gas com-
panies throughout the state.
The companies are very much in favor
of continuance of both the prepay meters
and the deposit system, claiming that in
this way only are they able to assure con-
tinual payment for their services. Especi-
ally does this work out in apartment
houses where tenants come and go with
great frequency.
The utilities commission, however, is
inclined to take the opposite point of view
and has asked that the matter be consid-
ered jointly. ,
Newport News, Va.— Work has re-
cently been finished here that wiU convert
the substantially built water tank of an
old relief holder into a first-dass oil
storage tank.
The alterations and the new crown
were furnished and erected by The
Western (jas Construction Company.
Brooklyn Union Gas Argues
for $1,078,000
Court Appealed to When Surety Com-
pany Tightens
Judges Henry G. Ward, Charles M.
Hough and Julius M. Mayer, sitting as a
statutory court, heard arguments Fd>. 24,
in the United States District Court on
the motion of the Brooklyn Union Cm
Company to be allowed to take down for
immediate use in operating its business
the $1,078,000 impounded in the hands of
Richard Welling, special master.
William M. Dykman, counsd for tiie
company, argued that under an order of
Nevember 26, 1919, the company had been
allowed to take down a part of the mon-
eys when it had provided a bond from
a surety company for $1,500,000. Mr.
Dykman said the surety company had re-
fused a renewal unless sufficient c(^lateral
security was put up. The company, he
added, had no sudi collateral, so was
compelled to go into court •
This request has been granted.
New Oxweld Booklet
The Oxweld Acet^ene Company, of
Newark, N. J., Chicago, and San Fran-
cisco, has just put out a handscnne new
booklet (16 pages and cover), entitled
''Oxweld Can Do It." The booldet is
handsomely printed on an excelleiit grade
of enameled book paper and is proftisdy
illustrated with halftcmea portraying
typical applications of the Qxwdd weld-
ing and cutting process in various iMVicfa-
es of industry.
Aside from cut tities there are five
pages of text, devoted to a general out-
line of the range of blowpipe practice
in production, repair and salvage. The
purpose of the booklet is to suggest to
users, actual and potential, tiie advantages
of oxy-acetylene in their own particular
fields, and to invite inquiry with a view
to extending to tiie utmost Oxweld's
co-operative engineering service^ which
is maintained by the company in fifty of
the leading industrial districts for the
benefit of users of oxy-acetylene equip-
ment.
Neenah, Wis.— A district holder is be-
ing built here for the local system of the
Wisconsin Traction, lig^t. Heat and
Power Company. The new holder will
contain 200,000 cu. ft. of gas. It is being
fabricated by The Western Gas Con-
struction Company.
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Vol. XLVII Established 1883
April 11, 1921
Copyright 1921
No. 7
Notes on Water-Gas Operation
Before the Wisconsin Gas Association the
General Superintendent of the Madison Gas
and Electric Co. Describes Receipt Experience
By GEO. E. WAGNER, Madison, Wis,
DURING 1919 and the early part of 1920, the de-
mands on the Gas Plant of the Madison Gas and
Electric Company reached the point where it was
necessary to begin arranging for additional manufac-
turing capacity. At that time the bulk of gas was made
with one 8 ft. 6 in. Water Gas set with two 6 ft. 6 in. sets
to help out when necessary.
Avoiding Back Pressure on Machines
The installation of an additional and larger machine
required several changes in equipment at the Plant. The
relief holder is about 250 feet from the generator house
and the gas was delivered from the water gas machines
to the relief holder through a 16 in. underground pipe.
Operating the 8 ft 6 in. set to capacity under these
conditions, put a very appreciable back pressure on £he
machine. Increasing the amount of gas deliver^
through this pipe line would have caused excessiive
back pressure. This problem was solved by the in-
stallation of an overhead, .welded steel pipe from the
machines to the relief holder extending directly down-
ward at the relief holder to connect with the under-
ground inlet pipe to the holder. The over head pipe
is 30 in. in diameter and made of }im, material.
To further reduce the possibility of excessive back
pressure a connection was made between the inlet -and
Charging Floor Showing Coke Spreader, TraveUer and Bucket
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THE GAS AGE
April 11, 1921
outlet pipes of the relief holder. This connecting pipe
line was equipped with a valve so that it could be
shut off if desired. The overhead pipe has so much
condenser effect that it has so far not been necessary
to open the connecting line during normal operation.
It may, however, he used advantageously if the inlet
pipe to the relief holder should happen to be stopped
up. The back pressure on the seal of the largest water
gas set has so far not exceeded 13 in. of water column.
Condensation in Works Main
On account of the great distance between the gen-
erator house and relief holder, there is a possibility of
the accumulation of large quantities of condensation
in the connecting pipe line. In order to eliminate dif-
ficulties from this source the overhead pipe was so
installed that one-half of it drains back to the seal
of the new machine and the other half toward the re-
lief holder. On the works' side of the 90** bend where
the pipe extends downward at the relief holder, there
is a dam sheet about 4 in. high to stop the condensation
Coke Bucket on Scales
from running into the holder inlet pipe. The conden-
sation is then drained from the overhead pipe into an
tmderground pipe line which carries it back to the tar
(ivell and separators. This reduces the condensation
collected in the drip pot on the holder inlet pipe to
such an extent that a small motor-driven piston pump
keeps this drip clear without difficulty.
)Puel Storage
Another problem which had to be solved was that of
fuel storage. Heretofore the fuel for the water gas
isets was stored on the operating floor, which provided
sufficient space to store enough coke for a night's run.
The fuel was delivered onto the floor through a chute
from a small hopper into which it was placed by means
of the monorail crane used for unloading and handling
all of the fuel for both gas and electric . plants. The
fuel had to be shoveled from the floor into buggies hold-
ing about 500 pounds each, which in turn had to be
pushed onto the scales and then to the generator.
Since this fuel storage space had to be used for the
generator of the machine recently installed, it was
necessary to make other provisions for fuel storage.
This problem was solved by the installation of a 90 ton
bin, built of reinforced concrete and located directly
under the monorail system and adjacent to the gen-
erator house. There is a roof over the coke bin extend-
ing also over the top of the monorail framework which
keeps the fuel dry in case of wet weather. The capacity
of the bin is sufficient to permit several days' operation
in case of a breakdown on the crane. The fuel is taken
from the bottom of this bin through a 24 in. x24 in.
duplex cutoff valve as shown in the illustration.
Fuel Conveyor Track
The means of conveying the fuel from the bin to
the generators is shown in the views. This eqtiipment
consists of a double-bead track, with a one-ton bucket
on a 16 wheel carrier, and a track beam scales. The
track is supported from an "I" beam with hangers 12 in.
apart which makes it very rigid. The track slopes
slightly toward the machines to reduce the necessary
effort to push the load of fuel.
The "I" beam extends directly under the center of
the duplex valve as shown in one view in order that the
coke shall be evenly distributed in the bucket. It was
necessary to cut off the upper flange to provide clearance
and prevent to much spread of the fuel. A piece of
sheet iron is hung over the "I" beam to keep the fuel
and dirt away from the track.
Mechanical Transport Saves Labor and Time
With the old method of fuel handling, it took about
thirty minutes to make the first generator charge in
the morning and several minutes to make each subse-
quent charge. It wa^ necessary to use two and some-
times three buggies of fuel for a charge and it required
considerable effort and time to do this work. After the
charge the helper had to push the buggies back to the
fuel pile, fill them, weigh them, and line them up around
the coaling door with a view of eliminating as much
delay as possible during the next charge. All of this
work took nearly all of the helper's time and he was
not able to do much other work. When it was necessary
to run two machines at a time it was often impossible for
one helper to supply the fuel for them.
With the present equipment the hard work is elimi-
nated and the time reduced to a minimum. It not takes
about five minutes to make the first charge in the morn-
ing compared with thirty minutes formerly. When the
new generator is re-charged the helper removes the
generator lid and the gas maker lowers the coke spreader
which is suspended directly above the coaling door
and controlled by a counterweight and flexible steel
cable as shown in the view.
The helper then pushes up the bucket and pulls the
little lever (shown on the side of the bucket) which
releases the door and permits the fuel to slide out.
When the bucket is empty it is pushed aside. The gpas
maker raises the coke spreader, the helper replaces the
lid, and the machine is ready for the next blow. It
takes a little more than one minute to make a recharge
and have the blow on the generator again.
It takes the helper about two minutes to push the
bucket under the duplex valve, fill it, push it onto the
scales and weight it. He then has the balance of the
time up to the next fill for other work, allowing him
time to watch the blower, the works exhauster, washer,
cooler, .and purifying boxes and clean the floors and
windows in the operating floor.
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April 11, 1921
THE GAS AGE
273
The bucket is made of sheet iron and is reinforced
so that in case of wear it will be necessary to renew the
inner lining only. The track scales have no space
where fuel and dirt can accumulate and, therefore, pro-
vide an accurate means of weighing. The beam scales
should work a long time without maintenance expense.
The New Generators
The water gas machine recently installed is a 10 foot
set consisting of a 10 foot generator, a 9 foot carburettor
and superheater with an interlocking valve box for full
hydraulic control. The interlocking valve box is a safe-
guard in case the gas maker should become confused
and attempt to open the wrong valve.
The blast air is supplied by a direct connected, motor-
driven, fan type blower installed as closely as practicable
to the set. The blower has a capacity of 15,000 cubic
feet of air against 45 inch pressure. There is a duplicate
blower unit beside it with the outlets of the two blowers
so connected that either blower can be used to operate
any or all water gas sets.
Operation Conveniences •
The blast air is controlled by means of a butterfly
valve regulated from a stand mounted directly beside
the steam stand. The arrangement of the operating floor
is such that when the gas maker stands in front of
the valve box he has all controls, hydraulic, steam, air
and oil, in a small semicircle about him, and the gauges
are all on the gauge board before him. The gauges
include the oil pressure gauge, up and down run steam
gauges, air meter, pyrometer with double-throw switch
to read the temperature in the carburettor or super-
heater, water pressure gauge and the pressure gauges
on the generator, carburettor, superheater and seal. The
oil meter is on a stand adjacent to the carburettor.
Experiences
During the initial operation of the new machine we
had several experiences which are related here with
the hope that the information may enable others to
overcome similar difficulties with the least possible delay.
At first the machine did not make gas in the ex-
pected quantities. The trouble was attributed to wet
steam, but the installation of a steam separator and
trap made only a slight improvement. •
Upon investigation ir was discovered that the down
run hot valve did not seat properly at this time. This
permitted a quantity of air during the blow, and of
steam during the up run, to pass directly to the car-
burettor. This formed a kind of short circuit on the
generator and caused a reduction of the temperature of
the fuel bed. Efforts to increase the temperatures of
the fuel bed resulted in excessive temperatures in the
carburettor and superheater. Proper adjustment of the
hot valves showed a marked improvement in the opera-
tion of the set.
Further improvements in operation were brought
about by readjusting the amount of air admitted to
the generator during the blow. Instructions on the
operation of water gas sets have generally emphasized
the advantages of high blast pressure with the ex-
planation that such increased pressures would increase
the velocity of the air through the fuel bed and thereby
result in greater capacities and increased efficiencies.
But these instructions did not caution sufficiently against
an excessive volume of air.
With our blowers we could get more than 36 inches
of pressure under the grates, but with the pressure
much below the maximum there were indications of
combustion in the carburettor with the carburettor blast
valve closed. Since combustion requires oxygen, it
was evident that there was free oxygen getting into the
carburettor and the only possible way for it to get there
was through the generator fuel bed. The fuel bed had
a tendency to develop black spots, and black spots in
a fuel bed should be avoided because they reduce the
amount and the quality of gas made.
An attempt to operate with less generator blast air
showed an improvement and it was then decided to
ignore the blast pressure air. Efficient operation re-
quires approximately 1450 cubic feet of blast air through
the generator for 1000 cubic feet of gas made. The
exact amount depends, of course, upon the kind of fuel
and the condition it is in. When the blast air is re-
duced below these limits the capacity of the set is re-
duced, and when the air is increased beyond certain
limits the efficiency is reduced, and when the air is in-
creased too much the capacity is reduced as well. If the
fuel contains considerable small particles larger quanti-
ties of blast air can be used.
The combustion of carbon requires oxygen which is
derived from the air and brings with it larger quantities
of nitrogen. The nitrogen is inert but while it passes
through the fuel bed it absorbs a lot of heat. When
excess air is used this nitrogen has a tendency to reduce
the temperature of the fuel bed, largely, of course, on
account of the formation of blow holes. The use of
the correct amount of air is especially essential when
a machine is started.
In regular operation we remove all clinkers, both
side and bottom, in the morning, and remove only the
dead fuel and ash on the grate bars in the afternoon.
After the clinkers have all been removed it frequently
happens that there is very little live fuel left in the gen-
erator. It is sometimes necessary to build a wood fire
before charging with fresh coke.
On the morning charge the generator is filled and
the lid is left off until the fire has been forced through
the fuel bed. The blow is then continued for several
minutes through the entire set. When the first run
is put on the carburettor is not hot enough and for that
reason we make only a blue gas run with very little
steam. No attempt is made to run oil into the car-
burettor until the machine is hot enough. If the first
blow is continued until the carburettor has reached
working temperature, or if too much steam is used on
the first run there is apt to be a bad clinker.
We aim to make a second fill after the second or third
run, not so much to add fresh fuel as to examine the fuel
bed. During the initial blow the fire unavoidably comes
through in spots or on one side. If such is the case the
gas maker adds fresh fuel and is particularly careful to
spread it over the bright spots. This has a tendency to
make a more even fire. As a rule, there is a noticeable
change in the next blow and increased make during the •
following run.
It is not possible to make a fixed rule regarding the
relative number of up and down runs or the relative
amount of steam to be used on up and downs nms.
That depends entirely upon the kind of fuel and the
fusibility of the clinker.
We had several experiences which brought out the
advisability of using the proper amount of air. When
we changed from gas house coke to anthracite coal we
had to watch the air more closely. Excess air decreased
the amount of gas made while with the proper amount
of air we could make more gas then with the coke.
Operation with hard Solvay coke required closer su-
pervision than with gas coke, because the coke was
larger. Here, again, the reduction of air to the proner
amount increased the gas make.
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274
THE GAS AGE
April 11, 1921
Operation Tests
We have concluded from our experiences that an air
meter is a very useful adjunct to a gas machine. Other
meters are, of course, also essential for efficient opera-
tion. Much information and much benefit can be derived
from recording gauges. Comparison of operation with
or without the air purge at the end of the run indicated
that the air purge was desirable and advantageous for
uniform operation. If the air purge is run too long it
increases the COj and results in increased enricher re-
quirements to maintain calorific standards. The correct
time for purging can readily be determined by test.
The simplest test is to light a gas jet from a jet cock
on the machine, when the flame goes out the purge
should be discontinued.
Coke Spreader
Efficient operation demands an even fuel bed and this
requires that the fuel be spread properly. The most
satisfactory method of spreading the fuel is with a coke
spreader. All that is necessary is a plate which throws
the fuel toward the outside and thereby prevents the
accumulation of small particles at the center where they
would make a dense fuel bed. It is very handy to have
a throat or ring on the top of the spreader which acts
as a funnel and prevents the fuel from spilling around
the coaling door during the fill.
The superheater stack should always be equipped with
a pilot light so that the gas maker can tell whether or
not any combustible gases are leaving the machine.
Pyrometers and Carbon Dioxide
A water eas set is not complete without pyrometers.
While the thermocouple in the superheater is essential,
one in the carburettor will also prove very helpful.
The gas maker can regulate the temperature of the
carburettor more closely with a pyrometer than by
noting and appearance of the checker brick. This
thermocouple should be installed near enough to^ the
upper layers of brick to get the temperature variations,
but directly at the top the temperature variations are
too great and would cause the thermocouple to bum out
in a short time.
The thermocouple should have a protecting sheath.
If this sheath is closed on the inside end, the ther-
mocouple loses its sensitiveness. The sheath should,
however, extend several inches beyond the end of the
thermocouple to protect it. When a gas maker is
operating with pyrometers it is advisable to make trowel
tests at frequent intervals as a check on the temperatures.
In case of trouble with a water gas set it is frequently
possible to gain much information from a test for CO,
content. While complete analyses are very desirable,
the information obtained from CO, test is frequently
sufficient It affords a check on the condition of the
fuel bed and also indicates whether the fuel bed has
been carried too low, and can be used as a check on the
air purge which is very desirable for uniform operation.
The length of the air purge must be determined from
local conditions.
Ji j$ J$
The Nigger in the Coal Pile
First in a Series on Power Plant Management. Articles
Deal with Coal, Influence of Furnace Design, Types
of Stokers, Firemen, Abuse of Steam and Management
By ROBERT JUNE, Dctrmt. Mich.
AS a general thing the manufacturer has been so
^ busy with sales problems and getting volume of
' production that he has neglected one of the most
important elements of profitable operation. He has
wasted 25 percent of his fuel, largely because he has
r^arded his boiler room as a place of mystery, the chief
function of which was to consume coal in endless
quantities.
He has given his firemen an unlimited supply of
coal and told him to "go to it,'' and as long as the
fireman has kept steam up, nothing has been said. The
fireman, on his part, has considered that he has per-
fortned his full duty in keeping the pressure gauge at
150 pounds. It was what he was hired for. Nothing
was said, when he was engaged, about the quantity of
coal he was to burn to keep the gauge at that mark.
Coal, to him, has been a very black mineral requiring
a great deal of handling — ^nothing more. The boss
has seen to it that it was delivered to him in quantities
he, the fireman, required, and the boss has paid for it —
so why should he worry?
Six Hundred Million Tons of Coal Mined Annually
The United States Bureau of Mines has been for a
number of years engaged in obtaining and disseminating
scientific information regarding the mining and con-
sumption of coal, and the results of the work have been
of great value to technical engineers.
Six hundred million tons of coal were mined in the
United States last year. It is predicted that this year's
production will likely be greater. Of this quantity,
approximately 37 percent will be burned in the produc-
tion of steam in industrial plants, and of this amount,
fully 18 percent, or 10,000,000 tons, will be required
to meet the demands of iJie paper mills.
Coal Wasting is no Secret
I have said that 25 percent of all coal burned in in-
dustrial plants in the past has been wasted. David
Moffat Myers knew it when he read his paper, "Prevent-
able Waste of Coal in the United States," at the annual
meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engi-
neers, in New York, in December, 1917. Joseph W.
Hayes knew it five years ago when he addressed to power
plant operators his remarkable little brochure, "How to
Build Up Furnace Efficiency." And scores of our ablest
consulting engineers, men of the type of John A. Stevens,
who devoted years to the perfection of the American um-
f orm boiler code ; Charles Thomas Main, past president
of the A. S. ML E. ; C W. E. Qarke, of Dwijfht P. Robin-
son & Co.; Frank R. Ford, of Ford, Bacon & Davis;
E. J. Buegler, of Westinghouse, Church, Kerr & Co.;
A. W. Nisbet, of the General Electric Company, and
Charles S. Turner, of the Ford Motor Company, know
it and have known it for years.
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April 11, 1921
THE x;as age
275
The Preventable Waste of Fuel
The preventable waste of fuel in the boiler furnaces
of one manufacturing plant recently investigated
amounted to 3,000 tons per year, which, at $5.00 a ton,
would cost $15,000. This was a comparatively modem
plant. The efficiency of boilers and furnaces in a four-
teen day test was 55 percent. The load factor was
unusually favorable to high efficiency and could easily be
raised to 70 percent or over. This is only one example,
and there are many more extreme cases. In one hand-
fired plant, the evaporation was raised from six to nine
pounds of water per pound of coal in a few days of
instruction, and continuously kept close to this higher
mark with the help of coal and water measurements
which were inaugurated. The saving was due exclu-
sively to instruction, and consequent better operation.
On the other hand, a large industrial concern, inter-
nationally famous, operates several good-sized plants
that bum as high as 50,000 tons of coal per year. An
elaborate bookkeeping system is in use, and petty ex-
penses are kept down to a minimum, and the same
policy is carried out in r^fard to the wages paid en-
gineers and firemen. Although the cost of manufac-
tured production is down to scientific perfection, but
little attention is paid to the cost of the steam generated.
The engineeers are krot busy outside the boiler rooms.
The master mechanic for the concern has a "test" made
once in a while, and if the evaporation does not come
up to expectations, the fault is laid to adverse mnning
conditions and let go at that. A general increase of at
least two pounds of evaporation per pound of coal could
probably be effected in the plants of this concern, which
would mean at least $25,000 saved each year — many
times what it would cost to equip the different plants
with necessary apparatus and pay the salary of a com-
petent engineer to look after their operation.
In a small South Atlantic town, there are two mills
manufacturing the same class of product. The smaller
of the two plants bums eighteen tons of coal per day,
the larger five.
In another city, there are two textile plants of approx-
imately the same capacity. One bums three tons of
coal per hour, and the other ten tons. The proprietor
of the three-ton plant is getting rich and buying more
plants. Some day he will buy the ten-ton plant and
put it on a three-ton basis.
Increasing Dividends Through Fuel Saving
In New England, the management of a large plant,
facing sharp competition, came to a realization of the
fact that every dollar m the coal pile has to be skinned
from the dividend pile, and began to take thought of
its boiler room. Such things have happened before,
but in this instance the thought was followed by action.
The furnaces were placed in proper condition, provision
was made for regular cleaning and close supervision,
and the firemen were placed on a bonus system. Less
than $4,000 was expended in making the change. Coal
had cost this company $164,000 3ie preceding year.
In spite of the increased coal prices and increased pro-
duction, the saving effected the first year amounted to
$46,000 in real money, and the company declared its
first dividend of 10 percent.
There is the case of a certain gas company. By
redesigning the furnaces in this plant and adapting them
to the fuel used, and by substituting machine fired
grates, the consulting engineers succeeded in obtaining
the same amount of steam with but 64 percent of the
coal formerly used. This plant, when completed, was
turned back to the same management that it had before
with no further instmctions. There were installed facili-
ties for continually determining the weight of the coal,
ash and water used, as well as the analysis of the fur-
nace gases.
In another large paper plant, a similar saving in
coal was effected. This plant has an aggregate capac-
ity of over 7,000 nominal horsepower, divided into
twenty-two units. It was formerly operated with hand-
fired shaking grates, for which the machine-firing
grates were substitutes with properly designed furnaces.
The plant is now being operated continuously at 150
percent rating, and is using no more fuel than it formerly
did when being operated at two-thirds of its present out-
put. The boiler room force required to operate this
altered plant is less than half of the number of men
formerly employed. No change has been made in the
management. The hundreds of large plants which are
consuming fuel wastefuUy, in many cases more waste-
fully and carelessly than ever before, directly and need-
lessly caused a large fraction of the car shortage ex-
isting last year.
The saving or wasting of 25 percent of the coal con-
sumption of any industrial plant and the saving of from
10 to 25 percent of the coal consumption of any central
station depends entirely upon the efficiency of 'its ope-
rating management. This percentage of saving relates
exclusively to the boiler plant, to the production of
steam, and does not include the large economies possible
with its distribution and use.
I refer to the boiler plant, particularly, because it
offers the more lucrative field for producing economies,
and these with a minimum of alteration in physical
equipment.
Under present conditions a plant which carelessly
operates at an efficiency of 40 to 50 percent, receives
from the Govemment the same consideration in the
delivery of coal as the one whose efficiency is 70 to 75
percent. An awakened America will certainly not per-
mit this condition to continue.
What is Coming
Power is one of the largest items of expense in the
manufacturing business, and the cost of fuel represents
on the average 70 percent of the cost of power. And the
cost of fuel is going up. Nothing short of the dis-
covery of a new source of power can stop the rising
tendency of coal prices.
In 1850 our annual coal consumption was 300 lbs.
per capita. By 1870 it had jumped to 2,000 lbs. and
twenty years later it was 5,000 lbs. In 1920 approxi-
mately 6 tons of coal was mined for every man, woman
and child in the United States. .
The power user is confronted by a condition, not a
theory. It isn't a question of whether or not he will
burn fuel economically. He will bum it that way or not
at all. The only latitude he has at present lies in the
question "When?" and the rope is getting shorter every
day.
The time is coming when the conservation of fuel will
be rightfully and generally conceded to be a public,
national matter and the use and waste of fuel subject
to regulation. Almost inevitably, a state or national
commission will require from users a strict accounting
of their stewardship of the B.tu. intrusted to them
from the nation's great storehouse, whether two, five, or
ten times the necessary amount is being used; not
whether the individual is satisfied or chooses to waste,
but rather the broader view of conservation that with
waste the cost of fuel is made proportionately greater
and more burdensome to others.
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THE GAS AGE
April 11, 1921
Evaluation of Generator Fuels
Paper Presented Before Joint Convention of Illinois
Gas, Illinois State Electric and Illinois Electric Rys.
Assns. Chicago Experience in Water Gas Manufacture
By EDWARD F. POHLMANN, Chicago, 111.
THE effect of the composition of the generator fuel,
like the effects of the compositions of the other raw
materials which enter into the manufacture of car-
buretted water-gas, on the amount necessary to make
a certain quality gas has been studied to any marked
degree only within the last few years.
Gas works laboratories have made proximate analy-
ses of generator fuels for many years. When these
analyses were presented what did we note and what
were we interested in? From a high fixed carbon con-
tent and a low percentage of ash, we concluded that the
fuel was satisfactory for gas making, because carbon
made gas and ash was a detriment. From another proxi-
mate analysis we noted a high percentage of ash and a
comparatively low content of fixed carbon. Immediate-
ly the conclusion was drawn that this fuel would not
make the amount of gas that the first one would.
This was all true as far as we went and as far as the
generator fuels available at that time were concerned.
The price of fuel was low and the gas industry was able
to buy the best coke for use as generator fuel. This was
true for gas companies in the Middle West as well as for
those in the East, where it was possible to produce the
best generator coke due to the proper kind of coal being
available.
For the past few years, however, the unprecedented
high freight rates have made it advisable for Western
gas companies to attempt the use of inferior cokes made
from Western coals. This necessitated a closer study
and a more comprehensive interpretation of a proximate
analysis of generator fuel than heretofore. With this
end in view a method was worked out which, although
only an approximation, yielded a fairly accurate evalua-
tion of a generator fuel from its proximate analysis.
The following table gives the average of analyses made
during a two-year period upon such generator fuels as
are contracted for by The Peoples Gas Light & Coke
Company or are in its stock, and also the weighted aver-
age analysis of of all generator fuels used at all continu-
ously operated manufacturing plants of the above men-
tioned company.
Average Analyses
Kind of Fuel Coke Coke Coke
"A" "B" "C"
Moisture, % 1.68 1.67 4.46
Volatile Matter, % 3.55 3.68 2.47
Fixed Carbon, % 88.13 87.46 83.48
Ash, % 6.64 7.19 9.59
Kind of Fuel ^^^ Anthracite Mixed
Moisture, % 3.78 3.92 1.92
Volatile Matter, % 3.92 8.51 3.49
Fixed Carbon, % 80.42 76.04 86.82
Ash, % 11.88 11.53 777
By the use of the foregoing average analyses of gen-
erator fuels and an empirical formula which is based up-
on known qualifications of good generator fuel and aver-
age operating results for the year 1916, the following
percentage debits and credits of each generator fuel con-
tracted for or in stock (as of the average analyses shown
above) as compared with an ideal generator fuel con-
sisting of 100 per cent fixed carbon are shown together
with the final relative values as obtained by subtracting
the respective siun totals of debits and credits from lOO
per cent for each respective fuel. These debits and cred-
its are as follows : |
1 — Per Cent Fixed Carbon Deficiency.
2 — Per Cent Fuel Consumption for Evaporation of
Moisture.
3 — ^Per Cent Fuel Unrecoverable in Clinkers.
4 — Per Cent Loss Due to Effect of Ash and Qeaning
Time.
5— Per Cent Credit Due to Release of Volatile Matter.
1 — Per Cent Fixed Carbon Deficiency — Since we
know that the fixed carbon is the constituent of the gen-
erator fuel that makes gas, we obtain the fixed carbon
deficiency per cent by subtracting the percentage of this-
constituent in the generator fuel from 100 per cent.
2 — Per Cent Fuel Consumption for Evaporation of
Moisture — The per cent fuel consumption for the evap-
oration of the moisture in the fuel is taken at 8 per cent
of the percentage of moisture in the generator fuel, this-
being the relation between the B.t.u.'s required to evap-
orate one pound of water and the assumed heating value
of the fuel in B.t.u.'s.
3— Per Cent Fuel Unrecoverable in Clinkers — ^The un-
recoverable fuel in clinkers is figured as approximately
20 per cent of the per cent of ash in the generator fuel, as
the average loss of generator fuel in this manner for the
entire year of 1916 was found by actual operating results
to be 20 per cent of the per cent of ash in the average
generator fuel used in that year.
4 — ^Per Cent Fuel Loss Due to Effect of Ash and!
Cleaning Time — ^The fuel loss due to effect of ash and
cleaning time upon the possible make is taken as 1.16-
times the per cent ash in the generator fuel, as the aver-
age cleaning time for the entire year of 1916 in terms of
the total possible gas making time was equal in percent-
age to 1.16 times the per cent ash in the average 1916-
generator fuel. This method of calcidation does not
take into account, of course, the degree of clinker form-
ing properties of the ash which has an important bear-
ing on the type of clinkers formed and the consequent
length of cleaning time of the gas-making sets in which
the fuel is used. Fundamentally, however, it can be as-
sumed that the relation given is fairly close for the
purpose at hand, since it is the only one that can be ob*
tained from the proximate analysis and actual operation.
5— Per Cent Credit Due to Release of Volatile Matter
— The credit due to the release of the volatile matter in
the fuel is taken as one-third of the volatile matter, since
with such generator fuels about one-third of the useful
constituents of the fuel, both volatile matter and fixed
carbon, appear in th^ final g^s made.
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THE GAS AGE
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Debit and Credit Factors
Kind of Fuel, Per Cent Cpk« Q>ke coke
Fixed carbon deficiency .... —11.87 —12.54 — ld52
Fuel consumption for evaporation
of moisture _ .13 _ .13 _ 3^
l^uel unrecoverable in clinkers— 1.33 — 1.44 — 1 92
Fuel loss due to effect of ash and
cleaning time -7.70 - a34 -11.12
Credit due to release of volatile
matter +1.18 +1.23 + .82
bum total of debits and credits— 19.85 —21.22 —29 10
Relative value of generator
*"5}.-:-v4.";--- 80.15 78.78 70.90
Kind of Fuel, Per Cent CoH* Anthracite Mixed
Fuel carbon deficiency .... -19.58 -21^96 -U18
rutl consumption for evapora-
tion of moisture .30 31 15
Fuel unrecoverable in clink-
«. ^7 1 — 2.38 — 2.31 — 1 55
Fuel loss due to effect of ash
and cleaning time —13.78 —13.37 —901
Credit due to release of volatile
matter -j. 1 31 j_ 2 84 -I- 1 16
Sum total of debits and cred- *
pi,\V , :• -34.73 -37.11 -22.73
Kelative value of generator
^"^1 65.27 62.89 77.27
Actual operating results for the entire year of 1916
showed that in conjunction with 4.89 gallons of gas oil,
32.28 pounds of generator fuel of the average analysis
previously given were required per thousand cubic feet
of 22 candle power gas made. In order to make one
thousand cubic feet of 565 B.t.u. gas in conjunction with
3.3 gallons of gas oil, which was found to be the amount
necessary, it can be calculated that 36.62 pounds of the
same quality generator fuel is necessary.
The following required amounts of various generator
fuels were calculated by proportionately increasing or
decreasing the average requirement of 36.62 in accord-
ance with the proportionate decrease or increase, respec-
tively, ot the relative ralues in relation to the relative
value of 77.27 given above for generator fuel of the
quality of that used during the year 1917.
Pounds of fuels required for M, cubic feet of 565 B t u
Carburetted water gas :
Generator Fuel Required— Lbs. per M.
?i^^^ 35.32
(Joke B 35 94
CokeC V/.'.V,V.V.V. 39193
(Joke D 43.38
Anthracite 0)al !!!!!!.!... 45!o2
Mixed Coke, 1916 ...!!..!. 36.64
The figures thus obtained agree fairly closely with the
fissures actually obtained in practice when tests were
made using one kind of fad only.
A summary of the quality of generator fuels, covering
a period of time, is interesting. The following table
gives the weighted average analyses of generator fuels
used at the manufacturing plants of The Peoples Gas
Light & Odce Company for the periods of time stated.
Average Compoidtion. of (icnerator Fud Since 1915
Kind of (Generator 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920
Fuel— %
Moisture 1.92 2.80 3.16 2.85 3.18
Volatile Matter 3.49 5.90 5.73 470 3 57
Fixed Cari>on 86.82 82.09 81.63 83.27 8409
^i" -•••;;•/•••;••• ^-^ 9-2i 9.48 9.18 9.16
Relative Valaie of
Generator Fuel .,7727 71.34 70.39 72.12 72.57
The fact must not be lost sight of that a factor that
cannot be considered here is the tendency of the gener-
ator ash to form clinker. This can be determined to
some extent only by determining the fusion-point of the
ash. This phase of the value otgenerator fuel has been
given very little attention and is a field of endeavor
where much valuable work can be done.
DISCUSSION
By W. A. DUNKLEY, U. S. Bureau of Mines
This subject is of great importance to all companies
making water gas. It is especially interesting that
the formula deduced for evaluating fuels is based
upon the experiences of a company using so large a
variety of generator fuels as does the Peoples Gas Light
and Coke Company.
In choosing his subject, I note that Mr. Pohlman has
treated it in the restricted sense of comparing generator
fuels upon the basis of the lbs. required to make a thou-
sand cubic feet of gas. This is of course an efficiency ba-
sis which it is necessary to establish, but I believe Mr.
Pohlman would agree with me that in the broader sense,
water gas generator fuels cannot be compared alone
upon the basis of fuel results which can be realized.
This is partially recognized by Mr. Pohlman by the
statement that a factor which cannot be considered
in his paper is the tendency of the generator ash to
form clinker.
Under actual working conditions, practically all gen-
erator fuel ashes do form clinkers of varying degrees
of workability and so much is dependent upon operat-
ing methods in handling such fuels, that it is evident
this factor is not only one of great importance, as recog-
nized by Mr. Pohlman, but with some fuels has so
great an influence as to entirely upset any predictions
of comparative values as may be (^erived from the use
of any known formula, based upon composition of the
fuel.
Value of a Generator Fuel
In my opinion the value of a generator fuel in the
broader sense must depend upon the following fac-
tors.
1. The fuel efficiency obtainable.
2. The labor necessary to handle the required amount
of fuel and the clinker and other waste products formed
from it.
3. The effect upon the generator linings, measured in
labor and materials required to maintain them.
4. The effect upon capacity of production.
5. The effect upon the oil required to carburet the
gas.
6. The effect upon the cost of purification.
Some of these factors are much more important than
others, depending in a given case, upon the conditions
existing in a particular plant. For example, let us
assume that two fuels have the same proximate anal-
ysis but the clinker from one ash requires 8 hours out
of the 24 to handle, while the other requires but 4
hours, it is obvious that the latter fuel is distinctly
more valuable than the former. Indeed it would not
only require less labor to handle it but in some cases
where a plant is pushed for capacity it might not be
possible to use the former fuel at all.
The same condition applies to sulphur removal. It
is sometimes estimated that roughly 75% of the sul-
phur in the crude carburetted gas comes from the gen-
erator fuel, hence the sulphur content of a fuel is im-
portant and might be a controlling factor in selecting
a fuel for a plant in which the purifiers were over*
loaded.
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THE GAS AGE
April 11, 1921
The nature of the clinker formed, not only with re- If we calculate the generator fuel per M. by propor-
spect to its workability but also with regard to its effect tionately increasing the average requirement of 36.62
upon the generator Imings is to be considered. Some in accordance with the proportionate decrease of the rcl-
cUnkers may not be especially troublesome to handle ative value in relation to the relative value of 7721
but may be very corrosive and act very rapidly on the given by Mr. Pohlman as an average value, we obtain
linings. 36.62X77.27-4-48.4=58.4 or S&4 lbs. of generator fuel
-^ - ^ , __.^- ^ XI m -A per M. Yet, I am acquainted with several cases where
Formula Compared with Operating Tests Jj^^g ^^^ operating consistently with coals of approx-
In treating his subject Mr. Pohlman evidently had imately the above composition and averaging around 40
in mind only high carbon fuels as coke and anthracite, its. of coal per M cubic feet using the blow run method
The use of bituminous fuel may be said to be past the of operation ; and, in the test run of about 1 week made
experimental stage in several of the small and medium by Mr. Odell and myself at Streator with the partic-
size plants where load conditions make its use practi- uj^r fuel mentioned, the generator fuel was 42.3 lbs.
cable. If we try to compare bituminous fuel with coke ^ith the blow-run and 48.8 lbs. without it, using the
by application of Mr. Pohbnan's formula we find that operating method commonly employed with coke fuel,
the results predicted are quite at variance with those it seems therefore that Mr. Pohlman's formula might
actually reaUzed over long periods of time. For ex- ^ell be restricted to high carbon fuel and in its appU-
ample, I took the case of a Franklm County, Ilhnois, cation to such fuels, due consideration must be given
bituminous coal having the following composition, to the other factors mentioned if a final evaluation of
Moisture 2.30% a particular fuel in dollars and cents is desired.
Vol. Matter ^M?^'' On the whole I think Mr. Pohhnan deserves much
Fixed Carbon }r:^^ ^^^^ ^^^ *^s P^P^^- ^^ »s a difficult problem which
-^sh 10.84% he had to handle affected by many little known varia-
Using Mr. Pohlman's formula I obtained the follow- bles. I believe his formula might work out very well
ing Debit and Credit factors: in the evaluation of high carbon fuels having similar
Fixed carbon deficiency — 48.46% ash compositions and sulphur contents. The paper
Fuel consumption for evaporation of is a step in the right direction. It is only by the form-
moisture — .18% ulation of known data, derived from actual operation,
Fuel unrecoverable in clinkers —2.16% that gas engineering can be placed on a scientific basis
Fuel loss due to effect of ash and cleaning along with the other engineering professions, and the
time — 12.57% fact that there are cases and conditions which cannot be
Credit due to release of volatile matter .. 11.77% readily formulated because of our lack of knowledge
Total of debits and credits — ^51.60% regarding them should not deter us from trying to make
Relative value of generator fuel 48.40% the greatest use of methods which we have.
4f^ S S
Accident Prevention Neglected
Bureau of Safety Representative Informs Illinois Gas
Men at Chicago Convention They Should Pay More
Attention to Safety Work and Accident Prevention
By FRED M. SMITH, Chicago, 111.
SOME six years ago I was employed by a large util-
ity corporation in the capacity of claim agent. This
company, besides supplying electrical energy to
about seventy communities and operating two city street
car systems and an interurban line, manufactures and
distributes gas to nine of the principal cities in this
territory. While serving as claim agent for this com-
pany I helped to perfect, under the direction of the Bu-
reau of Safety, an organization for the prevention of
accidents and thus came into direct contact with all of
the accidents occurring in the company. Its accident
record was similar to that of most other companies op-
erating combined utilities in as much as the accidents
growing out of the operation of the electrical and trac-
tion properties far exceeded in number and seriousness
those that occurred in the manufacture and distribution
of gas, and also like many companies of this character
where similar records occur, the gas properties were at
first sadly neglected by the Safety Organization.
Eflforts were centralized in the electric and traction
branches of the work and the employes in the gas plants
and distribution departments were given very little at-
tention. We were brought to realize this neglected duty
by a very serious explosion in one of the gas plants.
Considerable property damage resulted and two men
were badly injured. An investigation showed that the
principal causes leading up to the explosion were a com-
bination of physical defects in the equipment and failure
on the part of the plant foreman to enforce established
plant rules. These causes would not have existed if
closer attention had been given to safety and fire in-
spections and assurance of due regard for the rules by
the employes through the influence of safety teachings.
A disaster is sometimes necessary to impress employers
with the importance of and necessity for definite and
systematic safety work. This is particularly true on
those properties where accidents infrequently occur.
Gas Industry Neglects Precautions
This introduction to my subject illustrates one com-
pany's experience in belittling and neglecting one very
important branch of accident prevention work, that of
the gas utility. An experience that many other gas com-
panies have had and will continue to have until they
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April 11, 1921
THE GAS AGE
279
are brought to a realization of their mistake through
some disaster resulting in either loss of life or damage
to property, or both. It is true that the gas industry as
a whole does not give to safety work the proper earnest
attention nor employ the systematic methods that other
branches of utilities do. My observations have led me to
believe that the reason for this is twofold :
First : Very serious accidents wherein loss of life and
large property damage occur, are few as compared to
other mdustnes. The bulk of accidents that do occur
are not spectacular and therefore the need of organized
eflfort toward accident prevention is lost sight of by the
owners or executives. An analysis of the accidents in
one company can be cited as an example to show that
accidents in this industry are more serious than generally
considered. Out of five hundred and fifty accidents, for-
ty per cent resulted in lost time with an average of six
days lost time per accident. This condition is not real-
ized by the average executive. If such companies would
carefully compile their accident records, analyze them
and obtain figures showing their cost, lost time and the
resultant loss of efficiency in operation and compare the
knowledge thus obtained with the experiences of those
companies which have organized accident prevention,
they would readily see their own short comings.
Second: Another reason for this inactivity is that
skeptical, indifferent attitude that some executives have
toward safety, a state of mind which, I am happy to say,
is being gradually overcome by the steady advancement
of safety work and the piling up of convincing argu-
ments in its favor. Success in accident prevention can
be assured only by starting with the head of the organi-
zation. He must give it his earnest support and must
consider it of equal importance to the other departments
in his company. He must believe in it and must realize
that safety work is not a one-man job and that his atti-
tude with respect to it must be manifested in such a way
that his department heads, superintendents and foremen
will be influenced by his example. The d^ee of inter-
est in the work by his immediate subordinates will be
governed by his own interest and their enthusiasm will
be reflected in the attitude of the employes under them.
The efficiency of the employe is generally in direct ratio
to the policies of the individual who directs him, and so
it is in safety work. If the man higher up is a safety
man so is his subordinate. Successful safety work can
therefore be siunmed up in two words, "Executive Back-
ing," without which no line of endeavor can hope to ob-
tain successful results.
necessity for Supervisors
We find that it is an easy matter to get the monetary
interest and attention of the employe through safety
meetings, bulletins and other means of approach, but
in many cases this lasts only as long as he is being talked
to. He is quite likely to turn to his work and pursue
the old and unsafe methods unless properly supervised.
To get necessary, continuous enthusiasm and hearty
co-operation from him is well nigh impossible without
the influence and support of a supervisor, who is in sym-
pathy with and firmly believes in safety work.
Working along these lines many of those companies
having safety organizations are giving particular atten-
tion to the problem of the foreman, a class of employe
difiicult to reach, for by the nature of his work his en-
ergies are directed toward practical features of produc-
tion, operation and service. His support is generally
obtained by direct contact at meetings made up solely of
foremen and supervisors, and in special cases, by per-
sonal appeal in an endeavor to show him the responsibil-
ity that is his, not only for the quality of work turned out
by the men under him, but for their safety by seeing that
no unsafe methods or habitual infraction oi rules creeps
into his organization and that unsafe physical conditions
are corrected by safeguards and other means of protect-
ing his men in the performance of their duties.
Lack of proper supervision enters into a majority of
all recorded accidents and is the main reason why the
foreman is referred to as the "Key Man" in safety work.
It is only through him that the right influence can be
brought to bear on the bulk of the organization. I have
in mind one safety organization in a large gas company
that has been functioning for about eighteen months.
This organization consists of a Central Safety Commit-
tee made up of executives and heads of departments, an
Executive Committee and Intermediate Committees,
consisting of superintendents and plant foremen. Meet-
ings of these Intermediate Committees are held monthly
at the plants and for the most part employes are reached
and influenced by these committees and the results have
proved beyond a doubt that proper supervision is one of
the essentials of successful safety work. A large reduc-
tioa of accidents since starting the safety work on this
property is .the result of this method
I was recently called upon to inspect a gas plant in one
of the Northern States and I was impressed with the or-
derly and neat condition in which I found the plant. A
gas plant at the best is no place for those who are fas-
tidious on cleanliness, but this plant was an exception
and was in a class by itself. I complimented the plant
foreman on the excellent housekeeping conditions and
asked him if he was having any accidents. His answer
can be considered the keynote of safety. He said: "I
believe in safety and I see that my men also believe in
it." When the time arrives that all men feel as this
foreman does about safety, then I believe our work will
be in an ideal condition. To reach that goal, however,
many obstacles have yet to be overcome. A firm belief
in safety work must be implanted in the minds of men,
a belief based on results obtained, a belief strengthened
by the sincerity of those individuals that are engaged in
the work. Only then will our purpose be accomplished.
Summary
To summarize, accident prevention work must be con-
sidered of equal importance to other activities in the
business. The officials, superintendents and foremen
must be taught to realize their responsibility for the
safety of the men under them, a responsibility that does
not cease when efficient operation and proper service
are maintained, but also embraces a watchful supervi-
sion that will assure the observance of rules and the elim-
ination of unsafe methods. It is their duty to provide
such safeguards and other protective devices as may be
required and to see that they are maintained in good con-
dition and properly used. The employes should first of
all be loyal to their superior and to their company and
their principal duty should be to co-operate in every
way with those individuals with whom they come in con-
tact in their work.
Only by such methods can successful results in acci-
dent prevention be accomplished.
DISCUSSION
By ERNEST S. BEAUMONT, Supervisor of Safety,
The Peoples Gas Light & Coke Company, Chicago, 111.
Mr. Smith in his paper shows that the essential
factors for successful safety work in any company are :
Executive Backing, Good Supervision by Responsible
Foremen, and Individual Cooperation.
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THE GAS AGE
April 11, 1921
Lack of Interest Explained
The two reasons given for a comparative inactivity
in accident prevention in the gas industry are readily
answered. It may be true that very serious accidents
are not frequent in this line but my records show a
loss of over 5,000 days' time by injured workers of our
company during 1920. This was a reduction over the
previous year and compares favorably with the records
of other companies, but this loss of time means that
there has been much unnecessary suffering, a consider-
able loss of money both to the employe and to the em-
ployer, and a drop in efficiency. The 5,000 lost days
equal the time of one man for 15 years or of 900 men
for 6 days each.
I believe that figures such as these will destroy any
lassitude due to infrequent serious accidents, will con-
vince the skeptic, and secure the backing of th^ plant
executive.
Then, too, there is always the menace of explosions
in a gas plant. One man may cause an explosion which
would result in the loss of a number of lives and con-
siderable property damage, whereas in electrical work
the victim is, as a general thing, the workman who
failed to take the precautions necessary. This should
serve to make the gas men zealous safety workers.
There has been a third cause which retarded acci-
dent prevention in the gas industry. The constant
drive for production during war and post war times
caused many of us to force safety and other factors
into the background. Accident prevention will aid
production, not hinder it, and safety must therefore be
made a part of the plant operation. Our Willow Street
Manufacturing Station, employing an average of 100
men a day, had no disability accidents during 1920.
I attribute this largely to the vim and enthusiasm of
the superintendent and his assistant who made accident
prevention their hobby.
Foreman's Responsibility
These men felt a personal responsibility, as every
supervisor or foreman should, for every accident which
happened to men under their direction. The majority
of accidents are due to carelessness, lack of precaution,
or failure to comply with established rules of safety
and operation. In such cases a great share of the blame
should fall upon the foreman. He should get rid of
the habitually careless man, advise the men as to the
safe way of doing the work, and see that the rules are
obeyed. When the injuries are charged against the
foreman, he will realize his responsibility along this
line.
Individual cooperation by the men must be won by
direct contact with them in meetings at which various
facts and figures can be shown to illustrate the loss
and suffering to the workman who is injured. There is
no question but that successful safety effort pays the
firm, but it must be shown that in case of accident the
injured man is the loser and he can least afford to lose.
The humane element must be a prime consideration in
this work, for without it safety lacks sincerity. This
element must be emphasized to the men. Means must
be provided for keeping the thought of safety always
in mind. I will describe the plan now being used in The
Peoples Gas Light & Coke Company to accomplish
that end.
Causes of Accidents in Chicago
A small percentage of the accidents may be charged to
lack of suitable guard or faulty equipment. R^^lar
inspections are made for the purpose of locating and
correcting these conditions wherever possible, and the
workmen are encouraged to suggest places or machines
which they think need guarding.
From 75 to 90 percent of the accidents are caused
by carelessness, lack of precaution, or failure to obey
the rules. To combat this condition a "Committee on
Unsafe Practices" has been appointed from among the
workmen at each plant. Their fellow workmen do not
know who is on the committee. Those on the committee
note and report to the superintendent all the unsafe
practices they see without giving the name of the offend-
er. This is to prevent personalities from entering into
it. The list of unsafe practices is posted and discussed
at the safety meeting. The members of the committee
are changed frequently to keep up the maximiwn inter-
est. We expect a big reduction, especially in minor
accidents, to result from this plan.
j$ jH j$
Billions of New Capital Needed
The Government Loan Organization Gives Some Start-
ling Figures upon Capital Available for Extension of
Business and for the Purchase of Gas Securities
SPEAKING of prosperity, what the average business
be available for business development and when
man wants to know is how soon more capital will
interest rates on borrowed money will be lower.
The Sphinx holds no secret regarding this matter
and the answer fortunately suggests the solution of the
problem.
1. Generally speaking, more capital will not be avail-
able until it has been accumulated — saved; there is no
other way. The process is slow but the result sure, and
it is the only method the world knows, There is no magic
about it; patient, intelligent co-operation from men of
influence is essential in order that progress may be accel-
erated.
2. Generally speaking also, interest rates are deter-
mined by the supply and demand of capital or credit —
the more funds available for loans the lower the rates,
and vice versa. Interest rates will accordingly go lower
when there is either a lessened demand for money or an
increase in the supply of loanable funds. The latter is
clearly the choice of broad-gauge business men with an
ambition to see America attain greater industrial and
commercial prestige.
Briefly, then, American enterprise now needs, and will
continue to need, more and more liquid capital, for cap-
ital must furnish the life-blood of that richer prosperity
on which our hearts and minds are set
And the demand is urgent. A glance at some of the
current requirements, as estimated by competent author-
ities, may help to visualize the situation. Here they are:
$6,000,000,000 for construction of factories, homes,
schook, etc.
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April 11, 1921
THE GAS AGE
281
$6,000,000,000 for the complete rehabilitation of rail-
roads, (one-third of this construction
should be undertaken in the near future.
$2,000,000,000 for public utilities, to permit communi-
ty development, especially in outlying
city sections.
$1,500,000,000 for highway construction.
These few figures are eloquently suggestive of our fu-
ture needs.
But where is the money coming from ? In our onward
industrial march it becomes more and more imperative
that new sources of capital be explored, that new classes
of investors be developed. "Billions of new capital" is
literally the command.
But while such enormous financial requirements pre-
sent a serious challenge to the ability of the nation to
save money for its own commercial and industrial de-
velopment, the capacity nevertheless is not lacking. A
new class of investors can be developed. Wage earners
can save and invest large sums of money in the aggre-
gate— the success of the Liberty Loan campaigns demon-
strated this.
Thirty million workers saving an extra dollar a week
for three years would release five billions of dollars for
productive enterprise. Men of vision, think it over!
Of the $65,000,000,000 estimated annual aggregate in-
come of our people, probably $55,000,000,000 is paid over
by the employers direct to employes. The Comptroller
of the Ciurency declares that the income of the people
of the United States in excess of ordinary living expen-
ses probably amotmts at this time to more than $10,000,-
000,000 per annum."
But while we may do our thinking in "billions," we
must talk to the thirty million American earners — ^pro-
spective investors — in "dollars." A few dollars fronu
each of them seem like mere drops of water, it is true.
But presently you see a veritable Niagara of dollars pour*
ing forth with unceasing flow into the great reservoir of
investment funds.
Why not harness this power to turn the wheels of
our industries ?
Ji Ji Ji
Cannel Coal in Southern Utah
By Mining Engineer of U. S. Bureau of Mines and
Chief Mine Inspector for Industrial Commission of
Utah. A Promising Source of Gas Coal for the West
By C A. ALLEN, Washington, D. C.
CANNEL coal for many years has been known as the cell structures of higher plants, being made up large-
a source of oil and formerly it was the only sub- ly of russet and lemon-yellow, more or less lenticular, or
stance from which kerosene was obtained. The globular, translucent bodies embedded in a brownish
name of coal oil was given to kerosene because it was black groundmass of somewhat flocculent aspect. Some
derived from cannel coal before any flowing wells of this translucent matter is probably resinous, while it
were brought in within the United States. is possible that some of the lemon-yellow substance, less
in quantity, may be gelatinous, though that is not at all
Location certain. On the whole, the microscopical composition of
In an isolated region in Southern Utah there is an the coal is essentially that of a high-grade cannel."
unusually thick and clean bed of cannel coal which «; i^ f Oil
laboratory experiments indicate can be made to yield *™^^* ^" . • . ^nrvr •-.
about seventv gallons of oil to the ton. This coal was Although the coal was exammed m 1907, it was not
first described in Bulletin 341 of the United States "^til 1916 or 1917 that the first test for oil was made by
Geological Survey under the title of Colob coal field. Dean E. Wmchester, and his report (Bulletin 691, U. S.
This field lies at the western and southern base of the Geol. Survey) gave 70 gallons of oil and 14.4 pounds of
Colob plateau and extends from the town of Cedar ^"l"^ojl?3iP sulphate to the ton.
City southward to Kanarra and then southeastward to , I" 1920, the writer inspected the field and secured a
the town of Mount Carmel. Cedar City is 35 miles south l^rge sample of the cannel coal which was tested at the
of east from Lund on the Los Angeles and Salt Lake Intermountam experiment station of the U. S. Bureau of
Railroad which is the nearest railroad point. Mount ^ines at Salt I^ke City, with the following results:
Carmel is about 90 miles south of Marysvale, on the ?^"9?^ ^^ ^V per ton ^'^..c
Denver and Rio Grande Railroad, which is the nearest Specific gravity of the oil 0.9045
railroad point from the eastern end of the field. Setting point oo -i
The Colob coal occurs in Lower Cretaceous rocks and ^^^ ^^"^ ^r ^" *"^ ^^^^ ^f '^
a number of wagon mines have been opened on the seam . "^ ^^^^ nitrogen .... 1.30
in the vicinity of Cedar City, Kanarra, and Mt. Carmel, ,, In appearance the coal like other cannel coa.s, resem-
but between these places the field has been very little ^^^^ bone more than coal. It is hard and breaks with a
prospected. conchoidal fracture. Slivers of the coal can be readily
The cannel coal, so far as known at present, is limited *^J^^ ^l* f. match. , . . . . ,
to a small area on the head waters, of tht north fork of . ^j?^ ^"'^ disadvantages to the mining of the coal are
the Virgin River in Township 39 and 40 South, Range '^^ distance from the railroad and the niggedness of the
9 East. In this region it occurs as a bed Syi feet thick ^^"^^T ^J^%. "°^^ ^^f^i ?^^^ Y'^^Y" ^'""^Z ??T*
over which lies a layer of bituminous coal 2 feet and through Zion Canyon which is 3,000 feet deep and which,
5 inches thick. ^" account of its rugged scenery, was recently made a
. 1 « . . national park. The coal lies on the plateau above the
Microscopical Examination canyon and this plateau or bench is intersected by sever-
A thin section of the coal was also examined by David al deep ravines. The entire country is also densely cov-
White of the Survey who gave the following report : ered with oak brush which makes traveling even on
"The fuel contains very little in the way of vestiges of horseback very difficult.
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THE GAS AGE
April 11, 1921
New York's New Utility Law
Governor Miller's Plan for Revising Public Utility
Regulation Becomes a Law and Creates a Separate
Commission of New York City Transit Utilities
By TRAVIS H. WHITNEY, New York City
THE measure known popularly as Governor Miller's
bill for the solution of the New York City transit
problem passed both the Senate and Assembly with
a good majority and the signature of the governor is
presupposed, so that it becomes a law and the terms
become significant It abolishes the former two com-
missions for the first and second districts and the tran-
sit construction commission and substitutes a single
utility commission to be known as The Public Service
Commission and a transportation commission known as
The Transit Commission. The bill is hardly two
months old and revises the former public utility law
of 1916 in many important particulars. These changes
are particularly interesting as showing an appreciation
of the difficulties under which public utilities in the
past have labored for the public good and a disposition
to be liberal in future regulation.
The Public Service Commission will have five mem-
bers appointed by the governor with the advice and
consent of the Senate, for a term of ten years at a
salary of $15,000 per year. The main office is in Al-
bany with a branch in New York City. The Transit
Commission will consist of three members appointed
by the governor for five year terms and having to do
with all passenger carrying lines in greater New York.
The commissions may employ officers, clerks, inspectors,
experts an^J make contracts for special service and
delegate power to . hold hearings to employes. The
Public Service Commission Counsel may receive $10,000
salary, the secretary $6,000 and the expenses of employes
on duty shall be allowed. The above mentioned salaries
shall be paid by the state. The city in which the com-
mission operates shall pay other expenses. The text of
the bill covers 124 pages with 26 lines to a page and
it is impracticable to here review all the provisions.
However, there are certain features that deserve especial
notice such as the following:
Section 65 — Every gas and electric corporation "shall
furnish and provide such service, instrumentalities and
facilities as shall be safe and adequate and in all re-
spects just and reasonable" as well as the charges there-
for. Discriminations in price not permitted. The com-
mission will not prohibit "a sliding scale for a fixed
period" providing it has been first filed and approved.
Then follows paragraph five which is significant enough
to quote in its entirety :
"Nothing in this chapter shall be taken to prohibit
a gas corporation or electric corporation from establish-
ing classifications of service based upon the quantity
used, the time when used, the purpose for which
■used, the duration of use or upon any other reasonable
consideration and providing schedules of just and rea-
sonable graduated rates applicable thereto. No such
classification, schedule, rate or charge shall be lawful
unless it shall be filed with and approved by the com-
mission and every such classification rate or charge
shall be subject to change, alteration and modification
by the commission."
Section 39, paragraph 3— The commission shall have
the power by order "to fix and change the standards of
purity, illuminating power and heating power, and stand-
ards for the measurement thereof," notwithstanding the
fact that such standards "may have been fixed by gen-
eral or special statute." They will also have the power
"to prescribe from time to time the reasonable minimum
and maximum pressure at which gas will be delivered."
When the commission, after a hearing, decides that
the rates, classification or regulations "are unjust, un-
reasonable, unjustly discriminatory or unduly preferen-
tial or in anywise in violation of any provision of law"
the commission shall determine and prescribe the rates
"notwithstanding that a higher or lower rate or charge
has heretofore been prescribed by general or special
statute, contract, grant, franchise, condition, consent, or
other agreement."
Section 42, paragraph 12 — ^The commission will not
"prohibit a gas corporation from establishing a sliding-
scale-upward rate for natural gas, beginning at a fixed
price per unit for a small consumption and then increas-
ing the price per unit as the consumption is increased,"
but provides also for the suspension of the rate after
hearing.
Section 42-A, paragraph 14 — ^"The commission shall
have power to require each gas coiporation and electri-
cal corporation to establish classifications of service
based upon the quantity used, the time when used, the
purpose for which used, the duration of use and upon
any other reasonable consideration, and to establish in
connection therewith just and reasonable graduated
rates and charges ; and it shall have power, either upon
complaint or upon its own motion, to require such
changes in such classifications, rates and charges as it
shall determine to be just and reasonable."
Section 72— "If it shall be made to appear to the
satisfaction of the commission that the public interest
requires a change in the price of gas or electricity
charged by any such person or corporation, or that
such change is necessary for the purpose of providing
adequate and efficient service or for the preservation of
the property, the commission, upon such terms, con-
ditions and saf^^rds as it deems proper, may author-
ize an immediate, reasonable, temporary increase or
decrease in such price pending a final determination of
the price to be thereafter charged by such person or
corporation. "The commission may give to the hear-
ing and decision of such questions preference over all
other questions pending before it and decide the same
as speedily as possible."
The Transit Commission has additional powers too
numerous to detail here. The transportation of pas-
sengers in Greater New York is a problem of tremendous
magnitude. It is reported that in the month of Decem-
ber the subway and elevated lines alone handled 125,-
160,448 fares. Separating the transit problems from
those of other utilities was a good move and will relieve
the Public Service Commission from much detail work
so that they can devote more attention to the needs of
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April 11, 1921
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283
gas, electric, steam, telephone, tel^^aph and similar
utilities excepting water supply. When one considers the
number of water plants in the state and the need for the
most exacting service conditions, the admiration grows
for a water supply lobby which can prevent being con-
trolled by commissions.
The above are some of the principal new provisions
of the revised law. The provisions are in the line of
greater liberality to companies and a recognition of the
necessities growing out of changes in the business
brought on by radical changes in supply of material,
labor, and in service requirements.
Ji Ji Ji
Gas Composition Restriction Act
The British Gas Regulation Act of 1920
Threatens Restrictions on Composition
of Gas in a Manner Quite Unnecessary
By NORTON H. HUMPHRYS, Salisbury, England
THE prominent question in gas circles, at the moment,
is the nature of the evidence being laid before the
British Board of Trade Committees now sitting
to consider the advisibility of restricting the percentage
of carbon monoxide and inerts that legally may be
allowed to be present in town gas. The effect of their
decisions on the future of the industry is important
under the possibilities initiated by the Gas Relation
Act, 1920. No apology is needed for returning to this
matter, after having dealt with it to some extent, two
months ago. The two G)mmittees have adopted a plan
of alternative fortnightly sittings, in view of the fact
that to a large extent the same witnesses are required
at each session. Also, it affords convenient facilities for
discussion and assimilation of the evidence submitted.
The contentions in support of the proposals take a
form that might be applied to the prejudice of almost any
modem refinement of civilization. High presstu^e steam,
strong electric current, rapid rail road or air traffic, are
all a source of danger to life and property, if not prop-
erly used ; but no one proposes the limitation of speeds
or of pressures to absolutely safe and foolproof propor-
tions. So far from relying on the support of actual
fact, the claims of the revisers are largely made up out
of artificial conditions, laboratory experiments, infer-
ences and personal opinions.
During the last six years, gas undertakings have been
under the necessity of supplying widely varying per-
centages both of carbon monoxide and inerts; but,
positive evidence of injury to health or pocket is totally
absent. That such proof is not available, is a reasonable
inference. The flimsy and unpractical character of the
contenders is in strong contrast. A solid structure of
practical evidence is submitted on behalf of the industry
in support of the claim that the Gas Regulation Act
of 1920, should be preserved in its integrity and that
no further fixed restrictions are required.
The toxic nature of carbon monoxide may be an
objection, where mixtures of sufiiciently high percentage
are allowed to escape into air which is breathed; but,
that contingency is readily prevented or remedied. Re-
garding Intimate use, its leading properties are those
of an ideal heat-producing or fuel gas. The ease of
production places it far ahead of other combustible
gases. This substantial advantage to the user should
be fully appreciated. Its oxygen requirements are
small, only half its volume being needed for complete
combustion; the combustion product is not more than
the original volume, and is neither actively poisonous
to human beings nor in any way injurious to property,
is entirely non-condensible, and is superior in all these
respects to hydrogen or hydrocarbons. Pure carbu-
retted water gas, or a mixed gas, is well known as being
superior to straight coal gas for incandescent mantles
and many other fuel purposes, because of the larger
carbon monoxide content.
A few weeks ago. Prof, A. V. Wheeler of Sheffield
University, in the course of a lecture delivered before
the local association of metallurgists and metallurgical
chemists on the composition and nature of fuel gases
and their behaviour in the ftunace, spoke favourably
of the properties of carbon monoxide as compared with
hydrogen. It gives a longer flame, a greater degree of
radiated heat, and is more manageable in other respects.
The innovations in the new Act warranted the ex-
pectation that the practice of handicapping industry
at the whim of irresponsible and unpractical authority,
would be replaced by a fairer and more efficient system.
It not only provides referees and examiners in London,
but also for the appointment of local inspectors through-
out the country. Surely these are the appropriate offi-
cials, with their local knowledge, to discover any ex-
amples of prejudice to public health or welfare by the
supply of a gas that is in any way objectionable. They
can report to headquarters and the matter can be brought
before the legislature, if its importance warrants.
The Grovemment should be keenly alive, from recent
experiences, to the folly of seeking to control extensive
interests covering a wide variety of conditions and
circumstances by means of one or two cast iron rules
or standards which are chiefly responsible for current
industrial dissatisfaction. In no case has this control
proved to be an unqualified success, but rather an offense
to all, a satisfaction to none tending to leave the last
state worse than the first. A fixed wage rate, a uniform
price for coal. Government controlled transport, all have
caused discontent, and resulted in higher prices amongst
the users, and a heavy bill for the taxpayer ; discontent
in the gas industry will follow, unless it is left perfectly
free to practise the sound commercial principles on which
the business as it exists to-day has been steadily con-
structed.
But, there are signs in the new rules of a second
edition of the sulphur compounds r^^tion and the
standard candle procedure such as that with which a
beneficial enactment was encumbered some fifty years
ago. There are the same artificial conditions, the same
lack of positive evidence, the same inferences as to
possibilities and attempts to create a senseless fear of
the unknown.
To-day the gas industry possessses the accumulated
results of scientific study and tests. It can take prece-
dence, in possessing an mtimate knowledge of the prin-
ciples concerned in handling and combustion of gases.
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THE GAS AGE
April 11, 1921
Dr. Carpenter, as Chairman of the Gas Companies' Pro-
tective Association and of an important London com-
pany; Mr. Thomas Goulden, as President of the
Institution of Gas Engineers, and chief engineer of the
largest gas undertaking in the United Kingdom; Mr. R.
E. Gibson chief engineer of the Liverpool Gas Company,
representing the Manchester District Committee of the
National Gas Council ; all gave chapter and verse based
on extensive experience, to prove that the evidence sub-
mitted in support of restriction was absolutely unsup-
ported by fact, and that the risk of injury or fatality
due to accidental inhalation of town gas, was no greater
than that which the average citizen faces every time he
passes along a public thoroughfare or enters a railroad
car.
These gentlemen were equally strong in their objec-
tions to any limitations as to inerts, showing that under
circumstances frequently to be met with, the matter is
to a great extent out of control. The attack was weak
and utterly wanting in point. The Gas Regulation Act
has already dealt effectively with this question by ruling
that constituents not possessing heating value will have
no place in the bill and nobody seems to know why such
a drastic measure needs propping up by further regula-
tion. Restrictions of this form operate very unevenly.
In some cases they are of no consequence, while in others
they assume vital importance. In this direction they
may inflict greater loss on the consumers than that due
to the prematurely bom and unfortunate sulphur and
candle power clauses.
J$ J$ jh
Gas Conditions in Wisconsin
Address of the President of the Wisconsin Gas As-
sociation at Their Recent Annual Meeting Ad-
vocating Optimism, Perseverance and Courage
By BRUNO RAHN, Milwaukee, Wis.
WE have witnessed during the past year a com-
plete reversal of business such as this country
never experienced before. Last year, record high
commodity prices, manufacturers and railroads unable to
■supply the country's urgent demands and industry boom-
ing as never before, and now industry prostrate, factories
closed, farmers withholding their products from the
market, millions idle, record failures and the greatest
shrinkage in inventories ever known.
Nationally there has been an era of extravagance,
of reckless buying, of speculation and of paper profits.
The desire to borrow more and more money was ram-
pant everywhere. Thanks to the action of the Federal
Reserve Bank putting a check on indiscriminate bor-
rowing, unhealthy expansion was forced to stop. De-
flation since has slowly but surely developed along
natural and not forced or drastic lines.
I consider it a tribute to the fundamentally sound
economic principles upon which our industry is found-
ed, that the utilities of our state have weathered the
upheavals and reversals which the past year has brought
in such a way as to maintain their solvency. Much
credit is due the heads of our companies for the in-
domitable courage and the stubborn perseverance with
which they have carried on the battle for higher rates
to stave off financial ruin, for the determination and
insistence that the Public must be served and served
well in spite of all odds.
I feel that I am voicing the innermost thought and
sentiment of this gathering when I say that all of us,
who have helped to carry on this struggle in one way
or another take pride and satisfaction in the conscious-
ness that our industry is "alive and kicking" and that
we are eager and ready to deliberate and discuss those
problems whose solution will keep it so.
Buying and Selling
As an immediate result of the existing industrial
stagnation we are facing serious decreases in revenues
due to the marked falling off of gas sales; especially
is this true of those of our companies who enjoyed con-
siderable industrial gas business. Coupled with this
comes a decline in the prices of by-products, with prac-
tically no immediate market for coke. On the other
hand, recorded decreases in the price of coal and oil,
the two commodities of most vital importance in the
manufacture of our product, present a ray of hope in
the business outlook.
With respect to materials in general, we are confront-
ed today with a buyer's market instead of a seller's
market which was the case a year ago. These facts,
while gratifying, should not be viewed with too much
optimism, however, especially since experts tell us
that the present lower price levels are of a very unstable
nature due primarily not to overproduction, but rather
to underconsumption. Freight rates are continued high
with no relief in sight, unless there is a marked de-
flation in the cost of Railroad Labor.
It is an accepted fact that before commodity prices
in general can be brought down to permanent lower
price levels, there must be a revision of wages down-
ward. We are confronted with the necessity of wage
reductions in the gas industry, a problem well worth the
most careful consideration. We have recognized the
principle of collective bargaining as between employer
and employee. By establishing points of personal con-
tact between our men and ourselves, with the proper
statistical data regarding reductions in the cost of living
available, I see no reason why proper wage reductions
cannot be agreed upon, mutually satisfactory to both
sides. Attempts along these lines even though unsuc-
cessful, certainly can do no harm, besides having a
wholesome effect upon public opinion.
Square Deal and the Public
I am quoting from an address delivered by Hon.
Carl D. Jackson, president of the Wisconsin commis-
sion, delivered before the National Electric Light Asso-
ciation, May 1920, as follows: "It is fundamentally
true that the people as a whole have a keen sense of
justice and right and in the long run, with full under-
standing, generally, will arrive at a correct decision.
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April 11, 1921
THE GAS AGE
285
The difficulty is in getting the full facts before the peo-
ple, and this is so especially in matters disputed before
commissions. It often may occur that the people do
not realize the benefits which they themselves have
received from regulation. The people are entitled to
and will insist upon reasonable rates, but they are will-
ing to pay for good service. Publicity of the right sort
can be of great assistance in this matter. When fathered
by an organization such as your own, it should be
scrupulously fair in order to encourage public confi-
dence. If the public knows it is getting a square deal,
it will give a square deal."
Publicity
It was my pleasure to urge upon you at the meeting
last year the importance of disseminating among the
public information and knowledge regarding the nature
and working of our great utility enterprises. Why
rates must be just and reasonable; what constitutes a
fair valuation; the relation between fair return, utility
securities, and credits; the importance of adequate
service ; the necessity of proper extensions in plant and
distribution; frank and intelligent discussion of topics
like these in plain and straightforward language must
be spread broadcast among the communities we serve,
in print and by word of mouth, by every possible means
at our command.
We have constantly witnessed all about us the malig-
nant and pernicious efforts of unscrupulous newspapers
and small calibre politicians playing upon public dis-
trust and prejudice due to misconception and ignorance
of the facts as they are. We can and will combat these
sinister influences which menace the progress and
healthy development of our utilities, and I am proud
to announce that our association in conjunction with the
Wisconsin Electrical Association and the Wisconsin
State Telephone Association has created the Wisconsin
Public Utilities Bureau under the direction of Mr. Her-
wig, its purpose being the issuance of bi-weekly news to
enlighten the public regarding utility business, its func-
tions and aims, to bring home to our communities a
realization that our business is an honest business con-
ducted by honest men with an earnest desire to serve
their employer by rendering faithful service to the
community.
Commends Commissioii Acts
I take this opporttmity to state that we appreciate
the work of our State Railroad Commission. Subjected
to unfair criticism from' many sides, it is my opinion,
that the Q)mmissioners have administered the great
power vested in their office by virtue of the Public
Utilities Act, in a judicial manner without fear of pop-
ular and political disfavor, fawning on none. The Com-
mission has granted relief to our member companies
through rate increases. In our opinion some of these
are inadequate and came at times somewhat belated,
the work of the Commission during the past few years,
considered as a whole, will serve as a valuable prece-
dent for future activities of regulatory bodies.
Reporting the recent interrogation of the Commission
before the State Legislature, newspaper men were iman-
itnous in their opinion that the appearance of the Com-
missioners before the Legfislature strengthened the Com-
mission, that the Commission justified its attitude in
permitting utilities to increase their rates due to higher
oi>erating costs, and that there will be no effort made
to repeal the Public Utilities Act.
Heat Unit Standard
I herewith tender the thanks of our association to R.
B. Brown for his valuable expert activity, resulting in
the adjustment of the heat unit standard. Many of the
State Commissions throughout the coimtry have adopt-
ed the lowered heat unit standard so that at this time
the 600 B.t.u. Standard is being adhered to in very few
instances. Expert technical opinion is unanimous in
pronouncing the revision of the heat unit standard down-
ward as a step in the right direction. The debate cen-
ters chiefly about the proper lowest limit.
I recommend your association to continue committee
activity for the purpose of further gathering statistical
data and evidence regarding the workings of the adjust-
ed standard with a view of submitting same to the Com-
mission to strengthen them in their conviction that the
revision of the heat unit standard was a well advised
step, resulting in improved operation and better service
to the public.
Financing Difficulties
The gravest problem and at the same time the one
of the greatest importance to the continued welfare of
our business, is the question of raising the funds with
which to carry on essential construction and extension
in operating and distribution departments. The money
market is flooded with security issues of every descrip-
tion offered for immediate sale. Competition for the
available capital is keen and as a consequence the price
of money is high.
To keep operating equipment at the point of highest
efficiency requires constant investment. Required main
extensions must be carried on so that the healthy de-
velopment of the community may not be hampered.
New capital for extensions cannot be taken from earn-
ings. The investor fixes the price which the utility must
pay for money. Many companies have perfected plans
for selling their securities to their constituents. This
plan no doubt possesses merits although the selling
expense runs high. Another attractive idea is the in-
corporation of a national financing company.
Capital must be obtained in the face of the facts
that earnings are meager, prevailing interest rates at
the banks high and competition for money keen. Such
conditions as these will not permit us to look lightly
at the future before us. Constant application, grim
energy, utmost economy and stubborn perseverance
will solve these problems. This is a time for conserva-
tive optimism and resolute courage. It is only through
hard work and honest effort that we move on to bet-
ter things.
Criticism — In a paper read before the Am. Soc. Mech.
Eng. Messrs. Gilbert and Pogue exploited electricity to
the disparagement of gas in a rather bold and careless
manner, the following extract being an example of the
sort of thing that gets by without denial at such gath-
erings : "We should bear in mind that expansion in any
one form of energy automatically follows the develop-
ment of appliances for transforming that energy into use-
ful service and that electricity has outdistanced gas more
by virtue of this fact than because of inherent superiori-
ties. To do the work with other energy forms than
that which gas might be made to perform, with twice
the ultimate advantage, is not economy, yet such condi-
tions exist today in plentiful instances. In part they
are due to ill-advised selection ; in part, to the woefully
laggard development of the gas industry. But this is
not a brief for the gas industry. There are gas appli-
cations that ought long since, to have been scrapped in
favor of electricity."
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THE GAS AGE
April 11, 1921
Production Deficiency and Waste
From an Address before the Re-
cent American Engineering Coun-
cil Convention by Its President
By HERBERT HOOVER, Washington, D. C.
WASTE in our production is measured by luieni-
ployment, lost time due to labor conflict, losses in
labor turnover, and failure to secure maximtun
production of the individual, due either to misfit or lack
of interest. Beyond this again is a wide area of waste
in the poor co-ordination of great industries, the failures
in transportation, coal and power supplies, which tend
to interrupt the steady operation of industry. There are
again such wastes as are due to lack of standardization,
speculation, mismanagement, inefficient national equip-
ment and a himdred other causes.
There is a certain proof of deficient production by
comparisons of our intense results in 1918, when, with
20 per cent of our man-power withdrawn into the army,
we yet produced 20 per cent more commodities than we
are doing today. We are probably not producing more
than 60 or 70 per cent of our capacity ; that is, if we could
sybchronize all national effort to maximtun production,
we could produce 30 or 40 per cent more commodities
and service. Our national machine is today doing worse
than usual as witness the 3,000,000 idle men wallang our
streets.
Overproductioii
There is ofttimes a superficial dismissal of this sub-
ject of maximum production on the asstunption that
there are positive limits in production due to over-supply.
Such asstunption has no proper f otmdation in the broad
view of industry. Too much economic thought on pro-
duction has limited its botmdaries. There is no such
thing as the nation over-producing, if it produces the
right commodities. The commodities or services pro-
duced by the whole nation are capable of absorption by
the whole nation if they are of the right character.
There is no limit to the increase of living standards ex-
cept the limitations of human strain, scientific discovery,
mechancal invention and natural resources.
It is true enough that any particular commodity or
service can be over-produced, for each will reach a sat-
uration point in demand when all members of the com-
mtmity have been supplied. The absorption of increased
productivity lies in the conversion of luxuries of today
into necessities of tomorrow, and to spread these throtigh
the whole population by stimulation of habit and educa-
tion. Wheat bread, railways, good roads, electricity, tele-
phones, telegraphs, automobiles and movies were once
luxuries. They are still luxuries to some parts of the
population.
It is but a corollary that certain commodities are bet-
ter adapted to exchange for those commodities from out-
side our botmdaries which are more appropriate to our
needs. Today we have capacity for production of some
commodities, not only in excess of our home need, but
even beyond export demand tmder present financial con-
ditions. We must either re-org^ize our financial rela-
tions or abandon some part of this kind to production
and turn our idle men to making things of which we are
not yet fully supplied.
There is no limit to consiunption except the total ca-
pacity to produce, provided the surplus of productive
power is constantly shifted to other articles than those
that have reached the sattiration point of demand. The
productive capacity wasted today would improve the
housing conditions of all our people up to the level which
perhaps only fifty pef cent of them enjoy — ^and at Ac
same time not encroach upon our established necessities.
I am not suggesting that the forces of production can be
shifted by imperial direction. The practic?il thing that
can be done is to eliminate some of Uie wastes and mis-
fits in production.
Stabflization
The largest volume of waste lies in the periods of slack
production and unemployment, due to the ebb and flow
of economic tides between booms and sltunps. The ideal
would be steadily increasing production — an ideal of no
likelihood because of otu- inability to gauge the advance in
growth and consumption or the approach of saturation.
On the other hand, there are certain possibilities of stabi-
lization worthy of consideration.
Labor is engaged in production and service. We us-
ually expand otu- producing equipment at periods of max-
imum demand, instead of expanding during periods of
slack consumption. We thus make double demands on
labor at that time and we doubly increase tmemplo3rment
in periods of reduced consumption. That is indeed one
of the factors in our tmemployment problem today.
Everyone knows that for our normal productivity, our
transportation facilities are today inadequate. We know
that we are insufficiently housed, insufficiently equipped
in our public roads and our public utilities ; that we need
an entire revision of our power supply, that we need ex-
pansion of our water ways and yet armies of idle men
are walking the streets. The reasons why this occurs are
not far to seek. It is at times of high productivity that
capital is most easily obtained. It is then that the neces-
sity of increased equipment most impresses men's minds
and it is the high hopes of these periods that lead them
into the adventure of expansion. Nor is it possible to
expect that all industry could be so stabilized as to do
its capital construction in periods of depression in corn-
modify demand. Nevertheless, there are some industries
that could, by co-operation of the government and co-<^
eration amongst themselves, be led in this direction.
More particularly does this apply to railways, telephones,
telegraphs, power supplies and other public utilities, and
to the expenditure upon our state, municipal and nation-
al public works.
Whaf 8 the Hatter with the Coal Business
Another variety of intermittent employment, lies in
certain industries now operatmg upon an unnecessarily
wide seasonal fluctuation, as for instance the bittunin-
ous coal industry. This is today one of our worst func-
tioning industries. These mines operate seasonally and
erratically. They proceed from gluts to famines, from.
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April 11, 1921
THE GAS AGE
287
profiteering to bankruptcy. As already determined by
our engineering bodies, the men who mine our coal find
work only seventy per cent of their time. In other words,
there are thirty per cent more equipment, thirty per cent
more men, attached to this industry than are necessary if
it were stabilized to continuous operation.
The mining engineers have already pointed out the di-
rections in which remedy lies, through storage, through
railway rate diflFerentials and other remedies. Through
constructive action, an army of men could be released
from this industry of necessity to convert some luxury
into a necessity of tomorrow. This is no plan to control
prices or profits, although through it both the producer
and consumer in coal could be placed upon a sounder
basis than today. The interest of the consumer and pro-
ducer, is, however, even less important than relief from
the intermittent employment and unemployment within
this industry that today brings a train of indefinite human
misery and some of our lowest standards of living.
Labor Waste
The second largest area of waste in productivity is the
eternal labor friction, strikes and lockouts. The varied
social and economic forces involved in this problem need
no repetition here. Fundamentally this is not alone a
struggle for division of the results of production between
capital and labor, but there is also a loss greater than
strikes and lockouts in the element of purely human fric-
tion and loss outside the area of dispute on wages and
hours.
The growth of industry into large units has destroyed
the old mutuality of interest between employe and em-
ployer. Our repetitive processes have tended to destroy
the creative instinct and interest in employes; at times
their efforts sink to low levels indeed. We will yet have
to reorganize the whole employment relationship to find
its solution. There is great promise in this field during
the past two years, and the progress in this matter is one
of the subjects under our inquiry.
Yet another variety of loss lies in the unnecessarily
faulty distribution of our labor supply due to seasonal
and to shifting demands. An adequate international
employment service is indeed the first need in the reduc-
tion of these wastes.
Standardization
Probably the next largest fraction of waste in produc-
tivity lies in a too high degree of individualism in certain
basic products and tools. In other words, a standard-
ization of certain national utensils makes for economy
in distribution, in operation and in repairs. The neces-
sity of maximum production during the war opened a
great vista of possibilities in this direction.
Such standardization as car couplings, or wheels, and
cars generally, represent real progress in this direction.
These possibilities lie in a hundred directions. There
are all sorts of cases from sizes of chains to the size of
automobile wheels. Today dozens of diflPerent sizes are
placed in the market by manufacturers and entail not
only s|>ecial equipment and skill to produce these many
varieties, but also great stocks are required in distribu-
tion and losses are entailed due to lack of interchange-
ability.
It is certain that there are a great many articles of
every day use in which the manufacturer would indeed
be glad to undertake some co-operation in standardiza-
tion, from which the saving in national eflFort would be
interpreted, not into millions but into billions of dollars.
This does not mean that we stamp the individuality out
of manufacture or invention or decoration. It menns
basic sizes to common and every day things.
Conservation through Co-ordination
Another type of waste lies in our failure to advance
our industrial equipment. The Super-Power Board will
demonstrate the saving of 25,000,000 to 50,000,000 tons
of coal annually by the electrification of our eastern
power supply. The St. Lawrence Waterway Commission
will demonstrate the saving of five to ten cents a bushel
to the farmers of fifteen states by unlocking the lakes to
ocean going vessels. Nor will this added efficiency to our
national transport injure our present systems of canals
and waterways, for we have ever found that the pros-
perity of an industry blesses them all.
Nor do we believe it is necessary to effect these things
by the government. The spirit of co-operation that has
been growing in our country during the last thirty years
has already solved many things ; it has standardized some
things and is ripe for initiative toward co-operation of a
wide-spread character. The leadership of our federal
government in bringing together the forces is needed.
No greater field of service exists than the stimulation of
such co-operation.
Injunction of Gas Rate Ordinance Affirmed
In 1910 the Des Moines Gas Company began suit to
enjoin the enforcement of an ordinance fixing a gas rate,
upon the ground that it was confiscatory and therefore
unconstitutional. In 1912 the trial court dismissed the
suit "with prejudice" and provision for reinstating the
case for further hearing after three years. In 1915 the
Supreme court of the United States affirmed the decree,
with a modification that it be without, instead of with
prejudice. In 1918 the trial court reinstated the cause on
the company's motion, and temporary injunction was
granted. The Circuit court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit,
on appeal from an order refusing to dissolve the in-
junction, holds that the result of the Supreme Court's
decision was to allow the ordinance rate in controversy
to be adequately tried, and then in the light of practical
experience to be subjected, if desired, to further judicial
consideration without the necessity of a new or second
suit. The court refused to sustain the city's complaint
that instead of impounding the collections by the com-
pany in excess of the enjoined rate, the trial court re-
quired it to give bond for their refund in case of a final
determination that the interlocutory injunction was
wrongful. The course pursued is a common one and
was within the discretion of the trial court.
The rate prescribed by the ordinance was 90 cents per
1,000 cubic feet. The city was enjoined from enforcing,
not only that ordinance, but also any other ordinance
fixing a rate less than $1.10, with an additional 10 cents
for delay in payment, or fixing the quality of the gas to
be furnished at any other or greater standard than 560
standard British thermal units per cubic foot. It is held
that the court should not anticipate legislative action and
fix its limitations for the future. It cannot be assumed
in advance that the city might adopt other ordinances
the enforcement of which would deprive the company of
a reasonable return for the employment of its property
in the public service. The order of injunction was af-
firmed with the modification of excluding the provisions
as to future ordinances. City of Des Moines v. Des
Moines Gas Co., 264 Fed. 506.
The Toteco oil well in Mexico which is causing much
comment because it is rated to be as large as the famous
Cerro Azul well, is distinctly American. The well came
in a large gas well on Lincoln's Birthday, celebrating
by blowing the top of the derrick away.
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Editorial
Handling Appliances
"Let*every|bucket stand upon its own bottom"
The development of a company gas appliance de-
partment in this country is comparatively recent and
well within the memory of most men now in the busi-
ness. The results of their operation have in spots been
excellent, but subject to interruptions through condi-
tions which had nothing to do with the consumers need
for appliances. During the past few years this was
particularly noticeable and both the makers of these
appliances and those who would like to use them are
even today marking time while they wait for the gas
company to start something.
One of the most recent of the important develop-
ments along this line is the policy adopted by the
American Gas Company of Philadelphia, whose new
business departments have been given up as far as han-
dling appliances goes, the plan providing that this work
shall be taken over by independent stores with selling
force adjuncts. The interview with Alfred P. Post, the
general manager of the Interstate Appliance Corporation,
which is published on another page of this issue, gives
details regarding the organization of the chain-store
plan as applied to the appliance business of this group
of public utility companies. It is a practical method of
meeting the situation, and its extension into other
groups of companies will naturally follow.
Among the advantages following the substitution of
independent stores for a company appliance department
is the removal of that part of the business from under
the control of regulation under which public utilities
operate. The gas company is by this plan also relieved
of financing the stock of appliances, making collections
and maintaining a force of salesmen. The appliance
business as described is independent and must pay its
own way or shut down ; also the company is not legally
responsible for its acts. The including of all sorts of
appliances, whether gas, electric, hardware, house-fur-
nishing, etc., provides opportunity to take advantage of
profitable lines which will tide over unprofitable busi-
ness periods, in gas appliances for example.
By centralized control of such a chain of stores the
purchasing can be done to better advantage. This will
eventually tend toward standardizing patterns and kinds
of appliances and the adoption of those which give less
trouble to the consumer. By co-operation with the utility
company, poor service conditions can be located and
corrected. The consumer deals with the representative
of a domestic service store and is not influenced by in-
herited prejudices; the only complaints he could have
against the company would be concerning quality of
gas, pressure or price.
Anything which will simplify and make permanent
the domestic demand for utility service must be good.
This consumption is always with us, in hard times or
through prosperity, winter or summer, day or night.
Other users of service may shut down when most needed,
may play havoc with the peak load and the coal pile
and demand special concessions in rates, but the domes-
tic demand, especially if reinforced by free maintenance
and inspection, is always with us, and any plan which
improves relations with it and builds it up is certainly
to the advantage of the industry.
Housecleaning
"When mring unkxrks the flowers to paint the huig hing soiK' — Heber
While the housewife is raising the dust and plac-
ing one piece of furniture where the other stood before,
the works' foreman is scowling at the heaps of rub-
bish about the plant and thinking about tidying up a
bit just as soon as the men are not too busy with some-
thing else. He joins the crowd outside the seedsman's
window and plans for a few tulip beds or perhaps a row
of sunflo^J'ers which will later on nod their cheerful
heads over the fence at passers-by. This is the time to
get rid of trash and to make bloom the flowers which
"bring promise of merry sunshine." The man may
claim that he is busy, but so are we all of us, all busy.
It has often been said that if you want a thing done,
go to a busy man and something will happen. A strong
new broom, some turned-up earth, a few seeds planted,
fresh paint, and there is a new outlook on life.
Research
"Seek and ye shall find"
The word sounds well but it still carries with it an
impression of highbrow qualifications and mystery
which is retarding general conviction as to its necessity
in everyday work. Among other benefits arising from
war conditions the increased appreciation of the neces-
sity and value of research was not the least.
A paragraph of Bulletin 25 compiled by the Illinois
Cooperative Mining Investigations announces that the
American Gas Association is collaborating in re-
search work upon gas purification. This is the subject
of the bulletin and* the work had its origin in the desire
of the former U. S. Fuel Administration to meet the
needs of the gas industry in the utilization of poorer
grades of coal, which quite naturally contain more sul-
phur than good gas coal.
The governor of Illinois thereupon appointed a Tech-
nical Committee on Gas, By-products and Public Utili-
ties which included representatives from the Illinois Gas
Association, U. S. Bureau of Mines, University of Il-
linois Experiment Station and the State Geological Sur-
vey. A gas section was created with headquarters at
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April 11, 1921
THE GAS AGE
289
Urbana, 111., and research is now well under way. Bulle-
-tin 25 contains much of value regarding gas purifiers
and their operation but the work has just begun. Liquid
purification as a preliminary or final stage was not
touched upon at any length, although there is much to
be said for it. Probably sulphur purification will be
later supplemented by dust removal, properties of differ-
ent industrial gases and complete gasification. Mixing
of fuels to produce satisfactory coke is pretty well ad-
vanced, but there is enough to be investigated to fur-
nish subjects for research for some time.
The annual report of Charles F. Rand, chairman of
the Engineering Foundation, describes that body as a
national agency "for the furtherance of research in sci-
ence and engineering" and proposes an extension into
an industrial personal research federation. Among the
subjects in which the Foundation is interested are high-
way research and it proposes to see that the billion dol-
lars to be thus spent will be wisely applied. We hope
they will decide on plenty of coal-tar binder for road
construction and repair. The characteristics of gas mix-
tures in relation to liquefaction and separation is another
proposed investigation; also improvements in the utili-
zation of all kinds of fuels and by-products of engineer-
ing works. The purpose of this organization is to in-
fluence research work rather than to conduct research,
although it has been proposed to establish an Engineer-
ing Research Institute and Laboratory for the training
of promising students.
Another phase of research activity is the coordination
of laboratory investigations by the exchange of informa-
tion regarding work in progress and results.. The Na-
tional Academy of Sciences at Washington during war-
time activities appointed a National Research Commis-
sion which was endowed by the Carnegie Foimdation to
the extent of an income of $250,000 per year. They
stimulated research and were regarded as a valuable ad-
jimct for influencing investigation. They are now con-
sidering an extension of their work in the direction of
research information by which the duplication of work
will be avoided and needed information from the labora-
tories be made more readily available. This is the plan
adopted by the American Gas Association and it will no
doubt result in stimulating interest in original investiga-
tion.
The keystone of research is utilization. If the dis-
covery cannot be adapted to anything useful it fails. If
it is valuable but is buried for reasons of expediency it
fails also. It must be useful to someone in order to jus-
tify the work and expense of the investigation. There-
fore any plan which makes available the discoveries of
our research laboratories is a good one for the industry
and an encouragement for research men themselves. The
subject is up for consideration. Let us make this work
a broad-gauged effort to advance the industry rather
than an adjunct to the office of the patent solicitor or
the plaything of some dog-in-the-manger who holds on
to the facts just because they might be useful to some-
one else.
Nothing to Worry Over
One of our contributors became worried over the
possibility of the combustion of all the fuel supply of
the world using up all the oxygen of the atmosphere;
he also tried to account for the apparently warmer weath-
er by the same cause, but now feels more encouraged
with the outlook. After consulting with the foremost
authorities in the several fields he came to the conclu-
sion that the burning of coal would release 35,250,000
billion B.t.u. ; that petroleum and natural gas would
contribute 4,220,000 billion B.t.u.; that wood will add
to this 12,900,000 billion B.t.u., making a grand total
of 52,370,000 billion B.t.u. Then he finds that there
are about 11,850,000,000 billion pounds of air so that
all the heat in the fuel of the world would increase the
temperature of the air surrounding the earth but one
fifty-fourth of one degree Fahrenheit. We are indebted
to Mr. Schaphorst for removing one worry from some-
one's mind.
The Pacific Gas and Electric Co. stockholders num-
bered 15735 on January 1, of whom 12,708 held pre-
ferred stock, and the total number of their seciu-ity
holders exceeds 40,000* Of these, 78 percent live in
CaHfornia and own $42,221,388 worth out of a total of
$69,379,088. The company declares that "the constantly
increasing list of customers and employes who are be-
coming partners in the enterprise, affords an indication
of the confidence with which the investors view the
company's business and its future."
"April Showers^
"Never Touched Me"
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290
THE GAS AGE
April 11, 1921
Financial and Corporate News
California Commission Or-
ders Refund
Los Angeles, Cal. — Because of inefficient
service to its consumers in the city of
Crockett and contiguous territory during
the months of August and September
the Contra Costa Gas Company was today
ordered by the I^lroad Commission to
refund to consumers in and about Crock-
ett 10% of the bills collected on August
and September meter readings. The or-
der is the result of an investigation by
the Commission following the filing of
a complaint by Mrs. Ruth R. Haseltine
and other housewives of the Contra Costa
town. The Commission also handed down
an order on the application by the com-
pany for an increase in rates. The Com-
mission refuses to allow the company a
return of S.4% on its investment, as per
its request, and fixes a new schedule
estimated to 3rield a return of approxi-
mately 7%.
"But," says the Commission, after a
reference to the poor service of the util-
ity as shown by the Crockett case. "The
new rate will not be made effective tmtil
the company has submitted proof and an
inspection by the Commission's gas en-
gineers shows that it is a position to
render service of value which will justify
the rates."
The Commission's engineers found
that the Company's item for cost of oil
for production was excessive, and in es-
timating an allowance for 1921 consump-
tion fixed a limit of 135^ gallons per
thousand feet of gas sold. This reduces
the company's oil claim to $44,520. The
Commission also cut the company's claim
for depreciation from $10,000 to $8,900.
Here are the new rates, effective in the
towns of Antioch, Concord, Martinez,
Pittsburg and Crockett, collectible, how-
ever, only when the service has reached
the standard prescribed by the Commis-
sion:
Grots Net
First 400 cu. ft. or less per meter
per month $1.35 $1.25
Next 3600 cu. ft. per meter per month
per M. cia. ft 2.35 2.25
Next 4000 cu. ft. per meter per mo.
per M. cu. ft. 2.00 1.90
Next 7000 cu. ft. per meter per mo.
per M. cu. ft 1.65
All over 15000 cu. ft. per meter per
mo. per M. cu. ft. 1.40
The net rate is for prompt payment
of bills.
Delaware to Have Commission
Delaware, one of the few remaining
states not having a state public utilities
commission, is taking steps to organize
such a body. In his message to the legis-
lature a few days ago, Gov. Denny said :
"Delaware has reached a stage of de-
velopment that a State Public Utility
Commission should be provided. In no
other way can all the citizens be served
so well as by the supervision through
such a commission. You have only to in-
vestigate the results in other states to
recognize its possible advantage to us."
Demand for Steel Pipe is
Somewhat Improved
New York, April 4 — Demand for steel
pipe for municipal development work
shows improvement. Reports from various
parts of the country indicate many cities
and towns are in earnest in asking for
quotations and in many instances the ton-
nage involved is fairly large. Inquiries
from Detroit are coming piecemeal, but
total improvements under contemplation
involve considerable expenditure. Among
the local inquiries is one from Philadel-
phia for 7,000 feet of 60-inch pipe.
In iron and steel exports, steel pipe is
at present one of the most encouraging
factors, recent pick-up in export inquiry
being confined largely to oil pipe for
Mexico, according to the representative
of a leading export interest.
Refunding Bond Issue
Los Angeles, Cal. — Approving a mort-
gage submitted by the Pacific Gas and
Electric Company, the Railroad Conmiis-
sion, in a supplemental order issued, au-
thorized the company to issue $10,000,000
of bonds (first and reftmding mortgage
7% 20-year gold bonds) in exchange for
$10,000,000 interim certificates sold under
a previous order of the Commission. The
mortgage covers the properties of the
Pacific Gas and Electric Company and
the Mt. Shasta Power Company, a sub-
sidiary company which is carrying on the
work of hydro-electric power develop-
ment on the Pit River, Shasta County.
The Atlanta Gas Light Company, At-
lanta, Ga., has just been accorded an
increase in rates from $1.50 to $2.00 per
thousand for their gas by the state com-
mission.
Gas Rate Increased
The Republic Light & Power company
has been authorized to charge a rate of
$2.35 per 1,000 cubic feet with a discount
of ten cents a 1,000 cubic feet on bills
paid in fifteen days, making a net rate of
$225 for manufacturing gas in Tona-
wanda and North Tonawanda, under an
order of the public service commission.
Interlocking Directorate
Law Proposed
Boston, Mass.,— Henry C. Attwill,
chairman of the Department of Public
Utilities, appeared before the Joint Com-
mittee on Judiciary and asked for legis-
lation to prevent alleged practices op-
erating against the public interest,
through the interlocking of directorates
of public utility companies. Under the
bill, any person identified with a public
utility corporation would be prohibited
from contracting with a company with
which he is also identified, except under
conditions of competitive bidding, or on
the basis of the same service being afford-
ed to public utilities in the same situa-
tion.
Albert E. Pillsbury, counsel for the
Massachusetts Gas Compnaies, said that
he agreed with the purpose of the bill,
which he said, was "to prevent grafting
upon public service corporations from
the inside," but he thought that the bill
would prove inefiicient. He offered a
substitute, which he said would give the
department the power it "asked for."
The bill was also opposed by Frank G.
Lyman of Easthampton and Everett W.
Burdett, counsel for the Massachusetts
Gas and Electric Association.
Cities Service Stock Increase Proposed
New York, April A — The directors of
the Cities Service Company have decided
to recommend to its stockholders for their
approval in their annual meeting on April
26 an increase in its authorized amount of
common stock from $50,000,000 to $100,-
000,000. The purpose of the proposed in-
crease is to provide additional common
stock for regular stock dividends, con-
version of outstanding debentures and
other corporate requirements.
There is outstanding at present $29,-
192,592 principal amount of debentures,
which are convertible part into Cities
Service common and part into Cities Ser-
vice preferred. The company is paying
stock dividends at the rate of 15" per cent
a year on its common stock. Of the pres-
ent authorized common stock, there is
outsUnding $47,985,798.
The stockholders in their meeting will
be asked to approve a contract made by
the company with Henry L. Doherty &
Co. as fiscal and operating agents of the
company, the present contract expiring
on May 1.
Dividend
Central 111. Pub. Ser. pf., q. Mar. 31,
1^2 per cent. Apr. 20.
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April 11, 1921
THE GAS AGE
291
Demands Union Gas Use 12
Million Fund
New York, March 31 — ^Argument on
the motion to confirm the report
of James G. Graham, special master
in the suit started by the Brooklyn
Union Gas Company, which seeks to set
aside the present statutory rate of eighty
cents, was heard yesterday by Judge
Julius M. Mayer in the Federal District
Court. The suit is directed against
Charles D. Newton, State Attorney-Gen-
eral, Alfred M. Barrett, Public Service
Commissioner, and Harry E. Lewis, Dis-
trict Attorney of Kings County.
In his report, Mr. Graham found the
State gas rate law unconstitutional bje-
cause confiscatory, and therefore not al-
lowing the Brooklyn company a proper
return on its investment If the court
confirms the report the gas company will
be free to increase its rates. Under a
court ruling the company tentatively is
charging $1.10 pending the outcome of
its litigation.
Wilbur W. Chambers, State Assistant
Attorney-General, representing the de-
fendants, argued that the company had
accumulated a fund amounting to $12,-
589,976.13 for contingencies, and asked
that the State statute not be declared
confiscatory until that fund is exhausted.
Cities Service Oil Co.
Cities Service Oil Co. has been incor-
porated in Canada and has secured under
lease the plant of Great Lakes Oil & Re-
fining Co. at Wallaceburg, Ont. Crude
oil will be received from the Empire Gas
& Fuel Co.
Denver Gas Bonds Offered
Denver, April 1— A new issue of $1,000,-
000 of the Denver Gas and Electric Light
Company's twenty-five year general mort-
gage 7H per cent gold bonds is being
oflFered by Bonbright & Co., Inc., and W.
C. Langley & Co. for a price to yield more
than 7.85 per cent. The company's net
earnings during the last year were more
than two and one-third times its annual
interest charges on its total funded debt,
including this new issue.
Common Stock Dividend
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. has declared
the regular quarterly dividend of $125 on
the common stock, payable April 15 to
stock of record March 31.
New Gas Rate
Brazil, Ind.— Under the new ruling the
company will charge $225 per 1,000 feet
for the first 5,000 feet, $2.05 for the next
5,000, $1.85 for the next 10,000, $1.65 for
the next 10^000, and $1.45 for all over
50,000. The primary rate was abolished.
Sinclair Oil Jumps Its Earnings 94 Per
Cent
New York, April 6 — Net earnings of
the Sinclair Consolidated Oil Corporation
for 1920 were approximately 94 per cent
higher than in the preceding year, says
the annual income account. The net
surplus available for distribution on capi-
tal stock after all charges, including Fed-
eral taxes, was $18,558,580, equivalent to
$4.74 a share earned on the common
stock after deduction of preferred divi-
dends. In the preceding year the avail-
able surplus was only $9,590,464 or $2.55
a share.
Limit to Gas Price Held Confiscatory
New York, April 1 — Decision was re-
served recently by Federal Judges Henry
G. Ward, Charles M. Hough and Julius
M. Mayer on motions by attorneys for
subsidiary companies of the Brooklyn
Union and Consolidated Gas companies to
declare void the State law limiting the
price of gas.
The cases of the Woodhaven Gas Light
Company, the Richmond Hill and Queens
County Gas Company and the Jamaica
Gas Light Company, subsidiaries of the
Brooklyn company, were heard first.
William N. Dykman, their attorney, bas-
ed his argument on the ground that the
law was confiscatory and also asked for
an injunction restraining Charles D. New-
ton, Attorney-General; Denis O'Leary,
District Attorney of Queens, and Alfred
M. Barrett, Public Service Commissioner,
from enforcing the law.
Mr. Dykman produced many statistics
to prove his contention. He said that the
present cost of gas at the burners or con-
svuners of the three distributing com-
panies is, respectively, $128, $1.30 and
$129. "These costs," he said, "are with-
out any return on investment and they
disregard the gas used by the three com-
panies themselves and the 'unaccounted
for' gas which, in the year 1920, exceeded
10 per cent"
Attorney General to Determine Legality
of Taylor's Petition
Grand Rapids, Mich. — The petition of
C. O. Taylor and other labor men to the
Michigan Public Utilities Commission to
assume control of the local gas rate situ-
ation, taking the controversy out of the
hands of the city commission, now is
before the attorney general of Michigan
for ruling.
$15,000,000 New Gas Bonds
The Public Service Commission ap-
proved, April 1, an issue of $15,000,000 of
10 per cent debentures by the Consolidat-
ed Gas Company of New York. The
bonds are to be sold at par, redeemable
in two years. The proceeds are to re-
place capital used for the acquisition of
securities of subsidiary concerns.
Southern Pacific had Encour-
aging February Report
New York, April 3 — Southern Pacific's
report for February sheds a ray of hope
on the railway situation. Although the
increase in gross revenue was not suffi-
cient to offset the higher rates in effect,
thus indicating that volume of traffic was
still somewhat less than at the same time
last year, the fact that there was an actual
increase in revenue amounting to 5.5% is
rather encouraging after the decided de-
crease shown by Union Pacific.
The great improvement in net operating
income — $1,872,842 against a deficit of
$275,679 in February, 1920— was due
chiefly, however, to heavy cuts in main-
tenance outlays.
Gas Rate Increased
Columbus, 0., April 5 — A gas rate of 45
to 65 cents per thousand cubic feet will
become effective here July 12, following
passage by the city council of a gas ordi-
nance over which a bitter fight has been
waged since last spring. The old rate
charged by the Federal Gas and Fuel
company and Columbus Gas and Fuel
company, the distributing concerns, was
thirty cents per thousand. The ordinance
is effective for three years.
Under the terms of the ordinance, the
first 10,000 feet of gas consumed will cost
the householder 45 cents; the second 10,-
000, 55 cents, and all over 20,000 65 cents.
L. B. Denning, president of the Ohio
Fuel Supply company, the producing con-
cern, and T. J. Jones and E. L. Taylor,
presidents of the two distributing com-
panies, announced at the meeting that the
new rate was acceptable to them.
Haverhill Gas Light Rate Increased
Boston, Mass., April 1 — ^The Depart-
ment of Public Utilities has authorized
Haverhill Gas Light Company to charge
$1.30 per thousand cubic feet net for gas
sold in Haverhill and $1.55 net per thou-
sand cubic feet for gas sold in the towns
of Merrimac and Groveland. This is an
increase from $1.15 and $1. 40.
By-Products Coke Project
Proceeds from the sale of $4,000,000
of mortgage bonds and $5,000,000 of 9 per
cent preferred stock by the By-Products
Coke Corporation will be used to pay for
improvements and retire outstanding
notes, it was annotmced recently.
Gas Rates to Drop
York, Pa., — Grier Hersh, president of
the York Gas company, appeared before
council at a recent meeting with the an-
nouncement that the company had filed
a new schedule of rates effective April
1, with the public service commission, by
which rates on gas would be reduced five
cents on 1,000 cubic feet.
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THE GAS AGE
April 11, 1921
Indiana Gas Assoeiation An-
nual Meeting
Mr. E. J. Burke, secretary of the as-
sociation announces that the 1921 Con-
vention of the Indiana Gas Association
will be held at the West Baden Springs
Hotel, West Baden, Indiana, Monday and
Tuesday, April 25th and 26th.
Members are urged to bring their wives
this year. They will enjoy the beauties
of these famous resorts and find plenty
of amusements at all times. Our enter-
tainment committee, composed of I. C.
Shepard, R. A. Ziegler and Frank Dick,
has in preparation special plans for the
entertainment of the ladies both during
the day and in the evening. Further an-
nouncements will be issued from time to
time, but we would suggest that you mark
your calendar now for Monday and
Tuesday, April 25th and 26th. If you
care to take advantage of the week end
just previous to the meeting why not
leave home on Friday or Saturday and
enjoy a Httle vacation without great loss
of time from your business.
A formal program will be issued later,
however, as an advanced notice we pre-
sent to you the following list of papers
to be presented:
"Service" by Chas. Henry Mcintosh,
Business Manager of LaSalle Extension
Institute of Chicago, 111.
"Practical Results of Distribution of
Lower B.t.u. Gas" by Alfred I. PhilUps
of the American Gas Association, New
York.
"Modern Commercial Activities" by
Gea A. Neal, Manager Northern Indiana
Gas and Electric Company, Michigan City,
Ind.
"Natural Law, Statute Law and Gas
Service" by Warren S. Blauvelt, President
Indiana Coke and Gas Co., Terre Haute,
Ind.
"EiEciency in OfBce Management" by
Ernest Johnston, Ai^ditor for th^ Syra-
cuse Lighting Company, Syracuse, N. Y.
Stc«p« Pipet are Required by Com^
miMjion
Albany, Ala., April 1 — Gas patrons of
the Alabama Water Company are being
notified by the company of a recent ruling
of the Alabama Public Service Commis-
sion that the company shall not be re-
quired to furnish gas service to persons
using any gas heaters not equipped with
vent pipes to carry off all products of
combustion arising from the use of the
heater.
The regulation was adopted by the com-
mission as a protection to gas consumers
throughout the state, experience having
shown that all instantaneous gas water
heaters are dangerous to human life un-
less they are provided with an adequate
vent pipe to carry to the outside air all
poisonous products caused by combustion,
the company's statement declared.
Two im One
Missouri Association of Public Utili-
ties— ^Pres., L. P. Andrews, Sedalia City
Water Co.; sec.-treas., F. D. Beardslee,
Union Electric Lt. and Pr. Co., St. Louis,
Mo., announce a joint meeting with the
Kansas City Electric Show, to be held in
Kansas City April 21-23.
In order to make the trip more con-
genial, arrangements are being made for
a private car on the Wabash, leaving St.
Louis 2 P. M., Wednesday, April 20, ar-
riving Kansas City 9.30 P. M.
Delegates passing through or leaving
St. Louis should notify H. Spoehrer,
chairman entertainment committee, 315
N. 12 St., St. Louis, Mo.
All Aboard for Cincinnati
New York, April 1— Special service for
gas men. "The New York Central Rail-
road" announce that they will operate
special sleeping cars on the South West-
em Limited leaving New York at 4:30
p m., Sunday, May 15th, arriving Cincin-
nati 11 :10 a. m. the next morning.
On Sunday, May 13th, this train will
be known as the Natural Gas Associa-
tion of America Special.
The advantage of this opportunity for
a "get-together" of members before the
meeting is at once apparent, especially
for the fact that the members will have
exclusive use of these cars.
The railroad fare from New York to
Cincinnati is $29.14, excess fare account
fast time of this train, $2.59; lower
berth $8.10; upper berth $6.48; drawing
room $29.16.
It is necessary that members make
application for Pullman reservations and
tickets to Mr. Neil Mooney, Assistant
General Passenger Agent, New York
General Passenger Agent, New York
Central Railroad, Room 2509, Grand Cen-
tral Terminal as soon as possible so that
proper Pullman equipment may be ar-
ranged for.
Rathbone, Sard & Company, manufac-
turers of "Acorn" gas ranges are moving
their general offices from Albany, N. Y.,
to Aurora, 111., from which their general
business will be conducted in the future.
Gaa on Sliding Seale
Buffalo, N. Y., April 1— The Public
Service Commission approved a new
schedule of rates for Iroquois natural gas
in Buffalo. Lackawanna, Olean and Alle-
gany. The schedule calls for pasrment for
gas on a sliding scale, ranging from 47
cents per 1,000 cubic feet a month up to
and including 5,000 feet, to 11 cents per
1,000 cubic feet in excess of 15,000 feet per
month. In addition a service charge of
50 cents a month is called for, with a two
per cent discoimt for bills paid before th?
specified time.
Joint New Jers^, P^msylva-
nia Gas Association Meeting
Mr. N. O. Lamson, Jr., Chester, Pa.,
secretary of the Pennsylvania Gas As-
sociation annotmces the following pro-
gram for the joint meeting.
The 13th annual meeting of the Penn-
sylvania Gas Association will be held at
Philadelphia, April 13th-15th, 1921. Head-
quarters, Hotel Adelphia.
Wednesday, April 13th, 10 A. M. Ad-
dress of Welcome. Address, *Thc Train-
ing and Retaining of Men." Dr. Hollis
Godfrey, president Drexel Institute, Phil-
adelphia, Pa. Address by Representative
of American Gas Association.
Wednesday, April 13th, 2 P. M. "Steam
Pollution." C. A. Emerson, Ch. Eng.
Penna. State Dept. of Health, N. R. Bul-
ler, Comm. Penna. State Dept. of Fish-
eries. '*Value to the Gas Company of its
Industrial Fuel Business and Ways and
Means for Securing and Retaining this
Class of Business." Wm. A. Elhlers, In-
dustrial Fuel Engineer, American Gas
Association.
Wednesday, April 13th, 6.30 P. M. An-
nual Dinner, Hotel Adelphia.
Thursday, April 14th, 10 A. M. Ad-
dress, Hon. George Wilder Cartwright of
California through the courtesy of Indus-
trial Relations Committee, Philadelphia
Chamber of Commerce. Paper: ''What
sort of Publicity does the Gas Industry
Need Most at this Time?" Leake Carra-
way, Norfolk, Va.
Thursday, April 14th, 2 P. M. Annual
outing to Three Tuns Inn, where supper
will be served.
Friday, April 15th, 10 A. M. Debate :
"Resolved, That the policy of merchan-
dising gas appliances on the part of Gas
Companies should be so shaped as to in-
duce all possible dealers to push aggres-
sively the sale of gas appliances."
The New Jersey State Gas Association
will hold its Spring Meeting jointly with
the Pennsylvania Gas Association.
Cities Serrice
Public Utilities Commission of Wy-
oming has granted rate increases affect-
ing gas and steam heating departmeats
of Cheyenne Light, Fuel & Power Co.,
subsidiary of Cities Service Co. Officials
estimate that gross of the gas depart-
mect will be increased 30 per cent* and
steaai heating departments 37 per cent
by the advance.
Will Form Ifew Gas Company
New York, April 1 — The Louisiana Gas
Distribution Corporation will be organ-
ized at Monroe, La., by New York and St
Louis and Boston capitalists, with $10,000-
000 capital President F. F. Curteeze, of
the Erie Gtobe Iron Works, Eric, Pa., is
one of the organizers.
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April 11, 1921
THE GAS AGE
293
Gas Assoeiations and Market News
f r>HE f crowing list covert the officers
X of the principal gas assodadons, the
address of the secretary, and the date and
place of the annnal roeethig.
Peaassrlrattit Oaf Anodatioii— Pret., J. H.
Keppelman. Reading, Pa.; tec.-trcaa., W. O.
Lamson. Jr., West Chester, Pa. Convention,
April 13-15. 1921, in Philadelphia, Pa.
latisaa Oas Assoctetton-Pres., W. W. Good-
rich, Winchester, Ind. : tec.-treas.. E. J. Burke,
Citizens Gas Co., InaianspoKs, ind. Conyen-
tioa April 25-26, 1921, West Baden Springs. Ho-
tel, West Baden, Ind.
Iowa District Gat Assodatloa^Iowa. Nebras-
ka. Soath Dakota— Pres., W. W. Taylor, Omaha.
Neb.; sec.-treas., H. R. Sterrett, Des Moines
Gas Co., Des Moines, Ta. Convention. April
20-21, Hotel Fort Des Moines, Des Moines, la.
Few tetey Slate Gas Astodatioii— Pres. F.
R. Cufcheon. Long Branch, N. J.; sec-treas.,
Harold C. Mason, P.O. Box 535, IJMig Branch,
N. J. Convention, fourth week in April, 1921.
Fatnrml Gas Assoclatioii of America— Pres., H.
Hoover, Cincinnati, Ohio: sec-treas., Wm. B.
Way» 904-5 Oliver Bldy., Pittsburah, Pa. Con-
vention. May 16-20, Cincinnati, O.
Sonthwestem Electrical and Gas AsaocUtftaa
— Pres., A. Hardgrave. Dallas, Texas; sec.. H.
S. Cooper. Slaughter Bldg., Dallas, Tex.; treas.,
J. B. Walker. Conrention, May 18-21, 1921,
Hotel Galvez. Galveston, Texas.
Qairtlifa Oas Asssctstles— Pres., E. C Stot-
hari. Charleston, S. C; sec.-treas., George H.
Smith, Norfolk, Va. Convention, May 31-June
2. Savannah. Ga.
Canadiao Gas Associstlos— Pres., C S. Ban.
Montreal, Que.; 1st vice-pres., E. H. Caughell,
St. Thomas. Ont.; 2nd vice-pres.. Col. D. R.
Street, Ottawa. Ont.; sec.-tr., G. W. Allen, 19
Toronto St., Toronto, Ont. Convention, Aug.
3S-26, Windsor Hotel, Montreal.
PsciAc CossI Gas ASMdatiMi-Pres.. William
M. Kapus, Portland. Ore.; sec.-treas., W. M.
Henderson, 445 Sutter St, San Francisco, Calif.
Convention, September 20-23 inc., Del Monte.
California.
9o«tli Central Gas Assectetlon— Pres., C B.
McKinney. Dallas. Tex.: first vi«e-pres., F. L.
Weisser, San Antonio, Tex.; second vice-pres.,
Fred C. Armbmater, Shreveport, La.; acting
sec.-treas., C. H. Seidenglanz, Dallas. Texasi
Convention, October 4.
Ohio Ofl and Gas Men's Association— Pres..
fames W. McMahon: sec-treas.. William H.
Thompson. 811 New First National Bank Bldg..
Columbus. Ohio. Convention, October, Colum-
bus. O.
American Gas Association- Pres.. Charles A.
Monroe, Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co., Chica-
no. 111.; sec -man.. Oscar Fogg. 128 E. Fifteenth
St.. New York. Convention, Chicago, Nov. 7-12,
1921.
South Central Gas Assoclation-Pres., C. B.
McKinney, Dallas, .Texas; sec-treas., C. H.
Seidengknz, 1501 Commerce St., Dallas, Texas.
Convention, Oct. 11-13.
Empire State Gas A Electric Association—
Pres., H. W. Peck, Schenectady, N. Y., sec. C
H. B. Chapin, 29 W. 39th St.. New York, N. Y.
West Vlnlnln Fatnral Gas AssocUtlon— Pres..
H. A. Wallace, Charleston, W. Va.; sec.-treas.,
Edwin Robinson, Fairmont, W. Va.
Mlchlnn Gas AssocUtlonr-Pres., John W.
Batten, Detroit, Mich.; sec-treas., A. G. Schroe-
der. Grand Rapids Gas Light Co., Grand Rap-
ids, Mich.
Vow EngUnd Association of Oas Englnseis
Pres., Burton Smart, Portland, Me.; vice-pres.,
V. E. Bird; vice-pres., R. E. Wyant; sec, John
L. Tudbury, Salem, Mass.
OUahema UtUltles AssocUtlon-Pres.. T. W.
Shartel. Oklahoma City; manager, H. A. Lane,
1107 First National Bank Bldg., Oklahoma Qty,
Okla.
Onlld of Oas Managers— Pres., H. K. Morrison,
Lynn, Mass.; sec, C R. Prichard. Beverly,
Mass.
nUnols Gas Association— Pres.. H. H. Clark.
Chicago, 111.; sec.-treas., R. V. Prather, 72 W.
Adams St.. Chicago, 111.; R. V. Prather, 305
DeWitt Smith Bldg., Springfield, 111.
Wisconsin Gas Assodstlon— Pres.. Bruno
Rahn, Milwaukee. WU.; vice-pres., A. F. Dav-
ev, Sheboygan, Wit.; sec-tr., Henry Harman,
Vb Wiacontln St., Mitwaideee; Wis.
Report
The followiag quotation* are made by leadiaf
interesta. Reductions in prices since the last
iaene are indicated by an asterisk (*)t and
advancea in prices indicated by a dagger (t).
Cast Iisn Plfo
New York quotes: 6-in. and heavier, per toa
I63J0. 4-in. $73J0; 3-in. $B3J0 and $4.Q0 addi-
tional for Class A and gas pipe.
Chicago quotes, f.e.b. Chicafo ex-war tax as
iolk>ws: Water pipe, 4-in., $69.10; 6-in and
larger $64.10; Class A and gas pipe, $4 extra.
WrsnffhtPlpe
The following discounts are to jobbers for
carload lota on the Pittsbargh basing card:
Butt Weld Steel, black: ^ H and Hio.. 50$^;
^in., 54^; ^ to 3 in., 57^.
Butt Weld Steel, galvanized: H, }i and H
in.. 34; Hin., 40; H to 3 in.. 44.
Biftt Weld Iron, black: Mia., 15M: >4 in.. M^;
H to min.. 29^; 2 and 2^in., 33^.
Butt Weld Iron, galvanised: H and $<ia.. -f2S;
Hin., IIH; ^in.. ^; H to 13Hin.» 9^; 1 and
^in., 1754.
Up Weld Steel, black: 2 in., SQ^; 2^ to S in.,
S3^; 7 to 12 in., 50^; 13 and 14 in., 41; 15 in..
Lap Weld Steel, gntvamxed: 2 in., 3S; 94 to 6
in., 41; 7 to 12 in., 37.
Lap Weld Iron, black: l)4in.. 24^; Iliin., 31>4;
2 to 2yi., 25i4i 3 to 6 in., V^; 7 to 13 in., mi
Lap Weld Iron, galvaniaed: tH in., 9^; 134in.,
17^; 2 to 3H., l\H; 3 to 6 in., I4H; 7 to I2ln.,
im.
Butt Weld Steel, cxtxm strong, plain ends.
Mack: H* M and fi in., 4$^; Ml". 5H<; X to
1H in., 55H; 2 to 3 in., 56^
Butt Weld Steel, extra tttnng, plain ends,
galvanized: H, H and Hln^ »; Kin., 39; H
tomin.. 43;2to3{n.. 44.
Butt Weld, Iron, extra strong, plain ends,
black: H in., 13^; H >n., 13^; K in., 23)4; H
to IK in.. 29K; 3 and 2K in., 34^.
Butt Weld Iron, extra strong, plain ends, gal-
vanized: K in., 46K; H in., 3K; K in., IQK; H
to IK in., 14K; 2 and 2^ in., 19K.
Lap Weld Steel, extra strong, plain ends,
black; 2 in.. 48K: ^ to 4 in., 51K; 4K to 6 in.
50^; 7 to 8 in., 4^; 9 to 12 in., 4lK.
Lap Weld Steel, extra strong, plain ends,
galvanized: 2 in., 37; ^ to 4 in., 40; ^ to 6 in.,
39; 7 to 8 in.. 33; 9 to 12 in., 28.
Lap weld Iron, extra strong, plain ends, black:
IK in., 21K; IK in., 27K; 2 to 2^., 2S^; 3 to 4
in., 28K. "^ to 6 in., 27K; 7 to 8 in., 19K; 9 to
12 in., 14^.
Lap Weld Iron, extra strong, plain ends gal-
vanized: IK in., «K; IK in-t 13K; 2 to 2^., 13K;
3 to 4 in., 16K; 4K to 6 in., 15K; 7 to 8 in^ 7K;
9 to 12 in., 2K.
To the large jobbing trade an additional 1. 5
and 2K per cent is allowed over the above dis-
counts, which are subject to the usual varia-
tions in weight of 5 per cent.
Stmctarsl Steel
For structural steel at the mill, Pittsburgh.
Pa., the following quotations are made:
Bars, per 100 U)8 $2.00
Angles, 3 to 6 in., K in. thick, 100 lbs. . . 2.00
Tees, 3 in. and larger, 100 lbs 2.00
Rivets, K in. and larger, 100 lbs '3.70
Beams and channels up to 15 in. per
100 lbs 2.10
K in. and heavier sheared plates, per 100
lbs ^2.00
Sheets, No. 28 black, per 100 Iba. 3.85
Sheets. No. 10 blue annealed, per 100 lbs. 3.00
Sheets. No. 28 galvanized, per 100 lbs. .. 5.00
For painted corrugated sheets add 30 cents
per 100 Iba., for 25 to 28 |[auge; 25 cents for 19
to 24 gauge. For galvanized cormgated sheets
add 15 eents all gaogca.
GaanelaviUe, Pa., quotes at ovens:
Csks
Furnace coke, prompt $*4.00
Furnace coke, future •5.75
Foundry ooke, prompv S.90
Foundry coke, ttiture 6.00
Buffalo N. Y., Quotes:
72-hour Conneilsville foundry $7.00
4fr4ioin: furnace '"*
OssOfl
34-40 deg. Penn .*.... gal.
32-36 deg. at wells, Texas gal.
32-36 deg. Okla gal.
Water ga* diecker brick:
F.o.b. Perth Amboy, N. J., per 1000 . .|« f
F.o.b. Qenrfield, Pa., per 1800
F.o.b. St. Louis. Mo., per 1000
Silica brick, Mt. Union, Fa., per 1000 S5
Silica brick, ML Union, Pa., per lOQO S5 r
Refractories
Bauxite brick, 56% Al, f.oJ>. Pittsburgh $ 160
Chrome brick, f.o.b. Eastern shipping
pointa W-WO
Chrome cement. 40-50% Cra09 45-50
Chrome cement. 40-45 % CraOs. sacks in car
lots, f.o.b. Eastern shipDingpoinU -55
Fireclay brick, 1st quality, 9-in. shapes,
f.oJ>. Pennsylvania, Ohio and Kentucky
works 55- 60
Fireclay brick, 2nd quality, 9-in. shapes,
f.o.b. Pennsylvania, Ohio and Kentucky
works 45-50
Magnesite brick, 9-in. straight 100
Magnesite brick, 9»in. arches, wedges
and keys W
Magnesite brick, soaps and splits 120
Silica brick, 9-in. sizes, f.o.b. Chicago
district 65-70
Silica brick, 9-in. sizes, f.o.b. Birming-
ham district 56-61
Silica brick, 9-in. sizes. f.o.b. Mt. Union.
Pa, 50.«
Cslktec Mstwlsls
Quotations f.o.b. Mew York, are:
Tarred or untarred Eagle Jote^ packing
rope in 50 or 100 lb. coils, per We ;... 6c
Plumbers Spun Onknm, In bales of SO Ibo.
each, per bale •••.;• 2.75
Pig Lead. New York. N. Y., per 100 lb. . . N.OO
BitmninoiM Coal— Net Tons, P.03. Mines
Current Quotations— Spot Prices,
Cbal Market Qaoted Price
Low VolstllOk BssCsm
Pocahontas mine nan .... Columbus ^*^'S
Pocahontas lump Columbus 5^
Pocahontas mine mn .... Chicago t4.15
Pocahontas lump Chicago t4.75
PocahonUs mine mn .... Boston 5.60
Pool 1 New York •3.10
Pool 1 Philadelphia t3.50
Pool 1 Baltimore 3.00
Clearfields mine mn .... Boston 2.00
Somersets mine mn Boston 2.40
Pools 10. 11 New York 2.15
Pools 10, 11 Baltimore 2.25
Pools 10, 11 Philadelphia •2.00
Pool 18 New York 12.85
Pool 18 Philadelphia t3.25
Pool 18 Baltimore t2.75
niA VolatUe, Eastern
Pittsburgh mine run .... Pittsburgh 2.00
Ptttsborgh scM. gas Pittsburgh 2.75
Kanawha mine run Columbus t2.35
Kanawha lump Columbus •3.25
Hocking mine run Columbus •2.00
Hocking lump Columbus ^3.25
Pitts. No, 8 mine ron .... Cleveland t2.20
PitU. No. 8 luaip Cleveland 3.25
Pool 34 (54, 64) Philadelphia •1.75
Pool 34 (54, 64) New York 2.00
Pool 34 (54, 64) Baltimore 2.00
Midwest
Franklin, HI., mine mn .. Chicago t3.25
Franklin, HI., lump Chicago t3.45
Central 111. mine mn .... Chicago t2.00
Central HI., Inmp Chicago t2.75
Ind. 4th Vein, mine mn .. Chicago 2.25
Ind. 4th Vein, lump Chicago 2.75
Ind. 5th Vein, mine mn .. Chicago 2.25
Ind. 5th Vein, limip Chicago 2.25
Standard mine mn St. Louis *1.75
Standard lump St. Louis •2.40
West Ky^ mine mn Louisville t2.50
West Ky., lump Louisville ^2.75
South
Big Seam mine ran Birmingham 270
Big Seam lump Birmingham *3iK)
S. £. Ky., mine mn Louisville ^2.50
S. E. Ky.^ tamp Loniaville ^.40
Kansas mine run Kanass City 4.50
Kansas lump ICanaas City 5,50
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294
THE GAS AGE
April 11, 1921
Men in the Industry
J. M. Lane has recently been appointed
acting gas engineer of the Public Utilities
Commission of Illinois. He has been as-
sociated with the Commission for the past
six years, and during that time has been
engaged in making appraisals and rate
investigations of gas properties in Il-
linois.
Prank W. Fnieauff has succeeded J. C.
McDowell as president of the Berea Pipe
Line Co., Berea, Ohio, and the Medina
Gas & Fuel Co., Wooster, Ohio.
George J. Blanton, who for the past
four years has been connected with the
engineering sale^ department of Chain
Belt Company, Milwaukee, has been made
New York district manager. Before join-
ing the "Rex family" in 1917, Mr. Blan-
ton was associated with the General
Electric Company for eight years, three
of which were spent in Schenectady, New
York, and the other five in the Milwau-
kee office. Mr. Blanton has had a broad
experience in engineering sales work and
has comprehensive practical knowledge
of the chain industry. Since Mr. Blanton
has been with Chain Belt Company he
has figured prominently in the largest in-
stallation of traveling water screens yet
on record besides various conveying in-
stallations all over the country. Mr.
Blanton is a graduate of the University of
Michigan, department of mechanical and
electrical engineering, class 1909. He will
leave immediately to take charge of the
company's offices at 50 Church Street,
New York City.
W. A. Dttnkley, formerly gas engineer
with the Illinois State Geological Sur-
vey, has been appointed gas engineer and
acting superintendent of the Mining Ex-
periment Station, of the U. S. Bureau of
Mines at Urbana, Illinois.
C. D. Bond has joined the selling or-
ganization of Geffine and Palmer, 220
Devonshire St., Boston. Mr. Bond was
formerly with the Old Colony Gas Co.,
and recently with the Boston Consoli-
dated Gas Co.
F. J. Gartland has succeeded Warren T.
Bulkley as superintendent of the Danbury
& Bethel Gas & Electric Light Co., Dan-
bury, Conn.
J. J. Fagan is now sales manager of the
Danbury (Conn.) & Bethel Gas & Elec-
tric Light Co., succeeding W. P. Guinan.
C. M. Duffield is now the managing
director of the City Gas Co., of London,
Ontario, occupying the position formerly
held by W. L. Duffield.
Horace H. Clark, the new president of
the Illinois Gas Association is a **Utility
Man," he gained his experience on vari-
ous rungs of the utility ladder. He first
entered the gas business with the La-
clede Gas Light Co., of St. Louis, in 1902,
and worked in various departments as
draftsman, cadet engineer, chemist, and
street foreman. He served the "Insull"
interests, as chemist at the Oak Park Gas
Works of the Northwestern Gas Light
& Coke Co. and later became assistant
superintendent. He became engineer of
gas distribution with that company when
it became managed by the Public Service
Company of Northern Illinois. In 1915,
Horace H. Clark
he became the first industrial gas engineer
of the Public Service Co., which position
he now has with The Peoples Gas Light
& Coke Co., of Chicago.
Mr. Clark has devoted his time in every
way possible to the development of the
gas industry. He has been associated
with the national gas associations for
thirteen years, and for eight years was
secretary and treasurer of the Illinois
Gas Association, and then ih 1919 he was
its vice president.
He has found that it pays in the indus-
trial gas field to keep in touch with "the
other fellow's business." He does this
by being affiliated with the following
leading engineering societies : The Amer-
ican Institute of Mining & Metallurgical
Engineers, The Western Society of En-
gineers, The American Chemical Society,
The American Society for Steel Treat-
ing, and The American Ceramic Society.
His papers on gas fired furnaces for
vitreous enameling read before The
American Ceramic Society are valuable
additions to the Society's literature.
Mr. Clark inherited some of his inter-
est in the gas business from his father,
Mr. J. C. D. Clark, commercial manager
of the Boston Consolidated Gas Co., who
is a member of the New England Associ-
ation of Gas Engineers and who recently
addressed that body in Boston. John C.
Clark, the new president's brother, is vice
president of the Sprague Meter Co.
Mr. Clark was born in Chicago in 1885
and married an Illinois girl — Miss Floy
E. Hemphill of Monticello — they reside
in Oak Park, which is a suburb of Chi-
cago.
Chas. F. Bartlett, father of C. E. Bart-
lett, died from la grippe on March 12th.
He was ill three weeks. C. E. Bartlett
is connected with Bartlett & Co., the
Philadelphia agents of Ruud Mfg. Co.
J. B. Scheefers of Oklahoma City has
been employed by the Oklahoma Corpora-
tion Commission as gas and electrical
engineer for that body. He began his
new duties March 21. Mr. Scheefers
formerly had charge of the electrical and
mechanical engineering work of Morris
and Company, packers at Oklahoma City,
and later was connected with the United
Electric Company of that city. He fills a
place on the commission that has been
vacant since last June.
CoL Oscar H. Fogg, secretary-manager
of the American Gas Association, will
in the future spend one week of each
month in Chicago with President Charles
A. Munroe in connection with association
matters.
E. D. V. Dickey, formerly of Roanoke,
Va., is now manager of the Citizen's Gas
Company, Hannibal, Mo.
George W* Borton, president of the
Pennsylvania Crusher company of Phila-
delphia, Penna., sailed recently on the
"Aquitania," for a brief trip to Great
Britain and the continent.
Mr. Borton will combine business with
pleasure by visiting the principal indus-
trial districts of Great Britain, France
and Belgium.
W. B. Roberts, formerly secretary and
treasurer of the Southern Iowa Electric
Co., Osceola, la., has been made vice-
president of the company.
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April 11, 1921
THE GAS AGE
295
Construction News
Improvements for Atlanta
Mr. R. C. Congdon, manager gas de-
partment of the Georgia Railway and.
Power Co., plans a construction campaign
for this year as follows: 'The improve-
ments we contemplate for this year are : a
new lift water gas set having a capacity
of three and one-half million; new puri-
fying boxes having a capacity of two and
one half million, new two story building
to cover new compressors and steam tur-
bine pushers, and to provide a dining
room, locker, and bath room for the white;
men. We have also provided a locker and
bath room for the colored men. We re-
cently extended our intermediate high
pressure system a distance of several
miles to increase the pressure in the
northwestern part of Atlanta. We are
now engaged in laying mains, installing,
fi^ovemor stations for the purpose of-
transforming low pressure system to in-,
termediate system in a large territory in.
the western part of the city, and also,
numerous other trunk main extensions
which we will make this year for the pur-
pose of bettering pressure conditions in
outlying districts."
Condenser!
LawrenceviUe, III. — Another steel con-
denser pan and a number of towers have'
been received here to be used by the
Indian Refining Company. They were,
fabricated by The Western Gas Con-
struction Company.
Relief Holder
Green Bay, Wis. — ^The local plant of.
the Wisconsin Public Service Company
is now making use of a 40,000 cu. ft. re-
lief holder, which was recently completed
for them by The Western Gas Con-,
struction Company.
New Purifiers
Ft Atkinson, Wis.— A recent contract
placed by the City Officials with The
Western Gas Construction Company in-
cludes two purifiers 15 ft. 0 in. diameter,
a No. 4 "Western" P. & A. tar extractor,
and a large quantity of valves and piping,
inrhich will be needed in the complete re-
arrangement of the plant.
Gas Holder
Kenosha, Wis.— Two gas holders, each
5.000 cu. ft. capacity, have just been
finished here for the Indiana Oxygen
Company of Indianapolis.
These holders were built by The West-
ern Gas Construction Company.
More Connelly Governors Sold
The Portland Gas & Coke Co., has
bought a thirty inch tandem Connelly
governor.
The" Georgia Railway & Power Co.,
has bought five type 550 Connelly district
governors.
These companies were very much
pleased with the prompt filUng and de-
livering of these orders.
Goiustruction in Los Angeles
Los Angeles, Cal,, April 5 — To secure
funds: with which to reimburse its treas-
ury for construction expenditures and
to meet further expenditures needed for
betterments and improvements to its sys-
tem the Southern California Gas Company
has applied to the Railroad Commission
for authority to make a bond issue of
$1,500,000. The company proposes shortly
to increase its bonded indebtedness to $25,-
000,000, a meeting for stockholders for
that purpose having been called for April
5th. The Southern California Gas com-
pany operates in Orange, Los Angeles,
San Bernardino, Santa Barbara and Ven-
tura counties.
Even in China
The South Manchuria Railway Co.,
Gas Department, Dairen, China, recently
wrote The Gas Age as follows: "We
shall be obliged if you will kindfy send
us your Gas Engineering and Appliance
Catalogue." Your letter on their file
might mean an order.
Combustible Gas Fields
Moscow, Russia, — In the districts of
Cherny and Kammeny Yar (Tsaritsyn
government) enormous gas fields have
been found with combustible gas, which
may profitably be used in the electrifica-
tion of the districts. In the Bilsk dis-
trict (Ufa government) near Shamra-
tovy village, an oil-bearing area, several
hundred kilometers in extent, has also
been found.
Buys New Quarters
J. B. Slattery & Bros., Inc., are moving
from their present location at 108 Law-
rence St., to 118-120 Sanford St., Brook-
lyn on April 1. They manufacture the
Economic line of room heaters, gas fired
steam radiators, gas cookers, and hot
plates. , ,
Gas Bench Construction
The Gas Machinery Co. of Qevdand,
Ohio, has received orders for installing
bench fillings with stop end retorts at
Waukesha, Wis., and Lincoln, 111., orders
for benches of through sixes at Can-
andaigua, N. Y., and Bellefontaine, Ohio,
orders for benches of through 8*8 at Cam-
bridge, Mass., and orders for benches of
inclined retorts at Lynn, Mass., San Juan,
Porto Rico, Mobile, Ala., and X^harlotte,
N. C
All of the above orders include sec-
tional silica retorts and settings of ^e
most modem design.
Gas Reversing Value
North Adams, Mass. — Gas men who
visited the A. G. A. Conventi6n will re-
call the new gas reversing valve for
purifiers exhibited by The Western Gas
Construction Company. Six of sudi
valves together with other valves and fit-
tings are now in service at the plant of
the North Adams (Mass.) Gas Company.
A system of standard gate valves and
fittings will enable the boxes to be oper-
ated in series, with any one first
In addition to this, these special revers-
ing valves will permit the reversal of
direction of flow of the gas through any
box without disturbing the sequence of
the boxes.
The contract was placed through the
Gas and Electric Improvement Company
of Boston.
Purifiers Installed
Appleton, Wis. — Plans are announced
for the improvement of the local plant of
the Wisconsin Traction, Light, Heat and
Power Company.
At the present time the improvements
will consist of two steel purifiers 20 ft
0 in. diameter, two 6ft. 0 in. diameter
scrubbers, a new exhauster, a new relief
holder, and a large ainount of piping,
used in completely rearranging the plant
The contract for all the above apparatus
has been placed with The Western Gas
Construction Company.
Wants By-Product Plant
E. M. Richards, English gas engi-
neer, writes us as follows: I am here
from England to demonstrate a cooking
process to some gentlemen in Chicago.
As I am putting up a plant at Hammond,
Ind., I can naturally make very good
use of your Gas Engineering & Appliance
Catalogue. I have immediate need of a
small by-product plant
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THE GAS AGE
April 11, 1921
What Happened to Prices
During the Last Six Years
By GEO. W. PARKER
The Russell Engineering G>. has sent
out a letter containing the following
tkms, O indicates $20.00 per ton in the
New York market and pig iron price fluc-
tuations, O indicates No. 2 Southern,
f950 per ton, Birmingham market
In curve two the solid line gives labor
price fluctuations. O indicates average
Prices During the Last Six Tears
curves which are very interesting. The
solid and dotted lines in curve one, num-
bering from top to bottom, indicate re-
spectively: cast iron pipe price fluctua-
of 20 cents per hour for entire country,
paid common labor employed on con-,
struction work. The dotted line is ce-
ment price fluctuations. O is $1.02 per
barrd, exdosive of bags, Qiicago mar-
ket.
Curve three gives by the solid line fire
brick prices, O shows No. 1 quality, $16.00
per thousand, St Louis market The
other line is common bride, O is $5.00
per thousand in car loads. New York
market
The solid line in curve five shows
structural steel prices, O is $1.10 per hun-
dred pounds, Pittsburg^ market The
dotted Kne is standard bbdc pipe price
fluctuations, O is 82% (fiscoont in the
Pillsbuign maneet
The compoate price curve five is in-
dicated at the bottom; it gives the price
fluctuations of labor and die other com-
modities shown in this cut
This letter concludes with a very ap-
propriate sentence. "We are with you
in planning the work and in working the
plant."
Mr. Stannard to Tour Europe
Denver, Colo., April 5.— The Denver
Rotary Club, at a recent meeting unani-
mously elected Qare N. Stannard, new
business manager of the Denver Gas ft
Electric Light company, as the del^ate
to represent the Qub at the International
convention of Rotarians to be held next
June in Edinburgh, Scotland.
Mr. and Mrs. Stannard will leave New
York on June first, sailing on the S. S.
Cameronia of the Cunard line. After
the convention, they will tour Scotland,
England, Bdgium, Alsace-Lorrain,
Switzerland, Italy and France, visiting
the principal points of interest London,
Paris, Rome, Venice, Monte Carlo, the
battlefields, etc.
Under Ground Oil Fields
The United States Bureau of Mines an-
nounces the issuance of Bulletin 195,
•*Underground Conditions in Oil Fieldj,"
by A. W. Ambrose, chief petroleum tech-
nologist, containing a complete treatment
of the subject of petroleum engineering
as applied to drilling and produdng prob-
lems.
Gai Well Taxation on Production Baais
Baton Rouge, Louisiana, April 5— The
Board of State Affairs of Louisiana has
just issued an order directing the assess-
ment and taxation of land on which gas
wells have been drilled on a baais of pro-
duction of gas from each well. Hereto-
fore, though oil wells have been assessed
and taxed on a production basis, no such
taxation has been attempted against gas
wdls, and the new order has created
much lively discussion in the large natur-
al gas fields arocmd Shreveport, Houma,
Monroe, Alexandria, and other dties
which use this gas for fud and lighting
purposes as well as power.
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April 11. 1921
THE GAS AGE
297
Chain Stores for Gas Appliances
Interview with the General Manager of The
Interstate Appliance Corporation^ upon
the Details of Their Plan and Its Operation
WHILE upon a recent trip to Phil-
adelphia one of the editors of The
Gas Age called on Alfred P. Post,
general manager for the Interstate Appli-
ance Corporation and in the course of the
interview secured some interesting details
of the working of that appliance-selling
organization. It will be remembered that
the Corporation has now a chain of 39
appliance selling stores which had their
inception throu^ the commercial depart-
ments of the companies controlled by the
American Gas Company. This selling
organization was broadened to include
the selling of all sorts of appliances re-
gardless of the commodity supplied by the
local utility company. The appliance
store is independent of the local company
and takes its own business chailces as
docs any other unit in a system of chain
stores. It makes big profits or goes out
of business just as does any other retail
store.
I/Ocal Stores
Mr. Post explained that The Interstate
Appliance Corporation is primarily a
selling organization. Although independ-
ent of the local utility companies, in some
cases they rent their store space from
them. The purpose in locating the store
is to select a situation which will be in
close touch with its buying public. In the
beginning the appliance stock was pur-
chased from the local company with
money derived from the sale of the cor-
poration's securities and this source also
supplied enough money for three months*
operation, since it is expected that the
cash turnover will not require more than
that length of time.
Branch stores are established in the
city when found desirable and stocked
from the original store, the best sales-
man developed being given the place of
manager. Should the branch prove un-
profitable the stock is returned to the
main store and the salesman attached to
the branch or employed elsewhere. Su-
pervision is close and possible losses
through the failure of such branches
cannot be of great consequence.
Selection of Appliances
As is the case with chain stores, the
purchasing for the corporation is done by
the head office of the organization in
Philadelphia. Appliances are selected
for their utility and adaptability to the
operations of the local stores. It is the
present practice to select appliances care-
fully and send the same style to all
branch stores. This quantity purchasing
naturally results in prices and terms
which could not be obtained on smaller
transactions and gives the chain stores
considerable advantage over local deal-
ers. It is found from experience that 95
per cent of the appliances sold by such
stores go into homes and that the women
influence the purchase. Therefore, the
most attention is paid to the domestic
uses, whether gas or electric appliances,
utensils, labor saving devices or any
other appliance for which there is a de-
Alfred P. Post
The man with the idea, the con-
viction and the ability to put it
over. The gas industry wants
more Posts. — Editor.
mand. The store delivers the appliance,
contracts with the local utility fitters or
local plumbers for its installation at a
predetermined rate, and sees that it works
satisfactorily.
Managers and Salesmen
The local store managers are generally
the former new business manager of the
utility or the chief clerk. It has been
found that the chief clerk will more close-
ly watch the accounts and financial mat-
ters connected with the business and the
importance of this feature is impressed
upon managers. Under each manager
are 3 to 8 salesmen who are gradually
taught to specialize. Thus there eventu-
ally result salesmen specialists such as in
cooking appliances, in water heaters,
laundry appliances, hotel equipment, etc.
The larger the company the greater the
number of specialists possible. The man-
agers are paid a salary sufficient for liv-
ing expenses with an additional bonus
based on the business obtained. This is
further increased by participation in the
profits of the branch store, payable an-
nually. Thus there is a big incentive to
work hard.
Benefit to Utilities
A feature of this plan is to provide local
utilities anywhere with an effective sell-
ing organization with minimum obliga-
tion and no minimum of risk of unsatis-
factory equipment. Those utilities that
have not been able to maintain a success-
ful appliance department may find such a
plan of advantage.
Much more was said during the inter-
view regarding the way in which the plan
is working and its possibilities but the
following letters from Mr. Post to the
stores will give his views upon operation
as he expresses them himself, in a way
which clearly reflects the policies pre-
vailing in the management of the organi-
zation.
To The Manager
"Dear Sir: A number of men, manu-
facturers and sales managers, (success-
ful experts) have urged the writer to con-
sider the advantages accruing to mer-
chants who concentrate on one make and
one type of appliance. They say, Handle
one vacuum cleaner, for example, any type
you think best, and pound away on that to
the exclusion of all others. Fight for
business on it, because you know it is the
best Don't temporize, don't yield. If
another cleaner has certain points that
yours hasn't, meet that competition by off-
setting those points with certain features
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298
Tfifi GAS AGE
April 11, 1921
yours has that is lacking in the other
cleaner. Stick to your own. Learn it.
Win your sales or lose them on the one
thing you believe best. Concentration in
the end will turn in more business than
an aimless and fruitless endeavor to have
an easy time of it, because you have some-
thing to meet every demand.'
"I. A. C. salesmen have such a full line
of everything they sell, it is questioned
whether they lell everything! Are they
not rather following the lines of easiest
resistance? Creating desire, in itself, is
not selling goods. Limiting choice suc-
cessfully, is I The weekly sales reports are
showing evidence that somebody in each
situation should concentrate on some-
thing*^ It is impossible for a man to hon-
estly make a selling effort, that is, to get
out of the store, on the street, call on
people, — ^lots of them, day after day, and
show blank spaces on his sales reports.
A live gas man would take lamps, any
C-EZ*s, and find someone willing to buy.
An entry can be had into most houses
with lamps, or irons, or toasters; splat-
tering around haphazard with no particu-
lar objective, talking "hard times,' 'dead
town,' 'people out of work,' etc., never
.sold goods, and never will.
"Every selling man in the L A. C.
should demonstrate washing machines at
least twice each week. That means he
should do that many washings free, h^
cause it is the only known method of sell-
ing washers in volume.
"Every selling man should clean a
room, actually clean it, for not less than
three women a week. That will sell
cleaners.
"Every manager should see or address
himself by letter to at least twelve house-
holders on behalf of dish washing ma-
chines every week. A free demonstration
is the offer, and people will want the ma-
chine when they see it doing the work.
"Can your man have heart in gas and
electric appliances at the same time?
Are they staggering around, more or less
blindly, hoping to bump into an order?
Appliance men of experience, big fellows
in the game, tell the writer their men
handle one thing, a cleaner, a washer or a
mangle, and by concentration succeed
where otherwise they fail. Is the Home
office to be driven to that policy because
the outside men are stabbing in the dark
and not going direct at a customer with a
definite sales attack?
"You have a standard line of the best
appliances built. No longer a fake among
them. Not a manufacturer's subsidy re-
mains to blind a man against weaknesses
so apparent to disinterested parties who
are informed. You can fight the field
with I. A. C. goods. But you and your
men must fight Business is not built on
excuses. Some managers are spending
too much time bemoaning 'business con-
ditions' instead of honestly hustling to
overcome them. Babson's and weekly
market reports are read by members of
this office regularly. We don't need a lot
of social, political and commercial econ-
omists in our oi'ganization. We do need
a lot of live, practical business getters,
however, fellows who realize that in order
to continue drawing down the 'ready
money,' they must rustle around and earn
it themselves. The strong box here has
been tapped and the baby's bank is empty.
Alibis will not pay your salaries — profit-
able orders will-
"Concentrate now on selling goods.
Get your men out, get out yourself, stay
out ! Don't play at the game, work at it.
"Just a short, plain acknowledgment of
this is all that is needed, if you feel you
must answer it at all. We would rather
read your answer on forthcoming sales
reports."
Standard Lines — Prices
"The Interstate Appliance Corporation
standardizes on types of appliances which
have proven themselves to be the best
money can buy. We, therefore, buy of
each type for stock for the thirty-nine
stores at one place. We are quantity
buyers and thus get rock bottom prices.
A Chain Store Selling Force
"We believe in giving our fellow
workmen the preference in a chance to
make good. Therefore the thirty-nine
, chain store managers were selected from
. the commercial managers and chief clerk
employees of the gas and electric com-
panies. These managers have a sales
force which is rapidly developing into a
group of specialists. There are, for ex-
ample, stove, water heater, cleaner, wash-
ing machine and dish washing machine
men. This specialization was only pos-
sible in the larger companies."
Compensation of Salesmen
"Each manager is paid a living salary
which is augmented by bonuses based on
the volume of business done. This amount
is further increased by participation in
the profits of their branch at the end of
the year. The chain store manager is
placed in the position of an individual
owner. There are no limitations to his
possibilities for sales expansion and per-
sonal remuneration."
Location--Stock— Capital
"In most cases space was rented from
the local gas or electric company for
some of the chain stores. The determina-
tion of the location is subject to that
variation necessary to meet the buying
public. That is, situation of stores at
places most exposed to sales contact. The
stock was purchased from the local gas
and electric company with money secured
from the sale of securities. Sufficient
working capital was provided from the
same fund to pay all operating expenses
for three months."
Branch Stores
"New branch stores are started in
promising locations by transferring stock
from the nearest stores. The salesman
with the best sales record is chosen for
its manager, providing too, he possesses
managerial aptitude. If for some unfore-
seen reason the branch does not prove a
success the stock is returned and the sell-
ing force used elsewhere. The only risk
taken is the possible loss of the working
capital in expenses and this item is, of
course carefully supervised."
Installation Charges
"Contract arrangements are made with
the gas and electric company or plumbers,
contractors, etc., to install connections
to ranges, waterheaters, etc., for a speci-
fied sum. This amount is included as par
of the cost of the appliance."
Cash Sales
"The customer buys an appliance on a
cash or lease basis, but instead of the
appliance company carrying the account
the local bank carries it. The customer
signs a note for the full cost of the ap-
pliance, less 20 per cent which is required
as initial payment, the local manager of
the appliance company endorses it. The
bank cashes it. The appliance company
pays the regular rate of interest on the
money received. This amotmt is, lof
course, included in the price of the ap-
pliance. The appliance purchaser calls
at the bank every month and pays the in-
stallment. A coupon receipt is torn from
the note and given to the buyer. One
of twelve original teller slips (or fewer, if
the terms cover a period less than twelve
months), fastened to the note, is detached
and {placed with the cash. Thus the
clerical work is all done when the sale is
made.
This plan is unique in a number of
ways. A few of them are: The local
bankers receive full interest on their
money. They are relieved of all, except
ordinary business risks, danger of loss
because the appliance company endorses
the notes. The banks have added many
new depsitors to their list.
'The appliance company has made a
cash sale. It has the cash to buy new
stock. Cash means low purchase cost
per unit.
"The consumer has purchased an ap-
pliance having utility. He has estab-
lished credit at the bank. The consumer,
company and bank co-operate to their
mutual advantage. The following let-
ters to chain store managers will interest
you."
CASH REQUIREMENTS
"Dear Sir: This letter should be un-
necessary. It probably is. Nevertheless,
this office wishes to stress a point of
utmost importance, one on which the sur-
vival of the I. A. C. and the Branch Man-
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April 11, 1921
THE GAS AGE
299
agers' connection with it depends— the
matter of CASH.
"The Treasurer is sending out the last
lot of 'Investment Money.' The stock-
holders are through 1 They have invested
resale material, equipment, places of bus-
iness, furnished credit and cash. Each
situation has, or will receive the equiv-
alent of one quarter as much cash as was
used all of 1920 for operating the Old
New Business Department Three months'
turnover of Cash is slower than success-
ful businesses usually require.
"Now the Divisions are actually 'on
their own.' They must sell enough goods
to meet expenses and pay for replace-
ments of resale goods, — which is only
part of the job. The other part is to col-
lect for what they sold. Any Manager
who has more accounts outstanding than
the month's previous sales, is behind in
his collections.
"Instalment business is, or can be
financed on the plan of the Philadelphia
office, the best plan, by the way, that has
yet been devised for the customer, the
dealer or the bank. The I. A. C. is using
it 95 per cent No real amount of money
should be outstanding because of de-
ferred sales.
"Repeated caution was urged in respect
to purchase of goods and preparation of
payment therefor. Goods must, of course,
be bought and in stock before business
can be done, but once bought an indus-
trious and persistant effort must be made
to sell them. Four months' turnover of
stock is a maximum, just as three months'
turnover of Cash is the limit
"From now on the Treasurer will begin
to transfer funds from General Cash to
Treasurer's Cash, and re-disburse them
to Manager's Cash. See to it that Gen-
eral Cash is regularly supplied, — Cash
Sales, Financed Instalment Sales and col-
lections from 50-day accounts are your
sources ol supply.
"Your business salvation will be to
emulate the rich young man of the Scrip-
tures : 'Go sell all thou hast' — collect the
money and deposit it in your General
Cash Account. And remember the way
to get more orders is to expose yourself
to more. Business may be slow, but the
salesmen of the I. A. C. needn't be.
"Best wishes for your development as
real merchants."
MONTHLY LETTER
"Dear Sir: Your first month as boss
in your own job has gone. No doubt you
had perplexing problems to face, difficult
decisions to make, poor market conditions
to sell in, and a tough time generally. In
that respect you were like hundreds of
thousands of merchant bosses throughout
the United States.
"The big trick is, not what happened to
you but how did you take it? Did you
make some blunders that will not be
repeated? Did your January experience
convince you there is still much about
business that you haven't 'down pat*?
In other words, did you learn anything?
"Take the matter of capital for ex-
ample. Have you studied it sufficiently to
realize that the Philadelphia Office has
devised a clean-cut, simple plan, based
upon legitimate banking methods, where-
by your installment sales will yield you
practically cash-on-delivery? That terms
with manufacturers and others, on the
goods you buy will average about sixty
days' credit for you, and that your ordina-
ry credit sales will not exceed that period?
In combination, these two stunts finance
your, business. All you need is ability
to sell, or to direct sales, plus common
sense in buying as to quantities. The
capital problem, the rock upon which
many merchants trip to ruin, is no prob-
lem to you at all. It is solved. All you
need to do is to sell. You are in the best
line of business in the world, — labor sav-
ing devices. Outside of food and clothing
staples, your goods, in this era, come
first. And to fix you right, your oper-
ating expenses for two more months are
provided. So much for you.
"Do not overlook the fact that the
money for all this came from the Phil-
adelphia Office, and the initiative and the
real hazard is borne by Headquarters.
This thought is injected here because
some of you are still maintaining a rela-
tion of silence, excepting when a specific
letter is asked for 'by not later than' a
certain date. Play the game as it is in-
tended to be played by its authors. Play
it above board, in the full recognition that
Philadelphia wants to work with you, and
not order you around. You will know
what is going on here, and why, — though
you needn't expect we're conducting an
A. B. C. class and paying full man sized
salaries to the pupils. But do your part
and keep your boss informed, just the
same as you expect to know what your
employes are doing. Weekly report
blanks will soon be in your hands, but
thero are many matters now going on in
certain situations that this office would
like to know, and should know. You will
find it a paying proposition to co-operate,
rather than to just operate. And do not
forget the Purchasing Department is lo-
cated at the Home Office, not at the
Branches.
"Harrington Emerson, the human ef-
ficiency expert, the man who saved the
Santa Fe millions of dollars in operat-
ing expenses, played up the great prin-
ciple 'Plan your work and work your
plan.' Are you entering a new month
with definite sales plans? Have you set
a bogie for the month? Will you sell
one washing machine per salesman per
week? Have you outlined a single def-
inite performance or goal for anybody? It
is not mere motion that counts, but in-
telligent, controlled, well directed activ-
ity, else (as St. Elmo Lewis stated
somewhere) the most important part of
a pig would be its tail. Build a program
inunediately, if you haven't already done
so, and then go ouf to exceed it.
"If you telegraph promptly the infor-
mation asked for Saturday, you will soon
know the opening entries for your books.
Inventories, plus office equipment, plus
amounts available in Treasurer's hands
(held here for your use) will constitute
the tangible assets of your Branch. Give
serious thought to the splendid opportuni-
ty that is yours to grow commercially. If
you are ambitious for promotion, for
greater income, for bigger things gener-
ally, you have the equipment in your own
keeping to bring these things about. Al-
so you have our pledge to help you work
them out
"The most practical suggestion that can
be made at this time, is to forget Janu-
ary, and begin now actually to stSLl
goods in February.
"Wishing you every possible success, I
am, with regards."
"JUST AN IDEA!"
It was just an "idea" — that was all that he
had—
Columbus — those ages ago.
It was just an "idea"— but we ought to be
glad.
For it gave us our country, you know.
It was just an "idea" in George Stephen-
son's mind
When he saw the steam jostle the kettle,
But the railroads made brothers of all
mankind.
With their wonderful horses of metal.
It was just an "idea" Thomas Edison
caught,
But the light without flame we got from
With anothef "idea" was the phonograph
brought—
And the "movies" that came like a
comet.
So— next time you hear someone say, with
a sneer,
"I'll not pay for that— for it's just an
idea!"
Remind him there isn't a thing that he
uses,
That doesn't date back to this source
he abuses.
And, tell him, there isn't a tool or ma-
chine.
That he handles, or works with, or ever
has seen
But he'll find, if he troubles to trace it,
began
As "just an idea" in the brain of a man.
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300
THE GAS AGE
AprU 11, 1921
Better Gas Merchandising
THE returns of over one hundred
and fifty gas companies, from all
over the country, of their gas ap*
pliance sales in dollars, for the year 1919
disclose some startling conditions, which
might be of interest to the Industry, and
from which certain obvious causes can be
eliminated.
These returns were sent to me as
Chairman of the American Gas Associa-
tion Committee on Filling in the Valleys
of Gas and Appliances Sales, and while
they contained 1919 figures, can be put
to use with profit.
Great deep valleys do exist in the gas
companies' sales of appliances, which
are caused by inferior merchandising,
rather than any other reason, which can
be corrected if a little study is made of
certain facts, which I hope to bring out
in this article.
Bzcutei
Alibis and excuses are plentiful, try-
ing to show that our appliance sales are
necessarily seasonable and because of
this our results must be better some
months than others. I have asked what
appliances are seasonable and in some
cases have had the answer that all gas
appliances can be better sold in some
seasons than in others, but if you per-
sist in pinning down the excuse-maker
to give individual cases, he will often
hurl at you that gas ranges are best sold
in the Spring and Summer months,
water-heaters are difficult to sell in win-
ter, room-heaters are generally bought in
the winter time, gas lights sell better in
the Fall and Winter months, when days
are shorter and darker, and so it would
almost be proven to you that gas appli-
ances are very ''fickle" and our results
depend on weather conditions and con-
sequently what can a poor gas company
salesman do anyhow, but make the best
he can of it and hope for good seasonable
weather for a part of the year anyway,
and for the remainder throw up his hands
and say "it can't be done otherwise." A
fine example, much practiced, in making
a joke out of the commercial departments
of our gas industry, both company and
manufacturer. There is no question of
a doubt but these have been the ideas in
the past of most appliatice salesmen, and
it is with this in mind to change that I
am now taking up your time.
Commercial Manager of the Gas
and Electric Improvement Co.
Analyzes Gas Merchandising
By WM. GOULD, Boston, Mass.
Salei Campaigiis
Altman Bros, of New York City have
its biggest and most successful fur sales
campaigns in the Summer time — Furs
in the Summer! Just think of it. Furs
are surely *more seasonable than gas
ranges — ^Why? Because you use furs
mostly in the Winter or cold seasons. Gas
ranges should be used and sold too, for
twelve months of every year. Not to
keep women from perspiring during the
summer months, but to do cooking in its
most convenient and up-to-date method,
twelve months of the year.
Sir Alibi again pipes up that coal-
ranges are most generally used in the
wintertime, and he certainly is right for
once. But why? For the reason we nev-
er have «old gas ranges but to be sub-
stituted in the Winter and to keep the
wonten from perspiring in the hot weath-
er. When cold weather appears, no more
need to worry about perspiration so the
gas range is substituted by the coal
range which necessarily means that the
tank water heater is relegated with the
gas range to await the perspiration sea-
son.
Pertpiration Seaion
If you will examine the gas sales chart
of your company you will in most cases
find an increase in gas sold in May or
June over preceding months, and if your
company is in the North and you do not
sell more than one hundred million cubic
feet per month, your May or June will in-
variably show a decided increase in gas
sales. Why!
The gas range and tank water heater are
being used again, because the perspiration
season is at hand, and the gas range will
certainly save them this discomfort. This
is not a facetious remark, it is the truth.
Years ago we did one thing in order to
get people to use the gas range, namely,
ask them "why sweat over a coal range
in the summer?" It looks very much as
if we had sold sweat-saving ranges, rath-
er than the most efficient cooking and
baking apparatus made.
In our efforts at selling, when the gas
range is taking a vacation, it has always
been considered the off-seasons as far as
selling ranges was concerned and sales
departments had their slack season, fit-
ters were put to work cleaning up the
shop, painting meters, shoveling side-
walks and even getting fittings in shape
for the Spring and Stmmier rush. Why?
Because the Sales Department consid-
ered it the off-season for gas ap-
pliances and not because it really
was the off-season. A mental condi-
tion of the gas man's— no advertising ap-
pliances by campaigns, nothing to keep
constantly before the minds of their cli-
ents, that their coal range was an out-of-
date, dirty and extravagant way to cook
food, and that gas appliances of all
kinds were built to be used all year
round, and would prove themselves if
only given the chance.
Automatic water heaters have custom-
arily been featured in the same season as
the gas range, namely. Spring or Early
Summer. In one or two cases I have
heard of ranges and automatics being
successfully featured in Fall and Winter
— but these exceptions are pitifully in the
minority.
With the exception of room heaters, all
gas appliances can be successfully sold
every month in the year, depending on
your mental attitude and how hard you
work. Thinking about Altman's Fur
Sales in the Summer, makes me bold to
make this assertion. Gas room heaters
could be successfully sold in the sununer-
time, if your sales force went at it as
salesmen, and not as order takers.
Selling Time
The last three years, 1918 and 1919 and
1920 have not had a tendency to increase
our sales ability, rather it has been a
case of our being worried if we could
get the goods for our customers, conse-
quently we have all been order taking
rather than really and truly selling.
The time is now at hand when sell
we must in its truest sense, and try to
forget the past years of order-taking and
get down to brass tacks and study some of
our plans formulated in 1914, when it
was necessary to sell, and use these plans
at the present time.
It is not altogether a question of no-
body buying, but also some of its co-part-
ner, nobody selling, that has brouglit
about the present falling-off in gas ap-
pliance sales. Oh! I can get that re-
action from you, and while I know it's
general in its scope all over this country.
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April 11, 1921
THE 6A8 AOB
301
this no-buying will never be anything
else unless we all make up our minds that
it will not continue in our town and start
something going at once» instead of say-
ing it's the same everywhere, what chance
have I got to change it? Of course you'll
never have a chance, with this weak men-
tality.
At a recent gas convention, a well
known gas man said that every way you
go, it seemed everybody spoke well of
electricity, but never a good word for
gas. Why?
Gas companies as a rule will not let
anybody else in the gas appliance busi-
ness, and thus have fewer people boost-
ing for them than the electric companies.
Points of Contact
The merchandising of gas appliances is
tmique in its being the only industry
using these methods that antagonize and
keep out additional people from boosting
gas and appliance sales — for no other
reason than it always has been done so.
If a gas company could get forty sales-
men to sell appliances for it, at no salary,
no expense and with a very little bit
of supervision, would you think it a good
proposition? I'll say yes and go on record
at this time to say that it is possible to
do this and more, if we will only forget
"it's always been done the other way."
Plumbers, hardware stores, drygoods
stores and furniture stores are all possi*
ble sales rooms, advertising points, dem-
onstration rooms, and show windows for
your gas appliances, if you will make a
fair business proposition to the above and
Kive them a chance to make some money.
This method of merchandising is used
in every other industry but ours, and no
matter why wc are doing anything, if it
is wrong, short-sighted and narrow-
minded, which also means it is not suc-
cessful and efficient, why not change?
Svperriaioii
I have had a number of gas company
men say to me it will mean more trouble
for them, more time and a great amount
of education will have to be distributed
in order to put it over. Of course, they
are right, the gas company must neces-
sarily needs be Ae pattern to follow, the
supervision of all gas installations, agree-
ing on codes for piping with the plumbers,
and also on the di£Ferent standard makes
of appliances to be used.
Calling regular meetings with these out-
side agents, playing fair with them, put-
ting your cards on the table, face up,
turning over to them all jobs secured by
theo^ in fact to do just what any average
fair-minded business man would do in
your place. For what end ?
To increase better sales of gas appli-
aaccs and service, to increase boosters for
the gas company in your town and to far-
ther the use of gas as a fuel and an il-
Boosting and Selling
You might consistently go further by
offering to loan appliances for show room
purposes, also carry their stock for them,
make it easy for them to work for you
and have your prices so marked as to
give them a fair profit It is not so much
the question as to who puts in our appli-
ances, but rather to have them go into
homes, stores and factories, which they
will have a better chance to do, if more
people are boosting and selling them,
than our own gas company organization.
Electrical Methods
Your strongest competitor is using the
above methods, and is only pushing 3rou
so hard in lighting because of it. Elec-
tric Central Stations all over the coun-
try are having their customers' premises
wired by outside contractors, who in turn
are making a respectable living and are
always talking for electrical appliances
and service.
Seasonable gas appliances are unrea-
sonable sales-talks and never will get us
any)where. "Reasonable gas appliance
salesmen" is more to the point, and they
and their view-point make the appliances
accordingly.
The Appeal to Sen
Salesmen of the Gas Industry, uphold
your calling and mine, by cutting out this
"seasonable" talk and let's get out and
immediately sell some appliances, no
matter what month it is. Let's try it for
an experiment
Gas appliance manufacturers, do not
be so afraid of hurting our feelings^ with
your good sales pointers, facts never
hurt anyone, and my feeling is that you
have allowed us gas company men to awe
you into silence too many times, for fear
of our cutting off orders to you. We need
your wider experience, your men travel
the country over, see successful sales ef-
forts, but because you know one com-
pany's policy is contrary to using these
good result-getting sales, you hold your
peace. Yes, and hold back from your-
self many additional orders.
If gas companies finance these out-
side agents, your bills are safe for col-
lection. You need to stop taking orders
just as we do. Sell us some selling points
as well as appliances, show us some ad-
vertising stunts, demonstrations with a
pull to them — ^not only for your individual
appliance, but for gas service and for
furthering the use of all gas appliances.
Pump Governor Bulletin
Having acquired sole rights to manu-
facture and sell Ideal Pump Governors,
the Atlas Valve Company, 282 South
Street, Newark, N. J., are now distribu-
ting their first bulletin describing this ex-
cellent governor. Bulletin No. 1. 1-A,
Edition No. 1.
Cutler-Hammer Makes Sales
Changes
The following changes iri the person-
nel and district office territory of the Cut-
ler-Hammer Mfg. Co., of Milwaukee and
New York, have been announced by W.
C. Stevens, Sales Manager:
G. S. Crane, who has been manager of
the Cleveland office, will become manager
of controller sales at the main office in
Milwaukee. L. B. Timmerman will be
in charge of the Cleveland office, and will
act in the capacity of assistant to A. G.
Pierce, manager of the Central District-
The Cincinnati Office will become a part
of the Central District with R. I. Maujer
as branch manager. E. N. Lightfoot will
assume the title of manager of the heat-
ing department with headquarters at the
New York works.
New Combustion Publication
A new departure in combustion con-
trol devices is described in an illustrated
bulletin recently issued by the Mono Cor-
poration of America, 25 West Broadway,
New York City. The Duplex Mono, as
it is called, is unique in that it automat-
ically analyzes and records the com-
bined percentages of three combustible
gases (CO, CH« and H,) dturing all such
times as any or all of these appear in
the flue, while it also produces a contin-
uous accurate record of the percentage
of COj. Both records are on one and
the same chart.
New Advertising Agency
An advertising agency was established
by George J. Kirkgasser the latter part
of last year and is now handling the
work for The Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co.,
the Pawling & Harnischfeger Co., Wet-
more Reamer Co., and Frank D. Chase,
Inc., Industrial Engineers. Mr. Kirkgas-
ser was assistant advertising manager
for The Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co. from
1910 to 1914, after which he asstmied the
duties of advertising manager for that
company. His new office is located in
the First National Bank Building, Chica-
go. His services include organization
work, development of co-operation be-
tweeen selling and advertising depart-
ments, advertising, merchandising and
publicity.
Mr. F. C. Smith, previously connected
with the McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.,
and also with the Manufacturers Pub-
licity Bureau, has joined the new agency,
and Miss A. A. Buchholtz, formerly office
manager of the advertising department of
The Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co., has as-
sumed like duties with this agency.
National Selling Aids
The National Tube Co. of Pittsburgh
has issued a 43-page book which is chuck
full of convincing selling aids. Ask for
a copy.
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302
THE GAS AGE
April 11. 1921
Merchandising Conservation
Efficiency Engineer of the Oklahoma Gas & Electric
Co. Gives Valuable Points on Conservation of
Natural Gas by Selling High Grade Appliances
By JOHN T. NAYLON
EARLY in 1918, the officials of the
Oklahoma Gas and Electric Com-
pany realized that unless some very
prompt action was taken, relating to the
proper use of natural gas, the supply
would soon be depleted, necessitating the
return to expensive manufactured gas
fuel. Therefore they established in the
Oklahoma Gas and Electric Company, a
department known as the Efficiency De-
partment, the duties of which were to
inspect appliances, their installation and
adjustments and to co-operate with the
customers in view to obtaining efficient
results from the gas that passed through
their meter.
Proper Selection of Appliances
The company does not sell appliances
of any sort, so it was necessary to assist
the dealers of gas appliances on gas
matters in general and in making sug-
gestions as to the design and regulation
of the appliances they sell. A canvass
of the dealers showed that they had been
purchasing the appliance that was sold
by the most eloquent salesman and at the
cheapest price, no regard being paid to
efficiency and economy of operation. Sev-
eral meetings were held both at the office
of the company and at the monthly meet-
ing of the Dealers' Association, where
some very interesting points of misin-
formation were discussed and straightened
out After months of work the dealers
decided to purchase the open-top, high-
burner range, exclusively. One dealer,
a little more daring than the others, took
over the local agency for one of the
standard lines of ranges, which are of-
fered in the approved type, and after
some months of tireless effort and ex-
tensive publicity, assisted by the splendid
results obtained from this range at the
times of low pressures, increased his sales
from one car a year to a car a month.
This happening had no little effect on
the attitude of the balance of the dealers
in handling approved type of ranges.
Efficiency Service Department
At the outset considerable difficulty
was encountered through our inability to
gain the interest of the customer towards
gas saving. We advertised extensively
otu: free Efficiency Service, in making
adjustments of stoves, and in this way
•managed to gain entrance to the cus-
tomer's premises, when, after the adjust-
ments had been made, we pointed out to
the customer what changes should be
made, whereby the efficiency and econ-
omy of operation would be increased.
House-piping was given particular atten-
tion as in some cases we found where
they were attempting to pass through a
one-inch service pipe enough gas to heat
a ten-room house; some cases were fotmd
where two eight-room houses were be-
ing supplied through one, one-inch main
tap. This condition was a remnant of
old manufactured gas days, when gas
was used for water heating and cooking
only. Inside piping was found to be
inadequate to supply a sufficient supply of
gas when the demand was high, and
plumbers seemed to have been trying to
see how many right angle turni they
could make in the piping. At meetings
with the plumbers these points were con-
sidered in detail with very beneficial
results.
The Personal Attention Method
At first we attempted to get the people
together in mass meetings to hear our
story but several vain attempts caused
us to abandon this idea. In Oklahoma
City after weeks of very extensive public-
ity twenty-five people attended the lec-
ture; in El Reno two, and in Enid we
managed to get seventy-five people out,
notwithstanding the fact that Enid was
in the midst of a gas shortage. We adopt-
ed the slogan "Personal attention to every
customer" and realized that we could
only gain their attention by actually go-
ing over the individual installation and
making our recommendations on the job,
so to speak, confirming the same by let-
ter.
Working Through the Schoolt
Meetings with the school children did
not work out as well as expected. Only
after some effort, and with the Supt of
Public Instruction issuing a proclamation
calling attention to the fuel situation and
the necessity for education along conser-
vation lines, did we manage to have a
meeting with the domestic teachers and
through them managed to reach the
school children. Copies of S. S. Wyer's
paper. Bureau of Mines No. 257, were cir-
culated among the students of the cook-
ing schools, while a brief of the same, a
pamphlet which we put out, known as
"Serving and Saving," was put in the
hands of every school child in Oklahoma
City, some 20,000 in all.
Value of Office Demonstrations
Another very effective means of get-
ting the attention of the customer was
in demonstrations in the lobby of our
main office, and at the State Fair, at
Pure Food Shows, through Household
Economics and Women's Qubs, where we
reached the greatest numbers. In a
month, we reached about 4,500 people at
the demonstration in our office, followed
up by a personal call and inspection at
the home of the customer, should they
desire it. This was found to be the most
effective means of publicity.
Bclipse Company Has New Oifice
The Eclipse Fuel Engineering Co^ of
Rockford, 111., moved March 1st to their
new building, at South Ulam and Illi-
nois Central tracks. This building was
formerly occupied by the American Ra-
diator Co.
New Gas Appliance and Equipment Com-
pany Formed
The Pittsburgh Gas Appliance Mfg.
Co., Pittsburgh has been organized to
manufacture gas-operated equipment and
appliances. It is headed by Robinson
Showalter, 1415 Park Buildmg.
A Definite Plan to Sell Rnud
Hot Water
This is the title of a handsome folder
just issued by the Ruud Co. It is a sim-
ple, definite, workable plan to eliminate
lost motion in your sales work. It sys-
tematizes effort by outlining a daily task
for those who sell ; a definite work sched-
ule that eliminates wasted effort and
dovetails in with your whole sales pro-
gram.
The book provides a plan to sell Rnud
Automatic Water Heaters. It not only
calls for systematic circularizing, but for
systematic solicitation and a workable
record of that solicitation for following
up each calL
They advocate that you direct your
sales work in a definite channel by using
a definite plan that has sold Ruuds for
others and will sell Ruuds for you.
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April 11, 1921
THE GAS AGE
303
Lower B.t.u. — Better Service
Effect of Reduced B.t.u. Standard from Consumer's
Standpoint Discussed at 20th Annual Convention of
the Wis. Gas Association at Milwaukee, March, 1921*
DURING the past few years the Gas
Company Manager's troubles have
been many. In addition to the tre-
mendously increased costs of operation
were added the difficulty of securing a
good grade of gas producing coal and oil.
During the spring of 1920 this situation,
aggrayated somewhat by transportation
troubles, became very bad indeed. Some
companies were forced to discontinue
service entirely for a few days, while
others gave limited service during certain
periods of the day only.
In 1915 the Canadian Gas Association
petitioned the Canadian government for
permission to substitute for a candle pow-
er standard a 500 B.t.u. monthly average.
In July, 1915, the Canadian government
adopted a standard of 520 minimum
monthly average.
In November, 1919, the Canadian Gas
Association again petitioned the govern-
ment for permission to further reduce the
calorific standard and on the 24th of No-
vember the government issued an order
establishing for a period of four months a
standard of 450 B.t.u. In February, at the
end of the four month period, this stand-
ard was continued indefinitely.
On January 1st, 1918, the state of
Massachusetts set a heat unit standard
of 528 monthly average. On October 1st,
1918, the state of Connecticut adopted
the same standard as Massachusetts. The
experience of these states showed there
had been no increase in customers' bills,
nor had the service 8u£Fered in any way.
With the above Conditions and facts
in mind, the Wisconsin Gas Association,
represented by R. B. Brown, petitioned
the Railroad Commission for permission
to lower its standard to a 520 monthly
average B.tu. On September 8, 1920,
the Railroad Commission gave the gas
companies of the state permission to de-
crease the standard to a monthly average
of 520 B.t.u. with a minimum of 500 and
a maximum of 546.
This Company decided to reduce in
three steps, the first step was to 565. A
gradual reduction was made and this
standard was carried for approximately
five weeks. During all this time we ad-
vertised extensively in the newspapers
*Papcr read at Twentieth Annual Oonyention of
tha Wiaconsin Oaii Anociation at Milwaukee. March
SStS. 1921.
By A. F. DAVEY, Sheboygan, Wis.
and also carried an ad on the gas bills.
The ads as printed in the papers and on
the gas bills are as shown :
rrO OUR CUSTOMBRS—
Get the most for your money out of the
gas you use. Make your gas bills thrift
bills.
We help you do this when we aid you
in choosing the most economical gas ap-
pliances and tell you how to avoid waste
by using them intelligently.
Waste of gas means big bills, com-
plaints, investigations, rechecking, letter
writing, delayed payments and other ex-
penses; and worst of all, it means dis-
satisfied customers.
Satisfied customers are worth more to
us than any revenue derived from gas
which is wasted.
Are you having any trouble with your
gas appliances?
If so, have you notified us? We have
a service department whose duty is to
keep all your appliances in proper work-
ing order. We would appreciate your
notifying us if your appliances or gas
service are not entirely satisfactory. This
department is maintained for your ben-
efit.
SHBBOTGAN GAS LIGHT CO.''
(On Bills)
''TO OUR CUSTOMERS:
Are you having any trouble with your
gas appliances?
If so, have you notified us? We have
a service department whose duty is to
keep all your appliances in proper work-
ing order. We would appreciate your
notifying us if your appliances or gas
service are not entirely satisfactory.
This department is maintained for your
benefit.
SHEBOYGAN GAS LIGHT CO."
The average B.t.u. for the month of:
August was 594
September 572
October 556
November 539
December 530
January 529
February 533
The number of complaints received
during these months was as follows:
A. S. O. N. D. J. F.
Low preastire main — — — — . — — —
Low preasure aervicea 29 46 37 44 15 20 6
Low preaaure piping 8 3 2 10 5 8 5
Appliances adjuated 109 149 99 90 73 83 48
Lampa adjuated 38 70 59 lU 75 45 26
Appliances defective 6 13 6 1 2 — —
Leaks 50 52 57 36 21 17 10
Low pressure general — — — — — -- —
Low pressure local — — — — — — —
No trouble found 11 8 4 5 1 4 5
Odor of sulphur — — — — — — —
Stuck meters 12 6 U 12 5 9 —
Hiffh bills 4 5 10 4 1 2 —
Dnp trouble 4 l — — — .- .-
Freeze-upa _ — — i 2 — —
Total 2n 353 285 317 200 187 100
The number of complaints received
per month per hundred meters in use
was as follows :
August 52
September 6.6
October 52
November 5.6
December 3.6
January .' 3.4
February 1.8
When our B.tu. had reached a 550
average we started men out on a house
to house inspection and adjustment of
appliances. In most of the cases it was
necessary to ream the orifice and adjust
the air. These men made a complete in-
spection including the size of the service,
meter and the number of appliances.
Conditions such as small sized service,
small fuel run, small meter, hose con-
nection to hot plates and any other con-
dition that might cause an insufficient
supply of gas were made note of. This
inspection showed that there was more
trouble had with combination ranges
and other stoves purchased from deal-
ers, which were not built according to the
gas company's standard. In many of
these cases we were unable to make the
proper adjustments. Our men had very
few complaints made to them of any
description.
The total increase in consumption for
1918, 1919 and 1920, and the consumption
per meter for the same periods are as
shown.
In 1920 we show the consumption for
the first eight months and then singly for
each of the following months:
1918— B.tu. average 600
Total consumption increased 5.6%
Gas sold per meter increased .... 3.0%
1919— B.tu. average 600
Total consumption increased ....10.0%
Gas sold per meter increased .... 6.4%
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304
THE GAS AGE
April 11, 1921
1st 8 months of 1920, Average B.t.u 597
Total consumption increased 19.8%
Gas sold per meter increased 15.0%
September — B-tu. decreased 3-5%
Total consumption increased .....17.7%
Gas sold per meter increased 4.9%
October, B.t.u. decreased 7.0%
Total consumption increased 33.2%
Gas sold per meter increated .... . .18.9%
November — B.t.u. decreased 10.0%
Total consumption increased 16.5%
Gas sold per meter increased 4.1%
December — B.t.u. decreased 12.1 %
Total consumption increased 19.4%
Gas sold per meter increased 8.2%
January — B.t.u. decreased 11.6%
Total consumption increased 18.0%
Gas sold per meter increased 12.4%
February — B.t.u. decreased 12.6%
Total consumption increased 17.9%
Gas sold per meter increased 12.2%
You will note from the above tabula-
tion that during the first eight months
of 1920, when the B.t.u. averaged 597, the
gas sold per meter increased 15 per cent
The average increase during the six
months from August until March in
gas sold per meter, when the B.tu. av-
eraged 543, was 10.1 per cent In this
comparison we must bear in mind that
we are comparing one of the best years
for gas consumption during the early
. winter months we have ever had against
1919 which was just the opposite. You
will note during the month of October
there was an increase in the total con-
sumption of 33 per cent and gas sold per
meter of approximately 19 per cent In
addition to the extreme cold weather in
October, 1919, we were operating at that
time under the daylight saving law. As
this company has a great deal of gas
lighting it affected our sendout. The very
mild weather during the month of Oc-
tober, 1920^ and also September increased
the late yield of fruit tremendously. As
the price of sugar dropped during this
time many people who had not planned
on canning much fruit due to the changed
condition put up considerable during
the month of October. It was also dar-
ing this month that the new indoor
sport of home brewing came into use.
Two Cases
We have picked out one hundred cus-
tomers whom we know have not in-
creased their gas consuming appliances
during the year. Their consumption dur-
ing the month of November and Decem-
ber, 1919 and 1920, are as shown. We
have also picked out one hundred cus-
tomers whom we know have increased
their gas consuming appliances. Their
consumption in November and Decem-
ber, 1919 and 1920, are as shown. This in-
dicates that the average customer's bill
has not been increased through the re-
duction in heat value as in most cases
the consumption of gas is less than a
year ago. Of course, during this period
a higher rate was in effect and this may
have caused greater economy in the use
of gas.
100 Consumers Who Have Not Added
Appliances During Year, 1920
1919 1920
Total consumption, ft. ..559,200 495,100
56% used same or less than be-
fore, average decrease 19*2%
44% used more than before, av-
erage increase 16.4%
Of which 15% used more than be-
fore, average increase 25.4%
Of which 29% used more than be-
fore» average increase 9.0%
100 Customers Who Have Added Appli-
ances During Year 1920
1919 1920
Total consumption, ft 1,170,800 2,016,700
95% used more than last year
Of which 42% increased 151%
53% showed an increase of 28%
5% showed a loss of 6%
Service
The average consumer of gas in not
interested in the heating value standard
which may be adopted or required. He
is interested in the monthly bill and first
of all in service.
From the experience we have had to
date under the reduced standard we firm-
ly believe the customer gets better service
and that his consumption has not been
increased. Assuming, of course, that he
has not added gas appliances or is not
using gas for more purposes. We be-
lieve a very important thing is to have a
tmiform quality of gas with only slight
variations from day to day with sufficient
pressure back of it. We believe the re-
duced standard is a forward step and that
the Wisconsin Gas Association deserves
much credit for its work in bringing this
about.
Novel Plan to Increase Ap-
pliance Sales
This is the list of appliances donated
by different manufacturers which are to
be given away at the Cincinnati conven-
tion of the Natural Gas Association of
America in May in a campaign to boost
the sale of appliances among the natural
gas companies of America.
The show will be open to the public
from three o'clock in the afternoon un-
til ten-thirty at night— May 16, 17, 18, and
19, and this material will be offered to
them as an inducement to attend.
Welsbach Company, Gloucester, N. J.
Two 8-glower Welsbach gas heaters with
self-lighters. Two No. 1608 Welsbach
semi-indirect fixtures complete.
The Kompak Company, New Bruns-
wick, N. J. One No. 25 special two bur-
ner natural gas Kompak water heater.
The Ohio State Stove & Mfg. Co., Col-
umbus, Ohio. One Royal Ossco Porcelain
Trimmed Range, One Packer's Duo Ra-
diant Heater, One Packer's Duo Bunsen
Heater, One Royal Ossco Front Burner
Reflector Heater.
Germer Stove Company, Erie, Penna.
One radiant home combination gas and
coal range, with white enamel splashers.
At least three germer gas heaters.
Reznor Manufacturing Company, Mer-
cer Pa. Six Reznor room heaters.
Geo. D. Roper Corporation, Rockford,
111. Two Eclipse gas ranges with patented
oven control.
General Gas Light Company, Kalama-
zoo, Mich. Six Radiantfires.
Walker & Pratt Mfg. Co., Boston,
Mass. One 36 in. Crawford cabinet gas
range with adjustable folding broiler.
Estate Stove Co., Hamilton, Ohio.
One Estate range.
Six Sunburst heaters.
Wm. M. Crane Company, New York,
N. Y. One Smoothtop range — any size.
144 Vulcan gas toasters.
J. H. Grayson Mfg. Company, Athens,
Ohio. Six art black statuary bronze and
brushed brass gas fires.
Reliable Stove Company, Cleveland,
Ohio. One Reliable range.
This is the list of firms whose ap-
plications for space at the Cincinnati con-
vention of the Natural Gas Association
of America have been received up to
March 21st, 1921.
National Supply Company; Ludlow
Valve Mfg. Co.; H. A. Fisher; Northrup
Equipment Co.; Qark Brothers Co.; Gas
Engineering & Construction Co.; West-
cott Valve Co.; Union Gas & Elec Co.;
Geo. Hake; Estate Stove Company; Man-
hattan Rubber Mfg. Co.; C. & G. Cooper
Co.; N. C. Davison Gas Burner and
Welding Company; Pittsburgh Meter Co.;
C. M. Heeter Sons & Co.; Ohio State
Stove Mfg. Co.; United States Rubber
Co.; Jarecki Mfg. Co.; "Natural Gas In-
dustry**; Welsbach Company; Eclipse
Stove Division, Geo. D. Roper Corp.;
Parkersburg Rig and Reel Co.; Wm. M.
Crane Company; Metric Metal Works;
Pittsburgh Valve, Foundry and Con-
struction Co.; Macwhyte Company; Oil
Well Supply Company; Reznor Mfg.
Company; Sprague Meter Company;
Chapman Valve Mfg. Co.; Rosendale-
Reddaway Co.; S. R. Dresser Mfg. Co.;
Geveland Gas Meter Co.; Reliable Stove
Company; New York Belting and Pack-
ing Company; Frick and Lindsay Co.;
Gilfillan Machine Works; B. F. Goodrich
Co.; Lee C. Moore Company; Precision
Instrument Co.; Western Gas Construc-
tion Co.; Upson Walton Co.; Stokes
Deep Well Tool Company, Inc.; National
Tube Co.; Bristol Company; Walker &
Pratt Co.; Dayton Pipe Coupling Co.;
Foxboro Company; Continental Supply
Co. ; A. Leschen & Sons Rope Co. ; Chap-
lin-Fulton Mfg. Co.; General Gas Light
Co.; Garlock Packing Company; Worth-
ington Pump & Mach. Corp.; Interna-
tional Tank and Equipment Company;
Bovaird & Seyfang Mfg. Co.
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April 11, 1921
THE GAS AGE
305
Reduced Meter Travel
In the Gas Meter Repair Shop. A Study
of Gas Meter Repairing Resulting in
Greater Economy in Making Repairs
By MELVIN D. ANDERSON
THE Rochester Gas & Electric Cor-
poration has in use at the present
time approximately 80,000 gas me-
ters of various sizes. The Public Service
Commission of New York State requires
that these meters be inspected and re-
paired if necessary once in every five
years. It is therefore necessary to
change, inspect and repair sixteen thou-
sand meters per year and this is the func-
tion of the Gas Meter Repair Shop, which
is located at the Front Street yards.
Last spring it was decided to inves-
tigate conditions in the shop to determine
whether the meters were being repaired
with a minimum of labor and expense.
An article appearing in the November
15» 1919 issue of the American Gas En-
gineering Journal relative to reduced
meter travel in the Meter Shop of the
Consolidated Gas & Electric Company
in Baltimore, Md. by H. M. Riley, fur-
nished suggestions as to the method to
be pursued. These were amplified by two
months study of meter repairing methods
in the Company's and other shops.
In order to secure a graphical pisture
of the sequence of operations involved in
meter repairing, a chart reproduced in
this article was prepared.
Gas meter are essentially a pair of
leather bellows, like those which were
commonly used in blacksmith shops to
produce artificial draft for the fire. Con-
tinued use of gas meters gradually causes
the leather to rot or to become stiflf
or hard. It has been found that 30%
of all the meters must have new leather
diaphragms, while 69% come into the
shop with stiff diaphragms which can be
oiled and put into shape again. The
balance are either O. K. meters, (those
which register correctly) or those which
have dirty valves.
The meters are received in the shop
and placed in the meter rack. They
are then tested by the prover to deter-
mine now accurate they are, after which
they are opened up and the old dia-
phragms oiled or taken out and re-
placed with new diaphragms. The dia-
phragms are tested with gas and then
assembled again. The meters are tested
under water with air at three pounds
pressure to make sure there are no leaks
in the cases. The Public Service Com-
mission inspector then tests them and if
they are satis fatory, they are painted
and placed in stock.
It will be noted in the above that only
30% of the meters are boiled out and
consequently this operation can be placed
farthest away from the center of the
shop, also, most of the work is per-
formed on the meters whose diaphragms
are oiled, and therefore gn'cater consid-
eration should be given to placing this
class of meter repairing as near as
possible to the center of the building.
With these points in mind, a plan of the
meter shop was prepared, showing the
exact size and location of each piece of
equipment. This plan is illustrated in
Fig. 2. On this plan the path taken by
the two important classes of meters,
namely, the new diaphragm and the oil-
ing diaphragm meters, is laid out. Be-
ginning at point No. 1, the meters enter
the shop and proceed in the manner in-
dicated by the continuous lines, numbers
and arrow heads. At the "opening up
bench" the two classes of meters split,
the oilers take course as shown by the
solid line, while the new diaphragm
meters take the course as indicated by
the dash lines. The two classes unite
again at the "gassing bench" at point No.
11 and proceed through the shop as
indicated. They finally leave the shop
at the point No. 31. A casual inspection
will bring out very clearly the fact that
there is a considerable amount of re-
crossing of paths. This is brought out
by the manner in which all new dia-
phragm meters travel from the "opening
up bench," to the room in the back to
the "boiling out tank" and "wash rack,"
and then back again to the room in the
rear. This plan was carefully checked
and corrected by the Meter Shop foreman.
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306
THE GAS AGE
April 11, 1921
Several plans were then tried, in which
the equipment was changed around and
a lay-out was finally secured, which
reduced meter travel to a minimum.
This plan is shown in Fig. 3. The meters
enter the building at the same place
as before and proceed, an indicated, to
the "opening up bench," where there is
a split as before in the path taken by the
new diaphragm meters and the oilers.
Only 20% of the entire number of meters
have been added and some of the old
equipment changed, so as to make for
greater efficiency in meter repairing.
The meter racks were moved to a much
more satisfactory location and the
capacity increased by 20%. A loading
platform was built at a height satisfac-
tory for meter loading. A new supply
cabinet was built by the General Con-
struction Department of the Company,
which will enable the foreman to keep
ing up operation. Formerly it was nec-
essary to open the meters up and then
place them in a pail to catch the con-
densation.
The equipment in the Meter Shop
formerly included a boiling out ^nk
whose dimensions were 3 ft. x 3 ft. 6 in.
x2 ft. 2 in., and a rinsing sink, 3 ft x 6 ft.
The meters were boiled out, placed under
a faucet and swabbed while clean, warm
water was running over them. A new
nonvx. iVMCV^vtfc Mmrc^ r^ffycc • JT^^rer
u^to^otHm m^r^o*M
Fig. 2. Dlagninimatlc Vtow of rout« off Gm M«t«r before changM w«ra mad* at R«|Milr Shop
repaired go out to the back room to be
boiled out. The majority of the meters
remain in the main repair room and
proceed as indicated by the solid line
and arrows. The number of times the
paths of the meters crossed has been
reduced from fifty-seven to eight. The
course of the meters has been greatly
simplified and there is now a continuous
progression of meters, from one part
of the shop to the next without much
interference. The total number of feet
of meter travel has been reduced from
779 ft., with the old lay-out. to 459J4 ft.,
with the new plan, or a reduction of
total meter travel of 40%. This re-
duction should effect a saving of about
8% of the total cost of repairing meters.
The cost of making this change was
estimated to be such, that the return
on the investment will amount to at
least 175% the first year.
A number of new pieces of equipment
a much more accurate check on the
supplies.
An oiling bench of new design was
constructed and placed in the main re-
pair room. The old oiling bench was a
large, rectangular pan on a pipe standard.
The new bench is arranged in the form
of a letter **U," with the pan draining
to one central point at the base of the
"U." When the meters are placed on
the bench, they are not removed from
it until they have been oiled and allow-
ed to drain. Formerly it was necessary
to place the meters in small drain pans
as soon as they were oiled. This new
bench has therefore eliminated the use
of the oiling pans. The "opening up
bench" has been arranged, so that the
meters can be opened up and the con-
densation, which usually accumulates in
the bottom of the meters, can be drained
out and into a tank underneath the
bench without interfering with the open-
boiling out tank is now in use, which
has a fiH'cat many improvements over
the old one. It is 6 ft 6 in. long, 3 ft
wide and 20 in. deep, and has a partition
3 ft. from one end. The larger section
is devoted entirely to boiling out the
meters, while the smaller section holds
warm, clean water for rinsing purposes.
This water is changed but once a week,
with a saving in water, over the old
method, of over 500 gallons per week.
Finally, a jack lift master truck has
been ordered to simplify the trucking
work. All meters up to this time have
been carried by hand, and it is impossible
for a man to comfortably carry more
than two meters at once. This truck
will be equipped with two platforms for
the present, which can be lifted and
moved around by the master truck. Each
platform is capable of carrying fifty-four
five-light meters.
rorWi. ^^CK^OC MCTCK mtf^CI. '-^$S9.S necr I ^mrromf*
Fig. 3. DlagnnnmaHc Vi«w ■tiowlnft routo of Gma Motor af tor changot woro modo at Ropoir Shop
Digitized by VnOOQ iC
April 11, 1921
THE GAS AGE
307
The Testing of Gas Lamps
Illuminating Engineer of the Con-
solidated Gas Company Gives Valu-
able Suggestions for Better Lighting
By R. H. MAURER
THE purpose of this paper is to
explain why and how gas lamps
are tested by the Consolidated Gas
Company of New York and the value
of such testing from both the commercial
and the illuminating engineering stand*
point.
One aim of the Illuminating Engineer-
ing Society is to better lighting condi-
tions throughout the country. This is a
gigantic task and can be accomplished
only by the hearty co-operation of all
interested in lighting, be it gas, electric
or oil and especially of those engaged
in the commercial effort who can best
help to carry the good work to the
public. In order to promote the proper
use of light it is necessary to equip these
Unfortunately, there are numerous ir-
responsible retailers and house to house
peddlers whom we can hardly hope to
reach in our effort to educate and who,
I believe, are responsible for most of the
lighting atrocities which we find to-day.
The only way to improve this condition
is by spreading propaganda through the
public utilities and other responsible
Lighting organizations to such an extent
that the general public obtains some idea
of the benefits to be derived from follow-
ing our advice so they will eventually
demand that their lighting equipment be
installed in accordance with good prac-
tice.
If all lighting service companies and
others interested in selling lighting equip-
Gaa Lamp Display Shown Illuminating Engineering Society
missionaries with proper data so that
when they go out to sell lighting, be it
units or service, they can talk intelli-
gently on the subject.
How much easier it would be to sell
a particular lighting unit, for instance,
if the salesperson could tell the prospec-
tive customer that the unit in question
would give a certain candlepower or
iUiimioation when placed in the room in
question, how many such units would be
required, the operating cost of the same
and the effect of various colored walls,
ceilings, etc., and how money could be
saved by planning the lighting instal-
lation along certain lines and placing the
outlets to the best advantage.
ment would insist upon selling only the
units which have been tested and proven
safe, efficient and satisfactory from an
aesthetic and illuminating engineering
standpoint, much of our present bad
lighting would be eliminated.
In our own company it has been found
necessary and ultimately profitable, to
instruct those engaged in the selling of
lighting units in the general requirements
of good illumination. We are convinced
that selling lighting fixtures, lamps and
accessories, under these conditions, will
prove better for both the seller and the
buyer, than if the salesperson does not
know the rudiments of correct illumi-
nation.
In order to secure illumination data, it
is necessary to test many lamps, mantles,
glassware and accessories. There are,
however, many subjects such as glare,
effect of colored walls, ceilings, hangings
and other aesthetic considerations which
do not come under the subject of this
paper. Our chief concern in testing
lamps is to secure the most efficient unit,
and after we have done this our next
step is to equip that unit with proper
shading or reflecting media and to gather
such data as will help in laying out a
lighting installation using the lamps ap-
proved.
The testing of gas lamps is carried on
in our laboratory somewhat in the fol-
lowing manner and from the results ob-
tained from these tests the lamps are
approved or not approved for the use of
the company.
For convenience in testing, gas lamps
are classified in the following manner:
Upright Mantle Units — Domestic
Commercial
Industrial
Inverted Mantle Units — Domestic
Commercial
Industrial
When a lamp is received for investi-
gation, it first undergoes a rigid physical
examination, that is, it is examined for
safety, workmanship and construction,
weak points are noted and if these points
can be easily adjusted the manufacturer
is informed and the changes are made.
If, on the other hand, the lamp would
have to tmdergo a complete reconstruc-
tion to meet our requirements, the unit
is not tested, but is sent back to the
manufacturer with a statement of our
objections and he is at liberty to make a
new unit and submit it for consideration.
Radial Photometer Room
This room is finished completely in
dull black. The radial photometer con-
sists of a 3-meter bar photometer, using
an electric standard or pentane standard
lamp. Use is made of a Luhmer-firodhun
disc and sight box. The main feature
of this photometer is the rotating head
which is equipped with two mirrors and
revolves on a circular track, the degrees
being calibrated on the circular head.
The gas lighting unit to be tested is
hung on an adjustable iron tripod and
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308
THE GAS AGE
April 11, 1921
can be readily adjusted to any position
desired by the aid of a swivel joint
specially constructed for this purpose.
The electric current used for the
standard lamp is taken from a battery
of 74 storage cells of two volts each.
The current is controlled and measured
for this lamp by the use of a potentiome-
ter and galvanometer. A noval feature of
the battery room is that any combination
of voltages desired from 2 volts to 150
volts can be obtained. This is made pos-
sible by arranging the cells in four sec-
tions of 13 cells each, with 22 end-cells
separately connected to the swith board.
Method of Teat
The lamp is examined for the simplest
method of adjustment, that is, (a) gas
adjustment only; (b) air adjustment
only; (c) gas and air adjustment.
The test begins by determining the
candlepower distribution in a vertical
plane with the lamp new, equipped as
placed on the market, or with special
equipment covered by the assignment.
The initial distribution test is performed
with stored gas which enables the test
to run over until the next day with very
little change in the heat-unit value of
the gas. Two 7S-cu. ft holders are used
for this purpose.
After the simplest adjustment is made,
the lamp is set on the photometer and
the mantles supplied with the lamp are
put in place and burned off, each mantle
being lighted from the top. The glass-
ware is cleaned or use is made of a
cylinder, unless the lamp is of a type
that requires an outside globe, or the
assignment specifically requires the test
to be made with certain glassware equip-
ment The lamp is then adjusted to
approximately the maximum light output,
and the mantle is burned for half an
hour in order to maintain an even tem-
perature for the burner. After thJ3 burn-
ing the lamp is adjusted by the use of the
radial photometer to its best efficiency
or maximum candlepower combined with
minimum gas and air supply. The pho-
tometric readings are taken at the 90*
position for the upright lamps and 75*
position for the inverted lamps. I might
say here that the maximum candlepower
for upright mantles without enclosing
glassware is found nearly always at the
90** position, and that for the inverted
mantles at the 75* position.
In order to find the average position
which is fair for the lamp on test, the
candlepower of the lamp is taken at six
equidistant asimuths, at the 90** position
for upright and at 75** position for the in-
verted lamps, the nadir position being at
0**. The mean position for the lamp for
photometering is determined from these
figures, so that it will be possible to du-
plicate the position after the lamp has
been taken into the life test room.
Results of Tests
The data for the candlepower distribu-
tion curve is determined from an average
of several readings taken at each 10"*
position. The calorific value, specific
gravity, consumption, pressure and tem-
perature of gas, together with atmospher-
ic conditions are noted. The temperature
of various parts of the lamp, especially
those likely to be handled, and the be-
havior of the lamp in general are also
noted.
Tests of candlepower distribution are
run at all gas pressures from 15/10 in. to
45/10 in. of water column for low pres-
sure units and 1.5 lbs. to 3.5 lbs. for high
pressure units, the lamp being given an
average adjustment with minimum attend-
ant gas consumption at each pressure.
A curve of pressures and the mean
spherical candlepower is drawn and the
pressure corresponding to the' maximum
mean spherical candlepower is noted.
The values at various pressures are taken
from the candlepower distribution tests
at these pressures.
In order to determine the variation in
efficiency and in candlepower of the lamp
with small changes in consumption, gas
is supplied at the above determined max-
imum mean spherical candlepower pres-
sure. Several eye adjustments are made
so as to vary the consumption on both
sides of tl^at corresponding to the max-
imum candlepower, the gas consumption
and candlepower data being noted.
Curves are then plotted showing the
correct consumption and pressure. The
mantles are then changed for the mantles
of the definite tmit, weight of ash and
saturation known as the standard mantles,
against which the original mantles are
compared after having been burned on
the life rack.
In order to duplicate the conditions
found in actual practice the lamp is then
removed to the life room, or if outdoor
units they are moved to an outdoor life
rack. The units are operated for a main-
tenance period at standard service pres-
sure of 25/10 in. of water column, and al-
lowed to bum for five hours each day.
During the maintenance period, usually
100 hours, notes are made of the opera-
tion and behavior of the lamp, mantle or
globe breakage, popping, flashing (es-
pecially at ignition), carbonization, whis-
tling or roaring and other information
and incidents of interest, and changes are
suggested to the manufacturer to over-
come any defects.
At the end of the maintenance period,
the lamp is removed bodily and replaced
on the 3-meter photometer and the can-
dlepower distribution is again noted at
25/10 in. gas pressure, with the test man-
tles and with standard mantels. The total
deterioration of the unit as a lamp is thus
measured. The glassware is cleaned, re-
placed and further candlepower distribu-
tion readings are taken with both the
supplied and the standard mantles, under
conditions as closely approximating the
original as possible. The losses due to
the dirt accumulation on glassware, and
the accumulation in lamp proper and the
mantle deterioration can be computed
from these data.
If the lamp shows decided promise and
efficiency a life test is made. The lamp is
put back on the life rack, and using the
test mantles, it is allowed to bum for a
period of from 1,000 to 2,000 hours at the
standard pressure, and the same proced-
ure is followed as above. During this
burning, the lamps are inspected daily
and notes are made on the operatkm, as
well as the number of adjustments nec-
essary.
From the results of our tests we obtain
the following information which is of
value to the commercial department and
the illuminating engineer:
(a) The efficiency of the lamp— rated
in lumens per heat unit (B. t u.) per
hour.
(b) The gas consumption at all pres-
sures and the maximum candlepower in
any particular direction.
(c) The absorption by enclosing glass-
ware.
(d) The depreciation due to dirt, dost,
etc.
(e) The life of the lamp and mantles
under average district use, thus being en-
abled to judge the number of mainte-
nance calls necesary.
(f) The cost per hour in energy used
and many other items of interest which
are derived from the foregoing tests, and
are put in readable form for the persons
interested in selling and in the engineer-
ing departments of the company.
MUwaukee Promptly Corrects Gas Bills
Milwaukee, Wis.— The Milwaukee Gas
Light Co. has published advertisements
announcing that through an error bills
for the northwest district of the city
were made out at the new rates. The
company advises customers that they
should not pay these bills, as new ones,
at the old rates, will be sent. Where the
bills have been padd a refund will be
made on the March bills.
To Issue Securities
The Central Illinois Light Company
has applied to the Illinois Public Utilities
Commission for permission to issue
$500,000 preferred stock and $1,300,000
30-year 5% gold bonds. V. 104, p. 1147.
Notes Offered
Henry L. Doherty & Co., are offering
$5,000,000 Empire Gas & Fuel Ca, bond
secured sinking fund convertible S%
notes. V. 108. p. 2436.
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April 11, 1921
THE GAS AGE
309
Veterans Become Gas Fitters
Assistant Director Federal Board for Vo-
cational Education Tells What Our Govern-
ment is Doing for Disabled Fighting Men
By R. T. FISHER, Washington, D. C.
HERE is a good true story of a man
who was a letter-carrier before his
country went to war one April day
just four years ago. He went overseas
and came back home with a weakened
foot caused by ^ gunshot wound received
during the advance through the Argonne.
The government medical authorities told
him that the condition of his foot would
not permit him to walk the long route
of a letter-carrier. He must have a
new method of earning a livelihood. The
government placed him in training for
a new job with a gas company in Kal-
amazoo, Mich. He now holds the posi-
tion of foreman in the same company at
a wage of $6.50 per day.
in trade and industrial courses, 26 per
cent in commercial courses, 14 per cent in
professional courses, 12 per cent in ag-
ricultural courses, and 14 per cent in pre-
vocational courses.
The men in the pre-vocational courses,
of course, are men who need some pre-
liminary training before they can even
start on training for the occupation which
will earn them a livelihood. Sometimes
it the case of a stone-deaf man who needs
first to study lip-reading before he can
understand the speech of his instructor,
or the case of a blind man who must
learn how to read Braille (raised type
to be read with the fingers) before he
can gain knowledge for himself. Some-
Soldering and Wiping Joints
On January 1, 1921, the Federal Board
fojr Vocational Education reported that
75,000 disabled veterans of the World
War had entered training, and that there
were 65,000 men actually in training.
There are 10,000 men who have com-
pleted or discontinued training. Approx-
imately 2,500 of these have been rehabil-
itated and placed in paying jobs in line
with their training. Several thousand
have left without completing training
because good paying jobs were offered
them. Many have broken training be-
cause of recurring illness. Some of these
will be able to re-enter training when
their health is restored.
Of the 65,000 men in training, a rough
estimate shows approximately 34 per cent
times, in the case of illiterate or foreign-
bom men, it is a matter of learning to
speak, read and write English and to do
simple arithmetic examples. No man
who has not learned to read the signs,
"Danger," "Exit," "Entrance," and at
least the names of simple tools can pos-
sibly start to work in various industrial
plants.
The Federal Board has two big methods
of training its disabled men; "institu-
tional" training, or training in schools
and colleges, and training "on the job,"
or "placement training," as it is called
in ofi&ce phraseology. The men arc in
training in some 1,700 schools and col-
leges, and 8,500 industrial establishments.
The usual procedure is to place a man
first in a school or college, and then lo
follow this training with practice in a
shop, or factory, or office. Very often
a man gives such satisfaction in the fac-
tory or plant where he is in training that
the employer offers him a paying job.
The man has then been *\nmtd into em-
ployment."
Train a man into employment" is the
slogan of the Federal Board for Voca-
tional Education.
There are approximately three hundred
men in training for occupations which
belong specifically to gas companies.
Such training includes: gas-fitting, steam-
fitting, plumbing, estimating, installation
and inspection of lighting systems; plan-
reading and drafting, and the study of
business costs and office management At
present these men are divided about
equally between institutional and place-
ment training. It has been said that
placement training is a "one man course,"
because the men are placed, a man here
and a man there, in establishments or
with gas companies, in cities all over the
United States.
In addition to the trades mentioned,
there are men in training as gas-fixture
men, whose services may be utilized in
the installation of gas and electrical ap-
pliances. Men who have received the
necessary academic instruction, after a
brief period of placement training with
gas companies, have easily filled posi-
tions as gas-meter readers. A meter in-
spector usually arrives at his employ-
ment objective after a period of training
on the job with a gas company.
A few live stories of these men in
training will show just how the indi-
vidual man is fitted into the training
scheme.
A pre-war miner, weakened by an at-
tack of influenza and hence unfitted for
an occupation requiring great physical
strength, is now in placement training
as a steam-fitter in the shops of the
Southern Pacific Railroad. A former cot-
ton mill machinist with a fractured right
forearm is in training as a pipe-fitter
with a private firm at Charlotte, N. C
A hero of the Argonne-Meuse offen-
sive, gassed, and then rendered par-
tially deaf, was given a try-out course
at thf Tulane R^reivinsr School. This
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THE GAS AGE
April 11, 1921
was a case where the man's fitness for a
specific line of work was not immediate-
ly recognizable. His experience at the
try-out school seemed to indicate that
the trade of gas-fitter was a good one
for him to follow. Consequently, the
man is now in training with a firm in
Montgomery, Ala. At the same time he
is receiving a course in lip-reading.
Another case of a war-deafened vet-
eran is that of a man whose disability
prevented his carrying on with his pre-
war occupation of trainman. He went
into placement training with a gas ap-
pliance company in Houston, Tex., and
now holds a position as gas appliance
fitter with the Southern Pacific railroad
at $5.95 a day.
man's case. "Follow up by the placement
representative in charge of this work
shows the training satisfactory to the
man and the firm, and that the man has a
good opportunity because the firm has
plenty of work." In all probability, this
man will eventually receive a position in
the very firm where he is in training.
Any honorably discharged ex-service
man who has a vocational handicap be-
cause of a war disability is eligible for
training under the United States govern-
ment. He may be the man who has come
back from overseas, wounded or blind or
deaf or stricken with disease; or he is the
ex-service man who is the victim of ac-
cident or illness on this side of the water.
To the government it makes no difference
such as New York, Washington, Chicago,
etc.) up to $150 a month ($170 in con-
gested areas) to a man with four or more
children and dependent father or mother.
Tuition and books are furnished free
of charge.
Every disabled ex-service man who de-
sires training should submit his honor-
able discharge to the local or district
office of the Federal Board for Vocation-
al Education, or a Red Cross bureau,
or a local American Legion post; or if
none of these offices is near at hand, he
can write directly to the Federal Board
for Vocational Education.
Officials of gas companies who wish to
cooperate with the government in assist-
ing the disabled ex-service man to a
War Veterans in Training "On the Job"
One man who had been a plumber's
helper before the war was gassed and
received a gunshot wound in his left
leg just below the knee. He received
first institutional training as a plumber
at the Wcntworth Institute in Boston
and is now in job training with a private
firm. Meantime the Federal Board
agent is watching to see that the man is
really benefitting from training and not
simply being used by the firm as a cheap
way of getting a helper. Here is an
extract from the official report on the
where the man was when he sustained
injury. The law only stipulates that he
must have been honorably discharged
from the military or naval forces of the
United States since April 7, 1917, and
must have a disability incurred, increased,
or aggravated while a member of such
forces.
While in training, the disabled man re-
ceives from the government a compensa-
tion allowance ranging from $80 a month
to a single man (or $100 a month in
cities where the cost of living is highest,
new means of earning a livelihood can
indicate their willingness by communi-
cating with the District Vocational Of-
ficer in charge of the district in which
they are living. They must remember
that these men are not incapacitated in-
dividuals. They are men who arc •Vo-
cationally handicapped" for one line of
work and who are now being trained
in lines which "eliminate the handicap."
The Federal Board for Vocational Edu-
cation has at present 123 local offices,
too long a list to publish here.
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April 11, 1921
THE GAS AGE
311
Appliances and Equipment
Water Gas Operation
The making of water gas can most
readily be divided into three separate
operations. First, the production of ''blue
gas" from coal or coke in the generator.
Second, the vaporization of gas oil in the
carburetor. Third, the gasification of the
oil vapors to most advantageous point in
the superheater.
This last operation, "the gasification of
the oil in the superheater" is the most
important from a producer's standpoint.
It is from this source that waste occurs
amounting to many thousands of dollars
annually. This waste is found in loss of
gas oil — inferior gas tar — unproductive
labor.
Gas Tar
Efficient production of gas today, wheth-
er in the large or small plant, means not
only producing gas of a specific B.t.u. at
maximum efficiency but also operating the
sets, so that the gas tar will be of such
a quality that it will bring the highest
market prices.
Labor
The gauge of the productiveness of
labor is its output. So again, we are
brought back to "maximum gasification"
or cracking.
The Answer
Holding continuously the correct car-
buretor and superheater temperatures is
the answer to these "three big leaks in
production."
"Maximum gasification" of oil can only
result in efficient production, better quali-
ty of gas tar; and a material saving in
labor
The Best Evidence of Actual Economy
is the Experience of a Practical Gas
Man
"In treating heavy gas oil, in the manu-
facture of carbureted water gas, heats
of over 1500° F. in the carburetor or
over 1250* to 1350*' F. in superheater will
cause the production of naphthalene and
lampblack. If the heats should fall below
those noted, an oil emulsion will appear
on the seal pots and in the separators.
To insure the right heats there should
be installed a thermo-couple in the car-
buretor half way between the top and
bottom courses of checker brick. This
couple will be free from the crust of coke
formed by the residue from the gas oil
and the breeze from the fire. This
formation is the slag which necessitates
recheckering the carburetor.
In the superheater there should be two
thermo-couples, one installed near the top
course of checker brick and one near the
bottom course. An experienced gas maker
can run any kind, of a top heat and still
keep the bottom heat of the superheater
as called for.
For instance, a weak fire will always
run high heats in the superheater due
to combustion taking place in the genera-
tor, especially on bum downs for clean-
ing. Then too, a gas maker in an effort
to carry a hot carburetor top, will always
use too much secondary air causing com-
bustion to take place in the lower courses
of the carburetor driving the heat into
the top of the superheater which is
Thermo Couple— Protecting Tube— Six Point Switch— Duplex Temperature Recorder
And as we analyze what governs the
quality of the gas tar, we are immediately
brought back to the same cause respon-
sible for a loss of gas oil, "improper gasi-
fication." We find that too high tem-
peratures in the superheater forms lamp-
black, and lampblack forms an emulsion
with water and this emulsion is extremely
difficult to separate from the tar to make
the latter a marketable product.
A gallon of gas oil, vaporized and fixed
into a permanent gas at these heats, will
produce 81.5 cubic feet of oil gas at 1300
B.t.u. per cubic foot, and where the
amount of oil used per cycle varies be-
tween 30 to 70 gallons, a high output
of gas with the full yield of B.t.u. from
the oil can only be insured by close
regulation of the heats throughout the
machine.
readily noted by the pyrometer.
Three thermo-couples placed as noted,
will enable any gas maker to maintain
the right heat balance in a set and make
a gas free from napthalene while main-
taining clean separators. The Brown In-
strument Compan/s nickel chromium
thermo-couples are protected by a ni-
chrome-tube, they are said to last in-
definitely, (holding their accuracy) as
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312
THE GAS AGE
April 11, 1921
tests on this thermo-couple have demon-
strated."
Brown Pyrometers in Operation
Brown pyrometers are fitted to meet
the requirements of the gas industry;
first — because of their accuracy due to
their extremely high internal resistance;
second — because of their sturdiness of
construction enabling them to withstand
the severe conditions of dust, dirt, vibra-
tion and rough handling found on the
operating floors.
The high resistance of Brown pyrome-
ters means that you can use 50 or 500
feet of No. 12 gauge double conductor
copper wire without affecting the accuracy
of the readings. Temperature changes
along wiring, or at instrument, changes
in length or resistance of thermo-couples
have no effect on the accuracy of Brown
pyrometers.
For the operator, ^ Brown high re-
sistance indicator with two or four point
switch is used. The large clear figures
are openly graduated and the 6-inch scale
is, to the practical gas man, a dependable
and accurate gauge of his carburetor and
superheater temperatures.
For the superintendent, the Brown du-
plex continuous recording pyrometer pro-
duces two records on one chart; one the
temperature of the superheater — the other
the temperature of the carburetor, or the
top and bottom temperatures of the su-
perheater. Although temperatures are
actually recorded this temperature rec-
How Thermo-Couple is Installed
ord is really a production record for pro-
duction is dependent upon temperatures.
A Brown duplex recorder enables the
Superintendent to keep the plant pro-
duction uniform — at the highest point
of efficiency — cutting out operating "leaks."
And as to convenience of operating, the
chart record lasts for two months — the
only attention necessary is to wind the
double barrel Seth Thomas clock move-
ment once a week from the outside of
the case. A two-months roll of carbon
paper passes over the record roll, and
the pointer strikes the carbon band once
^ minpte to produce the record*
Why a Brown Will Pay for lUelf for You
It is apparent that a Brown pyrometer
equipment will pay for itself in any gas
plant within a very short time, that
thousands of dollars annually must be
saved if .production is checked, whether
one or a dozen machines are operated.
Figure it out— if a plant of 1,000,000
cubic feet daily capacity can save $7,300.00
annually with only a 5% saving in gas
oil, what can you save in your plant?
this meter manifold is an acknowledg-
ment of its worth.
Eclipse Safety Manifold
Walter A. Ashley, Chillicothe, Ohio,
U. S. A., has invented a new and useful
improvement in a manifold fitting for
domestic gas meters. This invention re-
lates to a fitting for use in the connection
of domestic gas meters to the service
and distributing pipes.
The principal objects of the invention
arc to improve the installation of domestic
meters both by facilitating the work and
also by eliminating any possibility of
springing the meter horns, or the service
and distributing, with resultant defective
jointure and possible leakage; and to
provide a fitting which shall be adaptable
to meters of varying sizes or capacities;
whose horns may be spaced apart at vary-
ing distances and which shall also be
adaptable within all practical limits to
different locations of the meter.
A very important feature of this de-
vice, is the simplifying of the work of
Safety Manifolds in Use
the fitters, for by installing this Eclipse
Safety Manifold as you would a coupling,
your "roughing in *' is complete in one
unbroken line.
Amateurs having occasion to makesome
change in the line very often spring the
meter connections, causing leakage; this
device obviates this as the pipe riser and
meter are combined.
Embodied in the Manifold is a shut
off cock with scaling attachment.
This manifdd device will be manufac-
tured by the Metric Metal Works of
Erie, Pa. The fact that this firm has
undertAken Hk manwf?M:ture and sale of
Maintenance of Chain-Grate Stokers
By JOHN M. MAY
"Allowing clinkers to accumulate on
the side walls of the furnace," says the
Traveling Engineer of the Iowa Railway
& Light Company, "is the most common
cause of stoker troubles. This causes
more grates to stick than almost any
other one thing, and it is too often the case
that a stoker is allowed to run in this
condition until the drive will no longer
pull it. When this happens the obvious
course should be to find out the cause of
the trouble and remedy it, and not try to
force the grate with a bar until the grate
or some part of the drive gives way.
Lack of proper maintenance also mani-
fests itself in the stoker drive or gears.
If the bearings are allowed to become
worn or loose, the gears fail to mesh and
begin to climb. This may do damage to
several parts of the stoker. Perhaps the
gear teeth or the bracket will break, and
sometimes the front frame of the stoker
is cracked.
The chain grate should be kept taut
and attention should be given to the roll-
ers so that the stoker is always in line
and square. There is no excuse for al-
lowing the ashes to build up as high as
the grate. When this is done the grate,
and often the back roller shaft, are burn-
ed. This entails expensive repairs. Con-
sequently, if it is noted that the ashes
are touching the grate, the stoker should
be immediately shut down before any
actual damage is done and the ashes
should be removed before the stoker is
started again.
W. W. Lowe, who has been manager of
the Bartlesville Gas and Electric Com-
pany for two years, will leave soon for
New York, where he will be with the
New York office. He will be succeeded
in Bartlesville by A. V. Wynne, formerly
general superintendent of the St. Joseph
Railway, Light and Power Company, a
Doherty subsidiary.
Mr. Lowe has been active in civic af-
fairs of Bartlesville. He is a director of
the chamber of commerce and a member
of the Rotary club. Mr. Wynne has been
with the Doherty organization eleven
years, having served with several of the
properties. He is married and has two
children.
Oklahoma City, Neb.— The senate
has passed finally Senate Bill No. 99,
by Davidson and Lillard, which provides
that no person or corporation, private or
municipal engaged in furnishing water
or gas for domestic use, shall turn off
the supply for non-payment of rental
without first serving notice at the resi-
dence of the consumer and upon the own-
er or occupant of the property.
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April 11, 1921
THE GAS AGE
313
Vesuvius House Heating and
Water Storage Units
The Vesuvius Engineering Co., Inc. of
Grand Central Palace, New York City,
has placed on the market the above units
Vesuvius Heating Unit
for heating houses with steam or hot
water gas fired furnaces and gas fired hot
water storage systems for every domestic
use. This company has secured the ser-
vices of Frank L. Kay, assistant superin-
tendent, industrial appliance division of
the Consolidated Gas Company of New
York City to cooperate with the gas com-
panies in installing these units. Mr. Kay
has been in the gas business for 23 years
and is well equipped to solve the gas com-
panies problems.
The house heater
The Vesuvius heater is installed in the
basement and it heats water or produces
steam, just as a coal fired furnace does,
Vesuvius Storage Water Heating Unit
and the heat is carried to the radiators as
in any other system of dir'^ct radiation.
If your home has already been equipped
with a steam or hot water furnace, the
Vesuvius can be readily connected up to
the pipes and thereafter substituted for
the coal unit.
If you are building a home, you would
have it piped in the usual way and the
Vesuvius would take the place of the
more expensive, larger coal furnace.
After the house is heated to the desired
temperature consumption of gas is dis-
continued, due to the thermostatic control
and the gas is relighted at such time as
the temperature in the house falls below
the point at which the thermostat is set.
This eliminates overheating the house and
makes for better hygienic conditions.
Think of the convenience offered
through a gas fired heater compared with
the expense, annoyance, labor, dirt and
dust, the need of frequent redecoration
and renovation when using coal, which
are thus eliminated.
Factories, lofts and workshops can be
heated with the Vesuvius at a great sav-
ing in both original and maintenance
cost. The heaters cari be placed wherever
desired and thus boiler rooms, coal bins,
overhead piping, firemen and engineers
can be eliminated.
The plants are built in twenty sizes.
Outfit No. 1 contains one No. 1 single
burner sufficient for 100 square feet of hot
water radiation divided into two radia-
tors. The No. 20 unit contains one No. 2
double gas burner sufficient for 350 square
feet of hot water radiation divided into
16 radiators. Similar units are manufac-
tured for steam heating plants.
The same heating unit is used to heat
the water in the storage water system, a
thermostat is provided to insure ade-
quate hot water at all times. The furnace
is located beneath the boiler which in-
sures positive circulation and abundance
of hot water.
Add New Unit to Old Line
The Ruud Manufacturing Co., Pitts-
burgh, Pa., have just added a Ruud No.
30/20 junior automatic storage system unit
to their original line of water heaters
and storage systems. This new unit is
intended for small residences having one
bathroom and combination kitchen and
laundry outlets.
The heater has double detachable coils
and standard Ruud burners. The heater
capacity is 30 gallons per hour. The ex-
ternal manifolds eliminate joints in the
fire zone. The shell is of heavy cast
iron with cast iron liner providing dead
air space insulation.
The tank is constructed of double ex-
tra-heavy galvanized tank covered with
granulated cork insulation held in place
by a jacket of galvanized sheet metal.
It weighs 125 pounds and has a capacity
of 20 gallons.
The temperature of the water is con-
trolled by the well known Ruud ther-
mostatic moment valve, which is the same
type as used in the Ruud multi-coil
automatic storage system.
The manufacturer claims it is a well
designed, well built storage system of
high grade material and workmanship
in every detail of construction.
New CorporatioB
The General Appliance Corporation has
just been formed. The officers are: P. C.
Harris, president; E. J. Roese, vice pres-
ident; and W. T. Martin, secretary and
treasurer. The main office is located at
245 W. Flagler Street, Miami, Florida.
New Stratton Separator for Removing
Water from Steam or Air
Brown Recording Thermom-
eter
The Brown Instrument Co., Philadel-
phia, Pa., have placed on the market a
new recording thermometer. The manu-
facturer claims 15 constructural advan-
tages for this instrument. Some of these
points are as follows: Automatic pen re-
lease— lifts pen from paper automatically
when chart is being changed and replaces
it when door is closed. Chart knob — a
special design of knob whereby a few
turns will grip the chart tightly to the
lug extending above the face plate. It
may be removed or replaced in two sec-
onds. Chart clips — clips are mounted on
the door and swing aside automatically
when the door is opened, without the
necessity of slipping the chart under each
clip. This feature is patented.
Many other points are described in a
new 40 page catalogue just published by
this company.
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THE GAS AGE
April 11, 1921
Operating Kinks
Heavy Gas Oil and Checker
Brick Spacing
By N. H. EARLE
Last fall the Rochester Gas and Elec-
tric Corporation learned through the U.
G. I. Co. that they were using a wider
spacing for the checker brick in their
water gas machines. The practice was
adopted in an e£Fort to use the heavy gas
oils which gas companies expected to en-
counter. The change, however, worked
so satisfactorily with the usual grades of
oil that It was adopted as regular prac-
tice.
On that information we have changed
9ur spacing in the machines at East Sta-
tion, as the machines have come down
for repairs. At the present time Na 4
and No. 5 have been recheckered on the
new basis.
The checker brick in the carburetors
and superheaters of these machines were
formerly laid with 2}^" space between
rows. They are now laid with 4j4* spac-
es for the bottom seven courses in the
carburetors and 6^4" above that, 3}4*, 3",
and 2}^" for the lower, middle and top
thirds respectively.
The results to be looked for were chief-
ly two: First— Its eflfect on the oil ef-
ficiencies, that is, whether or not the
decreased number of brick would storr
sufficient heat to crack the gas oil. Sec-
ond—Its effect on the machine capacities.
The first question was readily answered.
We could detect no di£Ference in oil ef-
ficiencies.
No. 4 machine has been run at a rat-
ing of 4,000,000 cubic feet per day under
the old spacing. The chief limiting fac-
tor was the air supply. We noted a de-
crease in the pressures through the ma-
chine of a little less at 1'' with the
new spacing as compared with the old.
But working so close to the capacity of
the blower as we were, there was little, if
any appreciable capacity increase for
the machine.
With Na 5 maciiine, however, the
situation is di£Ferent This machine was
normally rated at 1,500,000 cubic feet per
day, though it has been run at 1,500,000.
WiUi the new spacing, the pressures, for
same running conditions as under old
spacing, show a decrease of approximate-
ly 2". This has enabled us to increase
the output by at least 10%.
Furthermore, in No. 4 machine alone,
3,000 less brick are used amounting to a
saving of $150 to $175, together with the
labor of handling that number of brick.
There is apparent too, a gain in the life
of the checker brick; less tendency for
them to fuse and choke up the passages
with lamp black.
Gastape for Main Repairs
Terfection in small things." How
often have we heard that admonition and
failed to heed it! It is the big things,
in the gas industry as in others, that have
engaged our imaginations. The small
things, often big in their consequences,
may knock incessantly at the doors of
our consciousness and be told to wait
For instance, a tallowed muslin for
wrapping gas mains that is actually leak-
proof is something for which the gas in-
dustry has been waiting a long, long time,
it is pointed out
The Connelly Iron Sponge & Governor
Co. has given this detail a careful study.
As a result of its investigations and ex-
periments in the field, lasting over a
period of months, it has evolved Gastape,
a tallowed muslin that it declared actually
leak-proof. It is, of course, not a new
invention; it is simply the perfection of
One of New York's Inter-
esting Welding Jobs
The picture shows a 48-incfa gas main
with three 30-inch crossovers, welded by
the oxy-acetylene process. The crossovers
illustrate the adaptability of the welding
torch in construction of the land where
an offset in the main is required and in-
sufficient clearance is available to span
the physical obstacles with pipe of the
original diameter.
In this instance screwed fittings were
utterly impracticable, and even in con-
struction where they might be used die
cost is much higher than for welding.
This is one of the reasons why welding
has been standardized as the exdunve
mode of making all pipeUne joints by the
engineering departments of many of the
country's large natural and artificial gas
companies. The welded joint possesses,
in addition to economy, a maximum of
strength and tightness, which makes it
ideal for leak-proof connections.
The Leominster Gas Light Co. of Mass.,
started work recently laying two miles of
10 inch gas main.
One of New York's Interesting Welding Jobs
an old one, in that the coating of tallow
on the fabric is neither so thin that it
lets the air through nor so thick that it
cracks, with the same result It has a
uniform coating throughout Held up
to the light, Gastape resembles parchment
in its even translucency, as compared with
the average product through which the
lig^t percolates as through a sieve.
For emergency repairs, until such time
as permanent repairs can be made to the
leaking main with a maximum of economy
and convenience, Gasta4>e should prove
effective.
Better Coal
There has been a marked improve-
ment in the character of gas coal, says
the Rochester Gas and Electric Corpora-
tion, received since the latter part of De-
cember.
Typical analyses of weekly cumulative
samples this year and last year, are
shown as follows :
This year Last jrear
Volatile 36.5 34i
Fixed Carbon 574 S&S
Ash 6.1 9i)
Sulphur 1.0 U
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VoL XLVII Established 1883
April 25, 1921
Copyright 1921 No. 8
Purification of Water Gas
Discussion of Laboratory Tests on the Removal of
Sulphur Compounds from Carburetted Water Gas
Described at the Wisconsin Gas Assn. Convention
By ERWIN C. BRENNER, Madison, Wis.
WITH the exception of the iron oxide process, but
few of the other processes are applicable to pres-
ent day gas plant practice without extensive
changes in equipment and in operation. From a con-
sideration of these limitations an ideal process would be
one having the following qualifications :
1. — The process must be
sufficiently elastic to cope
with big fluctuations in
gas production, or large
increases in the sulphur
content of the gas.
2. — ^The process must be
applicable to both large
and small plants without
considerable change in
present equipment or prac-
tice.
3. — ^The cost of such an
installation and of its ope-
ration must be small.
The oxide process does
not deal adequately with
sulphur compounds other
than hydrogen Sulphide,
nor does it remove hydro-
gen sulphide with the same
speed as a wet process.
It seemed worth while
therefore to make a study
of wet purification proces-
ses after consulting with
some of the officers of the
Association. This report
deals with the investigation of hypochlorites as agents
for the oxidation of sulphur compounds in carburetted
water gas.
Theory and Experiment
In the iron oxide process, the oxidation of the prin-
(« (7)
Arrangement for Teit with Sodivm Hypochlorite
cipal sulphur compound found in commercial gas, name-
ly hydrogen sulphide, as generally accepted, takes place
according to the following equations :
FeA.HiO -I- 3 HiS = FciS. + 4 H2O . . , . (1)
2 FeiO..HiO -f 6 H,S = 4 Fe^ -f 8 H^O -f 2 S (2)
FeiO,.3 HiO -t- 3 H,S » 2 FeS -f S -h 6 HiO (3)
Under ordinary condi-
tions, but small amounts
of carbon disulphide are
removed from the gas by
this process.
In this connection, Rit-
sema calls attention in the
Chemiker Centralbladt
(1904, ii 1495.) to the fact
liiat hypochlorite solutions
oxidize carbon-disulphide.
Ritsema, however, does
not mention what concen-
tration of hypochlorite is
necessary to carry out the
above reaction, nor does he
mention whether the re-
action will take place when
carbon-disulphide is pres-
ent in gas in but small
amoimts. He also does
not mention the effect of
hypochlorites on hydrogen
sulphide. Hence a lab-
oratory investigation was
made to determine whether
hyochlorite solutions could
be used to remove sulphur
compounds from the carburetted water gas which was
available. The reaction is as follows:
CS, + KOCl + KOH - KiSO, + K,CO, + 8 KCl
+ 3 H^ . . . (4)
This then would be oxidizing carbon-disulphide to a
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316
THE GAS AGE
April 25, 1921
sulphate. This property of potassium hypochlorite is
due to its available oxygen content, and is common to
other hypochlorites, as for example .bleaching powder
or so-called chloride of lime Ca(OCl),.
Preliminary Determinations
Preliminary determinations were made on pure hy-
drogen sulphide, usinff a calcium hypo-chlorite solution
(bleaching powder), having about 3.5 grams of avail-
able chlorine per litre. Hydrogen sulphide, generated in
a Kipp apparatus by the action of hydrochloric acid on
ferrous sulphide, was bubbled through 200 cubic cen-
timeters of this solution in a 500 cubic centimeter ab-
sorption bottle. It was found that when gas was passed
through at a rate of about 0.5 cubic foot per hour, no
hydrogen sulphide could be detected at the outlet of the
bottle with moist lead acetate paper, though the distance
the gas travelled through the solution was only two
inches.
Carbon dioxide was then passed through a further
quantity of the same solution to determine whether car-
bon dioxide will displace chlorine from combination.
Though pure carbon dioxide was passed through the
solution for thirty minutes at the rate of 0.5 cubic foot
per hour, no chlorine could be detected at the outlet of
the absorption flask. Hence carbon dioxide will not
displace chlorine from combination so long as the solu-
tion is alkaline. An analysis of the hypochlorite solu-
tion after passage of carbon dioxide showed no loss in
available chlorine.
An investigation was then made to determine the
value of hypochlorite as a means of removing hydrogen
sulphide from a hydrogen sulphide and air mixture. In
these experiments it was decided to use a sodium hy-
pochlorite solution in place of the calcium hypochlorite
solution of the preliminary determination. The sodium
hypochlorite solution used was prepared by electrolyz-
ing a 10 per cent common salt (sodium chloride) solu-
tion in a "Valhalla" cell. The hypochlorite thus ob-
tained had as a maximum 5.4 grams of available chlo-
rine per litre.
A diagfram of the apparatus used for this set of deter-
minations is shown.
(1) 5 cu. ft. prover. (2) Experimental gas meter. (3)
Hypochlorite absorption bottle (1 litre capacity) (4) (5)
(6) Catch bottles. (/ ) Suction device.
Arrangement for Test with Sodium Hypochlorite
In the first of these determinations the amount of hy-
drogen sulphide in the gas was varied from 60 grains
per 100 cu. ft. to 6 per cent, and the quantity of sodium
hypochlorite used was one litre, having 2.035 grams of
available chlorine per litre. It was found that for all
dilutions of hydrogen sulphide, the efficiency of removal
was about 95 per cent, when using one-tenth cubic foot
of gas ; but that the amount of chlorine lost by the solu-
tion was considerably in excess of that necessary to com-
pletely oxidize the hydrogen sulphide present. The rate
of passage of the gas was about 0.5 cubic foot per hour.
The results thus obtained are shown by the following
table :
Grains S per 100 cu. ft. Chlorine
Run B'f're After %R'd B'f're After R'd
1 4,100 1,230 70.1 2.035 0.345 83.0%
II 2,198 483 78.0 2.035 0.795 6L0
III 1,001 80 91.2 2.035 1.140 44.05
IV 380 8 98.1 2.035 L759 13.6
V 60 2 97.0 2.035 1.761 13-5
In each of the above determinations the hypochlorite
solution after passage of the gas showed a distinct
cloudiness due to precipated sulphur. Evidently oxida-
tion in part takes place according to. the following equa-
tion :
2HiS+0,-2HK)+2S..(S)
cloudiness due to precipitated sulphur. Evidently oxida-
ing agent, would become
H,S-fNaOa=H,0-fNaa-fS. . (6)
An analysis of the gas after having passed through
the hypochlorite solution showed the presence of free
chlorine. To prevent this loss of chlorine the hypo-
chlorite solution was made strongly alkaline with caustic
soda and the determinations above repeated. It was
found that a hypochlorite of the same available chlorine
content, but having an alkalinity of 2 per cent sodium
hydroxide, completely removed all hydrogen sul-
phide and prevented any escape of free chlorine. The
amount of gas passed through the train was 0.1 cubic
foot at the rate of 0.5 cubic foot per hour. Some sul-
phur was precipitated as before, but it was soon dis-
solved in the sodium hydroxide present.
Since hydrogen sulphide is readily absorbed by con-
centrated alkali, no determination of the per cent of hy-
drogen sulphide removed by the hypochlorite was possi-
ble. Alkali of the above concentration will also remove
a great part of the carbon dioxide contained in the gas^
and hence make an absorbent of this kind valueless as a
gas-purifying material where the amount of carbon
dioxide is high. Hence a number of determinations
were made using a h)rpochlorite of varying alkali con-
tent. At the same time the amount of carbon dioxide re-
moved by the alkali from a hydrogen sulphide, carbon
dioxide and air mixture, was determined. The results
obtained are shown by the following data, the flow 0.5
cu. ft. per hour and the percentage of CO, at b^finning
being 6.32% :
NaOH
Det. Gm. Per L. %CO, After %CO, R'd
1 10.20 2.66 5&0
2 8.85 3.73 41.0
3 7.25 4.86 23.0
4 6.32 5.51 13.0
5 5.85 5.74 9.1
6 4.17 5.98 4.3
7 2.07 624 1.2
To determine the ratio of available chlorine consumed
to the hydrogen sulphide removed, a determination was
made, beginning with one litre of hypochlorite solution
and passing a hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide and air
mixture through it. At intervals, 25 cubic centimeter
samples were removed from the absorbent and analyzed
for available chlorine and alkali content. The per cent
carbon dioxide absorbed by the alkali was also noted.
The results of this determination showed that more
chloride is consumed than is combined with the hydro-
gen sulphide of equation.
Concltudon
The results in general of this series of determinations
show:
(1) That sodium hypochlorite in aqueous dilutions as
low as .0706 gframs of available chlorine per litre are
capable of completely removing hydrogen sulphide in
a gas by bubbling it through but three inches of the
liquid.
(2) That a loss of chlorine by the hypochlorite solu-
tion can be prevented by making the solution slightly
alkaline, without removing a large part of the carbon
dioxide of the gas.
(3) That some of the sulphur as hydrogen sulphide is
oxidized to sulphate.
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THE GAS AGE
317
Fixed Sulphur Compounds Removal
The other investigation made was to determine the
value of hypochlorite solutions as a means of removing
carbon disulphide and other fixed sulphur compounds
remaining in carburetted water gas after removing hy-
drogen sulphide. Sodium hypochlorite solutions like
those used in the previous experiments was used. A
diagram of the apparatus first used in these experiments
is shown:
Removal of Sulphur Compounds After HsS
(1) 5 cu. ft. prover. (2) Catch bottle for H,S. (3)
Experimental gas meter. (4) Hypochlorite absorption
bottle. (5) (9) Bureau of Standards Design, Circular
No. 48, Page 134, for total sulphur determination, (10)
Suction device.
The first determination of fixed sulphur compoimds
absorption by sodium hypochlorite was made by pass-
ing Carbureted Water Gas through a sodium hypo-
chlorite solution having 27.9 grams of available chlorine
per litre and 10.02 grams of sodium hydroxide
per litre. The results of this experiment are summar-
ized as follows :
Low Sulphur Gas
Fixed sulphur compounds before
absorption 12.0 Gr. 100 cu. ft.
Fixed sulphur compounds after ab-
sorption 11.0 Gr. 100 cu. ft.
Per cent sulphur removed 8.3%
Available chlorine before absorption 2.79 Gm. per L.
Available chlorine after absorption 2.66 Gm. per L.
Gas thru absorbent 2.30 cu. ft.
Rate of flow 0.5 cu. ft.
Gas analyzed ! . .2 cu. ft. for each determination
Since not all sulphur remaining in municipal gas after
hydrogen sulphide has been removed is present as car-
bon disulphide, this result cannot be accepted as repre-
senting the efficiency of carbon disulphide removal.
Hence the next determination made was on a gas high
in carbon disulphide, to determine the value of sodium
hypochlorite for removing carbon disulphide. To do
this carbon disulphide gas was added to city gas as it
comes from the mains. The results of this are summar-
ized as follows :
High Sulphur Gas
Carbon disulphide and fixed sulphur compounds in
gas before absorption 844 Gr. 100 cu. ft
Carbon disulphide and fixed sulphur compounds in
gas after absorption 762 Gr. 100 cu. ft.
Per cent sulphur compounds removed 9.7%
Available chlorine before absorption . . 1.5 Gm. Cl/L
Available chlorine after absorption 93 Gm. Cl/L
Gas thru absorbent 1.6 cu. ft.
Rate of flow 5 cu. ft. hr.
Gas for analysis 1.2 cu. ft. for each determination
An attempt to improve this efficiency of absorption
was made by using a hypochlorite solution of higher
available chlorine content, and by using this solution at a
temperature of about lOO'^C. The following results were
obtained under conditions indicated :
Higher Temperature and Chlorine Content
Carbon disulphide-ffixed sulphur compounds of gas
before absorption 359 Gr. 100 cu. ft.
Carbon disulphide-|-fixed sulphur compounds of gas
after absorption 280 Gr. 100 cu. ft.
Per cent sulphur removed 22%
Available chlorine before absorp-
tion 45.7 Gm. 100 cu. ft
Available chlorine after absorption 37.2 Gm.100 cu. ft.
Gas thru absorbent 980 cu. ft.
Rate of flow of gas 41 cu. f t hr.
Volume of gas analyzed after absorption .960 cu. ft.
Volume of gas analyzed before absorption .980 cu. ft
In a further attempt to improve this efficiency some
catalytic materials were added under substantially the
same conditions as above. The amount in each case was
about 15 grams per litre of solution. The effect on the
efficiency of sulphur removal of each of the substances
is:
Catalytic Removal Test
Sodium hypochlorite of 3 grams available chlorine
and 10 grams sodium hydroxide per litre in the cold
without catalyst 17.0%
The same at 100**C 9.64%
Cold+nickel oxide (NijOa) 18.0%
Cold+zinc oxide (ZnO) 16.7%
Cold+iron oxide (FjOj) .17.9%
(0
RemoTAl of Sulphnr Compoimdi after HsS
The results thus obtained show a fairly constant per
cent of sulphur removal without appreciable increase
due to the presence of catalytic materials. Hot hypo-
chlorite solution, however, gave much poorer efficiencies
than those obtained in the cold, — a fact confirmed by
subsequent determinations. Evidently then the increased
efficiency obtained when a hot and concentrated solu-
tion was used, was due to the higher available chlorine
content of the solution and not to the increase in tem-
perature of absorption.
To determine what effect a more intimate contact of
gas and absorbent would have on the efficiency of remov-
al, a volume of gas was passed repeatedly through a cold
hypochlorite solution. The result is summarizwl as fol-
lows:
Cold Hypochlorite Solution
Carbon disulphide and fixed sulphur compounds in
the gas before absorption 536 Gr. 100 cu. ft
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THE 0A8 AOE
April 25, 1921
Carbon disulphide and fixed sulphur compounds in
the gas after absorption 347 Gr. 100 cu. ft
Per cent sulphur removed 35.25%
Gas passed thru solution 7 times
Rate of passage of gas 1.0 cu. ft. hr.
Available chlorine before absorption ....3.61Gm/L
Available chlorine after absorption 1.3 Gm/L
Volume of gas for sulphur analysis before
absorption 710 cu. ft
Volume of gas for sulphur analysis after
absorption 587 cu. ft.
From the results of this determination it follows that
the amount of sulphur compounds (principally carbon
disulphide) absorbed, is directly dependent on the inti-
macy of contact between the gas and the absorbent.
To obtain a more intimate contact of gas and absor-
bent than was possible with the apparatus used up to
this time, the gas was washed by passing it through a
series of three absorption towers. The towers were
packed with pebbles and arranged in cascade ; the liquor
flowing over the pebbles coimter current to the flow of
^s. The gas by this arrangement passed up a column
of packing 27 inches high and 2 inches in diameter.
The conditions existing and the results obtained using a
•concentrated and a weak absorbent are summarized as
follows :
Weak Concentrated
Carbon disulphide+fixed sulphur
in gas before absorption 78.2 78.2 Gr. 100
Carbon disulphide+fixed sulphur
in gas after absorption 60.3 56.0
Per cent sulphur removed 23% 2a5%
Volume of gas passed through 1.564 1.534 cu. ft.
Rate of passage of gas 0.67 0.6 cu.ft.hr.
Available chlorine per litre before
absorption 0.0470 3.082 Gm.
Available chlorine per litre after
absorption 0.0407 2.860 Gm.
Grams chlorine removed 0.319 0.557
Volume of absorbent used 3700cc. 2500cc.
Rate of flow of absorbent 7.5L/hr. 82L/hr.
Temperature of absorption 72** F. 72** F
Volume of Gas for sulphur analy-
sis 0.80 cu. ft O.a0cu.ft
Grams NaOH per Utre 0.318 0.685
A determination to check these results using a hy-
pochlorite having 2.863 grams of available chlorine per
litre and 0.320 grams of sodium hydroxide per litre un-
der substantially the same conditions as the two above
determinations, but using a rate of passage of gas of 0.5
cu. ft. per hour, gave an efficiency of removal of 30.44%
of the sulphur compounds.
The results of this and previous determinations show :
1. — ^That the removal of carbon disulphide and
fixed sulphur compounds by sodium hypochlorite so-
lution varies directly as the efficiency of the scrubbing
device.
2. — ^That under these conditions, a reasonable vari-
ation in the amount of hypochlorite in the solution
has but little effect on the amount of sulphur removed.
Using the tower gas-washing apparatus, a second de-
termination was made on Madison city gas to determine
the amount of fixed sulphur compounds removable.
The following is a summary of the conditions and the
results :
Test of City Gas Supplied in Madison
Fixed sulphur compounds in the gas before
scrubbing 10.01 Gr. 100 cu. ft
Fixed sulphur compounds in the gas after
scrubbing 5.4 Gr. 100 cu. ft.
Per cent sulphur removed 46%
Volume of gas passed through 4.2 cu. ft.
Rate of passage of gas 0.864 cu. ft hr.
Available chlorine before absorption 0.86 Gm. per L
Available chlorine after absorption 0.575 Gm. per L.
Volume of absorbent 4 litres
Rate of flow of absorbent 6 L/hr.
Amount of chlorine constmied 1.14 grams
Grams sodium hydroxide per Utre • . . .0.234 grams
Volume of gas used for sulphur analysis before ab-
sorption 3.796 cu. ft
Volume of gas used for sulphur analysis after absorp-
tion 3.413 cu. ft
^ ^ «ll
Gas Fired Drying Apparatus
Suggestions Concerning Practical
Drying Operations and the Prin-
ciples Involved in the Process
By J. F. SPRINGER, New York City
THE problem of drying materials has grown to be
a very considerable one. There are many solutions
embodied in various devices which are npw in ser-
vice. Some drying is still done by natural means such
as the sun and the winds, but manufacturers are dis-
carding natural means because they do not fit in exactly
with the demands of the factory, because accurately
regulated drying is necessary or because they do not
liave the space.
Theory of Drying
Drying involves the removal of retained moisture,
whether the liquid be water or something else, although
water is generally the liquid to be removed. The re-
moval of water by squeezing operations is not drying.
Drying is not a mechanical process at all. In general
it consists of two stages, the vaporization of the con-
tained moisture and the absorption and removal of this
by air currents having a sufficient velocity for the pur-
pose. The heating of the article to be dried generally
promotes vaporization and drying. The heating of the
air promotes the absorption of vapor, since the capacity
of the air for water vapor increases with the temperature
of the air. The circulation of the air in contact with
the moist material facilitates absorption because it re-
moves the more or less saturated air and provides drier
air. Drying the air in advance of its passing over the
surface to be dried makes the air current a better mois-
ture absorbent. This pre-drying of the air may be done
by heating. For this preheating gas is eminently wdU
adapted.
It is doubtful whether manufacturers of city gas, the
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April 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
319
manufacturers of drying machines, and the users of such
machines are sufficiently utilizing the possibilities which
accompany the use of gas. In so far as the users of dry-
ing machines are concerned, one can not expect much
from them, unless they happen to have their works in
regions served with cheap natural gas or in localities
where other gas is sold at a low rate. But, more is to
be expected of the manufacturers of drying machines,
since a full development of the fields of all fuels — gas
among them — ^will certainly result in a wider use of their
product. The manufacturer of dty gas ou^ht to be
the one to whom we should look to develop this use and
thus promote his own business.
Steam for Heating
In the drying: of textiles, steam is generally the heat-
ing agent. This steam is piped to the points of use and
there made to give up its heat during its passage through
coils. The condensation into water at 212"* F. naturally
leaves a good deal of" heat tn the water, which will be
lost unless some provision is made for its utilization.
If the heated water is returned to the boiler this heat
is utilized. Heating by steam is generallv economical,
especially if all the heat is in some way used. Steam may
be superheated above 212° F. but the range is a very
moderate one indeed, the ordinary limit being probably
300*". To go beyond this, means increasing the pres-
sures inordinately, requiring stronger heating coils
which would be hard, might eliminate it for the use in-
tended. Steam is a good heating agent where the tem-
perature requirements are narrow in range.
The second possible objection concerns the production
of the steam to be used. Where steam is otherwise re-
quired, as for the driving of power units, and the demand
for heating is insignificant, the boiler capacity adready
available may be sufficient. In such a case, steam will
generally be a very cheap means of providing heat for
drying. But where the holier equipment has to be added
to or a special boiler installation put in, this expense to-
gether with that of operation may put quite a different
face on the matter.
Gas for Heating
Gas is, comparatively the more expensive means of
providing heat, if one considers only the cost of coal
when estimating the expense for steam; but there are
so many advantages that they largely offset the disparity
in primary cost. One person compares gas at 80 cents
with coal at $5.00 per ton, and estimates that $1.00 ex-
pended on gas will obtain some 900,000 B.tu., while
$1.00 expended on coal will secure some 5,000,000 B.t.u.
So far as heat content is concerned, about 5.6 times as
much heat can be bought with the same money in the
form of coal as in the form of gas. But this is not the
point at which to stop, as another writer has pointed
out. The coal fired steam boiler is a very inefficient
apparatus. Tests made by the U. S. Bureau of Mines
disclosed in the very best cases only about 65 per cent.
Comparison of Gas and Steam Heat
Gas is a competitor with coal in two ways: (1) Gas
used more or less directly for drying as compared with
steam produced from coal-fired boilers. (2) Gas used
as a means of firing steam boilers as compared with coal
used in the same way.
With r^rd to the latter bitois of comparison, we
have an efficiency of 85 or 90 per cent for the gas-fired
steam boiler to compare with the 60 or 65 per cent effici-
ency of a coal-fired steam boiler. This consideration
changes the figures, 900,000 and 5,000,000, and gives a
better relative result for gas. Taking 85 and 60 per cent
as representing good efficiencies for the two fuels, the
$1.00 worth of each will produce in the form of steam
765,000 and 3,000,000 B.t.u., respectively. This changes
the ratio 5.6 to 3.9. However, a gas-fired boiler is nearly
automatic in its operation, whereas the coal-fired boiler
will require personal attendance.
When gas is used more directly for the heating re-
quired for drying, it would appear that, as compared
with steam (not coal), it is more efficient. G. C. Shad-
well claims for gas much better results when used for
drying. Thus he says: "The heater I have illustrated
and described has been tested by some of the larger gas
companies and others ; and, quoting from memory, they
obtained an efficiency of something over 90 per cent
with a 50° temperature raise, the initial temperature
of the air being /O** F. I have never seen nor heard' of
anything like this effidenQr when steam is used as the
heating medium for the same purpose."
Advantages of Gas Fuel for Drying
Among the good things that may be enumerated as
belonging to the use of gas for drying, whether that
use be semi-direct or whether it be through the medium
of steam from a gas-fired boiler, are the following:
1 — Gas involves no ashes.
2 — Gas involves no handling to make it available.
3 — ^The heat content is instantly delivered either to the
heating device direct, or to the boiler if steam is to be
used.
4 — Its consumption may be instantly stopped.
5 — Its use may be very accurately controlled and
waste prevented.
6 — ^Attendance may largely be omitted.
7 — ^Low cost of equipment.
8 — ^High temperatures, as well as low ones, may be
gotten, if gas is used independently of steam.
Some of all of these items may come into considera-
tion. Their relative importance will vary under differ-
ing conditions.
There is another consideration which may often have
weight. When coal is the fuel depended upon the cost
will naturally fluctuate with the price of coal. In addi-
tion, it may at times be difficult or impossible to get
the coal. The gas companies, that is the larger ones,
are generally better situated in respect to coal. The
price of gas will not fluctuate as often or as violently
as the price of the coal used tb generate it. The gas
consumer will accordingly have a cost figure upon which
a greater amount of dependence can be placed than if
he were a coal consumer. The larger gas companies
are usually better provided for in the certainty and
regularity of their coal supplies than the ordinary
manufacturer. Consequently, gas can be cotmted on by
the user much more confidently than coal.
Other Advantages of Gaseous Fuel
It will be gathered by the attentive and intelligent
reader, perhaps, that the comparative costs of gas and
coal or even the comparative costs of gas-steam and
coal-steam are by no means all that should be taken
into consideration. This is true, even where the re-
sults wanted may be obtained either through gas or
through coal. There are other cases, where the tem-
perattires required are beyond ithose really. practicahle
with steam. Gas here affords a means of getting the
results and steam does not "There is practically no
limit as to the temperature of the air which may be
obtained'' by the use of a special gas heater.
It may occur to some that the use of gas otherwise
than through the mediation of steam might in some cases
involve a considerable fire risk. With the type of gas
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320
THE GAS AGE
April 25, 1921
heater properly selected for the work there is no flame
contact with the work to be dried; even matches are
being dried by heat derived from the gas heater.
Purpose of Drying
Sometimes, drying is done simply to get rid of residual
moisture in order that the material may be ready for the
next operation in manufacture. Sometimes the moisture
is a residue from some manufacturing operation. In
either case drying is used simply to get rid of moisture.
However, drying is often employed as means of pre-
serving materials from deterioration. Thus, fruits and
vegetables are often dried to prevent deterioration or
spoiling before they go into use. Another use for drying
is to prepare materials for mixing. Still another use
is for the purpose of producing a protecting skin, this
skin then acting as a seal to prevent further evaporation.
Yet another use is for the purpose of giving a degree of
brilliance or luster to certain commodities and thus make
them more attractive. Pre-heated air is more efficient
because its capability to absorb moisture increases with
its temperature.
Preheating the Drying Air
The cost of heating air by means of a gas heater
will naturally vary more or less with the design of the
heater. It is claimed possible to get the following re-
sults. City gas of moderately high quaUty is assumed.
Seventy cubic feet will suffice, when used in a certain
heater made by the Improved Appliance Company, to
raise the temperature of 20,000 cubic feet of air 100"* F.
This capacity may be taken as equivalent to that enab-
ling one to increase the temperature of 10,000 cubic feet
of air 200° F. In short the capacity is to be rated as
2,000,000 foot-degrees.
To get a clear idea of the heated air current produced,
it is necessary to understand something of hiunidity. At
all temperatures, air will absorb more or less water
vapor. If the air is pushed to its absorptive limit, it is
said to be saturated. But the amount of water thus
held in the form of vapor will vary with the temperature.
The warmer or hotter the air, the greater will be the
weight of water vapor reqired to produce saturation.
If 20,000 cubic feet of air be raised from 70'' to 170**
and be absolutely dry, then the passage of this air
through a dryer until it reached the point of saturation
would result, if the temperature were allowed to drop,
in the absorption of something more than 25 pounds of
moisture from the material being dried.
According to Kent's Handbook the weight of 1000
cu. ft. of saturated air at 32 deg. Fah. is 80.504 lbs. and
te contains 0.304 lbs. of water vapor. At 60 deg. Fah.
the saturated air weighs 75.581 lbs. and contains 0.SB1
lbs. moisture; at 150 de^. Fah. the saturated air weighs
58.416 lbs. and it contains 10.716 lbs. of moisture while
at 212 deg. Fah. the steam weighs 368.20 lbs. and there
is no air. It is thus seen that the avidity with which
moisture is absorbed by the air increases at a much
greater rate than the temperature.
Nature does not supply us with dry air. Grenerally
there will be some certain amount of water vapor pres-
ent. This amount is, for any particular temperature,
indicated by its degree of humidity. The worst air na-
ture furnishes for drying has a humidity of 100 per
cent or complete saturation. Saturated air would have
absolutely no drying capacity at all. However, if it is
first passed through the heater and has its temperature
increased W, it will take up considerably more mois-
ture. By the simple process of heating it up 10*", the air
will be given a capacity to absorb nearly as much water
vapor as it held before being heated. If it is now cir-
culated in the dryer, and its temperature maintained, it
will have a very good dryine effect. It will thus be
seen that the pre-heating of tne air destined for circu-
lation in a drying apparatus has the effect of greatly
increasing its absorptive capacity.
In order to offset the loss, due to cooling of the heatwl
air while passing through the drying chamber, more air
than theoretically necessary must be supplied in order
to accomplish the full drying effect
The Heater
Much of what has been said in the forgoing applies
to any heater. The laws of saturation, and the like, are
naturally independent of the heating apparatus. How-
ever, the particular heater supplied by tne Improved Ap-
pliance Co. is interesting in construction. Tubes are fit-
ted into a tube-head just as boiler tubes are fitted into
a tube sheet. The tubes are arranged vertically in a
cylindrical shell. Through them pass the hot gases pro-
duced by the burning of the city gas in an atmosphere of
natural air.
The air to be heated enters tangentially at the top of
the heater and is heated as it passes downward around
and among the heated tubes. There is a bafHe, arranged
at a low level which operates to divert the incoming air
and send it over the hot flame plate where it receives a
final injection of heat before passing out of the heater in-
to the conduit which carries it to the work to be dried.
The heat flows, roughly, in an opposite direction from
the air, during the heating operation. It is claimed that
this tends to give maximum efficiency.
The body is insulated with air-cell asbestos and this
is, in turn, encased in sheet steel to protect the asbestos,
etc. The base of the apparatus consists of the fire cham-
ber. There is a baffle located underneath the burner.
Its function is to direct secondary air and also to guard
the floor from overheating. A hood at the top termi-
nates in a collar. To the latter the flue pipe is attached.
Here a damper is located, which provides for the nec-
essary regulation. All this is very simple. It is claimed
that the heater is very efficient.
A favorite mode of using the heater is to arrange a
fan blower so that it may drive the air. This supplies
the primary air for the heater and provides for driving
in through the heater and on through the drying room or
other drying compartment. The outlet near the bottom
of the heater shown is connected with the drying room,
the hot air entering at the floor. The inlet of the ex-
haust vent to this room is arranged near the floor on the
opposite side of the room. The heated air passes up-
ward through the work to be dried and is pulled down-
ward by the exhaust pipe which runs up to above the
level of the ceiling.
In general a dry room should have its air changed
from 2 to 5 times per minute. And the air should be
supplied at the highest temperature permitted by the
character and condition of the material which is to be
dried. These statements are essentially the same as the
rule laid down by Mr. Shadwell. Evidently, they apply
to any drying room operated in the manner described,
whatever type of heater be used for pre-heating the air.
The principles enunciated govern the calculation of the
amount and temperature oi the air to be furnished.
If the drying room, or oven, is to be used at tempera-
tures in excess of 250 degrees, then it will be well to cov-
er its walls, roof and floor (underneath) with suitable
material for preventing the loss of heat No material
will save all the heat. For temperatures up to 500 de-
grees, perhaps the best of all commercial products is a
combination of magnesia and asbestos fiber. It is de-
sirable to use as large a percentage of the magnesia and
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THE GAS AGE
321
as low a percentage of the asbestos as will produce a ma- Materials to Be Dried
terial having a satisfactory tensile strength— a strength The following table gives useful information as to
sufficient to enable it to hold together and endure the proper temperatures for the drying of various materi-
vicissitudes of service. Experience has shown that 85 als.
per cent magnesia is the thing to use. It is widely em- Material Drying Temperature
ployed for the purpose of msulatmg steam pipes and "^ Degrees F
boilers, and is probably the most universally used insu- p^ (^^^^^ed or dyed) ' 150-220
lator for high-grade installations. The walls floor and p^J^^ ( j^^j) / Any up to 300
roof of the drying room will naturally be of sheet metal, ^ajes (glued) Any up to 300
The sheet metal may be used of single thickness and the Ribbons (pasted) 160-200
85 per cent magnesia is applied to the exterior surfaces ; panting ink .' .* .' .' .' ." .' .' .' .' ." .' .' .' .' .' .' .* .' .' Any up to 300
or, the sheet metal may be used double, with a space be- p^j^ y^^^ ^ 140-180
tween which may be filled with asbestos ; or, the second La jj^^, ^^^ VeluedV '. '. '. '. '. *. '. * '. ". \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ '. '. 140^180
sheet may be put on after the layer of the magnesia is m Matches 140-180
place. The outer casing of metal performs the service of Macaroni 110-150
protecting the insulator. pj^^^^ y^j.-^^^'^ 90-110
The air may, when desired, be drawn through the photo negatives . '. \\'". 90-110
heater and the dryiny room by an exhaust fan. In this gathine suits 120-180
case, the air inlet near the top of the heater is left open. Blankets 140-180
The exhaust fan is placed on top above the ceiling, the p^q^q fiin^g 90-110
horizontal arm of the vent pipe entering the center of Feathers 150-180
the exhaust fan. The intake is placed near the floor, jj^j^. ^^^jg 150-190
The pipe from the heater may enter the drying room just p^^^ 150 190
under the ceiling and its end is provided with numerous gize (on paper)' ! V.V. \ ! *. '. '. '. \ '. '. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ '. \ \ '. '. 150^220
perforations. When the exhaust fan is in operation it Beddinc 150-190
draws the air in from the exterior through the heater, j^^^^ ^ 90-140
The hot air must go, from each perforation in the heating Cereal 110-150
pipe distributor, down and across to the intake of the vent jjoos 120^180
pipe. This arrangement of the perforated horizontal Raes 120-180
pipe just below the ceiling may be used also with the Overalls 120-180
blower, when the air is driven instead of being exhaust- Knitted fabrics 140-180
Rather exact calculations may be made as to the vol- '
ume of heated air required to perform a given job. A Other articles, which may be dried in a similar man-
suitable table is given by Mr. Shadwell (p. 238, vol. 23, ner, but for which the temperature should be ascertained
Trans. Am. Soc. Heating & Ventilating Engineers) for by experiment or otherwise, are the following: Clothes,
computing the amount. drugs, herbs, barks, pills, glass-ware, etc.
J$ J$ Jl
Oil Refinery Production in 1920
The Petroleum Economist of the U. S. Bureau of
Mines Gives Some Authoritative Figures Upon Re-
finery Products, Including Gas Oil and Gasoline
By F. H. MASON, Washington. D. C.
A CENSUS of the refineries by the United States
Bureau of Mines shows that on January 1, 1921,
415 plants were completed with a daily capacity
of 1,888,800 barrels, while on December 31, 1920, there
were only 328 refineries operating with a daily capacity
of 1,714,395 barrels of crude oil. The United States Geo-
logical Survey reports the estimated production of crude
oil in the United States for 1920 as 443,402,000 barrels,
this being a daily average of 1,211,481 barrels. It is
interesting to note that the daily average refinery ca-
pacity exceeds the domestic production of petroleum by
677,000 barrels.
' During the year 1920, the petroleum refineries of the
United States ran 61,136,210 barrels of Mexican crude
oil and 2,513,074 barrels of Mexican tops through the
stills.
Gasoline
The daily average production of gasoline during 1920
was 13,340,291 gallons, an increase of approximately
2,500,000 gallons daily over the production of 1919. Ex-
ports and shipments of gasoline for 1920 amounted to a
daily average of 1,800,0W) gallons, this being 72 per cent
larger than the daily average for 1919 and an increase of
15 per cent over 1918. Domestic consumption of gasoline
for 192Q exceeded 1919 by 818,000,000 gallons, an increase
of 24 per cent. Stocks of gasoline at the refineries arc
approximately 16,000,000 gallons more than those of De-
cember 31, 1919.
Kerosene
The daily average production of kerosene for 1920
was 76,000 gallons less than the production of 1919.
Daily average of exports and shipments of kerosene for
1920 was 328,000 gallons less than those of 1919. Domes-
tic consumption of kerosene was approximately the same
as 1919. Stocks ofkeroj^ene on December 31, 1920, were
about 54,000,000 gallons larger than the stocks of De-
cember 31, 1919.
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THE GAS AGE
April 25, 1921
Gas and Fuel Oil
The production for 1920 shows an increase in the daily
average of 3,000,000 gallons more than in 1919. Exports
and shipments for 1^ were increased 2,000,000 gallons
daily oyer those of 1919. The daily average domestic
constmiption of gas and fuel oils for 1920 was 1,085,158
gallons more than for 1919. The use of fuel oil for bun-
kering vessels engaged in foreign trade during 1920 was
88 per cent larger than the amount used in 1919. Stocks
of fuel oil at the end of December were 123,000,000 gal-
lons larger than the stocks at the first of the year.
Lubricating Oil
The daily average production of lubricating oils was
increased by 540,0(X) gallons for the year 1920. The daily
average of exports and shipments of lubricating oils
were increased by 365,691 gallons. Domestic consump-
tion of lubricating oils increased 113,026 daily. Stocks
of these oils were increased 23,000,000 gallons since the
first of the year.
Production and Consumption in Gallons
Income Gasoline Kerosene
1920 1920
Stocks, January 1 446,793,431 339,319,690
Production 4,882,546,649 2,320,095,443
Imports 46,066,110
Total 5,375,406,190 2,659,415,133
Outgo Gasoline Kerosene
Exports 633,247,487 848,212,146
Shipments to insular poss. 21,348,911 19,908,094
Domestic consumption • . . 4,256,427,955 1,398^223,970
Stocks, December 31 • • . . 462,381,837 393,070,923
Total 5,375,406,190 2,659,415,133
Income Gas and Fuel Lubricating
Stocks, January 1 714,124,455 137,318,934
Production 8,861,451,931 1,046708,349
Total 9,575,576,386 1,184,027,283
Outgo Gas and Fuel Lubricating
Exports ^1,933,659,336 408,920,890
Shipments to insular poss. 99,742,902 4,833,627
Domestic consumption . . 6,704769,734 609750,289
Stocks, December 31 .... 837,404,414 160,522,477
Total 9,575,576,386 1,184,027,283
♦Includes fuel and btmker oil for vessels engaged in
foreign trade. For year 1920, 26,334,883 barrels.
Miscellaneous Oils produced during 1920 Gallons
Binder 1 ,785750
Flux 34709,945
Medicinal Oils 1,375,081
Paint Products 351,296
Petrolatum 6,793,998
Road Oil 60789,322
Roofers Wax 177,148
Sludge Products 19,230,247
Acid Oil 5,379,291
Bottoms 13,880
Distillates ; 787,684,630
Pitch 242,450
Residue 6,465
Slops 837,468
Tailings 5,907,466
Tar 4,681,633
Tops 107,900,864
Unfinished 451,266,916
Wash Out 32,649
Wax Tailings 3,417,027
Total 1,492,583,526
41 41 41
Flow of Gas Calculation Chart
By E. T. ANDERSON, Mdinc, 111.
ONE of the best methods for determining the flow
of gas in a pipe is by the use of Dr. Poole's formu-
la where Q = quantity of gas in cu. ft. per hour,
d == diameter of pipe in inches, h = drop in pressure
in inches of water, s = specific gravity of the gas and 1
Graphie CalenlatioA of Gat Flow
is the length of the pipe in feet The formula is written
*"*= Q=2340V^
The ordinary shop and service man is not accus-
tomed to handling equations of this nature and to sim-
plify the calculation the accompanying chart was drawn
up. These curves are based on Dr. Poole's fonnnla
and for a gas having a specific gravity of 0.65.
The chart can be explained best by working out a
definite problem. For example, let it be desired to find
the number of cu. ft. of gas which can be delivered
through a 1^" pipe, 200 ft. long with a drop of one inch.
At the point in the chart where 1 = 200 ft, draw a verti-
cal until it intersects the curve line for H = 1 inch at
the point "A." From "A" draw a horizontal line to im-
tersect the line for lyi" pipe at "B." At "B" draw a
vertical line intersecting the upper margin acale at C
which gives a value of 565 for the number of cu. ft
per hour which can be delivered through a lyiT pipe 200
ft. long with a drop of one inch.
Similarly by reversing the operation, it is very easy
to determine the size pipe rec^uired to transtnit amy de>
sired quantity of gas any distance with a presaribed
drop wat is covered by this chart, or to detenmne die
drop for any given size pipe.
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Educate and Train Managers
Prospectus of a Plan for Rendering More Eflfective the
Education Supplied by Colleges to Those Who Contem-
plate Managerial Positions. N. J.-Pa. Gas Assn, Paper
By DR. MOLLIS GODFREY, PhUadeli^ia, Pa.
HIS country has seen examples of great individual
success and organization success, but few of us will
contend that they have come because of the utili-
zation of specific knowledge of proper control, nor
because of the utilization o^ specific knowledge of
proper control, nor because of the establishment of a
basis of fact. They come because of the vast resources
of our country and the inherent ability of our few in-
dustrial leaders. They came because the traffic would
bear a great deal, and therefore, success was made in
spite of the lack of any logical and well-established
basis.
In the "after the war" period which is now upon
us, there is an urgent demand for scientific control.
Our distribution system has been knocked sky high,
labor conditions are more settled than ever before in
history. Production is a most uncertain quantity. We
have been plunged into a buyer's market so unlike any
that has ever come before that we are compelled to
go back and develop a basis of fact upon which to base
our action. Precedents are outworn, because the times
do not conform to them. Chance decision is too risky —
there is too much at stake.
The manager of today cannot operate on his old
plan. In the past he could base his action safely on
precedent and history. He did not need to place every
factor of his business on the scales, individually
and weigh them separately. If one division of the
plant lost money it would be overbalanced by another
which paid big. He could view the problem as a whole.
Such is no longer the case. It now becomes a question
of scientific control of each individual factor. The man
at the top can only succeed by a thorough understanding
of each unit and its control.
When I consider this question of control I recall the
illustration given me by a Wall Street executive who
has succeeded in a really big way, solely, I believe, be-
cause he has been able to determine the basis of fact
for every action and because he has recognized the
meaning of the scientific control of each individual
factor of his business. He likened his duties as chief
executive of the concern whose business amotmts to
$200,000,000 per month to the duties of the Chief of
St. Louis Railway Terminal. He pointed out the evi-
dent disastrous results which would accrue if that chief
did not have complete control of every individual action
occurring. So it is with the business executive who
lacks control— either nothing moves or it moves in the
wrong direction, causing inadequate or overabundant
supply, interrupted production and haphazard distribu-
tion.
Such a situation as we are now facing would be alarm-
ing were it not for the fact that there is a simple solution.
Education is the one and only method of obtaining con-
trol and arriving at a basis of fact. That education can
be supplied most effectively to the management class
of kidttstry, for the mind worker can always, if properly
trained, control the actions of the hand worker, secure
for him the things that he wants in life, and obtain for
him the easiest and best method of working and living.
I know that you will agree with these statements, at
least in part, but you are asking "how are we going to
obtain a sufficient and efficient supply of management
men?
Except in times of extreme labor shortage we have
b.een able to secure an oversupply of material for our
minor and major executive positions. We take a young
man into our establishment, start him at the bottom
and give him every opportunity to learn the business,
and point to the president's chair as his final goal if he
succeeds. Forty-nine out of every fifty fail to reach
even a position of responsibility. We next turn to the
colleges. We take a college graduate, do everything in
our power to push him along and in the end he fails to
meet our standard.
In any event we spend $2500 to $5000, plus the cost
of his mistakes, trying to train him to do our work.
Can there be a way to eliminate this waste? After
twenty-five years of study of the problem of manage-
ment, eight years of study of Management Education
and three years of specific intensive plan development,
I can positively say that there is a way and that the
medium is the Council of Management Education.
The Solution
The Council of Management Education (5th and
Chestnut Sts., Phildelphia, Pa.) is on organization with
two divisions: The Council proper and the Operating
Division of the Council. The Council is composed of a
group of industrialists representing different American
industries, specifically textiles, rubber, cotton finishing,
paper, shoes and leather, machinery and metals, rail-
roads, public utilities, oil and mining. This group has
been concerned with the work of the Council for ap-
proximately one year. The Operating Division of the
Council is composed entirely of men who are or have
been full professors and administrative officers in Amer-
ican colleges of the first grade. Virtually all of these
men have had industrial as well as academic experience
and have worked together on similar problems during
the last four years.
For two and one-quarter years this work was done
for the United States government. The development
of the work for the last two years has been for the
accomplishment of the tasks now organized under the
Council. The Council and the Operating Division work
with a third body. This is an officially authorized Co-
operating Committee from the American Council on
Education, the central body of all the universities and
colleges of the United States, which works with the
Council of Management Education for the joint accom-
plishment of the ends of the Council and the colleges.
The Council of Management Education (of which the
author is chairman), for the purposes of its work in the
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324
THE GAS AGE
April 25, 1921
education of men for managjement, accepts the definition
that men in industry are divided into three groups^ — ^in-
vestors, management and operatives. The word man-
agement in this sense includes all mind workers in in-
dustry from President to Foreman and includes all men
concerned with the technical and non-technical branches
of management.
The Council further defines its work by concerning
itself only with the education of men for industrial man-
agement in the day and night schools of the colleges.
Its work, therefore, embraces all men entering industry
from the college. Its ends are concerned with the joint
and individual interest of all- three parties concerned in
education for management — the interest of the student,
of the industrialist who employs him and of the college
which trains him.
It defines its work of education management as fol-
lows: The work of the Council of Management Edu-
cation is concerned witfc obtaining maximum returns
from education for management in the colleges through
the use of the best methods known of obtaining a satis-
factory supply to meet an industrial demand. The
Council progresses towards its ends through three def-
inite stages which are:
First, matching supply with demand to see where
supply meets demand and to see where it does not.
Second, determining the best way of making supply
meet demand by use of the method of the joint specifi-
cation. This method enables the producer, the college,
to meet the demand of the consumer, industry, to a
maximum degree by the fullest use of its resources and
enables the college to adjust intelligently its output to
the demand of industry. Specifically this provides the
best basis known for those courses for industry which
will best use the resources of the college. It provides
at the same time the most enlightened policies of manage-
ment supply based on the best development of the re-
sources of industry.
Third, furnishing the coU^^, the producer of the
supply of trained men, and industry, the consumer of
the supply, with opportunities to use the best resources,
existing in both industry and the collie to carry out
the spirit and purpose of the joint specifications.
The Council furnishes necessary tools of educational
administration and instruction to the coll^^ on the one
side for the building of collie curricula for men enter-
ing management and to industry on the other side for
the building of a policy of management supply. It is
not concerned with the way in which the collie or
industries make use of the tools provided, but it is con-
cerned with providing them with the best means of
accomplishing their necessary work.
Things Accomplished
The Council of Management Education in its present
form and in its preceding work under the same organi-
zation has accomplished :
First, the writing of the first joint specification ever
written by the colleges and industries for the training
of management men.
Second, the awakening of a nation-wide interest in
the problems of education for management.
Third, the official recognition and co-operation with
the movement of the American Council of Education,
representing all colleges of the United States.
Fourth, the experimental determination of practical
plans for putting its principles and policies into execu-
tion.
Fifth, the co-ordination for practical use in peace of
much of the wide experience in Management Education
gained during the war.
Sixth, the organization of a group of trained and
experienced men able to carry on its work.
Jl Jl Jl
State's View of Stream Pollution
The Assistant Engineer of the Pennsylvania State De-
partment of Health Tells Joint Meeting of the N. J. and
Penn. Gas Assns. About Stream Pollution by Wastes
By FRANCIS E. DANIELS, Harrisburg, Pa.
ELBERT ^HUBBARD once said: "The path of civili-
zation is strewn with tin cans." And so it seems
that as a section of the country becomes more thick-
ly inhabited, towns and cities grow, certain classes of in-
dustrial plants ^re built and operated, the water courses
nearby become more and more polluted and foul. Not
many years ago the streams of Pennsylvania flowed
through* virgin forests or agricultural districts and con-
sequently had little if any opportunity of becoming con-
taminated. But at the present time one has to search
back into the wilds of the hills to find a brook safe from
pollution. The water courses near many of our thickly
inhabited districts are so grossly contaminated, that in
addition to being utterly unsafe to use for domestic pur-
poses without purification the water is foul, dark, colored
and malodorous.
These conditions have been permitted to arise grad-
ually for the reason that there is considerable self-puri-
fication in streams in addition to the dilution obtained
by the volume of clean water, so that small amounts of
pollution are readily lost sight of.
After it was learned that disease germs were carried
by water, and often for long distances, considerable at-
tention was given to the treatment of sewage and the
elimination of germs from water courses to serve as an
extra safeguard to the health of the people who were
forced to use the water below. Attention was also given
to industrial pollutions or to those contaminations with
acids, chemicals or other poisonous substances which
would kill fisTi.
The State's Interest in Pollution
We have at present two divisions of the State govern-
ment directly interested in the purity of the streams, viz.,
the Health Department and the Deparment of Fisheries.
The Department of Forestry is also co-operating in
that it requires every applicant for a camp site on State
Forestry Lands to sign a statement that he has read
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April 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
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the rules for sanitary maintenance of camps and preven-
tion of stream pollution and promises to observe them
and that upon closing of the camp each seasotl he will
send the Forestry Department a brief statement setting
forth his manner of observance of such rules. Repre-
sentatives of the Fbrestry Department will from time to
time make inspections, and violations of the, sanitary
rules or failure to report will be cause for nonissuance
of succeeding permits.
Since the Act of 1828 to preserve the Fairmount Dam
from pollution, there have been several Acts designed
to protect the health of the people and the lives of fish.
Under these the state departments operate.
So far as I am aware, the Department of Fisheries
is interested only in such pollutions as will actually kill
fish or is of such a nature as will be highly detrimental
to fish life. This includes acids, alkalies, or any poison-
ous salts or substances which will kill the fish directly,
clog their gills or suffocate them. Recent laws provide
heavy penalties for violation, but in many cases a strict
compliance with the law would result in a greater eco-
nomic loss due to the abolition of industry than to sac-
rifice a few fish. It is therefore just for the Department
of Fisheries to proceed with caution.
The State Department of Health endeavors to protect
the public health, among other ways, by regulating the
purification of water supplies, and eliminating such pol-
lution from the streams as will cause nuisance or pro-
duce undue dangers to those using the water below.
Purification of Water Supplies Involves
1. Elimination of disease germs to make the water
safe for human consumption.
2. Elimination of objectionable organic and inorganic
matter causing color, turbidity, objectionable tastes and
odors to render the water palatable and pleasing to the
senses.
3. Removal of such minerals as iron and manganese
which cause troubles in the latmdry and objectionable
turbidity and stains on porcelain fixtures.
4. Removal of excessive amounts of lime salts which
cause a heavy depreciation in value on account of the
extra soap needed in the household and laimdry and cost
of treatment required to fit such water for use in boil-
ers.
In the matter of elimination of pollution of streams
several factors have to be considered — (1) those relating
to the kinds of pollution and (2) those relating to the
amount, quality and use of the water receiving the pol-
lution.
KINDS OF POLLUTION
Sewage — Some forms of polluting matter exist in do-
mestic sewage, in moderate quantities in the water re-
ceiving it, especially if the grosser solids have been re-
moved. Such a discharge apparently loses itself in a
flowing stream, and unless the depletion of oxygen dis-
solved in the water is excessive, no nuisance occurs, the
physical qualities of the water are not impaired and
the chemical content is but little affected. But on ac-
count of the presence of living germs, commonly called
bacteria, derived from the sewage pollution, such a
water is highly dangerous for human consumption in
its raw state. Inorganic matter and even poisons may
be diluted with large volumes of water so that one can
drink the diluted solution without harm because the mi-
nute quantity of poison thus distributed has no power to
increase, but to dilute sewage means virtually to scatter
the germs, and each one taken in, being a living organ-
ism, has the power to grow and multiphr by millions
within the human body in an incredibly shoit time.
Waters free from color, odor, turbidity and of good
chemical constitution but with high bacterial content,
are frequently rendered safe and satisfactory by disin-
fection with chlorine or other suitable agent which kiHs
or destroys the dangerous germs.
Many waters with color, odor, turbidity and high or-
ganic and bacterial content are quite satisfactorily taken
care of by either the slow sand or rapid sand filter
process, and a bright, clear, sparkling, palatable water
is obtained. Usually filtered water is chlorinated to kill
any stray bacteria which may chance to pass through
the filters. Such waters while always looking bad may
or may not be dangerous to health depending on the
nature of the impurities. Water containing surface
wash and sewage, and deep well waters with high iron
content are respective examples.
Vegetation — ^Waters frequently become contaminated
by growths of living organisms, of either plant, or
animal nature, which may be unicellular, colonial, or
more highly developed forms. Such contamination
often results in most disagreeable tastes or odors, either
grassy, aromatic, fishy, or resembling nasturtiums, ripe
cucumbers or a foul pig-pen. Sulphate of copper is
extensively used for killing such organisms, especially
those of vegetable nature, but care must be used or else
a wholesale destruction of fish may occur. It is best to
examine the water with a microscope and, having iden-
tified the organisms, treat the water accordingly, as cer-
tain forms are much more easily killed than others.
Mines — ^Waters contaminated with mine drainage have
a high acid content, are high in lime salts, in iron, are
very corrosive and hard. The coal producing sections of
this state contain the locations of 2,572 shipping coal
mines. In addition there are over 2,000 so-called wagon
mines. About 96 of our public water supplies are more
or less seriously affected by the mine drainage. These
furnish water to over 3,750,000 people or over 43% of
the total population of the State.
Attempts have been made to treat acid mine waters,
but beyond the neutralization of the acid and the recov-
ery of iron compounds little progress has been made.
The recovery of fine coal from culm banks and slush
water in the anthracite fields is also a big step toward
eliminating much of the suspended matter in the waters
draining these sections. At present the annual damage
and economic loss due to mine pollution extends way up
into the millions.
Gas House Waste— Certain kinds of wastes, such as
those from gas houses, chemical works, formaldehyde
factories, coke ovens, wood distilling plants and the like,
frequently contain small quantities of substances which
give very objectionable tastes and odors, even when di-
luted with millions of equal volumes of pure water, es-
pecially after coming in contact with chlorine. Such
tastes and odors cannot be removed by any of our mod-
ern filter plants, and consequently the filtered water con-
taining any of those wastes is very objectionable and at
times very offensive. The only remedy at the present
time is to keep such wastes entirely out of the streams
which are used as a source of water supply.
Such was the case of the Schuylkill water for about
5 weeks last year. It was found that wastes from the
gas houses along the Skuylkill river gave an objection-
able taste when diluted with 10 million parts of water.
Too much praise cannot be given the U. G. I., the Amer-
ican Gas Co. and the Raineywood Coke Co. for their
helpful cooperation in eliminating their wastes contain-
ing taste from the river at Reading, Pottstown, Pheonix-
ville, and Swedeland. Such cooperation is especially
commendable and I feel that I am expressing the sin-
cere appreciation of the Commissioner and the State
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THE GAS AGS
April 25, 1921
Department of Health in publicly making this state-
ment.
Summary of Sources of Pollution
1. The clear, uncontaminated mountain brook.
2. The clear, good-looking stream but dangerous to
health unless filtered and disinfected.
3. The colored, turbid and bad-looking stream but
without dangerous germs.
4. The colored, turbid and bad-looking stream which
contains sewage, but which may be satisfactorily fil-
tered and disinfected.
5. The water supply affected with organisms not
dangerous to health but highly disagreeable.
6. Streams with high acid content and comparatively
few bacteria, but which are highly corrosive.
7. Streams with high lime salts content, which are
hard, are soap consuming and unfit for many industrial
uses without costly treatment.
8. Streams containing industrial wastes causing very
objectionable tastes and odors which pass through fil-
ters, the only remedy being to keep such wastes out of
the water.
TREATMENT REQUIRED
Public economy and justice to all demand that the
quality of the materials and the conditions of the body
of water receiving sewage or industrial wastes be all
taken into serious account before requiring some hard
and fast method of treatment. The public health and
the rights of others must be preserved ; but when that
is secured it is poor business to require someone to ex-
pend money to accomplish something which nature will
do for nothing. The blotting out of a big industry for
the sake of a few fish can hardly be considered justi-
fiable by sotmd thinking people.
On the other hand it is quite necessary to see that
our streams and water courses are at least decently
clean and inoffensive to the senses, and that a reasonable
degree of purity is maintained consistent with the sub-
sequent use of the water. State Boards of Health are
now taking a broad fair minded view of the matter, and
are ready to consider all conditions of each case rather
than to issue general drastic orders of prohibition.
It seems fair to require that at least the suspended
solids be removed from all sewages discharged into any
water course whatever. In large bodies of water this
is sufficient to prevent deposits, and nuisance from float-
ing objects. The dilution is sufficient to disperse and
oxidize the organic matter. But in smaller bodies of
water an additional treatment to oxidize and stabilize
the organic matter must be given or else serious nui-
sance will occur and extra burdens placed on those who
have to use the water.
Many industrial wastes cause little or no harm if
there is plenty of dilution, but in other cases, as those
cited above, the only remedy is to keep them out.
Conclusion — In conclusion, we can only say that we
have in a general way attempted to point out the prin-
cipal classes of stream pollution without going into the
immense number of special cases falling under the pollu-
tions from industrial wastes. We wish to reiterate also
that the Department of Health will consider all phases
of any special case and endeavor to act in a reasonable
manner to protect the public health and to preserve as
far as is practical and just the purity of our streams.
We appreciate the helpful cooperation the members
of this organization are giving us, and we trust that
their example will be an incentive to others to assist in
reducing stream pollution to a n^ligible quantity.
U. G. I. Employee^ Association
This association was organized on March 22nd, 1920,
with a membership of 571, the purpose being to encour-
age thrift; to provide safe and convenient means by
which the members may save and invest a portion of
their wages or salaries ; as well as the introduction of
such other projects for the mutual benefit of the mem-
bers as may be deemed desirable. The office of the as-
sociation is in The U. G. I. Building, Broad and Arch
Streets, Philadelphia.
Any person who has been in the employ of The United
Gas Improvement Company or a company in which it
is a shareholder in Pennsylvania, may become a member
after having been so employed not less than one month.
When applying for membership the applicant author-
izes the Treasurer of the emplying company to deduct
from his or her wages no less than $1 per pay semi-
monthly, and to pay same to the Treasurer of the As-
sociation for crediting to the account of the applicant if
elected.
Any member may also apply through the Association
for life insurance and disability insurance. On Novem-
ber 30th, 1920, a group life insurance contract was en-
tered into with an insurance company whereby a mem-
ber can secure $1,000 (only) life insurance, payable in
lump sum or installments and convertible in case the
member should leave the employing company. For this
insurance the Association charges all applicants up to
and including 39 years of age, 90c per month ; from 40
up to and including 49 years of age, $1.25 per month.
The premiums charged those between 49 and 70 years
are gradually increased.
On February 28th, 1921, the Association entered into
a group disability insurance contract with another in-
surance company, whereby for a base rate of 50c per
month a member can secure benefits of $1 a day covenng
any illness or quarantine and an^ off-duty or non-occupa-
tional accident, excluding a waiting period covering the
first 7 days. Additional coverage up to $6 a day may be
secured at the said base rate for $1 a day, but no mem-
ber may purchase benefits exceeding 66-2/3 per cent of
his or her wages or salary. This insurance is also con-
vertible should a member leave the employing company.
The three branches of the Association, — ^the Savings
Fund, with 1,992 members; the Life Insurance Fund,
with 1,347 members ; and the Disability Insurance Fund
with 675 members, are all in successful operation. Five
per cent interest has been paid on deposits.
To secure the benefits of either the life insurance or
the disability insurance an applicant must first be a mem-
ber of the A[ssociation (Savings Fund), and the premium
charges for the said insurance are deducted from the
amount standing to each member's credit.
Withdrawals of savings are paid immediately when
a member leaves the employing company, and while
certain advance notice is required as a precatidonary
measure, in case of any member desiring to withdraw
funds while in need, this requirement has not been put
in effect and payment has been made promptly.
The affairs of the Association are managed by a
Board of nine Trustees, consisting of the President, the
Treasurer and the Assistant Treasurer of the Associa-
tion and six other members thereof. The Assodatioii
is now saving at the rate of $119,600 per year, and after
the payment of the insurance premiums from time to
time, the deposits are invested in high grade securities.
The expenses of the Association have all been as-
sumed by The United Gas Improvement CcMnpany. The
cost of the insurance is assumed in its entirety by the
members of the Association.
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April 25, 1921
THE GAS AOB
327
Gas Progress Related to B.t.u.'s
A Member of the Staff of the American Gas Assn. Dis-
cussed this Subject before the Missouri and Indiana Gas
Assns., This Extract Being the General Conclusions
By ALFRED I. PHILLIPS, New York City
GRANTING that we must finally give up oil for use-
in gas making, or at least give up its use in any-
thing like present quantities, along what lines is
the gas industry to develop in the future? It seems to
me that there are three possibilities :
First — ^The replacement of our water gas plants with
coal gas equipment and the manufacturing of straight
coal gas having a heating value of 500 to 575 B.t.u. de-
pending on the character of the coal and the type of the
plant. Under this plan, present-day standard would
remain practically tmchanged.
Second — ^The retention of our present water gas
equipment with comparatively minor changes, the par-
tial if not complete discontinuance of the use of gas oil
and the distribution of very low heating value or even
"blue" water gas properly odorized. The heating value
of "blue" water g^s would be about 300 B.t.u. and this
plan would involve radical departure from present-day
heating value standards.
Third — ^The building of sufficient additional coal
gas equipment to make its ratio to the water gas gen-
rating apparatus now in use such that all the coke pro-
duced would be used in water gas manufacture. Little
or no oil would be used, and a gas having a heating
value in the neighborhood of 400 B.t.u. would be fur-
nished. The change from present-day standards would
be radical, but not so great as tmder the second possible
plan.
Installation of Coal Gas Plants
Let us consider the first of these plans — the complete
replacement of our water gas by coal gas. In 1920 there
were produced between 200 and 250 billions of cubic
feet of water gas, and the value of the plant equipment
in those places where it was made might be conser-
vatively placed at 400 to 500 million dollars. To re-
place this with coal gas equipment at the present time
would require an expenditure of not less than one billion
dollars. The interest on this, together with the amorti-
zation charges, on the old water gas equipment, would
have to be met, and would constitute an intolerable
burden on the gas-consuming public.
Even though this course were made to appear finan-
cially justified, practical considerations would probably
render it out of the question. Even with all available
capacity working to the utmost, it would require very
many years to change our present manufacturing plants
from water gas to coal gas. With the greatly increased
demand for refractory materials, prices would rise, and
the- estimate of one billion dollars probably be far ex-
ceeded, while before such change could be completed,
the price of oil promises to have become prohibitive.
The problem of material transportation would be
vastly increased. Each thousand cubic feet of water gas
requires a total of not more than 75 pounds of manu-
facturing materials, whereas a coal gas plant requires
at least 200 pounds, and there would be something over
125 pounds of residuals to dispose of. With an annual
production of 250 billion cubic feet, this would mean
31,000,000 tons per year more transportation with the
coal gas installations, assuming that both manufacturing
materials and residuals were to be transported. If we
assume that residuals were all to be sold locally, the
amotmt would be reduced by one-half. If we assume 40
tons to the car, we would then have to reckon with
between 400,000 and 800,000 more carloads of material
per year. With the already over-taxed condition of our
transportation systems, this in itself is no small problem.
Even more serious would be the question of disposing
of the coal gas residuals. In the production of 250,000,-
000,000 cubic feet of gas, we should obtain in the neigh-
borhood of 250,000,0tt) gallons of coal tar, and between
120,000,000 and 150,000,000 pounds of ammonia. There
would be about 12,000,000 tons of surplus coke which,
together with probably not less than 2,500,000 tons of
generator fuel now used, would in effect throw on the
market at least 14,500,000 tons of fuel. The coal tar
thus produced would be not far from double the produc-
tion of this country of 1920 and the ammonia would prob-
ably be increased by over 50 per cent. The coke, in
most cases, would be suitable only for domestic purposes
and would have to compete with anthracite coal or oven
coke.
The market for these products is in many cases al-
ready over-supplied, and additional quantities would
merely serve to depress the price. .With the lower prices
for by-products which would result, the cost of gas
would necessarily increase, and the constmier would
again become the loser. The many advocates of re-
placing our water gas with coal g^s plants have evident-
Iv given insufficient consideration to these practical dif-
ficulities which present themselves, or to the undesira-
bility and harm to the consumer of plunging the gas
business into the competitive commercial coke market.
As a general proposition we may sincerely hope that
the gas business may not be compelled to follow this
course by burdensome heating value restrictions.
Production of ''Blue'' Water Gas
The second possibility to the average gas man prob-
ably appears the most radical and yet it is in some ways
the least. We should merely discontinue the use of oil
in our present water gas sets, make a few minor changes
in apparatus, install waste heat boilers to maintain good
efficiency, and distribute for domestic use a properly
"odorized" blue water gas. I say "odorized" because
of course blue water gas is practically odorless and it
would be dangerous for domestic use unless some sub-
stance were added to make its presence known. There
has recently been published by the Bureau of Mines an
interesting paper on the subject of "Stenches for De-
tecting Leakage of Blue Water Gas and Natural Gas."
Mr. Henry L. Doherty has done work along this line
also.
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THE GAS AGE
April 25, 1921
You question the practicability of distributing for
domestic consumption a gas having a heating value of
only 300 B.t.u. Yet I am advised that this was actually
done in Hyde Park, Illinois, now a part of Chicago,
some years ago. No primary air was necessary, the
service was satisfactory, and so far as I have been able
to determine, the mortality rate among the consumers
was the factor finally responsible for its discontinuance.
Had "odorizing" been understood at that time, blue
water gas might have continued to be supplied.
Blue water g^s would be economical to manufacture,
and would give satisfactory service, particularly in cer-
tain industrial installations, but the volume required
would undoubtedly be considerably increased because
of the lower heating value. More plant and holder
capacity would be needed, and present distribution sys-
tems would in most cases prove inadequate to supply the
greater volume of gas required. Radical changes and
the replacement of nearly all the burners at present in
use on domestic appliances would probably prove nec-
essary.
It is believed that in the end the service in most cases
would prove more costly with blue water gas than under
the third plan which seems the logical line of develop-
ment for the gas industry.
Complete Gasification of Coal
This course contemplates the development of our
plants for the complete gasification of coal. The matter
has been discussed in an abstract way by many, and
theoretical schemes for accomplishing this in an ideal
plant with a minimtun of labor have been advanced.
I am looking at it rather from the practical aspect of
what we have, and what it is practical to do with our
present equipment.
The complete gasification of coal, to my mind, has
the following advantages :
1. Practicability and Economy — Very many plants
already have coal and water gas installations in not far
from the right proportions to accomplish the complete
gasification of coal. For those which have water gas
only, it is merely necessary to take care of future ex-
pansion with coal gas equipment, and by the time it
becomes necessary to discontinue the use of oil entirely
in gas manufacture, they will already have the necessary
plant equipment to continue operations and produce a
400 B.t.u. g^s without serious change. This plan thus
renders useless the minimum of plant equipment and
would merely direct future expansion to take care of
normal growth along certain definite lines. Fixed
charges would not be excessive since there would be no
extensive equipment to amortize, and these facts would
make themselves apparent in rates.
2. By-products produced would be a minimum. —
No coke would be sold and there would be merely the
coal tar and ammonia from approximately one-third
of the gas produced. We should not be forced to enter
the competitive commercial market to any extent since
our only important material entering into the manu-
facture of gas would be coal and the by-products would
be comparatively unimportant. Furthermore, we should
obtain from each pound of coal the maximum amount
of gas possible, and thereby effect maximum conserva-
tion of our natural resources with the minimum tax upon
transportation systems.
3. The reduction in heating value. — ^This while
drastic, would not be so radical, as it would be were
blue water gas to be distributed. Present distribution
systems would be better able to supply the demands of
the communities.
4. The cost of service would probably be a minimum
under these condition. — It is, of course, difficult to es-
timate the costs of construction or to predict the prices
of coal and labor for the future, but taking all matters
into consideration, this conclusion seems to have good
basis at the present time.
There will, of course, in the future as at present be
cases where by-product coke oven gas can be purchased
from a commercial company and supplied to a town with
good economy, and in such cases present-day standards
may perhaps continue. But, as a general proposition,
economic conditions, coupled with practical manufac-
turing considerations, point toward the complete gasifi-
cation of coal and the distribution of a gas of about 400
B.t.u. per cubic foot in the future, provided our industry
is allowed freedom to develop to render a maximum
service to our communities.
Relation of Future Development to Present Conditions
These future conditions should receive the most care-
ful consideration in connection with present-day stand-
ards. Already the shortage of gas oil has been felt, and
under stress of necessity standards have been reduced.
It has always been economic conditions and manufactur-
ing considerations which have brought about these past
changes, and in the future when conditions have actually
come about, I personally have but little doubt that
standards will be changed to meet them. But if we wait
until then the consumer will suffer. It has been the
consimier who has suffered most by our past heating
value restrictions. Indications are that he could have
received a better and more economical service with
lower standards than we have been permitted to
maintain. If his interests are to be protected in the
future, then we must recognize promptly what should
be the general future course of development of the gas
industry. When our oil resources are exhausted it will
be too late.
Our industry is growing ; new plants must be construct-
ed soon. They must be built to supply future as well as
present demands. The heating value regulations to
which we must look forward will, in many cases, de-
termine their type and at times their location. What
we do now will affect the quality of gas service to our
consumers in the future.
The engineers employed by a large city recently re-
ported that it would be unwise to urge or even en-
courage the gas company to enlarge its plant capacity
further than absolutely necessary to supply immediate
demands until the question of future heating value stand-
ard was settled, and they urged a careful study of the
subject by the city to determine whether lower stand-
ards might not be desirable from the consumers' stand-
point This city is one in which a reasonably low stand-
ard is already in force.
We should know promptly what standards are to be
required in order that we may develop our properties
intelligently. If we are to be burdened with present
standards then the replacement of our water gas plants
should begin soon, for it will take many years to accom-
plish. If we are to follow the plan which I have out-
lined above we should build accordingly, and the g^dual
reduction in standards should be continued so that
changes will not be too abrupt, either in manufacturing
practice or in conditions on the consumers* premises.
Manufacturers of gas appliances also should know
what future standards are to be so that they may con-
struct their appliances to give maximum efficiency un-
der the conditions which may be expected. At present,
they are seriously hampered by the many and various
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April 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
329
heating values and the uncertainty as to what changes
will take place.
In this whole matter it is the consumer who is most
vitally interested, though in the past he has received
the least actual consideration. He pays the bill. Under
our Federal Constitution a utility that is managed with
reasonable efficiency is entitled to rates which will yield
operating costs and a fair return on its property. If
delays or burdensome restrictions increase these costs
the consumers pay. The interest of the gas industry in
this matter lies in the development of the business to
give the most satisfactory and economical service, and
thus enable it to expand in competition with other fuels.
This is what the consiuner himself is most vitally in-
terested in ; his interests, in fact, are identical with ours.
Regulating authorities must be made to appreciate
these facts. They must understand the truth about the
effect of lower heating values on the satisfaction and
economy of the service to the consumer. They must
realize the economic situation with which we are con-
fronted, and the courses which the gas industry has open
to it. They must then decide on a future course which
will take into consideration more than ever before the
interests of the gas-consuming public.
LOWER HEAT VALUE STANDARDS
Let us than consider for a few moments lower heating
value standards from the standpoint of the consinner.
Efficiency and Satisfaction of Service with Present Low-
er Standards
The average consumer is interested in just two things
— the economy and the satisfaction of his service. He
wants service which, under the actual conditions exist-
ing on his premises, will do his work for the least amount
of money and give him the least cause for complaint.
It is our duty to supply the technical conditions which
will give such service, and the province of the regulat-
ing authorities to establish standards which will insure
its maintenance. Where such a situation is attained, we
shall see expansion of our business and the replacement
of other fuels by gas, both for domestic and industrial
purposes.
The cost of gas service to the consumer is dependent
on two factors — first, rates, and — second, the quantity
required to do his work, and no discussion of lower
heating values is complete without a consideration of
both of these.
The quality or satisfaction of the service is more
complex. Heating value, pressure, purity and adjust-
ment of appliances, as well as certain intangibles such
as method of handling complaints and courtesy to the
public, all play an important part.
Heating value standards which will give the best
quality of service will also give the best efficiency; in
other words, the least number of heat units will be re-
quired for a given work. Thus the satisfaction of the
service with lower heating values and the effect of re-
duction on the consumption of gas may properly be
considered together.
In the days of open flame lights efficiency did not
play an important part. The candle power of the gas
was truly representative of its value to the consumer and
the laboratory test was a true test of its usefulness.
The calorimeter^ on the other hand, does not measure
the usefulness of the gas. It measures the total heat you
can get from that gas, not the heat that you actually use.
This new factor— efficiency — has necessarily crept in.
Heating value tests, if properly applied and used, are
invaluable, but in determining the usefulness of the gas
they are not the sole consideration.
To be sure, laboratory tests indicate almost without
exception that decrease in heating value is accompanied
by an almost proportional increase in the amount of gas
required to do a given amount of work ; in other words,
that the efficiency does not change. Such tests have
usually been made with burners adjusted to give the
best results. The gas range, in fact, has been turned
into a sort of calorimeter. Even where burners have
been purposely put out of adjustment, conditions have
not been those of the consumers* premises.
The laboratory test has usually consisted in heating
water. The consumers* uses of gas are far more diversi-
fied. If his stove gets out of adjustment it remains so,
for he probably does not c^U the gas^company until con-
ditions have becomes intolerable and he has complained
to all his neighbors. If he is wasteful of gas or his
water heater coils or cooking utensils become coated
with carbon deposit so that his bills increase, he blames
the poor quality of the gas. It is such cdnditions that we
must meet. The consumer's home is not a testing lab-
oratory, and it is the actual not the theoretical for which
we must provide.
Take an example. In an attempt to duplicate actual
conditions observed in one city, it was found that a flame
adjusted for insufficient primary air at first gave good
efficiency but that gradually the utensil became covered
with a hard layer of carbon, efficiency decreased, until
finally it became necessary to use 25 per cent more gas
to do a given amount of work. I have seen an increase
of 40 B.t.u. from an average of 600 B.t.u. cause a very
general blackening of mantles.* A blackened mantle
gives but little light, regardless of the gas it uses, and a
carboned utensil is a common cause of waste. Such
conditions are mlich more likely to occur with a g^s of
600 B.tu. than with one conforming to the standards
generally being adopted.
Other factors make gas of moderate heating value
more efficient and desirable for the average consumer's
use. They have been discussed at length before; you
are all doubtless familiar with them, and I shall touch
on them only very briefly.
The higher flame temperature obtained with the lower
heating value gas has been given as one of the reasons
for the increased efficiency. Flame temperature is of
great importance in many industrial operations where
high heat must be maintained, but I believe the practical
effect on the domestic consumers' use of gas is compar-
atively small.
Probable Effects of Further Heating Value Reductions
But, as to the future, how will still lower standards
affect the consumer? On this subject we have thus far
but little evidence. Gas of even 540 B.t.u. ordinarily does
not contain large quantities of condensible hydrocarbons.
Further reductions will result in a somewhat greater
uniformity though this factor will not have as important
an effect as heretofore.
If we go as low as 400 B.t.u. to permit the complete
gasification of coal without the use of oil, change in the
design of appHance burners will probably prove nec-
essary, but some reduction from even the present lower
standards is still practicable without this. *
The experience of England and Canada seems to in-
dicate that increase in consumption with such lower
heating values is not proportional to the reduction.
Under any circumstances it will be no greater. And
so in the future if we look at further reductions princi-
pally from the economic side, assuming that the increase
in consumption will be no more than proportional to
the decrease in heating value, we shall be very con-
servative. We shall probably find by proper investiga-
tion and experience that it will be less, and our future
course should be properly guided thereby.
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330
THE OAS AGE
April 25, 1921
Thus economic conditions and the effect of changes
in heating value on the cost of the service, and hence
on the rates, are among the most important considera-
tions on which reductions from the present lower stand-
ards must probably be justified. To deny that reduction
in heating value means lower operating costs in most
instances is to deny one of the strongest arguments in
its favor. It is a point on which we have failed to lay
sufficient stress in the past.
Effect of Lower Heating Value on Cost of Service
In considering the effect of any change upon gas
rates, the cost of the service should be divided into three
parts — (1) the commodity costs which will vary directly
with the quantity of gas supplied ; (2) the demand costs,
which will vary with the consumers' maximum demands,
and (3) the consumer's cost which will vary directly
with the number of consumers.
Reduction in heating value affects directly the com-
modity costs. In water gas plants there is a decrease
in the use of oil, though tending to offset this there
is some increase in fuel consumption. In coal gas plants,
the saving is ordinarily not so great though there should
be an increase in the yield of gas per pound of coal.
If there be no increase in the consumption of gas
with reduction in the heating value, then there will be
no change in the demand and consumer costs nor in the
number of thousand cubic feet of gas required. The
lower rates usually made possible win result in substan-
tial savings to the consumers.
If, on the other hand, we assume that there is some
increase in consumption due to the reduced heating value,
we have a slightly different condition. The commodity
cost per thousand cubic feet will be the same as in the
above case, the consumer costs will be the same, but
the demand costs and the number of thousand cubbic feet
of gas will somewhat increase. It is then a question of
whether decrease in commodity cost will or will not
offset the increase due to greater consumption and the
greater demand.
To put this latter assumption in another way, the in-
creased sales per meter as well as the reduction in the
heating value should tend to reduce the cost per thousand
cubic feet, but the niunber of thousand cubic feet re-
quired will increase.
Those who have opposed reduction in heating value
while admitting some decrease in operating costs, have
generallv claimed that increased constunption would more
than offset them, and in the end make the service more
expensive to the consumer. They have universally failed
to analyze the situation or to recognize in any way that
increased consumption per meter will alone tend to de-
crease the cost per thousand cubic feet.
This whole matter of rates in connection with changes
in standards is complicated. It is one in which we our-
selves must carefully avoid confusion. I know of no
better way than to adhere strictly to the three-part cost
method of analysis. If we do so we cannot go far wrong.
Taking into consideration the experience of England
and Canada, which seems to show that with lower heating
values increase in consumption is less than proportional
to reduction in heating value, I believe that in many cases
we should be able to show justification for even lower
standards than are at present in force, merely on the
ground of economy to the consumer. In the future, as
our industry develops and as oil becomes increasingly
difficult to obtain, the advantages of a lower heating value
gas, because of its comparatively less cost, will become
more and more apparent. If we are not unduly restricted
by tmeconomical standards during the next few years, I
look forward to the eventual distribution of low-priced,
low-heating value gas which not only domestic consum-
ers but industrial plants as well will generally consider
the most economical source of fuel.
Rendering of Good Service
We must look ahead and not only ourselves but the
regulating authorities must view the situation in a broad-
minded way. A revolutionary change is bound to take
place in our industry. Are we going to take this oppor-
tunity to expand our business, to give better service, a
more economical service? Are regulating authorities
going to permit reductions in heating value to meet the
new conditions? It rests largely with us. If we demon-
strate that better service can be rendered with lower heat-
ing values, as we have generally claimed, then we shaU
have the confidence of me authorities when we come to
ask for further reductions.
Lower heating value alone does not insure good service,
it merely enables it The service at 500 B.t.u. may be just
as poor as at 600 B.t.u. When reductions are made we
must adjust the appliances of our consumers. Failure to
do so has caused the vast ntiajority of complaints ascribed
to the lower heating value gas. Actual experience shows
that increase in heating value causes similar complaints
of "poor gas." Take care of your consumers. Give them
service. Maintain an adequate and reasonably uniform
pressure, see that their appliances are properly adjusted.
Keep the heating value imiform and the gas free from
impurities and see that jrour employes treat the public
fairly. Then you need not worry about lower heating
value, there will be no complaints, for you will be giving
good and efficient service.
Did you ever stop to think what service should in-
clude? We are so close to our business that it is difficult
for us to appreciate its full significance. What would
coal service mean? It would mean that your coal dealer
would keep your coal bin stocked at aU times without
orders from you and without thought on your part. He
would have to take care of yowr fires; keep them going
night and day ; see that the coal used was of good quality,
and was burned efficiently. He would remove your
ashes; and if there were difficulty with your appliances,
he would be called on to put them in order. If the fire
were to go out accidentally and cause you passing annoy-
ance, thpn you would probably apply to tfie Public Ser-
vice Qjmmission for reduction in his rates because of
poor service, and for all of this the coal man might hope
to receive a bare eight per cent return on the actual value
of his property, provided the service were satisfactory.
Doubtless the Public Service Commission would fix the
heating value which each potmd of hjs coal would have to
contain. Suppose that the standard were fixed of 13,500
B.t.u. This would permit the use of bituminous coal but
probably prohibit the use of coke. Yet bituminous coal
is dirty, smoky and inefficient for domestic use, whereas
the coke witih lower heating value would give more satis-
factory and economical service. How long would the
consumer tolerate such a heating value standard for coal?
How long would he tolerate the higher standards for gas
now in force if he knew the truth? Gas of high heating
value containing large quantities of condensible hydro-
carbons may well be compared to the bituminous coal.
Gas of low heating value, washed of these hydrocar-
bons, more efficient and satisfactory to the consumer, may
be compared to the coke — ^a clean, efficient, desirable fuel.
And yet when we come to gas we find many standards
which prohibit the distribution of such a fuel. You can
obtain good service with bittuninous coal in your furnace
under certain conditions, but you are more likely to obtain
good service with a smokeless fuel. You can obtain good
service with high heating value gas, but you are more
likely to obtain it with one of lower calorific vahie.
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Editorial
Training Men
"Men, while teaching, learn*'— Seneca
In the address delivered by the president of Drexel
Institute, Philadelphia, before the convention of New
Jersey and Pennsylvania gas men, Dr. Godfrey struck a
chord which will no doubt find sympathetic vibration
in the gas industry. There is a general feeling that
•coll^;es fall short of their greatest usefulness in prepar-
ing students as valuable adjuncts to the field of activity
which they finally enter. Whether this is due to a ten-
dency toward supereducation, the following of educa-
tional fads or sophism, or a lack of consideration of the
iinal outcome, is immaterial ; the result is often not good.
Therefore if Dr. Godfrey brings order out of the present
Babel of confusion he will be rendering royal service
to indusrtry, commerce and humanity.
The easier way to operate a collie is by fixed cur-
riculum, courses, schedules, etc., and to grind the stu-
•dents out like so many frankfurters to be grilled, roasted
and chewed up, eventually disappearing from public
notice. However, the easy way is not always the better
^or tlic student. There are three periods in education —
the fundamental, cultural and utilitarian; the first for
children, the second for youth and the third in the post
'gfradusrte school of experience. The conviction has been
-growing for some time that the fundamentals are not
•sufficiently grounded, the culture is overdone and that
'the school of experience is unnecessarily harsh and mis-
directed. Being founded on the observation of results
this view demands consideration. If Dr. Godfrey and
his coworkers evolve from their studies a system of ed-
-ucation Which will readjust our conception of what ed-
ucation should do for the student they will certainly
-earn our admiration and gratitude.
A boy is educated in order that he may some day
render ^sential service ; the test is usefulness. It is not
possible for schools to train him in all existing occupa-
tions so that his most valuable training from a produc-
ing standpoint must come from following the business
he adopts. Employes and superintendents must take
-more interest in their men ; the community must contrib-
ute toward the progress of its workers. It is to the in-
terest of those who profit by this improvement to con-
tribute toward it. Where this is done a big slice of
college curriculum can be cut out, including the snob-
bery and love of gorgeous raiment. Education in fun-
damentals can be made more thorough and applicable.
The culture division can be touched upon only so far as
to show that there is such a thing and where it can be
found, should subsequent leisure permit specializing in
•certain branches of it.
Although we would not return to the days of the
.-guilds, we cannot but admire the products of that sys-
tem, the nobility of labor which resulted and the prod-
ucts of their handicraft which are treasured today for
the admiration of all lovers of excellence. The work-
man was taught pride in his work ; to be a master work-
man was a distinction in the community. The art of the
craftsman was all absorbing and something of the man
himself went into his work. This is what we miss to-
day ; our economic ideals aspire to a dead level of medi-
ocrity, machine made, standardized and wrapped around
with red tape. There is such a thing as overtraining
as well as undertraining. If we had a little less frivolity,
pampering, complexity, extravagance, jazz and predatory
greed and more of the old-time pride in work and sim-
ple living we would not today be standing upon an un-
steady foundation that rocks at every surge of the
crowd.
While Dr. Godfrey is planning for better trained ex-
ecutives, managers and foremen he should not overlook
the employe and just how he will fit in with these new
plans. Instead of the blind leading the blind we shall
have both master and man learning and profiting
through a common desire to produce and to excel.
Business Outlook
**Con(|ueit pitnaet where courage leads the way**— Garth
We have now had about six months of general business
depression and the atmosphere has been cleared con-
siderably so that we can look into the future with a
greater degree of certainty and confidence. Although
the general situation contains many things of a distinctly
optimistic character, some problems still remain un-
solved. The crop outlook, which is the foundation of
our prosperity, is excellent; the banking situation has
improved to an extent where call money has recently
touched 5 per cent, for the first time in nearly two years ;
commodity prices have fallen appreciably and many raw
materials (such as cotton, wood, copper, hides and some
grains) have reached a point lower than pre-war prices ;
certain industries which first felt depression (such as
textiles, automobiles, leather and rubber) have had a
distinct revival and their business is on the increase;
the political situation is clearing through the declaration
of a policy in Washington which should help materially
in the revival of business. On the other hand, certain
fundamental things have yet to be adjusted, such as
foreign exchange, export trade, lower transportation
costs, and wage reduction.
The recent publication of a digest of facts and opin-
ions by an insurance company cannot help but convince
the reader that although unemployment and business
depression is still quite general, conditions are favorable
to a resumption of activity at an early date. Psychologi-
cally, the stage is set for a steady and substantial im-
provement in business. People are expecting better
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332
THE GAS AGE
April 25, 1921
business, are talking better business and are doing more
business.
Whatever may be the general situation, the gas indus-
try is far more fortunate. The volume of business, which
means the sale of gas, is holding up wonderfully well.
One of the largest syndicates, operating over 40 gas
properties, states that its "send out" of gas for January
and February of this year is over 3% greater than for
the same months in 1920. Rates are very much higher.
Practically all gas companies have received substantial
increases in rates during the past two years. Moreover,
the business depression has brought about a reduction
in operating costs which include the price of coal, oil,
material and labor so that the margin between income
and expense is steadily widening. This means more
money to spend. A lower interest rate and a more
plentiful supply of credit will enable companies to
borrow funds more easily for expansion.
The result of this condition is directly reflected by the
business of those manufacturing and contracting com-
panies supplying large equipment to gas companies.
The builders of gas making machinery, including gas
holders, structural work, etc, are running full time and
their field crews are all busy. They have a substantial
lot of orders on hand and are receiving more inquiries
than they have in recent years.
Appliance manufacturers arc hopeful and view the
situation with optimism. From among the expressions
of opinion we have received we select the following as
showing the general attitude :
"We anticipate good appliance business this spring
and summer and increased consumption over last year
during the summer and fall."
"Gas range stocks are low ever)rwhere. For some
time they have been bought in small quantities only
for immediate resale. Buyers have been fearful of being
caught with considerable stock should prices decline.
The last few weeks rather liberal purchases indicate that
buyers have concluded that present price levels are just
and will be maintained for some time. We are looking
for a fair output for the next six months."
"Our business is increasing daily and it should for
every gas company. Receding costs of producing gas
make it increasingly profitable for gas companies to
sell ranges and the public will buy them. Nineteen twen-
ty-one will be a bumper year for aggressive gas com-
panies."
The fact of the matter is, the g^s business is ahead
of the procession and is recovering from the effects of
readjustment before some other businesses have beg^un.
This indicates enterprise and the same enterprise should
bring on a rapid recovery to normal businesss conditions.
With faith in our destiny as the providers of an essential
service and determination to make the best of circum-
stances surrounding the providing of satisfactory and
complete service the outlook is refreshingly encouraging.
Investing Savings
"Thrift is common sense applied to spending" — Roosevelt
During a recent conversation upon the business
situation we called attention to the tremendous effect of
even a small percentage of savings when applied to the
total population when we were greeted with : "Savings —
there ain't no such animile." We were not well enough
up in financial natural history to dispute the allegation
but it does seem that there is too much indiscriminate
and universal spending and consequently too little sav-
ing. Of course, the immediate cause is plain; an idle
dollar in a convenient pocket is liable to bum a hole
in it and escape when the first good excuse presents
itself. Those unaccustomed to saving find so many
wants pressing and are frequently so afflicted with self-
pity for their previous forced abstinence that the un-
attached dollar naturally takes wings. If that dollar
had a place provided for it before it got into the un-
accustomed pocket it never would have been traded for
victrolas, flowers, fur coats, flashy jewelry or oil stock.
If the purchase of investments were made as convenient
and attractive as are the securing of unessentials the
story might have a different conclusion. Those com-
panies who sell securities and short term notes to em-
ploycs and consumers are conferring a benefit in which
they themselves participate and freeing themselves from
the financial yoke of monied interests.
Electric Propaganda
"Eternal vigibuKe is the price of tuoceM*'
Publicity is a fine thing when it is favorable but not
otherwise. Gas has gained much by the good word
spoken by its friends but, alas, there are competitors,,
detractors, demagogues, prejudice and persecution on the
other side of the picture. In our March 15 issue (p. 246)
we took up the cudgels for gas lighting and in the next
issue a small item called attention to an A. S. M. E.
paper derogatory to gas and boosting electricity as the
coming source of light, heat and power. Now we come
to the "Saturday Evening Post"; on page 27 of the
April 9 issue of which is an article entitled **What's^
Coming?" by Floyd W. Parsons. After a lengthy
and statistical resume of the relative situation in the
resources and industries of the world he comes to "the
energy of the future" and reviews the "superpower"
proposition now being investigated by the government
and which will cost a billion dollars, it is said. The
region between Boston and Washington is to be "elec-
trified" from water power plants, they say.
This "energy of the future" is further described as
follows: "The kitchens of tomorrow will have only
electric stoves and since the electric cook is not apt to-
spoil anything by overcooking or burning the food, the
disposition of the human race will be materially bene-
fited." We grant that those who have tried electric
cooking have not complained of "overcooking" but it
will be several generations of tomorrows before gas
ranges are entirely discarded for electric innovations.
Continuing, Mr. Parsons says: "The next development
in house heating will be the use of gas and the new
system will need only to be started in the fall and
turned off in the spring. Electricity will follow gas
for heating homes but that step is in the far distant
future."
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April 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
333
Although the above may not impress the well informed
technical reader, it goes with the readers of the Satur-
day Evening Post. Since electricity came in during the
80's they have been told that it would take the place
of gas and the propaganda persists, notwithstanding
the tremendous progress made by the gas industry.
We know the limitations of electricity, while we admire
the enterprise of those who have developed that indus-
try; but. we also are convinced that the gas business
is still in the first stages of its development. Quantity
production under conditions permitting competition with
coal will work wonderful changes in gas utilization.
To see into the future one must have vision and imag-
ination ; nevertheless matter has its limitations and if the
superpower advocates plan to put all the gas companies
between Boston and Washington out of business with
their water-power "juice," they are certainly "doomed
to disappointment," as Deacon Swan would say. We
know this but the readers of the Saturday Evening
Post do not. Again, Mr. Parsons, on the first page of
his article, declares that "up until 1855 American homes
procured their light from sperm oil. Not even gas for
lighting was introduced until 1875" we may smile since
we know that gas lighting was the first use for gas and
remember how London received gas lighting in 1812;
but, most of the readers of Saturday Evening Post don't
know this and that is why adverse propaganda must be
met by favorable propaganda if we are to have a square
deal all around.
Let it be understood that we have no quarrel to pick
with any fair exploitation of a competitor's product, but
we are very much interested when the attempt is made
to misrepresent and depreciate gas service. In such
cases, silence is equivalent to acknowledgment, so that
something must be done about it. Have faith, be stead-
fast, go forth to win and fear not. In the end truth and
justice must prevail. With more money to use in the
business, complete gasification, more general utilization,
less useless restrictions and courage through faith, the
gas companies will be in a position to give the best
service obtainable at the least expense and that is what
will decide in the final outcome.
Playing Fair
"Fair play's a jewel** — Proverb
The annual reports of the two large gas companies of
this country have been issued recently and the deduc-
tions which may be made from them are instructive.
The report for New York was published in our Feb. 10
issue and that for Chicago has just been received. Since
the sales for the Consolidated Gas Co. of New York ex-
ceeded 33.7 billions cubic feet and that of the Peoples
Gas Light & Coke Co., of Chicago, 29.1 billion cubic
feet, a total of 62.8 billion, it is evident that whatever
affects these two companies has an influence upon the
entire gas business of the country. In the first place,
notwithstanding difficulty in securing capital, these
companies did their best to supply all the gas the people
wanted. The Consolidated spent $6,000,0(X) for a new
water gas plant capable of producing 30,000,000 cu. ft.
per day ; the Peoples Company organized a sub-company
to build a Koppers by-product coke oven plant and a
water gas plant at a cost of $13,000,000 which will be in
operation some time this year. The significance of these
additions to gas producing plants must be given due
weight.
Notwithstanding the general belief that increasing the
price for gas in these two cities was an impossibility, it
has been done, showing that the people and the courts
can still be depended upon to play fair and that the state
commissions are not' afraid to do their duty even at the
risk of political disfavor. These are the most significant
and important developments of the past year. The cap-
ital stock of the Consolidated is held by 9,500 sharehold-
ers and the Peoples Company has 7,009 stockholders.
The first half of last year presented a gloomy prospect
to these investors but the necessities of the situation
were shown convincingly to the regulatory commissions
and the rate in New York increased from 80 cents to
$1.20 and in Chicago the average income per 1000 cu. ft.
in 1920 was $1.03 as compared with 86.7 cents in the
previous year and 75.6 cents in 1918. In both cities the
income was not sufficient to adequately compensate
shareholders but the companies were saved from serious
loss. The Pacific Gas & Electric Co. have 15,735 of
whom 12,708 own preferred stock; the number of
security holders totals 40,000 of whom 78 per cent live
in California. Customer and employe stockholders are
increasing rapidly.
The reports of these companies are instructive studies.
The cost of gas in holder in Chicago rose from 41.4
cents in 1917 to 60.5 cents in 1920; the cost at burner
rose from 63.9 to 86.3 cents during the same period ; the
total cost of ga^ delivered, including fixed charges, etc.,
went up from 83.3 to 106.5 cents in these four years ; the
net income however increased from 1.11 to 1.32 cents in
that period, although it fell to 0.25 cents in 1919. The
moral of this story is not so much the magnitude of op-
erations and prospects for future growth, as that the
people will be fair when they are told the truth and
realize an emergency. The spectacle of commissions
risking their existence rather than be unfair is certainly
one of the brightest jewels in the crown of our future
national prosperity.
"LOOKING BACKWARD"
g^^^:^
^All dat I git is much obliged to you**
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334
THE 0A8 AOE
April 25, 1921
Financial and Corporate News
Pacific Gas Rates Increased
Los Angeles, April 12— An increase of
12 cents a barrel in the price of oil which
added $267,600 to the cost of operating, an
increase in taxes due to the King Bill
amounting to $220,000, an under estimate
of $100,000 by the Commission of the nec-
essary maintenance costs of the gas de-
partment of the Pacific Gas and Electric
Company, with a drop in gas sales below
the business estimated by the Commission,
are given by the Railroad Commission
today as the principal reasons for an or-
der permitting the gas company to in-
crease its rates for gas over its entire sys-
tem. The increase ranges from five cents
a thousand cubic feet to fifteen cents a
thousand. Following is a list of the dis-
tricts affected with the amount of increase
allowed :
Thre Centa
Districts of Chico, Marysville, Napa,
Nevada, Northern (Redding, Red Bluff
and Willows), Retaluma, SanU Rosa,
San Jose and Yolo.
Eight Ceatt
San Francisco and the following cities
in Alameda county; Alameda, Albany,
Berkeley, Emeryville, Oakland, Piedmont
and contiguous suburban territory.
Ten Ceata
Sacramento and suburbs, Fresno and
suburbs, Hajrward, San Leadnro, Rich-
mond, Redwood City, Daly City, Burlin-
game, Hilfoborough, San Mateo, South
San Francisco and contiguous territory,
Vallejo.
Fifteen Ctnta
San Rafael, San Anselmo, Fairfax,
Ross, Kentfield, Larkspur, San Quentin
and continguous territory.
The charge for gas to the city of Palo
Alto is increased 2 cents to take care of
added maintenance and operation charges
•exclusive of oil and taxes. Under an
agreement with Palo Alto, which buys
the gas at wholesale and distributes it,
oil increases are automatically taken care
^f.
The present rate for gas in San Fran-
cisco and Oakland is $1.05 a thousand cu-
bic feet. The new rates, effective on all
meter readings of April 12, will be $1.13,
or 33 1-3 per cent over the pre-war
price of gas. In the same period the
price of oil has jumped 184 per cent, the
last rise of 12 cents a barrel coming just
after the commission had fixed the rates
raised today and was therefore not be-
fore considered. This with the failure of
the company's sale< to reach the toUl
estimated by the Commission and the ex-
cess of actual maintenance expenditures
over the estimates resulted in the com-
pany's revenues for 1920 falling approx-
imately $600,000 below the amount fixed
by the Commission as a reasonable re-
turn.
United Fuel Gat Co.
Statement of general income account for
year ending Dec 31, 1920
General Income Account
1920
Gross Earnings:
Gas $7,494,40023
Oil 1.106,530.97
Gasoline 3,614,510.10
Miscellaneous 277,716.58
Total Operating Income $12,493,157.88
Operating Expenses and
Taxes (Exdudve of
Federal Excess Profits
and Income Taxes) . . $ 4,141,677.41
Net Earnings from Oper-
ations $8,351,480.47
Other Income 34.100.00
8,385,580.47
Interest Charges 630.343.98
Net Income (before Fed-'
eral Taxes, Depletion
and Depredation) .... $7,755,236.49
Federal Excess Profits
and Income Taxes 963,395.07
Depletion and Deprecia-
tion 2,006,808.81
2,970,203.88
Surplus $4,785,032.61
Los Angeles, April 17— Pacific Gas
and Electric Company has been au-
thorized by the Railroad Commission
to issue 30,000 shares of its first
preferred 6 per cent stock and use the
proceeds to pay in part the cost of cer-
tain additions, betterments and improve-
ments to the Pacific System.
Gold Bond laane
Los Angdes, April 18— The Railroad
Commission has authorized the Southern
Counties Gas Company of California to
issue at not less than 95% of thdr face
value, plus accrued interest, $100,000 of
10-year collateral trust 8% gold bonds
and to use the proceeds to reimburse its
treasury and to pay current liabilities.
New Company
Fort Worth (Tex.) April 18— People's
Gas Company, Port Arthur ; capital stock
$800; incorporators, J. L. Shepherd Jr.,
Barkdale Stevens, Winston Carter.
Customers^ Securities
Indianapolis, Ind., April 20— Investment
bankers and utility operators have been
studying with some interest the experi-
ment of the Interstate Public Service
Company of Indianapolis, in offering its
customers an investment opportunity.
Some time ago Harry Reid, president of
the company, decided to offer an issue of
7-per cent prior lien stock to patrons of
the gas, interurban and light properties
operated by the company.
"In spite of the fact that the money
market has been described as tight and
that stocks and bonds generally have not
been absorbed as rapidly as in normal
times," said Mr. Reid recently, "we have
sold approximately $500,000 worth of oar
prior lien stock. The people of this
state have money to invest and will put
it in sound, profitable investments.
"Our conqnny is naturally i^eased to
find that its customers have enough faith
in it to place some of their savings or
surplus funds with us. It makes them
partners in the enterprise. It seems to
me that this partnership relation will be
beneficial to both the company and its
patrons. The public utility business is
really the people's bu^ness anyhow, and
the closer the relationship between the
companies and the people, the better it
wiU be for both."
The Interstate handled this issue
through its own employes, selling it at
par at its branch offices. Other utility
companies, it is understood, are consider-
ing the same method of obtaining funds
for extensions and improvements in ser-
vice.
Customer Ownership Results
During the month of March Standard
Gas & Electric Company utility subsid-
iaries co-operating in the customer own-
ership plan sold a total of $769,500 par
value of preferred stocks of the several
companies to their customers. This makes
a total of $1,972,300 worth of stodc so
placed by these companies in the first
three months of 1921. In addition to
this $124,200 of notes of two of the com-
panies were placed locally — ^maldng a
grand total of $2,096,200 of securities
placed locally by Standard's subsidiaries
in the first quarter of the year.
To Cbaage Name
Articles have been filed by the Secrc-
Ury of State at Indianapolis showing the
Public Utilities Company of Evansville
to have changed its name to ^bt Southern
Indiana Gas k Electric Conq>aqy.
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April 25, 1921
THE GAS AGS
335
Valuation of Indianapolis
Ga« Property
Indianapolis, Ind.— An audit of the
books, accounts, contracts and business
of all lands of the Gtizens Gas G>mpany,
of Indianapolis, covering the period from
1914 to 1920, inclusive, has been com-
pleted by the auditing department of the
public service commission under Glenn
Van Auken, commissioner. The valu-
ation is placed at $10,357,847 and the re-
production valuation at $11,968311. This
is the most complete audit ever given out
by the commission, the finding appearing
in two volumes of 100 pages each. In-
formation obtained by the investigation
of the commission will be used in the
hearing soon of the petition of the com-
pany for an increase of gas rates from 60
to 90 cents a thousand cubic feet.
The property owned by the company is
valued at $6,698,063 and the property
leased at $3,659,784, with reproduction
values of $7,466,045, and $4,502,766, the
audit says.
The total operating earnings of the
company since 1917 are set out as follows :
1917 earnings, $4,297,994.82; 1918 cam-
ings, $5,291,185.67; 1919 earnings, $5,519,-
081.47; 1920 earnings, $8,520,596.39. The
total operating expenses are placed for
these years as follows: 1917, 3,950,097.47;
1918, $4,683,189.08; 1919, $4,876,673.35;
1920, $7,854,849.97.
Detailed figures for last year follow:
Net operating earnings $665,746.42; net
nonoperating earnings, $206,610; total net
income $872,356.42.
Dividends have been paid as follows by
the company: 1917, $215,607; 1918, $150,-
000; 1919, $150,191; 1920, $200,000. The
taxes of the company were placed at
$314375 for 1920, as against $258,135 for
1919; $148,745 for 1918 and $115,354 for
1917. This shows an increase of ap-
proximately three times in taxation of
the company in the last four years.
The gross earnings of the company
for 1920 foUow: Gas products, $1,884,015;
coke, $5,990,850; ammonia, $449,119; coal
tar, $191,292. The audit shows that there
are 2,800 stockholders in the company,
more dian 80 per cent of them being
residents of Indianapolis. There is $2,-
000,000 capital stock divided into 80,000
shares, per value of $25. Among the
largest shareholders as set out by the
books are L. C. Bqyd, 1,368 shares;
Qarence W. Efroymson, 1,000 shares;
W. H. Coleman, 1,004 shares; James F.
White 1,000 shares.
The books show that J. D. Forest, gen-
eral manager and secretary, receives a
salary of $12,000 a year, and that A. F.
Potts, vice-president of the company, re-
ceives $3,600.
Samud Ashby, dty corporation counsel,
ol Indianapolis, opposed any increase in
Indianapolis gas rates when officials of
the Qtizens Gas Company appeared re-
cently before the public service commis-
sion to petition for a raise from 60 to
90 cents on the 1,000 cubic feet
Company officials declared that the
present business depression has struck the
gas industry here a serious blow and as-
serted that unless some relief is afforded
obligations approximating $500,000 can
not be met when they fall due May 1.
The company was said to be operating at
a monthly loss of $100,000 by Henry H.
Hombrook, its attorney, who added that
the surplus accumulated during the war
period of prosperity is rapidly being con-
sumed.
''Officials of the gas company have
come before this conunission and have put
all their cards on the table to ask for a
living operating rate only," asserted Gus-
tav A. Schnull, who appeared to press
the petition for increase. Mr. Schnull
is a trustee of the Citizens Gas Com-
pany and president of Schnull & Co.,
wholesale grocers.
After being questioned on general busi-
ness conditions and the financial situation
as it affects the gas company, Mr. Schnull
declared that its officials, considerate of
the best interests of Indianapolis over
their own private interests, kept the 60-
cent gas rate here for sentimental rea-
sons.
•In addition to being the best adver-
tisement possible for the city, the 60-cent
rate has saved the people of Indianapolis
millions of dollars," said M^. Schnull.
'When these public-spirited men come
before the commission tjheir purposes
should not be questioned.**
Mass. Gas Shows Cain
Boston, April 13.— Annual report of the
Massachusetts Gas Cos. for the year end-
ing Dec. 31, 1920, shows income of $3,-
474,946, which with $84,499 undivided
earnings of constituent companies, makes
an aggregate of $3,559,445. After ex-
penses, charges, preferred dividends, etc,
there was left a balance of $1,938,979,
equal to $7.75 a share earned on the
$25,000,000 common stock. This com-
pares with a balance of $1,900,676, or $7.60
a share on the common in 1919.
Year to
Dec 31,
Income : 1920
Total income $3,474,946
General expenses 188,285
Interest 432,181
Dividends on pfd. sh. .. $1,000,000
Surplus for period $1^54,480
Undiv. earn, of subs 84,499
Total for common $1,938,979
Common dividends 17S0/XX>
Surplus $18^979
Republic Railway & Light Net
After Charges $713,458
New York, April 12.— Republic Rail-
way & Light Co. has issued its annual
report for the year ending Dec. 31, 1920,
showing net income after charges and
taxes of $713,458^ equivalent after de*
duction'of dividends on subsidiary com-
panies preferred stock and after allowing
6 per cent on Republic Railway & Light
preferred stock, to $1.48 a share earned
on the $6,206,000 common stock. In the
preceding year company showed $156 n
share earned on common stock.
Consolidated income and surplus state-
ment of Republic Railway & Light Ca»
for the year ending Dec 31, 1920, com-
pares as follows:
1920
Gross earn $8^480,386
Net aft tax 1^63,993
Other inc 15^18
Total inc $2,020,212
Intdep.etc 1,306,754
Net inc $713,458
Div. sub. cos. pfd. stock . . 310,063
Balance $403,395
Rep. R. & L. pfd. divs 77^71
Rep. R. & L. com. divs.
Surplus 325424
P. & L. sur 377,419
Gas Plants to be Appraised
Atlanta, Ga. — ^Announcement of the
employment of Henry Earle Riggs of
the engineering department of the Uni-
versity of Michigan is to make a valua-
tion of the gas properties of the Atlanta
Gas Light Company and of properties of
other utility companies in Georgia for in-
formation to be used in further consider-
ation of rates in Atlanta and other Geor-
gia cities, C. Murphey Candler, chairman
of the State Railroad Commission.
Beaumont Gas Compaay AnnouaoM Rate
Raise
Beaumont, Tex. — The Beaumont Gas
Company in a notice to the city commis-
sion announced that starting April 1 an
increase in rates for gas will become
effective. The new rates will be $1.25 a
thousand for the first 10,000 feet, $1.10 a
thousand for the next 10,000 and $1 a
thousand for all over 20,000 feet, prices
figured net.
The present schedule is $1.25 a thou-
sand feet for SfiOO cubic feet, $1 a thou-
sand for the next 5,000 and 80c a thousand
for more than 10,000 cubic feet
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336
THE OAS AGE
April 25, 1921
Indianapolis Favored With
Cheap Gas
"Cheap gas is possible in Indianapolis
not because it can be manufactured more
cheaply here than elsewhere, but solely
because the profits of other lines of busi-
ness have been given to the gas consumer
so that he has got his gas at less than
cost," says a brief the Gtizens Gas Com-
pany filed with the public service com-
mission April 4 in its case for an increase
from 60 to 90 cents in the price of gas.
"The belief that gas consumers are be-
ing asked to pay losses on coke and other
lines of business is fundamentally wrong/'
says a summary accompanying the brief,
^' for the fact is quite the other way and
all that is being asked at this time, when
the profits of other lines of business are
not sufficient to permit of selling gas at
^ cents, is that the constmier instead of
riding on a half-fare ticket, as he hereto-
fore has done, consent during the period
of the present emergency to pay a three-
<iuarter fare."
The brief sets out that after twelve
years of operation the company has been
able to accumulate only a $110,000 surplus
and "that since 1915 over $1,100,000 had
been earned from the benzol plant as
A result of war demands and that but for
these earnings, which have now ceased,
the company would have been compelled
to seek higher gas rates as long ago as
1916."
"The company has never had but two
prosperous years," says the brief, "1916
and 1920, and the latter year taken in
connection with 1919 would have been
<lisastrous but for the fact that the United
States government in 1919 paid the com-
pany $519,000 in settlement of a con-
tract with the company for benzol and
ammonia, which amount was credited-
to the earnings of the years 1919 and
1920, and thereby prevented an actual
deficit in those two years."
The brief contains much of what was
gone over at the hearing the commission
held on the compan3r's petition and sets
forth how the company's dividends are
limited to 10 per cent under any rate
and then says:
"This, then, is the conclusion of the
petitioner. It has absolutely no selfish
purpose to serve. The company is in a
very real sense a public servant From
one standpoint, it might be said that its
directors are indifferent so far as their
personal affairs are concerned, as to
whether it receives any increase of rates
or not, and thus as to whether it is able
to go on and discharge its duties, but in
their sense of duty to the community,
they feel and know that it is imperative
for the company to have additional income
if it is to live and fulfill its public duty.
"With a 90-cent gas rate, we vrill still
have, with possibly one exception, the
•cheapest artificial gas rate in the country
and much below that prevailing in the
other cities of Indiana.
"No citizen has come here to protest
against an increase in rates, althou^
this petition has been before the commis-
sion since December 16 and has received
much publicity.
"We are convinced that the city coun-
cil, representing the legislative depart-
ment, and the board of public worics,
representing the executive department,
and which has direction over the service
rendered by the company, both know and
understand that an increase of rates is
imperative in order to secure the service
which the city and consumers desire.
"It must not be overlooked that this
is an emergency petition. The commis-
sion has entire control of the situation.
What is needed is emergency relief to
tide over unprecedented conditions.
"For five years, with every article of
daily use rising in value, in some in-
stances two-fold or more, the citizens of
Indianapolis have continued to enjoy a
daily necessity at the same price at which
it was furnished twelve years ago, ^en
the basic elements entering into that pro-
duct, both in the form of material and
labor, only represented a small fraction
of their present cost This has been a
wonderful contribution by the petitioner
to the economic life of this community.
"It can hardly be measured in dollars,
because in many cases it has enabled
things to be done and families to live in
comfort and enjoy life as they could not
otherwise have done. We, 'therefore,
most earnestly urge that the commission
shall grant to the petitioner the relief
prayed for in its petition in order to
enable it to continue, always under the
watchful care and observation of the
commission, to furnish gas at the lowest
possible cost"
Cohoet Gaa Rate Inereaaed
Albany, N. Y.— The public service com-
mission granted the Cohoes Power and
Light Corporation permission to put into
effect April 1 a 35 cent service charge and
a commodity charge of $2.05 per thousand
cubic feet of gas supplied Cohoes, North-
side and ^yatervliet. The corporation had
requested the authorization of 75 cents for
service and $2.35 pier thousand as com-
modity charge.
Gaa Rates Fall Again
Norfolk, Va. — ^The price of gas has
been reduced thirty cents per thousand
cubic feet since the new scale went into
effect last April, and now is within ten
cents of the price prevailing before that
scale became effective.
Officials of the City Gas Company an-
nounced that, due to recent reductions in
the price of Pennsylvania crude oil, the
price of gas consumed in Norfolk will be
$1.40 per thousand cubic feet after April
1st.
Agree on Arbitration in
Grand Rapids, Mich.
Grand Rapids, Mich. — ^The dty com-
mission has accepted a com-promise ar-
bitration offer from the Gnmd Rapids
Gas Light Co., a subsidiary of the Amer-
ican Light & Traction Co. and has in-
structed its committee to meet the com-
pany's officials and arrange for negoti-
ations.
The company insisted on charging the
present rate of $1.50 during the progress
of the arbitration but agreed that if the
award of the arbiters was less than $1.50,
it would refund the difference to patrons.
The city has held out for a $1.40 rate
but as the compan3r's plan would result
in patrons obtaining the lower rate dur-
ing the interim if the ultimate rate were
fixed at that figure, the commission ac-
cepted the company's offer.
The dty commission also has adopted
a resolution whereby the dtizens of
Grand Rapids will be given an opportun-
ity in a straw vote at the April election
to express thdr views on the question of
submitting the controversy to the state
utilities commission. The question reads :
"Shall the Grand Rapids Gas Light Co.
rate matter be settled here in Grand
Rapids under authority of home rule
provisions of the charter by arbitration
as resolved by the dty commission?"
This move came as a result of the
concerted efforts of union leaders in the
dty to have the whole controversy turned
over to the utilities for investigation, if
not for dedsion and settlement
American Engineering Coun-
cil Office in Washington
New York, April 17— Permanent head-
quarters of the Federated American En-
gineering Sodeties have been established
in Washington. A most desirable loca-
tion has been secured on the third floor
of 719 Fifteenth Street, N. W. (National
Savings & Trust Building). Suffident
space has been obtained to accomodate
the staff of the F. A. E. S. and at the
same time provide a large lounging room
or conference room for those ^o may
desire to use the headquarters as a meet-
ing place. It will be the purpose of the
headquarters at all times to render as
much personal service as possible to en-
gineers who visit Washington. A special
plan will be devdoped to the end that
engineers visiting Washington may be
able to transact business with the mini-
mum amount of effort on thdr part
Engineers, therefore are asked to notify
it of an intended visit to Washington so
that arrangements may be made to care
for them. The executive secretary will
be permanently located in Washington in
the near future.
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April 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
337
Gas Associations and Marl^et Mews
THE following litt coven, the officers
of the principal gas associations, the
address of the secretary, and the date and
place of the annual meeting.
Katnral 0mm Aisoclatloii of Amerlcar—Pres., H.
Hoover, Cincinnati, Ohio: sec.-treas., Wm. B.
IVay. 904-5 Oliver Bide.. Pittabursh, Pa. Con-
vention, Ma7 16-20, Cincinnati, O;
Som&westeni Electrical and Gas Atsoclatioii
— Pres., A. Hardffrave, Dallas. Texas; sec., H.
-S. Cooper, Slaughter BIdg., Dallas, Tex.; treas.,
J. B. Walker. Cbnvention, May 18-21, 1921,
Sotel Galvez, Galveston, Texas.
Sottt&em Gas AssoclatloiK-Pres., E. C. Stot-
hart. Charleston, S. C; sec.-treas., George H.
Smith, Norfolk, Va. Convention, May 31-Jiine
2, Savannah, Ga.
CanadlAii Gas Association— Pres., C S. Bagg,
Montreal, Que.; 1st vice-pres., E. H. Caugheil,
St. Thomas, Ont.; 2nd vice-pres.. Col. D. R.
Street, OtUwa, Ont; sec-tr., G. W. Allen, 19
"Toronto St., Toronto, Ont. Convention. Aug.
3S-25. Windsor Hotel, Montreal.
Pndflc Const Gns Association— Pres., William
M. Kapus, Portland, Ore.; sec.-treas.. W. M.
Henderson, 445 Sutter St.. San Francisco, Calif.
"Convention, September 20-23 inc., Del Monte,
California.
Sootb Central Gas Association— Pres., C B.
McKinney, Dallas, Tex.; first vioe-pres., F. L.
Weisser, San Antonio, Tex.; second vice-pres.,
Fred C Armbruster, Shreveport. La.; acting
sec. -treas., C. H. Seidenglanz, Dallas, Texas.
"Convention. October 11-13.
Ohio Oil and Gas Hen's Association— Pres.,
Tames W. McMahon: sec-treas., William H.
Thompson, 811 New First National Bank Bldg.,
Columbus, Ohio. Cbnvention, October, Colum-
"bus. O.
American Gas AssodatlMi— Pres., Charles A.
Monroe, Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co., Chica-
So, III. ; sec-man^ Oscar Fogs;, 128 E. Fifteenth
t. New York. Convention, Chicago, Nov. 7-12,
1921.
Empire State Gas ft Electric Association—
Pres., H. W. Peck. SchenecUdy, N. Y., sec. C
G. B. Chapin, 29 W. 39th St.. New York, N. Y.
West Virginia Nataral Gas Association- Pres.,
fi. A. Wallace, Charleston, W. Va.; sec.-treas.,
Edwin Robinson. Fairmont, W. Va.
Xlclilttn Gas Association— Pres., John W.
Batten. Detroit, Mich.; sec.-treas., A. U. Schroe-
der. Grand Rapids Gas Light Co., Grand Rap-
ids. Mich.
Kew England Association of Gas Engineers—
Pres., Burton Smart, Portland, Me.; vice-pres.,
V. E. Bird; vice-pres., R. E. Wyant; sec, John
L. Tudbury, Salem, Mass.
OUalioma tJtllities AssocUtlon^Pres.. J. W.
Shartel, Oklahoma City; manager, H. A. Lane.
1107 First National Bank Bldg., Oklahoma City,
Okla.
Onlld of Gas Managers— Pres., H. K. Morrison.
Lynn, Mass.; sec, C R. Prichard, Beverly,
Mass.
nUnols Gas Association- Pres., H. H. Cark,
Chicago, 111.; sec.-treas., R. V. Prather. 72 W.
Adams St., Chicago, 111.; R. V. Prather. 305
DoWitt Smith Bldg., Springfield, III.
Wisconsin Gas Association— Pres., Bruno
Rahn, Milwaukee, Wis.; vice-pres., A. F. Dav-
ey, Sheboygan, Wis.; sec-tr., Henry Herman,
U2 Wisconsin St., Milwaukee, Wis.
Pennnrlvania Gas Assoclatlonr- Pres., E. L.
Smith, Towanda, Pa.; sec-treas., G. S. Cullen,
Harrisburg. Pa. Convention, April 13-15, 1921,
in Philadelphia. Pa.
Indiana Gas Assoclatlon-Pres., W. W. Good-
rich, Winchester, Ind.; sec.-treas., E. J. Burke,
Citizens Gas Co., Indianapolis. Ind. Conven-
tion April 25-26, 1921, West Baden Springs. Ho-
tel. West Baden, Ind.
Iowa District Gas Association— Iowa. Nebras-
ka, South Dakota— Pres., W. W. Taylor, Omaha,
Neb.; sec-treas., H. R. Sterrett, Des Moines
Gas Co.. Des Moines, la. Convention, April
20-21, Hotel Fort Des Moines. Des Moines. la.
Kew Jersey State Gas Assoclatlon-Pres., H.
H. Newman, Trenton. N. J.; sec-treas.. Harold
C Mason. P. O. Box 535. Long Branch. N. J.
Convention, fourth week in April. 1921.
Quotations
The following quotations are made by leading
interests. Reductions in prices since the last
issue are indicated by an asterisk (*), and
advances in prices indicated by a dagger (t).
Cast Iron Plfe
New York quotes: d-in. and heavier, per ton
I63J0. 4-in. I73J0; 3-in. |83.30 and $4.00 addi-
tional for Qass A and gas pipe.
Chicago quotes, f.o.b. Chicago ex-war tax as
follows: Water pipe, 4-in., $69.10; 6-in and
larger $64.10; Qass A and gas pipe, $4 extra.
Wroofht Plfe
The following discounts are to jobbers for
carload lots on the Pittsburgh basing card:
Butt Weld Steel, black: H> H and Hin., 50^;
Hin., 54H; )4 to 3 in., 57^.
Butt Weld Steel, galvanized: H. H and H
in.. 24; Hin., 40; f< to 3 in., 44.
Butt Weld Iron, black: Hin., l5^; H in., 24^;
H to l^in., 29^; 2 and 2^in., 33^*
Butt Weld Iron, galvanized: H and $<in., +35;
Hin.. 11^; Hin., 6^; 94 to 13^in.. 9^; 2 and
^in., 1754.
Lap Weld Steel, black: 2 in., 50^; 2^ to d in..
53H; 7 to 12 in., 50^; 13 and 14 in., 41; 15 in.,
38J4.
Lap Weld Steel, galvanized: 2 in., 38; ^ to 6
in., 41; 7 to 12 in., 37.
Lap Weld Iron, black: l^in.. 24^; min., 31>4;
2 to 2^., 25^; 3 to 6 in., ZT^; 7 to 12 in., 2^
Lap Weld Iron, galvanized: IH in., 9^; l^in.,
17H; 2 to 2^., 11^; 3 to 6 in.. 14^; 7 to 12in.,
1154.
Butt Weld Steel, extra strong, plain ends,
black: H, H Mnd H in.. 4d^; H>n- 51f4; H to
IH in., 55H; 2 to 3 in.. 56^4.
Butt Weld Steel, extra strong, plain ends,
galvanized: Vi, ji and f^in., 29; H in., 39; H
to IM in.. 43; 2 to 3 in., 44.
Butt Weld, Iron, extra strong, plain ends,
black: H in., 13^4; H in., 13^; H in., 23^4; H
to IH in., 2954; 2 and 254 in., 3^.
Butt Weld Iron, extra strong, plain ends, gal-
vanized: H in., 4^; H in., 354; 54 in., 1054: H
to 154 in., 1454; 2 and ^ in., 1^.
Lap Weld Steel, extra strong, plain ends,
black; 2 in., 4854; 254 to 4 in., 5154; 454 to 6 in.
50^; 7 to 8 in., 46^; 9 to 12 in., 4154.
Lap Weld Steel, extra strong, plain ends,
galvanized: 2 in.. 37; ^ to 4 in., 40; ^ to 6 in.,
39; 7 to 8 in.. 33; 9 to 12 in., 28.
Lap weld Iron, extra strong, plain ends, black:
m in.. 2154; 154 in., 2754; 2 to 254.. 2^; 3 to 4
in.. 2854. ^ to 6 in., 2754; 7 to 8 in., 1954; 9 to
12 in., 1^.
Lap Weld Iron, extra strong, plain ends gal-
vanized: 154 in., 654; 154 in., 1354; 2 to ^., 1354;
3 to 4 in., 1^; 454 to 6 in.. 1554; 7 to 8 in., 754;
9 to 12 in.. 254.
To the large jobbing trade an additional 1, 5
and 254 per cent is allowed over the above dis-
counts, which are subject to the usual varia-
tions in weight of 5 per cent.
Finished Iron and Steel
Per Lb. to Large Buyers: Cents
Iron bars, Philadelphia 2J5
Iron bars. Chicago Z38
Steel bars. Pittsburgh 2.00
Steel bars. New York 2.38
Tank plates. Pittsburgh 2.00
Tank plates, New York 2.38
Beams, etc. Pittsburgh 2.00
Beams, etc. New York 2.38
Sheets, black. No. 28. P'gh 3.75
Sheets, galv.. Nc 28. P'gh 4.75
Sheets, blue an'ld. 9 & 10 3.00
For painted corrugated sheets add 30 cents
per 100 lbs., for 25 to 28 gauge; 25 cents for 19
to 24 gauge. For galvanised corrugated sheets
add 15 rents all gaofes.
Coke, ConneUsTlUe
Per net ton at oven:
Furnace coke, prompt $3.50
Furnace coke, future 4.00
Foundry coke, prompt ^ 5.00
Foundry coke, future 5.50
Gas on
34-40 deg. Penn gal. t4%c
32-36 deg. at wells, Texas gal. •2Hc
32-36 deg. Okla gal. 2%
Refractories
Bauxite brick, 56% Al, f.o.b. Pittsburgh $ 160
Chrome brick, f.o.b. Eastern shipping
points 80-100
Chrome cement, 40-50% CraOa 45- 50
Chrome cement. 40-45% CraOa. sacks in car
lots, f.o.b. Eiastem shipping points -55
Fireclay brick, let quality, 9-in. shapes,
f.o.b. Pennsylvania, Ohio and Kentucky
works 55.- 60
Fireclay brick, 2nd quality, 9-in. shapes,
f.o.b. Pennsylvania, Ohio and Kentucky
works 45-50
Magnesite brick. 9-in. straight *90
Magnesite brick, 9-in. arches, wedges
and keys 106
Magnesite brick, soaps and splits 120
Silica brick, 9-in. sizes, f.o.b. Chicago
district •45-55
Silica brick, 9-in. sizes, f.o.b. Birming-
ham district •45-55
Silica brick, 9-in. sizes, f.o.b. Mt. Union,
Pa •45-55
CalUnc Xatsrisla
Quotations f.o.b. New York, are:
Tarred or untarred Eaide Jute packing
rope in 50 or 100 lb. coils, per bale .... de
Plumbers Spun Oakum, in bales of SO lbs.
each, per bale 2.75
Pig Lead, New York. N. Y., per 100 lb. .. ^4.00
Bituminous Coal— Net Tons, F.O.B. Mines
Current Quotatione— Spot Prices,
Coal Market Quoted Prioe
Low Volatilek Bastem
Pocahontas mine run .... Columbus $3.25
Pocahontas lump Columbus 5.50
Pocahontas mine run .... Chicago 3.50
Pocahontas lump Chicago 4.50
'Smokeless mine run .... Boston 5.85
Qearfields mine run .... Boston 2.00
Somersets mine run Boston 2.35
Pool 1 New York 3.25
Pool 1 Philadelphia 3.50
Pool 1 • • Baltimore 3.25
Pool 9 ,. New York 2.60
Pool 9 Philadelphia 3.00
Pool 9 Baltimore 3.00
Pool 10 New York 2.35
Pool 10 Philadelphia 2.75
Pool 10 Baltimore 2.50
Pool 11 New York 2.00
Pool 11 Philadelphia 2.25
Pool 11 Baltimore 2.25
Pool 71 New York 2.70
Pool 71 Philadelphia 3.25
Pool 71 Baltimore 3.00
HlKh VoUtnOk Bastem
Pool 34 New York 1.75
Pool 34 Philadelphia 1.85
Pool 34 Baltimore 2.00
Pittsburgh mine run .... Pittsburgh 2.00
Pittsburgh sc'd. gas Pittsburgh 2.75
Kanawha mine run Columbus 2.00
Kanawha lump Columbus 3.25
Hocking mine run Columbus 2.15
Hockinff lump Columbus 3.25
Pitts. No. 8 mine ran .... Cleveland 2.2D
Pitts. No. 8 lump Cleveland 3.50
Midwest
Franklin, 111., mine run .. Chicago 3.25
Franklin, 111., lump Chicago 3.45
Central III. mine run .... Chicago 2.25
Central III., lump Chicago 2.75
Ind. 4th Vein, mine run .. Chicago 2.50
Ind. 4th Vein, lump Chicago 3.00
Ind. 5th Vein, mine run .. Chicago 2.50
Ind. 5th Vein, lump Chicago 2.75
Standard mine run St. Louis 1.90
Standard luinp St. Louis 2.25
West Ky.. mine run Louisville 2.00
West Ky., lump Louisville 3.00
South and Southwest
Big Seam mine run Birmingham 2.90
Big Seam lump Birmingham 3.25
S. E. K7.. mine run Louisville 2.75
S. E. Ky.{ lump Louisville 3.75
Kansas mine run Kansas City 4.25
Kansas lumo Kansas City 5.00
Digitized by VnOOQ iC
338
THE GAS AGE
April 25. 1921
Men in the Industry
Hon. Frank H. Fvnk, ex-member of
the Illinois Public Utility Commission
and now Congressman for Illinois, stat-
ed during the recent opening of the six-
ty-seventh Congress in extraordinary
session assembled that he was still very
much interested in public utility matters.
He extended the o£Fer of his offices in
Washington to those utility men to use
as their headquarters while in Washing-
ton. Senator Funk, as we know him in
Illinois, is in an excellent position to help
utility men, from any state, solve their
legal problems. Mr. Funk knows botii
sides of the utility issues. Perhaps after
all it will be just looking at your prob-
lem from a different angle which will
give you the information needed. It is
gratifying to record that another mem-
ber of Congress is a utility man, and that
the fifth industry, the gas industry, has
another good friend in Congress.
B. L. Smithy the new president of the
Pennsylvania Gas Association, has been
interested in public utility activities for
over twenty years. He has been inti-
mately connected with the purchase, re-
building and operation of a number of
utilities.
Mr. Smith was actively engaged in the
organization of the Pennsylvania Electric
Association and was the president of the
association during the year 1910.
He is now president and general mana-
ger of the Towanda Gas & Electric Com-
pany, Towanda, Pa., and a director of the
United Service Corporation of Scranton,
Pa., a holding company owning and oper-
ating electric, gas, street railway and
steam heating properties in the states of
Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana.
O. B. Byant, assistant chief operating
engineer of the Philadelphia Gas Works,
spoke recently before the Electrical Soci-
ety of the Leeds & Northrup Co. Mr.
Evans traced the development of gas
manufacture from its beginning to the
present day methods, bringing out very
clearly the recent development in the ap-
plication of electrical temperature meas-
uring instruments.
H. 6. Reed, commercial manager of the
Washington Gas Light Co., recently re-
viewed his observations of the devel-
opment of the Scott gas range. He is of
the opinion that the combination which
it makes of cooking, baking and heating
water will find many places where its
use will prove highly satisfactory. Past
experience has proven this to him.
Robert Brinton Harper, Sectional Vice-
President and Chairman of the Technical
Section of the American Gas Association,
is chief chemist of the Peoples Gas Light
& Coke Company, Chicago, Illinois.
He was born February 28, 1882, in
Evansville, Indiana, from which city his
parents took him, at the age of six
months, to Chicago. He obtained a
grammar school education in the Chicago
public schools, and after taking a four
year's preparatory course in the South
Side Academy, he entered the University
of Chicago. After a year there, he en-
tered the Armour Institute of Technol-
ogy, from which he graduated in 1905
with a degree of Bachelor of Science. In
1909 he was given an advanced degree of
Robert Brinton Harper
Chemical Engineer by the Armour In-
stitute.
Mr. Harper entered the employ of The
Peoples Gas Light & Coke Company in
June, 1905, as an assistant chemist, and in
1906 he was put in charge of the com-
pany's main laboratory, the personnel of
which conducts special chemical, ph3rsi-
cal and engineering tests, researches and
investigations upon the raw materials,
products and by-products and also upon
plant equipment involved in the produc-
tion and distribution of gas and upon ap-
pliances concerned with the utilization
of gas. Under his supervision the main
laboratory has gradually grown from an
organization employing only a few chem-
ists to a live department having at times
over fifty chemists, chemical, mechanical
and other engineers on its pa3rroll for
the purpose of rendering various techni-
cal and scientific services for nearly all
other departments of the gas company.
Mr. Harper has taken a very active in-
terest in association work for over ten
years, having served as a chairman or
member of various general and techni-
cal committees and held offices such as
President of the Illinois Gas Association
(1915-1916), director of the American
Gas Institute (1915-1917) and Vice-
Chairman of the Gas Engineering Sec-
tion of the Western Society of Engi-
neers (1920).
He is now a member of the IDinots Gas
Association, American Society for Test-
ing Materials, American Chemical Sode-
tj', American Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science, Western Society
of Engineers and the American Gas
Association.
Clifford P. Carptnttr, assistant to the
president of the Washington (^s Li^t
Co., recently stated that while they were
not cutting the wages of their laborers
they were getting more and better work
done per man. He also remarked that
although market quotations show a re-
duction in prices of many conunodities
used by his company this did not mean a
reduction in the price to the company
because increased freight and other
charges still make the toUl much abore
normal figures. This is a parallel ex-
ample of other economic aspects of pres-
ent conditions, like the fact that Texas
cotton seed cake can be fed to cattle in
Holland cheaper than it can in Kansas.
John Lloyd Schiek of the engineering
department of the Washington Gzs Light
Co., recently related an interesting and
convincing argument used by a prospec-
tive gas consumer to get gas service.
This was during the time when constnsc-
tion materials were not obtainable and
the companies were urged to retard con-
struction work. The prospective gas con-
sumer was using an electric range. He
said, "I have a Sweedish cook who can
not read and she does not know 'on'
from 'off.'" This is just another prac-
tical demonstrations of the well-known
fact that electric ranges are slow heaters.
Clarence H. French, formerly manager
of the Hotel Department of the Public
Service Gas Company of N. J., and after-
wards manager of the Famous Oven
Company of New York, has recently con-
nected with Wm. M. Crane Con^any of
New York.
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April 25, 1921
THE GAS AQB
339
Construction News
U. G. L Needs $16,000,000
Philadelphia, Pa^ April 4.— Mr. Bodine
says that stun should be spent on gas
works in his recent letter to the Munic-
ipal Gas Commission.
"Some seem to think the $16,000^
would be needed to go back to furnishing
22-candlepower gas/' Mr. Bodine says.
**!£ we return to the 22-candlepower gas
the operating company would need but
a smsdl sum for equipment The change
in that case would be the necessity for a
largely increased rate.
'In suggesting that equipment certifi-
cates be authorized and the interest and
amortization obtained by setting aside a
portion of the gas receipts of the city, I
urged a long amortization period, with
the distinct idea that the city might de-
cide to take over the plant, which it can
without reducing its borrowing capacity.
If the company is to raise the money, it
must be assured of an income which will
give it credit to borrow what is needed.
Either the city or the company must
pay."
Dissolution
The Thayer Oil and Gas Company, has
filed a preliminary certificate of dissolu-
tion with the secretary of state.
New Catalog
The Lunkenheimer Co/s new general
catalog, edition No. 58, is just off the
press and they are very anxious that
you have one of these books in your ref-
erence files.
Cincinnati Firm Gets Gas Works Bond
Issue
The Breede, Elliot and Harrison com-
pany, Cincinnati, was granted $25,000 gas
improvement works bonds by city council
at their bid of par and accrued interest
and $57 premium.
New Gas Main
Newburyport, Mass.— The Newbury-
port Gas & Electric Co. has begun laying
a new 6-inch gas main on High street,
starting at the High street bridge of Uie
B. & M. railroad and working towards
the north end, thus continuing the im-
provement inaugurated last year.
BzportiAg to Japan
The Safety Gas Main Stopper Company
of Brooklyn, N. Y., has recently shipped
a large order of Goodman stoppers to
Japan.
Large Plot for Gas Company
The Consolidated Gas Company, which
has been planning to improve one of its
parent office properties at the northeast
corner of Hester and Elizabeth streets,
has enlarged that site by purchasing No.
82 Elizabeth street from Charles W.
Weston. Its plottage now measures 100 x
170.3.
Temporary Repairs to Gas Plant Com-
pleted
New Orleans, La. — ^There is no danger
of any gas shortage in New Orleans as
a result of the explosion recently which
badly damaged the gas company's plant,
injured two workers, shattered windows
in several residences, and frightened
Charity Hospital patients and attendants.
'Temporary repairs were completed at
10 o'clock last night," said Arthur E. Mer-
chant, general superintendent of the New
Orleans Gas Light company, Tuesday,
"and we have been operating since. Per-
manent repairs will have been completed
within a period of a week, we believe.
There is absolutely no danger of any gas
shortage."
The explosion wrecked the roof of the
big tank and burst four of the five tur-
bines used in operation. A crew of work-
ers at once began to install temporary
equipment
William T. Moran, 2634 Tulane avenue,
engineer, and George Brady, 312 South
Roman street, the men injured, are not
seriously hurt.
Midwest BuUds Big Welded Pipeline
What will be one of the largest all-
welded oil pipelines ever constructed is
being built by the Midwest Refining Com-
pany in the Salt Creek field in Wyoming.
The new line will be 30 inches in diameter
and H'inch thick. All of the joints are
being oxy-acetylene welded.
Water Gas Installations
The Gas Machinery Co., of Cleveland,
Ohio, is furnishing and erecting a 5 ft
double superheater carburetted water gas
apparatus complete in the gas plant at
Charlottesville, Va.
A new 8 ft water gas generator and
auxiliary equipment is also being in-
stalled in the gas works at Holyoke,
Mass., where The Gas Machinery Co.
have recently completed the reconstruc-
tion of an old 7 ft 6 in. double super-
heater carburetted water gas apparatus.
Palmer Interests Seek a Franchise for
Gas Pipe Line
Monroe, La., April 15— Application has
been made to the city commission council
by N. C McGowan, of Shreveport, as a
representative of the Palmer interests of
Chicago, for a franchise for the sale of
gas in Monroe at wholesale for the pur-
pose of supplying a number of large
manufacturing plants to be located here
with gas for power purposes.
The Palmer interests state that they
are negotiating with two or possibly three
extremely large industrial plants which
will be located within the corporate limits
of Monroe in the event that the corpora-
tion's plans for piping gas into this dty
reach maturity. It is unofficially stated
that one of these plants will employ more
than 1,000 men and will utilize a maxi-
mum of 4,000,000 cubic feet of gas a day.
Rocky Mount Gas Holder Award
The Stacey Manufacturing Company of
Cincinnati, were awarded contract on
April 8th by the Rocky Mount Public
Works, Rocky Mount, N. C, for the fur-
nishing and erection of a three lift 300,000
cu. ft capacity Gas Holder construction.
Opens Southern Office.
The Brown Hoisting Machinery Com^
pany of Qevdand, Ohio, announces the
opening of a southern office, to be locat-
ed at 530 Whitney-Central Building, New
Orleans. The states of Texas, Louisiana,
Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia and Flori-
da will be covered from this office.
Mr. Charles H. White, manager of the
new office, has been with the Brownhoist
company for a number of years, and is
an experienced sales engineer on all
types of Brownhoist products. Among
these are locomotive cranes, buckets, elec-
tric hoists, trolleys and a wide range of
cranes and hoists.
Gas Holders Sold
The Cruse-Keraper Co., has sold the
following gas holders: Nashville one
400000; Asheville, N. C, one 200,000; Al-
exandria, Va., one 200,000; Langley Field,
Va., one 500,000 and Rock Hill, S. C, a
50,000. This is one of the many indica-
tions coming to us of increased con-
struction activities.
Springfield, Mass.— Housatooic street
gas mains are to be extended to Pleasant
street and Prospect park.
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340
THB 0A8 AOB
April 25, 1921
80-Gent Gas Again Held
Confiscatory
Federal Court UpboMt Matter's Report
^Companies May Charge More
New .York, April 11— The Ceirtral
Union and Northern Union Gas Com-
panies, subsidiaries of the Consolidated
Gas Company, both serving consumers in
the Bronx, won their suits in the Federal
Court to sustain a Special Master's re-
port declaring the maximum rate of 80
<enU per 1,000 cubic feet of gas confisca-
tory. An opinion by Judge Mayer yester-
day permits these companies to increase
the rates.
The suits were brought against Charles
D. Newton, Attorney General of New
York state ; Francis Martin, District At-
torney of Bronx county, and Alfred M.
Barrett, Public Service Commissioner.
Judge Mayer's decision upheld the report
made by Special Master A. S. Gilbert,
who found the rate inadequate to cover
costs of manufacture and distribution.
Judge Mayer set April 20 as the date
when he will pass upon the litigations.
In his memorandum Judge Mayer says :
"What this case comes down to is that
upon the evidence it is plain that the stat-
utory rate of 80 cents is confiscatory.
"Counsel in this case have greatly facil-
itated the hearings before the master by
entering into stipulation for the purposes
of the case as to the amount to be taken
as the original cost of the property owned
by the plaintiff and devoted to the service
of its consumers.
"Even if the cost of manufacture and
distribution were reduced below what the
master has found, and, even though the
Value of the property were fixed at an
amount less than the stipulation calls for,
the result would nevertheless be confisca-
tion. So far as this case is concerned,
the test period is clearly long enough and
there is no assurance that the actual cost
of manufacturing and distributing gas
plus a fair return will be less than 80
cents for some time to come.
"The real question is what should be
the proper rate, so that the plaintiff may
have a rate which is just to it under set-
tled principles of law while, on the other
. hand, the consumer shall not be called
upon to pay anything more than a just
and proper rate."
But, the court held, it is not within its
province to fix this rate.
Dividends
The American Light & Traction Com-
pany has declared the usual quarterly
dividends of 1 per cent on the common
stock and of 1^ per cent on the preferred
stock, and a dividend of one share of
common stock on each 100 shares of com-
mon stock, all payable May 2. Books
close Aprfl 12. reopen April 28. A stock
di<^idend of 4he same amount was de-
clared three months ago.
Grace DcTelopment Compaay
Papers have been filed with the secre-
tary of state showing the organization of
the Grace Developing Company, Ft.
Wayne, with a capital stock of $10,00a
The company will engage in the sinking
of gas and oil wells. The directors are :
F. D. HcAan, H. H. Stucky, A. A. Smith,
Charles Shimer, B. B. Hendricks, £. J.
Brannan and J. F. Smeltzly.
Indiana Taxes on Public
UtiUties
Indianapolis, Ind.— More than one-
fourth of the total assessment levied by
the Indiana state board of tax commis-
sioners for 1920 was levied against public
utility companies. Figures made public
at the State House, April 14, showed that
the public utility companies were assessed
by the state board for $269,372,564. The
total assessments levied by the state
board amounted to $969,345^53. Utility
companies were assessed for almost three
times as much as the total figure for all
the banks of Indiana, the total bank as-
sessments being $97,270,475.
In the statistical totals, marking the
tremendous growth of the public utility
service in the United States, Indiana
ranks among the leaders. Very few
states in the Union are better developed
as regards modem improvements than
this state. There are in Indiana forty
electric railway companies which operate
street car and interurban properties in
practically every community. They main-
tain 2,285 miles of track, and they were
assessed in 1920 by the state board of tax
commissioners for $69,759,714. This
amount, of course, does not include per-
sonal property, office fixtures, etc., cover-
ing only railroad tracks, rolling stock
and improvements on the right of way.
It is estimated that three-quarters of a
billion people rode on Indiana electric
railways in 1920. In Indianapolis, for ex-
ample, there are 300 street cars in daily
operation on 116 miles of track. Thirteen
interurban lines operate in and out of
Indianapolis carrying a daily average of
21,000 passengers.
There are approximately 100,000 sepa-
rate owners of the public utilities in Indi-
ana. These owners are individuals, firms,
banks, insurance companies and the like,
which hold the stocks and bonds of the
companies operating the utilities. About
eight per cent of these utility owners are
residents of the state.
These Indiana utilities have approxi-
mately 100,000 employes. It is esthnated
that there are 200,000 others, more or less
dependent upon these employes, making a
total of 300,000, who get their living from
public utility employment. There are
75,000 others employed in the various in-
dustries which depend upon the public
utilities.
Utility Publicity Directora
Hold Meet
Chicago— The first national conference
on Public Utility Information Committee
directors was held here March 16 with
representatives from nine different states
in attendance. These nine men represent
the nucleus of a Indc to the people'
moTonent on the part of the publk utili-
ties that soon is destined to be nation-wide
in scope.
The conference was called liy Bernard
J. MuUaney, director of die lUinoia Public
Utility Infomatioa committM, the pio-
neer organizaticm of its kind ia the
United States and the entire day was
devoted to discussion of tlM problems
confronting the men selected by the pub-
lic utility interests of the various states
as the agencies through wfaidi all may
lay their cards on the table before the
public.
The lUiaois committee was organised
some three years ago and has outgrown
the experimental stage. It has deoKm-
strated to other states that the idea b
worthy of emulation. Mr. Mullaney and
his associate director, Hal M. Lytle, were
hosts to the following directors :
John C. Mellet, Indiana and Kentud^;
FranU Herwig, Wisconsin; E. D. Bdl
Missouri; Horace M. Davis, Nebraska;
H. A. Lane, Oklahoma; A. G. WMdden,
Aricansas; Benjamin £. I^ng, Ohio, and
Henry H. Tinkham, Michigan.
Michigan is the most recent state in
which the gas and electrical interests
have joined forces for a publicity com-
mittee which will acquaint the people
with utility problems.
Buaiaeaa Is Good
Mark Twain once remarked aaent his
reported death "the report is greatly ex-
aggerated." This holds good r^pardiag
those who hold pessimistic views of bus-
iness conditions throughout the country.
As an illustration of business activitgr.
The U. G. I Contracting Company of
Philadelphia reports that its field force is
occupied with a large amount of erection
work, and with the additional contracts
being awarded the Company this condi-
tion promises to continue for some time.
Gas Rata Increaaed
Petersburg, Va.— A part of the increase
in rates asked by the Petersburg Gzs
Company has been granted by the state
corporation commission, whereby $175 is
allowed per thousand for the first 5,000
cubic feet, with a sliding scale for larger
consumers. The minimum rate is $12S
per 1,000 feet The minimum monthlv bill
was placed at $1. The new rate became
effective as of Mardi 15. Valuation of
the plant and equipment of tiie compsfly
was placed at ^18^. The Petersbnrff
Gas Company asked for a rate of $2:15
per 1.000 feet.
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April 25, 1921
THE OAS AGE
341
Holding Company Formed
The order providing for merger of the
Interstate Public Service Com|>any and
five other utilities in southern Indiana
was issued by the Indiana public service
commission, March 4. The order provides
-that payment to the selling companies
shall be in stock in the purchasing com-
pany. The utilities operate interurban
lines, gas and electric plants.
Ira £. Guthrie, secretary and treasurer
of the Interstate Public Service Company,
in a statement regarding the decision of
the public service commission, said:
'The biggest thing in the decision of
the commission is the condition imposed
on the Public Service Company, requir-
ing that the capital stock of the five
merging concerns be reduced at lea^t
$6,000,000.
''It always has been the purpose of the
public service commission to reduce
wherever possible tlie capital stock of
utility companies. In granting the pre-
sent merger, they have required and vrill
obtain a decrease of more than $1,000,000
in each of the merging companies.
"The present total capitalization of the
five selling companies ia $24,792,630. We
intend to reduce this amount of $18,866,-
300, making a reduction in the capital
stock alone of $5,926,330. In addition,
the current indebtedness of the five com-
panies, which totals $1,329,627.62, will
be extinguished by the Interstate Public
Service Company. Our assets, after the
merger, will total approximately $17,-
000,000.
"The merger will mean a great deal to
the Interstate Public Service Company,
not only in increased assets brought about
by purchase of the other companies, but
in the absolute unity and control of rail-
way facilities between Louisville and In-
dianapolis and the northern and southern
parts of the states which the new system
will afford us.
"Also, the benefit to the users of our
service, will be much more. Interstate
Public Service Company is absolutely
sound financially. During the last year
we spent more than $750,000 on improve-
ments. We will be able to obtain greater
credit than any or all of the other com-
panies under separate control, and thus
will be able to provide necessary repairs
and improvements in many of the plants
operated by the selling companies.
"Particularly, will the merger benefit
die railway service between Indianapolis
and Louisville, for consolidation will put
both the northern and southern ends of
the system in absolute control and unity.
Better service and improvements will be
the natural results."
The five companies to be taken over
by the Interstate Public Service Com-
SHuqr and the utiUtiefl owned and operated
by these companies, are as follows :
Central Indiana Lighting. Company-—
Owns the street railway system and elec-
tric light and power plant and system at
Columbus, Ind., and the electric light and
artificial gas plants in Bloomington, Ind.;
also a hot-water heating plant in Bloom-
ington, Ind., not now in operation.
Louisville and Northern Railway and
Lighting Con^wny— Owns certain por-
tions of street railroad track in New Al-
bany, Ind., together with certain equip-
ment in use thereon; also an interurban
railway line extending from waterworks
siding in Jeffersonville, Ind., through Wat-
son Junction to Sellersburg, Ind.; also
a branch line extending from Watson
Junction to Charlestown, Ind., and also
owns the electric light and power plant
systems in Sellersburg and Charlestown,
Ind.
Louisville & Southern Indiana Traction
Company — Operates under a ninety-nine-
year lease the street railroad system of
the New Albany Street Railroad Company
in New Albany, owning various additions
and extensions to said system; also owns
and operates the interurban extending to
water works siding; also the approach
from said railway tracks in the dty of
Jeffersonville, on to the bridge of the
Louisville and Jeffersonville Bridge Com-
pany; also a portion of the approach to
said bridge in Louisville.
United Gas and Electric Company—
Owns and operates electric lig^t and arti-
ficial gas plants and distribution systems
in New Albany and Jeffersonville.
New Albany Water Works — Owns and
operates water works, filtration system
and distribution system in New Albany.
New Members of Indiana CommiadoB
Indianapolis, Ind. — George M. Barnard,
Republican, of Newcastle, was appointed
to succeed Paul P. Haynes, resigned;
John McCardle, Republican, of Indianap-
olis, was reappointed, and State Senator
Maurice Douglas, Democrat, of Flatrock,
was appointed to succeed Fred Bates
Johnson of Indianapolis. The Barnard
appointment is for the imexpired term of
Mr. Haynes from April 1 to May 1, 1924.
Thje reappointment of Mr. McCardle is
for a four-year term from May 1., and
Senator Douglas will serve four years
from May 1.
Mr. Barnard, who is an ex-mayor of
Newcastle, is at present corporation at-
torney for the city. He has appeared be-
fore the commission several times as a
representative of the public in municipal
cases and is highly regarded at the State-
house. Mr Haynes, who resigned recent-
ly, will engage in special practice of the
law in Indianapolis.
Mr. McCardle, who is vice chairman of
the commission, was first appointed by
ex-Governor Goodrich four years ago.
He has served on the commission during
the important war and readjustmert peri-
ods when many complex problemw were
presented to the commissioners for solu-
tion.
L. Fordyce has been made secretary
and treasurer of the Temple Gas Light
Co., Temple, Tex., succeeding Herbert
L. St. John and M. M. Western respec-
tively.
When Gat Wat $12.00 Per Thousand Cubic Feet
Those Were the Good Old Dayt
J. H. Robertson, manager of the North
Carolina Public Service Co., recently
wrote us enclosing a photograph from
which this picture was made. One of his
customers brought it in to his office. It
is a receipt for gas sold by the Salis-
bury Gas Light Company which was used
in the Odd Fellows Hall in Salisbury. It
is dated 1886 and the rate at that time was
$12.00 per thousand cubic feet. This rate
is rather high in comparison with present
day prices, and it might be interesting to
show it to some of your customers. Per-
haps, it would be better to place it where
they can see it, they will get the point.
New Vahre Bulletin
The Western Gas Construction Co., has
issued bulletin 220-B which features on
its cover "The Wedge Twins They Push."
This attractive booklet will be of value
to those who will require additional gms
valves. The tables of dimensions include
a great many changes. One is to cover
the increase in size of the due to
thickening of the metal, and the other is
to add dimensions of quick-opening and
geared valves. Page 16 has a complete
description of the type DF valve for puri-
fier connections. A new list of customers
is also added.
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342
THE GAS AGE
April 25, 1921
Officers of Utica Gas & Elec-
tric Company Elected
The officers of the Utica Gas & Electric
Company and for its subsidianr com-
panies, the Central New York Power
Company, Glens Falls Gas & Electric
Company, Consolidated Light & Power
Company of Whitehall and the Eletcric
Light & Fuel Company of Sandy Hill and
Fort Edward, elected at the annual elec-
tion at the office of the company yester-
day afternoon are :
F. M. Tate, president and general man-
ager; M. J. Brayton, vice president and
secretary; George H. Stack, treasurer,
and William J. McSorley, auditor.
Directors for the Utica Gas & Electric
Company are as follows: Frank M. Tait,
Nicholas F. Brady, Samuel A. Beardsley,
William E. Lewis, Charles B. Rogers,
Charles S. Symonds, William L Taber,
William T. Baker, M. J. Brayton.
Following are the directors of the ''four
subsidiary companies: Frank M. Tait,
Nicholas F. Brady, Samuel A. Beardsley,
William E. Lewis and M. J. Brayton.
Gas Rates in Oklahoma and
Elsewhere
Oklahoma City, April IS.— The 40-cent
gas rate now being paid temporarily by
consumers in cities and towns of Okla-
homa on lines of the Oklahoma Natural
Gas company, is just one-half the max-
imum rate being paid for the same com-
modity in a number of cities of Mis-
souri and Kansas.
Natural gas rates in Kansas and Mis-
•ouri range from 56 cents to 80 cents
per thousand cubic feet The rate to
consumers in some of the leading Texas
cities is 75 cents.
The good fortune of Oklahoma in pos-
sessing natural gas is emphasised by the
fact that the cost of artificial gas is much
higher.
Before the war the rates for artificial
gas in New York City had been reduced
to the lowest level ever known there-
eighty cents per thousand cubic feet. The
price has recently been fixed at $1.50,
which is accounted reasonable.
New Gas Franchise
Gadsden, Ala., April 16— Dr. C. B. For-
man, of Attalla, has asked the Gadsden
council for a franchise to build another
gas plant here, it being the purpose of the
proposed company to serve Attalla, Ala-
bama City and Gadsden. It is understood
that the real object is to utilize the waste
gas from the by-product coke ovens of
the Gulf States Steel Cbmpany. A pro-
flucing plant would be built in Alabama
City for emergencies but it is believed
that arrangements will be made to take
all of the surplus gas of the steel com-
psny.
Railroad Commission of the^State of
CaUfomia
The West Side Natural Gas Company
operating in Taft, Maricopa, Fellows,
Kern county, reports to the Railroad
Commission for the year 1920 that its
operating revenue was $92,925.84; oper-
ating expenses $70,259^3, giving a net
operating revenue of $22,666J1. Interest,
rent and other deductions totaled $879.49.
The net corporate income for the year
was $21,786.82. The surplus at the be-
ginning of the year amounted to $2,622.31.
Miscellaneous additions to surplus for
1920 amounted to $255.16 and miscellan-
eous deductions were $2,50328. The com-
pany declared dividends of $15,000 dur-
ing the year, leaving an accumulated sur-
plus at the end of the year of $7,161X)1.
The Patent Office
The United States patent office has, in
a way, a remarkable record. During its
years of existence it has accumulated a
surplus in the U. S. treasury of over eight
million dollars to its credit Quite a sum
of money in view of the fact that only a
few of the capable persevering men have
sta3red with the government when their
co-workers have accepted much more re-
munerative positions in the industries.
The loss of these capable men has seri-
ously impaired the work of the department
and the failure to grind out the patent
applications, which after all are only
manufacturing permits, has seriously re-
tarded manufacturing progress. This re-
tarding of manufacturing operations has
slowed up the trade and commerce of the
country.
Offers Lakewood Gas Deal Singly
Cleveland, O.— Martin B. Daly, presi-
dent of the East Ohio Gas Co., promised
the Greater Lakewood League, at a rally
conducted in Lakewood High School,
that he would negotiate Lakewood's gas
franchise, pow invdved with those of
Geveland, West Park and East Qeve-
land, in dealings in conference and in
court with the gas company, separately if
Lakewood wanted to negotiate separately.
He also promised — with a qualifjring
statement that other terms of a separate
franchise ordinance must be satisfactory
—extensions of gas service to Lakewood
streets not now provided with gas the
moment the new franchise should become
effective.
Arkansas Natural Gas
Pittsburgh— After payment of accrued
dividends, retiring preferred stock and
a block of bonds, the Arkansas Natural
Gas Co. closed the 1920 year with cash
surplus of $994,318, which compares with
$99,886 in 1919, in which no dividends
whatever were paid. This showing is
due largely to compan/s extensive oil
operations in Homer Louisiana field.
Customer Ownership Results
Large for 1920
Total customer ownership sales of the
Preferred stock of Byllesby electric and
gas companies will run about $6,200,000
par value for 1920. compared widi $3^-
100 in 1919, a gain of 83 per cent The
companies which sold their securities di-
rest to their customers were: Northern
States Power Company, Loubville Gas ft
Electric Company, Arkansas Vall^ Rail-
way, Light & Power Company, Oklahoma
Gas & Electric Company, Western States
Gas & Electric Company, San Diego Con-
solidated Gas k Electric Company,
Mountain States Power Company and
Tacoma Gas & Fuel Company.
These companies, during the past few
years, have distributed upwards of $14.-
500,000 of their securities among more
than 20,000 of die people to whom tbcy
supply electricity and gas services.
Commission Considers Gas
Rates at Jenks
Oklahoma City, April 15.— A lower rmte
than 60 cents per thousand cubic feet for
natural gas is being asked by the town
board of Jenks, Okla., and a hearing upon
the application was held before the cor-
poration commission. The Jenks Util-
ities company was granted an increase on
January 1 of this year. The company
presented a petition to the commission
signed by 79 of its patrons expressing
satisfaction with the present rates and
service of the company. The town board
supported its application with a petition
of other citizens asking for the reduc-
tion.
The utility company presented figures
at the hearing showing total income for
the year 1920 of $10,30aS3 and expendi-
tures of $16,96527, leaving a net loss of
$6,664.74.
Contra Costa Annual Report
The Contra Costa Gas Company oper-
ating in Pittsburg, Antioch, Martinez,
Concord, Contra Costa county, rep<M-ts to
Railroad Commission for the year 1920
that its operating revenue was $121,445.-
23; operating expenses $97,899.81 giving
a net operating revenue of $23,545.42.
Miscellaneous non-operating revemie
amounted to $24. Interest, rent and o&er
deductions totaled $15393.04. The net
corporate income for the year was J7,-
676.3S. The surplus at the beginning of
the year amounted to $l,37a7a Miscel-
laneous additions to surplus for 1920
amounted to $490.41. The company de-
clared dividends of $6,669 during tiie
year, leaving an accumulated surplus at
the end of the year of $2,876^7.
The Ingersoll-Rand Company has de-
clared the regular quarterly $250 com-
mon dividend, payable April 30 to^^ stock
of record April 1&
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April 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
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Gasoline May Be Replaced
by New Fuel
If a means can be devised for eliminat-
ing the offensive odor of benzol and ben-
zol-naphtha compounds, which are being
successfully used as a substitute for gas-
oline, the latter commodity is likely to
find itself in sudden disfavor as a means
of automobile propulsion, according to
delegates that attended the fifth Inter-
national Retail Delivery Association, held
in the William Penn hotel, Pittsburgh,
this month. L. F. Gardner, vice presi-
dent of the Pittsburgh Taxi Company,
said that a benzol-naphtha niixture costs
considerably less and yields 10 per cent
g^reater mileage than does gasoline, and
materially cuts down the cost of repair,
owing to the fact that the mixture is not
so hard on an automobile motor. Several
merchants admitted having tried the sub-
stitute in delivery trucks, and found it to
be more efficient than gasoline in every
way except for the disagreeable smell
which prevented their adoption of the
product as a regular engine fuel. The
substitute sells as low as 20 cents a gal-
lon, while gasoline costs 27 cents.
Mr. Gardner said that all the taxicabs
of his company were operated with the
benzol -naphtha mixture, and that the ma-
chines averaged from 12 to 14 miles on a
gallon of the substitute, as compared to
a 7, 8 or 9-mile average with gasoline.
The mixture is a by-product produced by
various steel mills in connection with the
operation of coke ovens.
New 6«a Rate is Sixty-aeven Ceatt
BuflFalo, N. Y.— The Iroquois Natural
Gas Co. filed with City Clerk Sweeney a
new rate schedule, effective on May 3,
fixing a rate of sixty-seven cents per
1,000 cubic feet of gas, with a discount of
two cents if the bills are paid on or before
a. date specified in the bills.
A sliding scale of prices ranging from
forty-five to seventy-five cents per 1,000
for quantities from 5,000 to 16,000 cubic
feet, with a service charge of fifty cents a
month, was recently rejected by the public
service commission. It was said that
these rates exceeded the maximum rati of
seventy-five cents per 1,000 allowed in the
company's franchise.
B. & O. Conyention Service
The railroad fare. New York to Cin-
cinnati, O., is $29.14; the Pullman fares
between same points: lower berth $8.10,
upper $6.48 and drawing room $29.16. All
of the above fares include Government
war tax.
Baltimore & Ohio trains leave from
the Pennsylvania Station, 7th Avenue &
32nd Street, New York, as follows: —
Leave New York 10.30 a. m. ; 5.50 p. m.
Arrive Cincinnati, 8.10 a. m. next day;
5.15 p. m. next day.
Doherty Research Company
Organized
The following announcement has been
made of the Doherty Research Company
by the New York ofl5ce:
'•With the idea of placing the super-
vision and direction of experimental, re-
search and development work of all com-
panies of the Doherty organization under
one central head, the Doherty Research
Company has been formed and put in
operation. In addition to supervising the
research work of the organization, the
Doherty Research Company will be the
patent holding company for patents ob-
tained to cover the inventions of em-
ployes of the Doherty organization and
will also look after the patent and trade-
mark investigation, prosecution and liti-
gation of the Doherty organization.
On December 1, 1920, the Doherty Re-
search Company absorbed the patent de-
partment of Henry L. Doherty and
Company, and the engineering research
department of the Empire Companies at
Bartlesville, Okla. The Empire engineer-
ing research department now has the title
of "The Doherty Research Company, Em-
pire Division."
Plans are now being considered by
which all units of Doherty organizations
Atlantic Coast Line Conven-
tion Service
To those who contemplate attending the
convention of the Southern Gas Associa-
tion at Savannah, Ga., the latter part of
May, 1921, the Atlantic Coast Line Rail-
road offers quick and convenient service
from various sections of the country.
Through trains are operated to Sa-
vannah from New York, Philadelphia,
Baltimore, Washington, Richmond,
Charleston, Key West, Miami, Tampa,
St. Petersburg, Jacksonville, Montgomery
and other points.
The Atlantic Coast Line Railroad main-
tains offices in the larger cities through
which arrangements for tickets and
sleeping car reservations can be com-
pleted.
Southern 6«a Ataociation
The Seaboard Air Line Railway Co.,
announces the following arrangements for
those gas men going to this convention.
Through sleeping cars are operated leav-
ing Pennsylvania Terminal, daily at 2:05
P. M.. and 12:30 A. M.. arriving at Sa-
vannah at 3 :55 P. M. and 4 :50 A. M.
The railroad fare in each direction
New York to Savannah is $32.81, lower
berth $9.72, upper berth $7.78 and draw-
ing room $34.02.
Cincinnati Music Hall— Natural Gas Association Headquarters May 16-20
Earnings Standard Gas and Electric
Company Subsidiaries
Gross and net earnings of Standard
Gas & Electric Company utility subsidi-
aries for the year ended February 28,
compared with the corresponding pre-
vious year are reported as follows :
12 months ended Feb. 28 — 1921 Increase
Gross Revenue ....$33,402,320 $5,592,638
♦Gross Earnings .. 31,809,640 5,374,648
Net Earnings 11,370.080 1,024,643
♦Excluding revenue collected for other
producing companies.
These figures do not include earnings
of Shaffer Oil & Re6ning Company.
engaged in systematic research work
shall be placed under supervision of the
Doherty Research Company.
Robert G. Griswold of 60 Wall street.
New York, is the director of research of
the Doherty Research Company, and any
companies which desire to carry on
special research work should get in touch
with Mr. Griswold to obtain technical and
financial assistance.
Thomaa Flynn is now the general man-
ager and purchasing agent of the Wabash
Gas Co., at Robinson, Ind., filling the
positions formerly^ held by J. F. Mehegan
and W. B. Crahan.
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THE QA8 AGE
April 25. 1921
Training Gas Men
Method Used to Train Men for Industries Presented to
Joint New Jersey-Pennsylvania Gas Assns. Industrial
Gas Uses Shown. Merchandising Policies Debated
THE joint meeting of New Jersey-
Pennsylvania Gas Associations
opened April 13» at the Adelphia
H<^el in Philadelphia. A widely repre-
sentative and attentive group of members
was present.
The President, Mr. Keppelman, of the
Pennsylvania Association had been too
busy in working on gas legislative meas-
ures to prepare an address but he review-
ed the following good news as a welcome
to all in attendance.
"Now on the B.tu. and rates. You all
know what occurred. It is the first time
within my recollection that the state
conunission in Pennsylvania has recog-
nized the Pennsylvania Gas Association.
I have never attended a meeting before a
commission and I believe all of the mem-
bers of our committee and all the other
members who attended the meeting before
our B.t.u. proposition, heard such evi-
dence as was presented there. ' It wiis so
convincing that the Commission acted
within a very short time, granted us just
what we asked, and that is the law in the
state today; and that, too, has been very
gratifying to our Committee."
New Conference
A resolution was adc^ted by a confer-
ence of members on the 12th. This reso-
lution was read by Mr. Grlbbell. The
resolution was as follows :
"Whereas, The continued development
of the gas industry is hindered by lack of
accurate public information of the condi-
tions under which it is operating, be it
"Resolved, That steptf be taken to give
widest circulation to all possible econo-
mies, in methods of manufacture and dis-
tribution, and that every encouragement
be offered to the free discussion of way^
and means by which to clearly set forth
the actual conditions confronting the in-
dustry, and
"Be it further resolved: That this as-
sociation join with the New Jersey Gas
Association in a permanent conference
to be known as the 'Eastern States Gas
Conference,' and that the president be re-
quested jointly with the president of the
New Jersey Gas Association, to form a
committee representing the gas interests
in the states of Pennsylvania, New Jersey,
Maryland, Delaware and West Virginia
and of the District of Columbia, to draw
up regulations for the government of this
conference. Such regulations to be rati-
fied by the board of directors of this asso-
ciation, who are herewith empowered to
do all things necessary to the creation of
this conference in the name of the asso-
ciation."
This resolution was adopted by the
Association.
Training Men
Dr. Hollis Godfrey, Drexel Institute of
Philadelphia outlined the remarkable
growth of the Institute of 1000 per cent
by training men for industrial work. Dr.
Godfrey pointed out the need today to re-
turn to the well known methods of analy-
sis and synthesis to remove the waste in
our industries and produce goods more
economically. In the eight years he has
devoted to placing the college back of in-
dustry he has found a serious lack of
training gas engineers. Dr. Godfre/s
address appears elsewhere in this issue.
At the close of this splendid talk the
convention discussed establishing a schol-
arship fund from gas company resources
to pay for training men for the gas indus-
try.
Stream Pollution
Mr. Francis E. Daniels, assistant engi-
neer of the Pennsylvania Department of
Health gave a thorough survey of the
subject of "Stream Pollution." Mr.
Daniels related the interesting way in
which they discovered and removed a
quantity of material as small as one part
in ten million which gave the stream
water a peculiar taste. Mr. Daniels'
paper appears in this issue. The discus-
sion brought out the fact that two, five
thousand gallon tanks were used by one
company for this purpose. The first tank
treats the waste water with copras and
the second with soda. A precipitate
settles out in the first tank and the water
from the second tank passes through a
sand filter. The cost was estimated at
about one dollar per day, during which
time about five thousand gallons of water
were treated. One company found it ad-
vantageous to uSe the treated water in
their boilers. They apparently have
found this very successful.
Indnatrial Fuel
Mr. Wm. A. Ehlers, Industrial Fuel
Engineer of the American Gas Associa-
tion, reviewed the rapid development of
the industrial fuel business in the last five
years. Mr. Ehlers stated that this bus-
iness amounted to seven hundred eighty
million cubic feet in 1915 and had grown
to one thousand five hundred sixty mil-
lion cubic feet in 1920. He showed with
many interesting illustrations and figures
the great variety of uses to which gas
has been put He emphasized the point of
selling gas because it was better, not
cheaper. This excellent paper will be
available for publication at a later date.
Indnttry
Hon. G. W. Cartwright of California
said the time was at hand to tell the men
of our industries the truth about capital
and labor. He said the men like the
truth. He pointed out that progress
means building up industry and that the
wealth is put back into industry and is
paid to labor in one way or another. In-
dustry, he says, has just about been leg-
islated and regulated to death and needs
a chance to develop along non-legisla-
tive lines. Political brain cannot manage
industry, but business brain must manage
it Political brain seeks popularity and
business brain seeks constructive meth-
ods of production, distribution and con-
sumption. The time, he says, is rapidly
approaching when business men must get
into politics or out of business. Unfor-
tunately, the reporter was not able to
write fast enough to take Mr. Cart-
wright's address.
AdTertlaing Contact
Mr. Leake Carraway was not able to
be present on account of the illness of
his wife, but his paper on "What Sort of
Publicity Does the Gas Industry Need
Most at This Time," was read and ap-
pears in this issue. The discussion which
fc^lowed showed the necessity of teUing
the people the truth about all phases of
the gas business. The maximum num-
ber of points of contact were to be made
starting with the employes of the com-
pany. ._
Merchaadiaiiig Gas AppUaaeas
In keeping with the growing convic-
tion that appliances should be offered to
the prospective user in every way possi-
ble, the Convention debated the following
subject "Resolved, That the policy of
merchandising gas appliances on the
part of Gas Companies should be so
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April 25, 1921
THE OAS AGB
345
shaped as to indube all passible dealers
to push aggressively the sale of gas ap-
pliances." The points developed appear
elsewhere in this issue.
Bntertaiiiment
The annual dinner at 6J0 p. m. on the
13th was somewhat different from the us-
ual entertainment. The excellent meal
was followed with very good vocal and
instrumental music. Other entertainers
gave the members a few tricks to solve.
Everyone felt that the social committee
beat all previous records.
The annual outing at Three Tuns Inn
occurred on the afternoon of the 14th.
BaU
Following a pleasant motor trip the
Peddlers and Gas Men engaged in a close
ball game. You can verify this statement
from the following figures. Please note
the last column.
Peddlers
ab r h e
Fees, ss 3 2 1 0
Fox, c 4 3 3 0
Hopkins, If 3 2 3 0
Christmas, 3b 3 0 0 0
Altemus, cf 4 1 2 0
Williams, p 4 0 0 0
Porter, 2b 3 0 0 0
Bailey, lb 2 3 2 0
Baxter, rf 3 1 1 0
Totals 29 12 12 0
Two base hits, Hopkins and Fox ; Babe
Rutfi hits, Fees. Struck out by Williams
9, bases on balls off Williams 2, hits,
Fletcher 1, Bailey 3.
PemiA.-If. J. Gat Men
ab r h e
White, c 2 3 10
Rawlins, p 4 2 3 0
Owens, lb 4 3 3 0
J. C. Smith, 2b 4 0 1 0
Mason, ss 3 1 3 0
F. Smith, 3b 3 0 10
Lewis, cf. 3 0 1 0
Lee, If. 3 0 0 0
Adams, rf 2 1 0 0
Totals 28 10 13 0
Two base hits, White and Owens;
three base hits, Rawlins; struck out by
Rawlins 10, bases on balls off Rawlins 2.
Errors (of judgment) Ehrenzeller 6,
(bum umpire), Weiser 1, Dains 0, score
keeper. Potter.
After this strenuous scientific exercise
the members enjoyed a spring chicken
supper at the Inn.
Officers Bleeted
The new officers of the Pennsylvania
GtLB Association are: President, E. L.
Smithy Towanda, Pa.; 1st vice-president,
Lttther Gaston, Lebanon, Pa.; 2d vice-
prtaideat, R B. Hull, Lancaster, Pa.;
secretary and treasurer, G. S Cullen,
Harrisburg, Pa. The Council is com-
posed of nine members. The first four
are the new ones. Th^ are : G. B. Bains,
T. W. McDonnald, W. R. Rhoads, W. G.
Gribbel, H. H. Ganscr, E. B. Myers, L. R.
Dutton, C. E. Bartlett and J. P. C:onroy.
The new officers of the New Jersey C^s
Association are: President, H. H. New-
man, Trenton, N. J.; vice-president, C
W. Wardcll, Gloucester, N. J.; secretary
and treasurer, H. E. Mason, Long Branch,
N. J. The directors are: Duncan A.
Worrell, Philadelphia; M. C. Fox, Phila-
delphia and W. P. Adams, Millville, N. J.
Annual Meeting of the South-
ern Gas Association
May 31st, June lit and 2d, 1921, Head*
quartera, Be Soto Hotel
Tentative Program
The 13th Almual Meeting of the South-
ern Gas Association will be held at Sa-
vannah, Ga., May 31st, June 1st and 2d,
1921, instead of May 24th, 25th and 26th
as previously published.
The reason for this change is that The
National Telegraphers Association which
was to have held its meeting at Savan-
nah, Ga., May 1st to 21st, changed tite
dates to May 9th to 28th. There will be
from 800 to 1500 delegates in attendance
at this meeting, and in view of this
large attendance which will naturally
tax the hotel facilities, the Executive
Committee of the S. G. A deemed it ad-
visable to change its meeting dates in
order that the visit of its members to
Savannah might be a more enjoyable
one.
Those members who have already made
reservations will be advised of the change
by the Secretary, and also by the Hotel
management It is hoped that the post-
ponement of the meeting one week will
not inconvenience the members, and that
those who contemplate attending will be
able to make necessary arrangements.
Savannah, the City Beautiful of the
South, offers much of interest to the
visitor :
Golf, Tennis, Boating, Hunting, Fish-
ing, Swimming, Motoring, etc.
These and many other enjoyable pas-
times all easily accessible may be in-
dulged in to the fullest by our members
as guests of the De Soto Hotel, which
famous hotel has recently been renovated
and modernized and is one of the finest
Southern resort hotels. This hotel has
been selected as Headquarters for the
meeting, and those who attend are as-
sured of comfortable quarters and good
fare at reasonable rates.
The Convention this year promises to
be of great value, and members are urged
to attend and derive full benefit from the
interesting discussions.
The program of papers is exception-
ally attractive, and the Committee on en-
tertainment has spared no effort or ex-
pense to make t>ie stay of the delegates
a most pleasurable and memorable one.
The tentative program follows :
Tuesday, May 3lat
9 A. M. **Get together breakfast" Ad-
dress of welcome by Hon. Murray M.
Stuart, Mayor of Savannah. Response
by a member.
10 A. M. to 1 P. M;. Business Meeting.
Paper: 'The introduction and utilization
of a new Gas Making Process for the
Gas. Industry," by Edward L. Rieha, of
Baltimore, Md. Paper: "Eight years'
experience with the Scrubber Stand Pipe
System," by R. C. Congdon, of Atlanta,
Ga. Illustrated lecture by Louis Stotz,
Asst Secy-Mgr. of the American Gas
Association.
1 P. M. Auto ride from DeSoto to
Tariotts points of interest in and around
Savannah, ending at the Country Club,
where a genuine treat will be given the
members in the form of a "Georgia Bar-
becue," after which the members may re-
turn to the City at will.
Tueaday Evening
"A Street Dance" on the DeSoto
"White Way."
Wednesday, June let
10 A. M. Business Meeting. Paper:
"Automatic Control," by S. A Goodman,
of Norfolk, Va. Paper: "Xhe Commer-
cial Department," by A. F. Tamberlake,
of Greenville, S. C.
1 P. M. Trip to Tybee, Savannah's
famous seashore resort Lunch at the
Beach— surf bathing and dancing dur-
ing the afternoon.
7 P. M. Banquet at Tybee Hotel It
is hoped that P. H. Gadsden, Chairman
Emergency Committee of the American
Gas Association, will address the mem-
bers at out Banquet Dancing at Tybee
Pavilion after Banquet. Return to City.
Thursday, June 2d
10 A. M. Business Meeting. Paper:
"Early history of the Gas Industry and
Develc^ments in the manufacture of
Wrought Pipe for the Conveyance of
Gas," by Roy B. Verdery of National
Tube Co. Paper: "A Description of a
steam driven dinkering machine," by
George A. Bronder of New York.
1 P. M. Boat trip down Savannah Riv-
er—lunch aboard boat Return to City
6 P. M). Open Night
Note: Arrangements have been made
whereby the privileges of the various
clubs will be extended to die members
of the Southern Gas Association. The
S. G. A. badge is your card of admission.
Mr. H. H. Newman, the new president
of the New Jersey Gas Association, is
well known among the gas fraternities.
He has been connected with the industry
for a number of years, having started
with the Passaic Lightitig Company in
1895. He is at present Agtnt of th^
Trenton District Public Service Gts
Company.
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346
THE OAS AGE
April 25, 1921
Efficiency in Office Management
Auditor, Syracuse Lighting Co., Syra-
cuse, N. Y., Tells the Indiana Gas Associ-
ation the Factors in Office Management
By ERNEST JOHNSON*
THE present day high costs of opera-
tions together with the resultant
narrow margin, if any, between
revenues and expenses, make efficiency in
the management of public utilities or any
part thereof, a very timely subject It is
one that is also receiving continuous and
most careful consideration as well as
intensified study from many of the larg-
est companies, both in this country and
abroad.
Efficiency is merely a comparative
term and has been grossly misused dur-
ing recent years by the application to
many changes, systems, or unusual ideas
in such an inaccurate way as to lead to
the anticipation of results, which, when
realized, were very unsatisfactory.
Probably one of the best tests of efficien-
cy in the management of a public utility
office is that condition when the results
of both the operations of the office and its
relations to the utilities' customers are
satisfactory to the officers of the com-
pany and the public with whom the com-
pany transacts its business. This should
determine a standard by means of which
comparisons may be had with changes
and reorganizations to decide if the ef-
ficiency of the office has increased or
otherwise.
Efficiency in the management of an
office is reflected partly in the personel,
partly in the organization, partly in the
systems or routine of work and largely,
in the supervision of the office itself. The
employes are very important factors in
successful management. But unfortu-
nately, the selection and development of
employes in many offices has not been
given the intense consideration that so
important a subject as this should re-
ceive. It is recognized, of course, that
during the recent past there has been
difficulty in getting employes without an
opportunity to select them. But, never-
theless, where possible, has any consider-
ation whatever been given toward the se-
lection of those most desirable? The
questions of health, energy, character, ed-
ucation, personality and viewpoint to-
ward the corporation they seek to serve
are characteristics, no doubt, of the ideal,
and impossible perhaps of attainment, in
*Paper read before the Annual Convention of
the Indiana Gas Association in April at West
Baden.
any one individual; yet they may be
found in part at least in the individual
and careful consideration should be ex-
ercised to determine which are prefer-
able and the order of their importance for
the position to be filled.
Development Important
The development is, if anything, more
important than the selection of the em-
ploye and should be, therefore, thor-
oughly performed, as far as may be per-
mitted by the means available to the
management Special training usually
is necessary so that in this, as well as
the practical experience of the novice,
competent instruction should be provid-
ed to the end that correct methods and
accurate knowledge may be acquired.
Efficiency is required in each part of
the office management if the whole shall
be efficient and the development of the
employe on sound lines will eliminate the
necessity of correcting later false ideas
which may be the cause of unsatisfactory
work.
Coincident with the training, further
development should be sought through
the encouragement of consistent study
of the fundamentals of the business. The
maintaining of interest in the work, as
well as the welfare of the Company, is a
vital factor in the development of all
employes. How may this interest of the
employe be held?
It is very difficult to find the answer to
this question because conditions as well
as individualities differ greatly. Such in-
fluences as responsibility, change in posi-
tion to give experience and the reward to
be gained, all have their psychological
effect and serve partly to hold the interest
of the employes; but the greater influ-
ence for this purpose is without doubt to
be had through management. And if the
ability of the management in selling con-
structive ideas to the employes is such
as to thoroughly convince them that their
success as well as the successful opera-
tion of the office depends upon them, then
will the management thereof be efficient
The system or routine of the work in
gas utility offices is largely standardized
and consequently is alike in many partic-
ulars in the different offices, yet it is quite
likely that an examination would reveal
in many offices useless routine and un-
necessary parts of the system as well as
some of it so designed that it does not
function properly, if at all, under the con-
ditions existing therein. It seems logical
then that the system should either be de-
signed or revised to attain only the re-
sults desired.
Red Tape
This, of course, is also merely an ideal
condition and is not likely to be found in
practice. Every system from time to
time should be checked and observed
from different points of view, with the
object of revision or improvement for
better results by the elimination of use-
less red tape, and changes that will se-
cure greater simplicity, on the grounds,
that a complex system is not only hard to
operate, thereby making the training of
employes difficult and expensive, but also
functions slowly, which is objectionable
in several ways, such as delay in the re-
lations with the customer as well as hold-
ing up reports and often routine of im-
portance.
Systems are largely red tape by con-
struction and there is always a question
as to how much may be useful and how
much may be unnecessary. Notwith-
standing the desire to reduce routine, due
consideration must be given to matters
which may result in losses to the corpora-
tion. For example, such leakages as non-
registration of gas meters, neglect to
charge for sale of appliances, may in the
judgment of the management require
specialization on account of the amount
of money involved. The results can be
readily measured to determine if the ad-
ditional expense is justified or not. Such
conditions anyway, should be occasion-
ally checked separately, and as a special
operation, to note if such part of the oflBce
system as is designed to st(^ these losses
is satisfactory.
It appears that one of the principal
causes of inefficiency is congestion of the
work due either to overload from the ab-
sence of employes on account of illness
and vacations or insufficient labor during
the peak. How best to overcome these
difikulties in order to maintain the effici-
ency of the office calls for very skillful
management and suggests greater flexi-
bility in adapting the emptoye, means of
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April 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
347
^eater output, together with very careful
and systematic planning of the work.
Jf echanical Aids
Machinery serves a very useful purpose
in this connection and when installed to
liandle very few operations to each cycle,
the work becomes greatly simplified and
Its value in clearing away congestion as
well as maintaining output of the normal
work is of great assistance to the man-
agement in the improvement of efficiency
in the office. Machines also facilitate
the specialization of labor which leads to
greater accuracy as well as reduced ex-
pense on account of increased output.
Because of these facts it makes the adop-
tion of a premium or similar wage system
-whereby the employe is rewarded for
greater output and greater accuracy by
increased salary, comparatively easy and
greater efficiency all through the office
may be had as in this way the morale of
the organization as a unit is considerably
improved.
Generally gas utilities provide for the
entry in their meter readers' route books
all data the same as entered on the con-
sumers' ledger accounts, with the excep-
tion of debit and credit amounts, together
with all matter pertaining to credits.
This, except the omissions to which refer-
ence was made above, is a duplication of
a very large amount of detail labor and
material. There is, in addition, where the
rates for gas bear a discount for prompt
a regular scenario, featuring the advan-
payment of the bills, at least 95 to 98% of
the business cash within the month, so
that the entries to these consumers ledger
accounts are apparently in effect merely
operating ledger accounts for cash sales
of gas besides the large amount of labor
wasted during the month by constantly
turning over or handling closed accounts.
Therefore, in view of these facts, the
keeping of consumers accounts without
books, but on coupons from the bills, has
resulted in increased efficiency in several
parts of the organization.
•Scientific Management
The principles of scientific management
when applied to office management so far
as routine work is concerned, results par-
ticularly in larger offices, in unproved
^efficiency and there seems to be a grow-
ing tendency toward a more serious con-
sideration of the subject.
Under this scheme there is greater care
given to fit the employe to the position,
and not the reverse, together with more
interest in better training so that im-
proved results- may be had. The greater
consideration of the value of the employe
together with records of quantity and
•quality of work performed, permits of an
equitable adjustment of the salary re-
ward which in turn improves efficiency
and reduces costs.
The functional organization as com*
pared with the departmental is better
suited to passing routine work through
various operations without delay and
shifting responsibility.
Planning the work under this form of
management is exceedingly important
and presupposes definite information of
the amount of work to be done, the time
necessary to do it together with the out-
put of each individual. Approximately
correct knowledge of these facts, based
on tests and not guesswork, permits of
the maintenance of records of individual
efficiency as an aid to supervision, greater
flexibility in the application of temporary
labor during periods of "peak" loads, and
more accuracy in the work, all of which
are reflected favorably in costs as well as
service to customer.
In conclusion, it may be said that part-
ly upon the simplicity of the system which
functions smoothly, partly upon the se-
lection of desirable employes, who have
been given good training, but principally
upon the effectiveness of the supervision
is dependent the efficiency in office man-
agement.
Manufacturing Service *
Washington, D. C, April 12.— Mr.
Herbert C. Hoover gave the New York
Business Publishers Association Editors
a broad view of the work of his depart-
ment at an informal dinner and confer-
ence at the New Willard Hotel on this
date. The key note of his talk was to
assemble and distribute all the informa-
tion possible that will be of service to
the manufacturers and all aids to bus-
iness.
Following the meeting the editors ap-
pointed five committees to assist in this
work. One, classification of information.
Two, survey of the Department of Com-
merce. Three, to make an industrial
study of foreign and domestic commerce.
Four, to study Mr. Neil's investigation
of the Department of Commerce for the
New York Business Publishers Associa-
tion. Five, to compile statistics on the
production and consumption of commod-
ities. Mr. Reese of The Gas Age was ap-
pointed on the fifth committee. Your
suggestions and inquiries are solicited at
all times as to points that will help the
various industries of our country.
A resolution was adopted to extend to
other trade publications as well as the
National Publishers Association an in-
vitation to join in this work of aiding in-
dustry.
A resolution was passed to meet with
Mr. Hoover in Washington on the first
Monday evening of each month, follow-
ing an all day conference of editors. The
next meeting was set back to May 9th,
but it is planned to meet the first Mon-
day of each month as far as possible. A
report is due from each committee a
week before each of the Washington
meetings.
The Bees and the Hi\e
A few days ago Mr. J. F. Wessel, vice
president of the United Gas k Electric
Engineering Corporation and his associ-
ates, Mr. M. M. Wheeler, rate manager,
and Mr. H. C. Howard, gas engineer,
brought out a few valuable points in con-
nection with chain stores for selling gas
and electric appliances.
It was clearly brought out that the gas
company had a decided advantage in its
monthly contact with its customers when
they came into the office to pay their bill
and if the gas company had a live alert
sales force they would make it a point to
sell the consumer an idea if not a gas ap-
pliance each time he or she came into the
office. It was shown that this did not
mean that a conversation with the con-
sumer was necessary.
The gas company has the advantage in
that with the use of the motor cycle ser-
vice men they can turn on the gas in a
short time and in case a meter is locked
it would be necessary for the appliance
company to notify the gas company or the
consumer to notify the gas company be-
fore service could be completed. Where-
as, the gas company appliance men have
a key to the meter locks.
The coupon note method used by the
appliance companies which is endorsed
by the customer and the appliance com-
pany and cashed at the local bank is
more applicable to the gas company be-
cause the assets of the gas company are
greater in proportion.
There is a factor to take into consider-
ation which concerns the bond and stock
holders of the gas company when it is
considered to divorce the commercial or *
new business departments of the gas com-
panies from the company. Unless the
security holders are paid for the loss of
this branch of the business they lose one
of their sources of revenue.
It was also brought out that it was the
function of the financial department of a
holding company to supply the money to
be able to purchase appliances at rock
bottom prices as claimed by the cash
sales plan.
Where the State Utility Commissions
recognize increased operating and selling
efficiency with increased return on invest-
ment and not penalize a company for
good management, then the appliance de-
partment of the gas company can become
an important factor in the gas company
business even in spite of the return on
the investment in this department, which
is small compared to that received by
other merchants.
Carlton C. Williams has recently con-
nected with the Michigan Stove Company
and covers the eastern territory between
New York and Washington, where he
formerly travelled for Rathbone, Sard k
Company.
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348
THE GAS AGE
April 25, »9r
TeU the PubHc— TeU it First
Mr, Leake Carraway of the City Gas Com
pany of Norfolk Tells **What Sort of Adver
tising Does the Gas Company Most Need
By LEAKE CARRAWAY*
»»
AT the outset I want to take the
position that it is not necessarily
the kind of advertising but the
timeliness of the publicity which conuner-
cial gtis companies most need at the
present.
There are so many factors of our
business of which the average citizen is
deplorably uninformed that it would be
diflkult to center upon one as being the
most important One department would
probably say that the matter of the
handling of the accounts may be the
most important coupling therewith the
teaching of the consumer to intelligently
read his meter and from it to compute the
amount that his gas bill is going to be.
Another department would probably
stress the quality of the production at
delivered, dealing specifically with the
heating value, pointing out the economical
feature of the use of commercial gas
over the use of coal or wood at a given
price.
Likewise, the matter of pressure and
the method of obtaining and maintaining
that pressure is the subject which should
be given serious and careful consideration.
On the other hand, the financial end,
i.e. that dealing with rates whereby a
reasonable return may be earned on the
capital invested, is another matter which
to the minds of many of us constitutes
one of the most important if not the
primary necessity for advertising under
present conditions.
These features are only a few of the
numberless which should be intelligently
presented to the public at large in order
that our business may be, to a certain
extent, understood by them; their needs
properly supplied and a living wage se-
cured for capital necessary to make ex-
tensions and improvements to kttp st^
with the progress of the times.
But, in my judgment, the selection of
any of these as the most important, to
the detriment of any other of these, or
the forcing of any of them to a secondary
place in our advertising scheme would be
a serious mistake. The question yihich
presents itself most forcefully to my mind
is that of presenting any or all of these
matters to the public in time.
By "In time," I mean before we are
*Paper remd at th« Joint AjmiI Meeting of the
New jenejr and Pennsylvania Gas Associations
in Philadelphia.
forced to explain; I mean the presenting
of the facts in the case to the average
citizen before we are called upon to pre-
sent such facts. In oUier words, I would»
at all times, for the gas company, fore-
stall the thoughts of its customers along
any of these lines and give them the
information concerning which they are
thinking before those thoughts have suf-
ficiently crystallized to produce a dis-
turbed condition of mind, the aggregate
of which is antipathy to and enmity for
the company.
Recently in sitting on a committee deal-
ing with an industry at widely<^ung as
that of the manufacture and distribution
of gas, I heard read a letter from the
executive of a company in which he said
that his company was doing no more
advertising; that the reason for this was
that during the past twelve months he
had, on two occasions, used a whole half
page of advertising space in his local
newspaper a^d that they had gotten no
results therefrom, it appearing that these
two half pages was the only space used
during that twelve months.
Another executive was calling for an
experienced and capable advertising man
to present to his people the facts in the
case when the citizenship of his com-
munities was on the neck of his company,
protesting most vigorously against a
I>olicy which was absolutely necessary
for the continued existence of that com-
pany.
In the first instance, the executive was
manifestly in error by reason of the fact
that he expected the occasional adver-
tising to give to his people the thought
which had taken him months and possibly
years to develop in his own mind. That
executive has not yet learned that to
obtain and maintain an intelligent thought
in the mind of our customers, it is
necessary to continually present to them,
thru advertising of some sort, preferably
the daily newspapers, such facts as are
developing with the progress of business.
In the second case, it is eminently prop-
er for this executive, being in trouble,
to call for the services of a thoroughly
capable advertising or publicity man to
reduce, as far as he may be able, the
antipathy and enmity existing, but the
best results cannot obtain when the com-
pany is on the defensive and in the
attitude of explaining or making i^lo-
gies.
Capitaliat Ptychdogj
But, when the company goes to the
public at large, from time to time, on all
of these matters affecting the operation
of its property, for instance^ in the
matters of rates, when the time comes
when it is necessary to ask for and put
into operation an increased rate; the
public unconsciously has absorbed,
throufl^ possibly a long period of time
an the facts which constitute this situ-
ation and are able to intelligently make
up its mind concerning the reasonableness
of the request of the company which* if
our case has been properly presented, will
be favorable to us. Therefore, I say
to you gentlemen, diat it is not the
question of what is the most important
matter to bring to the attention of our
public at this time but the most import-
ant factor to my mind is the prescnttngr
of the facta in the case to the pnblic
before there is a demand on the part
of the public for these facta, in which
instance we are supported t^ the psy^
chology that we are giving our public the
real inwardness of Uie operation of oar
business for their tnformatioii witiiovft
having it cotqiled with the request for
either additional pay for the service we
are rendering them or for sudi other
benefit or advantage for which we may
be asking.
Sixteen years ago, early in my ex-
perience with public utility companiea»
I had impressed upon me the necessity
for telling the public, but telling it first
and if I were allowed to dictate a motto
for the advertising, publicity or public
relations departments of the companies
represented in these two organizations,
here assembled today, I would write, Tdl
the Public— But tell it first"
Assmnt New Dntim
Charles R. Prichard assumed, Apiii 1,
his new duties as vice-president and gen-
eral manager of the Lowell Gas Co. Frank
A. Wood of Boston takes Mr. Prichard's
place as general superintendent of tiie
Beveriy Gas & Electric Company and
Charles B. Hodgson took up his ntw
work as assistant treasurer of the local
company.
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April 25, 1921
THE GAS AOE
349
Gas Company Members
Are You Working Together to In-
crease Gas Gampany Membership
in the A. G. A.? Be a Booster
THE American Gas Association has
473 gas companies enrolled in its
membership. While this is a much
larger membership than that of any pre-
vious Association of the industry there
still remain many gas companies, which,
though benefitting by the work of the As-
sociation have withheld their support.
Realizing the close touch existing be-
tween the representatives of manufacturer
companies and gas companies through
business relations and personal friend-
ships, and further having been assured by
many of the largest manufacturers of
their enthusiastic support, a new mem-
bership plan has been prepared and is
now in full operation.
Letters and literature covering the
manufacturer company checks the gas
company names on this list which he or
his representatives will try to interest in
American Gas Association membership.
The list is then returned to the A. G. A.
there is forwarded to the manufacturer
company the literature to be used in
presenting the case to the gas company.
You are, of course, requested to co-
operate to make the membership 100 per
cent.
Orgauisatioa Changes
Within the last few years a number of
important changes have taken place in
business and professional organizations.
We have seen the large manufacturing
companies buy every company of any size
Working Together for Gat Company Members
cofflpaign are being sent out The letters
from CoL Oscar H. Fogg and Mr. Geo.
S. Barrows have been sent to the manu-
facturer companies, together with a list
of non-member gas companies. The
that contributed materials entering into
the finished product. This process of
consolidation for co-operative ptirposes
was called integration.
Again, large and powerful organizations
have been formed to promote the develop-
ment and operation of public utilities.
These holding and operating companies
have carefully grouped and co-ordinated
every activity of their properties. Now,
there is unity of thought and purpose
which enables water gas plants to get
coke from the coal gas plants of the
family. Too, they help supply one an-
other's needs even to materials supplies
and cash working capital. So we see the
formation of the holding and operating
companies was merely a step to secure
complete utility co-operation.
Recently we have seen the formation
of the American^ Engineering Coundl
which is the greatest forward movement
of the engineering profession in the
United States. Mr. Herbert Hoover has
been elected president of this council for
two reasons. First, everybody has con-
fidence in him. Second, he tackles big
problems and puts them across, even to
selling twenty-two cent dinners for a
thousand dollars each.
Under the direction of Mr. Hoover
these engineers have adopted the follow-
ing program. Every engineer in the
country should boost for the Federation
of the American Engineering Societies
and its object, and back to the limit his
local organization for membership in the
National body. The time to apply energy
is at the start and the time is now. The
object is to make the engineer a more
valuable public servant. Thus the Amer-
ican Engineering Council is a co-operative
organization.
We saw the American Gas Institute
absorbed by the American Gas Associ-
ation because the time had come for
greater co-operation between all branches
of the gas industry. The American Gas
Association will cease to function as did
the American Gas Institute unless every
man interested in the gas industry gets
busy in his local, sectional, or state gas
association. These organizations in turn
must become a part of the American Gas
Association so that from coast to coast
the gas industry as a unit can say: Poli-
tics and public utilities are not compli-
ments and must be completely separated
even as the judges and the politicians.
The time has come for gas companies to
place their business on the logical local
basis and choose the heating value stand-
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350
THE GAS AGE
April 25, 1921
ard and method of gas manufacture best
suited to the fuel at hand, etc.
The result would be that the gas in-
dustry could tackle big problems and put
them over and exert a powerful influence
for the good of the public. The degree
of success of the American Gas Associ-
ation depends upon the 'work you put
into your local and national association.
The point in fact is that the industry will
remember you not in the ratio as srou
absorb but as you give.
A National AMOciation
"I think we are at last beginning to
acquire what has long been hoped for in
the way of a national association rep-
resenting the gas industry of this coun-
try.
"The American Gas Association is pro-
ceeding sanely, intelligently and energet-
ically in taking hold of the big problems
which confront the gas industry, and the
work of its various sections is being
handled in a gratifying way. It is pro-
ducing tangible results. I recall one
activity of the Association which alone
has been worth more to the Peoples Gas
Light & Coke Company than the total cost
of the compan/s membership. The As-
sodation should have the unanimous sup-
port of the gas industry of the United
States." Mr. Samuel Insull.
BuamesB Advantages
'It seems to me that any gas company,
large or small, which does not recognize
the wisdom and the business advantages,
from a dollars and cents standpoint, of
holding membership in the American Gas
Association, is not fully alive to the busi-
ness conditions which confront us.
"Mine was a 'show me' attitude when
the American Gas Ass'n was formed.
I have been shown and in consequence
I am an enthusiastic supporter of the
A. G. A. I am glad to give my personal
time to serving on its Executive Board
and in any other way in which I can
assist in its work. My companies and a
large number of their employees are in
its membership, because we believe it
deserves our wholehearted support." Mr.
Henry L. Doherty.
Window Trimming Helps
The American Gas Association is going
to make a collection of the best window
displays used by gas companies, repro-
ducing these in pamphlet form, grouped
according to type of display so that ideas
and suggestions will be available to the
gas company window trimmer, thus plac-
ing before him a wide variety of ideas
from which to choose in planning his
window displays.
The Association will appreciate it if
you will forward to American Gas Asso-
ciation headquarters photographs of such
window displays as you have used in the
past and from time to time additional
photographs of new displays.
Cash and Carry
The eleventh advertisment issued by
the A. G. A. tells the difference between
gas and gas service. Imagine the incon-
venience if gas were sold as indicated in
the cut below.
Here is a subject that strikes right
at the heart of the gas business. If
your consumers could understand, ^
you do, that it is not vapor they buy, use
and pay for, but a live, pulsating, continu-
ous, dependable service, would the/ not
be more willing to walk along the friendly
road with you?
How to show them the difference be-
tween gas and gas service ; how to explain
it in simple text and illustration so that
it will convince — that's the big problem 1
We believe the enclosed advertisement
does this fairly well. There is only one
way to find out, however, and that is
by putting it to the test, by publishing it
iif your local newspapers.
Cash and Carry
If cas were sold at the comer grocery like other things,
would it be cheaper? Yes, indeed. By paying cash on delivery
and carrying yoar gas with you, you could get a big bag full for
a penny. And for a doUar — well, we leave it to your imagination.
But that isn't the most interesting thing. The fun would
commence when you tried to use the gss. "'Now that I have
it," you would say, "what am I going to do with it?*^ And im-
mediately you would discover you had bought the wrong thing;
that it was gas service you wanted and not a bag luU of gss.
There is a big difference. Oas without service is of little
use to anyone. But gMM with service is a necessity^ One is
mere vapor; the other, /ue/— dean, efficient, reliable — ready
when you want it, where you want it.
You speak of street car service, telephone service, train
service, mail service. Why not gas service? That's what you
I buy, use and pay for«
The term "gas bUr is misleading. It should be "Atff for
gmM service. "
MBMBBR OP THB AMBRICAN OAS ASSOCIATION
iiiiiiiuiiumiriiiiufliiiuiimniiuuuiiuai
Tnitba About the Meter
The A. G. A. feels confident that if
this new illustrated booklet is given the
proper distribution, it will make many
friends for the meter and the gas com-
pany and will assist greatly in counter-
acting untrue statements.
In urging you to make the broadest dis-
tribution possible of this booklet, we sug-
gest the following :
First, — place a copy in the hands of
each of your employes and be sure that
your complaint clerks have a supply
available for consumers who register
complaints about their bills. Every new
applicant for gas service and every ap-
pliance purchaser should receive a copy.
Second, — mail or distribute a copy to
every gas consumer on your books. The
postage will cost you nothing if you en-
close the booklet with your monthly
statement.
Third, — arrange with your School
Board or School Superintendent to dis-
tribute the booklet to students. Where-
ever possible accompany this with a lec-
ture on the meter, with an actual demon-
stration of its operation. Or a prize essay
contest may be held, with prominent
persons as judges.
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April 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
351
Appliances and Equipment
Vitreosil now Available for
Lamps and Appliances
Vitreosil (fused pure silica) ware
made by the electrical fusion of jmre sili-
ca sand' according to the Thermal Syn-
dicate's patented process has been
known for many years to chem-
ical engineers and chemists as an
invaluable material for resisting high
temperature exposure, sudden and ex-
treme temperature changes, and corro-
sion by such chemical agents as sulphur-
ic, nitric and hydrochloric adds, regard-
less of the temperature or concentration
of the add.
Fig.l— Thermal Expansion
Even in the past, vitreosil has not been
unknown in the gas industry as gas
works laboratories have found it useful
in the form of vitreosil gas sampling;
tubes, vitreosil insulating and protecting
tubes for thermo-electric pyrometer cou-
ples, vitreosil crudbles and dishes for
coal, coke and water analysis, and vitreo-
sil flasks for oil distillation. The latter
permit the sample to be run to coke
which can be readily removed by intro-
dudng oxygen into the flask during con-
tinued heating, there bdng no danger of
the flask softening or cracking during
the <^>eration.
It has recently become possible to pro-
duce vitreosil in various forms required
for commercial use by gas appliance
manufacturers-— globes and cylinders for
incandescent mantle lamps, semi-indirect
lighting bowls, and refractories for gas
radiators — and for the convenience of
gas engineers we state below some of the
properties which make the availability of
vitreosil in these forms a matter of con-
siderable importance in the technical de-
velopment of the gas industry.
Critical Temperatures :— The melting
point of vitreosil is 3200T., its softening
point 2550'*F., and the devitrification
point about 2000'*F., the latter depending
somewhat on the surrounding atmos-
phere. It is, therefore, practicable to
employ suitable vitreosil equipment for
continuous use up to 2000**^ and for in-
termittent use at much higher tempera-
tures.
2000*F. They will not melt when a di-
rect flame impinges on them, nor break
through exposure to severe atmospheric
conditions. Practically speaking; me-
chanical shock is the only possible cause
of breakage of vitreosil, thus permitting
its exposure to the highest temperatures
obtainable in gas illiunination without
danger of cracking or melting. These
unusual properties have led to the exten-
Fig. 2— Inverted and Upright Lamp Cylinders and Globes
Fig. 4 — Semi-In-
direct Lighting
Bowls
Thermal Expansion: — One of the most
valuable of the many unusual character-
istics of vitreosil is its extremely small
expansion and contraction with varia-
tions of temperature, its linear expansion
of .00000029 per degree Fahrenhdt be-
ing the smallest of any known material.
This small expansion co-effident results
in the remarkable resistance to sudden
temperature changes which is often dem-
onstrated in the case of small vitreosil
artides by heating the utensil to redness
and immersing it in cold water, repeated
treatments not weakening the ware in
any way. See Fig. 1.
Optical Characteristics :— Vitreosil
somewhat resembles glass in appearance,
having a highly glazed surface, but is
not as translucent Vitreosil gas lighting
bowls have a unique highly reflecting in-
terior surface.
Vitreosil has proved of very grtSLt val-
ue in the gas lighting industry in the
form of inner cylinders and globes for
gas lamps. While not as translucent as
glass, the absorption of light is to a con-
siderable extent overcome by making vit-
reosil inner cylinders more closely fitting
to the mantle than is possible with glass.
The result is a higher mantle tempera-
ature and consequent increase in candle
power at the mantle. The diffusion af-
forded by vitreosil permits the use of
vitreosil-equipped burners without en-
dosing glassware for interior illumina-
tion.
Vitreosil cylinders and globes are un-
breakable with sudden temperature
changes and stand constant exposure to
sive adoption of vitreosil for street light-
ing and maintenance work where the cost
of replacements is a serious factor.
The above cut illustrates the possibili-
ties in inverted lamp construction whid\
can be realized through the use of vit-
reosil. It will be noticed that the dear-
ance between the mantle and cylinder is
very much less than any glassware would
endure and that the cylinder gives a high
degree of diffusion without employing an
outer globe.
Vitreosil lighting bowls offer a new
possibility in the employment of high
power mantle dusters entirely concealed
in the bowl without risk of fracturing
the latter tmder extreme temperature
conditions. Vitreosil takes full advan-
tage of the opportunities of semi-indi-
rect lighting, giving a flood of soft, rest-
ful light, with the additional advantage
Fig. 6— Refractory Units for Gat
Radiators
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352
THE GAS AGE
April 25, 1921
of a Uniquely artistic ai»pearance at all
times.
Vitreosil semi-indirect lighting bowls
have an inner surface of natural^ pearly
lustre and high reflecting efficiency, while
the outside presents a handsome rippled
surface. The resulting light is diffused
and restful, and is practically indistin-
guishable from that obtained with an
electric lamp.
Refractory units of vitreosil offer
great opportunity for the construction of
radiant gas heaters (Fig. 5) of most ar-
tistic appearance and high efficiency. The
translucency of vitreosil and its absolute
indifference to sudden temperature
changes, properties 'possessed by no other
refractory, opctt up a wide field for the
design of gas radiators of distinctive de-
sign and economical in , operation. Vit-
reosil can be obtained in a variety of
forms for gas radiatqr construction, in-
cluding tubes, rods, plates and special
shapes, and the vitreosil-equipped gas
radiator shown above is a tjrpical exam-
ple of what can be done in this direction.
Fig. 5— Radiant Gat Fig. 3— Vitreo-
Heater sil-Equipped
Inverted
Lamps
The construction of this radiator is as
follows: The vitreosil tubes contain a
specially designed spiral of vitreosil so
arranged that the bottom part forms a
combustion chamber. It is estimated that
the temperature obtained in this chamber
is close to 2000'' F., the result being com-
plete combustion of the gases Leaving
this combustion chamber the waste pro-
ducts impinge against the outside portion
of an inverted coil (Fig. 6). By this
means the products leaving the chinmey
are reduced to a veiy low temperature
and at the same time contains not the
slightest trace of unconsumed gas.
Vitreosil products will help gas radi-
ator and appliance manufacturers pro-
duce more efficient, durable and market-
able products. Ask for samples from
the manufacturers. The Thermal Syndi-
cate; Ltd., Borden Bldg, 350 Madison
Ave., New York, and make your own
tests.
New ProceM Cookery
How this new process is carried out is
told in the valuable sixty-four page book
just issued by the American Stove Co., of
819 Chouteau Ave., St Louis, Mo. The
Lorain oven heat regulator is one feature
of this book. It contains a number of
menues and recipes of interest to every
housewife.
BualntM laiprovi&g
Mr. Post of Rathbone, Sard & Co., re-
lated during the joint Pennsylvania and
New Jersey Gas Association Convention
that he placed a five hundred dollar order
for acorn products in fifteen minutes ia
Philadelphia. He also said that while in
the store a building contractor came in
and bought four stoves.
^
GAS
-^
THE LEADING FACTOR IN
CIVIC DEVELOPMENT
g»iSiwli| i.<iwiiW»w»*^«iia ■!■ i«AJJi|TesrB»iiMTwil Ami tik.tm ii U* M,\„v^lmm'
•1^. w. ■> ifa«iwrMiiiiiirii « cOMigiiaAt a^Brngcr w ■ritiii J» «Md» iwir h d» — .litfc
■ _ ltu"3j* ^mmjmit - — ^_^^.... -. .-
EFFICtai<?Y EWWMY SESyiCi
h b •» ^a to M «M di •» «MMM «• iMtMllM ««r Wm al ■>«<« M< N rn an H* hmM^ k. «• whU ha rfirf ••
Iwi^l— w f III ■ iilwMiawtiiiB iil^jfaifcMtM<»l«ii<nillii»«>aaiaJ^<ar»alaila^*<f alp*
li»aMaiwi»»<h AiwuiA .*fcy%iaaia— lat imkimmmSmm mm Wa «Ui fa« I. M «M lib b
InsffoiiR SNOW rooms ::sissli
THC GAS COMPANY IS PAffT OF THK COMMUHITY
wc CAMRY OUR ruu. • HAM or TNK «nomiM co«T or ATLMvne cmr
ATLANTIC CITY GAS CO.
Michigan and Atlantic Avanuas
Up-to-the-Minute Advertising Used in Atlantic City
Annual Gifford-Wood Sales Convention
The annual convention of this well
known company opened in Hudson, N. Y.,
on April 12th with the president William
B. Wood presiding. The convention ex-
tended through Friday, the 15th. On
Wednesday evening there was a dinner at
the City Hall Grill. Stafford's orchestra
furnished the music and the Ben Franklin
Quartet of Albany entertained them.
On Thursday evening the members of
the sales family, together with the heads
of the various departments of the plant
were entertained by the company at the
Country Club. There was a stag party
with lunch and music.
The office managers and salesmen
present were: Chicago office, W. H.
Towne, G. B. Vernier, O M. Thjomoe, W.
B. Mercer; New York office, A W. Berg-
hoefer, J. A. Boucher, W. W. Perry, E.
T. Bertram; Buffalo office, J. E. Moul, E.
F. Mescher; Boston office, H. B. Wood,
H. C. Brown, J. D. Robbins; vice presi-
dent Benedict Wood, and secretary and
treasurer W. Thornton Wood.
The Loat Art
Owners of gas companies in Indiana
thought the practice of stealing gas
ahead of the meter was a lost art, but
just recently a case was tried in Terrc
Haute, Ind., one of the very few cases
during the past year. The man was
charged with stealing from the Citizens
Gas & Fuel Company of that city. It was
estimated that the amount of gas he had
consumed would toUl more than $307.
The man said when he tapped the meter,
he had no money with whiph to buy coal.
Sentence was withheld to. give the de-
fendant time to make arrangements, j^r
caring for his two children^ .
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April 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
353
Fuel and Residual News
Coke Price Reduced
Indianapolis, Ind. — In order to liqui-
date part of its large stock of coke to
provide money to meet its current obliga-
tions, the Citizens Gas Company, of Indi-
anapolis, announced recently that it has
made a reduction in the price of coke for
Indianapolis domestic trade for the month
of April.
The company's coke is sold' through a
jobbing concern at Cincinnati to local re-
tailers. Two of the largest retailers in
the city announced reductions in their
coke prices to $11.50 a ton. The old
prices were $14 and $14.25 a ton. The
new retail price, it is said, wasf based on
the reduction the gas company made for
Indianapolis consumers for April.
Officers of the gas company would not
announce the amount of the reduction
they have made. They said, however, the
new price means a reduction on some
grades of coke to $2 less a ton than the
coal from which the coke was made cost
the company when it was bought last
year at peak prices.
Company officials have based their re-
quest to the public service commission
for an increase in rates from 60 cents to
90 cents a thousand cubic feet, in part at
least, on the losses they said the company
has suffered because of the dull market
for coke.
Watch Tom Gat Oil
Miniature explosions in gas stoves in
various parts of Indianapolis recently
were explained by James Steep, engineer
for the Citizens Gas Company. When
burners were first lighted the gas popped
and then died out in many staves. In
some the flame was so weak it was im-
possible to cook breakfasts. A car of bad
gas oil which was used at the Langsdale
gas plant during the night caused the
trouble, according to Mr. Steep. The oil
was not of the normal specific gravity, he
said, with the result that the gas into
which it was worked was very lean. The
trouble could have been remedied in each
gas stove if the mixer had been regulated
so as to permit the entrance of less air,
he said. The bad oil was discovered a
few hours after its use was started and
the gas supply made normal again.
AatoiiMitlc Coatrc^
The U. G. I. Contracting Company of
Philadelphia has recently received orders
to install U. G. I. Automatic Controls at
the following places: Indianapolis, Indi-
ana (2), Kew Haven, Conn. (2), and
Hammond, Indiana.
Stokar Mamifactiiren Meet
The Stoker Manufacturers Association
will hold its annual meeting this year at
the Red Lion Inn, Stockbridge, Massa-
chusetts, May 24th, 25th and 26Ch.
The association plans to take up some
very important matters at this meeting.
For some time past, the Engineering
Committee has been working on a Uni-
versal Coal Analysis. They have also
given considerable thought to the sub-
ject of a Standard Minimum Setting
Height for each type of boiler. These
matters, together with many others of
considerable interest to the association,
will be brought up and discussed at the
meeting.
The Liquid Gas Industry
Among the recent additions to the in-
dustries of the dty of Pittsburgh that
is causing considerable interest is that
of refining liquid gas at a plant on Ne-
ville Island, in the Ohio river by a pro-
ducts company. The liquid gas is easily
transported, and can be used for cooking,
lighting, water heating, lead burning, pre-
heating, cutting steel, and in fact wher-
ever an especially hot flame is desired,
or natural or artificial gas are not avail-
able. It is used in laundries for heating
ironing machines, in bakeries, hat fac-
tories, battery service stations, steel mills,
scrap yards, laboratories, etc. In the home
it is used mostly for cooking, water heat-
ing and with ironing machines, although
the gas burned in a mantle gives a soft,
white light
The gas is carried as a liquid in steel
cylinders. For domestic use a system of
regulating valves reduces the pressure of
150 pounds, to from four to eight ounces.
The gas is turned off and on at the range,
hot plate or water heater, just as is
natural or artificial gas. It boils at 40
degrees below zero, and is only held as
a liquid under pressure so that as gas b
drawn off more of the gas turns from
the liquid to gaseous state. It has 2500
beat units per cubic foot One c>dinder
of the gas will last the average housdiold
for cooking, heating, ironing machines,
etc., about six weeks.
It is possible to chill a house refrigera-
tor and bum the gas in a range at the
same time.
Arthur Alexander, for years a Hum-
phrey Company representative in the
state of Illinois, is now selling Humphrey
Gas Water Heaters on the Pacific Coast.
He covers California, Oregon, Washing-
ton, Nevada, and Utah.
Petroleum Institute Formed
by Chemists
Dr. E. W. Deah, of the United States
Bureau of Mines ; Dr. W. A. Hamor, as-
sistant director of the Mellon Institute, at
Pittsburgh, and Dr. W. F. Faraghar, of
the Mellon Institute, are the organizers of
a petroleum section of the American
Chemical Society. The initial meeting
of the new organization will be held in
connection with the general meeting of
the society in Rochester, N. Y., April 25-
29. The object of the petroleum section
is to enable chemists and technologists
engaged in the petroleum, shale-oil and
natural gas industries to accumulate in-
formation regarding geochemistry, the
conversion of the raw materials into man-
ufactured products, and the characteris-
tics and usages of these products, together
with their transport and storage; also to
promote the better education of persons
desirous of becoming petroleum engi-
neers, refinery engineers or hydrocarbon
chemists.
Shale Used for Fuel
Reval, Esthoniar— Shale is now being
employed in Esthonia for sdl manner of
purposes. The Reval gas factory is us-
ing it exclusively for producing gas. It
cannot yet be burnt as fuel in the fire
boxes, as they are at present constructed,
because of the large quantity of ash, and
the factory is, therefore, using wood as
fuel. The quantity of gas obtainable
from the shale is greater than from coal.
Equipment Catalogue
The Goulds Manufacturing Co., Seneca
Falls, New York, have recently issued a
new built up catalogue containing the fol-
lowing bulletins: piston pumps-100; Tri-
plex plunger pumps-103; triplex piston
pumps-104; centrifugal pumps-105; vacu-
um and stuff pumps- 106; deep well triplex
pumps-107; deep well working heads- 108;
portable mine pumps-109; centrifugal
pumps, single stage double suction-110;
centrifugal sump pump-Ill; handy date
on power pumping-112; rotary pumps-
113; centrifugal pumps, vertical single
stage-114; double acting plunger pumps,
horizontal type-115; triplex pressure
pumps, single acting-116; centrifugal
pumps, single stage, single suction, en-
closed impeller type-119; multi stage
centrifugal pumps-120 and centrifugal
pump sales service data- 122.
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354
THE GAS AGE
Aprir25, 1921
Operating Kinks
G)ke Handling Equipment
Used by Equitable Gas Co.,
of Elrama, Pa.
Coke is brought to plant in railroad
cars, and discharged to track hopper.
From here it is fed by a duplex feeder
to a 30" belt conveyor 37' centers, that
discharges over its head end to a coke
crusher. Small size coke may be by-
passed around the crusher, but when un-
sized coke is being received it passes
over a single shaft revolving grizzly in
the crusher feed chute. Lumps under
4" are by-passed around the crusher, only
the larger size lumps going into the
crusher. From the crusher the coke
passes to a belt and bucket elevator, hav-
ing a vertical lift of about 70', which
carries it to the top of the building, where
it is discharged to a 24" Robins belt con-
A 10 horse power motor is required to
operate this feeder.
Conveyor No. 1 is 30" wide and 37' long
— capacity 60 tons an hour — 5 horsepower
motor to operate, the motor also drives
grizzly in chute to crusher.
The grizzly consists of a number of
cast iron discs mounted on a shaft that
turns in bearings.
The Robins coke crusher is the stand-
ard Robins type with fluted rolls, 20" in
diameter and 24" wide. A IS horse pow-
er motor is used to operate it.
The Robins belt and bucket elevator
has a vertical lift of 70', fitted with buck-
ets 20" wide, — has capacity of 60 tons
per hour and is driven by a 10 horse
power motor at its head end.
Conveyor No. 2 is a 24" Robins belt
conveyor, 86' -3" centers and handles 60
tons per hour and driven at head or dis-
charge end by S horse power motor. A
the Caribbean. The accompanying photo-
graph shows an interesting repair in pro-
gress on the carriage of a 48 in. lathe at
an industrial plant at Felton, Cuba. The
Welding Lathe Carriage
big machine has been partially dismantled,
the carriage remaining in place, where it
is in process of preheating preparatory
Figure 1— Car at Right Over Track
Hopper Elevator in Front of Build-
ing—Equitable Gas Co.
veyor 86' centers, that discharges the
coke by means of a Robins automatic
tripper into the storage bins.
The Robins Duplex Shaking Feeder
This consists of two shaking feeders,
fastened together and feeding alternate-
ly to the belt. The front ends of the pans
are carried together by hanger rods sus-
pended from adjusting levers on a shaft.
This shaft can be turned slowly by means
of a hiand wheel and worm wheel outfit
in order to adjust the angle of the pans,
and thus regulate the quantity of materi-
al being fed to the conveyor. The back
ends of the pans are mounted on wheels.
The reciprocating motion is given to the
pans thru connecting rod and eccentrics.
Figure 2—24" Conveyor with Automatic Tripper Over Storage Bins-
Equitable Gas Co.
24" Robins automatic tripper is used to
discharge coke into bins. This may be
made to travel back and forth across the
bins while unloading, reversing itself au-
tomatically at the end of each run, or
may be held stationary while unloading
at one point
Oxwelding in Cuba
That the oxy-acetylene flame has
carried its message of modem practice
in machinery repair to the industrial
plants of the Antilles is evidenced by the
extensive sales of American-made weld-
ing and cutting outfits in the islands of
to welding with the oxy-acetylene blow-
pipe. The steel sheeting shown in the
picture was set up merely as a heat
shield. The job was completed in short
order and was found to be in i)crfect
alignment and satisfactory in every way.
An Oxweld blowpipe was used.
Changes Address
The Thermal Syndicate, Ltd., manu-
facturers of vitreosil lighting ware, an-
nounces their removal on May 1st to the
Borden Building, 350 Madison Avenoe,
New York.
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Vol. XLVII Established 1883 May 10, 1921 Copyright 1921 No. 9
Economic Aspects of Natural Gas
A Specially Written Review of Conditions in the In-
dustry Prepared for This Journal and Published with
the Permission of the United States (reological Survey
By E. G. SIEVERS, Washington, D. C.
ALTHOUGH natural gas is a unique and unrivaled of the natural gas produced in 1920 will approximate
fuel, its production has not been thoroughly studied, nearly $170,000,000. It must be borne in mind, however,
chiefly because the possibility of its exhaustion has that these figures are only approximate and that these
for many years been considered remote, and partly be- quantities include only the gas of which there was some
cause it has been impossible record and which fotmd com-
to obtain accurate data. It mercial utilization. If to this
has been impossible to obtain quantity there could be added
complete and reliable statis- tfie enormous volume com-
tics on the production of na- pletely wasted, the resulting
tural gas. The utilization of figures, which would repre-
the gas directly at the wells sent the quantity actually tak-
for heating, lighting, power en out of the ground, would
and for other purposes, the be enormous. The value of
selling of the gas at a flat rate the nattu-al gas produced and
or on a royalty, together with consumed during the j^riod
the lack of adequate gauging from 1882 to 1918, inclusive,
appliances throughout the in- amounted to about $1,574,-
dustry have all been factors 775,000. In 1906 the natural
operating against any at- gas industry covered 17
tempts to obtain accurate in- States but in 1918 it had ex-
formation. In addition to tended to include 27 States,
this the complex relations be- The chief producing areas,
tween the producers and the however, remained tilie same
distributors of natural gas and the additional States in-
in different States have added eluded small productions or
to the difficulties in arriving mere occurrences of gas
at definite facts. This condi- which were of little commer-
tion has prevented a thorough cial consequence. The bulk
understanding of the actual of the natural gas output in
quantity of gas removed the United States has come
from the earth and also pre- from West Virginia, Penn-
vented an earlier realization sylvania, Oklahoma, Kansas,
of the possible exhaustion of Ohio, California, and New
this fuel. According to sta- ^ York. Although the fugitive
tistics compiled by the United ^ Record Breaking Natural Gat Well nature of natural gas pre-
States Geological Survey, the total quantity of natural eluded its exportation to other coimtries and even trans-
gas produced from 1906 to 1918 was about 1 1-3 trillion portation over long distances in this country, gas pro-
cubic feet. In 1919, according to Geological Survey es- duced in one State is piped to another for consumption,
timates, the production amounted to roughly 735,000,- In the Appalachian field West Virginia, Ohio, and Penn-
000,000 cubic feet with a value of $162,000,000. The value sylvania have the largest supplies. Of these States, West
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356
THE GAS AGE
May 10, 1921
Virginia is the greatest interstate exporter of gas, having
exported annually on an average of 124 billion cubic feet,
mostly to Ohio and Pennsylvania. Ohio is the greatest
interstate importer, having piped in from other States
during the period from 1906 to 1918, inclusive, approxi-
mately 807 billion cubic feet. Pennsylvania and New
York have piped in from West Virginia about 625 billion
and 126 billion cubic feet respectively. Oklahoma is the
largest interstate exporter outside of the Appalachian
field and distributes annually between 15 and 20 bil-
lion cubic feet to some of its neighboring States. On an
average about 75 per cent of the natural gas output is
consumed within the States where it was produced,
whereas the remaining 25 per cent is piped to neighbor-
ing States for consumption.
The following table will give an idea as to the inter-
state relationship between the various natural gas pro-
ducing and consuming States, some of which are of
course producing also :
States where produced States where consumed
West Virginia Ohio, Pennsylvania, N. Y.
Oklahoma Kentucky, Texas, Kan-
sas, Arkansas, Missouri
Kansas Oklahoma, Missouri
Louisiana Texas, Arkansas
tic. industrial, and miscellaneous, which may again be
subdivided as is illustrated in the accompanying diagram:
Despite the fact that natural gas is such an ideal do-
mestic fuel, approximately two-thirds of the annual con-
sumption is used by the industries and one-third by
domestic consumers. During the 13 years from 1906 to
1918 the industrial consumption has been more or less
stable, showing an increase of 60 per cent as compared
to an increase in domestic consumption of 145 per cent.
The present tendency, however, indicates an increased
use of natural gas for domestic purposes such as light-
ing, heating and cooking, automatically resulting in a de-
crease in the volume used in industrial establishments.
This distinct trend in the industry is accounted for by a
greater application of conservation which attempts to
curtail the quantity of gas for use in the industries in
order to provide a larger supply for domestic use.
Some of the State Public Service Commissions have
aided in this conservation movement by restricting in-
dustrial sales of gas during the winter months in order
that there might be a greater supply available for the
domestic consumer. During the summer, however, when
the demand for domestic gas drops, more gas again en-
ters the industries. The domestic consumer is gradually
becoming the chief beneficiary of natural gas.
Year
Domestic
Industrial
Total
Rsrcent-
age
Quantity
(M cu.lt.)
Value.
I^rcent-
age.
<luaniity
(M cu.ft.)
Value.
Quantity
(M cu.ft.)
Value.
1906
28
110,405,808
$ 25,149,097
72
278,436,754
$ 21,724,835
388,842,562
$46,873,932
1907
33
131,377,587
31,084,974
67
275,244,532
23^37,425
406,622,119
54,222,399
1908
35
140,583,732
33,215,041
65
261,556,998
21,425.333
402,140,730
54,640,374
19C9
32
151,222,223
36,640,189
66
329,483,951
26,566,752
480,706,174
63,206,941
1910
34
169,823,030
41,473,903
66
339,332,279
29^282,255
509,155,309
70,756,158
1911
34
175,442,146
44,399^881
66
337,550,875
30,221,653
512,993,021
74,621,534
1912
35
193,454,802
50,960,883
65
368,746,650
33,603,074
562,203,452
84,663,967
1913
32
184,885,663
50,522,415
68
397,012,577
37,324^262
581,898,239
67,846,677
1914
34
203,104,358
56,960,052
66
388,762,375
37,155,472
591,866,733
94,115,524
1915
35
217,200,721
61,500,937
65
411,378,121
39^811,444
628,578,842
101,312,381
1916
31
235,380,764
67,385,360
69
517,789,489
52,842,108
753,170,253
120,227,468
1917
191«
33
3«
258,163,007
79,423,629
67
536.,947,369
62,665,705
795,110,376
142,089,334
153,555.960
162,000,000
271,102.25«
«5.003,7»«
b2
UU9,«J8.661
1919»
5o
295,000.000
• • • '•
60
UUO,000,000
735,000.000
KTotal
33
2,l*U2,lU6,13«
$663,720,103
^7
U,«92,l»*2,631
,Si*s»*,3io,i36
7.33»*.2M.769
$1,IWS,030,239
Consumption of Natural Gas in the United States
(a)— Estimated and not included in touls.
UTILIZATION
The greatest use of natural gas is for fuel purposes.
Its high calorific power, cleanliness, and cheapness for
heating and cooking make it pre-eminent as a domestic
fuel. Because of its superb qualities and comparatively
low price for which it has been obtained, natural gas has
also become an invaluable industrial fuel. Until about 10
years ago the chief uses of natural gas were for domestic
and industrial purposes, the latter including fuel for
heating in manufacturing plants, for smelting of ores,
of power, and in the manufacture of carbon black. Since
then, however, there have been direct oflfshoots of the
industry, such as the recovery of gasoline and the extrac-
tion of helium. A great deal of work has been done on
the development of the chemical possibilities of natural
gas, such as the chlorination of natural gas, resulting in
the making of chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, etc.
Other developments are the extraction of liquid propane
and butane, and the manufacture of benzol and toluol
as well as other products from the various constituents of
preceding table shows the consumption of natural gas in
may be classified into three chief groups, namely, domes-
The value of the total quantity of natural gas consumed
from 1906 to 1918 was approximately $1,574,775,000.
The value attributed to the gas used for industrial pur-
poses during this period, although twice the quantity of
that used for domestic purposes, is less than that of the
supply consumed by domestic consumers, reflecting the
low prices of industrial gas which have prevailed during
the many years of the development of the industries.
Conditions are changing, however, and at present the
rates for industrial gas are very much higher.
There are at present over 150 times as many domestic
as industrial consumers, whereas the gas used for domes-
tic purposes is only one-third of the total annual con-
sumption. The average consumption of natural gas per
domestic consumer has been about 15,500,000 cubic feet
as compared with an average of 1,700,000 cubic feet used
by industrial establishments. During the 13 years from
1906 to 1918 natural gas was used by more than 201.000
industrial establishments and by between 22 and 22J^
million domestic consumers. This proportion is grad-
ually changing in favor of the domestic consumers. The
preceding table shows the consumption of natural gas in
the United States from 1906 to 1919 inclusive .
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May 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
357
NATURAL-GAS GASOLINE
One of the most important adjuncts of the natural gas'
industry is that of the extraction of gasoHne from natur-
al gas, a process that has developed into an industry^!
rapidly increasing in magnitude and importance. "N^tur- '
al-gas gasoline'' as used by the United States Geojog^cal
Survey includes the gasoline recovered by all methods/
from both "wet" and "dry" natural gas and is synono-
mous with the term "casinghead gasoline," largely used
in the industry. To the general public natural-gas gaso-
line is practically tmknown. The user of automotive ve-
hicles does not realize that a portion of the gasoline used
comes from natural gas. In 1918 alone, 282,535,550 gal-
lons of natural-gas gasoline were produced which was
about 7 per cent of the total gasoline produced in the
United States. This quantity was extracted from 449,-
108,661,000 cubic feet of natural gas. The output in
1919 is estimated at 340,600,000 gallons, with an approxi-
mate value of $63,600,000.
The natural-gas gasoline industry is thus becoming an
important contributor to the motor fuel supply of this
■water and also the gasoline which causes losses by disin-
Itegrating the rubber gaskets in the pipes. After the gas-
loline is extracted, the gas is sent through transmission
■lines to distributing companies or direct to consumers
[and utiHzed for all purposes. The extraction of the gas-
foline, therefore, is hot consumption of the gas but mere-
^ly a treatment, and is one himdred per cent conservation.
The marked annual increase in the production of
natural-gas gasoline is due chiefly to a greater demand
for motor fuel, greater activity in plant construction and
development, especially the development of the absorp-
tion process, all of which result in increased efficiency
of the plants and in the treatment of a greater volume
of natural gas. The following table shows the annual
production from 1911 to 1918 inclusive:
The large increase in the demand for gasoline and the
lack of sufficient substitutes to replace it has made
natural-gas gasoline of economic importance. During
the war it was a vital factor in the use of airplanes, tanks
and for transportation. The automobile industry which
has attained such magnitude is directly dependent upon
Plants.
GagJline poroluoed.
Gas used.
Average
Average
Estimated
yield of
Tear.
SlOB-
Daily
price
Toltme.
gasoline
ber
oapaoity.
Qioantlty.
Yalue.
■ per
^Uon.
Talue.
per i3a.<m-
sand
oubio
feet.
1911
176
QallQM.
37,100
7,425,839
*531,704
Gents.
M 9\Ht ft..
2,475,697
$176,961
3.00
7.16
1912
250
61,268
12,081,179
1,157,476
9.6
4,687.796
331,985
2*6
1913
341
152,415
24,060,817
2,458,443
10.22
9,889,441
566,224
2.43
19M
386
179,353
42,652,632
3,105,909
7.28
16,894,557
889,906
2.43
1915
414
232,336
65,364,665
5,150,823
7.88
24,064,391
1,202.555
2.57
1916
596
495,448
103,492,689
14,331,148
13.85
208,706,023
14,609,351
0.496
1917
886
902,385
217,884,104
40,188,956
18.45
429,287,797
34,343,024
0.508
1918
1004''
1,022,072^
282,535,550
50,363,536
17.8
449,108,661
40,419,779
0.63
1919<i
o
e
340.600.000
63.600.000
18.6
o
o
0
Total
4053
755,497,475
117,287,994
15.5
1,145,113,863
92.539,785
0.66
<rt Natural-Gas Gasoline Produced in the United States
(a) Estimated. Footnotes
(b) This number is irrespective of the kind, number, and location of the plants operated. The sum of the num-
ber of operators Hsted for each method employed and for each county and State will therefore not give the cor-
rect number of operators in the United States. A comparison of the number of operators in 1918 with the num-
ber in prior years can not be made because they have not been listed in the same way for those years.
(c) Figures not available.
(d) Figures for 1919 estimated and not included in total.
country. In increasing this supply natural-gas gasoline
is a direct means of conservation in that it is manufac-
tured without destroying the gas. Before the develop-
ment of this industry, a large proportion of the casing-
head gas was utilized directly on the leases in a very
crude and wasteful manner. There was no effort to re-
cover the gasoline content in the gas.
It has always been thought by the consumers of natur-
al gas that the extraction of the gasoline from natural
gas injured the gas for use for heating, lighting, and
power purposes, but experiments by the U. S. Bureau of
Mines show that it does not reduce appreciably the value
of the gas but that it is a benefit in that it removes the
the gasoline supply. The latest figures by the Bureau of
Public Roads show that 9,231,940 commercial motor ve-
hicles, such as motor trucks and automobiles, not includ-
ing motor cycles, were registered in the United States in
1920. The great number of automotive combustion en-
gines used daily in our industrial and commercial activi-
ties, also create a large demand for gasoline.
Natural-gas gasoline has a high volatility and is us-
ually blended with napthas and other distillates result-
ing in a well-balanced, ideal motor fuel. In some cases
it is blended at the plant but it not uncommon to ship the
raw gasoline to the refineries to be blended there with
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THE GAS AGE
May 10, 1921
straight-run or cracked gasoline. The blending process
makes it possible to utilize some of the napthas and dis-
tillates which alone are not of great commercial use be-
cause of their deficiency in low-boiling fractions.
The fact that the extraction of gasoline from natural
gas is 100 per cent conservation and that it contributes an
important quantity to the motor fuel supply makes it a
process of economic consequence. It is impossible to es-
timate the quantity of gasoline that might have been ex-
tracted from natural gas during the many years prior to
the inception of thi^ industr)^ and furthermore the
amount that could have been removed from the enor-
mous volumes of gas wasted.
CARBON BLACK
The consumption of natural gas in the manufacture of
carbon black is attracting a great deal of attention at
present. A large quantity of natiu-al gas is now being
used in making carbon black. In 1919 about 50 billion
cubic feet were constuned in this process. According to
the Bureau of Mines the estimated production of carbon
black in 1918 was 43,500,000 pounds. Statistics com-
piled by the Geological Survey indicate that in 1919 the
production was 52,057,000 poimds, an increase of 20 per
cent. West Virginia is still the leading producer and
of the lighter-than-air craft. As helium has 92 per cent
of the lifting power of hydrogen there need be very lit-
tle reduction in the airships cargo capacity.
In the investigations of the occurence and distribution
of helium by the late G. Sherburne Rogers of the United
States Geological Survey, tests were made of about 375
samples of natural gas from different locations in North
America. These analyses resulted in the discovery of
helium in workable quantities in Kansas, Ohio, Oklaho-
ma, and Canada. It is estimated that if natural gas con-
taining as little as .35 per cent helium can be used, about
858,300 cubic feet a day or 6 million cubic feet a week
can be obtained. The United States Government has es-
tablished helium extraction plants in Texas which are
producing helium on a commercial scale.
ELECTRIC POWER
Natural gas also plays an important part in the produc-
tion of electric power. The United States Geological
Survey's statistics on power resotu-ces show that the total
quantity of natural gas consumed in the production of
electricity in 1919 was 21,700,000,000 cubic feet, and in
1920 was 24,298,790,000 cubic feet. The average month-
ly volume of natural gas used for this purpose in 1919
was approximately 1,500,000,000 cubic feet as compared
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Diagram of the Distribution of Natural Gat and Its By Prodncts
Louisiana is second in rank. Louisiana and Wyoming
both have experienced a rapid growth in this industry.
Other States producing carbon black from natural gas
in 1919 were Oklahoma, Kentucky, Montana, and Penn-
sylvania. The average )rield of carbon black per thou-
sand cubic feet of natural gas for all States during 1919
was a little over a potmd. The yields of individual plants
varied greatly, ranging from less than a poimd to 2
pounds.
The chief uses of carbon black are in the rubber in-
dustry, manufacture of printer's ink, stove polish and a
large number of miscellaneous uses such as phonograph
records, carbon paper, etc.
HELIUM
The latest offshoot of the natural gas industry is the
extraction of helium from certain natural gases. The
World War brought out the possibility of the use of hel-
ium instead of hydrogen in balloons. Though its com-
mercial production was too late to permit helium to be-
come of great importance dtu-ing actual hostilities never-
theless, its occurence and technology were more thor-
oughly studied and its practical use demonstrated. Its
lightness and incombustibility, thus eliminating the fire
hazard, have given helium a marked advantage over hy-
drogen, and have removed the check on the development
with 2,015,000,000 cubic feet in 1920. The following
table compiled by the Division of Power Resources,
United States Geological Survey, shows by States the
quantities of natural gas used for power during the last
three months of 1920, and January, 1921 :
Natural Gas Used
State
for Power Purposes in the United
SUtes
ThouMLndt of cabk feet
-1920-
Arkansas
California . . .
Indiana
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maryland
Montana
New York . . .
Ohio
Oklahoma . . .
Pennsylvania .
Texas
West Virginia
Wyoming . . . .
October
206,904
274,218
2,000
164,913
13,610
104,848
590
1,169
7,593
460,691
^50,551
49,786
122sll6
322,308
4,160
November
187,858
164,247
2,000
56,303
18,229
104,648
590
1,431
14,872
290,830
437,951
50,617
135,651
314,909
4,065
December
217,238
171,449
2,000
57,922
12,801
102,972
590
1,400
6,730
263,119
409,766
49,135
143,344
317,256
19,920
192t
Jannaiy
176,572
155,928
2,000
65,869
7,968
95,297
590
0
3,763
243,262
423,411
47,953
128,678
279,328
28,831
Total 2,285,467 1,784,201 1,675,642 1,668,440
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THE GAS AGE
359
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF NATURAL GAS
Natural gas is becoming of more importance from day
to day. Although it has been produced for many years
there is perhaps no industry in which there has been such
conspicuous waste as in the production and consump-
tion of natural gas. That the natural gas supply is in-
exhaustible and that our supply is gradually declining are
known facts, yet in spite of these facts there have been
enormous wastes.
There are three outstanding features of significance
in the natural gas industry ; namely, the limit to the po-
tential supply, the gradual decline of present supplies,
and the great waste involved in the production, trans-
portation, and utilization of natural gas. These are un-
escapeable facts and present problems which have to be
solved.
Together with coal, oil and water power, natural gas
is one of the principle sources of energy in the United
States upon which the civic, domestic and industrial
life and activities of the country are dependent. These
energy sources are to a great measure interchangeable
yet each possesses definite individual and highly impor-
tant specializations. It is true the energy natural gas
creates is considerably less than that created by coal
and oil, yet the fact that natural gas serves annually over
2,500,000 domestic and 16,500 industrial consumers indi-
cates the magnitude of its usefulness.
In addition to this if we consider the various uses of
natural gas and the products obtained from it such as
casinghead gasoline, carbon black, and helium, together
with the chemical possibilities of natural gas, its impor-
tance becomes all the more apparent.
The following table compiled by the Division of Pow-
er Resources of the Geological Survey, shows the pro-
duction of energy — such as electricity, by means of water
power and fuel, including coal, oil, and gas.
Source of Power for the Production of Electricity
Year
1919
1920
f Water Power* \
Per cent
Kilowatt hours of tofil
t Fuel Power ^
Per cent
Kilowatt hours of total
Total
KilowaU hours
produced
. 14,600,000.000 37.5 24,300,000.000 62i 38.900,00a000
.16,500,000,000 37.6 27.400.000,000 62.4 43,900,000.000
The electricity produced in 1910 and 1920 was used in
municipal lighting, operating street railway systems, and
for industrial purposes. The fuels produce nearly two-
thirds of the electricity, and water power the other one-
third. If the fuel oil and coal consumed in generating
electricity in 1920 are converted to equivalent natural gas.
it would have required to produce the 27,400,000,000
Kilowatt hours generated by fuel power at least 982,-
500,000,000 cubic feet of natural gas, which is far more
than the total volume consumed for all purposes in any
one year. If on the other hand other fuels had been
substituted for natural gas it would have required either
about 1,012,000 additional tons of coal, or 4,860,000 bar-
rels of oil.
CONSERVATION
The industrial fuels are of considerable importance
and the necessity for their economic development and
conservation is apparent. Although each fuel possesses
its own characteristic problems, improvements in the
harnessing of one will automatically aid in the conserva-
tion of all of them. Any means taken to prevent the pre-
mature exhaustion of natural gas will help to bring about
a better condition in the fuel situation in general.
The United States has always held a unique position
as a producer of natural gas. The output of natural gas
in this country has been 95 per cent of the total produc-
tion in the world. Canada is second to the United States
in the develc^ment of its natural gas resources. Natur-
al gas occurs in many of the foreign countries but it is
generally in connection with oil instead of in isolated gas
areas. Thus far there are no extensive gas fields in for-
eign countries, but it is not improbable that in time there
will be a greater stimulation of natural gas production in
other countries especially in regions where the produc-
tion of petroleum is being developed.
That natural gas has not been appreciated is evidenced
in its appalling waste accounted for by its boimtif ul sup-
ply in this country. It has required ages to form sup-
plies of this gas which now are rapidly decreasing, due to
our failure to appreciate its real value. That portion al-
ready removed cannot be replaced in this generation or
in many others to come. We have been fortunately en-
An Example of Natural Gas Waste
dowed with large areas of natural gas, larger than those
of any country in the world but we have failed to utilize
this fuel to its greatest advantage because we have been
wasteful and careless.
The only solution remaining is to apply conservation to
the supply still available and to utilize it for the greatest
possible good. The problems involved in harnessing this
resource so that the ultimate exhaustion may be greatly
prolonged affect directly about 10 million people. Natur-
al gas is a public service — a utility. This fact together
with the complex characteristics of natural gas makes the
situation still more acute. The pre-eminence of natural
gas as a fuel together with the rapid depletion of its
supplies make it imperative that the very best efforts be
concentrated on its conservation. This can be brought
about only through the co-operation between the produc-
ers, distributors, and consumers and such agencies as arc
concerned with this work.
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THE GAS AGE
May 10, 1921
Wasteful Use of Natural Gas
Portion of a Report Just Prepared by
a Consulting Engineer for the Pub-
lic Service G>mmission of Pennsylvania
By SAMUEL S. WYER, Columbus, Ohio
ABOUT 80% of the gas received by domestic con-
sumers is wasted. The easily preventable annual
home waste for the entire United States amounts
to at least 150 billion cubic feet, and for the State of
Pennsylvania to 33 billion cubic feet.
To replace the total preventable domestic waste in the
United States would require 300 billion cubic feet of
manufactured gas annually, which is more than all of
the manufactured gas made in the United States. To
replace the preventable waste in the State of Pennsyl-
vania would require 66 billion cubic feet of manufactured
gas, which is more than all of the by-product coke oven
gas that could be made if all of the beehive coke ovens
in West Virginia and Pennsylvania were shut down
and by-product ovens used instead.
The immediate carrying out of the Recommendatidns
of the National Committee on Natural Gas Conservation,
as published by the United States Bureau of Mines,
Washington, D. C, June 11, 1920, would result in the
saving of this enormous waste.
Domestic Appliances Determine Service
The quality of service that any consumer can secure
depends primarily on the type of appliance used. With
proper appliances satisfactory results can be obtained
with extremely low pressures. Improper appliances not
only will give poor service to their owner, but will de-
stroy the service to other consumers, so that the matter of
gas-using appliances is one that affects the gas using
community as a whole. The type of appliances used
will also determine whether natural gas will be available
for about 5 years or for from 20 to 25 years.
Waste is the loss, abuse or destructive use of re-
sources or property. Waste is generally an unreason-
able and improper use which does a lasting damage,
tends to ruin and destruction, and leads to permanent
loss and depreciation of value.
Principles of Waste Elimination
It is a trite observation that "man made appliances are
never 100% efficient." That is, the output will always
be less than the input. A 100% efficiency in com-
mercially handling or burning natural gas is impossible.
Gas lines cannot be maintained absolutely tight, and in
burning natural gas, even with perfect combustion, not
all of the heat generated can be utilized.
Rational conservation activities are therefore directed
toward securing a wise use with a maximum efficiency
and minimum waste. In no case will it be prudent
business or good judgment to attempt to conserve a
waste of g^s that will not take care of the fixed charges
on the investment and the operating cost during the life
of the gas that is saved, on the basis of the volume of
gas that can be conserved and saved for public use from
such an enterprise, and marketed through the ultimate
constimer's meter at the present market price. The
matter of an adequate price is therefore the crux of
natural gas waste curtailment. That is, the gas must
be made worth saving before it will be good business
judgment to attempt to save it.
Greater Appliance Efficiency
The raising of the burners and substituting of grid
tops for solid tops on natural gas cooking stoves, with
proper adjustment of the mixer, will result in the tre-
bling of the efficiency ; that is, make it possible to cook
with one foot of gas where three feet were formerly
required ; therefore, low-set burner, solid-top natural
gas cooking stoves should be prohibited.
Hot water heaters can easily be secured that will have
an efficiency of 75%. Where a hot water tank is fitted
with the old fashioned horse shoe burner underneath, the
placing of a sheet-iron jacket about two inches larger in
diameter than the tank — so as to leave about a one-inch
space around the tank — and extending from about six
inches below the tank to the top, with a tight head and
flue connection at the top, will give an efficiency of more
than 75%.
The use of natural gas in the fire pot of a coal fur-
nace will give an efficiency of about 25% only. That
is, 75% of the gas will be wasted. A properly de-
sigfned natural gas furnace can easily be built to give
an efficiency of 75%, so that one foot of gas used in
such a furnace will furnish the same heat input into the
room as three feet of gas used in the ordinary coal
furnace. For this reason the use of gas in coal furnaces
should be prohibited.
Two Main Causes of Natural Gas Waste
First : Lack of appreciation that there is no r^ener-
ation and that when the gas is once used it is gone
forever; and, the profligate American attitude toward
natural resources in general which has created a happy-
go-lucky, extravagant and indifferent public sentiment,
and this has resulted in making the history of the nat-
ural gas industry an appalling record of almost un-
believable waste and without doubt the most striking
of our wasting resource crimes.
Second : Lack of appreciation that natural gas to be
saved must be made worth saving, from the reserve
acreage in the field to the ultimate consumers' appli-
ances ; that both the reserve and operated acreage from
which this valuable resource is obtained are pro|>erty
rights which have a property value and are an integral
part of the fair value of the plant as a whole, on which
an adequate return commensurate with the hazard of
the enterprise must be earned in order to induce diligent
prospecting, continuous hunting and persistent search-
ing for additional supplies in order to maintain the
continuity of the service. The public is served best
when natural gas mining is made profitable, for without
an adequate profit there will be no hunting for new sup-
plies and without such prospecting and the development
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May 10, 1921
tfiE GAS AOE
361
of producing acreage there can be no service for the
future.
Specially Designed Appliances Desired
At Erie, Pennsylvania, 10% of the cooking stoves
are old coal or wood stoves with an improvised pipe
burner at the bottom of the fire box, many of these pipe
burners being 9 inches below the stove top. The United
States Bureau of Mines tested such a stove and found
that five cubic feet of gas were required as against one
cubic foot of gas needed in a properly built natural gas
stove with raised burners and open top. Therefore, each
coal stove was destroying enough gas to supply four
other families with satisfactory service.
The use of gas in the firepot of the ordinary coal
burning heating device wastes enough gas to supply two
other families.
Gas shortages, of course, have been frequent in cold
weather and have resulted in much suffering and in-
convenience. It ought, therefore, to be obvious that the
unnecessary waste of gas by one consumer, whereby his
neighbor.^ are made to endure physical suflfering and
endure great inconvenience^ is not the exercise of an
inalienable right to a wasteful use of gas, but is a com-
munity matter in which the community interests as a
whole are paramount, and where in the interest of a
just, reasonable, safe, adequate and sufficient service for
all no one consumer should be allowed to waste that
which would deprive others of satisfactory service.
In every natural gas field only a part of the total
deposit in the past has been removed. This has left a
large amount of residue gas underground, either by not
draining existing wells completely, or by not drilling in
those localites where only low pressure, low volume
wells are secured. The reclamation of this residue gas
is much more expensive than the gas obtained during
flush production.
However, the elimination of the wasteful appliances
will enable the consumer to pay a higher retail price
without increasing his bills, and such higher retail price
will so raise the field level price as to permit the securing
of practically all of the residue gas that has been left
in the ground in the past, and without this residue gas
service cannot be maintained in the future.
Natural Gas Prospecting Cannot be Coerced
Capital for prospecting and hunting for additional
supplies of natural gas to replace the rapidly declining
present suppHes cannot be commandeered, but can be
secured only as the mining operation is made profitable.
That is, only adequate prices in the field will induce
capital to find gas. For this reason the public and rate
regulating bodies must appreciate that a natural gas
rate cannot coerce capital into the enterprise, but that
capital will be induced into the enterprise only when it
is made profitable to take the risk.
Markedly increased natural gas rates alone can save
the natural gas industry and give the public future ser-
vice.
The fixed charges in natural gas plant operation are
larger than for any other utility, usually being over 70 9^
of the total cost. The operating expenses necessary to
get the residue supplies will be constantly on the increase.
Therefore a constantly smaller volume of gas must carry
the total cost burden, which will have the effect of
greatly increasing the cost per unit.
Natural gas prices must go up, not because of the
economic law of supply and demand, but because of
constantly increasing costs of production and lack of
appreciation that much gas has been sold below cost in
the past. This is also true in the face of the present
downward revision of practically all commodity prices.
That is, if every commodity price goes down to a pre-war
basis, natural gas rates must still go up in order to en-
able the natural gas industry to function and render
service to the public in the future.
The use of efficient appliances will so curtail the
volume of gas needed that the domestic user can pay the
higher price necessary per unit so as to induce persistent
hunting for new supplies in the same way as to secure
the more efficient removal of the residue supplies.
Legal Status of Natural Gas Waste
The claim is frequently made that waste is limited to
those who do not have an absolute and unqualified title
to the substance or property value they are wasting
That IS, when there is exclusive title, it is none of the
public's business if the resource is wasted or annihilated.
This is fundamentally wrong and will not be tolerated
in modern society. In a highly organized society, prop-
erty rights tend to become less absolute and more rel-
ative. Upon the whole, the decisions lean in favor of
the public and toward the qualification of property rights.
Private property is established and maintained for
social purposes. Laws and institutions at present clearly
assert the superiority of the claims of society over the
individual. It is, therefore, not true that property ac-
cording to its idea carries with it an absolute right of
control. Property in such a form cannot be tolerated
by society, and never has been tolerated.
Right ceases when abuse begins. The law is beginning
to impose social limitations. Individual freedom is
limited by the modern notion of social justice. In a
crowded world, the social right, or broad public interest,
in the use and conservation of natural resources has
become more important than individual private inter-
ests. The foolish waste of one's substance, especially
if that substance is a natural resource like natural gas.
is one in which the future generations should have an
interest and in which the public itself is directly cdn-
cerned. To continue to waste a national heritage like
natural gas is not an inalienable right of any individual
or corporation.
The seriousness of natural gas waste will, perhaps, be
apparent when it is remembered that natural gas deposits
have required untold ages for their accumulation. No
human being has contributed toward this accumulation
or has increased the intrinsic value of these accumula-
tions in the ground. Hence, their present owners,
whether acquiring them through discovery or purchase,
have no right to waste or destroy that which is necessary
to the wealth of the nation, which they did not create,
which they cannot replace, and which belong as much to
our successors as to ourselves.
The courts, with one exception, have uniformly held
that the wanton waste of natural gas is asfainst public
policy and can be prevented. The following three
sections accurately reflect present judicial tendencies.
United States Supreme Court
"One who recklessly, defiantly, persistently, and con-
tinuously wastes natural gas, and boldly declares his
purpose to continue to do so, as the comolaint charges
appellee with doing, all of which it admits to be true
by its demurrer, ought not to complain of being branded
as the enemy of mankind. * * * It is not the use
of unlimited quantities of gas that is prohibited, but it
is the waste of it that is forbidden. The obiect and
policy of that inhibition is to prevent, if possible, the
exhaustion of the store house of nature, wherein is
deposited an element that ministers more to the comfort,
happiness, and well-being of society than any other of
the bounties of the earth. * * *
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362
THE GAS AGE
May 10, 1921
"We cannot have the blessing of natural gas unless
the measures for the preservation thereof in this state
are enforced against the lawless. We therefore conclude
that the facts stated in the complaint make a case of
public nuisance which the appellant has a right to have
abated by injunction, and that the complaint states facts
sufficient to constitute a cause of action/' — Indiana Su-
preme Court, 150 Ind., 21, State of Indiana v. Ohio Oil
Co., 47 L. R. A. 627. Affirmed by United States Supreme
Court, 177 U. S., I99, April 9, 1900.
"The state may interpose its power to prevent the
waste or disproportionate use of either oil or gas by a
particular owner in order to conserve the equal right of
other owners and advance the public interest. ♦ * ♦
It is for the state to determine not only if any conser-
vation be necessary, but the degree of it." — ^Walls v.
Midland Carbon Co. — Decided December 13, 1920.
Indiana Supreme Court
"While our republican government guarantees the
right to pursue one's happiness, yet that government is
charged with the duty of protecting others than appel-
lant in the pursuit of their happiness, and hence the in-
alienable right to pursue one's own happiness must
necessarily be subject to the same right in all others.
Hence, when the right is asserted in such a manner as
to conflict with the equal right to the same thing in
others, it is not an inalienable right, nor a right at all,
but IS a wrong. This demonstrates the wisdom of the
maxim that true liberty must be regulated and restrained
by law. If, therefore, it makes appellant happy to waste
natural gas, for the want of which others are made to
suffer and be unhappy, as the direct result of such waste,
then the pursuit of such happiness is not an inalienable
right, but a positive wrong." — Indiana Supreme Court,
147 Ind., 624, Townsend v. State, 47 N. E. Rep. 19, May
18, 1897.
Kentucky Court of Appeals
"Property is the creation of law. The use of property
may be regulated by law. The Legislature may protect
from waste the natural resources of the state, which are
the common heritage of all. The right of the owner of
property to do with it as he pleases is subject to the
limitation that he must have due regard for the rights
of others. To allow the storehouse of nature to be
exhausted by the waste of gas would be to deprive the
state and its citizens of the many advantages incident to
its use. That the Legislature may prevent this is well
settled." — ^Kentucky Court of Appeals, Commonwealth
V. Trent and others, 117 Ken. Rep., 46.
''Straw Man" of Ownership
The claim is frequently made that because when the
gas passes the consumer's meter it becomes the con-
sumes's appliances. The questions of conservation,
he sees fit, and that this precludes any control of ap-
pliances, and because the Pennsylvania Supreme Court
held in Bailey v. Fayette Gas Fuel Company, 193 Pa. St.
p. 175, October 6, 1899, that "a natural gas company
had no power to make a difference in price according to
the use to which the gas was put by the consumer," that,
therefore, no control could be exercised over the con-
sumer's appliances^. The questionsi of conservation,
waste curtailment, or usable service to other consumers
in no way entered into this case, since the matter of
difference in price was the sole issue.
This misapplied ownership theory fails to recognize
that there is no severance of the gas when it passes the
consumer's meter and that the dynamic energy of the
gas — ^which furnishes the propelling force for service
to all consumers' appliances — in the gas distributing
system reservoir must be used for forcing the gas
through the meter and through the consumer's appli-
ances, and if the consumer's misuse of the gas so lowers
such dynamic energy as to make it impossible to deliver
gas to other consumers, then it immediately becomes a
matter in which the community interest is paramount.
Such misuse also ignores the well established maxim
that "One must so use his own as not to injure another,
and that he cannot continue to do or enjoy that which is
a nuisance because it may be convenient or profitable to
himself."
Judicial Decisions on Water Watte
"A rule adopted by a water company requiring patrons
to keep their hydrants closed except when using water,
is reasonable, and the refusal of an applicant for water
to agree to comply therewith justifies the company in
refusing to supply him with water, although under legal
obligation to do so if he complies with tiie reasonable
rules of the company." — Supreme Court of Tennessee
99 Tenn. p. 429, September 25, 1897 Watanga Water Co.
V. Wolfe. •
The same doctrine was laid down in Harbison v.
Knbwell Water Co., Court of Chancery Appeals of
Tennessee, September 23, 1899 53 S. W. p. 993.
"The company must be permitted to make reasonable
rules for the government of its customers in the use of its
water supply, and enforce such rules by shutting off
the customers' water, as a penalty for violation. » ♦ »
A rule of the company against the unnecessary and use-
less waste of the water supply is certainly reasonable" —
Supreme Court of Kansas, 48 Kans., p. 170 Shiras v.
Ewing— 1892.
"It is the duty of a water company furnishing in-
habitants of a municipality water to enfore the rules
governing the use of water to avoid waste of the water
supply." — Idaho Public Utilities Commission McCam-
mon V. Harkness, P. U. R. 1915— E p. 559.
Judicial Decision on Gas Appliances
"The Commission also proposes to extend the period
of prohibition of the use of gas for heating purposes in
furnaces, not constructed for such use, over a longer
period than formerly. There is no doubt that the prohi-
bition of waste by this method of use during the past two
years was very vital in conserving the supply." — ^New
York Public Service Commission, Second District Per-
kins V. Iroquois Natural Gas Co., September 2, 1920.
Curtailment of Domestic Waste of Natural Oas
The National Committee on Natural Gas Conservation,
appointed by the Honorable Franklin K. Lane, Secretary
of the Department of the Interior, in its report of June,
11, 1920, strongly recommended the elimination of the
wasteful appliances in the home.
The American Home Economics Association — ^which
is the National Association of trained home economics
workers — in its annual convention held at Colorado
Springs, Colorado, June 29, 1920, recommended the im-
mediate carrying out of this program.
The United States Bureau of Mines has also strongly
recommended against the use of wasteful gas appliances
in the home.
Note — Part of the material used herein was embodied in a
report made by the writer to the Hon. Wilbur F. Booth, Judge,
District Court of United States, District of Kansas, First Di-
vision, on Natural Gas Waste Situation of the Kansas Natural
Gas Company.
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THE GAS AGE
363
Governmental Department Wastes
Extracts from an Address Delivered Before the
N. J.-Pa. Gas Associations and the Engineers^
Club at Philadelphia by the Sec. of Commerce
By HERBERT C. HOOVER, Washington, D. C.
TO ANY student of federal organization one sweep-
ing and fundamental necessity stands out above all
others, and that is that the administrative units of
the government must be regrouped so as to give each
of the great departments more nearly a single purpose.
The hodge-podge of aims in certain administrative
branches is scarcely believable when we consider our
national pride and skill in organization. Such functions
as public domain, public works, assistance to veterans,
public health functions, aids to navigation, to industry,
to trade, purchasing of major supplies, are each and
every one scattered over from four to eight departments,
most of which are devoted to some other major pur-
pose.
Economies can be accomplished from a public point
of view by an elimination of the overlap in these different
units of administration through unification into groups
of similar purpose. The real economy to the nation
does not lie here, however great this may be, but it lies
in their more effective functioning in their daily relation
to the public. The extra cost imposed upon business
in general in the determination of the relation of any
particular business to the different functions of the
government, with the unnecessarily duplicating inter-
ferences and demands, is a real charge on national
wealth, probably as great in some directions as the
actual costs of the administrations themselves.
Confusion
The enlarged activities of the government as a result
of the war greatly affect certain departments. The
Treasury today as the fiscal office of the government
must handle an annual budget of $5,000,000,000 as com-
pared with $1,000,000,000 pre-war. Activities of the
Army have increased from a budget of $200,000,000 to
$400,000,000 ; activities of the Navy have increased from
a budget of $125,000,000 to $425,000,000. Thus the
burden and responsibilities for the major purposes of
these departments have been enormously increased. I
believe it is the consensus of opinion of the gentlemen
conducting these departments that in the interests of
efficiency they should not be called to responsibility for
the administration of at least some of the matters not
pertinent to their major functions which clutter their
departments.
We have also some confusion between executive, ad-
visory, and semi-judicial functions. One of the tenden-
cies of government both local and national during the
last twenty years has been to add executive functions
to commissions and boards created primarily for ad-
visory or regulatory purposes. It requires no argtmient
with our business public that the executive functions
can not rise to high efficiency in the hands of government
boards where from the very nature of things each mem-
ber has a separate responsibility to the public and is
primarily engaged in a semi-judicial function.
Dispersion of Responsibility
I have daily evidence in the Department of Commerce
of all this. The question of governmental aids to navi-
gation is not by any means one of the principal functions
of our government, but it must be a sore trial to the
hardy mariner. He must obtain his domestic charts
from the Department of Commerce, his foreign charts
from the Navy Department and his nautical al-
manac from the Naval Observatory — and he will in
some circumstances get sailing directions from the Army.
In a fog he may get radio signals from both the Navy
and Commerce, and listen to fog-horns and look for
lights and buoys provided him by Commerce ; if he sinks
his life is saved by the Treasury. He will anchor at the
direction of the Army, who rely upon the Treasury to
enforce their will. His boilers and lifeboats are in-
spected by the Department of Commerce; his crew is
certificated by one bureau in Commerce, signed off in the
presence of another, and inspected at sailing by the
Treasury, and on arrival by the Department of Labor.
The moral of all this is that economy could be secured
by placing most of these functions under one head, not
only economy to the government but to the mariner.
Congress would know what it spends in aid to naviga-
tion and the government could develop definite policies
in giving proper assistance, and lastly could remove
from the hardy mariner's mind his well founded con-
tempt for the government as a business organization.
The economic changes in the world, growing Out of
the war and their reflex upon our trade and industry
make it vital if we are to maintain our standards of
living against increasing ferocity of competition that
we shall concentrate and enlarge our national effort in
the aid, protection, stimulation and perfection of ©ur
industrial and commercial life. There can be no real
Department of Commerce or commercial policies to these
broad purposes so long as the instrumentalities of the
government bearing on these questions lie in half a
dozen departments.
What We Need
We want no paternalism in government. We do need
in government aids to business in a collective sense. In
a department we do not want to either engage in business
or to regulate business. We need a department that
can give prompt and accurate diagnosis from both a
foreign and domestic point of view of economic events,
of economic tendencies; of economic ills; that can
promptly and accurately survey economic opportunity,
economic discrimination and opposition; that can give
scientific advice and assistance and stability to industry
in furnishing it with prompt and accurate data upon
production, supplies and consumption ; that can co-oper-
ate with it in finding standards and simplifications;
that can by broad study promote national conservation
in industry and the elimination of waste ; that can study
and ventilate the commercial side of our power possi-
bilities; that can study and advise national policies in
development of rail, water, and overseas transportation ;
that, in fact, covers, so far as government functions can
cover, the broad commercial problems of trade, industry,
and transportation. This can be accomplished more by
co-ordination of existing governmental facilities than by
increased expenditures.
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THE GAS AGE
May 10, 1921
Air Trouble in Gasoline Recovery
The Eflfects and Detection of Air in Gas at Natural-
Gas Gasoline Recovery Plants is Discussed in a Re-
cent Issue of the Bessemer Monthly, Grove City, Pa.
By DR. O. J. SIEPLEIN
THE maximum pressure that can be built up by gaso-
line vapor is dependent only on the quantity of gas-
oline available for forming vapor and on the temper-
ature of the gasoline. Because these conditions are quite
costant in an oil bearing sand, the quantity of gasoline
vapor that may be supplied to a cubic foot of pore space
may be looked upon as quite constant. At most, it will
change at a very slow rate. From this fact, it will be
seen that the ratio of gasoline vapor to other gases rises
rapidly as the total pressure of the gas mixture falls.
That the production of gasoline increases as the rock
pressure of a well decreases, is a fact of wide experience.
Many observations indicate that natural gas is seldom if
ever, saturated with gasoline vapors. This is to be ex-
pected as the contact of gas and oil is never sufficiently
intimate to make saturation possible.
Properties of Natural Gasoline
The main components of natural gasoline are pen-
tane, hexane and heptane. Other hydrocarbons, both
higher and lower in the series, are present. The quanti-
ties of heptane and higher members are usually small.
Pentane and lower members contribute "wildness" to
the gasoline and therefore a large proportion of these
is lost in the weathering of the raw gasoline.
For purposes of this discussion, we may confine our
attention to hexane and use its properties to get an in-
sight into this phase of the production of natural gaso-
line. Hexane is a liquid boiling at 156'* Fahr., and shows
a specific gravity of 81° Baume. At lOO*" Fahr. (a fre-
quent temperature of oil strata) hexane exerts a total
vapor pressure of 5 1/3 pounds. Let us assume that the
gas and oil are present in the sand under conditions
which make possible the building up of two pounds pres-
sure for the vapor of hexane. This will mean that the
gas contains 37^ % of the saturation quantity of hexane
vapor.
The following table shows the relation of total pressure
to vapor content for such conditions ; the last column is
added to indicate the gauge pressure at which the pre-
cipitation of gasoline would commence. Doubling this
pressure would condense one-half the vapor present ; gas
with one per cent of vapor would yield about one-sixth
of a gallon of liquid gasoline when this doubled pressure
is used.
Effect of Pressure on Saturation
Absolute
Gauge
Per cent
Precipitation
Pressure
Pressure
Hexane
Pressure
200 lbs.
185 lbs.
1%
518 lbs.
100 lbs.
85 lbs.
2%
253 lbs.
30 lbs.
15 lbs.
62/3%
65 lbs.
15- lbs.
Atmospheric
15%
25 lbs.
10 lbs.
(10 in. vacuum) 20%
25 lbs.
5 lbs.
(20 in. vacuurr
i) 40%>
4 in. vacuum
ly^ lbs
(25 in. vacuum
) 80%
16 in. vacuum
2 lbs.
(26 in. vacuum) 100%
20 in. vacuum
These figures show that the lower the total pressure,
the higher is the relative quantity of gasoline vapor and
therefore the larger is the yield of gasoline from hand-
ling a given quantity of gas in the plant. The recogni-
tion of this fact has led many companies to operate un-
der vacuum conditions. As soon as possible after con-
necting a well, the service line to the gasoline plant is
connected with pumps powerful enough to overcome the
rock j)ressure and create a vacuum. As the rock pres-
sure is reduced by exhausting the gas reservoir, it be-
comes advantageous to use gas pumps to obtain larger
quantities of richer gas.
Air Leakage
As soon as the gas pumps handle the gas so as to pro-
duce any vacuum on the lines, leaks in these field lines
become of grave importance to the operation of the
plant. They introduce an element of danger and seri-
ously reduce the production of gasoline ; this danger and
reduction of output is, of course, due to the air drawn
into the lines and mixed with the gas. As long as there
is pressure on the lines, leaks are quite apparent and are
easily detected ; there is no opportunity for these to
cause contamination of the gas with air, — the only effect
is loss of gas. With the lines under vacuum, detection
of leaks becomes more difficult and every leak means
air is added to the gas.
Leaks on vacuum lines may go undetected for a long
time under ordinary field conditions. The best meth-
od for detecting leaks in such lines is to throw them tem-
porarily out of service and connect with g^s or air
under pressure. The exhaust from the gasoline plant
may very feasibly be used for this purpose. Because of
the dangers and losses attendant on handling a mixture
of air and gas, it is important to the efficiency of opera-
tion that all vacuum lines be tested for leaks very fre-
quently.
Air Slugs in Pipes
At booster stations or other compression pumps, it
may happen that with improper working of the feed,
the pump will draw in a full supply of air and send this
into the discharge pipe as a slug. In such cases the slug
of air may travel a great distance without mixing with
the gas in the line. When this slug comes to a burner
the flame is extinguished because of lack of fuel ; after-
ward gas passes through the burner and may collect as
such, constituting an element of danger, especially in
household and other small installations.
The air slug may be mixed with the gas to such an ex-
tent that we have an explosive mixture fed to the burner.
( )ccasionally the explosion will strike back into the line
and wreck the line. Fortunately the introduction of air
as slugs in the above manner is rather rare and the dan-
ger of extinguishing the flame is rather unusual.
Explosive mixture is more commonly the result of
leakage of air into the line when the line is under vac-
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THE GAS AGE
365
uum. This gives a rather uniform mixture of gas and
air which may be in explosive ratio and igfnited at the
bumer.as suggested above. Ignition of the mixture may
result inside the line by means of a pebble rolled along
the pipe, which when striking an obstruction in the pipe
produces a spark.
The Flame
Addition of air accompanied by complete mixing with
the gas dilutes the gas. When delivered to the burners
we have a reduced thermal efficiency because the burner
is furnished with a lesser quantity of gas per minute.
The well known, flickering, yellowish flame of natural
gas is shown when burning takes place at burners with-
out adequate mixers at the control valve. In rich, wet
gas the flame is strongly yellow and may even show
soot.
As increasing quantities of air are mixed with the gas
coming to the burner, the flame becomes steadier and
less luminous : then with properly set mixer we have the
steady efficient blue flame with well defined inner cone
of light blue color. As the air content increases still
more, the flame becomes shorter and finally blows away
from the burner. These facts way be used to detect air
in gas which is used in burners.
Effect of Temperature
During compression gases are heated in response to
the pressure. The amount of heating depends upon the
nature of the gas and the heating effect depends upon the
opportunity for radiation of the heat generated. The
heating effect in a completely insulated cylinder for gases
at 60" Fahr. is shown in the following table:
Tempnature
reached at
250 lbs. 500. Iba.
Increateof
Temperature at
250 Ib6. 500 Ibe
Air
700» 964°
640° 904°
Dry Gas (Sp. Gr. 0.56)
S73» 752°
513° 692°
Wet Gas (Sp. Gr. 1.04)
410" 522°
350° 462°
The table shows that when we compress air we have
a much greater heating effect than when we compress
natural gas. The table indicates also that the richer the
gas the less the heating effect. A wet gas (sp. gr. 1.04)
capable of producing three to four gallons of gasoline
shows about two-thirds of the heating effect of a dry
gas and not much more than one-half as much as air.
This means that w^hen the gas drawn into the com-
pressor is contaminated with air we have a larger heat-
ing effect than with pure gas. The compressor will run
hotter : more cooling will be necessary or the compressed
gas will be hotter when delivered. This will reduce the
effective compression, will cause more wear on the
compressor and will mean more leakage past the com-
pressing piston because of the more rapid wear.
The gas is delivered to the cooling system in a warmer
condition and therefore this system is rendered less effi-
cient. The compressed gas reaches the accumulator
tanks or gasoline traps with less perfect precipitation
of the gasoline. The waste gas is less perfectly separ-
ated from its vapors ; it is rich gas mixed with some air.
Dry gas and wiet gas such as indicated in the table
require 10 and 17 JA cubic feet of air respectively, for
complete burning of one cubic foot of gas. Thus it
takes a large addition of air to materially reduce the
quantity of fuel value of the waste gas. This waste
gas is usually used to drive the engines in the plant.
When air is present the engines are fed with a mixture
of unusually rich gas and air. This mixture fires too
soon and burns too rapidly. The engine cylinder is im-
properly and unduly heated ; the wear on the engine is
excessive, its power delivery decreased.
Air Cuts Down Production
The addition of air to gas means that the plant handles
less gas when operating at a certain rate. The gasoline
production is decreased because of the lesser quantity
of gas handled. Gasoline vapor is carried out in the
waste quite as effectively by air as by gas; in this we
have a second loss of gasoline. One thousand cubic feet
of wet gas containing vapor capable of producing three
gallons of gasoline will produce less than two gallons
if mixed with one thousand cubic feet of air. One thou-
sand cubic feet of such a mixture would probably not
produce more than one-half gallon of gasoline with com-
pression and cooling held at the same efficiency as when
producing three gallons on pure gas.
The production of gasoline by compression does not
begin until the pressure on the gas is sufficient to raise
the pressure on the gasoline vapor to its saturation pres-
sure for the working temperature. This pressure is in-
dicated in the last column of the first table. The effec-
tiveness of the pressure on the gas is reduced by the
presence of air. On a mixture containing 25% air the
effective pressure on the gas is ^ of the total pressure ;
in a mixture containing 50% air, the effective pressure
is y2 the total, etc.
Thus the addition of air to gas increases the pressure
that must be applied to start condensation, just in pro-
portion as the gas is to the total mixture. To get a cer-
tain result it is necessary to increase the pressure in the
same proportion as air is added. As the plant is usually
run at a definite pressure, introduction of air shows a
serious decrease in the production of gasoline.
Summary
Reasons why air is objectionable in gas handled in
a compressor plant:
(1) Explosive nature of the material
(a) Causes excessive wear on the engine because of
preignition and rapid burning;
(b) May result in wrecking of pipe lines and other
equipment.
(2) Inefficient production of gasoline
(a) because of improper cooling after compression.
(b) actual pressure in accumulators is lower.
(c) gasoline vapor is carried out by air in the waste
gas.
(d) increases quantity of material handled.
(e) effective pressure on the gasoline vapor fs less.
(3) Excessive wear on the compressors
(a) because of higher temperature of operation.
(b) because the compressor cylinders are in con-
tact with hot gas containing the oxygen of the
air and are therefore corroded.
Air may be detected during the regular course of op-
eration :
(1) By flame losing yellow color or blowing away
from the burner.
(2) By increased temperature of the compression
cylinders.
Because of its many dangerous and troublesome ef-
fects, air should be carefully excluded from gas and con-
tinual watch should be kept to prevent leaks in vacuum
lines. Though the indications cited may be used to de-
tect the presence of air, the only satisfactory proof is
the chemical test.
In the laboratory of the company we have developed
a small detector which can be used to get an idea of the
presence of air. This detector cannot take the place of
the regular laboratory test which determines the quan-
tity of air, but can be used to show whether the gas is
free from air, slightly contaminated or badly contamin-
ated.
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THE GAS AGE
May 10, 1921
Shipping Large Size Welded Tank
The Ease with which Welding Adapts Itself to
the Fabrication of Unusual Work and Extra-
ordinary Conditions is Attracting Notice
[Contributed]
OXY-ACETYLENE welding is superseding riv-
eted construction in metal tanks owing to the
economy of manufacture and because the gas
welded seam is demonstrably stronger than riveted
jointing, not only with respect to its capacity for resist-
ing internal pressure, but as well because the joints are
inherently tighter than the most perfectly caulked rivet-
ed joints.
The tendency in favor of the welded tank was at
first confined to tanks of relatively small capacity — a
natural result of human conservatism in cautiously
feeling the way to ultimate development in new fields
of endeavor. Thus, the first steam engines were small,
and more recently we have seen the fragile first models
of aircraft give way to larger and sturdier construction,
until we look back across the space of even a few years
with a smile at the limited boundarie3 that so recently
marked the outposts of aeronautical vision. So with the
welded tank, the relatively tiny vessels that first engaged
engineering attention are now completely overshadowed
by the larger construction of today. And, measured by
the not remote future, the welded tanks we now regard
as large are themselves but pygmies.
The tank shown in the illustration is not an example
of the largest welded tanks made today. There has been
one tank fabricated of nearly four times this tank's ca-
pacity, and there is a standard line of tanks manufactured
by the Welded Products Co., of Birmingham, Ala., that
exceeds the capacity of the tank shown by a thousand
gallons. Rut the tank illustrated is presented as typical
construction of its kind, and was selected because of
certain interesting details connected with its fabrication
and the problem of handling it in loading upon the flat
car shown in the picture.
The specifications called for a tank 10 ft. in diameter
by 38^4 ft. in length (approximate capacity 24,000 gal-
lons), built of 3/16-inch shells in the body and J4-inch
plate in the heads. It will be noted that there were
eight circumferential seams with the longitudinal seams
arranged alternately, three of which are visible in the
picture and four (not visible in the picture) being
diametrically opposite. The heads are fabricated of
five pieces joined by two long and two short welds.
The seams are all butt-welds, built up on the outside to
afford added strength. The sheets were chamfered at
the joints to insure penetration of the flame and filling
material. A flanged manhole, also made with the blow-
pipe is seen at the top center of the tank. The tank was
tested to an internal pressure four times greater than
any load it would be subjected to in service and all seams
were oil tight.
In loading this tank on the car a large crane was used.
This made it necessary to pick up the tank in the center
by two cables running around the body and held apart
by timbers, making a basket effect approximately 8-fect
long. This, however, left an overhang of about 15-feet
on either end — too much, considering the thin material
of which the body was constructed, unless some further
support were provided. This was accomplished by
welding a plate on each end at the top to admit running
turnbuckle bars from end to end. This was done, blocks
being placed between the bars and the tank so as to
form an arch. If this precaution had not been
adopted the tank might have buckled of its own weight
when lifted in loading. Even under such distortion it
is probable that the welded covers would not have
opened, as there are numerous cases of record in which
oxy-acetylene welded tanks in fires and wrecks have
been crushed by an exterior impact without in the least
impairirg the oil-tightness of the joints.
Welded Tank on Car for Shipment
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THE GAS A6£
367
Removing Dust from Gases
Blast Furnace Taken as an Example of Successful
Practice in a Paper Read Before the Cleveland Section
of the Ass'n of Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers
By N. H. GELLERT, Philadelphia, Pa.
THE general gas cleaning problem, including that
of other gases besides those that issue from a
blast furnace, may be divided into two parts : The
cleaning of non-combustible gases and The cleaning of
combustible gases. Non-combustible gases usually issue
from furnaces or stacks in which gas either has been
utilized for combustion purposes, or the non-combus-
tible gases are driven off by heat primarily as inert gases.
In the copper smelting industry, non-combustible gases
are the products that issue from the stack. The pur-
pose of cleaning such gases is to prevent dust nuisance
and to recover it for the value of the dust.
Anyone who is familiar with the locality of a cement
mill can readily visualize the thick white coating of
cement dust which eventually over-fertilizes the sur-
rounding farm lands and causes a great deal of destruc-
tion to plant life.
The second part of the general problem of cleaning
gases is the probem of cleaning combustible gases.
These include gases used for industrial purposes, manu-
factured in producers, in coal gas and water gas plants,
and also include the gases issuing from the blast fur-
nace.
Blast-Fumace-Gas Problem
The problem of cleaning gases issuing from a blast
furnace has never been a simple one. There have been
attempts at improvements ever since the blast furnace
was first put into operation and these attempts have
resulted in better and better cleaning apparatus as time
has gone by. However, what must be of interest is
the method of attack and the adaptation of various pro-
cesses of cleaning to blast furnace gases.
It is of course essential in thei very beginnmg, to
know the condition of the blast furnace gas before there
can be any intelligent attempt to clean the dust and
fume from the gas. In general, blast furnace gases con-
tain from two to ten grains of dust per cubic foot of gas
at standard conditions of temperature and pressure,
namely 62° F. and 29.92" Hg. which is atmospheric
pressure. This dust exists in the form of both dust
and fume. The fume is so finely sub-divided, however,
that in a great many respects, it acts as a gas.
In order to determine how to apply a cleaner to the
blast furnace gas, there are at least four things which
must be investigated.
1. Temperature
2. Velocity and volume
3. Dust content
4. Moisture Content.
It is very evident that since the measurements are
made under the most difficult conditions, usually out in
the open air and under a varying condition of load with
variations in temperature, velocities, dust content and
moisture content, the data must be taken over a long
period of time in order to make them of any real value.
In addition, there are inaccuracies to be encountered in
the actual measurements due to the fact that it is not
as a rule possible to take these measurements under the
conditions necessary for extreme accuracy. Neverthe-
less, the measurements obtained give sufficient informa-
tion to make it possible for a blast furnace operator to
get a fairly good indication of what he is doing and how
to correct any conditions that need correction.
[The author here described the methods for deter-
mining corrected volume and moisture in the gas.]
Methods of Cleaning Furnace Gases
The methods of cleaning blast furnace gases are divid-
ed into two classes :
1. Wet Cleaning.
2. Dry Cleaning.
A great deal of money has been spent in this country in
the development of wet cleaning methods and a great
many wet cleaners are now installed on blast furnace
plants throughout the country. Nevertheless, because
of certain fundamental undesirable factors there has
been a tendency on the part of blast furnace operators
to get away from wet cleaning and to go to dry cleaning.
The main objections to a wet cleaning process are :
1. The loss in sensible heat due to the reduction of
temperature of the gas when using large quantities of
water which are necessary in order to get the best re-
sults from this method. A table taken from Mr. Diehl's
paper, before the American Institute of Mining Engi-
neers in 1914, shows that nearly eight per cent greater
B.t.u. value exists because of the sensible heat in the
gases when using unwashed blast furnace gas at four
hundred degrees Fahrenheit and with thirty-five grains
of moisture per cubic foot, than can be obtained when
using washed gas at seventy degrees Fahrenheit and with
moisture saturation at seventy degrees.
2. The second objection is the pollution of streams.
It has been found that at several blast furnace plants,
fish life is eventually destroyed in those streams where
the effluent of the washer is discharged. This has re-
sulted in some places in the enjoining of the furnaces
from discharging the effluent into the streams. In
other places, it has resulted in controversy. The trend
of municipal and state authority is toward the prohibi-
tion of discharges that are dangerous to fish life. The
elimination of this possible contention is advisable.
3. The third objection is that wet washers often are
not very efficient. The result is, especially where there
is much fume in the gas, that the washer does not re-
move the fume and dust to a sufficiently great degree.
The dampened particles of fume and dust deposit in
the stove burners and in the boiler burners and, be-
cause of their hydraulic qualities, stay in the burners
until they become a hard mass which eventually has
to be dug out with chisel and hammer. At some plants,
this is a real nuisance and causes money losses due to
the necessity of shutting down the stoves and boilers
and cleaning them.
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THE 6AS AG£
May la 1921
4. Another objection is the necessity for large quanti-
ties of water. This means a large pumping plant, main-
tenance and repairs of pumps, a great deal of moving
machinery and a large source of supply of water. This
is not always available. More than one' plant has not
gone to cleaning its gases because of its inability to get
water.
Throughout this paper, it must be understood that the
cleaners which are being discussed are not secondary
cleaners or intensive scrubbers, but are primary cleaners,
used for purposes of removing the dust from the gases
to such a degree that the gas may be burned effectively
in the stoves and boliers and not at all intended for the
cleaning of gases for gas engine purposes.
Dry Cleaners for Dusty Gases
In Europe, the practice has been somewhat different
from that in the United States as there were early efforts
to develop dry cleaners. As a matter of fact, dry
cleaners have been operating in Europe for some time
and have been mainly objectionable for two reasons:
1. Their high cost
2. The possible damage to the cleaner.
The cleaners built in Europe were frequently of the
bag type and while they cleaned the g^s more effectively
than any primary cleaner could, and even went so far
as to prepare the gases for gas engine purposes, the bags,
being of an inflammable nature, necessarily were sub-
ject to destruction whenever the heats put through the
cleaners exceeded the safe limits of the material of
which the bags were made. The high cost, also, of
installation of this type of cleaner, militated very greatly
against their adoption and perhaps was the chief reason
why such dry cleaners were not installed in this country.
Perhaps a third feature which militated against the
use of these dry cleaners was the fact that the sensible
heat lost in the cooling of the gas robbed the gas of a
great deal of the economies which might be obtained
were the sensible heat retained.
With dry cleaners that are able to pass the gas with-
out any considerable reduction in temperature, there is
to be added to the efficiency caused by the cleaning of
the gas, the efficiencies effected by the use of the sensible
heat. Certain difficulties, however, in the cleaning of
gases by the dry process must be taken care of. The
author continues :
**Any screen type of cleaner which attempts to filter
out particles of dust and fume, even when the filtering
medium is not destroyed by the normal heats of the
blast furnace gas, must be sufficiently fine in nature to
present a hole smaller than the finest particle of dust
and fume going through in order to successfully remove
the objectionable solid material in the gas. If the
screen is so fine that it will remove the particles of fume,
the back pressure will be high and the screen will
clog up quickly. If the screen is designed with apertures
large enough to prevent any any considerable back pres-
sure, the fine particles of fume and dust will go through.
The problem, therefore, of screening the fume and dust
out of the blast furnace gas is not a simple one.
This same difficulty was encountered during the war
in the elimination of mustard gas, existing not in the
form of gas, but in the form of dust and fume of a very
fine nature. When the mask was made with a filter fine
enough to keep all of the mustard gas out, breathing
was exceedingly difficult. When the mask was made
to make breathing easy, mustard gas fume at times
penetrated the mask. The American Chemical Warfare
Service, at the time of the Armistice, had developed an
apparatus for removing the danger due to the in-
breathing of mustard gas and the difficulty of breathing
through a very closely packed filter. The apparatus
which the Service decided to try out was exactly in
principle, the one knid of apparatus that is now being
applied to dust and fume collection from blast furnace
gases."
Handling of Hot Gases
It is very evident on further thought that conditions
arise when the gas is very hot and it is impossible to
utilize any system of dry cleaning without destroying
the cleaning medium; for instance, in the manufacture
of ferromanganese, the gases discharging from the fur-
naces have temperatures running as high as 1500*" F.
As steel glows redhot at temperatures of this kind,
some necessity arises for cooling the gas to such a point
that destruction of the steel does not take place. As a
matter of fact, both at Dunbar and Sheridan, where
ferromanganese is made, the problem has been a very
serious one.
It has not been question of whether the cleaner could
operate or not as such temperatures, but simply of
whether steel could maintain its strength or not under
such conditions of stress. As all steel men well know,
the strength of steel drops very rapidly with the in-
crease of temperature, tmtil at about ISW the strength
is less than one-quarter of the original strength. Some
means must be devised to cool the gases to such a
point that they may be safely passed through the cleaner,
this problem is not at all present in furnaces manu-
facturing pig iron as the temperatures rarely run over
four to five hundred degrees, and even in exceptional
cases, they rarely run over 700 to 900 d^rees. Steel
can be made to stand this strain.
With the hotter gases, however, it is necessary to de-
sign coolers that will function without the addition of
moisture to the gases. If it is desirable, to cool the gas
which is as high as 1300"" F. to a temperature between
400 and 500 degrees, so as not to lose the sensible heat
which is present in the gas at this lower temperature,
care must be taken not to add water for cooling purposes
as the amoimt of water present when the gas is saturated
at 400"" is so great that it would seriously handicap
combustion in the stoves and boilers. A cooler therefore
must be of such a type that the heat is transferred from
the gas into the water through tubes and not by direct
contact.
Electrical Gas Cleaning
The electrical cleaning of gases, as developed several
years ago by Dr. F. G. Cottrell, is a very simple process
making use of a few fundamental facts in physics.
The principle involved is not a difficult one and can
most easily be understood by conceiving of a gas passing
through an invisible electrical screen not woven of wires,
but woven of lines of electrical force.
The gas is conducted through a vertical pipe. It
enters from the bottom of the pipe and issues from the
top. An electrode chain or wire is suspended vertically
in the exact center of the pipe and held taut by a weight
at the bottom. This electrode is charged with high ten-
sion direct current. It therefore must be suspended on
the proper insulators, designed for the potential. The
pipe itself is grounded. When the dirty gas passes
through the pipe and comes within the intiuence of the
charged electrode, it becomes ionized. As the electrode
is negatively charged and has a corona discharge due
to the high potential impressed upon it, the ionization
of the gas is rapid and thorough. Immediately upon
being charged, the dust and fume particles are repelled
by the electrode and are deposited on the sides of the
pipe.
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The problem in electrical precipitation is to regulate
the vertical force due to gas velocity so that it is not
too great and to regulate the horizontal force due to the
electrical charge so that it is sufficiently great to form
a resultant which will precipitate the particles of dust
upon the side of the pipe. The particle of dust does
not stick to the side of the pipe because of the mag-
netism caused by the corona discharge and gas flow.
The dust particle sticks to the side of the pipe because
it is held there fast by the resultant electrostatic force
that is acting upon it throughout the entire period of
operation, as though a finger had extended diagonally
from a piont on the electrode and pinned the particle of
dust to the side of the pipe, holding it there without
letting go. The control of the velocity or vertical force
lies, of course, in the design being of sufficient cross
sectional area. To get the horizontal force necessary
for precipitation and adhesion is a question of design
of electrical equipment. The voltage that can be im-
pressed on the electrode is limited by the gap between
the side of the pipe and the electrode. The force varies
inversely as the square of the distance between the object
to be precipitated and the electrode.
Results Obtained by Electrostatic Separation
The result obtained both at Sheridan and at Dunbar
have been satisfactory. At Sheridan, particularly, the
precipitators have been operating continuously, collect-
ing approximately 5000 lbs. of dust per day from ap-
proximately one-half of the gas output of a 250-ton
furnace.
This dust is extremely fine in nature and ignites on
exposure to air. It has consequently been impossible
to determine the fineness of the dust as it sinters as soon
at it is dumped and screen tests taken after the dust has
cooled off do not indicate the condition of the dust when
collected.
When tests were made on the Dtmbar plant, running
on pig iron, before it was turned on ferromanganese, the
indications were that the precipitator could clean ordi-
nary gases from a pig iron furnace to less than one-tenth
of a grain. The two plants now running have clearly
indicated that electrical precipitation is on the right
road as an effective method of cleaning gases from blast
furnaces.
J$ J$ J$
Reclaiming Old Natural Gas Mains
A Valuable Suggestion for the Use of Old
Screw Joint Pipe Lines When Necessary
to Abandon Through Failure of Supply
[Contributed]
THE 10-inch wrought iron gas main, shown in the
illustrations was originally laid for natural gas and
was dug up, after lying buried for 26 years, for
replacement with a pressure main to carry manufactured
gas. On examining the old pipe it was found to be in
good condition excepting where the screwed joints had
been weakened by corrosion. As the pipe was of the
same diameter required for the new main, it was de-
cided to reclaim the sound portions of the old pipe sec-
tions and use them so far as possible in reconstructing
the line.
The process was very simple, consisting merely of
cutting away the old screwed joints with an oxy-acety-
lene torch and butt-welding the salvaged sections. This
was done and the rejuvenated main was found adequate
in every way for carryng the working pressure required.
Considering the dimensions of the pipe and the extent
of the line, the saving that resulted from the reclamation
was an item of no small importance. As the cost of
jointing the sections was practically the same as that
which would have been necessary to make the con-
nections in new pipe, practically the entire cost of new
material was saved, it being necessary to deduct only
the inconsequential cost of cutting away the old cor-
roded joints.
Natural Gat Main Welded after Cattiiig Cat the Screwed Jointi
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370
THE GAS AGE
May 10. 1921
Gas Service Declared Essential
A Member of the Public Service Commission of Indi-
ana Discusses the Relation Between the Provider and
Recipient of Public Utility Service before Ind. Ass^n.
By GEORGE M. BARNARD, NewcasUc, Ind.
COOPERATION means working together. Both the
word and the idea are as old as time, but it is a
rather sad commentary upon our enlightenment
that this word and idea have not always been given the
appHcation to the lives of men for which they are
adapted and which they should always have.
We have travelled a long distance both in time and
ill experience from the days of Pharaoh when domina-
tion was the guide, and subjection was the load of those
who worked for others. Domination is a one-sided prop-
osition. It involves arbitrary power upon the one hand
which gives no heed or consideration to the feelings or
the welfare of any save and except alone those who
hold the power and who are so situated by virtue of
superior strength that they can command the obedience
of others without reference to whether those commands
be right or wrong. Upon Pharaoh and his people many
painful lessons had to be visited before this ruler would
yield himself to give any consideration to those he was
driving by the lash to do his bidding.
Our first duty is to the state to see to it that in our
affairs we so arrange our dealings and conduct our-
selves that we can render the greatest service and cause
the least concern. This is to be accomplished : First by
understanding the situation of others and second by
endeavors upon the part of every man to give heed
to those things which concern and have to do with the
welfare, comfort, and the well being of others.
Efficiency in Human Relations
For several years we have worked overtime the word
"efficiency." Those operating a large business, have
insisted that all those in their employ or under their
direction should have the maximum of efficiency, in
order that their business should have the maximum of
return and prosperity.
We may talk of mental efficiency, muscular efficiency
and intellectual efficiency, but there is a kind of efficiency
without which there can never be the proper relation be-
tween men and their dealings. That is soul efficiency,
and I undertake to say that if men would insist more on
that kind of efficiency, that which they call muscular
and intellectual efficiency would soon take care of itself.
We must get more of the human element into our every-
day living and work.
This is a practical workaday world in which we live,
and yet men's hearts and hopes and dreams and as-
pirations will always be the same, no matter what their
physical surroundings may be. One cannot get as much
service out of an unhappy and discontented man as
from one who is made happy and contented in his sur-
roundings, and one cannot get as much service from a
man who is driven to his tasks as from a man who is
made to feel that he works with you and not for you.
Public Utility Service Indispensable
There should, at all times, be a feeling that each is
indispensable to the welfare of the other. You men
who sell gas are dependent for your livelihood upon the
people who take it from you, and it is necessary, in
order that the people live comfortably and get the
most out. of life in the condiKt of their homes and busi-
nesses, that they have your product; therefore, there
is created, because of that indispensable situation which
exists for one as much as the other, the necessity for
mutual understanding and the necessity for each side
to appreciate the situation of the other, as well as to
yield to the other whatever is fair, just and reasonable,
just as two individuals applying the Golden Rule would
conduct themselves toward each other.
Men engaged in the utility business cannot, in the
operation of such concerns, detach themselves from the
public. An institution which holds itself out as a com-
mon provider of a product or service which has to do
with the living and comfort of the people, becomes a
public servant and interests itself in a different way
than those who produce an article not so indispensable.
Relations With the Public
It has not been so many years ago that utilities were
in pretty general disrepute throughout the cotmtry, and
that was occasioned very largely by the attitude ex-
pressed by the phrase, "the public be damned." Time and
experience have demonstrated that any utility which
would survive must bear in mind that it cannot survive
without the support and the patronage of the people;
the people, upon the other hand, must appreciate and
understand that in order for them to have flie comforts
which are furnished by the utilities, that they must not
deny to the utilities what is reasonably necessary in the
way of returns upon their endeavors.
The utility industry is not an old business, if it may be
called a business, and yet there is invested in this country
alone more than fifteen billions of dollars in public utili-
ties. Men have invested large fortunes in these wonder-
ful properties and their investments, in most instances,
have been well made; and now, by virtue of a better
understanding, and by the creating of public service
and public utility commissions throughout the country,
both the utilities and the people have been greatly
benefitted.
Judgment of the Common People
I have always had a wonderful confidence in the
ultimate judgment of the common people, and after all,
most of us fall within that class. I believe it was Mr.
Lincoln who said, "God must have loved the common
people, for he made so many of them." And I have
always had confidence in the equity of the common
people and in their fairness, and I believe that the
great majority of the people are grateful for what they
have and what they get in life.
In connection with the subject as it touches utility
men, I believe that the oeople generally are grateftil
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May 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
371
and appreciate endeavors to supply them with a com-
modity which adds to their comfort, and that in the
great majority of cases they are always willing that
utilities shall have such compensation for what they
render as will enable them to make a fair and reason-
ably proper return upon investment, and provide those
who are near and dear to the operators with those things
for which their hearts crave.
By the same token of human feeling I believe that the
utility man is happy in his ability to provide the people
with the product which he sells so that he may add to
their comfort and welfare. We are all coming more
and more to the realization that there is more in the
consciousness of having rendered a distinctive service,
than in any other kind of a return.
I have come here as a member of the Public Service
Commission of Indiana. This body, a creation of the
people's will, having only such powers as have been
expressly delegated to it by the people through legis-
lative enactment, sits aS; an impartial determinative
body, clothed with rather large authority with reference
to all matters which aflfect public utilities and their re-
lation to the people. It is the high purpose of this Com-
mission to measure* justice with as exact precision be-
tween the utility and the people at it is possible for
human endeavor to do, to the end that both the people
and the utility shall, in their relationships one with the
other, have under the law, that which is just, fair and
reasonable.
Something Wrong
The Bulletin of the National City Bank of New York
for March contained the following comments upon the
economic balance between the various elements enter-
ing into our social organization from which we take
the following:
"It is a common declaration in these days, uttered
usually with an air of profundity, that there must be
something radically wrong with society, that millions
of people should be out of work, millions more unable
to sell their products and millions suffering want. Since
something is assumed to be radically wrong it presum-
ably follows that something ought to done about it,
and the talkers generally are ready to do it, although the
ideas of such people as to what should be done are ex-
ceedingly vague.
"It is admitted that something is radically wrong.
It is wrong that great numbers of people should be so
ill-informed about economic affairs that instead of
acting in a manner calculated to secure co-operation and
stability they use their influence to break down the
delicately balanced industrial organization and create
confusion and disorder. The modem industrial or-
ganization is dependent upon intelligent, voluntary, har-
monious co-operation on the part of all the people.
It requires that the people shall distribute themselves
according to choice in the various industries, and so
direct their individual policies as to keep the industries
in balance and accomplish a ready exchange of prod-
ucts.
"If through mistaken ideas of self-interest they or-
ganize themselves into groups, either national groups,
class groups, or occupational groups, and become so
intent upon forwarding group interests that they lose
sight of the necessity for general co-operation, the whole
modem system of highly-developed industry will break
down. It will be strangled by too much organization.
There is indeed something radically wrong with society,
and this is it/'
Conservation
Among the ways in which natural gas companies can
practice conservation is the reclaiming of old material
which might otherwise go into scrap or out of the busi-
ness. In doing this the blowpipe has been found effec-
tive and a saver of material, time and money. The il-
lustration shows a natural gas main which was taken
Reclaimed Natural 6a8 Hain Welded
up and found tight except at the screwed joints. The
threads were much rusted and so the joint was cut out
with a cutting blowpipe and the ends welded together
and relaid for the distribution of high pressure manu-
factured gas. This is not offered as a remarkable ex-
ample of how this class of work is done but rather
something which is within the possibilities of every
natural gas company in the country. The outfit is port-
able, compact and reasonably inexpensive.
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372
THE GAS AGE
May 10, 1921
Plan for Gas Utility Control
The President of the Indiana Coke and Gas
Company Develops a Plan which Considers
the Rights of Both the Company and Public
By WARREN S. BLAUVELT, Tcrre Haute, Ind.
FOR several years the gas man has been too busy
maintaining service under trying conditions to give
the necessary time and attention to the study of the
ultimate causes of his troubles. The proximate causes
have been obvious, costs increasing faster than revenue,
public opposition to the granting of adequate rates,
and regulations which generally enhance the cost, and,
in some cases, interfere with efficient service. Possibly
the ultimate cause of the gas man's trouble is the failure
of the public he serves and of the political bodies which
control his activities, to make proper use of the fun-
damental law of all voluntary human activity, which is :
Men Strive to Satify Their Desires by the
Methods which Seem Least Repugnant
This law, like the law of gravity, always works, but,
as in the case of all natural laws, the resulting phenomena
vary with the environment. To illustrate, gravity ex-
erted upon a block of wood causes it to remain at rest
upon a table, to fall if moved off the edge of the table,
and to rise if released at the bottom of a tank of water.
Here we have three dissimilar phenomena, each the
result of the same natural law acting upon the same
object in a different environment.
Constitutional and statute law determine the economic
environment in which the gas industry functions. The
gas consumer, the gas company executive, as well as the
gjis house terrier, the city official, the public utility com-
missioner, the investor in gas stocks and bonds, and the
owner of land in or adjacent to the territory served by
the gas utility, each and all react in this environment in
perfect harmony with the fundamental law. Each strives
to satisfy his desires in the way which seems least repug-
nant.
History teaches the truth of the saying of Marcus
Aurelius that "what is bad for the hive is not good for
the bee." Unfortunately, comparatively few have yet
learned this truth that the common welfare is superior
to individual gain, and that any apparent gain to the
individual or to the group arising from injury to others,
ultimately reacts upon the individual or group which
temporarily profits at the expense of others.
Fundamentals of Service
In order to solve any problem permanently, or even
to make real progress toward its permanent solution,
it is desirable to have clearly in mind an ultimate ideal
which appeals to the natural instincts and beliefs of all
as just, even though to hard-headed practical men, it
may appear visionary and unattainable.
Few will dissent from the proposition that the
ultimate ideal in gas service is the establishment of such
conditions that the best service at the lowest possible
price to consumers would be permanently secured, that
no one could secure for himself any benefit for which
he did not pay an equitable price, and that no one would
be required to render any service for which he would
not receive an adequate reward.
This statement is of such a general nature that it
would be endorsed by gas consumers desiring better
service or lower rates, by a Gas Company desiring
higher rates and less regulation, by the imderwriter of
gas bonds, or by employes desiring an increase of wages.
Like a plank in a political platform, it means nothing
without further definition.
What is meant by the best service? What, at any
time or place, is the lowest possible price, and how
could it be determined? What is an equitable price,
and how could it be established? What is an adequate
reward for each kind of service involved, and what are
these various services? K these questions can be an-
swered satisfactorily, possibly a start, at least, could be
made toward the attainment of the ideal.
Time will not permit a full discussion of what con-
stitutes the best gas service. Every gas man knows
that uniformity of heating value and of pressure are
vastly more important than the caloric power of the gas,
that candle power standards involve a cost far excee<£ng
the value thereof to the consumer, and that the standard
of heating value should vary with local conditions.
Monopolies
We have not yet learned any more accurate way of
determining the lowest possible price than by free com-
petition. Under free competition, there will be no
groimd for criticism against resulting prices. Our pres-
ent system of governmental control of the gas industry
is based upon the theory that the gas business is mo-
nopolistic in its nature, and hence must be controlled by
the government to prevent exploitation of the public
by those who control this monopoly.
Wherever men have secured a monopoly, whether
partial or complete, of any commodity, service or op-
portunity, necessary to or greatly desired by others, act-
ing in harmony with the fundamental law of action,
they have utilized such monopolistic control for their own
benefit at the expense of those who required the com-
modities, services, or opportunities which tiiey con-
trolled. It was easier for the monc^olist to satisfy his
desires by extorting from his victims than by serving
them. The natural reaction of the victim has always
been to denounce his oppressor.
A more effective plan would be to abolish the monop-
oly, the existence of which made possible his oppres-
sion. But this requires intellectual effort which is dis-
tasteful to the vast majority. The evils have arisen not
because of the bad character of the monopolist, as as-
serted by sensational newspapers and political agitators,
but because of the economic environment established
by legislation, which permits the monopolistic control
of services, commodities and opporttmities.
Gas Company as a Monopoly
A gas company conducts three distinct kinds of busi-
ness. It runs a chemical manufacturing business, all
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May 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
373
the products of which, except gas, are sold in the open
competitive market. Both its raw materials and labor
must be obtained under prevailing competitive condi-
tions. In order to operate most economically, the man-
agement must be free to take advantage of markets
and of improvements in apparatus and of processes,
and its success under the competitive conditions govern-
ing all of its activities, except the sale of gas, is de-
pendent upon the technical skill and business ability
of its management in purchasing raw materials, manu-
facturing and selling all of its products save gas.
The gas company also conducts a merchandising busi-
ness, in which gas is sold in competition with all other
forms of energy, subject, however, to the price limita-
tions and other regulations established by the Govern-
mental controlling body. The most important part of
this division of the business, in most communities, has,
for several years, been the strictly competitive field;
the superior efficiency of gas, and its greater convenience
have resulted in the displacement by gas of other forms
of fuel for many purposes, both domestic and industrial.
The vast development of the industry has been due
primarily to its increasing utilization in competition with
other forms of energy. This development has resulted
in harmony with the ftmdamental law. The constuner of
gas fotmd that he could better satisfy his desire by
using gas than by using coal, wood or oil. Gas vendors
could most readily satisfy their desire for added profits
by economical operation, efficient service and lower rates.
Under competition the natural law has produced socially
beneficient phenomena, efficient service, economically
performed at a fair rate that was sufficiently profitable
to insure permanency of service.
The third type of business conducted by the gas com-
pany, however, is radically different from its manufac-
turing and merchandising activities. The gas company
owns and maintains pipe lines for the transportation of
gas from the works to the consumer's premises. This
function, very curiously, was, for a while, considered
by the general public to be competitive. Paralled com-
peting highways for the transportation of gas were
encouraged in many citie^s, and still exist in a few places.
Experience has shown clearly, however, that competition
in this highway function, always resulted in unnecessary
capital investment and consequently in ultimately higher
prices for gas service, even though abnormally low
prices might prevail during the period when the two
undertakings were determining which was to survive.
The public and most gas managers quite mistakenly
assumed that because the gas distribution system is
naturally a monopoly, therefore the gas industry, as a
whole, is monopolistic; and the public, not unnaturally,
concluded that, in harmony with the natural law, the gas
company, if free, would attempt to satisfy its desires
for large financial returns by extorting excessive prices
through its control of the highway, rather than by the
presumably more arduous method of increasing the
volume of sales by better service and lower rates.
Is it not at least possible that a gas undertaking could
be so organized that the monopoly feature of the bus-
iness would be eliminated, and that the advantages of
actual or potential competition might then be realized
by investors, employes and consumers?
Who Are Financially Interested
There are really four economic groups who are in-
terested financially in the gas business. There are the
investors, of two classes, bondholders and shareholders ;
employes, also of two classes, managers or executives,
and wage earners ; consumers, who are of many classes,
so far as the kind of service required is concerned, and
last of all, and of the utmost importance in studying this
subject though usually overlooked in its consideration,
the owners of the land in or adjacent to the territory
served by the gas distribution system.
Investors. The purchasers of gas company bonds
serve the community by their thrift in saving money
rather than by spending it, so that their funds are avail-
able for such part of the investment in the industry as
may be considered to be practically free from hazard,
both as to principal and interest. The equitable reward
to the bondholder is, in addition to the security of his
investment, such a rate of interest as will, in the open
market, under practically all conditions, induce enough
people to save their money and buy gas bonds, at, or a
little above, par, to insure the possibility, at all times,
of securing the funds for useful and necessary permanent
construction.
The equitable reward to the stockholder includes, in
addition to the rate paid to the bondholder a high
enough dividend, under ordinary conditions, to reward
him for his assumption of risk in supplying the funds
for working capital and for a fair proportion of the cost
of permanent plant. The shareholder assumes the
responsibility, through his elected representatives,
of determining company policies, and he asstunes
the natural hazard attending their success. The rate
of dividend, which may be equitable, will vary with the
time, the place and the hazards of the business.
The bondholder invests in bonds because, in this way,
he believes that he can satisfy his major desire for
security and his lesser desire for income better than by
any other means. The stockholder purchases his stock
rather than bonds because his confidence in his own
judgment leads him to believe that he can thus satisfy
his desire for income and security better than by any
other investment.
Employes. Employes of the gas company, whether
executives or wage earners, also act in harmony with
the fundamental law. The executive is there because,
on the whole, he gets more satisfaction out of his job
than he thinks he could get from any other job obtain-
able. This satisfaction arises from many causes ; in the
higher positions the financial return is generally sec-
ondary to the satisfactions obtained from achievements
in leadership of his subordinates, in service of his con-
sumers, and in protecting the financial interests of his
investors.
The wage earner works for the gas company for ex-
actly the same reason, but as his income therefrom is
very much nearer the minimum necessary for subsist-
ence, the wage rate is, in most cases, a far more im-
portant element in keeping him on the job than in the
case of the executive officer. Adequate and equitable
financial rewards for executive and for wage earner
alike are best determined under free competition in the
labor market.
Uninterrupted gas service is, however, of such im-
portance to the general public that the assured income
to every one engaged in the service should be high
enough to attract to the industry, at all times, men who
have not only the necessary qualifications of body and
mind, but who also have that keen sense of responsi-
bility to the public, which will inspire them to maintain
service, even under the most difficult circumstances.
Consumers. The gas consumer, like the others, also
acts inharmony with the fundamental law by trying to
satisfy his desire for gas service by the method which
seems least repugnant, that is, a lower price. It is the
job of the gas salesman to show the prospective customer
that he can satisfy his desires more fully by using gas
at the prevailing price than by using some other form
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THE GAS AGE
May 10, 1921
of energy. After the prospect becomes a customer, then
it is the customer's desire to have the service improved,
the price reduced, or both.
As there is but one company able to render this ser-
vice, although the gas service under existing rates
actually satisfies his desires better than any other
form of energy available, he naturally is prone to suspect
that the gas company, having a monopoly through its
distribution system, is charging him an excessive price ;
politicians, reformers and many newspapers lead him
to favor Government control to protect him from ex-
ploitation. So naturally regulation is established, but
the highway monopoly and the vested right of land
owners continues.
Regulation involves expensje and inevitably tends
to divert the activities of the gas manager from the
productive and service functions of the industry to
political activities. Under government regulations, the
gas manager is less inclined to progressive work in
developing the industry. Any improvement which he
develops to reduce costs is followed by a reduction in
price.
All experimental work involves considerable risk; if
he undertakes such a risk and loses, the regulating body
is inclined to rule that money so spent should be charged
against the investors, and not against the service, where-
as, if the experiment succeeds, no reward therefor goes
to the investors who assumed the hazard, but tends to
be absorbed by the community. Hence, progress is
halted by public control, because the natural reward is
eliminated.
pavements and the sewer, and would be owned by the
public, having been paid for by a tax on the values
created by its presence. Being owned by the public,
there would, of course, be no taxes levied thereon, and,
like the pavement or the sidewalks, no tolls would be
collected for its use.
Of course, any such suggestion would meet with
strong opposition from land owners, or at least from
those whose functions as land owners overshadows their
functions as land users. Probably, however, less than
2 per cent of the population belong in this class. The
other 98 per cent are more interested in the use of land
than in its ownership.
The land owning class, of course, will react in harmony
with the natural law and uses all of its power to retain
its existing right to get something for nothing from the
service activities of the gas company.
The gas consumer also acts in harmony with the
natural law in trying to get good service at the lowest
possible cost, but he has not seen that his quarrel is
not with the gas company, but rather with the economic
environment of the business, for which he himself is,
in part, responsible.
Economic Environment
Existing legislation has established an economic en-
vironment in which the gas company operates, which
is essentially as follows :
1. The gas company owns, maintains, and pays taxes
on a gas highway which is a natural monopoly.
2. The gas company operates a manufacturing busi-
THE PLAN
1 — Public Ownership of Distribution System as a monopoly, investment return from taxation.
2 — Give the gas company free use of this gas distribution system.
3— Gas company to be regulated only in regard to discriminating rates and standards.
4 — ^Free use of distribution system subject to dispossess in favor of better service.
Land Owners. The statement of the ultimate ideal
in gas service prdvided that no one could secure benefits
for which he did not pay an equitable price and that
no one would be required to render any service for which
he would not receive an equitable reward. Wherever
gas service is needed, the construction of a distribution
system increases land values in the area affected by an
amount far exceeding the cost of such distribution sys-
tem. Under existing conditions, therefore, the land
owner secures a direct financial benefit for which he
neither pays a price nor performs any service. This is
a direct violation of the ethical principle that no one is
entitled to receive a benefit without paying the cost.
As in all cases where some get something for nothing,
at the other side of the equation are others who are
compelled to pay a price that exceeds the cost of what
they receive, or who render a service for which they are
inadeqtiately paid. In this particular case, the land
owner gets a higher price for his land if he sells it, or
a higher annual rent if he leases it, because of the
existence of the gas distribution system, for the con-
struction of which he, as land owner, contributed neither
service nor cash.
Is there any other way possible to establish the ideal
of no benefit without service than to assess the full
cost of the distribution system upon the land values
created by its existence ? Were this done, then the dis-
tribution system, or that part of it which is in the
streets, would be as much a public highway as the
ness mainly under competitive conditions, but regulated
as to the quality of one product, not by competition,
but by governmental agency.
3. The gas company operates a merchandising busi-
ness, mainly under competitive conditions, but subject
to control by governmental agency in the prices obtain-
able for its most important commodity.
4. Land owners in the territory served by a gfas com-
pany receive financial benefits accruing from the exist-
ence of the gas highway equal to or exceeding the
cost thereof, for which, as land owners, they make no
payment and render no service.
Politico-Economic Environment
The inevitable effects of the natural law governing
human action operating in this existing politico-economic
environment, have been as follows :
1. The monopolistic ownership of the gas highway
by a private corporation has increased the price of gas
to consumers by an amount sufficient to provide revenue
to cover interest, depreciation, maintenance and taxes
thereon, and has caused an irresistible demand for gov-
ernmental control of certain features of the Gas Com-
pany's manufacturing and merchandising operations.
2. Governmental control has increased the hazards of
the gas industry, enhanced the cost of service, diverted
the activities of gas- engineers and executives from pro-
ductive and service functions to non-productive political
and legal functions, and has han:q>ered the development
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May 10, 1921
THE GAS AOE
375
of the industry and the efficiency of its service to the
public. Gas investors have been injured by reduced
incomes and increased risks. Gas consumers ultimately
will be injured by poorer service and higher rates.
Gas engineers and executives have been injured by
the limitation of opportunities for progress, by the
partial elimination of incentives for advancing the art,
and by the reduction of the natural rewards for achieve-
ment in service. Men of exceptional qualifications are
not attracted to an industry denying reasonable freedom
of initiative.
3. The employment of government officials to r^-
ulate this industry has reduced the number of workers
who might otherwise be engaged in productive industry,
with the inevitable consequences of increasing both the
cost of living and the expense of government.
No adverse criticism of existing commissions nor of
their official actions is intended in the foregoing state-
ments,— quite the contrary ; they have performed, under
exceptionally trying conditions, vcjry useful services
which were made necessary by existing conditions. They
have prevented the exploitation of the public by utilities.
They have served investors by securing as close an ap-
proximation of adequate rates as has been politically
possible, and they have done work the value of which
connot be overestimated, in educating the public with
regard to the conditions under which continued service
by the utilities is possible.
The real question for leaders of public opinion is not
"How can the evils resulting from the existing politico-
economic environment of the gas industry be minimized
by legislation or administrative control?" but rather
"How can the politico-economic environment of the gas
industry be so altered, that existing evils, the inevitable
outgrowth of such environment will tend to be eliminated
through the automatic working of the same natural la,w
which produced them?"
The Proposed Plan
In this discussion, these evils have been traced to the
political control of a socially essential manufacturing
and merchandising business, — such political control made
necessary by the private ownership of the monopolistic
special highway required for the performance of its
most important service, which monopoly has grown out
of the vested right of the land owner to absorb the finan-
cial benefit arising from the construction of the gas
highway without paying for this construction. If this
analysis of the situation is correct, it appears at least
probable that the following suggestions, if carried into
effect, would so alter the economic environment of the
industry that the ideal suggested for the gas industry
would at least be approached.
1. Let the community purchase from the gas com-
pany, at a fair present valuation, the entire distribution
system, paying for the same by city bonds, the interest
on which, and a sinking fund for their retirement, are
to be provided by a tax levied solely on land values.
Thus the community would acquire ownership of the
monopolistic feature of the gas business and the cost
thereof would be paid by those who have received the
direct financial benefit arising from the existence of
this distribution system.
2. Allow the gas company the free use of this gas
highway, just as the coal dealer, the grocer, or any
other person, is allowed the free use of the street.
3. Eliminate governmental control of the gas com-
pany except in the following particulars :
(a) Prohibit discrimination in rates or service; this
is not to be interpreted as meaning that universal flat
rates should prevail r^ardless of fluctuations in de-
mand and of other considerations which affect the cost
of service.
(b) Provide that standards of gas service once es-
tablished should not be lowered, nor gas rates raised
without giving at least six months' notice in ad-
vance.
4. The free use of the distribution system by the
gas company would be always subject to the following
condition: The company rendering gas service would
have such rights, subject to being dispossessed on, say
18 months' notice, whenever responsible people might
come forward with a proposition satisfactory to the
established authorities and guaranteed by proper se-
curity, to render either better service, or satisfactory
service at lower rates.
Results of the Plan
Under such circumstances, the existing company could
best satisfy its desire to retain a profitable business by
rendering service of such quality and at such rates that
there would be no inducement for any other group of
responsible capitalists to offer to take over the business.
Obviously the existing company, as a going concern,
could render better service at a lower cost, than any
organization not yet formed, but should it attempt to
take an undue advantage of this situation by allowing
the service to deteriorate, or by charging such high rates
that earnings were in excess of the amounts necessary
to attract sufficient capital to the business, such a com-
pany would undoubtedly invite attack. Thus the rights
of investors and of the public would be automatically
protected. As good service is impossible without ca-
pable executives and faithful competent employes, and
as such men can be obtained and retained only by fair
treatment, their interests also would be safeguarded.
Such a politico-economic environment as is suggested
would substitute freedom for control; potential com-
petition for political regulation; competitive returns to
capital for limited, even though guaranteed dividend
rates. It would eliminate artificial hazards, stimulate
individual initiative, provide great rewards for great
service, and by a process of natural selection in fair
competition, eliminate the unfit. The public would get
better service and lower rates, and the field of gas service
would be indefinitely extended.
Doubtless this picture of a suggested future for the
gas industry appears visionary ; yet unless the premises
are faulty or the conclusions illogical, the vision could
be realized if all those who would be benefited thereby
should unite to work for it persistently.
Causes Influencing High Rate
In this connection, present tendencies and their prob-
able outcome, together with any possible alternatives
that may be suggested, should be carefully considered.
The vast majority having benefited by reductions in the
prices of most commodities, and having suffered re-
ductions in incomes, will not look with favor upon fur-
ther increases in rates, and probably will be insistent
upon reductions. But the necessity, in many places, for
increased gas rates, if adequate service is to be main-
tained, will continue unless and until :
1. Interest rates are reduced.
2. The cost of mining coal is reduced.
3. Freight rates are reduced.
4. Taxes are reduced.
5. The price of gas oil is on a permanently lower
basis.
6. The cost of construction is reduced.
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THE GAS AGE
May 10, 1921
Failure to secure relief from existing conditions will
cause increasing injury to gas investors, deterioration
in gas service and increasing dissatisfaction on the part
of the public; in the absence of a workable plan for
remedying the situation equitably, a movement in favor
of municipal ownership and operation may develop
which will be politically irresisible, and result in the un-
settlement of industry.
This movement may be retarded by negative oppo-
sition, but it can be permanently defeated only by an
aggressive practical program, the adoption of which
would insure progress toward the ideal of the best pos-
sible service at the lowest possible cost, with adequate
rewards to those who serve, and equitable rates for
service. Do the suggestions contained herein offer such
a program? If not, what are the other alternatives?
J$ J$ J$
Views by Chief Engineer
Views by the Chief Engineer of the Board of Public
Utilities of Los Angeles which Works in Harmony with
California R. R. Com. on All Public Service Matters
By H. Z. OSBORNE, JR., Los Angeles, Cal.
ENGINEERS of the California Railroad Commis-
sion and of the Los Angeles City Board of Public
Utilities, as well as of all similar boards through-
out the country, appreciate the fact that the stock and
bonds of public utilities corporations are owned by the
public. The general policy that has been adopted by
these regulatory bodies is that capital must be encour-
aged to invest in these corporations so that the public
can be adequately and continuously served with the util-
ities, such as telephones, electricity and gas, distributed
by the companies.
To this end, a standard of values has been generally
established by the regulatory bodies, such as the State
Railroad Commission, in co-operation with the Los An-
geles Board of Public Utilities. The efforts of the en-
gineers are directed to the sole question of ascertaining
and checking up the statements on which these estimates
of values of the properties and cost of production, oper-
ation and management, are based.
We ascertain the historical cost of the companies'
properties, depreciated, to the end that a reasonable re
turn on the investment shall be returned to the com-
panies on all property and equipment rendering useful
and efficient service. We examine the financial condition
of the corporations to ascertain whether the management
and system under which they operate is administered
economically and efficiently, and this is equally to the
interest of the stockholders and of the consuming public.
Economies in the operation and management sugges-
ted by the State Commission and the City Board to the
Los Angeles Railway have resulted in saving hundreds
of thousands annually, which, considering the existing
rate of fare, determined as aforesaid, operates benefi-
cially, both to the corporation and to the public, and our
recommendations were adopted both by the utility and
the public through legislative action of the regulatory
bodies, and have been carried out in a spirit of hearty
co-operation.
A similar survey is now being carried out covering the
entire system of the Pacific Electric Railway.
Beneficial Effect of Regulation
Experience with the local public utility companies
demonstrated the fact that economies of far-reaching
importance are possible, generally through a drastic
change in the system and methods of the public utility,
impossible of fulfillment without the complete co-oper-
ation of the regulatory bodies, the general public, and
the utilities involved.
The regulatory bodies ask their engineers to secure
from the public all of the definite information they can
secure as to actual service conditions. Are your tele-
phone, gas and electric bills, in your opinion, fair? Is
the gas supplied you of sufficient heating value? These
are the type of questions we ask the general public, and
we invite all specific information we can secure so that
the regulatory bodies can keep costs and rates on a basis
that will render, on the one hand, a fair return on the
investment to the thousands of stockholders of these
companies and on the other, to give the public good ser-
vice.
This is the general foundation upon which public util-
ity regulation is based. The engineers of the State Rail-
road Commission and Board of Public Utilities are en-
gaged at the present time in a neutral and disinterested
investigation of the affairs of the Los Angeles Gas and
Electric Corporation, the Southern California Gas Com-
pany and the Southern California Telephone Company
Much good may result if sufficient time and appropri-
ations are granted the engineers to make as thorough an
investigation as was made of the Los Angeles Railway.
The results of these latter investigations are to be laid
before the State Railroad Commission at the coming
hearings in Los Angeles on the applications of these
companies for increase in rates.
Engineers Rely upon Facts Only
Clamor and agitation on the part of any group have
no part in these investigations. Engineers are not propa-
gandists, neither are the members of the State Rail-
road Commission or of the Board of Public Utilities.
The interests of the public and of the corporations are
identical, which is generally understood and recognized
in these days. In general, we meet with the complete
co-operations of the utility corporations in our search
for the facts. These are the days of publicity, of frank,
open dealings between the corporations and their cus-
tomers, the public, and the latter is entitled to know and
to know accurately, all essential facts pertaining to any
application for an increase in public utility rates. Peo-
ple want good service from their utility corporations,
and are willing to pay a fair rate for it.
An antagonistic attitude on the part of the regulatory
boards, toward either the public or the corporations,
would ruin the board's efficiency and the reputation of
regulatory boards and commissions for fair dealings to
all parties concerned. I am confident that the State
Commission and the City Board of Public Utilities un-
?uestionably have a reputation in the mind of the public
or trying to impartially serve the interests of all of
the people all of the time.
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May 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
377
Blue Gas in Domestic Appliances
Opening of a Discussion upon the Pos-
sibilities of Substituting Blue Water Gas
for City Gas in Domestic Appliances
By A. J. HUSTON, Irvington, N. J.
IN analyzing the manufacturing cost only the plant
operation cost will be considered as the distributing
system is such a varying quantity and offers further
complex problems.
Suppose we take an actual test for one day of a plant
having two water gas generators of late type without
waste heat boilers, each capable of delivering 90,000 cu.
ft. per hour:
10.87 tons Coke at $9.00 per ton $ 97.83
36.04 M. lbs. steam to generator at 0.80 28.83
27.195 M. lbs. steam to blower at 0.80 21.75
4000 cu. ft. water at 1.15 4.60
Labor 42.60
Maintenance 5.00
Depreciation and taxes 17.00
Total $ 217.61
Total gas generated 626,000 cu. ft.
Cost per cu. ft 34.6c
The average analysis of this gas is as follows :
Per Cent
Carbon dioxide, CO, 6.4
Oxygen, O, 0.3
Carbon Monoxide, CO 39.1
Hydrogen, H, 49.3
Methone, CH^ 0.8
B.t.u. per cu. ft 298.
Relative to the applications of this gas to domestic
appliances would say to my knowledge this has never
been attempted and the following information may be
helpful to any person attempting its use.
Use of Blue Gas in Appliances
To begin with, a burner was taken from a gas stove
equipped to burn city gas at 600 B.t.u. This burner had
five holes 5/16" in diameter which served the purpose
of burner nozzles. The gas was delivered to the burner
by a spud 3/32" in diameter.
On the assumption that the gas to be used was 300
B.t.u. gas, we can double the area of the spud and obtain
the same- heating value. Consequently, a 5/32^' (being
the nearest size drill obtainable) hole was drilled in the
spud. With this arrangement it was impossible to light
the burner without back fire regardless of the size of
spud.
To remedy this trouble, one at a time of the burner
holes were sealed off until lighting of the burner was
possible. This required three of the five to be sealed
off. With the areas of the two remaining holes in mind
the five holes were tapped and plugged and drilled with
11/64" drill. No difficulty was then experienced in
lighting the burners.
Comparative Cost of City Gas and Blue Gas
To get an idea of the cost of this change and advis-
ability of such action let us assume that we have a layout
supplying domestic appliances using 34,777 cu. ft. of city
gas per hour. By assuming 540 B.t.u. as the calorific
value of city gas, the actual calorific value of blue water
gas being 300 B.t.u., we would have to use 62,600 cu. ft.
water gas to obtain the same heat value at the cost of
24.6c per M. which amounts to $21.65. Assuming $1.40
per M. as the cost of city gas we have $48.67 for the
total cost of city gas as compared with $21.65 for water
gas. This amounts to a saving of $27.02 per hour, or
55%. The saving per month would amount to $8,106.00
or $97,272.00 per year.
Estimated Labor and Material Charge to Make Changes
on Burners
60 ranges-
Add 10%
-780 burners— 2340 hrs. at 0.80
$1904.00
190.40
Total cost of changing over $2094.40
The total expenditure amounting to $2094.40 could
be paid for by the saving of $27.02 per hour in 78 hours
or (in an eight hour day) ten days approximately, leav-
ing a total saving thereafter of 55%.
This article is intended to create a discussion among
gas engineers on the possibility and advisability of
using uncarburetted water gas as a fuel in domestic ap-
pliances.
The writer is deeply interested in this subject and
would feel gratified if a lively interest were taken in
this subject.
Clinkering
Although clinker difficulties may be partly eliminated
by the methods suggested, it is doubtful if they can be
entirely eliminated, in that manner. When green fuel
is charged into the generator, the lumps work their way
to the wall and the fines pile up in the center. Thus
the resistance to the passage of air through the fire
increases in the middle of the generator while it decreases
toward the wall. The tendency is for the fuel at the
wall to burn more rapidly and to clinker on the wall,
forming what are termed "edgings." The tendency for
blowholes to form is greater at the wall than else-
where. To mitigate these troubles, the author suggests
that:
1. The generator lid be made large enough to permit
the use of a fuel spreader that will efficiently spread
the fuel.
2. An efficient fuel spreader be used.
3. Consideration be given the shape of wall in the
design of a new generator.
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Editorial
Natural Gas
Value
> 'Let the great world spin forever down the rincinc grooves of change"— Tennyson "Bvcrything is worth what its purchaser win pay for it"— Publiliiis
The value of natural gas produced has been increasing
steadily notwithstanding the talk about exhausting the
supply. The last complete statistics issued refer to the
natural gas used in 1918, giving a value of $153,553,560
compare with this the value ten years previously, $54,-
640,374 and $15,296,813 in 1898. Nevertheless the dan-
ger of exhaustion is real and inevitable and as this oc-
curs, provisions must be made to give service notwith-
standing anything to the contrary. Thjs means manu-
facturing gas and that is the field which is covered by
this journal. Natural gas mjen will then be interested
in the same subjects our readers study and will be sub-
ject to the same regulation as well, so that gas standards
will be among the subjects they also will worry over.
Regulation is a good thing sometimes, but it is very
easy to get too much of it. In England they have a
Gas Regulation Act which is liberal in many ways but
John Whimster, in his recent president's address before
the Southern Gas Association at London, thought that
the unanimous opinion was that complete freedom should
be granted with no limitations imposed. There is much
thought being put upon the matter of limiting the field
of commission control to the public utility portion of
the business alone. When changing over from natural
gas, with all the advantage of selecting a process, ways
nuiy be considered by which the purely manufacturing
and commercial activities can be separated from the dis-
tribution of gas, which is really the only portion of the
business properly coming under the commission. Be-
cause a manufacturing plant sells gas to a public utility
company does not also make it a public utility ; neither
is a store selling gas a public utility. When organizing
new companies these things can be considered.
There was a time when natural gas only was the
source of income. Today we speak of natural gas by-
products, such as gasoline, etc. The gas also is con-
verted into other products on a large scale, such as car-
bon black, catalytic products, etc. As the industry pro-
gresses other activities will develop and the business be-
comes more and more complex, just as occurred in the
manufactured gas business. This means the taking on
of chemists and engineers and the marketing of products
heretofore unknown in that industry.
The future is full of new problems and these will
make the industry a recognized and important part of
our national activities. As these problems are solved
so will the men connected therewith receive credit in
measure. We all expect an interesting time during this
readjustment period and natural gas men will not be
the least among us.
"By reason of public utilities being more or less of a
monopolistic character, serving the public and affected
by the public interest and not subject to the laws of
supply and demand to the same extent as freely competi-
tive industries. Federal and State Governments have
passed laws restricting or limiting the earning power
to a fair return upon the value of that which is employed
for the public convenience. In other words, the funda-
mental purpose of regulation is to limit the powers of
these semi-monopolistic public utilities just as the pow-
ers of freely competitive enterprises are limited by eco-
nomic law. The effect of this is to set up what might be
termed a theoretical competitor through whose activi-
ties the utilities would become subject to the same eco-
nomic laws governing an ordinary freely competitive
commercial or industrial enterprise, and consequently,
in determining value, the same considerations are ap-
plicable.
"If r^fulation proceeds to a point at which the return
permitted the property devoted to a public use is less
than that available for money invested in a competitive
and unregulated industry (safety of investment being
equal), value is thereby impaired, property is taken with-
out just compensation and the public service is itself in-
jured as the extension of facilities is curtailed."
That is what the firm of Ford, Bacon and Davis de-
clared in its report to the New Jersey Valuation Com-
mission recently in the Public Service Railway 0>. con-
troversy. Assuming that values are established in open-
ly competitive fields by the prospective earning power
of the enterprise and that an assumed or "theoretical"
competitor is set up in monopolistic fields, why should
not prospective earning power in the latter case also be
the basis of value set forth to prospective investors?
The investor, without whom any business must fail, de-
pends upon the certainty of his return and unless this
is assured, he has no sympathy with such mere terms as
monopoly, public utility, special privilege, etc. Unless
the regulator can assure the investor that the return
upon his money will be certain and not curtailed, he will
have nothing to do with the enterprise.
As we progress in the new order of things we will
find that success will follow the safety assured to invest-
ment to a greater and greater degree and that those
communities which confiscate property belonging to
others without adequate compensation will be heading
straight for anarchy and barbarism. Since value de-
pends upon the extent and certainty of return upon the
investment in whatever form that return may be desired,
why complicate the subject with formulas and theoretical
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May 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
379
camouflage which simply serves to becloud the main is-
sue? With commissions to pass upon the necessity for
additional capital investment and with power to so or-
der the business that the compensation to capital be cer-
tain and adequate there should be no difficulty in run-
ning the business in a way to secure complete, adequate
and satisfactory service, which is, after all, the end to
be desired.
Stored Coal
"Unto every one that hath shall be given" — Matt. 25:29
The weekly production of bituminous coal at the end
of March was half of what it was at the beginning of
the year. The result of this has been to reduce coal
stocks for the year 1920, which although below the rec-
ord of 1918, had resulted in considerable coal storage.
An output of 556,000,000 tons of soft coal is large, even
for our enormous industrial demand. Also, the con-
sumption during the first quarter was one-fifth less than
for the same period a year ago and one-third less for
the month of March. This shows that consumers are
drawing upon stored coal and that this source of sup-
ply is decreasing although the supply is not as low as
it was at the middle of last summer.
According to the investigations of the U. S. Geologi-
cal Survey, while bituminous stocks have been decreas-
ing the supply of anthracite is on the upgrade for both
the consumer and dealer storage. While the stocks of
bituminous coal fell from 45,000,000 to 37,000,000 tons
during the first quarter of this year the stocks of anthra-
cite increased nearly 50 per cent, although dealers re-
cently reported less than two months' supply on hand,
and the assurance of abundance is by no means sure.
Among the consumers of bituminous coal the by-
product coke ovens are reported to have stocks on hand
sufficient to last one month, which is half of that on
hand during war-time conditions. The prospects are
that this month's supply will soon become a fortnight
instead. The public utilities have a more uniform de-
mand and are, better able to control their supply so that
their stores are more liberal; 102 coal gas plants re-
ported enough coal for nine weeks' operation. The Sur-
vey says that "the public utilities as a class have taken
advantage of the present opportunity to get coal easily
and quickly and are today in a strong position. Re-
tailers carry about four weeks' supply and railroads the
same, while tidewater stocks are piling up. The far-
sighted policy pursued by gas companies in obtaining
coal when it is easy to get is but another indication of
the excellent managerial ability which exists in the busi-
ness."
Business
"The darkest hour is just before dawn**— Provtrb
We are supposed to be passing through a period of
depression and are assured by the publicity or propa-
ganda we read that business is really in very bad shape.
Then we go out to get something to eat or to wear or use
and we pay nearly the same old prices, so we conclude
that not all of us seem subject to the same depression.
Nevertheless, optimism is general and the conviction
prevails that of all the nations engaged in the great con-
flict we are coming out of the after-effects sooner and in
better shape. Even today we are preparing for the
great business era of tomorrow and looking off into the
"promised land" with confidence and hopefulness.
A western house organ contains a refreshing contri-
bution upon this subject by E. T. Cregier who claims
that our basic wealth has increased and that we there-
fore do not suffer from lack of buying power nor through
over-production but rather from falling prices due to de-
ferred buying because "no one buys on a falling mar-
ket." But,' prices are being readjusted rapidly and, in
the near future buying will be forced by natural and
normal needs and "before we realize it we will have a
rising market. Everybody will be buying again" and
all too soon absorb the visible supply of things we ur-
gently need. This is not propaganda — it is common
sense.
Read the address by D. R. Crissinger, Comptroller of
the Currency, before the Washington meeting of the
Bankers' Association on April 26. He says we need to
put conscience into business and our work. We need to
work harder and save nwre. "Our economic evolution
will be a failure unless all the people begin now to put
their conscience into their business and their work. This
is absolutely necessary to bring about a correct under-
standing between those who serve and those who are
served. The time is coming when the business man must
give honest and full service for a fair reward
Manufacturers, jobbers, wholesalers, retailers, laborers,
all are in some sort of combination to frustrate the law
of economics ; each is out to 'get his' first." These com-
binations thus "have gotten prices of things to the point
where there is no relation between the cost of raw ma-
terials and cost of production and cost to the consumer —
no relation between value and selling price. Consumers
know this and are waiting." While they wait the shrewd
business man is providing against the next boost in
prices and buying now.
HATCHED OUT
A New Spring Chicken
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380
THE GAS AGE
May 10, 1921
Mr. Doherty Has Active Year
Cities Service Report Shows
Mid-Continent Natural Cas
and Oil Condition
New York — Cities Service has issued
its annual report for the year ending Dec.
31, 1920. Surplus after charges and pre-
ferred dividends amounted to $17,370,463,
equal to 43.09 a share earned on the
average amount of common stock out-
standing, as compared with surplus of
$13,135,590, or $39.09 a share in the pre-
vious year.
Henry L. Doherty in his remarks to
stockholders, says in part:
"During 1920 oil-producing subsidiaries
of your company completed 313 wells in
the Mid-Continent field, of which 192
were in Oklahoma, 59 of these being in
the Osage Reservation, 104 in Kansas,
and 17 in Texas. These completions, with
those of preceding years, demonstrated
the producing value of approximately 43,-
000 acres of leases, of which 30,000
acres were in Kansas. 11,000 acres
in Oklahoma and 2,000 acres in
Texas. Oil production of the year by
these subsidiaries was in excess of 13,-
600,000 barrels.
"In addition to your domestic produc-
tion, 2,528,840 barrels of oil were pro-
duced by associated Mexican companies
and 1,135,134 barrels were produced by
Empire Gas & Fuel Co. of Mexico, a sub-
sidiary of your company.
"Work of development by subsidiaries
of your company has resulted in largely
increasing the diversity of the sources
from which your oil production is de-
rived, and at the close of 1920 50% of the
high grade oil production of your com-
pany was being produced from pools in
Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas, other than
those in the older sections of Butler
County, Kansas.
"In Kansas new production during the
year was developed in the Rosalia, the
Teeter and the Virgil pools, demonstrat-
ing the value of many leases and insuring
a great potential production which will
take a long period to exhaust. In the
Elbing Field in Kansas, upon which de-
velopment was begun in 1919, producing
leases have to date yielded 16,000 bar-
rels of oil to the acre. In the older pools
in the El Dorado and Augusta Fields fur-
ther operating economies have been af-
fected by the installation of gravity col-
lecting systems in both fields, and the
construction of a central dehydrating
plant in the Augusta Field. Development
of these fields is proceeding satisfActor-
1918
1917
$22,280,067
$19,262,492
21,758,581
18.895,263
21,486,002
18,892,402
4,034,275
3712,695
17,451,727
15,179,706
Income account for the year 1920 compares as follows :
1920 1919
Gross earn $24,698,039 $19,977,551
Net aft exp 23,997,567 19,273,716
Bal. aft. chg 22,055.938 17,350,854
Divs. pf. stk. 4,685,475 4,215,264
Sur. for com 17,370,463 13.135.590
Combined statement of earnings of Cities Service and subsidiaries for year ending
December 31, 1920. compares as follows:
1920 1919 1918 1917
Gross earn $118,258,499 $91,398,946 $92,527,837 $69,634,872
Ex. tax, etc 82,115.809 62,202,483 61,099,616 44.180340
Net earn $36,143,690 $29,196,463 $31,428,221 $25,464,032
Interest 12,824,447 10,911,690 9.291,830 5.976.605
Net inc $23,319,243 $18,284,773 $22,136,391 $19,477,527
Pfd. divs 5.260.203 4.665,467 4,425,339 3,943.947
Surplus $18,059,040 $13,619,306 $17,711,052 $15,533,580
Balance sheet of the Cities Service Co.. as of January 10, 1921. compares as follows :
ASSETS
1921 1920
Plant & Inv $117,699,240 106,489,470
Em. subscrip 1,275,337 1,556,344
Capital stock in treas 3,361.344 2,170,389
Accts. rec 2.838.024 3.898,890
Bills rec 207,725 207.725
Rec. for sec 1.143,106
Coup'ns rec 553,563 912.506
Interest rec
Cash 2.244.059 5,550.943
Pfd. divs. rec 2.804.985 2.366,982
Earn due from sub. cos 26,631.089 15.429,230
Ad. sub. cos 55,780,443 55,077,653
Deb. fund inv 556,021 354,280
Adv. pay 1,968,644 1,572.892
Total $215,920,474 196,730,410
LIABILITIES
Com. stk ^$46,799,507 $40,039,245
Pfd. stock t78,531.911 75,465.664
Pfd. B stk. , 3.278,410 2.003,890
5% cv. bonds. Series A 30.898 38.806
7% cv. bds.. Series B t6,593,640 8.843.120
7% cv. bds., Series C §17,219,480 17,500,000
7% cv. bds.. Series D 1(3,050,000 1,216,070
Bills pay. acct. Lib. bonds
Stk. war 1,574 1.700
Accts. pay 263,074
Int. & Div. pay 33,613 13,094
Adv. from sub. cos 7,167,424 8,266,554
Cont. liab 1 1
Deb. fund 1.693.229 987,336
Cont. fund 1,378,993 515,823
Stock sur 1,607,721
Surplus res 9,479.501 7,273,907
Surplus 40,399,219 32,957.479
Total $215,920,474 196.730.410
1919
1918
$84,034,639
$84.624337
1.531.893
2.125763
4.618.216
6.609.293
l,23a086
1.449.087
1,825.725
507.725
14.815.508
1.711.250
319.755
284.009
1.057
21.045
5,479,936
2.191.552
1.894,626
1,535.189
13.488.083
11.931.618
46.958.257
21,574.653
156.345
805,349
5.998
177,159.475
134,571.519
$32,525,864
$32,122,464
70.363.700
69.311.375
45,018
12.500.000
17.500,000
408.860
2.141
30.132
7.106.327
1
390.862
749,240
2.281,707
5,538.821
27.716.802
50,917
540.000
6.582
133.W
749
8,598,694
1
910.108
4,692,164
3,390.221
14314.904
177.159.475 134.571.519
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May 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
381
U. G. I. Has Profitable Year
♦33,589 shares owned by company.
tl8,125 shares owned by company.
t46,100 owned by company.
§213,700 owned by company.
1118,200 owned by company.
ily following the program laid out sev-
eral years ago.
"In Oklahoma the principal feature of
the year was the development of the Sur-
ber and the Deaner pools. In the Osage
Reservation additional production was
developed on leases which have been held
in reserve for a number of years, as well
as on leases purchased at recent Govern-
ment sales. Recently a deeper producing
sand has been discovered in the Surber
pod, and this acreage may be expected
to repeat during 1921 its record of 1920.
Natural gas, as well as oil, has been fur-
ther developed on holdings in the Fox
pool.
"One of the profitable activities of your
companies is that of extracting gasoline
from natural gas. For the year 1920, 5,-
604,310 gallons of natural gas-gasoline
were marketed. The outlook for this
branch of business for 1921 is very en-
couraging as no decline in production of
present plants is expected. A new plant
is in process of construction which should
be in operation by July 1, producing from
5,000 to 8,000 gallons of gasoline a day.
"The public utility industry may well be
proud of progress made during 1920. De-
mands for service at the beginning of the
year exceeded all previous records while
^^perating problems, ^mrticularly Ihose re-
lating to fuel and labor costs, seemingly
were beyond control. The utility com-
panies of the country, working under a
fixed maximum return for service ren-
dered, but without any fixed maximum
return, were not in position to compete
with industrial corporations for new
capital required to extend their facili-
ties. Customers were demanding more
and more service which the companies
were unable adequately to supply with-
out large increases of plant capacity; the
plant increases could not be made with-
out large investments of new capital,
which in turn could not be obtained with-
out increases in service rates sufficient
to provide for interest and sinking funds,
together with eventual payment of prin-
cipal."
Northem Pacific — Great Northern
Redmond & Co. of 33 Pine Street, New
York, is offering $230,000,000 joint 15-
year 6j^% Convertible Gold Bonds, due
July 1st, 1936, redeemable at 103 J^%
and accrued interest at any time on 75
days' notice.
Price 96}4 and interest, to yield about
6.875%.
Prompt Delivery
The Municipal Light Board of Wake-
field, Mass., has awarded the contract to
The U. G. I. Contracting Company of
Philadelphia for improvements to the gas
plant at that place. The work includes
the installation of new carburetted water
gas apparatus, motor driven and turbine
driven blowers, tar extractor and con-
denser, with the necessary connections for
each. Eighteen hours after this contract
was received The U. G. I. Contracting
Company had the first carload shipment
moving to its destination.
Gas Dividend
At the regular meeting of the Wash-
ington Gas Light Company held on Mon-
day, April 11, the regular quarterly cash
dividend of 90 cents per share was de-
clared. The dividend is payable May 2
to stockholders of record, April 15.
Peoples Gas
Chicago — ^A director of Peoples Gas
Co. says: "Our 1921 business, profits
and prospects have improved as much
as expected and justify President Insull's
statement at the annual meeting that he
would be much disappointed if the stock
were not on a dividend basis one year
later. Rumors of impending dividend are
absurd, however, because it will be July
1 at the earliest before we pay off all of
$2,500,000 floating debt and we have to
borrow some money to take care of
$1,000,000 taxes next month. I hope for
a dividend early next year."
Automatic Water Gas Equipment
.Following the installation of a new 11 ft.
U. G. I. Cone Top Carburetted Water Gas
Apparatus, the New Bedford (Mass.) Gas
& Edison Light Co. has contracted with
The U. G. I. Contracting Company of
Philadelphia for the remodeling of its
present apparatus. The remodeling will
include U. G. I. Automatic Controls sim-
ilar to that installed on the new set. Fol-
lowing the completion of the remodeling
the New Bedford Company will have all
of its apparatus equipped to operate auto-
matically.
United Gas Improvement Net
Profits $2,303,876
Equal after Quarterly Dividend on New
Preferred to $1.80 a Share Earned on
the Common Stock
Philadelphia, April 29— United Gas Im-
provement Co. after deducting taxes and
charges including $2,605,571 lossi from
operations in Philadelphia shows net
profits for the year ended December 31,
1920 of $2,303,876. This is equal after
payment of one quarterly dividend on the
new preferred stock to $1.80 a share
earned on the $61,029,800 common stock
as compared with $3.10 a share in 1919.
Income account for the year 1920 is as
follows :
Net prof $2,303,876
Dividends 4,968,647
Deficit 2,664,771
Balance sheet of the United Gas Im-
provement Co. as of December 31, 1920
as follows :
Assets
Gas El. Wei. & oth. prop, at
cost price $71,828,325
Inv. Phila. lease 16,988^13
Wkg. cap. Phila. Gas wks. . . . 4,774,650
Uncompl. con. contracts
Lib. bds. & Vic. notes 616,250
Real estate, Phila. and else-
where 1,051,759
Cash 5,625,689
Accts. & bills receivable 6,901,559
Coup. & guar. divs. (act. but
not yet due) 780,123
Storeroom material 94,253
Skg. fund sec 10,628,200
Total $119,289,621
LUbiUties
Pfd. stock $4,554,800
Com. stock 61,029,800
6% notes 7,500,000
Bills payable (Lib. loans) ... 488,750
Taxes accr'd but not due .... 268,020
Sundry aces 734,540
Phila. sink'g fund res'v 10,628.200
Phila. accr'd rental 1,505,050
Phila. sundry creditors 490,216
Undivided profits inv 32,090,245
Total $119,289,621
No Par Stock
The Governor of Missouri has signed
a bill authorizing the issue of common
and preferred stocks of no par value by
corporations, with the exception of those
doing a trust company, banking or build-
ing and loan business.
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382
THE GAS AGE
May 10, 1921
Gas Associations and Market News
rr\HE following list covers the officers
I of the principal gas associations, the
address of the secretary, and the date and
place of the annual meeting.
Hatunl Om Aisoclatloii ef America— Pres., H.
Hoover, Cincinnati, Ohio: tec-treat., Wm. B.
Way. 904-5 OliTer Bids.. Pitttburffh, Pa. Con-
vention, May 16-20, Cincinnati, O.
Sotttliwestan Blactrical and Oas AttodaHao
— Pret., A. Hardgrave, Dallat. Texat; tec, H.
S. Cooper, Slaughter Bldg.. Dallat, Tex.; treat.,
^B. Walker. Convention, Mar 18-21, 1931,
otel Galvex, Galvetton, Texat.
Sotttlieni Oaa Aaaodatloii— Pret., E. C Stot-
hart, Charletton, S. C; tec-treat., George H.
Smith, Norfolk, Va. Convention, May 31-J«ne
2, Savannah, Ga.
Canadian Oaa Aaaodation— Pret., C S. Bags,
Montreal, Que.; 1st vice-pret., E. H. Ganshell,
St. Thomat, Ont.; 2nd vice-pret.. Col. u. R.
Street, Ottawa, Ont.; tec-tr., G. W. Allen. 19
Toronto St., Toronto, Ont. Convention, Aug.
IS-aS. Wind tor Hotel, Montreal.
Padic Coaat Oan Aaaodatton— Pret., William
M. Kaput, Portland, Ore.; tec-treat., W. M.
Henderton, 445 Sutter St., San Francisco, Calif.
Convention, September 20-23 inc., Del Monte,
California.
Sontli Cantral Oaa Aaaodation— Pret., C B.
McKtnney, Dallas, Tex.; first vioe-pret., F. L.
Weister, San Antonio, Tex.; tecond vice-pret.,
Fred C Armbrutter, Shreveport, La.; acting
sec-treat., C. H. Seidenglanz, Dallat, Texat.
Convention. October 11-13.
Ohia on and Oaa Men'a Aaaodation— Pret.,
Tames W. McMahon: tec- treat., William H.
Thompton, 811 New First National Bank Bldg.,
Columbut, Ohio. Convention, October, Colum-
but. 0.
' Aoarican Oaa Aaaodatton— Pret., Charles A.
Monroe, Peoplet Gas Light ft Coke Cc, Chica-
So, 111.; sec-man^ Oscar Fogg. 128 E. Fifteenth
t.. New York. Convention, Chicago, Nov. 7-12,
1921.
Bmpira State Oaa ft Electric AaaocUtlofr—
Pres., H. W. Peck, Schenectady, N. Y., tec, C
H. B. Chapin, 29 W. 39th St., New York. N. Y.
Weat Virginia Katnral Oaa Aaaodatlen— Pret.,
H. A. Wallace, Charleston, W. Va.; tec-treat.,
Edwin Robinton. Fairmont. W. Va.
Mlchlnn Oaa Aaaodation- Pret., John W.
Batten. Detroit, Mich.; sec-treas., A. G. Schroe-
dcr. Grand Rapidt Gat Light Co., Grand Rap-
idt, Mich.
Quotations
Hew England Aaaodation of Oaa Bnclnee..
Pres., Burton Smart, Portland, Me.; vice-prct.,
V. E. Bird; vice-pres., R. E. Wyant; sec, John
L. Tudbury, Salem, Matt.
Oklahoma Utllitiea Aaaodationr-Pret., J. W.
Shartel. Oklahoma City: manager, H. A. Lane,
1107 First National Bank Bldg., Oklahoma City,
Okla.
Onild of Oaa Managera Pres., H. K. Morrison,
Lvnn, Mass.; tec, C R. Prichard, Beverly,
Matt.
niinoia Oaa Aaaodation— Pret., H. H. Clark,
Chicago, 111.; tec-treat., R. V. Prather. 72 W.
Adamt St., Chicago, 111.; R. V. Prather, 305
DeWitt Smith Bldg., Springfield, 111.
Wiaconain Oaa Aaaodation— Pret., Bruno
Rahn, Milwaukee, Wit.; vice-pret., A. F. Dav-
ey, Sheboygan, Wit.; tec-tr., Henry Herman,
182 Witcontin St.. Milwaukee, Wit.
Pennaylvania Oaa Aaaodatiofr— Pret., E. L.
Smith, Towanda, Pa.; sec-treas., G. S. Cullen,
Harrisburg, Pa.
Indiana Oaa Aaaodation-Pres., W. W. Good-
rich, Winchester, Ind.: tec-treat., E. J. Burke,
Citizent Gas Co., Indianapolis, Ind. Conven-
tion April 17-18. 1922, West Baden Springs, Ho-
tel, West Baden, Ind.
Iowa Dlatrict Oaa Aaaodation— Iowa, Nebras-
ka, South Dakota— Pres., W. W. Taylor, Omaha,
Neb.; sec-treas., H. R. Sterrett, Des Moines
Gas Co., Des Moines, la.
Hew Jeraey State Oaa Aaaodation-Pres., H.
H. Newman, Trenton, N. J.; sec-treas.. Harold
C. Mason, P. O. Box 535, Long Branch, N. J.
The following quotations are made by leading
interettt. Reductiont in pricet tince the latt
itsue are indicated by an asterisk (*), and
advances in pricet indicated by a dagger (t).
Caat Iran Pipe
New York quotet: 6-in. and heavier, per ton
$S3.30, 4-in. P$JO; 3-in. |83J0 and |4.00 addi-
tional for Clatt A and gat pipe.
Chicago quotet, f.o.b. Chicago ex-war tax at
followt: Water pipe, 4-in., $09.10; 6-in and
larger $64.10; Clatt A and gat pipe, $4 extra.
WroM^t Pipe
The following discounts are to jobbers for
carload lots on the Pittsburgh basing card:
Butt Weld Steel, black: ^in.. 5ffi4; % and
Hin.. 52; ^in., 56^: M to 3 in., 62^.
Butt Weld Steel, galvanized: H, M and H
in.. 24; ^in.. 42; K to 3 in.. Sa
Butt Weld Iron, black: ?<in., 12»/4; J^in., 27J4;
H to l>4in.. 33^; 2 and 2^in., 33^.
Butt Weld Iron, galvanized: yi and Min., +
28J4: Hin., UYj; J4in.. 9J^; )< to 18%in., 9J4;
1 to l^in.. 20V4; 2 and 2^in., 17^-
Lap Weld Steel, black: 2 in., 54^; 254 to 6 in.,
58H; 7 to 12 in., 54^; 13 and 14 in., 45; 15 in.,
42^.
Lap Weld Steel, galvanized: 2 in., 42; ^ to 6
in., 46; 7 to 12 in., 41.
Lap Weld Iron, black: l^in.. 3(^4; lHi°M
31^: 2 to 2V^., 2S}4; 3 to 6 in., 33^^; 7 to 12 in.,
29%.
Lap Weld Iron, galvanized: IH in., 9^; min.,
17^; 2 to 2^.. 16H; 3 to 6 in.. 20^^; 7 to 12 in..
16J4.
Butt Weld Steel, extra strong, plain ends,
black: ^. K ftud H in.. 48>4: ^in.. 53^;> ^ to
1^ in., 58^; 2 to 3 in., 61^.
Butt Weld Steel, extra ttrong, plain ends,
galvanized: H, H and H in-* 31; H in.. 42; H
to 1^ in.. 47; 2 to 3 in., 50.
Butt Weld, Iron, extra ttrong, plain eadt,
black: ^ in.. lOH; H in., 10^; ^. in., 2^; H
to 1^ in., 33^: 2 and ^ in., 34^.
Butt Weld Iron, extra ttrong, plain ends, gal-
vanized: H in., 43H; H in., 4354; H in., 14}4; H
to 154 in.. 1454; 2 and 254 in., 1954.
Lap Weld Steel, extra ttrong, plain ends,
black; 2 in., 4854; ^ to 4 in., 5154; 4)4 to 6 In.
5054; 7 to 8 in., 4^; 9 to 12 in., 41)4.
Lap Weld Steel, extra ttrong, plain enda,
galvanized: 2 in.. 5^; 254 to 4 in.. 5654; 454 to
6 in., 55^; 7 to 8 in.. 5054; 9 to 12 in., 4554.
Lap weld Iron, extra ttrong, plain endt, black:
154 in.. 2154: 154 in., 27H; 2 to ^., 3154: 3 to 4
in., 3454; 454 to 6 in., 3354; 7 to 8 in., 2454; 9 to
12 in., 19^.
Lap Weld Iron, extra ttrong, plain ends gal-
vanized: 154 in., 654: 154 in., 1354: 2 to 25i.. 1^;
3 to 4 in., 2254; 4H to 6 in., 2154; 7 to 8 in., 1^;
9 to 12 in.. 7>4.
To the large jobbing trade an additional 1, 5
and 254 per cent is allowed over the above dis-
counts, which are subject to the usual varia-
tions in weight of 5 per cent.
Finiahed Iron and Steel
Per Lb. to Large Buyers: Cents
Iron bars, Philadelphia 2J5
Iron bars, Chicago 2.38
Steel bars. Pittsburgh t2.10
Steel bars. New York t2.48
Tank plates, Pittsburgh t2.20
Tank plates. New York t2.58
Beams, etc., Pittsburgh t2J0
Beams, etc. New York t2.58
Sheets, black. No. 28, P'gh t4.00
Sheets, galv.. No. 28, P'gh tS.OO
Sheets, blue anl'd, 9 ft 10 t3.10
For painted corrugated sheets add 30 cents
per 100 lbs., for 25 to 28 gauge; 25 cents for 19
to 24 gauge. For galvanized corrugated aheets
add 15 cents all gauges.
Coke, ConneUsville
Per net ton at oven:
Furnace coke, prompt $3J5
Furnace coke, future 375
Foundry coke, prompt 4.50
Foundry coke, future SM
Gin OH
34-40 deg. Penn gal. •4Mc
32-36 deg. at wells, Texat gal. *2Hc
32-36 deg. Okla gal. ^
, Refnctoffles
Bauxite brick, 96% Al, f.o.b. Pittaburgh % 160
Chrome brick, f.o.b. Eaatem ihipplng
pointt 80-100
Chrome cement. 40-50% CraOs 45-50
Chrome cement. 40-45 % CraOs. tacks in car
lots, f.o.b. Eattem thipping pointt -55
Fireclay brick, Itt quality, 9-in. thapea,
f .o.b. Penntylvania, Ohio and Kentucky
workt 55- «
Fireclay brick, 2nd quality, 9-in. thapea,
f.o.b. Penntylvania, Ohio and Kentucky
workt 45- SO
Magnetite brick, 9-in. straight 90
Magnetite brick, 9-in. archet, wedgea
and keys 105
Magnetite brick, eoapa and tplltt 120
Silica brick, 9-in. tizea, £.o.b. Chicago
district 45-55
Silica brick, 9-'n. tizet, £.o.b. Birming-
ham district 45- 55
Silica brick, 9-in. tizet, lo.b. Mt. Union,
Pa 45. 55
Quotations f.o.b. New York, are:
Tarred or untarred Eagle Jute packing
rope in SO or 100 lb. coilt. per pound .. 6c
Plumbert Spun Oakum, in balea of 90 Iba.
each, per bale $2.75
Pig Lead, New York. N. Y.. per 100 lb. .. *4M
BitimiiBOiit Coal— Net Tom, F.O.B. MIbm
Current Qaotatioae— Spot Pricee,
Coal Market Qaaud Price
Low Volatile, Eaatem
Pocahontas nine run .... Columbut $3^
Pocahontaa lump Columbut 5.25
Pocahontaa mine run .... Chicago 3J0
Pocahontat lump Chicago '.50
Smokeless mine run Boston 5.85
Clearfieldt mine nin .... Boaton 2L00
Somersets mine nin Boston 2.25
Pool 1 New York 3J0
Pool I Philadelphia 3.25
Pool I Baltimore 3.10
Pool 9 ,. New York 2.60
Pool 9 PhiladelphU 2J0
Pool 9 Baltimore 2.90
Pool 10 New York 2J5
Pool 10 Philadelphia 2.50
Pool 10 Baltimore Z40
Pool 11 New York 1.90
Pool 11 Philadelphia 2:25
Pool 11 Baltimore 2.25
Pool 71 New York 2.65
Pool 71 Philadelphia 3.00
Pool 71 Baltimore 2L90
High YelatUe, Eaatem
Pool 34 New York ZOO
Pool 34 Philadelphia 1.90
Pool 34 Baltimore ZOO
Pittsburg mine nm .... Pittaburgh 2JS
Pittsburgh tc'd. gaa Pittsburgh Z8S
Kanawha mine run Columbus ZOO
Kanawha lump Columbus 3.5
Hocking mine run Columbus ZOO
Hocking lump Columbus 3.00
Pitts. No. 8 mine nm .... Cleveland Z15
Pitta. No. 8 lump aeveland ZIO
Midweat
Franklin, III., mine run .. Chicago 3.25
Franklin, 111., lump Chicago 3.65
Central 111. mine nm .... Chicago Z75
Central III., lump Chicago 3.00
Ind. 4di Vein, mine run .. Chicago 3.00
Ind. 4th Vein, lump Chicago 3.25
Ind. 5th Vein, mine run .. Chicago 2L85
Ind. 5th Vein, lump Chicago 3.15
Standard mine run St. Louit L75
Standard lump St. Louis Z2S
Wett Ky.. mine nm Louisville ZIO
West Ky., lump Louisville Z60
Sontli and Sontliweat
Big Seam mine run Birmingham 2.85
Big Seam lump fiirmingham 3.40
S. £. Kr., mine run Louisville ZSO
S. E. Ky., lump Louisville^ 3J0
Kansat mine nm Kansas City 4J5
Kansas liuao Kansas City 5.00
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May 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
383
Men in the Industry
B. O. Tippy of Detroit and Charles
McPherson of Grand Rapids were named
recently by the Michigan Light Co. as its
representatives on the adjustment board
that will adjust the price of gas for Sag-
inaw for the 10-year period beginning
June 1, next With Former Mayor A.
W. Tausend and Edmund W. Secord,
who have been named by the city, these
men will select the fifth member of the
board.
Rnfus R. Randy vice president and re-
ceiver of the Minneapolis Gas Light
Company died at his home after an illness
of four months. He was an official of
several other large corporations and a
member of many clubs. He was born in
Buffalo in 1858 and came here in 1871
with his parents, his father and Harvey
W. Brown purchasing the local gas plant
two years later. His brother, Alonzo T.
Rand, is now president of the company.
C. W. Loughry succeeded Frank P.
Litschert as secretary of the Indiana pub-
lic service commission on May 1, when
the service body was reorganized. The
new secretary is one of the leading young
business men of northern Indiana, being
part owner of a large milling concern.
He is a graduate of Indiana University
and the Indiana University Law School.
Mr. Litschert, who retired as secretary
of the commission, was private secretary
of ex-Governor Goodrich and his ap-
pointment to the service body was a tem-
porary one following the resignation of
Carl Mote at the end of the Goodrich ad-
ministration.
Harold R. Schutt, general manager of
the Wilmington Gas Company, has been
granted an additional ninety days exten-
sion of time in appraising the gas com-
pany's property here as required by the
Board of Public Utility Commissioners.
Mr. Schutt appeared before the commis-
sion recently and asked for the extension.
He said that as he had been unable to ob-
tain the engineers who had been suggest-
ed by the commissioners to do the work,
he would have to wait until they could
come to Wilmington.
J. W. Greer, city manager of Tallahas-
see, is manager of gas, electric light,
power and water works plants of the city,
which has a commission-manager form of
government
A. S. Engman of Chicago has recently
completed the salesmen's instruction
coarse of the Humphrey Co., and has
started out on his territory, which in-
cludes Minnesota, North Dakota, South
Dakota, Wyoming, Idaho and the north-
ern part of Iowa.
Hon. Frank H. Funk, new member of
the United States Congress from the sev-
enteenth district of Illinois has had an
interesting career in serving the public.
Probably the most trying work that ab-
sorbed his attention was the long and
complicated case of the Peoples Gas
Light and Coke Company of Chicago,
before him as special master for the en-
tire commission, but his patient impar-
tial decisions were always quickly ren-
dered.
Hon. Frank H. Funk
Mr. Funk was born in Bloomington,
Illinois, April 5, 1869 and is a son of
Benjamin F. Funk, who was a member of
the 53rd Congress. He was educated at
the Illinois Normal University, and grad-
uated from the Lawrenceville School of
New Jersey with the class of 1888, and
aiso graduated from Yale University
with the class of 1891 with the degree of
Ph. B.
Outside of the time which his profes-
sional duties absorbed he has been active-
ly engaged in farming and live stock
production upon his farm at Funk's
Grove, McLean County, Illinois, which
his grandfather, Isaac Funk, settled in
1824. He organized the Funk Brothers
Seed Company of Bloomington, Illinois,
which company is the largest producer
of seed com in the world. They have
over 20,000 acres of that black rich Illi-
nois Prairie soil under cultivation and
Mr. Funk delights in riding horseback
through the fields watching the crops de-
velop.
Mr. Funk has been called away many
times from his favorite field of produc-
ing food for people to look after their
interests in public affairs. He was a
member of the Illinois Republican State
Central Committee from 1906 to 1908;
member of Illinois State Senate, 1908 to
1912. He is progressive as was shown
by the fact that he received over three
hundred thousand votes as candidate of
Progressive Party for Governor of Illi-
nois, in 1912. That same year he was
Chairman of the Illinois Delegation to
the Progressive National Convention. The
next year he was nominated by the same
party for United States Senator.
The public utilities of Illinois remem-
ber him well by his fair, square, and im-
partial opinions on public utility mat-
ters handed down during his appoint-
ments to the Illinois Railroad and Ware-
house, and Public Utility Commissions
from 1913 to 1921. Mr. Funk was called
upon again in 1920 to be a delegate to
the Republican National Convention at
Chicago from the 17th Illinois District.
Mr. Funk was elected to the 67th Con-
gress by a plurality of nearly twenty-
five thousand.
Mr. Funk extends a perpetual welcome
to all public utility men visiting Wash-
ington to make their headquarters at his
offices at 137 in the House of Represent-
atives. Each utility man will be very
much at home when he meets Mr. A. M.
Evans, who was formerly office manager
of the Chicago office of the Illinois Pub-
lic Utility Commission, but who is now
Mr. Funk's secretary.
He married Miss Florence Risser of
Chicago and they have three children:
Mary Cassandra, Benjamin F. and Flor-
ence R. Funk.
Mr. Funk has been active in societies,
and has evidently ridden a few goats,
because he belongs to the following or-
ganizations: Masons, Commandery, Con-
sistory, and Shrine; The Elks, T. P. A.;
Rotary Club; Modern Woodmen; Chica-
go Yale Club; Hamilton Club of Chica-
go; and the University Club of Chicago.
Hugh Lenhart has been appointed man-
ager of the Brazil Gas company to suc-
ceed W. H. Gascoigne, who resigned to
return to his farm near Detroit. Mr. Len-
hart has been bookkeeper for the Gas
company for a number of years.
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384
THE GAS AGE
May 10, 1921
Lower Equipment Prices
The Bessemer Gas Engine Co., of
Grove City, Pa., announce that they have
lowered their prices on gas engines, oil
engines, compressors, powers and vacuum
pumps. Price list will be sent on appli-
cation.
To Run Pipe Line
The Chickasha Gas & Electric Com-
pany of Oklahoma is taking steps to se-
cure natural gas for Chickasha. The
company has had an enginer figuring the
cost of connecting its city mains with
the pipe line of the Oklahoma Natural
Gas Company. It is estimated the con-
necting line will cost about $44,000.
Offered Franchise to Pipe
Gas — ^Industrial Progress
Chambers of commerce of Mangum and
Altus, Okla., are planning to join in se-
curing natural gas for heat and light for
those cities from a gas well in Greer
county recently completed which pro-
duces 7,000,000 cubic feet daily. The
Mangum chamber of commerce has of-
fered a franchise to any company that
will pipe gas into that city.
Other Improvements
Contemplated
The men at Metropolitan Station of the
Pacific Gas & Electric Co., are now en-
joying their new locker and washroom.
The scrubbers and purifiers have been
touched up with a new coat of paint.
When the recommendations of the Di-
vision Safety Committee have been car-
ried out and a few other improvements
made, this plant will rank much nearer
to Potrero and others in class A-1.
Construction Work
Approved
Estimates have just been approved for
improvements and additions to the Wil-
lows Water Works of the Pacific Gas &
Electric Co. One calls for the purchase
of a portion of the block adjacent to the
present plant and the erection of a 100,-
000-gallon steel tank and tower, the cost
being $19,000. The other is for sinking
a 16-inch well 600 feet with the installa-
tion of a deep-well turbine pump direct
connected to a 75-horsepower motor. In
addition, an auxiliary steam turbine belt-
ed to an electric generator as emergency
equipment is provided. The cost will be
about $18,000.
The old water works and storage tanks
erected some thirty-five years ago, arc to
come down to make room for other im-
provements at the Gas Works and ware-
house.
Coking Retort-Oven
A patent. No. 1,374,546, issued to Jo-
seph Becker, Pittsburgh, Pa., assignor to
The Koppers Company, Pittsburgh, Pa.,
was filed Nov. 8, 1920. Serial No. 422,-
522 and has 16 claims which are stated as
follows :
1. In a coking retort oven, in combina-
tion; a plurality of coking chambers;
heating walls contiguous to such coking
chambers and respectively constituted of
vertical combustion Hues; tapered hori-
Cross Section of Oven
zontal Hues in each heating wall and res-
pectively connecting a plurality of the
combustion Hues of their respective heat-
ing walls ; the horizontal flues beitig also
communicably connected with the corre-
sponding horizontal flues of an adjacent
heating wall; individually regulable and
reversible crosswise-extending regenera-
tors parallel with the coking chamber and
the heating walls, such regenerators be-
ing communicably connected in pairs
with combustion flues of a single heat-
ing wall; and means for separably con-
trolling the individual flow through indi-
vidual regenerators and their connected
groups of combustion flues ; substantially
as specified.
Pipe Line Extensions
An extension of the trunk pipe line of
the Lone Star Gas Co. from the original
oil and gas area of the Duncan district
is being made into the new producing ter-
ritory northwest. This is the only gas
line entering that territory.
A right of way from Lawton to the
Duncan district has been secured by the
Damascus Pipe Line Co. and the laying
of pipe is to begin shortly, it is an-
nounced. The Damascus is reported to
have made a working arrangement with
the Gladys Belle Oil Co. in this project
and it is reported to have been financed.
Work has begun on the feeder line of
the Sinclair Pipe Line Co. into the Dun-
can district from a junction with its
main line in the vicinity of Hastings. It
is reported this is to be a 6-inch line.
Visitors from Duncan say that pipe is
being laid through that territory by some
other concern, the identity of which has
not been established.
The Magnolia Pipe Line Co. is ex-
tending its line to the new producing area
northwest of Duncan, and rumor has it
that the line may be laid further north
to a connection with the Cement field.
Oil from the Duncan field is now being
run to the plant of the Lawton Refining
Co. at Duncan.
To Pipe Gas for City
A party of Amarillo and New York
business men made a proposition Tues-
day night to pipe natural gas from the
Amarillo fields to Plainview, Texas, via
Hereford, Canyon, Happy, Tulia and
Krass. No definite action was taken on
the proposal at the time and no action is
expected until the matter has been more
fully investigated.
The company promises to have natural
gas in Plainview by winter if its proposi-
tion is accepted.
Air and Steam Controls
In line with the general improvements
of its plant, the Richmond (Va.) City Gas
Works is having its 10 ft. 6 in. carburct-
ted Water Gas Apparatus remodeled, in-
cluding the addition of Air and Steam
Controls and U. G. L Automatic Control.
The work is being done by The U. G. L
Contracting Company of Philadelphia.
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May 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
385
Grant $1^0 Rate to Gas Com-
panies
Court Decision Bffectiye Soon. Refund
if Final Decision is Adverse
New York — Under an opinion filed
April 13, in Federal District Court by
Judges Ward, Hough and Mayer, who,
recently sitting in Circuit Court of Ap-
peals, heard motions in gas rate cases
against State, County and City officials
by several subsidiary gas companies, sev-
en of these companies are granted per-
mission to charge consumers $120 per
1,000 cubic feet of gas. After April 15
the rates may be so increased.
The New York Mutual Gas Light Com-
pany, the Standard Gas Light Company,
the Northern Union Gas Company, the
Central Union Gas Company, and the
New Amsterdam Gas Company, all sub-
sidiaries of the Consolidated Gas Com-
pany, and the Jamaica Gas Light Com-
pany, the Richmond Hill and Queens
County Gas Light Company, and the
Woodhaven Gas Light Company, sub-
sidiaries of the Brooklyn Union Gas
Company, are affected by the ruling,
although the Northern and Central Union
Companies were not listed in the opin-
ion, having been temporarily disposed
of earlier by the same court, and now
awaiting final decrees.
In the opinion treating of these two
companies, the court held it not within
its province to set a rate, although it had
held the existing rate of 80 cents confis-
catory. In relation to the consolidated
subsidiaries, except these two, the court
says:
*The present motions are for permis-
sion to charge and collect from private
consumers of gas a higher price than
$1.10 per 1,000 cubic feet.
The parent companies are now charg-
ing $1.50 per thousand under a court or-
der, but the three Judges held that al-
though the $1 rate which the subsidiaries
are now charging is confiscatory and does
not cover the cost of manufacture, they
should not be allowed more than a $1.20
rate, pending the suits to suspend the
present rate laws. The excess charges
are to be refunded to consumers in case
of an adverse decision.
Reasons advanced for the increase are
prices and costs of manufacture. The
court would not consider the present
stress, which it admitted to be a hardship
on the gas distributors, as a permanent
condition.
Bonds Offered
Southern Indiana Gas and Electric Co.,
formerly the Public Utilities Co., is of-
fering $1,000,000 first lien and refunding
mortgage gold bonds, dated April 1, 1921,
twenty year 7}4 per cent. Series A, price
$94 and accrued interest, yielding over
8.10 per cent These bonds are offered
by The National City Co., of New York.
Capital Increase Declared Taxable
Washington, D. C— The Supreme
Court re-affirmed April 17, its recent de-
cision that appreciation of capital assets
is taxable as income, in deciding the case
brought by Herbert Darlington against
Internal Revenue officials of the Chicago
district. He sued to recover the tax
paid on the increase, claiming that it was
not income, but an accretion of capital.
Soutlieni California Bonds
One million, five hundred thousand dol-
lars worth of Southern California Gas Co.,
first and refunding mortgage 7 per cent
gold bonds, dated March 1, 1921, due
March 1, 1951, are being offered at 97
and accrued interest, yielding about 72S
per cent, by Banks, Huntley & Company,
of Los Angeles, Cal.
Engineering Advertisers Meet
The first meeting of the Engineering
Advertisers' Association, of Chicago, un-
der the presidency of Keith J. Evans,
Advertising Manager of Joseph T. Ryer-
son & Son, will be held on Tuesday, April
12th, at the Engineers' Qub, Chicago.
The association is fortunate in securing
Halbert P. Gillette as the speaker. Mr.
Gillette enjoys a national reputation as
an engineer, an editor^ and an author
and will address the association on the
subject of "Educational Advertising."
The Engineering Advertisers' Associa-
tion although only two years old, is
rapidly growing, and is a large factor in
the engineering field. Its active members
are advertising and sales managers of
nationally known concerns manufactur-
ing engineering products and its associ-
ate membership is composed of one repre-
sentative each from trade papers in the
engineering and allied fields.
Aakt for $IM Gaa Rate
The application of Brooklyn Borough
Gas Co. to have its gas rate increased
from $1.40 a thousand to $1.55 a thou-
sand was beard recently by Morgan F.
Donnelly, Deputy Public Service Com-
missioner, who took the matter under ad-
visement
The company alleged that it was pay-
ing from $1.33 to $1.39 a thousand.
Gas Company Gives Workers Insurance
Every employe of the Oklahoma Gas
& Electric company in the state was af-
fected by an announcement made recent-
ly by J. F. Owens, Vice-President and
general manager. The announcement
was to the effect that all employes who
have been with the general offices or di-
visions of the company more than six
months and less than a year on April 12
were given a protection of $500 group life
insurance and those who have been em-
ployed more than a year are covered by
$1,000 insurance without cost to the in-
sured.
PubKc Service Corporations
Pay Big Taxes
Oklahoma City, May 5. — Public serv-
ice corporations of Oklahoma pay ap-
proximately one-sixth of the ad valorem
taxes of the state as indicated by figures
upon the books of State Auditor Frank
Carter. This does not include the mil-
lions they pay into the state and county
treasuries in gross production and other
special taxes.
The total assessed valuation of proper-
ty in Oklahoma for the fiscal year 1920,
as shown by the books of the state audi-
tor, was $1,695,797,187. Of this valua-
tion $1,397,756,937 represented real and
personal property and $298,040,250 public
service corporation property. The pub-
lic service corporation property, which
includes all public utilities, electric and
steam railways, represents about one-
sixth the total valuation of property in
the state taxed upon an advalorem basis.
The public service corporations, for the
fiscal year 1920, will pay $596,080.50 in
ad valorem taxes for support of state
•government alone, and a conservative
estimate of what they will pay in ad va-
lorem taxes lor support of both state and
local government for 1920, is $8,000,000.
In addition to this, approximately $4,750,-
000 annually is paid into the State treas-
ury in gross production and other special
taxes by companies and corporations en-
gaged in production and distribution of
oil and gas and in other important com-
mercial enterprises.
Union Natural Gas Report
Very Gk)od
Pittsburg, Pa.— Directors of the Union
Natural Gas Corp., in submitting their
report for the fiscal year ended Dec. 31,
1920, said: "Since the last annual report
of the company, through underlying com-
panies, has acquired 125,240 acres of new
oil and gas leases, and surrendered 87,891
acres that have proved unproductive, and
now holds 700,380 acres. In addition the
company owns one-half interest in 56,110
acres in West Virginia through its own-
ership of stock in the Reserve Gas Com-
pany. During the year the company drill-
ed 114 deep wells, of which 20 were oil
wells, 68 were gas wells, and 26 were un-
productive; 16 shallow wells, of which
12 were oil wells and four unproductive.
The company has a total of 219 wells in
Ohio, 976 gas wells in Ohio and Pennsyl-
vania, and through the ownership of stock
in the Reserve Gas Company one-half
interest in 785 gas wells and 17 oil wells
in West Virginia. There were laid in
main and field line 13 miles ; in extensions
in cities and towns, 29 miles, a total of 42
miles of pipe."
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386
THE GAS AGE
May 10, 1921
Court Acts in Gas Rate Ap-
peal
state Supreme Tribunal Issues Order to
UtUities Body
Grand Rapids, May 4 — News was re-
ceived in Grand Rapids recently that the
state supreme court had issued an order
to the state public utilities commission to
show cause why it should not comply
with the petition of Claude O. Taylor and
13 other labor union leaders of Grand
Rapids to take the Grand Rapids Gas
Light Co. rate controversy out of the
hands of the city commission to adjudi-
cate it.
This petition was transmitted to the
public utilities commission about two
weeks ago. The latter body referred
it to the attorney general who advised
the commission that it did not have the
authority to take over a local utilities case
unless asked to do so by the governing
body of the municipality. Taylor then
asked the supreme court for a mandamus
compelling the public utilities commis-
sion to comply with the petition.
Cas Company Seeks Larger
Stock Issue
Wants Money to Tide It Over, Mayor
Told
Detroit, Mich. — Stockholders of the
Detroit City Gas Co., at their meeting re-
cently asked tl^e Michigan Securities
Commission permission to allow the com-
pany to issue a new block of preferred
stock that funds to tide the company over
its present financial stringency may be
forthcoming. Charles W. Bennett, vice-
president and genera] manager, informed
Mayor James Couzens.
The stock will be oflFered for sale to
persons who wish to have extensions
made, as well as to the general public, it
is understood. For some time property
owners have been refused extensions
from streets to homes unless they paid
costs.
Utilities Allows Increased Gas Rate
The State Public Utility Commission of
New Jersey has formally notified City
Solicitor A. C. Boswell that the board
has agreed to grant the petition of the
City Gas Light Co. of Ocean City for
the increase in gas rates asked by the
company, beginning May 1. The com-
pany asked for an increase of 18 cents
per 1,000 cubic feet over its existing rate
of $1.90 per 1,000.
SkeUy Oil Co.
Peoples Gas Reduction Asked
Chicago — ^The City Council has asked
the Illinois Public Utilities Commission
to reduce the present gas rate of $1.15 a
1,000 by 15 per cent because of declining
labor costs. It is estimated that the 15
per cent reduction would mean a differ-
ence of $4,500,000 in revenue.
Bill to Lay Suburban Cas
Mains Is Favored
Toledo, O. — Supporters of the so-called
Giffordr gas bill said that they anticipate
its passage by the legislature following
the hearing before the house agricultural
committee Wednesday. It has passed the
senate.
If the legislation is passed it will open
the way for laying artificial gas mains to
the suburbs of Toledo now beyond the
corporation limits.
Columbia Cas & Electric
Earnings Show Increase
Gross earnings of Columbia Gas &
Electric for the twelve months ended
March 31, 1921, were $14,853,786. an in-
crease of $2,021,843 over the previous
twelve months' period. Surplus after
payment of fixed charges, taxes and
available for dividends amounted to $4,-
835,805, an increase of $1,128,753.
Columbia Gas & Electric Co. declared
the regular quarterly dividend of $1.50 a
share, payable May 16 to stock of rec-
ord April 30.
At a special meeting of the Skelly Oil
Company held at Tulsa, over 1,000,000
shares being represented, it was unani-
mously voted to increase the authorized
capital from $15,000,000 to $20,00a000.
Ask Reduction in Cas Rates
Des Moines, la. — Reduction of the Des
Moines gas rate is the problem toward
which the city is now turning its atten-
tion.
An application for the setting aside of
the Federal Court's orders increasing the
rate from 90 cents to $1,25 and later to
$1.63 was filed in Federal Court by the
City Legal Department
Corporation Commission
Cuts State Cas Rates
Raleigh, N. C, May 6— Gas companies
operating in seventeen towns and cities
in the State lost their fight recently when
the Corporation Conunission issued an
order reducing the rate in cities of the
Raleigh class from $2.30 to $1.90 net
per thousand cubic feet, and the rate in
smaller cities on a similar basis.
George F. Rowland has assumed the
duties of secretary and treasurer of the
Daytona (Fla.) Public Service Company.
New York Transit Board Ap-
pointed
New York, April 29— Gov. Nathan L
Miller has appointed as transit commis-
sioners in New York, George McAneny,
chairman, formerly president of the
Board of Aldermen and for a time act-
ing Mayor of the city and a member of
the city's transit committee, which draft-
ed the contract for the present dual sub-
way system; Leroy T. Harkness of
Brooklyn, formerly assistant counsel to
the Public Service Commission and chief
of its Rapid Transit Bureau, and Maj.
Gen. John F. O'Ryan. Mr. McAneny and
Mr. Harkness have issued statements to
the effect that their general procedure
will follow the lines indicated in Gover-
nor Miller's message and the Traction
act itself, and that they realize that they
have an unusual opportunity for con-
structive accomplishment.
Acquires National Carbide
Corporation
The Air Reduction Sales Company has
secured control of the National Carbide
Corporation of Virginia, with a new plant
at Ivanhoe, Va., and beginning May 1st,
1921, will direct the policy and control
the operation and saks of the Carbide
Corporation.
With the acquisition of this Carbide
Plant, the Airco organization (Air Re-
duction Sales Company) places itself in
the unique position in the oxyacetylene
welding and cutting industry of manufac-
turing and selling within its own organi-
zation everything necessary in the use
of the oxyacetylene fiame. Airco prod-
ucts now include Oxygen, Acetylene,
Welding and Cutting Apparatus and Sup-
plies, Acetylene Generators, Carbide,
Nitrogen and Argon.
The Carbide produced at the new plant
will be marketed in the future as Air-
co Carbide through the chain of Airco
Distributing Stations stretching over the
country.
The Airco orgranization (Air Reduction
Sales Company) large manufacturers of
Airco Oxygen, Airco Acetylene and Air-
co Welding and Cutting Apparatus, will
move its executive ofRces on May 1st
from 120 Broadway and 160 Fifth Avenue
to 342 Madison Avenue, New York City.
Coincident with the announcement of
the general ofRce change is another to the
effect that the New York District Ofl&ce
of Airco after May 1st will be located
at the Airco Factory, 191 Pacific Avenue,
Jersey City, N. J. All correspondenoe
and other communications heretofore di-
rected to the Airco District Office at 160
Fifth Avenue, New York, should in the
future be sent to 191 Pacific Avenue, Jer-
sey City, N. J.
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May 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
387
World Production of Coal
Surveyed
Output in Europe for 1920 ia Shown to
HaTO Been Reduced with First Place
Taken hy America— Record Price
LOTOlS
Washington, D. C— Reports received By
the United States Geological Survey in-
dicate that while in 1913 Europe led all
the countries as a producer of coal, con-
tributing 54 per cent of the world's out-
put, in 1920 she had yielded first place
to North .America and her share of the
world's total had shnmk to 46 per cent.
"The prices reached were the highest
of modem times," the Geological Survey
declares, "and the quality of the output
deteriorated.**
Production of coal in the United States
increased from 38.5 per cent of the total
for the world in 1913, to 45.1 per cent in
1920, being the greatest factor in filling
the void caused by the war in Europe.
In that year American sea-borne exports
of coal were 22,500,000 tons, five times
what they were in 1913.
A world wide investigation of the coal
situation made by the Geological Survey
indicates that the total output in 1920 was
about 1,300,000,000 metric tons. This,
although a great increase over 1919, was
still 42,300,000 tons short of the output
in 1913 the last year before the world war.
The total production of the United States
in 1920 was estimated at 586,000,000 tons,
as compared with 495,000,000 tons in 1919.
German production in 1920 totalled
140,000,000 tons, as compared with 116,-
000,000 for the preceding year.
Claasified by Ccmtinenti
Total production by continents is given
as follows:
North America, 601,300,000, in 1920, as
compared with 531,600,000 in 1913, a gain
of 13.1 per cent.
South America, 1,700,000 in 1920, as
compared with 1,600,000 in 1913, a gain
of 62 per cent
Europe, 597,500.000 in 1920, as com-
pared with 730,000,000 in 1913, a loss of
18.1 per cent.
Asia, 75,800,000 in 1920, as compared
with 55,800,000 in 1913, a gain of 35.9 per
cent
Africa, 11,800,000 in 1920, as compared
with 8,300,000 in 1913, a gain of 42.2 per
cent
Oceanica 11,900,000 in 1920, as com-
pared with 15,000,000 in 1913, a loss of
20.7 per cent
Production by Countries
The United Kingdom follows the Uni-
ter Sutes in production, with 232,975,000
tons, showing a slight loss, the amount in
1919 having been 233,467,478 tons.
Germany produced 140,757,433 tons of
coal and 111,634,000 tons of lignite in
1920, as compared with 116,500,000 tons
of coal and 93^00 tons of lignite in 1919.
France produced 24,300,000 tons of coal
and 1,000,000 tons of lignite in 1920, as
compared with 21,546,000 tons of coal and
895,000 tons of lignite in 1919.
Austrian production totaled only 133,-
173 tons of coal and 2,387,996 tons of
lignite in 1920 which cmpares favorably
with 89,794 tons of coal and 1,986,964 tons
of lignite in 1919.
Belgium produced 22,413,535 tons of
coal in 1920, and 18,342,940 tons in 1919.
Figures for Russia, based on incomplete
data, show 3,000,000 tons for each of the
two years.
Simultaneously with the United States
Geological Survey's figures showing that
the production in the United States had
increased approximately 100,000,000 tons
over the preceding year, the National
Coal Association issued last night an
"appeal" to the country, particularly to
the householders, to arrange now for the
delivery of coal in the summer months.
It cited figures to indicate that the car
shortage will make it impossible for the
producers to meet demands tmless con-
sumers order early.
Big Bituminous Shrinkage
Predicted by Dealer
Boston, April 28— One of the best in-
formed men in the coal industry, who is
in touch with conditions throughout the
country, predicts the 1921 output of bi-
tuminous coal will be 100,000,000 to 125,-
000,000 tons under that of last year.
This means a production for the pres-
ent year of 430,000,000 to 455,000,000 tons.
Last year's production was well above
average with 556,563,000 tons, and 1919
production of 458,063,000 tons was light
because of the carryover from the ban-
ner year of 1918, when production ran
up to 579,385,820 tons.
The drop this year will be due to heavy
production through the latter part of
1920. Industries accumulated large stocks,
while curtailing operations then and later.
The railroads, which consumed (about
20% of our output, 113,574,127 tons, will
consume about 20% less this year, due to
the 30% drop in traffic Also the for-
eign demand, which took about 21,000,000
tons of high-grade coal last year, will
probably be extremely small this year.
The railroads paid an average price
of $4.20 a ton for their coal in 1920. This
official estimates they will pay less than
$3 and possibly close to $2.50 a ton at
the mines, in 1921. He states roads are
contracting for Illinois coal at $2.85. A
1,000,000-ton contract for another grade
was recently closed at less than $3 a ton.
Dye Men Welcome Trade
Board Ruling
New York— Dye men sec promise for
protection of the American dye industry
in the ruling of the War Trade Board
section of the Department of State, for-
bidding the importation of soditun nitrate
used in dye manufacture, except under
license. This will eflFectively prevent
Germany from dumping her sodium ni-
trate here and underselling American
producers. The ruling goes into im-
mediate effect
-This action of the War Trade Board
section of the Department of State, in
adding sodium nitrate to the list of prod-
ucts which can be imported from any
country only under license, is the result
of the recent importation of large quan-
tities of German sodium nitrates into the
United States," said Dr. Charies H. Her-
ty, director of the American Chemical
Society. "All of this product is used in
connection with dye manufacture, and as
foreign control of it would eventually
seriously threaten important lines of dye
manufacture, the American sodium ni-
trate industry has been thus protected by
control of importations through the War
Trade Board.
This action is particularly noteworthy,
as it is the first official action taken by
the new Administration in connection with
the matter of adequate protection for the
American dye industry. It naturally
leads to the conviction that the Adminis-
tration is fully impressed with the ne-
cessity of an adequate dye industry as a
national asset"
Oil Report G>mpleted
The report relating to the work con-
ducted under a cooperative agreement be-
tween the United States Bureau of Mines
and the Ardmore Chamber of Commerce
in the Hewitt oil field in Oklahoma is
annotmced as being ready for distribu-
tion.
The report is the result of a seven-
months' study of operating conditions in
the Hewitt oil field made by T. E. Swig-
art and F. X. Schwarzenbek, engineers
of the Bureau of Mines.
Persons desiring to obtain copies of
this report should make remittances to
the Ardmore Chamber of Commerce,
Ardmore, Okla. Commtmications should
not be addressed to the Bureau of Mines,
as the entire distribution of the report
will be handled from Ardmore, Okla.
Working Fund Bonds Proposed
Lincoln, Neb.— The Metropolitan water
board is disposed to ask the submission
at the coming election of a proposition to
issue a million dollars in bonds for provi-
sion of a working fund for the gas plant
recently taken over by the city.
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THE GAS AGE
May 10, 1921
Oklahoma Producing and
Refining
Oklahoma Producing & Refining Cor-
poration's refinery at Muskogee, Okla.,
is running at capacity. Although the
company is curtailing new drilling opera-
tions materially, net production at pres-
ent shows an increase over two montln
ago, and is well above refining capacity.
Much of its production is being sold. The
company has brought in several oil wells
in Oklahoma and Stephens County, Tex-
as, in the last few weeks.
White Oil Brings in Well
Austin, Texas — By bringing in a few
days ago by Crown Oil & Refining Co.,
owned by White Oil Co., of a 5,000-bar-
rel well in the West Columbia field at a
point 800 feet west of the nearest produc-
ing well a large additional territory in
that field is proved. Several tests are be-
ing drilled in the vicinity of the new
well. The West Columbia field promises
to show a large increase of production
within the next few weeks, as there are
many wells nearing the pay-sand.
Humble Oil Constructs Tanks
Houston, Texas — An addition of fifteen
steel storage tanks, each of 55,000 barrels
capacity, is to be made to the tank farm
of the Humble Oil & Refining Co. at Dub-
lin, Texas. The contract for the con-
struction of these tanks has just been let.
When completed they will give the com-
pany a total storage capacity of 2,750,000
barrels of oil at its Dublin tank farm.
.Several of the other larger oil companies
are enlarging their storage facilities and
during the next six months more than 5,-
000,000 barrels of additional tankage will
have been built in Texas, according to
present plans, it is stated.
Geld Note Issue Authorized
Los Angeles, Cal. — ^Western States
Gas and Electric Company, operating in
Stockton and other parts of California,
was authorized by the Railroad Com-
mission to issue and sell at not less
than 92.75 per cent of face value, plus
accrued interest, $209,000 of its 6J4 per
cent collateral trust gold-notes. The
proceeds are to be used to pay in part
current indebtedness and to re-imburse
the company's treasury.
Graphite Industry in 1920
Washington, D. C. — The quantity of
domestic flake and amorphous graphite
sold by producers in the United States in
1920 amounted to 9,510 short tons, an
increase of 28 per cent over the quantity
sold in 1919.
The value of the graphite sold in 1920
was about $626,201, as compared with
$778,857 in 1919. These figures are based
on reports made by producers to the
U. S. Geological Survey, Department of
the Interior.
Operators is Colorado, Navada, and
Rhode Island reported sales of 4,694
short tons of amorphous graphite in
1920 at an average price of $10.60 a ton.
This was $3.52 per ton less than the
average price in 1919.
The sales of crystalline graphite in
1920 amounted to 9,632,360 pounds, valued
at $576,443, as compared with 8,086.191
pounds, valued at $731,141 in 1919. The
average price per pound in 1920 was 5.9
cents; in 1919 is was 9 cents. Alabama
led in the production of crystalline graph-
ite, the sales in 1920 amounting to
4,894,648 pounds, or 51 per cent of the
total quantity sold in the United States.
The sales reported from New York
and Pennsylvania amounted to 3,552,687
pounds, or 37 per cent of the total in
the United States and the remaining 13
per cent was reported from California,
Montana, and Texas.
The Acheson Graphite Co. reported the
sale of 7,399,749 pounds of artificial
graphite, which it manufactured at its
plant at Niagara Falls, N. Y.
Domestic Graphite Sold in 1915-1920
Amorphont &
Crystftlline
Year Quantity Value
(snort tons)
1915 4,718 $ 429,631
1916 8,088 935,471
1917 13,593 1,167,879
1918 12,991 1.524,254
1919 7.422 778.857
1920 9,510 626,201
Graphite Manufactured by the Acheson
Graphite Co., 1915-1920
Pounds
1915 5,084.000
1916 8^397,281
1917 10,474,649
1918 9,182.272
1919 8,163,177
1920 7.397.749
Graphite Imported
I into the United SUtes
1920
Country of oririn
QuanUty
(short toni)
TfthM
Ceylon
9,204
$1,077,290
Madagascar
4,710
286,383
Canada
Brazil
2,170
157.015
Mexico
3,659
131,832
Chosen (Korea)
810
29,936
Italy
137
5,072
Austria
58
1,195
Germany
30
2,502
Other countries
317
20,087
21,095
$171U12
Outlook for Dyes in United
States
Boston, Mass.— Although the dytstuff
market seems best described as waiting,
the situation is not without promise for
business revival. Consuming industries
continue to purchase on a hand-to-mouth
basis, yet the extensive textile, as well as
shoe and leather industries, show in-
dications of absorbing a steadily increas-
ing quantity of dyestuffs and chemicals.
Japan and China, heavy consumers of
colors, are not buying the amount of dye-
stuffs taken during the period following
the war. Of natural indigo alone, Japan
imported 1,149,823 kin during the first
six months of 1920, compared with 329.795
kin for the corresponding period of 1919.
These figures are explained by the fact
that during the early part of 1919 it was
difficult to secure merchandise from other
countries, owing partly to the scarcity
of ocean tonnage. Today, however, the
importation by Japan is much less, and
indigo merchants of that country have
placed a five-year ban on natural indigo
from India, Java, and other countries.
This attitude is expected to increase the
use of Japanese indigo and aid the indus-
try of that country.
Indigo dye produced in the United
States is recognized as one of the two
most important colors used in this coun-
try. The other one is sulphur Made
With Indigo, American experiments have
gained notable success. In 1919. nearly
9,000,000 pounds of synthetic indigo, 20
per cent paste, were produced in the
United States and somewhat more than
14.000,000 pounds of sulphur black.
Total exports of dyes and dyestuf!>
from the United States in 1920 were val-
ued at $32,428,651, compared with $17,-
084.435 in 1919 and $16,817,900 in 191&
The new year has brought a falling off in
the export trade, January, 1921, shipments
of all dyes amounting to $1,335,531 in
value, compared with $2,018,453 in De-
cember, 1920.
During the era of quietude, one of the
chief problems facing the dyestuflf in-
dustry of the United States is the prob-
able effect of prices.
Lincoln Man Buys Ord City
Gas Plant
Ord, Neb. — One of the recent and im-
portant business changes for Ord is the
purchase of the Ord City gas plant by
Mr. W. H. Brandt of Lincohi. The for-
mer owners were Mr. Hascall, who has
removed from city and Mr. Paist, who is
engaged with other duties.
Mr. Brandt expects to move to Ord and
give his personal supervision and man-
agement to the plant and improvements
to be made.
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May 10, 1921
THE OAS AOB
389
Merchandising Volnme of
Sales Increases
MerchanU MainUin Profits by More Fre-
quent TnmoTer of Stocks
The Federal Reserve Bank recently an-
noonced that the March sales of thirty-
seven department stores that report to
the bank were 4.6 per cent below the sales
of March, 1920. The snmmary is con-
tained in the bank's monthly review of
credit and business conditions. It contin-
ues:
''Merchants inform us sales during the
first three weeks of April were also be-
hind sales in April last year, which were
especially large. When price changes
arc taken into consideration, it is evi-
dent that the volume of merchandise dis-
tributed each month continues to be
greater than in the corresponding period
last year. March reports show an in-
crease of about 12 per cent, in the number
of transactions. The average amount of
each transaction was $3.07, as compared
with $325 in March, 1920, a decline of 13
per cent
''Stocks on April 1 were 22 per cent
below those of the corresponding date
last year, due largely to lower prices.
Stocks increased between March 1 and
April 1 because of the receipt of the* us-
ual purchases of Spring and Smnmer
merchandise. Because of the continued
large sales, coupled with the decreased
value of stocks, the ratio of stocks to
sales is smaller. Merchants continue to
maintain annual profits by the more fre-
quent overturn of stocks. The amount of
outstanding orders on April 1 was greater
than for several months past, due to the
fact that many of the stores are placing
orders for Fall goods. In some cases
retailers are showing a great unwilling-
ness to place advance orders. Hand-to-
mouth buying continues in those primary
markets in which retailers believe the
process of readjustment has not been
completed."
The following table shows the retail
trade fluctuations during March :
Else-
N.Y.C where
and in 2d 2d
Bklyn. Dttt. DUt.
Nnmbcr firms reporting 14 23 37
Per cent change in net sales
during March, 1921, compared
with net sales during
March, 1920 —.58- J — 4.6
Per cent change in number of
transactions durins March,
1921, compared with nmnber
of transactions during
March, 1990, (17 firms re-
porting) +13J +10.0 +12.4
Per cent change in net sales
from Jan. 1 to March 31,
1921, eomjiMired with net
sales during corresponding
period in 1»> -4J + .7 — 3.4
Per cent change in stocks at
close of March, 1921, com-
Bred with stocks at close of
arch, 1920 —23.2 —17.9—22.0
Per cent change in stocks at
close of February, 1921,
compared with stocks at
close of February, 1920 ....+ 8.3 + 9,0 + Si^
Percentage of average stocks
close of January, February
and March, 1921, to net sales
during those months 310l1 4Q7J 330L6
Percentege of outstanding or-
ders at close of March, 1921,
to to^ purchase during cal-
endar year, 1920 7.1 SJ 6.7
Hand-to-mouth buying continues in
those primary markets in which retailers
believe the process of readjustment has
not been completed, says the summary.
Effective Appliance Advertis-
ing
The Northern Indiana Gas & Electric
Company, of Fort Wayne, says Mr. Frank
H. Williams, recently put on a sale of gas
ranges which brought splendid results.
The sale was advertised by copy reading
like this:
"GAS RANGES REDUCED.
"Big premium offer this week only.
"The famous Detroit jewel cabinet
range, glass oven door, white enamel
splashers. Sale price $75.00
and
"Garland cabinet range, glass oven
door, top lighter star burners. Sale
Price $60.00
"5.00 down and balance in monthly
payments.
"To purchasers of either of the above
we give an aluminum cooking set of .6
quart tea kettle, 4-piece combination
cooker, 6 quarts; 7-cup percolator; 1-
quart lipped sauce pan; 2-quart lipped
sauce pan.
"Retail value of the above $11.00. These
are indispensable articles for every kitch-
en."
The articles offered were given a fine
display in the company's show windows.
Cards were attached to each article tell-
ing all about the goods.
Of course the premium offer and the
window display attracted a lot of atten-
tion and the store did a considerable
amount of business as the result of the
offer.
Dr. Abbott Has Cook Stove
Operated by the Sun
Washington, D. C— Advantages of the
Old Sol cook stove, operated twenty-four
hours a day on sun heat alone, were ex-
plained to the National Academy of
Sciences here recently by Dr. C. G. Ab-
bott of the Smithsonian Institute. The
device was as yet a luxury, he admitted,
but added that Mrs. Abbott had done
everything but fry on the solar cook
stove at Mount Wilson, Cal. He dis-
played a can of beans, saying they were
solar cook stove canned, looked good and
"Usted better."
The apparatus. Dr. Abbot said, was a
"concave, parabolic, cylindric reflector,"
through which ran a tube of ordinary
cylinder oil to absorb heat from the re-
flector and apply it to the cooking com-
partment, insulation retaining heat in the
oil over night
Industrial Business €K>od
By R. H. GODFREY
The Industrial Department of the Gas
Sales Bureau of San Francisco division of
the Pacific Gas & Electric Co. reports
exceptional activity in restaurants, hotels,
clubs and hospitals.
Some time ago we installed two large
Lang ranges in the kitchen of Bergez-
Franks Restaurant, 427 Bush street This
is one of the largest French restaurants
in San Francisco and the oldest estab-
lished. The installation is something to
be proud of in many ways: First, the
people had always used other fuel and
were very hard to convince that gas was
the ideal fuel for their purpose; second,
the installation of these ranges; third,
the gas consumption; fourth, a satisfied
consumer; fifth, a contented chef; sixth,
a better kitchen.
To give you an idea how we handle a
job like this with the men of the Indus-
trial Department of San Francisco: As
soon as we have the order, we take a
plumber on the job and show him what
gas piping there is to run. He installs
all the pipe, bringing it through at the
end of the ranges with valves on the
same, then the meter man sets his meter
and turns on the gas; now we are all
ready to take down the old range. We
find out from the chef what time we can
disconnect his old ranges. In this case
we were allowed to start at 9 p. hl Five
men were on the job with crowbars, picks,
shovels, wheel barrows and a large motor
truck to receive the old brick and iron;
at 9 o'clock they started tearing down
the old red-hot range and wheeling it
out into the truck. After the old range
was removed the truck drove away and
we were through with that part of the
job and the street was as clean as it was
when we started.
Now to set up the new gas ranges and
connect with gas pipe. This brings us
in the wee hours of the morning and ev-
erybody is tired and sleepy. We light
up the ranges and regulate burners; if
the gas orifices are too large, which they
generally are, we have another set which
we install, finished and ready for cooks.
After years of hard labor in this de-
partment we are beginning to realize re-
sults. Hotels, hospitals, club and res-
taurants are beginning to wake up to the
fact that gas is the ideal fuel for cooking.
RemoTal Notice
The Diamond Electric Specialties Cor-
poration of Newark, N. J., report that
their Chicago Office will remove on May
4th to 43-45 South Wells Street This
change is made necessary by the need
for much larger space to take care of an
increasing Western business and to per-
mit carrying a greatly enlarged stock
of Diamond Flashlights and Batteries.
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THE GAS AGE
May 10, 1921
Modern Commercial Activities
Manager of Northern Indiana Gas
and Electric Co. Outlines Ways to Se-
cure Commercial Business to Convention
By GEO. A. NEAL*
IN common with all other business, the
gas industry finds that the economic
scale has been tilted, in accordance
with the infallible laws governing com-
merce, and it again becomes necessary
to return to fundamentals and careiullv
plan and execute in order to achiev-e
satisfactory results.
For the first time in several years
owners and managers of gas utilities
have quit stepping on the heeels of the
production department, and are now ap-
plying pressure upon the sales depart-
ment to promote the business and to in-
crease sales.
Serrice
The complacency during the last five
years with which many new business pro-
jects have been treated is now giving
place to the old spirit of careful atten-
tion to every opportunity. We must
now return to the era of 1910 to 1914,
when every dead service, dead meter and
unsupplied house was an element of great
concern, and when a request for any
type of equipment, even as small as a
mantle, was promptly satisfied. We must
again systematically renew the strug-
gle to insUll all gas kitchens, increase
^e water heating and space heating sales,
and, above all, hold present industrial
business while reaching out for the un-
developed industrial load.
Competitioii
Present rates are high in comparison
with previous rates. These rates will no
doubt remain stationary, or descend
slowly. A great deal of business has been
secured in recent years in competition
against other fuels; gas being materially
cheaper than such competing fuels as coal
and oil. But with the radical cut in
prices of coal and oil the favorable mar-
gin has been reduced, and competition be-
tween gas and other fuels again restored.
Obligatioiit
The commercial department finds it-
self at present with the following obli-
gations:
1. To sell plant capacity. Due to the
shrinkage of industrial consumption or
to the recent completion of new units
many companies have generating capacity
to spare.
•Paper presented at the Annual Convention of
the Indiana Gas Association at West Baden.
April, 1921.
2. To increase turnover of capital. The
turnover on the present investment must
be increased from the present ratio of
once in three or four years to once in
two years as a minimum. It should be
noted here that by increasing sales 100
percent, utilizing the same plant capaci-
ty, the selling price can be reduced ap-
proximately 15 per cent, while maintain-
ing the same return on the investment
3. To stabilize income. Increasing the
number of consumers and the diversity
of use is the best insurance of profitable
operation.
4. To improve the load factor. The
load factor— hourly, daily, weekly,
monthly and yearly— must be improved
in order to utilize all equipment to the
maximum.
5. To create good will. The good will
of the company must be increased as a
means of extending the business and
maintaining satisfactory rates.
6. To sell merchandise at a profit. Pro-
motion of the business must be done
without increased operating costs, the
profit from sales of appliances equalizing
the expenses.
7. To sell Gas Service. It is the duty
of the commercial department to sell
every gas bill as well as sell appliances,
and above all to sell service, so that each
consumer will feel that he has received
full value for every payment of any kind
which he makes to the company.
8. To change all non-profitable con-
sumers into profitable consumers.
9. To market Company Securities, pref-
erably to customers.
The field for gas comprehends the fol-
lowing :
Lighting — Residential, Commercial and
Industrial ;
Cooking — Residential and Commercial;
Water Heating;
Space Heating;
Industrial.
Satisfactory Appliances
The writer believes that in the past
many prejudices have arisen to curtail
sales. The opinion has often obtained
that the gas business is different from
other business and answered to other
economic rules. We must divest our-
selves of all prejudices and openly apply
every possible working tool, and must
therefore encourage the co-operation of
inventors and manufacturers, and will-
ingly try every method or appliance which
has any merit, allowing the consumer to
settle the question whether or not each
appliance is satisfactory.
Points of Contact
We must encourage the co-operation of
dealers and their employes, thereby mul-
tiplying the points of contact with the
public. This should include the co-oper-
ation of architects, building contractors,
plumbers, hardware stores, and even fur-
niture stores, in order t« stimulate inter-
est, maintain quality and distribute the
goods widely.
Advertising
Advertising, which has always been a
minor factor in our business, must be tin-
dertaken not in a hit and miss manner,
rior intermittently, but in a consistent,
regular way. It is better to advertise
regularly upon a small scale than to do
so occasionally, using large space. The
company must not depend upon advertis-
ing alone, but must expect to use the
maximum of sales foot work and sales
head work. The buyer at present is
wary and not easily brought into the
store, but must be sought out and inter-
ested.
Salesmen
To assist in selling we must have bet-
ter trained salesmen, better pay for them,
assist them with scientific and advertis-
ing helps, arrange our facilities so that
from the standpoint of the appearance
of the store and display and demonstra-
tion of appliances, the customer will be
favorably impressed. The assistance of
manufacturers with their sales experts
and demonstrators must be enlisted in
connection with selling campaigns.
Order Routine
The counter service, which usually in-
cludes the sale of appliances in the office,
meter contracts and service applications,
must be arranged so that all customers
are promptly served. Credits and office
details must be so dispatched that or-
ders for every kind of serrice will not be
held in the commercial office but must be-
come available immediately for execu-
tion. It is a fact that the majority of
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May 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
391
companies execute work orders in less
time than it takes the order to reach the
distribution shop.
We must install modern equipment in
schools, especially in domestic science
schools, and arrange demonstrations be-
fore Women's Study Clubs, and similar
orfi^anizations, with the purpose of in-
structing, educating and securing the
good will of the actual users of our serv-
ice.
Good Will Appliances
The gas industry has suffered due to the
absence of good will appliances. The
latter day success of electric companies
has come from such appliances as wash-
ing machines, vacuum cleaners, fans,
curling irons, etc., all of which are small
users of current but which indirectly
sell and resell electric service.
We must develop similar apparatus
which will automatically sell cur prod-
uct without increasing the bills. The
only items which come to mind at pres-
ent are as follows :
The oven regulator, a non-consuming
device, but one which has great merit
as a possible means of reducing super-
vision of cooking. This device is still in
its infancy, but should be perfected and
widely distributed.
The automatic water heater continues
to grow in favor, but it is doubtful if
the average consumer is aware of its ex-
istence.
Radiant Heat Devices: The recent ap-
plications of the radiant form of heat has
lifted space heating from the field of
mediocrity to public favor. The field
for this form of heating is still scarcely
developed.
Surely there are many latent possibili-
ties which must be found. It is apparent
that every one must stimulate the devel-
opment of these so-called Good Will de-
vices if satisfactory results are to be
obtained.
The commercial department is inti-
mately interested in every practice of the
company which improves the understand-
ing with its customers and the general
public. The forms and methods of bill-
ing, collections, leter writing, attention to
phones, personnel of employes, should
be carefully watched and constructive
suggestions made.
A. G. A. Suggestion
A recent suggestion in an A. G. A.
monthly suggesting that service be billed
as Gas Service and not as Gas has great
merit from a psychological standpoint.
The application of similar psychological
aids is within the province of the com-
mercial department.
Pricing
The question of pricing merchandise
is a very important matter and has not
been well regulated. There is no uni-
form method in the gas business, each
company pricing to suit itself. This is
an element of weakness as it introduces
a form of competition which does not
maintain suitable margins of profit, and
thereby tends to discount quality of mer-
chandise. A study of the principles of
pricing . .should be immediately under
taken by all in charge of setting prices.
In conclusion, I recommend that every-
body get busy at once with a firm deter-
mination to build better and greater than
ever before.
May Tie Up the Decision of
Commission on Gas Case
Oklahoma City, Okla., May 4 — ^A move
by the cities of Tulsa, Muskogee, Chan-
dler, Oklahoma City and others opposing
the gate gas rates asked by the Oklaho-
ma Natural Gas Co., which would force
the companies to report on the separate
status of production and transmission de-
partments and which, attorneys for the
company claim, would tie up a decision
and a final settlement of rates for a num-
ber of months, was made in the hearing
before the Corporation Commission
Tuesday.
Alleged negligence of the company on
proper care if its pipe lines should not be
assessed against the city, is the attitude
of attorneys for the various towns who
are demanding that separate reports be
made. No decision on this point had been
made by the commission at the end of
the morning hearing.
During the argument, Campbell Rus-
sell, presiding corporation commissioner,
declared that in former cases of the kind
being heard it had been found necessary
to divorce transmission from production.
There are many obligations resting on
companies in transmission of gas and a
full report should be made, according to
the contentions of the attorneys of the
cities in question.
Russell declared that no evidence had
been produced to date which would form
grounds for an argument that any consid-
erable amount of gas has been lost be-
tween the Oklahoma Gas Co.'s wells and
the city gates. Attorneys for the com-
pany contend the separation of the two
departments would be complicated in the
extreme and practically impossible.
Members of the commission intimated
that an order would be forthcoming im-
mediately following the closing of argu-
ments.
Henry G. Snyder, who has to represent
the Chamber of Commerce at the hearing
was out of the city Tuesday.
The Oklahoma Natural Gas Co., is
hoping for a gate rate which would be no
higher per foot for the gas delivered at
the city gates but which it is claimed
would relieve them of all responsibility
for wasteage within the city. This would
be borne by the distributing company
which in turn, it is argued, would in-
crease rates to the consumer.
Oil and Cas Company Elects
Officers
Huntington, W. Va.— Stockholders of
the Superior Oil & Gas company, recent-
ly incorporated, met at the company's offi-
ces, 1107 Fourth avenue, and elected offi-
cers and directors as follows:
E. T. England, president; C. C. May,
first vice-president ; Dr. Archibald Moore,
second vice-president ; A. F. Black, treas*
urer; A. C. Leflang, secretary, and Her-
man Moore and R. Dennis Steed, direc-
tors.
This company, it was stated, was
formed for the purpose of taking over
holdings in Lincoln county of the Laurel
Development company and the United Oil
& Gas company. Officers of the company
say the Laurel Development property in-
cludes leaseholds of more than 2,000 acres
with nineteen producing wells, while the
United Oil & Gas leaseholds total 4,000
acres with fivr producing wells, the great-
er part tested but undeveloped.
While the Superior Oil & Gas com-
pany is primarily a gas concern, its back-
ers expect that the history of the Lin-
coln field will repeat itself and occasion-
al oil pools will be developed.
Commission Denies Cas
Company^s Valuation
Salt Lake City, May 4 — By denying the
Utah Gas & Coke company the privilege
of placing the value of its property on
the cost of reproduction at this time the
public utilities commission has indirect-
ly denied the company any appreciable
increase in gas rates to Salt Lake con-
sumers. The commission handed down
a decision denyin]Bf the efforts of the
Utah Gas & Coke company to base its
rate of income on present prices of ma-
terials and labor.
Canfield Carries Gas Fight up to
N. Y. Supreme Court
Kingston, N. Y.-— Mayor Canfield ap-
peared before Supreme Court justice
Harold J. Hinman in Albany recently and
obtained a writ of certiorari directing
the public service commission to file at
the special term of the supreme court to
be held at the court house in Albany, on
May 14, the record and all proceedings
had before the commission in the appli-
cation of the Kingston Gas & Electric
Company for higher gas rates in Kings-
ton, which petition was granted by the
public service commission.
H. W. Jofaonnott has succeeded £. A.
Beule as general manager of the Beaver
Dam Light & Fuel Co., Beaver Dam,
Wis.
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THE GAS AGE
May 10, 1921
Mid-Continent Gas Survey
Broad View of Mid-Continent Gas and Oil
Field Situation Given by Close and
Constant Observer of the Industries
By W. F. KERR, Oklahoma Gty, Olda. ~
COMPLETED gas wells in Oklaho-
ma have a potential capacity far ex-
ceeding the demand, and that capac-
ity is larger than any former production
records of the state, according to recent
estimates of experts. Reports received
by the Corporation G>nmiis8ion, which
has a department devoted to oil and
gas conservation, show that only 5 per
cent of the s^rtive capadty of some
wells is being required by distributors.
One report shows a pipe line receiving
for its needs 100,000,000 feet dauly from
wells, whereas it has a capacity for carry-
ing 750,000,000 feet.
State Invettigatioii Poctponed
This situation has caused the G>rpo-
ration Commission to abandon tempo-
rarily its plans for making a complete
economic natural gas survey of the state.
The plans might have been abandoned,
however, for lack of funds, for the leg-
islature is disposed to a policy of strict
economy that probably would not permit
of activities like that this year.
An inquiry into the situation is to be
made by the Commission, however. A
conferenct of producers, distributors and
consumers to be held soon has been
announced by Campbell Russell, chair-
man of the Commission. This conference
probably will reveal facts with reference
to increasing production and decreasing
consumption. It may be the foundation
for a new schedule of rates at the well.
The business depression, which caused
the closing of many industrial plants
in the state, and an unusually mild win-
ter, are chiefly responsible for the slow
movement of gas. An increased number
of wells also is an important factor.
Duncan Diatiict
The new Duncan district of Stephens
County has within a few months be-
come one of the leading gas producers
of the state. Some wells completed there
recently have gauged in the neighborhood
of 100,000,000 cubic feet. Gas production
in the Walters district of Cotton County
has maintained a high standard in spite
of a great decrease in drilling activities.
The Oklahoma Natural Gas Company,
the Lone Star Gas Company and the
Keys Oil Corpontion are taking gas
from that field, much of it going to
Texas through the Lone Star Hne.
Fox DUtrict
The Fox district of Carter County,
which a few months ago gave promise of
large oil production, has greatly increased
its gas output. Recently a majority of
wildcats drilled round the edges of proven
territory in that district have come in
gassers. That field also furnishes gas
to Texas through Lone Star fines, and
considerable of the product is used 1^
the Consumers Light & Power Company
of Ardmore, which serves that town and
several others in the Healdton-Hewitt
area. Development of gas sands in the
Graham and Oil City sections of Carter
County is going forward, due, it is said,
to demand for gas for drilfing purposes
over a large scope of country north of
the Hewitt oil field
Robberton DUtrict
Seven gas wells have been completed
in the Robberson district of Garvin
County. Some of these wells gauged over
40,000,000 cubic feet initially. Gas is
being used there only for drilling pur-
poses. The Lone Star Gas Company is
said to have surveyed a line to the field
from Carter County but no pipe has been
laid. Here is a potential output of ap-
proximately 150,000,000 cubic feet with
no bu3rers.
HenryetU Diatrict
Gas production in the Henryetta dis-
trict of Okmulgee County is gradually
increasing, with a better demand than
some other parts of the state have, due to
large smelters, manufacturing plants, coal
mines and a large number of individual
consumers in towns of the mining district
and small cities of that region.
The Henryetta territory appears to be
at the northern end of one of the great
gas-producing structures of the state, and
this structure probably extends into Pon-
totoc County where the Ada gas field has
been partially developed. Between Hen-
ryetta and Ada, in Hughes County, lies a
field of great potentialities. Three gass-
ers are producing there with only a slight
demand for the gas. This has caused the
territory to virtually remain idle for sev-
eral months. This gas is said to have im-
portant gasoline properties.
The region has attracted considerable
attention lately. Officials from Kansas
City, Oklahoma City and Tulsa gas coo-
cems have had their experts and engi-
neers go over it with a view of installing
gasoline extraction plants, laying pipe
lines to several communities that are not
served with gas, and interesting smelting
and manufacturing concerns in the terri-
tory's possibilities. W. J. Rjran, secretary
of the conunercial club at Holdenville,
has had communications from glass man-
ufacttiring concerns that are looking that
way with favor.
Grant Couirtj
An important gas pool has been tapped
and is gradually being widened in Grant
County. This is west of the pools of
Osage and Kay counties and twelve miles
from nearest production. The Oklahoma
Natural Gas Company has contracted for
part of the gas and is drilling two wells
on leases contracted from the Western
States Oil & Land Company, which dis-
covered the sand. The sand is found be-
low 2,000 feet and first wells made over
20,000,000 cubic feet of gas. This district
probably will serve a large area of North-
ern Oklahoma and Southern Kansas.
Otage Diatrict
Due to a heavy decrease in drilling
activities in Osage and Washington coun-
ties, the demand for natural gas h^
greatly decreased, but reports do not
show a startling overproduction. Due
to idleness of scores of plants in the lead
and zinc mining district of Northeastern
Oklahoma comparatively little gas is go-
ing in that direction from fields of Osage.
Washington and Nowata counties.
Industries lately have accumulated in
Le Flore County to the extent that one of
the chief sources of gas demand is there.
The county produces considerable gas but
not enough for the current demand. Ten
wells, scattered over the county, are now
drilling in search of gas production.
Power for Induatriea
The situation is a very unusual one.
Last summer and fall, when former pre-
dictions of a rapid gas production decline
were impressed more strongly dian ever,
many manufacturing institutions took out
their gas burners and installed coal bon-
ers. The widespread notation of this ftct
naturally caused other manufacturers who
were attracted to Oldahoma by gas possi-
bilities to abandon any plans they had for
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May 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
393
coming here. But within a space of six
months the situation has changed radi-
cally through field extensions and the dis-
covery of new pools. Now the big ques-
tion is whether the gas situation is not
as good as it ever was with respect to its
furnishing power for industries. Some
experienced producers believe that insti-
tutions should not hesitate to come here
to consume a large part of the gas, con-
tending that territory already proven for
gas should guarantee an output for many
years. This, of course, is a debatable
question.
Some recent dispatches were in error
in stating that the Osage Gas Pipe Line
Company of Caney, Kansas, contemplated
spending $300,000 additional in pipe line
extensions in Oklahoma. Victor A. Hays,
secretary of the company, advises that the
company's line is already complete and
was laid solely to pipe gas from the wells
of the Owen-Osage Oil & Gas Company
in Osage County to the plant of the
Marnet Mining Company in Washington
County, a distance of twenty-two miles.
Charles Wrightsman of Tulsa, who has
developed part of the Robberson pool, has
carried off tentative negotiations recently
looking to a contract to sell the gas.
These included franchises in several
towns within 25 miles of the field.
Robert Galbreath, Glenn Pool discover-
er, and associates have near completion
a second gas well in Live Oak County,
Texas, 70 miles from San Antonio, and if
the field looks to be profitable San An-
tonio men will arrange to pipe gas to that
city.
Decide to Submit Gas Bond
Issue to Voters
Omaha, Neb.— The Metropolitan Utili-
ties district voted to submit a proposition
of authorizing $1,000,000 gas bonds to the
voters. These bonds, if voted, will be-
come a credit for the use of the district
in gas main extensions, installation of
saving devices and new units in the gas
works. They may not be issued as the
need arises.
Emphasis is laid on the fact that these
bonds do not become a tax upon the
community but are to be retired out of
the income of the plant. They run for
thirty years and may be sold at not to
exceed 6 per cent.
Will Lay New Gas Main
Auburn, N. Y. — The Empire Gas &
Electric Company will begin laying soon
a 12-inch gas main from the holder in
lower Ctark Street to as far up as Ben-
ton Street in order to better equalize the
gas pressure throughout the city. At
present there is an 8-inch pipe and this
will be left in place.
Manager W. J. Callanan stated today
that the need of this improvement had
been felt for some time.
Application Made for the
Merger of Two Gas Com-
panies
W. J. Judge, Owner of Artificial Plant,
Makes Application to Commistion
Buffalo, N. Y. — ^Application was made
recently by W. J. Judge, owner of the
Buffalo manufactured gas plant, to the
public service commission for authority
to transfer its franchise and other prop-
erty to the recently organized Niagara
Gas corporation for $4,000,000.
The application is looked upon as a
step in the direction of a consolidation of
the natural and artificial gas services in
this city, a project that has been favored
by the Iroquois Natural Gas company
for some time. Both gas plants are now
owned by the same interests. While the
public service commission's consent is not
required before a mixed gas may be sold,
it would have jurisdiction over the rate to
be charged. The gas interests will not be
consolidated unless there is a satisfac-
tory understanding as to the capitaliza-
tion of the company resulting from a
merger and the rate of return to be al-
lowed.
It is said that several years ago the gas
companies would have been satisfied with
a rate for a mixed product equal to what
the Iroquois wants to charge for natural
gas — 65 cents on and after May 3d. Nat-
ural gas consumers pay 35 cents now and
manufactured gas consumers $1.45. It is
believed that the gas companies would
want a rate ranging between these prices
if the two services are consolidated.
The incorporation of the manufactured
gas plant by the transfer of the franchises
and property owned by W. J. Judge to the
Niagara Gas corporation will facilitate a
merger of the two services. When Mr.
Judge acquired the property he paid
about $3,000,000 for it.
Kenefick, Cooke, Mitchell & Bass, at-
torneys for the gas companies, made the
application to the commission for Mr.
Judge, Christopher G. Baldy, president
of the Niagara Gas corporation, an at-
torney in their offices, has filed an ap-
plication with the commission asking for
authority to issue $5,000,000 worth of cap-
ital stock and to issue at par an amount
sufficient to pay Mr. Judge $4,000,000 in
capital stock and to cover necessary im-
provements and additions which will
have to be made to the manufactured gas
plant.
It is estimated that several millions will
have to be spent to modernize the Judge
plant and make necessary changes in the
mains of the Iroquois company if the two
services are consolidated.
Gas Companies Must Pay Tax
on Gross Receipts
Austin, Texas.— A gas company sub-
ject to the payment of gross receipts tax
under the provisions of the so-called Cox
gas law, cannot, in calculating the amount
of tax due the State, deduct from its
gross receipts the amount it pays to some
other company for gas purchased from
such company, the Attorney General held
recently in an opinion -for the Railroad
Commission.
The Dallas Gas Company, the County
Gas Company and the Fort Worth Gas
Company, three distributing companies
selling natural gas to consumers at Dal-
las, Fort Worth and certain points in
Dallas County, in making their reports
of gross income to the Railroad Com-
mission under the Cox law, excluded
from their receipts as basis for compi-
lation of taxes the amount which they
pay to the Lone Star Gas Company, a
gas producing and transporting company,
for gas delivered at the city gates or re-
ceiving stations for sale to consumers.
These distributing companies deducted
two-thirds of the gross revenue from gas
sold by them on the ground that they
collect this amount for the Lone Star
Gas Company and that the distributing
companies are not taxable on the receipts
from that source.
It is pointed out in the opinion that
nowhere in the contract between the dis-
tributing companies and the Lone Star
Gas Company is it indicated that the
distributing companies should be the
mere agents of the Lone Star Gas Com-
pany for the purpose of distributing gas
but on the other hand "it is a plain con-
tract for the sale and purchase of gas."
The distributing companies are re-
quired to pay a gross tax on their gross
receipts without making any deductions
for any purpose whatever.
Gas Sands Found
Sante Fe, N. M.. May 4— Two impor-
tant gas sands have been found at about
700 and 800 feet in a test well being drilled
in Sante Fe County by the Toltec Oil
Company, a Nciv Mexico arm of H. M.
Byllesby & Company of Chicago. It is
predicted that both sands jointly would
make gas for commercial purposes. John
T. Young, Oklahoma City expert of the
Shaffer Oil & Refining Company, which
recently was purchased by Byllesby &
Company, is here making an investiga-
tion of the Toltec's operations. A third
sand with indications of oil and gas has
been entered at about 900 feet.
The Griscom-Russell Co., of 90 West
St., New York City, have issued a new
bulletin number 330, covering Reilly
Evaporators for Marine service.
Evaporators also are being very success-
fully used in stationary power plants and
centra] stations for providing pure water
for boiler feed makeup.
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394
THE GAS AGE
May 10, 1921
Tennessee Oil and Gas
Geological Work in Southern Tennessee and Northern
Mississippi Leads to the Belief that the Blossom and
Woodbine Sands of Louisiana Should be Found There
By STUART ST. CLAIR
OIL development in the Louisiana
fields has kept the eyes of the oil
fraternity focused on the south-
western end of the Mississippi Valley and
little attention has been given to that
large part of the same geographic and
geologic province which extends north-
ward into Southern Illinois, eastward to
Tennessee River in Tennessee, and west-
ward to the mountains of Arkansas. In
the geologist's nomenclature this area is
known as the Mississippi Enibayment
Within this Embajrment province geolog-
ical processes of sedimentation and earth
movements which produce folds in the
rocks were quite similar, although some
parts received more sediments and were
subjected to more intense folding than
others. In view of these facts and of the
recent encouraging oil developments in
the southern part of Arkansas, it may be
of interest to the public to receive
some geological data on an area east
of the Mississippi River and one which
occupies a similar position on the east
flank of the Embayment trough as does
the Arkansas oil area on the west flank
of the Embayment trough.
Geological work which the writer did
in Southwest Tennessee and Northern
Mississippi in the fall of 1919 and which
is the basis for this paper was prompted
by a careful theoretical consideration of
the possibilities of oil and gas in some of
the Gulf Embayment sediments and of
the basic principles involving structural
conditions which should probably exist
in parts of the Mississippi basin. The
area chosen should be typical of the gen-
eral basin conditions and should furnish
data which will be of value in a study
of other parts of the Embayment area.
Genetic Conditioaa
The marine sediments which are found
in this part of the Mississippi Basin were
deposited in a great Mediterranean sea
which covered the area during the Upper
Cretaceous period in geologic history.
The formations are quite persistent over
the area extending from the Gulf of
Mexico well up into Tennessee, and pos-
sibly a little farther. Following the ma-
rine Cretaceous period, the area hat had
sedimentary deposition in fresh or brack*
ish waters which extended as far north as
Southern Illinois. All of these younger
sediments rest upon a basement of older
consolidated rocks of Paleozoic age.
The primary cause for the sinking of
the area preceding Upper Cretaceous time
was due in part to faulting, but probably
also due largely to relief in stresses
caused by the rising of the earth segments
both to the cast and to the west, follow-
ing the Paleozoic era. Regardless of the
primary causes of earth sinking in the
Mississippi Embayment area, there was
established a hinge-line or axis between
the positive segments which remained
land areas and the negative segment
which was to receive the sedimentation of
the succeeding stages and periods of time.
This hinge-line would correspond rough-
ly to the shore lines of the Embajrment
seas. There would, necessarily be
stresses and resulting disturbances along
this hinge-line and also in planes paral-
leling it. These stresses would be ac-
centuated by the isostatic disturbance
caused by degradation on one side and
aggradation on the other side of the
hinge-line area. The disturbances of the
crust would not take place in the hinge-
line area entirely, but would be transmit-
ted in paralleling planes basinward, and
would decrease in intensity proportional
to the distance from the area of greatest
stress, or approximately the shore line of
the Embayment seas. These diastrophic
conditions would continue even after
sedimentation had ceased, or until a
time when complete isostatic equilibrium
was again reached.
These simple basic principles are only
touched upon to emphasize the possibili-
ties of flnding areas of folding which
would approximately parallel the posi-
tion of the old shore lines of the Embay-
ment seas. The geologic history of the
Embayment period, as reflected in the
sediments, show that shallow water con-
ditions prevailed generally and that ani-
mal and vegetable matter were abundant
in the seas. Sedimentary conditions and
organic life conditions should have been
quite similar over the Embayment area,
or at least for the areas bordering the
shore lines of the seas. This brief dis-
cussion leads to a consideration of the
sediments underlying the area.
Geologic Formations
The basement of the Embajrment sedi-
ments is a series of consolidated rocks
which is chiefly limestone with a lesser
amount of shale. Within a few hundred
feet of the base of the unconsolidated Em-
bayment sediments, the drill would pass
through the Devonian black shale, which
is petroliferous in a number of oil fields
in Kentucky and West Virginia, and the
Devonian and Silurian limestones which
are, under certain conditions, good reser-
voir rocks. Sand lenses may occur with-
in the black shale or porous beds may be
present in the limestones underlying anti-
clines in the Mississippi Basin and
where these formations can be reached
within an economic limit they should be
tested in conjunction with the overlying
Embayment sediments.
Overlying the Paleozoic basement in
the area covered by this paper, or a large
part of it, is the basal Upper Cretaceons
Tuscaloosa formation which is composed
of chert gravel, sandstone and clays, some
of which are very carmonaceous. This
formation was evidently deposited in
fresh or only slightly brackish waters.
Animal life was sparse, or conditions
such that fossil remains were destroyed,
but plant life was abundant The sedi-
ments found at the outcrop are probably
much coarser than what would be found
underlying the younger sediments as far
west as the area being described, and die
formation may thin considerably. Less
coarse material and more clay should
make up the sediments. Organic life
should have been as abundant as nearer
the shore line, as the waters were prob-
ably shallow. This should be a good oil
reservoir formation, as it is similar to
the lower part of the Woodbine forma-
tion of Northern Louisiana.
The Eutaw sands, which are the basal
Cretaceous beds of Tennessee, overlie
the Tuscaloosa at the outcrop area in
Mississippi. The two formations grade
into each other with no recorded break
in sedimentation, but at least part of the
Eutaw is marine, so there was a change
in oceanic conditions at some time daring
the deposition of the sediments that make
up these two formations. The upper part
of the Eutaw is unquestionably marine.
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May 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
395
Marine sedimentation continued
through Selma time and a considerable
thickness of lime sediments was deposit-
ed. Following this the Ripley sands,
marls, and limestone were deposited un-
der marine conditions and unconformably
with the underlying Selma.
Overlying these sediments unconform-
ably is the Midway group, which is made
up of marine limestone and marls at the
base overlain by clays which may be
of fresh water origin, and estuarine sand-
stones. This group includes the Porters
Creek of Tennessee.
Sedimentary conditions changed again
for the succeeding materials of the Wil-
cox group, La Grange of Tennessee, are
largely fresh water deposits. The sedi-
ments of this group outcrop over most
of the area covered in this paper. The
lower part of the group is the Ackerman
clays which are overlain by the Holly
Springs sands, the latter probably being
fresh water deposits. These sands were
deposited under irregular conditions of
sedimentation and, therefore, offer many
difficulties to the geologist who is work-
ing for structural dips. Near the center
of the Holly Springs formation is a 100-
foot zone of clay which is pink and white
ball variety. Overlying this sand forma-
tion is the Grenada, which is made up
largely of lignitic clays. In many places
the formations display excellent stratifi-
cation. Although th€ Wilcox is very ir-
regular in character and continuity of in-
dividual beds, sedimentation must have
been very general, as the formational
units are regularly developed over ^n ex-
tensive area. It was deposited under
lake or estuarine conditions and there is
a suggestion that part of the Wilcox may
be marine. It is the surface formation
in the north Louisiana oil fields.
The Claiborne group follows uncon-
formably and overlaps the Grenada beds
of the Wilcox. The Claiborne is the
highest regular formation with which we
have to deal in the area covered in this
paper and appears only at the southern
end. The formation is predominantly
sands and clay, the former being the
basal Winona sands. Higher formations,
which are chiefly marine, underlie the
Embayment area farther south.
Throughout the entire area there are
surficial deposits of irregular thickness
and character, composed chiefly of red
sands and pebbles. These are referred
to as the Lafayette in most reports, but
the name Citronelle is used by some writ-
ers.
General OU PosaibiUties
From a brief consideration of the for-
mations it can be seen that there is
abundant organic matter from which
hydrocarbonic matter, such as oil and
gas, could be formed. There are also
suitable sandstone horizons in some of
the formations which could be considered
very favorable for reservoirs in which
oil and gas could accumulate.
In considering where commercial quan-
tities of oil and gas should be found in
apparently favorable petroliferous prov-
inces, folding of the rocks, or structure,
is the basis for all deductions. But
there are other conditions which must
be considered with the structure and
these conditions or geologic features may
vary for different areas under considera-
tion. In this province, water conditions
should be considered with the structure.
Connate or fossil sea water should be
present in the sand formations, especially
in the lower parts of the basin, since
there is a general bas inward dip from
the outcrops of the various formations.
The rainfall within the Mississippi Basin
is heavy throughout the year and the
amount of meteoric water to enter the
sandy outcrops is considerable. This
meteoric water would move down the
general dip of formations, basinward.
Therefore, with probable large quantities
of Connate water within the lower parts
of the basin, drilling there, even upon
structures, would run a chance of en-
countering water, depending, of course,
upon the amount of water within the
basin. With an intake of large quantities
of meteoric water at the outcrops of the
formations, drilling on structures too
close to the outcrop might result in ob-
taining water only, for the oil and gas
would be carried on basinward by hy-
draulic pressure. Therefore, the area
most favorable for oil and gas accumu-
lation would be on the highest anticlinal
or domal structure within an area mid-
way between the two probable water
areas.
Structure
The normal dip of the formations in
Southwestern Tennessee and Northern
Mississippi is basinward or approximate-
ly westward. The general strike, there-
fore, is parallel to the lines of outcrop of
the formations. The geologic maps of
the two States show this general struc-
tural relation clearly. Therefore, in a
reconnaisance search for possible oil
structures, an east dip for any distance
would be a complete reversal and would
show an anticlinal fold, the axis of which
would parallel the general strike of the
rock formations of the region. The find-
ing of a north or south dip would indi-
cate transverse folds to the general
strike ' and where associated with east
dips a doming would be indicated.
The writer worked over an area ap-
proximately 150 miles long and 35 miles
wide in the area which is theoretically
considered to lie within the most favor-
able belt, and outlined some very prom-
ising-looking structures. The major re-
sults show that the most pronounced
folds parallel the old shore lines of the
Embayment seas, that is, extend in a
general north-south direction. (Farther
south, in Mississippi, a northwest-south-
east direction.) Transverse folds finger
out into the Embayment from the older
land area to the east, affecting both Pal-
eozoic and Embayment sediments. There
is a general relationship between topog-
raphy and structure in many localities,
and the major streams cut directly across
the principal folds, their existence evi-
dently antedating the final uplift and
folding.
Dips of 2 to 3 degrees east (reversal)
are common and in some are^s dips of 6
to 8 degrees east occur. Good exposures,
from which dips can be read, are not
always to be found where most needed,
but diligent search or use of a spade
will usually reveal a surface from which
the dip and general strike can be read.
General Conclusions
As stated above, there seemed to be
theoretical grounds for believing that
there should be uplifts which would ex-
tend in a general north-south direction
paralleling the positions of the old strand
lines of the various formations and trans-
verse to the general basinward dip of
the rocks. A field examination showed
that such structures were a reality, and
that some occupied positions geograph-
ically where oil accumulation would be
most favored and where dangerous water
conditions would supposedly be at a min-
imum.
Transverse folds, which would extend
in a general east-west direction, have
been noted in Tennessee by Nelson, the
State geologist. These folds include the
underlying Paleozoic basement rocks of
the Embayment area. McGee describes
a Pliocene uplift along the Memphis-
Charleston axis, but which does not ap-
pear to have affected to any extent the
deposits of Northern Mississippi. Veitch
describes a 600-foot fault which extends
from Texas to Mississippi, and Hill trac-
es a similar fault, known as the Red Riv-
er fault. Veitch also has the Angeline-
Caldwell monocline affecting the area
north of Vicksburg. Stephenson records
evidence of an uplift around Starksville
and presumes that it is a continuation of
the Jackson anticline, which was mapped
by Hopkins. There has been an uplift
in the southeastern part of the State,
south of Meridian, and corresponding to
the uplift in the southwestern part of
Alabama, which formed the Hatchetig-
bee anticline, described by Hopkins. Shaw
notes an uplift in the southwestern part
of Mississippi, and also notes the much
disturbed attitude of the Pliocene deposits
which would indicate Pliocene and post-
Pliocene uplift.
The above recorded facts show that
there has been diastrophic movements
within the Embayment area at times
subsequent to the deposition of the Upper
Cretaceous and early Tertiary forma-
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396
THE GAS AGE
May 10, 1921
tions, the former of which are the impor-
tant ones from a petroliferous standpoint.
If incipient folding began along the shore
lines of the earlier Upper Cretaceous seas
and along parallel planes farther sea-
ward, due to insostatic unadjustment be-
tween the areas of degradation and ag-
gradation, and this unadjustment is
evinced by the fact that the shore lines
of each succeeding formational sea was
farther basinward than the preceding one,
then the structure of any anticlinal fold
paralleling the general strand lines
should be more acute in the lower for-
mations than at the surface. That is, the
dip of the flanks of the anticlines should
increase with depth, the sub-surface
structure should show asymmetry, and
the western flank should have the greater
dip. In such case the eastern flank
should contain the larger area of produc-
tion. This relation would simulate ex-
isting conditions which obtain in the
Caddo field, Louisiana, where the greater
accumulation of oil is on the outcrop side
of the structure and on the flank which
has the lower dip.
From the fact that the Upper Creta-
ceous formations of Mississippi and
Southern Tennessee were deposited ap-
proximately contemporaneous with the
sediments in Northern Louisiana, re-
ferred to as the Upper Cretaceous and in
which large accumulations of oil are
found, and from the fact that lithological-
ly the sediments are very similar and
from the geologic facts that organic life
was the same and continuous from one
area to the other, stress can be laid on the
oil possibilities of the area described in
this paper. The depth of drilling is not
great and the cost cannot be excessive. In
Southwestern Tennessee a depth of 2,500
feet should test the Embayment uncon-
solidated sediments and a few hundred
feet more the possibilities in the under-
lying Devonian and Silurian rocks. In
going southward into Mississippi the
depths would progressively increase to
probably 3,500 feet.
The Eutaw and Tuscaloosa sands
which correspond to the Blossom and
Woodbine of Northern Louisiana, should
contain the greatest oil possibilities in
Northern Mississippi and Southern Ten-
nessee. Neither of the deep wells at
Jackson, Miss., went to these formations,
both stopping in the Selma chalk at
depths of 3,043 and 3,079 feet, several
hundred feet above the Tuscaloosa. Lime-
stone saturated with petroleum was re-
ported near the top of the Selma in one
of the wells at a depth of 2,640 feet.
Two deep wells were drilled at Vicks-
burg, one stopping at 2,630 feet, prob-
ably about at the top of the Ripley sand.
The other went to a depth of 3,462 feet
and had gone 192 feet in the Eutaw sand
when the well was abandoned. The Blos-
som sand was probably struck at 3,212
feet and salt water at 3,259 feet Deep
wells at Memphis, none of which went
deep enough to test the lower sands,
showed oil and gas at several horizons,
probably corresponding to the Nacatoch
and the Blossom sands of Northern
Louisiana. The results of tests at Me-
ridian, Winona, Charleston, and other
places, some of which were very encour-
aging, are recent history and need not be
reviewed here. Not many of these tests
were advantageously located.
From facts which were discovered in
the field and from theoretical deductions
which are drawn, it is the opinion of the
writer that certain localities in the Mis-
sissippi Embayment warrant prospecting
for oil and gas. On both the east and
the west sides of the basin there should
be anticlines which should parallel the
old shore lines of the Embayment forma-
tions. Those structures which exist mid-
way between the outcrop and the center
of the basin should be tested first, for
reasons already stated. Although the
writer has not visited the new Arkansas
oil areas, he ventures to remark that
probably the main structure will be found
to run in a general north-south direction
and the best wells will be on the west
or shore side of the Embayment. Many
of the most important oil pools in the
world lie along the edges or rims of
structural basins. The Mississippi Em-
bayment area occupies a structural basin
and already oil is successfully exploited
at several localities on the southwestern
side. It is the writer's opinion that there
are possibilities on both sides of the
Mississippi basin as far north as the low-
er sands may extend, and in localities
where due consideration is given to struc-
ture and geographic position.
Decision Aflfects Oil and Gas
Companies
Duncan, Okla., April 29 — Every lease
for oil and gas taken in the State of Okla-
homa by any oil company which also op-
erates a pipe line department is invalid
in the opinion of Cham Jones, judge of
the District Court of Stephens County.
In support of his contention Judge
Jones cites the act of the legislature in
1908 which expressly prohibits oil com-
panies with pipe-line departments taking
such leases. He explains that in 1915
the legislature passed another act which
said the school land board should not re-
ject bids for any reason except those out-
lined in "this act," and the act did not
prohibit such purchases.
"The contention of these companies has
been that the act of 1915 by inference re-
pealed the act of 1908," Judge Jones said,
"I do not think it did, and if it repealed
any of the acts it was only that portion
which referred to the sale of school land."
The following companies may be af-
fected by the decision: Prairie Oil &
Gas Co., Magnolia Petroleum Co., Sin-
clair Oil Co., Texas Co., Cosden & Co.,
Gulf Refining Co., Empire Oil & Gas Co.,
and Roxana Petroleum Corporation.
"None of these companies even con-
tend that their pipe-line companies are
anything except the property of the oil
companies," Judge Jones said. *Thc com-
panies simply take the position they are
protected by the act of 1915. It would
be easy to show in court that both
branches are one and the same company,
men familiar with the organization say."
Price T8. the Magnolia
In the case of Price against the Mag-
nolia, decided Monday, Judge Jones held
that the school land board had no right
to withhold the quarter section of land
in question from sale. The judge said
Monday that the case was decided on this
issue, but that it would also have been
decided in favor of Price on the ground
that the Magnolia has no right to make
oil and gas leases, because of its pipe-
line department, had the issue reached
this point.
He points out that the State, through
the attorney general, can take action to
invalidate all leases in the State made
by these companies, and he suggests that
Attorney General Freeling should be
asked to take such action at once.
Should leases held by these companies
be invalidated, it would involve hundreds
of millions of dollars in property in the
State and virtually force the big com-
panies from the Oklahoma fields. Local
independent operators fearing the en-
croachment of big companies are prepar-
ing to urge the attorney general to act
in conformance with Judge Jones* opinion
of the law.
Receiver Appointed
The court Monday evening appointed
E. J. Kelly, of Waurika, receiver for the
Magnolia property in Section 33-ls-8. in-
volved in his decision of Monday. The
receiver is instructed to take charge of
and operate said lease and develop the
same and to determine the expense in-
curred heretofore by plaintiflF (the Mag-
nolia) and intervenor herein, and to re-
ceive all moneys heretofore received or
accumulated by the plaintiflF (the Mag-
nolia) and intervenor from the proceeds
of the production of the oil and gas off
said premises, and make account to the
court for the same.
In this action Price, a homesteader,
sought to invalidate the Magnolia's lease
in Section 33 on the ground that the
school land board had refused to sell
the land to him in accord with the legis-
lative act. The ruling of the court sus-
tained his contention. The case involved
six producing oil wells and holdings and
production worth hundreds of thousands
of dollars. The case will be carried
through the State courts and to the Su-
preme Court in the United States.
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May 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
397
An Address on Making Better Men
Municipally Owned Gas Distribution System, Value
of Cooperation and Complete Gasification of Fuels
Discussed at Annual Indiana Gas Ass^n. Convention
THE meeting place of the Indiana
Gas Association proved so successful
again this year that its committee
on "Time and Place" determined that the
1922 convention should also be held at
the West Baden Springes Hotel on the
third Monday and Tuesday in April. This
decision seemed to receive the universal
approval among not only gas men of In-
diana but particularly the representatives
of the manufacturers, who attended this
meeting in large numbers. Many of them
arrived on Saturday and Sunday to en-
joy the week-end in the delightful and
warm climate of southern Indiana.
The plan of holding sessions only in
the morning and giving over the after-
noon to golf and outdoor recreation is
another feature, which enables busy men
to take advantage of the trip to West
Baden to combine business with pleasure.
"Pipe Highwcya"
Among liie valuable contributions to
this convention were two or three papers
of unusual merit Mr. Warren S. Blau-
velt presented a paper on "Natural Law,
Statute Law and Gas Service** which
opened np a line of discussion new to
some, but which proved interesting to
ali. Mr. Blauvelt advocates that the dis-
tribution system of a gas company should
be owned by the municipality, paid for
and maintained 1^ assessment on real
estate benefitted thereby. He compared
the pipe lines to the highway system and
argued that there was no more reason for
a community to furnish free roads over
which coal and other commodities may
be hauled free than that "pipe highways"
should be provided for the free distribu-
tion of gas fuel* to consumers. While the
idea is not entirety a new one, Mr. Blau-
velt gave it such vivid and practical ap-
plication that many of his hearers believe
they see in his suggestions a new era for
the gas industry.
A wonderfully inspiring address was
given on the morning of the first day by
Mr. George M. Barnard, member of the
Public Service Commission of Indiana.
Mr. Barnard comes from New Castle
where he has had many honors, among
which is that of Mayor of his own city.
His address entitled "Value of Co-opera-
tion" was in reality a sermon on making
better men. The gas men of Indiana are
to be congratu&ted in having upon their
Mr. Morse Dellplain, — the new
President of the Indiana Gas
Association, was born in New
Orleans, Louisiana, September,
1880, and his first experience in
the public utility field was as a
telegraph operator in the Repub-
lic of Mexico some ten years
later. He remained in the tele-
graph business for several years,
both as an operator and as a con-
struction engineer, then came
back to this country for a techni-
cal education, which he received
in the Engineering College of
Syracuse University.
Mr. Morse Dellplain
Mr. Dellplain's first experience
in the gas branch of the public
utility business was as Sales Man-
ager of the Syracuse Lighting
Company, Syracuse, New York,
where he was employed for nine
years. In August, 1918, he was
appointed Vice-President of the
Northern Indiana Gas and Elec-
tric Company, with headquarters
at Hammond, Indiana. He is a
member of several Engineering
Societies, including the American
Society of Mechanical Engi-
neers.
Public Service Commission a man with
such high ideals, such a clear conception
of justice, and such a keen desire to do
what is right, as has Mr. Barnard. This
valuable address appears elsewhere in
this issue.
Complete Gasification Fuels
With the many conflicting opinions, as
among the public, the commissions, and
the gas men, on the subject of the prop-
er standards for gas, it is certain that
Mr. Alfred I. Phillips of the American
Gas Association has rendered a distinct
service to all concerns by helping to clar-
ify this confused situation. He presented
a most comprehensive and able paper on
"Practical' Results of Distribution of
Lower B.t.u. Gas." Mr. Phillips traced
the history of the gas industry, with its
particular relation to the standard of can-
dle power and calorific value and then
tried to point out the net result. From
the standpoint of the consumer upon fur-
nishing gas of lower B.t.u., which has
been necessitated by conditions arising
out of the war, Mr. Phillips believes that
in view of the certain decline in produc-
tion and higher price of gas oil that the
gas of the future must be made entirely
from coal. He believes that one of three
things will follow. First, we shall re-
place all of our water gas plants with
coal gas equipment and at an enormous
expense. Second, we shall continue water
gas making with the elimination of oil
and furnish a "blue" gas of about 300
B.t.u.; Third, we shall use a combination
of the two without oil and furnish a gas
of about 400 B.tu.
Although a spirited discussion followed
Mr. Phillips' paper, very little was added
to the exhaustive treatment of the sub-
ject by its author. The other papers of
the convention were presented as per
schedule.
In the absence of the President of the
Association, Mr.' Morse Dellplain, the
Vice-President of the Association, pre-
sided with grace and ability, which car-
ried through the meeting on schedule in
every respect. A letter was read from
President Goodrich, expressing his re-
gret at his inability to be present and
wishing his fellowmembers a most suc-
cessful convention. Great credit is due
to Mr. E. J. Burke, Secretary and Treas-
urer, of Indianapolis, for the careful,
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398
TEE GAS AGE
May 10, 1921
previous arrangements for the comfort of
the members and many other details
which made the convention a success.
The Tenth and Nineteenth Holes
The "Golf Section" was on hand in full
force. An easy eighteen hole course at
French Lick was most generally used but
a nine hole "goat" near the West Baden
Hotel was patronized by a few. Mr.
Earl Roberts of Detroit was generally
conceeded as the champion but others
who helped to wear out the course were
Bert Young, Ted Potter, Frank Lempke,
A. P. Bull, M. C. Robbins, Morse Dell-
plain and Par Bogey.
The new officers elected for the coming
year are as follows : President, Morse
Dellplain, Hammond; Vice-Pres., F. B.
Tracy, Muncie ; Sec'y-Treas., E. J. Burke,
Indianapolis.
Gate Gas Rates to Be Estab-
lished in Oklahoma
Oklahoma City, Okla., May 4 — Chair-
man Campbell Russell of the Corpora-
tion Commission has announced that the
Commission has virtually made up its
mind to issue an order establishing a
gate rate on the Oklahoma Natural Gas
Company's line into Oklahoma City.
The Oklahoma Gas & Electric Com-
pany is protesting because so great a
part of the burden of waste would be
placed* upon it.
Applications from gas companies over
the State to increase rates are becoming
fewer, but some cases are pending before
the commission in which reductions of
rates are asked. Some of these involve
the question of the authority of the com-
mission to fix rates guaranteed under
municipal franchises. Although one case
in the Supreme Court has upheld the
authority of the Commission in such
matters, it is likely that the matter will
go to the high court again. It is threat-
ened by city officials both of Okmulgee
and Bartlesville.
The Commission is considering an ap-
plication from the commercial club at
Holdenville to segregate an area of gas
territory in Hughes County for carbon
black purposes. Other efforts in Okla-
homa to get carbon black concessions ap-
pear to have been frustrated by a deci-
sion of the United States Supreme Court
in a case going up from Wyoming which
is said to have given the carbon black in-
dustry a blow through interpretation of
the conservation laws of the government.
This industry is watching with inter-
est developments in Louisiana where a
convention now is in session to revise
the constitution of the State. Oil and
gas operators and representatives of the
Bureau of Mines and of oil and gas as-
sociations have been appearing before
committees of the convention.
Seventeenth Annual Conven-
tion Southwestern Electri-
cal and Gas Association
Gftlveston, Texas, May 18, 19, 20, and
21, 1921.
' The Convention will open Wednesday
morning, May 18th.
The "Opening Session" will be held in
the afternoon and will be devoted to pre-
liminary business such as the Presi-
dent's address, the report of the Secre-
tary on Association activities, together
with an address, by an invited speaker,
on some topic of interest and value to the
utility business at large.
On Thursday morning, May 19, there
will be held the First Light and Power
Session at which papers, reports and dis-
cussions will be had on technical and
operative matters pertaining to this Sec-
tion.
On the same morning, there will be a
session of the Street and Interurban
Railway Section at which "problems of
the minute" in electric transportation
will be stated and discussed.
On the afternoon of this same day
there will be held the First "General"
Session at which speakers of prominence
in the utility and scientific field will
make addresses, and answer inquiries
and objections. Among these will be
Mr. Martin Insull, on "The Public's
Business," Mr. J. H. Gill, on "The Util-
ity Association as a Permanently Prof-
itable Investment" and Dr. E. P. Schoch
on "The Latest Developments in Texas
Lignite."
On Friday morning, May 20, the Sec-
ond Light and Power Session wiill be
held.
On the same morning there will be the
Second Street and Interurban Railway
Session which will be a "T^ound-the-
Table" discussion of minor problems or
of those brought to the Convention by
those attending.
On the afternoon of the same day
there will be the Second "General" Ses-
sion with addresses and papers by Mr.
W. G. Busby, Chairman Mo. Pub. Serv.
Comm'n. on "State Utility Commis-
sions," Mr. W. J. Canada, Inductive In-
terference Engineer, N. E. L. A. on "In-
ductive Interference," also two addresses
on "Hometown Financing of Local Utili-
ties" by those who have had recent prac-
tical experience in this matter and an ad-
dress—from the Banking side — on the
same subject, by a Texas banker.
On Saturday morning. May 21, the
"Business" and the "Final" Sessions will
be held, the one adjourning immediately
into the other. At the first of these all
unfinished business will be completed,
the reports of Treasurer, Secretary and
various committees will be heard and
acted on. At the Final session the re-
port of the Nominating Committee will
be read, the election of Officers and
standing Committees be held and the
"newly elect" inducted into office.
The Light and Power Section has. in
its programme, followed the course of
the N. E. L. A. in developing "commit-
tee reports" and their explanation and
discussion, as a major portion of their
programme.
Southern Gas Association
Mr. E. C. Stothart, President, advises
that Mr. W. H. Jefferson, Engineer of
the Cutler Hammer Company will pre-
sent a paper on "Measuring Gas With a
Thomas Meter."
As the programme is a very full one
and a large attendance is promised, all
"entertainments" have been placed in the
evenings of the first three days. On
Wednesday evening there will be a ''Va-
riety" entertainment, mostly "Home
Talent," on Thursday evening a dance in
the ball-room for attending members,
visitors and guests— the latter the usual
courtesy of the "Supply Section" mem-
bers of the Association to the "Active"
(Utility) members, and on Friday night
the Annual Banquet of the Convention.
$120,000 Required for Im-
provement of Gas Company
Report Made to Mayor and Council by
Chicago Engineer
Houston, Tex.— It will require an ex-
penditure of $120,000 by the Houston Gas
and Fuel company in improvements to
provide adequate gas to consumers in
Houston, according to a report made by
William A. Baehr & Co. of Chicago to the
mayor and council. The report was re-
ceived by Mayor Holcombe and trans-
mitted by him to City Attorney Sewell
Myer and W. J. Howard, who will repre-
sent the city in the pending litigation be-
tween the city and the gas company.
Voluminous Report
The report is a voluminous one and
contains several other recommendations
of a technical character regarding the
plant and equipment of the company. The
William A. Baehr & Co. had been re-
tained by Mayor Amerman and the old
city council to make a survey of the gas
company's plant and equipment and fur-
nish the city with a report on the ade-
quacy of the plant and equipment.
Recommendations that the number of
British thermal units contained in the gas
furnished consumers by the company re-
main at 525 is contained in the report.
The ordinance had set the standard at
590. The trouble with the company lies
in not having an adequate distributing
system, the report states, and not large
enough capacity to furnish a sufficient
quantity of gas to consumers during the
winter months.
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May lO; 1921
THE GAS AG£
m
Special Rates to Natural Gas
Convention
Mr. Wm. B. Way, secretary of the
Natural Gas Association of America,
makes the following announcement:
"For our convention in Cincinnati next
month we have been granted, for the ad-
vantage of all persons attending our con-
vention, a rate of a fare and a half for a
round trip on the identification certificate
plan, which means that I will send you
upon request a sufficient number of cer-
tificates, which, upon presentation to the
ticket agent from whom you purchase
your ticket to Cincinnati, will entitle you
to a round trip ticket for a fare and a
half from your location^ to Cincinnati and
return. s
"Please advise me immediately how
many certificates you want
"Further particulars will be forwarded
you when we send you the certificates, or
you can apply to your ticket agent in
your locality."
prior to the passage of this act may be
exercised and performed by any employe
of the Department of Public Safety, depu-
tized or appointed by the commissioner
to exercise and perform such duties.
Montana— House Bill No. 24, intro-
duced by the committee on revenue and
taxation, amends existing law relating to
the classification of taxable property in
the State to provide the percentage of
the true and full value of each class
which will be taken and used as the basis
for the imposition of the tax thereon.
Class 1 of the proposed amendment
reads :
"The annual net proceeds of all mines
and mining claims, after deducting only
the expenses specified and allowed by
Section 2565 of the Revised Codes of
Montana; also where the right to enter
upon land to explore or prospect or dig
for oil, gas, coal or mineral is reserved
in land by any person or corporation, the
surface title to which has passed to an-
other, the assessor and the State and
Larmour Adama William B. Way
Former and Present Secretaries of the Natural Gas Association of America
Oil and Gas Legislation
Michigan— Senate Bill No. 228, intro-
duced on March 24 by Forrester, would
establish a State Department of Public
Safety, with a commissioner as its ex-
ecutive head, and the following existing
departments and offices would be trans-
ferred to, and placed under the jurisdic-
tion of such department: State Fire
Marshal's Department, State Oil Inspec-
tor's Department, Department of Michi-
gan State Police; and the commissioner
referred to would be an ex-ofiicio State
fire marshal and State Oil inspector.
The powers and duties pertaining to
the office of deputy State oil inspector
County Board of Equalization shall de-
termine the value of the right to enter
upon said tract of land for the purpose
of digging, exploring, or prospecting for
gas, coal, oil or minerals, and the same
shall be placed in this classification for
the purpose of taxation."
Section 2 of the proposed amendment
would make as a basis for the imposition
of taxes upon Class 1 "100 per cent of
its true and full value."
Pennsylvania — House Bill No. 1192,
introduced on March 24 by Dawson and
Lackawanna, levies a State tax of Ic a
gallon on all gasoline sold in the State,
except for resale purposes, 50 per cent of
the tax collected shall be credited to the
county from which it was derived and
used in the construction and maintenance
of highways and the payment of interest
on bonds issued for such purpose. The
remaining 50 per cent would go to the
State Highway Department.
Monthly reports of the total number
of gallons of gasoline sold and the pay-
ment of taxes arc required. Any person
who fails, neglects or refuses to make re-
returns and pay the tax, or who makes a
fraudulent return, is subject to a fine not
exceeding $1,000, or not exceeding six
months' imprisonment, or both.
Tennessee— House Bill No. 1022, in-
troduced on March 14 by McDonald and
others, provides that drilling operations,
maintenance and abandonment of petro-
leum and gas wells shall be carried on
under the supervision of the State geo-
logical survey and the State mining de-
partment. Application to drill, accom-
panied by a filing fee of $5, must be made
to the State geologist. Reports regard-
ing the log of wells must also be made,
accompanied by a fee of $5. Reports re-
garding production of oil and gas must
be filed monthly. The location of oil and
gas wells in such close proximity one to
the other as to injure or destroy the pro-
ductivity of the oil lands is prohibited.
It is provided that appeals from rulings
made by the geological survey or the
mining department may be made to the
circuit court.
White Oil Corporation to
Drill
Drilling campaign of White Oil Corp.,
on its 276 acres in the El Dorado, Arkan-
sas field, adjoining the lease on which
the Hinton-Mattox discovery well was
completed, provides for the putting down
of fifteen wells. Three wells have start-
ed and are down about 200 feet while
eight additional rigs have been erected
and drilling should start in the next ten
days. Material for four additional rigs
is being moved in. Wells are completed
in a comparatively short time at EI Dora-
do, due to easy drilling and use of the
rotary type drill. Materials for four 55,-
000-barrel tanks are on the ground and
two additional tanks of*that size are be-
ing moved in from the Minden, La., tank
farm.
Correspondence
Editor, The Gas Age :
Will you kindly ask through your col-
umns for a statement of the cost of weld-
ed joints in 3 inch, 4 inch and 6 inch
steel pipe for distributing high pressure
gas, together with the number of feet of
each laid?
I believe this would be valuable to a
great many men who are looking for in-
formation of this kind.
A. E. Walden.
Baltimore, Md., April 19, 1921.
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400
THE GAS AOB
Umj 10, 1921
Mid-Continent Gas Men to At-
tend Cincinnati Convention
Many Oklahoma natural gas men are
planning to attend the sixteenth annual
meeting of the Natural Gat Association
of America, which will be held at Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, beginning Monday, May 16.
It is probable that an excursion will
be made up in Tulsa, so that all Okla-
homa gas men may reach the convention
city at the same time. Plans are now un-
der way to get started so that all gas men
will be in Cincinnati for the big opening
carnival on Monday night. Those on the
inside say the fun will be fast and furious.
The session of the convention will open
Tuesday morning, and sessions will be
held only during the morning hours this
time. The afternoons and evenings will
be given over to inspection of the great
exhibition of gas appliances and equip-
ment. The exhibit of appliances is to be
the greatest assembly of natural gas
equipment ever gathered together under
one roof, and it is to be made particularly
interesting by a plan to attract the gen-
eral public to view the new things in
gas appliances. A plan has been worked
out to give away a valuable gas appli-
ance every half hour. These appliances
will be donated by the various exhibitors
and will run from toasters to full cabinet
gas ranges. It is believed that thousands
will come to take a chance at winning
the appliances, and then pick up much
valuable information by visiting the va-
rious booths.
Big things are promised in the way of
entertainment, but the sessions of the
convention will be devoted to solving
some of the most pressing problems of
the industry.
Among the papers to be read will be
one by H. D. Hancock of the Dohcrty
organization, dealing with question of
leakage and to what extent it is possible
to prevent losses in city distribution.
Another paper will further enlighten
natural gas men as to the actual working
of the Three-Part-Rate. This paper will
be read by H. L. Montgomery, of Bartles-
ville, Okla., and will be made strikingly '
interesting by actual working demonstra- ,
tions of the appliances used in making ,
this plan a success. ,
"Save a Million Dollars a Day." This |
is the slogan adopted by those who will i
present the United States Bureau of
Standards' paper and exhibition at the
convention. In this paper the results
of three years of actual tests and research
will be made public and it is said that if
natural gas men can be induced to adopt
the recommendations there set out, they
may save that million dollars a day.
Other papers will be ready by Byron
M. Clendening, formerly with the Ohio
Public Utilities Commission, and H. L.
Butler of the Butler Advertising Co. Mr.
Butler will lead the discussion on ad-
vertising matters, and it is hoped that a
definite plan of publicity will be adopted
by the association members.
The banquet and dinner will be held
on Wednesday night. This is always a
big feature of Natural Gas Association
conventions, and this year some very
prominent speakers have promised to be
present. All in all this sixteenth annual
gathering will be the biggest event of
its kind, and great preparations are being
made at Cincinnati to handle a record
attendance.
DeBeque, returned this month from Lon-
don, where he had been in the interests
of the Amazon and other DeBeqne pro-
jects, since last December. The com-
pany officials believe the territory under
lease will prove very valuable if de-
veloped for its natural gas possibilities,
and attention may be concentrated along
that line. As the flow of gas struck last
summer at 660 feet was estimated at
1,000,000 feet a day, and as smother gas
sand was passed through at 500 feet,
there should be an abundance of gas
President Harry J. Hoover of the Natural Gas Atiociatlon nf America
Colorado Natural Gas Devel-
opments
DeBeque, Colo.. May 6— While the
nature or the location of the work to be
done has not been decided, the Amaron
Oil Co. intends to be active in this dis-
trict during the coming summer, accord-
ing to G. R. DeBeque, who had charge
of the drilling operations for the com-
pany last year. One well was drilled to
a depth of 660 feet on the L. T. Stewart
property, adjoining the townsite on the
northwest, where showings of oil and a
large flow of gas were struck. The wdl
is now capped but as it was originally in-
tended to be put down to 700 feet to tett
a known oil sand, it may be deepened
this summer as the first work to be done
by the company.
A. H. Mungford, an associate of Mr.
available if the property is systematically
developed, according to conclusions
reached by numerous people who have
studied the history of the DeBeque gas
and oil fields. The Amazon management
has been contemplating the securing of
a franchise to lay mains in the town and
stipply gas for all domestic purposes, also,
to convert some of the energy of the gas
into electric current by using as fuel in
a plant located in the field, and furnish
current for light and power in DeBeque
and the oil shale district Operation of
pumping plants along the river woukl
also furnish a demand for part of the
ekctric current It would not be the
intention to depend on one or two wells
Umc gas, if it U decided to utilise it in
tiicte ways, bat at a number of gas sands
aie known to exist nnder this field, thev
WMid mil be tapped for their flow.
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May 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
401
Appliances and Equipment
Three in One
Th€ Scott Gas Appliance Company of
412 Bond Building, Washington, D. C,
is placing on the market a new type of
gas range known as The Scott Hot Wa-
ter Gas Range, which heats water, cooks
and bakes at the same time. This flat
top stove has a metal sheet underneath
the burners which has openings in it to
admit secondary air around the burners
proper. The burners are surrounded with
a watercoil which is attached to a stor-
age tank, shown in the left of the accom-
panying cut. The products of combus-
This illustration shows the range con-
nected with the usual type of thirty gal-
lon kitchen boiler, but it is proposed to
make a type of range containing its own
water tank, in which case, a detached
boiler would not be necessary. Those
living in apartments, where hot water is
furnished, can secure another type of
range without the water back.
Exposure Orders
A good example of the amount of new
business that live appliance salesmen can
secure is illustrated by a recent remark
by Mr. J. M. Brice, New York City man-
ager of the Humphrey Company during
the "Own Your Own Home Exhibition."
Durinff one dav of that fifteen dav show
irs for
to pay
lie ex-
re was
chain
id be-
mer-
THE SCOTT HOT WATER GAS RANGE
tion are confined between the hot top,
the combustion sheet below the burners,
and the water coil around the burners.
An opening is made so that the products
of combustion pass from this space to
the oren on the right
W. E. Foster, formerly with the Con-
solidated Gas Company of New York, has
joined the sales organization of the Ve-
suvius Engineering Co., Inc. Mr. Foster
has had extensive experience in the sale
of water heaters.
Satisfied Sales
The fact that a gas company sells ap-
pliances for two purposes was brought
out at the "Own Your Own Home Exhi-
bition," recently by Mr. R. V. Howes, as-
sistant superintendent of the Commercial
Department of the Consolidated Gas
Company of New York.
First, to increase the sale of gas. It
was clearly pointed out that compamies
have not been in a position to in the last
two years to supply the gas to warrant an
extensive appliance sales campaign. Gas
has been the cheapest fuel available and
the gas companies were not prepared to
supply it in unlimited quantities. In
fact, due to patriotic persuasion they re-
frained from developing their properties
for the good of the Nation.
Second, to sell the best appliance on the
market in the most intelligent manner so
that once a prospect becomes a gas con-
sumer he will be satisfied and always re-
main a gas consumer. When an appli-
ance is sold for the immediate cash re-
ceived, the more important point of keep-
ing the consumer satisfied might be lost
sight of and might induce the sale of ap-
pliances that would not stand the rigid
tests of economy. The hardest man to
sell is the gas consumer that has been
stung.
The logical people to sell gas appli-
ances are the gas companies and when the
chain stores are completely divorced
from the gas company property and all
items of cost to sell are taken into ac-
count, as well as the important item of
maintaining the appliances in efficient op-
eration, the cost to sell appliances might
prove low in favor of the gas companies.
Pyi
i^rometric Practice
A new publication of the Bureau of
Standards, Technologic Paper No. 170,
"Pyrometric Practice/' is a complete
treatise of the practical phases and ap-
plications of pyrometry is presented. All
general methods of measurement, instru-
ments, use and standardization of pyro-
metric apparatus are discusseed. The
paper is illnstrated with cuts of modern
American instruments. Many tables of
data are included and the treatise con-
tains an index for ready reference.
Uniform System of Accoonts for G^lb
Corporationi
The National Association of Railway
and Utilities Commissioners have issued
a revised edition of this classification of
accounts. It contains a hundred pages of
valuable material for gas companies.
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402
THE OAS AGE
May 10, 1921
Pittsburgh at the Movies
"Everybody goes to the movies. Put
your advertisement before the purchasing
public where they will have to read it.
There is nothing else for them to do when
you have your ad thrown on the screen.
You know how it works; you have seen
other merchants' ads at the movies and
you had to read them, and if their ads
were put up in an attractive manner you
were interested in what they had to say."
That is what H. G. Mentzer, Sales Pro-
motion Department, Pittsburg Water
Heater Company, tells the gas companies
who are on the lookout for good adver-
tising stunts that are just a little different.
The Pittsburg Water Heater Company
not only have a series of attractive mov-
ing picture slides, on which is printed in
large letters the gas company's name and
Brown has finished shaving, and is draw-
ing water in the tub for his morning
bath.
In the kitchen Mrs. Brown has prepared
breakfast, and has several dishes to
wash. Testing the hot water she finds it
too cold and draws a dish pan full and
puts it on the gas range to heat.
In the bathroom Mr. Brown's tub is
ready, but when he tests it he finds that
it is not hot, and rather than take a cold
bath, he decides to eliminate that part of
his morning's morning.
Down in the kitchen the dish pan of
water is heated ; Mrs. Brown looks around
for a cloth to lift the hot pan from the
stove. No cloth in sight, she picks up a
newspaper and folds it around the han-
dles of the pan. Her attention is attracted
to an advertisement in the paper. She
reads it — it is an advertisement of the
are discussing the value and economy of
this hot water service as the picture fades
into the wording :
"You too may enjoy hot water service.
Witness a demonstration at (Gas Com-
pany's name and address inserted at this
point).
This imprint is approximately 10 to 12
feet of film.
The film has brought a lot of comment
"Good advertising." "You can't get
away from it." It makes a good impres-
sion and is a good business stimulant"
There is no question as to what goes on
in the minds of those who view the pic-
ture, particularly when they go home and
open the hot water faucet, on their inade-
quate hot water system.
The Pittsburg Water Heater Company
are prepared to loan you this film free of
charge, imprinted with whatever wording
you desire in the space provided. You
can have it shown at your local movie
house, possibly at no cost whatever, if
you follow the suggestions of their sales
promotion department
The film is only one of the features of
the sales promotion department service,
of the Pittsburg Water Heater Company.
It is said that their advertising service is
the most complete of any manufacturer
furnishing sales helps to the gas industry.
Gas Company Asks Rate Cut
Topeka, Kas. — The first gas company to
ask the public utilities commission of
Kansas for permission to reduce its rates
was the Baldwin Gas Company.
The company has been charging 65
cents a thousand feet for natural gas and
$1 a month surcharge. Permission was
asked to maintain the same charge for
the gas consumed but to reduce the serv-
ice charge to 75 cents.
The commission issued the order for
the decrease as soon as it could be writ-
ten after the application appeared.
Before — Heating Water
in a Dishpan
street address, or any other reading he
may select, but they have just completed
a regular scenario, featuring the advan-
tages of an automatic water heater ser-
vice in the home.
The title of the picture is "Before and
After." This film is about 200 feet in
length. It is attached to the feature pic-
ture and is not used in the intermission
as a fill-in. It is just as much a part of
the show as the news reel or the comedy
feature. In other words, a regular movie .
Here's the scenario:
A well appointed bathroom. Mr.
After— Instant Hot
Water
"Pittsburg" Automatic Gas Water
Heater. She is intensely interested.
In a few days there is plenty of hot
water in the bathroom. Mr. Brown draws
hot water from the faucet for his tub.
The scene shifts to the basement and
shows a picture of a "Pittsburg" Water
Heater in action. Mr. Brown is de-
lighted with the prompt service, and
pleased with the idea of having all the
hot water he wants.
In the kitchen Mrs. Brown draws water
for her dishes, and registers delight at
having hot water at her finger tips. They
Earnings of Public Utilities
Carolina Power & Light Co.
1920
Dec. gross $ 143,597
Net after taxes 44»187
Total income 82,711
Surplus after chgs 64,196
12 mos. gross 1^98^58
Net after taxes 446^7
Total income 622,188
Surplus after chgs 412,450
Bal. after pfd divs 277,068
Portland Gas & Coke Co. 1920
December gross $ 261,054
Net after taxes 105,092
Total income 105^098
Surplus after chgs 80^120
12 months gross 2,613,324
Net after taxes 1,043378
Total income 1,043,985
Surplus after chgs 675,290
Bal. aft pfd. divs 495,164
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May 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
403
Crawling Tread Crane
The cut below shows a crawling tread
crane, which is a constructive application
of one of the destructive elements used
in the late war. Its possibilities appear
so evident for use by gas companies in
reclaiming fuels that permission was se-
cured from The Iron Age to publish a
description of it.
A crawling tread locomotive crane
modded after its heavier and larger ca-
pacity standard gage rail types is being
offered by Orton & Steinbrenner Co., 608
South Dearborn Street, Chicago. It is
furnished in two sizes, 7 tons, with 30-£t.
boom, and 12 tons, with 35-ft. boom, and
besides the crawling tread it can be ar-
ranged to operate on broad faced road
wheels or on standard or special gage
railroad tracks. Extra lengths of boom
may be supplied.
ground, enabling it to travel over the
roughest surfaces while yet maintaining
constant compression on the springs. It
is claimed that the crane will travel up
grades of 20 to 30 per cent in soft ma-
terial.
Tread links are reversible, enabling the
crane to travel forward or backward, and
the links are so designed that ends over-
lap, thus to prevent foreign material
from entering the spaces between. The
crawling tread is adjustable by screw
take-up and by a single pair of rollers
with coiled steel springs on the top. The
surface area of the crawling tread allows
for a unit pressure on the ground to 10
lb. per sq. in.
The sprocket is driven by steel bevel
gears and steel shafting from a counter-
s)iaft of the hoist, no chain drive being
used. The car body and turn table of the
crane are fabricated of structural steel
For operating the bucket double auto-
matic drums are regularly supplied; thus
doing away with one set of levers and
simplifying the operation. Frictions are
of large diameter and made of bronze,
no wood friction blocks being used. The
large braking surfaces are designed to
insure quick action in lifting and releas-
ing the loads.
Steering of the crane is from the cab
by means of brakes on the differential
shaft, an arrangement which is said to
permit easy maneuvering of the crane.
The makers claim that it can be turned
completely around in any one spot or in
a circle the radius of which is about
equal to its own length.
This feature it is said enables the crane
to be used in confined areas usually in-
accessible for machinery of this kind.
Equipment for the crane may be varied
to suit the condition of the work. In ad-
dition to operating clam shell or orange
w^^^i Kx/ot-Af «i fiirKiriA orpnprs^ting set cau
let operated.
11 block for
Suggestion for Reclaiming Fuels at Gas Plants. Crawling Tread Crane Turns Around
in Any One Spot or in a Circle of a Radius Equal to Its Own Length
The crawling tread is said to be de-
veloped from and to be an improved form
of that used on the tanks during the Eu-
ropean war. The tread links and sprock-
ets are of cast steel and the chain idler
rollers are bronze bushed with a patented
pressure system of lubrication. Each
crawling tread is supported on bottom
between the drive sprocket and idler by
four pairs of idler rollers. Each pair of
idler rollers is carried in an equalizing
strut backed by a heavy coil spring
and when traveling over obstacles such
as railroad tracks, the rollers, it is said,
will tilt as much as 6 in. from the hori-
zontal. This device is further said to
equalize the pressure of the crane on the
shapes and plates, braced and riveted,
the turn table revolves on twelve chilled
tread rollers on a tee rail section to dis-
tribute the weight uniformly and requires
but a minimum of power to swing the
load.
The hoist proper consists of four main
horizontal power shafts driven through
a train of cast steel cut spur gears and
three auxiliary vertical shafts driven by
cast steel bevel gears. This mechanism
transmits the power for the four principal
functions of the crane; hoisting the load,
swinging it, raising and lowering the
boom and traveling. Any one function
may act independently or all may ?t<?t to-
gether,
handling heavy loads up to the maximum
capacity of the crane and drag line equip-
ment for handling drag line bucket may
also be used. Shifting cars or otherwise
using its tractive effort are said to be
other uses to which the crane may be put.
Same Officers Re-elected
The Stacey Manufacturing Co. Stock-
holders at their annual meeting, held
April 12th, re-elected the same officers to
serve for the ensuing year; namely, J.
Frank Stacey, President and General
Manager; T. C. Ranshaw, Vice-Presi-
dent; mnd Wm. F. Dvinker, Secretary ^n^
Treasurer,
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THE GAS AGE
May 10, 1921
Atmos Tubular Breathing
Mask
By GEORGE OLIVER SMITH
For certain industrial requirements
where work must be done in poisonous
gases at short distances from fresh air,
a simple, light and inexpensive protection
to the respiratory organs has been de-
sired. Because however, of the ex-
tremely poisonous nature of gases fre-
quently met under these circumstances
perfection in detail of every working part
is just as necessary as in the most compli-
cated and elaborate form of self-con-
tained breathing apparatus such as used
in mining work. To meet these condi-
tions, the Atmos Tubular Breathing Mask
has been developed.
It consists essentially of the following
parts : —
1. Rubberized canvas face piece cov-
ering eyes, nose and mouth.
Three Parts of Breathing Apparatus
2. Atmos perfection respiration valve.
3. Flexible tube from valve to hose
line.
4. Leather breast harness and belt.
5. Carrying bag on breast harness for
mask when not in use.
6. Specially constructed flexible tubing
or hose line. (Both the nose and connec-
tions are made strong enough to be
used as a life line in emergency.)
7. Funnel with screen at free end of
hose.
8. Steel stake with "S" hook attached
to be used to anchor the free air end of
the hose.
9. Special oxygen injector with gauge.
10. 100 feet in 25 foot lengths with
couplings, specially constructed flexible
tubing or hose line .
The outstanding and unique feature of
the Atmos Tubular Mask is the new spe-
cial Atmos perfection respiration valve
which has been carefully developed, de-
signed and subjected to the most delicate
and difficult tests. It is of two unit con-
struction, is self-contained, and oflFcrs the
least possible resistance to inhaled and
exhaled air, thereby greatly reducing the
physical efforts of the lungs. Upon ex-
halation there is a positive seating of
the inlet valve and an entirely free open-
ing of the outlet valve. This feature en-
ables the wearer to thoroughly "scav-
enge" (or clear out) the inside of the
mask on each exhalation. In other words
there is only a minimum amout of used
air which is not completely exhausted
from the mask on each exhalation of the
lungs, a feature of the utmost importance
in assuring the operator of his best work-
ing ability. The outlet valve during in-
halation makes an entirely tight seal.
The valves are carefully protected in the
design of the valve box against contami-
nation from dirt or other foreign sub-
stance.
The accessory equipments of the At-
mos Tubular Mask, such as parts Nos.
7 and 8 are listed in the foregoing des-
cription, have been added as a result of
many conferences with experienced safe-
ty men who understand the requirements
under actual service conditions of such
forms of breathing apparatus. The de-
sign of these parts is also in accord with
the best thought of safety engineers who
have actually made use of machines of
this nature.
All parts of the apparatus are made
of the best material to be secured and the
same high quality of workmanship is used
in the manufacture of the Atmos Tubular
Mask as in all other products manufac-
tured and distributed by the American
Atmos Corporation. Special tests are
made on each mask during every process
of manufacture and assembly and the
completed unit is subjected to an actual
gas test before it is shipped.
Uses
The mask may be used with assured
safety in industrial work where smoke,
dust, furnace gases or other noxious
fumes exist, where a supply of pure air
is available at a distance not to exceed
the length of the flexible tubing or hose
accompanying the mask. In addition, the
mask affords special advantages where it
is necessary to work in a confined space,
there being nothing but the breast har-
ness on the chest of the user, and this does
not interfere in any way with close work.
The mask is now in successful use in in-
dustrial plants and by public utility com-
panies.
Long Distance Feature
An entirely new and very valuable ad-
dition to the Atmos Tubular Mask con-
sists of the Atmos oxygen injector, by
the use of which it is possible to extend
the range of service of the mask by 100
feet without increasing the resistance to
inhalation in the mask. In other words,
when the injector is used, if the operator
has 100 feet of hose connected between
the face piece and the injector, he is en-
abled to inhale without the slightest re-
sistance, and if at 125 feet, the resistance
to inhalation when the injector is at-
tached is identical with that when he is
only 25 feet from fresh air without the
injector attachment. The injector con-
nected to an oxygen cylinder is attached
to the free air end of the hose. Any type
of oxygen cylinder as commercially dis-
tributed may be used. The oxygen con-
sumption of the injector being but two
liters per minute, allows a service period
varying from 30 to 50 hours continuous
work from one fully charged commercial
Apparatus in Use
oxygen tank as ordinarily purchased from
oxygen distributors. Such tanks are to
be found at almost every industrial plant,
public service corporation plant, or well-
equipped garage, in the country and it is
not necessary to use any special form
of oxygen for this work.
A modification of the use of the oxy-
gen injector with the Atmos Tubular
Masks is to connect a manifold to the
main feed line from the oxygen cylinder,
connecting to this manifold three or four
masks which may be used by as many
workmen and a suflicient volume of air
forced to all of the workmen to permit
them to accomplish their duties together.
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May 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
405
even though they may be working in the
most poisonous form of gas and at a dis-
tance of 100 or 125 feet from fresh air.
They may continue so to work for a peri-
od of 8 to 10 hours if necessary without
retiring to the fresh air.
The use of the Atmos oxygen injector
with the new Atmos Tubular Mask gives
promise of opening up a new field of
usefulness for gas masks and making
classes of work possible which has for-
merly been accomplished only through
the risk of "gassing" the men doing the
work or at great expense, owing to the
large amount of lost time necessary for
the men to continually return to fresh
air and be replaced by other workmen for
short period shifts.
No attendant is necessary at the in-
jector and it is only necessary to watch
the gauge occasionally to make sure that
an ample amount of oxygen still remains
in the cylinder to continue the necessary
flow of air to the workmen.
This mask is a very useful article in
blowing purifying boxes. It seems to me,
its use around a gas property is almost
unlimited, and while, of course, it affords
the maximum protection, still it makes
it possible to greatly reduce operating
costs in that you can cut your crew down
one-third or one-half by the protection it
affords in working on leaks, etc., one
man being able to go in and finish the
job without having to go out and another
take his place. This item of production
and operation costs is very important
these days.
Oxygen Breathing Apparatus
Washington, D. C— That the materials
now in use on standard oxygen-breathing
apparatus do not afford complete protec-
tion to the wearer in high concentrations
of gasoline and other organic vapors is
the conclusion arrived at by investigators
of the United States Bureau of Mines in
a report entitled Technical Paper 272,
"Permeation of oxygen breathing appa-
ratus by gases and vapors," just issued.
The authors, A. C. Fieldner, S. H. Katz,
and S. P. Kinney, declare that whenever
oxygen breathing apparatus is worn in
organic vapors a life-line should be at-
tached to the wearer, so that on signs of
distress he may be immediately with-
drawn from the dangerous atmosphere.
The materials now in use on standard
breathing apparatus are, however, quite
impermeable to the gases ordinarily en-
countered in mine-rescue work.
Question as to the permeability by
gases and vapors of rubberized fabrics
used in the breathing bags of self-con-
tained oxygen breathing apparatus was
raised recently by the death of James
S. Cunningham, a foreman miner of the
Bureau of Mines, who was overcome
while wearing an oxygen breathing appa-
ratus of the half-hour type in a large
tank containing about six inches of gaso-
line at Trinidad, Colo. Investigation of
the cause of his death indicated that the
rubberized fabric of the bag had perhaps
been penetrated by the vapor of gasoline.
Experiments were therefore made with
similar breathing bags in gasoline-satur-
ated air. These experiments showed that
when the gasoline used was highly vol-
atile, like "casing-head" gasoline, danger-
ous amounts of it penetrated the bag.
Further measurements of permeability
were made of separate pieces of fabrics
in a special apparatus. Tests lasted two
hours, which is the time the larger oxy-
gen breathing apparatus are designed to
be worn. All the fabrics now used by the
Bureau of Mines for breathing bags, ex-
cepting in one type, proved permeable to
gasoline and benzine vapors, and un-
doubtedly to other organic vapors. No
permeation of the fabric investigated was
found for carbon monoxide or natural
gas. The impermeable (in two hours)
material consisted of heavy sheet rub-
ber, one-sixteenth inch thick, made of
high quality stock; no cloth was used in
it.
Fabrics made of two rubberized sheets
cemented with a glue and glycerin mix-
ture were found completely impermeable;
one such fabric had a total thickness one
third that required for rubber. Special
tests for resistance to rough mechanical
treatment, exposure to weather, hot dry
air.^nd freezing temperature were passed
by this fabric without permeation or loss
of flexibility. A fabric made of cloth
impregnated and coated on one side with
pyroxylin varnish allowed only a slight
penetration of gasoline and benzene va-
pors toward the close of the two-hour
test period, not enough to be dangerous.
A slightly thicker coating would entirely
prevent penetration. This fabric has ap-
parently very desirable properties for use
in breathing bags, and deteriorates less
than rubber with age.
Final recommendations regarding the
use of heavy rubber, glue-glycerin, or
pyroxylin fabrics in the breathing bag^s
of different apparatus will depend upon
the results obtained in actual use of these
fabrics during the coming year in oxygen
breathing apparatus used by the Bureau
of Mines.
Copies of Technical Paper 272 may be
obtained by addressing the Director of
the Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C.
Invents New Fishing Device
Floyd H. Hatfield of Rawlins, Wyo., a
driller, is being congratulated on the
success of his new fishing devices. These
are a casing swage which hammers a
collapsed casing into its former shape,
and a casing connector and extractor
which is designed to extract both sec-
tions of the parted casing in one opera-
tion, thus eliminating caving of the walls
of the well which so often occurs in the
employment of present methods.
The casing swage consists of a hollow
cylinder, tapering to a point at the lower
end, and a plunger or mandrel working
inside of th'e same and extending through
slots near the point of the cylinder. This
plunger or mandrel is attached to the
drilling stem and as it is driven down-
ward the parts of the plunger which pro-
ject through the slots in the cylinder
hammer the collapsed casing outward
and at the same time the impact of the
plunger on the top of the cylinder drives
the cylinder downward and firmly into
place, retaining the collapsed casing into
the position driven by the last operation
of the plunger.
The casing connector and extractor
consists of a body, slips, lugs, rod con-
necting slips and lugs, and a coil spring.
In the operation of this tool it is at-
tached to a rope socket at the top and a
casing spear attached to the bottom.
After these have been connected and as
the connector and extractor is inserted in
the casing the lugs are pressed inward
into slots and held into place by the fric-
tion on the casing, which operation also
drives the slips downward and inward,
allowing them to pass freely through the
casing and also compressing the coil
spring which is fitted on the rod con-
necting the lugs and slips. As the spear
passes through the space between the up-
per and lower parts of the casing and en-
ters the lower section, it trips and grasps
the lower part of the casing and as the
lugs in the connector and extractor reach
the bottom of the top part of the casing
they spring outwardly and release the
slips which grasp the top part of the cas-
ing. Tension is then applied to the top
part of the casing and both parts removed
in one operation.
New Gas and Oil Wells
Brought In
Deer Creek, Okla., May 5— Three gas
wells have been completed in the Deer
Creek field of Grant County and a fourth
well is producing oil with a showing for
a producer of 1,000 barrels daily or bet-
ter. The Oklahoma Natural Gas Com-
pany, which a contract on part of the
leases of the Western States Oil & Land
Company, is operating here and proba-
bly will drill several wells. The district
is attractive. Several miles of the bed
of the Salt Fork of the Arkansas River
have been offered for oil and gas lease by
the State Commissioners of the Land
Oiice. The lease sale will take place
May 31.
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THE GAS AGE
May 10, 1921
A Record Achievenjent —
Laying Hammer- Weld
Pipe
The Natural Gas industry is produc-
tive of more new ideas and constructions
than almost any other of the numerous
industries of this country, and scarcely a
week passes by without the recording
of achievements that at one time were
thought impossible. Very recently the
Carnegie Natural Gas Company, of Pitts-
hurfi^ inaugurated a new departure in
gas line practice that has aroused the
hiterest of gas men throughout the coun-
try. The company turned gas into a 40-
mch line of "National" hammer-weld
steel pipe running from Brierly station,
some distance back of Homestead, to
the steel mill of the Carnegie Steel Com-
pany at Homestead. The time required
for the installation of the pipe, including
the entire work of ditching, laying, con-
necting, testing, and all, required about
four mondis.
TmU
A point worthy of note is the fact that
the line is said to be the largest hammer-
wdd pipe gas line ever laid in this coun-
try that used the rubber packed type ©f
coupling. The 150 men employed had no
previous experience in laying hammer-
weld pipe, yet they did the job and made
the final connections in better time than
they had previously made with an as-
sembled type of pipe. This saving in
time of installation time was an im-
portant item of the cost. Records of the
company show that a line of assembled
pipe, 12,000 feet long, of the same weight
and diameter, was laid at an average rate
of 82 feet per day, while with hammer-
welded pipe the average daily rate of
laying the 18,000-feet line was approxi-
mately 140 feet—a difference of 68 feet
per day in favor of the hammer-weld
pipe. At this rate, with the two lines
of equal length, say 18,000 feet, it would
have required 91 days longer to lay the
line of assembled pipe than to lay the
line of hammer-weld pipe.
Excavating conditions weren't easy, by
any means, there being many difficulties
to surmount. The line was laid over the
hills from Brierly station and down the
streets of Homestead and West Home-
stead, crossing under 35 railroad and
street car tracks. Most of the ditching
was accomplished by machines. Twenty
and forty-foot lengths of pipe were used,
and the joints were made with rubber
packed type of coupling throughout the
line. It was found that the contour of
the ditches did not need to be so regular
with the hammer-weld pipe as when lay-
ing an assembled type of pipe, and this
feature expedited the work of aligning the
lengths and coupling them up. The pipe
and couplings used were three-eighths-
inch thick, designed for 275 pounds pres-
sure. Where a difference in diameter
existed a tight joint was obtained by
using a rubber gasket slightly larger on
one side than on the other and placing the
larger size of the gasket on the length that
had the smaller diameter. No leaks were
found on the final test The new line
completed by the Carnegie Natural Gas
Company is being used to transport coke
oven gas to the Homestead Steel works
from the Qairton by-product plant, and
has been designed and built large enough
to take care of any new develoimients in
plants requirements for several years to
come.
HAND PUMP FOR PnXII«0 LOBIUCATOR
Defend Your Steam
The Magnesia Association of America,
of 721 Bulletin Building, Pittsburgh, Pa.
has just issued an 80 page study of the
causes and prevention of heat losses in
the transmission of steam for power or
heating purposes for architects, engineers
and heat users everywhere.
Gas Supply for Power Plant
The new plant of the San Joaquin
Light & Power company of California in
the Elk Hills, Buttonwillow district may
be furnished with gas, as the Midway
Gas company is laying eight miles of
eight inch pipe line from the Hay lease.
The Virginia Pipe Line contracting
company is in charge of the ditching and
laying.
Dividend
National Lead Company, regular quar-
terly of 1^4 per cent on the preferred,
payable Jqnc 15 to stock of r^ord May
20.
Making Bolts Fit Tight
In connection with some work on Am-
erican battleships, a report of the Bureau
of Standards says it was found neces-
sary to use bolts capable of withstand-
ing unusually high shearing stresses.
The best type of bolt for such purposes
is one having a tight bearing over its
entire length. The bureau was request-
ed to devise a method by which such
tight-fitting or **body-bound'' bolts could
be secured. Two methods were tried,
both of which gave satisfactory results.
In the first case the bolts were finished
a little larger than the- holes in the plates.
They were then inunersed in liquid air
until they contracted sufficiently to enter
the holes quite easily. Upon warming up,
the bolts expanded, gripping the plates
tightly. In tiie second method each boh
was provided with a small hole along
its axis and was finished to be an easy
fit in the plates.
After insertion a charge of powder
was expkkled in the small hole. This
expanded the boh, causing it to grip the
plates. Subsequent physical tests indi-
cated that the strengths of the joints se-
cured by both methods were sufficiently
high for the purpose.
Engine Lubrication
By W. R. Weiss.
The lubricator on a small exciter en-
gine is mounted in a rather awkward
position, about seven feet from the en-
gine-room floor. The sketch shows a
handy method used for refilling this lu-
bricator.
The hand oil pump is mounted on the
steam chest of the engine. A valve A
is connected to the side outlet of the tee
B, for pumping oil directly to the steam
inlet of the engine. The drain cock C
of the lubricator was changed from die
bottom of the lubricator to the top of the
oil gage glass. To refill, the lubricator
is shut off in the usual manner; tiien
the cock C and the valve D and pet-cock
E are opened and the lubricator is
drained. Next the pet-cock S is closed
and oil is pumped by the hand oil pump
until the lubricator is filled, after which
the valve D and the cock C are closed
and the lubricator is again put in service.
Ofl Men Urge Shutdown
Oil City, Pa.— A big shutdown move-
ment is proposed by the Pennsylvania
Oil and Gas Men's Association. Opera-
tors are urged not to drill or to sell WJ
of their oil for fifteen montiis.
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Vol. XLVII Established 1883 May 25, 1921 Copyright 19^1 No. 10
Present Status of Natural Gas
President of the Natural Gas Assn. and Commercial
Manager for the Union Gas and Electric Co. Tells the
Members of Cincinnati Convention Interesting Facts
JBy HARRY J. HOOVER, Cincinnati, O.
SOME sixteen years ago, a little group of men — Much splendid work has been done by individual com-
workers and planners of work in the natural gas panies by injecting more progressive methods into the
field, with a vision of publicity and selling ele-
greater achievement, formed ments of the business,
the Natural Gas Association The United States Bureau
of America and it is fitting of Mines has continued its
at these annual conventions educational work for natu-
and re-unions, to remember ral gas conservation. The
the pioneers of this organi- Bureau, necessarily restrict-
zation. ed in its expenditures, can-
The past year has been not achieve the highest de-
one of increased activity on gree of success in its con-
the part of the association. servation efforts without the
In the various natural-gas close co-operation and ma-
states, more legislation of a terial assistance of the nat-
hostile character was at- ural gas industry. A
attempted than in any other closer co-operation of this
year. The association, association with the Bureau
through its secretary, has ^ should lead to the adoption
been called upon and has of more practical methods
been able to furnish much of conservation and the re-
information that has had jection 'of theories that
the effect of dissipating would prove impractical,
many false notions and im- Early in the present fiscal
pressions regarding the year, the officers of the as-
product and its usage. In sociation established its own
this respect, the association official publication — Natural
has rendered a valuable Gas. The need and value of
service to its membership. this project to the associa-
On the other hand, there tion and its members had
has been developed during been suggested by past ad-
the year a feeling of great- ministrations. The present
er optimism, largely due to ' administration deemed the
the undoubted fact that the time opportune for action,
public attitude is distinctly An eight months' experi-
more friendly ; that the peo- Harry J. Hoover ^^^^ ^^^ proven the publi-
ple to whom natural gas is ' cation to be of great value
served are beginning to realize that only through co- to all connected with the natural gas business. For the
operation between seller and buyer can the service of encouragement and help rendered the officers of the
the most valuable fuel known to the world be continued association by both company members and individual
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408
THE GAS AGE
May 25, 1921
members and by our loyal friends^ the members of the
Supply Men's Association and to the editor, Mr. W. R.
Brown and the members of the business staff, in making
this publication the sticcess it has proven, the adminis-
tration begs to express its sincere appreciation.
Each year as we meet in annual convention, we find
some vacant chairs and miss the figures and voices of
men who have been active in association work. The
committee on memorials will report to us in suitable res-
olution the names of those who have passed beyond, but
I would speak for a moment of the loss of Wm. Y.
Cartwright, who served our association as president in
the year 1916, and whose counsel was sought and re-
spected by the entire gas fraternity. Largely upon his
recommendation, when president, and through his ac-
tive effort afterward, the association was re-organized
along broader lines and a permanent organization and
headquarters established.
Wm. Y. Cartwright was a potent, virile figure, strong
in his convictions, just in his opinions, unselfish in his
accord of credit where credit was due. Too often in the
cold problems of business, the personnel is forgotten —
the human equation ignored. Our memory of him will
be that of a genuine, manly character, and those who en-
joyed the inner circle of his friendship will ever cherish
it.
I sometimes wonder if we fully realize the unusual
condition in which the natural gas industry found itself
at the close of the world war. Here we have an industry
that has been practically alone among all the industries
of this country, in that it did not ask nor receive more
money for its product during the period of war. It spent
millions of dollars in meeting the demands for increased
production for the purpose of keeping up the
fuel supply of the country, paying from 100 to 500 per
cent increases for its labor and material; yet while the
rates of every other industry and every other kind of
public utility— electricity, traction, steam railroad and
water — were advanced, the natural gas companies con-
tinued to serve their product at the same old prices. This
no doubt is a fact that the public has not recognized or
has forgotten, and the natural gas industry has never at-
tempted to capitalize its war service.
There is, of course, just pride in knowing that we per-
formed a rare patriotic duty, but we find ourselves in
this position — a position that will continue for months
and years to come — of being obliged to increase natural
gas rates in the face of declining prices of other com-
modities— all because we did not ask nor receive that to
which we were justly entitled during the period when
every other commodity was increased, and this makes
the task ahead all the harder. But it must be done, if
the industry continues to exist and proper and adequate
public service is to be rendered.
Increasing Gas Rates
For many years, the question has been asked — ^"Why
is natural gas sold at such pitifully low rates?" At
every gas meeting we have discussed the question and —
we have sold increased gas rates to ourselves !
I recall that at our annual convention eight years
ago, the mayor of the city of Cleveland, Newton D. Bak-
er, paid a splendid tribute to the value of natural gas
when he said:
"I know that so far as the city of Cleveland is con-
cerned, it is very doubtful whether anything has ever
happened in this city — any one thing — which did more
for its prosperity ; did more for its beauty ; did more for
the convenience, the comfort, the happiness, and perhaps
the health of the people who live here, than the introduc-
tion of natural gas."
This can be truly said of every community so fortu-
nate as to have natural gas service.
I recall also that at that same meeting, Herbert N.
Casson, an authority on advertising and selling, verbally
flayed the natural gas industry for the ridiculously low
prices at which it was selling its commodity. And yet,
an analysis of the industry's business since those days
does not disclose any great change in the matter of ap-
plying the methods of salesmanship to our business.
The gas industry today is face to face with two prob-
lems— conservation and rates; really, only one — rates;
because if rates are right, conservation will automatical-
ly follow and conservation is thoroughly impractical
without adequately balanced rates.
Unprofitable Customers
Here we are — selling gas to some two and a half mil-
lion customers, but do you realize that out of this two
and a half million, 1,700,000 are liabilities to the com-
panies serving them, because they are carried at an ab-
solute loss — ^they do not pay their way. It costs more
to serve them than the companies receive for the serv-
ice. This to many is a startling statement, but is it nev-
ertheless a fact. And here is another startling fact ; that
if we were to lose 100,000 of the largest customers out
of this 2,500,000, the natural gas industry of this country
would not make a dollar of profit on its invested capital.
Why should this condition exist? What is there so dif-
ferent in the conduct of our business that public appre-
ciation of the value of our product is not reflected in ade-
quate rates for service?
Selling Expense
For some time past, I have been making an investiga-
tion and comparison of the various features of the con-
duct of the natural gas business with that of other indus-
tries. This investigation discloses that while in most
respects the methods and policies employed do not dif-
fer essentially from the methods and policies of other
business, there is one vital department of business con-
duct that has been almost ignored by our industry. The
investigation discloses that while every other business
spends from five to fifty per cent of its gross sales for
selling its product, the natural gas industry of this
country has been spending one-fifth of one per cent. So
far I have been unable to find a single industry that has
spent so small a proportion of its income for the pur-
pose of selling as the natural gas industry.
This morning when you took your bath, did you know
that the manufacturer of the soap you used spent in one
year to advertise his soap in national magazines alone —
not to sell, merely to assist in selling — ^more than the en-
tire natural gas industry of this country spent in the
same time to sell its product?
If you used a certain kind of soap manufactured in
the city of Cincinnati, do you know that that manufac-
turer spent four times as much to advertise his soap in
national magazines alone, than the entire natural gas in-
dustry spent to advertise and sell its commodity ?
And, when you started to shave, did you know that
the manufacturer ^of the shaving stick you used spent
more money to a*dvertise it — ^just to induce people to
buy — than the natural gas industry spent to sell its
product.
And, when you picked up the "rubber-set" brush to
put the lather on, did you stop to think that the manu-
facturer of that brush spent more to advertise it than
the entire natural gas industry spent to sell its product ?
When you brush your teeth, if you used any one of
various tooth pastes, did you know that the manufactur-
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May 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
409
er of the paste spent more to advertise it than the en-
tire natural gas industry spent to sell its product?
And, when you started to dress, did you know that
upon practically every article of apparel you put on,
from socks to coat — if it was a popular brand— more
money was spent by its manufacturer to advertise it
than was spent by the entire natural gas industry to sell
its product ?
Some of you carry an Eversharp pencil. Did you
know that the manufacturer of that pencil spent as much
money last year for space in national magazines — ^just
to tell about the pencil — ^than the natural gas industry
spent to sell its product.
Perhaps you might have wondered at the tremendous
strides of the electrical business. Do you know that
through the effort of the National Electric Light Asso-
ciation, with the co-operation of electric equipment, man-
ufacturers the electric light and power utilities this
year are receiving the benefit of national advertising
amounting to nearly a million dollars — ^three times
as much as the natural gas companies of this
country have spent in any one year to sell their product ? '
I might mention one electrical company which last year
jspent three per cent of its income for selling, and in-
fcreased its revenue twenty-five per cent. Three per cent
is not much, but it is fifteen times as much in percentage
4is the natural gas industry spent to sell its product.
I could indefinitely continue the comparison and cite
innumerable concrete examples ; all establishing the vi-
tal necessity of salesmanship.
Well may we ask — ^Why not adopt the methods of
other sound and successful business? Why not put
salesmanship into the gas business ? Why continue drill-
ing wells, building compressing stations and continue to
bring the gas always to a buyer's and not a seller's
market ?
We are unworthy the business we are in if we con-
tinue to pursue a defensive attitude in the marketing of
our product
Adequate gas service can only be maintained by ade-
quate gas rates and this fact can be sold to the public;
first, because it is a fact and second, because the public
will buy that in which it believes.
Suggested Activities
May I suggest that during the coming year a depart-
ment of publicity and salesmanship be added to the as-
sociation's forces; that a statistical department for the
gathering of data be established ; that plans for a closer
co-operation with manufacturers of appliances and sup-
plies be evolved — this force of business men can be of
great help to the industry and are ready to do their part
if they receive proper encouragement ; that the publicity
needed by the Bureau of Mines to persistently and thor-
oughly inform the public as to the proper use of gas and
how to conserve it be furnished by our association.
I believe a thorough working out of these suggestions
should prove of great assistance to the industry, but this
association's degree of help to the compatiy members
comprising the association will be just in proportion as
it receives contributing support from the company mem-
bers.
Put salesmanship into your business, put real money
into your publicity, don't hesitate to employ the meth-
ods of every successful business enterprise; adopt a
policy of devoting just as much thought and effort and
financial appropriation to the business of selling your
commodity as is given to developing the field of supply
and you will thereby change the red figures on your bal-
ance sheets to black ones, prolong the life of the natural
gas business, and in the end render a better and more
lasting public service. And all this can arid should be
made a part of this association's constructive work, for
an association can do a great part of this work more ef-
fectively and more economically than individuals or
companies working independently.
And now that my service as president of our associa-
tion is nearing its end, I want to take this opportunity of
thanking you for the honor you have done me. To my
fellow officers, whose support has been most generous,
and to our secretary, Mr. W. B. Way, whose ready co-
operation, untiring and well-directed work made him a
real asset to the association, I extend my sincere thanks.
For eight years I have been a director and officer of this
association — eight years filled with the pleasure of con-
genial work and the acquisition of personal friendships
which I shall ever cherish.
Meter Trouble
In his paper before the annual convention of the
Natural Gas Association, John P. Campbell, district fore-
man for the Hope Natural Gas Co. at Lumberport,
W. Va., related some of the troubles experienced by the
managers of outlying districts among which is the
following interesting narration :
One of the most aggravating and difficult duties a
West Virginia Foreman has had to perform, has come
to him within the last three or four years — that is, to
carry out and put in operation, an order of the Public
Service Commission of his State, requiring all gas,
whether free or pay, to be measured and reported to the
Commission. In order to carry out this order, it is nec-
essary to install and maintain a meter upon the line or
well of the free consumer, and in nearly every case, the
setting of this meter has been very determinedly and bit-
terly resisted by the land owner. When the foreman first
began the setting of these meters, they were met with
force and all of kinds of threats by the land owners,
anywhere from personal assault up to murder. The
free consumers, in the first instance, denied the right of
the Public Service Commission to issue such an order.
They insisted that this was a right they had under the
contract, and that the Public Service Commission had
no authority to put an interpretation thereon. Thi^ re-
sistance was so persistent and determined that it resulted
in suit being brought by the Pittsburgh & West Virginia
Gas Company against a man by name of Richards, in
Marion County, to enjoin the land owner from inter-
fering or obstructing this Gas Company from installing
and maintaining a meter. The case finally went to the
Supreme Court of Appeals of this State. The Court
held that the Public Service Commission was within its
right in issuing such an order, that the Gas Companies
must obey the order, and that the Court would enjoin
and restrain the land owner f»om obstructing or inter-
fering with the Gas Company in complying with the
order of the Commission.
. Even after the Court had handed down this opinion,
a great manv of the free consumers would not accept it
as the law of the State, and the Foreman has continually
up to this time, been confronted with the difficulty of
installing these meters and maintaining them against
the stubborn resistance of the land owner. This resist-
ance has been so effective that the Gas Companies are
yet obliged to go into Court and ask for a restraining
order in a great many cases, before the Foreman can
be protected against the enforcement of a forfeiture
clause in his life insurance policy, on the grounds of
engaging in a hazardous business.
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THE GAS AGE
May 25, 1921
Commission, Public and Utility
A Former Member of the Ohio Public Utilities
Commission Told the Natural Gas Conven-
tion Pertinent Things about Public Relations
By BYRON M. CLENDENING
FEW people, when they press a button to obtain elec-
tric light, take down a telephone receiver to talk to a
friend, or turn a key to procure natural gas, realize
what an important part utility service performs in the
daily life of the community. Nor do they imagine how
much capital is invested in these private enterprises for
public comfort. Some idea may be obtained, however,
from the statement of the Tax Commission of Ohio that
in 1920 the tax valuation of the public utility companies
in Ohio, exclusive of steam railroads, was practically
fourteen per cent of the total valuation of all forms of
property in the state.
When men invest their capital in ordinary business,
they are at liberty to sell their product when they please,
where they please, and for what they can get. If, how-
ever they engage in certain enterprises — ^telephone com-
panies, electric light, heat and power companies, natural
and artificial gas companies, water works, and certain
forms of transportation, they become public utilities and
come under the regulation of the state. This is so be-
cause when private property is devoted to the public use,
it is subect to public regulation and control; and the
power to fix and control maximum rates that utilities
may charge for their service to the public is a sovereign
power belonging to the state, represented where state
commissions are organized in those commissions.
Power of the State
Municipalities may grant the utility a franchise au-
thorizing it to occupy the streets ; but any rate-making
power exercised by the municipality is subject to the
right of the state to regulate or modify such rates under
the governmental power it has always possessed. So
much has been said of the Home Rule right of munici-
palities that the impression is wide-spread that the mu-
nicipality has final rate-making power ; and frequently in
dealing with utilities the matter of rates becomes the
foot-ball of local politics, and but for the right of appeal
to state commissions, this might lead to disastrous re-
sults ; for the municipality and the utility are, in many in-
stances, dependent each upon the other, and disaster to
the utility is reflected upon the municipality.
A municipality served by a public utility is entitled
to the best service that utility can give, under the cir-
cumstances. The utility on the other hand, is entitled to
rates that will provide its cost of operation, a proper
depreciation for maintenance, and a reasonable return
upon the value of the property used and useful in the
public service. It is entitled to no more, and no mu-
nicipality should ask its service for any less. Where,
however, a municipality led by the demagogue and ex-
ploiter for political advantage, as sometimes happens,
insists upon and fixes a primary ruinous ordinance rate,
then the appeal section of the commission act, open to
both company and consumer, permits the utility to make
its showing before a disinterested tribunal and obtain a
proper rate.
Value of Commission Regulation
It is now generally conceded that the extent of nec-
essary information and data essential to a comprehensive
regulation of service at a fair, uniform rate can be
secured to the best advantage by the state in connection
with a public utility commission, with trained experts
on the subject. Under this method, the state through
its commission, takes the place of competition, and
furnishes the regulation which competition cannot give,
thus avoiding the expense of duplication in investment
and operation, now regarded as a needless economic
waste.
The courts have been among the first and most ardent
supporters of this form of regulation because it is prac-
ticable, inexpensive and at the same time efficient and
summary. Under the old method city councils neces-
sarily adopted rates with but little or no investigation
as to what rates ought to be fixed. Under the Commis-
sion method competent men, who give public hearings,
with no member interested as a taxpayer of the city, with
no desire except to ascertain the facts, fix rates which
most fairminded people are ready to approve.
Increasing Publicity
There is a growing better feeling generally toward
utilities on the part of the public, which is always ready
to pay a reasonable price for adequate service, if it
thinks it is getting a square deal. This better feeling
is due, to some extent to the publicity given orders and
findings of the commissions, but more largely to the
fact, perhaps, that the utilities are seeking now to
acquaint their consumers with the problems confronting
them. In this State they have established and are
maintaining a bureau of publicity, which seeks to bring
full information upon all utility subjects before the
reading public. This is a step in the right direction, and
is already bringing satisfactory results. The average
man is too busy with the problems of his own business
life to give much attention to the complex details of a
utility ; but when that information comes to him in his
daily paper and by bulletins, he soon learns that there
is more than one side to the private business conducted
for the benefit of the community as a whole. This work
of publicity upon the part of the utility companies
should be unceasing and local as well as general. In
fact, the more widespread the local publicity, the greater
will become the general understanding of the problems
of private companies rendering public service.
Natural Gas Publicity
No utility is perhaps more in need of fully informing
the public as to the true conditions surrounding its
business then the natural gas companies. Investigation
by skilled experts whose reports may be rehed upon
show that in these central states at least, the known
natural gas territory is limited in extent and failing
in production. Under these circumstances m order that
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THE GAS AGE
411
this great luxury may be enjoyed as long as possible,
there must be conservation of its use and curtailment
of its waste. Many improvident rate contracts were
made in the past which utterly failed to take into con-
sideration the true value of natural gas as compared
with other fuels, and did not contemplate the present
high cost of production and distribution.
These contracts are now expiring, and in their renewal,
the matter of conservation and elimination of waste
should be taken into consideration. Rates on a sliding
scale upward seem to operate to save gas in two ways :
First, the increasing cost in large consumption tends
to restrict the use of gas for industrial purposes, and
a proper rate leads the domestic consumer to value
the product and lessen its waste by providing, using
and adjusting more efficient appliances in the home. All
these matters should be made plain to the public. The
Ohio Commission has urged upon the gas companies
a campaign of education of the people, and many com-
panies are now engaged in the work of informing their
consumers how gas may be saved by the use of more
economical appliances resulting in a sufficient supply
at little, if any, increase in cost, even under higher rates.
The old saying "Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty*'
should read "Eternal publicity is the salvation of the
natural gas problem."
%5i %5i %5i
Leakage of Natural Gas
An Engineer of Henry L. Doherty & Co. Dis-
cussed this Subject before the Cincinnati
Convention of the Natural Gas Association
By H. D. HANCOCK, New York City
THE term "Leakage" is often and in fact quite gen-
erally used to designate the entire amount of "lost
and unaccounted for" gas. In many respects, this
is a misleading and undesirable practice because there
are a number of items comprising the total "lost and
unaccounted for" gas statement and any study of the
leakage problem must, therefore, necessarily start ^yith
and be based upon an analysis of the entire situation.
This is especially true because the actual leakage factor,
in a preliminary study, is only determinable by the pro-
cess of elimination.
The chief items comprising the "lost and unaccounted
for" gas account may be grouped as follows :
(1) Errors in totalizing meters.
(2) Stolen Gas.
(3) Effects of temperature and pressure on all meas-
urements.
(4) Errors in customers' meters.
(5) Gas losses in blowing drips, during construction
work, etc.
(6) Condensation.
(7) Gas losses in blowing holder seals.
(8) Leakage from mains and services.
Each of the first seven items may be separately
analyzed and either eliminated or accounted for at an
aggregate expense which is negligible compared to the
cost of an investigation of the eighth item. It is, there-
fore, advisable to precede each case of leakage correction
work with an analysis of this general character to avoid
the possible expenditure of large sums of money in a
leakage investigation when the major discrepancy is
caused by other factors.
Transmission and Distribution Leakages
While a great deal of activity has taken place in the
past few years in the reduction of transmission line
losses, it would, no doubt, be generally true to state that
the greater part of the interest in recent leakage cor-
rection work has centered in the distribution losses or
those which occur after the gas has passed through the
town border meters. This concentration of interest in
the leakage rate from local distribution systems has been
largely due to the fact that these losses were the most
important as to amount and as to their bearing on the
widespread rate readjustment through which we are
now passing.
The distribution system leakages are usually of an
entirely different nature from transmission line leakages.
In the former case, the total leakage consists of an
aggregation of relatively small yet numerous leaks
which may exist year after year without positive indi-
cation of their presence while in a transmission system a
series of blows-outs or breaks in the line, from which
gas escapes at a high rate for a short time, will us-
ually account for the majority of the total line leak-
age. The distribution losses are also relatively more
expensive to locate and correct because of general con-
ditions such as pavements, underground obstructions,
street traffic and other special features entering into
work of this kind under urban condition.
Leakage Survey
In making a leakage survey; which is in effect a
diagnosis of the ailments of a distribution system, the
endeavor is made to determine, with a considerable
degree of exactness, the location, nature and extent of
the leakage taking place from each small unit of the
system undergoing study. In doing so, we are merely
following the fundamental principle that the first and
most important step toward the solution of any problem
involving mechanical difficulty is to accurately locate the
source of the trouble. I wish to lay special stress upon
this phase of the subject and to emphasize the necessity
of preceding each case of leakage correction work with
a comprehensive survey which catalogs the system under
consideration as to the rate of leakage in each small sec-
tion. If each of us, by some supernatural power could
note the nature and location of each leak in our systems,
the leakage problem would, undoubtedly, be so unim-
portant that it would not have a place on this program
today.
If the leakage in a given system were uniformly dis-
tributed block by block, the necessity of a leakage sur-
vey, preliminary to the repair work, would be removed.
From several standpoints, however, it is extremely for-
tunate that the average distribution system does not
have the leakage uniformly distributed. It has been
repeatedly found that the greater part of the leakage
is confined to relatively small portions of the system
and with this general condition in view, it is obviously
advisable to employ the leakage survey method for the
purpose of separating and identifying the high leakage
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412
THE GAS AGE
May 25. 1921
sections of main from the average and low leakage
sections.
In proceeding with a leakage survey under the con-
ditions which have been previously outlined, the first
step IS to divide that part of the system under im-
mediate consideration into the small units which are
to constitute individual tests. The lengths of these sec-
tions of main will vary under different conditions and
will range from two hundred feet in high leakage areas
to two thousand feet or more in the low leakage sections
such as are usually found in newly constructed mains
on the outskirts of a city. An average length of test
will be about one thousand feet.
The procedure from this point consists of completely
isolating the section of main under test from the re-
mainder of the system and metering gas into that section
through a portable standard test meter at a rate sufficient
to maintain either normal working pressure in the main
or some predetermined base pressure at which it is de-
sired to determine all rates of leakage. With the meter
cocks closed on all services to insure that no gas is used
by any customer during the period of the test and the
main completely isolated from the balance of the dis-
tributing system, it is evident that the rate of flow into
the section of main under test, as measured by the
test meter, will equal the rate of leakage from that
section of main at the existing pressure during the test.
In isolating a section of main from the remainder of
the distributing system, a number of methods are avail-
able and the selection of the one to be used in a partic-
ular test will, of course, depend upon the pressure of
the gas and the size and type of main. In the case of
two-inch and three-inch low pressure steel mains, the
bagging method has been generally used but in many
such instances it has been advisable to cut the main and
tee out with the test connections. When surveying
three-inch low pressure cast-iron mains, and four-inch
and larger low pressure steel and cast-iron mains, the
bagging method has been generally used. On Unes in
excess of ten indies in size, main stoppers have been
successfully used.
For the purpose of isolating sections of intermediate
and high pressure distributing mains, it is usually possi-
ble to make use of existing line valves or, if these are
not present at the required point, to install either ad-
ditional valves or companion flanges in which blind
disk may be inserted during the period of the test.
The cost of a leakage survey, as a separate and distinct
undertaking from a leakage repair program, depends
to a great extent upon the general conditions under
which the work is done, the time of year, the wage
scale, the extent and kind of pavement encountered, the
relative proportion of mains in streets and alleys, the
depth of mains, the nature of the soil and the number
of customers per mile of main. Under the most favor-
able conditions, surveys have been completed in several
towns and cities at costs ranging from fifty to one
hundred dollars per mile. Under strictly urban con-
ditions, the unit cost has averaged approximately two
hundred dollars per mile while the general average unit
cost of surveys embracing the usual proportion of
paved and unpaved streets has ranged from one hundred
to one hundred and fifty dollars per mile.
Analyzing Results of the Survey
In analyzing leakage problems and in making compari-
sons of rates of leakage in various distribution systems,
use has been made of the usual method of reducing the
length of main under consideration to an equivalent
three-inch mileage basis. Such a reduction is affected
by multiplying the actual length of the main by the
r^tio of its diameter to three. This calculation will
indicate the length of three-inch main having a surface
area equal to the actual surface area of the main under
consideration. The employment of this method of com-
parison between rates of leakage from various mains
will reflect the relative physical condition of the mains
by showing the amount of gas lost in the form of leak-
age in a unit of time from a unit of main surface area.
A further step has also been made toward arriving at
a unit figure which will more accurately reflect the
physical condition of a main by taking the main pres-
sure into consideration and computing the leakage in a
unit of time from a unit of main surface area which
would take place under a given base main pressure.
While the above described calculations are of consid-
erable assistance in analyzing leakage situations and
reducing all unit figures to a common denominator, they
are of comparatively little value, from a practical stand-
point, in executing a repair program and in deciding
upon the order in which the various sections of main
should be repaired so as to make the most profitable
and rapid reduction in leakage. The rate of leakage
per year per mile of main, actual length, at normal
main pressure is. the most valuable unit figure upon
which to base the repair work, for the reason that it
it is practically as expensive, for example, to uncover and
make minor repairs and give attention to the condition
of the services upon a length of three-inch main as upon
a length of eight-inch main. In addition, it requires
in general no greater an expenditure to repair and close
a large leak opening in a low pressure main than a
small leak opening in an intermediate pressure main,
while the annual leakage may be the same in both cases.
Although the material cost may sometimes be subject
to variation with main sizes and pressures, the total
cost will not be greatly affected because such items as
labor, paving material, tools, permits, transportation and
overhead charges will predominate and remain largely
unaffected.
The Distribution of Leakage
One of the most important and striking features of
the leakage surveys which have been completed has
been the degree of concentration of leakage in relatively
small portions of the systems. The following analysis
of a particular survey will illustrate the results obtained
in what may be regarded as a typical case.
Class No. 1, for example includes all mains which are
leaking at a rate of 200 M. cu. ft. or less per year per
mile of three-inch main. It is significant to note
that, although this class includes 22.3 per cent of the
total length of main, it is responsible for only 0.6
per cent of the total leakage. Class No. 5, it will
be observed, contains only 12.7 per cent of the total
length of main but is responsible for 69.9 per cent
of the total leakage from the system. Such an analysis
indicates a degree of concentration of leakage, which,
when known, provides a necessary and invaluable basis
for the formulation of a leakage repair program and
enables the repair organization to center its activities
upon the high leakage sections of main. In this way,
the most profitable part of the program is executed first
and the largest possible volume of gas saved over the
longest period of time.
Pressure Regulation
The subject of adjustment and regulation of pressures
in high, intermediate and low pressure systems bears the
most important relationship to the leakage problem.
This is especially true in the local distributing centers
because it is here that the storage capacity of the lines
is negligible and where only sufficient pressure need be
provided to deliver gas at an adequate pressure to the
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THE GAS AGE
413
burners of the most remote or minimum pressure cus-
tomer.
The operation of town border regulators, reducing the
gas from high to intermediate pressure and of district
regulators, reducing the gas from intermediate to low
pressure often exhibit, in everyday operation, character-
istics of the most interesting nature. There is no desire
or reason to make any criticism of regulator manufac-
turers or their products for it is readily apparent that
all of the regulators with which experience has been
gained will, if properly operated and maintained, give
service corresponding to the representation of the manu-
facturer. The sources of the greatest trouble which
has been evidenced have been in the improper selection
of the regulator for the duty to be performed, in the
absence of either proper operation or maintenance or
both or in the failure of the operating company to secure
the regulator equipment necessary to give the degree
of refinement of regulation required by the situation at
this time involving gas at relatively high unit prices.
It is perhaps quite generally true that the same con-
ditions which resulted in the deferring of maintenance
in the local distributing systems has also resulted in
an indifference to and a neglect of pressure control.
This condition has evidenced itself in a number of ways
such as improper operation and maintenance of regu-
lators, the installation of inadequate mains, the use of
pressures higher than necessary and, in fact, a gradual
conversion to a high pressure operating basis. In
numerous systems where this subject has been given
consideration, it has been found possible to decrease
the average pressure by fifty percent and, by simple
and economical methods of pressure control, to con-
tinue to deliver to the most remote or minimum pressure
customer, the same pressure during the peak load period
which was formerly delivered. Leakage reduction in this
way may be more economically attained than by any other
method because the saving is large, 29 per cent in the
above instance, at a negligible expenditure.
Main Repairs
In the execution of a main repair program, based
upon specific knowledge of leakage conditions existing
both before and after the repair work, it is possible and
desirable to analyze the results of each particular repair
job, to distinguish between profitable and unprofitable
work and to strictly adhere to the general policy of doing
only such work as may be expected to yield a reasonable
profit upon the money expended.
The cost of a leakage repair program depends upon
a number of variable factors such as the class and
depth of main, labor conditions and the wage scale,
pavement conditions, the original rate of leakage per
year per mile of actual main and the degree of concentra-
tion of the leakage throughout the system. The last
factor is the most important in determining, in a given
system, what the cost of the repair work will be because,
with all other factors equal, it determines, for example,
if only fifteen percent of the mains must be examined
and repaired to eliminate ninety percent of the leakage
or if as much as thirty percent of the mains must be
repaired to accomplish the same result.
The practice of exploring for gas leaks by driving a
steel rod through the pavement, macadam or dirt cover-
ing over the main has been extensively used alone and
in conjunction with the leakage survey method of analy-
sis. The barring method has been found to result in a
reliable positive indication of leakage but to not give
satisfactory negative indications even when using very
sensitive methods for the detection of small quantities
of gas issuing from the rod hole.
Instances are on record where certain lengths of main
have been carefully barred and pronounced satisfactory
which were subsequently tested by the shut-in method
and found to be leaking at the rate of over seventeen
million cubic feet per year per mile of actual main.
This is illustrative of an extreme case where the leakage
was of a particularly elusive nature. As the leakage
surveys have progressed in recent years the barring
method has been employed to a less degree each season
until at the present time it is used only in special in-
stances.
A leakage survey indicates not only the rate of leakage
from each small unit of the system but supplies exact
data as to the type of main joints which are responsible
for the greater portion of the loss. The experience
which has been gained in the past few years in the
particular systems which have undergone study in the
manner decribed in this paper, indicates that the greatest
joint losses have occured from bell and spigot joints in
cast iron mains. A large portion of the cast lead joints
in mains of this type were found to be leaking, the
number of joint failures reaching eighty-five percent in
some systems.
An analysis of the conditions which resulted in this
widespread joint leakage shows that improper work-
manship and material are the most important contribut-
ing factors to the joint failures and does not indicate that
this type of joint is to be generally condemned. The
statement that the lead joints were leaking in the greater
part of the cases inspected is a matter of record and upon
which various interpretations may be placed and different
conclusions reached.
Cement Joints
The testing and examination of cement joints in bell
and spigot mains revealed a still higher percentage of
failures than in the case of cast lead joints. It is a
matter of record that practically every cement joint
which has been tested and examined was found to be
leaking. This large percentage of failures was no doubt
due to a number of circumstances which, at the time of
the survey, were so indefinite as to time of installation,
grade of material and class of workmanship that an
analysis of the causes of the defects in the joints was
impracticable. It has been concluded, however, based
upon the results of special leakage investigations in
both artificial and natural gas distributing systems that
the use of cement joints in cast iron mains was not justi-
fied by the service which has been secured. The use of
bell and spigot pipe, however, is often made advisable
by various circumstances and in such cases, the cast
lead joint has been selected and, when properly installed,
has given highly satisfactory service.
In exceptional cases only have joint failures been
recorded where screw joints or the various types of
rubber-packed joints were used. In the majority of cases
of excessive leakage from steel mains neither the failure
of the main joints or of the walls of the mains were
found to be responsible for the loss but rather a variety
of miscellaneous items such as split or corroded service
pipes, cracked service fittings, service lines broken at
main taps, leaks at curb-cocks, street lamp taps and in
lamp connections, main-saddle gaskets, meter swivel
gaskets and meter cocks.
Summary
(1) The leakage problem is one factor of the entire
'iost and unaccounted for" gas situation.
(2) Leakage repair programs, with a few exceptions,
may profitably be preceded by a complete leakage survey
upon which to base the plan of the repair work.
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THE GAS AGE
May 25, 1921
(3) Present conditions indicate the necessity for the
elevation of the general construction standards of many
natural gas companies to conform to the new price levels
of natural gas and to meet the various other requirements
of the present period of rate and service readjustment.
(4) Special attention may be profitably devoted to
the improvement of methods of gas service construction
and inspection. Construction by the gas company of
the complete service, from main to meter, charging the
customer for the proper portion of the line, is suggested
as advisable. A large percentage of the total distribution
losses is now taking place from service lines.
(5) The protection of steel main and service pipes
by protective coatings may be profitably considered in
many situations.
(6) The largest unit losses of gas do not in general
take place from high and intermediate pressure mains.
If the same standards of construction were used in in-
stalling low pressure mains and services, as in the case
of those carrying higher pressures, the leakage problem
would be of only a small fraction of its present import-
ance. The value of the gas saved would be large com-
pared with the slightly, if any, increased, cost of the
more carefully installed mains and services.
(7) In making advance estimates, both before and
after the conduct of a leakage survey, of the cost of a
leakage correction program, the estimated or known
concentration of the leakage may be taken into consid-
eration and the repair appropriation based on the cost
of repairs on only those lines showing losses in excess
of the maximum allowable leakage rate applicable to the
system under study.
(8) In many natural gas distributing systems, pres-
sures are maintained in excess of the amount required
to give the same or improved service. Encouragement
of the customers in the substitution of the more efficient
short flame appliances under low pressure conditions of
from 1.7 to 2.0 ounces per square inch for the wasteful
long flame appliances operating under higher pressures
will result in a large reduction in leakage, as well as
improved efficiency of utilization. Efficient operation of
appliances may be secured when high distribution pres-
sures are used but the maintenance of a greater pressure
at the burner valve than required for the satisfactory
and economical operation of the appliances is an evident
source of waste and in violation of the principles of con-
servation.
(9) The performance of pressure regulators in many
natural gas systems requires improvement. It is not only
profitable but feasible to operate constant pressure dis-
trict regulars with a maximum pressure variation of less
than two percent.
(10) The percentage leakage from a given system is
a figure of little value in a consideration of leakage
problems as it indicates only the relation of the loss
to the amount of business conducted and in no respect
gives information as to whether the leakage situation is
favorable or unfavorable. The rates of leakage per
year per mile of three-inch equivalent main provides a
basis for the comparison of the physical conditions of
various systems while the rate of leakage per year per
mile of actual main, in indicating the degree of concen-
tration of the leakage, determines the plan and cost of the
repair program.
(11) The results of many leakage correction programs
indicate that immense wastage of gas has taken place
for years, under urban conditions, without being evi-
denced by surface indications except in occasional in-
stances, that the leakage of natural gas can be reduced
to a reasonable amount and that the value of the gas
saved will constitute a satisfactory rate of return upon
the expenditure required to effect the reduction.
Jl Jl Jl
Natural-Gas Gasoline Production
The Work of the U. S. Geological Survey in this
Field Will be Further Described in the Report
on Mineral Resources for 1918 when Issued
By E. G. SIEVERS, Washington, D. C.
NATURAL-GAS gasoline has made large contribu-
tions to the supply of motor fuel and has achieved
remarkable advances since its beginning. In in-
creasing the supply of motor fuel natural-gas gasoline
is a direct means of conservation in that its extraction
does not destroy the gas in which it is contained. Ex-
periment has demonstrated that the extraction of gaso-
line from natural gas does not reduce appreciably the
value of the gas for heat, power, and light, but that it is
a benefit, for it removes not only the water but also the
gasoline, which causes leakage by disintegrating the
rubber gaskets in the pipes.
Statistics covering the eight years from 1911 to 1918,
inclusive, show that an estimated volume of 1,145,113,000
thousand cubic feet of natural gas was treated during
that time in the manufacture of gasoline and that the
total quantity of gasoline obtained was approximately
755,497,000 gallons. After furnishing this supply of
gasoline, the natural gas treated was sent through trans-
mission lines to distributing companies or direct to the
consumers and utilized for fuel and light. The industry
may therefore be compared favorably with the carbon-
black industry, in which the natural gas is destroyed.
The natural-gas gasoline industry has also brought
the oil and gas producers on the one hand and the
refiners on the other into a closer relationship than
existed prior to its development. The high volatility
of natural-gas gasoline makes it necessary to reduce
its gravity by blending with distillates or napthas. These
products formerly overstocked the refiner, but now that
their use in this industry is becoming so large the supply
is unequal to the demand. At the very outset of the
industry it was demonstrated that the blending of the
casing-head gasoline with heavier products, such as
naphthas, was practicable. The naphthas and distillates
alone had no great commercial use. They could not be
used satisfactorily as a motor fuel because they were
deficient in low-boiling fractions. The mixing of these
products with natural-gas gasoline resulted in a well-
balanced, ideal motor fuel.
Historical
The experiments of Fasenmeyer near Titusville, Pa.,
of Tompsett Bros, near Tidioute, Pa., and of Sutton
Bros, at Sistersville, W. Va,, as far back as 1903, laid the
foundations of the natural-gas gasoline industry. Be-
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May 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
415
tween 1905 and 1908 renewed efforts in experiments per-
taining to the industry were made by Richards at May-
burg, Pa., Hollingshead at Bradford, Pa., McCarty at
Bolivar, N. Y., Gray at Kinzua, Pa., and others. It was
not until after 1909, however, that the industry was
placed on a commercial basis.
Extraction Methods
Casing-head gasoline is extracted from natural gas
chiefly by two methods, the compression method and the
absorption method. Prior to 1916 the greater portion
of the gasoline was recovered by the compression and
vacuum-pump method from the **wet" gas obtaned from
oil wells.
The largest output came from plants specially designed
and installed for the recovery of the gasoline vapors
in the gas of that type, but a certain proportion, espe-
cially in the Appalachian oil field, was incidentally re-
covered by the use of simple condensing apparatus con-
nected with vacuum pumps installed to expedite the
production of oil. Some gasoline was recovered as
drips from gas-transmission lines.
The development of the absorption process through
research work done in 1912 and 1913 by G. M. Saybolt,
a chemical engineer of the Hope Natural Gas Co., Pitts-
burgh, Pa., has been the chief means of increasing the
production of casing-head gasoline. The introduction
of this process has made it commercially possible to
extract gasoline from "dry" gas that contains too little
gasoline to warrant treatment by compression methods.
Although increasing the production of gasoline has
been the paramount aim of those engaged in the industry,
some attention has been given to the possibility of re-
covering liquid propane and butane in the process of ex-
tracting gasoline. The feasibility of recovering these
substances has been shown both by experiments and by
actual production. Liquid propane and butane have
higher fuel values than natural gas, and their usefulness
in cutting and welding metals, in heating and lighting,
and as a source of power in stationary and automotive
combustion engines has been demonstrated.
General Statistics
The natural-gas gasoline industry has grown rapidly.
The first statistics of production collected, those for 1911,
showed that 7,425,839 gallons of raw gasoline were in
that year recovered at 176 plants in 9 States. During the
eight years from 1911 to 1918 there was an increase of
470 per cent in the number of plants and of about 3,700
per cent in the production of raw gasoline.
The marked increase in production in 1916 and 1917
was due to a greater demand for gasoline. This resulted
in increased activity in plant construction and develop-
ment, improvement of plant efficiency, and the treatment
of a greater volume of natural gas.
Natural-Gas Gasoline
The quantity of natural-gas gasoline produced in 1918
was about 30 per cent greater than that produced in
1917; the increase in 1917 over 1916 was 110.5 per cent.
The total quantity of raw gasoline recovered in 1918 was
282,535,550 gallons, including that contributed by com-
pression and vacuum pumps and by absorption and that
recovered as drips from gas mains. In 1918 the com-
pression plants, which are by far the largest producers,
yielded 219,767,207 gallons, or 77.8 per cent of the total
production. This quantity was 50,900,652 gallons, or
30.1 per cent, more than that supplied by the compression
plants in 1917. The remaining 62,76iB,343 gallons, or
22.2 per cent of the total, was the product of the absorp-
tion plants and included drip gasoline collected from the
mains. As compared with the output by absorption in
1917, there was a gain in 1918 of 13,750,794 gallons, or
28.1 per cent. The average daily production of natural-
gas gasoline in 1918 was 774,070 gallons.
• The total output of gasoline in the United States in
1918 was 3,749,892,317 gallons. Of this total output
3,467,356,767 gallons, or 92.5 per cent, was manufactured
from crude petroleum by distillation, and the remaining
282,535,550 gallons, or 7.5 per cent, was natural-gas
gasoline
The quantity of commercial gasoline produced in 1918
by blending the raw gasoline .with distillates was 262,-
611,267 gallons, and the value was $52, 163,133.
The estimated market value of the output of raw gaso-
line in 1918 was $50,363,535, an increase over the value
in 1917 of $10,174,579, or 25.3 per cent. In 1918 the value
of the product of the compression plants was $37,644,649,
or 74.7 per cent of the total market value, and the value
of the product of the absorption plants and of the drip
from the mains was $12,718,886, or 25.3 per cent of the
total
The average price received for the unblended gasoline
at the sources of production in 1917 was 18.45 cents a
gallon ; in 1918 the average price dropped to 17.8 cents a
gallon, a decrease of 3.4 per cent. The average selling
price of the raw gasoline produced at the compression
plants in 1918 was 17.1 cents a gallon — a decrease of 1
cent a gallon, or 5.5 per cent — ^and that of the raw gaso-
line recovered at the absorption plants and from the
mains as drip was 20.3 cents a gallon — sl gain of 0.69
cent, or 3.5 per cent.
The raw natural-gas gasoline produced in the United
States in 1918 was extracted from about 449,108,661,000
cubic feet of gas, an increase in the volume of gas treated
of 4.6 per cent, as compared with that in 1917.
The total number of plants producing natural-gas
gasoline in 1918 was 1,004, an increase of 118, or 13.3
per cent, over the number in 1917.
Natural Gas Production in 1918
Cubic feet produced 721,000,959,000
Value, cents per 1000 cu. ft 21.29
Total value $153,553,560
Total number of producers 7,101
Consumption :
Domestic consumers, number 2,508,543
Industrial consumers, number 16,581
Domestic consumption, cu. ft 271,102,298,000
Average price cents per M 31.35
Domestic Consumption, total value $85,003,742
Industrial consumption, cu. ft 449,898,661,000
Average price cents per M 15.23
Industrial consumption, total val $68,549,818
Industrial Consumers
Manufacturing, number 5,986
Gas used 261,278,897,000
Average price, cents 17.57
Total value $45,913,824
Power consumers, number 10,595
Average price, cents 12.00
Gas used, total value $22,635,994
Gas used cu. ft 188,619,764,000
Wells drilled, total 1918 5,316
Gas producing, number 3,808
Dry 1,508
Total 5,316
Wells abandoned, 1918 2,722
Wells productive, 1918 40,369
Acres controlled, 1918 14,578,056
In fee 1,081,569
Leased 12,342,773
Gas rights 1,153,714
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THE GAS AGE
May 25, 1921
Complete Fuel Service by Utilities
Discussion of Gas Service as a Supplier
of Modem Fuel Needs of the Home
or Industry and Relations Therewith
By C. R. BELLAMY, Syracuse, N. Y.
AFE-W years ago the writer had the pleasure of vis-
iting the power plant of a large electric light com-
pany in the middle west. Here the manager of
the company showed me two large vertical generators
which he said five years ago had represented the finest
equipment known. "Now," he continued, "they are out-
of-date and used only during peak loads and for emer-
gencies.*' Alongside of the vertical generators were two
immense horizontal generators of the modern type. They
were magnificent pieces of machinery, representing a
large investment, which had just been installed. "These
horizontal generators," went on the manager, "are to-
day the last word in efficiency, but five years hence we
expect them to be obsolete, and suitable only for spare
equipment."
Here we find an industry which is accustomed to
changes in the design of its machinery. It confronts
the problem that such changes present confidently, not
because it desires to discard existing equipment but be-
cause it wants to derive all advantages possible through
improved design. The rapid and remarkable progress
of the electric light utility is a series of changes in even
the essential features of the industry.
Development of Improved Processes
How different is the progress of the gas industry. The
gas industry can point to growth and progress over a
long period and yet it has undergone comparatively few
changes in its fundamentals. Gas manufacture was in-
troduced into this country over one hundred years ago.
At that time and continuing for over fifty years gas was
produced by distilling coal in retorts. Hence the first
period in the history of the gas industry can be properly
designated as the Retort Process Period. This process
yielded a very satisfactory product in so far as candle
power and calorific values were concerned. Coal was
cheap, likewise labor, so that the chief problems which
confronted the pioneers in the gas industry had to do
with distribution and measurement. In these directions
an immense amount of constructive work was accom-
plished.
Coal gas as produced by the retort process was very
apt to be rich in naphthalene and this compound was the
cause of much trouble to the old-time g^s men. Prob-
ably no one has ever realized or even dreamed of the
sins committed because of naphthalene stoppages. Suf-
ficient it is to note that it was at this period that the
term "gas house bunch" became a synonym for tough-
ness. Now some may resent this implication, but per-
sonally I don't. It seems to me to be significant of the
tenacity and courage with which our predecessors, while
facing the greatest difficulties, tackled and solved so
many of the problems pertaining to distribution. Cer-
tainly it required regular he-men to overcome that ob-
stinate compound naphthalene and keep the home lights
burning.
The development of a commercially successful car-
buretted water gas apparatus soon made that the domi-
nant process in the gas industry. The industry was rev-
olutionized and the progress which followed was marked
by a vast amount of technical and research work, which
placed gas manufacture on a scientific basis. It is per-
fectly proper to call the period from 1880-1920 as the
Carburetted Water Gas Period. .
A Small Battery of Semet-Solvay By-Prodtict Qyens at Chattanooga
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THE GAS AGE
417
Carburetted water gas, because of the ease with which
it can uniformly satisfy any candle power specification,
is an ideal gas for flat flame illumination. Further-
more, the gas is easily purified and lends itself naturally
to distribution. When produced at proper temperature
it practically eliminates naphthalene stoppages, not be-
cause (as is sometimes thought) it is free of that com-
pound, but rather because it has the ability to carry an
unusually large amount of naphthalene at low tempera-
tures. In other words, the effect of temperature changes
in holder and mains is not so serious with water gas as
with retort gas.
Carburetted water gas has served both the industry
and public well. As long as there was any demand for
a highly luminous gas it was needed. But for years
this illuminating power has been of evanescent import-
ance, so that today only two important cities in the Unit-
ed States mention candle power value in their gas speci-
fications.
Present Conditions
Within recent years gas utilization has undergone
great changes and to meet these new conditions a new
standard has been adopted. Domestic or city gas is
now used chiefly for cooking and heating, for which
purpose luminosity of flame is not only unnecessary
but actually detrimental. Even for illumination (which
according to estimates utilizes 22.28% of all gas sold)
candle power specifications are rendered needless by the
use of Welsbach mantles.
The ideal commercial gas of today is one of uniform
calorific value (about SW) B.t.u.) delivered under ade-
quate pressure. It should be free of all objectionable
impurities and possess a high flame temperature. Hence,
the calorific standard with the usual pressure and purity
specifications is sufficient. Carburetted water gas meets
all of the above requirements, but how can it yield a
profit with increasing cost of materials and a fixed sell-
ing price?
This is the big, the urgent problem now confronting
the public gas utilities. Reduced standards of gas qual-
ity have made a slight dent in operating costs, but it can
scarcely be noticed. Petitions for increased rates have
been numerous, but not all of them have been passed
upon favorably. In many cases the petitions have been
bitterly opposed and a compromise rate resulted which
is satisfactory to neither the utility nor the consumer.
As a general rule public utility commissions have fav-
ored the consumer and have been very, very slow to heed
the appeals of public utilities.
In this regard we must not be too quick to censor the
commission, whose first duty is to the public. When
actuated by the best motives it can grant an increased
rate only when such a change is in the best interests of
both utility and consumer. The unfortunate thing about
commission control is the part that petty politics plays.
In a recent instance, a public utility commission granted
relief to a gas company facing ruin, by a very slight in-
crease in rate, and immediately mass meetings were or-
ganized and demands made to abolish the commission.
A more noteworthy case is that of one state where the
governor was elected on a platform to "abolish the com-
mission."
It is quite evident that the relations between many g^s
companies and their consumers are not just what they
should be, for the public as a whole does not appreciate
the true conditions and hence petitions for increased
rates beget agitation, which in turn nourishes the idea
of municipally owned gas plants. No matter how much
we may be convinced of the error of this idea and the
insincerity of those who advocate it, the idea will con-
tinue to grow as long as there is just cause for either
dissatisfaction or suspicion. Right now there are bills
before several of our legislatures, authorizing municipal
gas plants.
To combat these misdirected efforts we all recognize
the value of frankness between utility and consumer and
the effectiveness of good advertising. The gas company
which can thus show that its methods and equipment are
all that can be desired and that its policy is progressive
in that it provides the most economical gas possible is
entitled to the confidence of the public. In short, mutual
understanding between utility and consumer is absolute-
ly necessary.
At the Crossing of the Ways
The gas industry has now reached a crisis where it
must make a big decision. If the cost of oil and other
materials make carburetted water gas prohibitive at
present rates and if these rates cannot be increased with-
out bad effects, then there is just one alternative left ta
the gas company. It is to adopt a process for manu-
facturing gas which with existing conditions will sup-
ply the incentive needed for financing and developing
the business. In short, the best and cheapest method
for manufacturing gas must be sought for and adopted
as soon as it is found.
In reviewing the development of the gas industry dur-
ing the last ten years it is interesting and encouraging
to note that this search for a new process has been vig-
orously carried on and that a great many companies
have already crossed the Rubicon. The significant
thing about this change is the large number of compan-
ies which have turned to the by-product coke and gas
oven as a means of development along the lines of true
efficiency. From Semet-Solvay by-product coke ovens,
with which I am familiar, gas is being supplied for dp-
mestic purposes to the following cities :
Detroit, Mich. Indianapolis, Ind.
Chester, Pa. Tonawanda, N. Y.
Milwaukee, Wis. Tuscaloosa, Ala.
Geneva, N. Y. Chattanooga, Tenn.
Chicago, 111. Harrisburg, Pa.
Cleveland, Ohio Birmingham, Ala.
Waukegan, 111. Auburn, N. Y.
In several of these cities the gas company buys the
gas outright from the by-products coke company and
is thus relieved of the problem of high cost gas. In
other noteworthy cases, the coke ovens have been built
and operated by the public utilities themselves.
Coke Oven Gas Progress
There are many reasons why coke oven gas is the
logical one with which to meet present day standards.
In the first place it is unexcelled as a domestic fuel and
excellent as an industrial fuel, being on a par in these
respects with carburetted water gas. Like the latter it
is ideal in its behavior throughout distribution, because
all troublesome compounds are removed in the by-prod-
uct recovery treatment. In the change from carburetted
water gas to coke oven gas all the essential qualities of
a domestic gas are retained while the cost of production
is brought to the minimum.
This commercial adaptability of coke oven gas is not
the mere speculation of theory, but is a firmly estab-
lished fact. Other g^ses and other processes offer theo-
retical solutions of present difficulties, but the history
of the gas industry shows that it is slow to make radi-
cal changes in its processes and that such a change is
only made when a new process is perfected to a degree
with which old methods cannot compete. For these
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THE GAS AGE
May 25, 1921
reasons I look for coke oven gas to come into more
general use every day, and "I believe that the era now
entered will be know as the Coke and Gas Oven Period."
This change from old methods and equipment to the
new processes has been going on gradually for about
ten years. Naturally, its speed has been rather slow for
starting from a rest period it had to overcome two kinds
of friction, namely, that caused by aversion to scrapping
existing machinery and that due to the comparatively
large investment called for by the new process.
But, modern practice is rapidly overcoming all ob-
stacles. Probably the most important development in
this respect is the utilization of water gas apparatus as
auxiliary equipment for the gas oven plant. By means
of this combination there is obtained a plant of the de-
sired capacity with the minimum number of ovens. Such
a plant is not only smaller and hence less costly than was
formerly thought necessary, but it is extremely flexible.
Through the use of blue gas for oven fuel, it is pos-
sible for the operator to adjust the make of surplus coal
gas in strict agreement with the gas demand. That is,
anywhere from 60% to 100% of the total coal gas
evolved in the ovens is immediately and at all times
available for city consumption. Furthermore, in ex-
expands and becomes in reality a small chemical com-
pany. In doing this it obtains much more than just an
economical process for manufacturing gas, because the
revenue which results from the various by-products is
just the stimulus that the business needs. Operating
under these new conditions, spurred on by real incen-
tives, the public gas utility will be able to serve the pub-
lic better and better and thus create the confidence and
good will that comes from mutual advantage.
The Combiiiation Blue-Gas and Oven Gas Plant
Let us briefly estimate the possibilities of the by-prod-
uct gas oven process for an average size gas plant,
(one say having a daily send-out of from 2,500,000 to
4,000,000 cu. ft.) which now has water gas apparatus
Being an average plant it is safe to assume that the exist-
ing equipment is inadequate to take care of the growing
business and that improvements are being contemplated.
A by-product gas oven plant, capable of meeting the
variable gas demands mentioned above, would be one
carbonizing about 400 tons of coal per day, that is, 20
of the modern Semet-Solvay ovens would be sufficient.
These ovens, on high speed operation, would have the
capacity for producing slightly over 4,000,000 cu. ft. of
Auxiliary Plant for Small Sized By-Prodnct Gas Orena
treme cases the coal gas make could be supplemented
by carburetted water gas. Thus a plant of this kind has
the ability to meet either wide variation in daily gas de-
mand or great and sudden changes for short periods. It
is at the same time unusually independent of market and
trade conditions.
Necessity for Diversified Products
While the coupling together of water gas equipment
and by-product coke ovens to form a new and more flex-
ible gas plant is a big help with reference to the first
cost of ovens, it is not the final answer. The ultimate
answer to this question is found in the diversity of prod-
ucts resulting from the new plant. It is in the value of
these products that justification for the investment must
be found. In other words, the vital point is not the
amount of capital but rather the rate of return.
The gas industry, as everyone knows, has not had a
rate of return which would attract new capital as needed.
Hence the new process must provide this rate. If ever
there was an industry which needed a diversified list of
products it would seem to be the gas industry. For with
only one product and the selling price of that under the
closest regulation of commission, politicians, etc., there
isn't apt to be any great incentive for growth.
By adopting the by-product gas oven the gas company
high grade gas per day. , Now since the carbonization
process requires less than 40% of the total gas evolved,
it follows that this plant would yield about 2,500,000 cu.
ft. of surplus gas and approximately 1,500,000 cu. ft. of
fuel gas. That is, without considering the water gas
apparatus, the maximum production of salable gas
would be around 100,000 cu. ft. per hour.
But, thru the use of Blue Gas as oven fuel, it is possi-
ble to release any part or all of the 1,500,000 cu. ft. of
fuel coal gas and increase the surplus make accordingly.
In this way the maximum coal gas capacity of the plant
is made equal to the total coal gas produced in the ovens,
over 4,000,000 cu. ft. per day. Hence, without the slight-
est change, in rate of oven operation, without aflFecting
the yield of other products in the least, the production
of salable coal gas can be varied at will from 2,500,000
to 4,000,000 per day.
This combination plant, at capacity operation, would
be able to meet changes in hourly gas demands, varying
from 100,000, to 170,000 cu. ft. On slower operation
less gas would be produced, but the range of flexibility
would remain the same. Then, as pointed out before,
the coal gas supply could at any time be supplemented
by carburetted water gas. In short, this plant would
be distinguished by its ability to satisfy the gas demands
of the community in a truly economical manner.
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May 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
419
Earnings from Proposed Plant
To figure the gas income from an operation, as out-
lined, it is of course necessary to know the selling price
of the gas, also distribution cost per 1,000 cu. ft. and
cost of blue water gas per 1,000 cu. ft. of coal gas
released.
As an indication of what can be expected, let us as-
sume the following condition to exist :
Selling price of gas = $125 per M. -Cu. Ft.
Distribution Cost = 0.35 per M. Cu. Ft.
Cost of Blue Water gas . . = 0.35 per M. Cu. ft of Coal
Gas released.
By using these figures for gas and present values for
by-product, the total daily returns of this suggested
plant, when operated at capacity, can be calculated as
follows :
4000 M. Cu. Ft of gas at $1.25 per M. = $5000.00
280 tons of coke at $6.50 per ton = 1820.00
10000 lbs. of Amnionium Sulphate at 3}4c
per lb. = 350.00
1200 gals, of light oil at 12c per gal. = 144.00
3600 gals, of tar at 5c per gal. = 180.00
Total gross returns per day
= $7494.00
Operating Expenses
400 tons of coal at $4.50 per ton = $1800.00
Gas plant operation, labor, materials, repairs = 800.00
Distribution Cost — 4000 M. Cu. Ft. of gas
at 35c per M. = 1400.00
Cost of Blue Gas 1500 M. Cu. Ft. of gas at
35c per M. = 525.00
Total operating charges per day = $4525.00
Total expenses per day = $4525.00 -f- Capital charges
per day.
Daily net earnings available for dividends = $7494.00
— ($4525.00 -f- capital charges per day).
By capital charges is meant interest, depreciation,
obsolescence, insurance, taxes, etc. covering the com-
plete gas company property including by-product gas
ovens, water gas equipment, distribution system, office
building, etc. In order to determine what the total
valuation would be, the cost of adding a by-product gas
oven plant, of the size discussed, to an existing water
gas plant, is estimated at $1,500,000. It is not practical
to make an estimation of the total property value, for
that depends upon peculiar local conditions, but the
possibilities of the combination plant can be quickly cal-
culated for any specific case from the data g^ven.
While the figures used here are very conservative the
returns enumerated are based on capacity operation and
this of course would not be obtained every day in the
year. These figiu-es are intended merely as a guide, for
actual returns would depend upon speed of operation
and other local factors, usch as gas rate, cost of coal
and efficiency and skill of management.
Complete Gasification
In connection with the combination gas oven and
water g^s plant, some engineers have advocated the
complete gasification of the coal, by utilizing all coke
produced in the ovens for blue gas manufacture. By
this method there would be obtained around 45,000 cu.
ft of gas per ton of coal charged in the ovens. This
gas would have a calorific value of about 355 B.t.u. per
cu. ft. for it would consist of a mixture of coal gas and
blue gas in the ratio of 1 to 3.5. The feature of this
method is that it gives the maximum volume of gas
per ton of coal and in doing so disposes of all the coke.
Notwithstanding tliese facts I do not believe that com-
plete gasification of coal is either practical or desirable
for domestic gas plants, although it may have certain
industrial applications. But for domestic purposes a
higher grade gas is essential.
There can be no doubt that the candle power specifi-
cation is obsolete and that the extremely high calorific
standards, which have prevailed, are unreasonable. But
just because the B.t.u. requirements could be very suc-
cessfully reduced from their former mlarks, it does not
follow that such reductions can go on indefinitely and
be compensated merely by increased pressure. We may
not know, at this time, just what the critical point for
calorific value is, but we all realize that there is such
a point and -that it is very probably well above 400 B.tu.'s
per cu. ft.
Personally, I question the advisability of complete
gasification of coal by our public utilities for this reason,
the public, by its almost universal adoption of the gas
range, has become absolutely dependent upon two fuels
instead of one. Gas is now so essential for cooking and
soHd fuels so necessary for heating purposes that even
the slightest interruption or interference in the supply
of either, brings hardship if not actual suffering.
If either fuel could be made superior for all purposes,
that would be very desirable ; but, in the light of present
knowledge, each fuel has certain advantages and econo-
mies which make it imperative for each and every com-
munity to have both. Because this is so, each fuel should
be produced and utilized in the most effective manner
possible and since each fuel starts from bituminous coal,
the question is one of conservation of our great basic
fuel. The problem is how can the total heat of the
coal be utilized to the fullest extent, that is, what is the
most efficient gas and what is the most efficient solid
fuel.
Fuels Available
In looking for an answer, let us analyze our coals.
The analysis shows gas coal and ordinary soft coals
used for heating purposes quite similar with a volatile
content varying from 30% to 40% and containing any-
where from 50% to 60% of fixed carbon. The calorific
value of these coals varies slightly but on the average
35% is due to the volatile matter and 65% present as
carbon. The volatile matter is seen to be a natural gas
and the carbon an ideal solid fuel, as shown by nature
in the formation of anthracite coal.
It is reasonable to expect therefore that best results
can be obtained by converting coal into its two perfect
fuel forms and this supposition is verified by the facts
of performance. Tests reported by the University of
Illinois show that only 46.5% of the total heat of soft
coal is effectively applied in house heating furnaces,
whereas these same furnaces g^ve an efficiency of 61%
with coke, that is practically pure carbon. From these
figures it is easy to calculate that only 1/5 of the cal-
orific value of the volatile matter in coal performs use-
ful work.
As everyone knows, the volatile matter is for the
most part, lost as smoke, which hangs as a cloud over
the residential section of the city. Intead of making
homes warm and comfortable, the volatile matter gives
the entire community a black eye. But this volatile
matter is rich in heat and essential chemicals. How
then can it be utilized most effectively? Obviously the
answer is gasification, which converts the volatile matter
into its natural form and permits recovery of by-prod-
ucts.
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THE GAS AGE
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The next consideration is how can the best results be
obtained from the carbon of the coal. A few dry figures
may throw some light upon this problem.
A ton of coal will contain close to 26,000 M. B.t.u. ; of
which about 9,000 M. B.t.u.'s are in the volatile mjatter
and the major portion 17,000 M. B.tu/s present as
fixed carbon. With coal at $9.00 per ton, the volatile
portion costs $3.12 and the carbon $5.88. Since only
20% of the volatile matter is actually utilized when
coal is burned in a furnace, this portion of the coal costs
the public $3.12 for 1800 M. B.t.u.'s which at the rate
of 577M. B.t.u.'s per dollar, but if this same volatile
matter is converted into gas, the public receives about
3500 M. B.t.u.'s from it, which at present gas rates, costs
about one dollar for 500 M. B.t.u.'s. Such a conversion
therefore gives the public its gas at little expense, while
accomplishing almost a 100% conservation in fuel and
saving many valuable chemicals.
There can therefore be no doubt about how the volatile
portion of the coal should be treated and we are now
concerned with the carbon content. Should the carbon
be gasified or used in the solid state. As a solid fuel it
was shown that 17,000 M. B.t.u.'s cost $5.88 and that
full efficiency was obtained from 61% of the total heat
or 10,370 M. B.t.u.'s. The cost of the solid carbon is
therefore one dollar per 1762.2 M. B.t.u.'s. Had the
fixed carbon been gasified the calorific value of the re-
sulting gas would be practically the same as the effec-
tive heat of the solid carbon.
The conversion could possibly be obtained without
loss, but it is not probable that it would result in any
conservation. From this view-point it makes little dif-
ference how the fixed carbon is used. But fixed carbon
gasified would cost the public over three times as much
as an equivalent amount of carbon in the solid state, as
determined by the purchasing power of the dollar, which
is as 500 is to 1762.2. Hence, complete gasification of
coal, to be desirable, must reduce the cost of gas (on a
therm basis) to 1/3 of existing rates, which is asking
the impossible. The conclusion is that the needs of the
public for two fuels are most economically and efficiently
satisfied when the volatile matter of coal is used for gas
manufacture and the carbon content made available as
a solid fuel.
Advantages of Gas Ovens
The outstanding advantage of the gas oven process is
that while yielding a high grade gas at low cost, it also
produces an excellent domestic fuel. With the supply
and quality of anthracite coal failing fast the need for
a new fuel, suitable for home use, grows greater every
day. Coke, as produced in coke and gas ovens, is an
artificial anthracite and is the only fuel known that
can compare favorably with hard coal. Highly scientific
tests have shown coke to be the most efficient fuel in
heat utilization.
For practical domestic purposes we know that an-
thracite coal is an ideal fuel and it is enough to say that
coke possesses the same good points in the same degree.
Coke is needed, not to replace hard coal, but to augment
it and in so doing replace bituminous coal for home use.
Soft coal is not fit for domestic purposes. It has been
used simply because nothing better was available ex-
cept high priced anthracite. All this is changed by the
by-product coke and gas oven which converts this bi-
tuminous coal into an excellent domestic fuel which is
clean, low in impurities and highly efficient in application.
The public gas utility of today is in reality a public
fuel utility. This is true notwithstanding the very im-
portant service that gas renders and will continue to
render in the illuminating field, because it is in the
distribution of fuel that the greatest possibilities are now
offered to the gas industry. For ordinary heating pur-
poses, electricity has not been a commercial success and
it is a matter of conjecture whether or not it ever will
be. Gas therefore occupies an enviable position as a
domestic and industrial fuel and we may expect greater
and greater demands to be made upon it.
With the adoption of the calorific standard the
theoretical possibilities of gas become practical oppor-
tunities.. Now is the time for the gas industry to grasp
the wonderful opportunity within its reach, organize the
entire industry around this one service, fuel, so that thru
united and intensive effort its position can be firmly
established upon a rock. The need of the times is a
fuel utility and if the gas company will accept this new
responsibility it will be able to extend its field of useful-
ness far beyond the present limits. The opportunity
exists to make the gas industry a greater producer of
domestic fuels, the recognized authority upon these
products and the leader in fuel development, as regards
application and efficiency.
One of the objects of the A. G. A. reads as follows :
"To provide and develop the gas industry and to co-
ordinate its interests to the end that it may serve to the
fullest extent the best interest of the public."
Here is an object worthy of the industry and one
calling for expansion and progress. Its achievement is
dependent upon the adaptability of the gas utility to
meet changing conditions both as regards service to the
public and reward for itself. That is, new responsibil-
ities should be balanced by new rewards. If the gas
utility is to bear the responsibility of a fuel utility (and
the trend is certainly that way) then it is entitled to the
compensating privilege of actually being the Public Fuel
Utility for coal, coke and g^s.
Gas Discriminated Against
Why should not the domestic fuels (coal and coke)
come under the same general classification as gas,
electric light, water and the telephone? Are they not
as essential? Is there not need for improvement over
the present haphazard system of distribution? Is not
uniformity in the quality of solid fuels desirable? An
affirmative answer to these questions means that the
interests of the public are not being looked after in the
best manner possible. Is it right for the gas rate to
remain fixed while coal and coke sell at exorbitant
prices ? A negative answer to this question admits that
the gas industry is not being treated fairly. Since g^s,
coal and coke are fuels, which are more or less inter-
changeable, it follows that their selling prices should
be properly co-ordinated.
It seems obvious that the old time methods are not
capable of satisfying the new order of things and that
the best interests of both the public and gas utility are
at stake. Since these interests are so closely interwoven
the solution of this problem must be in accordance with
both. In keeping with this relationship would be the
expansion of the gas utility into a fuel utility. Such a
step, it seems to me, is the logical way to meet present
conditions. It should mean improved service and better
fuel protection to the public and should supply an at-
tractive financial incentive to the utility.
Certainly the gas industry would appreciate a rate of
return commensurate with the service rendered, likewise
the consumer would appreciate any reduction in fuel
prices made possible by efficient management, and there
would be great possibilities along these lines. Because
the advantages would be reciprocal, they would result
in that mutual understanding and confidence which is
so essential to the best interests of consumer and utility.
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THE GAS AGE
421
Legal Aspects of Natural Gas Supply
Compilation of Court and Commission De-
cisions Affecting Natural Gas Companies
Which Have Been Handed Down Recently
By JOHN SIMPSON, New York City
CONSIDERING the new features which have af-
fected the providing of natural gas service, and
their important bearing on the future development
of the industry, it is thought that a resume of the im-
portant cases recently heard would be of special value
at the present time. The cases are reviewed at some
length and the essential and salient points brought out
in a way which should make them clear to the general
reader.
DIMINISHING SUPPLY OF NATURAL GAS AS
AFFECTING DISTRIBUTION
In proceedings involving the question as to whether
a natural gas company should make connections with
its distributing lines for dwellings, not before connected,
located upon streets where its lines are now laid, the gas
company contended that its supply of natural gas is in-
adequate to furnish even those connected at periods dur-
ing the winter months.
The New York Appellate Division holds, [Public Ser-
vice Commission, Second Dist. v. Iroquois Natural Gas
Co., 189 App. Div. 545, 179 N. Y. Supp. 230,] that the
Commission has no power to make an order discrimi-
nating in favor of those who now have g^s connections
and against those who have not, but need gas, nor has
the gas company itself the right to make such discrim-
ination.
Gas corporations, electrical corporations, and even
municipalities themselves are forbidden to give any un-
due or unreasonable preference or advantage to any per-
son or locality, or to any particular description of ser-
vice, or, subject any one, or any particular description of
service to undue or unreasonable prejudice or disadvan-
tage. New York Public Service Commissions Law
[Consol. Laws, c. 48, §65, subd. 3.]
If a sufficient supply of gas is not obtainable, it may
be that the Commission has the power to limit the sup-
ply of gas to consumers, and give preference to gas for
domestic purposes over that for industrial purposes, and
order such distribution as will best serve the general
welfare of the community, or that even the gas company
itself may do so in the absence of 'any such rule by the
Commission. Discrimination in its use may be permis-
sible, but discrimination between individuals is not. All
should be treated alike ; equality of right requires equal-
ity of service. The judgment of the appellate division
was affirmed by the Court of Appeals, without opinion
[229 N. Y. 592.]
The Pennsylvania Commission, in a case where a
shortage of the supply of natural gas had given rise to
complaints from consumers, recommended to the com-
pany the inauguration of a campaign of education in
the way of suggestions and helpful advice which would
look towards the use of more economic heating and
cooking appliances by the consumer, and the installa-
tion of service lines and house piping better suited for
their purposes ; this to be undertaken either through one
of the company's engineers or its local superintendent.
The New York Commission, Second District, also im-
presses upon natural gas companies the importance of
educating the consumer along the lines of care and thrift
and intelligent manipulation, the careful inspection of
customers' appliances and the supply to customers of
instructions trom time to time along these lines.
In regulating the service of various gas companies
serving both natural and artificial gas the California
Commission is of opinion that in case of shortage of
natural gas, special investigation of industries must be
had to determine what industries shall be allowed to be
considered as having a prior right to gas. It states as
a general rule that industries which can use other fuels,
whether equipped or not, will not be considered as hav-
ing a right to the use of gas during a shortage ; and that
only such industries as can use no other fuel will be
given a preference.
The New York Commission, Second District, where a
natural gas company faced a shortage, considered that
the bulk of the volume of the company's product should
be taken from industrial use and restricted to domestic
use, but that industrial users in quantities not exceeding
40,000 cubic feet per month should be exempted from
the effect of its order in this respect.
The same Commission holds that it is without power
to restrict natural gas service to the consumers already
being served, though the supply is diminishing and ade-
quate service cannot be given to all demanding it. Stev-
enson V. Baldwinsville Light & Heat Co., following Com-
mission V. Iroquois Natural Gas Co., supra.
In the investigation of the New York Commission,
Second District, into the shortage of natural gas in New
York state, the Commission pointed out that "the aver-
age life of a gas well has been found to be less than eight
years, showing that in general the exhaustion is rapid.
The location of the deposits and measurement of the
possibilities thereof even after they are developed is
not an exact science, and the life of operating wells is
largely a matter of conjecture. The demand is constant-
ly increasing. It follows that the future supply in any
field is a matter of uncertainty, with the constant factor,
however, that in territory where large consumption is
taking place, ultimate exhaustion is sure to come and is
only a matter of estimate in point of time."
The evidence before the New York Commission
showed that "there is increasing demand for natural gas
in Pennsylvania, and wherever else it is produced; and
in Pennsylvania and West Virginia, which are the two
largest producing states, the question of restricting and
conserving the consumption of the natural gas product is
receiving most careful consideration at the hands of the
public authorities.
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THE GAS AGE
May 25, 1921
It is evident that these authorities are taking steps to
prevent wasteful use and also prohibit the use of natural
gas where other fuels can be made reasonably available.
It is quite certain that these states will find methods of
preventing exportation of native gas to other states, at
least unless the states receiving a supply cease to make
use of it in wasteful devices or practices."
The Arkansas Commission considers it contrary to
public interest for a natural gas company to dispose of
84 per cent of the amount of its product at a price con-
siderably below cost to industrial plants.
The Ohio Commission on September 8, 1920, issued
a statement to the public giving data showing the status
of the available supply of natural gas in Ohio, and ap-
pealing to all consumers of natural gas in the state to
assist in every way within their power to conserve the
present diminishing supply, to the end that the service
may be extended as long as possible.
SLIDING SCALE UPWARD RATE
The "sliding scale upward" rate, built up of steps in
such manner that the unit price increases as the con-
sumption increases during any particular month, has
been installed in a number of Ohio cities, and also in
Jamestown, New York, and reports indicate that in con-
siderable measure it accomplishes the desired end, which
is to penalize excessive use in peak load periods. The
use of the rate does not necessarily imply an increased
revenue to the company. A common formula for this
rate is given by the New York Commission, Second Dis-
trict, as follows :
First 5 M. cubic feet @ Xc.
Second 5 M. cubic feet @ X + 10c.
Third 5 M. cubic feet @ X + 15c.
All over 15 M. cubic feet @X + 20c.
Under such and similar formulas savings as high as
32 per cent of the former supply are reported. Experi-
ence has developed a tendency, however, to increase the
degree of the later steps. The Commission is of the opin-
ion that in the use of such a scale its equitable purpose
will be much better served if the initial step is doubled
and the final step made considerably greater.
The West Virginia Commission, approving of the
West Virginia Central Gas Company's schedule for nat-
ural gas, in which the rates increase with the increasing
consumption of gas, says that "the chief virtue in the
sliding scale upward is that it will opjerate to spread a
limited supply of a very valuable and convenient fuel
over a greater territory and among a larger number of
consumers to be used for the purposes for which it is
most needed. It is impractical to limit the supply any
consumer may take during a given period, nor should
the price be so increased as to render gas a luxury to
be enjoyed only by those able and willing to pay.
DEPRECIATION AND APPRECIATION
Depreciatioa differs in the case of natural gas com-
panies' plants from those of water, electric, or railway
utilities. With the latter it is the sum which taken to-
gether with the allowance for current maintenance will
take care of renewals and replacements and keep the
property in 100 per cent condition throughout the in-
definite term of its existence.
In the case of the natural gas company, the West Vir-
ginia Commission states it to be the sum which should
be set aside annually to amortize and return to its stock-
holders the value of their investment, less its prospective
salvage value, when the gas fields are exhausted. The
sum allowable for this purpose is properly based upon
the prospective useful life of the utility rather than a
fixed percentage of the fair value of its property, and
varies according to the pertinent facts in each particular
case.
The Commission considers that the sum to be set
aside annually for this purpose should remain constant
throughout the normal rate period, and, if actually
earned, should, in arriving at the return upon invest-
ment, be annually subtracted from the fair value.
The Indiana Commission holds that a natural gas
company is entitled to earn, as a part of its operating
expense, a sufficient amount for depreciation to repre-
sent the loss of value and efficiency in the property and
equipment which is due to wear and tear, to age and
general decay, to obsolescence and to inadequacy. In
the case of the Monarch Gas Company the Indiana Com-
mission, considering the rapid depletion of the wells,
tentatively fixed a rate of five per cent. Where no de-
preciation reserve had been kept by the company, and
the cost of drilling new wells to replace those exhausted
had been charged to operating expenses, the same Com-
mission allowed actual depreciation only of 1 or 2 per
cent.
Assuming that a natural gas company is entitled to
an allowance for appreciated value of gas leaseholds in
a rate making case, an estimate of such values based
upon market value which is determined by the rate of
return or upon earnings must be rejected when the rea-
sonableness of the return or earnings is in question
There is a conflict in the authorities as to whether utili-
ties are entitled to allowance for appreciation. The West
Virginia Commission considers no appreciation should
be allowed due to the discovery of large quantities of
gas, especially in cases where the increase claimed from
this source is so enormous as to render it necessary to
unreasonably increase rates to the public should such
value be recognized.
The Ohio Commission holds that the rule of giving to
the owner the increment of value and subjecting him to
the loss in value, should be invoked under reasonable,
normal conditions.
BASIS OF RATE OF RETURN
The West Virginia Commission considers that extra-
ordinary skill and judgment in location and construc-
tion of plant, and economical, efficient operation and
management and superior service must be rewarded, as
lack of such must be penalized, in the rate of return.
Two utilities having the same investment cost and the
same gross income and engaged in the same business,
may be entitled to widely divergent rates of return by
reason of the existence or non-existence of these ele-
ments. The commission has also recognized the di-
minished value of any given rate of return measured
by its purchasing power in other commodities.
RIGHT TO ABANDON SERVICE
A natural gas company serving a distributing company
which had failed to pay its bills because of inability to
secure enough revenue under its franchise to pay them
applied for an order to discontinue serving the distrib-
uting company. The Ohio Commission held there were
not sufficient facts before it to enable it to determine
whether the service sought to be abandoned came within
the Ohio statute providing that main lines and service
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THE GAS AGE
423
may not be abandoned or withdrawn without a proper
showing.
CONSTRUCTION OF AGREEMENTS IN GRANTS
FOR RIGHTS OF WAY
An interesting case involving the construction of an
a^eement between a natural gas company and an owner
ot one tract and lessee of another tract of land contained
in the latter's grants of a right of way for a pipe line,
was recently decided by the Kansas Supreme Court,
[Hiatt V. Wichita Natural Gas Co., 196 Pac. 448, March
12, 1921]. The case was an action for damages result-
ing from the construction and maintenance of a pipe
line and telephone line under the grants, which con-
tained an agreement to pay for any resulting injury to
crops.
It was held that this agreement did not impose a lia-
bility on account of the frightening of grazing cattle so
that they will not eat the grass. The plaintiff also relied
upon an allegation that after the execution of the right
of way grants the gas company's managing officer oral-
ly agreed with him to defer the work complained of un-
til the grazing season should be over, in order to pre-
vent injury to the cattle. It was held this subsequent
agreement was not enforceable unless supported by a
new consideration.
In one of the contracts a clause provided that the
right of way was "for one line only." This clause was
interlined as a limitation on the printed provision grant-
ing "the right of way to lay, maintain, alter, repair, oper-
ate and remove pipe lines for the transportation of oil
and gas, erect, maintain and operate telegraph or tele-
phone lines "over and through the land." It was held
that the effect of this insertion was to limit the right of
the company to the construction of one pipe line and
one telephone line, rather than to require it to choose be-
tween the two.
ASSUMPTION OF RISK IN SEARCHING FOR
LEAKS
In an action for damages for persona] injuries to an
employe engaged in searching for a leak which had de-
veloped in a feed line leading to a compressor station,
the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals holds,
[Miller v. United Fuel Gas Co., 106 S. E. 419, March 1,
1^1,] that with respect to an employe engaged in both
interstate and intrastate commerce, as was the defend-
ant, the provisions of the Workmien's Compensation Act
apply unconditionally only to those of its employes whose
work is wholly intrastate and clearly separable and dis-
tinguishable from work in interstate conunerce; but
where the work done within the state is so closely related
to the interstate business of the employer that it cannot
clearly be distinguished and separated from it, the act
is made to apply only upon the condition that the em-
ployer and such employes voluntarily accept its pro-
visions by filing with the commissioner a written ac-
ceptance approved by him.
Where the employer and his employes have not so
elected to submit to the act, the former is not deprived
of its common law defences. It was held that the work
the plaintiff was engaged in was so closely related to
interstate commerce as to be part of it, and as there was
no mutual election to submit to the act, the defendant
was not deprived of its common law defences.
Even if the defendant had been within the terms of
the West Virginia Compensation Act, failure to comply
with its provisions would not have rendered it liable in
the absence of n^ligence on its part operating as the
proximate cause of the injury, under the prior decisions
of the state supreme court; and it was held that the
plaintiff had failed to establish any negligence on the
defendant's part.
There was no evidence that the pipe line was im-
properly constructed or maintained. On the other hand,
the manufacturer's test showed it sttfficient to with-
stand a pressure of 1,500 pounds per square inch of sur-
face, and on the day of the accident the line did not
carry more than 350 pounds.
The explosion did not take place at a coupling but in
the pipe itself, near a point where it was bent, to con-
form to the curve of an embankment over which it ran.
That there was nothing to show that the pipe was im-
properly strained in bending it, or that the work was
done carelessly or negligently ; indeed, the testimony was
to the contrary.
The plaintiff charged failure to shut off the gas pend-
ing the search for the leak, but that alone does not con-
stitute negligence, because the usual and customary and
perhaps the only way to locate a leak in one of several
pipes forming part of a pipe line is by means of the es-
caping gas.
It was part of the plaintiff's business to repair leaks,
and he was proficient in performing that service and had
knowledge of its dangerous character. In effect the work
assigned to him was to make safe an unsafe portion of
an interstate gas pipe line system, and while the rule as
to the employer's exercising reasonable diligence to pro-
vide a reasonably safe place to work was not without
some d^free of applicability, it did not apply to its full-
est extent, because the employe assumes the ordinary
danger and risk incident to such emplo)rment. This is
one of the exceptions to the general requirements for a
safe place and safe instnunentalities. For these reasons
verdict for the plaintiff was set aside and a new trial or-
dered.
MISCELLANEOUS
The California Commission authorized the Midway
Gas Company, supplying mixed artificial and natural
gas, to vary the heat content of artificial gas manufac-
tured, making a low heat content on the warmer days,
and increasing the heat on days of peak sendout, so as
to obtain a more constant use of natural gas.
The Pennsylvania Commission considers that the re-
placing of an existing natural gas line by a larger one,
involving a lai^e outlay, would not be justified where
the larger main would only be necessary during compara-
tively few days in the year.
The Washington Commission several years ago
adopted what is known as an official classification of
accounts; that is, all utility companies whose rates are
under the jurisdiction and supervision of the conunis-
sion are required to keep their books and records on
forms and in the manner prescribed by the commission,
and from these records all utilities must make an annual
sworn and verified report to the commission. So far
the commission has found no wilful violation of its rules
or orders in this respect by any utility in the state. The
suggestion of a large utility attempting to keep a double
set of books, involving the constantly changing number
of enotployes and the unexpected calls by the commis-
sion's accountants to investigate the books and records
was not seriously considered by the commission.
Some of Edison's Questions — ^What are colloids?
What is T.N.T? Where do we get benzol? What is a
foot-pound? How do anthracite and bituminous coal
differ? Where do we get sulphur? What is coke? At
what sp^ does light travel? How many can you an-
swer?
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424
THE GAS AGE
May 25, 1921
Bituminous Coal Water Gas Fuel
Result of Investigations Conducted in Go-operation,
Made upon Illinois Coal and Reported by the U. S. Bu-
reau of Mines of which the Following are Conclusions
By WILLIAM W. ODELL, Washington, D. C.
IN the operation of the ordinary water-gas set with
coke fuel using ordinary air-blast pressure, more heat
is produced as heat of combustion of the generator
blow gas than is required for cracking and gasifying
the oil. With the usual methods of blasting, however,
this small difference is not troublesome, and in fact is
frequently not noticeable.
Coke and Coal as Generator Fuel
Inasmuch as the blast pressure, quality of coke, and
fusibility of the ash vary in different plants, it naturally
follows that the operating temperatures (temperaures
of fuel beds) may be different, and that the quality and
quantity of the generator blast gas differ. An appreci-
able amotmt of volatile matter will increase the quality
of the generator blast gas, which in turn leads to a
decreased volume of blast and a colder generator or to
an increased amount of waste combustible blast-gas, re-
sulting in an increase in the generator fuel. This effect
is due to the practice of burning all the blast gas in the
checker chambers and of blasting just long enough to
heat these chambers. This condition is aggravated by
the fact that some of the volatile matter of the fuel passes
into the blue gas during the run, increasing the heating
value of the blue gas, and thereby diminishing the
amount of oil required per 1,000 cubic feet, so that less
of the heat available for heating the checker chambers
is utilized.
The amotmt of the increase in the heating value of
the blue gas depends, of course, on the nature of the
coke used. Prof. Parr has shown, in a study of the
low temperature distillation of coal, that the gas coming
off during the last stage of carbonization is chiefly
hydrogen. A small amount of hydrogen will not increase
the heating value of the blue gas appreciably, since it
(hydrogen) has a heating value of only 326 B.t.u. per
cubic foot, and would itself have to be carbureted along
with the blue gas.
Bituminous Coal Fuel
Conditions are different when bittuninous coal is used
as generator fuel. Then the generator gas is so rich that
on combustion heat enough is produced in the checker
chambers for gassifying die oil before the generator is
hot enough to make good blue gas. The coal cokes on
the surface and heats superficially. When the run is
on, the fuel naturally cools more quickly, and the result
is that less blue gas is made per run. The heating value
of the blue gas is richer, because of the volatile matter
from the coal, and hence not only is less oil used per
run, but less oil per 1,000 cubic feet. Thus the heat
balance of the set is entirely upset by the use of coal.
Most of the other difficulties often attributed to the
use of coal can in general be explained by the lower
''temperatures" prevailing in the generator whoi bitu-
minous coal is the generator fuel
The mass of fuel in the generator is greater with coal
than with coke, because of the difference in density of
the two fuels. If the temperatures are the same in the
fuel beds of two similar generators, one filled with coke
and the other with coal, it is natural to suppose that dur-
ing the run more heat would be available for the water
gas reaction in the generator using coal.
As coal must be coked, at least on the surface, before
it is hot enough to combine with steam in the production
of water gas, there are some difficulties to be overcome
in the heating of Central District coals to as high a
temperature as usually prevails with coke under the
same conditions. Many of these coals contain 10 to 12
per cent of moisture, which on being driven off absorbs
heat asf latent heat of vaporization and as sensible heat
There are insulating areas, or surfaces, distributed as
thin layers throughout the coal, which retard coking and
heat transference in the direction perpendicular to the
stratification.
Heat Reactions
The volatile matter of the coal absorbs heat in the
same way as the moisture does. This, however, is partly
compensated for by the exothermic reaction taking place
during coking, at 650** C. Increasing the volume of
blast or blasting time will not entirely bring about the
desired results, as the zone of complete combustion is
at the base of the generator, which becomes overheated
on excessive blasting. Also, this overblasting produces
a great excess of generator blast gas.
The reaction velocity for the decomposition of CO,
by incandescent fuel (CO, + C = 2CO) is not the same
at a given temperature for all fuels. This is particularly
true at the average temperature obtaining in a water-gas
generator. The high ash content of the coke from
Central District coals, and the appearance of the coke
produced therefrom in the generator, leads the
writer to believe that the rate of decomposition of CO,
in the generator is slower with the coke so prodiKed
than with a good grade of gas coke (oven coke) made
from Eastern coals.
The fact that the coke forms on the outer surface of
the coal in a spongy porous layer permits an appreciable
amount of the fuel to be superficially heated.
After blasting this fuel a very short time the blast
gas is rich in CO owing to the high superficial tem-
perature. On making a steam run this temperature drops
more readily than that of a uniformly heated coke.
Hence the "make" falls off rapidly and the percentage
of COj in the blue gas increases more rapidly during
the nm.
The hot zone in the generator occupies a smaller
percentage by voliune of the total fuel when these coals
are used, and the tendency for unconsumed fuel to pass
out with the ashes is much greater than when coke is
used.
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THE GAS AGE
425
Necessary Requirements
The successful utilization of Central District coal as
generator fuel seems to require the conditiins named
herewith :
1. Higher temperatures in the fuel bed.
2. Larger body of completely heated fuel.
3. Increased production of blue gas per given amount
of blast; or an increased amount of blast with an
auxiliary utilization of the excess combustible blast with
an auxiliary utilization of the excess combustible blast
gas.
4. A means of carbonizing the coal in the generator
without the formation of a mat or cake in the upper
part of the fuel bed.
5. The utilization of an increased air-blast pressure
to oflfset the increased resistance of the coking fuel to
the passage of air, or, the equivalent by a change in
design of the set.
6. A means of control of clinker, particularly edgings.
7. A means of properly distributing the fuel in the
generator.
8. A means of thoroughly atomizing the oil.
9. A generator so proportioned that the steam used
during the run has ample time of contact with the in-
candescent fuel for the completion of the blue gas re-
action.
Generator Design for Illinois Coal
In designing a generator set best suited for Central
District coal, several factors must be kept in mind.
These coals differ greatly in moisture, volatile combust-
ible, ash, and net heating value. The coals differ also
in the fusibility of their ash and in coking qualities.
Also, it is desirable that a set designed for the use
of coal can be as successfully used with coke fuel. This
is obviously true as regards both economy and fuel
emergencies.
If possible, means should be provided whereby the
sets already constructed can be equipped to utilize coal
more efficiently or without objectionable features.
Operating Possibilities Pertaining to Design
From the foregoing considerations it might appear
as though one of the following methods might improve
the results obtained from using bituminous coking coal
as generator fuel :
1. Using shorter operating cycles.
2. Using a coking chamber of some sort with or as
a part of the generator, so that the coal can be coked
more thoroughly before it enters the gas-making part
of the generator.
3. Using a small amotmt of air with the steam dur-
ing the run. This is a more practicable way of increas-
ing the capacity of the set than the "blow-run" method.
4. Using steam superheated to as high a temperature
as possible.
5. Admitting the down-run steam lower in the gen-
erator, below the coking line.
6. Using a deeper fuel bed and an auxiliary means
of utilizing the excess generator blast gas.
7. Providing an auxiliary means of utilizing the ex-
cess generator blast gas, so that generators can be used
that are proportionately larger than the checker cham-
bers that usually accompany them.
8. Employing a means of adding secondary air to the
generator just at or below the coking line.
9. Employing a hot blast.
10. Radically changing from the present method of
i^fenerating blue gas.
Expediency Considerations
1. Usually it is not practicable to shorten the length
of the operating cycle for the reason that the percentage
of the time consumed in operating valves is materially
increased. The proportional increase in time consumed
in starting and stopping the nms and blows tends to
reduce the make per unit of time.
2. The use of a coking chamber with the generator
seems to the writer to be a possible means. Work
already done demonstrates that such a chamber should
be vertical and not inclined, and that it should be dh^ctly
over the generator. Such a chamber could be heated
from the outside, as is a retort in coal-gas manufactiire,
or from the inside by the generator blast.
Although the external heating and carbonization of
the coal produces a better coke, enough heat can not
be supplied by the generator as excess heat to carbonize
the coal this way, particularly when the chamber is
made of fire brick.
The internal heating of the coking coal by the genera-
tor blast gas increases the resistance to the passage of
air and gas and reduces the capacity when the present
type of fan blower is used. Therefore the depth of any
such coking chamber can not be great, and the method
of heating is restricted to either internal heating or a
combination of internal and external heating.
3. The admission of air in small amounts with the
steam seems to offer a means of increasing the produc-
tion of blue gas. This is a more feasible way than the
blow-run method adopted in the Streator experiments.
It gives the coke a greater opportunity to impart its
heat to the steam in the blue-gas reaction, and it also
produces some gas, consisting of CO and Nj. A further
advantage is that the air on the down runs will decrease
the strong coking properties of the fresh green fuel
and will mitigate the caking and matting difficulties.
It will also permit the fuel in the top part of the gen-
erator to be heated to a higher temperature during the
subsequent blasts. This could be done to good advan-
tage when a means is provided for utilizing the heat of
combustion of the excess combustible blast gas.
4. Although the heat as superheat in steam super-
heated to 1,400** F. is but a small per cent of the heat
absorbed from the generator, super-heating is partic-
ularly desirable when coal fuel is used, as it allows the
production of more blue gas per run.
5. The use of down-run steam is both desirable and
necessary, but an tmdesirable feature in such use with
coal fuel is the retardation of the coking of the green
coal. This may be eliminated to a considerable extent
by admitting the steam below the coking line in the gen-
erator. It seems as though the coal could thus be raised
to a high temperature sooner after charging.
6. 7. A deeper fuel bed will allow more time for the
coking of the green fuel and will increase the time of
contact between the fuel and the blue gas and the blast
gas. Although increase in depth of the fuel bed is to
be avoided if possible, some of the detrimental effects of
a deeper fuel bed can be overcome by emplojring an
auxiliary means of utilizing the excess generator blast
gas (utilizing the heat of combustion as well as the
sensible heat), as for example, a waste-heat boiler.
If this is done a larger generator can be used with the
present size checker chambers. This will require more
heat in the checker chambers for carbureting the gas
and will also bring the capacity up to the normal rated
capacity with coke fuel.
8. By blowing secondary air into the generator just
below the coking line, the percentage of combustible
gas in the generator blast-gas can be reduced and the
excess of heat from this source avoided. The temper-
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THE GAS AGE
May 25, 1921
ature in the top part of the fuel bed can be materially
increased and the production of blue gas can be im-
proved. If the obstacles in the way of making this
change can be eliminated, the difficulties charged to the
use of coal can, in the main, be eliminated.
9. The employment of hot air as generator air-
blast allows more heat to be transmitted to the green
coal in the upper part of the generator and would have
the general effect of producing higher temperatures in
the generator with a given quantity of air blast. This
would to a great extent solve the problem, but is re-
garded with misgivings by many engineers on account
of the danger of burning out the grates. Although the
writer believes that preheated air could, with proper
care and attention, be used satisfactorily with bituminous
coal in the present apparatus, would eliminate the neces-
sity of making so large a proportion of down runs and
would reduce the loss of fuel in the ash, still in con-
templating a hot blast it is natural to think of doing
away with grate bars. This leads to the consideration
of the following suggestion :
10. One change in design that might prove benencial,
not only in the use of coal fuel also in the use of coke,
is the elimination of grate bars and the slagging of the
clinker by means of hot air blasts in a generator built
along the lines of a blast furnace. The long clinkering
periods could thus be eliminated and the operating
efficiency increased.
Radical changes of this character will not be of as
much immediate benefit as improvements that can be
made by simpler changes in the present equipment. The
condition in which many public service companies now
find themselves seems to emphasize the desirability of
making less radical changes at present in spite of greater
possibilities offered by changes that are more sweeping.
One of the leading manufacturers of water-gas ap-
paratus informs the writer that the controlling factor
in the purchase of any particular make of water-gas
set seems to be the price.
Depth of Fuel Bed— Time of Contact
For the complete decomposition of steam in the
generator a temperature of 1,300 d^. to 1,400 deg. C.
(2,372 deg.-2,552 deg. F.) in the fuel bed is desirable.
A minimum temperature of 1,000 deg. C. (1,832 deg. F.)
is good practice. This means that the temperature in
the generator during a blast is between 1,832 deg. and
2,552 deg. F. The amount of CO produced in the blow
gas depends on the rate of blow (time of contact) as
well as the temperature. In estimating the time of
contact consideration must be given to the fact that all
the fuel in the generator is not heated to the desired
high temperature. When the rate of air blast per minute
per square foot of grate area is 160 cubic feet, or 2.7
feet per second, and the fuel depth is 7.5 feet, the time
of contact may be figured as follows:
t = 7.5 -f- 2.7 = 3.0 seconds (approximately).
At an average temperature of 1,200 deg. C. the blast
gas will contain approximately 18 per cent of CO. One
thousand feet of air blast produces, then, 110 cubic
feet CO,, 198 cubic feet CO, and 791 cubic feet N„ a
total of 1,099 cubic feet, or approximately 1,1(X) cubic
feet of gas, carrying 64,152 B.t.u. as heat of combustion
of CO. Evidently the time of contact is ample for the
blow gas. The fuel bed could be much shallower and
the time of contact less without decreasing the quality
of the blow gas too much.
The time of contact of the steam and fuel during the
run is an entirely different matter, for it is desirable to
convert as much CO, into CO as possible. This is
the exact opposite of the end desired in the blow-gas
reaction. In the water-gas reaction it is desirable to
have the fuel bed as deep and the temperature as high
as possible; in other words, a long time of contact is
desirable in order to decompose the greatest amount of
steam with the formation of a minimum amount of CO,.
In present-day apparatus a deeper fuel bed is not
practicable because, for the average rate of steam input,
changes in temperature of the fuel bed have far greater
effect than changes in time of contact. This is clear
from the figures given in the Table. It is seen that at
1,300 deg. C. (2,372 deg. F.) and 1.63 seconds time of
contact the gas produced is 7.7 per cent water vapor
with only 0.3 per cent CO, in the dry gas. At 1,200
deg. C. (2,192 deg. F.) and with 2.13 seconds contact
time the water content is 52.3 per cent and the CO, in
the dry gas is 0.9 per cent. At 1,200 d^. C (2,192 d<^.
F.) it takes 11 seconds contact time for the reaction
to take place to the same extent that it takes place in
less than 2 seconds at 1,300 deg. C. (2,372 deg. F.)
Relation of Temperature and Time of Contact
HlO content
Tempera-
ture. •F.
Tenpent-
ture. "C.
Time of con-
tact, tecondi.
in total CM
produced,
per. cent.
COtm<
«M. per<
1.652
900
8.35
7.54
9.8
1.832
1.000
3.42
78.40
10.7
2.012
1.100
7.97
34.90
14.6
2.012
1.100
\97
67.60
12.8
2.192
1.200
11.05
5.00
.3
2,192
1,200
4.48
17.00
.3
2.192
1.200
2.13
52.30
.9
2.372
1.300
4.32
.0
.4
2.372
1.300
2.25
2.1
.3
2.372
1.300
1.63
7.7
.3
2.372
1.300
1.24
17.4
.3
For a short time of contact a temperature of 1,300 deg.
C. (2,372 deg. F.) or more should be maintained in the
generator. Also, the time of contact of the steam and
fuel at this temperature should not be less than two
seconds and preferably not less than four seconds.
Calculating the time of actual contact between steam
and fuel is not so simple as it might seem. Voids in
the fuel bed, volume of steam, depth of fuel, concentra-
tion, etc., must be considered. The proportion of free
space is not always the same and differs in diflFerent parts
of the fuel bed. Only approximate value can be as-
signed to it.
During the course of the steam run the fuel tempera-
ture gradually diminishes and the percentage of moisture
and of COj in the gas increases. The total steam used
during the run averages about 80 per cent in excess
of the requirements of the blue-gas reaction. It is not
particularly desirable to eliminate entirely the use of
excess steam, as the carbureting oil cracks with a higher
B.tu. efficiency in the presence of blue gas containing
10 per cent of steam than in dry blue gas, and the
efficiency is still greater with 20 per cent of steam in
the blue gas. The excess steam decreases the amount
of carbon deposited in the checker chambers. The
make decreases as the excess steam increases and as the
run progresses, whereas the time of contact of the oil
vapors with the checker chambers increases because of
the smaller make of blue gas. With the present method
of admitting oil to the checker chambers the increasing
amount of excess steam as the run proceeds is quite
desirable.
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May 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
427
Coal Trouble in Great Britain
Review of the Struggle for Suprem-
acy Being Made by British Labor
and its Effect upon the Gas Industry
By NORTON H. HUMPHRYS, Salisbury, England
THIS letter is written amidst a renewal of many
conditions supposed to be peculiar to a time of War.
Coal supplies are rationed on a meagre scale, public
lighting is reduced to a minimum, stoppage of all rail-
road transport is imminent and the Government has
been compelled to make elaborate preparations for
preservation of law and order, public service and food
supplies.
Labor Domination
The coal and lighting emergency orders are the same
as those in force during the coal strike of October, 1920.
(See ante, page 512, 26th December.)' The new features
as compared with former disputes, are the introduction
of the militant element, in view of the fact that the work-
ers are not merely defying their employers, but are prac-
tically raising a rebellion against the Government, by
seeking to usurp functions belonging exclusively to Par-
liament; and are supported in such unconstitutional
proceedings by the combined forces of the railway and
transport workers. The disputes therefore exceed the
dimensions of an ordinary difference between capital
and labour.
On the one side we have a more or less united labour
front; on the other, a Government representing nearly
hopelessly overburdened taxpayers. The one demands
the maintenance of the existing rates of wage under
conditions admitted to be incapable of supplying nec-
essary funds from within, the deficiency to be met by
taxation; the other makes the obvious reply that such
proposals are not practicable. If the taxpayers accept
the responsibility for trade losses in one industry, where
is the line to be drawn?
Effect of Removing Coal Control
To a great extent the position is the result of incompe-
tent Government control which neglected the ordinary
laws relating to supply and demand, and the interests
of the consumers. The excuse was tfie urgency of war
conditions. They lifted the price of coal to an extent
sufficient to knodc the bottom out of the market. Some
of their late customers have turned to the utilization of
water power or other means of replacing coal; and an
important section is able to buy on better terms else-
where. Between the miner's extensive ideas of wages
against diminished production, and the Government mis-
calculations of markets, the industry has been strangled.
The intention was that control should continue until
31st August, to allow full time for discussion and set-
tlement of differences between owners and workers as
to the wages rates. But losses have reached a degree
that renders on immediate cessation unavoidable, in view
of the strong discontent created by the existing extent
of taxation, which includes many items other Sian ex-
penses directly or indirectly due to the war.
Miners' Wages
Although nominally on a fixed basis, the actual Mrage
payments vary in every district, within wide limits; but
the average receipt per head, including lads of 14 years
of age and upwards, is officially quoted £4 lis. 2d. per
week. When we remember that this figures out to
about 2s. 6d. per hour of actual employment, and leaves
ample leisure for gardening and other methods of in-
directly assisting income, it seems on the face of things,
that the miner is hy no means worse off than his average
neighbour.
As usual under controversial conditions, all sorts of
statements are published, making it difficult for outsiders
to get the real facts; but both sides agree that the coal
industry is not maintaining a solvent position, and that
the results of working during the month of February
were a dead loss of 6 shillings per ton of coal raised, ex-
clusive of any allowance for profit or interest on in-
vested capital. The actual loss is not less than 8 shillings,
as capital cannot be obtained for less than 5 per cent m-
terest. The total expenditure averaged 38s. 9d. per ton,
of which no less than 25 per cent was required for wages,
and the receipts to 32s. 9d.
Compared with pre-war times, there is a large increase
of wage, coupled with a serious diminution of output,
a combination that can never mean other than disaster.
The number of employes is about 1,220,000, as against
less than one million ; the current tonnage of coal raised
per head, 184 tons per annum as against 232 in 1918, and
260 in 1913; so wages must come down 25 per cent, or
ilic mines must be permanently closed; or the taxpayer
must pay 90 million pounds sterling as a bribe for their
continuance, in addition to an unprecedented high price
for coal.
Then there is the question of the extent to which an
agreement to these terms would be accepted as a perma-
nent settlement. The ease with which large advances
have been obtained from the government, so far from
promoting contentment or a desire to increase output,
has had a contrary effect. To the impression of vic-
timization in the past, is added that of a weak-kneed op-
ponent in the present.
Following the declaration of decontrol, all mining em-
ployes received a formal notice of which the following,
shown to me by one of them, is an example :
To
I hereby give you a Week's Notice to leave
your Employment.
Manager.
Following upon the withdrawal of all Govern-
ment Directions and Orders as from tiie 31st
March, 1921, in regard to the payment of
War Wage
Sankey Wage
20% advance of March 1920
the Owners are advised that it is necessary for
them to give the above Notice.
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THE GAS AGE
May 25, 1921
The Owners hope through negotiation with
the Workmen's representatives that arrange-
ments will be made as to the wages which shall
be payable on and after the 1st Aptil, so ,as to
enable work to be continued without interrup-
tion.
The proposed new scale of wage is based on the 8
shillings per ton above mentioned, with the exception of
a slight increase in one district, smaller decreases in
others, and a larger reduction in three small districts.
All sorts of statements as to the effect are set forth, rang-
ing from claims that they are not inconsistant with a
comfortable scale of living, to assertions that they simply
spell starvation.
The Miners' federation decided to take the formal no-
tice literally, and called out all workers on the 31st ult.,
including pump and safety hands, with such complete-
ness that in some cases the pit ponies were left to die
from starvation or drowning. AH subsequent attempts
to maintain the mines in going order were resisted by
intimidation and violence, with the result that some are
already irrevocably damaged, and others will not be
fit for full service until weeks and months have elapsed.
After 10 days, finding that the government had effective
measures in hand for stopping tfiis havoc, direct opposi-
tion was withdrawn in a half hearted tone that permitted
but did not encourage the resumption of safety work.
Labor Seeks to Control Industry
In common with the numerous disputes during the past
10 years, the present one is dressed in the garb of an or-
dinary trade difference about rates of wage, but that
more important and far-reaching issues are at stake, is
a matter of common knowledge. This also applies to the
proposed subsidizing of the tax payers permanently for
the maintenance of current wage standards.
The real objective is a complete control under a nation-
alization scheme, coupled with a labour majority in par-
liament. The extension of the same principle to all
classes of labour would follow as a matter of course,
and labour would be at liberty to rob the taxpayer, to the
extent of 20 shillings to the pound. To this end, they
have sought to increase their numerical strength and Par-
liamentary influence, by reducing output per head. While
claiming to have improvement of the workers in view,
I have yet to learn that they have done anything towards
such improvement, except so far as more money and lei-
sure may be regarded as aids in that direction. Many of
the charitably disposed are attracted by the prospect of
higher living standards, and do not appreciate the fact
that the advantages already obtained, are not condu-
cive to a realization of duty towards employers and the
public.
Wage Reductions to be Resisted
The miners are supported by the Railway and Trans-
port Unions, to the extent of a threatened universal strike
at three days' notice. Some time ago, these bodies per-
ceived that the artificial conditions that had so favoured
their policy could not be maintained in times of peace,
and passed a resolution in favour of unitedly resisting
reductions of wage in any form, consolidating all
temporary increases on a permanent basis, irrespective
of a return towards normal costs of living. They have
favoured lines that increase the current costs, in order
to create a current high standard and choose to regard
the coal crisis as the inauguration of schemes for an
all round wage reduction, to be resisted as such.
These interests have also been strong enough to carry
a scheme of unemployment assurance at the expense of
employers and the state, under which the maintenance
of workers thrown out of employ by these drastic meas-
ures will be covered, thus reducing the chances of oppo-
sition from workers in branches of industry not directly
concerned and the possibility of anything Uke a general
reduction of wage raises a cry that naturally appeals
strongly to all classes of labour. But, it is useless to
blink the fact that no direct action, however strident, can
get a quart out of a pint pot, or avoid a reduction of wage
as an alternative to none at all. Stoppage of work or re-
duction of. output are strong aids in the latter direction,
and already the coal industry is not the only one that
cannot pay its way.
Attitude of the PubUc
A strange feature is the extent of public confidence
that British common sense will see the matter through,
and the absence of general excitement, notwithstanding
two weeks' cessation in coal supply and short time in
many industries, together with the possible immediate
stoppage of all rail and road transport. Many, even
at this late hour, do not take the position seriously, and
rely on the majority of moderate and patriotic men in-
cluded in the ranks of the workers, regardless of the
fact that such majority is evidently not strong enough to
prevent damage to property, personal vicJence, and other
unconstitutional action.
No apology is needed for following at length the posi-
tion in regard to an important staple material for the
ntanufacture of gas. The miners have over-estimated
their power to retain a market, even amongst customers
apparentiy dependent upon them. And perhaps they
do not realize the extent to which irregular supplies and
high handed ' action can influence the adoption of sub-
stitutes for British coal of gas quality or other grades.
Glasgow Profits Through By-Products
By MARK MEREDITH, Liverpool, England
Much financial gain has occurred to the Glasgow G>r-
poration through working up, as against contracting out,
its bv-products such as tar and ammonia liquors, result-
ing from the manufacture of coal gas. The Corporation
embarked upon a good scheme about two years ago
when they took over the chemical plant at E^ilmamock
but since then at all the gasworks such plant has been
acquired. The initial operations were confined to crude
distillation, but the results were so successful that the
chemical department was able to turn over to the gas
department for each ton of coal carbonized Is. 4d. more
than the average price received from contractors.
Fourteen montns after the inception of the department
the whole of the residual products were being dealt with,
amounting to 40,000 tons of tar and the equivalent of
10,000 tons of sulphate of ammonia. It was only at
Provan that refining operations were carried on, and by
the end of September thejr had there one of the best-
equipped chemical works m the country. The refining
of the products was profitable, and it was obvious that
the Corporation would benefit by the arrangement.
The by-product department approximated more closely
to private enterprise than any other department of the
Corporation in that it possessed no monopoly. Its prod-
ucts had to be sold in the open market for what they
could bring. The amount of money guaranteed for tar
and ammonia liquors at the beginning of the ciurent fi-
nancial year was £350,000. This sum which would be
obtained despite the fact that the bottom had fallen
clean out of these markets, was about £^0,000 more
than last year and £150,000 more than was received for
the year 1919. But for the good prices obtained for tar
and ammonia during 1920 it would have been necessary
to make a considerable increase in the price of gas.
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Editorial^
Cincinnati Convention
••When smiling fortune spreads her golden ray" — Ovid
The sixteenth annual meeting of the Natural Gas As-
sociation established a record for attendance, the num-
ber present being about two thousand. The Supply
Men's Association also distinguished themselves by the
magnitude and interesting character of their exhibition.
Even the city of Cincinnati was exhilirated by the pres-
ence of so many gas men. Banquetors enjoyed a good
talk by H. Foster Bain, acting director of the U. S. Bu-
reau of Mines, as well as the efficient work of Toastmas-
ter Leach. Altogether the event will be remembered
with gratification by those who were so fortunate as to
attend the convention.
The address of President Hoover has been described
as "a gem" delivered by "the right man in the right
place." He laid particular stress upon the necessity for
spending more effort and money in the selling of natu-
ral gas and pointing out that this would result in conser-
vation as well as better rates, automatically converting
the "buyers' market" into a "sellers' market." This is
a point worth considering in the manufactured-gas field
as well. Unless the seller induces in the buyer a strong
desire for the product, the latter fixes the price. This
means education, constantly and strenuously adminis-
tered, cost what it will. When the purchaser fixes the
price may the Lord have mercy on a gas company for
no one else will. Therefore it is better that the supply-
ing of gas be in a "sellers' market." The address will be
found on another page and it is well worth study.
Taxation Discrimination
••What is sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander" — Proverb
Before the Senate Finance Committee on May 10 ap-
peared Philip H. Gadsden for the gas, electric light and
trolley interests, claiming that a sales tax on gas would
make necessary the changing of 1,150,000 prepajrment
meters at a cost of $3,125,000 in order to enable the com-
pany to collect the tax ; this would cost as much as the
tax would amount to in seven years. The committee
hadn't thought of that. He also told them that the in-
come tax and surtaxes enabled a five per cent tax-exempt
security to be sold in preference to an eight per cent pub-
lic utility security. Since there are fourteen billion dol-
lars of tax-free securities on the market the public util-
ities stand small chance of getting money for extensions
and needed improvements to the service rendered. He
recommended that all securities be taxed, both issued
and new. There are 116 million dollars in savings from
incomes less than ten thousand dollars, a possible fund
for investment in public utility securities ; the public util-
ities of all kinds need about two billion dollars per year
to maintain service. It is evident that public utilities
must be permitted to pay over eight per cent if they are
to compete in securing capital for extending their serv-
ice. Here is something worth considering by our tax
revision experts. Why should money used in providing
roads, water, schools, parks, etc., be preferred to money
needed for gas service, electric light, trolley, transporta-
tion, telephones, etc. All are essential and indispensable
and should be treated alike. The utilities do not ask
for exemptions — ^why should municipalities do so?
New Gases
••Easy it seemed once found, which most thought impossible" — Milton
Discovery and invention press upon us with a selec-
tion of possibilities the abundance of which but adds to
our confusion. Certain we are to have a new fuel to of-
fer gas consumers in the not far distant future, but there
will be several choices before the best for the purpose
is selected. In the meantime, development progresses
rapidly, processes are being tested, and patents secured.
Of course, these processes provide compoimds of car-
bon and hydrogen, the well known combustible elements,
the first burning quickly to carbon dioxide and the lat-
ter to water vapor. Both of these products have their
disadvantages which must be considered in the selection
of the new gas.
However, the choice will depend more upon the utili-
zation of available fuel, the need for a minimum of
equipment, facility in distribution and efficiency or effec-
tiveness in utilization. One of the new processes pro-
poses to produce free hydrogen through the catalytic de-
composition of steam and absorption of the oxygen by
iron. Another proposes a producer oil-gas by a very
simple process. However, the favorite in the running
up to date are various plans for complete gasification of
bituminous coal through which a good quality of by-
products will be made and an increased quantity of gas
result per unit of coal consumed. The reason for this
choice will be largely because existing plant can be to
a great extent utilized and increased capital investment
avoided. New plant or extensions permit the testing of
more radical changes in process.
The new cryogenic laboratory, dedicated on May 21,
in the new Department of the Interior building in Wash-
ington will at first engage in research work in connection
with the production of helium, a non-combustible gas.
The equipment includes a 4-stage compressor for pro-
ducing liquid air, working up to 3,500 lbs. per sq. in. at
135 r. p. m., and producing 10 liters of liquid air per hour.
There is also a 3-stage compressor, with a capacity of
29 cu. ft of free gas per hour and 3,000 lbs. per sq. in. and
another of 16 cu. ft. capacity. There are also two gas
holders of 200 and 300 cu. ft. capacity, a machine shop.
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430
THE GAS AGE
May 25, 1921
air and hydrogen liquefiers and testing apparatus.
While the work on helium is in progress, the laboratory
is also available to scientists for special investigations in
low temperatures, compression of gases, etc. Helium
is freed from nitrogen and air by passing through char-
coal, producing in this way a pure helium for aviation
instead of 94 per cent as formerly.
Research is producing gratifying results and we are
promised an era in gas developments which is nothing
short of startling. The adapting of gases to warfare
alone is of tremendous importance and the whole story
has not yet been told. We may be on the threshhold of
an age of gas that will astonish the world and make it a
better place in which to live.
^ The Edison Test
"If you must ask questions, ask me something easy."
As a wizard Thomas A. Edison is a great success
when it comes to starting something, which was again
well illustrated by the test he applied to some college
men who applied for a job at his works, and its effect
upon the faculties of our seats of learning. He found
these applicants ''amazingly ignorant" after subjecting
them to a quiz of about 200 questions, according to the
statements of popular newspapers, and opinion is divided
upon whether this conclusion is fair or authorized by
the results of the test, only six per cent of the 500 ques-
tioned receiving a first grade rating. Out of about 150
of these questions one half were technical in character,
one sixth were geographical, one seventh historical and
the remainder one seventh were miscellaneous.
This test is so much out of the ordinary and touches
on what so many people have been themselves consider-
ing that it has stirred up a small tempest of denuncia-
tion of college education on the one hand and of the
questions themselves, as being no real test, on the other.
On page 331 of our April 25 issue we submitted an edi-
torial entitled "Training Men" which might be read in
connection with these remarks. The problem is broader
than the field of college training. If only 30 college men
passed a satisfactory examination consisting of 200 di-
verse and selected questions, how many men who never
went to college can answer them, or any other list of
questions prepared with a test of general information in
view ? Is it not rather a test of the general intelligence
of the day? How many out of a list of one hundred
used words of medium difficulty can the average man
spell promptly and correctly? What percentage of op-
eratic "airs" will he recognize and name? How many
foreign names appearing frequently in news dispatches
can he pronounce, etc.? The realm of knowledge is
limitless and the opportimity for attainment limited.
Therefore there is some excuse for not knowing every-
thing.
Nevertheless, there has for some time been a tendency
toward the trifling and frivolous that discourages the
attainment of knowledge. What it will lead us to no one
can tell, but we do know that when irresponsibility, self-
will, self-indulgence, frivolity and sophistry prevail
someone must eventually pay the piper. None of us
knows too much about everything, many have a good
general knowledge of the things in which they have
interested themselves, a few have an accurate store of
general information. The real test is that the things
we know are true, useful and important. The "Three
R's" are as essential today as they were in the days of
our grandfathers and local, sectional and international
gossip are just as entertaining.
Some years ago Theodore Roosevelt started some-
thing with his "policies" and his plea for a real "Ameri-
canism." Let us hope that Thomas A. Edison has again
jarred our conscience into a realization that something
must be done to get out of the rut of irresponsibility, in
which easy way we have so long been running that most
of us have become "amazingly ignorant." The fault be-
gins with our publishers who have catered to what they
thought was a popular demand in their effort to attract
the easy dollar instead of educating that demand to ap-
preciate the things that are worth while. Schools had
to be popular to attract students and endowments ; books
had to cater to a taste which made good sellers ; political
parties deferred to unwise policies to hold the votes ; ex-
pediency reigned supreme. Where ignorance of worth-
while things is condoned, what else can one expect than
that only six per cent of our educated men can pass an
examination on general information.
Commission Commended
"The foundations of juttice are that no one shall be harmed*'— Ckero
California was one of the states which was swept
by the wave of popular opposition to increased rates
and agitation against public utility commissions for
approving changes in rates and contracts. As a con-
sequence of complaints from consumers, who thought
they had a grievance, the state legislature appointed a
committee consisting of two senators and three assem-
blymen to examine into the facts, and even this comr
mittee entered upon their hearings in various parts of
the state predisposed in favor of the complainants ; f or,
in the introduction to their report, which has just been
issued by the state under the title "Report of Joint
Committee" pursuant to Senate Resolution No. 20 re-
lating to complaints against the commission and the
public utility act, they say : "Many of the preconceived
ideas of members of the committee with regard to the
work of the commission and of the Public Utilities Act
have undergone a complete change as a result of this
investigation" and "in the light of the facts that have
been disclosed."
The report is too detailed and voluminous to review
here; the last paragraph sums up the opinion of the
committee thus: "The committee earnestly commits
the Public Utilitie? Act to the commendation of the
people. It has worked well, and is working well today.
Strengthen it rather than weaken it. During times such
as we have just passed, have faith in your commission
that they will be a buffer between you and the utilities
so that the people, on the one hand, will receive good
service at a fair price, and that the utility will receive
such treatment at the hands of the people as will en-
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May 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
431
courage capital to come to the state and help develop
its wonderful resources." The paragraph just before
concluded with this sentence: "The sooner these public
service corporations and the people learn that their
interests are mutual, and not antagonistic, the better
oflf both will be."
Among the important conclusions the committee re-
ports is one stating that regulated utilities are monopo-
lies in name only, and that competition is wasteful;
that cities have neither the facilities to investigate and
establish fair rates nor the talent to regulate local utili-
ties ; that most complaints investigated were due to mis-
understanding and lack of specific information which
-could be used by "utilities and their employes by adopt-
ing a different attitude toward their consumers." They
also report that "poor service or lack of service was as
bitterly complained against as was increased cost of ser-
vice. No one was found to contend that a utility was
not entitled to a fair return."
Rates were primarily the bone of contention, but in
the opinion of the committee they were inevitable. In-
creased rates did not adequately compensate for in-
creased costs. They proposed that rates be fixed to
cover definite periods during which they should not be
changed, in order to enable users to make contracts
accordingly. The notion that utilities are allowed to
be extravagant in the expenditure of income was found
not to be justified. "It is apparent that the commission
cannot prevent extravagant expenditures, either in con-
struction or operating costs, but by reason of its cost
data records it can and does prevent the utility company
from being protected in such extravagance." The com-
mission does not guarantee a return to investors in the
stock issued, but rather do they fix a fair rate of return
on the value of the property used in the business re-
gardless of securities issued.
The committee thought that the commission and the
people should be brought closer together. "The average
citizen views the commission with mingled feelings of
awe and fear. He believes it to be an august body,
sitting wrapped about with legal forms and formali-
ties" .... to be approached with severest mien.
They proposed to take under the commission the De-
partment of Weights and Measures which has a repre-
sentative in every city of the state, and it will thus
have a representative continually on the ground. In-
<:reased appropriation by the state for the use of the
commission was recommended, but did not believe that
.an attorney for the commission should be engaged to
present the people's case, declaring that the results
"•'would be more psychological than practical."
freely or its principal value is lost. Offer not with the
right hand and at the same time stretch out the left for
return. Service must be rendered without affectation,
patronizing or self-consciousness to be received as it
should ; it must be a free expression, spontaneous, kind-
ly and without the thought of compensation coloring its
performance. Then will the return be also freely given
as between friends and in abundant measure.
The A. G. A. is conducting a "slogan" contest and
many suggestions have been received. We can think of
no expression more appropriate or effective in securing
friendly relations than this phrase placed under the
name of every gas company:
"AT YOUR SERVICE"
This may not be original but it expresses the attitude
of the gas company of today toward its consumers. It
is there to serve and wants to be friendly; the more
friendly the consumer is in turn the easier it will be for
the company to live up to its aspirations.
Book Review
Gaswirtschaft (Gas Economies), By Rich. F. Starke, Octavo 174
pages. Julius Springer, Berlin, 1921. 34 Marks.
The subject is discussed in five main divisions : 1. —
Gas generation, including the recovery of by-products;
the carbonization and gasification of coal and coke;
and, cost of production compared for coal or coke and
consumption. 2. — Gas Combustion including physical
data; combustible fuels; efficiency; utilization heating
furnaces, steam boilers; economy of gas firing in fur-
naces of steel works, steam boiler plants and coking ov-
ens. 3. — Gas making and gas utilization including com-
parative merits of fuels ; revolving ovens and boiler fir-
ing. 4. — Long distance supply wtih pipe data; high
pressures and costs, power required, cost of pipe, leak-
age, industrial uses, high pressure distribution, boosting
pressures. 5. — Summary of results.
At Your Service
"With good will doing service"— Eph. 7:6
Once upon a time there was a whale of a prince
-whose motto, done into English, was: "I serve." It is
a term to conjure with, this word "Service," and through
its magic the public have been brought to look with
more friendly eyes upon their local gas company. But,
;this service must be rendered with wholeheartedness and
When the Gas Man Visited the Queen Cit-
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432
THE GAS AGE
May 25, 1921
Utilities Need Money to Improve Service
Utilities Need Money — Indi-
ana Utilities Commission
A Few Pertinent Facts on the Utility
Situation
In a recent decision handed down by
the Public Service Commission of In-
diana, the present situation of the na-
tion's public utilities is reviewed at some
length.
The decision says : "Although the com-
mission hesitates to increase rates at a
time when business generally is depressed
and prices show a tendency to decrease,
it cannot deny an increase in rates to a
utility which has not earned a reasonable
return in recent years; which furnished
service throughout the war period at less
than cost, while unregulated private cor-
porations were making large profits;
whose reasonable requirements for an
estimated year are $215,660 in excess of
its estimated revenues under present
rates, and which is efficiently and eco-
nomically managed, since the utility must
continue to give service, extend its lines
and improve its equipment, and the only
source of revenue and credit is from the
subscribers and patrons who pay the
rates.
"It is contended that in times of busi-
ness depression a public utility should be
required to forego its profits and take its
losses like any private corporation4 This
might be all right if during hard times
a public utility were permitted to close
its doors and suspend operation until
business conditions became promising.
Expected to Give Service
"It might be still more logical if a
utility were permitted during boom times
to enjoy large earnings and pay out its
profits in dividends.
"Regardless of the state of business
generally, a utility must continue to ope-
rate at maximum speed. It must con-
tinue to give service, for its service has
become one of the necessaries of life.
"It must constantly extend its lines and
add to and improve its equipment in
order to keep up with the growth of
its community and the developments of
the art The public demands these things.
Their cost is great and will probably
never again be at the pre-war level. As
time passes and improvements are de-
veloped, the service demands become
more complex and insistent.
"There is but one source of revenue
and credit and that is from the subscriber
and patrons who pay the rates. Like
most public utilities, the petitioner is a
large borrower of money for its improve-
ment program. In order to borrow money
at all it must have credit. Regardless of
its credit, the cost of borrowed money
today is extremely high.
"A utility is entitled, under the law,
to earn sufficient revenue to meet its
necessary operating expense and pay a
reasonable return on the value of its prop-
erty. This, the petitioning utility has
not been able to do for several years with
the rates it has had in effect. Under the
circumstances the commission has no
choice under the law but to increase the
rates."
Liberty Loan Bonds
Many people holding coupon bonds of
the Fourth Liberty Loan in the small de-
nominations of $50 and $100, are losing
interest by failing to turn in their tem-
porary bonds and secure permanent bonds
in place of them. The last interest cou-
pon on the temporary bonds fell due on
October 15, and interest due and payable
on April 15 cannot be collected until the
exchange is made. The permanent bonds
have coupons attached dated April 15,
and every six months thereafter during
the life of the bonds.
It is estimated that temporary Fourth
Liberty Loan 4^ per cent bonds total-
ing $4,000,000 par value are now out-
standing in the Second Federal Reserve
District alone which means that the hold-
ers have not yet exchanged them and are
not getting the benefit of approximately
$8,500,000 semi-annual interest Federal
Reserve Bank officials estimate that 3,-
700,000 separate bonds of the Fourth
Loan in this District have not been ex-
changed.
Exchanges of these temporary bonds
can be made at almost any bank or trust
company.
By-Products Financing
Disagreement
Syracuse, N. Y.— New financing plan
of By-Products Coke Corporation was
adopted at the special stockholders' meet-
ing. Stockholders' Protective Committee
did not vote proxies which it had ob-
tained, claiming proceedings were not in
accordance with legal requirements. Nu-
merous technical objections were raised
and the contest will probably be carried
into the courts. Proxies favoring the
plan, which called for issuance of 9%
preferred stock, represented 77,558 shares,
while 10,669 were represented by the pro-
tective committee.
Montana Oil Field Extended
Proven for Twelve Miles in Cat Creek
District — Shipments to Refineries
Resumed.
Lewistown, Mont. — The Cat Creek oil
field of Montana, situated approximately
70 miles east of here, has now 33 com-
mercial wells. With the coming in of the
latest new well, in Section 17-15-30, the
field is now practically proven for a
length of twelve miles, or from the Mus-
selshell River on the east to a point
twelve miles northwesterly.
Drilling has been confined largely to
the area along the apex of the anticline,
or adjacent thereto, but operators are
looking to see a number of tests made to
ascertain the width of the pooL Several
of these tests have already been arranged
and many others are likely to take place
within the next few months.
Shipments of oil from the Cat Creek
field to the Wyoming refineries, suspend-
ed a few weeks ago because of the general
depression in the demand for oil, have
been resumed.
New Indiana Companies
Forecast Increased Drilling for Oil and
Gaa
Several new companies have been or-
ganized in Indiana during the past two
weeks. The Forty-Four Oil and Gas
Company has been organized in Goshen,
Ind., for the purpose of sinking gas and
oil wells. The company has a capital
stock of $250,000. E. C Lantz» R E.
Ash, M. A. Farver, Cornelius Schrock
and L. O. Parcell organized the company.
The Wayne Utility Service Company,
at Cambridge City, Ind., has been organ-
ized for the purpose of supplying gas and
other service to that city and to surround-
ing towns. The company has a capital
stock of $25,000 and the directors are C
M. Haworth Qementine Overman and
Wilfred Jessup.
For the purpose of drilling gas and oil
wells, the Mutual Drilling Syndicate, Inc^
of Ft. Wayne, Ind., has been organized.
The company has a capital stock of $75,-
000 and the directors are Homer E.
Clock, Victor O. Ridley and Ernest L.
Wampler.
New Educational Stunt
The Indiana Public Utility Association
has got out a special bulletin entitled "A
Half-Century Miracle" which gives data
on the public utilities of the state for the
purpose of debates, lessons in oral Eng^-
lish and current topics classes.
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May 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
433
New York Gas Rate to be Cut
Consolidated Will Cut Gas
Rate Aug* 1
Volimtarily Passes Oil Cost Reduction to
Patrons
New York, May 19— The Consolidated
Gas Company announced that having
been able to arrange to buy gas oil after
next August 1 at 6 cents a gallon instead
of the present IZyi cents a gallon, it and
its subsidiaries will reduce their gas rates
to consumers on August 1 from the
present $1.50 a thousand cubic feet to
$1.25, "or such lower figure as operating
costs at that time permit."
The rate to be charged by companies
operating in outlying districts, such as
the Bronx Gas and Electric Company
and the New York and Queens Gas Com-
pany, however, will be determined by the
operating costs of the particular company
at that time.
The announcement continued:
"As to the New York Mutual Gas
Light Company, the New Amsterdam
Gas Company, the Standard Gas Light
Company and the East River Gas
Company, of Long Island City, whose
rate cases are nearing the stage of final
decree, those companies will expect, upon
the entry of such decrees, to put in force
the rate then shown to be required."
Murphysboro Utility Proper-
ties to Consolidate
Group of Mr. Copley's Properties
The Public Utilities Commission of
Illinois have approved the application to
consolidate the Murphysboro Water
Works and Electric and Gas Light Com-
pany with the Southern Illinois Gas
Company. Application has been made to
consolidate the DuQuoin Light Heat &
Power Co. with the Southern Illinois
Gas Co. and it is expected that this will
be ordered in a short time.
Utilities' Financial
Requirements
Over a Billion Dollars Needed for New
Services
United States Senate Committee, after
investigating the general business situa-
tion, reports that approximately $2,000,-
000,000 is required to meet public utili-
ties financial requirements. The report
points out that prior to the war approxi-
mately $500,000,000 was evpended by
these concerns for extensions, better-
ments, and improvements. For the past
four years, the report says, not more than
40 per cent of such betterments have been
made.
Publisher of the Gas World
Honored
English Publisher is Guest of Leading
Publishers of United States Trade and
Technical Papers
Mr. Ernest J. P. Benn, managing direc-
tor of Benn Brothers, England, publish-
ers of The Gas World and about a dozen
other trade and technical papers is visit-
ing the United States. With him is one
of his associates, Mr. Elliott. These
gentlemen were entertained on May 4th
at the Engineers' Club in New York by a
group of the leading publishers of trade
and technical papers in the United States.
Mr. M. C. Robbins, president of the As-
sociated Business Papers, Inc., presided.
An address of welcome was voiced by
Mr. Arthur Baldwin, vice-president of
McGraw-Hill Company and Mr. H. M.
Swetland of the United Publishers Corp.,
spoke feelingly of the opportunity to ex-
press our desire for eternal union, friend-
ship and thorough understanding between
the two principal English speaking races.
Mr. Benn, in his response, gave a very
careful and thoughtful outline of econom-
ic conditions in England today. He spoke
of the widespread spirit of Socialism all
the way from the Bolshevist to the So-
cialist as being rampant throughout the
nation. He said that even the feeling
against capital had pervaded the upper
classes and that spirit was to condemn
capital and to argue against profit. Mr.
Benn paid a high tribute to America in
coming into the War at the right time
with her money, equipment and forces and
thereby saving the world. He said it
might be possible that America would
again be called upon to win peace for the
world. He pointed out that a great op-
portunity lies in the hands of the business
press in both cotmtries to cultivate right
thinking and to point out to the business
world its opportunity to set the countries
going on the right economic basis.
Mr. Elliott spoke with delightful humor
and commented * upon his impressions of
America which he had gained in the few
days since his arrival.
Gas Light Company
Perth Amboy, N. J. — ^At the annual
stockholders meeting at the Pert Amboy
Gas Light Co., all the directors were
elected for another year. The directors
are Patrick Covery and C. C. Hommann
of this city, John W. Whelan of Eliza-
beth, J. Lawrence Boggs of Newark, and
Winthrop Steams of New York. The or-
ganization meeting was held on May 18.
Gas Rate Increases Granted
the Coast Valleys and
Electric Company
Return of Approximately 8 per cent Al-
lowed on Investment of $295,000
Los Angeles, Cal. — Largely because in-
creases in the price of oil have added
fourteen cents to the cost of delivering
gas in the cities of Salinas, Monterey,
and Pacific Grove, the Railroad Com-
mission authorized the Coast Valleys
and Electric Company to increase its
charges for gas sold in these communities
and vicinity. When the present rates
were fixed by the commission the oil
price at Salinas was $1.90 a barrel; at
Monterey, $1.60. The price now at
Salinas is $2.35; Monterey $2.00.
The Commission finds that the compa-
ny is entitled to a return on a rate base
of $295,000. This includes the cost of
recent improvements to the company's
plants ordered by the Commission in
order that better service could be given.
The cost of these improvements, the Com-
mission points out, however, should be
practically offset by greater efficiency in
the gas produced. Present rates would
yield a return of only $2.45 per cent
upon the investment of $295,000. The
new rates, it is estimated will yield a
return of approximately 8 per cent. This
larger return the Commission says, will
result only if the company maintains ef-
ficient operation.
The rates fixed for Salinas are slight-
ly higher than the rates to be charged
in Monterey and Pacific Grove. In all
three places the schedule calls for a
charge of $1.15 for the first 500 cubic
feet or less. For the next 2,000 cubic
feet the Salinas rate is $2.15 per thou-
sand; next 2,500 cubic feet, $1.95 per
thousand; next 5,000, $1.75 per thou-
sand; next 5,000, $1.50 a thousand and
for all over 15,000 cubic feet $1.40 per
thousand. The rates for corresponding
blocks in Monterey and Pacific Grove
are respectively ^, $1.75, $1.60, $1.40
and $125 per thousand. The schedule
calls for gas of an average heating value
of 570 British Thermal Units.
N. Y. City to Intervene in Gas
Suit
Albany, N. Y. — The Appellate Division
of the Supreme Court here has allowed
New York City to intervene in Roches-
ter's suit against the illegality of service
charges fixed by various gas companies
throughout the state.
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434
THE GAS AGE
May 25, 1921
Gas Associations Market News
THE following list covers the officers
of the principal gas associations, the
address of the secretary, and the date and
place of the annual meeting.
SotttlMni Oas AMOcUtloii— Pret., E. C Stot-
hart, Charleston, S. C; tec-treas., George H.
Smith, Norfolk, Va. Convention, Maj Sl-Jtine
2, Savannah, Ga.
Quotations
CaAadiaa Oas AMOClatloiir— Pres., C S. Ban,
Montreal, Que.; 1st vice-pres., E. H. Gaufheil,
St. Thomas, Ont.; 2nd vice-pres.. Col. D. R.
Street, Ottawa. Ont.; sec-tr., G. W. Allen. 19
Toronto St., Toronto, Ont. Convention, Aug.
IS-25. Windsor Hotel, Montreal.
Paciic CoMt Om AlMcUtlOA-Pres., William
M. Kapus, Portland, Ore.: sec-treas., W. M.
Henderson, 445 Sutter St., San Francisco, Calif.
Convention, September 20-23 inc., Del Monte,
California.
Soath Cantral Oaf Auodatloii— Pres., C B.
McKinner, Dallas, Tex.: first vioe-pres., F. L.
Weisser, San Antonio, Tex.; second vice*pres.,
Fred C. Armbruster, Shreveport, La.; acting
sec.-treas., C. H. Seidenglanz, Dallas, Texas.
Convention, October 11-13 at Shreveport, La.
Chit on and Oas Men's Assodatloa— Pres.,
Tames W. McMahon: sec-treas., William H.
Thompson, 811 New First National Bank Bldg.,
Columbus, Ohio. Convention, October, Colum-
bus. O.
American Gas Assodstloa— Pres., Charles A.
Munroe, Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co., Chica-
go, 111.; sec-man., Oscar H. Fogg, 128 E. Fif-
teenth St, New York. Convention, Chicago,
Nov. 7-12, 1921
Empire State Gas ft Electric Association—
Pres., H. W. Peck, SchenecUdy, N. Y., sec, C
H. B. Chapin, 5618 Grand Central Terminal.
New York, N. Y.
West yirglnla iratnral Oas Assodatloii— Pres.,
H. A. Wallace, Charleston, W. Va.; sec.-treas.,
Edwin Robinson. Fairmont. W. Va.
MichlMui Oas Assodatlon— Pres., John W.
Batten, Detroit. Mich.; sec-treas.. A. G. Schroe-
der. Grand Rapids Gas Light Co., Grand Rap-
ids, Mich.
New England Association of Oas Englnetfs
Pres., Burton Smart. Portland, Me.; vice-pres..
V. E. Bird; vice-pres., R. E. Wyant; sec, John
L. Tudbury, Salem, Mass.
Oklahoma Utilities Assodatloi^Pres.. J. W.
Shartel, Oklahoma City: manager, H. A. Lane,
1107 First National Bank Bldg., Oklahoma City.
Okla.
Guild of Gai Managers— Pres.. Harry C.
Crafts, Pittsfield, Mass.; sec, C. R. Prichard,
Lowell, Mass.
nilnols Oas Assodation—Pres.. H. H. Clark,
The Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co., Chicago,
111.; sec.-treas.. R. V. Prather, 305 DeWitt
Smith Bldg., Springfield, III.
, Wisconsin Oas Assodatioiir— Pres., J. P. Pull-
iaim, Milwaukee. \Mi8.; vice-pres., A. F. Dav-
ey. Sheboygan, Wis.; sec-tr., Henry Harman,
182 Wisconsin St.. Milwaukee. Wis. Conven-
tion, March, 1922.
PeniiSTlvanla Oas Associatioii— Pres., E. L.
Smith, Towanda, Pa.; sec-treas., G. L. Cullcn,
Harrisburg. Pa.
Indiana Oas Assodatloi^Pres.. W. W. Good-
rioh. Winchester, Ind.: sec-treas.. E. J. Burke,
Citizens Gas Co., Indianapolis, Ind. Conven-
tion April 17-18, 1922, West Baden Springs, Ho-
tel, West Baden, Ind.
Iowa District Oas Assodatlon— Iowa, Nebras-
ka, South Dakote— Pres., C. N. Chubb, Daven-
S[)rt, la.; sec-treas., H. R. Stcrrett, 551 Seventh
t., Des Moines, la.
Now Jersey Stats Oas AssodatioB— Pres., H.
H. Newman, Trenton, N. T.; sec.-treas.. Harold
E. Mason, P. O. Box 535, Long Branch, N. J.
Natural Oas Association of America— Pres., L.
B. Denning, Pittsburgh, Pa.; sec-trca8.,Wm. B.
Way, 904-5 Oliver Bldg.. Pittsburgh, Pa.
SottHiwsstsn Blsctrical and Oas Association
—Pres., A. Hardgrave, Dallas, Texas; tec, H.
S. Cooper. Slaughter Bldg.. Dallas. Tex.; treas..
^B. Walker. Convention, May 18-21, 1921,
otel Galvez, Galveston. Texas.
The following quotations are made by leading
interests. Reductions in prices since the last
issue are indicated by an asterisk (*). and
advances in prices indicated by a dagger (t).
Cast IfOft Pips
New York quotes: 6-in. and heavier, per ton
IS3J0. 4-in. $75.30; 3-in. |83.30 and $4.00 addi-
tional for Qass A and gas pipe.
Chicago, quotes, f.o.b. Chicago ex- war tax as
follows: Water pipe, 4-in., |69.10; 6-in and
larger $64.10; Qass A and gas pipe, $4 extra.
Wsldsd Pipe
The following discounts are to jobbers for
carload lots on the Pittsburgh basing card:
Bntt Weld
Steel
Inches Black Galv.
U 50^ 24
U ... 56/, 42
H 60^ 48
1 to 3 ezyi 50
Iron
^ 27^ 9^
V4 331^ WA
1 to 1J4 35J4 20^
Las Weld
Steel
2 54»/i 42
2J4 to 6 58J4 46
7 to 12 SAVi 41
13 to 14 45
15 42^
2 30V, 1654
2j4to6 33^4 20»/4
7 to 12 2914 \6yi
Butt Weld, extra strong, plain ends
Steel
H ^/i 29
Va to H 48'/i 31
>/a 53V^ 42
>4 58H 47
1 to V/z 60^ 49
2 to 3 61^ 50
Iron
H to >i +10^ +4354
5? 2654 1454
Va 3354 1954
1 to 154 3554 2154
Lap Weld, extra strong, plain ends
Steel
2 525^ 41
254 to 4 5654 45
454 to 6 5554 44
7 to 8 5054 37
9 to 12 4554 32
Iron
2 3154 1854
2J^ to 4 3454 2254
454 to 6 335^ 2154
7 to 8 24% 1254
9 to 12 1954 754
To the large jobbing trade an additional 1, 5
and 254 per cent is allowed over the above dis-
counts, which are subject to the usual varia-
tions in weight of 5 per cent.
FlAishsd Iron and Stsel
Per Lb. to Large Buyers: Cents
Iron bars, Philadelphia 2.35
Iron bars, Chicago 2J8
Steel bars, Pittsburgh 2.10
Steel bars, New York 2.48
Tank plates. Pittsburgh 2.20
Tank plates. New York 2.58
Beams, etc., Pittsburgh 2J0
Beams, etc. New York 2.58
Sheets, black. No. 28. P*gh AM
Sheets, galv.. No. 28, Fgh 5.00
Sheets, blue anl'd. 9 & 10 3.10
For painted corrugated sheets add 30 cents
per 100 lbs., for 25 to 28 gauge; 25 cents for 19
to 24 gauge. For galvanized corrugated sheets
add 15 cents all gauges.
Coks, ConAsUsfllls
Per net ton at oven:
Furnace coke, prompt
Furnace coke future
Foundry coke, prompt
Foundry coke, future
OuOffl
34-40 deg. Penn gal.
32-36 deg. at wells, Texas gal.
3236 deg. Okla gaL
Bauxite brick, Sfi% Al, l.o.b. Pittsburffa $ Itt
Carborundum refractory brick, 9-in., less
than carload lot, 1^00 1250.00
carload lots, 1,000 1100.00
Chrome brick, f.o.b. Eastern shipping
points SO-lOO
Chrome cement. 40-50% CrtOs 45-50
Chrome cement. 40-45% CraOa. sacks in car
lots, f.o.b. Eastern shining points -55
Fireclay brick, 1st quality, 9-in. shapes,
f.o.b. Pennsylvania, Ohio and Kentucky
works S5-«
Fireclay brick, 2nd quality, 9-in. shapes,
f.o.b. Pennsylvania, Ohio and Kentucky
works 45-50
Magnesite brick, 9-in. straight 90
Magnesitc brick, 9-in. arches, wedges
and keys 105
Magnesite brick, loaps and sjdlta 120
Silica brick, 9-in. sixes, l.o.b. Chicago
district 45-55
Silica brick. 9-in. sizes, f.o.b. Birming-
ham district 45-55
Silica brick, 9-ln. sizes, f.o.b. Mt. Union,
Pa 45-55
r«ifci«g Matscials
QuoUtions f.o.b. New York, are:
Tarred or unUrred Eagle Jute packing
rope in 50 or 100 lb. coils, per pound . . 6c
Plumbers Spun Oakum, In bales of S$ lbs.
each, per bale $2.75
Pig Lead, New York. N. Y., per 100 lb... 4.00
Bitimiliioiifl Coal— Net Toaa, F.03. Warn
Current Quotatioiie— Spot Pricee,
Coal Market Quoted Priee
Low Volatile, Eastern
Pocahontas mine ran .... Columbus $3.50
Pocahontas lump Columbus 5.50
Pocahontas nins ran .... Chicago 3.50
Pocahontas lump Chicago 5.00
Smokeless mine run Boston 6J2S
Qearfields mine Tun .... Boston 2.00
Somersets mine run Boston 2.25
Pool 1 (Navy SUndard) .. New York 3X0
Pool 1 (Navy Sundard) .. Philadelphia 3.25
Pool 1 (Navy Stondard) .. Baltimore 3JS
Pool 9 (Super. Low Vol.) . New York 2.60
Pool 9 (Super. Low Vol.) . Philadelphia 2.90
Pool 9 (Super. Low Vol.) . Baltimore 2.95
Pool 10 (if. Gr. Low Vol .. New York 2J5
Pool 10 (H. Gr. Low Vol . . Philadelphia 2.70
Pool 10 (H. Gr. Low Vol . . Baltimore 2.50
Pool 11 (Low Volatile) ... New York 2J)0
Pool 11 (Low Volatile) ... Philadelphia 2.45
Pool 11 (Low Volatile) ... Baltimore 2.25
Pool 71 (Navy Sup'mntl) . New York 2J5
Pool 71 (Navy Sup'mntl) . Philadelphia 3.00
Pool 71 (Navy Sup'mntl) . Baltimore 3.10
High VoUtUe, Eastern _
Pool 34 (H. Vol. G. and S.) New York !.«
Pool 34 (H. Vol. G. and S.) Philadelphia 2.00
Pool 34 (H. Vol. G. and S.) Baltimore L^
Pittsburgh mine nm .... Pittsburgh 2.C0
Pituburgh sc'd. gas Pittsburgh 2.»
Kanawha mine nm Columbus 2.2
Kanawha lump Columbus 3.25
Hocking mine nm Columbus 2.10
Hocking lump (Zolumbus 3.2S
Pitts. No. 8 mine nm .... Cleveland 2J5
Pitts. No. 8 lump Qeveland 3.00
Midwest ,^
Franklin, III., mine nm .. CThicago 3.00
Franklin, 111., lump Chicago 3.^
Central 111. mine nm .... Chicago 2.25
Central 111., lump Chicago 2.75
Ind. 4tfa Vem, mine nm .. Chicago 3.2$
Ind. 4th Vein, lump CSiicago 3.25
Ind. 5th Vein, mine nm .. Chicago 2.2S
Ind. 5th Vein, lump Chicago 3.15
Standard mine ran St. Louis 1.90
Standard Imnp St. Louis 2.25
West Ky.« mine ran Louisville 2^
West Ky., loop Louisville 2.65
Sotttli and Sontliwest
Big Seam mine nm Birmingham 2.85
Big_ Scam lamp Birmincfaam 3.40
S. e. Ky.. mine nm Louisville 2.50
S. E. Ky., limp • Louisville 3.5D
Kansas mine nm Kansas City 4.25
Kansas lumo Kansas Gty 5.00
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May 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
435
Men in the Industry
Lawrence C. Longhry, of Monticello,
Ind., has taken office as secretary of the
Indiana public service commission. He
succeeds Frank P. Litschert, former sec-
retary to the governor, who has been
holding the position temporarily follow-
ing the resignation of Carl Mote. The
new secretary was appointed recently by
Governor Warren T. McCray and is a
graduate of the Indiana University law
school.
Alfred Pottty attorney for the Citizens'
Gas Company, of Indianapolis was
honored recently when he was made a
member of the Municipal research com-
mittee of the Indianapolis Chamber of
Commerce. Mr. Potts has been active for
some time in civic matters, particularly
those pertaining to taxation and has
organized what is known as the Indian-
apolis Tax Payers' League.
Arnold O. Rutz, president of the Mil-
waukee Gas Specialty Co., died at his
home in Milwaukee, Friday, April 29,
after a brief illness. He was buried at
the Forest Home cemetery, Milwaukee,
Tuesday afternoon, May 3rd. Mr. Rutz
was 48 years old. He left a widow and
one 16 year old daughter.
Beside his interest in the Milwaukee
Gas Specialty Co., Mr. Rutz was presi-
dent of the Evert it e Belt Corporation, a
past president and at the. time of his
death, a director of City Bank of Mil-
waukee, a member of the Milwaukee
Athletic Club and of the Chamber of
Commerce.
Charles Harbison, sales manager of the
J. H. Grayson Mfg. Co., accepted a posi-
tion May 1st to represent the Ohio State
Stove Co. in Michigan, Wisconsin and
Illinois.
Mr. George H. Warner, vice-president
of the Wm. M. Crane Company, large gas
range and appliance manufacturers of
New York City sailed May the Sth for
England. Mr. Warner will spend three
months abroad during which time he will
make a detailed study of business con-
ditions.
James L. Stone, formerly general man-
ager of the Salina Light, Power & Gas
Company, Salina, Kansas, has been trans-
ferred to succeed Mr. Bonner.
William B. Malone^ formerly general
manager of the Meridian Light & Rail-
way Company has been transferred to
succeed Mr. Stone.
W. A. Ehlers, Industrial Fuel Engineer
of the American Gas Association is a
graduate of Lehigh University, class of
1901. For a number of years following
graduation Mr. Ehlers was connected
with the gas engineering and construc-
tion department of The Bartlett Hayward
Company. Later he entered the employ
of the Consolidated Gas, Electric Lig^t
and Power Company of Baltimore, and
for several years was manager of the
Industrial Fuel Division.
W. A. Ehlers
In 1915 Mr. Ehlers joined the sta£F of
the Bureau of Standards as Associate
Gas Engineer and about a year later
was appointed Industrial Fuel Engineer
of the National Conmiercial Gas Asso-
ciation. During the war he was Resident
Engineer with The Koppers Company of
Pittsburgh, having charge of the con-
struction of light oil and toluol recovery
plants for the Government On com-
pletion of this work he returned to his
former position as Industrial Fuel En-
gineer of the newly organized American
Gas Association.
E. E. Armstrong, formerly general
superintendent of the City Light and
Traction Company at Sedalia has been
appointed general superintendent of
Meridian Light & Railway Company at
Meridian, Miss.
H. B. Bonner, formerly general man-
ager of Alliance Gas & Power Company
at Alliance, Ohio, has been transferred to
the Meridian Light & Railway Company
as general manager.
Frederick M. Feiker, Vice-president and
chairman of the editorial board of the
McGraw-Hill Co., Inc., New York, pub-
lisher of engineering journals, has been
appointed by Secretary? of Commerce
Hoover as the latter's personal associate
to organize industrial groups with which
the department desires to co-operate
through the collection of statistics likely
to be of value to commerce and manu-
facturing. He was graduated from the
Worcester Polytechnic Institute in 1904
with the degree of electrical engineer
and in 1907 became a member of the
staff of System and subsequently man-
aging editor of Factory. He has been
identified with the McGraw company
since 1915. He is a member of the
American Institute of Electrical Engi-
neers, the American Society of Mechan-
ical Engineers, the National Electric
Light Association and the Illuminating
Engineering Society. He has been ac-
tive in the development of Mr. Hoover's
plan for the elimination of waste in in-
dustry which was undertaken by the
Federated American Engineering Socie-
ties at Mr. Hoover's suggestion.
Frank A. Goodwin, industrial engineer
for the Worcester Gas Light Co.,
Worcester, Mass., passed away Thursday
May Sth. A delegation from the Com-
pany headed by Manager C. E. Paige and
Treasurer DeWitt Qinton attended the
funeral, the burial took place at North-
ampton, Mass.
Mr. Goodwin came to the Worcester
Gas Light Co. from the Northampton
Gas Light Co. in 1916 where he was
Superintendent He was successful from
the start and succeeded in selling many
of our largest industrial plants gas burn-
ing appliances. He was considered an
authority on industrial appliances and
the manufacturers of our city held him
in great esteem. Mr. Goodwin left a
wife and two children.
Kermit Bunker, office boy in the gen-
eral office department of Henry L. Doher-
ty & Company, 60 Wall street. New York,
has been promoted to the position of jun-
ior clerk in the banking department under
Mr. Pierce.
A. A. Woodward, former junior engi-
neer, has been transferred from the Acme
Power Company at Toledo, Ohio, to the
Lincoln Gas and Electric Light Company
at Lincoln, Nebraska, as results engineer.
Fred W. Feldt is the new rate expert
of the Public Service Commission of
Nevada.
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436
THE OAS AGE
May 25, 1921
Construclioii News
Empire Cos. Constructing
Pipe Line Near Cashing
The Empire companies, big producers
and distributors of oil and gas, are con-
structing a three-mile pipe line near Gush-
ing to connect gas wells near Quay, Ok-
lahoma.
Baltimore Savannah Steam-
ship Service to Southern
Gas Association Con-
vention
Merchants and Miners Transportation
Co., of Baltimore Plan Pleasant Trip
for Gas Men
The good steamship "Howard" will
leave Baltimore 6.00 p. m., Friday, May
27th, and is due to arrive at Savannah 7.00
a. m. May 30th.
Meals and berth are included in price
of ticket, with a slight additional charge
for promenade deck rooms.
Baltimore's harbor and upper Chesa-
peake Bay can be viewed before darkness
settles.
An appetizing supper will loosen the
bands of care and prepare one for a re-
freshing sleep. The following morning
the broad Atlantic is spread out for view
and enjoyment and the tang of salt air
and various sights of sea life soon en-
tered upon. Huge battle ships — schoon-
ers under sail — foreign steamers — Qying
fish — ^porpoises that tiunble and swim at
the steamer's bow are all to be seen and
thoroughly enjoyed.
Shuffleboard on deck— idle hours in
steamer chairs — good food — refreshing
sleep and all the benefits and pleasures of
a sea trip are available.
Passengers are served breakfast on ar-
rival at Savannah.
Returning, our steamers leave Savan-
nah for Philadelphia Tuesdays at 6.00
p. m.; for Baltimore Thursday at 6.00
p. m.
East Central Avenue Gas
Mains Extended
Laying Mains Ahead of Paving
Albuquerque, N. M.— Extension of the
gas main on East Central avenue from
Elm street to Sycamore street will soon
be completed according to Arthur Prager,
manager of the Aubuquerque Gas and
Electric company. The work has been
contemplated for some time and is being
speeded up on account of the prospect of
that portion of the avenue being paved in
the near future.
Wants to Sell Plant
Redlands, Cal., May 19— Citrus Belt
Gas Company in an application filed with
the Railroad Commission asks authority
of the Commission to sell its gas plant
and distributing system located in the city
of Redlands to the municipality. Accord-
ing to the terms of the purchase agree-
ment, the city is to pay $10 in cash for
the plant and accept the property subject
to all the outstanding bonds against it,
which are listed as follows :
Redlands Gas Company bonds (two
issues) $98,500; Home Gas and Electric
Company bonds, $196,700.
The Citrus Belt Gas Company has been
unable to meet its bond interest for some
time and has been embarrassed finan-
cially to such an extent that it has been
unable to give adequate service.
Recent Thomas Meter Instal-
lations in the South
Includes Measurement of Coal, Water
and Coke Oven Gases
The nine most recent installations made
or being finished at this time are as fol-
lows:
Atlanta Gas Light Co., Atlanta, Ga.,
one meter for measuring water gas Sloss-
Sheffield Steel & Iron Co., Birmingham,
Ala., two units for coke oven gas which
is sold to the distributors. The Birming-
ham Railway, Light & Power Co. The
second unit is a recent repeat order.
Memphis Gas & Electric Co., Memphis,
Tenn., another installation for measur-
ing water gas. Charleston Consolidated
Railway and Lighting Co., Charleston, S.
C, has added a second unit for measur-
ing water and coal gas. Rocky Mount
Public Works Gas Department, Rocky
Mount, N. C, for measuring water gas.
Richmond City Gas Works, Richmond,
Va., has installed two units for measur-
ing coal and water gas.
The Western Light and Pow-
er Promotes Works Fore-
man and Hires Gas
Engineer
Four and Two Inch Mains to be Laid
Boulder, Col. — Mr. C. A. Semrad, vice-
president and general manager of The
Western Light and Power Company re-
cently stated that Mr. C. £. Payne had
been promoted from the position of works
foreman to superintendent of the gas de-
partment and that Mr. £. G. Martin had
been employed as gas engineer.
We contemplate the addition of nine
blocks of four inch main and ten blocks
of two inch main this year.
Our industrial sales have increased un-
til approximately forty per cent of our
gas is sold for industrial fuel.
New Ovens Needed at Gas
Plant
Camden, N. J. — ^Permission to issue $1,-
496,000 in promissory notes for the par-
pose of erecting a battery of gas ovens at
its local plant was requested by the Pub-
lic Service Gas Company in an applica-
tion to the Public Utilities Commission.
After hearing testimony of witnesses in
behalf of the Public Service the commis-
sion announced the matter would be taken
up in conference.
Witnesses for the Public Service testi-
fied that part of the present plant had
broken down and as a result the com-
pany would not be in a position next fall
to meet the demand. At present the out-
put is 14,361,000 cubic feet daily, but the
testimony showed that it would be nec-
essary next fall to produce about 16,120,-
000 cubic feet, and that unless additional
equipment were installed there would be
a shortage. It was testified that the com-
pany had contracted for the new battery
of ovens and that it would require six
months before the installation would be
complete.
Coal Handling Machinery Gas Company to Buy Pipe
The Gifford-Wood Co., Hudson, N. Y.,
have issued a fully illustrated 160-page
book on Coal Handling Machinery which
goes into details on the use of bucket ele-
vators, flight conveyors, belt conveyors,
friction clutches, hoists, wagon loaders,
bagging machines, sheet steel work,
chains, sprockets, chutes and screens.
The illustrations, which will be very
helpful to the practical gas man in study-
ing the applications of conveying machin-
ery, are followed with details of parts.
The Citizens Gas Company of Indian-
apolis will be able to buy enough pipe to
lay mains on streets that are to be paved
this spring, J. Dorsey Forrest, general
manager of the company, told the board
of public works. The conference was
called by the board because of a state-
ment said to have been made by a com-
pany official that no more mains could
be laid until the company recdves an in-
crease in rates from the public service
commission.
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May 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
437
Natural Gas Record Breaker
Natural Gas Association Convention Biggest in Its
History. Mr. Hoover Reviews Industry. Mr. Brum-
baugh Tells About Burners. Mr. Denning President
By EDWARD C JENNINGS
THE sixteenth annual meeting of the
Natural Gas Association of America
was held in the capacious Music hall
at Cincinnati, O., on May 16 to the 19th,
and was by all odds the biggest and
best attended convention in the history
of the association. About 2,000 gas and
supply men were in attendance, the Sup-
ply Men's Association helping to swell
the crowd. The exhibit was the finest
ever seen at any gathering of this kind,
and it seemed that nothing in the way
of gas appliances that will save cost and
give better satisfaction was omitted.
William B. Way, the genial secretary
and treasurer, was early on the job, and
everything was ready for the opening of
the convention on the first day, going
through without a break from that time.
H. J. Hoover, of Cincinnati, the presi-
dent of the association, let nothing get
by in his efforts to make the affair the
success it was, and the delegates were not
loath to voice their praise of these two
conscientious officials. Mr. Hoover's an-
nual address was a gem, and showed
that he had been the right man in the
right place for the past year.
A new feature of the convention was
the fact that every man was given a free
luncheon every day at noon, and it was
appreciated as a welcome feature. In
the evening of the first day the ladies
connected with Mr. Hoover's company,
the Union Gas and Electric Company,
received the delegates and their lady
friends in the music hall, the entertain-
ment being one worthy of the splendid
audience that was present On Tuesday
morning the deputy mayor of the city
of Cincinnati made the address of wel-
come, which was answered by Mr. W. H.
Thompson, of the association.
On Tuesday morning the convention
proper was opened, and the first paper,
that of 'TIow Natural Gas Burners Can
Be Improved," by I. V. Brumbaugh, of
the United States Bureau of Mines, gave
some startling facts as well as food for
thought, and delegates were enlightened
to a remarkable degree, even though they
had long discussed the subject. John P.
Campbell, of the Hope Natural Gas
Company, had an interesting paper on
**The Difficulties Encountered by Dis-
trict Foremen," which showed his long
and technical experience that he has had
imprinted on his mind.
After the papers had been read and
discussed there were reports made by the
Board of Directors, the treasurer, the
finance committee, and the presenting of
applications for membership by the com-
mittee appointed for that purpose. The
evening was devoted to sight seeing and
pleasure by the visiting industrialists.
On Wednesday morning Mr. George
W. Ratcliffe, chairman of the Uniform
Committee on Accounting, made his re-
port, followed by a paper on "Effect of
Rates on Service" by H. L. Montgomery,
and another on "Natural Gas Publicity,"
by Hugh S. Butler. Then came the re-
port of Mr. F. M. Towl, of New York,
chairman of the joint committee on Elec-
trolysis. In the evening was held the an-
nual banquet of the association, at the
Hotel Gibson, where the first disappoint-
ment was encountered, namely, the inabil-
ity of Secretary A. B. Fall, of the Interior,
to be present, owing to a cabinet meeting
having been called for that day in Wash-
ington. In his place Mr. H. Foster Bain,
Director of the United States Bureau of
Mines, gave a splendid talk that was
enjoyed by the gas men present. Mr.
A. B. Leach made an efficient toast-
master.
Thursday's paper, "Leakage — Its De-
termination and Reduction" was read by
Mr. H. D. Hancock, followed by that
on 'The Commission, the Public and the
Utility" by Byron M. Clendening. Then
came the reports of the publicity com-
mittee, nomination and election of of-
ficers, and the resolutions that led up
to adjournment
Mr. Hancock told delegates that one
of the most serious financial losses to
gas companies was due to leakage; that
various leakage correction programs car-
ried out in different parts of the country
had met with a large degree of success
and explained to them different methods
in which testing for leaks could be made
with the greatest success.
He insisted that a general elevation of
the industry be begun along construction
lines especially, and suggested that the
same companies supervise the service
from gas mains to meter.
In commenting upon Mr. Hancock's
address, Mr. Hoover said that in the
eight hundred or more miles of pipe and
150,000 deliveries in Cincinnati leakage
was inevitable. He said that the loss
here was about 10 per cent
One of the features of the convention
was the drawing each day for ten prizes
given away to the lucky winners of
the tickets that called for such household
articles as gas ranges, lighting fixtures,
gas heaters, etc.
They were donated by the H. Mueller
Manufacturing Company, Decatur, 111.,
who were represented by the Merkel
Bros. Company, and the Ohio State Stove
Company, Columbus, O. Winners were
H. Dusterberg, 3905 Elsmere avenue,
Norwood, who won a Mueller sink com-
bination, and Mrs. J<^ Schneider, 1070
Central avenue, winner of a Royal Ossco
gas range.
Other winners were Charles Stevens,
125 Shillito place, Mt. Auburn, one Ray-
Glo gas fire, manufactured by the J. H.
Grayson Manufacturing Company, Ath-
ens, O; Florence Oliver, 2241 Stratford
avenue, two Humphrey gas radiant fires
manufactured by the General Gas Light
Company, Kalamazoo, Mich.; Alfred W.
Kruse, 126 Sixteenth street, Newport,
Ky., one Reznor room heater, manufac-
tured by the Reznor Manufacturing Com-
pany, Mercer, Pa.; Mrs. Louise Gooch,
1019 West McMillan street, one Estate
portable sunburst gas heater, manufac-
tured by the Estate Stove Company,
Hamilton, O.; Mrs. D. H. Moul. 3335
Burnet avenue, one Eclipse gas range,
manufactured by the George D. Roper
Corporation, Rockford, 111.; G. G. John-
ston, 116 East Ninth street, one Ray-Glo
gas fire, manufactured by the J. H. Gray-
son Manufacturing Company, Athens,
O.; Norman Bussman, 2256 Rice street,
one Reznor room heater, manufactured
by the Reznor Manufacturing Company,
Mercer, Pa.; Robert Krapp, 2012 Burnet
avenue, one Humphrey gas radiant fire
No. 35, manufactured by the General Gas
Light Company, Kalamazoo, Mich.; £.
Thomas, 1753 Armory avenue, one Ray-
Glo gas fire, manufactured by the J. H.
Grayson Manufacturing Company, Ath-
ens, O.; A. Daum, 3068 Massachusetts
avenue, Camp Washington, one Reznor
room heater, manufactured by the Rez-
nor Manufacturing Company, Mercer, Pa.
Officers chosen by the delegates for the
coming year were : L. B. Denning, Pitts-
burgh, President; E. P. Whitcomb. Pitts-
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438
THE GAS AGE
May 25, 1921
burgh; H. L. Montgomery, Bartlesville,
Okla., and N. C. McGowan, Shreveport,
La., Vice Presidents; William B. Way,
Pittsburgh, Secretary-Treasurer; C. W.
Sears, Cleveland; Thomas J. Jones,
Columbus; Lawrence K. Langdon, Cin-
cinnati; Harry A. Wallace, Charleston,
W. Va.; H. C. Morris, Dallas, Tex., and
M. W. Walsh, Louisville, Ky., Directors
for a two-year term.
Directors elected last year for a two-
year term will augment the new board at
next year's session. Included among
them are: G. F. Batchelor, Pittsburgh; L.
S. Hamer, Qarksburg, W. Va.; F. F.
Schauer, Pittsburgh; William Moeller,
Taft, Cal.; and J. W. MtMahon, Toledo,'
O. H. J. Hoover, retiring President, was
made a member of the Advisory Board,
according to the custom of the organi-
zation.
Cutting Pipe in the Oklahoma
Oil Fields
Bob Wolf, a former student in the
Davis-Brownville Institute, recently sent
the Director a photograph, reproduced
herewith, showing him at work cutting
out the threaded pipe left in a coupling
without harming the coupling threads.
Couplings or collars are salvaged from
old pipe in this manner at small expense.
The pipe is first cut o£F with the torch
close to the collar and the piece inside is
cut out, thus e£Fecting a substantial sav-
ing, the amount depending on the size.
A twelve-inch collar is worth about $18,
while a shoe used in drilling an oil well
is worth about $45, if twelve to fifteen
inches in diameter like the one shown at
right
It is hardly necessary to say that this
kind of cutting requires a steady hand.
The operator must cut through the metal
down to the threads but no deeper.
When the cut is complete the pipe end is
loosened "caving in" with a hammer and
chisel.
The use of the catting torch just de-
scribed is only one of the many to which
it is applied in oil wdl work.
Announces Lower Prices of
Elevating and Conveying
Machinery
Special Reference to Coal Handling
PUnU
The Gifford-Wood Co., Hudson, N. Y.,
make the following announcement:
Due to the gradual decrease in the cost
of raw materials and commodities used
in our line of equipment, and further, to
successful efforts in reducing production
costs, we are pleased to announce a sub-
stantial reduction in prices.
This will apply to all general elevating
and conveying machinery for coal, ice
and miscellaneous material including
structural and plate work.
New Meter Company Formed
Lambert Meter Company, Inc., of Bush
Terminal Bldg, No. 4, Brooklyn, N. T.,
to Rate Meters on Capacity
It gives us pleasure to announce the
formation of a new company, the Lam-
bert Meter Company, Inc., which will be
engaged primarily in the meter business.
Although this is a new business venture,
it is not an experiment because its per-
sonnel comes from the first ranks of a gas
and meter industry.
Mr. David N. Lambert, who is re-
sponsible for this new business and who
need hardly be introduced to the gas
world, will actively be its manager and
supervisor. His 28 years of meter busi-
ness experience, 23 of which he spent
with the American Meter Co. and 5 with
the Superior Meter Co., placed him
among the few foremost gas meter ex-
perts of this country. The products which
he has manufactured for the gas industry
are well known, and it would be redun-
dant to write about this here. The gas
meter is an apparatus which has stood
the acid test of time, and any new gas
meter which is manufactured must be
along the lines of improvement and not
of revolutionary new design. Much of
the gas meter improvement that has taken
place in the last twenty years so that it
is a more reliable and durable apparatus
for measuring gas, can be attributed to
Mr. Lambert. It is his aim and the pol-
icy of the new company to continue along
these lines of improvement and service to
produce a better, more serviceable and
less costly-in-the-end-meter rather than
a cheaper meter. His salient value lies
in this peculiar combination, that he
knows the gas man's want in meters, and
also how to manufacture a meter that will
meet that desire. Then, too, he has an
ingeniously fertile and inventive mind
which is responsible for many new kinds
of apparatus, such as gas flowmeters, sci-
entific anaesthetometers, resuscitators, B.
tu. indicator, etc.
This new company will also have the
services of his son, Mr. Noah D. Lam-
bert, as its chief engineer. Mr. N. D.
Lambert received his chemical Engineer's
(Ch.E.) degree from Columbia. Then he
held a fellowship at the Mellon Institute,
University of Pittsburgh, where, under
the guidance of Dr. J. B. Garner, he car-
ried on research work on hydrocarbons
and natural gases, for which he received
his master of science (M.Sc.) degree in
1917. Just prior to our entry into the war
he was with the Bureau of Mines on
poisonous gases, and during the war he
was lieutenant Q.g,) in the U. S. Naval
Aviation assigned to hydrogen engineer-
ing. For the past two years he was su-
perintendent's assistant at the N. Y. Mu-
tual Gas Light Co., and now enters into
business with his father. His training
and experience fit him very uniquely for
the new work he is undertaking and the
gas industry may have great confidence in
a meter company whose supervising heads
are so admirably fitted for the work.
There is much which cannot be changed
and nothing which cannot be improved.
A gas meter comes in this category. The
new Lambert meter is going to be an im-
proved meter. Most of its fittings are
going to be made of monel metal. This
will insure longer life for the meter. Il-
luminating gas has a certain amount of
corrosive action on gas meters and after
a time the first parts to corrode and wear
away to an inoperative stage are the fit-
tings. Monel metal is non-corrosive and
stronger. .
Another improvement which will be
welcomed by the gas world will be the
new designation of sizes of meters. In-
stead of labelling meters by "so many
light" meter, a term which is very con-
fusing and based upon an obsolete
standard, the new designation will be
according to volume capacity at a defi-
nite di£Ferential presstu-e. For example,
a 5 light B meter will then become a 150
cubic feet per hour meter at ^4" diflFer-
ential pressure. This is a more scientific
and meaningful way of distinguishing the
sizes of meters. Given a condition with
the approximate amotmt of gas to be
measured the size of meter can immedi-
ately be ascertained. The reverse is true
too. Knowing the size or sizes of meters
in a given place, it will be easy to know
inmiediately the maximum limits of gas
flow permissible.
In most other respects it will be the
same high grade meter which Mr. Lam-
bert has manufacttu-ed in the past All
the fittings and parts of the Lambert Me-
ter are going to be interchangeable with
all the standard makes of meters. The
leather for the diaphragms is going to be
Imported New ^Zealand No. 1 bark tanned
sheep sldn.
The company will also manufacture wet
meters in all sizes, monel metal wet me-
ters for hydrogen and oxygen, calorim-
eters, S3rphon gauges, provers, service
cleaners and in fact all the related ap-
paratus that is used in the gas industry.
Repair work is going to occupy a large
department of itself. Many well-trained
and experienced men will do nothing else
but repair meters. The leather which
goes into repaired meters will be the same
as that which goes into the new meters.
All repair work will have to undergo a
very rigid inspection. Every repaired
meter which will pass throufi^ the fac-
tory will be as good as new.
The location of the Lambert Meter
Company is Bush Terminal Building Na
4, Brooklyn, N. Y., and there they have
about 15,000 square feet o{ factory space
and are therefore capable of taking on
any volume of business.
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May 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
439
Effect of Rates on Service
General Manager Empire Gas & Fuel G)mpany, Bar-
tlesville, Okla., Discusses this Subject before Annual
Meeting of the Natural Gas Association at Cincinnati
By H. L. MONTGOMERY*
IT is a fundamental principle in the
administration and management of
public utilities that a rate must be pro-
vided which is sufficient to enable the
utility
1 — ^To cam its operating expenses.
2— To take care of its depreciation.
3 — To earn a reasonable return on a
fair value of the property.
4— To guarantee such rate of return as
will attract captial sufficient to take care
of additions and betterments to the prop-
erty as the community grows and ex-
pands.
The failure of any property to meet
these requirements means poor service
to the public, followed by an ultimate
failure resulting in receivership. It is
the old vicious circle; lack of service
followed by lack of public co-operation,
followed by lack of sufficient revenue to
pay operating expenses. The final result
we all know.
In order to render service the company
must obtain revenue from some source.
There is a further principle involved
in this question and that is: if rates are
too high the demand is decreased to such
an extent that net revenues are reduced
with the usual result—lack of service.
Profits are dependent upon service.
On one of four big systems in Kansas
we had this situation facing us in 1918.
The property was a large one, involving
over 1,200 miles of main and field lines
supplying 55 towns and cities with a
total population of 720,000. This com-
pany, from 1906 to 1912, sold gas at 25
cents per thousand cubic feet In 1912,
it was forced into a receivership. During
the six years preceding the receivership
it struggled vainly in an effort to work
out its financial problems and furnish
adequate service. Needless to say, it
failed in both.
Under federal court order, rates to the
consumer were increased to 60 cents per
thousand cubic feet; later, to 80 cents.
The rate now in existence on part of this
system consists of a customer charge
Tarying from 50 cents to one dollar per
customer and a consumption charge of
80 cents per thousand cubic feet for gas
used. This means that the consumer is
paying from 90 cents to one dollar per
thousand cubic feet
*Paper presented at the annual meeting of
the Nattaral Gat Aasociation at Cincinnati. O.
Conditions Existing Under High Rates
The conditions existing under these
rates were:
1 — ^A peak load in which the maximum
hourly demand during extreme cold
weather could not possibly be met on
account of the manner in which it ex-
ceeded the average hourly demand which
might be expected on the system. Every
gas man who is familiar with operating
'conditions knows what this means, for
I venture to say there is not a natural
gas system in the country but what has
experienced these conditions.
2— High pressures during the time that
the load was off the peak, thereby causing
excessive leakage.
3 — Cheap gas causing great waste in
its use. As is generally known, the aver-
age annual return per meter under the
same general operating conditions re-
mains the same under any of the old
type of rates. In other words, the quan-
tity of gas used varies inversely with the
price.
4 — ^The extravagant use of gas by the
customers most fortunately situated in
relation to the pipelines. There is prob-
ably not a large distributor of natural
gas today who does not know this to be
true. For instance, many consumers who
could afford to heat with gas at 90 cents
or a dollar under normal conditions and
who were close to the intermediate pres-
sure mains, have been found to be using
gas for heating purposes in inefficient
furnaces when certain other consumers
in other parts of the town did not have
enough gas to warm their coffee and
this on systems which were considered
to be farily well designed for normal
operating conditions.
This was the condition existing when
Mr. Henry L. Doherty came to Kansas in
1918 and proposed a three-part rate.
In 1919, the Kansas Public Utilities
Commission began upon its own initia-
tive, an investigation of the general gas
situation throughout the State. It had
before it two large pipe-line systems,
one with a very low rate, the other with
a relative high rate; neither system ap-
parently earning a sufficient return and
consequently both failing to furnish that
service to which the public was entitled.
The companies were apparently not able
to reach out and secure that supply of
gas which was necessary and the amount
furnished was growing less each year.
The commission realized early in its
investigation that if the public was to
enjoy natural gas for any reasonable
number of years a comprehensive con-
servation program must be carried out
Conservation of natural gas became the
watchword. Mr. Doherty, during the
war period, had been prominently identi-
fied with mdnrements tending towards the
conservation of natural resources. There-
fore, his appearance before the commis-
sion was doubly important. Up until
this time conservation of natural gas
had been urged by all concerned and al-
though several eminent authorities pro-
posed to attain conservation in the utili-
zation of gas, by merely raising the rate,
Mr. Doherty, feeling that the public had
a certain interest in these same natural
resources, proposed to attain the same
end; namely, conservation, by means of
the Three Part Rate.
The Three Part Sate
The Three Part Rate involved:
1— A customer charge which includes
those expenses which have to do with
the cost of furnishing that part of the
service pertaining directly to the cus-
tomer and is directly proportional to the
number of customers. It has no' relation
to the maximum demand of the customer
or the amount of gas he consumes. It
is the same for all customers and includes
the cost of reading meters, keeping books,
billing, interest and depreciation on that
part of the investment directly propor-
tional to the number of customers. It
is a constant charge throughout the year
and is payable in equal monthly install-
ments.
2— A demand charge which includes
those expenses which vary in accordance
with the maximum demand that is put
upon the system (sometimes called a con-
nected load charge in electric rates). The
fixed charges on the investment in the
producing, transmitting, and distributing
plant are the principal factors in this part
of the rate.
3 — A consumption charge which in-
cludes those expenses which vary in
proportion to the quantity of gas which
the company is called upon to supply to
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THE GAS AOE
May 25, 1921
the customer. It is based on the quantity
of gas furnished the consumer each month
as indicated by the customers' meters and
is expressed in cents per thousand cubic
feet of gas.
InstalUtion of the Three Part Sate at
Ottawa
The commission carried on a very ex-
tensive investigation including a number
of hearings on this subject and had the
general matter under consideration when
the City of Ottawa, through its city
officials, arranged for the installation of
the Three Part Rate in that city and
submitted this rate to the Utilities Com-
mission for its approval. That body ap-
proved the principles of the Three Part
Rate and consented to a demonstration
which went into eflFect February 1, 1920.
The rate is as follows:
1 — ^An annual customers charge of $9.00
per year, payable in equal monthly in-
stallments.
2 — ^An annual demand charge of d2
cents per cubic feet of maximum hourly
demand, payable in equal monthly install-
ments.
3 — A consumption charge of 40 cents
per thousand cubic feet of gas consumed.
Attention should be called at this time
to the vital point in the Three Part Rate.
This point has to do with determining
the maximum demand of each consumer.
When the Three Part Rate was first pro-
posed by Mr. Doherty there was no de-
vice known which would automatically
determine and limit the demand which
could be placed on the system by the
individual consumer. Without such a de-
vice any rate based upon a demand
charge fails, because it cannot effect the
conditions which are necessary to the
success of this type of rate. Meters will
not do it because their rated capacity
is very easily exceeded. Mr. Doherty
stated that he thought it was possible to
develop a limiting device which would
permit a customer a fixed hourly maxi-
mum demand. He was able to develop
the first device in time to complete the
installation of Ottawa by February 1,
1920. The rate has now been in effect in
Ottawa for over a year and we know
what the results are.
Experience With Three Part Rate at
OtUwa
The experience at Ottawa shows:
1 — ^A reduction of 57 per cent in the
possible maximum demand that may be
brought upon the system— this is the face
of 17 per cent increase in the quantity
of gas sold. What this means in the
way of reliable service is very apparent
It indicates one thing— better service at
less cost
2— iA reduction in the cost of gas per
thousand cubic feet An analysis of the
experience at Ottawa over a period of
twelve months may be sunmiarized as
follows :
Customers Charge $0.75
Demand Charge 1.52
Consumption Charge 2.52
Total $4.79
Average rate
per thousand $0.76
Applying the rate which is now in effect
in the two Kansas City's, viz., a custom-
ers' charge of fifty cents per month and
a gas charge of eight cents per thousand
cubic feet, at Ottawa would amount to
ninety-two cents.
3 — A further analysis of the experience
at Ottawa shows that the laboring man
is not the small user of gas and is
threfore not the man who would have to
pay the higher average rate per thousand
cubic feet under the Three Part Rate.
Out of a total of 1,517 customers but
101 had an average consumption of one
thousand feet or less, and but eight
laborers were among that number, in con-
trast to twenty-four customers classified
as retired and miscellaneous.
4 — Each customer pays according to
the cost of the service demanded. The
small consumer using a maximum de-
mand of 22^^ feet or less pays an average
price of $1.15 per thousand cubic feet.
The large consumer using a maximum
demand of 150 feet or over pays an
average price of fifty-eight cents per
thousand cubic feet. The burden of the
small consumer, heretofore carried by
the rest of the business, is placed where
it belongs and the large consumer is
permitted to remain on the line.
Relation of Ratea to Contiunption
Statistics show that in 1920 under the
25-cent rate, the consumption per meter
in the towns on the northern end of the
Kansas Natural lines varied from 138,-
000 cubic feet per customer to 179,000
cubic feet per customer. Under the 80-
cent rate in 1919, this consumption
per customer has been reduced to as low
as 48,000 cubic feet in some of these
towns. In Ottawa, in 1919, the annual
consumption per customer was higher
than the average and amounted to 67,480
cubic feet. Attention should be called to
the fact that under the Three Part Rate
the consumption per meter per year has
already increased from the above figures
to 75^00 cubic feet
Reiiilta at Ottawa
The rate together with the demand
limiting meter has accomplished the fol-
lowing results at Ottawa:
1 — Encourages conservation in utiliza-
tion by placing a premium on low de-
mands, thereby encouraging the customer
to study the manner in which he uses gas
and causing the manufacturer to exert
every effort to develop new and more
efficient appliances.
2— Improves service and prevents dis-
crimination by providing equal service
to all. This is accomplished by prevent-
ing the customer most favorably situated
on the mains from taking more than be
contracted for. The man on the end of
the line gets just as good service as the
man near the high pressure mains.
3-^Assures each customer that he will
receive at all times the maximum demand
for which he contracts.
4 — Produces conservation in transmis-
sion and distribution by reducing the
peak demands and thereby the operating
pressures.
5 — Improves the load factor by re-
ducing demand and increasing the con-
sumption. In other words, increased ef-
•ficiency in operation.
6 — Provides an absolute control over
any system as the demands are known
and additional demands can only be made
after proper application.
7 — It is the only system of charging
for gas that is equitable and does not
discriminate unjustly for it is based on
the cost of the various classes of service
into which the furnishing of gas naturally
divides itself.
Compariaon With the Step Up Rate
The step up rate has attained favor m
some quarters as a means of conservation.
The objection to that form of rate is
that it eliminates the most profitable con-
sumer on the lines and upon analysis it
does not accomplish in principle that
which is accomplished by the Three Part
Rate. In other words, conservation
means efficiency in both distribution and
utilization and equal service to all. Widi
no regulation of demand, the step up
rate does not tend to reduce maximum
demand on any distribution system. It
is not possible, therefore, to make that
reduction in leakage due to the reduced
pressures which can be made on a system
operating under demand limiting meters
and the Three Part Rate. The step up
rate does not prevent the extravagant
use of gas upon an emergency, for the
reason that it deals in total consumption
and individual consumers may use all
the gas obtainable for the few hours in
which he may want it and offset that by a
diminished use during the time that gas
is available. It drives off the larger user
who, in many cases, is using the gas more
efficiently than the small ccmsumer, and
is, threfore, to that extent a better con-
servationist, in the truer sense of the
word, than the small consumer.
Education of Public
After several months' experience with
the Three Part Rate in Ottawa and a
careful analysis of its effect an educa-
tional campaign was deemed advisable.
Governor Allen of Kansas and the mem-
bers of the Industrial Court were so
forcibly impressed with the idea of con-
servation and the greait good ivbicb
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May 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
441
could be accomplished that a plan was
outlined and adopted.
Last July the Kansas Court of In-
dustrial Relations, which had made a
careful and intelligent study of all gas
problems in the State, appointed a Gas
Conservation Committee with full author-
ity to go into the matter of conservation
and bring to the attention of the con-
sumer the great need of preventing the
waste of gas by the use of properly ad-
justed appliances.
The Chief Engineer of the Court of
Industrial Relations, Major J. T. Strick-
ler, was chairman of this Committee,
composed of H. C. Humphreys, Mayor
of the City of Hutchinson; George L.
Kreek, Mayor of the City of Lawrence;
L. O. Ripley, Vice-President and General
Manager of the Kansas Gas & Electric
Company ; and H. L. Montgomery, Mana-
ger of the Gas Division of the Empire
Companies.
Governor Allen of Kansas issued a
proclamation calling^ attention to (the
Conservation Committee appointed by
the Court of Industrial Relations and
urging the necessity and importance of
every possible eflFort to conserve the use
of gas.
Work of the Committee
The Committee had its first meeting
at Topeka, Kansas, about the first week
sn August and planned a far-reaching
campaign, designed not only to reach the
consumers in a general way, but the
housewife in particular and through every
channel possible.
A field corps was engaged consisting of
a publicity agent, a domestic science
demonstrator, an appliance expert, and
a fourth member for general utility work.
This corps carried on demonstration work
in practically every town and city in
Kansas which was served by natural gas.
Unusual interest was aroused and pub-
lic officials gave to the work their un-
divided support.
This natural gas movement inaugu-
rated by the Kansas Court of Industrial
Relations and carried out by the Con-
servation Committee will go down in
history as a distinct innovation and one
of the most practical and far-reaching
ever attempted. The net result of the
plan is a widespread knowledge of the
sources, operating conditions and other
problems in connection with the produc-
tion, transportation, and distribution of
natural gas.
As a result of these efforts the domestic
consumers of the State have a more in-
timate knowledge of natural gas problems
than ever before. First, service was
proven to be a question in which all
were interested. As a result of the
educational work done, good service
and unlimited use of gas were separated.
The consumer now realizes that gas for
any other than domestic purposes and
incidental heating during the fall, winter
and spring, subtracts from the quality of
service in his own home and that of his
neighbor.
Appliance dealers throughout the State
joined heartily in the gas conservation
movement. The following letter sent
out by a Hutchinson, Kansas, business
house is a splendid example of the inter-
est aroused and the voluntary co-opera-
tion which the Committee received. The
educational value alone of this letter is
far-reaching. It reads as follows:
Operating as a private co-operative body
to the conservation committee of the
Industrial Court of the State, of
Kansas. Gas Service Dept.
Phone 496.
SHAFFER'S FURNITURE
21-25 S. Main
Hutchinson, Kansas
To Our Friends and Customers
Important Information Regarding the
Gas Situation in Hutchinson
Months ago, after the Government
warning, we foresaw the conditions fac-
ing us here in Hutchinson and we, at that
time, started to make a very thorough
study of the problem.
In the course of this analysis, we found
that gas even at one dollar per thousand
—if properly used, was the most efficient
and economical fuel.
So we are at present co-operating with
the Conservation Committee of the Indus-
trial Court of the State of Kansas, in an
effort to serve in an advisory capacity our
friends and customers.
Quit true we seU coal stoves, oil stoves
and ga's stoves, but are more highly in-
terested in demonstrating to you — that a
gas stove properly equipped will give the
greatest degree of service and satisfac-
tion.
In most cases the stove that you already
have can be adjusted to meet these new
conditions.
We have enclosed a stamped postcard —
all ready to mail. This card allows you
a free service call. Our service man will
come and inspect your stove and give you
expert advice free of charge.
All calls filled in the order in which
they are received. It is very important
that you attend to adjusting your stove
to the new conditions immediately. Send
the card in today.
Yours for better service,
(Signed) Fred Shaffer,
Manager Shaffer's Furniture.
P. S. When your stove is changed to
meet the new conditions no further ad-
justments will be necessary in case arti-
ficial gas should be used.
The Conservation Committee sent a
letter to appliance manufacturers through-
out the country explaining the movement
and asking their co-operation in the work
the conunittee was undertaking in the
State of Kansas.
Practically all the manufacturers re-
plied to this communication and indicated
their sincere desire to co-operate.
This program being arranged and car-
ried out at a time when rates were
being adjusted, served to divert the pub-
lic mind from such misleading propa-
ganda. The work being of a public and
official nature and absolutely unbiased,
the aid of the public officials and thinking
citizens naturally proved invaluable. So
eminently fair, effective, and conclusive
has been the work carried on to date
that newspapers in the various cities have
voluntarily contributed and devoted valu-
able news space to the cause of conseva-
tion with the result that public interest
has been stimulated to a degree never
before attained in dealing. with natural
gas problems.
A few months prior to the Conserva-
tion program the situation was tense so
far as the public mind was concerned,
and newspapers throughout the State
were spreading much misleading pro-
paganda, which served to disturb the
citizenship generally.
Indoatrial Court Letter to Mayors of
Cities in the State of Kansas
Most important of all letters used by
the Conservation Committee in their ef-
forts to bring about co-operation was one
written to the Mayors of the various
cities in the Staite of Kansas using na-
tural gas, outlining the aims and pur-
poses of the Conservation Committee and
explaining in detail the work at hand and
the efforts necessary to insure success.
The letter was as follows :
Members, of Court: W. L. Huggins
Presiding Judge; T. J. Strickler, Chief
Engineer; Clyde M. Reed; George H.
Work; Carl W. Moore, Clerk; A. E.
Helm, Commerce Counsel ; F. S. Jackson,
Attorney.
STATE OF KANSAS
COURT OF INDUSTRIAL RELA-
TIONS
Topeka, October, 21, 1920.
To the Mayors:
Dear Sir :
The Kansas Court of Industrial Rela-
tions has appointed a Natural Gas Con-
servation Committee for the purpose of
carrying out a complete prog^ram looking
toward the conservation of natural gas in
this state.
The attention of the public was called
to the seriousness of the waste of nat-
ural gas by the United States Bureau of
Mines last winter. At that time a meet-
ing was held in Washington, to which
were invited the governors of gas pro-
ducing states, public utilities commis-
sions, gas producers and distributors, ap-
pliance manufacturers and others inter-
ested in the natural gas industry. As a
representative of the Governor of the
State of Kansas and the Kansas Court of
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442
THE GAS AG:
May 25, 1921
Industrial Relations, I attended a meeting
of this conference held in Washington in
June, and realize the importance of the
question of gas conservation throughout
the United States.
Kansas is the first state to take a defi-
nite step in this most important question
of conservation of the natural resources
of the state and our committee desires to
ask for your thorough co-operation.
The personnel of the Kansas Committee
is composed of the undersigned as chair-
man and George L. Kreeck of Lawrence,
C. H. Humphries of Hutchinson, H. L.
Montgomery and L. C. Ripley of Wichita.
The Kansas Court of Industrial Rela-
tions is able to deal directly with the prob-
lem of the waste gas in the pipeline and
distributing systems. It is therefore of
primary importance to the Conmiittee at
this time that the matter of the proper use
of gas as fuel be brought home to each
user of natural gas in Kansas and that
these users may be shown how to make
the old and fatilty appliances now in use
more efficient at the smallest expense to
themselves. Therefore, the efforts of the
Conmiittee, at this time, are being devoted
to a series of conservation demonstra-
tions in the various cities of the state
which use natural gas. These demon-
strations are now under way.
The demonstration work has been com-
pleted in Hutchinson, Newton, £1 Dorado
and all the larger towns on the lines of
the Wichita Natural Gas Company and
it felt that the efforts of the Committee
have been amply repaid by the keen in-
terest taken in the matter by the public.
With these demonstrations from town
to town moves a carefully selected corps
of persons schooled in the various conser-
vation needs and completely equipped to
interest and instruct both the general
public and those to whom will fall the
work of making the proper adjustments
of the appliances.
If the work of this committee is to be
efficient and we are to accomplish our
purpose of helping the public we must
have the full and hearty co-operation of
the public, including city officials, news-
papers, civic bodies, women's clubs and
all other agencies.
At the meeting of the Committee held
in Topeka Kansas, on October 19th, to
which representatives of all cities on the
lines of the Kansas Natural Gas Com-
pany were invited, the city officials of
Lawrence, Topeka, Olathe, Columbus and
Tonganoxie were present and signified
their desire to have this demonstration
work carried on in their respective com-
munities. The Committee desires to
make this conservation program a thor-
ough one and it is prepared to have a
demonstration in every city and town
in the state which uses natural gas.
Thus far no arrangement has beeiv made
for this work in your city and the purpose
of this letter is to inform you of all that
has been done and to enlist your help
and co-operation.
We ask only that you prepare the way
for the coming demonstration by starting
the newspaper publicity, engaging the
support of your chamber of commerce
and of any other clubs you feel would be
of assistance and by providing a suitable
room for the demonstration of cooking
utensils and other appliances. You will
be the head of the movement in your city.
Representatives of the Committee will
be there to follow your leadership and
suggestions. Everything required for the
demonstration will be supplied by the
Committee, including printing matter, ap-
pliances and personnel.
There is one suggestion which might
be made and that is, that you arrange for
a demonstration room which is not in any
connected with the gas company or its
interests. This is a public movement and
must not be confused in the minds of
your citizens with any work of the gas
companies.
It is important that we know at once
what arrangements you desire us to make
in the case of your city so that the dem-
onstration work may continue in an or-
derly and well organized way.
Will you kindly let me hear from you
at your very earliest convenience and
state definitely whether you desire a
demonstration in your city and when you
will prefer to have it made, if you desire
to have a choice in the matter? Let us
hear from you.
Very truly yours.
Chairman Kansas Natural
Gas Conservation Committee.
The Two Part Rate
In August, 1920, the Kansas Court of
Industrial Relations, the successor of the
Kansas Public Utilities Commission, hav-
ing completed its general investigation
as to the gas situation, issued on order
applicaable to all communities supplied
by the lines of the Wichita Natural Gas
Company. This system consists of 1726
miles of line and serves 80 cities with a
total population of 350,000. Prior to the
order of the court, the rate in effect on
this system was 27 cents per thousand
cubic feet
The court stated:
"That for the purpose of enabling the
utilities concerned to render just, efficient,
sufficient and non-discriminatory service,
limiting devices should be installed upon
the premises of each consumer that
would limit the hourly demand of the
consumer for gas consumed by him.
That beginning at the southernmost cities
now supplied by the Wichita Natural
Gas Company, such limiting devices shall
be installed as expeditiously as is rea-
sonably possible by the distributing com-
panies, and that as soon as each city is
supplied with such devices and that same
are duly installed upon the premises of
the consumer, the rates hereinafter de-
scribed as the experimental or test rates
shall obtain and be in effect**
"That considering distance from the
main supply of gas where the same is
produced the cost of transportation and
operating expenses, a difference should be
made in the rates to the several com-
munities herein described as follows :
(Note: The commission here divides
the various cities in three zones known
as Zone 1, 2 and 3; Zone 1 being nearest
the source of supply.)
"Subject to the above findings and con-
ditions, after the installation of the
limiting devices aforesaid, the following
rates are found to be fair, just and rea-
sonable as experimental rates, to be in
effect from and after the installation of
the limiting devices for the period of
one year, for the purpose of determining
the experience of said companies and
their consumers under said rates, to-wit
"The monthly charge for gas shall be
as follows: A service charge based on
the maximum rate at which consumers
use gas, as follows :
bicFeet
Per Month
30
$1^
45
1.65
60
2.25
75
2.75
90
3i0
120
5.00
180
7.50
300
12.00
"Plus a charge for gas actually used
and metered to the consumer at 30 cents
per 1,000 cubic feet in Zone 1, 32 cents
in Zone 2, and 34 cents per 1,000 in Zone
3; except that where any portion of the
gas is obtained from a local field and
furnished directly to the distribution
system, the rate shall be proportioned
each month on the basis of the amount
received from the local field and the
amount received from the pipe line of
the Wichita Natural Gas Company, the
value of the local gas for such estimate
shall be 15 cents per 1,000 cubic feet and
that taken from the pipe line at the price
herein, fixed for other consumers."
The court further provided for the
following interim rate, to be in effect
pending the installation of the limiting
devices; A customer's charge of 75 cents
per month per customer plus a gas
charge varying from 56 cents to 50 cents,
according to the zone.
The Two Part Rate further provides
for certain fixed demands per cubic foot
per hour. These demands are fixed and
advance in steps of 15 cubic feet eadL
Comparing this rate with the Three Part
Rate, we find that it varies from the
principle laid down in that rate to the
extent that the fixed charges for the
consumer with the small demand are
somewhat less, while the fixed charges
for. the consumer with a large dcnuuid
are somewhat greater.
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May 25, 1921
THE GAS AOE
443
A further study of the fixed charges of
the Two Part Rate, as shown in the
third colunur of the table listed below,
shows that the customers charge has
been practically eliminated:
Fired
Charges
Per
Month
Demand
Per Hour
Cubic
F..-ct
Fixed
Charge
Per Foot
of Demand
1^
30
A2
1.65
45
3.6
225
60
375
2.75
75
3.67
3.50
90
3.9
5.00
120
4.16
7.50
180
4.16
12.00
300
4.0
Comparing the Two Part Rate with
the first six months' experience under
the Three Part Rate at Otttawa and as-
suming a zone rate of 40 cents for the
gas charge which is in accordance with
actual conditions at Ottawa, we find
that the average price per thousand cubic
feet under the former would be 75 cents
as against 76 cents for the latter rate.
Selecting the customer with a 30-foot
demand,, we find that under the Three
Part Rate he pays an average of $1.00
per thousand cubic feet and that under
the Two-Part Rate he would pay an
average of 90 cents per thousand. Se-
lecting the customer with a 300-ft. max-
imum demand we find that under the
Three Part Rate he would pay an av-
erage of 56 cents and under the Two Part
Rate an average of 62 cents per thousand
cubic feet.
Comparison Beween the Two Part Rate
and the Three Part Rate
Tfle apparent advantages of the Two
Part Rate over the Three Part Rate are
but minor and consist:
1 — In a simplification of the rate which
makes it easier for the average customer
to understand.
2 — A small concession in the • way of
price to the small user.
On the other hand, the advantages
which may be claimed for the Three Part
Rate are that it adheres strictly to the
principle that each class of service shall
bear its own cost and that it offers a
greater latitude on the part of the con-
sumer in the selection of his maximum
demand.
A very improtant advantage which re-
sults from the use of this type of rate,
either the Two or Three Part Rate, is
that in case later adjustments of the rate
may become necessary due to an in-
crease in the cost of gas in the field,
such adjustment may be made very easily
and quickly in connection with the gas
consumption charge, without disturbing
the fixed charges which go to make up the
monthly customer charge, whether that
charge includes the maximum demand
charge or not. As has been stated be-
fore, in order to furnish service the gas
company must obtain revenue and while
obtaining it must retain the good will
of the pubjic. ^!
In conclusion, it may b« said that .our
experience in Kansas has shown that
the public is primarily interested in ser-
vice and that to obtain that service it
is willing that the rates be such as to
return a proper revenue; that the best
means for obtaining the proper revenue
is through the Three Part Rate inasmuch
as this type of rate results in an av-
erage cost of gas which is less than
under the flat rate and in this way in-
vites the confidence and co-operation of
the public, without which a utility can
not long endure.
Gas Company Says it has no
Funds to Better Service
Asks City to Agree on Rate to Make
Financing Possible
Houston, Texas. — ^That the company is
without funds with which to make serv-
ice extensions asked for, and that it has
no means of raising such funds at the
present time, under existing conditions,
were statements made by Francis D.
Murphy, general manager of the Hous-
ton Gas and Fuel company, to the city
council. Mr. Murphy's statement was
made in writing and read before the city
council. The gas company was repre-
sented by Judge Clarence R. Wharton
and Mr. Murphy.
The present extensions asked for, said
Mr. Murphy, pall for an expenditure of
approximately $60,000, and if the recom-
mendations made by the experts are re-
quired it will mean that the company will
be faced with the problem of raising from
$200,000 to $250,000, which at present
neither the gas company or any other
public utility in Texas could do, due to
existing conditions. He said that the
company now has on hand several hun-
dred thousand dollars of its bonds which
it is unable to sell even at a serious dis-
count.
Proposes Remedy
Mr. Murphy said that he believed, how-
ever, the situation could be remedied and
the company could finance itself if the
following suggestions were carried out :
That the company and the city agree
on a valuation of the company's property
and on a rate which would earn 8 per cent
on this valuation, then the company could
go to the bankers and offer its bonds for
sale, he said. He doubted, though, if it
could find purchasers unless some ar-
rangement is made by which the com-
pany could stabilize its earnings.
If not this, he suggested that the city
agree with the company on a plan by
which either the price of gas will auto-
matically increase or decrease with the
price of fuel or, fix a rate suflicient to
earn 8 per cent with the understanding
that the excess amount be deposited in a
"stabilizing fund" which can be used to
pay deficits in returns tfduripg .a, fiTJ^cn
period, if the tate fixed ^f gas .isj)ns;nffi-
cient to earn the return 4uriii|^ that
period.
Mr. Murphy said that probably the
last plan would be the better because it
would prevent frequent changes in rates.
If a rate were fixed high enough, he said,
to allow eight p«r cent return and some
margin to create this fund, as was done
by agreement between the city and the
Houston Lighting and Power company
in 1914, then a fund could be established
that would take care of deficits during
the period when the company's earnings
were below par so that it would not be
necessary to increase the rates from
time to time, if its fuel cost and other ex-
penses should greatly increase. On the
other hand, an arrangement with ref-
erence to the rate could be made so that
it would be automatically reduced if it
were yielding more than the necessary re-
turn.
Mr. Murphy urged that the city un-
dertake to work out with the company
this plan, rather than force it to make the
extensions asked.
Says City Seeks Impossible
"If you require us to go out and get
$50,000 to $60,000 to make these exten-
sions without co-operating with us in an
effort to put the company's business on
an earning basis, you will require the im-
possible," he said. If the city and com-
pany could not agree on a valuation, then
let it be fixed in the suit now pending, he
asked. He then told of the delays in the
present suit, not occasioned by the com-
pany, and said that he hoped the case
would be settled in about three weeks.
In conclusion he said: "It is a ques-
tion of financing, or getting monQr. It
can be gotten if the city will meet the
company in a proper solution of these
problems which can not be solved other-
wise.
Sinclair Consolidated
Bring! in New Well in Burbank Pool,
Oklahoma.
According to telegraphic advices from
Tulsa, Okla., the Sinclair Consolidated
Oil Corp. has brought in a new well in
the Burbank Pool, Osage County, Okla.
It made 520 barrels in the first 24 hours.
Sand is 36 feet thick.
Tulsa — Sinclair Consolidated Oil Cor-
poration has completed a 160-barrel well
on its Morrison property in the Garber
(Okla.) field, which is better than the
usual size wells in that locality. In the
Sapulpa district of Creek County, the
company's first well on the Parks lease
is good for 160 barrels, after making
heavier flush production the first few
days.
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THE GAS AGE
May 25, 1921
Appliance Merchandising Debate
"Resolved: That the Policy of Merchandising Gas Ap-
pliances by Gas Companies Should be so Shaped as to
Induce all Dealers to Push Sale of Gas Appliances/'*
PRESIDEl^ KEPPELMAN :-Now
gentlemen, we have before us this
morning a very interesting and I
hope instructive as well as entertaining
subject, a debate, "Resolved, that the
policy of merchandising gas appliances
on the part of gas companies should be so
shaped as to induce all possible dealers
to push aggressively the sale of gas ap-
pliances."
Mr. C. E. Bartlett will open the dis-
cussion.
Mr. C. E. BarUett (PhiladelphU) :—
Mr. Chairman and gentlemen: I am
pleased to have the privilege of talk-
ing about this debate without taking any
side. It is the first time, I think, I have
had the privilege of talking on that sub-
ject without getting licked by one side or
the other. I am simply to tell what this
thing is all about.
Perhaps it is unnecessary to say that
in the past few years the merchandising
of gas appliances has been so scrambled
that you can't tell whether you are com-
ing or going. You find gas companies
shutting up appliance departments or dis-
continuing the sale of appliances with
perfectly good physical means for con-
tinuing the sale; by which I mean that
perhaps their financial troubles are
such that they do not feel that they can
continue the selling of gas appliances
when their mains and their manufactur-
ing facilities are amply able to take care
of any reasonable load that might be
placed upon them.
On the other hand, we find gas com-
panies financially able to go ahead, but
where their mains and works are unable
to carry the load. We find gas compa-
nies discontinuing the sale of appliances
and dealers here and there starting up.
We find manufacturers anxious, crazy
to sell their stuff, having no outlets in a
town by reason of the gas company hav-
ing stopped the sale of appliances, and
manufacturers unwilling to make new
alliances with dealers, hoping against
hope that the gas companies will some
day resume.
In spite of all those adverse conditions
the sale of gas appliances is going ahead,
rapidly in some places, of course, more
slowly than in others. And it was the
•Debate before the Joint Pennsylvania and
New Jersey Gas Associations at their April
Convention.
purpose of the Papers Committee this
year to see whether some light could not
be brought on what after all is a logical
merchandising policy for the gas com-
pany to pursue. In other words, if it is
going to stop selling gas appliances, is
it proper then to try to get the dealers to
stop also, or if it is going to sell gas
appliances and push them aggressively,
is it proper that the gas company should
try to monopolize the sale of gas ap-
pliances? There are many arguments
for and against the proposition as stated
in this debate, and of course it will be
left to the individual speakers to bring
that out. But what is the hope of the
committee derived from this discussion
is something— or let us say this is what
the committee hopes to achieve, has
hoped to achieve for some months, is to
get some thought that would be so shaped
that it would concretely express a brief
plan of merchandising gas appliances,
somewhat similar, at least in form of
expression, to the Goodwin plan now in
use in the electrical field, in which har-
mony prevails among the central sta-
tions and appliance dealers and the man-
ufacturing companies and all are co-op-
erating for the good of the industry.
With that statement I think that my
function here closes.
Now the next on the program to dis-
cuss this question is Mr. Crankshaw, of
Allentown.
Mr. J. W. Crankshaw (Allentown):—
Gentlemen, I am making these remarks
with the understanding that we are
considering that the gas companies are
going to stand together on the sale of
appliances. I also want it to be per-
fectly understood that in these remarks
I am speaking of the standard American
Gas Association appliances. I am go-
ing to try and give you what we would
like to see and some things that are hap-
pening that we do not just particularly
think is what it should be in the way of
commercializing.
If the manufacturers will construct
their ranges so that they meet with the
specifications of the American Gas As-
sociation and commercialize through
dealers who will handle a full line of
repair parts for that particular range, so
that the consumers when any repair parts
are needed can apply and immediately
have their trouble taken care of, we con-
sider that the manufacturer is doing a
wonderful thing in order to increase the
efficiency of that one particular appli-
ance.
There is no question but what the gas
companies cannot commercialize on all
manufacturers' appliances. I think yon
all appreciate that. Now the next best
thing is for a manufacturer to sell his ap-
pliance— and he can sell it at a profit—
a^d have that appliance commercialized
by the dealer as nearly as efficient as it
can be done by the gas company. I say
as nearly efficient, because we consider
that we are in a better condition than
the majority of dealers to put across any
particular type of appliance.
Now on several occasions the deal-
ers sell to gas companies standard Amer-
ican Gas Association appliances. They
also sell some of the other dealers their
appliance with their name on that are not
standard appliances. The name carries
the same as it does with the gas company.
The appliance does not meet the speci-
fications of the American Gas Associa-
tion, and we consider that the public are
just a little bit led astray by this pro-
ceeding.
We also find that on some appliances
that we have handled that the manufac-
turer has practically undersold us, both
in the manner of selling the appliance
that I before stated does not meet the
American Gas Association specifications
and also that they are quoting so close
to our price that we are unable to com-
mercialize with their appliance and cover
our storeroom profits* Now if you want
to sell to other dealers sell your appli-
ances, protect your consume/ and com-
mercialize in such a manner that you are
protecting the gas company, and I am
sure that the gas company will give you
all the co-operation and help that can be
expected. I thank you. (Applause.)
President Keppdman: — Next on the
list is Mr. Ganser.
Mr. H. H. Ganser (Norristown):— Mr.
Chairman and gentlemen: The ques-
tion is, ''Resolved, that the question of
merchandising gas appliances on the part
of gas companies should be so shaped as
to induce all possible dealers to posh ag-
gressively the sale of gas appliances." I
would say yes. However, I have got to
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May 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
445
consider whether or not it is practical.
I am afraid that it is not I confirm what
Mr. Crankshaw says in reference to
standardized appliances.
Now no gas company can possibly han-
dle all the appliances that are offered. It
is simply out of the question to make dis-
play on the floor in a showroom so that
every manufacturer coming into that
particular territory should have the gas
company handling the appliance. The
fact that we are handling standardized
appliances gives us a certain control
over the situation which keeps down com-
plaints. My experience has been very
disappointing in that a range handled by
every one of the dealers is not a stand-
ardized appliance and it can be so
bought that we simply refused to shoot
the trouble in connection with this ex-
perience. If the manufacturer can find a
way of inducing the dealer to recognize
the importance of handling nothing oth-
er than standardized appliances and make
the question of price a secondary consid-
eration, then the plan is certainly a prac-
tical one, because the sale of more ap-
pliances means the sale of more gas.
There is another point in connection
with the problem that is exceedingly im-
portant. The only representative of the
gas company that sees these consumers
once a month is the meter reader; and
for reasons that need not be explained,
it is impossible to have a meter reader
handle the problem of the consumer that
does not have time to either call up the
ofiice or come to the office or go over
his trouble or difficulty with the order
clerk. The new business department has
a value that cannot be definitely esti-
mated from that standpoint alone.
Now if the dealers should and per-
haps would become just handlers of what
I would call the domestic appliances,
there is coming a day that we would not
be handling appliances of that charac-
ter but would be looking entirely after
industrial appliance sales. You might
say why shouldn't you? Again the rea-
son is that we are being put out of touch
with the public, and it is repeated on the
floor of this convention several times
that we do not have at the present time
frequent enough touch with the consumer.
Why, if you have a good live sales or-
ganization they do bring into you in-
formation and news that is of grreat
value that otherwise would not reach you.
The question of repair parts to me is
not as serious a matter as it seems to be
to Mr. Crankshaw, because there are
many appliances sold that do not con-
sume gas handled exclusively by dealers
that do not attempt to carry repair parts ;
that even some sewing machine manufac-
turers do not attempt to carry repair
parts or have parts of sewing machines
in their agencies, and it is a matter of
waiting until that part arrives. Now
you may say that taking sewing machines
and a gas range, that the two instance^
are not comparable in that the gas range
is needed three times every day and the
sewing machine possibly only once a
week, and that you can get some one else
to do your sewing while you cannot get
anybody else to do your cooking, and it
necessitates going away from the home
in some instances and having additional
expense.
The situation as I see it today is about
as near perfect from the manufacturers'
standpoint and the gas companies' stand-
point as it can be made. We quite agree
with the manufacturer that he must
have an outlet for his goods and he
is entitled to sell his product in every
town in which gas is sold. Heretofore
he has been broadminded and he has also
been able to reconcile himself to a con-
dition over which he has no control.
The electric appliance proposition is
quite a different one from that of the gas
appliance sales, because more frequently
there is no connecting to be done and the
consumer can handle the appliance from
the moment he makes the purchase and
gets it into his home and gets service.
But where it comes to connecting and the
company makes a charge for connecting
the appliance, they are naturally expected
when any difficulty is experienced in that
appliance they should accept the order of
the consumer and make the repairs. But
here is where there was the highlight in
Mr. Crankshaw's reasoning, in that we
will not purchase parts for any standard
range or any appliance of any character.
Now how are you going to make this sit-
uation a practical one, when you can't
control the manufacturers and induce
them to become members of the American
Gas Association and follow the American
Gas Associatiion specifications? (Ap-
plause.)
Mr. J. C. Smith (Reading, Pa.):— A
year ago, Mr. Chairman, if any one had
said to me, "Are you in favor of let-
ting all dealers in towns handle any ap-
pliance they may handle and especially if
that appliance comes up to the American
Gas Association specifications?" I
would have said **Yes." I have had a
wonderful education in the last six
months, and in consequence I have just
changed my mind the other way, and I
will tell you manufacturers here this
morning why that I have changed my
mind the other way, because you do not
protect not only the person who handles
your range and tries to push it, but you
do not protect your own appliance.
Now, that to me I think is the saddest
part of the getting together of the dealer
and the gas company. Now just to give
you one illustration. Last fall there was
an apartment house built in our town
which needed twelve ranges. The sales-
man came in and he had been on this
man's trail for I don't know how long. At
last he had landed him. The man had
practically given us an order for those
twelve ranges at a certain price. About a
week after this man himself called me on
the phone and he says, "I haven't signed
that order yet and I don't expect to unless
you can meet So and So's prices." So Mr.
— and I immediately got busy and went
out and saw this gentleman and we found
that there was a dealer in town who had
quoted exactly the same range, and was
going to connect it with existing out-
lets at $5 per range less than we were
getting.
Now there is the reason, one of the rea-
sons why we cannot get together on
handling the same range that some deal-
er in the town is handling. Now I took
that up with the manufacturer— you know
him very well — ^and we 'figured out just
what the cost of that range was to that
dealer. In fact, I know the dealer very
well; and I said to him: "How can you
afford to sell this range at such and such
a price?" He says, "I tell you. I have
got coal ranges that I sell, I sell appli-
ances and I sell any number of furnaces
in the city. If I get that order for ranges
I would have about $60 left. There is
$60. I would have made a sale and you
sell gas the entire year." We didn't come
down to that man's price. We went
back to the man who wanted to buy six
ranges. That is the way it is. He wanted
to make a trade. "You wanted those
ranges and you put it up to your plumber
and he gets them and it is up to him to
see that they are adjusted, and we are
going to charge you fifty cents for the
first burner and fifty cents for each addi-
tional burner," and we get the order.
Now the manufacturer should get the
gas company's policy. First, salesman-
ship. It is natural to have a certain over-
head and that is by adding to the price
of your range. The same way with
the dealer. How many dealers figure
their overhead? They figure they have
a certain business, so much on the water
heater, and so many, ten or twenty sales
that have been made. They don't add
it to their overhead at all. The way that
man sold the twelve ranges, he figured he
was $60 out.
The only way we can get together, the
dealers and the gas company and the
manufacturers on this, as Mr. Crank-
shaw and Mr. Ganser say, you don't sell
to the dealer the same range you sell to
us. The other day a lady walked in the
office and here was a nice, beautiful
range. "We can buy those for $36.75 at
Gimbel's." We get more than that for a
single oven range— $38.75, something like
that. Fortunately I had been to Phila-
delphia a week or so before and I went
in and saw that range. It is a deception.
I do not say that the manufacturer is de-
ceiving the public, but that lady came in
and she thought she was getting a broil-
er with that range, and it doesn't have
a broiler on it. And the cut didn't say
there was a broiler in the range, but from
the picture, with nothing underneath — it
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446
THE GAS AOE
May 25, 1921
just said, '"Four top and simmering burn-
ers," didn't say a word about a broiler—
but from the cut of that rang« you would
think you were getting a nice little range
with a broiler, but it has no broiler. I
am not sure whether it is 14-16 or 16-18.
It is simply a little light range set up on
legs with four burners on the side. Ney-
ertheless it is deceiving to the public.
They think they are getting a cabinet
range and they come in and tell you about
it And you can't expect us to handle
your good appliances, which cost the most
money, if on the other hand you are go-
ing to manufacture some monkey piece
of goods and put it on the market
Now I don't think any gas man has
any objection at all whatever to any
dealer in the town handling any appli-
ance as long as that appliance is stand-
ardized, as long as that appliance is just
as good as the appliances that the gas
company sells.
Now the dealers do realize that we
have to have appliances, we must have
an appliance which is going to givt us
just as little trouble as possible. We
don't want to be running out every week
or two on a range, and for that reason
we are trying to install ranges on which
we have very little complaint But if,
on the other hand, the dealer sells a range
of an inferior quality — now we are out
to sell goods, and if a person calls us up
and wants this range adjusted, when it
is an inferior range, we are going to ad-
just that range, and that costs money.
Now is it fair for the manufacturer to
put a range out like that, which is going
to cost the dealer a little more money
and which undersells the range we are
selling?
With reference to repair parts, we do
not have much trouble with them. The
ranges we have in stock we carry repair
parts for. We find that cabinetwork,
door frames and top, we can stock those
things or do it ourselves, and take those
to a place up there and in a day or two it
is annealed together for them and they
have it. We will get any part of any
range that we can and are able to get in
touch with the manufacturer and satisfy
the customer. Personally I think it is
bad business for a gas company where
they sell a range and there is some part
of that broken, and I think it is up to us
to try to satisfy them. Because after all
our satisfied customers constitute the
best publicity in the world. We take
an3rthing that is broken or needs mend-
ing and we turn it over to Mr.
Bains, and if there is any way of getting
it we see that it is taken care of and we
have a satisfied consumer.
Now I just want to call your attention
to the effect that cut. rates are going to
have on a gas company. A salesman
wouldn't handle a range of any manu-
facturer if he was selling what they call
a monkey range, where they were going
to cut the price. If he sells a standard
range he would have no objection.
1 am very much interested in a little
bank we are starting out in the conmiunl-
ty where I live, outside of Reading. An
architect connected with the bank can
always get things much cheaper than
any one else. He lives about two squares
from me and he always can get it from
the manufacturer. He is on the inside.
Well, at a little meeting we had— I am
not a director, but I am interested in it —
they asked me to become a director, but
not having any mon^ to invest I cannot
become a director. To cut a long story
short, he wanted eighteen Qough radi-
ators. He came in. ''There is the best
price we are able to get" He goes to
Philadelphia to the Clough Company and
gets a better price than what they sold
their radiators to us for. Now how are
you going to come back on that? We
will sell Clough radiators, that we could
not have on the floor, if anybody wants
to buy them at two for a quarter. I spoke
last night to the gentleman who is the
agent and he says, "For the last two or
three years the gas companies have not
been pushing the sale of radiators and
such things and I saw a chance for an
installation here and I sacrificed my own
profits on them and sold them practically
at cost, and probably a little below cost,
to get that advertisement." From his
standpoint he was going to get an ad-
vertisement for Qough radiators, but
what are we going to get? We are going
to get an advertisement in around Read-
ing that this fellow can buy Clough radi-
ators fifty per cent cheaper than we can
sell them. If they should get at what he
was doing they would get an idea that
we were charging excess profits, for this
fellow can buy them cheaper.
So, after all said and done, it is up to
the manufacturer to protect his own
goods, to see that he manufactures such
goods that no man will object to the sell-
ing of them by any dealer in town. But
we certainly do object, a good many of
us, when we buy your good appliances
which fit the specifications of the Amer-
ican Gas Association and then you come
along with a monkey stove with your
same name on it, and in which the peo-
ple do not know the difiFerence, which
that dealer is buying possibly $25 or $30
less on the same stove that we are han-
dling, that is costing the gas company
anywhere from $45 to- $60. I am very
much opposed to the dealer getting into
this too much, for the reason that I believe
a good sales force, as Mr. Ganser says,
gets in touch with the public more perhaps
than any one else connected with the gas
company. Now there are reasons for
that, of couse. The man is out hustling
to make a living and to build up a clien-
tele, and to get any business you must
have a satisfied consumer. And a sales-
man will spend more time and he can
afford to for the consumer, trying to ex-
plain to him the ins and outs of our bus-
iness, and giving them answers on die
phone that they should know, and at the
same time trying to keep in the good
graces of that customer.
Now do away with your sales force.
Just have a few stoves on your floor, and
what is the result? You have a dealer
out there who is pushing his stove and he
doesn't give a continental for the gas
company. He is out to sell his appli-
ance and make a profit on it It is im-
material to him whether that burner or
draft or gauge of iron meets with the
specification, he is out to get business, the
same as I would be out if I was in that
line of business. I certainly say to the
gas company, "Keep y«ur sales force."
When I am home the phone is ringing
all the time. We know people from one
end of the town to the other. Who do
they call up? People that they know.
Do they call up the complaint office ? No,
they call up J. C. Smith, because we have
got to know the people and they fed if
they can call us up they are getting in
personal touch, not the complaint man
that they don't know anything about, but
getting in personal touch with some one
connected with the gas company. Not
that we would give them any more satis-
faction than the man at the complaint
desk would. The town knows you. It
is so in a town like ours more so than in
Philadelphia, and we get in personal con-
tact I think it is a wonderful thing for
a gas organization.
So I say to the stove manufacturers,
"Go ahead. Sell all you want. Sell in
Reading all you want to any dealer you
want, but, for heaven's sake, if ycm are
going to put on sale an inferior stove to
a dealer and he cuts the price we will
cut the price lower than the dealer could
ever think of doing and then we won't
sell any more of your ranges." That is
not a threat That is a promise.
Mr. J. W. Crankahaw:— I would like
to correct Mr. Smith's remark where he
didn't agree with me with reference to
supplying repair parts. Mr. Ganser, I
believe, made that remark, that they did
not supply parts for anything excepting
what they handled. We supply all re-
pair parts that we are able to procure, as
far back as we can get them.
President Keppelman:— Now gentle-
men, the discussion is open. The list of
names given me is exhausted.
Mr. Grier Hirsh (York, Pa.):— Mr.
President I came particularly to hear
this discussion, not so much from the
standpoint of things that I have heard
as from the standpoint of what we are
going to do with losses and profits that
we might make out of this sales end of
gas companies if we continue handling
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May 25, 1921
THE OAS AGE
447
it as gas companies. I understand some
of the gas companies have separated their
business.
Now a serious factor in it is that if
we make a profit we do not want to get
it in our rates. The Public Service Com-
mission in that York Gas Company case,
let us get up the rate on the distinct
testimony that we had not included in our
statement to them any profits or losses
that we had made on the gas appliance
sales. Frankly speaking, the York Gas
Company was embarrassed by having
made a profit over and above its expens-
es, quite a considerable profit. We were
taught during the war that the thing to
do was to charge for everything^ that we
did and now we are facing a situation
where we really have to cut our rates,
put our goods down to such a low point
that we won't make any profit, because
we do not want to get the thing mixed up
in the rates. The rates are derived from
the manufacture and sale of gas, not from
the manufacture and sale of appliances.
Therefore we arc pretty much puzzled
to know what to do with the situation.
If we cut prices, put them down where we
had them before the war in years gone
by, when we were pushing things very
hard, we will bring into town, it seems
to me, a very low class, with all sorts of
gas appliances, and they will be sold by
the dealers. And that is a problem that
presents itself to us. It is not so much
between the manufacturer and the gas
company as it is how are we going to get
rid of profits without bringing in an in-
ferior class of gas appliances to be sold
by dealers. It seems to me that is a
very serious question that nobody
touched on, what to do with the profits
that we can make out of this business.
And I would like somebody who has had
some experience in that to give me a
little boost, and I wotild be a thousand
times obliged. (Applause.)
President Keppelman: — It is open for
general discussion, gentlemen. Won't
some of these manufacturers come for-
ward and say something? Can anybody
answer Mr. Hirsh? He asked a specific
question. He would like to know what
they should do in York. I should think
the York Gas Company is fortunate if
they are able to make a profit.
Mr. Hirih:— Or a loss, either way.
President Keppelman:— Well, I think
you are fortunate to make a profit on
your new business.
Mr. Hirsli: — ^We made a little profit in
1920. Either a profit or a loss, so it will
go in the rate.
President Keppelman:— Well, keep it
even. Either a slight gain or loss would
not affect the rate, it seems to me.
Mr. Hirsli: — ^I made a statement here
just to show what we did last year.
After charging the sales department $200
rent a month and some additional adver-
tising expenses, I find that we made (the
amount, by request, was not reported.)
President Keppelman: — Last year?
Mr. Hirsh:— Last year, yes. Now if
we lost the same problem would present
itself exactly. It makes no di£Ference.
Because I do not want to get that into
my rate, into the income from the sales
of gas alone plus expenses on the sale
of gas alone, is what the Conmiission
looks at in giving you your rate. If you
make a loss on appliances or a profit,
those things ought not to appear in get-
ting your rate. We do not know ^at
to do with this money that we have made,
because we happened to make some. We
would not know what to do with a loss.
It is how it squares itself with the Public
Service Commission, and I think that is
one thing that the association does. I
belong to the Pennsylvania Water Works
Association and they have all the lawyers
in Pennsylvania to tell those fellows what
to do when they go to the Commission.
And I believe an association of this sort
should find out how to keep away from
the Commission, because it is a bad place
to get. I have just been there four or
five months. This has got to be settled
from a commission standpoint, and it
looks to me as if we will have to disas-
sociate this thing from our business or
bring it down to common business and
get a very bad line of stoves and appli-
ances.
President Keppelman: — ^Is there any-
body here who would like to enlighten
Mr. Hirsh on that proposition? I would
like to say to Mr. Hirsh myself that we
had a rate case last year, and while our
profits were something they were not
anjrthing like the anK>tmt that he men-
tions for the year; still it did not figure
in the rate before the Commission. It
was so slight that they did not even
lake cognizance of it. But in our par-
ticular case we settled our rate on a com-
promise before we went before the Com-
mission, so in our case it is somewhat
different than yours. I believe it is a
good thing to compromise if you can
get the best of the compromise.
Mr. H. H. Ganser: — ^I would like to
ask Mr. Hirsh whether he has a gratui-
tous service to take care of complaints
without charge.
Mr. Hirsh:— 'No, we have better than
that.
Mr. Ganser:— rWell, that is a way to
overcome it. It will soon absorb any
profits you possibly have. We have
returned to that
Mr. Hirsh: — ^Well, we do not want to
do it if we can avoid it.
Mr. Ganser:— Well, we feel it is es-
sential, in fact it is imperative that we
take care of the service based on meter.
Mr. Hirsh:- I do not think that would
kill the profit.
President Keppelman: — Now, gentle-
men, there doesn't seem to be a disposi-
tion to continue this discussion. It is
very important, it seems to me. Can't
we induce some of these manufacturers
to come forward? We will have to
make a Quaker meeting out of it and wait
till the spirit moves somebody. Mr.
Bartlett, don't you have something to say
on this ? Well, gentlemen, there is no use
keeping us together here unless there is
something more to be said. This is the
end of the program.
Mr. Hirsh:— If there isn't any par-
ticular business just at the moment I
would like to introduce a resolution:
"Resolved, that this association extend
its thanks and appreciation to Mr. Kep-
pelman and his associates, who had
charge of the presentation of the applica-
tion to the Pennsylvania Public Service
Commission for the reduction of heat
units, for the skillful and masterly way
in which the case was presented. The
quick and favorable decision of the Com-
mission bears witness to the efficiency of
the committee's work."
(The resolution was seconded.)
President Keppelman: — ^The Chairman
is rather modest in putting that.
Mr. Hirsh: — I will put the question.
All in favor of that will stand up and say
aye.
(The resolution was carried unani-
mously.)
Mr. Hirsh:— We thank you, Mr. Kep-
pelman, for the way in which you did it
President Keppelman: — (Gentlemen, on
behalf of the committee — ^Mr. Hirsh re-
fers to the B.tu. proposition?
Mr. Hirsh:— Yes.
President Keppelman: — On behalf of
the committee, which was a special one
to present to the Commission the ques-
tion of lower B.tu. standard, I just want
to say that the committee was very
active. It had the assistance of such
men as the gentleman who presented the
resolution, Mr. Hirsh, and many others.
But those of you who heard the argument
before the Conunission must conclude
that there probably never was before or
since a more complete case presented to
the Commission Uian was presented to
them in that particular case. And as
proof of it the very prompt reply of the
Commission and the order issued by that
Commission granting the request of the
Pennsylvania State Gas Association for
a lower B.tu. proves that the evidence
was irresistible, very fine evidence and
conclusive. Ckntlemen, in behalf of the
committee I accept the thanks of the
association and return it to you for your
kind consideration.
Now, gentlemen, if there is nothing else
we will adjourne sine die.
Mr. Reid (PitUburgh) :— Mr. Smith
has raised the question of the protecting
of the gas company and the protection of
selling prices where the goods are sold
by the dealers of the various towns and
he mentions the case of a dealer cutting
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THE GAS AOE
May 25, 1921
the price on a particular range, the model
of which they were trying to sell to
some person, I believe for $5 less. I be-
lieve the history of the Ingersoll watch
people is pretty well known to all of you,
in the suit between themselves and the
Abraham & Straus Company of Brook-
lyn, in trying to maintain a selling price,
and I believe it cost them about two
million dollars to find out that it could
not be done; and that applies equally as
well to maintaining prices where dealers
are selling appliances in competition with
the gas company.
When we sell a dealer a line of water
heaters or ranges or make an agency
with him and the gas company is han-
dling a competitive line we want the deal-
er in all cases to maintain prices. If we
know that dealer is cutting prices and
violates his agreement we want to get
away from it But there is no possible
way that the manufacturer can guarantee
that one price will be maintained in a
town, not legally. Now I believe that
will answer the question right there, on
that question.
Now he raised the question, too, of
selling inferior appliances as against a
higher grade of appliances that are sold
by the gas company. Now that is very
largely a question of individual sales-
manship. It is right with the man that
is selling the consumer, and he can very
readily explain to the consumer that the
difference in price must mean that there
is a difiFerence in the quality of the goods.
If the other fellow's range was equally
as good as yours wouldn't he be entitled
to get the same price as you would for
yours? That is the way to meet it, I
think; and I think any fair minded per-
son can be convinced along that line.
Mr. Daina: — ^I am wondering how
many men in the State of Pennsylvania
have stopped to figure for one minute
the amount of money that is being drawn
away in the sale of appliances for main-
taining a live, substantial selling organi-
zation and then passing up the wonder-
ful line of selling ability that they can
grasp and gather in under their own
supervision without any expense what-
ever to their company. This question
came up last Friday evening at the New
England Gas Sales in Boston. The man-
ufacturers were doing just exactly what
they are doing this morning in this meet-
ing, because one man attempted to say
that the manufacturer would be a perfect
damned fool if he attempted to say any-
thing, for example, for the reason that
he gained the animosity of the gas men
as soon as he attempted to say anything
that affected their narrow way of doing
business. Now there is not a town in
Pennsylvania that has not a certain num-
ber of hardware stores and plumbers'
goods and steam fitters' and so on that
are working continuously against your
business. They are working against
your business because that business has
been carried along upon narrow lines.
Some five years ago, in the Canadian
Gas meeting at Montreal, I made a state-
ment to the effect that I am making now,
and this immediately threw a bombshell
into the organization; but that thought
was carried back to one city, the City of
Toronto. The City of Toronto started
out among their dealers, they found, that
they had two hundred live prospects to
sell their merchandise for them. The
gas company carried the stock of mer-
chandise, they bought the appliances that
they approved in the town, they co-oper-
ated with the dealer, and in co-operation
with those men your salesmen go out on
the street and knock the dealer and then
try to wiggle out of it and say he is not
entitled to his commission on it. You
had better give away $10 or $15 or $25
commission rather than destroy the co-
operation you are attempting to build up.
This thing is possible. I can name a
number of towns in New England where
it is being worked today and worked suc-
cessfully that the plumber and dealer in-
stead of knocking gas appliances, are
talking gas appliances. It was brought
out the other night that in New England
alone there were 60,000 dealers selling
electric appliances. You can talk about
it all you want, but they can screw a plug
into a socket and start an electric ap-
pliance and get service. You can take
a half inch line of pipe and connect it up
and get service too, or three-quarters, or
whatever the case may be. But the elec-
tric companies are prog^ressing and sell-
ing their appliances because of the hear-
ty co-operation of the community in gen-
eral. Everybody talks electric appliance.
Very few people talk gas appliances. You
can get a dealer in a town where you are
not selling a gas company from a manu-
facturer's standpoint immediately you
find that the feeling is against that
dealer developing any business on his
own initiative. But don't let him develop
it on his own initiative, let him develop
it through your sales system and sell
every appliance that you approve and let
him make something out of it.
I think in Reading you have something
over 400 plumbers; that is, 400 plumbers
in the City of Reading would possibly
mean 300 boosters for gas if the proper
co-operative spirit was put behind it to
show them where they could make money
and the gas company would co-operate
with them.
I am just putting this out to start
something this morning, because it is a
valuable subject and means much to the
gas company and much to the manufac-
turer.
Mr. J. C. Smith:— We have 400 plumb-
ers in Reading. The last couple of years
we realized that owing to the shortage
of labor and so forth, last summer we
had every plumber that we could get
hold of to do work for us. In fact, we
had the union. In the morning he would
come on and get some orders from us.
The next day or two he would have to
lay off. We not only had the plumbers
with us but we had the union, which is a
big thing. Who reaches more people
than plumbers do? We sold more auto-
matic water heaters last year than we
had for three years, and I guess seventy-
five per cent were sold through plumbers.
In fact, we sold automatic water heaters
at the same price delivered on the prem-
ises that the plumber could buy them
from the dealer, pay his freight and haul
them, we tmloaded them and delivered
them, those automatic water heaters. You
go through Reading today you will see
water heaters in almost fifty per cent of
the plumbers windows in town.
They have not been so keen about tak-
ing the range. They are perfectly willing
to let you set a range in their store and
if they sell it they will pay you for it
You realize what that means, if we were
to put a range in 400 windows in Read-
ing. Just imagine how many ranges that
means. That would mean carrying in
stock 400 ranges, because when they
sell that they would not want to de-
liver it, they would call us on the phone
and we would deliver it
I think perhaps as well as any other
town that we have the co-operation of
the good pltunbers in the town. We are
selling water heaters and they come to
us for water heaters whenever they want
one. In a very few instances have they
come down to Philadelphia to buy auto-
matic water heaters.
Mr. Dains: — Since this has developed
into being a Methodist experience meet-
ing I just want to state a little instance
that happened the other day. I went
into one of the big gas company's offices
and they almost had crepe on the outside
of the door. I went in and asked them
what was the trouble. "We have got
a $1.50 gas rate. We are going to re-
move all the appliances we have put in
in the last eight or ten years. The busi-
ness we have built up is absolutely lost
to us. We will have to run warehouses
on the outside to store those stoves we
will have to take back," "What are they
going to use?" "They will go back to
coal, they will go to oil."
Now stop and figure for one minute
that nothing is better than we believe it
to be. Now if they sold gas appliances
because they had a 90 cent or $1.10 rate
they sold it and backed convenience of
service gainst coal at $525, $5.75 and
$6 a ton. Gas has raised in rates maybe
50, 60 or 75 per cent, in obsolete cases
probably 100 per cent; but coal has
jumped nearly 200 per cent You have
got to count that up and it is there if
you go to get it. My company gives me
a price on a piece of merchandise of $30.
What difference does it make to me if
that company is getting $35? Can I walk
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May 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
449
back to that office and say, "Gentlemen,
John Jones is 3e]ling it for $25?" Is
John Jones getting my business? No, so
and so is getting a little of it. People
want gas appliances today and they want
good gas appliances, and the individual
that has got the courage of his convic-
tions and will go to it will sell good ap-
pliances, I don't care what they are sold
for. There are ranges given away in this
town for $15 or $16. I think the last few
days they represent about 50 per cent of
what we get for the goods, a good piece of
merchandise. But we still sell that good
piece of merchandise against the $15.75
advertising price. And I believe we are
all getting to the point where we stop
and figure and worry about the other man
too much.
Victor Talking Machines are selling
today without cutting prices. Columbia
Phonographs are going back to the orig-
inal prices. Are they doing all the busi-
ness? We speak about what it would
cost to put merchandise into every store
in this community for display purposes,
what the investment would mean. You
couldn't get every storekeeper in any
community, but you can get forty or fifty
out of that four or five hundred, scat-
tered in prominent locations, that will be
a permanent advertisement for him. Let
us get broad, let us get liberal. It can
be done.
President Keppelman: — G e n 1 1 e m e n,
does that end the discussion ?
Mr. Gribbell:— I think the real trouble
in this whole situation is that taken
as a class gas companies are losing
more money the more gas they sell. TJiat
of course is not true in instances that
can be readily hit upon. But I have
talked to a good many gas engineers,
men in a position to analyze their bal-
ance sheets, and they tell me very frank-
ly that they do not want to increase their
send out. they do not want to increase
their sales.
Now some years ago, not very many
years ago, when the question of inade-
quate and confiscatory rates hovered over
the industry like a cloud, the sick gas
companies all over the country ran to the
shelter of the American Gas Association
without much urging. Now within the
lasc six months, that the entering wedge
has been lodged and a delayed and par-
tially adequate rate and there seems to
be a promise of better days to come, the
necessity for the doctor is removed and
gas companies as a rule are found at
this time drifting away from membership
in the American Gas Association.
Now these two state associations that
are meeting here today are reflecting, in
their own peculiar way, that general con-
dition. During the war and post-war pe-
riod gas companies naturally laid off their
selling organization^, the men who were
identified as being new business or sales
managers, of gas companies, are not with
the gas companies now in a great many
cases ; they are gone. That man with the
liaison between the manufacturers' sales
forcQ and the gas company, the personal
link, was lost. The mai^ufacturers went
to the only channels through which they
could move their goods and we have to-
day, in the disinclination of the manufac-
turers to meet these specific statements
that have been made, a reflection of that
widening breach between the gas com-
panies and the men who manufacture
the goods, that utilize the gas made by
the gas companies.
Now I do not think, Mr. Chairman, that
we are going to experience any renais-
sance in this general situation until the
gas companies as a whole reach a point
where the working heads see that the
more gas sold the more money is made.
Now many gas coihpanies in the last
five years have returned a good money
return to the holders of their securities.
And I think that is the basis of the whole
trouble. The manufacturer is either in
business to stay or in business to go
broke. He has got to move his stuff or
else get out of the manufacture of stoves
and water heaters and things that util-
ize gas. One of the things he can move
is stoves through the instrumentality of
the department stores and plumbers.
Even at the risk of losing a great deal of
the relationship that he has enjoyed with
the gas company, he has got to do it or
get out of business. That is the absolute
trouble, and I think the thing we are
complaining of this morning is a reflec-
tion of that basic condition. Personally
I hope that we will ' lend our energies
more towards the cure of the disease at
the root than in an attempt to bring four-
square the evidence of that visible discon-
tent. Now that is my feeling of it. (Ap-
plause.)
Gas Heating in the Shipyards
Uses of Gas in the Ship Building Indui-
try of England Pointed Out
By MARK MERIDITH, Liverpool
The high cost of shipbuilding and the
present capital stringency, renders it a
matter of prime importance that econo-
mies should be practised in every direc-
tion possible, provided always that the
quality of the work turned out is not
impaired. The most laborious and there-
fore the most expensive operations in
the shipyard are to be found in connection
with the heating and bending of the
frames and plates, and many efforts have
been made in the past to reduce ex-
penditure in this direction. Ship designs
have been brought forward from time to
time in which the number of frames and
plates which required forming was re-
duced to a minimum, but it is recognized
that these designs while leading to cheap
and rapid building are not highly efficient
from the point of view of propulsion, and
therefore the more usual ship form is
the one which still finds greatest favour
among shipowners at the present day.
Attempts must, therefore, be made to
reduce the cost of heating and bending
the frames and plates, and since the
shapes must necessarily differ more or
less from each other, the employment of
machinery becomes a matter of great
difficulty. It is obvious therefore, that
economy must be sought in the improve-
ment of the methods of heating.
A study of the developments which
have been made in shipyard practice dur-
ing recent years reveals the fact that
this is indeed the direction in which
methods for the reduction of costs are
being devised. Many suggestions have
been put forward for the elimination of
the old fashioned coal-fired plate or sec-
tion furnace, and oil, gas and electricity
have each been put forward as more
efficient heating agents than coal. Of
these substitutes, judging from results
actually achieved, it would appear as
though gas is the one which can be most
satisfactorily employed in the shipyard.
In one shipbuilding yard the rivets
are manufactured from rods heated in
gas-fired furnaces, plates and angles are
heated in gas-fired furnaces, all pipe
bending, forging and drying off foundry
cores is done by gas, and it has been
found that a great saving has resulted
from this universal application of gas,
and it is also found that there is an im-
provement in both the quality and the
quantity of the work done.
It is of interest to note that the gas is
not consumed just as it issues from the
mains, but is first of all mixed with air in
the ratio of about one of gas to one and a
half of air, both measured at atmos-
pheric pressure, after which the mixture
is compressed to a pressure of about 4 lb.
per sq. inch before being sent to the
distributing system in the ship3rard. In
the burners of the various types of
heaters, the Bunsen principle is employed,
that is, the compressed mixture in its
passage through the burner draws in air,
and it is claimed that by this means a
far more complete combustion of the gas
is obtained and a higher fiame tempera-
ture is produced.
It will be seen, therefore, that the use
of a compressed mixture of gas and air
in all types of furnaces used in the ship-
yard is capable of effecting considerable
economies as compared with the use of
coal or coke. The question of initial
capital outlay, is, of course, one that
must be carefully considered but of the
ultimate saving there can be no question
and the problem is one worthy of inves-
tigation.
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450
THE GAS AOE
May 25, 1921
Ashtabula Meter Readers
Club
Mr. F. W. Stone, Manager of The Ash-
tabula Gaa Co., Gives Details of
Splendid Organisation of Employes
for Personal and Service Ad-
vancement.
In order that errors or misunderstand-
ings may be caught and corrected as
quickly as possible, that the amount of
unbilled gas may be reduced to a min-
imum and because the consumer is better
satisfied if the bill is nearly up-to-date,
it is advisable that as short a time as
possible elapse between the reading of the
gas meter and the payment of the bill.
In a plant where all the meters are
he is given a thorough course of instruc-
tion in reading meters by J. H. Willsey,
Supt of the Ashtabula Gas Company,
who was the founder of the Club. The
new member is also impressed with the
necessity of doing the work right and on
the square. The club meets for supper
each month on the Wednesday previous
to meter reading, at which time matters
relating to the work are discussed, as-
signments of route books are made and
the record of errors made the previous
month is given the members and com-
parisons made. In June a prize is
awarded the member making the fewest
mistakes in proportion to the meters read.
The boys are paid one and one-half cents
for each meter read and each boy reads
from 200 to 400 meters each month. Dur-
Meter Readers' Club, Ashtabula Gas Company, Ashtabula, Ohio
read at a stated period each month it is
sometimes difficult for the regular em-
ployes to get the reading done within the
allotted time and even where this can be
done it is sometimes necessary to employ
a surplus of regular help all of the time
in order to be able to handle the work
during the rush period.
This condition was met at Ashtabula
by the organization two years ago, of
"The Meter Readers' Club." This Club is
composed of High School boys whose
school work is so good that they can be
excused from school to read meters on
one Friday and Saturday of each month.
They must also be of good character, in-
telligent, reliable and physically able to
do the work. When a boy joins the Club
ing the summer some of the boys get
regular jobs and drop out and others
double up. The membership of the Club
also changes from time to time for vari-
ous reasons. The morale of the club is
very good. Arrangements were made
with the Y. M. C. A. for gymnasium
privileges and a basket ball team that
lost only one game the last season added
to the interest.
Of course the essential feature is the
correct reading of the meters. The boys
do not do as well as the regular readers
who have records covering several years
with an average of one mistake in five
thousand readings. The average of the
club is one mistake in two hundred read-
ings, but the older members now make
only one mistake in seven hundred read-
ings, which is pretty good.
After two years' experience we shall
continue the plan because :
It enables us to make the monthly
readings expeditiously without strain on
the regular employes.
The employment of the boys is an ed-
ucational force. They learn the Gas
Company does business on the square and
tell their folks and they tell others.
The emplo3rment of a larger number of
persons scattered through the city en-
larges the sphere of favorable interest in
the Gas Company's business.
We believe the work develops courtesy
and reliability in the boys and the school
authorities say that it does not interfere
with their school work.
The Meter Readers' Club is a £ne
bunch of fellows. We are proud of them
and they are loyal workers for the Ash-
tabula Gas Company.
Must Reduce Gas Rates
Commission Order Seduction of Twenty-
five Cents per 1,000 Feet
The Adirondack Power and Light cor-
poration was compelled recently by an
order from the public service commission
to reduce the price of gas from $1.50 to
$125 for 1,000 cubic feet The price was
boosted by the corporation from $1 to
$1.50 on July 1.
Henry W. Peck, general manager of
the Schenectady office of the company in-
terprets the decision to mean a loss of
revenue to the company of $160,000 an-
nually. George B. Smith, corporation
counsel, gave the same estimate but re-
fers to it as "a saving of $150,000 annually
to the consumers of Schenectady and vi-
cinity."
By the decision of the commission, the
price of gas for light, fuel or power for
a period of six months from May 1 and
until changed by order of the commis-
sion shall be $1,35 a 1,000 cubic feet for
the first 50,000 feet; $1.15 for the next
50,000 cubic feet and 95 cents for more
than 100,000 cubic feet with a minimum
charge of 50 cents a meter. A discount of
10 cents a 1,000 cubic feet is to be al-
lowed for prompt payment, making the
net base rate $1.25.
At the rate of 95 cents a 1,000 cubic
feet, a minimum charge of $1.00 a month
is allowed for gas for fuel and for house
heating where the entire premises are
heated exclusively by gas.
Shaffer Retires $806,000
First Mortgage Bonds
Shaffer Oil and Refining Company is
redeeming $806,200, par value, of its first
mortgage convertible sinking fund sold
bonds through the Continental & Com-
merical Trust and Savings Bank, trastee.
Acceptances of tenders were made oti
April 26. Payment will be made June 1.
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May 25, 1921
TH>£ 6 AS. AGE
451
New Gas Will Produce Ofl
Perry, Okla., May 1&— The oil content
of the wildcat gasser of the Twin States
Oil Company, two miles west of Perry,
is reported gradually increasing and op-
erators predict that it will become a
good oil producer. The well has been
making 15,000,000 cubic feet of gas. Oil
men are making a play toward the Gar-
ber, Billings and Covington pools west
and northwest.
GaM Plant Cloiea
Tuscaloosa, Ala., May 17 — ^The Semet-
Solvay plant at Holt shut down recently
and Tuscaloosa is now without a supply
of gas. It will take 60 or 90 days for
the Tuscaloosa Railway and Utilities
Company, which has the contract for
supplying the city with gas, to build a
plant to manufacture gas. Whether this
will be done or the city be forced to wait
till the Semet-Solvay plant starts up
again, is the question that is agitating the
minds of gas consumers.
Baiket Ball Team, Meter Readers' Club, Ashtabula Gas Co., Ashtabula, Ohio
Says Gas Co. Plans to Issue
More Stock
Baltimore, Md., May 19 — Attorney
Charles L. Markell, counsel for the Con-
solidated Gas Electric Light and Power
Company in its fight for approval of its
new extension financing rule, outlined be-
fore the Public Service Commission and
some thirty or forty representatives of
civic associations, labor unions, real es-
tate interests, as well as individual pro-
testors, this afternoon a complicated
fiiiancial program, which, briefly stated,
means that the company has got to fall
back upon the proposed rule to meet $1,-
900,000 in capital requirements for this
year alone.
Attorney Markell made it very plain
that the company is considering a plan
for future issuance of stock, and he de-
fended the financing rule with arguments
to the effect that the use of dividend
funds, the diversion of the company's
contingent reserve ftmds and dependence
upon the "pittance" of $600,000 in avail-
able cash now in banks to meet this im-
mediate and heavy capital requirement
wotild weaken the company's position
when it finds itself in a position to issue
and sell stock.
Naval Oa Land to Be Opened
Washington, D. C. — ^A portion of naval
oil reserve number one, in Kern County,
California, will be thrown open soon
to private operators for drilling on a roy-
alty basis, Edwin Denby, Secretary of
the Navy, has announced, in an effort to
end the draining of the government's oil
lands by wells drilled along the borders
of the reserve.
Bids for the sinking and operation of
22 wells in double rows along the northern
and eastern boundaries of the reserve
will be received until April 25.
The last naval appropriation bill gives
the Secretary of the Navy power to op-
erate naval reserve lands in California
either directly or by lease.
Efforts to open the naval reserves in
California for drilling by private com-
panies have been made for a number of
years, or practically ever since the re-
serves were created. The matter recently
was seriously agitated in Cong^ress, but
Josephus Daniels, then Secretary of the
Navy, stood out strongly against such
a move, contending that the navy must
have the oil for future use, in view of the
developments in other available oil fields.
Deadly Gas Danger Solved by
Pittsburgh Inventor
The danger from deadly carbon mon-
oxide gas, which has caused so many
deaths in garages, producer plants, foun-
dries, coal mines, stoke holes, sewers and
private homes, -is removed, it is said, by
a little instrument invented by a Pitts-
burgher, G. H. Burrell, a brother of Colo-
nel George Burrell, head of the gas war-
fare division of the United States during
the war, and formerly of the United
States Bureau of Mines, which has adopt-
ed the invention.
Carbon monoxide gas has neither color
nor odor. Inhalation of a mixture as
low as 25/100 of one per cent for a half
hour renders a man unconscious and
brings death. Canary birds have been
employed by the Bureau of Mines and
by coal companies and other organiza-
tions to show the presence of the gas,
but tests have shown that of twelve ca-
naries exposed to 20/100 of one per cent
eleven showed signs of distress in two to
six minutes, while one did not show any
signs until a lapse of 35 minutes.
Middle States Oil
According to advices received at the
offices of the Middle States Oil Co., a de-
cision of the Supreme Court of Louisi-
ana in the Lillie-Taylor case released to
the Dominion Oil Co., a subsidiary of
Middle States, and to the Caddo Central
Oil Co., and others about $4,000,000 and
an oil producing lease in Louisiana.
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THE GAS AGE
May 25, 1921
Appliances and Equipment
New Semi-Enameled Gas
Range Calls Inquiries
Mr. P. N. Hopkins of the Eclipse Gas
Stove Co., of the Geo. D. Roper Corpo-
ration at Rockford, 111., says that their
new No. 477 Semi-Enameled Range has
been taken tip by the trade better than
any of the types they have introduced in
the past. Inquiries are coming in daily
regarding this new range and it has had
very little introduction as yet. It is basic-
ally the same as the regular Eclipse
No. 477. It has the Eclipse Ventilated
Oven and the general lines follow the
regular type. However, it is finished in
a special manner, having white enameled
oven top, oven side facing burners, top
back guard, top shelf, white enameled
splasher, bracket, door panels and legs.
It has the flexo enameled burner box,
burner tray and broiling pan. The oven
is 16" wide, 18" deep and 12"high. The
cooking top is 22" square without end
shelf, whicli adds 354". Floor space re-
quired is only 46"x25" over all.
He says this range is finished up in a
manner to meet the demand of the dis-
criminating buyer who wants an ex-
tremely attractive range in the kitchen.
Opportunity for Gas Appli-
ance Manufacturers
Mr. Frank L. Kay Tells Hii Ezperi-
encea in a New Capacity
The "Own Your Home" exposition
held at 22nd Regiment Armory, New
York City, April 16 to 30, 1921, proved to
be a golden opportunity for gas appliance
manufacturers to demonstrate their prod-
ucts to people interested not only in own-
ing a home, but who were equally inter-
ested in equipping their home with mod-
ern gas consuming devices. Among the
many exhibitors, no booth drew greater
crowds nor arrested keener interest than
that of The Vesuvius Engineering Co.,
heating devices for storage service. The
unit is connected, under thermostatic con-
trol, to the tank in cellar, or a complete
combination system of tank and heating
unit can be furnished in sizes ranging
from 80 to 300 gallons.
Inc., who specialize in a Gas-fired Unit
system of house heating; thus elimi-
nating central heating plants and long
lateral cellar runs of distributing piping.
The Vesuvius units are connected directly
to base of riser-pipe supplying either
steam or hot water radiation, and being
automatic with thermostatic controlling
devices, the services of fireman or furnace
attendant are dispensed with. The Ve-
suvius Storage Water-Heating Unit ex-
cited great interest because of its low
first cost as compared with other water
Michigan Body Refuses to
Intervene in Rates
Point of Jurisdiction Seems Very Much
at Issue.
Lansing, Mich.— Denying that it has
the power to intervene in the gas rate
embroglio between the city and the Grand
Rapids, Mich., Gas Light Co., the Michi-
gan Utilities Commission has filed its
return with the Michigan supreme court
in the case of Claude O. Taylor et al
asking mandamus to compel intervention.
Taylor and others had petitioned the
Grand Rapids city commission seeking to
have that municipal body take the matter
of rate adjustment to the utilities com-
mission for settlement When the city
officials refused, the case was taken
through judicial channels to the state su-
preme court asking for a mandamus to
compel intervention.
The utilities commission in its return
denied that it had jurisdiction in the case*
stating that under authority of the home
rule provision of the city charter, a refer-
endum was duly submitted to the voters
of Grand Rapids for decision as to
whether the state body should intervene.
At the spring election the people voted
to have the rate matter settled direct be-
tween the city authorities and the Grand
Rapids Gas Light Co.
Some Principles Governing
the Production of Oil Wells
structure, Porosity of Sands, Ultimate
Production Discount
The United States Bureau of Mines an-
nounces the publication of Bulletin 194,
"Some principles governing tue produc-
tion of oil wells," by Carl H. Beal, for-
merly petroleum technologist of the bu-
reau, and J. O. Lewis, former chief pe-
troleum technologist.
The bulletin discusses some of the fun-
damental factors governing oil produc-
tion, taking up first the conditions affect-
ing the amount of oil in the oil sand, then
those factors that control the rate of
production of oil wells, and finally dis-
cussing several related problems, most of
which deal particularly with the effect of
the production of one well on that of an-
other.
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May 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
453
Operating Kinks
Midway Gas Company's New
Gas-Welded Pipeline
Interesting Constructional Data
The Midway Gas Company of Taft,
California, has recently completed 23
miles of 10'' gas* trunk line from its Elk
Hill wells to connect with Bakersfield,
paralleling its d** line that has heretofore
served the Bakersfield territory. The
welded portion of this line, some W/2
miles, is of especial interest because of
certain features of construction and
handling employed to meet unusual con-
ditions of terrain and climate. The line
is practically a cross-country straight-
away, with very few bends, traversing
open prairie and marsh lands at points
miles away from even the crudest pre-
tense of a highway. The temperature
variations are always considerable dur-
ing the day, ranging from sharp chill in
the morning and evening to scorching
heat at midday, modified at times by stiflF
winds that rise almost to the velocity of
gales. It is obvious that the welders had
to contend not only with the ordinary
difficulties of contraction and expansion,
but with operating obstacles of an un-
usual nature.
ing 27.37 pounds per linear foot, the sec-
tions averaging 25 feet in length, was de-
livered already beveled to 45 degrees at
the ends, the bevels carrying through to
the base or inside circumference of the
tube. The ditch for the pipe was dug
imder contract with a machine ditcher,
and was two feet in width and three feet
deep.
Subdivision of Work
Twenty lengths of pipe were assigned
as to the operating tmit for each welding
crew. The pipe was laid on the side of
the ditch and rested on skids, the crews
welding the joints successively, rolling
the pipe into place and turning it as the
work progressed to keep the work hori-
zontal. When a series of twenty sections
was welded, the completed work was
rolled on the skids until directly over the
trench and lined up with the preceding
series by means of chains and tongs. If
it was found that the two 20-section
lengths overlapped, the overlap was cut
away and the abutting ends welded. In
cases where there was a gap instead of an
overlap, the space was filled by welding
in a short section of the right length.
Testing for Leaks
After three or four miles of pipe had
been welded, painted and lowered into the
ditch, a temporary tie-in to the parallel
dT line was made and pressure put on to
the pipeline for leaks. The end of the
line was blanked off, either by welding
a cap over it and later cutting it o£F, or
by a clamp with a reinforced blind flange,
the latter being done only where the pres-
sures were comparatively low. In this
connection it is regarded as a fitting
commentary on the general efficiency of
oxy-acetylene welding as now developed,
that there were but three or four de-
fective welds that had to be repaired with
the torch in the entire 185^ miles aggre-
gating some 2,950 welds — approximately
one to every thousand welds. The ratio
of pinholes was less than one to every
hundred welds, and these were easily
closed with a punch.
Mitre Welds and Expansion Joints
In the entire line there was but one
turn of 90 degrees, afid this was accom-
plished by two mitre- welds of 45 degrees
each, placed about four or five feet apart.
Near this bend was installed an IS'' ex-
pansion sleeve. There were but five ex-
Welding Joint in Field
Supervision of Work
The work was carried on under the su-
pervision of Mr. H. P. George, general
superintendent of the Midway Company,
and Mr. J. W. Farner, foreman. Mr. C.
R. Haynes was the head welder on the
work. Eleven welding crews, composed
of welder and helper, were stationed at
successive stages of the work at such in-
tervals that it was necessary to move
camp but three times to complete the line.
Oxygen and acetylene tanks were moved
from one joint to the next on improvised
sledges drawn by mules. The pipe and
other material were shipped to the near-
est railroad point and trucked from there
to the work, horses being used whenever
marsh lands had to be crossed.
The pipe, 10" inside diameter, weigh-
Built up Weld Complete
Expansion and Contraction
During the actual welding, expansion
and contraction of the pipe, due to atmos-
pheric changes, were ignored, excepting
when tying in the 20-length sections. The
welding of the latter was always done in
the cool of the morning to avoid any pos-
sibility of contractional ruptures. This
was necessary, because, while expansion
would take care of itself in effecting
slight undulations in the line, without
this provision for uptake, contraction ten-
sion might result in a break where, as in
this case, the extreme variations in section
lengths at difiFerent hours of the day
sometimes amounted to as much as six
or eight inches. For this reason also the
pipe was lowered into the ditch only at
the coldest periods of the day.*
Open Trench Machine Work
pansion sleeves in the entire 18^ miles.
The engineers depended primarily on the
uniform temperature of the flowing gas
to counteract the slight contraction and
expansion that would occur in the pipe
after finally in place under the ground
with gas feeding through it. It has been
found that the variations of temperature
under operating conditions are very
slight in this part of the country com-
pared to those which the work is exposed
in construction. One drip pot was in-
stalled and was designed by the Midway
engineers.
This line is for the purpose of convey-
ing gas from the Elk Hill Wells, near
Taft, to the Kern River Oil fields in the
Bakersfield country. The gas leaves the
wells under a pressure of about 350
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THE GAS AGE
May 25, 1921
pounds to the square inch, and reaches its
'destination at a pressure of from 75 to
150 pounds.
Welding Gat Coniumption
It was originally intended that the
Midway line should be entirely of oxy-
acetylene welded construction, but short-
ly after work was begun it was found
necessary to use about 4}^ miles of sec-
ond-hand pipe with screwed joints on the
Elk Hill end of the line, diverting the
pipe originally planned for this line to
another line leading from Elk Hill to-
ward Taft. t In the construction of the
18^ miles of welded line Linde oxygen
and Prest-0-Lite acetylene were*used ex-
clusively. Definite data covering gas
consumption are not at present available,
as part of the 75,400 feet of oxygen and
68,900 feet of acetylene delivered for the
line was converted to other uses. On the
basis of deliveries the consumptions
would average 25.56 cubic feet of oxygen
and 23.36 cubic feet of acetylene per joint,
or 9.53 cubic feet of oxygen and 8.71 cubic
feet of acetylene per linear foot of weld-
ing—considerably higher than normal for
welding %" steel ; but these consumptions
include oxygen and acetylene used in cut-
ting. It is expected, however, that the
corrected figures, when obtained, will be
found somewhat above normal also,
owing to adverse conditions of work in
this particular field, where high winds re-
tarded the welding much of the time and
mosquitoes in the marshy stretches in-
terfered with normal manipulation.*
*The expedient* noted in the text, relating
to provision for expansion and contraction io
pipelines, are comparatively recent engtneerinf
developments, bat are not so new as to be le-
garded in any sense experimental. Indeed
there is not the slightest aonbt that, had sim-
ilar precautions been taken, some of the earliet
difficulties encoantered, notably in the mid«
continent field, mi|:ht have been effectnally re
moved. This is indicated by the success ot
welded lines in Wyoming where even greatei
extremes of temperature are experienced.
tThe Midway Gas Company is now enga^
in constructing a 12- inch welded gas pipeline
from Taft to Los Angeles, a distance of &
miles. The work on this line will be similar
to that described above.
1
,/
iff
Pi
HT i
Interesting Bend at Foot of Hill
Painting Joint by Draw Method
Lowering Welded Pipe Line into Trent
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Engineering Company Moves
Offices to Financial District
of New York
New Catalogues Describe Interesting
Installations.
The Combustion Engineering Corpora-
tion have located in their new building
at 43 Broad Street. This move is inter-
esting in that it is probably the first
strictly technical organization that has
erected its own building in that section of
New York City. Perhaps other technical
organizations will concentrate in the
financial district which offers many ad-
vantages.
The catalog just issued is a revised
edition of the Coxe stoker catalog with
supplementary text and revised line
drawings. This company claims the
Coxe stoker has achieved a very remark-
able record by reason of its proven abil-
ity to burn a widely diversified range of
coal and that in the past two or three
years, this machine has successfully
burned many grades of coal that were
heretofore not even thought of as prac-
tical fuels.
"Ferrenewo" Valves
The Lunkenheimer Co., Cincinnati, O.,
are distributing a twelve page booklet
describing in detail the various parts of
this type of globe, angle and cross valves.
It also includes details of a new angle
check valve. Cuts of valve parts clearly
numbered are shown and fully explained
in tables.
Rates Based on Gas Pressure
Topeka, Kansas — In the new regula-
tion of the natural gas business in
Kansas, the State authorities have pro-
vided for payments based on quantities
of gas served to consumers. In fixing
the deductions to the consumers when the
pressure falls below the 8-ounce standard
the commission made the following or-
der:
"It is ordered that when the gas pres-
sure shall register less than 75 per cent of
the approved operating pressure at any
pressure recording gauge, the company
in charge thereof shall take the same into
consideration in making its charges for
gas service to its customers included in
the district the pressure of which is in-
dicted by such recording gauge in ac-
cordance with the following:
"For each hour or fraction thereof in
which the pressure is less than 75 per
cent of the normal operating pressure and
above 25 per cent of said pressure, there
shall be made a reduction of .003 of the
total amout of the bill for the month in
which such shortage occurs.
"For each hour in which the pressure is
25 per cent or less of the normal operat-
ing pressure there shall be made a reduc-
tion of .006 of the total amount of the
bill for the month in which such short-
age occurs."
J. J. Burnett, New York auditor of
the Empire Gas & Fuel Co., has returned
to Bartlesville after several weeks in the
offices of the Western Light and Power
Company, Boulder, Col.
Vesuvius Engineering Co
Moves to 505 Fifth Ave.
New Unit to be Placed on Market Soi
The removal on June 1, 1921, of t
general offices of the Vesuvius Engrinev
ing Co., Inc., from the Grand Centi
Palace to 505 5th Ave., New York Ci
marks the beginning of a new era in t
history of this corporation. The rapid c
pansion of their business made the m»
to more spacious quarters necessary, a
they are now ready with an increas
office and engineering staff to solve yo
house and water heating problems, and .
improve their usual prompt and efficic
service to gas companies and the jobbL-
trade, in the ever increasing demand
the now famous Vesuvius Gas-fired Hr
ing Units.
A new Vesuvius Unit will soon be
troduced and promises to show a deci''
improvement over the present Units
point of capacity, efficiency, etc. ";
policy of the Vesuvius Engineering C
Inc., is "Give the gas consumer a gas
pliance that is better than other good
appliances."
Texas Pacific Coal & Oil ^vv
Mid-Kansas Oil & Gas, subsidiao iV
Ohio Oil, has brought in its Kirkland
3 joint account with Texas Pacific ' ^^|
& Oil. Well is in the Ivan distric Wf
Stephens County, Texas, and has an *
itial How of 50 barrels an hour di
three feet in the sand.
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Vol. XLVII Established 1883
June 10, 1921
Copyright 1921
No. 11
Gas By-Products as Raw Material
An Essential Factor in American Industrial Se-
curity, Independence and Progress Says Engineer-
Chemist before Empire State Gas & Electric Association
By R. S. McBRIDE, Washington, D. C.
TWO hundred and forty million dollars was re-
ceived by the manufactured-gas companies of the
United States from the sale of gas and by-products
during 1918, the Jast year for which figures are available.
Of this tremendous business more than 25 per cent was
done within the State of New York and it is very fitting,
therefore, that the gas engineers of that State should
inquire into the meaning of these figures. They repre-
sent operations ten times as great as were found barely
twenty years before ; and if we add to the reports of these
city gas plants the output of coke oven plants, an even
greater total and greater percentage of increase is found.
The gas and by-products from the coke ovens brings
the total to $315,000,000; and if we include also the
coke, the grand total is $700,000,000.
1. Magnitude of the Gas Business
An analysis of this huge sum is of real concern to
gas men, to the chemical industries and -to the general
A modern vertical retort pUnt built by the U. G. I. Co. at Rochester, New York
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THE GAS AGE
June 10, 1921
public. Although the general public foots all of the
bills, and profits by the wisdom or loses by the inade-
?[uacy of the plans which are made, their interest may
or the present be ignored. This is quite proper, too,
because any scheme which gives the gas man and the
chemist the best results also serves the public best. It
is fair, therefore, to study the subject solely as an in-
dustrial problem.
For the present let us still further limit ourselves by
considering only that portion of the industry which
makes coal-gas, carburetted water-gas, and oil-gas, tak-
ing to pieces this part of the business to see of what it
is really made. The industry as measured by its gross
income amounts to this :
Gas $214,000,000
Coke 14,000,000
Light oils ' 7,000,000
Tar 3,500,000
Ammonia 1,500,000
Miscellaneous products 125,000
2. Fuel-Processing, Rather than Coking or Gas-Making
These figures for 1918, the latest data available, show
us a total by-product income for city gas works alone
of approximately $26,000,000, in addition to the income
from gas; and yet the gas part of the industry is the
only one ordinarily regarded as of importance. It is
not alone the gas, or the service which the gas com-
pany renders, nor even this plus the coke output of
by-product and beehive ovens, which one should study ;
but rather it is the field of fuel treatment or fuels pro-
cessing which deserves consideration today. To be
sure, the coke affords over half of the value of products,
and to the coke oven operator and metallurgist it is
the dominating factor; and the gas and the utility ser-
vice rendered are perhaps of first importance in the mind
of the public, for this is the only part of the business
with which the public really comes in contact ; however,
I take exception to the old style nomenclature which
would characterize the whole industry as either the
eas business or the coke business. The larger title
fuels processing" should be employed to show the
larger scope and possibility which is before us indus-
trially today. Approximately the grand total of $700,-
000,000, represented by the activities already referred
to, is the annual income from this fuels processing in the
United States.
3. Reasonable Ideals of Plant Performance.
Since one is more interested in future possibilities than
in past experiences in the form of dry figures, a bit of
philosophical supposition is well worth while. However,
let us be distinctly conservative in these imaginings.
For example, it would not do for a moment to argue that
all of the coal used in this country should be carbonized,
or that all of the oil should be cracked. Furthermore,
it is still far too early in our industrial development
to assume that the entire supply of fuel for municipal
activities, industrial and domestic, can be cared tor
through the existing or prospective gas distribution
systems great as they are or may become. Somewhat
less rapid approach to idealism is more profitable for
our present consideration. Therefore, let us take only
a moderate and rather feasible achievement as our goal
and assume that all of the coal and the oil which is
now being processed in our artificial gas works is to
be so efficiently handled on the average that the prod-
ucts will be equal in quantity and value to those now
actually obtained through the operations of the better
ten to twenty per cent of the gas companies. This is
not such an extreme as one might at first think, for if
only 23 per cent of our larger plants be brought up
to such standards, we have cared for over 90 per cent
of the output of the entire country ; and of course, many
of these lareer plants already excel the rather modest
"ideal" which we have set in this supposition.
4. Potential Gas Output with Good Efficiencies
Consideration of the gas possibilities on such basis
must include the products made from approximately
5,000,000 tons of bituminous coal used for coal-gas
manufacture, about three and one-third million tons of
anthracite and coke which with 700,000,000 gallons of
oil are consumed by carburetted water-gas production,
and about 150,000,000 gallons of petroleum products
used in oil-gas making. These can well be expected to
produce 257 billion cubic feet of gas ; and this at the
rates of sale prevailing in 1918, 91 cents per M., repre-
sents an income of $243,000,000, or an increase ot 13
and one-half per cent above the income from the actual
operations of that year.
This 13 and one-half per cent increase, however fine
it might be if realized, is nevertheless not very startling.
Remember in this connection that the efficiency which
has been assumed in this calculation is no better than
that actually obtained by between 100 and 200 of the
gas companies already operating. Indeed, one should
not anticipate very startling results from such assump-
tions, for the operator of every gas works in the country
is thinking first, last, and all the time, of gas. It would
be too much to expect, therefore, that even the better
ten to twenty per cent would excel the general average
by any tremendous total. Nevertheless among those
not reaching the superior standard which they should
are many which fall very far short of this ; and of course,
13 per cent would by no means represent the possible
gain to them.
5. By-Product Possibilities
^ If one considers the by-product yields and possibili-
ties, quite another situation is found. The gas works, be
it large or small, is typically not like a factory or a
large merchandising establishment in which every de-
partment is separately studied for costs, income, and
profits. In the gas works the books are commonly
kept with the price of gas as the only feature to be
considered. If some of the other departments of the
business lose money the deficit simply appears as one
of the operating expenses chargeable to the gas. If
there be a margin above cost, this is entered as an
operating credit; and the foreman, superintendent and
general manager join in a chorus of mutual and self-
E raise as they report this achievement to the stock-
olders.
And what is the inevitable result of all this? Natur-
ally the departments thus neglected more often than not
do lose money. How much they lose is of some interest,
too.
Let us take the same coal and Oil as is used now-a-
days and follow the theory that if ten to twenty per
cent of the companies can do it, the rest ought to learn
how, also. The following income figures are the re-
sults for the conditions of 1918 :
Coke $20,000,000
Tar 10,000,000
Ammonia 2,000,000
Light oils 15,000,000
Miscellaneous products 1,000,000
Total $48,000,000
The increase is seen to be from 26 million dollars to
48 million dollars, or the substantial increase of 22
million dollars or 85 per cent of the present gross by-
product income.
This is rather a radical, yet an altogether reasonable,
improvement in business. However, lest some one goes
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THE GAS AGE
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away and attempts on the strength of this to float a new
bond issue, or some public service commissioner hear-
ing of these possibilities undertakes to fix gas rates on
this new basis, I hasten to say that I do not soon expect
any such impressive and favorable results either in New
York or from the country as a whole. It would be too
much to demand at an early date, yet no operator should
fail to give careful thought to these possibilities.
6. Standards of Operating Performance
I do hope, particularly that some of these possibilities
will be considered again when gas managers have before
them the U. S. Geological Survey publication which is
now being printed on "Artificial Gas in 1917 and 1918."
In that report will be found tables to show the number
of companies of each size obtaining various yields and
efficiencies. With it each operator can study his own
about one-fifth, that is about 3 per cent of the entire
national expenditure, becomes part of the income of the
gas and coking industries.
Moreover, at the present time the processing of fuels
is not alone an item of importance in the national budg-
et ; it is also of tremendous industrial significance because
at the increased usefulness added to the fuel prod-
ucts by the processing to which the gas and coke-
ovens operator subjects his raw materials. Indeed, that
service rendered by this industry to the community
which should be regarded as of greatest general im-
protance comes from the wide application and far-
reaching benefit which is possible because of the diver-
sity of products obtained.
Without coal products especially chemical industry
would step backward decades, or even centuries. In-
deed, modem comfort and safety would be practically
Retort firing from isolated producers with dust removal plant and waste heat boiler
particular situation in comparison with the results of
all others. Thus it may be possible to determine wheth-
er with size of plant, kind of gas, and other factors
all considered, there may not still be some remedial
measures needed in local operating practices. If one
finds that his results are distinctly below those com-
monly had elsewhere, naturally it will be worth while
l>oth to investigate the reason why, and, if possible, to
discover the means for meeting or excelling the general
performance.
7. The Broader Economic and Industrial Problem
Fuel, like food, clothing, and shelter, is essential to
man as soon as he insists upon advancement beyond
the status of a cave dweller of the stone age. In fact,
at present fully 15 per cent of the expenditures made
hy the American people for all purposes goes directly
or indirectly for fuel or power. Of this 15 per cent
impossible without the commodities which the process-
ing of fuel makes available.
Of these benefits from coal products to industry and
to human comfort, the more obvious are, of course,
generally recognized. But there still remains to be
learned from the war period another lesson about them
which is much too often ignored. (And, of course,
without this mention of the war or its lessons, an in-
dustrial or economic discussion could never claim to
be complete). This lesson is found in the wonderful
complexity which has developed through the inter-re-
lation of industry.
To build the "bridge of ships" from Hoboken to
France every vessel which could be spared from other
trade was diverted to trans- Atlantic service, but in our
mineral and metallurgical industries especially it quickly
became apparent that any ruthless or lightly considered
transfer of vessels from other trade to transport service
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June 10, 1921
might well prove an invitation to disaster. It took us
only a short time to discover, for example, that we
must maintain adequate movement of vanadium from
Peru, which produces 76 per cent of the world's output
of this essential constituent of high-speed tool steel.
It was equally clear that we could not afford to in-
terrupt the traffic in chromium from New Caledonia or
Rhodesia, each of which supplies about 37 per cent of
the world's output. Nor did we dare to stop the 99
per cent of the world's natural nitrate supply from Chile,
the tin from Bolivia or Southeastern Asia, or the anti-
mony from China. Obviously it will be well if we will
bear in mind that domestic industry involves equal com-
plexity and that there are a multitude of similar inter-
relationships which cannot be thoughtlessly broken off
without industrial consequences which no one can view
with equanimity. Especially in the consideration of
the industrial relationships of coal products should this
principle be clearly recognized and the consequences of
the principle accurately appraised.
8. Chemistry and Gas Engineering
The successful gas engineer is inevitably a chemical
engineer of no mean ability. Whether he recognizes
this fact or not is of secondary importance, for in his
success as a gas operator he will have applied chemical
control and observed the principles of chemical science
else he would not have succeeded. As a matter of fact
it is perhaps not too much to say that gas engineering
is fundamentally chemical engineering. In other words
it is a part of that industrial profession in which should
be blended all the science of chemistry and the best
possible technology of the mechanical engineer. Indeed,
without the best of each of these two professions, the
maximum of success cannot be obtained in the control
of the most complex industrial chemical operation that
has thus far been successfully undertaken by any branch
of science or technology, namely, the carbonization of
coal and the cracking of oil, fuel processing.
Because of their close professional relationship, the
chemist and the gas engineer find much in conmion.
Indeed their work together can properly become a most
intimate co-operation, for both professionally and in-
dustrially each has much to offer to the other.
Without continued advances in chemistry the art of
gas making will not progress. Without .the products
which are derived dunng gas manufacture, the chemist
is helpless in the industrial advancement of many fields
in which he is recognized as chief. Moreover, without
the chemical markets for his by-products, the gas and
coke-oven operator would rapidly drop back to the
antiquated systems of a former century; modem pro-
cesses, demanding as they do tremendous investments
relative to the value of the gas produced, are wholly
uneconomic unless supported to the very maximum of
by-product income.
In considering his relationship with the chemist, the
gas engineer will do well, therefore, to think of him both
as a professional and as an industrial co-operator.
9. Some Problems of Co-operation
Even though we may have established the fact that
the chemist and the gas engineer are to co-operate ex-
tensively, there still remain important problems. It
is quite evident that the engineer will furnish coke for
metallurgical and foundry use, that anunonia for fer-
tilizers, explosives, dyes, and refrigeration will be sup-
plied in part by his activities, and that tar, light oil,
napthalene and carbon will contribute to their respective
chemical industries. It is not worth while to recite
again the multitude of uses for all of these products.
Tar will continue to be used for road making, roofing,
paints, wood treatment and water proofing, insulating
materials, briquet binders, and a multitude of other uses,
in addition to the automotive and Diesel engine-fuel
field which can be counted upon to absorb any surplus
that the chemical industries may leave. And, of course,
the products of light-oil and tar distillation are the
fundamental raw materials from which we get dyes,
pharmaceuticals, photographic chemicals, synthetic per-
fumes, explosives, food preservatives, solvents, and a
multitude of other chemicals and even denaturants for
our industrial alcohol.
The problem is not to discover theoretical means for
thus applying the fUel products, nor even to develop
chemical technology so that it may efficiently process
these coal products to the point of sale for their many
and divers uses. The problem is rather, a conmiercial
and economic one. It has two phases. First, how can
the coal products be made much cheaper? Second, how
can the commercial development of the industries using
these products be insured? The first of these questions
must be answered mainly by the fuels engineer. The
second principally by the chemist. However, unless
both are satisfactorily answered neither the chemist nor
the gas engineer can be content.
10. The Engineer's Problems
There is by no means unanimous agreement upon
any solution of the problem which confronts the gas
engineer, namely, how can the coal products be most
economically produced. Indeed it its doubtful whether
any single process is at all suited to the wide variety of
conditions which must be met. Complete gasification
of coal will doubtless do much to advance the art of
coal treatment in localities where the disposal of coke
is not easily accomplished. Low-temperature carbon-
ization affords equally promising possibilities for the
future, through the supply of larger percentages of the
fuel in the form of light oil and particularly valuiable
tar. The briquetting of fuels to afford an altogether
satisfactory anthracite substitute also must receive due
consideration in many parts of the country. In all of
these cases, however, and in a multitude of other pro-
posals which will occur to any well-informed gas en-
gineer, it is improved technology and conn>lete recovery
of the most valuable products toward wnich we must
strive. In other words, the factory system of many
departments, each carefully studied for cost and profit,
must be observed.
Some other proposals have been made which are
rather commercial than technical in their significance.
These include the co-operative systems of marketing
and the centralization of gas manufacture or the estab-
lishment of "super-gas" stations. Doubtless, too, these
economies of management will also largely contribute
to the success which the engineer seeks from a technical
point of view. Certainly all of them are worthy of
studv from the standpoint of making more readily
available the improved processes which have little pros-
pect of early success in small units or under difficult
commercial conditions.
However, with all of the improved technology and
with even the best of management the gas industry still
finds that efficiency may in part defeat its own ends.
If all of the gas and coking plants of the country were
managed as well as the best, a new phase of the problem
would probably arise, namely, an inadequate market for
the products. It takes but a small percentage excess
of production above demand to produce tremendous re-
duction in market price. Such competitive conditions
of sale force the market price down to acttial cost or
even below for conunodities of which there is a distinct,
though perhaps only small, surplus. Both the engineer
and the management official are, therefore, very much
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June 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
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concerned in the problem of the disposal of coal prod-
ucts to the maximum advantage and in the mainte-
nance of market conditions upon a sure and stable basis.
Both are, or should be, much interested in the chemical
program of the Nation ; for by development of a chemi-
cal program is insured an outlet for all of the commod-
ities which they have, or plan to have, to offer.
11. The Chemisfs Contribution
The gas business by developing many products other
than its principal item of output, gas, first established
the industrial need for the term "by-product." In fact,
even today the "by-product industry" means to almost
everyone the coal products industry. In this respect
fuels engineers are to be congratulated and emulated.
In fact, the chemist is most actively following the idea
thus developed and is strenuously undertaking in the
field of chemical products to establish well-balanced in-
ter-related industrial systems.
12. The Price of Chemical Self-Sufficiency
In working toward an interlocking or integrated in-
dustry, the chemist has problems both of science and
economics. Through his science he must develop proc-
esses which will utilize every product ; waste cannot be
tolerated. But these problems you may leave to him,
and rest assured that he will solve thenu The other
problems of economics, or perhaps better called of
political and social science, are your concern as well as
his.
There are three methods conspicuously before our
national legislators as proposals for the encouragement
and protection of domestic chemical industry. The
oldest and best known system is that of protective tariff.
The second scheme is largely a development of the
war-period; it is the system of licensing of shipments
involved in international trade, for this case, of course,
it is import trade. The third scheme, also a creation of
the war-time, is the system of embargo. All three plans
for protection of domestic industry have ardent advo-
cates and virulent opponents. Not being an expert on
this subject, I can freely express an opinion, which
will probably be of the usual little value. In my opinion
no one of the three is a cure-all. The problem will be
to fit each to particular situations and to combine all
three into a composite system that will create no un-
necessary burden as part of the price to be paid for
our national self-sufficiency.
From the mineral industries we can well take examples
to illustrate some of the possibilities of tariff, embargo,
and license. There are certain mineral products for
which there is no possibility of obtaining domestic pro-
duction adequate to our needs, simply because domestic
resources do not exist. Many other mineral products
are available in limited quantities and can supply more
or less of the domestic demand in accordance with the
relative cost here and abroad, of course including tariff
charges if such prevail. Still others such as gypsum,
coal, salt, and similar materials, are available in such
large quantities and at such relatively low cost of pro-
duction that foreign competition is almost unthinkable.
In the chemical industries much the same situation is
found, though here, of course, one factor is distinctly
different. If we do not have mineral resources there
is no use in talking about protection of that particular
mineral industry. No matter how much we "protect" it,
it cannot grow from nothing. On the other hand, in the
case of a chemical industry which may not yet exist,
there is always the possibility of its development if
afforded proper conditions and encouragement.
In the case of the organic chemical industries, the
oroblem is still further complicated by the far-reaching
application which the products have. The familiar ex-
ample, of course, is the dyestuff industry, which in
itself is not of tremendous magnitude if measured only
by the dollar and cent value ot its output, but which is
of most amazing complexity if measured by the value
of the products in which the dyestuff is more or less
essential. Estimates of the latter sum reach into the
billions of dollars per year and thus well justify that
interest which has been so generally shown as to the
future of our domestic dyestuff business.
The cost of self-sufficiency in these chemical indus-
tries often are two-fold, first those measured by the
extra cost to the American user for the products pro-
duced in this country, and second the indirect costs
which are inevitable results of economic international
relationships. For the vital necessities of national de-
fense, public health, or general comfort, there is unan-
imity of opinion that the sum of these two costs is
none too great a price to pay. On the other hand a
promiscuous application of systems of protection or
embargo will meet with widespread criticism. We must
not forget that this country must buy abroad to some
extent if it would sell abroad ; and too, we must remem-
ber that the only way in which Europe can pay us the
stupendous sum which has been loaned abroad is through
the supply of its products of factory or mine. It is
important, therefore, to discriminate between those in-
dustries which are vital to peace-time comfort as well
as to war-time security and the others which perhaps
are not of such vital concern as to justify the excessive
cost for their domestic perpetuation.
Fortunately through the recent war period we have
discovered that that nation which is operating upon the
most sound industrial basis is also the one most secure
in time of hostilities. Military preparedness and in-
dustrial independence are indeed almost synonymous.
It is a matter of national policy, however, for us to add
just a bit to that bare necessity of self-defense and
security so that we may have a reasonable economic
"margin of safety" for the future. Just how our national
legislators will work out this policy in matters of tariff,
protection of chemical industry, chemical warfare, nitro-
gen fixation, and similar matters much in the public
eye, only time can tell. That some solution must be
reached and at an early date, we can be sure.
13. Vision and Determination Required
Economic laws are as inevitable in their action as the
law of gravit3.tion. If one will but seek to understand
and profit by them, he can gain greatly. Ignorance of
economic law is as serious as ignorance of the civil law ;
in either case the violator is likely to suffer seriously.
It will be that vision which will undertake a plan and
program for long periods of industrial development
upon a national scale, that will be most profitable. Large
scale, integrated industry is a natural, indeed an in-
'evitable, product of modern economic forces. If our
legislators and our bankers (who in reality ^are the
supreme court of American business planning) will but
see with well-informed vision the possibilities of decades,
instead of only the need for quarterly dividends, that
development in chemical and fuel industries for which
we all hope, is certainly assured. It will be quite possi-
ble then to realize that much needed co-operation which
has been emphasized already. Ample gas products for
chemical industry, and ample chemical market for gas
products, will then bj realized.
Don't lie down— If you don't know, find out.
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THE GAS AGE
June 10, 1921
New Type of Congdon Standpipe
Seven Years' Experience with the Congdon Scrubber-
Standpipe System Described by Mgr. of Gas Dept. of
Georgia Ry. & Power Co. before Southern Gas Assn.
By R. C. CONGDON, Atlanta, Ga.
ON December 21st, 1913, our company commenced
the use of the G)ngdon scrubber standpipe system
at the Atlanta Gas Works. This was the first
installation in this country. Since then, it has not been
necessary to clean our standpipes.
The standpipe apparatus is very simple in design, but
it has required time and experience to bring it up to its
final stage of development. When deciding to present
this paper, I had in mind the many gas works in the
South and elsewhere using my patented system, and I
felt sufficient time had elapsed since the installations at
the various plants to afford a profitable discussion.
In 1914, I presented a paper to the American Gas
Institute entitled "The Development and Operation of
the Congdon Scrubber Standpipe System." The design
then recommended has been modified somewhat, es-
pecially for large gas works. Instead of using sheet
steel, the standpipe is now made up of a cast iron valve
box and extenstions of 8 inch pipe to reach the hydraulic
or foul main, and the lower seal. The halftones pro-
duced herein will give a pretty fair idea of the new
equipment.
Changes in Design
It was at first thought that the pipes would have to be
quite large, but we find that a pipe 8 inches square is
ample. Tests made after charging the lower retort at
our plant show apparently no pressure difference be-
tween the bottom and top of the standpipe.
The original design provided a funnel and seal at the
top of the standpipe, and liquor was fed into the funnel
and couuld be seen from the operating floor. This
liquor was delivered at the rate of 6 to 8 gallons a minute
and at very low pressure. The liquor is now delivered
through a ^-inch nozzle at 13 pounds pressure. When
thus delivered, it hits the baffle plate with considerable
force and splashes to the sides of the pipe in a much
more effective manner than is accomplished by a larger
stream moving at slower speed. We used to have some
trouble on account of liquor hitting the valves in the
standpipe and splashing into the retort standpipe con-
nections. The large stream under small head did not
splash properly when coming into contact with the
baffle plate, but fell straight through the center of the
pipe instead of flowing down its sides. With a smaller
stream at higher pressure, we have obviated the trouble
of liquor splashing into the retort standpipe connections.
The original design provided an eccentric latch for
holding the valve closed. Experience has shown that
the design was too delicate in the hands of retort house
stokers who hit the latch with their heavy tools and
because of the leverage heavy strains were brought
Front of bench showing main
Scnibber-standpipe with
up and down con-
nections
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June 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
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against the outside lever and inside valve arm which
soon made the eccentric latch ineffective. We now use
a different type valve latch and use a weighted lever
arm.
The design of the retort standpipe connection has
been changed. This connection is now made of cast
iron instead of a combination of steel collar and steel
pipe. It is shorter and easier to construct.
The lower seal arrangements have also been changed.
Instead of using a continuous trough, we now have
individual seal boxes and the liquor flows from these
boxes to a pipe leading to the tar well or separating
tank. By observing the various streams is is possible
to know whether or not the various sprays in the tops of
the standpipes are receiving sufficient liquor. Occasion-
ally, the stream from a seal box will show that it is
growing smaller. When this condition is observed, the
operator unscrews a plug on the top of the spray and
inserts a small rod to clean out any material which may
have lodged in the }4 inch opening. We have very
little trouble with the sprays as all of the liquor flow-
ing to them passes through a series of fly screens.
The individual seal boxes show in my original design
have proven very satisfactory, but unless one prefers
pressure. The valve inside of the standpipes prevents
the loss of a great deal of gas. It is also useful in
preventing coke and coal from dropping into the lower
seal and is useful when scurfing retorts.
At present, we are putting through each standpipe
1.4 gallons of liquor per minute. The temperature of
the liquor at the top of the pipe is 152 degrees and the
lower seal 177 degrees. We use centrifugal pumps to
circulate the liquor.
Results Obtained and Advantage
Careful analysis has shown that there is no loss of
ammonia and the tar is of better quality than that
obtained when using the old standpipe system.
Using a new combination DeBrouwer charging and
discharging machine, we are charging 1700 pounds of
coal in our through retorts which are 21 ft. 7 in. long,
and are obtaining a yield of 5.50 cu. ft. of 580 heat unit
gas per pound of coal. 1700 pounds of coal charged
into the retorts practically fills them, and the coke we
are obtaining is proving very satisfactory in our water
gas plant.
Besides many successful installations of this stand-
pipe system in this country, it is also in service at Mon-
Foul main repUcing hydraulic main
to operate without a seal, I would recommend the
usual hydraulic main, especially for small works.
We have recently refilled the arches in our plant,
have installed the new design standpipe system, and have
done away completely with the washboxes, which latter
had taken the place of our original hydraulic main. As
will be seen from the photograph reproduced herein, the '
standpipes are connected direct to the foul main and in
consequence all the tar in the retort flows down the
various standpipes through the lower seals and finally
to the separating tank at the end of the retort house.
The valves in the standpipes make this arrangement
practicable.
It is not possible to maintain the same pressure or
vacuum at the outlet of each retort. The amount of
variation will depend upon the operation of the retort
house governor or the Huntoon governor at the ex-
hauster, and on the design of the pipes and mains used
to convey the gas from the retort house, etc. There is
probably in most retort houses a variation of one or
more tenths, and where a number of retorts are connected
to a single standpipe it is necessary to have valves to
prevent drawing in air or the excape of gas.
I have known explosions to occur in the usual hy-
draulic main which blew the tar to the roof of the
retort house. I prefer to operate under a slight back
Tar collectors and tar main
treal, Canada, and is being tried out at the Beckton plant
in London, England, and elsewhere abroad.
Our plant in Atlanta consists of eleven through bench-
es of nine's. The standpipe system requires the work
of one man about three hours each day of 24 hours.
The work consists of raking small lumps of carbon
from lower seal boxes.
The advantages of the scrubber system over the old
style standpipes are as follows :
1. The old heavy continuous work of keeping stand-
pipes open is done away with. This means a consider-
able reduction in payrolls, and no interruption in gas
making.
2. The expense and labor of pulling pitch from the
hydraulic main is obviated, and the danger of the hy-
draulic main losing its seal, explosions, and overflowing
of tar is avoided.
3. The valve inside of the standpipe is a much more
positive gas cut-off than the seals of the dip pipes.
4. No provision is required for taking care of tar and
liquor overflow as is usual with any sealing system on
top of the bench.
5. The retort house is much cooler.
6. Operating without seal, more even pressure con-
ditions in the retorts are obtained, and the yield of gas
is increased.
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Harrogate Gasification Plant
An Original Design by the Author, Built without Ad-
dition to the Retort House with Novel Features and a
Good Efficiency Claimed Based on 8 Mos. Operation
By FRANK H. ROBINSON. Harrogate, England
A HORIZONTAL retort-setting was utilized with a
water-gas generator at one end, the whole ac-
commodated within the arch of the retort-bench.
The entire setting-retorts, generator, and flues were
taken- out, leaving the empty arch. The hydraulic
and foul mains were left in position at one side and re-
moved from the other.
The generator is first built up about 7 to 8 ft. to
the level of the cross girders supporting the setting.
It will be observed that there are but 9 to 12 in. of
brickwork below the stage floor of the retort-house.
Only sufiicient brickwork is provided beneath the bot-
tom retorts to accommodate the waste-gas, secondary
air, and producer gas flues. The ends of the retorts
on the charging side have the old mouthpieces fitted
and the ascension pipes connected in the usual way. The
other ends terminate in the chambers above the genera-
tor ; a division wall being carefully built round them to
separate this chamber from the flues round the retorts.
When this and the setting are completed, the back wall
is built up.
A frame and sealed door are provided at the stage
floor level on this side for feeding the generator with
coke when starting up or when blue water gas only is to
be made. In the crown of the arch at the top of the gen-
erator chamber, a pipe with a gas-tight cover is provided
which is useful in emergency to enable clinker to be
renwved from the walls of the generator which may be
beyond the reach of the man at the clinkering door
below.
The blast pipe is introduced below the grate bars in
the usual way, and the steam jet is inserted in this pipe,
pointing towards the generator, just outside the wall.
A disc is inserted between two flanges near this point
for the regulation of the steam. Arising from the blast
main outside the generator is a smaller pipe conveying
secondary air to the combustion chamber of the setting.
A piston valve opens both ports at the same time,
and so primary and secondary air supplies are admitted
and shut off simultaneously. This valve, the steam jet,
the steam supply to the blowing engine, and the stack
valve are all connected together, so that only one move
is necessary to change from "blow" to "run" or vice
versa. The blowing was at first done by an old steam-
driven exhauster.
The levers and steam connections are so arranged
that when the change is made from blow to run, the
engine slows down, and at the reverse operation in-
creases speed, and so a saving in steam and wear-and-
tear is effected.
The total cost of this one setting, making 150,000 to
200,000 cu. ft. per day, was i860, ($3,440), including
dismantling the old setting and using up much of the
old material, cleaning and re-erecting the steam engine
and blower and the steam piping, and new firebricks,
etc., besides experimental work. The output from the
setting could be greatly increased by a further enlarge-
ment of the blowing plant, as the grate area and the
capacity of the generator are sufficient for a much
greater production. The cost of such a setting of
eight retorts in a "through" arch, with all new material,
would of course be very much higher.
Method of Working
When starting up, a fire is lighted in the generator
and coke supplied through the feeding frame, with air
supplied under natural draught and all sight boxes
open. These are gradually closed, beginning with those
nearest the generator, until the gases are circulating
round the retorts and away to the stack valves. A little
secondary air is admitted from the first so as to reduce
the risk of an explosion ; and this is gradually increased
until a steady flame is obtained in the combustion cham-
ber. As soon as this is obtained, the blower may be
started and the production of blue gas commenced.
During the blow, the producer gas leaves the generator
at the back and enters a flue from which it issues through
nostrils into a combustion chamber in the ordinary way.
Combustion and the circulation of the gases round
the retorts take place in the usual way; and the waste
gases are led away to the stack valve by means of
flues and pipes. Colour is very soon seen in the retorts,
which will be ready for a charge of coal in about two
days. If it is desired to hurry' this up, the blow is
lengthened and the run shortened. During the latter
the water gas passes from the generator into and
through the retorts and away to the ascension pipes.
The heat of the hot water gas is thus utilized. After
the first charge of coal is burnt off, the retorts are
taken in turn at regular intervals ; the coke being pushed
out into the generator and the retorts charged again.
During this operation, the blower and steam jet are of
course shut off.
The large chamber at the end of the retorts and above
the generator has a definite purpose. During the blow,
the producer gas is passing through the setting and
away to the stack valve after combustion, and naturally
follows the easiest course. The seal on the dip-pipes
is set to obtain this. The coal gas is thus trapped in
the retorts, and, being produced all the time the blow
is in operation, issues from the retorts back into the
chamber which is of sufiicient capacity to hold all the
coal gas produced in 6 or 7 minutes before the producer
gas outlet is reached.
On the blow being charged to run, the water gas
sweeps back the cool gas away through the retorts into
the mains. before any is wasted, as the normal period
of the blow does not exceed four minutes. It is also
foimd that no scavenging is required as, when the stack
valve is closed during the run, the producer and waste
gases are trapped in the setting and the water gas
passes direct into the retorts without coming into con-
tact with the blow gases. The two gases have independ-
ent directions in which to travel; and each way is shut
off from the other.
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June 10. 1921
THE GAS AGE
463
Operation
The production of water gas takes place in the usual
way: but the coal gas is produced at a comparatively
low temperature.
The hottest portion of the combustion chamber is
nearest the generator, and this reaches 1080** C. at the
end of the blow. In our horizontal retorts we get a
temperature of 1300** C.
Owing to the lower temperature in the retorts, a
thin tar is obtained which has had no time to be
■"cracked" because of the water gas sweeping the gas
forward to the ascension pipes as quickly as it is pro-
duced.
With present-day coals containing 10 to 15 per cent
of ash, we clinker every 8 hours — i. e., once a shift.
During cHnkering, the plant is stopped in the blow
position.
If it is desired to carbonize the tar, instead of the
water gas passing through the retorts, the coal gas
issues out of them into the generator, through the coke
into the setting, and away to the stack-valve pipe, which
can be provided wih a branch and seal pot. The draw-
backs to this method are (a) that coal gas is wasted
during the blow, as in same plants for complete gasi-
fication; (b) that the heat from the hot-water gas is
not so effectively transmitted to the coal in the retorts
through having to pass through three inches of material
instead of being in direct contact ; (c) that the fuel oils
are totally destroyed; and (d) that scavenging would
be necessary if inerts are to be kept low.
higher quality gas, the blow may be lengthened and the
run reduced ; but this is not so economical of fuel as the
alternative method of reducing the steam during the
run while leaving the periods the same. To produce a
lower gfrade of gas, as free from inerts as possible, the
retorts would be charged less frequently and the gener-
ator supplied with coke sufficient to keep it full.
If inserts are not objected to, the seal can be reduced
and a portion of the blow gases with reduced secondary
air passed into the mains, or the steam supply increased.
We aim at keeping CO, between 6 and 8 per cent,
and obtaining gas about 370 B.Th.U's gfross. After
many experiments, the periods of 3 and 7 minutes for
blow and run respectively were found to give these re-
sults and to be satisfactory in other ways. The follow-
ing are recent complete analyses of the gas made and
purified :
Working Results
As the plant is connected to the existing hydraulic
mains, it has not been possible to make extended tests.
Frequent tests of calorific value and carbon di-oxide
bave been made over the last four months. A test holder
of about 30 cu. ft. capacity is connected to the foul
main close to the setting and before the gas passes
through the foul mains of the retort settings. From
this holder the gas is passed through a washer and
purifier before being tested. A sample of 30 cu. ft. is
taken every time over the whole period of the run, the
plant being temporarily put under pressure to keep out
any air which might be drawn in through any leaky
caps or joints. The following shows some tests made
•on various dates:
Date
Calorific
Value
Grois
C02
CO Remarlcs
Jan. 4, 1921 . .
458
4.0
Coal only.
Jan. 12, 1921 . .
330
3.4
35.3 Coal only.
Jan. 17, 1921 . .
446
4.5
34.2 Coal only.
Feb. 5, 1921 . .
358
6.8
27.2 Coal only.
Feb. 17, 1921 . .
. 437
5.0
28.0 Coal only.
Feb. 21, 1921 ..
249
10.8
11.8 Coke only.*
Feb. 23. 1921 ..
246
10.2
13.4 Coke only.*
Feb. 24, 1921 ..
233
10.8
18.9 Coke only.*
Mar. 7,1921 ..
254
10.8
19.2 Coke only.*
Mar. 19,1921 ..
. 3%
8.1
23.4 Coke only.
♦Low steam pressure; less boiler plant working.
It will be observed that when steam pressure is low —
i, e., under 40 lbs. — the CO* increases at the expense of
the Co. With such a low pressure, the necessary speed
•cannot be obtained on the fan, and consequently the
temperature of the generator is not raised sufficiently
to enable the water gas reaction to take place. Given
a g^ood steady speed on the fan and limiting the steam
•supply to the generator, a gas containing not more than
35^ per cent of CO, can be obtained. To produce the
Robinson'i Complete Gasification Plant at Harrogate
Analyses of the Gas
March 24, 1921 April 7, 1921
CO, 8.4 p. ct. 6.4 p. ct.
o, 0.2 p. ct. as p. ct.
Illuminants 1.4 p. ct. 1.0 p. ct.
CO 18.9 p. ct. 27.7 p. ct.
CH4 17.42 p. ct. 12.62 p. ct.
H 3926 p. ct. 44.86 p. ct.
N (by difference) 14.42 p. ct. 6.92 p. ct
100.00 100.00
Calculated calori-
fic value 393.9 (gross) 382.7 (gross)
Actual calorific ..
value 396 394
Hole in steam disc ^in. diam. ^in. diam.
Steam pressure . . 60 lbs. 00 lbs.
Speed of fan . ... 2950 r. p. m . 2115 r. p. m.
Time of charging
last retort 2 hours before test 2 hours before test
Qinkering 5 hours before test 3 hours before test
Fire dragged 1 hour before test No dragging done
The above analyses would seem to show that in the
first test there was an excess of steam, as the inerts are
higher and the CO lower than in the second test, and
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464
THE GAS AGE
June 10, 1921
evidently the percentage of blue gas was lower in the Coal, 1 ton = 6,500,000 B.t.u.
first than in the second. Thus we have two gases of Coke (from above) 13 2/3 cwt. =
practically the same calorfic value, but with totally 2/3 tonX72,000 c. ft.X300 = 14,400,000 B.tu.
different composition. The second sample was burned
in an ordinary upright incandescent burner ; and after ^ Total 20,900,000
enlarging the holes in the nipple and almost closing the ie., 69 7 p. ct. efficiency (without tar) making 360
air-ports, we obtained an excellent light and a well- B.tu. gas
filled mantle at only 1 in. pressure, the consumption of It will be observed that the full production of coke
gas being only 6. 1 cu. ft. an hour. from a ton of coal is allowed for. This is because in
From Jan. 12 to 26, daily tests gave an average of the setting described the heating of the retorts is ac-
384 B. Th.U's (gross), 5.8 per cent CO, and 29.3 per complished by the combustion of the blow gases, and
cent CO. In the test made on March 25, and deducting thus a source of waste in many water gas plants is elim-
the hour from 5 to 6 p. m., the gas made was 46,200 inated, so practically the whole of the coke is utilized
cu. ft., or 7700 cu. ft. perhour, with a quality of 344 for water gas production. As however, only about 10
B.Th.U's gross. cwt. of coke per ton are available from the ordinary re-
On a working day of 20 hours and carbonizing 2.8 torts, the calculation for the two-stage process is thus :
tons of coal, we get a make of 55,000 cu. ft. per ton Coal, 1 ton = 6,500,000 B.tu.
of 344 B. Th. U's— of 63.1 per cent in gas alone. Coke, J4 ton X 72,000 c. ft. X
If we take the period from 3 p. m. to 4 p. m., we find 300 = 10,800,000 B.t.u.
54,285 cu. ft. per ton of 366 B. Th. U's or 19,868,310
B. Th. U's per ton, or an efficiency of 66.2 per cent. Total 17,300,000 B.t.u.
If the last hour be taken, we get 70,715 cu. ft. per ton This is very good working indeed. A more average
of 321 B. Th. U's ; and the result is 22,699,515 B. Th. U's result would be :
per ton, or an efficiency of 75.66 per cent. Coal, 1 ton 6,250,000 B.t.u.
For the purpose of the above test, all the horizontal Coke, J4 ton X 65,000 c. ft. X
and vertical retorts were shut off, and the mixed gas 280 B.tu 9,100,000 B.tu.
from this plant passed through the whole of the works
plant. Total 15,350,00 B.t.u.
No measurement of the tar was taken ; but if we as- ie^ a little over 50 p.ct efficiency (ignoring tar)
sume 12 gallons per ton with a calorific value of 15,800 making 360 B.t.u. gas
B.t.u. per lb., the above yields are increased by 2,123,520 The setting is at present operated by hand; but ex-
B.t.u. — ^making the total efficiencies 70.3, 73.3, and 82.6 periments are being made with automatic control, ad-
per cent respectively, which are very close to the figures vantage being taken of the use of the single lever mc-
mentioned in the Clerk-Smithells-Cobb report of 1919. chanism. This would enable us to reduce the labour
The full efficiency (ignoring tar) which might be by one-third, by having only two 8-hour shifts, the two
expected from the usual results obtained by the two- 4-hour intervals between shifts being worked automa-
stage process may be worked out as follows : tically.
Ji Ji Ji
Schenectady Gas Rate Reduced
An Interesting Decision Recently Announced
by the Second District Commission Involving
the Value of Property and Franchise Terms
SCHENECTADY and Scotia are the two New York
State towns which called for a hearing before the
Public Service Conunission after the Adirondack
Power and Light Corporation increased the price of gas
in Schenectady from one dollar to $1.50 net, with quan-
tity scale down to $1.10 net and minimum of 50 cents.
The commission in its decision dated April 14, 1921,
fixed the price at $1.25 net, with a minimum charge of
50 cents and 10 cents for prompt payment to be effective
for six months only. The village of Scotia by franchise
would have had a lower rate, but the commission quoted
Section 65 subdivision 3 of the Public Service Commis-
sion law against as follows :
"No gas corporation shall make or g^rant any
undue or unreasonable preference or advantage to any
person, corporation or locality . . . . "
Thus Scotia must have the same rate as Schenectady.
The village franchise required 20 cents off for cash
which the commission set aside, saying:
"A deduction of 10 cents per M. cu. ft. is the usual
one, more readily computed and entirely fair."
Referring to the franchise agreement between the
village and the company the commission said:
"These franchise restrictions, however, do not limit
our power to fix a fair and reasonable rate for gas (Peo.
ex rel. Vil. of S. Glens Falls v. P. S. Com., 225 N. Y.,
216) and although the charge is in some cases slightly
in excess of the franchise restrictions, it should be im-
posed notwithstanding."
Discussed by the Commission
Since the return was to be reckoned on invested capi-
tal this was first taken up. The company claimed a
present value of property including fixed capital tangible
and un tangible, and going value, aggregating $5,827,147
the original cost being $3,523,768 ; the city conceded only
$1,700,000. The commission decision says: "The pres-
ent day value of the plant will be held not to exceed its
original cost without depreciation, except as to land
value." The original cost was first taken up.
Among the claims allowed by the commission was
receivership expenses, a portion of land and building
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June 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
465
used for gas purposes, a portion of gas accounts carried
in the electric company books; the company claimed
meter installation costs as capital, the city said they
were paid out of income as expense, the commission
decided :
"The first installation of a meter is part of the per-
manent investment of the company and adds to its
actual fixed capital .... the fact that it was actually
paid for as an operating expense is not a matter of
sufficient magnitude to affect the proposition hereto-
fore advanced that the company has had in years past
no more than a fair return upon the invested capital
.... Expected expenditures should not be allowed."
"The property has a value in addition to the sum of
the items of which it is composed, whether it be called
related intangibles, going value, going concern value
or whatnot. As to what added value these intangible
elements give the fixed capital, is, of course a matter
very difficult for determination .... It would seem
that a fair method to all of the parties would be to allow
12 percent on the tangible property for the intangible
items."
Making these deductions and additions they found the
^ggregsite fixed capital to be $2,110,484. The company
had also accumulated a reserve of $323,456 concerning
which the commission said : "This reserve, accumulated
for the purpose of making good depreciation of prop-
erty, pending such ultimate use has been invested in
the plant of the concern. This is a fund contributed by
the rate payers and not by the stockholders. The rate
payers should not be required to pay a return thereon
to the company which did not contribute to the fund."
There is then quoted the Supreme Court decision of
Justice Peckham in the Louisiana R. R. Com. v. Cum-
berland Tel. Co. (212 U. S. 414) who said:
"That it is right to raise more money to pay for de-
preciation than was actually disbursed for the particular
year there can be no doubt, for a reserve is necessary
in any business of this kind, and so it might accumulate,
but to raise more than money enough for the purpose
and place the balance to the credit of capital upon which
to pay dividends cannot be proper treatment."
[This is a matter that should be better understood and
established in general practice. It would seem that in
periods when it is impossible to sell securities represent-
ing capital, moneys placed in funds could be used in
perfect propriety by borrowing them from the fund,
paying proper interest to the fund until such time as
stock or bonds can be issued and sold to obtain the
money to be returned to the fund. The fact that this
money comes from the consumer has no bearing — ^the
consumer is the source of all income and any money he
pays belongs to the company only, it is no longer the
consumer's money. If the consumer is overcharged
to obtain this surplus, that is a matter for rate adjust-
ment. To contend that plant paid for out of surplus is
the property of the consumer is therefore ridiculous and
beside the fact. In cases of excessive capital it may even
be necessary to add plant from surplus to bring up the
value of the property in order to place the company
upon a satisfactory basis, for, let it be remembered, the
company as well as the consumer is entitled to consider-
ation and help when occasioa arises. — Ed. Gas Age]
The rate base fixed by the commission was $2,074,-
162.72 upon which it permitted a return on capital of
8 percent or $165,933 for operating expense ; add 9 per-
cent for return for surplus and contingencies, or $165,-
833; taxes, etc., and deductions brought the allowable
operating expense to $739,772. Since the company sold
640,216,^ cu. ft. of gas in 1920 this would require
an average return of $1.16 per 1000 cu. ft. The return
for the last five months of that year was found to be
$1,428. It was therefore considered that a reduction of
25 cents in the existing rates would be a fair adjustment.
The city of Schenectady first received gas in 1854
at which time they paid $4 per 1000 cu. ft. for it, in-
creasing to $4.50 in 1874 and then declining in regular
steps to $1.00 in June 1920, the following month apply-
ing the $1.50 rate. The brief fpr the company, pre-
pared by H. C. Hopson, stated that the total revenue
required per year was $733,243 plus a higher rate due
to good management and a needed surplus of $640,986
making a total of $1,374,229 or $2.14 per thousand.
The average income was given by the company as $1,515
made up of $1,217 from small consumers and $0,828
from one large consumer (The General Electric Co.).
They estimated that the average cost in 1921 would be
$1,145 exclusive of return on investment and contingency
fimd. The company wanted a total annual revenue of
$1,374,229.62 and the commission allowed $739,771.93;
the former meant a rate of $2.14 and the latter a rate
of $1.16 as compared with the average rate then existing
of $1,428. The wide divergence of these figures is
noteworthy.
Correspondence
The New Gas
Editor, The Gas Age
Sir: Referring to A. J. Hustings article on the use
of Blue Water Gas in domestic appliances as published
in "The Gas Age," of May 10th, 1921, Page 377, the
writer will say that, all things are considered great or
small by comparison, and that as the data shown by
Mr. Hustin was taken from established facts well known
to the profession, it should make interesting reading to
the advocates of the non-economical high-B.tu. stand-
ard, which is equally as damnable as the high candle
power gas ha^ been in the past. Why any sane body
of men knowingly will continue to pay tribute, and not
take advantage of a saving of 55 per cent in the cost
of production is beyond understanding, especially so,
since any 10-foot water gas generator can be converted
into a bituminous coal generator (complete gasification
in one operation method) thereby producing a 30 per
cent higher B.t.u. gas than that made from coke, this
will show a saving of $23.00 on a basis of 626,000 cubic
feet per day over coke at $9.00 and coal at $6.00
per ton; and, by also including a waste heat boiler
it will add another very attractive saving of a like
amount, which brings me to the point of conclusion
and I submit an analysis of the logical gas in question^
as obtained in the Mc Clurg gas plant at Irwin, Pa. on
January 4, 1902.
Gas Analysis
Carbonic Acid Gas 7.5
Illuminants 3
Oxygen 1.0
Carbon Monoxide 20.9
Marsh Gas 13.5
Hydrogen 43.5
♦Nitrogen 12.3
♦As obtained by difference. Residual nitrogen shows
10.6 which leaves 1.7 per cent unaccounted for.
Yours very truly,
The W. J. McClurg Gas Construction Co.
By W. J. McClurg.
Pittsburg, Pa., May 26, 1921.
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466
THE GAS AGE
June 10, 1921
Carbon Black Production Statistics
The Author is in Charge of the Divisions of Natural
Gas and Natural Gas-Gasoline for the U. S. Geological
Survey and This is Latest Information on the Subject
By E. G. SIEVERS, Washington, D. C.
THE United States Geological Survey for the first
time compiled statistics on carbon black for the
year 1919 in which the quantity produced was
52,056,940 pounds, having an estimated value of $3,816,-
000. This output was made by 36 plants, operated by
16 producers. These statistics were obtained from re-
ports filed with the Geological Survey by the producers,
and the value given is computed from the prices re-
ceived, which range from 3 cents to 27 cents a pound.
The total average price for the year 1919 was 7.3 cents
a pound. The output of carbon black in 1918, according
to estimates made by the Bureau of Mines, was 43,500,-
000 pounds. The output in 1919 was thus about 22 per
cent greater than in 1918. The average daily production
in 1919 was about 144,600 pounds; that in 1918 was
120,830 pounds.
Consumption of Natural Gas
About 49,896;200,000 cubic feet of natural gas was
consumed in the manufacture of carbon black in 1919,
as compared with 45,000,000 cubic feet in 1918. The
daily capacity of the plants in volume of gas treated
ranges from 72,000 cubic feet to 18,360,000 cubic feet,
and in quantity of carbon black produced it ranges
from 90 pounds to 22,900 pounds. The yield of carbon
black per thousand cubic feet of gas ranges from 0.65
pound to 2 pounds, but the average yield during the
year for all States was about 1.04 pounds. Of the plants
operated in 1919, 6 produced carbon black on an average
yield of less than 1 pound of carbon black to 1,000
cubic feet of gas, 17 plants from 1 to 1.2 pounds, 11
plants from 1.3 to 1.6 pounds, and 2 plants from 1.7 to
2 pounds.
Geographical Location of Plants
West Virginia was the leading producer, and Louis-
iana, which has made a very rapid growth in this indus-
try during the last few years, was second in rank. The
producing States, in the order of productipn, are as
follows : West Virginia, 57 per cent of the total output ;
Louisiana, 27 per cent ; Wyoming, 8 per cent ; Oklahoma,
3 per cent ; Kentucky, Montana, and Pennsylvania com-
bined, 5 per cent.
The carbon black industry migrates according to the
available supplies of natural gas. West Virginia has
always been the center of manufacture but Louisana and
Wyoming have made rapid growth. As natural gas is
an ideal domestic fuel the consumers demand that it be
reserved for domestic uses and the carbon black industry
has, therefore migrated to localities where there are
abundant supplies of natural gas for which there is only
a small market or no market at all.
Nature and Uses of Carbon Black
Carbon black is an amorphous form of soft carbon
produced by the incomplete combustion of natural gas.
It is sometimes confused with lamp black, which is made
by biu-ning oil or some other raw material and which dif-
fers from carbon black in molecular structure and tinc-
torial strength as well as in quality and in use. Its light-
ness and fineness, freedom from gritty particles, miscibil-
ity with oil, intensity of color, and remarkable covering
power when mixed with other materials, are among its
essential qualities.
Carbon black was first made commercially in this
country about 1864, when it was first used in making
printing ink. The growth of the industry has been stim-
ulated by the rapid increase in the publication of books
and newspapers, which demand a constantly increasing
supply of carbon black for the manufacture of printing
inks adapted to fast press work. The modem rotary
printing presses now used by daily newspapers and print-
ing establishments require an ink that will dry rapidly
and yet permit the presses to be operated at a high speed
— ^an ink that will flow freely, possess great covering
power, and make an instantaneous and legible impression,
and an ink having all these qualities can be made by us-
ing carbon black.
One pound of carbon black mixed with eight pounds of
oil and other chemicals will produce enough ink to print
2,250 copies of a sixteen-page newspaper of ordinary
size, or 90 copies of a 300-page octavo book. Prior to
1864 lamp black was used in making printing ink, but as
carbon black proved to be superior for this use it rapidly
displaced lamp black. About 25 per cent of the total an-
nual output of carbon black is now incorporated in
printing ink.
Use in Automobile Tires
The World War had a direct influence on the carbon
black industry. At the beginning of the war the impor-
tation from Germany of oxide of zinc, which was incor-
porated in automobile tires, was curtailed. It was soon
found, however, that the use of carbon black in rubber
tires, both pneumatic and solid, for automobiles and
trucks added to the life of the tire. The addition of car-
bon black has given the rubber greater toughness and
resiliency, better traction, and a longer mileage. It
has increased the tensile strength and the elasticity of
the tire about 25 per cent and 10 per cent, respectively.
The latest figures published by the Bureau of Public
Roads show that the number of commercial motor vehi-
cles— such as motor trucks and automobiles — not includ-
ing motor cycles, registered in 1920 was 9,231,941, which
would require at least 36,927,700 tires and to this the ad-
. ditional number required to replace worn out tires should
be added. Carbon black has thus become widely used
in the rubber industry which consumes about 45 per cent
of the output. The advantages of carbon black in making
rubber tires have been established but whether it is ir-
replaceable is still a matter of opinion among chemista.
Other Uses
About 10 per cent of the carbon black produced is
used in the manufacture of stove polish, about 1 per
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June 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
467
cent in phonograph records, and about 2 per cent is dis-
tributed among miscellaneous uses including black leath-
er, black and gray paper, bookbinders' board, buttons,
carbon paper, carriage cloth, celluloid, electric composi-
tion insulators, cement colorings, crayons, glazed paper,
Chinese and India inks, marking and stenciling inks, ar-
tificial stone and black tile, paint, shoe polish, tarpaulins,
type ribbon, varnish, etc.
Between 15 and 20 per cent of the output is exported.
Before the war about one-third of the output was ex-
ported, but owing to unstable conditions the export
trade has not resumed its normal proportions. Owing
to the increased use of carbon black in the manufacture
of rubber tires in this country, however, less of the prod-
uct will probably be available for export.
Distribution Statistics
The following table, stunmarizing the distribution of
carbon black in 1919, is prepared on the assumption that
the same proportion of the distribution by uses prevailed
in 1919 as in 1918, as estimated by the Bureau of Mines :
Use. Per cent.
Rubber Industry 46
Printer's ink 25
Export 17
Stove polish 10
Miscellaneous 3
Quantity.
23,425,000 Pounds
13,014,000
8,849,500 "
5,205,500 "
1,562,000
52,056,000
Jl ,11 Jl
Public Utilities Lose a Friend
The Death of Dr. E. B. Rosa of the U. S. Bureau of
Standards Will be Learned with Regret by Technical
Men Who Came in Contact with His Helping Hand
By R. S. McBRIDE, Washington, D. C.
INDUSTRY as well as science suffered a loss of large
magnitude through the death of Dr. Edward Ben-
nett Rosa, the chief physicist of the National Bureau
of Standards. He died suddenly at his desk on May
17th, really a sacrifice to
over-devotion to the public
service in the fields of
science and technology.
Dr. Rosa was born in
Rogersville, New York
just sixty years ago. He
was a graduate of Wes-
leyan University, Middle-
town, Connecticut in 1886.
Five years later he receiv-
ed his doctor's degree from
Johns Hopkins University,
after which he returned to
Wesleyan as professor of
physics. His early work
there was in the fields of
pure science, dealing par-
ticularly with fundamental
physics and later with the
respiration calorimeter in-
vestigations which made
that institution known the
world over. In this latter
work he was mainly re-
sponsible for most of the
fundamental physical
measurements which were
essential to the g^eat suc-
cess achieved.
He has been in the staff
of the Bureau of Stand-
ards from its very incep-
tion, devoting himself first
to the electrical measure-
ments and later to electrical engineering and subse-
quently to broad public utility and related investigations.
He will long be remembered as one of the most in-
Dr. Edward Bennett Rosa
fluential persons in the formation of the American En-
gineering Standards Committee, the activities of which
are becoming recognized as of high merit in practically
every field of applied science and as filling a need which
is urgent.
Not alone in his own
chosen fields of scientific
studies but through all the
broad range of the Bureau
of Standards' activities are
found the beneficial influ-
ence of his constructive
advice and broad thinking.
His immediate staff, con-
sisting of more than a hun-
dred technical assistants,
cared for the multitude of
problems in the fields of
electricity and public util-
ity operations. During the
last years of his life he
was most particularly in-
terested in matters of
safety. His personal ef-
fort has done much to
make possible the National
Electrical Safety Code and
to start the work in the
fields of the proposed Na-
tional Gas Safety Code
which is now proceeding
with the co-operation of
all branches of the indus-
try. In this essentially
industrial work he was
never willing to forsake
the sound fundamental
principles of science but at
the same time his thought and sincere effort always was
to secure the fullest possible co-operation of every com-
mercial as well as technical interest affected. In this
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THE GAS AGE
June 10, 1921
he was fundamentally in the truest sense a public serv-
ant, for he never was willing to spare himself either
liard labor or criticism.
In many fields of activity he will long be remembered
and deeply mourned because of sterling character, great
ability and far-seeing constructive scientific effort.
WORK OF THE GAS ENGINEERING SECTION
By Dr. M. G. Lloyd, Washington, D. C.
Over ten years ago, the Bureau of Standards under-
took an investigation of calorimeter standards and fiame
standards for gas photometry. This work progressed
and expanded into other gas testing work and into an
investigation of gas service standards.
In 1913, Dr. Rosa and ;R. S. McBride published Tech-
nologic Paper No. 14, entitled "Legal Specifications for
Illuminating Gas." In 1912, the first edition of Circu-
lar No. 32, "Standards for Gas Service," was published,
which has recently reached its fourth edition. The in-
fluence of this work is reflected in most of the state
rules for gas standards now in force.
Dr. Rosa took an active part in preparing the many
other publications on gas testing methods which are
now considered standard reference books on the subjects
covered.
Dr. Rosa always fought fearlessly for what he con-
sidered a square deal for the public, but at the same time
he fully recognized the valuable service rendered by the
utilities, and thus won the respect of the utility interests
by his impartial and. fair attitude in controversies that
arose between the public and the utility interests and in
which the Bureau of Standards was called upon to
render expert opinion.
OFFICIAL OBITUARY NOTICE
National Bureau of Standards
Dr. Edward Bennett Rosa, Chief Physicist of the
Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C, died suddenly
in his office at the Bureau Tuesday afternoon, May
17. Dr. Rosa was bom in Rogersville, ^ew York, Octo-
ber 4, 1861 and was the son of Rev. Edward David and
Sarah G. Rosa. In March 1894 he was married to Mary
Evans of Harrisburg, Pa.
Dr. Rosa was a graduate of Wesleyan University,
Middletown Conn., in the class of 1886. He was a
member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon Fraternity. After
leaving Wesleyan he entered Johns Hopkins University
as a graduate student and received the degree of Doctor
of Philosophy in 1891. In 1906 the hoinorary degree of
Doctor of Science was conferred on him by Wesleyan
University.
For a short time he was instructor at the University
of Wisconsin, leaving there to become professor of
Physics at Wesleyan University. He became the Chief
physicist at the Bureau of Standards in 1901.
He has done notable work in science and electrical
Engineering. At Wesleyan University he developed the
physical side of the respiration calorimeter with Prof.
W. O. Atwater. This apparatus was of g^eat value in
the pioneer investigations on the value of foods and the
study of nutrition problems. He took a leading part
in the researches to establish the fundamental electrical
units after coming to the Bureau of Standards and
served as secretary of the International Committee on
Electrical Units and Standards. He has developed the
electrical work of the Bureau of Standards from small
beginnings into an organization covering the scientific
and engineering aspects of a great national laboratory.
When Dr. Rosa took charge of the Electrical Divi-
sion of the Bureau of Standards, in addition to the
general supervision of the work of the division, he took
active charge of the section on Inductance and Capacity
and Absolute Measurements. As the work of the Elec-
trical Division grew it was necessary for him to relin-
quish some of the detailed work of this section. How-
ever, he remained in active charge of the section until
the division moved into the electrical building in 1915.
When Dr. Rosa began his work in the Electrical
Division it was his ambition to determine a number of
the fundamental electrical constants. In conjunction
with Dr. Dorsey he immediately undertook the determi-
nation of the ratio of the electromagnetic and electro-
static units. The results obtained are the most accurate
which have ever been determined.
About 1907 Dr. Rosa and Dr. Dorsey started their
work on the determination of the ampere. This work
ran oyer a period of years and gave a value of the
ampere which had not previously been equalled. In
order to be able to reproduce the ampere in a concrete
way Dr. Rosa and Mr. Vinal started work on the silver
voltameter. This was carried on simultaneously with
the absolute determination of the ampere so that now
we are able to define the ampere in a satisfactory manner.
Dr. Rosa devised a new apparatus for determining the
absolute value of the ohm. Models of this were tried in
1908 and 1909 and gave promise of satisfactory results.
However, the pressure of other work compelled the
abandonment of this experiment, but he had always
hoped that the time would soon come when it might be
continued.
Dr. Rosa found that the formulae for the computing
of inductance were not well developed and were scattered
widely through the literature. He undertook to collect
these formulae together and in doing so found it desir-
able to considerably increase their number. During his
early years at the Bureau he published a large number
of papers on the computing of inductance. Finally, in
connection with Dr. Grover, he collected together prac-
tically all the known formulae for computing inductance.
This collection is known the world over as being a
model of it^ kind.
Electrolysis — In 1910, there was instituted under Dr.
Rosa's direction an exhustiv^ investigation into the
subject of electrolytic corrosion of underground gas and
water pipes, and lead cable sheaths due to stray currents
from electric railways. This problem has for years
been one of major importance to public utility companies
throughout the country, and prior to the work being
taken up under Dr. Rosa's direction at the Bureau
of Standards very little definite information was avail-
able as to the laws governing electrolytic corrosion
or the methods of reducing trouble from this source.
The work done under his direction included a definite
establishment of laws governing electrolytic corrosion,
and much progress in the direction of mitigating trouble
of this nature. This work has for a number of years
been carried on in close co-operation with the utility
interests of the country through the medium of the
American Committee on Electrolysis, of which Dr. Rosa
was a member.
War Work — During the War, Dr. Rosa directed the
development of a number of scientific instruments which
were of inestimable value to the American Forces in
France. Among these might be mentioned a sound
ranging device for locating big guns ; the geophone for
the detection of mining operations, the development of
aircraft radio apparatus, and the improvement of radio
direction finders by which enemy ships and air craft
could be located. Under his direction at the Bureau of
Standards was established perhaps the finest radio re-
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June 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
469
search laboratory in the country, and he has always
shown an intense interest in improving apparatus and
methods of radio communication.
Safety Standards — In addition to his diversified work
in the field of electrical research. Dr. Rosa was keenly
interested in the prevention of industrial accidents and
in the promulgation of safety standards for use by state,
municipal and insurance organizations. He conceived
the idea of a National Electrical Safety Code several
years ago and the present code is largely the result of
his efforts. Similarly the Bureau has undertaken a
number of other national safety codes, the Safety Code
Section working under his direction.
His broad vision showed him the need of a central
clearing house for engineering standards. For years he
worked whole-heartedly to bring about the formation of
such an organization. It was due in no small measure
to his efforts that the American Engineering Standards
Committee is now functioning.
The broader aspects of the scientific and engineering
work of the Federal Goverment were clearly presented
in a series of papers by Dr. Rosa, while his analysis of
government expenditures was largely quoted by leading
periodicals, as well as in both Houses of Congress. His
last paper on this subject, now in press, would in itself
have established his national reputation.
Dr. Rosa was a charter member and one of the officers
of the Federal Club, an organization of executives of
the various governmental departments. Dr. Rosa re-
ceived the Elliott Cresson Medal of the Franklin In-
stitute. He was a Fellow of the American Institute of
Electrical Engineers, the American Physical Society,
the American Association for the Advancement of Sci-
ence, and a member of the National Academy of
Sciences. He was also a member of the Illuminating
Engineering Society, Washington Academy of Sciences,
and the Philosophical Society.
JH J$ JH
Big Gas Holder for Baltimore
The Bottom for the New Ten-Million Cubic-Foot Hold-
er Has Just Been Put in Place and the Complete Holder
Will Soon Be Ready to Supply the Growing Demand
By A. W. HAWKS, JR., Baltimore, Md.
AT THE Spring Garden plant of the Consolidated
Gas and Electric Co. of Baltimore on May 21 was
put in place the bottom of the steel tank for a 10,-
000,000 cu. ft. steel holder which will cost the company
about $900,000. The occasion was a ceremony witnessed
by many people, including the officers of the company.
In order to rivet the sheets constituting the bottom of
the tank it had to be raised from the foundation far
enough to permit a man to work beneath and the usual
problem after getting the man out was to lower the bot-
tom uniformly, after removing the blocking, to prevent
buckling or undue strain upon the sheets. Since the bot-
tom was 275 feet in diameter and weighed 500 tons it was
a job of some magnitude.
The usual method of lowering by screw jacks was em-
ployed, 300 jack-screws being employed operated by 372
men. At the blast of a whistle, each man walked half-
way around the screw and waited for the next signal.
In this way all the screws made the same number of
turns and the plates were safely bedded in about an hour.
These steel plates were delivered about 20 ft. in length
and from 5-16 to 5-8 in. thick. The work was under
the direction of George Beaden Kopf, chief engineer,
and the builders were the Bartlett Hayward Company.
Lowering the bottom of tank for Baltimore's new 10 million gas holder
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THE GAS AGE
June 10, 1921
A Close-up View of the Jacks
The holder will be one of the big ones of this design,
the steel tanks holding 16,500,000 gallons of water, be-
ing 38 feet deep and 273 feet in diameter and covering
1.5 acres of foundation. There will be five lifts and
8,500,000 lbs. of steel will be required in its construc-
tion. It is known as Holder No. 10, the previous niun-
ber being erected two years ago. Naturally the financ-
ing of this extension was a problem in itself but it was
Company Officers Observing the Work
done and when the structure towers 275 ft. in the air
and supplies one-third of the gas for the city it will be
a monument to enterprise and courage for others to emu-
late.
The officers of the company shown in the illustration
are Herbert A. Wagner, president; Charles M. Cohn,
vice-president; William Schmidt Jr., secretary; George
Beaden Kopf, chief engineer, and H. R. Cook, assistant
to the chief engineer.
JH JH Ji
Coal Stoppage in Great Britain
Six Weeks Closing Oflf of Coal
Supplies and the Result as Told
by an Engineer on the Ground
By NORTON H. HUMPHRYS, Salisbury. England
THE present position of the three sided dispute be-
tween the Miners, the Mine owners, and the Govern-
ment, is practically the same as that previously
reported. No coal has been raised in Great Britain
since March 31st, and numerous propositions sug-
gesting lines leading up to a satisfactory settlement
have so far proved abortive. The progress of events
has shown that the cardinal points at issue were cor-
rectly indicated in previous letters.
The principal item peculiar to last month was the
withdrawal of the notices for a general strike, issued by
the Railway & Transport Unions, on the sensible ground
that the Miners have rejected reasonable proposals for
negotiation. Naturally they are in sympathy to some
extent with resistance to reduced wage rates, and the
long dispute has a disturbing effect on them as on all
other workers.
Taken as a whole, the Railway men, in the matter of
education arid common sense, are decidedly superior to
the coal miners. The decontrol of the railways is due
on August 31st; and I am not surprised that matters
are generally reported to be so far adjusted between
the railways companies and their employes, that there
need be no apprehension as to a similar railway dispute.
Not an Unmixed Evil
The effects of this additional strain on the depleted
resources of gas undertakings, already overloaded by
the aftermath of War conditions, are an extraordinary
combination of good and evil. In some directions, they
may prove disastrous, but in others, decidedly beneficial.
Not only are we called upon to face heavy expenditure
in the maufacturing department, but reduced consump-
tion means reduced income, with no possibility of any-
thing like a pro rata reduction in expenditure.
Apart from the cost of coal and oil, there is little
scope for economy ; and to say the least, while the cost
of coal may perhaps be doubled, the quality will not im-
prove. There was a six weeks National stoppage in
1912 ; and then the position was unblushingly exploited
by the sale, at high prices, of pit refuse and other rub-
bish that would neither yield gas nor coke. To-day I
hear of one gas works that is closed down, not because
there is no coal on the premises, but they cannot make
a coke good enough to maintain working temperatures
in the retort settings.
On the other hand, we may look for a keener appreci-
ation of the fact that an efficient g^s service is one of
the necessities incidental to modern civilization. Even
throughout the troublous War times, the supply has
been so regular, that it is accepted as a matter of course,
like sunshine and fresh air. A long spell of cloud and
rain, directs attention to the importance of natural bless-
ings; and the inconvenience attending even a partial
stoppage of gas supply, accentuates the need for a good
service, and incidentally for fair treatment of the gas
shareholders in the matters of financial and other work-
ing conditions.
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Managers Position Insecure
The prestige of gas still suffers from careless and
negligent, usage notwithstanding all efforts in the way
of educating the consumers; and an enforced attention
to economy directs attention to many wasteful habits
that can readily be eliminated. The position of gas as
compared with competing agents is thus improved. An
inside advantage, is a more active interest and inclina-
tion to encourage the installation of improvement in
manufacturing and purifying plant, on the part of
directors and shareholders.
War conditions have already stimulated progress in
this direction, and are responsible for dispelling notions
that any intelligent gas-fitter is a competent works
manager, or that a competent works chemist can be
obtained for a weekly wage that would be refused with
contempt by the office boy.
There is now no difficulty in getting a promising
novelty efficiently tested on a working scale; whereas
formerly, progressive men were not in universal favour.
Many gas engineers knew that unless they showed a
good dividend on the works as they stood, room would
be found for a successor ; and any ideas outside the
scope of next year's profits were regarded as unpracti-
cal and visionary. Praise or blame, according to the
exigencies of the case, properly due to the design and lay
out of the plant, and other uncontrollable factors, were
passed on to the man in charge ; and the results did not
assist genuine progress.
Excessive Consumption
No efficient method by which the supply of gas can
be fairly reduced to all alike is known; and consumers
are remarkably indifferent to official notices, requests,
or orders, even if issued under Government authority.
All attempts by the Coal Mines dpartment, to influence
the question, have proved as unworkable and as imprac-
ticable as many other Goverment schemes. Nominally,
recalcitrant users are subject to all the terrors of the
Defence of the Realm Act ; but in spite of the fact that
few gas undertakings are able to report substantial
reductions in consumption, even where supply pressures
have been reduced. The only example that has come to
my knowledge, is that of a tradesman who was, brought
before the local magistrates, and fined a small amount,
for refusing to reduce his shop window lights. But
is rarely happens that the lack of restriction is so blatant,
and a consumer who virtuously reduces the front lights
to a glimmer, may flare away at the back to his heart's
content, without much risk of detection.
Not only is it difficult to locate, but also to define what
is or is not excessive consumption. A householder
whose coal bin is empty, and whose application for a
supply permit is refused on the groimd that he possesses
a gas cooker, can scarcely be expected to follow up with
a large reduction in use of gas; and apart from that,
the coal supply limit is fixed as such a low point that
it will barely keep body and soul together, without some
extra help from the gas.
A cut of one half on the nomal work pressures operates
unequally in the district, as the diminished supply
gravitates towards the highest levels, with the result
that while some cannot get gas worth the name, others
do not recognize any difference. For certain fixed pur-
poses, say the raising of a gallon of water from atmos-
pheric temperature of 150*" Fah. and reduction of pres-
sure increases consumption. Although less gas is used
per minute, it is burning for a longer time.
Domestic Coal Supply
The household coal bin is more immediately in evi-
dence, than the stocks at the gas works ; also it is known
that the consumption of coal at the latter point can be
economized, on emergency, by the assistance of coke
and oil, and that the coal mines department have ordered
that any means of cutting down coal consumption shall
be utilized for all it is worth. But, the chief factor is
public confidence. Coal strikes. Transport strikes,
scarcity and truculence of labour, etc., are now
such every day events that the public are little
interested in them. In spite of all, failures to main-
tain the gas supply have been so few as to be excep-
tional ; and the gas engineer and his staff enjoy an
established reputation as men of resource, game to the
last feather. The consumers have more confidence in
the gas, than in the coal supply.
Cutting off Gas Supply
There are many objections to complete stoppage of
the gas supply during stated periods daily, but ex-
perience shows it to be the only effective weapon. Some
of the consumers will use gas, as long as they can get
it. Where coal suppliies are cut, say 50 per cent, even
an archangel would fail to persuade consumers to vol-
untarily make an equivalent reduction. It is necessary
to look ahead, beyond the needs of the day. At the best,
a considerable time must elapse before there will be a
return to anything like normal supplies of coal.
A few instances of actually throwing up the sponge
might be mentioned, but they are confined to small un-
dertakings, and are as much due to financial considera-
tions as to actual shortage of coal. Small communities
are not heavy users at the best of times and a reduced
consumption at this season of the year, brings it so low
that it will not pay even the standing expenses. If the
banks are worrying about the extent of the over draft,
and the experiences of the past six years are such that
new capital cannot be raised on fair terms, where is
the prospect of remunerative business on half time
terms, with the cost of coal doubled ?
The average gas works stock of coal on April 1st,
may be taken as equivalent to six weeks normal require-
ments. In one way and another, this has been spread
out, so that to-day the average stock is good for about
14 days ; but as I write, some cargoes of American coal
are well on the way, and will be delivered within the
next few days. So, even under the present serious stress,
many are hoping to maintain the reputation above
mentioned, and to be spared the extreme mortification,
after having kept up a decent gas supply for perhaps
nearly 50 years, of seeing both coal store and gasholders
entirely empty.
Institution Meeting Postponed
In view of the fact that many engineers cannot leave
home even for a day, and that others are prevented by
the restrictions in .railway service, all express trains
having been stopped, the President and Council of the
Institution of Gas Engineers have postponed the annual
meeting, called in London for the 24th-26th inst. Their
action is unanimously approved by the members. Every
preparation had been made for a good programme, and
a number of French colleagues were expected to swell
the list of visiters. Much regret and sympathy with the
executive are freely expressed, though it is agrceed that
no other course was practicable.
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Forethoughts on Gas Engineering
From a Paper Presented at the
Southern Gas Assn. Convention
by an Engineer and Contractor
By EDWARD L. RIEHA, Baltimore, Md.
A PAPER on the facts regarding Gas Standards was
very ably presented by Mr. J. B. Klumpp, Chair-
man of the A. G. A. Committee on Calorific Stand-
ards at the last annual meeting of that Association. An-
other intrepid and complete presentation of the subject
was just recently brought before the members of the
Missouri and Indiana Gas Associations at their last
meeting by Mr. Alfred I. Phillips, of the Staff of the
American Gas Association, and to those who have not
familiarized themselves with the situation, I cannot too
strongly urge the reading of these two papers.
Both of these gentlemen mentioned the possibility of
distributing a gas of about 400 B.t.u. per cu. ft. for the
future. In this regard I do not hesitate to go a step fur-
ther and say that it is an absolute necessity to do so and
the sooner we get to realize it, the better for all con-
cejcned.
Why ? Because first of all, we cannot continue to de-
pend upon staple supplies of raw materials. Their cost
is getting prohibitive, their availability very difficult,
and secondly, because we are obligated, as every one
must agree, to get the maximum yield from the raw
materials which are readily available. With existing
methods and imder prevalent regulations this is im-
possible.
We cannot afford to let this question go unsolved and
permit the industry to be overcrowded with difficulties
and to drift unprepared and unguided into the problems
and contingencies of the future.
It is none too soon to think of the new developments
as being those which will be the backbone of the gas
industry a few years from now. The great importance
of their proper direction is thus at once evident, and it
is up to the Gas Engineers of this country to start the
divergence from the old time-worn paths, and lead the
way towards advancement and stability.
The Subject for Discussion
Hence, I have chosen the title of this paper as being
"Some Forethoughts on Gas Engineering."
How, then, are we to arrive at a satisfactory solution
of this problem?
To begin with, let us ask ourselves a few questions:
1. Is it a proven fact that 400 B.t.u. gas is as service-
able as one of a higher calorific value?
2. In distributing a gas of such quality, will it be pos-
sible to reduce the cost to the consumer ?
3. How are the Gas Companies to arrive at this re-
duction in cost ?
4. What process of manufacture under such condi-
tions would be the one most feasible to adopt?
Let us answer these questions with illustrations of
what has been accomplished in England by the British
Gas Undertakings over a working period now covering
nearly two years.
European Experience
Evidently some of you have probably read of the re-
sults secured under the new Act of ParUament known as
the "Gas Regulation Act," which was finally approved
August 4th, 1920, but as it is the purpose of this paper
to present facts and figures, and substantiate them by
quoting from actual experience, I crave the kind indul-
gence of those who are already familiar with the re-
in the abundance of our raw supplies, we have always
been able to demand a specific quality for our coal, our
oil. etc., but the war-stricken countries of Europe have
been compelled by rulings and restrictions of their gov-
ernments to utilize materials for the manufacture of gas
which to them, in the beginning, appeared ahnost like
an impossibility. Yet with intensive study, constant
perseverance and repeated trials, they have successfully
combatted all difficulties, and it is from them that we
may, at the moment, learn many things for our profit.
On two different occasions, one as far back as July,
1918, the British Government compelled all Gas Com-
panies to operate on an average standard of 500 B.t.u.'s,
before scrubbing the gas, with a minimum standard ot
450 B.t.u's. The next emergency arose in 1919, during
the great Railroad Strike, when gas of 425 B.t.u. was
prescribed.
In the beginning some disturbances were occasioned,
but these were only of a minor character and consider-
ably less in extent that was at first anticipated.
At the close of the war it became a question with the
authorities whether it would be advisable to continue
the distribution of a gas much lower in heating units
per cu. ft. than usually was customary. The experience
of several years' operation along these lines apparently
did not seem to satisfy some of the doubting individuak.
Research and Experiment
In consequence a large amount of accurate work was
done in this particular r^^rd by the Research Sub-
Committee of the British Institution of Gas Engineers,
supplemented by a great many separate tests of Gas
Companies and Fuel Engineers. Men of such Ability
and prominence in the profession as Professor Arthur
Smithells, Professors John W. Cobb and J. B. 0>nai,
of the University of Leeds, Dr. E. W. Smith and Mr.
James Wood, of the Birmingham Corporation Gas De-
partment, collaborated in this work, and the results of
their findings are decisive and irrevocable.
Experiments on the relative efficiency in the use of
different grades of gas were made, both with respect to
its use in low pressure incandescent burners, as also in
radiant fire heaters. . ..- • r
Coal gas lowered in calorific value by the addition of
inerts, or by admixture with water-gas, has made it
possible to state the influence of such additions or ad-
mixtures more precisely than has ever before been at-
tempted.
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Consideration of low temperature operations, under
which may be included water boiling and cooking, was
excluded from the report of the Research Sub-Commit-
tee. It \yas confined principally to the study of a low-
er standard of gas when used in high temperature work.
The service of tests covered a wide range, and were
primarily for the purpose of determining what effects
nitrogen, carbon-dioxide and air, as diluents, had upon
the usual grade of coal gas of 600 B.t.u's, and their rel-
ative bearing upon the thermal efficiency of such gas
mixtures.
Report of the British Research Committee
To summarize the first portion of this report I will
quote as follows:
"In the main, the gases dealt with have been made
from straight coal gas, the original calorific value of
which has been reduced by other means than modifica-
tion of the carbonizing process, viz., by the deliberate
introduction of inerts. The particular cases of nitrogen,
carbon dioxide, and oxygen (in the form of air) have
been investigated.
"Equal percentages of these inerts added to straight
coal gas exert very different effects upon thermal effi-
ciency in use. Air may be mixed with a straight gas of
low inerts to the extent of 20 to 30 per cent of the mix-
ture without reducing in the slightest degree the illumi-
nating power and the thermal efficiency attainable with
the incandescent mantle burner, if heat units are sup-
plied at the equivalent rates.
"Air, then, in this proposition is not to be regarded as
a harmful constituent of a gas mixture as far as thermal
efficiency in use is concerned. Where nitrogen or car-
bon dioxide is added to a straight coal gas there is a re-
duction of theoretical flame temperature which might
be expected to reduce the attainable illuminating power
and thermal efficiency; but in practice such factors as
flame shape and structure assume so much importance
that only when the quantity of inerts becomes large, or
when a specially arranged series of mixtures is under
test, can the falling-off in illuminating power and effi-
ciency be definitely associated with the lowering of
theoretical flame temperature. For smaller quantities
of inerts and for gas compositions in general, any such
effect is masked by other influences. The difficulty of
connecting theoretical flame temperature with illumi-
nating power and thermal efficiency is again exemplified
by the blue water gas series, where the theoretical flame
temperature is higher than for coal-gas; but the cor-
responding higher illuminating powers were not ob-
tained.
"For equal volumes of the inert constituent, carbon-
dioxide is much worse than nitrogen. The difference is
slightly greater than can be entirely accounted for by
the greater specific heat of carbon-dioxide.
"In classifying our results, the standard of perform-
ance attained has been taken as satisfactory when the
maximum candle-power attainable did not fall below 70
candle power, with a thermal efficiency not below 30
candle power per 1000 B.Th.U. net supplied for the "C
sized mantle.
"Mixtures of straight coal gas with nitrogen up to 35
per cent of the mixture satisfy this requirement; while
up to 25 per cent of nitrogen the reduction in efficiency,
as compared with the original gas in ordinary burners,
is of no practical consequence.
"With carbon-dioxide only 10.5 per cent can be added
to straight coal gas before the thermal efficiency falls
below the limit indicated. Where carbon-dioxide and
nitrogen are present together, the limit is determined by
their additive effect.
"The difference in influence of the same quantity of
an inert constituent according to its nature, whether
it is nitrogen, carbon-dioxide or oxygen indicates a
limitation in the value of 'total inerts' as defining gas
quality.
"The above remarks are applied only to straight coal
gas diluted with carbon-dioxide, air and nitrogen, over
a range 600 to 300 B. Th. U. gross per cu. ft. and used
for lighting with upright incandescent mantles at or-
dinary pressures."
Conditions of the Test for Lighting and Heating
It is to be stated here in conjunction with the pre-
ceding summary, that with the ordinary burner used in
the test the illuminating values and thermal efficiencies
were highly satisfactory and fully met the standard pro-
posed with a supply of gas of 343 B.t.u. gross per ctt
ft. for the air coal gas series, 350 B.tu. gross per cu. ft.
for the nitrogen coal gas mixture, and 443 B.t.u. gross
per cu. ft. for the carbon dioxide coal gas mixture. In
the latter mixture the COg content of the gas ran as high
as 32.2 per cent.
The "C" size mantle and the No. 2 burner which were
used in the tests compare closely to the usual types ap-
plied in the U. S., namely the standard 4 "Welsbach or
Reflex No. 107 Mantle, and the No. 71 Upright Wels-
bach Burner.
The illuminating power in each case was the horizon-
tal illuminating power through the center of the mantle.
It should be borne in mind that some 1900 to 22O0
B.t.u.'s net per hour represent the normal heat con-
sumption for the burner.
Only within certain limits approaching closely to the
maximum quantities of inerts permissible in the gas
mixture, was it found necessary to make new adjust-
ments to the burner. Pressures were maintained at about
24 to 26 tenths inches.
Coming to the second portion of this report dealing
with radiant efficiencies of gas fires, the following intro-
duction was to be noted that : a — Existing gas fires vary
considerably in their ability to adapt themselves to gases
of different grades, b— The evidence obtained so far
points to the conclusion that a difference in the grade of
composition of the gas supplied within wide limits does
not cause any considerable difference in the radiant
efficiency of a gas-fire, provided that the mechanical
construction of the fire will allow sufficient gas to be
passed, so that the same number of B.t.u. per hoiu* can
be supplied to the radiants.
This statement was fully supported by the more ex-
tensive and comprehensive data that had been gathered
in a number of tests — at least down to 400 B.t.u. gross
per cu. ft., irrespective of the manner in which the quali-
ty of the gas had been attained, whether by the admix-
ture of coal gas with inerts or with blue water gas.
Below 400 B.t.u. gross per cu. ft. it is hardly justifiable
to assert that the thermal efficiency is independent of
the composition of the gas for a specified calorific value,
but even here the differences are not nearly so great as
those met with in the lighting tests.
Test for Radiant Efficiency with Various Gases
The report concludes with the following general sum-
mary : A series of comparative tests of radiant efficien-
cy has been made with a typical gas fire covering a
range of calorific values and gas qualities from 150 to
600 B.t.u. gross per cu. ft.
The mixtures comprised straight coal gas, gas diluted
with air, with nitrogen, with carbon-dioxide and with
blue water gas — each in a series of mixtures of different
proportions; also (as an extreme case) Mond gas.
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Excepting for rich gases requiring a large volume of
air per cu. ft. for their complete combustion, the addi-
tion of air down to 350 B.t.u. gross per cu. ft. produces
no determinate effect on the radiant efficiency in use
(and hence presumably upon the total thermal efficiency
also). The inclusion of air among the "total inerts,"
when considering thermal efficiency in use, is therefore
misleading.
Nitrogen may be added to good coal gas to the extent
of 20 per cent, thereby reducing the calorific value to
500 B.t.u. gross, without affecting the radiant efficiency
to any measurable extent.
The fall in radiant efficiency with further dilution is
very slow ; and even when the calorific value is reduced
300 B.t.u. gross the maximum radiant efficiency only
falls from 44 to 40 per cent on the gross calorific value.
(At 400 B.t.u., the drop is only to 42 per cent.)
This fall is actually less than that experienced with
rich coal gas (530 B.t.u. gross and upwards) due to im-
perfect aeration, and is little greater than the variations
in radiant efficiency with any one gas which accompany
ordinary alterations in the rate of its use.
The carbon-dioxide has more effect than nitrogen as
a diluent, volume for volume, but need not be separate-
ly considered unless its volume is large — say, greater
than 5 per cent.
Blue water gas mixtures show a slight increase in
radiant efficiency as the proportion of blue water gas in
the mixture rises.
Good blue water gas by itself gives a high efficiency ;
but inasmuch as the principal inert in the poorer grades
is liable to be carbon-dioxide, a fairly rapid drop in
efficiency is experienced as the calorific value falls below
320 B.t.u. gross.
An efficiency of 36 per cent on the gross calorific value
was obtained with Mond gas containing approximately
60 per cent of incombustibles, of which 15 per cent was
carbon-dioxide.
This represents only about 80 per cent of the useful
thermal output of coal gas or blue water gas mixtures.
In conclusion, it is to be pointed out that while inerts
have thus far been shown to exert measurable effects up-
on the thermal efficiency of the gas fire, these effects are
relatively small, and for any mixture down to 350 B.t.u
gross per cu. ft. thermal equivalence in practice may be
assumed.
It is appropriate to state here that a plain lO-inch fire
was selected, flat fronted, and simple in the design of its
casting ; so that no abnormal distribution of the radiant
energy was encountered. The burner tips were imiform
size across the whole width of the fire and not graduated
as is sometimes the case. A normal type of columnar
radiant was employed. The injector supplied was of
the sliding type and sufficed for all tests down to 300
B.tu. gross per cu. ft., with the ordinary means of ad-
justment provided by 'the makers. For Mond gas, how-
ever, of 140 to 150 B.t.u. gross per cu. ft. a special tem-
porary injector was fitted.
The fire was supplied with gas from a 20 light meter
through a short ^" service and a pressure of 32 tenths
at the inlet of the meter was available. The pressure at
the inlet of the injector was regulated to 20 tenths, ex-
cept in a few cases where it was increased to 30 tenths
when reaching the maximum introduction of certain
inerts.
These pressures were maintained when the fire was in
operation even at the highest gas rate employed, and
are therefore not the static pressures at the inlet of the
injector.
A typical curve obtained by plotting radiant efficiency
against the hourly rate of heat supply showed that the
maximum efficiency was evidently reached in the neigh-
borhood of 13,000 B.t.u. gross per hour. A ten per cent
variation either way was barely perceptible.
Later Tests
In confirmation of these points, certain earlier tests
were repeated after five months of almost daily use of
the heater with substantially the same results.
It should be observed that throughout this report, as
in the earlier one, the radiant efficiency only is dealt
with, and the whole value of the gas fire as a heating
agent was not to be implied in any of the trials.
As a matter of fact, to allow for "convected heat" the
values given for radiant efficiency must be increased by
something like 50 per cent so that the value of 44 per
cent given as the radiant efficiency of a certain gas on its
gross calorific power must be increased to approximate-
ly 66 per cent to obtain a fair estinfiate of its total ther-
mal efficiency, when used in such type heaters.
As this latest report deals principally with the use of
gas of a low calorific value in incandescent burners and
radiant fire heaters, you evidently will be interested to
know something about such gas applied for cooking and
water heating.
It has been asserted by some Engineers that lowering
of the calorific value of the gas causes a proportional
increase in the amovmt of gas consumed. This theory
does not hold good with water heating and cooking ap-
pliances.
Under similar pressures, with burners adjusted to
suit, it has been demonstrated that a lower grade gas
would give the better results.
In one test a gas of 600 B.t.u. required 1793 heat units
to boil a quart of water, while a 450 B.t.u. gas needed
only 1516 heat units. In another test a 593 B.t.u. gas
required 1726 heat units and a 441 B.t.u. gas only 1521
heat imits. In a later third test a 565 B.t.u. gas required
1714 heat units and a 422 B.t.u. gas only 1551 heat units.
You will have learned from the foregoing accounts
that ample evidence is at hand to justify the distribu-
tion of a lower B.t.u gas than is now the practice, and
that same can be done with a larger proportion of inerts
or diluents than has heretofore been accepted as advis-
able, and that actual tests have proven there is no lower-
ing of efficiency of the gas to the consumer.
In abstracting a report of this character, one cannot
pass on without expressing apology to the authors for
its inadequacy, and commending to your careful reading
the entire paper which handled the situation so ably and
completely.
Cost to the Consumer
We have now approached the second question : "Will
it be possible to reduce the cost of such a gas to the con-
sumer?"
Taking all things into consideration, that such grade
gas would allow the Gas Companies to purchase raw
materials in a much wider market than at present, that
the yield of gas per ton of coal could be vastly increased
over present methods, and that attendant with this
would come a much greater production per man per
day, and again, that the capital cost for the machinery
would be reduced proportionately to its increased ca-
pacity, I believe we can respond to this question in the
affirmative.
At this juncture it may be well to treat the above
question with question number three as both bear close
relation to each other, and can probably be answered to-
gether to better advantage.
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June 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
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First of all, the purchasing of coal located nearer to
the plants will cause some saving in the cost of the prod-
uct. There will be a greater variety to choose from, and
competition should be made keener with the widening
of these sources of supply.
It must, however, be borne in mind that where there
is too great a difference in quality, the relative costs of
obtainable B.t.u. per ton and the added requirements for
gas purification must be compared before rendering a
decision.
On the yield of gas per ton of coal we surely can im-
prove over present methods. The usual carbonizing
process in horizontal or inclined retorts without steam-
ing never gave muqh over 11,000 to 12,000 cu. ft. per ton
in ideal operation. Modem Vertical Retort Settings or
Chambers have been operated with an introduction of
steam during the latter period of the charge, in some
instances as soon as the contents of the retort or cham-
ber were sufficiently incandescent to permit the use of
steam for increasing the yields.
These methods of operation have proven satisfactory
up to 15,000 to 16,000 cu. ft. per net ton. Any increases
beyond these figures were attended with a rapid falling
oflF in heats and an increase in generator fuel which made
further efficiency doubtful. Yet with a lower grade of
gas, there are possibilities where these limits can be
materially extended.
But since we are advocating a 400 B.t.u. gas for dis-
tribution, why should we stop at this stage, when the
highest economy and efficiency still lie ahead of us?
A ton of coal contains about 30,000,000 B.t.u. from
which, under our present systems, we realize only about
6,000,000 to 7,500,000 B.t.u. in the gas, or an efficiency
of 20 per cent to 25 per cent.
Now, is there some way by which we can approach
nearer to a more perfect utilization of the coal by in-
creasing the yield of B.t.u. so as to effect economies that
will insure us the opportunity to reduce the costs of
production ?
Complete Gasification of Coal
Not only is there a way possible, but I will endeavor,
in answering the final question, to bring to your atten-
tion a method that has not only been tried out, but has
been successfully adopted in quite a large number of
gas plants in England and on the Continent of Europe—
namely the Complete Gasification of Coal.
Gas plants, you will doubtless concede, should es-
sentially be gas generating stations. Of necessity, in
years past, we were obliged to handle coke, tar, etc., as
by-products. Only in certain localities, and when the
markets were favorable, could these by-products be dis-
posed of to an advantage.
It has been the gas man who, in late years, has been so
strongly advocating the substitution of gaseous fuel in-
stead of solid fuel for domestic heating and industrial
operations, but always has he been confronted with the
problem of producing such a commodity at a low enough
price to make it attractive from every viewpoint.
With few exceptions, this difficulty prevented the ap-
plication of gaseous fuel more universally.
With complete gasification and recovering 70 per cent
to 80 per cent of the efficiency of the coal in the form of
heat units, there can be but little reason to doubt that
our industry is standing on the threshold of immense
development. The many advantages of gaseous fuel
have been so frequently discussed that it is hardly nec-
essary to touch upon them here at any great length.
The ability to regulate furnace operations to the de-
sired temperatures, resulting in increased output, greater
bulk handled per man per unit of time, reducing super-
ficial feet of factory area, and thereby saving in capital
expenditure, are only a few of the benefits derived, not
to forget to mention, the cleanliness, the healthier sur-
roundings of the workmen, and as a matter of fact,
improving living conditions in general.
The cycle of business depression will soon revert to
one of prosperity, and it behooves us to be ready to
meet the larger and sudden demands that will be made
upon the gas industry.
Inasmuch as the idea of complete gasification of coal
has already been periodically discussed by the technical
press, and since we are to deal with some facts and
figures on this subject, we will immediately proceed to
examine what really has been accomplished abroad.
Comparison with Coal as Fuel
With several systems now in operation, it is possible
to recover 22,500,000 heat units per ton, or get an effi-
cieny of 75 per cent of the coal in the form of gas of
400 B.t.u. per cu. ft.' This mean an increase of 300
per cent over most of the present-day processes of gas
making.
This is surely something worth investigating in these
times, for what does it mean?
It is that, combined with the greater efficiency of gas
appliances than coal appliances, the economy, efficiency
and labor-saving of gas would put coal out of the run-
ning in competition for domestic purposes. Take a
coal of a value per ton of 30 million B.t.u. and a coal
fire giving 20 per cent efficiency. This will mean that
only 6 million B.t.u. are usefully employed. Take the
same coal and convert into gas at 75 pef cent efficiency —
will give 22J/2 million B.t.u. Gas fires with a heating
efficiency of 75 per cent would send into the room heat
equivalent to nearly 17,000,000 B.t.u., or about three
times more than the coal fire.
Along the same line of estimate, the increased yield
of gas per ton of coal will, in comparison with solid
fuel, greatly enhance the use of gas for industrial work.
Viewing it from another aspect, we can see that it will
require only about one-third of the coal with this new
process to get the results as compared with the old
systems. Surely one cannot fail to realize the immense
saving that will accrue with the lesser amount of ton-
nage to be transported by the railways, and again
handled at the plant.
Experience at Oldham
As an instance, let me quote the Engineer of the Old-
ham Corporation Gas Committee. "Some four years
ago the Company started with a stock of 30,000 tons of
coal in October, and finished up with 2,000 tons in
April. The year following they began with 20,000 tons
and finished again with 2,000 tons. The next year they
started with 9,000 tons and the quantity sufficed to carry
them over the same period of operation and gave per-
fectly good results in the quality of gas distributed.
From that date on (March, 1920) entire satisfaction has
been afforded the consumers with a gas of between 400
and 408 B.t.u. per cu. ft." It may be well to mention
that in the Oldham area, with a population of 250,000
people, there are some 700 to 800 mills and workshops,
over 400 gas engines, 56,000 gas meters, 25,000 gas cook-
ers, about the same number of gas heaters, 7,000 public
gas lamps, and a large number of gas furnaces, water
heaters, etc. All told, 242 miles of gas mains with a
consumption of 1,500 million cu. ft. per annum. If a
town of this size can give satisfaction, I feel sure it can
be do.e ii any city in the United States.
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THE GAS AGE
June 10, 1921
Besides Oldham, such cities as Manchester, Notting-
ham, Sheffield, Huddersfield and several of the small-
er towns are working more effectively, recovering much
greater quantities of heat units from their coal than
formerly. Hence you will notice that we are treating
with prevailing facts on a large scale, and not propound-
ing any theories or nostrums.
U. S. Statistics would indicate that last year the coal
gas plants used about 9,000,000 short tons of Bituminous
Coal. Imagine what it would have meant to have cut
this quantity to one-third and still have arrived at the
same results, or on the other hand to have taken this coal
and obtained two and a half or three times the amount
of heat units than probably were obtained.
From a monetary standpoint, let us take this illustra-
tion. Under a system making 12,500 cu. ft. of 500 B.t.u.
gas per ton, with by-products, about 6,000,000 B.t.u.'s
are produced. To obtain 30,000,000 B.t.u.'s on this basis,
5 tors of coal, costing say, $3000, would have to be
bought. A vertical retort system with charge steaming,
making 10,000,000 B.t.u.'s per ton would only require
3 tons of coal, costing $18.00, with the value of the by-
products to be deducted. With complete gasification
and a make of 22,500,000 B.t.u.'s per ton this means that
one and one-third tons of coal per 30,000,000 B.t.u.'s,
costing only $8.00, is required. In all these figures it
is to be remembered that we have still left to the credit
of the complete gasification system, the reduction in
costs of labor, smaller investment for storage and coal
handling machinery, with a probable elimination of the
coke handling entirely.
Complete Gasification Processes
From question Number Four it should not be inferred
that we propose any immediate specific way by which
the complete gasification of coal should be attained, for
in most cases the necessary modifications to existing
equipment will have to be performed gradually.
However, as standards are reduced to meet this proc-
ess of gas manufacture, present machinery will be sup-
plemented w^ith apparatus that will permit distillation
and gasification of the coal in a single shell. Or, as
some of the patentees of such processes have termed it,
the gasification of coal with the production of water
gas in the same plant at the same time."
As a matter of fact, most of these plants are so built
that one can make blue gas, a mixture of coal and
water gas, carburetted water gas, producer gas, or a
mixture of producer gas and coal gas in the same ma-
chine.
This is not spoken of at random, as there is ample
justification for preference of such type units confirmed
from the number of installations that have already been
made in England, and on the Continent of Europe, be-
sides the great number that are now under negotiation.
I will make allusion to only a few of these types, where
some definite data has been made available, namely those
of Mr. George Helps, C. B. Tully, Messrs. Kramer &
Aarts and Dr. H. Strache.
All of these systems differ in some constructional
points one from the other. Most of them are built to
run in single units or tandem. Production figures cover-
ing periods of twelve months continuous operation and
longer proclaim yields of 50,000 to 60,000 cu. ft. per ton
of coal of 400 B.t.u. gas.
At the Grantham Gas Works, with a Tully Plant of
300,000 cu. ft. daily capacity, the results with all coal
working gave an average gas yield per ton of 54,000
cu. ft of 425 B.t.u. gas with total inerts below 12 per
cent. Both coking and non-coking coals, some of them
with as high a content as 50 per cent ash, were run
through this plant. The non-coking coals were found
to give more satisfactory results. The yield of tar
would appear to be about the same in quantity as in
ordinary working, but is more of an emulsion of a
higher percentage of water than the usual coal gas tar.
The quantities of ammonia were almost negligible and
the only liquor that has yet been obtained showed less
than .5 NH,.
Before closing on the Fourth Question, permit me
to include a table showing the comparative costs of
producing B.t.u. by four different processes, viz. : Hori-
zontal Retorts, Vertical Retorts, Steaming Vertical Re-
torts and Complete Gasification of Coal.
These figures were submitted by Mr. E. H. Hudson,
of Normanton, England, before the last meeting of the
Manchester District Institution of Gas Engineers, after
he had concluded to install a Tully Carburetted Hydro-
gen Plant. Assume that one ton of Coal on the Basis
of 14,000 B.t.u. per Pound equals 31,360,000 B.t.u.
Comparison of Processes
^ Ton*; Coal
M cu. ft. B.t.u. B.t u per 100 Mil-
per ton per cu. ft. Multiple yield % lion B.t u.
Horizontal retorts 11.500 500 5.750,000 18.3 17.3
Vertical retorts . . 12,500 500 6,250,000 19.9 16.0
Steaming Vertical
retorts ........ 18,411 462 8.505.882 27.1 11.7
Complete gasifica- _ ^
tion of coal .... 55,750 400 22,300.000 71.0 4.4
It IS assumed in the above estimate that the steam
required for the generation of water gas is developed by
the waste heat from the settings.
By-Products
It is reasonable to expect that these figures will be
challenged by the adherents of coal carbonization with
by-products. Nevertheless, we are gas makers first, and
the gas industry is going to sell B.t.u.'s in the future.
Secondary products must be sacrificed or at any rate,
in part, if this policy will promote our industry and
make towards establishing itself on still more unassail-
able heights in respect of economy, efficiency in use, and
labor-saving.
The decision will rest on the balance sheet with, as a
persuading factor in the position, the recognition that
our strength in competition is in gas, and in the price
at which we can sell heat energy at a fair profit.
If personal opinion is to account for anything, I dare
say that from past experience, and taking the concensus
of opinion of a majority of the gas works operators, by-
products in the final analysis brought us a very small
margin of profit, if any. The extra equipment, wear
and tear, the overhead in handling and sales, the distri-
bution, etc., all made it a questionable proposition when
balancing up both sides of the ledger.
If the complete gasification of coal can be achieved in
one operation with results as have been proven, it is
more to the point to go ahead and work to this end
than worrying how gas can be reduced another penny
or so per thousand cu. ft. by trying to recover some by-
products.
We will have with us for all time in the future, and
I believe in greater number, the by-product coke and gas
plant, the various processes of low temperature carboni-
zation in the one or two stage methods, and we can read-
ily leave it to these gentlemen to take care of the coke,
tar, oil and ammonia markets.
In this regard, my remarks can be reinforced by tell-
ing you that in the late war the gas plants supplied only
about 8>4 per cent to 9 per cent of the benzol and toluol
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June 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
477
that went into munitions manufacture ; the balance came
from other sources, better equipped for this class of
work.
Other Considerations and Developments
Advancing in this direction will eventually lead us to
the same procedure of selling our product — that is on a
heat vmit basis — as has been adopted under the Gas Reg-
ulation Act in England.
By this time I assume, you may have observed, that
my ''Forethoughts" are not forethoughts after all (ex-
cept probably locally) for I have cited to you no brand
new innovations but have been presenting to your at-
tention actual performances over a period of nearly two
years.
When this paper was started it was my desire to in-
clude a few notes pertaining to some improved methods
of purifying gas, but having devoted considerable more
space than at first anticipated to the subject of lower
B.t.u. gas, and which I regarded a decidedly more vital
theme at this moment, we will have to let the other
matter go by simply saying that in this direction also
lie ways and means for improvement.
The use of centrifugal type machines for tar removal,
etc., the application of catalytic processes, the precipita-
tion of impurities by accelerated chemical reactions,
either by a dry or a wet method, will, I am positive, at
a future date reduce our gas condensing, scrubbing and
purifying plants to one-half, of even one-third of the
building area that is now required for them, thus sav-
ing in capital expense, labor, etc.
It is to be hoped that these remarks will bring forth
new thought and vigorous action among the Gas En-
gineers and Designers of Gas plant machinery. And
that Gas Companies will co-operate with and stimulate
the new ideas by gradually adopting and introducing
the new processes as best suited for their respective
needs.
It may appear strange, but whatever improvements
have been made to gas plant machinery, have almost
fill, with few exceptions, dealt with the mechanical side
bf a problem. There must be more study given to the
chemical and thermo-chemical side of gas manufactur-
ing processes.
Research Work Important
Every plant operator should, from time to time, do
some research work on his own initiative that will
ultimately aid in bettering gas manufacturing methods.
We must keep ahead of the art, and I express the
hope, and it is not amiss, if we are to follow our con-
freres in the Chemical Industries — ^and gas manufactur-
ing is a part of them — that by the time of the next meet-
ing the Southern Gas Association will have taken steps to
establish a Chair of Gas Engineering and Fuel Research
at one of the larger Southern Universities. Such action,
I can say without hesitation, will render to you and all
concerned, an incalculable amount of benefit, especially
as we advance into the future, replete with its many
problems and difficulties. Besides opening the way for
young men to be more properly trained for the duties
that devolve upon them when becoming plant operators.
What research has done for other Industries it can do
for ours. Here is what Dr. Charles L. Reese, Chemical
Director of E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., has to say
about research of his Company, that besides monetary
gain: a — It resulted in increased safety of employes;
b — enabled the Company to keep ahead of the art ; c —
Reduced selling prices of established products in spite
of increased cost of labor and raw materials; d — In-
creased output; e — Discovered new products, the bene-
fits of which often added to the safety, comfort and
happiness of th^ people of the country; f — Conserved
materials; and, g — ^Advanced the art in a few years
equivalent to fifty years of normal experience.
The Gas Industry has only lately proven what an
important factor it has been in the existance of our
people. Materials derived from our operations went into
the manufacture of high explosives during the recent
war. We were represented not only by the shot and
shell on the field of battle, but equally, if not more
benignantly were we assisting indirectly behind the lines
in the ministrations to wounded, friend and foe alike,
by the many medicinal palliatives that are primarily
obtained from ordinary gas works tar.
We must demand our rightful place in the category
of the great essential industries of America, for among
them we stand pre-eminent.
Perplexing and harassing as the problems have been,
I will reiterate again, that our only solution lies in set-
ting up a united front against any and all regulative
measures that may be putting a strangle hold upon our
legitimate development, thereby injuring not only the
interests of every human being in this country, but
jeopardizing one of the greatest National Safeguards
as well.
MANUFACTURING STATISTICS
The preliminary report on the Census of Manufac-
tures has just been issued by the U. S. Bureau of the
Census and we have extracted a few of the items which
may be of interest to our readers. The great increase in
value of products is at once noticed. For example, the
value of products per establishment in 1914 was about
$87,900 as compared with $217,000 in 1919, nearly 250
per cent. While the number of manufacturers did not
increase very much the value of the product did, due
either to increased production, higher prices, or both.
No. Estab.
Value of Products
Industry
1919
1914
1919
1914
All industries . . . i
288,376 275,791 $62,588,905,000 $24,246,435,000
Automobiles ....
315
300
2.837.833.000
503,230.000
Candles
18
15
1.864,000
1,731.000
Cement
122
133
171.459.000
101,756.000
Chemicals
587
395
423.437,000
158.054,000
Coal Tar Products
183 .
135.482.000
Coke, not gas
house coke
253
231
299,879.000
99.275.000
Engines, steam,
gas. etc
372
446
464.900.000
72.121.000
Explosives
119
111
92,385.000
41.433,000
Fertilizers
599
784
278,610.000
153.196.000
Fuel, mf g.
11
34
1.974.000
863,000
Gas & Elec. Fixt.
342
460
42,269,000
28.740.000
Gas, Manfd., III.
& heating
1,020
1,284
328.851.000
220.238.000
Gas Machines, gas
& water meters.
106
123
27.137.000
15.184,000
Ice, manfd
2,864
2.543
136.873,000
60.386,000
Iron & steel prod.
484
427
2,812.775.000
918,665.000
Cast iron pipe
59
59
50.235,000
26.659,000
Wrought pipe ...
51
36
84.011,000
37.655.000
Lead; bar, pipe &
sheet .........
31
27
16.802.000
7.431.000
Lumber, timber
products
25.794
27.299
1.400.000,000
715.310.000
Matches
21
20
15.874.000
12.556,000
Paints
602
585
255.656.000
112,409.000
Petroleum refin...
304
176
64*,684,000
396,361.000
Stoves and hot air
furnaces
416
438
145.772.000
67.941,000
Stoves, gas & oil
Wood distillation
176
113
55.874,000
21.449,000
113
95
31.827.000
9,883,000
Wood preserving
88
68
3?„S21.000
21,055,000
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Editorial
=^c2=
Uniform National Retail Prices ,
"Free Government consists in effectual control of rivalries"— John Adams
There has recently been a great deal of discussion
throughout the gas industry, notably between appliance
manufacturers and sales managers of gas companies, on
the subject of a standardized national retail price for gas
appliances. This has been the subject of several con-
ferences and we are glad to give in this issue an article
by Alfred Post of Philadelphia, setting forth the ad-
vantages of standardized retail prices to this industry.
There are two important considerations on the part
of every buyer of any commodity : First, the quality and
character of the commodity purchased ; and, second, the
fairness of the price asked. If all doubt could be re-
moved from the customer's mind as to the price of gas
appliances, such as water heaters, gas ranges, etc., and
that there was no advantage to be gained by "shopping"
from gas company to department store or to plumber, a
large part of the selling effort on the part of the retailer,
whether it was a gas company or someone else, would be
removed.
We fear that there is a doubt in the minds of a large
part of the public as to the stability of the retail price
of gas appliances. In the matter of safety razors, phono-
graphs, photographic supplies, suction sweepers and
many other articles used by consumers, there is no doubt
in the mind of the buyer as to the price. That has been
nationally established. The only question in the mind
of the buyer is as to whether he will or will not buy the
article ; and, when he makes up his mind that he will do
so, he merely steps into the nearest store and orders it.
We realize that there are difficulties in the way of
bringing about this desirable end. The industry has
been established for a great many years and trade prac-
tices and customs have grown up and become settled in
the minds of both the retailer and the manufacturer so
that any revolution in methods and selling prices is hard
to bring about. Moreover, the number of styles, kinds
and assemblies of gas ranges make a long list necessary,
which could never be fixed in the minds of the public.
However, this is not so serious but that a start in this
direction could be made and it is a fact that some manu-
facturers have long since followed the practice of list-
ing, advertising and quoting all of their goods at a price
which they believed to be the right retail price and have
sold to the retailer on the gross price with a suitable dis-
count.
The matter of a fair discount, in order to insure a
profit to the retailer, from the gross sale price may re-
quire long discussion and much investigation. Surely
a general understanding is not impossible; the price
must be high enough to provide service to the consumer
at a reasonable cost and a sufficient profit to the retailer ;
and yet, the price must not be so high that it will dis-
courage purchasing and invite widespread competition.
The same law of trade would operate with gas appli-
ances as generally applies to other articles in general use
among consumers.
Publicity and Selling
"I am rerj anxioui to please the public"— Goethe
The address delivered before the national gas men at
their recent annual convention was excellent in many
ways, but President Hoover made a l;it when he told
his hearers that they were not spending enough for
publicity. "Why not adopt the methods of any other
sound and successful business?" said he. "Why not put
salesmanship into the gas business? Why continue to
bring the gas always to a buyers' and not a sellers' mar-
ket ?" From what he said further we take it that almost
anyone of the national advertisers spend more per year
to tell prospective users about their product than does
the entire natural gas business, having not far from 10,-
000 producers of possibly $200,000,000 worth of gas
per year. He estimated that but one-fifth of one per-
cent of the income was spent on publicity for natural
gas.
They may say that they can't afford to spend more
since their profits are pared so close that there is little
left but the name; but, why is this? Simply because
consumers are not paying enough for the gas ; and, why
is this? Because they think it is enough and have no
faith in protestations to the contrary; again, why?
They know nothing about the business nor the actual
condition of the company. Therefore, tell them. Even
if this money is needed to pay lawyers' fees, it is far
better to spend it in getting the facts before the people.
Mr. Hoover recommended a committee on publicity
and selling and regular publicity work by the association
for this very purpose.
The manufactured-gas industry came to the same
conclusion in 1919 when it organized its Publicity and
Advertising Section. The first annual report on its
operation was made last year by George Williams, who
said: "The growing appreciation of the value and ne-
cessity of the printed word in bringing about a better
relationship between the utility and its customers makes
it mandatory for us to have a closer co-operation than
ever before." This report was published in full in the
December issue of the A. G. A. Monthly and the work
there described no doubt had a substantial influence in
preventing the industry being placed in a somewhat em-
barrassing situation shortly thereafter. The story of the
subsequent activity of the Section is lengthy but the fol-
lowing brief outline will g^ve some idea of what Chair-
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June 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
479
man Robbins, former chairman Williams, and their able
staff have accomplished.
Goodwill advertising service was begun with ten
companies eighteen months ago and today about 170
companies are using the advertisements supplied in
newspapers aggregating a million circulation. The
single column "chat" advertisements are a new feature.
The companies also send to the Section clippings of
their publicity items and advertising matter and this is
loaned to those so requesting.
Newspaper publicity service includes prepared arti-
cles sent to companies for insertion in local newspapers,
fifty-five having already been sent out. There are ten
State Committees on Public Utility Information receiv-
ing this service and these distribute it to local news-
papers. Magazine publicity includes articles in the
Saturday Evening Post, popular magazines and trade
publications which have published half a hundred of
these articles to date.
Harmful publicity is also receiving attention. Pre-
judicial items find their way to the association head-
quarters which are there properly and summarily
handled. Several hundred such items have been cor-
rected. Propaganda presenting the business in an un-
fair light has at once been neutralized by a plain state-
ment of the facts and an absence of such prejudicial
items has been noticeable during the past six months.
Booklets containing public addresses, important de-
cisions and similar important matter are printed and are
available to the industry at cost. A recent pamphlet on
gas meters had a sale of 150,000 copies. Xhe motion
picture film for use by the industry is about ready for
distribution. A lecture on gas illustrated by 72 lantern
slides is now available. Co-operation of the A. G. A.,
with the N. E. L. A. and A. E. R. A. is not the least im-
portant of the Section's activities.
All this is designed that truth may prevail and jus-
tice be secured. Accusation met with silence infers
acknowledgment; when inevitably confronted with the
facts the false accuser becomes wary of a second offense.
The people want to know that the money they pay is
being properly and wisely used and when they do, there
is not much question as to amounts.
Mr. Hoover studied the natural gas situation and de-
cided on publicity as a remedy for many of the ills
which afflict that business. The cost is of least impor-
tance at a time when the very existence of a company
depends upon prompt remedial measures. What must
be done permits of neither hesitation nor dallying. The
producer and consumer must hang together for mutual
protection and we depend upon proper publicity to bring
about this desirable condition.
Solving the Problem
"There's always something to take the joy out of life."
Just when we were getting ready to hit the trail for
the land of plenty and start up the shop on full time the
workers start putting spokes in the wheels by calling
strikes. They seem to forget that in our national game,
three strikes put the striker out. At a time like this it is
very easy to inspire indecision and finally stagnation
simply through the suppression of business activity and
the workman himself, being short on resources, is the
first to be adversely affected thereby.
One can appreciate, that labor organizations will be in-
.clined to resent any curtailment of their former dictato-
rial powers but the exercise of such autocracy at the
present time would be very unfortunate to all concerned.
England is taking the lead in social disturbance ; we have
thus far followed her in many things throughout the
period of stress but we should decline to follow further,
especially in the matter of strikes. Read the letter from
Mr. Humphreys on another page and hear what Ernest
Benn, publisher of the "Gas World" of London told
the business editors a month ago.
"Half the tragedies of history have been due to a
sincere belief in things which were not so . . . Human
beings are very foolish — they will not benefit from the
teachings of history . . . We must start out on a system
of simple economics . . . There are four elements essen-
tial to successful industry and civilization — high profits,
high wages, low prices and high production. That civili-
zation can continue without profits is totally false.
"If some of our reformers would put half the J>rains
into the study of capitalism which they now waste in
arguing about the unthinkable and proving the impossi-
ble they would find that the wisdom of the ages is not
so mad as they imagine and that there is still illimitable
scope for the further good of all through thrift, work
and economy.
"We are a lot better off than we say and a lot worse
off than we think . . . Some two years ago England signed
for what they called a peace but have been unable to
shake off the war spirit. We must be fighting somebody
and quarreling with somebody else . . . America came in
at the critical moment to win the war and it is quite possi-
ble we may have to look to America to give us a lead in
the even more difficult work of winning the peace."
We quote Mr. Benn at some length to show that the
world looks to us to find the solution for a difficult prob-
lem; and, we must find the solution. American intelli-
gence, enterprise and altruism are expected to save mod-
ern civilization from the fanatical sophistry through
which those who have not seek to despoil those who
possess. Will we do it? Yes, we will. The state of
Oregon is today preparing for a great exposition in 1925.
That is optimism. That is faith. We have an admin-
istration at Washington the declared intention of which
is to foster business and assure prosperity. But, the solu-
tion depends also upon business men themselves fore-
going a temporary advantage occasionally for the sake of
business in general and ceasing heartless profiteering at
a time when all should join in establishing a fair price
level. These things should be told everywhere convinc-
ingly and continually so that everyone gets the right idea
as to what is expected of them and then the problem will
already be half solved, for the average American intends
to do the right thing.
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480
THE GAS AGE
June 10, 1921
New Plant Proposed for Philadelphia
Gas Commission Recom-
mends New Lease and Plant
From $5fiOOfiOO to $15,000,000 New Fi-
nancing
Philadelphia, Pa., June 5— A new gas
lease, with a probable increase in the
price of gas to the consumer, is recom-
mended in the report of the Gas Com-
mission to the Mayor and Council.
The United Gas Improvement Co. is
ready forthwith to enter into negotiations
for a new lease along the general lines
suggested in the commission's report.
Samuel T. Bodine, president of the
company, authorized that statement after
a preliminary study of the report.
What Is CaUed a 'Tair Rate"
"A fair rate," says the commission,
"for the quality of gas now being sup-
plied, will probably fall between $1.05
and $1.10 per 1000 cubic feet"
Meanwhile the commission recommends
the retention of the present rate of $1
a 1000 cubic feet until a new lease has
been negotiated "and a new price is es-
tablished."
For a New Plant
The next recommendation of impor-
tance is that a modern gas plant be
constructed to provide for increased dis-
tribution, work to start upon this plant
in the fall.
The commission holds such a plant is
necessary if the cost of gas is to be
reduced.
In order that this plant may be con-
structed, the commission says $5,000,000
to $6,000,000 will have to be obtained
within the next fifteen months and from
$10,000,000 to $15,000,000 within the fol-
lowing five years.
Spend $15,000 on New
Gas Line
Electric Company Puta Service Line
Down on South Side
Paducah, Ky.— The Paducah Electric
company is spending approximately $15,-
000 in placing new gas mains in the dis-
trict from Murrell boulevard and Ten-
nessee street to Eleventh street and Cald-
well. Construction forces have been lay-
ing the pipes for several days and will
finish their task soon.
Regular Laclede Gas Pre-
ferred Dividend
Chicago — Laclede Gas Light Co. has
declared the regular semi-annual divi-
dend of 2y2 % on the preferred stock, pay-
able June 15 to stock of record June 1.
Standard Gas & Electric Earns
$2.81 After Preferred
Balance Sheet Shows $102,863 Cash and
Surplus of $2,637,273
Standard Gas & Electric Co. has issued
its annual report for the year ending De-
cember 31, 1920, showing surplus after
taxes and charges of $1,704,073, equiva-
lent after preferred dividends to $2.81 a
share ($50 par value) earned on the $12,-
679,550 common stock. This compares
with surplus of $1,902,114, or $3.59 a
share on the common in 1919.
Income account of the Standard Gas &
Electric Co. for the year, 1920, compares
as follows:
1920
Gross rev $3,153,689
Net after taxes 3,076,612
ToUl inc $3,076,612
Int., chgs., etc 1,282,539
Amort debt discount 90,000
Sur. af. chg $1,704,073
Pfd. divs 990,388
Surplus $713,685
Consolidated balance sheet of the
Standard Gas & Electric Co. as of De-
cember 31, 1920, compares as follows:
Assets
1920
Sec. owned $44,269,411
Cash 102,863
Accts. reed, from sub 2,169,828
Notes reed, from sub 589,868
Accts. reed 90,815
Nts. receiv 26,359
Ob. sub. Cos 2,035,704
Divs. reed 79,417
Acctd. int 153,644
Office fum 1
Skg. fund 74,959
Defd. chgs 1,274,530
Total $50,867,399
LiabiUties
Pfd. stock $12,379,850
Com. stock 12,679.550
Fund debt 18,349,450
Notes pay 1,617,632
Accts. pay 842,759
Accrd. acct 242,649
Accrd. divs 82,532
Ob. sub. Cos 2,035,704
Surplus 2,637,273
Total $50,867,399
San Diego Consolidated Gas
& Electric Company Auth-
orized to Issue Bonds
and Stock
To Spend $1,700,000 for Construction
Work
Los Angeles, Cal., May 30 — San Diego
Consolidated Gas and Electric Company
has been authorized by the Railroad
Commission to issue $2,750,000 of 6% first
and refunding bonds. The company was
also authorized to issue $325000 of its
7% cumulative preferred stock. San
Diego Gas and Electric Company, re-
cently organized, which has acquired the
power plant in San Diego formerly owned
by the San Diego Electric Railway Com-
pany, is authorized to issue three shares
of stock and to lease the power plant
to San Diego Consolidated. Final ap-
proval of the Consolidated Company's re-
financing plan is withheld by the Com-
mission pending the filing with it of a
copy of the mortgage the utility proposes
to execute.
The company says that to provide for
its future needs it will be necessary to
create a new bonded indebtedness. It
proposes to create such an indebtedness
in the sum of $50,000,000 and to secure
its payment by a mortgage or deed of
trust. The company estimates net con-
struction expenditures during 1921 at
$1,700,000.
$2,500,000 Los Angeles
Bond Issue Authorized
General and Refunding Mortgage 7%
Bonds
Los Angeles, May 21 — ^Los Angeles
Gas and Electric Corporation, having
complied with an order of the Railroad
Commission and filed a copy of its
Mortgage the Commission gave the com-
pany authority to issue $2,500,000 7%
general and refunding mortgage bonds.
The issue was authorized in March but
was held up pending submission by the
utility of a copy of its mortgage for the
approval of the Commission.
By-Products Coke Sells Bonds
Syracuse, N. Y. — By-Products Coke
Corporation has sold to a Chicago bank-
ing syndicate $4,000,000 15-year first and
refunding 8% bonds due May 1, 1936.
Bonds will be offered at 99.
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J line 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
481
Mr. Daly Offers Cleveland Compromise Plan
Mr. Daly Oflfers Gas
Compromise Plan
Suggests Citizens' Body or Engineers
Iivcsti^ate CDinpany's Data
Cleveland, Ohio, June 6— Martin B.
Daly, president of the East Ohio Gas Co.,
countered Mayor William S. Fitzgerald's
proposal to arbitrate the gas controver-
sy by suggesting short cuts for such ne-
gotiations, but demanded that legal points
affecting the company's right to with-
draw all service, now in court, be pressed
to a conclusion meanwhile.
Mr. Daly offered these suggestions as
a compromise basis for reopening ne-
gotiations :
1 — The appointment by the city of a
competent engineer or engineers to meet
representatives of the East Ohio Gas
Co. and to study data which the com-
pany has collected on the condition of
the gas fields and its property value.
2 — The appointment of a committee of
representative citizens, should the city
deem that better, to make a similar
study of the company's data.
3- Co-operation between the city and
the company meantime to speed up court
action in the injunction proceedings
which involve the East Ohio's claim to
the right to withdraw service permanent-
ly, rates being unsatisfactory.
Uehling Instrument Co.
Moves Chicago Office
Mr. Walter C. Lange, Mechanical En-
gineer in Charge
The Chicago office of the Uehling In-
strument Co. of New York, manufactur-
ers of fuel saving equipment, was moved
May 1st to the Great Northern Building,
20 West Jackson Boulevard. Mr. Walter
C. Lange, who has been appointed Man-
ager of this office, is particularly well
qualified to cooperate with power plant
operators in solving problems of fuel
conservation because of his former ex-
perience in this field with the Consoli-
dated Gas Co. of New York and the Ham-
mel Oil Burning Equipment Co. and, un-
til recently, in the New York office of
the Uehling Instrument Co. Mr. Lange
is a member of the American Society of
Mechanical Engineers and a graduate in
Mechanical Engineering of the Stevens
Institute of Technology. Uehling Co. re-
recording equipment and other boiler
room instruments will be on display in
the new office.
Salt in Oil Not Confirmed
Washington Appears to Have No Basis
for Report About the Wells in Mexico.
Washington, D. C— The head of a large
brokerage house has received the follow-
ing from its representative in Washing-
ton who has made an investigation of the
government reports on salt water in
Mexico :
"Acknowledging receipt of your wire,
the Latin American Division of the Bu-
reau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce
advises us that there has been no Federal
report stating that the Mexican oil wells
are going to salt. The only matter pub-
lished by the Division is a small para-
graph in Commerce Reports of September
13, 1920, stating that such a condition is
reported to exist. They have no confir-
mation of the report, however, and are
inclined to believe that the whole matter
is the result of propaganda."
More Oil in Northwest
standard of Indiana Establishing Tanks
and Increasing Refinery Capacity to
Take Care of Supply
Casper, Wyo. — Standard Oil Co. of
Indiana is making efforts to relieve con-
gestion of oil in the Northwest, establish-
ing tank farms and increasing refining
capacity.
Recent developments in the fields of the
Big Horn Basin, especially the Elk Basin
and the Grass Creek operations, show
there is much more oil still in the ground
there than anyone suspected until recent
tests were drilled below the present pro-
ducing horizon. In Grass Creek Ohio Oil
Co. has discovered a sand about 2,500
feet deep, which contains large quantities
of oil. The Ohio now has two wells
drilled to this deep sand that are making
a production of about fifty barrels each,
and the territory of the Grass Creek field
is expected to extend far out from the
limits as denoted by the former produc-
tion, which was found at about 900 feet.
In the Elk Basin the Midwest has found
a great gas pressure in its deep test and
the gas is so wet that it is thought to be
very close to an oil body. In the Salt
Creek field the Midwest is starting a deep
test that is to seek the third Wall Creek
sand, which has never yet been drilled
into that area.
A. 6. Curtis formerly secretary mana-
ger of the Southwestern Gas and Elec-
tric Co., Shreveport, La. has been made
vice president of the company.
Mr. and Mrs. Stannard of
Denver Leave for Europe
Miss Faith Thompson of Minneapolis
Accompanies Them
New York, June 1 — Mr. and Mrs. Clare
N. Stannard of Denver, Colorado, and
Miss Faith Thompson of Minneapolis,
Minnesota, sailed today noon on the
Steamship Caro;iia of the Cunard Line
for Liverpool, England. There were so
many Rotary Club delegates and their
friends going abroad to attend the In-
ternational Convention of Rotarians that
in order to extend the best accommoda-
tions of the Cunard Line's excellent ser-
vice to all members of the party a second
ship, the Cameronia, carried part of the
delegates. The welcome cool sea breeze
was inviting as a relief from the touch
of hot weather on the shore. The joyous
delegates carried American flags and ex-
ecuted a route step parade through the
piers to the stately ships to the time of
thrilling band music.
Mr. Stannard who has been Secretary
of The Denver Gas & Electric Light
Company for several years is probably
better known to the industry for his ex-
cellent work of saturating the gas system
of the Denver Company with gas appli-
ances. Mr. Stannard is keenly interested
in the industry and is going to keep on
the lookout for information concerning
the gas industry during his tour through
Scotland, England, Belgium, Alsace-
Lorraine, Switerland, Italy and France
and while visiting the principal points of
interest in London, Paris, Rome, Venice,
Monte Carlo, and the battle fields of the
World War.
Industrial Gas for
City Assured
Council Grants Permission to Company-
Other Business Transacted
Cumberland, Maryland, June 1. — ^The
West Virginia & Maryland Gas Com-
pany was granted permission to sell gas
for industrial purposes in this city at
the regular meeting of the Mayor and
City Council. Under the new agree-
ment on which the order was passed the
gas company's contract with the city
was modified and reasonable extension in
the gas company's lines called for to take
care of the domestic consumers who have
made application for service. The order
was prepared by City Attorney Walsh
and offered by Commissioner Charles A.
Cumiskey.
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482
THE GAS AGE
June 10, 1921
Gas Association and Market News
THE following list covers the officers
of the principal gas associations, the
address of the secretary, and the date and
place of the annual meeting.
CanadUn Gai AMOciattoa— Pres., C. S. Bagg.
Montreal, Que.; 1st vice-pres.. E. H. Caughcll,
St. Thomas, Ont.; 2nd vice-pres.. Col. D. R.
Street, Ottawa. Ont.; lec-tr.. G. W. Allen, 19
Toronto St., Toronto, Ont. Convention, Aug.
25-26, Windsor Hotel, Montreal.
Pacific Coast Oai Aatociatioii— Pres., Willia-n
M. Kapus, Portland, Ore.; sec.-treas., W. M.
Henderson, 445 Sutter St., San Francisco, Calif.
Convention, September 20-23 inc., Del Monte.
California.
South Central Oat Associatloii— Pres., C. B.
McKinney, Dallas, Tex.; first vice-pres., F. L.
Weisser, San Antonio, Tex.; second vice-pres.,
Fred C. Armbruster, Shreveport, La.; acting
sec.-treas., C. H. Seidenglanz, Dallas, Texas.
Convention, October 11-13 at Shreveport, La.
Ohio Oil and Oai Men'i Anociation— Pres..
James W. McMahon; sec.-treas., William H.
Thompson, 811 New First National Bank Bldg.,
Columbus, Ohio. Convention, October, Colum-
bus, O.
American Gai AafocUtion—Pres., Charles A.
Munroc, Peoples Gas Light ft Coke Co., Chica-
go, 111., sec-man., Oscar H. Fogg. 128 E. Fif-
teenth St., New York, Convention, Chicago.
Nov. 7-12, 1921.
Empire State Oai ft Electric Anociation—
Pres., H. W. Peck. Schenectady, N. Y., sec, C.
H. B. Chapin, 5618 Grand Central Terminal,
New York, N. Y.
Wett Virginia Natoral Oai AuocUtion— Pres.,
H. A. Wallace, Charleston, W. Va.; sec-treas.,
Edwin Robinson, Fairmont, W. Va.
Michigan Gai Anociation— Pres., John W.
Batten, Detroit, Mich.; sec.-treas., A. G. Schroe-
der. Grand Rapids Gas Light Co., Grand Rap-
ids, Mich.
New England Auociatton of Gai Engineen—
Pres., Burton Smart, Portland, Me.; vice-pres.,
y. E. Bird; vice pres., R. E. Wyant; sec, John
L. Tudbury, Salem, Mass.
OkUhoma UtUitiei Anociation— Pres., T. W.
Shartel, Oklahoma City; manager, H. A. Lane.
1107 First National Bank Bldg., Oklahoma City,
Okla.
Guild of Gai Manageri-Pres., Harry C.
Crafts. Pittsfield, Mass.; sec, C. R. Prichard,
Lowell, Mass.
IlUnois Gai AuocUtion— Pres., H. H. Clark,
The Peoples Gas Light ft Coke Co., Chicago,
i"-.'^*^;'**"*"- *• V- Prather, 305 DeWitt
Smith Bldg., Springfield, 111.
, WiKoniin Gai Anociation— Pres., J. P. Pull-
lam, Milwaukee, Wis.; vice-pres., A. F. Dav-
?/,• Sheboygan, Wis.; sec-tr., Henry Harman.
182 Wisconsin St., Milwaukee, Wis. Conven-
tion, March, 1922.
Penniylvania Oai AnocUtion— Pres., E. L.
Smith, Towanda, Pa.; sec.-treas., G. L. Cullrn,
Harrisburg, Pa.
Indiana Gai Anociation— Pres., W. W. Good-
rich, Winchester, Ind.; sec.-treas., E. J. Burke,
Citizens Gas Co., Indianapolis, Ind. Con >ren-
tion April 17-18, 1922. West Baden Springs Ho-
tel, West Baden, Ind.
Iowa Diitrict Gas Anociation— Iowa, Nebras-
ka. South Dakota— Pres.. C. N. Chubb, Daven-
port, la.; sec.-treas., H. R. Sterrett, 551 Seventn
St., Des Moines, la.
Wew Jersey State Gai Anociation— Pres.. Fl.
H. Newman, Trenton. N. J.; sec.-treas.. Harold
E. Mason, P. O. Box 535, Long Branch, X J.
Natoral Gai Anociation of America— Pros.. L.
B. Denning, Pittsburgh, Pa.; sec.-treas., Wni.
B. Way, 9045 Oliver Bldg., Pittsburgh. Pa.
Soathwestern Electrical and Gai Aisaciatton
—Pres.. A. Hardgrave, Dallas. Texas; sec, H.
S. Cooper, Slaughter Bldg., Dallas, Tex.; treas.,
J. B. Walker.
Southern Gas Association— Pres., L. I. Pol-
litt. Baltimore, Md. ; sec.-treas., Geo. H. Smith,
Norfolk, Va. Convention, Greenville, S. C,
May 16. 1922.
Quotations
The following quotations are made by leading
interests. Redfuctions in prices since the last
issue are indicated by an asterisk (*) and ad-
vances in prices indicated by a dagger (t).
Cast Iron Pipe
New York quotes: 6-in. and heavier, per ton
$58.30, 4-in. $66J0; 3-in. $78.30 and $4.00 addi-
tional for Class A and gas pipe.
Chicago quotes, f.o.b. Chicago ex-war tax as
follows: Water pipe. 4-in.. $57.10; 6-in. and
larger $54.10; Class A and gas pipe, $3 extra.
Welded Pipe
The following discounts are to jobbers for
carload lots on the Pittsburgh basing card:
Butt Weld
Steel
Inches Black Galv.
H 50J^ 24
iitoH Si^ 26
y^ 56H 42
V4 60% 48
1 to 3 62% 50
Iron
^ to f^ +2% +28
y, ...? 27% 9%
H 33% 18%
1 to 154 35% 20%
Lap Weld
Steel
2 54% 42
2% to 6 58^ 46
7 to 12 54% 41
13 to 14 45
15 42%
Iron
2 30% 16%
Zy^ to 6 33% 20%
7 to 12 29% 16%
Butt Weld» extra strong, plain endi
Steel
li 46% 29
a to H 48% 31
/, 53% 42
H •■ 58% 47
1 to 1J4 60% 49
2 to 3 61% SO
Iron
J4 to H +10% +43%
H ...V. 26% 14%
H 33% 19%
1 to 1^ 35% 21%
Lap Weld, extra strong, plain ends
Steel
2 50% 41
2J4 to 4 56% 45
454 to 6 55% 44
7 to 8 50% 37
9 to 12 45% 32
Iron
2 31% 18%
254 to 4 34% 22%
45^ to 6 33% 21%
7 to 8 24% J254
9 to 12 19% 7y2
To the large jobbing trade an additional 1. 5
and 2% per cent is allowed over the above dis-
counts, which are subject to the usual varia-
tions in weight of 5 per cent.
Finished Iron and Steel
Per Lb. to Large Buyers Cents
Iron bars, Philadelphia 2.25
Iron bars, Chicago 2.25
Steel bars, Pittsburgh 2.10
Steel bars. New York 2.48
Tank plates. Pittsburgh 2.20
Tank plates, New York 2.58
Beams, etc., Pittsburgh 2.20
Beams, etc.. New York 2.58
Sheets, black. No. 28. P'gh 4.00
Sheets, galv.. No. 28, P'gh 5.00
Steets, blue anl'd, 9 & 10 3.10
For painted corrugated sheets add 30 cents
per 103 lbs., for 25 to 28 gauge; 25 cents for 19
to 24 gauge. For galvanized corrugated sheets
add 15 cents all gauges.
Coke, ConnellsyiUe
Per net ton at oven:
Furnace coke, prompt $3.25
Furnace coke, future 3.40
Foundry coke, prompt 4.50
Foundry coke, tuture 5.00
Oai Oil
34-40 deg. Penn gal. •4c
32-36 deg. at wells, Texas gal. 'IJ^c
32-36 deg. Okla gal. •l%c
Refractories
Bauxite brick, 56% Al, f.o.b. PitUburgh
ton $35-50
Carborundum refractory brick, 9-in.,
less than carload lot, 1,000 1250.00
carload lots, LOGO 1100.00
Chrome brick, f.o.b. Eastern shipping
points 75-90
Chrome cement, 40-50% CrsOs 45-50
Chrome cement. 40-45% CrsOs. tacks in car
lots, f.o.b. Eastern shipping points -55
Fireclay brick, Ist qtialit^, 9-in. shapes.
f.o.b. Pennsylvania, Ohio ft Kentucky
works 40- 50
Fireclay brick, 2nd quality, 9-in shapes-
f.o.b. Pennsylvania, Ohio ft Kentucky
works 40- 50
Magnesite brick, 9-in. straight 90
Magnesite brick, 9-in. arches, wedges
and keys 100
Magnesite brick, soaps and splits .... 110
Silica brick, 9-in. sizes, f.o.b. Chicago
district 45-55
Silica brick, 9-in. sizes, f.o.b. Birming-
ham district 45- 55
Silica brick, 9-in. sizes, f.o.b. Mt.
Union, Pa 45-55
Calking Materiali
Quotations f.o.b. New York, are:
Tarred or untarred Eagle Jute packing
rope in 50 or 100- lb. coils, per pound 6c
Plumbers Spun Oakum, in bales of SO
lbs. each, per bale $2.75
Pig Lead, New York, N. Y., per
100 lb 4.00
Bituininous Coal— Net Ton8,F.O.B. Mines
Current Quotations— Spot Prices.
Coal Market Qvoted Price
Low Volatile, Baitem
Pocahontas mine run .... Columbus $3 JO
Pocahontas lump Columbus 5.50
Pocahontas mine run .... Chicago 3.00
Pocahontas lump Chicago 5.00
Smokeless mine run Boston 6.25
Clearfields mine run .... Boston 1.85
Somersets mine run .... Boston 2.60
Pool 1 (Navy Standard) .. New York 3.35
Pool 1 (Navy Sundard) .. Philadelphia 3.00
Pool 1 (Navy Sundard) .. Baltimore 3J0
Pool 9 (Super. Low Vol.) . New York 2.65
Pool 9 (Super. Low Vol.) . Philadelphia 2JS
Pool 9 (Super. Low Vol.) . Baltimore 3.85
Pool 10 (H.Gr. Low Vol.) New York 2.40
Pool 10 (H.Gr. Low Vol.) Philadelphia 2.45
Pool 10 (H.Gr. Low Vol.) Baltimore 2.40
Pool 11 (Low Volatile) .. New York 2.00
Pool 11 (Low Volatile) .. Philadelphia 2.25
Pool 11 (Low Volatile) .. Baltimore 2J0
Pool 71 (Navy Sup'mnU) . New York 2.75
Pool 71 (Navy Sup'mntl) . Philadelphia 2.00
Pool 71 (Navy Sup'mntl) . Baltimore 2J6
High Volatile, Eastern
Pool 34 (H.Vol. G. and S.) New York 1.85
Pool 34 (H.Vol. G. and S.) Philadelphia 2J0O
Pool 34 (H.Vol. G. and S.) Baltimore 1.80
Pittsburgh mine run Pittsburgh 14JS
Pittsburgh sc'd. gas Pittsburgh 2.50
Kanawha mine run Columbus 2.25
Kanawha lump Columbus 3^
Hocking n?ine run Columbus 2.25
Hocking lump Olumbus 3.25
Pitts. No. 8 mine run .. Cleveland 2.15
Pitts. No. 8 Itimp Cleveland 3.00
Midwest
Franklin, 111., mine run .. Clhicago 2.50
Franklin, 111., lump .... Chicago 3.45
Central, 111., mine run .. C:hicago 2.00
Central, 111., lump Chicago 2.75
Ind. 4th Vein, mine run .. Chicago 2.50
Ind. 4th Vein, lump Chicago 2.75
Ind. 5th Vein, mine run .. CHiicago 2.23
Ind. 5th Vein, lump .... Chicago 2.25
Standard mine run St. Louis 1.75
Standard lump St. Louis 2JS
West Ky., mine run Louisville 1.90
West Ky., lump Louisville 2.35
South and Southwest
Big Seam mine run Birmingham 2.85
Big Seam lump Birmingham 3J5
S. E. Ky., mine run .... Louisville 2.25
S. E. Ky., lump Louisville 3.75
Kansas mine run Kansas City 4.25
Kansas lump Kansas City 5.00
Digitized by VnOOQ iC
June 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
483
Men in the Industry
Jos. Edward Dougherty of Chicago,
after several months' illness passed away,
at San Diego, California, on April 28th.
Mr. Dougherty had been with the com-
pany thirty-one years. He first had a
clerical position at the old 39 South Hal-
sted street office, and started work there
Aug. 22, 1890. After the companies con-
solidated he was assistant manager of
the bookkeeping department and was
subsequently transferred to assist Mr.
George Hohmann in the transfer and
treasurer's department. June 1, 1917, he
was made treasurer of the company.
He was born in Chicago in 1871. and
at the time of his death his home was at
Western Springs. He was always an
intense, indefatigable worker, unswerv-
ingly loyal to his friends and to the
company. His death 'is a sad loss to both.
His advance in the company was due
solely to his own diligence, ability and
devotion to duty. It is a matter of deep
regret that he did not live longer to
enjoy the fruits of his labor. Mr. Doug-
herty leaves a widow, one son, and one
daughter. His son served with distinc-
tion in the late war. Our deepest sym-
pathy is extended to the bereaved family.
Alonzo T. Rand, president of the
Minneapolis Gas Light company and
Clive T. JaflFray, president of the First
National bank, have been appointed by
United States Judge Wilbur F. Booth
as receivers for the gas company. Their
appointment was necessitated by the
death of Rufus R. Rand, vice-president
of the company and receiver since the
company asked that a receiver be ap-
pointed, in January, 1920.
"In the original findings of Judge
Booth," said Mr. Rand, "he stated that he
might appoint two receivers for the com-
pany. This was not done at first, but on
account of the death of Rufus Rand, I
asked that the First National bank, with
which we have transacted our business
for 30 years, should be represented in
the receivership. I felt that such a re-
ceivership could look after the financial
side while I devoted my time to the op-
eration of the company."
Alphonso Mason, long connected with
the Welsbach company, died June 7th at
his home in Washington, D. C, aged 11.
His body was brought to Philadelphia,
his former home, for burial June 9. In-
terment private. Mr. Mason attended the
recent natural gas convention in Cincin-
nati, where he was taken sick, which
after an illness of three weeks resulted
in his death.
L. B. Denning, of Pittsburgh, who was
elected president of the Natural Gas As-
sociation of America at the Cincinnati
convention, is 47 years old, and formerly
practiced law in the state of Ohio, but
for some years has represented the Craw-
ford interests in the gas and oil industry.
He is vice-president and general manager
of the Ohio Fuel Supply Company, with
offices in Pittsburgh; president of the
Lone Star Gas Company, of Dallas, Tex.,
and is connected with several other gas
and supply companies. Mr. Denning has
already taken up his duties as president
of the association with vigor, and will
no doubt prove to be a worthy successor
of Mr. H. J. Hoover, of Cincinnati, who
retired from the office at the convention,
after a very successful year.
L. B. Denning
John L. Haley is now General Manager
of the Hattiesburg Traction Company,
in place of H. F. Wheeler. This property
is controlled by the Meridian Light and
Railway Co., which is in turn a sub-
sidiary of Cities Service Co. The coal
gas process is used for gas manufacture.
Alan P. Tappan, District Sales Mgr.,
of the Eclipse Stone Co., Mansfield, Ohio,
was married April 22nd to Miss Maude
Stamm, of Harrisburg, Pa.
Mr. and Mrs. Tappan are spending
their honeymoon in Bermuda.
On their return, they plan to make
their home in Chicago, where Mr. Tappan
will manage the western sales headquar-
ters of his company.
Robert M. Leach, treasurer of the Weir
Stove Company of this city, was signally
honored by his fellow stove manufactur-
ers of the United States recently when at
annual convention he was elected presi-
dent of the National Association of Stove
Manufacturers. This is the first time
that this honor has come to Taunton,
Mtass. and not since 1903 has it come
to New England when Albert N. Parlin
of Boston concluded a term which had
begun in 1901.
The Nationa! Association comprises
stove manufacturers from all over the
country; from the Pacific to the Atlantic.
There are over two hundred concerns
represented and the Taunton concerns
at the convention were nearly all repre-
sented and all were deeply interested in
Mr. Leach's candidacy and were the first
to congratulate him on his success.
Mr. Leach has been giving service pre-
viously as vice-president of the organiza-
tion. He has been deeply interested in
its work and has given a great deal of
personal attention to matters in which
the welfare of the stove trade as a whole,
all over the United States, was interested
and his election to head the organization
comes as a merited recognition of his
ability and energy.
G. J. Swan, for the last sixteen years
supervisor of distribution, is the new re-
ceiver for the Consumers' Light, Heat &
Power company of Topeka, Kansas, to
succeed L. G. Treleaven, who died April
18 of paralysis. The order appointing Mr.
Swan was made by Judge John C. Pol-
lock, of the federal court, Wednesday aft-
ernoon and reached Topeka this morning.
Does Efficient Work
Mr. Swan's efficiency in handling the
company's afifairs, won hitai favorable re-
nown among the stock and bond holders
of the distributing company and resulted
in many requests to Judge Pollock to
make him receiver.
Like Mr. Treleaven, he began his ca-
reer with the Peoples' Gas, Light &
Coke company, of Chicago, where he
served for seven years. Coming to Tope-
ka in 1905, he supervised the building of
the new artificial gas plant at 214 East
First street. When natural gas was
turned into Topeka in December, 1905,
and the Excelsior Coke and Gas company
was taken over by the Consumers' Light.
Heat & Power company, Swan became
supervisor of distribution, which position
he had occupied ever since.
Mr. Swan was acquainted with Mr.
Treleaven before either of them came
from Chicago, both being in the service of
the Chicago company at the same time.
Digitized by
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484
THE GAS AGE
June 10, 1921
Construction News
Million Dollar Credit Is Al-
lowed Water Board for
Gas Plant Improve-
ment
Omaha voters decided to authorize the
issue of $1,000,000 gas improvement bonds
for the Metropolitan district.
The bonds will serve as a credit for the
gas department and will be used for ex-
tension, improved machinery and work-
ing capital.
Hand Operated Water Gas
Plant Installs A. G. I.
Automatic Controls
The U. G. I. Contracting Company of
Philadelphia has received contract from
the Lowell (Mass.) Gas Light Co. for
Automatic Control to be installed on their
11 ft. apparatus, which previously had
been operated by hand.
S. E. Fairchild Lands Con-
tract for Havana Holder
Mr. W. H. Price of Providence is the
Chief Engineer on the Job
The Cruse-Kemper Company have just
received a contract from the Havana
Electric Railway, Light & Power Com-
pary for the construction of new lifts in
330,000 cu. ft. Pit Holder at Havana,
Cuba.
Mr. W. H. Price formerly of Provi-
dence, is the Chief Engineer of the Gas
Department, and is making extensive im-
provements, involving much hard work.
New Machinery Being
Installed
Work to be Completed July 1
Work on the installation of the new
machinery at the Gloucester Gas Light
Company's plant, foot of Duncan street,
is going on rapidly. The buildings on
the Voss property on the comer of Dun-
can and Wharf streets which the com-
pany pprchased have all been removed
and the concrete foundation for the new
gasometer has already been laid. Ma-
terials for the construction of the holder
have arrived and the work will probably
begin immediately. The entire job is to
be completed by July 1 so that the local
plant will be ready for the summer busi-
ness.
New Home of Gas Company
to Be Built
Oakland, Cal., June 1, — Building will
commence next August on a new Pacific
Gas and Electric structure, according to
announcement by Lee H. Newbert, man-
ager of the Eastbay Division. It will
be a six-story, steel ofHce building, at
Seventeenth and Clay streets to cost be-
tween $35aOOO and $500,000. C. W. Dick-
ey is the architect.
Conitruction to be Rushed
When completed the building will be
a class A structure of steel, and will
house all of the Eastbay Division ad-
ministrative ofhces, which division com-
prises Alameda and Contra Costa coun-
ties. The present Pacific Gas and Elec-
tric building at Thirteenth and Clay
streets is too small to accommodate all
of the organization's offices, Mr. Newbert
declared, which condition led to the
drawing up of new plans and the rush-
ing of construction when they are com-
pleted.
In the new building, which will be just
off of San Pablo avenue, will be housed
the general administrative offices, the
Bureau of Electrical Engineering, Bu-
reau of Gas Engineering, and the Bureau
of Bookkeeping and Accounting, in addi-
tion to offices of the officials of the com-
pany.
Gas Company to Increase Its
Output
In order to increase the output at the
York Gas company's plant, intended to
improve the service to patrons in va-
rious settions of the city, extensive im-
provements are now in progress at the
plant. The holder capacity of the plant
is being increased and larger mains are
being put down in several localities.
Stacey Manufacturing Co. to
Build Million Foot Holder
in Florida
The Stacey Manufacturing Co., of Cin-
cinnati, were awarded contract by the
Board of Commissioners of the City of
St. Petersburg, for the construction at
St. Petersburg, Florida, of a 1,000,000 cu.
ft. capacity Gas Holder, to be completed
by Fall.
Company to Spend $150,000
for Plant Additions
Extenaions Include Production and Dis-
tribution Equipment
Central Counties Gas Co., Visalia, Cal.,
which operates in the cities of Visalia,
Tulare, Exeter, Lindsey and Portervillc,
applied to the Railroad Commission for
authority to issue $150,000 of its 7% three
to six year debenture notes. The proceeds
are to be used to defray the cost of plant
additions and betterments made neces-
sary by growing demands upon the sys-
tem. Listed among the expenditures
planned are $39,000 for a gas holder at
Visalia, $25,000 for a new gas generator
at the Visalia plant, $10,510 for storage
tanks in the city of Tulare and $19,250 for
the purchase and installation of approx-
imately 500 new services, including me-
ters, regulators, etc. An expenditure of
$10,450 for the purchase and installation
of $10,000 feet of 5 inch transmission line
is also on the list, and it includes also
an expenditure of $6,875 for 5,000 feet of
6 inch distributibn main.
Cruse-Kemper Co. to Build
Holders for Naval Air Station
One of Several Important Service
Stations
We have the contract for the gas hold-
ers at the Naval Air Station, Lakehurst
N. J.
The Station will be one of the im-
portant units in the Naval air service,
and it is expected that some of the large
Dirigibles will use this station.
The gas holder contract is for a mil-
lion cubic foot and two smaller gas
holders.
C. J. Beck has succeeded D. M. Ham-
bright as superintendent and purchasing
agent of the Bangor, Pa., Gas Company.
Lower Prices for Elevating
and Conveying Machinery
Special Reference to Coal Handling
Plant
The Gifford-Wood Co., Hudson, N. Y.
make the following announcement.
Due to the gradual decrease in the cost
of raw materials and commodities used
in our line of equipment, and further,
to successful efforts in reducing produc-
tion costs, we are pleased to announce a
substantial reduction in prices.
This will apply to all general elevating
and conveying machinery for coal, ice
and miscellaneous material including
structural and plate work.
Digitized by
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June 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
485
Industrial Gas Rates
Increased
California State Railroad Commission
Authorizes Sonthern Counties Gas Com-
pany to Raise Charges for Industrial Gas
in the Company's Eastern Division, Com-
prising all Cities and Communities in the
Orange County, Whittier, Pomona and
Monrovia Districts
Los Angeles, Cal.— By Decision Num-
ber 8680 recently handed down by the
California State Railroad Commission,
rates for industrial gas served by the
Southern Counties Gas Company in its
Eastern District, including all cities in
Orange County, Whittier, Pomona and
the Monrovia Districts, have been in-
creased approximately five cents per thou-
sand cubic feet.
The former rates were established July
3, 1918, when the cost of gas purchased
and all other operating expenses of the
Southern Counties Gas Company were
much less than at present. Since 1918,
the cost of gas has increased materially
and the Company asked in its petition to
the Railroad Commission that the new
rates reflect the existing level of operat-
ing costs, and provide the Company a
fair and reasonable return upon its in-
vestment.
The Southern Counties Gas Company
has been required to pay a higher rate
for gas purchased than was in effect at
the time of the establishment of the 1918
rate schedule, and, as a result, at the
present time, the gas sold under one of
its industrial schedules was actually sold
at less than the cost of the gas to the
Company. Since 1918 the purchase price
of gas increased approximately two cents
per thousand cubic feet and are found to
ation is given to other charges, an in-
crease of approximately five cents per
thousand resulted.
"The rates granted," according to the
Railroad Commission's decision, "will re-
sult in an increase in the charges for in-
dustrial gas of approximately five cents
per thousand cubic feet and are found to
be just and reasonable."
The new rates affect industrial con-
sumers of the B, C. D and E classes.
Class B applies to internal combustion
engines only. Class C includes bakeries,
packing houses, metal working plants,
preserving and canning establishments,
fruit and vegetable dryers, etc. Qass D
includes steam boilers, incinerators, kilns
or similar appliances.
Schedules Authorized
Following are the schedules authorized
by the Railroad Commission:
Schedule If o. 1-B _ .
^^ Per meter per month
First 100.000 cu. ft. $.45 per M cu. ft.
Next ^-000 cu. ft. ^ ™ ^ -" f'
Next 500.000 cu. ft.
All over 1,000,000 cu. ft.
^.to per in tu. »v.
.40 per M cu. ft.
J5 per M cu. ft.
.30 per M cu. ft.
Minimum Charce:
Per meter
From May to October inclusive, $5.00 per month
From Nov. to April inclusive, Sl.OO per month
For continuous yearly service, $36.00 per year
Scbedttle ITo. 1-C
Per meter per month
50,000 cu. ft. $.45 per M cu. ft.
150,000 cu, ft. .40 per M cu. ft.
First
Next
Next
All over
400,'000 cu. ft!
600,000 cu. ft.
JS per M cu. ft.
.30 per M cu. f t.
Minimiim Charce:
Per meter
From May to October inclusive, $15.00 per month
From Nov. to April inclusive, $1.00 per month
For continuous yearly service, $96.00 per year
Schedule ITo. 1-D
Per meter per month
First 100,000 cu. ft. $J5 per M cu. ft.
All over 100,000 cu. ft. JO per M cu. f t.
Minimum Charge:
Per meter
From May to October inclusive, $50.00 per month
From Nov. to April inclusive, $5.00 per month
For continuous annual service. $330.00 per year
Schedule ITo. 1-B
25 cents per 1,000 cubic feet
Minimum Charge:
$50.00 per meter installation per month, or a
cumulative minimum of $600.00 per 3rear. Mini*
mum total use of gas at each meter installation,
$500.00.
Wildwood Gas is Booated to $2JK)
Trenton, N. J. June 1— The State Pub-
lic Utility Commission has announced
that an increase in rates has been allowed
the Wildwood Gas Co. of from $2.10
to $2.50 per thousand cubic feet of gas
consumed. The present rate of the Com-
pany also includes a service charge of
twenty-five cents per month for three
and five-light meters, for yearly consum-
ers, and $3 per year for summer con-
sumers. Under the new schedule, this
service charge is eliminated.
Schenectady Gets Boosted
Gas Rate Despite
Injunction
Company to Continue Higher Charge
Pending Appeal; Poata Refund Bond
Albany, N. Y. — Despite the public serv-
ice comission order compelling the Ad-
irondack Power and Light corporation
to reduce the price of gas in Schenec-
tady, Scotia and vicinity, the company
will continue to charge the increased rate,
pending a decision by the appellate divi-
sion. This will be done in accordance
with a stay granted by Supreme Court
Justice Charles E. Nichols of Schoharie.
The Adirondack corporation furnished
a $100,000 bond to insure return of the
excess payment in the event the appellate
division decides against the company.
It is expected the case will come before
the division in September.
Gas bills sent out notified the consum-
ers that payment at the old rate would
be required, and that a refund would be
made within six months of final deter-
mination of the case.
The public service commission order
reduced the price from $1.50 to $1.25.
The company increased the rate from
one dollar a 1,000 cubic feet last July.
Chicago's Utilities Greatest,
Boasts Mayor Thompson
Chicago, June 1 — A vivid description of
the great efficient utility companies that
serve Chicago with transportation, com-
munication, electric light and power and
gas is given in a signed article contrib-
uted by Mayor William Hale Thompson
in the New York Central Railroad's ship-
pers' guide and handbook, just printed.
The mayor's article depicts not only how
the great metropolis is served, but tells
how the services have expanded far be-
yond municipal boundaries until now
they link up more than 60 adjoining
cities, towns and villages, providing
hourly, friendly dependence upon Chica-
go and giving the same certainty, efficien-
cy and speed as in the city itself.
"Chicago's public utilities service is
of great magnitude and efficiency," Says
Mayor Thompson in the article.
"Chicago's splendid gas service, with
a daily output of 83,000,000 cubic feet,
furnishes industrial power with great
economy.
of
Wanamaker's Discovery
Advertising Value
John Wanamaker, of department store
fame, took in $24.67 the first day he was
in business. He kept $0.67 for change
and spent $24.00 for newspaper adver-
tising. He says:
"If I ever have a monument for dis-
covering anything, it will be for finding
out that the only advertising of direct
and instant benefit to both merchant and
customer is in the newspaper of known
circulation."
Standard's Subsidiaries
Earnings
Show Improved Financial Conditions
The following subsidiaries of Standard
Gas & Electric Company report compara-
tive earnings for the years ended March
31, 1921, and 1920, as follows :
Lonisville Gas & Electric Company
Twelve mos. ended Mar. 31— 1921 1920
Gross Earnings ....$4,701,951 $3,816,444
Net Earnings 2,144,493 1,906,982
Mountain States Power Company
Twelve mos. ended Mar. 31— 1921 1920
Gross Earnings .... $948,031 $820,935
Net Earnings 294,072 271,224
Oklahoma Gas & Electric Company
Twelve mos. ended Mar. 31— 1921 1920
Gross Revenue ....$5,358,301 $4,327,175
Gross Earnings .... 3,735,009 2,992^99
Net Earnings 1,295,236 1,147.081
Tacoma Gas & Fuel Company
Twelve mos. ended Mar. 31— 1921 1920
Gross Earnings .... $578,870 $493,101
Net Earnings 109,826 82,798
Fort Smith Light & Traction Company
Twelve mos. ended Mar. 31— 1921 1920
Gross Earnings ....$1,074,404 $912,025
Net Earnings 297.416 283.677
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THE GAS AGE
June 10, 1921
Convention and Outing Big Success
Mr. Stothart Reviews Industry — Gas Men Approve a
Lower Heat Unit Standard — Appliance Merchandising
Debated — Mr. Pollitt of Baltimore is New President
MR. E. C. STOTHART, president of
the Southern Gas Association,
gave the delegates to the Annual
Convention and Outing a hearty welcome
at Savannah, Ga., May 31. In his re-
view of the public utility situation, show-
ing that despite business conditions the
gas companies are holding their own,
among other things he said:
"These meetings provide a medium for
the exchange of information and ideas
on matters affecting the industry, and
give that 'personal touch' to our busi-
ness which is so vitally necessary to its
success.
"What can the parties at interest do
for one another?
"As the gas company is the point of
contact between the manufacturer and
the public, the manufacturer must nec-
essarily depend largely upon the sugges-
tion and advice of the gas company in the
needs of the public, and the development
of more efficient appliances. With effi-
cient appliances on the district, a gas
company is enabled to render a more sat-
isfactory service to its customers, and
satisfied customers are willing to pay for
good service at a rate commensurate with
such service.
"The relations of these two branches of
the industry and the public are mutually
beneficial. If there were no gas, there
would be no demand for appliances; if
there were no appliances, gas could not be
utilized for illuminating and heating pur-
poses, and if there were no buying pub-
lic, gas and appliances would be useless.
Our mutual dependence therefore de-
By J. H. MOORE
mands hearty co-operation and the co-
ordination of our energies and efforts to
the end that all concerned may share
equally and profitably in our accom-
plishments.
"Let us for a moment consider the po-
sition in which the gas companies of the
country find themselves today, the reasons
therefor, and the remedy. The World
War is over in so far as actual military
engagements are concerned, but the diffi-
culties experienced by the vast majority
of the gas companies of the country dur-
ing the so-called period of readjustment
are as apparently insurmountable as were
those which confronted us during the war
period.
"The accomplishment of the industry
in emerging successfully from a situa-
tion which required almost superhuman
effort and involved great personal and
financial sacrifice, should inspire us to
meet the present crisis calmly, confident-
ly, and with a determination to overcome
every obstacle standing between us and
our goal, i.e., the re-establishment of the
industry on a sound financial basis, and
a reorganization of both equipment and
personnel, that uninterrupted and satis-
factory service to the public may be main-
tained.
"Funds are necessary to maintain good
service, and it is through good service
that we are able to secure funds. Ex-
perience has taught us that most people
are willing to pay for what they get, but
when they do not get what they, feel they
rightly are entitled to, their purse strings
are drawn, and it is most difficult to loos-
en them.
"During the war, and until the recent
past, when the cost of labor and materials
entering into the production and distri-
bution of gas was constantly increasing,
and the service rendered was not up to
the standard because of the unprecedent-
ed demands upon our inadequate equip-
ment and forces, applications for in-
creased rates were met by strenuous pro-
tests from the public. In most instances,
the regulatory bodies having jurisdiction
over such matters realized the critical
position of the utility, and appreciating
its value to the community, and the neces-
sity of such institutions to the success-
ful prosecution of the war, took the situ-
ation in hand and granted such increases
as they felt were justified and commen-
surate with service rendered. A number
of gas companies were awarded rates
which enabled them to operate profitably,
while others were only able to reduce
their losses, and many are today still op-
erating at a loss.
"The reduction in cost of many com-
modities has prompted the query, 'When
are gas rates going to be reduced?' This
question is a difficult one to answer, es-
pecially when a definite date is set; how-
ever, the following explanation will serve
to cover, in a general way, the point in
question :
"The Regulatory Bodies, in considering
adjustment of rates, seldom accept as a
basis anticipated losses, but most gener-
ally are moved to action only by the pres-
entation of proof of loss sustained on
View of Gas Men and Friends Attending Annaal Convention of Soathern Gas Association, Savannah. Ga^ May 31-JiUie 2, 1921
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THE GAS AGE
487
existing rates. If favorable action is
taken on the petition, the rate granted is,
as a rule, based on the present cost of
supplying service, no cognizance being
tak^ of or provision made to cover the
loss experienced. Furthermore, the gas
companies were compelled to purchase on
a rising market and accumulate stocks of
coal, oil, coke and other supplies, to in-
sure continuous and uninterrupted ser-
vice to the public.
"Contracts covering most of these sup-
plies were made, but most of them, par-
ticularly oil, coal and coke, were contin-
gent upon fires, strikes, wars, and other
causes beyond the control of the contrac-
tors. Only a comparatively small per-
centage of the supplies thus contracted
for were delivered, and the gas compan-
ies were compelled to buy on open market
at prices greatly in excess of their con-
tracts. These contracts were made mostly
on quantity basis, and many are still in
force, and the purchasers are compelled
to accept delivery at the higher prices.
Thus it will be seen that although the
market prices of these supplies have de-
clined, the gas companies are unable to
avail themselves of the opportunity of
buying supplies at the reduced prices un-
til the expiration of the contracts and ex-
haustion of their large stocks of high
priced materials.
"When the time comes that gas com-
panies are in a position to buy materials
at lower prices, wages are adjusted, and
efficiencies effected which will naturally
reduce the cost of supplying gas service,
the matter of reducing gas rates will be
considered. No fair-minded people can
fail to appreciate our position and ren-
der every possible assistance when they
are in possession of the facts concerning
our business.
"We need not hope to effect this mu-
tual relationship unless we are in the
position and are always ready to supply
the demand of our customers, to render
satisfactory and efficient service, and to
show them such consideration as will com-
pel them to stand squarely behind us when
we are in need of their assistance and
co-operation. This necessarily means that
the gas company must sell the most effi-
cient appliances obtainable, and discour-
age the purchase by its customers of the
cheaply made and inefficient appliances so
as to reduce to a minimum the trouble
and annoyance from this source.
"We must have adequate facilities in
all departments. Assuming that we have,
our attention should be directed to the
thorough instruction of our personnel.
Employes should feel a personal interest
in their company, and be made to realize
the important part they play in its opera-
tion as its personal representatives. They
should have this thought constantly in
mind: 'Satisfied customers mean success
for the company, and success for the
company means increased opportunities
for us.' This applies to all departments,
managerial, legal, manufacturing, distri-
bution, advertising and publicity, new
business, accounting, treasurer's, etc
Their activities should be co-ordinated,
and there should be such unity of pur-
pose as to make of the whole a single
unit, working untiringly and unceasingly
for the perfection of its service, and in
this way keeping faith with the people of
the community it serves. In the words
of Philip H. Gadsden, Chairman of the
Emergency Committee of the A. G. A.—
'Put your house in such order that you
will fear the questions of no man.'"
Gas Men Approve of Lowering Heat Unit
Reduction of the B.t.u. standard re-
quired in most states by the public utility
commissions was the live topic injected
into the first meeting by the reading of a
paper by Edward L. Rieha of Baltimore,
whose scientific paper on "Some Fore-
thoughts in Gas Engineering" aroused
the most lively discussion and was re-
ceived with enthusiasm.
A number of the prominent gas men
present discussed it exhaustively. Entire
endorsement of his conclusions summar-
ized were that the present B.t.u. standard
should be reduced, that regulatioin of the
raw materials used in gas manufacture
should be established, and that improve-
ment of methods leading to complete gas-
ification of coal should be undertaken by
manufacturers. He predicted a resulting
economy of production and consequent
lower prices to the consumer.
Many interesting points related to the
main one were brought out. R. C. Cong-
don of Atianta said that there was un-
doubtedly a growing tendency toward a
lower heat unit and recalled a remark
made at the Atlantic City convention to
the effect that by 1922 gas companies will
be unable to get gas oil. If conditions
are such as to warrant such a prediction
there is needed, he pointed out, the ut-
most economy in manufacture and dis-
tribution.
J. Ferrier of Atianta called attention
to the need which will arise for new gas
appliances if the heat unit is materially
lowered, as when gas has as low a heat
unit as 315 B.t.u. it cannot be used in the
ordinary stove. Special appliances, he
thought, would have to be made to dis-
tribute gas at 400 B.t.u.
"The troubles of the gas companies,"
said Mr. de Frese, "are not so much with
the public as with public service com-
missions. The decisions of these com-
missions are not always based upon ac-
curate knowledge. The return to the
company is the same whether you dis-
tribute low or high heat unit gas because
the amount which may be realized on the
investment is usually regulated by law.
In this state the railroad commission pro-
)Qle
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THE GAS AGE
June 10, 1921
vides that the heat unit must be 575 B.tu.,
with a minimum of 550. We know that
is a mistake — a waste of labor, fuel, etc"
Mr. de Frese said that the association
should go on record as inviting one or
more members of the public utility com-
missions to attend all the annual meet-
ings so that they may be informed as to
the problems of gas manufacture and un-
derstand the conditions before they at-
tempt to regulate manufacture and pre-
scribe standards. Such information
would, he felt, result in a fairer handling
of the questions.
*1 think,'* added Mr. deFrese, 'that
the public is uniformly fair, I think the
politicians are uniformly unfair, and I
think most public service commissions are
partly political."
Mr. Stothart explained that the com-
missions in all the Southern states had
been invited to attend and to send
representatives, and a letter of regret
was read by the secretary from the chair-
man of the Alabama commission. A res-
olution was unanimously adopted provid-
ing that all state commissions should here-
after be invited to attend the sessions and
should be urged to do so.
L. Irving Pollitt of Baltimore asked
why the utility should be reg^ulated when
the materials entering into it are absolute-
ly unregulated, and he wanted to know
where the attraction was to the investor
when public service commissions say that
the gas companies may earn net from 7
to 8 per cent.
Only One Source of Revenue
"We have only one source of revenue,"
said Mr. Pollitt. "We are not like mer-
chants who have various sources of reve-
nue, and if we do not get a rate commen-
surate with our needs and our finances
we are coming to a break. Few utilities
today are making a living."
An extremely interesting point was
made by J. H. Taussig of Philadelphia
who said that the number of B.t.u. had
nothing to do with the efficiency of the
gas, its efficiency being determined by
flame temperature.
E. S. Dickey of Baltimore also took
part in the discussion, suggesting the im-
portance of united action on the part of
all the gas associations of the country,
and proposed that copies of Mr. Rieha's
paper should be sent to secretaries of
these associations with the endorsement
of the Southern Gas Association. This
motion was incorporated in the original
resolution of appreciation to Mr. Rieha
and adopted.
Mr. Rieha himself concluded the dis-
cussion by suggesting that research work
should be done and the facts ascertained
should be brought before the members of
public service commissions, particularly in
capital cities where the commissions are
sitting, but he urged against requests for
increased rates.
*They can legislate us to the wall or
they can legislate us to prosperity," said
he. "The public, I believe, will not allow
us to be legislated to the wall This is
not the psychological time to raise the
cost of commodities. We may get an in-
crease for a while but it will cost us de-
structive criticism. Oil, if we can get it
at all, will be higher in the future than
now. Are we going to ask for increased
rates? No. It is our duty to do research
work and discover processes and methods
which will reduce the cost of produc-
tion."
In conclusion, after quoting certain ta-
bles and discussing the technical aspects
of complete coal gasification, Mr. Rieha
expressed the hope that by the time of
the next meeting the Southern Gas As-
sociation will have taken steps to establish
a chair of gas engineering and fuel re-
search at one of the larger Southern uni-
versities.
Scrubber Standpipe System
An interesting paper was read by R. C.
Congdon of Atlanta on the "Scrubber
Standpipe System." This system was in-
stalled in the Atlanta gas works plant
December 21, 1913, and, according to Mr.
Congdon, it has not been necessary to
clean the standpipes since then.
Mr. Congdon described the working of
the system by a model.
After the reading of the paper a gen-
eral discussion followed, in which Mr.
Marshall, Mr. Baker, Mr. Taussig and
others took part. One of the delegates
said the system is better known in Eng-
land than in this country, because, he
supposed, more gas is being used there
than here. He urged all improvements
as soon as they are proved useful and
efficient, to be immediately taken up and
that all gas companies strive to be pro-
gressive.
Automatic Water Gas Control
In the absence of S. A. Goodman of
Norfolk, Va., Mr. Smith read his paper
for him on "'Automatic Control," with
which a company is practically independ-
ent of the skilled labor situation, as any
many with ordinary intelligence can,
with little tuition, successfully handle
the apparatus.
niastrate4 Meter Talk
W. H. Jefferson of New York gave an
illustrated address on "Measuring Gas
With the Thomas Meter." This address
was a practical technical one.
"Much Haggled Subject''
A. F. Timberlake of Greenville, S. C,
read an interesting paper on "The Neces-
sity of a Gas Commercial Department,"
which he called a "much haggled sub-
ject"
He told of how stores are springing up
all over the country for the sale of gas
appliances, and he believed this was a
department which rightfully belongs to
the gas companies.
Mr. Timberlake suggested engaging of
men for such a department who thor-
oughly know the gas business, and this
department ought to be able to pay for
itself and have something over.
Mr. Timberlake said that this b the
most vital subject that confronts gas
companies today, and, if exception b
made of the discussion of the produc-
tion of the heat unit value, it proved to
be so as far as the convention b con-
cerned.
"Appliance stores and age&icies for
gas burning appliances have sprung np
all over the country, run by business men
on a progressive business basis who are
getting a portion of the profits derived
from appliance sales that rightfully be-
long to the gas company, but can only be
obtained through a live, competitive new
business department"
Getting Away from Field
Although there seemed to be entire
agreement with the business principles
he outlined, appliance men were inclined
to take the position, in discussing his pa-
per, that gas companies are getting too
far away from their original business,
which is the distribution of gas. T. J.
Potter of New York, speaking from
twenty years of experience, declared that
he believed the gas companies are getting
farther and farther from their goal, that
they have the wrong men for presidents
and the wrong men for directors of their
companies, and that they fail to realize
that the whole matter is a commercial
proposition. All the matters which the
convention has been discussing, he said,
are domestic questions to be settled by
the companies and not of interest to the
public, such as methods of manufacture
and distribution, economy of production,
and so on.
"It comes down to this," said Mr.
Potter, "you are not properly selling your
product to the public. I have heard most
of you say that you are not making any
money. Yet you have a product that b
vital to every family in the United States,
If you have the product and the public
needs it, why do they hate you instead of
loving you? Think that question over,
How you are to make your product, what
economies you can accomplish, what im-
provements you can adopt is your pri-
vate business, but the thing the public is
interested in is how you are going to sell
the product they need."
Mr. Levan, pointing out that electric
companies do not sell appliances, said
that in his opinion "gas companies should
not sell appliances either but should get
out and sell gas."
All the speakers agreed that good will
is the important thing and that good will
results from good service.
Digitized by
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June 10, 1921 THE GAS AGE 489
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THE GAS AGE
June 10, 1921
"When it comes to asking for increased
rates," said H. D. Schall, "what is good-
will ? It is nothing more than satisfac- < ^
tion with service render od.' 'AJJ *gals com-
panies have not laboratories but all have
plants, workshops, and it isi easy enough
to determine what rates should be, what
changes should be made, by experiments
in these workshops. All gas engineers
are agreed on the necessity of lowering
the calorific value and agree that it will
not affect the efficiency of the gas but
before changes are made experiments
should be made to ascertain what is
practicable and necessary."
Mr. Long maintained that gas com-
panies are justified in selling gas appli-
ances, and that the three factors to be
considered are the gas company selling
the gas, the public buying the appliances,
and the manufacturers building the ap-
pliances. He declared that 90 per cent
of the gas companies selling appliances
are lying down on the job, marking time.
"The manufacturers of appliances are
not going to mark iime," he declared.
'These njanufacturers once sold 80 per
cent of their appliances through the gas
companies and about 20 per cent through
dealers. Now conditions are practically
reversed and they are selling only about
30 or 35% through gas companies and
the rest through dealers. We have got
to wake up or lose business. And one
of the ways to improve the situation is
to segregate the commercial department
from the gas department, if not physi-
cally at least as far as management is
concerned.
**We have just two justifications for be-
ing in the appliance business," continued
Mr. Long. "One is to sell our product and
the other is to render service. We have
got to decide whether we will remain in-
active or whether we will segregate the
two departments, get out in spite of gas
conditions and sell our product"
Defends Gas Men
Irving Pollitt rose to the defense of
the gas men by saying that some of the
tale had been told but not all. The diffi-
culty, he said, lay partly in the high cost
of appliances which people are now un-
willing to buy.
"It is a question today," . he said,
"whether we shall keep commercial sales-
men in the field and maintain a gilt-
edged commercial department, at a time
when most commercial houses are call-
ing in their salesmen. We are in the
position of a wholesale business, and I
believe we are willing to put out the
salesmen, to use every effort to sell the
appliances, if the manufacturers are will-
ing to let us pay for them when we sell
them."
One way of giving good service, Mr.
Crawibrd said, would be for the gas
companies to employ men to go from
house to house to examine appliances and
keep them in good condition, ' and he
thought this would be more profitable
than selling gas appliances. He pre-
did so,
gas and at the 'iaitie time
give better service.
dieted that the compat)|e%, if they die
would sell mdre gas and at the 'iame
History of Gmb Industry
Roy B. Verdery of the National Tube
Company, who gave an interesting ac-
count of the early history of the gas in-
dustry and developments in the manufac-
ture of wrought pipe for the conveyance
of gas.
Steam Driven Clinkering Machines
George A. Bronder of New York gave
a description of a steam driven clinker-
ing machine.
Discussion on both papers took place,
those taking part being: Mr. Rieha, Mr.
Hill, Mr. Young, Mr. Shaw, Mr. Grier
and Mr. Pollitt
Social Functions
The officers of the association were
guests of the Rotary Club at luncheon.
In the afternoon the entire party drove
to the Country Club where a shore din-
ner was served. They returned to the
hotel at 6.30 o'clock, and enjoyed the
street dance arranged in their honor at
night.
Officers and delegates who are Kiwan-
ians were entertained by the Kiwanis
Club at the Hotel Savannah with a
luncheon.
The delegates motored to Tybee, where
a banquet was served at the Hotel Ty-
bee, followed by a dance. . A searchlight
drill from Fort Screven was given.
Take River Trip
The delegates and invited guests left
on the steamer St. John from the foot of
Bull street for a trip on the Savannah
river. Lunch was served on the steamer.
The steamer returned at 7 o'clock in
the evening, giving the delegates time
to prepare for their journey home. A
number of the delegates said they would
stay in Savannah for a day or so as they
enjoyed the hospitality being shown them.
Next Convention at Greenville
It was decided to hold the next conven-
tion at Greenville, S. C, commencing
Tuesday, May 16, 1922.
New Officers
President, L. I. Pollitt, Baltimore, Md. ;
first vice-president, H. E. McDonald,
Greenville, S. C. ; second vice president,
A, W. Young, Knoxville, Tenn.; secre-
tary-treasurer, G. H. Smith, Baltimore,
Md.
The newly-elected officers received an
ovation from the delegates. Mr. Pollitt,
on being called on for a speech, replied
with "I appreciate the honor conferred on
me, and will do the best I can to fill the
office for the upbuilding of the associa-
tion,"
The other newly-elected officers were
called on for short speeches.
DiretltQrs Elected
The following directors were elected
for two years: E. L. Rieha, Baltimore,
Md.; J. J. Conlin, Charlotte, N. C; J.
W. Golden, Savannah; B. W. Bean,
Washington, D. C. These directors take
ihe places of B. B. Ferguson, Portsmouth,
Va.; H. E. McDonald, Greenville, S. C;
C. M. Crawford, Greensboro, N. C; G.
H. Rhodes, Richmond, Va., whose terms
have expired.
The remaining directors, whose terms
expire next year, are J. W. Perkerson, St
Petersburg, Fla.; J. D. Taylor. Balti-
more, Md.; B. H. Harriman, Goldsboro,
N. C; L. I. Pollitt, Baltimore.
Note. — Many more snapshots were
taken but they did not develop good.
National Association of Cost Accoimtaiits
Year Book
The 1920 Year Book of the National
Association of Cost Accountants which
has just been published is an attractive
volume which ought to prove of real
value to all men interested in cost work.
In addition to the reports of the various
officers and committees and a list of the
members of the Association, it contains
a complete report of all the papers
delivered at the Annual Convention at
Atlantic City, together with the dis-
cussions which followed each of these
papers.
One session of the Convention was
devoted to a discussion of uniform cost
accounting from the standpoint of the
Trade Associations. During this session
papers were presented by the following
gentlemen: J. Linton Engle, Vice-Presi-
dent, United Typothetae of America;
Grant A. McClatchie, Secretary, United
States Finishing Company; William B.
Reed, Secretary, National Coal Associ-
ation; William B. Baker, Secretary, Na-
tional Association of Chair Manufac-
turers; Chas. B. Stevenson, of the Fold-
ing Box Manufacturers Association and
the Glass Bottle Manufacturers Associ-
ation. These papers were followed by a
general discussion of the subject
Other topics covered in the proceed-
ings of the Convention are "The Relation
of Cost Accounting to Business Man-
agement" from the standpoint of the
Professional Accountant, by William M.
Lybrand, of Lybrand,. Ross Brothers and
Montgomery and from the standpoint of
the Business Executive by William B.
Ferguson, of the Philadelphia Engineer-
ing and Sales Corporation.
We arc informed by the Secretary that
there are a few copies available for
general distribution to men interested
in cost questions. The offices of the
Association are in Rooms 2546-2548
Woolworth Building, 233 Broadway, New
York City.
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June 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
491
National Retail Prices
;:!.
Discussion of the Advantages of a
Steady, Honest, Single Price for Gas
Appliances to the Ultimate Consumer
By ALFRED P. POST, Philadelphia
WHICH is better for the public,—
known, uniform, stabilized retail
prices, or unknown, variable, in-
constant retail prices?
In this day of general business uncer-
tainty, when governments, captains of
industry, authorities on economy, plain
gas men and common merchants are
studying earnestly to solve the problem
of distributing goods to the ultimate con-
sumer in the least wasteful manner, just
what is the right thing to do in the mat-
ter of retail prices ? Getting down to the
real subject of this article, what would
be a good method to follow in arriving
at retail prices to be charged to gas con-
sumers for the gas fuel appliances they
purchase ?
These questions presuppose the pres-
ent lack of a good method. The writer
fears that at present there is not only a
lack of good method, but from the stand-
point of an industry, there is a lack of
any method, good or bad. Inject depart-
ment store and dealer distribution into
the problem, — and that competition is
here without question, and permanently
— and the lack of a good retail price
making method discloses a condition
bordering on chaos.
Mamifactarer's Ontleta
War conditions overtook the gas in-
dustry before it had time to swing fully
into the modern way of conducting ap-
pliance departments on a self-sustaining
basis. The departments of most compa-
nies were temporarily discontinued.
Manufacturers of stoves, room and water
heaters could not remain idle awaiting
resumption of their regular patronage,
but sought new outlets for their goods,
and so department store and small deal-
er accounts were opened wherever there
was not too much gas company objection.
And, of course some manufacturers, in
common with the general run of ambi-
tious if not overly cautious business men,
of whom examples were to be found in all
lines of commercial endeavor, — ^greatly
increased their plant capacity to take
the best possible advantage of the heavy
dealer demand for their goods, — a de-
mand that seemingly, was never expected
to fall off. The demand, nevertheless, did
fall off, and thousands of appliances de-
livered last year to gas companies and to
independent dealers, are still unsold to
the public. Moreover, if what manufac-
turers say is true, there are enormous
stocks still held by them at factory ware-
rooms, stocks built out of peak cost ma-
terials and with labor at high water
mark. At what prices will these goods
eventually filter through to the public?
Will they be thrown on the market to
bring what they may, to be priced hap-
hazardly by the retailer, or will the "cost
curve" be invoked, that fair and accepted
method of price making that is used by
the utilities in rate making, and by all
latter day commercial experts who com-
bine cost, return on investment and price
in their dealings with the public?
Gas companies will not return to the
old method of "educating the public" by
distributing appliances below cost, and so
long as they sell at a fair price, inde-
pendent dealer competition will exist.
And it should exist. Gas companies, by
their charter and franchise rights enjoy
a monopoly regulated by law, but that
monopoly does not extend to merchan-
dise. Such latter monopoly could not
be given under the law as it would pre-
vent the unrestricted use and removal of
personal property. Therefore dealer
competition will be a permanent factor
in the sale of gas appliances. Therefore,
also, the need for a solution of the price
problem, the recognition of a fair method
and the general practice thereof.
Dealer ia Point of Contact
The public is the only real buyer, the
manufacturer the only real seller I The
dealer is but the point of contact be-
tween the other two, and is entitled only
to compensation for the service he per-
fonns. The seller should set his own
retail prices, as indeed he does in every
business where distribution is the com-
plement of production without interme-
diary agencies. If a manufacturer could
feel he is through with an article when
he has shipped it to a dealer, and that
he has no further interest in it, he might
naturally be indifferent as to how large
or small a retail price the dealer might
place upon it. That feeling of indiffer-
ence IS not a safe one to entertain, how-
ever, as is sensed at this writing, when
dealers are not buying gas appliances be-
cause their present stocks are more than
sufficient to meet the present public de-
mand. It is self-evident that a manufac-
turer's interest in his product continues
beyond its delivery to the dealer, and
that its retail price is as important to
him as its final sale, proper installation
and performance in service.
The dealer, whether gas company, de-
partment store, tinker or plumber, is en-
titled to compensation, for the service he
performs, and up to the present con-
fused state of appliance retailing, that
compensation has not been worked put.
The gas man as a merchandiser is a nov-
ice, the gap between distributing below
cost and selling at a profit having been
very recently essayed. The department
store merchant, a veteran merchandiser,
too seldom cares about loyalty to a
brand, but goes about his business build-
ing a good will on low prices and many
varieties for selection; he has a passion
for offering bargains better than his
competitors, and will buy from any man-
ufacturer who will cater to that passion;
he will be low on certain lines of goods
today and high on them next week, safe-
ly depending upon his innumerable ar-
ticles, the skilful jugglery in the prices
of which, in the aggregate usually means
a profitable year's business. The hard-
ware dealer, house furnisher, stove man
and plumber, largely recruited during
and since the war and hence still noviti-
ates in the appliance cult, look upon gas
fuel appliances as a sideline, interesting
because of their profit possibilities as
such, not as serious adjuncts to their bus-
iness but rather as incidents thereto:
"five dollars profit on a range is five
dollars," — no rent, no warehousing, no
selling cost, no interest; these things, if
they exist at all, being covered by their
"regular" business.
Concern in Retail Price
Now the goods, concerning the dis-
tribution of which this article is written,
are not dish pans, coal scuttles, agate
pitchers or door mats, but gas fuel ap-
pliances. They are goods which bear the
name plates of manufacturers, goods dig-
nified by their recognition and exhibition
during the conventions of the Ameripan
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THE OAS AGS
June 10, 1921
Gas Association, and goods important
enough to a vast industry to warrant a
standardization in construction require-
ments. They arc specialties, and to a
large extent require trained hands to put
them into their proper place and posi-
tion to function for the consumer in ac-
cordance with their purpose. Millions
are invested in the plants where they are
made, tirless experiment is expended in
their improvement, unceasing study and
worry are given to bettering supply serv-
ice to dealers, and,— there the manufac-
turer stops. When the retailer receives
the. goods today, so far as the manufac-
turer's interest in their retail price is
concerned, they might as well be gal-
vanized buckets, uncut window glass or
black wire fly screen. And what makes
matters worse, the dealer, even the gas
man, too often feels the same way about
it, that is, he feels the manufacturer has
no concern in their retail price.
Here then is a condition that chal-
lenges solution. The public is entitled
to fair prices no less than to good serv-
ice. Appliance service may be adequate
enough, for the manufacturer has seen to
it that goods are available where need-
ed or wanted. But is the price paid a
fair one, or too much or too little? The
manufacturer doesn't know; the small
dealer has no talent or experience in
scientific price making; the department
store merchant is taking advantage of his
strategic position in price leeway; and
the gas man is largely violating the prin-
ciples of the 'cost curve," not in making
gas rates, but in making appliance pric-
es. How does the ultimate consumer fare
in all this ? It depends upon how clever-
ly he buys. Three classes of tradesmen
handle gas appliances, and the consumer
needs but locate the one who at that
moment needs to make a sale or wants
to make one, and there he will find the
lowest price. The writer submits that
gas appliances are not like nails, paint
or market baskets, and that they should
not be shopped for in the same way.
Wherever sold in this country, barring
the far west or Canada, a gas range,
same make, same model, same specifica-
tions, is worth as much money to one
consumer as) to another, and each manu-
facturer should see to it that his goods
reach the householder without discrimi-
nation at the price they are really worth.
It can be done with gas appliances as it
is. with electric, manufacturers in that
industry setting the retail price, and
furnishing them at that price to the deal-
ers, less a discount to which the latter
are entitled by virtue of the service they
perform.
Service at Coat Plus Profit
A service is worth what it costs to per-
form plus a profit. In submitting the fol-
lowing rough outline of a retailers' scrv-
- 4ce^<;ost, the writer will use gas company
CQSt experience, for the double reason
that this article is written for gas men,
and that particular class of appliance
merchandizers renders the most costly
and most valuable appliance service to
the consumer.
Forty per cent margin must be allowed
between sales income and installation
cost, if a gas company dealer is to oper-
ate an appliance department on a profit-
able basis. Assume that it costs Sixty
Dollars to place an appliance in posi-
tion in a consumer's home ready for use;
then that appliance must be sold for One
Hundred Dollars in order that all mer-
chandising expenses are covered and a
small net profit yielded. Merchandizing
items are briefly as follows : —
Direct Selling Cost
Salesmen's Commission 15%
Advertising 4%
General Costs,
Rent
Light and heat
Janitor service
Clerical Help
Floor sales
Collection expense
Printing and postage
Taxes and legal
Insurance
Bad bills
Managerial
Executive
Profit
8%
.2%
.5%
.3%
.3%
Totol 40%
Few, if any of these cost percentages,
will be disputed by anyone informed in
the business. Of the first item it may
be stated that twenty calls per day per-
mit a salesman to interview two thous-
and consumers three times annually. Gas
appliance income throughout the United
States has averaged Five Dollars per
consumer per annum for the past four
or five years. Two thousand consumers
yield Ten Thousand of business there-
fore, which at 15% commission offers a
salesman $125 monthly income unless he
performs above the average.
Managerial expenses, involving adver-
tising, pricing, correspondence, replace-
ment of goods, supervision of salesmen,
etc., will be found, upon analysis to be
more than 5% on Sales, rather than less.
Executive expenses are found in that
class of work that attends to financing,
systematizing and auditing of accounts,
standardizing on goods purchased, form-
ing of public and company policy, etc.
Classes of Service Rendered
These items of expenses exist regardless
of accounting methods employed. They
are like justice in the development of the
law. Justice itself exists and is discover-
able if mortals are but persistant enough
and skillful enough to recognize it and
bring it into practice. Therefore, when
a ^ company dealer employs lalcs-
men, advertises goods, carries a
stock, gives credit and sells on
installments, he performs a recognized
service and should receive payment
therefor in accordance with probably ex-
isting expenses. And he should be pro-
tected by receiving a margin between
sales income and his cost that is com-
mensurate with the difference in the serv-
ice he renders and the service rendered
by department stores and the small non-
descript mechanic-merchant. These lat-
ter classes of retailers do not solicit
business, door to door. They do not
create business in the sense that the gas
company dealer creates it, but rather reap
part of what he has sown. A prima
facie difference of 10% in the cost of the
service rendered is thus established, in
favor of the gas man and against the de>
partment store and small dealer. That
difference allows 5% for direct personal
selling cost to independent dealers.
The small dealer does not advertise.
He will not recognize extra rent, man-
agerial or executive expense. If he is
given a discount as allowance for these
things he will cut his resale price so as
to persuade every inquirer to become a
buyer. He feels he must not lose a sale,
for to him, every dollar he receives above
his installation cost, is a dollar profit
And every sale he makes at a price below
what is needed to cover the costs here-
in-before outlined, demoralizes the mar-
ket Not one dealer in a hundred knows
how to calculate the proper resale price
of a gas appliance. Therefore, again, the
need of a manufacturer's established re-
sale price.
Taking the subject in a broad way, dif-
ferences in freight costs are small when
figured on a percentage basis. Also, dif-
ferences due to local conditions, in the
cost of "setting" appliances are small,
when figured on the same basis. Ware-
housing is generally accepted by long
practice to be a round figure of "5% on
the store room cost." Ten per cent on
sales sljould be a fair figure on freight
warehousing and installation costs to
cover this portion of expense for any
dealer, gas company or independent It
may be more than enough on very high
priced goods and not quite enough on
low priced appliances, but it will serve
within two or three per cent in most
cases, and uniformity is much to be de-
sired.
If the foregoing be accepted as a rea-
sonably accurate analysis of conditions
in the appliance industry, a very simple
and fair remedy must be apparent If
forty per cent on sales is needed for mer-
chandising expenses and profit, and ten
per cent on sales for installation costs,
then the manufacturer need but quote
a retail price to the gas company dealer,
less 50%, this retail price to include
''connection to existing outlet* The de-
partment store, if rewarded fw its scrv-
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June 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
493
ice to the same extent as the gas com-
pany, should receive 40%, off resale
price. The small independent dealer not
mor? than 25 or 30%.
Manufacturer to Stabilize the Industry
This industry can be stabilized if the
manufacturers wish it to be, and are
convinced that gas companies are in
earnest about the self-supporting or
profit earning appliance departments so
clearly advocated by the American Gas
Association. National retail prices do
not mean "price fixing," "restraint of
trade" violation of the "Sherman act,"
etc. It means the recognition of costs
of service performed, and the establish-
ment of retail prices by the manufacturer,
prices that are suggestive or instructive
only, but prices that will settle once and
for all, what merchants are in business
for the good of that business, and what
merchants are in it only as a side issue
and for the crumbs of chimerical profit
falling to them as a result of the work
of others.
People today are spending many many
dollars for electrical goods for each dol-
lar spent for gas goods. Perhaps one of
the contributing reasons is the haphaz-
ard price making policy of the gas ap-
pliance industry. The manufacturer
knows his own costs, and if he will add
to them the costs of retailing, he can
soon have the gas appliance business as
stabilized as the electric. Adopting the
simple expedient of "quoting gross" to
the retailer and "billing gross," that
gross subject to the discount earned by
each class of retailer is all that is nec-
essary.
Eastern Fuel Supply Co.
Moves OflSces
Reilly-Peabody Fuel Company are in
Oliver Building
The Eastern Fuel Company, now lo-
cated at 481 Union Arcade, Pittsburgh,
Pa., moved their offices June 1st to the
fourth floor of the Frick Building, oc-
cupying the offices formerly occupied by
the Reilly-Peabody Fuel Company who
have moved to the Oliver Building.
Trench Digging Machines Described
in New Literature Bulletin 25x is a new
16 page publication of the Pawling &
Harnischfeger Co., of Milwaukee, de-
scribing P. & H. ladder type excavators.
Specifications and descriptions of all
parts of these trench digging machines
are included as well as many illustrations
of work done and excavators in action
on various jobs. Brief reference is also
made to the new P. & H. 206 Excavator
Crane with full corduroy traction.
Doherty Sees
Higher Oil Prices
Increased Consumption Exceeds Produc-
tion, He Says
New York, June 7 — Oil consumption is
gaining at a rapid rate, giving promise of
soon outrunning even present record pro-
duction, in the opinion of Henry L.
Doherty, president of the Cities Service
Company, in a statement issued yester-
day. Continued reduction of the price of
mid-continent crude oil at this time, he
declared, will react to the benefit of the
companies and the detriment of the pub-
lic, for it will curtail production, forcing
strongly high prices at a later date.
"Consumption in April," he said, "was
at a rate of 88 per cent of production
and still gaining, indicating that even
under the present depressed business con-
ditions^and lessened foreign demand con-
sumption will again soon exceed even
the present- production, while the great
slump that has already taken place in
drilling is bound to cause a falling off in
production. If these low prices are long
continued I predict that crude oil prices
will have to go far above anything which
has heretofore ever been paid for oil, and
this regardless of any improvement in
general business conditions."
Gas Co. Gives Up Meter
Charge and Raises Rate
Adopts Sliding Scale of Rates
Bridgeport, Conn., June 1 — The Bridge-
port Gas Light company abandons its
proposed charge of fifty cents a month
for meters and substitutes a flat rate in-
crease in the price per thousand feet.
The new rate is by sliding scale. The
smaller consumers are to pay $1.60 a
thousand, instead of $1.^0, which, for
three thousand feet or more, will cost
more than the proposed meter charge.
The high rate maintains until 5,000
cu. ft. have been used. The second 5,000
will be sold at 15 cents a hundred; the
third 5,000 at 14 cents per hundred. For
larger users there is a rate of 12 cents
per hundred.
Gas Company Tax Valuation
Increased
Indianapolis, Ind., May 31— Officials
of the Citizens' Gas Company here have
been notified by the Indiana Tax Board
that the valuation of the company has
been increased from $5,213,196 to $6,756,-
700, but the valuation of the property of
the Indiana Gas Company, as leased by
the Citizens Gas Company has been re-
duced for purposes q{ t«^j;atiP^ ^^^^"^ ^'"
372,000 to $3,890,800.
Terrill Gas Machine Lighting Company
Moves
The Terrill Gas Machine Lighting
Company now occupies room 567 Hudson
Terminal Building, 50 Church Street,
New York, N. Y.
Pueblo Gas Plant
Reported Partly Flooded
Cloudbursts and Breaking of Dams
Cause Loss of Lives and Destruction
of Property
New York, June 4— Frank W. Frue-
auflF, a partner in Henry L. Doherty &
Co., owners of the Pueblo Gas and Fuel
Company, tried by long-distance tele-
phone yesterday to get some direct in-
formation on the condition of their plant,
but his eflForts were unsuccessful. He
was able to reach the company's repre-
sentatives in Denver, however, who re-
ported that they had learned that the
plant had not burned, as first reported. It
is believed, however, that it must have
been at least partly flooded. The gas
plant was near one of the lumber yards,
which was reported on fire. About 100
men are employed there and the company
has 4,571 users of gas. The damage to
plants in other Colorado towns was
slight.
The city has been without lights, gas
and water since the flood came Friday
night. Candles and kerosene lamps are at
a premium.
Tax Rate of Indiana
Public Utilities Reduced
Will Help Improve Financial Condition
of UtiUties
Indiana utilities, including street rail-
way, interurban, gas and power com-
panies will pay less taxes next year, gen-
erally speaking than they have paid for
some years. Recent rulings of the In-
diana state tax board have cut down the
assessed valuations of the utilities gen-
erally and only in one or two instances
has an increase been made. The valua-
tion of the Interstate Public Service
Company has been increased from ap-
proximately $3,500,000 to more than $5,-
000,000, but this was made because of a
recent merger of the company which
took into one corporation about eight
smaller utility companies. It is estimat-
ed that the savings of the utilities in tax-
es will amount to several hundreds of
thousands of dollars on next year's tax
bill, which will insure a more staple
financial status and in some cases will
justify decreases in rates, according to
the state board.
O. -v. Peeney, formerly in the Sales
Department of W. J. Rainey, Inc., for a
number of years, has become connected
with the Pioneer Coal & Coke Co. as
Assistant Resident Manager of their
N«w York Office.
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THE GAS AGE
June 10, 1921
A Great Future for Industrial Gas
Its Value to the Company and Suggestions
for its Development, by the Industrial Fuel
Engineer of the American Gas Association
By WILLIAM A. EHLERS
INDUSTRIAL FUEL-the future of
the gas business I" These words have
been repeated so often they have be-
come almost a slogan of the industry and
at least a commonplace saying. If in-
dustrial fuel is the future of the gas in-
dustry, then the realization of our ambi-
tion is not far off for industrial fuel is
no longer a cherished hope but a grim
reality.
Starting in a modest way a little more
than a decade ago the industrial use of
gas has grown by leaps and bounds un-
til we now find its use extends beyond
the home in practically every community
where it is available. Its use has be-
come so well recognized that in one town
alone there are seven customers taking
Ten Story Apartment on Riverside Drive,
New York, Supplies Hot Water with
19 Section Gas Heated Boiler
a total of 9 million cubic feet of gas a
day. If we transpose this into domestic
consumption, or even compare it with
the average daily send-out of the or-
dinary plant we will find it to be equiva-
lent to the output of a town of approxi-
mately 300,000 population with at least
75,000 to 80,000 meters. Seven accounts
in place of seventy-five or eighty thou-
sand ; does this look like good business ?
Business Effort
^och business does not just happen to
come our way. It is the direct result of
strenuous business effort, patience and
sound engineering. Yes, and even more, it
reflects an increased confidence in gas fuel
due to past and present performance, a
confidence which is to be had only by
furnishing dependable service.
Speaking of gas in its relation to in-
creased output and national economy,
Mr. H. M. Thornton in a paper read be-
fore the Royal Society of Arts, London,
England, said: "Rather as the outcome
of satisfactory experience in many realms
of industry, and of confidence built on a
foundation of good work rendered at a
critical (World War) period, its pres-
tige stands higher; its applications are
more widely known, its possibilities are
more generally appreciated by manufac-
turers; and the universality of its service
is more generally realized."
These remarks seem to admirably ex-
press the industrial gas situation in its
relation to similar ideals here in the
United States.
We have advanced far beyond the day
when our customers thought of gas in
terms of an auxiliary or breakdown ex-
pedient. We are fast approaching and
indeed have reached the point in many
instances where gas is the only fuel pro-
vided for the factory. And there is yet
a big undeveloped field that offers not
only great possibilities for the future,
but opportunities of the moment. How-
ever, it is true that all situations are not
fortunate alike in having a large indus-
trial opportunity but there are undoubt-
edly many places where gas can be ad-
vantageously used if properly applied.
Undeveloped Business
Is this new and undeveloped industrial
business of any value to the gas com-
pany ? This important question -must be
answered by every manager of a gas prop-
erty for with him, to a large extent, rests
the responsibility of whether his business
shall grow, stand still or decline.
Many have endeavored to justify a neg-
ative attitude toward new industrial bus-
iness on the expediency of lack of plant
capacity, inadequate rate, or both. Either
of these conditions are more or less tem-
porary and must sooner or later be over-
come.
It is of course true that due to the
economic changes which have taken place
in recent years the question of plant ex-
tension has been a very serious matter,
both from the financial point of view and
the type of plant extension to provide.
But delay seems only to prolong the day
when some decision must be made, and it
is doubtful if the immediate future will
reveal sufficient insight to clarify the
situation to any great extent.
The argument of an insufficient rate
cannot be very well justified. If rates are
too low to produce a fair return, we have
access to the courts, and where cases
have been taken to court the ruling in
general has been decidedly fair to the
utility.
Hotel Willington, New York, Uses Gas to
Heat Water in 41 Section Boiler
Load Facts
Industrial business is desirable because
the great diversity in its use will, as a
rule, produce a very good load factor, and
make it possible in most cases, to keep
the plant and distribution system work-
ing at the best efficiency.
Furthermore, it more firmly establishes
the company as a servant of the public
and an indispensable utility by serving
not only the home but the manufacturer
and merchant as well.
Much has been written and spoken QU
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THE GAS AGE
495
Union Theological Seminary Uses 27
Section Gas Fired Hot Water Boiler
how to secure industrial business. Valu-
able time and energy has been given to
this subject and constructive suggestions
have been ably presented on many occa-
sions. Yet we find much room for devel- .
opment.
In approaching large scale undertak-
ings, success will depend largely upon
three important elements; rate structure,
conservation and service.
Rates and Sales
Rate structure will have a great deal
to do with industrial sales. It is not my
prerogative to say what this shall be. But
the policy of selling gas at a flat rate per
thousand cubic feet without consideration
of the three important factors of manu-
facturing and distribution expense, stand-
by plant capacity and customer overhead
and office expense in their proper rela-
tion to the service furnished is open to
severe criticism.
Fuel conservation is a most important
factor in securing and retaining industri-
al business. It may be of no commercial
consequence when other fuels are high
and scarce. But, aside from business
competition gas should be conserved for
economic reasons. The absence of high
efficiency in gas applications is largely
responsible for many failures. We must
do more pre-heating of the air and gas,
or both, if we expect to successfully com-
pete with other fuels.
One example will illustrate this point.
It has been the general practice in melt-
ing brass to use either the ordinary stand-
ard commercial furnace or convert the
pit furnace to gas by suitable burners.
Evieryone knows how uneconomical this
type of gas application is; seldom do we
find thermal efficiency higher than 10 per
cent. But in some recent tests with re-
cuperative brass melting furnaces, effi-
ciencies around 22 to 23 per cent have
been secured. Likewise, some recent ex-
periments on recuperative type forging
furnaces indicate a thermal efficiency as
high as 38 per cent. Of course, it is not
always practicable or desirable to pre-
McGraw Hill Company, Inc., New York,
14 Story Printing Building, with Gas
Fired Steam and Hot Water Boilers
heat, but it is a matter which should al-
ways be considered in the larger high
temperature applications.
Air-Gas Mixture
Efficiency of the air-gas mixture in its
relation to gas consumption is of greater
importance than most gas men are will-
ing to admit. If you do not believe this
American Car and Foundry Company
get a copy of the report on Proportional
Mixing prepared by the Industrial Fuel
Committee of the A. G. A. and study it.
One of the discouraging things about
our business is that busy men of proven
ability give much of their valuable time
to the study of certain phases of our
business, prepare extensive reports and
submit practical recommendations, and
the majority of those to whom it should
appeal go on unmindful of the fact that
it is for their profit.
I sometimes wish all gas appliances
could be constructed according to a stand-
ard specification and that such specifica-
tions would exclude the use of the much
used air-gas mixing injector.
Dependable service is perhaps your
greatest asset in holding industrial bus-
iness. It is a feature of our business
which we stress a great deal but un-
fortunately do not live up to, to the full-
est extent. Make it your business to see
that every industrial customer is getting
satisfactory service every hour of the
day in whiclv he requires gas. Satisfy
yourself that he has all the gas he needs
at a constant pressure consistent with
the burner requirements. See that the
house piping is of proper size, and do not
be afraid to use the test gauge freely to
determine the pressure on the fuel line
with all appliances in use. Be sure that
the gas is properly applied, and mixed
with air in correct proportions to give
the character of furnace conditions re-
quired. Above all satisfy yourself that
your customer is satisfied.
Buda Company, Harvey, Illinois. Here Gas is Used for 30 Different Processes, Including
Metal Melting, Annealing, Brazing, Carbonizing, Core Baking, Japanning, Motor
Testing, Heat Treating, Etc.
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THE GAS AGE
June 10, 1921
Finally give your customer the best en-
gineering advice possible to obtain when
soliciting his interest in new applications
of gas in the plant. The industrial ap-
Heating water with gas, partictilarly
in the summer, is an excellent means of
offsetting some of the winter load due to
house heating and the additional light-
McCormick Works of International Harvester Co.» World's
Largest Farm Machine Factory
plication of gas is a highly specialized
work and should be undertaken only by
those who are thoroughly experienced,
not only in correct fuel application but
also in the industrial trades and process-
es.
On the above general survey it is to be
hoped that we are all in accord, and so
we now turn from the general to the par-
ticular.
In a consideration of gas for indus-
trial heating there are many general and
specific applications. There are many
unique and important ones which we
would find most interesting and profit-
able to study. However, it is beyond the
limits of this discussion to do more than
refer briefly to a few of the more general
uses. This is done with the belief that
there are a few applications which are
common to every locality and can per-
haps be approached from the same angle.
Water Heating
Hot water heating has always been a
very attractive business for the gas com-
pany. But until comparatively recent it
has been confined more generally to the
domestic field ; although many can point
with great pride to numerous installa-
tions of instantaneous automatic heaters
doing excellent service in hotels, clubs,
institutions and even in industrial plants
ing hours. It also makes a very attrac-
tive proposition for office buildings,
apartment houses, hotels and institutions
where a low pressure coal heated plant is
in operation during the winter to supply
economical but requires a much more
uniform rate of gas constunption and
hence is more desirable from a gas dis-
tribution point of view. Some very not-
able installations of gas water heating^
units have been made in New York re-
cently of which the following are of par-
ticular interest.
A modern 14 story loft building in New
York devoted entirely to printing and al-
lied trades is occupied- as follows :
Office help 600
Printing workers 1 100
Electrotypers 60
Building mechanics 50
Total 1810
•*
During the summer months a 10 H.P.
gas-fired steam boiler furnishes high
pressure steam for drying and other pur-
poses.
A 41 section gas-fired hot water boiler
Union Stock Yards, Chicago, 111.
both heat and hot water service for the
building.
Considerable effort has been made of
late to determine not only the amount of
gas required to maintain hot water serv-
ice but also the amount of hot water re-
quired in the different classes of build-
ings.
Chicago Works of Crane Co. (Insert) First Crane Building
1855, 24 Feet Long. Chicago Yards, 2538 Feet Long
where only comparatively small quanti-
ties of hot water are desired intermit-
tently. Undoubtedly the largest portion
1^ water heating business is still un-
sold.
In supplying hot water for such service
it seems more desirable to use a storage
system fitted with automatic tempera-
ture control. Such an arrangement is
probably not only more satisfactory an4
connected to an 860 gallon tank supplies
the hot water demands during the sum-
mer, or while the heating plant is not in
use. The temperature of the water is
controlled automatically by a thermostat
The amount of water heated over a
period of one week was carefully metered
and amounted to 38,500 gallons requir-
ing a gas consumption of 57,000 cu. ft.,
an average of 1.5 cu. ft. of gas per gal-
lon of water.
The Hotel Wellington is a modern 12
story structure. During the summer gas
is used to heat all the water used. A 41
section gas-fired hot water boiler main-
tains water at 125° F. in a 950 gallon
storage tank. The gas consumption cov-
ering the period of a week was 141,200
cu. ft. and during this time 123,600 gallons
of water were heated, or 1.14 cu. ft. per
gallon. There are 497 hot water fixtures
in the hotel.
A 10-story apartment in the Riverside
Drive neighborhood. New York City, sup-
plies hot water service by means of a 19
section gas heated boiler. A weekly av-
erage of 40,000 gallons of water requires
Google
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June 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
497
75,000 CO. ft. of gas, an average of 1.8 cu.
ft. per gallon of water.
The Union Theological Seminary uses
a 27 section gas-fired boiler to supply hot
water service during the summer months.
Figures on this installation are not avail-
town is just as much a live prospect for
cooking and water heating as the pri-
vate home over which we spend so much
of our energy to convert the kitchen en-
tirely to gas.
To secure this class of business is
Bausch and Lomb Optical Company Using Gas in Glass Production
able as it was made at the close of last
summer, but observations will be taken
this year.
With the data now being collected it
will be quite possible to estimate the
probable gas consumption on the various
classes of building, especially if record is
taken of the amount of water used per
day, week or month.
Hotel and Restaurant Business
Where is there a manager of a gas
property who would not go the limit of
his resources to obtain a thousand new
domestic customers? And yet there are
perhaps in your town one or more hotels
not using gas, each of which mean just
about that much new business. What
are you doing about it? Going to make
main extensions and service connections
to a group of houses on the outskirts of
your town for one hundred accounts that
will scarcely use over 2,000 cu. ft. per
month on the average? Or are you keep-
ing your nearby distribution system
working at 100 per cent load factor by
getting some of these large prospects?
Do you remember that for the past
twenty years gas has replaced coal and
other fuels in the hotel and restaurant?
Yes, you say, but gas was cheaper then.
Very true, so were coal and oil.
If figures were available, we would
doubtless be appalled at the number of
hotel ranges, broilers, etc., installed when
gas was sold at eighty cents to one dol-
lar per thousand cubic feet and coal at
five to six dollars per ton. Suppose the
cost of both gas and coal has doubled in
recent years, docs this make any differ-
ence in the rate of cost for cooking?
Every hotel and restaurant in any
largely a matter of approach and con-
fidence. Very few hotel managers know
the actual amount of fuel used in their
kitchens. They usually think of it in
tons per month or year and are usually
how much he will save, and more time
acquainting him with the service he will
get. In the long run it is service that
counts. Don't sell gas because it is
cheaper, but because it is better. It
must be better because it is used in every
city of size from coast to coast, from the
Gulf to our neighbors on the north and
with them too it is exceedingly popular.
In the famous Palace Hotel, San Fran-
cisco, eighteen ranges form a continuous
cooking surface 51^2 feet long. It is
said that the gas consumption averages
about 9 cu. ft. per meal, and when one
considers the sudden demand on the kitch-
en of a large hotel it is a tribute to gas
to know how well it meets the require-
ments. In this hotel, oil was formerly
used, and as everyone knows, oil is com-
paratively cheap on the Pacific Coast.
Then there is on the other side of the
continent, the Pennsylvania Hotel which
like nearly all New York hotels is en-
tirely equipped with gas for cooking.
In the Pennsylvania one will find the
following :
42 sections of gas hotel range or about
110 lineal feet.
9 salamanders.
14 broilers.
12 lineal feet of roasting ovens.
10 lineal feet of toasters.
9 lineal feet of hot plate.
7 lineal feet of cake griddles.
Palace Hotel Kitchen, San Francisco, Showing 18 Garland Hotel
Ranges Giving 51^ Feet of Cooking Surface
as far from the truth as is a weather
prognosticator in telling you that the
winter is going to be severe because the
worms and bugs have buried themselves
deeper in the ground.
Soend less time telling your prospect
Probably a dozen or more hotels and
institutions in New York have all gas
equipment of almost equal size. Because
a hotel is large does not argue that the
smaller hotel is not a good prospect for
^s service, ^^ ^
Cjoogle
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498
THE GAS AGE
June 10, 1921
Hotel kitchens are essentially the same
in that they must render quick service
and well prepared food. The difference
checker brick work or refractory bed to
replace the coal fire. In addition to this
it is desirable to place a set of whirling
quired baking temperature, and an addi-
tional firing of about fifteen minutes for
each shift.
In New York there are many success-
ful ovens in operation which have been
converted from coal to gas. Perhaps one
of the best illustrations is the Pennsyl-
vania Hotel. Two ovens 12 ft. by 14 ft.
for baking bread and one oven 8 ft. by
10 ft. and another 9 ft. by 12 ft for bak-
ing pastries, are operated with gas.
To give some idea of the work turned
out by these ovens, Mr. Statler in a full
page advertisement in the American Mag-
azine says : "A memorandum which came
to my attention recently showed that dur-
ing a single day the bakery turned out
25,700 rolls, 455 loaves of French bread
and 160 six-pound loaves of sandwich
bread."
Absorption Type Gas Heated Refrigerating Machine
being more a matter of size of cooking
equipment than quality of its production.
Bake Ovena
The baking business offers a very de-
sirable load for the gas company. Not-
withstanding the fact that it is periodical,
it produces a demand which occurs in the
early morning before other business has
started.
In every town where gas is available
there will be one or more commercial
bakeries. Many gas companies have suc-
cessfully installed the so-called portable
cabinet and reel gas-fired bake oven. But
with the exception of the larger cities
not much has been done in the smaller
towns toward securing the conversion of
the old Dutch type and indirect or flue
oven to gas.
The Dutch type oven can easily and
successfully be converted to gas by pro-
viding a gas-heated refractory bed in
place of the coal fire. This type of oven
when operated with gas gives a much"
more flexible heat range, is much cleaner,
and is easier and quicker to operate.
It is difficult to obtain basic figures on
which to compute the probable consump-
tion to operate those ovens. The product
ih so irregular and bakers are so different
in their methods of baking that figures on
pounds of dough or flour or square foot
of oven surface are unreliable.
A bakery with the average business will
use an oven for one shift per day and will
consume about 40,000 to 50,000 cu. ft. of
gas per month.
With the indirect or flue oven the com-
bustion chamber is either at the front or
^r and below the oven chamber. These
ovens can be converted by providing a
baffles in each of the return heat flues in
order to bring the combustion products
in closer contact with the walls of the
flue.
With ovens having a hearth area up to
100 sq. ft. it is advisable to provide a
gas burner capacity of about 500 cu. ft.
per hour. In ovens of larger size, 800
cu. ft. per hour should be provided.
Refrigeration
The heating of homes, offices, stores,
etc., with gas may no longer be consid-
ered experimental or idealistic. The
problem has advanced to the practical
and realistic stage. It is here to stay
and whatever may be the arguments for
or against the desirability of this class of
business, gas will sooner or later replace
coal for space heating to a very great ex-
tent.
But while gas for house heating offers
an excellent outlet for our product, the
question which naturally arises is — how
shall we balance the heavy winter load
by other uses during the summer months?
This question will become more urgent
Gas Steam Boilers Making Smith BroA.' Cough Drops, Poughkeepaie, N. Y.
After the ovens have become well heat-
ed it will require regularly about one
hour firing for each day to get the re-
year after year. The only answer which
seems logical is to find new uses for gas.
We pass from one season to another so
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June 10, 1921
THE GAS AGE
499
Gas Heated Brass Melting Furnaces
rapidly there is scarcely any time inter-
vening between winter with the neces-
sity for heat and summer with the de-
mand for refrigeration and ice. It is
probably true that in the majority of in-
stances where gas is used for heating,
there is a prospect for its further use as
a means for furnishing refrigeration.
Gas-operated refrigeration apparatus
therefore will compensate for at least a
part of this seasonal load. Mechanical
refrigeration is not a new idea or under-
taking. Its success is beyond dispute and
many of our commercial enterprises could
not well exist without it. Mechanical
refrigeration produces far better results
than the cooling effect of ice ; is more de-
sirable; and in most cases less expensive.
The possibilities in this direction are so
great, especially among the smaller users
of ice, that several types of machines have
been put on the market with more or less
success.
The absorption machine seems to offer
the greatest field for gas utilization. Suf-
ficient data is available to substantiate
the fact that such a machine is entirely
practicable and far cheaper to operate
than the cost to purchase equivalent re-
frigeration in the form of ice. Data se-
cured from a practical installation indi-
cated that with gas at $1.00 per M cu. ft.
Hotel Biltmore, New York, Gas Fired
Oven
and figuring all charges such as deprecia-
tion, insurance, interest, maintenance and
water, the cost to produce 100 lbs. of re-
frigeration will be from IS to 20 cents,
depending on the size of the installation.
The amount of gas required to operate a
machine at about 75 per cent load factor
is surprisingly small, being in the neigh-
borhood of 150 cu. ft. per 100 lbs. of re-
frigeration.
In order to make this type of machine
of service to the small user of ice, sev-
eral mechanical difficulties have had to be
overcome but from present indications its
perfection may be confidently expected in
the very near future.
The gas industry will do well to en-
courage this line of endeavor for herein
lies a big opportunity to render a real
service both to the public and ourselves.
Refractory Fuel Bed Installation
Steam Boilers
In every town where gas is available
there are numerous prospects for gas-
fired steam boilers, particularly where
high pressure steam is required and the
demand is intermittent. It is needless to
recount the unnumerable examples of this
type of gas application as almost every-
one in the industry is very familiar with
its wide use.
Forecasting operating costs with the
steam boiler is more or less unreliable
on account of the great variation in the
steam demand common to most installa-
tions. In such cases where the horsepow-
er requirements are uniform the gas con-
sumption may be figured with fair accur-
acy.
(Continued in June 25 issue)
Gas Fired Boiler ^or Saturation and Drying Lumber, Fulton Saw Works
Digitized by VnOOQ iC
S06
TBE GAS AGE
June 10, 1921
Appliances and Equipment
The Demand Limiting Meter
A Practical Solution to the Natural Gaa
Problem with Explanation of the Three-
Part Rate and the AdTantages
of the Demand Limiting
Meter
By HENRY L. DOHERTY
THE Doherty Organization, as a part
of the natural gas industry, is keen-
ly interested in getting this indus-
try on a permanent and profitable basis.
It is in hopes that the innovations intro-
duced by some of its subsidiaries in the
matter of rate^ and service to their cus-
tomers can be accepted by others, because
we believe that in hastening the solution
to the natural gas industry, we, as a part
of the industry, will also be benefited.
We feel that we owe the industry the
experience gained, and hope that it will
be looked upon with favor and endorsed
with action by every natural gas distrib-
utor in the country.
We know that the use of a demand-
limiting meter by every customer using
natural gas will help in practically every
case to give better service to the cus-
tomer, and that the introduction of the
three-part rate will solve the rate prob-
lem much more satisfactorily than
straight meter rates or sliding scale rates.
The conclusions presented in this book-
let are the results of our experience in
Kansas, Missouri and Oklahoma dis-
tricts, as well as in a score of other pub-
lic utility enterprises. These districts are
no different from any other district in
the United States.
A study of the contents we feel is
convincing enough for every one to work
for the adoption of the three-part rate as
a system of charging and the installation
of a demand-limiting meter that will
make practicable the three-part rate. This
will enhance the value of the service you
render, conserve the country's resources,
and make your business permanent and
profitable.
Service
If you ask a number of your customers
that demand service from you what they
expect, they would probably 'answer you
as follows:
"We want to get all the gas we need
any time of the day or night, and any day
in the year. We want to get this gas in
a manner in which wd can do our cook-
ing, water heating, etc., in the quickest
way possible and not have to wait be-
cause the gas is low. We also want to
"gefThts gas at the lowest possible price.''
Or they may answer in the negative
way:
"We don't want a shortage of gas.
We don't want low pressures, and we
don't want high bills."
Transposed in the language of the in-
dustry, your customers want uniform
pressure, and ample quantity at a reason-
able price. The same answer you would
receive from any customer of electricity,
telephone, or a rider on the street cars.
He wants light at the turn of a socket;
a line when the receiver is taken off the
hook; a car and a seat in it when he
chooses to travel. It is natural that the
customer should demand it, and the busi-
ness of the public utility company to give
it to him if possible.
We of the industry know that every
company means to give the kind of ser-
vice that the customer wants. It is good
business; it is more profitable, and much
more enjoyable. The fact that at times
we are not in a position to do it, leads
one to ask, why ? and the answer involves
Demand Limiting Meter with Straight
Through Connections
the technique of the business, the source
of supply, the quantity of gas available,
the capacity of pipe line, service, rates,
etc., etc.
Our Problem
The natural gas business in every sec-
tion of the country has passed through
the same cycle of growth, first produc-
tion, then the development of a market,
the maximum production, and the decline.
Every field has passed through these
phases, therefore every company secur-
ing its supply from one or more fields is
bound to, sooner or later, pass through
this cycle.
The market once developed demands a
continued supply at the maximum rate,
and the inability to supply this maximum,
year in and year out, has been the source
of antagonism and hard feelings on the
part of our customers.
With the decline in the available sup-
ply, and the realization of the inability
to meet the demand we once helped to
create, we put forth every effort to re-
duce consumption; and by public appeal,
legislation, and increased rates attempted
to meet the situation. We have never
met it.
The shortage of gas and the poor ser-
vice rendered in a great many communi-
ties in the past winters are evidence of
the inadequacy of the methods employed.
This condition will always exist and will
repeat itself with the regularity with
which the fields are depleted unless new
and more effective means are taken.
The experience throughout all the years
in which natural gas has been supplied
in this country is about the same. It is
fair, therefore, that we look upon this
phase of our problem as typical of our
business and try to overcome it by a per-
manent, equitable and flexible method of
serving the consumer. This means-
knowing and controlling the demand of
your customer.
The Demand-Limiting Meter
The Demand-Limiting Meter is a me-
chanical device which controls the quan-
tity of gas that the individual customer
can obtain per unit time and automatic-
ally regulates this flow through the cus-
tomer's meter, giving him uniform pres-
sure up to the maximum demand that he
has chosen to contract for. The uniform
pressure is a guarantee of highest effi-
ciency at the appliances.
You can without difficulty increase or
decrease the demand according to the
size of the customer or the limitations
which you must impose on account of
your limited supply, by the simple change
of an orifice in the device.
When your customer turns on a num-
ber of appliances, that in the aggregate
consume more gas than the amount con-
tracted for and limited by the device, the
maximum quantity of gas is then divided
by all the appliances turned on and the
pressure reduced to conform with that
quantity.
The device is simple, easily maintained,
and will operate with the reliability that
characterizes the ordinary household gov-
ernor.
The sum total of all the maximum de-
mands on your system, as shown by the
demand meters connected (with allow-
ance for diversity) make up the maxi-
mum hourly demand which you are called
upon to supply.
Regardless of how severe a winter day.
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June 10, 1921
THE GAS AOB
501
or how sudden the change in tempera-
ture, you are assured that maximum de-
mand will not exceed this known de-
mand.
With the knowledge of the available
supply and the knowledge of the maxi-
mum demand that will be imposed on you,
you can assure your customers of uni-
form and dependable service at all times.
The demand-limiting meter makes
practicable the introduction of the three-
part rate.
The Three-Part Sate
From analysis the service you render
consists of three distinct parts: namely,
Customer Service, Demand Service and
Consumption Service. Each one of these
items represents a distinct and definite
cost to your company. Therefore the
logical rate should consist of three sep-
arate and distinct charges referred to re-
spectively as Customer Charge, Demand
Charge, and Consumption Charge.
The Customer Charge represents the
cost of meter reading, bookkeeping, labor,
postage and stationery necessary to ren-
^emand Limiting Meter Connected to
Iron-Clad Meter
der bills; the expenses of the cashier's
department; meter testing department
and fixed charges on that portion of the
investment which is proportional to the
number of customers on the system ir-
respective of their demands. This charge
is the same for all customers.
The Demand Charge distributes to
each customer, in proportion to his max-
imum hourly demand, those fixed charges
on that portion of the investment which
varies with the maximum demand placed
on the entire system. In other words the
expenses of a customer's demand to the
company is directly proportional to that
demand and it is therefore logical to
charge the consumer in proportion to his
maximum hourly demand. This is ac-
complished by the Demand-Limiting Me-
ter.
Under the Consumption charge there
are billed to each customer those ex-
penses which vary directly with the
amount of gas which the company must
supply and these charges are billed to
each customer directly in proportion to
the amount of gas he consumes. This
charge is the same per thousand cubic
feet for all customers.
We have three distinct classes of cost,
each of which varies with a factor that
does not influence either of the other two
classes.
Under the Three^Part Rate each cus-
tomer is billed with each class of ex-
pense in proportion as he makes that cost
necessary.
What the Three-Part Rate with the De-
mand Limiting Meter Haa Accom-
pliahed
The three-part rate, together with the
demand-limiting meter, has been in prac-
tical operation since February, 1920, and
the successful results obtained have dem-
onstrated the merits of this method of
selling gas. The following results have
been obtained by comparing conditions
under the straight meter rate of 80c per
thousand for months of February to
June, 1919, with conditions under the
three-part rate for months of February
to June, 1920.
Reduced Possible Peak Load — ^The pos-
sible peak load has been reduced to
43% of what it was formerly.
Greater Sales — With the same town
border peak the company sold 45% more
gas in the same relative period. The
number of customers has increased 3%.
Improved Load Factor — The relative
load factor was increased 42%.
Favorable to Poorer Classes — The new
rate has proven advantageous to the poor-
er classes of consumers because of better
load factor conditions and therefore low-
er rates.
Lower Average Rate — The average rate
has been reduced from 80c to 76c per
thousand cubic feet
Better Service — The customer is re-
ceiving 100% service. No penalties have
been paid by the Company.
Note: — By Commission ruling, if
the Company fails to supply the con-
tracted-for demand of the customer, the
company shall be under penalty to pay
the consumer an amount equal to ten
times the pro-rated amount of the yearly
demand charge for the period and pro-
portion of such failure.
Assured Revenue— The fixed charges
and the fixed expenses of the company
are absolutely secured by the fixed in-
come received from the customer (by
customer and demand charges).
Increased Revenue — The three-part
rate has increased the revenue of the
company by making it possible to sell
more gas.
Greater Gas Conservation— The gas in
being conserved by lower operating pres-
sures, less leakage and" better efficiency
of utilization.
These accomplishments have been re-
ceived with such great enthusiasm and
interest that the commission has ordered
the application of the Three-Part Rate in
some 25 municipalities of Kansas.
What the Three-Part Rate Will Accom-
plish for Your Company
First — Guarantees the customer that
amount of gas for which he contracts, for
every hour in the year, and makes it pos-
sible for the company to fulfill that guar-
antee.
Second — Enables the supply company
to calculate with a close degree of ac-
curacy the maximum demand which can
be made upon the systtm.
Third — Conserves large amounts of gas
by financially interesting each customer
in adjusting his appliance to efficitntly
utilize gas.
Fourth — Conserves large amounts of
gas by reducing the maximum demands
of the customers so as to permit the com-
pany to supply these demands with much
Demand Limiting Meter Connected to
Tin Meter
lower pressures in the distribution mains,
thereby reducing the present leakage.
Fifth — It not only distributes the total
cost of gas service to the customers as
a group, but makes an equitable distri-
bution of this cost as between individual
customers.
Sixth — By conserving the present sup-
ply, and by making the same service pos-
sible with a smaller supply of gas, post-
pones the date when the service must be
curtailed due to the decline in the fields.
Seventh — Makes possible a pro-rata
curtailment of service to all of the pres-
ent customers instead of making it nec-
essary to entirely discontinue the service
to some customers when curtailment be-
comes necessary.
Eighth — Places an absolute yet flex-
ible control over the demand in any sys-
tem, as all additional demands from in-
dividual customers can be obtained only
by application to the company and tmder
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502
THE GAS AGE
June 10, 1921
regulations which will insure impartial
distribution of the total available demand.
Ninth — Puts a premium on the manu-
facture and use of efficient devices and
holds out a prize for the invention of
devices using smaller maximum demands.
Tenth — Makes a better credit risk of
any company which adopts it in place of
a straight meter rate.
OUR MESSAGE
The Three-Part Rate is being looked
upon by most gas men and public utility
commissions as the logical solution to
the natural gas problem.
The preliminary work has been com-
pleted.
The trial period has proven a complete
success from every standpoint.
The practicability of the Demand Lim-
iting Meter has been demonstrated.
Your business can be made more sta-
ble, more profitable and more acceptable
to the consumer.
We feel that in urging you to use
this method of selling gas in your com-
munity we are fulfilling our obligation
to the industry.
A Dilemma
The gas is red, I wonder why,
I turned it low! then turned it high.
What shall I do — ^my dinner's lat€
Just this morning, I dismissed Kate.
ril call the East Ohio Gas
And tell them I cannot let it pass.
Fve tried and tried and still it's red
I know I cannot bake my bread.
Oh, what would we do without the gasl
Oh, what shall we do, if it doesn't last?
"The gas is wasted every day
By all the cooks who get big pay.
Oh, what would we do without the gas !
Oh, what shall we do if it doesn't last?
"Then three cheers for the East Ohio Gas
Three cheers for its President true,
if! ill
Appliance Coupon Used at St. Louis Increased Appliance Sales
Utility Service That Is Ser-
vice
April 12 a certain restaurant in Ta-
coma, Washington, suffered a fire result-
ing from the use of a coal stove in con-
nection with a condemned chimney. The
damages consisted only of smoked walls
and ceiling and a ruined chimney.
C. E. Lasher, New Business Manager
of the Tacoma Gas & Fuel Company read
of the fire at 4:15 p. m., saw the restau-
rant proprietor at 4 :45 p. m. secured con-
The pans are black as black can be.
I'm sure that they are cheating me
By sending air through all the pipes
While I am voting "Women's Rights."
It's twelve o'clock, no dinner yet
Ah I Here comes Johnny, my darling pet.
I know he's starved as starved can be.
Poor little dearie, he's just like me.
"Hello there. Mother, dinner ready?"
"No, my son, the gas isn't steady."
"Don't cry, mother, I've learned today
How we can chase all trouble away.
"We had a visitor at our school
Who can fix a stove without a tool.
She told us why the gas burns red
And how the burner must be fed.
Three cheers for the women who save
the gas.
Three cheers for the red, white and blue."
(Composed by a group of students from
the senior class of the Ursaline Academy,
East Geveland, Ohio.)
BURN COKE FOR ECONOMY
ColM (ivn man brmt anil* p«r <lelU|f than any oUmt AmL h it cImi» ao mmIh, ao Mol. no dfat. h ta aaif ta
bapHI*. anU mtm to conirol.
BURN
COUPON
ApHI PriM
$10.00
Par Ton
Full Loada.
StLoulsBy-Prodhicc ju^ lackcbGas
COKE
tlu ideal domeMic foci. Oai dcmooMrator will call at yoar hoaaa «• look e««r jravr haadof pl«d «• advaa yoa'A*
grade and e>iK of coke jroa ahoold naa. H« will alao bIiow yoo, Ave of eh«ig«k boar to ayttaia jmm faraaaa to gat
iha twoi rnulis.
ORDER FROM YOUR DEALER. Tba attaehad coopeo ia for yoar «at
and mall it in to ua, and w« will aee that jroor laqnlrmMnta ara taken cara oC
M. W. WARREN COKE COMPANY
MAIN M CENTRAL »llf
Council Agrees to Gas Rate
Indorses Committee's Proposal to Retain
Present Rates Until Loss Is Recouped
Providence, R. I. — The Providence City
Council has approved the proposal of
th'^ lighting committee and the Mayor
that if the Providence Gas Company
would not file new and higher gas rates
and would pocket its losses, now threat-
ened because of the low price of coke,
the rate would be allowed to stand until
the company has recouped itself for such
losses.
Method Used at St. Louis to Sell Coke
tract for complete gas equipment and
service at 6:05 p. m. April 13 at 8:00 a.
m. the coal range was being removed and
a new gas range, water heater, etc., were
being installed. At 4.30 p. m., approx-
imately 24 hours after the fire, the res-
taurant resumed business with gas equip-
ment smd service.
"They've lungs like us, and need some air
Which we can give with watchful care
But too much air will make things sputter
Just like dad, when he's late for supper.
"Let's sing a song, sweet mother mine,
And praise the men along the line
Gas Company Gets Permis-
sion for Expansion
Rochester, N. Y.— The Public Service
Commission has issued an order grant-
ing the Rochester Gas and Electric Cor-
poration permission to issue new securi-
ties in the sum of $1,512,241 for defraying
the expense of expansion.
One of the improvements is an addition
to the gas plant which is expected to cost
$650,000 and the capacity of the water-
gas plant is also to be increased.
T. E. Roach has been elected secretary
and treasurer of the Southern Iowa Elec-
tric Co., operating the gas and electric
plants at Osceola, la. Mr. Roach also
acts as purchasing agent of the company.
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Vol. .XLVII Established 1883 June 25, 1921 Copyright 1921 No. 12
Adaptability in Coke Oven Practice
Among the Features of the Hazelwood Plant Are Con-
crete Casings for Exhausters and Boosters and the
Flushing of the Collecting Mains with Condensate
By C. R. MEISSNER, Jersey City, N. J.
THE by-product coke plant of the Jones & Laughlin stress of war-time demands. The first three batteries
Steel Co. of Pittsburgh, includes many new de- started pushing coke in June, 1919, a year after ground
velopments in coking and by-product recovery was broken, and the fourth was started up in the fol-
technique, making it one of the most up-to-date and lowing September. The fifth battery, of the new tri-
efficient plants in the world. angular-flued design, was started in March, 1920.
The new plant comprises 300 ovens, in five batteries As normally operated the plant cokes about 5,000
of sixty ovens each. Four of these batteries were built tons of coal per day. The entire by-product coke plant
and put into operation first, the fifth being added about was designed, constructed and put into operation by
nine months later. Construction work was begun in the Koppers Co. of Pittsbtirgh:
May, 1918, and carried to very raf^id completion under The plant is located along the Monongahela River
General View of the Jones & Laughlin Steel Go's. By-Product Goke Ovens Near Pittsburg
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504
THE GAS AGE
June 25, 1921
Gas Exhauster with Reinforced Concrete Casings
at Hazelwood, and practically all coal is received direct
from the company's mines. The coal as received is
crushed to 4 in. at the mines. The roll crushers at the
coke plant are designed to reduce to ^-in. if desired.
Details of the Ovens
There are three batteries in one row placed parallel
with two in the other unit, their discharge sides facing
each other. A 3,(XX)-ton coal bin located over each row
supplies the coal to the larry cars. Each of these bins
is divided into two compartments to allow for cleaning
out or repairs without interruption of coal supply.
The ovens are of the standard Koppers cross regen-
erative type. The inside dimensions are : Length, 37 ft.
between doors; height, 9 ft. 10^/^ in.; width, tapering
from 18 J4 to 15^ in. from coke discharge sides to
pusher side. When coking straight high-volatile coals,
it has been found of decided advantage to use a narrower
oven chamber than that used for coking mixtures with
lower-volatile coals.
The larry cars are built with four separate conical
hoppers, above which are placed the measuring cylin-
ders. By this method the ovens are always charged to
constant volume regardless of weight, due to fineness of
coal or moisture, uniformity and regularity being two
Triangular Flues, during Construction
requisites of good operation. Each larry car is also
weighed as a matter of record. Telescopic, adjustable
cylinders or sleeves are provided around each of the
larry car hopper chutes, which are operated by a handle
in the operator's cab. These are lowered to the oven
brickwork during charging to prevent coal spillage
around the charging holes. A motor-driven metal swab
is provided on each larry car for cleaning out carbon-
aceous deposits in the gas off -take pipes when necessary.
Steam ejectors, provided in the gas off-takes from
each oven, are used during charging to draw the first
gas into the collecting main and thus prevent its loss
to the air through the charging holes, thereby increasing
the byproduct yield and making working conditions
better for the men.
The first four batteries are built up of standard ovens
having the well-known rectangular vertical flue con-
struction in the heating walls. In the fifth battery,
however, the heating walls are constructed according to
the improved triangular flue design.
In this new type of construction the division walls
between the heating flues are made diagonal to the plane
of the oven walls, which gives the flues a triangular
cross-section. Thus we have two sets of flues in each
wall facing in opposite directions toward the adjacent
ovens. Similarly each oven has practically it own in-
dependent set of heating flues. The overlapping ar-
rangement makes it possible to supply fuel gas from a
common header centrally located below the flues ; or, in
case producer gas is used, through ports from the gas
regenerators. There are, however, two separate hori-
zontal flues ; one being located at the top of each set of
vertical flues for carrying off the products of combustion.
Practically independent regulation for each oven is
attained by this arrangement. The accompanying photo-
graph of a battery of triangular flue ovens during con-
struction gives an idea of the flue arrangement. Com-
pared with the rectangular flue construction, this tri-
angular flue development involves no increase in the
width of the oven wall, no increase in weight of brick-
work and no additional investment per oven.
There are obvious mechanical advantages in this new
construction as compared with the rectangular flue type.
The triangular bracing gives a much stronger wall.
Theoretically this increase in strength as regards lateral
pressure is 33 per cent. Actual test models have shown
an advantage of 30 per cent. Due to the overlapping
arrangement there are forty-four flues in the new wall
as compared with thirty in the former type. This tends
to give greater uniformity of heating. The faces of the
flues adjacent to the oven wall are wider and thus the
liner brick are longer, resulting in a 22 per cent decrease
in the number of joints in each wall. Less opportunity
is thus provided for gas loss outward or air leakage in-
ward and the wear and tear during regular operation are
materially reduced.
The operation of the triangular flue type of ovens has
proved sq satisfactory that the Koppers Co. is installing
them in several new plants.
Coke Handling
At the quenching stations the drainage water is passed
through settling basins and recirculated, river water
being used to make up for evaporation. More or less
fine sediment, mostly coke breeze, settles in the spray
pipes and tends to give trouble due to blocking up the
holes from the inside. In order to facilitate the removal
of this sediment quick opening valves have been provided
at both ends of each spray pipe. R^^lar flushing oat
obviates all stoppage troubles. The moisture is readily
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June 25, 1921
THE GAS ACE
505
controlled. Hot coke spots are quenched on the wharf
by means of hand hose connections.
All coke-handling apparatus is arranged in duplicate
between the two rows of batteries. Ample coke wharf
space is provided for each unit of batteries. One wharf
will hold eight, the other ten oven charges, so any or-
dinary delays in the coke-handling system or in spotting
cars need not distrub the oven-pushing schedule, which
is maintained with iron-clad regularity. A ^mall auxil-
iary wharf is provided to handle run of coke direct
to cars over a separate conveying system in case of any
serious trouble in the regular system. The two screen-
ing stations are separate and independent, loading cars
on paralled tracks. The screens are of the bar grizzly
type, set at 28 degrees, each made up of forty-eight bars
wide and six sets long, spacing ^ in. The bars are
2 ft. long and the spacing is wider at the bottom than
at the top of each set. The bars are made wedge-shaped
in section, giving an opening flaring out at right angles
to the screen surface. This construction prevents coke
pieces from wedging between the bars, making the
screens self-cleaning. The increased spacing of the bars
as they wear out is taken care of by replacements. Coke
cars are at present spotted by steam locomotives, the
movements of which are regulated by electric signals
from screening stations.
Gas-Collecting and Cooling System
The gas-collecting and by-product-recovery system is
of the standard Koppers design. The pressure on the
collecting mains is maintained at an average of 2^ mm.
water gage. By carrying this pressure in the collecting
mains, the pressure in top of oven is zero, the same as
in the top of the heating flues. Butterfly valves control-
ling this pressure are located in each of the two suction
mains from each battery. These valves are controlled
by governors, some of the standard Northwestern type
and some of the hydraulic type. Pressure variations
affect a float in the usual manner, but this float operates
a small hydraulic valve mechanism, which in turn con-
trols the water flow to the operating piston cylinder.
Operation is very smooth, positive and also very sen-
sitive. Butterfly dampers are used in the gas oflf-take
goosenecks to cut off the ovens from the collection main.
They are very easy to operate,. light deposits of carbon
making them fit tight, thus proving very satisfactory.
The collecting and suction mains are flushed with a
mixture of 40 per cent tar and 60 per cent liquor, this
mixture being quite closely controllable by a suitable
arrangements of valves and piping at the flushing or
hot drain tank. Such a mixture has been found most
satisfactory for maintaining clean mains and for cooling
the gas. Gas reaches the primary coolers at about 75
deg. C. After the coolers, it is carried at 28 deg. to 30
deg. C. Lower temperatures than this tend to throw
down more light oils into the tar than is desirable.
Concrete Exhausters and Boosters
Due to the shortage of steel during the war period in
which the plant was built and to the difficulty in obtain-
ing deliveries, it was necessary to economize on metal
where possible. To avoid several months' delay in
securing casings for the centrifugal gas exhausters and
boosters, they were constructed of reinforced concrete.
They resemble the steel shells in all outward appear-
ances. The base is cast integrally with the foundation.
Cast-steel flanges are cast in to make connection with
similar flanges on the upper section and to carry the
bearing boxes. The top sections are entirely of concrete
cast in one piece with steel flanges and eye bolts com-
plete. These machines are giving entire satisfaction
Ovens, Quenching and Screening Stations
under all plant operating conditions. Concrete has pre-
viously been used for mine fan casings, but this is be-
lieved to be its first trial for high-speed centrifugals,
pumping raw gas. The concrete turbo blowers were
constructed on the ground by the Koppers Co. under
direction of General Electric Co. engineers.
By-product Recovery Apparatus
The P. & A. tar extractors are equipped with Taglia-
bue controls to maintain a constant gas pressure dif-
ferential by raising or lowering the level of the tar
seal. A differential pressure of 6-in. water is normally
maintained. As the centrifugal exhausters remove about
75 per cent of the tar remaining in the gas after the
primary coolers, the tar extractors function in the re-
moval of the last traces of tar fog. The reheaters are
not regularly used but only as required by saturator
conditions. This is due to the use of 66 deg. Be. sul-
phuric acid. The heat of reaction is sufficient to main-
tain the bath at a proper operating temperature to
evaporate water used in washing salt, etc.
The saturators are of the Koppers large elliptical de-
sign with two ejectors and two drain tables feeding to
three centrifugal driers. Dried salt is wheeled in buggies
and after weighing on a suspended platform scale is
dumped into a pit. From this it is periodically removed
by an overhead electric traveling crane and bucket and
dumped into the stock pile.
Tar-Flushing System and Ammonia Still Waste
All condensate from the primary coolers, exhausters,
tar extractors, etc., is run directly into the suction of
the flushing pumps instead of into the hot drain tanks, to
be pumped back over the collecting mains. This is done
to allow some redistillation of the light oils by the hot
Benzene Building
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506
THE GAS AGE
June 25, 1921
gas in the mains, thus cutting down the amount going
into the tar and allowing a larger recovery by the light-
oil scrubbers. All return flushing from the collecting
and suction main goes direct to the hot drain tank.
Motor-driven centrifugal tar and liquor pumps are used
regularly. A small boom derrick with clamshell bucket
is provided for cleaning out the hot drain tank and still
waste sump, being located between the two.
The lime sludge from the sump is being successfully
used by mixing with the mud used for luting the oven
doors. It is said to improve materially the consistency
of this mud and at the same time dispense with the loam
requirements.
Light-Oil Recovery Plant
There are two final coolers 80 ft. high and 14 ft. in
diameter, having the same interior construction as the
scrubbers, being fitted with wooden hurdles. The four
scrubbers are 100 ft. in height and 18 ft. in diameter,
and are placed in parallel sets of two each. The gas
is evenly divided through the two sets of apparatus.
Distribution of Gas
The final cleaned gas after leaving the light-oil scrub-
bers goes to a 40,000-cu. ft. holder. The surplus gas is
used in heating furnaces, soaking pits, etc., to replace
natural gas formerly used. Total and surplus gas is
measured by Venturi meters which give very close and
satisfactory results. When the mills do not require the
gas, as on Saturday afternoon and Sunday, it is burned
in the boiler house or bled to the atmosphere in ex-
treme cases.
Boiler House
The boiler house contains eight B. & W. 500-hp.
boilers equipped with Coxe stokers and Dietrich flat
suspended arches. Coke breeze is burned normally, and
practically all of the plant production of this material
is thus utilized. Breeze is dumped from hopper cars to
a pit and thence handled by an overhead crane to the
feeder bins at the boilers. Ashes are dumped from hand
trucks into an adjacent pit and handled by the same
crane to cars for removal.
Benzene Plant
The benzene plant embodies many inprovements.
Heat exchangers, vapor to oil, are mounted directly on
top of the light-oil stills in a vertical position. The
superheaters are of the high, upright, cylindrical type.
All light-oil and benzene vapor coolers and condensers
are of the open coil with outside water spray type. They
are located outdoors directly over the wash oil coolers
of the same type, thus conserving water.
The crude and pure stills are each of 15,000 gal.
capacity. There are three crude and four pure stills,
the only difference being in the greater height of the
rectifying columns on the latter. Motor fuel, pure ben-
zene and toluene are run off as the market dictates.
Acid-Regenerating Plant
The crude fractions are washed in a separate building
located at some distance from the benzene plant. The
two agitators are set high in a steel framework and
sludge is drained directly into four acid-regenerating
pots located below and to one side, but well above the
yard level. These pots are of the tilting type with
stationary sand-sealed covers. The final spongy sludge
mass is dumped directly into large wooden boxes set
on a flat car. These boxes are equipped with steel hooks
so they can be lifted and emptied by a locomotive crane.
— From Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering of New York.
J$ ^ ^
Cement and Lead- Wool Pipe Joints
The Superintendent of Distribution
for the Detroit City Gas Company
Tells How They Make Pipe Joints
By HENRY FINK, Detroit, Mich.
DURING the last four years we have laid approxi-
mately 32,000 ft. of 16 in. ; 7500 ft. of 20 in. and
35,000 ft. of 24 in. high pressure mains, using
combination cement and lead-wool joints. Below are a
few paragraphs taken from our book of instructions,
which is now being compiled, relative to the laying of
high pressure gas mains, using the method of caulking
three lengths on the bank with combination cement and
lead-wool joints.
Just before each pipe is placed in the ditch, it is care-
fully swabbed out to clear it of all dust, dirt, or debris ;
the main layer in the trench must look through it to as-
certain positively that no dirt or obstruction remains
in it. Too much attention cannot be given to this one
point. After the three-length sections of pipe have been
caulked, they are rolled over the ditch on 6x6 in. tim-
bers, evenly balanced so the weight will be well dis-
tributed, being careful not to break the joints. Over
this pipe, and at each end, are placed two derricks (made
of three oak timbers fastened at the top so as to form a
triangle) from which is suspended three-ton chain falls.
By means of a chain the pipe is then lower into line of
pipe so as to keep the line straight.
While the work of grading and digging bell holes Is
going on, the pipe lined up along the ditch is yarned
and cemented preparatory to lead or lead-wool com-
bination joint (see joint) adopted as reported to Com-
mittee on Cast Iron Pipe Joints. All lead joints are
caulked with air hammers and special set of caulking
tools to fit the hammers. These hammers are of Keller
type, lj^x2 in. stroke, using 23 cubic feet of air per
minute. The air for these hammers is furnished by a
portable gasoline engine driven air compressor, manu-
factured by the Chicago Pneumatic Tool Company, hav-
ing a capacity of 133 cubic feet per minute. The air
from this compressor is piped through 1J4 in. wrought
iron pipe to a distance of from 500 to 1500 feet with a
1 in. service cock every 60 feet, so that a rubber hose,
leading to the hammers can be attached where the caulk-
ers with to use the air.
This compressor is capable of not only taking care of
the caulking machine, but will also handle the hammer and
long stroke hammers used for tamping later on in the
completion of the work. When working on short jobs
of 400 or 500 feet where 12 in. pipe is to be laid, we
use a smaller compressor which is capable of taking care
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June 25, 1921 THE GAS AGE 507
of two Keller hammers. This compressor is small and
light and can be easily moved from one job to another.
The caulker then drives up the yarn placed in the
joint by the main layer, and puts in additional yam un-
til an even space in depth remains for the cement and
lead-wool. The yam used must be twisted into rolls
large enough to require driving it into the joints, making
a nice smooth lap where yarn caves together. As much
care must be used in driving up the yam as in caulking
the lead.
The foundation of a wool-lead joint is exactly the
same as of a cement joint. When the joint has been
yarned, cemented and yarned, and the cement driven into
place, the remaining space must be cleaned free from
cement, especially the lead groove inside of the bell.
This much must be allowed to stand at least 24 hours
before any attempt is made to put in the lead.
The cement and yam now set makes a firm and solid
foundation for the lead-wool. The lead-wool is un-
woimd from the spool and two strands twisted together
like a piece of rope and just long enough to go arotmd
the joint. This strand of lead-wool is forced into the
bell with caulking hammers and driven up as tight as
if it were a finished joint. Continue this operation until
the bell has been filled with lead- wool, leaving the joint
caulked flush with the end of the bell.
Lead-wool must always be kept dry. Wool that shows
a dull color has been exposed to dampness and is tmfit
for making good joints. This should be retumed to the
storehouse or permission granted to melt same and use
for cast joints. Where trenches are wet, and in bad
weather, we use cast lead for all joints poured in the
ditch. (See cast lead joint).
Before any joints have been covered up, all new mains
must be tested to an air pressure of at least 5 pounds on
small mains, and 25 pounds on large mains. Each joint
must be carefully bmshed with soapsuds and examined
Sections of Several Pipe Joints for leaks while they are under pressure.
Jl Jl Jl
Census Gas Statistics for 1919
Under Date of May 26 the U. S. Bureau of the
Census Issued a Preliminary Statement on the
Manufactured Gas Industry as Given Below
A PRELIMINARY statement of the 1920 census of cess) plants in 1919 as compared with 125 and 112 re-
manufacturers with reference to the gas industry has spectively in 1914.
been prepared by the Bureau of the Census, Dept. The total production of gas for sale in 1919 was 307,-
of Commerce. It consists of a detailed statement of the 913,000,000 cubic feet, valued at $281,865,000, an aver-
quantities and values of the various products manufac- age' value of 91.5c per thousand feet. In 1914 the pro-
tured, and of the quantities and cost of the principal ma- juction was 203,517,500,000 cubic feet, valued at $172,-
terials used during the year 1919. 748,000 or an average unit value of 84.9c. The increase
The figures are based on returns from 1 020 estab- j^ j ^^3 io4,395,500,000 cubic feet or 51.3 per
il??i?? 'aYVS ^ /""iQi J^./"^" ''^'"^I'^^li ^?^^C <:ent, and in value $109,117,000 or 63.2 per cent.
851,000. At the census of 1914 there were 1,244 estab- ' . . ^ .^\^ , .rMr. • j •
lishments with products valued at $217,920,000, an in- The statistics for 1914 and 1919 are summarized in
crease of $110,931,000 or 50.9 per cent. The decrease in the following statement. The figures for 1919 are pre-
number of establishments is chiefly in the small town liminary and subject to such change and correction as
and village plants of the acetylene or gasoline groups, tnay be necessary from a further examination of the
there being but 37 acetylene and 22 gasoline (cold pro- briginal reports.
Notes gomg with the Uble on the next page
1.— In addition 6 establishments in 1919 and 5 in 1914, primarily in other lines of manufacture, distributed gas through mains—
1919-64,200 M. cu. ft.; value $112,480; 1914—51,898 M. cu. ft; value $61,405. . , , , ^ . ,
2— Not including 40 establishments without mains, included in report for gas industry m 1914 (product compressed gas m cyl-
inders—121,696 M. cu. ft.; value ^,317,600).
3 — Figures not available.
A — Includes benzol, benzine, naphtha, and calcium carbide.
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THE GAS AGE
June 25, 1921
Gas Manufactured — Census Bureau's Suntmary
1919
Products (1) Quantity
Value of products
Gas for sale— M. cu. ft 307,903,000
Coal gas 8,029,500
Carbureted water gas 90,656,300
Mixed coal and water gas 179,877,500
Oil gas 15,420,300
Acetylene (distributed through mains) 5,200
Gasoline (cold process) gas 20,400
Other (enrich, nat. gas) 13,903,800
Coke, for sale, tons 2,458,200
Made and consumed 1,820,400
Tar for sale, gals 120,550,400
Made and consumed 47,639,500
Ammonia, liquor, gals 30,148,500
Ammonium sulphate, lbs 5,073,900
Other products
Receipts from lamps and appliances
Materials Quantity
For Gas Making
Coal, Anthracite, Gr.T 1,307,400
Bituminous, Net T 6,193,500
Oil, Gals 879,320,800
Coke, purchased. Net T 1,335,300
Made and used in generators, NetT. 663,300
Other materials (4)
Gas purchased, M. cu. ft 82,020,000
for the Industry;
Value
$328,851,000
281,865,000
10,496,400
83,663,400
161,199,700
18,747,500
59,600
41,200
7,647,200
17,822,900
1919 and 1914
1914 (2)
Quantity
4,661,300
1,677,266
205,000
5,265,300
17,354,300
Cost
11,326,300
32,412,300
50,524,900
11,781,^^00
"si^eoo
22,578,500
203,517,500
10,509,900
90,017,700
86,28U00
16,512,300
14,900
181,400
*2,'281366
1,300,700
125,938,600
27,372,600
50,737,800
6,216,500
Quantity
6,116,700
715,418,600
964,900
(3)
28,351,166
Value
$217,920,000
172,748,000
10726,500
74,516,500
72,012,000
15,044,500
194,000
254,700
"8,719,966
"3,'252,966
'"i,'235,466
134,200
20,851,800
10,977,800
Cost
20,872,500
24,721,000
4,500,300
"339,'7bb
8,«83,000
Contract to Supply Gas Binding
On January 30, 1911, the Hot Springs Gas Company
entered into a contract with the Arkansas Natural
Gas Company whereby it was agreed that the latter
should sell to consumers of gas in the city of Hot
Springs, by means of its plant and equipment, all natural
gas required for 20 years, not to exceed a total of 8,000,-
000 feet per day. The prices and terms governing the
sale of gas to consumers were set forth in the contract,
together with the basis of division between the two com-
panies of the sums received. By this schedule the Ar-
kansas company was to receive specified percentages of
the selling price to consumers. The Hot Springs Com-
pany reserved the right to lower or alter the rates ; but
should the Arkansas company be dissatisfied with lower-
ed rates, it might terminate the agreement on 6 months'
notice.
The Hot Springs Gas Company subsequently convey-
ed its rights under the contract to the Consumers' Gas
Company. After the contract had been in operation
for nearly 7 years the Arkansas company demanded of
the Consumers' company that it increase its rates to
consumers. The latter company refused, whereupon, on
December 4, 1917, the Arkansas Company served the
Consumers' Company with written notice to the effect
that it would after January 1, 1918, refuse to supply the
Consumers' company, or its consumers, with gas, and
would discontinue its supply on that date. The Con-
sumers' Company thereupon sought an injunction from
discontinuance of the supply of gas under the contract.
The Circuit Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit, holds,
Arkansas Natural Gas Co. v. Consumers' Gas Co., (264
Fed. 804) that "in a proper case public service com-
missions may deal with questions of this nature and af-
ford relief, because, when such commissions, with enum-
erated powers, are in existence when the contract is
made, the public service law, containing the powers of
such commissions, is read into the contract; but in the
absence of such, as in the case at bar, individuals or
corporations may not arbitrarily avoid contracts into
which they have entered and courts may not permit them
to do so."
cA Bank within your
own organization'
Ih^ Ht *t MuiM Smk0 Urn tf tk
SAVINGS BANKS ASSOCIATION of dw STATB of NEW YORK
S6 W«t «ih Sbw^ Nnr YoA Ifanlm a 1
A Full-Page Advertisement Teaching Thrift
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June 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
509
Development of B.t.u. Standards
From a Paper Read Before the Missouri
Public Utilities Association by a Member
of the American Cas Association Sta£F
By ALFRED I. PHILLIPS, New York City
FIVE years ago, 600 B.t.u. was a figure appearing so
generally in rules for gas service that it might al-
most be called the standard of the time. Since then
the tendency has been constantly downward. During
the past year, four Public Service Commissions have
revised their general state-wide heating value require-
ments, no less than five others have made changes in
special cases, two Commissions have adopted service
rules for the first time, and lately one has prescribed the
heating value to be maintained in certain cities.
These recent standards have generally been fixed be-
tween 520 and 540 B.t.u. In but one instance are we
advised of a higher value recently fixed by a State
Commission, while in several the requirement has been
lower. Six htmdred B.t.u., the typical standard five
years ago, is state-wide today in only five cases. In
these states, the rule was adopted prior to 1916, and in
two of them lower standards have been permitted in
certain places.
Changes in heating value have not been made by state
authorities only, — ^municipal heating value standards
have been revised in very many important instances also.
In England and Canada the reductions have been so
drastic as to startle some of our experienced gas engi-
neers. These countries have been investigating this sub-
ject, and the reports of their actual practical experience
seem generally favorable to the lower standards.
Pertinent Questions
Why have these changes been made? How do they
affect the consumer? If desirable, why were they not
made before? If due to transient necessity, are we to
return to the heating values formerly prescribed ? If not,
what fundamental changes have taken place and are
likely to take place, and what standards must we look
for in the future? These are some of the questions the
thinking man naturally asks when he comes to study the
situation.
We have been faced with coal and oil shortage which
threatened the continuity of our gas supply; and until
recently, at least, the coal and oil we did obtain was of
such poor quality as to render impossible the mainte-
nance of heretofore prescribed standards with anything
like reasonable plant operation. Heating value reduc-
tions, in many cases, became a necessity, and were
granted. But what of the future ?
The effect that heating value requirements will have
on the whole future development of the gas business can-
not be overestimated. It is not merely a question of
using so many gallons of oil, or of running the retorts
at a certain temperature with a certain grade of coal.
It is rather a matter of permitting plant and distribution
system development to meet new economic conditions;
of rendering good service; of improving types of ap-
pliances, both domestic and industrial, and of extending
the use of gas in competition with other fuels.
If the gas business is to be limited by tmeconomic and
burdensome heating value restrictions, just so surely
will it cease to grow. The service will be impaired and
become expensive, and other fuels will gradually crowd
it from its legitimate field. It is to the interest of our
consumers as well as ourselves that this matter of heat-
ing value receive the careful study which it assuredly
deserves.
I would not presume to say what should be the exact
heating value standard ten years from now. In fact,
there is a need for further information on which to base
even present-day requirements. But certain conditions
now exist, indications are that certain other conditions
are bound to come in the future, and from our present
knowledge, even lower standards than have heretofore
been adopted in this country seem inevitable if our
business is to develop and is to serve our communities
to best advantage
Early Standards
The first company in the world for the general manu-
facture and distribution of illuminating gas was incor-
porated by Parliament in the City of London in 1812.
Four years later our industry found a place in this
country, when a company was established in Baltimore,
Maryland. Thus the gas business is just a little more
than a century old.
At first gas was merely "gas" to the consumer, and
its quality received comparatively little consideration.
But, within a surprisingly short time after our industry
had become an established going business we find refer-
ence to standards. In fixing these, there were two
determining factors — ^first, all or practically all gas was
used for illuminating purposes in open-flame burners;
second, all gas was made by the coal gas process.
The first determined the tjrpe of standard, and open
flame candle power was naturally adopted since it was
the best measurement of the usefulness of the gas to the
consumer at that time. The second, the process of
manufacture, determined the value which it was economi-
cal and practicable to require under the then existing
conditions.
Early Candle Power Standards
Thus, the Act of 1860 fixed'the minimum candle power
in London at 12 sperm candles, and even as far back as
1847 we find that four of the thirteen London companies
were required to maintain this standard though, at that
time, to be sure, the basis of measurement differed slight-
ly in the different cases. In 1867 the general require-
ment was raised to 14 candle power, but in 1868 it was
abolished, and the quality of the gas and the maximum
price which the companies might charge were made
interdependent. There is no evidence, however, to in-
dicate that any of these companies reduced the candle
power below 12 or raised it above 16.
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THE GAS AGE
June 25, 1921
In this country the candle power delivered was not
greatly different. In 1859 the Worcester. Mass., Gas-
Light Company received reports from 95 gas companies
Light Comapny received reports from 95 gas companies
in reply to a "Circular of Inquiries" and 42 of these
reported the candle power they actually maintained.
Only six were supplying more than 18 candle power.
In 1861 Baltimore, Md., established a standard of 15
candle power by ordinance, and in the same year Mass-
achusetts passed the first statewide gas regulations in
this country and fixed 12 candle power as the minimum
quality to be maintained.
Candle Power and the Lowe Process
About this time an important event occtwred. Pe-
troleum oil was discovered on the Drake Farm at Titus-
ville. Pa. in 1859 ; and it was not long before the gas in-
dustry began to take advantage of the low-priced
fractions which soon became available. The carburetted
water gas process was developed, and in spite of the
stubborn opposition of coal gas interests in certain places,
its success was tremendous and the effect on our in-
dustry revolutionary. Today about 70% of the gas
manufactured east of the Pacific Coast is made by this
process.
The effect on the candle power delivered in many
places was soon noticeable. Very high candle power
could be obtained by the water gas process, it being
merely necessary to use a little mtore of the cheap pe-
troleum fraction in enriching. For a while naptha was
used, a product probably superior to the automobile
gasoline of the present day. When naptha went to 4
cents a gallon, the water gas industry felt it was doomed
to ruin.
An effective substitute was found in gas oil, and
while 27 to 30 candle power was not uncommon in the
early days of water gas, such values became unusual,
and the industry settled down to a tacitly adopted
standard of about 18 to 22 candle power where no actual
regulations were in force. Coal gas candle power still
remained about the same as before, and the advantage
of water gas in lighting quality and in cheapness ac-
counted for its general popularity and adoption.
The regulations of the times recognized the new con-
ditions, and where water gas had been introduced they
were promptly altered. In fact, the standard was made
different for coal and water gas in the same city or
state in several instances. For example, the New York
Second District Commission, in its order of Jtme 15,
1907, fixed the standard for coal gas at 16 candle power,
for mixed gas at 18 candle power, and for water gas at
20 candle power.
Today, open flame candle power is a dead issue" and
candle power standards are a thing of the past, but they
leave a significant lesson. As first fixed, they truly met
existing conditions and probably insured to the con-
sumer the most service for his money. When a revolu-
tionary change tpok place, enabling the economical
maintenance of higher candle power and the rendering
of more efficient service, the industry, taken as a whole,
welcomed it, and standards were promptly revised up-
ward by the companies themselves.
Steps in the Progress of the Industry
The first revolution in our industry was a change in
process; the second, a change in utilization. Heating
appliances such as stoves and water heaters came into
general use ; the value of gas in industrial heating proc-
esses came to be recognized, and mantle lights, which
rely on the heating quality rather than the candle power
of the gas, replaced the inefficient flat-flame burner. In
fact, today probably not over three or four per cent of
all gas is used in open-flame burners. Gradually, after
much delay, this second less spectacular but even more
ftmdamental change became recognized and candle
power requirements were replaced by heating value
standards. Gas as a heating medium has assumed a
permanent place in our economic life. Heating value
standards have come to stay and candle power is gone
forever.
Increased Demand for Petroleum Products
The gas industry is now on the verge of its third
revolutionary change — ^radical reduction and perhaps
eventual elimination of the use of petroleum. The tre-
mendous growth of automotive requirements, and the
increased demand for liquid fuel by industry, and by
our navy and merchant marine have served to raise the
price of petroleum products to hitherto unprecedented
levels; while at the same time, the feverish effort to
supply these demands is exhausting our oil resources at
an alarming rate.
Petroleum Prospects
Were the whole question merely that of increased de-
mand, it could and would be solved by increased produc-
tion. We should probably never again obtain gas oil
at the low prices of ten years ago, but there would be
little serious thought of its elimination in the gas in-
dustry. Its excessive use, a l^^acy from the cfciys of
open-flame lights, we should hope to discontinue, but
that is all. But with the demand for petroleum products
increasing at a tremendous rate, oil production in this
country is coming to its maximum, and in a few years
more it will start on a slow but inevitable decline. In
another decade, petroleum will be like natural gas — a
failing natural resource.
Any oil which is suitable for gas-making purposes,
will probably eventually prove suitable for cracking
into gasoline. At the present time and for some years
to come, it may prove practical for us to use poor and
heavy grades of oil which, under present prices, it is
not economical to crack. Attempts to make use of them
in water gas manufacture have thus far been unsuccess-
ful. Nevertheless, I fully expect that the means will
be found, and for a short while we shall probably use
them, although in smaller quantities than oil is used at
present. However, such relief will be but temporary,
for the internal combustion engine has come to stay
and must have gasoline, and if our merchant marine is
to be successful, it must have fuel oil.
Some have suggested the possibilities of shale oil as
a substitute for petroleum, but suffice to say that while
this great potential source of liquid fuel will undoubtedly
be developed in the future, it holds forth possibilities
of augmenting the supply of motor fuel rather than of
furnishing a product from which we may expect gas to
be manufactured.
Gas-making fuels must be cheap if we are to compete
successfully with other sources of heat energy. Oil is
not cheap and promises never again to be cheap. It
has no peculiar qualities which make it indispensable or
even desirable in gas manufacture. We are attempting
to take it from other industries where it does have es-
pecial value, which can afford to pay well for it, and
which inevitably must pay higher prices in years to
come. Today coal is the cheapest of our fuels. The
supplies will last for many, many years, and after coal is
gone we have lignite and after that peat. And so in the
future we may look to coal alone as the material from
which gas will be made.
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June 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
511
APPENDIX 1
Heating Value Standards Fixed by State Commissions as of April 1, 1921
State
PREVIOUS STANDARD
Hin. Mo. At.
Date Effective
PRESENT STANDARD
Min. Max. Mo. At.
ARIZONA
CALIFORNIA
San Diego
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT 530
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ....
GEORGIA — Atlanta, Au-.
gusta. Savannah
ILLINOIS :
INDIANA 550
" Vincennes
MARYLAND
" Baltimore
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN (Certain Cities)
MISSOURI
" Cape Girardeau
MONTANA 450
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE 550
NEW JERSEY 550
NEW YORK— Second Dis-
trict 16 c.p. Coal Gas, 18 c.
p. Mixed Gas, 20 c. p.
Water Gas ....
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA** .... 520
RHODE ISLAND (Provi-
dence)
WASHINGTON
Seattle
Spokane
Tacoma
WISCONSIN 550
575 Aug. 1, 1915
(Low pres. Gas)
(High pres. Gas)
600 July, 1913
550 Sept. 24, 1918
16 cp. 1892
550
540
' 525
528
550
550
530
520
540
'550
490
528
510
600
475
'600
600
.... 520
(5% fromav.)
Apr. 30, 1914 445
500
Feb. 1,1914 550
Nov. 15, 1911 525
600
'526
'565
'505
600
570
540
575
"edo
575
565
535
570
500
600
500
Date EffectiTo
May 1, 1915
Sept. 1, 1919
Feb. 1921
Jan. 1, 1917
Oct. 1, 1918
Sept. 1, 1914
*
*
*
530 *
(Wkly Av,
575
450 *
475 *
550
565
1918
Nov.
Nov.
May
Sept.
July
Oct.
Jan.
1921
Oct.
Dec.
Jan.
Sept.
Apr.
Nov.
1, 1914
1, 1914
1, 1920
1, 1920
1, 1915
1, 1920
1, 1918
)
1, 1915
18, 1920
1, 1921
3, 1911
1, 1917
1, 1920
CANADA
*Standards adopted since Jan. 1, 1918.
570
580
'600
520
June 27, 1907
Oil Gas
Other gas
Apr. 9, 1914
555 (3 day av.) 585
510 570 540
550
July 24, 1908
500
550
550
500
550
500
520
450
(4%
530
560
475
(5%
525
570
600
520
510
600
*
below av.) above av.)
520
450
*
*
July 8, 1025
**By-Product Coke Oven Gas 20 B.t.u. lower.
Jan. 1, 1917
Jan. 1, 1921
Jan. 1, 1921
July 1, 1914
Dec. 13, 1920
May 19, 1920
June 15, 1912
Jan. 1, 1921
Jan. 1, 1921
Jan. 1, 1921
Sept. 8, 1920
May 24, 1919
Why have the recent changes in heating
value been made?— At first, because shortage
of coal and oil made them necessary, but more
recently because of a growing realization that
the consumer will obtain a better service.
How do th^ affect the consumer? He ob-
tains a better and more efficient service. Data
thus far collected do not show that his con-
sumption of gas has. been increased, whereas
the cost of his service should be less than under
a higher standard.
If desirable, why were they not made before?
— ^Because our early heating value standards
were a legacy from the days of candle power.
Gas-making materials were cheap and easy to
obtain; conditions were established, and there
was no agitation on the part of the consumer
for lower standards. Since high standards were
fixed and we were required to maintain them,
there was but little opportunity to investigate
the effect of lower heating value until necessity
compelled us to.
If these heating value standards have been
due to transient necessity, are we to return to
the heating values formerly prescribed? — ^The
severe stringency which in some cases led to
these lower standards may pass temporarily, but
the desirability of lower heating value gas has
been so thoroughly established that we may
expect no return to former standards.
What fundamental changes are likely to take
place and what standards may we look to in
the future? — Our oil resources are fast becom-
ing exhausted, and in the future we must look to
the manufacture of gas from coal alone. Tak-
ing into consideration the equipment already
in use, the complete gasification of coal, that
is to say the conversion of the greatest prac-
ticable amount of energy in it into gas, appears
to be the most economical solution of our future
development. Our interests and those of our
consumers indicate that we should look forward
to a standard of about 400 B.t.u.
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512
THE GAS AGE
June 25, 1921
Centrifugal Separator for Tar
Water Emulsion with Tar Has for a Long
Time Caused Great Trouble but This Sim-
ple Process Promises an Easy Solution
SOME time ago we looked into the possibility of re-
ducing the percentage of water in tar emulsion and
came across a plant put in for that purpose by the
Sharpless Specialty Co. of N. Y. City. Upon inquiry we
found that they made these separators for a wide variety
of uses, among them the dehydration of water-gas tar,
and learned that these separators were installed for the
Grand Rapids (Mich.) Gas Light Co., the Pawtucket
(R. I.) Gas Co. ; the New Haven (Conn.) Gas Light Co. ;
the Lynn (Mass.) Gas & Electric Co.; the Northern
Indiana Gas & Electric Co. at Hammond; the Bing-
hamton (N. Y.) Gas Works; the Oshkosh (Wis.) Gas
Light Co. ; the Consolidated Gas Co. of N. J. at Long
Branch and the St. Paul (Minn). Gas Light Co., the
latter plant being in use over two years.
The makers of the separators claim that the separa-
tor will handle 100 gallons of tar per hour and deliver it
with not over two per cent of water or 150 gallons with
less than 5 per cent of water. The process can be used
with coal-tar emulsions where the free carbon does not
Tun over four per cent, although it is not so successful
with tars having as much as 30 per cent of free carbon.
Report on Actual Operation
One of the works mentioned made a report upon the
operation of the separator some time ago, stating that
"the results obtained with this apparatus during the time
it has been in service have proven quite satisfactory.
The machine has not been run steadily for the reason
that sometimes it has not been found necessary to operate
the steam boiler plant in which the tar is burned. It has
been found that we can burn tar without separation up
to 20 per cent of water and no attempt has been made to
separate the water from the tar which would bum under
the boilers." The report then continues :
"The machine does not require particularly skilled la-
bor to operate. Our records show that the 44,380 gal-
lons of tar separated have been accomplished with 484.25
hours of labor at $0.5625 per hour, making a labor cost
per gallon of $0.00615. The steam consumption is
about 200 lbs. per hour. With an average of 92 gal-
lons of tar separated per hour, the steam per gallon will
be 2.18 lbs. which is equal to 0.0725 h. p. hr. If we as-
sume the same amount of steam used for pumping and
heating the tar, we have 0.0725 x 2 x 4.5=0.65 lbs. coal
per gallon. At $5.50 per ton of coal, the cost per gallon
will be $0.00178. Total cost per gallon will be 0.00615
plus 0.00178=$0.00793. The tar is worth as a boiler
fuel, figuring 11 lbs. of coal as equivalent to a pound of
tar (coal at $5.50 per ton) 3.02 cents per gallon. The net
worth of the tar, subtracting the cost of reclamation, is
practically 2.3 cents, so that the machine, on the 44,380
gallons reclaimed, has saved us $1,022.00. This is a
clear saving inasmuch as the tar with the water in is
practically worthless and we have not been able to find
any other means of taking care of it. In addition to this,
the emulsion was filling up our tar wells, it was danger-
ous to throw it away, and it is worth something to be
able to get rid of it. This value has not been figured.
"The cost of the machine installed complete was $1,-
413.03, so that in the first six months of operation we
almost paid for the machine. The emulsion which was
delivered to the machine varied widely but approximated
from 25 to 50 per cent of water. The resulting tar
varied from yi per cent to nearly 5 per cent. It can all
be gotten below 1 per cent if this is necessary, but this
takes more time and does not make the outflowing water
from the machine quite so clean. The reclaimed tar has
given us better satisfaction as boiler fuel than the tar
which was pumped direct from the wells, as lamp black
and coke breeze are all removed and there is no trouble
from stopping burners. It is to be anticipated that in
a large plant with a large amount of tar to handle, a
battery of these machines would materially reduce the
labor cost of reclamation."
The Separator in Principle
In response to our request the engineers for the man-
ufacturers of the apparatus prepared the following gen-
eral description of the process. We might first explain,
however, that the separator consists in a vertical rapidly
revolving cylinder or rotor into the bottom of which
the liquid to be treated flows and as it passes upward
inside this cylinder, the heavier portions seek the walls
and the lighter the core of the cylinder so that an out-
let at the shell wall takes off the heavier substance and
the upper outlet taps the central portion. The power
for driving can be derived from belted motor, plain belt
drive or steam turbine. The main fact is that sub-
stances which will not be separated at all by the force
of gravity will separate under a centrifugal force equal
to 16,950 times the force of gravity. The article referred
to follows :
The Sharpies Process
The water gas tar settles out of the water gas tar
emulsion slowly by gravity in the holders down to 15
to 25 per cent water. Beyond this point gravity has
but little effect. The suction line is installed to draw
from the bottom third of the holder so that the centrifu-
gal plant will have a continuous supply of tar emulsion
which is as dry as gravity can produce. In this way the
centrifugal plant is assured of a uniform supply of tar
emulsion and operates tmder the best working con-
ditions.
The tar emulsion is pumped to a supply tank set at a
point six feet above the floor on which the centrifuges
stand. This supply tank is equipped with a steam coil
tontroUed by a "Sarco" regulating valve to maintain
the supply in the feed tank at a temperature of 175** F.
The hot tar emulsion is then fed to the centrifuges at a
rate of 150 gallons per hour per unit.
Centrifugal Dehydration
As the emulsion passes through the centrifuge it is
continuously separated into dry tar and water and these
two liquids are continuously discharged from separate
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June 25. 1921
THE GAS AGE
513
spouts. As water gas tar contains a variable percentage
of lampblack which deposits in the rotor, the machines
have to be cleaned at the end of each half hours to one
hours run. By using spare rotors the machines are out
of commission only 5 minutes while changing rotors.
The dirty rotors are then cleaned ready for the next
change.
The percent of water in the dry tar coming from the
machine is less than 3 per cent. If it is desired to lower
the water content to less than 1 per cent the wet tar is
fed at a slower rate. Tar containing 5 per cent or less
of water is in perfect condition for burning as fuel.
Advantages of the Process
1 — ^Worthless tar emulsion is converted into salable
product.
2 — ^AU old accumulations of tar can be cleaned up.
3— Tankage is released for other uses.
4 — ^The dry tar can either be burned as fuel or sold,
depending on relative market prices.
As this plant operates at a net capacity of 250 gallons
of emulsion per hour or 2500 gallons per day of ten
hours, after making a liberal allowance for time con-
sumed in changing rotors, the cost of treating one
barrel (50 gallons) of emulsion is approximately 18
cents.
Installation Cost
The cost of installing a two unit water gas tar Dehy-
dration plant may be estimated as follows :
Two No. 6 Sharpies Super Centrifuges
Steam turbine drive at $850 $1,700.
One Extra rotor at $250 250.
One Supply tank complete with steam
coil and temperature Regulator 200.
Freight, piping and installation, labor 150.
Total cost of installation $2,300.
Operating Cost
The cost of operating such a plant may be estimated
as follows :
Labor one man at 50c. per hour $5.00
. Steam, power and heating 5000 lbs.
at 50c 2.50
10% Depreciation on an investment of
$2,300., 300 Working days per year,
daily charge 0.77
7% Interest on an investment of $2,300,
working days (300), daily charge . . 0.54
$50. per centrifuge per year oil and re-
pairs, daily chg 0.34
Total cost of operating plant per
ten hour day $9.15
The value of water gas tar containing less than 5 per
cent water when used as fuel is about 4 cents per gallon.
The daily output of dry tar will vary with the percent-
age of moisture present. The average percentage of
water in the ingoing tar will be under 30 per cent as fed
Actual InstaUation of Water Gas Tar Separator
to the machine when the . centrifugal installation is
supplied with tar from the bottom third of the holder.
The net yield of dry tar on this moisture basis dehy-
drated to 3 per cent will be 1750 gallons at a dehydrat-
ing cost of 26 cents a barrel. The value of 1750 gallons
of dry tar at 4 cents is $70.00. The value of the recovered
tar per year, 300 working days is $21,000.
In the above statement the writer has given definite
information concerning the installation and operation
of a single plant. The process may be applied so as to
conform to the capacity requirements of any plant.
Each unit will handle 125 gallons of tar emulsion per
hour. If it is desired to treat a smaller amount of
material than listed above a fewer number of machines
would be installed or if a greater capacity is desired a
large number of machines would be installed. The
unit cost of operating a smaller plant would be slightly
larger. The unit cost of operating a larger plant would
be slightly less. ^^ j
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514
THE OAS AOE
June 25, 1921
Power Plant Coal and Its Selection
The Second Article in a Series upon Power Plant Prob-
lems from the Pen of a Mechanical Engineer Is of
Especial Interest to the Operators of Steam Plants
By ROBERT JUNE, Detroit, Mich.
PROBABLY no single factor in the operation of an
existing power plant, or the design of a proposed
pow^r plant, oflFers such opportunities to eflFect
economies as does the proper selection of coal the adop-
tion of the right fuel to the right equipment.
Classification of Coals
Ninety-five percent of the coal used in steam produc-
tion falls into one of the four following classifications :
1. Anthracite coal, which consists almost entirely of
carbon and inorganic matter; it contains little, if any,
hydrocarbon constituent. Some varieties approach graph-
ite in their characteristics and are burned with difficulty
unless mixed with other coals. Good anthracite is hard,
compact, and lustrous, and gives a vitreous fracture
when broken. It bums with very little flame, unless
moist, and gives a very intense fire, free from smoke.
As it is not available for steaming purposes in all
sections of the country, specific problems relating to
its combustion will not be discussed, attention only being
called to a principal objection to its use, i. e., no matter
how carefully handled, it is liable to fly into small
pieces imder the influence of the high temperature of
the furnace when freshly fired, with consequent loss of
fine flakes in the flue and pieces falling through the
grates to the ash pit. It must also be remembered that
it requires at least 40 percent greater combustion space
than does bituminous coal. On this account, it should
never be purchased for use in furnaces not designed for
It.
2. Dry bituminous coals are the best of the bitumi-
nous variety for steaming purposes. They are hard and
dense, black in color, but somewhat brittle and splintery.
They ignite readily, bum freely with a short clean
bluish flame and without caking.
3. Bituminous coking coals swell up, become pasty
and fuse together in burning. They contain less fixed
carbon and more volatile matter than the free-burning
grades. Coking coals are rich in hydrocarbon and are
particularly adapted to gas making.
4. Long flaming bituminous coals have a strong
tendency to produce smoke. Some varieties cake, others
do not, while burning. This coal is preferable for use
under dryers, in cement kilns, etc., rather than for
general steam making purposes.
Generally the free-buming, dry bituminous coals of
West Virginia, Pittsburgh, and Illinois districts are to
be preferred for the production of steam.
The Question of Size
The selection of coal of a certain classification is not
enough. The size of the coal influences the capacity of
the boiler, owing to its effect on draft. With poor draft,
fine coal cannot be burned in sufficient quantities to
maintain the rated capacity. If thin fires are resorted to,
the efficiency of the boiler is lowered by holes in the fire.
Dust and very fine coal check the flow of air or else
pass up the stack unbumed. Experience alone will show
the size of coal best suited to individual operating con-
ditions. After you have determined the proper size of
coal, you should insist that all deliveries conform to
this uniform size, particularly since coal of uniform size
does not pack as badly as coal of mixed sizes.
Bituminous coals in the Eastem States are graded and
sized as follows :
A — Run of mine coal; The unscreened coal taken
from the mine after the impurities, which can be prac-
tically separated, have been removed.
B — Lump Coal ; That which passes over a bar-screen
with openings lj4 inches wide.
C — Nut coal ; That which passes through a bar-screen
with 1^4 -inch openings and over one with }i'indi
openings.
D — Slack coal; That which passes through a bar-
screen with ^-inch openings.
E — Rim of mine ; The unscreened coal taken from the
ndne.
F — Lump coal; Divided into 6-inch, 3-inch and lyi-
inch lump, according to the diameter of the cicular open-
ings over which the respective grades pass ; also 6 by 3
lump, and 3 by lj4-inch, according as the coal passes
through a circular opening having the diameter of the
larger figure and over one of the smaller diameter.
G — Nut coal; Divided in 3-inch steam nut, which
passes through an opening 3 inches in diameter and over
lj4 — inches; IJ^-inch nut, which passes through a
lj4-inch diamter opening over a J^-nich diameter open-
ing; and ^-inch nut, which passes through a J^-inch
diameter opening and over a ^-inch diameter opening.
H — Screenings ; That which passes through a 1 J^-inch
diameter opening.
For maximum efficiency, coal should be uniform in
size. As a rule, the percentage of ash increases as the
size of the coal decreases. This is due to the fact that
all of the fine foreign matter separated from the larger
coal, or which comes from the roof or the floor of the
mine, naturally finds its way into smaller coal.
Relation of Coal to Combustion Space
Coal must be adapted to the combustion space in your
furnaces, or your furnaces must be adapted to the coal,
if you would avoid waste. As the chemical composition
of the coal enters into this problem I include Table I.
Table L Characteristics of Various Coals
Class of Coal Fixed Carbon %
Anthracite 92.5 to 97
Semi-anthracite
Semi-bituminous
Bituminous,
Pittsburgh ...
Bituminous, Ill-
inois
87.5 to 92.5
75 to 87.5
60 to 75
50 to 60
VolatUe Matter %
3 to 7.5
7.5 to 12.5
12.5 to 25
25 to 40
35 to 50
Heating Value per
lb. of CombostiDle
14.000 to 14,80§
14,000 to 15,000
15,500 to 16,000
14,800 to 15,20S
13,500 to 14,80§
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THE OAS AGE
515
INFLUENCE Of 3lZE OF COAL ON THE CAPACITY
MO EPnClENCY OF A. B-fliW. BOILER CHAIN
6RATC. HEATm6 SURFAtt 5000 SO. FT
SUPER H£ATIIH6 SURFACE IQOO S^.FT
too a75 "mo
Size OF COAL IN INCH IS
Pig. 1
Coals of different composition require different sizes
of space per unit of weight. The chemical characteris-
tics that are most likely to affect the size of the combus-
tion space required for a given set of conditions are
the quantity and quality of the volatile matter. The
quantity of volatile is shown by its percentage as
determined by the proximate analysis. The quality of
the volatile matter is indicated by the ratio of volatile
carbon to available hydrogen, and also by the oxygen
content of the coal on a moisture and ash free basis.
<
s
s
The principal chemical characteristics of Pocahontas
(bitummous caking), Pittsburgh, and Illinois coal are
given in Table II.
Table II. Characteristics of Steam Coals
Pocahontas Pittsburgh Illinois
Volatile matter in moisture and ash,
free coal % 18.05 34.77 46.52
Fixed carbon in moisture and ash,
free coal % 81.95 65.23 53.48
Volatile carbon in moisture and ash,
free coal % a55 20.47 26.22
Available hydrogen in moisture and
ash, free coal % 3.96 4.70 3.96
Ratio of available carbon to available
hydrogen % 2.16 4.35 6.6
Oxygen in moisture and ash, free
coal % 3.32 5.59 10.93
Table III gives the size of the required combustion
space for the three coals and several sets of conditions,
indicated by columns 1, 2 and 3.
CUBIC FEET PER SQUARE FDOT OP GRATE AREA.
Pig. 3
Table III. Volume of Combustion Space
06
3
O
i
Completeness <
}f|3Rate of Com
31 bustion lbs.
.
Cubic Feet of Combustion per
combU!Stion. %
Excess
sq.
ft. of Grate Area
Undeveloped
per sq. ft.
of Air
Heat
Grate per hr.
%
Pocohontas
Pittsburgh
lUinois
5
so
50
2.7
2.9
4.3
3
so
50
3.2
3.7
5J
2
so
50
3.6
4.4
6J
1
so
50
4.0
5.6
8.9
0.5
50
50
4.8
6.8
11.9
5
25
50
2.0
2.2
3.5
3
2S
50
2.3
2.7
4.35
2
25
50
2.7
3.1
5.1
1
25
50
3.4
4.0
6.2
0.5
25
50
4.0
5.0
7.1
CUBIC FEET PER SQUARE FOOT OF GRATE A REA
Fig. 2
Roughly speaking, under the same conditions, Pitts-
burgh coal requires about 20 percent larger combustion
space than Pocahontas coal, whereas Illinois coal re-
?uires about 40 percent larger combustion space than
4ttsburgh coal.
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516
THE GAS AGE
June 25, 1921
That the size of the combustion space does not in-
crease in direct proportion to the percentage of volatile
matter is shown graphically in Figure II.
For complete combustion, it may be said that the size
of the combustion space varies directly as the product
of the quantity and quality of the volatile matter, as
given in Table III.
If you want to know whether or not you are burning
coal of the right composition, measure up the combustion
space in your furnaces, then have a detailed chemical
analysis made of a fair sample of your coal, and check
them against the data given herein. If you contemplate
a new power plant, be sure that combustion space is
designed for the coal which you can buy to the best
advantage.
Influence of Moisture
Moisture in coal reduces the steaming efficiency. One
percent of moisture means a loss of thirteen B.t.u. per
pound of coal in superheated vapor in the smoke gases.
It also decreases the capacity of the furnace, due to
lowering the rate of combustion.
100
^"
•^
V,
WnJUENCE OF ASH ON FUEL N^LUE ^
OF DRY COAL CUilNOlS SCREENINGS)
—
90
V
s,
^X^i^^M^^^Ik l_
^
mil ASH TAKEN AT 100
A/^
N
s.
oo
N
V
ill ^t^
N
V
-70
\
^60
\
^60
>
V
\
"
V
\
1
>
V
50
\
^0
\
i
10
\
\
\ 1
lO 20 SO
PER CENT OF ASH IN DRY COAL
Fig. 4
AO
Although moisture is a great and uncertain variable,
and the producer can exercise no control over this factor,
still the purchaser should protect himself against ex-
cessive moisture, by stipulating an amount consistent
with the average inherent moisture in the coal, and
proper penalty should be fixed for delivery in excess of
the amount allowed, a corresponding bonus being paid
for delivery of less than contract amount.
The Ash Problem
The amount of earthy matter or ash, is of considerable
importance in fixing the heating value of the coal since
the heating value of the combustible is practically con-
stant. This value varies with the different types of
boilers, grates and furnaces. The amount of refuse in
the ash pit is always in excess of the earthy matter as
reported by analysis, except where the amoimt carried
beyond the bridge is very large.
The maximum allowable amount of sulphur is some-
times specified, since some grades of coal high in sulphur
cause considerable clinkering. But sulphur is not always
an indication of clinker-producing ash, and a more
rational procedure would be to classify a coal as clinker-
ing or non-clinkering, according to its behavior in the
particular furnace in question, irrespective of the amount
of sulphur present. Ash fuses between 2,300 and 2,600
degrees Fahrenheit, and if the formation of objectionable
clinker is to be avoided, the furnace must be operated
at temperatures below the fusing temperature. Several
large concerns insert an "ash fusibilty" clause in their
coal specifications.
At present the ash problem is accentuated by the de-
livery of "dirty coal.^' We find from reliable sources
that the coal received in many of the largest power
plants has increased by 5 to 10 percent in ash, and has
decreased in heating value by 8 to 12 percent. Many
good authorities state that the amotmt of coal constuned
in their plants has increased 10 percent, due entirely to
the inferior quality of coal received today as compared
with that received two years ago.
There is no excuse for this "dirty" coal. The rail-
roads during the past year, have been burdened with
handling 30,000,000 tons of worthless dirt that anyone
can dig from the back-door yard or have from the
rock-pile, for the asking. These 30,000,000 tons of dirt
have not only cost the power plant operator $120,000,000
but they have deprived him of 30,000,000 tons of real
coal. The remedy for this condition is to be found in
determined individual and co-operative insistance upon
clean coal, and in the establishment of government
coal-sampling stations, to check the product of each mine
as to quality and effectiveness of preparation.
Heating Value of Coal
I have purposely left discussion of the heating value
of the coal until the last, as this is the most obvious of
all the factors entering into its selection.
The heating value of coal as determined by a sample
burned in an atmosphere of oxygen does not give its
absolute commercial evaporative power, since this largely
depends upon the composition of the fuel, character of
grade, and conditions of operation, as already outlined.
Tn large plants where a number of grades of fuel are
available, it is customary to conduct a series of tests with
the different grades and sizes, and the one which evapo-
'rates the most water for a given sum of money, other
conditions permitting, is the one usually contracted for.
In designing a new plant, particular attention should be
paid to the performance of similar plants already in
operation, and the fuel and stoker should be selected
which are found to give the best returns for the money.
However, there is no reason why the power plant
operator should not know the number of B.t.u. in the
coal which he puts into his furnace, and every reason
why he should know. The evaporation of so many
pounds of water per pound of coal does not of itself in-
dicate efficency. The equivalent evaporation of 8 pounds
of water per pound of dry coal would represent 70j4
percent of efficiency if the coal contained 11,000 B.t.u.
per pound, but the same evaporation with a coal of 14,500
B.t.u. heatinjg value would represent only SSyi per cent
efficiency. Therefore analysis of the heating units in
the coal is essential to a knowledge of its value.
Purchase of Coal Under Supervision
Engineers differ as to the specifications to be used in
purchasing coal. Some favor a system of bonus and
penalty on ash basis only ; others favor a similar system
on B.t.u. basis only. Much can be said on both sides,
but undoubtedly the safest system is a combination of
the two. With such a system, a proposal is made by the
contractor, stating price, B.t.u. and ash content. Samples
are taken each day of the fuel furnished and a bonus
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June 25, 1921
THE OAS AGE
517
is paid for B.t.u. content exceeding contract stipulation,
the bonus being the same percentage of contract price
that the excess B.t.u. is of the specification value. A
corresponding deduction is made tor coal falling below
specifications, and in some cases a lower limit is set,
below which the coal may be refused at the purchaser's
option, with the further stipulation that continued failure
to supply coal within the specification limits will forfeit
contract.
For each percent which ash falls below analysis, a
bonus is allowed. Generally an increase of 2 percent in
ash content is allowed without penalty, above 2 percent
a penalty is deducted according to a sliding scale.
You can only be sure you are buying your coal right
by making an analysis of it as it is delivered. Two car-
loads of coal may look the same, but may vary 10 percent
or more in B.t.u., and a difference of 10 percent makes
a difference of from 8 to 10 percent in the value of the
coal.
If you are not in a position to make an analysis of
the coal yourself, all you have to do is to put an empty
barrel in your boiler room and have your fireman throw
in a part of a shovel of coal four or five times a day.
At the end of a week or a month, you can take this coal
out, mix it thoroughly, quarter it, mix it again, and
quarter it until you reduce it to a suitable size to forward
to the nearest testing laboratory. By mixing it, you will
have a representative sample which will indicate pretty
accurately the grade of coal you have been burning and
from this you can determine the efficiency of your boilers.
In entering upon a contract, remember that the im-
portant items to be considered in the specifications are:
A — ^A statement of the amount and charcter of the
coal desired.
B — Conditions for delivery.
C — Disposition to be made of the coal in case it is out-
side the limits specified.
D — Correction in price for variation in heating value
and in moisture and ash content.
E — Method of sampling.
F — By whom analyses are to be made.
In conclusion, it is not easy to select the proper coal
for any given plant, but there is no factor in power
plant operation which will so well repay proper attention.
^ ^ ^
Water Gas Set Heat Balance
The Use of Mid- West Coal Instead of Coke as Generator
Fuel Is Discussed in Technical Paper 246 of the U. S.
Bureau of Mines with the Following Reaction Data
By WILLIAM W. ODELL, Washington, D. C.
THE relative amounts of fuel consumed for heating
the checker chambers and heating the generator dur-
ing the blast, and the quantity actually consumed
during the run, can best be pictured when the figures for
a heat balance are studied. Any such set of figures will
necessarily be applicable only when conditions are the
same as assumed in the original calculation, and when
using the same kind of fuel. The variation, however,
is not extremely great for small differences in the gas
standard, hence it is the intention here merely to arrive
at an approximate heat balance to illustrate wherein
the fuel saving can be made, using bituminous coal as
generator fuel, when making gas in a water-gas set
especially suited for the fuel, and to show where the
heat losses appear when high volatile coal replaces coke
fuel.
Although the total fuel used per thousand feet de-
pends on a number of variables, the actual carbon
equivalent of a given amount of blue gas is quite a
definite thing when the blue gas does not contain any
appreciable amount of volatile matter from the fuel.
The fuel per thousand feet varies according to the num-
ber of hours the set is operated per day, hence certain
assumptions have to be made in arriving at even an
approximate figure.
A small part of this 0.76 pound of fuel passes out as
unbumed fuel in the ash and clinker and as sensible heat
of the ash. An additional small amount may be con-
sumed, due to leaky hot valves and steam valves, and
some of it is consumed during clinker periods by the
natural draft through the set.
It has already been demonstrated that the loss, due
to stack gases leaving the set at so high a temperature,
can, to a considerable extent, be recovered by the use of
a waste heat boiler for blast gas only. Some of the
energy in the 0.76 pound of fuel shown above can like-
wise be recovered as well as the excess combustible gas
produced during each blow if there is enough of the
latter produced to make it worth while.
The recoverable enery from the blast gas when
operating with coke fuel is contained in the 72,656 B.t.u.,
as shown above (which is the sensible heat in the stack
gas), and in the 0.76 pound of fuel used in excess of the
theoretical amount required. Considering that all of
the recoverable energfy is included in the 72,656 B.t.u.,
and that 60 per cent can be utilized for the actual evapo-
ration of water, the amount of the latter evaporated per
thousand feet with coke fuel is :
(72,656 -7- 971) (60 ^ 100) = 44.9 pounds
MID-WEST GENERATOR COAL
When coal fuel (Central District bituminous coal) is
used in place of coke the fuel used per thousand feet
is at best 40 pounds when using the same method of
operating. The heating value of this fuel is only 12,000
B.t.u. per pound, hence 30 pounds of coke are equivalent
to 33.75 pounds of coal. This leaves a difference, (42 —
33.75), of 8.25 pounds of coal per thousand feet, which
to a great extent is represented in the blast gas as excess
combustible matter when using coal generator fuel. It
is desirable therefore in considering the design of a set
for use with coal to keep in mind the fact that there is
a difference in the fuel consumption per thousand feet
when coal is substituted for coke in the generator, and
that a large part of the increased fuel used can be re-
covered from the blast gas when means are provided.
Assuming the average heating value of blue gas from
coke fuel to be 300 B.t.u. per cubic foot, and that of
blue gas from bituminous coal fuel to be 335 B.t.u. per
cubic foot, a difference of 35 B.t.u. appears for each
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518
THE OAS AGE
June 25, 1921
cubic foot of blue gas. If, when operating with coal, the
blue gas represents 80 per cent of the total carbureted
gas, it is evident that for every 1,000 feet of such gas
made the increased heating value of the 800 feet of blue
gas present will be 35 X 800 = 28,000 B.t.u. The equiva-
lent of this in pounds of coal (coal having a heating value
of 12,000 B.t.u. per pound) is: 28,000 -h 12,000 = 2.33
pounds. The additional amount of heat much of which
can be recovered when bituminous coal is substituted
for coke is, then, represented by the difference between
these two figures— 8.25 poimds and 2.33 pounds — or
5.92 pounds per thousand feet. Corrections to suit par-
ticular cases for differences in the percentage of blue gas
present in the carbureted gas will of course slightly
alter this value (5.92 pounds).
ASSUMED CONDITIONS
Per 1.000 feet of
carbureted gas.
Consumption of —
Fuel-coke (13,500 B. t. u. per pound) pounds. . 30
Steam (at 100 pounds pressure) do 35
Oil (pounds per gallon, 7.3) gallons . . 3.2
Average temperatures of — • f.
Blast gas leaving stack 1,600
Carbureted gas leaving set 1,300
Carbureter 1.350
Superheater 1,400
Ash withdrawn 1,500
Ash in fuel, 7 per cent.
THE RUN
The two chief reactions that take place are as follows:
C+H^-CO+H, (1)
C+2HiO-CO,+2H, (2)
Reaction (2) always takes place to a limited extent, varying in
di£ferent plants according to the operating conditions, and cannot be
stated in terms that answer for all conditions. It may be assumed, how
ever, that reaction (1) or its equivalent takes place to the extent of
90 per cent and reaction (2) takes place to the extent of 10 per cent.
This assumption is based on the analysis of the blue gas at the gen-
erator lid.
REACTION NO. 1
Analysis of equation 1 gives the following:
C+H,0-CO+H,-378 cu. ft. CO+380 cu. ft. Ht
Roughly, 12 pounds+18 pounds "28 pounds+2 pounds
The combination of 12 pounds of carbon with 18 pounds of water
as in this equation results in the formation of 758 cubic feet of gas
which is 100 per cent combustible and has an average gross heating
value of 325 B. t. u. per cubic foot.
HEAT REACTIONS
12 lbs. carbon, complete combustion (12 X 14,544) » 174,528
28 lbs. CO, heat of combustion (28 X4,368) - 122,304 B. t. u.
2 lbs. Hi contains 61,523 X2.016 - 124,030 B. t. u - 246,334
Heat absorbed - 71,806
Assume that the water is steam at 100 lbs. pressure —
Then the heat furnished by the steam is (18.016X1,161) =20,916
Heat absorbed from generator by reaction (1) without
consideration of the temperature of the gas " 50,890
(Additional heat is absorbed from the generator because
of the sensible heat of the gases leaving the generator.
Assume that the blue gas leaves the generator at 1,300^
F., then:)
Heat required to raise 28 lbs. CO from 60'' to UOO"" F. -8,901 B. t. u.
Heat required to raise 2.016 lbs. Hs from 60"* to 1300T. -8,902 B. t. u
Mean specific Weight. Temperature, B. t. u.
heat. 'F
Hj =3.561X2.016 lbs. X (1,300— 60) -8,902
CO-0.2564X28.0 lbs. X (1.300—60) -8,901 17,803
Heat actually used during run to satisfy reaction (l) 68,693
Radiation, not coitbidered here.
REACTION NO. 2
Analysis of reaction (2) gives the following:
C+2Hrf)-CO,+2H,
12 lbs. +36.032 lbs. -44 lbs. +4.032 lbs.
-378 cu. ft. COj+760 cu. ft. Hi
- 1,138 cu. ft. of gas.
One-third of the gas produced by (2) is COs and the gas
is combustible.
THERMAL REACTION
B. La.
Heat generated— C to CO, -(12X14.544) - 174.528
Heat of combustion of 4.032 lbs. H,- (4X61,523) « 248,060
Heat absorbed by the reaction — 73,532
Heat in the steam at 100 lbs. pressure is (36.32 X 1,161) = 41,833
Heat absorbed from the fuel by the reaction = 31,699
The sensible heat of the gas is —
Mean tpedfic Weight. Tempenture. B. t. a.
heat. 'F
CO,-0.2383 X 44 X (1,300— 60) - 13.002
H, -3.561 X 4.032 X (1,300-60) - 17,803
30,805 - 30,805
Heat absorbed from generator ■ 62,504
Radiation, etc., not considered here.
COMBINED REACTIONS
Considering reaction (1) and (2) together, (1) taking place to the
extent of 90 per cent and (2) to the extent of 10 per cent, the follow-
ing figures represent the combined reactions:
10.8 lbs. C+16.21 lbs. HiO-25.2 lbs. CO+1.81 lbs.H, (1)
340 cu. ft. 341 cu. ft.
1.2 lbs C+ 3.6 lbs. HiO-4.4 lbs. CO,+0.4 lbs. H, (2)
38 cu. ft. 75 cu. ft.
The bulk result is as follows:
Percent
by Tolume.
25.2 lbs., or 340 cu. ft. CO 42.8
2.21 lbs., or 416 cu. ft. H, 52.4
4.4 lbs.,or 38cu.ft.COi 4^
794 cu. ft. blue gas 100
The heating value of the blue gas may be calculated as follows:
B. t. u. Cubic feet. B. t. u.
CO, 323.5X340-109,990
Hs 326.2X416-135,699
COi O.OX 38- 000
794-245,689
245,689
-309 B. t. u. per cu. ft.
794
B. t. u. of the blue gas-309
COt in the blue gas -4.8 per cent.
The combined equations (1) and (2) are:
12 lbs. C+19.181bs. H^-25.2 lbs. CO+4.41bs. CX)t+2.21 lbs.H,(3)
COMBINED HEAT BALANCE
The heat balance is: B. l a.
Heat •f combustion of 12 lbs. C - (12 X 14,544) - 174,528
Heatof combustion of 25.21 bs. CO - (25.2 X4,368) - 110,073 ^ ^46 03«
Heat of combustion of 2.211bs H, - (2.21 X61,523) - 135,965 _™_
B. t. u. absorbed in the reaction - 71,510
Heat furnished by the steam at 100 lbs. pressure (boiler
pressure) is (19.8 X 1,161) -22,988 - 22,988
Heat absorbed from the generator by reaction 3 - 48,522
The heat carried away as sensible heat of the gas may be calcu-
lated as follows:
Weight. Spedfi'^ heat. Temperature. B.t.u.
CO,- 4.4 lbs. X .2382 X (1,300— 60) -1,300
CO -25.2 lbs. X .2564X(1.30O— 60) =8,012
H, - 2.21 lbs. X 3.561 X (1.300—60) -9,758 - 19.070
Total heat absorbed from the generator during the run — 67,592
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June 25, 1921
THE OAS AGE
519
Total heat absorbed in pounds of fuel is 67,592 -h 13,500 -5 pounds.
The total fuel used during the run and furnished by the genera-
tor, is then, the sum of 5 pounds and 12.92 pounds (12.92 being the
fuel equivalent of 12 pounds of C) equal to 17.92 pounds.
This value represents the heat absorbed per 794 cubic feet of blue
gas, which is approximately equivalent to 1,000 cubic feet of car-
bureted gas. Radiation losses and loss from excess steam are not
included in the figures just presented, but will be mentioned later.
BLASTING REACTIONS
The reactions during blasting are as follows: ^
C+Oj-COj- +14.544 B. t. u. per pound of C (4)
C+C0j-2C0— 5,840 B. t. u. per pound of C consumed (5)
Reaction (4) is the prime reaction taking place during^blasting*
Reaction (5) takes place to a limited extent; it permits the heating
«£ the checker chambers by internal combustion of the CO.
In deriving the actual amounts of fuel consumed dur-
ing the complete operating cycle, in different parts of the
set, the amounts of steam and secondary air used in
excess of the theoretical amounts necessary to satisfy
chemical equations must be considered. Some assump-
tions must necessarily be made in arriving at such a
heat balance, for the following reasons: (1) It is impos-
sible to say, at any given moment, what the average or
maximum temperature is in the generator; (2) the
temperatures of the gases leaving the generator and
laving the set are not constant ; (3) the quality, quantity,
and temperature of the steam used varies ; (4) the tem-
perature and degree of saturation of the blast air varies ;
(5) the amount of excess secondary air used during the
blast is continually changing as the quality of the com-
bustible blast changes ; and (6) the temperature of the
oil, atmosphere, etc., also affects the final results.
As it is considered good practice to make carbureted
water gas using 30 pounds of good coke and 35 pounds
of steam per 1,000 cubic feet of carbureted gas made,
the calculations made for the distribution of heat as in
actual operation are based on these figures.
jt ^ jt
Electric Wiring in Shops
Some Simple Rules to Be Observed
While Installing Electric Wires in Build-
ings, Giving Methods and Precautions
By J. F. SPRINGER, New York City
ELECTRICITY may be wanted in the shop for a
variety of reasons. It may be desirable to light it
partially or altogether by the use of current. Or,
it may seem advantageous to install a motor or two.
Whatever the purpose, the job must be properly done,
or there will be more or less danger of fire, to say noth-
ing of bodily hazard. There are all kinds of things to
go wrong if the wiring is carelessly done. For example,
one may think the insulation sufficient protection ; while
this is pretty true during the early life of well insulated
wire, yet the insulation may be worn away subsequently
by abrasion. One insulated wire may cross another.
Actual contact may seem a small thing. But this is the
very reason for the abrasion of the insulation at that
crossing point. If one of the wires carries a heavy cur-
rent, trouble may ensue. Besides, th^ insurance compa-
nies demand that the wiring be done right, and the best
of them define what is right. Perhaps the very test thing
w'O do is to conform strictly to the requirements of the
leading insurance companies or associations of com-
panies.
Wires may be placed so as to be out of sight, or may
be put on the face of the ceiling and walls where it is in
plain view. While the latter method is somewhat un-
sightly, it is easy to carry out. It might be thought es-
pecially safe, because always in sight. However, a por-
tion is liable to be placed out of sight and not readily
subject to inspection which may alter the case. Exposed
wiring is also very much subject to accidental damage.
We will assume, therefore, that the wires are to be run
behind the plastering.
Where the wires parallel the joists, it will usually be
suitable to attach them to the sides of one or more of
them. The workman will have to get at the joists through
the floor. Once he gets proper access to the joists, the
work of attachment will ordinarily not be difficult.
Where the wires parallel the flooring instead, the work-
man's problem consists in getting^ below the floor and
then of passing the wires through the joists in a proper
manner.
Wiring Through the Joists
Running the wires through the joists means, gener-
ally, running them parallel to the flooring. The thing
to do is to take up one or more boards and then get
the several joists ready. Suppose we take the case of
two wires of one and the same circuit. Two holes — not
one hole — are to be bored through each joist. They
should be, say, 5 inches apart, center to center. Let them
be set not less than 2 inches below the tops of the joists.
The wires will then be distinctly separated from the
flooring, and this is desirable.
It is good practice to insert in each hole an insulating
tube having a length considerably in excess of the thick-
ness of the joist. Such tubes may be 9/16 inch in out-
side diameter. The hole is bored a trifle larger, say,
with a 5/8-inch bit. These insulating tubes can be
gotten from an electrical supply store. Each will have
a flange-like head, which serves to prevent the tube from
going all the way through. All the tubes belonging to a
stretch of wire are to have their heads in one direction.
One object in view is that when the wire is pulled
through and drawn up tight, the several tubes will all
be left undisturbed or else pulled into better position
with the head up against the side of the joist. This mat-
ter is to be borne in mind, too, when putting the wire
through. That is, the wire is run through each tube
from the head to the point and not, in any case, in the
reverse direction.
The holes are to be bored horizontally. But, in actual
practice, this may turn out to be difficult. If a slight
deviation is to be allowed, then the slant down is to be
from the head of the insulation tube to the point, and not
the reverse. The slants will all be parallel.
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520
THE GAS AGE
June 25, 1921
Where two joists overlap, longer tubes will be re-
quired. Let this be borne in mind when making out the
order. These tubes are very properly of unglazed por-
celain. For an ordinary house, a proper length will
often be 4 or 5 inches. But joists differ in their thick-
ness ; so that no fixed length can be stated.
When the wires run parallel to the joists, they will
usually be perpendicular to the flooring. Taking up a
board or two will then not help much. Access is to be
gotten otherwise, but still through the floor. It is
quite proper to run one wire along one side of a joist,
attaching it to insulators secured to the joist. Access to
the joist will, accordingly, be wanted at these locations,
and perhaps nowhere else. A proper insulating fixture
to attach to the joist is a knob made of porcelain. These
may be set 4 or 4^ feet apart along the joist.
We open the floor at suitable intervals along the joist
location. No mistake must be made as to proper spac-
ing. The knobs must be close enough together to elim-
inate any hazard of the wire touching the ceiling be-
cause of the sag. It will be much better to put the knobs
closer together than necessary than too far apart.
Usual sizes of knobs for small jobs are Nos. 5 and 5j4.
These have a nail hole J4 i"ch in diameter, and thus
provide for a suitable means of attaching them to the
joists. No. 5 and No. 5j^ differ in respect to the dis-
tances they hold the wires off from the joist when in po-
sition. The knobs in mind in the foregoing are solid,
single-piece articles. There is a variation — ^the split
knob. This is a two-piece affair and so made that, when
the screw used to fix it to the woodwork is properly
tightened up, the two pieces grip the wire. It is doubt-
ful whether it is really better. The screw has two duties
instead of one and may fail in one or the other. One not
expert in wiring may fail to force the screw all the way
home, especially in the side of a joist below the floor.
However, the split-knob is favorably spoken of for po-
sitions in which the opportunity for the screw-driver
is good and where neatness of appearance counts.
It is approved practice to use rubber covered wire for
indoor service. It is passed through the insulating
tubes that run through joists and along the joists from
knob to knob.
In laying out the wiring job, one provides for the
outlet locations. At the moment, let us concern our-
selves particularly with those in the ceiling. At such
points, an opening will have to be made all the way
through. If anything like a chandelier is to be located
here an allowance of 8 or 9 inches of wire below the
ceiling is to be made for each of the two wires of the
circuit. Intermediate outlets will usually require no
allowance, the wires of the circuit being kept taut.
That is to say, one strings two wires, from the point in
the wall where the horizontal wires connect with the
vertical ones, and continues them to the principal outlet
and allows enough length to put them below the ceiling
8 or 9 inches. The other outlets are connected up with-
out allowance, separate wires being used.
In stringing the horizontal wires, one will perhaps
have occasion to pass one wire across and over one or
two others. Thus, one may be nmning a third wire
along a joist at a point where two other wires enter and
pass through the joist. These may be, say, 5 inches
apart ; one sets two knobs at, say, 8 inches apart in such
position that a wire strung between them will be 2 or 3
inches above the other wires and so that these wires
will be not only beneath the third wire but between the
two knobs. In stringing the wire from knob to knob,
one puts on it two finch insulating tubes of the kind
used to carry wires through joists. These should loosely
^11 the space between knobs.
Vertical Wiring
The wires used here are to be incased, each, in its
flexible insulating tube. This is done prior to putting
them in position. Incased in such tubing, the wires wiU
be much larger affairs and, at times, occasion some
difficulty in getting them in place. If there is a clear
space between wall and plaster and between uprights
used in the building, the job may be principally one in
which one person drops a stout string with a weight at-
tached and then secures the upper end to an incased
wire. Another person pulls on the string and brings the
incased wire down. Sometimes, however, there will be
more difficulty than this. Obstructions will be in the
way ; projecting boards of the flooring, braces between
uprights, etc. The washboard may have to be opened
and holes bored and loose things removed. A little
ingenuity counts here.
Joints
All joints, without exception, are to be soldered. It
is not sufficient simply to twist wires together. Joints
are of two principal types. The splice is a joint where one
desires only to make the wire longer. A tap joint is a
case where one wishes to run a branch wire to a point
off the line of the main wire.
The second consists in soldering over the twisted re-
gion in such a way as to convert the whole into what is
substantially a single piece of metal. For a splice, one
removes, say, 3 inches of rubber insulation from each
of the two ends. For a tap, one removes, say 1^ inches
of rubber insulation from the main wire and, say, 3
inches from the end of the branch wire. When twisted,
care is to be exercised lest the coiling be so compact as to
prevent the entrance of solder.
Sometimes, it will be des'rable that the main wire be
not subjected to a side pull from the tap wire. This sit-
uation may often be avoided by locating a knob near the
tap joint and then running both wires onto it. The
branch wire may be run round the knob 1J4 turns, and
in such way as to hold the main wire on.
In order to make sure that the insulated wire is of a
kind officially approved by the National Board of Fire
Underwriters, application may be made to one of the of-
fices for a copy of the Code This will list the approved
wires, and wili give other valuable information.
The Service switch
To the service switch run the two wires which bring
the electricity to the shop. From it run the wires which
carry it into the shop, and to which are attached distri-
bution wires. The fuse block may be installed with the
switch. A main service switch of suitable design for
many cases is what may be described as the double pole,
single-throw, knife switch. It connects or disconnects,
by a single throw, the two wires entering from the out-
side, witfi or from the two wires running oflF from the
switch into the house. This is simple and safe.
The house is either connected up completely with a
source of current or else it is completely disconnected
from such source. A fuse block containing two sep-
arate fuses, one for each of two wires, is a proper thing
to use. The wires coming in from the outside are to be
connected first with this block. They should not con-
nect with the switch until they have passed the fuses.
The arrangement recommended protects the switch in
case of an excessive current blowing the fuses.
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June 25, 1921
THE OAS AOE
521
BY-PRODUCTS STATISTICS
Advance Report by the U. S. Geological Survey
Preliminary statistics of production of by-product
coke in 1920 were published by the Geological Survey on
January 22, 1921. (Weekly Coal Reports Nos. 184 and
189.) It was there shown that the total output of by-
product coke in 1920 was 30,908,000 net tons, as against
25,997,580 tons in 1918 and 25,143,542 in 1919. It was
further shown that by-product coke has so far passed
beehive coke that 80 per cent of the 1920 production of
coke was obtained from by-product ovens as against 40
per cent from beehive ovens.
Data on the by-products obtained in 1918 were pub-
lished in the Geological Survey's annual report "Coke in
1918," pages 1517 to 1524. The data for 1919 are given
in the following table ; they are subject to revision.
By-Products Obtained from Coke-Oven Operations
in 1919
Product Unit Production Sales Val. of Sales
Tar .... gallons 288,898,764 217,980,143 $6,919,265
Ammonia :
Sulphate lbs. 544,231,985 557,619,631 21,075,718
♦Anhydr's lbs. 50,535,639 51,646,744 5,692,950
Gas: M. cu. ft. 415,642,265
Illuminating &
household do 5,238,486 2,106,806
Industrial do 138,179,761 8,015,877
Pub. serv. do 49,655,732 6,562,324
Benzol products :
Crude light
oil gal. 92,356,750
Crude, including
motor fuel do 44,060,970 44,697,615 7,776,669
Refined do 17,006,532 18,403,909 3,783,552
Toluol, crude :
Refined do 1,160,136 1,353,827 355,990
Solv't nap'a do 3,915,489 3,625,978 552,853
Ot'rre'doils do 575,885 127,483 18,358
N'lene, c'de lbs. 3,549,998 4,038,455 82,244
Refined do 2,763,271 2,663,585 109,120
fOther pro'cts 645,145
tTotal $63,696,868
♦Includes liquor sold by pound of NHg. fl^cludes
sodium ferrocyanide, retort carbon, residue, paint, so-
dium prussiate, crude heavy solvent, and ammonium
chloride. :|:Does not include coke breeze, production of
which amounted to 1,839,291 net tons, valued at $4,442,-
541, nor coke production which amounted to 25,143,542
net tons, valued at $160,143,787.
In the transition from the war status of 1918 to the
period of readjustment in 1919, notable changes took
place in the by-products industry. A decline in the pro-
duction of toluol from 8,861,948 gallons in 1918 to 1,-
160,136 gallons in 1919, reflected the collapse of prices
on the cessation of munitions manufacture after the
Armistice. The output of benzol, however, greatly in-
creased, rising from 44,804,900 gallons in 1918 to 61,-
067,502 gallons in 1919. Much of the benzol produced
in 1919 was in the form of motor benzol. As these fig-
ures do not include recoveries at refining establishments
independent of coke ovens, nor the entire output of coal,
oil and water gas plants, they are far from representing
the total production of benzol and toluol. Napthalene
production decreased sharply. The output of ammonia
in 1919 was 544,231,985 pounds of sulphate of ammonia
and 50,535,639 pounds reported in the form of anhy-
drous ammonia. This was equivalent to a total recovery
of 746,000,000 pounds of sulphate of ammonia.
The most striking feature of operations in 1919 was
the increase in average recoveries of the principal by-
products per pound of coal carbonized.
Average Recovery Per Net Ton of Coal Charged into
By-Product Ovens in 1918 and 1919.
1918 1919
NHj (all forms) expressed in terms
of equivalent ammonium sulphate lbs. 18.9 20.8
Tar gals. 7.1 8.1
Crude light oil gals. 2.4 2.7
Gas M. cu. ft. 10.4 11.6
Accurate statistics of the quantity of by-products re-
covered in 1920 are not yet available. Some idea of the
1920 production may, however, be obtained by multi-
plying the coal charged in 1920 (estimated at 44,092,000
net tons from the known coke prduction, assuming a
yield of 70.1 per cent) by the average recovery in 1919.
This method would give 917,100,WX) pounds of am-
monium sulphate or its equivalent, 357,000,000 gallons
of tar, 119,000,000 gallons of crude light oil, and 511,400,-
000 cubic feet of gas as the approximate total recovery
in 1920.
Book Review
Lichttechnik— (Technology of Lighting) — Dr. W.
Bertelsmann, Dr. Ing. L. Bloch, Dr. G. Gehlhoff, Prof.
Dr. A. Korflf-Petersen, Dr. H. Lux, Dr, A. R. Meyer,
Ober Ing. G. R. Mylo, Reg. u. Baurat W. Wechmann,
Geh. Regierungsrat Prof. Dr. W. Wedding. Dr. Ing. L.
Bloch, editor. Octavo, paper or cloth binding, 356 ill.
591 pages. Munich and Berlin, 1921. R. Oldenbourg,
publisher. Price: Paper 118 marks, cloth 126 marks.
The organization of illumination engineers in Germany
assisted to a great measure the renewed interest in tech-
nical lighting, both gas and electric. This book is an ex-
fcellent exposition of the lighting technology as it exists
in Central Europe and contains much practical as well
as theoretical data of value to engineers, especially those
familiar with the German language in which it is printed.
The chapter heads indicate a wide range of subjects:
Dr. Meyer writes on the scientific fundamentals of light-
ing ; Dr. Wedding on photometry ; Prof. KorflF-Petersen
on hygiene; Dr. Meyer on electric lamps; Dr. Bertels-
mann on gas lighting, with a short bibliography of Ger-
man authors ; Dr. Lux on lighting with solid and liquid
fuels and acetylene lighting; Dr. Bloch on lamps and il-
lumination, also searchlights and calculations ; Herr Mylo
on electric street lighting and Dr. Bertelsmann on gas
street lighting; Dr. Lux on interior lighting; Herr
Wechmann on railway lighting; Dr. Gehlhoff on physi-
cal apparatus used in lighting; Dr. Bloch on light for
photography and engraving; closing with 43 pages of
tables. This is a welcome addition to the literature of
lighting.
Helium-Bearing Natural Gas — G. Sherbourne Rogers.
Professional Paper 121, U. S. Geological Survey, Wash-
ington, D. C, 1921. Quarto, paper covers, 4 plates, 16
charts, tables, 113 pages. Sold by the Supt. of Docu-
ments at 30 cents.
The nature and occurrence of helium are fully treated.
The data relative to the method and machinery for ex-
traction are particularly interesting to the gas industry
and the discussion of origin of this gas is especially
noteworthy. A student of gases will appreciate this re-
port.
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Denver Justice
And a great voice came out of the West
Like a burst of sunshine breaking through the dark-
ening clouds of social unrest conies the declaration of
the U. S. District Court sitting on Denver, Colorado,
trolley case when it says that the Tramway Company
is **the property of the holders of the stock" and that
the public "have got to treat it fairly" and the court
proposed to see that this was done. A few more de-
cisions like that and public utilities might be able to
get all the money they need for extensions. He furthur
declared that the notion some held that public utilities
were the property of the public was "grounded on a
misconception of the right of the people" continuing:
"We have got to get away from this idea that has
been planted in the public mind that, because there is
a street car system in our town or an electric light
system, the public can take it and use it as they please.
That is pure destruction; it is anarchy; it is utter dis-
r^ard for the rights of property and this Government
cannot continue on the cultivation of any such funda-
mental error. One of the purposes of the establish-
ment of this government was to give protection to
property ; and, the protection that these public utilities
in this town and every other town are entitled to, is
a fair and just consideration of their right, a fair re-
turn on their investment — and, they are going to get it."
That is a straight-from-the-shoulder justice and we
would be better off with more of that kind of decision.
Public utilities ask for only what is fair and when they
have established their contention there is nothing for a
conscientious judge to do but gjant relief.
Coal Reserves
"In the way of a bargain, mark ye me"— Hotspur
President Lieb of the New York Edison Company
asked Director Smith of the U. S. Geological Survey
whether "public utility companies should conclude con-
tracts for coal at present" and received a reply which
is already in the hands of the larger coal consumers.
He says the production even now is less than the con-
sumption and while the market is dull reserves are
being exhausted. Continuing he gives the following
advice :
"Clearly the public utility operator has everything
to gain and nothing to lose by continuing to maintain
his reserves. It is increasingly plain that the condi-
tion of the consumers' stocks has a very profound bear-
ing on the coal market. When a man has a large stock
he can wait for favorable terms, when his stock is small
he has to buy" whatever the price or delivery condi-
tions. A weeks production of coal measures the margin
between a safe and an unsafe reserve. The reserve
:**critical level lies somewhere between 30,000,000 and
40,000,000 tons ; when stocks are much above that level
we have a buyers market and when they fall much
below it we have a sellers market."
The advance report No. 202 dated May 28 gave de-
tails regarding stocks of coal held by gas plants on
April 1 ; it showed that the electric companies then
had on hand 48 days supply and coal-gas plants 66
days supply of coal. The weekly consumption of the
102 plants reporting was 77,300 tons and they had on
hand 723,654 tons as compared with 610,276 tons on
January 1, 212,404 tons June 1, 1920 and 660,981 tons
April 1, 1920. Since the national requirement for coal
is about 530,000,000 tons and the railroads transport,
with difficulty only, a production of 550,000,000 tons,
any peak above this average of 10,000,000 tons per
week means delay in delivery.
Evidently Director Smith anticipates an active de-
mand for coal later in the season for he asks: "What
can the public utility manager gain by delay? To the
layman it would appear that no time could be so favor-
able to bargain as now when the coal industry is seek-
ing a market for its product." He seeks to avoid a
congested demand with its rising prices and concludes:
"The public utility cannot shut down and the public
must pay for the coal the public utility buys; hence
from the public standpoint, large stocks to keep up
service and to keep down prices." That seems to be a
good "tip" on the coal market and one that will hold
for this Summer; so that we may now expect consid-
erable shopping around for gas coal at a reasonable
price.
House Heating Coke
Old King Coke, woaldn*t Clinker, wouldn't Smoke— New Rhjme
For some time the U. S. Bureau of Mines has been
conducting coke breeze tests, in charge of two of their
fuel engineers, John Blizard and James Neil, who have
just issued their report. The purpose of the test was
to determine whether coke breeze mixed with bitumin-
ous coal in combination would be a good fuel for do-
mestic house heating furnaces. The steam boiler tested
was a little larger than generally used for domestic
steam heating plants, but it was a regular sectional
pattern with 32.5 sq. ft. grate area, 32 inches from grate
to roof of fireplace and one-fourth inch spacing for air
in the grate. Of the coarse breeze 78 percent passed a
three-fourths inch screen and the inner breeze tested
was half that size. The breeze weighd 46 lbs. to the
cubic foot contained 25 per cent of ash and about 6
per cent of moisture.
For comparative purposes coke, anthracite coal, bi-
tuminous coal, bituminous coal and breeze (both coarse
and fine) were thoroughly tested, about a quarter ton
of fuel being consumed in each trial or from 108 to 368
lbs. per hour per trial. The conclusions stated that the
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June 25, 1921
THE OAS AGE
523
steaming value of equal portions of coke breeze and
bituminous coal was 70 to 80 percent of that of Pitts-
burg lump coal, anthracite or screened coke. The cal-
orific value of the breeze was 9,700 B.t.u., the heat value
as fixed of the mixtures was about that of coke and
anthracite, about 11,500 B.t.u. while the bituminous coal
ran about 13,800 B.t.u. The heat balance gave the
following thermal efficiencies, the ratio of the heat
received by the water to the total heat in the fuel :
Thermal efficiency of mixed coal and breeze 57 to 64
per cent ; coke 74 to 79 per cent ; anthracite 74 to 77 per
cent ; bituminous coal 64 per cent. It is thus seen that
coke is an excellent fuel for house heating boilers either
as a breeze-coal mixture or as screened coke. The
smoke tests showed that the breeze-coal mixture pro-
duced less than half the smoke given off by Pittsburg
bituminous coal ; but since it gave 20 per cent less steam
the coke breeze should bring a price of 70 per cent that
of the Pittsburg coal. Small breeze requires a slower
rate of combustion. These tests are instructive and
would no doubt be useful to coke salesmen.
Labor Autocracy
"What is sauce for the goose is saace for the gander"— Tom Brown
The reading and listening public has for so long been
entertained with cheap sentimentality regarding the
poor working man who is living upon a crust while he
grinds out his martyred life in compulsory service.
Well, why shouldn't he work? We all work — ^and wor-
ry. What would become of the rest of us not honored
with the noble title of workman if we stopped working?
The comer on labor established by trades unions for
the purpose of ameliorating the supposed hardships of
workmen has developed into an autocracy wielding a
club; it elbows out of the way the independent work-
man, demands nK)re compensation for less work and
snarls at the hand that feeds it Now, this same union
element denounces the open shop movement as the au-
tocracy of capital. With moderately skilled labor de-
manding eight and ten dollars for short day, the pre-
tentions of the **poor" laboring man are viewed with
astonishment by office workers.
But, this is not all; the condition prevalent in labor
now undergoing adjustment has a parallel in corpora-
tions on the one hand and public officials on the other.
Read the final paragraph of the leading editorial in the'
May issue of the Stone and Webster Journal referring to
a newspaper editorial on confiscation "of vitality, time
and life of a workman/*
"Let u$ reword the editorial we have quoted — ^^ot
one judge in a thousand would tell you that it is confis-
cation to take the vitality^ time and life of a gas com-
pany and pay it less than it costs to live, plus a comfort-
able profit.* Why not? The gas company has to make
its cost plus a comfortable profit, if it is going to live ;
for that matter it is in exactly the same fix as the work-
man. No one wants to kill the workman and we sus-
pect that no one wants to kill the gas company."
Instead of encouraging classes and setting one
against the other, would it not be better to get together
and solve some of the business and industrial problems
which confront us and act as a brake to the wheels of
progress. We go ahead as a body and not straggling
with one class far ahead of the other. We all work for
our living, not in the same way, nor equally hard ; a few
may live in idleness but they can't escape even the in-
come tax. "He that exalteth himself shall be abased"
is a text for the labor unions to ponder over today. For
we have recently had some instructive cases of "vault-
ing ambition which overleaps itself" and may the labor
onions profit by their experience.
Research
"So vanishes otir state; so pass our dajs^— Pryor
The remorseless cycles of time roll on in silence and
certainty and our passage through this world leaves no
trace but that of things accomplished. Perhaps some
one may say of us when we are gone that we were thus
and so and that we left behind us certain monuments of
our own making which endure according as we have
builded. There's the rub— endurance. When Dr. Rosa
passed out he left behind him a record of needful things
accompHshed which will endure for generations. But,
even more than these definite benefits, his eflForts in di-
recting the work of the Bureau of Standards toward
the development of industry will long be remembered.
He produced that which before was not, he discovered
the hidden and made useful the abstract. His was a
life of research and may much honor come to his name,
for the world doles out sparingly of appreciation to its
pioneers in any field of discovery during their lifetime.
mm-
The Servant Problem— CatuaUy Neglected and Yet How Easily Solved
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THE OAS AGE
June 25, 1921
Mr. Bruce Defends Gas Rate Advertising
Bruce on Stand in
Cas Hearing
He Defends the AdTertiaing Campaign
of Company to Secure Rate Increase
Baltimore, Md. — The propriety of the
advertising campaign waged by the Con-
solidated Gas and Electric Company as
a prelude to its appeal for an increase in
gas rates was questioned by attorneys
opposing the increase before the Public
Service Commission.
Howard Bruce, president of the Bart-
lett-Hayward Company, a director of the
Gas Company, a director of the Federal
Reserve bank and an expert on finance
as well as on gas production, was on the
stand. He forcibly defended the adver-
tising campaign, explaining that in the
interest of brevity factors were left out,
but insisting and at times with some
warmth that never were these appeals to
the public misleading.
Court Orders Gas Refund
p. G. ft £. to Return $2,000,000 to Con-
sumers by Judge Rudkin
San Francisco, Cal. — Gas consumers of,
the Pacific Gas & Electric Company will
be refunded more than $2,000,000 follow-
ing an opinion handed down by Federal
Judge Frank H. Rudkin. He upheld the
validity of gas rates fixed by ordinances
in 1913-1914. 1914-1915. 1915-1916 by the
Board of Supervisors. The opinion fol-
lows trial of three suits consolidated and
ordered for hearing before a special mas-
ter who took testimony. After this was
done, the testimony was referred to
Judge Rudkin.
The suits were instituted by the gas
company, which contended that the or-
dinances adopted by the city regulating
gas rates were in violation to the four-
teenth amendment of the United States
Constitution.
In his opinion Judge Rudkin upheld
the findings of the master in chancery,
who concluded that a 7 per cent return
was reasonable. Judge Rudkin said he
could add little to what was said on the
same subject in the Spring Valley case,
nor could he modify his views or answer
the criticism of the master.
"It is said in the report that when the
court conceded that 7 per cent was a fair
rate of return the case was ended," Judge
Rudkin reports, "and that the court was
controlled too largely by precedent In
other words, his view is that when the
court found the value of the property and
the fair rate of return it thereby estab-
lished a Procrustean standard to which
all else must yield."
Treasury Starts New Financ-
ing in 3-Year Notes
Secretary of the Treasury Mr. Mellon
announces a combined offering of $500,-
000,000 or thereabouts, of 3-year 5>4%
Treasury notes, dated June 15, due June
15, 1924, and 1-year 5^^% Treasury cer-
tificates, dated June 15, due June 15, 1922,
pursuant to the program outlined in his
letter of April 30, 1921, to the chairman
of the Committee on Ways and Means.
Kansas Industrial Court
Held Legal
Act Creating Tribunal it Called ''Rea-
sonable Exercise of the Police
Power of the State**
Topeka, Kan., June 11 — In the most
sweeping decision yet handed down af-
fecting the validity of the Kansas Indus-
trial Court law, the State Supreme Court
today affirmed the decision of the Craw-
ford County District Court sentencing
Alexander Howat to one year in jail for
contempt. The law was held valid on
each of the eight issues raised.
Referring to the Industrial Court, the
decision sets forth : "The act creating the
Court of Industrial Relationr is a rea-
sonable and valid exercise of the police
power of the State over the business of
producing coal, and does not impair lib-
erty of contract or permit involuntary
servitude contrary to the Constitution of
the United States."
The opinion, which was written by
Justice R. A. Burch and concurred in by
all of the Supreme Court Judges, em-
phatically states that production of coal
is affected with a public interest and sub-
ject to State regulation and control.
Howat, who is president of the Kansas
Miners* Union, was found guilty of con-
tempt of court for violating an injunc-
tion which the state previously had ob-
tained against mine union officials to
prevent calling of a strike in the Pitts-
burgh district.
The strike was called. Industrial Court
members believed, in defiance of the pow-
er of the State and definitely to test the
new industrial law.
Howat was found guilty and sentenced
to a year in jail. His appeal to the State
Supreme Court followed immediately.
The case undoubtedly will go to the
United States Supreme Court for final
determination, Richard J. Hopkins, At-
torney General, said today.
The court's opinion states that Howat
was not entitled to a trial by jury in the
contempt proceedings, and that the in-
junction was not invalid as an attempt
to enjoin crime.
The opinion stated that the State was
authorized to apply for and to grant the
injunction "to avert threatened public
calamities, irrespective of the State's
ownership of the property affected and
without the aid of a statute."
"The act creating the Court of Indus-
trial Relations is not void under the
Constitution of this State because of
duality of subject, or defect of title, or
because it commingles functions of sep-
arate departments of government, or
because it attempts to enlarge the orig-
inal jurisdiction of this court
"The business of producing coal in this
State bears an intimate relation to the
public peace, health and welfare, is af-
fected with a public interest, and may be
regulated to the end that reasonable con-
tinuity and efficiency of production may
be obtained.
"The Court of Industrial Relations is,
in fact, a public service commission, the
word 'court' having been employed merc-
Iv as a matter of legislative strategy. Jhe
production, manufacture and distribution
of food, clothing and fuel being indus-
tries affected with a public interest are
made subject to regulation in the same
manner as those industries which have
commonly been designated public utili-
ties."
In upholding the right of the Industrial
Relations Court to enforce its orders by
mandamus action, the opinion continues:
"The Court of Industrial Relations is
clearly a board within the meaning of the
mandamus statute. The entering of or-
ders in respect to matters committed tc
its jurisdiction is a duty resulting from
office, trust or station. The tribunal ap-
pointed to make orders in the field of re-
lations having already functioned, ap-
plication to it no longer affords a reme-
dy in the ordinary course of law for such
cases."
Brooklyn Union to Lower
Cas Rate
Because of the lower price of gas oil,
which will become effective the first of
next month, the Brooklyn Union Gas Co.
has voluntarily agreed to reduce the price
of its gas from $1.50 to $125 a thousand
cubic feet, with the new rate probably to
go into effect on August 1, next. An-
nouncement of the reduction was made
by William A. Prendergast, chairman of
the Public Service Commission.
Digitized by
June 25, 1921
THE GAS AOE
525
Cities Service Pays Dividend in Scrip
Cities Service to Pay
Dividends in Scrip
stocks Decline on News of Scrip Plan
New York— The board of directors of
the Cities Service Company met June 10
and adopted the recommendation of Hen-
ry L. Doherty, president of the company,
that all dividends now paid in cash and
stock on all stocks of the company be-
ginning with the dividend payable July
1, be continued, but be paid in scrip.
Mr. Doherty said his recommendation
was based upon the developments in the
oil business during the last few days,
which convinced him that an early re-
covery was improbable and that all cash
resources should be conserved.
"By paying our dividends in scrip,"
he said, "it will bring no hardship to
those who do not require their dividends
to pay their expenses, and to those who
must have cash from their dividends it
will be equivalent simply to a reduction
of income in whatever amount they must
sell their scrip below its face value. I
realize this action probably will cause
confusion and a depressed market for
our stocks and for our scrip for a time,
but I look for a continual improvement
within a short time."
The big break in the market price of
Cities Service shares, which started on
June 11th, after the announcement that
all its dividends would be paid in scrip
instead of in cash, continued again yes-
terday, the common stock breaking wide
open once more and striking a new low
of 110, according to quotations supplied
by Henry L. Doherty & Co., who handle
the Cities Service property. Yesterday's
drop represents a total decline of 102
points from the closing bid price on Fri-
day night.
The market for Cities Service shares
was just as demoralized yesterday morn-
ing as it had been Saturday, and special-
ists in the stock declined once more to
make firm quotations because of the ex-
treme violence of the break. The bank-
ers shares, representing sub-shares of
the common stock, which had sold at 25^4
on Friday and declined to 17 on Satur-
day, broke yesterday to a new low of
12J4. The preference B stock dropped
to a new low at 4 and the preferred stock
to a new low of 35. Henry L. Doherty,
president, issued a statement yesterday,
declaring there was no reason for the
present low prices of the stock.
"The decision of the board of directors
on my recommendation," he said, "to pro-
vide for payment of dividends in scrip
instead of in cash, was taken to conserve
cash resources of the company in order
to meet the present abnormal conditions
in the oil industry. Equities back of
Cities Service Company stocks arc many
times the amount represented in the
value placed on them by present market
prices of the stocks.
"In addition to its many utility proper-
ties, net earnings of which are now at the
highest point in their history. Cities
Service Company controls what are prob-
ably the most valuable oil producing
properties in the United States. Of these
properties upward of 50,000 acres have
actually been proved by the drill and are
in some thirty-five of the most prolific
oil producing pools of the great Mid-
Continent Field. In addition, the com-
pany controls more than 3,000,000 acres
of lands of potential oil producing capac-
ity, as far as can be determined by gee
logical examination.
"Cities Service Company has reinvest-
ed in subsidiary properties approximate-
ly $73,000,000 from surplus earnings, in
addition to many millions of new capi-
tal. As of May 10, 1921, total surplus
and reserves of the company, exclusive of
surplus and reserves of subsidiary com-
panies, were $53,132,000.
"I am more confident of the ultimate
value of Cities Service Company stocks
today than I have ever been, despite
the present depressed and demoralized
condition of the oil industry, which I be-
lieve is but a passing phase in the history
of this great industry and will be suc-
ceeded by an era in which the great oil
producing corporations of the United
States will see the greatest prosperity in
their history."
Jersey City to Vote Upon
Municipal Gas Plant
Jersey City, N. J., June 8.— The ordi-
nance introduced before the City Com-
mission recently providing for the sub-
mission to the people at a referendum
vote in November a proposition that the
city shall build and operate a plant to
supply gas, heat and power was adopted
on the motion of Mayor Hague.
New Artificial Gas Plant
Opens
The new artificial gas plant, of the
Union Heat, Light and Power Company,
at Winchester, Ind., was opened recently
when the management entertained the
mayor, councilmen and other city officials
of Portland, Union City and Winchester.
The plant cost $100,000.
Natural Gas Development
May Compete with Manu-
factured Gas
The public utilities committee of the
New Albany, Ind., city council has taken
under consideration a proposition to
grant a franchise to permit the bringing
of natural gas into the city from the Har-
rison county field, where the Railroad-
ers' Oil Company has sunk five wells in
the last six months. The company says
it could furnish natural gas at one-third
the cost of artificial gas, which now is
$1.70 for 1000 cu. ft The last well brought
in has by test shown a volume of 500,000
cubic feet a day, or 150,000 feet more
than distributed by the gas department
of the Interstate Public Service Company.
The oil company says it is negotiating
for a pipe line from the field to the city
limits, a distance of about twenty-five
miles. The oil company has more than
fifty square miles under lease in Har-
rison county.
New Model Gas Steam Radi-
ator Being Brought Out
The A. H. Wolff Gas Radiator Com-
pany, 4 Great Jones Street, New York,
is introducing a new tjrpe of gas steam
radiator. It is built in combinations of
4 to 15 sections of from 16 to 105 equiva-
lent square feet of steam radiation di-
vided into three column units 25, 33 and
39 inches high. The finish will be plain,
gold or aluminum. The radiator is man-
ufactured in the largest radiator factory
in the world.
Mr. Barton Eddison Awarded
Edward Longstreth Medal
of Merit
The Franklin Institute of the State of
Pennsylvania, acting through its Com-
mittee on Science and the Arts, investi-
gating the Jet Entraining Apparatus of
the Surface Combustion Co., Industrial
Furnace Engineers and Manufacturers,
have awarded to the inventor, Mr. W.
Barton Eddison, the Edward Longstreth
Medal of Merit.
New Oil and Gas Company
Organized
Articles of incorporation have been
filed by The Bamhart Oil and Gas Com-
pany, Terre Haute, with the secretary of
state. The company is capitalized at $30,-
000 and will sink oil and gas wells. Di-
rectors are Lorenzo Bamhart, A. A.
Donham and W D Majors.
Digitized by
Google
526
THE OAS AGE
June 25, 1921
Alphonso Mason Dead
It is with much regret and sorrow that
we announce the passing out of the man
who was known popularly, and we may
say affectionately, as "Pop" Mason.
Wherever any event of importance
throughout almost a generation was car-
ried out he was there to represent the
Welsbach Company and greet the many
friends he had made in the industry. His
good nature and amiability endeared him
have lost a staunch friend and jovial
companion.
While attending the annual conven-
tion of the Natural Gas Association at
Cincinnati, O., on the last day, Thurs-
day, May 19, he unfortunately cut his
hand while shaving. The loss of blood
and the shock prostrated him and al-
though physicians did their best he passed
away at his home in Washington on June
7, the interment taking place in his home
town, Philadelphia, on June 9. He leaves
his daughter, Miss Helen Mason, and his
die in the harness than while enjoying in-
glorious ease. To be on the firing line
at the age of 77 is a privilege which is
granted to few of us. In his letter to the
employes of the Welsbach Company,
President Mason said when announcing
the death of "Pop" Mason:
"His passing away causes a deep sor-
row throughout our organization. His
kindly and lovable nature endeared him
to the entire gas fraternity and I know
that many will share our grief in his
passing. It was his wish to serve until
to all who had the good fortune to be-
come well acquainted, and his loyalty to
his company and his friends won the ad-
miration and respect of the entire indus-
try. Whether in the festive celebration
of some joyful event or in the urgent
demand of emergencies, one could always
count on "Pop" Mason to play well his
part and do his duty cheerfully and com-
pletely. His many friends and admirers
will join with us in the feeling that,
through the death of Mr. Mason, gas men
Alphonso Mason
widow, who was Miss Mary Caldwell, a
nephew, John H. Mason, president of the
Commercial Trust Co. of Philadelphia,
where the family resided before remov-
ing to Washington 18 months ago, and
another nephew, Sidney Mason, presi-
dent of the Welsbach Company of Glou-
cester, N. J.
Alphonso Mason was bom on February
25, 1844, and was thus slightly over 11
years of age. He led an active life and
often declared that he would prefer to
the blow of the whistle and so he did.
The many years of his association; the
influence of his comradeship and many
acts of sincere and affectionate interest
in our welfare and his loyal and faithful
service to the Welsbach Company, had
endeared him to our affection and esteem.
That he has passed from our midst brings
a tug at the heart and a tear of regret
and leaves with us an endearing memory
of the happiness and inspiration of his
love."
Digitized by
Google
June 25, 1921
THE GAS AG
527
Gas and Electric Bonds are Showing Strength
Cas and Electric Bonds
Are Showing Strength
Decline in Labor and Commodity Pricet
Favorably Affecting Operating In-
Come and Bettering Bonds
Some very attractive investment oppor-
tunities are afforded at present by a num-
ber of well-known bond issues in the gas
and electric field. The continued decline
in prices of labor and commodities has
registered its effect on the income ac-
counts of the operating companies, and
the market prices of many of the bond
issues have shown marked strength re-
cently.
Gas and electricity being among the
most important essentials of every-day
life, it is reasonable that the bond issues
of companies dealing ii\ these necessities
should attain a secure position when eco-
nomic conditions return to a normal
basis. And experts are agreed that there
are many indications that the return is
under way.
1917
Gas & Electric Cos.: High
Bklyn. Edison 5s, '49 91
general 6s, '39 ,
general 7s, '30 ., ....
Bklyn. Union Gas Ss, '45 107j4
California Gas 5s, '37 101
Columbia G & E 5s, '27 .. , 91
Consol Gas cv. 7s, '25 ■»
Detroit Edison 5s, '33 105j^
lst& ref. 5s, '40 102
1st & ret 6s, '40
Duquesne Light 6s, '49
Kings Co E L & P 6s, '97 IWA
Edison Bklyn 4s, '39 *.,. 89Ji
Laclede Gas ref. 5s, ?34 102^
New York Gas 5s, '48 105^
pur money 4s, '49 88
Edison Ilium 5s, '95 : 105^
Pacific Gas & E 5s, '42 93^
Pac. Pwr. & Lt. 5s, '30 95
Peoples Gas & C. 6s, '43 115
refunding 5s, '47 102i4
Phila. Co. conv. 5s, '22 94^
Standard Gas 6s, '26 102
Utah Power & Lt. 5s, '44 96j4
In 1914, before the remarkable inflation
in the various factors of the economic
world, securities of the class listed below
3rieldcd only about 5 per cent. As seen
below, yields of 6}i to 9 per cent are now
possible with a reasonably good degree
of safety. Defaults of interest or princi-
pal are rare in this class of bonds and
private inquiries concerning them are
constantly increasing.
Following compilation of gas and elec-
tric light bonds listed on the New York
Stock Exchange, shows high prices
reached in 1917, high and low levels dur-
ing 1921, and closing or last prices on
June 8, 1921, with income return on last
prices .
Asks Data of Cas Concerns
Public Service Commission Seeks Infor-
mation Regarding Cost of Manufac-
turing—Full Commission Presiding
New York — ^The Public Service Com-
mission on Thursday issued orders to
the Consolidated Gas Co., the Brooklyn
Union Gas Co., Kings County Lighting
Co., the Brooklyn Borough Gas Co. and
their subsidiaries to furnish the com-
mission with complete data respecting
the manufacture, distribution and cost of
gas prior to the hearing to be held on
June 16 to enable the commission to ar-
rive at some standard of the purity, il-
Ituninating and heating power of gas
with the idea of prescribing a proper
basis governing these services.
High
Low
June 8
Yield
80
76
79
6.67
92?<
88
92Ji
6.69
98H
95yi
9S'A
7.70
78
71
77
6.99
86J4
827A
86
6.41
89J4
81
84 •
8.46
• 102H
9854
100J4
6.85
89^
87J4
S7H
6.49
82^
77H
7854
7.08
90ji
87
86>i
7J1
91
88
9054
6.79
100
93
97H
6.11
76H
73
76H
6.19
75
68J^
74
8J0
MVi
81
iV/2
6.46
69
em
68
6.49
86 J^
86}4
8654
5.80
79
76^
77
7.14
79
73V4
7654
8.85
8»%
84
88?^
7.00
75
6314
72
7.46
9S
88
94H
11.09
83H
81
87
9.31
81
76
78
6.93
The commission asked the companies
to furnish it with specific information
with respect to the years 1904, 1908, 1912,
1916 and 1920 concerning the amount of
gas manufactured and distributed, ex-
cluding inter-company transfers; the
number of consumers; the number of
services; quantity of coal used in gas
production; pounds of coal used per 1,-
000 cubic feet of gas; cost of each kind
of coal used per unit; quantity of gas oil
used in production and average cost per
gallon; gallons of gas oil per 1,000 cubic
feet of gas manufactured; quantities and
prices of coke and other residuals sold;
total net cost of gas manufactured after
accounting for residuals and distinguish-
ing between coal gas and water gas; av-
erage price charged other companies for
gas furnished under agency agreements,
stating separately in the case of each
company so supplied the elements of la-
bor and material cost and the conmiis-
sion or other surcharge; aggregate
amount of compensation paid to officers
and employes; taxes actually paid ap-
plicable to the years specified.
The hearing began June 16 before the
full commission, Chairman William A.
Prendergast presiding.
Southern Indiana Cas & Elec-
tric Increases Capital Stock
Indianapolis, Ind., June 20 — ^The
Southern Indiana Gas and Electric Com-
pany has filed with the secretary of state
a notice of increase of its capital stock
from $6,000,000 to $10,000,000. The com-
pany wishes to issue bonds for its in-
crease of $4,000,000 in two classes, the
first $2,000,000 to be 6 per cent preferred
bonds, and the second $2,000,000 to be 7
per cent preferred bonds.
Labor Leader Hid
$112,900 Mail Loot
<<Big Tim** Murphy Directed Plot in
Chicago
Chicago, June 14 — Timothy D. (Big
Tim) Murphy, labor czar and former
member of the legislature, and who is
well known as a labor factor to The Peo-
ples Gas Light & Coke Co., was named
today as the active leader of the bandits
who on April 6 last executed the $350,-
000 mail robbery at the Dearborn station.
Edward Geirun, "Big Tim's" aid and
private chauffeur, admitted having driv-
en the bandit automobile, and Ralph
Teter, Government mail clerk, admitted
having "tipped off" the gang when the
proper moment for action arrived.
It was in "Big Tim's" office, where he
presided over the destinies of his street
cleaners' union, that the robbery was
planned, the confessions say. It was
"Big Tim," they declare, who corrupted
Ralph Teter, underpaid mail clerk.
Murphy himself was arraigned this
afternoon. His attorney, Robert N.
Golding, protested vigorously against the
$100,000 bonds.
Digitized by
Goode
528
THE GAS AGE
June 25, 1921
Gas Association and Market News
THE following list covers the officers
of the principal gas associations, the
address of the secretary, and the date
and place of the annual meeting.
Canadian Gas Atfociation— Pres., C. S. Bagg,
Montreal, Que.; Ist vice-pres., E. H. Caoghell,
St. Thomas, Ont.; 2nd vice-pres., Col. D. R.
Street. Ottawa. Ont.; sec.-tr., G. W. Allen. 19
Toronto St., Toronto. Ont. Convention, Aug.
25-26, Windsor Hotel, Montreal.
Padflc Coast Gas Association— Pres., William
M. Kapus, Portland, Ore.; sec-treas., W. M.
Henderson, 445 Sutter St., San Francisco, Calif.
Convention, September 20-23 inc., Del Monte,
California.
South Central Gas Association— Pres., C B.
McKinney. Dallas. Tex.; first vice-pres.. F. L.
Weisser, San Antonio, Tex.; second vice-pres.,
Fred C. Armbruster, Shreveport, La.; acting
sec-treas., C. H. Seidenglanz, Dallaa, Texas.
Convention, October 11-13 at Shreveport, La.
Ohio Oil and Gas Men's Association— Pres.,
Tames W. McMahon; sec-treas.. William H.
Thompson, 811 New First National Bank Bldg.,
Columbus. Ohio. Convention, October, Colum-
bus, O.
American Gas Association— Pres.. Charles A.
Munroe, Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co., Chica-
go, 111.; sec-man., Oscar H. Fogg. 128 E. Fif-
teenth St., New York. Convention, Chicago,
Nov. 7-12, 1921.
Bmpire State Gas * Electric Association—
Pres., H. W. Peck, Schenectady, N. Y.. sec, C
H. B. Chapin, 5618 Grand Central Terminal.
New York, N. Y.
West Virginia Natural Gas Association— Pret.,
H. A. Wallace. Charleston, W. Va.; sec-treas.,
Edwin Robinson, Fairmont, W. Va.
Michigan Gas Association— Pres., John W.
Batten. Detroit. Mich.; sec-treas., A. G. Schroc-
der. Grand Rapids Gas Light Co., Grand Rap-
ids, Mich.
New England Association of Gas Engineers—
Pres., Burton Smart, Portland, Me.; vice-pres.,
V. E. Bird; viccprcs., R. E. Wyant; tec, John
L. Tudbury, Salem, Mass.
Oklahoma Utilities Association— Pres.. J. W.
Shartel, Oklahoma City; manager, H. A. Lane,
1107 First National Bank Bldg., Oklahoma City,
Okla.
. Guild of Gas Managers— Pres., Harry C.
Crafts, Pittsfield, Mass.; sec, C. R. Prichard,
Lowell, Mass.
niinois Gas Association— Pres., H. H. Clark,
The Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co., Chicago,
111.; sec-treas., R. V. Prather, 305 DeWitt
Smith Bldg., Springfield, 111.
Wisconsin Gas Association— Pres., J. P. Pull-
iam, Milwaukee, Wis.; vice-pres., A. F. Dav
ey, Sheboygan, Wis.; sec.-tr., Henry Harman,
182 Wisconsin St., Milwaukee, Wis. Conven-
tion, March, 1922.
PennsylTsnia Gas Association— Pres., E. L.
Smith, Towanda, Pa.; sec-treas., G. L. Cullen,
Harrisburg, Pa.
Indiana Gas Association— Pres., W. W. Good-
rich, Winchester, Ind.; sec-treas., E. J. Burke,
Citizens Gas Co., Indianapolis, Ind. Conven-
tion April 1718, 1922. West Baden Springs Ho-
tel. West Baden, Ind.
Iowa District Gas Association— Iowa, Nebras-
ka, South Dakota— Pres., C. N. Chubb, Daven-
gort, la.; sec-treas., H. K. Sterrett, 551 Seventh
t., Des Moines, la.
New Jersey State Gas Association— Pret., H.
H. Newman, Trenton, N. J.; sec-treas., Harold
E. Mason, P. O. Box 535, Long Branch, N. J.
Natural Gas Association of America— Pres.,
L. B. Denning. Pittsburgh, Pa.; sec-treas.,
Wm. B. Way, 9045 Oliver Bldg., Pittsburgh,
Pa.
Southwestern Electrical and Gas Association
—Pres.. A. Hardgrave, Dallas, Texas; sec, H.
S. Cooper, Slaughter Bldg., Dallas, Tex.; treas.,
J. B. Walker.
Southern Gas Association— Pres., L. I. Pol-
litt, Baltimore, Md.; sec-treas., Geo. H. SmtUi,
Norfolk, Va. Convention, Greenville, S. C,
May 16, 1922.
Quotations
The following quotations are made by leading
interests. Reductions in prices since the last
issue are indicated by an asterisk (*) and ad-
vances in prices indicated by a dagger (t).
Cast Iron Pipe
New York quotes: 6- in. and larger, per ton
$53.30; 5-in. and 4in. 58.30; 3-in. $68.30 and $4.00
additional for Class A and gas pipe.
Chicago quotes, f.o.b. Chicago ex- war tax as
follows: Water pipe. 4-in., $57.10; 6-in. and
larger $54.10; Class A and gas pipe, $3 extra.
Welded Pipe
The following discounts are to jobbers for
carload lots on the Pittsburgh basing card:
Butt Weld
Steel
Inches Black Galv.
H 50/a 24
Va to H 52J4 26
% 56/, 42
H 60^ ^
1 to 3 62^4 50
Iron
H to H +2^ +2854
% 2754 954
H 3354 18^
1 to 1% 3554 2054
Lap Weld
Steel
2 5454 42
2% to 6 5854 46
7 to 12 5454 41
13 to 14 45
15 42H ..
Iron
2 30*4 1654
2% to 6 3354 2054
7 to 12 2954 1654
Butt Weld, extra strong, pUin ends
Steel
H ^^ 29
J4 to fi 48V^ 31
H 5354 42
H 5854 47
1 to 1% 6054 49
2 to 3 6154 50
Iron
^ to H ...* +10^ +^H
% ... 2654 14J4
H 3354 19J4
1 to 1% 3554 2154
Lap Weld, extra strong, plain ends
Steel
2 5254 41
2H to 4 5654 45
454 to 6 5554 44
7 to 8 50K 37
9 to 12 45>4 32
Iron
2 3154 1854
2H to 4 3454 2254
4H to 6 3354 2154
7 to 8 :. 2454 1254
9 to 12 1954 7J4
To the large jobbing trade an additional 1, 5
and 2% per cent is allowed over the above dis-
counts, which arc subject to the usual varia-
tions in weight of 5 per cent.
Finished Iron and Steel
Per Lb. to I^rge Buyers Cents
Iron bars. Philadelphia 2.25
Iron bars, Chicago 2.25
Steel bars, Pittsburgh 2.10
Steel bars. New York 2.48
Tank plates, Pittsburgh ^2.00
Tank plates. New York •2.38
Beams, etc., Pittsburgh 2.20
Beams, etc. New York 2.58
Sheets, black. No. 28, P'gh ^3.85
Sheets, galv., No. 28, P'gh 5.00
Sheets, blue anPd, 9 & 10 '2.90
For painted corrugated sheets add 30 cents
per 100 lbs., for 25 to 28 gauge; 25 cents for 19
to 24 gauge. For galvanized corrugated sheets
add 15 cents all gauges.
Coke, ConneUsviUe
Pet net ton at oven:
Furnace coke, prompt $3.25
Furnace, coke, future 3.40
Foundry coke, prompt 4.50
Foundry coke, future 5.00
Gas OU
34-40 deg. Penn gal. •SJic
32-36 deg. at wells, Texas gal. 154c
32-36 deg. Okla gal. •IHc
Refractories
Bauxite brick, 56% Al, f.o.b. Pittsburgh
ton $35-50
Carborundum refractory brick, 9-in.,
less than carload lot, 1,000 12SOjOO
carload lots, 1.000 IKUU)
Chrome brick, f.o.b. Eastern shippin,^
points 75-90
Chrome cement. 40-50% CnOa 45-50
Chrome cement. 40-45% CraOa. sacks In car
lots, f.o.b. Eastern shipping points .. -55
Fireclay brick, 1st quality, 9-tn. shapes,
fo.b. Pa., O., & Ky. works 40- 50
Fireclay brick, 2nd quality. 9-in.
shapes, f.o.b. Pa.. O., & Ky. works . . 40- SO
Magnesite brick, 9-in. straight 90
Magnesite brick, 9-in. arches, wedges
and keys 100
Magnesite brick, soaps and splits .... 110
Silica brick, 9-in. sizes, f.o.b. Chicago
district 45-55
Silica brick, 9-in. sizes, f.o.b. Birming-
ham district 45-55
Silica brick, 9-in. sizes, f.o.b. Mt.
Union, Pa 45-55
Calking Materials
Quotations f.o.b. New York, are:
Tarred or untarred Eagle Jute packing
rope in 50 or 100-lb. coils, per pound .. 6c
Plumbers Spun Oakum, in bales of SO
lbs. each, per bale $275
Pig Lead, New York, N. Y., per 100
lbs 4U»
Bituminous Coal — Net Tona, f.o.b. Mines
Current Quotations— Spot Prices
Coal Market Quoted Price
Low Volatile, Bastem
Pocahontas lump Columbus 45.40
Pocahontas mine run .... Columbus 3 JO
Pocahontas screenings ..Coumbus
Pocahontas lump Chicago 5i)0
Pocahontas mine run ....Chicago 4.00
Smokeless mine run Boston 6.15
Clearfield mine run ....Boston 2J5
Somerset mine run Boston 2.95
Pool. . 1 . <N*^y . Standard) New York 3.65
Pool 1 (Navy Standard) Philadelphia ... 3.25
Pool • 1 (Navy • Standard) Baltimore 3JS
Pool 9 (Super. Low Vol.) .New York 2.90
Pool' 9 (Super." Low Vol.) . Philadelphia .... 290
Pool. 9 (Super.. Low Vol.) . Baltimore 3.10
Pool 10 (H.Gr. Low Vol.) New York Z4S
Pool 10 (H:Gr. "Uiw Vol.) Philadelphia ... 2.70
Pool 10 . (H.Gr. Jx)w Vol.) Baltimore 2J5
Pool 11 (Ix)w Volatile) ...New York 2.15
Pool 11 (Law Valatile) ...Philadelphia .... 2.45
Pool 11 (Low Volatile) ...Baltimore 2J0
Higii VoUttle; Bastem
Pool 34 (54-64) New York 2.00
(H. Vol. Gas & Steam)
Pool -34 (54-64) Philadelphia ....2.10
' (H. Vol. Gas ft Steam)
Poor 34 (S4.«) Baltimore 2.10
(H. Vol.. Gas ft Steam)
Pittsburgh sc*d. gas ....Pittsburgh 2.6D
Pittsbuivfa mine run ....
(Steam) Pittsburgh 2.10
Kanawha ' lump Columbus 3J0
Kanawha, mine run (Columbus .2. 25
Kanawha Screenings ....0)lumbus
Hocking lump Columbus 3.25
Hocking mine run '. Columbus 2J0
Pitts. No. 8 lump Cleveland 3.25
Pitts. No. 8 mine run ..Cleveland 2L20
Pitts. No. 8 screenings ..Cleveland
Midwest
Franklin. Ill,, lump ....Chicago 3.75
Franklin, 111., mine run ..Chicago 3^40
Franklin, 111., soreeningsChicago 2L8S
Central, 111., lump Chicago 3.2S
Central, 111., mine run ..Chicago 2.95
Central. 111., screenings ..Chicago 2JS
Ind. 4th Vein, lump Chicago 3.50
Ind. 4th Vein^ mine run ..CHiicago 3.40
Ind. 4th Vein screeningsC^icago Z45
Ind. 5th Vein, lump ....(Chicago 3.25
Ind. 5th Vein, mine run . (3iicago 2.70
Ind. 5th Vein screeningsdliicago Z45
Standard lump St. Louis Z40
Standard mine run St. Louis 1.90
Standard screenings ....St. Louis USO
West Ky., lump Louisville 2L75
West Ky., mine run ....Louisville 2.00
West Ky. screenings Louisville 1.90
South and Southwest
Big Seam lump Birmingham .... 3.7D
Big Seam mine run ....Birmingham .... 2.9S
S. E. Ky., lump Loufsville 3.90
S. E. Ky., mine run .....Louisville 2L6i
S. E. Ky. screenings ....'Louisville L75
Kansas lump Kansas City ... 5JI0
Kansas mine run Kansas City ....440
Kansas screenings ...«.-.. Kansas City .... ZJ%
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June 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
529
William Brown Cogswell, founder of
the Solvay process, and for many years
a leading figure in mining and engineer-
ing circles, died at his residence, 320
Park Avenue. Mr. Cogswell was born
in Oswego, N. Y., Sept. 22, 1834.
His greatest achievement was the de-
velopment of the Solvay process of mak-
ing ammonia soda. He established his
business in Syracuse. At a meeting of
the American Institute of Mining Engi-
neers in Baltimore in 1879, Mr. Cogswell
heard Oswald J. Heinrich, a mining en-
gineer of Drifton, Pa., read a paper on
the manufacture of ammonia. He grasped
the possibilities of such an industry in
Syracuse. He went to Europe and, al-
though meeting no encouragement at
first, finally succeeded in interesting the
Solvay brothers of Brussels in the pro-
ject.
Alan P. Tappan, district sales manager
-of the Eclipse Stove Co., Mansfield, Ohio,
was married April 22d to Miss Maud
•Stamm of Harrisburg, Pa. Mr. and Mrs.
Tappan are spending their honeymoon in
Bermuda. On their return they plan to
.make their home in Chicago, where Mr.
Tappan will manage the western sales
headquarters of his company.
William W. Barnes, who has been the
secretary of the manufacturers section of
the A. G. A. for the past three years and
for the six years previous to that has
represented the N. C. G. A., will leave
the A. G. A. on August 15 for Phoenix,
Arizona, to recover his health.. It is a
-well established fact that Mr. Barnes has
made a decided success of the annual ex-
hibitions of the above organizations. Dur-
ing the past seventeen years Mr. Barnes
has been actively engaged as the manu-
facturers' representative in many im-
portant matters. News of his poor health
is received with much regret by the in-
dustry and it is hoped the change of cli-
mate will give the desired relief.
R. I. Willcox has become associated
with the Pioneer Coal & Coke Co. as
Resident Manager of their New York
office located in the National City Build-
ing, 17 East 42d street. For the past
nine years Mr. Willcox has been identi-
fied with W. J. Rainey, Inc., in the sale
of Connellsville Coke and Coal.
Edgar Blessing, of Danville, an attor-
ney, has been appointed by Governor
AVarren T. McCray as a member of the
public service commission to succeed E.
I. Lewis, who resigned to become a mem-
ber of the interstate commerce commis-
jsion. Mr. Blessing assumed his duties
June 1. His term will expire May 1,
1923.
Howard V. Wolfenden has joined the
force of the New York Bond Depart-
tnent of H. M. Byllesby & Company.
Milan R. Bump, Chief Engineer of the
Doherty organization for the past ten
years, was elected president of the Na-
tional Electric Light Association at their
forty-fourth convention at Chicago, 111.
Mr. Bump is the fourth Doherty man
to be honored with the presidency of the
largest electrical association in the
world, the others in the organization
having a similar distinction being Hen-
ry L. Doherty, Frank W. Frueauff, vice-
president of Cities Service Company, and
Holton H. Scott, general manager of op-
erations of the Doherty organization.
He entered the service of Mr. Doherty
some seventeen years ago, at a time when
the Doherty organization as we now know
it was a mere nebulous conception. Ac-
tive in its birth, he has been a big fac-
tor in its wonderful growth. He was the
Milan R. Bump
first cadet engineer and later organized
the first cadet engineering school at Den-
ver from which has grown the training
schools at Toledo, Ohio, and Bartles-
ville, Oklahoma.
The story of Mr. Bump's progress in
the Doherty organization may well serve
as a guide to the younger men in this and
similar organizations. Seventeen years
ago, following his graduation from the
University of Wisconsin, where he re-
ceived the degree in electrical engineer-
ing, he got his first job with the Madison
Gas and Electric Company, of which
Mr. Doherty was then General Manager.
Since then, by dint of ability and hard
work, he advanced within the organiza-
tion, step by step, to the responsible po-
sition of Chief Engineer.
Following his first job with the Madi-
son company, he went to Denver in 1904
as cadet engineer, doing special work for
Mr. Doherty, who was then in charge of
the Denver Gas and Electric Light com-
pany. Later that year Mr. Bump was
placed in charge of the Denver com-
pany's gas department. The next two
years he spent on the road engaged in
examining the properties which were to
finally become th^ nucleus of the present
nation-wide Doherty organization.
In 1900 he was sent to Joplin, Mis-
souri, where he organized the Empire
District Electric Company and super-
vised the building of the Ozark Dam on
the White River and of several power
plants in the vicinity. Facing conditions
in Joplin far from pleasant, Mr. Bump
became busy and before long had won
the good will of the public by furnishing
reliable and dependable service. Always
plugging away for better service and bet-
ter organization, he finally built up the
big system of the Empire District Elec-
tric Company, today, with its miles of
transmission lines, one of Cities Service
Company's largest utility subsidiaries.
In 1911 Mr. Bump was called to New
York as Chief Engineer, the position he
now holds. In the past year, in addi-
tion to being the head of the engineering
department, he has been acting in an ex-
ecutive and advisory capacity in connec-
tion with the oil activities of the com-
pany and he is now looked upon as an
expert in the petroleum industry as well
as in the public utility field.
James M. Bennett, formerly managing
editor of the Philadelphia Ledger, has
joined the United Gas Improvement
Company to take charge of their newly
formed publicity department. Mr. Ben-
nett has had extensive experience in edi-
torial and public contact positions and
will undoubtedly be an important mem-
ber of the already splendid organization.
John J. Swan has become associated
with the Engineering Business Exchange
of New York City and has removed there
from Indianapolis, resigning His position
with the Prest-O-Lite Company, which
he has held for two years past.
Mr. Swan graduated from Cornell in
1897. He was for a time one of the edi-
tors of Engineering News and later held
important engineering and executive posi-
tions with well-known industrial com-
panies, including the Inger soli -Rand Co.,
the Longmead Iron Co., the Chicago
Pneumatic Tool Co., Keller Mfg. Co. and
the American Arms Corporation.
During the war Mr. Swan was a mem-
ber of the Committee in the Adjutant-
General's office which had charge of the
classification of personnel of the army.
He was commissioned a Lieutenant-
Colonel, assigned to the operations divi-
sion, of the general staflF, and received the
thanks of the Secretary of War for his
service.
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530
THE GAS AGE
June 25, 1921
Construction News
New Purifiers to Be Installed
at Atlanta
Completed Plan Contemplates Large Bat-
tery of Purifiera— Mr. Arkwright,
President, Reviews Progress
Contract has recently been signed to
provide a very interesting addition to
the purifying plant of the Georgia Rail-
way and Power Co. of Atlanta. This will
consist of the first section of what will
ultimately be a large battery of purifiers.
The general design followed will be that
of a continuous construction with inter-
mediate division walls, separating the
main box into individual compartments.
Each compartment will be operated as an
independent purifier. Adequate provis-
ions were made for extending the first
unit in the future, also for building a
duplicate unit alongside of the first sec-
tion.
The new construction will be carried
on overhead beams, reducing the ex-
pense of removing the oxide, and leav-
ing that much more ground space for re-
vivifying the oxide.
Attached to each gas nozzle on each
compartment will be the new type DF
reversing valve, which will enable the di-
rection of gas flow to be reversed in any
compartment without changing the se-
quence of the compartments. Recent ex-
perience in other plants has demonstrated
that the oxide could be more fully fouled
than otherwise, as the direction of the
gas flow could be changed frequently at
very little trouble. The type DF re-
versing valve occupies very little space
and carries on it an indicator showing
exactly how the gas is flowing.
The contract for the purifiers and the
▼alves was placed with The Western Gas
Construction Company of Fort Wayne,
who will also take charge of the erection.
Review of Equipment
A review of the equipment already in-
stalled and the improvements in service
already secured, as outlined by Mr. Ark-
wright, are 'as follows :
In the coal gas plant, 11 benches have
been overhauled and a new charging ma-
chine, a waste heat boiler, a new stand-
pipe system and two coal exhausters
have been installed.
A new water gas machine, valued at
$60,000 and having a daily capacity of
3,000,000 cubic feet, is now being set up.
Two 250-horsepower motor blower sets
for water gas, a new Thomas meter, a
Doherty washer cooler, for purifying and
condensing water gas, cylindrical and two
rectanjnilar purifiers have been put in.
Two Ingersoll-Rand compressors have
been installed and are being used to
force gas to the College Park and East
Point section. To force gas throughout
East Atlanta, Druid Hills, Decatur, West
End and Ansley Park sections, two De-
Laval steam turbine pushers have been
put in. The installation of a skip hoist
ash conveyor and new ash screens have
been completed.
Increasing Pressure
For increasing gas pressure in the cen-
tral and Grant park sections a new low
pressure booster is now in operation.
Interior view of shed under which the
new ovens are under constmction.
at the Milwaukee Plant showing
brickwork of the oven flues
A new two-story concrete building is
nearly completed. The first floor will
accommodate the compressors and push-
ers; the second will contain a modem
locker room, with showers, for the use of
the employees.
Other proposed new installations are
as follows :
For transforming pressure, governor
stations will be provided at several lo-
cations. There are three kinds of pres-
sure used in supplying gas to consumers
— low pressure, where only a few ounces
are employed, intermediate, with about
five pounds, and high pressure, with a
maximum of 50 pounds.
The intermediate pressure system at
North avenue and Bedford place has
been extended to supply the Virginia ave-
nue and Highland avenue sections. In'
West End the intermediate pressure in-
stallation is nearly completed.
Extend Trunk Mains
Trunk mains are being extended to im-
prove the pressure in the Grant park sec-
tion.
A 10-inch main is being extended from
Boulevard Park to Piedmont avenue and
from Piedmont avenue to the end of Ans-
ley Park, to increase the pressure in the
extreme northern end of Ansley Park.
Part of the gas main system an the
west side of Lull water bridge in the
Druid Hills section is being transformed
from low pressure to intermediate. This
change requires the laying of a 12-inch
main in North Decatur road from Lull-
water road to BriarcliflF. A governor sta-
tion will also be installed. This will in-
crease the ga« pressure in all the Druid
Hills section west of Lullwater bridge,
and north of Ponce de Leon avenue.
Municipal Plant To Build Ad-
ditional Purifier and Oil
Storage Tank
Mr. J. R. Suggs, engineer, of the gas
department of Wilson, North Carolina,
recently stated that the city contemplates
building one additional purifier and a
25,000 gallon oil storage tank.
Oil Products Company Wants
Million Foot Gas Holder
The Texas Oil Products Company an-
nounces that it is now ready to place a
contract for a million cubic feet capacity
steel gas holder to be erected on the site
of its refinery at Waxahachie, Texas.
For further information, write National
Construction Co., Waxahachie, Texas.
Gas Company Enlarges Dis-
tribution Mains
Mr. Grier Hersh, president and general
manager, and Mr. T. W. McDonald, as-
sistant manager of the York (Pa.) Gas
Company, recently stated that they were
replacing 8-inch feeder main with 16-inch
and 20-inch and 4-inch with 8-inch. They
are energetically developing all branches
of the gas business, including the indus-
trial business.
Street Main Extensions Being
Made
Mr. H. S. Schutt, general manager of
the Wilmington (Del.) Gas Company,
stated recently that they were doing a
considerable amount of street work, prin-
cipally 12" and 16" main extensions. This
outlay approximates $50,000.
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June 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
531
A Great Future for Industrial Gas
Its Value to the Company and Suggestions
for its Development, by the Industrial Fuel
Engineer of the American Gas Association
By WILLIAM A. EHLERS
(Continued from June 10 issue)
In smaller towns where floor space and
yard room are available at low cost and
coal is easy to obtain, these factors often
present great difficulties in the way of se-
curing this business. However, the de-
pendable service secured from a gfas-
fired boiler is often sufficient to overcome
these difficulties.
One of the best illustrations of this is
the installation of a battery of gas-fired
boilers, aggregating over 100 H. P., at
the factory of Smith Brothers.
Smith Brothers originally cooked their
cough candy over coal-heated stoves.
The local gas company secured their in-
terest in gas for cooking and accordingly
about five years ago they installed a bat-
tery of 16 gas-fired direct-flame candy
stoves. The economy of these stoves un-
der test showed about 1.6 cu. ft. of gas per
pound but under actual working condi-
tions they required about 2 cu. ft. per
pound of candy.
Not long after the direct-flame stoves
had been installed Smith Brothers be-
came interested in the vacuum cooking
process, and after some experiment they
determined it would be to their advan-
tage to adopt it. Accordingly they in-
Automatic Shell Hardening and Drawing Furnaces at Potter '&
' Johnston Machine Co., Pawtucket, R. I.
Gas Fired Furnaces for Tempering Gun Barrels for the XT. S. Navy at
Wjtertown Arsenal
Curve Showing Expansion of Industrial
Business by Gas Company
stalled a number of these machines to re-
place the stoves.
This required steam at 120 pounds pres-
sure and they were advised by their con-
sulting engineer to purchase two 100 H.
P. coal-fired boilers.
At this stage the gas company produced
their only remaining card — a winning one
— in a presentation to Smith Brothers of
the advantage of the gas-fired boiler over
the coal boiler. A trial installation was
made with satisfactory results. Tests
showed that by this method a pound of
candy could be produced with one cu. ft
of gas, and subsequent observations indi-
cate that the actual average consumption
closely approximated the results of the
special test
The gas consumption of this special
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532
THE GAS AGE
June 25, 1921
boiler installation runs as high as 1,556,-
OOO cu. ft. per month.
Proper auxiliary connections and fit-
tings for returning condensation and the
automatic regulation of the make-up wa-
ter to the boiler, regardless of the rela-
tive water and steam pressure, have been
perfected by means of which it is possi-
it could not be used to obtain good forg-
ings. This vague theory likewise can be
dispelled by proper application and
knowledge of the process. In fact, in
several situations where gas has been
used in competition with fuel oil it was
found to be better for the following rea-
sons: increased production; saving in
/ .^f -Mather Spring Co., Toledo, Ohio,
factured Gas Installation
ble to operate a gr^s-fired boiler under
almost any conditions of service and ob-
tain results to be had in no other way.
Factory Applications
We may say almost without reserva-
tion, that every heating operation can be
successfully carried on with gas. This is
an important fact because some would
have us believe that our field is limited
on account of inherent disadvantages in
gas as a fuel for certain operations.
The welding of steel is an illustration
of this erroneous belief. Until a compar-
atively recent date many have considered
welding impossible in gas-fired furnaces.
A gas engineer is accredited with the
statement that gas could not be used be-
cause it did not contain enough carbon
monoxide. Just what the effect of this
constituent of the gas would have on the
process could not be explained. When
properly analyzed every failure may be
traced to some vague theory which has
no foundation, or to a lack of apprecia-
tion of the form value of the fuel and its
proper application.
The same may be said also of forging.
Many unsuccessful attempts have been
made to do forging with gas. And be-
cause the metal was not heated to the
proper degree, or was heated so rapidly
as to cause it to drip before the heat had
thoroughly penetrated the interior, it was
confidently stated that there was so much
sulphur in the gas that the metal became
"red short" when heated or some other
equally ludicrous statement and therefore
Probably the Largest Man«-
in the United States
fuel; less scale; smaller number of
burned forgings; less rejections. Forg-
ing equipment of the regenerative type
has now been developed which will heat
one ton of steel for forging with the use
of from 3,000 to 4,000 cu. ft. of gas. In-
stances can be cited where one thou-
sand cubic feet of gas can be substituted
for one gallon of oil with the proper
utilization equipment.
One should bear in mind that it is not
always necessary or even desirable to
follow old or former methods when us-
ing gas fuel. So many gas engineers fall
into this error. It frequently happens
that a new method of applying the heat
Will sa¥e a large amoimt at fuel and ov-
ercome competition. The internally fired
heating element will illustrate this
point. Such a method of heating
tanks of water in nickel plating
shops, potash tanks and other places
where large volumes of liquid are heated
in steel or wooden tanks. This method
as compared with burners placed be-
neath the tank is twice as efficient, hence
the fuel consumption is cut in half.
By this method one can more easily
compete in the heating of such solu-
tions by directing into them a jet of steam
from a coal-fired boiler.
Automatic and continuous heating de-
vices will often save sufficient labor to
offset the fuel required. Several types of
shell hardening furnaces developed dur-
ing the war will illustrate this point. A
furnace having a capacity of ^ shells per
hour, each weighing 95 pounds, required
only 5,000 cu. ft. of 530 B.tu. gfas per
hour, corresponding to a thermal effi-
ciency of about 45 per cent.
Many times the question is raised
"How can gas compete in manufacturing
plants with coal, coke or oil which con-
tain so many more heat units for a given
cost?" .
Gas can compete with other fuels be-
cause it eliminates waste. Fuels must not
be compared on their B.t.u. content in the
fuel state. The utilization of the fuel is
the controlling factor. It matters not how
many heat units one can obtain for a
given cost, the important point is how
many of these are wasted when applied
for fuel purposes. The cheapest fuel is
the one which will accomplish. the desired
results with the least cost per unit of pro-
duction. — .
Waste means loss. Modern methods
are being adopted everywhere with the
Typical Gas Furnace Installation of Mather (Automobile)
Spring Co., Toledo,* O.
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June 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
533
object oi eliminating waste. This is ac-
complished with gas in three ways.
1. The heat of combustion may be ap-
plied to the work at the point where it
will be mosif effective.
2. Recuperation of the heat in the waste
gases means not only a saving in B.tu.'s
but a higher flame temperature and con-
paid for monthly. Less labor is required
and valuable floor space saved. This is
particularly true of brass melting where
10 to 12 heats can be taken off per day
as compared with 4 or 5 with a coal or
coke fire.
Gas-fired equipment improves working
conditions. A high standard of health
Heating Furnaces for Bending Steel Plates and Angles at the
Shipyards of Pusey & Jones, Gloucester Yards
sequently a greater saving in the over-
all thermal efficiency of the heating oper-
ation.
3. Temperatures are subject to close
regulation, and accurate temperature
control means less waste on account of
spoilage.
The day of the monumental "scrap"
heap is passing. Manufacturers are quick
to see the advantages in a saving in "re-
jects." This applies particularly to the
larger heat-treating operations.
Gas fuel will in most cases turn out a
greater production for the same period
of operation. The rate of combustion can
be maintained uniformly throughout the
day.
This point may be well illustrated by a
particular case-hardening installation.
Previous to the use—of gas, coal -fired
furnaces were used which required shut-
ting down several hours every day for
cleaning fires. After gas furnaces were
installed it was found that while there
was a slight increase in fuel cost, the gas
furnaces were run day and night with
two men on each shift, against 14 hours
a day and three men to each shift with
the coal fire. The gas furnaces turned
out four times as much work as the coal
furnaces did and took up only one-half
the room.
Gas ■ fuel will lower production costs.
The cost of production is less because
more marketable material can be pro-
duced with the same labor and. overhead
expense. The capital investment is less
because the fuel is delivered as used and
and efficiency is one of the firreat essen-
tials in the improvement of the industrial
output. Operators like gas furnaces be-
cause they are clean and easy to operate,
there is less smoke and the shop may be
kept cooler, all of which makes for better
working conditions and a more contented
spirit among the employees.
One of the most interesting and prob-
ably the largest installation of manufac-
tured gas in the United States is at the
plant of the Mather Spring Company, To-
ledo, Ohio. This plant is of additional
interest because it turns out more auto-
mobile springs than any other single
manufacturer in the United States.
Springs are made here for the Ford, Bris-
co, Jeffries, International, Packard and
Pierce Arrow cars.
An automobile spring is heated for
scarfing the ends; reheating for bending
into shape; and after assembling is re-
heated for temper, quenched in oil and
left in a chemical bath for about an hour.
To accomplish this the Mather Spring
Company uses the following gas-fired
equipment, 21 forges, 21 forming furnac-
es, 31 reheating furnaces, 7 baths, and 2
automatic forming furnaces. The gas
consumption is from 75 to 80 million cu-
bic feet per month.
Other large gas consumers in Toledo
are Willys-Overland Company, 55 to 60
million cu. ft. per month; Libby Glass
Company, 45 million cu. ft. per month;
Modern Glass Company, 30 million cu. ft
per month. These are among the 7 plants
previously referred to in the paper tak-
ing in round figures 9 million cubic feet
of gas per day.
Another installation of interest is that
at the plant of the Bausch & Lomb Op-
tical Company, Rochester, N. Y., the
well known, and perhaps the leading
manufacturer of optical instruments, in
the United States. Its products comprise
practically cver)rthing falling within the
definition of optical instruments from ev-
eryday articles such as eye glasses to the
high power microscopes found in the
Battery of Gas Heated Case Hardening Furnaces
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534
THE GAS AGE
June 25, 1921
great scientific laboratories and invalu-
able implements of warfare such as range
finders and powerful light projectors.
This whole industry depends on the
utility to secure a variety of optical glass
suitable for use in the instruments manu-
factured and it may be stated here that
the production of the various grades of
optical glass may easily be classed among
the most difficult of all industrial arts.
The Bausch & Lomb Optical Company
obtained the raw glass from Germany
until the outbreak of the World War but
fortunately had commenced production
of optical glass in its own plant several
years prior to that time, and when the
necessity arose was able to produce all
the glass required and thus performed a
service of inestimable value to the gov-
ernment by supplying to its Army and
Navy, instruments essential in the con-
duct of the war.
The glass manufacturing plant is lo-
cated on property adjacent to the Gas
Works of the Rochester Gas & Electric
Corporation so that the problem of sup-
plying the gas is not difficult. The amount
of gas consumed at the plant is about
24,000,000 cubic feet per month.
The principal use of gas in the melting
of glass in open clay pots placed in fur-
naces, the largest of which has a capacity
of 16 pots, each containing 500 pounds
of glass.
The raw material for glass is charged
into the pots while the furnace is at the
very high temperature of 2600' F. To ob-
tain this high temperature the furnaces
are of the regenerative type so that the
air used for combustion is preheated be-
for combustion takes place. The larg-
est furnace uses about one quarter of a
million cubic feet in 24 hours.
Other large consumers of interest are
Union Stock Yards, Chicago, 20 million
cu. ft. per month ; American Car & Foun-
dry Co., Chicago, 15 million cu. ft. per
month; The Buda Company, Chicago, 15
million cu. ft. per month; International
Harvester Co., Chicago, 111., 11 million
cu. ft. per month.
These and many other examples stand
out as working testimonials of the util-
ity of the Central Station Fuel Plant
Whether or not this good work shall con-
tinue, depends largely upon the econom-
ic change taking place in the gas indus-
try today. A change which in the end
should result in the lowest heating value
standard consistent with the most eco-
nomical production of gas and its useful-
ness to the consumer. At all events when
measured in terms of past and present
accomplishments, we cannot help but feel
that the future holds many possibilities
for the utilization of gas and the con-
sequent advancement of the industry.
Harry Firstbrook is now engineer,
manager and purchasing agent of the
Temple (Tex.) Gas Light Co., succeeding
John R. Ellis.
Financing of Service Exten-
sions Subject of Commis-
sion Discussion
Admit Making Customers Pay for Ex-
tensions is Wrong, but Say it's
Unavoidable
Baltimore, Md.— President Herbert A.
Wagner and Vice-President Charles M.
Cohn, of the Consolidated Gas Elec-
tric Light and Power Company, today
declared that they agreed with the Pub-
lic Service Commission that the finan-
cing of service extensions by customers
seeking such extensions was wrong in
principle, but as yet have no alternative
to meet "an emergency situation."
In its blanket refusal of the petition
of the Gas Company for the right to re-
quire of applicants for service the finan-
cing of the service connections, the Pub-
lic Service Commission made* it clear
that it could not approve of the prin-
ciple involved. The practice would be, in
effect, an enforced loan from patron to
utility company, and the commission flat-
ly disapproved it, noting, however, that
circumstances might arise which would
justify methods of financing.
"The Commission," said Mr. Wagner,
"evidently did not attach much weight
to the emergency situation which con-
fronts the company as in our opinion it
should. The company needs from $90,-
000 to $100,000 a month to make exten-
sions. We haven't the money and we
cannot raise the money.
Knows No Alternative
"Does that mean the Gas Company
will make no further extensions?" was
asked.
"I wouldn't say that at this time," re-
plied Mr. Wagner. "We haye not yet
received a copy of the commission's de-
cision, and hence do not know what al-
ternatives may be left open to us. Just
now I do not know of any other alterna-
tive."
During the course of the hearing be-
fore the Public Service Commission the
gas company never admitted the right of
the commission to deny the right of the
company to make the financing of ex-
tensions by customers eflFective. This
reservation leaves the way open for the
company to ignore the decision of the
commission and compel the latter to en-
force its order by court action. The
company also has the privilege of ap-
pealing to the courts for relief from the
order of the commission.
President Wagner, however, would not
commit the company to any procedure to-
day and indicated that some little time
would be required to arrive at a decision.
Both he and Vice-President Cohn, how-
ever, emphasized the fact that the ob-
ject of the company was to give service
and that extensions would be made if
possible. These assurances, in view of
the previous statements that the com-
pany had no money to make extensions
and could not raise the money, seemed
to suggest the possibility of challenging
the commission's order.
Expect Acquiescence
Members of the conmiission declared
they expected the gas company officials
to acquiesce to the conunission's man-
date. They pointed out that the com-
pany has a perfect right to take the case
to court if it so desires, but that the
commission's order in the matter is final
One of the principal reasons for the
disapproval of the rule, as explained by
members of the commission today, was
that to approve it would mean the es-
tablishment of a precedent which would
offer an opportunity for every one of
the 200 utilities in the state to petition
the same privileges and thus saddle
the public with the obligation of lending
money for all service extensions. It
was pointed out this morning that one
utility concern wanted the coomussion
to approve a similar financing plan last
year, but was ttu^ed down.
To Put in New Gas Main
Clinton Gas Light Co. to Start Installa-
tion on Next Monday Morning
Clinton, Mass. — ^The Clinton Gas Light
Co., Supt. Robert £. Freel announced,
recently that the company will begin
the laying of 1,700 feet of pipe from the
comer of High and Water streets to the
comer of Water and Prescott streets.
The pipe will have a diameter of six
inches and will supplement the service
now given by the company in that dis-
trict, the present four-inch pipe not to
be removed. There has been complaint
of lack of gas pressure in the Cedar
Hill and Germantown districts and the
laying of thjs new pipe is expected to
remedy that condition.
The company itself is to have the work
in charge and it is expected that about
25 laborers will be given jobs.
$2,500,000 Los Angeles Gas
and Electric Corporation
Bond Issue Authorized
Otnexal and Refunding Mortgage 7%
Bonds
Los Angeles, June 21 — ^Los Angeles Gas
and Electric Corporation, having com-
plied with an order of the Railroad Com-
mission and filed a copy of its mortgage
the Commission gave the company
authority to issue $2,500,000 7% general
and refunding mortgage bonds. The
issue was authorized in March but was
held up pending submission by the utility
of a copy of its mortgage for the approval
of the Commission .
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June 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
535
Natural Gas Burners Improved
Investigation Made by the Bureau of Standards on the
Design and Efficiency of Natural Gas Burners — ^Need
of Burner Improvements and Method of Tests*
By I. V. BRUMBAUGH, Associate Gas Engineer, and G. B. SHAWN,
Laboratory Assistant
IT is estimated that 150 billion cubic
feet of natural gas is wasted annually
with domestic appliances alone. This
waste could largely be prevented by effi-
cient methods of utilization. If this
amount of wasted natural gas was re-
placed by artificial gas at $1.25 per thou-
sand it would cost 375 million dollars, or
an average of about one million dollars
per day.
Research Work on Domestic Natural Gas
Burners
The Bureau of Standards has made an
extensive investigation of the design of
atmospheric gas burners. (Technologic
Paper No. 193.) The information se-
cured from that investigation when ap-
plied to the operation of natural gas burn-
ers of different designs has shown that
the performance and efficiency can be
greatly increased with improved designs
and improved methods of operation. This
is the subject of the following paper, the
recommendations of which if put into
effect would do much to prolong the use
of the rapidly diminishing isupply of
natural gas. This investigation corrob-
orates the general statements of the Bu-
reau of Mines which has been for some
time actively carrying on a natural gas
conservation program.
As natural gas is not available in the
laboratories of the Bureau of Standards
the Director of the Bureau of Mines
kindly granted the use of the laborato-
ries of the Pittsburgh Station in which
to conduct the tests reported in this pa-
per.
The authors are indebted to Dr. E. B.
Rosa, Chief Physicist, for his interest
and assistance in the preparation of the
report and Walter M. Berry, Gas Engi-
neer, for his valuable suggestions. The
apparatus and method of burner testing
used in this report are essentially the
same as that of former reports and was
developed by Mr. Berry and I. V. Brum-
baugh. Carefully obtained data is very
important and the authors acknowledge
the efficient services of J. H. Eiseman,
Laboratory Assistant. The study of car-
bon monoxide in the products of combus-
tion from natural gas burners was joint-
ly made and reported by the Bureau of
Mines and Bureau of Standards. The
conclusions regarding carbon monoxide
in this paper were taken from that report
and acknowledgment is given G. W.
Jones, Assistant Chemist, Bureau of
Mines, an author of the report and W. L.
Parker, Assistant Chemist, Bureau of
Mines, who made the analyses. The
courtesy of various members of the staff
of the Pittsburgh Station, Bureau of
Mines, was greatly appreciated.
'Investigation made by the U. S. Bureau of
Standards on the Design and Efficiency of
Natural Gas Burners and Read before the
N G. A.
I. V. Bnimbaugh
Why Natural Gas Waste Must be Cnr-
taUed
Natural gas is widely used for house-
hold cooking and water heating and aux-
iliary room heating wherever it is avail-
able, and it is generally agreed that such
use of natural gas should be given pref-
erence whenever the supply is inadequate
for all purposes. In view of the increas-
ing demand for and decreasing supply of
natural gas it is necessary in many places
to curtail its use in the industries and
for house heating, and in many places the
supply is inadequate even for ordinary
domestic use. It is, therefore, imperative
to consider how the waste of gas may be
lessened and the supply conserved, in or-
der to postpone the time when its use will
have to be abandoned generally. Natural
gas is an ideal fuel for domestic and in-
dustrial purposes, and it is the hdght of
folly amounting almost to a crime for
an intelligent people to waste a natural
product which is so useful and is disap-
pearing so rapidly.
How Declining Natural Gas Supplies
Must be Used
The solution of the natural gas prob>
lem lies (a) in the elimination of waste-
ful methods of production and distribu-
tion thereby avoiding too early exhaus-
tion of the supply; (b) in controlling its
industrial application so as to avoid us-
ing it where coal or other fuel could be
used to advantage, and reserve it for the
uses for which it is especially adapted;
and (c) in improving domestic and in-
dustrial appliances so as to use it more
efficiently. The last of these three phases
of the natufal gas problem is here con-
sidered.
Early Waste of Natural Gas
In the early years of the use of natural
gas it was abundant and cheap, so much
so that gas meters were not used and for
a nominal annual charge each user burned
as much gas as he pleased. Gas burners
were placed in the fire boxes of wood and
coal stoves and cooking was done as be-
fore either with the stove lids on or off
as convenience dictated. There was very
little thought of thermal efficiency, or of
whether combustion was complete. The
products of combustion went up the
chimney, and if there was carbon monox-
ide or unbumed gas in the products of
combustion it made no difference. Later
when stoves were made for natural gas
they were often more or less copies of
the converted coal ranges, and no study
was made of the question of efficiency
or of the scientific design of burners. A
great many lands of burners have been
developed for use with stoves, ovens,
water heaters, room heaters and indus-
trial appliances, some of them much more
efficient and satisfactory than others but
none of them so far as we know are en-
tirely free from objection.
Cook StoYSs Especially in Need of Im-
provement
The most important type of burner in
domestic appliances is the top btxmer of
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536
THE GAS AGE
June 25, 1921
a cooking range, and is the type which
appears to be most in need of improve-
ment. Generally speaking, not enough
primary air is injected with the gas. The
burners are placed too far from the uten-
sil and on the average probably consume
more than twice as much gas as necessary.
Many burners of the present design pro-
duce a yellow flame which deposits car-
bon on the utensil, to which the house-
wife has frequently voiced her objection.
Lower Natural Gas Pressure Gives
Better Results
It has been supposed that natural gas
requires a higher gas pressure than arti-
ficial gas and the fact that its flame is
large and not so hot was supposed to be
a necessary characteristic. The fact is
the efficiency of natural gas burners can
be compared favorably with artificial gas
burners when the utensil is the same dis-
tance from the burner. Better service
with natural gas and much higher efficien-
cy can be obtained, therefore, in ranges
designed for artificial gas than in the us-
ual type of natural gas ranges which have
low-set burners. With domestic burners
of the present design equipped with fixed
orifices a gas pressure of less than 3.0
inches is usually ample to inject the air
into the burner. If such a pressure were
used these burners would not require the
use of an air shutter. These results are
so unexpected and so important that it
seems desirable to discuss them in some
detail.
Natural Gas Combustion Conditions
Natural gas consists chiefly of methane,
CH4, and ethane, CaH«. It bums in air
by combining with oxygen, and forms
carbon dioxide, CO,, and water vapor,
HjO; but if combustion is incomplete the
highly poisonous carbon monoxide, CO,
and formaldehyde, CHjO are formed.
Formaldehyde is objectionable on account
of its disagreeable odor and the irritating
effect on the mucous membrane. Incom-
plete combustion gives less heat and is
therefore thermally less efficient, but the
chief objection is the poisonous effect of
carbon monoxide. An atmosphere con-
taining four parts of carbon monoxide
in ten thousand has been found to be
poisonous. A study of gas appliances for
domestic cooking and heating, therefore,
must include careful analyses of the prod-
ucts of combustion, in order to detect
any lack of complete combustion. The
conditions for complete combustion are
two : First, a sufficient supply for oxygen
to coipbine with all the carbon and hy-
drogen of the gas, and second, the part of
the flame in which combustion is pro-
ceeding must not be cooled by coming
into contact with a relatively cold sur-
face or smothered by the products of
combustion. The first condition is met
by supplying sufficient primary and sec-
ondary air to the flame. The second
condition, is met if the surface to be
heated is not too far down in the flame;
or in other words if the flame is kept
short enough by supplying a large pro-
portion of the air as primary air so that
it will not lap around the utensil which
is being heated.
Air Needed for Combustion
One molecule of methane combines
with two molecules of oxygen to form
carbon dioxide and water vapor. Simi-
larly one molecule of ethane combines
with three and a half molecules of oxy-
gen. Natural gas supplied to Pittsburgh
averages about 88.7 per cent of methane
and 107 per cent of ethane (and only a
trace of nitrogen) and requires, therefore,
for complete combustion more than two
volumes of oxygen for one of natural
gas (2.15 exactly) and to supply this
oxygen more than ten volumes of air are
necessary. That is, a burner taking ten
cubic feet of natural gas per hour re-
sure at the burner in order to get thc-
des red proportion of primary air that
will produce the right kind of gas flame.
This will result in complete combustion,,
higher efficiency, more convenient oper-
ation, good service notwithstanding a.
wide variation of gas pressure in the
line, and will eliminate the readjustments-
of the burner. A thorough investigation
of air injection recently made has shown
how to design burners and injectors to
get the desired result, and contrary to-
the usual belief it has shown that with
properly designed burners good air in-
jection and good burner operation with«
natural gas can be secured with low gas
pressure. A pressure at the orifice of
from one-half inch of water to an inch,
and a half (averaging one inch) is ample-
to inject the primary air into the burner
if the injector is properly designed. This
is fortunate as it will permit good service-
when pressures drop very low in the line-
Fig. 1. Apparatus Utfed to Test Bomers.
quires more than a hundred cubic feet
of air for complete combustion. If only
one-third or one-quarter of this is in-
jected into the burner with the gas as
primary air, the remainder is so large
that the flame which gets this secondary
air by contact with the atmosphere is
very large, and requires that the utensil
to be heated be placed too far above the
burner. If, on the other hand, two- thirds
of the necessary air is injected as pri-
mary air, leaving only one-third to be
supplied to the flame directly from the
atmosphere, the flame will be smaller and
hotter, the utensil can be set closer to
the burner without producing carbon
monoxide in poisonous quantities, and a
larger percentage of the heat produced
by the flame can be safely utilized.
How to Improve Natural Gas Burners
The problem, therefore, is to modify the
burner, the air* iniector and the gas pres-
It will require, however, for satisfactory
operation a regulation of the house pres-
sure, either by individual governors or
district governors, unless it is possible-
to instruct individuals to regulate by care-
ful manipulation of the gas cock.
Objections to Present Natural Gas Burn*
ers
Some objections to the present natural-
gas burners may be summarized as fol-
lows:
(a) They are operated at too high a^
gas rate for the port area of the burner.
At the rate at which they are operated:
it is impossible to inject more than about
2^ to 4 volumes of air to 1 of gas or
the flame will leaye the ports due to the
limit of velocity of flame propagation,
while for theoretical combustion the oxy-
gen from about 10.3 cubic feet of air to-
1 of gas is required. (Pittsburgh natural'
gas.)
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June 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
537
(b) If an examination of the burners
now in use is made, it will be found
that almost invariably they burn with a
yellow flame, which means that the air
injection is not more than 25 per cent
of the theoretical amount that is required
for complete combustion.
(c) In the case of open top stoves if
the yellow flame touches the utensil car-
bon is deposited on the utensil to which
there is strenuous objection and the com-
bustion, of course, is incomplete.
(d) The burners are too far from the
utensil in the case of open top stoves
and as a result they are only about 25
per cent efiicient.
(e) The injecting tube is not properly
designed. The throat area is too large
for the port area, and the lines of the
injecting tube are not the best.
(f) The majority of the orifices are of
the adjustable type with parts such as
offer an enormous amount of resistance
to the flow of the gas, and the energy
on which the air injection is dependent
is dissipated. Installations have been
seen where raised burners equipped with
adjustable orifices were operated under
7.0 inches line pressure with the air
shutter wide open and consumed about
8.0 cubic feet per hour in which the air
injection did not exceed 3.0 volumes to
1.0 of gas. A line pressure of 0.5 inch
with a fixed orifice delivering the same
amount of gas would have injected the
same amount of air using these same
burners. If fixed orifices were used a
line pressure of about 2.5 inches would
be ample to inject all the air that the
present natural gas burners would re-
quire to operate satisfactorily without
closing the air shutter to prevent the
flame from blowing from the ports.
Scope of Investigatioii
I", this investigation eleven burners of
five different types have been tested.
From the results it is possible to draw
some definite conclusions concerning the
relative merits of different types of burn-
ers. Much information concerning the
total port area as well as the size and
spacing of ports has been obtained. The
advantages of properly designed inject-
ing tubes are clearly illustrated and dis-
cussed. Valuable information concern-
ing different t3rpes of orifices has been
obtained. Many tests in which the gas
pressure was varied have been made to
determine the pressure required for the
most satisfactory operation of these vari-
ous types of burners.
Efficiency tests have been made and
charts have been prepared to clearly illus-
trate the results that are obtained with
the closed top stove and the (^en top
stove with low^set burners, the advantage
of removing the solid lid, the still greater
ardvantage of raising the burner closer
td: the utensil, the effect* on- effidency of
lowering the line pressure, . and the. time
required to perform the efficiency tests.
Isumerous efficiency tests have been
made in connection with the tests for the
completeness of combustion to determine
the distance of the utensil from the
burner at which carbon monoxide, is
formed in poisonous quantities. These
tests have been made with different types
of burners "as received" and "redesigned"
operated at different gas rates and with
several air-gas ratios at each gas rate.
Since the flame height has so much to do
with the efficiency that is obtained and
the height of the blue inner cone has
much to do with the rate at which carbon
monoxide is formed, the results obtained
have been charted and carefully tabulated.
Source and Quality of Natural Gas Used
The natural gas used in the tests re-
ported in this paper was secured from
the mains of the Peoples Natural Gas
Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The
gas was a mixture obtained from the
McKeesport and West Virginia fields.
averaged 88.7 per cent methane, 10.7 per
cent ethane, and 0.6 per cent nitrogen.
The calculated heating value of the gas
on the basis of this average analysis is
1084 B.t.u. per cubic foot at 30 inches of
mercury and 60® F.
The heating value obtained with the
calorimeter averaged 1084 B.tu. per cubic
foot for the period of the tests. The
maximum value was 1100 and the mini-
mum was 1073 B.t.u. per cubic foot The
specific gravity of the gas averaged 0.652
and did not vary more than one-half of
1 per cent.
Proper adjustment would, of course,
have to be made in appliances to use
natural gas with a marked difference in
quality from that used in these tests.
How An Atmospheric Burner Works
In Fig. 2 are shown two simple types
of atmospheric gas burners. One is a
star burner used on domestic ranges, the
other a straight pipe burner used for in-
dustrial purposes. The different parts of
ATMO$PHmc PiK BUf»m INDUSTRIAL TTPi
JUfSMHr ^crt^
Art^Mmf
ATMajMmc sMf dimiot^omesnc TYPt
Fig, 2
The quality of the gas delivered to
Pittsburgh by the Peoples Natural Gas
Company fluctuates very little. For the
first seven months of 1920 analyses made
by the Bureau of Mines averaged 89.9
per cent methane (CH«), 9.6 per cent
ethane (CjH,) and 0.6 per cent nitrogen
(N,). On the basis of this analysis the
calculated heating value is 1078 B.tu. per
cubic foot at 30 inches of mercury and 60*
F. During this period the greatest fluc-
tuation in the calculated heating value
did not exceed 3 per cent from the aver-
age of 1078.
The data of this paper was obtained
during June, July and August, 1920.
Analyses of the gas made by the Bureau
of Mines during, the p^-ogress of the tests
the burners are clearly designated ac-
cording to the nomenclature commonly
used by gas men.
The gas, after passing through the
controlling cock, issues from the orifice
at a high velocity (about 160 feet per
second with a 0.65 specific gravity gas
under a four inch orifice pressure) and
the momentum of the gas stream causes
air to be injected into the burner. The
momentum of the air-gas mixture pro-
duces a static pressure in the burner
sufficient to force the mixture through
the burner ports. The gas begins to mix
with the air at the instant it leaves the
orifice and this mixing is fairly complete
by the time the mixture arives at the first
ports in the burner.
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538
THE GAS AGE
June 25, 1021
The quantity of air entrained will de-
pend primarily upon:
1. The quantity of gas that issues from
the orifice.
2. The gas pressure.
3. The specific gravity of the gas.
4. Shape and size of the orifice.
5. Area of air shutter opening.
6. Design of injecting tube.
7. Area of flame ports.
8. Temperature of the burner.
The effect of each of these factors on
the operation of burners will be dis-
cussed throughout this paper in the most
appropriate places.
Description of Apparatut Used in Testa
The set-up used in making the tests
of this report is shown in Fig. 1. There
are two meters, a five-light wet meter
used to meter the gas and a ten-light wet
meter for metering the air. After being
metered the gas passes by an opening to
a gas bag which serves to remove the
**kicks" of the meter and through a pres-
sure regulator by which it is possible
to produce the pressure desired at the
orifice. A regulator and a gas bag are
placed before the air meter. The regu-
lator reduces the air line pressure while
the gas bag removes some of the fluctua-
tion caused by the air compressor. Be-
tween the air meter and the connection to
the wooden box are two gas bags which
remove the remaining fluctuations in the
air line. • Between the gas bags is a
valve which is used to regulate the flow
of air into the box. The mixer portion
of the gas burner is sealed in the end of
the box opposite the point at which the
gas line enters the box and the gas line
is properly joined to the burner inside
the box. The gas line pressure is taken
at a point just back of the orifice and
is connected to a pressure gauge outside
of the box. The air line is joined to the
box directly above the point at which
the gas line enters. A baffle is placed
inside of the box in front of the air
line entrance in order to break up the
velocity of the air as it enters the box.
The box has a removable lid and is made
air-tight. On one side of the box a hole
six inches square is cut, and a piece of
shellacked paper is glued over the open-
ing to form an explosion head. A very
sensitive slope U-gauge is constructed to
measure the extremely minute pressures
that occur in the burner. Xylene is used
in this gauge because it does not adhere
to the wall of the U-tube.
Method of Testing Natural Gas Burners
With the apparatus which has been
described it is possible to produce in the
burner any desired air-gas mixture. For
any burner, then, it is possible to show
the "limit of operation" which is deter-
mined by the maximum amount of pri-
mary air that can enter the burner with
any given gas rate without causing the
flames to leave the ports. It is also pos-
sible to determine the amount of primary
air that can enter the burner with the gas
and just cause the gas to burn with
a yellow flame.
Because it is . impossible to operate a
burner above the limit of operation and
impracticable with an air-gas ratio which
produces a yellow flame, these two con-
ditions were first determined when test-
ing a burner. To make these tests the
moved, and observing carefully the orifice
pressure and the pressure in the burner
as indicated on the very sensitive slope
U-gauge. The lid was then placed on the
box and the air passed through a meter
into the box at a rate which exactly
duplicated the previous condition of pres-
sure within the burner. It is evident that
since the gas rate in each case was the
same, the volume of air injected into the
THE OPERATION OF NATURAL GAS BURNERS
A Study of a ••Standard 4.0 Inch • Star Burner
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Hour
If the present natural ya3 burners now )n use were operated with a
fixed orifice and a pressure of about 2^5 inches service complaints woM
be fewer. Improved burners refulre only Ui^2£h of ^s pressure to
Inject the air Into the burner.
lid was placed on the box and air was
metered into the box at a rate which
produced either of these conditions for
given gas rates. The ratio of the volume
of air to the volume of gas that en-
tered the burner was readily calculated
by timing the two meters.
The amount of air which could be
injected into the burner with different
pressures was next determined. This
was accomplished by first normally oper-
ating the burner with top of the box re-
burner in each case must have been the
same.
To obtain various gfas rates "sharp edge**
orifices of different sizes were used. The
reason for using "sharp edge" orifices
will be fully explained in the discussion
of the orifice. In these tests the air
shutter was kept wide open at all times
in order to allow a free flow of air.
Before beginning a test the gas was
lighted long enough for the burner to be
heated normally. All tests herein re-
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June 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
539
ported, therefore, were obtained with the
"burner hot."
Types of Burners Tested
In Fig. 3 are shown the burners with
which various tests have been made and
are reported in this paper.
Burner No. 1 is a star burner of
standard size with 48 ports and is per-
haps the type more generally in use in
domestic stoves. Standard size burners
are often described as "4-inch" burners
which refers to the diameter of the
spread of the ports. This burner has a
spread of ports of 4.1 inches diameter.
The ports of this burner were drilled to
No. 30 drill size, making the port area
0.62 square inch. This burner originally
had parts of No. 40 drill size making
a port area of 0.36 square inch and is
the same as burner No. 7 which has had
the injecting tube removed. Burner No.
1 was tested first "as received" when the
ports were No. 40 drill and again after
the size of the ports were increased to
No. 30 drill.
Burner No. 2 is a slot or "sawed" bur-
ner of standard size. The diameter of the
spread of the ports or "slots" is 4.2 inches.
There are 18 slots 0.039 inch wide. The
effective port on "slot" area is about 0.64
square inch. No attempt was made to
change the design of this burner because
as will be shown in a later section the
part area was proper for the design of
the injecting tube.
Burner No. 3 is a disc burner of stand-
ard size, but the diameter of the spread
of the ports is 3.5 inches which is less
than most standard burners. As shown
the burner has 44, No. 30 drill ports or a
port area of 0.57 square inch. Originally
the burner had 44 No. 39 drill ports, or
a port area of 0.34 square inch. Tests
were made with the burner both before
and after increasing the port area.
Burners Nos. 4, 5, and 6 have 40, 67,
and 100 ports respectively. The ports
are No. 36 drill size. Burners Nos. 7, 8,
and 9 each have 48 ports of No. 40, 30,
and 23 drill size respectively.
The design of three injecting tubes,
each of different capacity is shown in the
insert of Fig. 3. Burners Nos. 4 and 7
have a port area of 0.36 square inch which
is proper for the capacity of injecting
tube No. 1. Burners Nos. 5 and 8 have
0.60 and 0.62 square inch port area re-
spectively which is proper for injecting
tube No. 2. Burners Nos. 6 and 9 have
0.90 and 0.89 square inch port area re-
spectively which is the proper area for
injecting tube No. 3. Capacity tests of
these burners were made when fitted to
the proper injecting tube.
Burner No. 10 was made from IJ^-inch
straight pipe and is one of the types of
burners used for industrial purposes. The
ports are No. 30 drill size. The capacity
of this burner was determined both as
shown and when fitted to an injecting
tube of proper design. Burner No. 11 is a
ring burner of industrial size with a 1^-
inch pipe which serves as an injecting
tube, and has ports of No. 27 drill size.
This burner was tested for capacity as
shown and again when fitted to an in-
jecting tube of proper design. Capacity
tests have been made for all of these
burners, but efficiency tests were made
only with domestic burners.
Classificatioii of Orifices
The various kinds of orifices in use
with domestic appliances may be classi-
fied as being of two general types, viz.,
adjustable orifices and fixed orifices.
(See Technologic Paper No. 193, "The
Design of Atmospheric Gas Burners.")
It is a simple matter to design "sharp
edge" orifices, such as No. 1, Fig, 4,
because the coefficient of discharge va-
ries only with the shape or angle of ap-
proach. This particular orifice (No. 1)
which has an angle of approach of 45*,
has been found to have a coefficient of
discharge 0.70. With "sharp edge*' ori-
fices the coefficient of discharge varies
from about 0.605 for a 90** approach to
about 0.88 for an 8** approach and has
been found to apply to the usual sizes of
gas orifices.
RIGHT AND WRONG USE OF NATURAL GAS
^^ii.
WRONG WRONG
mitti
^{^^
WRONG
CORRCCT
If the GoKd tope of stoves ore removed and replaoed
by grids, the burners raised, and all domestic appliances
operated carrectiy, at ieaet SlOOtlOtk) worth ot natural
gas woM be saved daily.
Fixed Orifices
Some of the common types of orifices
which are known as "fixed" orifices are
shown in Fig. 4. Orifice No. 1 of this
figure has been designated as the "sharp
edge" orifice, while No. 2, No. 3, and
No. 4 are of the more common "channel"
type. If the "fixed" orifice is used, care
should be exercised in installing the size
of the orifice that will pass the desired
amount of gas for the particular gas
line pressure and specific gravity of gas
which are to be used. In the case of
orifices of the "channrf" t3rpe this is a
very difficult problem because the coeffi-
cient of discharge varies greatly with the
shape or angle of approach, the size of
the orifice and the length of the channel.
Adjustable Orifices
The majority of orifices in use are of
the adjustable type. They are used be-
cause with an adjustable piece it is pos-
sible to regulate the gas rate for any gas
line pressure or gas of any specific gravity.
An orifice of this type, then, can be used
with almost any installation, but their
relative air-injecting powers under dif-
ferent conditions will vary greatly.
Two of the more common t3rpes of
adjustable orifices are shown in Figs.
5 and 7. The adjustable orifice of Fig.
5 has a stationary needle which serves
to regulate the gas flow. Different rates
are obtained by tightening or loosemng
the cap, a sketch of which is shown in
the same figure. The adjustable orifice
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540
THE GAS AGE
June 25. 1921
o£ Fig. 7 has a flexible piece which reg-
ulates the gas flow. In this case also
different rates are obtained by tightening
or loosening the cap.
Orifice Capacity
If the capacity of an orifice is desired,
or the size of orifice is required for any
given gas rate, it is necessary to know
the gas pressure, the specific gravity of
the gas, and the coefficient of discharge of
the orifice.
A simplified formula for calculating the
capacity of an orifice can be deduced as
follows :
Let q = orifice capacity in cubic feet per
second
a = area of orifice in square feet
V = theoretical velocity of gas in feet
per second
K = orifice constant or co-efficient of
discharge ; then
q
q = a KV or a = . But V =
KV
Vgh where
g = acceleration of gravity ; 32.2 feet
per second per second
h = height in feet of a column of gas
which would produce a pres-
sure equal to the orifice pres-
sure.
Let H=orifice pressure in inches of
water
d = specific gravity of gas (air=1.0)
„^^ density of water at 60** F.
82D=
density of air at 30.0 inches of
mercury and 60** F.
H 82D H
h= =68.33 — feet, and
' 12 d d
q=aKV=aK-^2gh=aK ^64.4x68.33 "-
=66.34 aK-W-j- cubic feet per second.
This formula can be put in a more
convenient form as follows:
Let Q = orifice capacity in cubic feet per
hour, and
A = area of orifice in square inches ;
then
Q=3600x66.34 j^K^
Q=1658.5AK^ T ' ^''
H
d
measuring its gas rate. Nor will this
formula apply to adjustable orifices since
the shape of the approach and the size
of the orifice vary with the slightest
change in adjustment.
Air Injection with Different Types of
Orifices
Since the burner which gives the more
satisfactory service is the one which
air that enters the burner per cubic feet
of gas; which in this paper is called
primary air injection or air-gas -ratio.
It is shown in Technologic Paper No.
193 (The Design of Atmospheric Gas
Burners) that the loss of momentum of
gas passing through a "sharp edge" orifice
is less than that with the "channel" type,
that the friction of the "channel" type
varies with the length of channel and
^^^ 1658.5K^
In this simplified form the formula
enables one to calculate readily any one
unknown value by substituting in the
formula the known value. This formula
cannot be applied to the "channel" orifice
in general unless one knows the coeflicient
of discharge because the coeflicient of
discharge of this type of orifice varies
with the shape or angle of approach, the
size of the orifice, and the length of
channel. It follows, therefore, that the
coefficient of any particular type of "chan-
uel" orifice must first be determined by
operates with the higher air injection it
is necessary to know how different de-
signs of orifices affect the air injection.
To obtain data of this nature the tests
represented by Figs. 6 and 8 were made.
The abscissae of these charts show the
rate in cubic feet per hour delivered to
the burner. The ordinates, labeled
air"
"ratio, show the volume of
gas
that for the "sharp edge" tjrpe the fric-
tion is constant for any design. The
loss of air injection using "channel"
orifices as compared with "sharp edge"
orifices was found to amount to as much
as 5 per cent. In view of this informa-
tion the "sharp edge" orifice was selected
as a standard with which to compare
other types of orifices.
(Continued in our next issue^
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June 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
541
Operating Kinks
Oxy-Acetylene Welding on
Refrigerating Apparatus
By FRED E. ROGERS
PRIME requirements in refrigerating
apparatus are pressure container
strength and permanency of joints.
Receivers, accumulators, coolers, pipes,
coils and headers must be amply strong
to resist the normal internal pressures
applied, and all joints must remain tight
under every condition of service.
operation dependable. The industry is
one of the pioneers in the use of the
oxy-acetylene torch, and the developed
general practice of welding pressure con-
tainers used in refrigeration satisfies all
reasonable requirements for safety and
reliability.
Impohance of True Forms
Pressure containers subjected to vary-
ing conditions of pressure change shape
slightly unless the shells are made truly
6 H I
Fig. 1. — Some types of heads used o n small diameter pressure containers
Before the advent of oxy-acetylene
welding in the United States about fifteen
years ago, seams and joints were made
up with forge welds, rivets, screw
threads, flanges, gaskets, etc. Naturally,
"when oxy-acetylene welding was estab-
lished as a commercial process it was
taken up by some builders of refrigerat-
ing machinery and applied in the fabri-
cation of their apparatus with the object
of simplifying construction and making
^
X
i^
/^'fittwtt^erAtoy
^K
^
s
3i
r 'Aifce/¥vr Aeo^
±
iO '/lte€tv€r Afct/
d4 'R^cenvrAeacf
Fig. 4. — Partially beveled edges. Prac-
tice of Frick Co.
cylindrical. • This weaving or breathing
action if excessive may eventually cause
cracks to develop, and it is of importance
to minimize all movements of this sort,
especially in or adjacent to welds. The
shell should be rolled truly cylindrical
and the edges bent to conform to the
circle so that when joined and welded
there is no appreciable flat section. If
the ends of the sheet are not fully curved
after rolling, the section will not be
truly cylindrical and when the shell is
subjected to internal pressure the flat-
tened part changes shape, thereby set-
ting up a bending stress in the weld and
metal adjacent. When the pressure is
relieved the part tends to straighten
again.
Too much stress can hardly be laid on
the importance of sound mechanical prac-
tice on all work leading up to welding.
True bevels, circular shapes, straight
edges, convenient work supports and
work-handling appliances contribute
much to the success of welding.
Preparing for Welding
Several methods are employed for bev-
eling the edges of joints preparatory to
welding, and while some are more effi-
cient than others no absolute rule can be
stated as the best to follow. Edges of
fiat plates may be beveled at low cost on
a plate beveling planer before rolling
them to cylindrical shape. Thus true
beveled edges will be produced in the
length and girth seams.
Fig. 3.— Beveled and non-beveled joints
showing that the plates should be
tacked further apart with square
edges than with beveled edges.
Lap welded pipe used for shells may be
cut off and beveled in a cutting-off
machine systematically and at low cost.
The flanged heads may also be beveled
by chucking in a lathe, turning the edge
to an angle while cutting the flange to
length.
But in some cases owing to lack of
equipment the ends of the shells are not
beveled, and then the beveled flange of
the head is tacked to the end of the
shell ^ to 3/16-inch apart at the bottom
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THE GAS AGE
June 25, 1921
of the groove depending on the thickness.
Again, neither the shell or the flange are
beveled in which case more space be-
tween must be allowed when tacking. In
other words, when preparation is incom-
plete it is provided for by allowing more
space for filling material. The torch is
nsed to break down the sharp corners
immediately at the beginning of the
fwelding, and the molten metal sloughs
down and thus is created a groove for
filling in.
Effect of Preparation on Joint
Reconmiended practice for work prep-
aration is beveling the edges of the
plate to an angle of 40 to 45 degrees
which when two plates are butted to-
gether produce a groove of 80 to 90
degrees included angle.
In non-fired pressure containers prac-
tice varies in bevel preparation all • the
way from full preparation as shown at
A through the stages B, C and D, Fig. 3.
When plates arc fully prepared the
lower edges are placed close together for
tacking, but when the angle of groove is
decreased as at B and C more space is
allowed between for filling material. In
short, the aim is to make the area of
weld cross section approximately the
same as in full beveling.
The point to be brought out is that
there is a wide allowable difference in the
method of work preparation provided the
puddling practice is good. The cost of
welding is greater when the bevels are
incomplete as the corners must be broken
down by the heat instead of a tool
When the corners are broken down
Fig. 6. — General view of a section in
plant of the York Mfg. Co., York; Pa^
showing ozy-acetylene welded jb^
monia receiyers.
for beveling and there is less likelihood
of over-heating at the bottom of the
vee.
P Q R
Fig. 2. — Some types of pressure container heads med on large diameters
Manipulation of Torch and Welding Rod
It is conceded that some torch manip-
ulation and movement of the welding
rod in certain relation are absolutely
necessary to success in oxy-acetylene
welding. There arc, however, no abso-
lutely fixed rules for securing sound
work. The torch may be actively manip-
ulated while the welding rod is moved
but little, or the welding rod may be
the more active factor while the torch
is held comparatively still. The result
is practically the same in either case and
between the two extremes is a variety of
practices, one merging into the other
imperceptibly. The theory of torch and
welding rod manipulation is to distribute
heat evenly on each side of the joint, to
break down the walls and to secure
thorough penetration and union of the
adding material and parent metal. If
the torch is active and welding rod pas-
sive the operator secures the desired re-
sult by heat action and gas pressure rath-
er than by rod manipulation. If, on
the other hand, he works the torch com-
paratively little but actively operates the
welding rod, penetration and elimination
Fig. 5.— Main welding shop of the Frick
Co., Waynesboro, Pa. Acetylene is
piped from generators to the welding
stations and oxygen is furnished com-
pressed in cylinders.
with the flame, there is danger of cold
shuts forming on each side of the bottom
between the molten and the parent metal.
This potential defect can be avoided by
skillful puddling with the welding rod
which breaks the surface tension and
brings about cohesion at these points.
Attention may be called here to the fact
that bevel preparation does not neces-
sarily mean cutting to a sharp angle.
It is well known that steel plates J^-inch
thick may be soundly welded without
beveling if set apart 1/16 to J^-inch. By
the same rule the bevel may be broken
as shown in Fig. 4, leaving a step or
square edge about J^-inch thick. The
advantage is that less work is required
Fig. 7.— Pile of steel plates beTeled on a
plate beveling planer before rolling in-
to cylinders. Both the length and girfli
seams are beveled by pliuiing. York
Mfg. Co.
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June 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
543
as well as reinforcement sufficient to
make the joint strength fully 100 per
cent if required, which, of course, should
not be.
Fig. 8. — Welding a length seam of a
brine cooler with H-block and wedge
ahead of the weld' to hold edges apart.
York Mfg. Co.
of oxide are accomplished mechanically
as well as by heat.
One secret of success when welding
steel plates having a thickness up to
^-inch or more is to form a large
puddle. The practice of one large re-
frigerating concern is to break down the
side walls in advance of the puddle for
a distance of lJ4-inch to 1^-inch, mak-
ing sure that the metal is fused at the
bottom of the vee. Then active puddling
with the welding rod begins, the pool
of molten metal being about $^-inch wide
and ^-inch long. The torch is whipped
off the puddle from time to time. This
causes the metal to "freeze" on the sur-
face in semicircular ridges.
Penetration
As stated in the foregoing, the break-
ing down of the side walls is accom-
plished in such a manner as to insure
perfect fusion of the metal at the bottom
of the vee. It is against the practice of
this concern to carry the penetration to
such an extent that the metal drips
through the joint and hangs in drc^s
beneath, however. This condition is
objected to, and the effort is to carry the
weld through flush and no more.
On shells 44 inches diameter and larger
another well-known concern welds the
seams both inside and out thus insuring
thorough penetration on the thicker metal
Reinforcement of Welds
Obviously, it is possible to reinforce
an oxy-acetylene weld to an extent that
would absolutely prevent its ever break-
ing. The general practice is to reinforce
the weld about 20 to 25 per cent, thereby
making it somewhat stronger than the
unwelded metal. The metal adjacent to
the weld is coarsened in grain structure
by the heat and somewhat weakened,
however. The ideal condition then is
realized when the reinforcement of the
weld makes its strength equal to that of
the metal adjacent to the weld. Any
greater amount of reinforcement repre-
sents waste of adding material, gas and
effort. In fact, it is positively detrimen-
tal because long-continued heating of the
joint tends to decrease the strength of
Fiff. 10.— Method employed by Frick Co.
for holding the edges of a brine cool-
er apart while welding. A screw jack
in the end is adjusted to force the edg-
es apart about 6 inches in a length
of 14 feet. The edges are not beveled.
the unwelded metal subjected to the high
temperature. The aim, therefore, should
be to weld as rapidly as possible, to pre-
vent the spread of heat to the degree con-
sistent with thorough penetration and to
add sufficient metal for reinforcement to
insure strength of the metal in the weld
equal to the strength of the metal ad-
jacent to the weld, and no more.
Welders should be instructed to weld as
they go and to avoid reheating a joint to
produce a smooth effect. To one who
knows good oxy-acetylene welding there
is nothing more attractive than a regu-
larly puddled weld. It has the marks of
the master welder's hand and to the
experienced is pretty fair evidence of the
character of the weld.
Fig. 11. — Longitudinal seam of brine
cooler half welded showing how the
joint has clofied by contraction. The
jack is eased off as the weld proceeds.
Frick Co.
thickness of the metal, speed of welding
and equipment provided for holding the
parts in proper relation. A common rule
for the thinner shell plates is to set the
edges apart about ^-inch per foot of
length. The seam in a shell 8 feet long,
for instance, would be tacked together
at one end, while the gap at the other
is held to about 2 inches. A somewhat
greater allowance is desirable for plates
^-inch thick and more. Some concerns
give considerable more allowance on even
thinner sections running as high as six
per cent.
This is an example of the non-rigid
system of welding. The contraction of
the cooling weld draws the edges of the
plates together as the weld proceeds, and
if the allowance has been correctly made
and the welding has proceeded at a uni-
form rate the edges will be practically
parallel when the end of the seam is
reached.
If the attempt were made to tack the
edges of a rolled sheet and to weld the
seam with parallel edges, the result
would be a peaked seam, the cross sec-
tion looking more like a pear than a
circle.
An example of the rigid system of
welding is afforded when a flanged head
is welded to the end of a pipe or cylinder.
The practice is to tack the flange at
Fig. 9. — Beveled plate rolled for welding
length seam Wedge and H-block in
place. The latter is wedged up on
each side to hold the edges of the
plate in line. Beveled flange, head
alongside. York Mfg. Co.
Rigid and Non-Rigid Systems of Weld-
ing
When welding the longitudinal seam
in a rolled steel cylinder single handed
it is necessary to start welding at one end
of the seam with the sides out of parallel
a variable amount depending on the
Fig. 12.^Longitudinal ripple welded
seam in brine cooler. York Mfg. Co.
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THE GAS AGE
June 25, 1921
Fig. 13. — Ammioiiia receiver shell and
flanged head tacked on ready for weld-
ing. Edges beveled. York Mfg. Co.
four or more points and to start welding
at one of the tacks, using a wedge ahead
of the weld to prevent contraction of the
cooling weld metal drawing the parts
together faster than desired. When the
welding has proceeded half way around
or somewhat more the wedge is dispensed
with and the weld finished without other
support than the tacked and welded por-
ever, makes the question of internal stress
of little importance in girth seams.
Controlling Cqntraction
Blocks having a cross section like the
letter H are used ahead of the weld to
prevent the seam closing too rapidly.
An H-block with broad lips permits the
use of wedges between the lips and shell
to keep the edges from getting "wappcr-
jawed." Alternative practice is to use
a jack in the open end of the shell and
to ease it off as the weld proceeds. Fi-
nally the edges close together at the ter-
mination of the weld.
More skill is required in welding
longitudinal seams of pressure contain-
ers than on any other work done by the
oxy-acetylene torch welder probably.
The welder must secure thorough pene-
tration and build up the weld to secure
the maximum strength, while at the same
time working the wedges to keep the
edges true and the contraction proceed-
ing evenly to the end so that when the
Fig. 18.— Brine Cooler with tnbe tlieeta
welded to ahell. Longitudinal shell
seam welded. York Mfg. Co.
work is cold. If only one nipple is set
the job is comparatively simple as the
operator need not take into consideration
the accumulative contraction efFect of
several welds. When a weld is made in
the side of a pipe the tendency is to
contract that side and bend the pipe.
This is due to the expansion of the hot
metal which causes upsetting as the cold
Fig. 14. — ^Ammonia receiver shell and
flanged head welded. York Mfg. Co.
tions. In this case the strain set up by
the contracting weld cannot seriously
distort the joint and no allowance prac-
tically need be made for the contraction
of the cooling weld. What the strains are
we can only guess. The fact that a
circumferential weld is theoretically two
times as strong as a longitudinal weld
of the same thickness and quality, how-
Fig. 15.— Ammonia accnmnlator in proc-
ess of welding. Shell made of lap-
welded pipe, end cat square, edge of
flanged head beveled. Noizles welded
in. Flick Co.
Fig. 17.— Partly welded girth seam in
ammonis accumulator Aiowing prep-
aration. Frosen puddle and ripple
weld. Frick Co.
weld is finished he shall have a straight
seam and a truly cylindrical shell.
Welding should proceed from left to
right, the torch flame being directed
squarely against the declivity of the weld.
Sise of Welding Rods and Tips
The size of welding rod used on steel
shells 5/16 to 7/16-inch thick is from
3/16 to 5/16-inch, a common size being
^-inch. These sizes of. rods favor work-
ing the metal and securing thorough pen-
etration. They present less area to the
flame in proportion to the contents than
smaller rods, and tendency to oxidation
is lessened. Of course, a large flame
must be used, the sizes of tips ranging
up to No. 7 or No. 8 (Davis-Bournonville
sizes) for this work in general.
Expansion and Contraction on Header
Work
When a pipe nipple is set in the side
of a header the job must be handled in
such a manner as will insure being up-
right or square with the pipe when the
Fig. 19. — ^Testing ammonia receiver made
of lap-welded pipe with flanged heads
welded on, nidng hydranlic pressure
to determine strength and freedom
from leaks. Compressed air at less
pressure is afterwards applied with
the receiver immersed in water to lo-
cate small leaks. York Mfg. Co.
metal surrounding it prevents full ex-
pansion. The subsequent contraction
shortens the fibers on that side of the
pipe and throws it out of straight line.
However, the efFect of the upsetting ac-
tion is comparatively slight, and when
Fig. 20. — Small diameter pipe ammonia
receivers, with welded heada. Black-
smith weld at right Set in acetylene
welded head in center, and acetyleDe
welded flanged head at left Fzick Co.
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June 25, 1921
THE GAS AGE
545
only one nipple is set it will be imper-
ceptible, especially if the pipe is of large
diameter and comparatively short
When close to a head or flange the
operator may then set the nipple out of
plumb an amount depending on the length
and diameter. A 5-inch nipple six or
seven inches long projecting from the
side of a pipe 16 inches diameter close
to a head or flange should be thrown out
of plumb about ^-inch, lengthwise of
the pipe, and welding should start on the
low side, or in the larger angle. It
should continue around and finish at the
Ufft/
the shortening of the circumference is
less than where the metal is made hot
twice. Moreover, a flange or head resists
contraction stress and tends to hold the
metal at the base of a nipple close by
rig^idly in place. By reheating and sud-
den cooling the effect is accentuated.
In fact, a welder experienced in the
trick can actually produce a distinct
wrinkle or depression in a shell.
Suppose that eight or ten 2-inch nipples
are to be set in the side of an 8-inch
pipe, ten feet long. Here is a condition
in which the cumulative effect of con-
Fig. 16. — Setting a nipple in an ammonia accumulator to stand aqnare wben
welded. Frick Co.
same point. The effect of the expansion
and contraction will be suflicient gen-
erally to square up the nipple. If the
normal contraction effect is not suflicient
it can be increased by again playing the
torch flame around the base and cooling
suddenly with wet waste.
The tendency to upright a nipple set
and welded in the manner described may
not be quite clear. It is attributed to the
shortening of the circumferential fibers
due to the repeated heating of the metal
at the nipple base at the start and finish
of welding. On the opposite side the
metal is made hot but once, and hence
Fig. 21.— Welding flange to brine cooler
atanding on end. Four welders work-
ing on the job 90 degrees apart York
Mfg. Co,
traction and bending is perceptible, and
it has to be taken into account. .The
simplest plan is to use an 8-in. pipe bent
so that a straight-edge will show a drop
of say J/$-inch in the center. The nipples
are welded in and the contraction pro-
duced by the upsetting action and sub-
sequent cooling shortens the long side
of the pipe an amount that will depend
on its length, diameter and number of
welds on the nipples. The shortening
effect should, of course, be just enough
to make it straight. Small diameter
headers of considerable length may be
straightened after welding in the nipples
by heating and bending the sections be-
tween the nipples.
Flat Heads
Small diameter lap-welded pipe may
be headed with flat discs set inside the
pipe and welded at the edges, or the
discs may be cut to the same size as
external diameter of the pipe and welded
to the end. Either form of head is ob-
jectionable from the standpoint of good
design, but the welds can be made so
much stronger than required to with-
stand the pressure in pipes of 8 inches
diameter or less that there is no serious
objection to such construction. The most
elegant method, however, is to provide
dished heads.
Dished or Flanged Heads
A cylinder with flat or dished heads
subjected to internal pressure develops
the severest bending stresses at the junc-
tion of the head and cylindrical part
It is important, therefore, to locate the
weld outside this zone. Fortunately it
can be easily accomplished by flanging
the head and welding to the shell at a
distance of two or three inches from the
angle. The bending stress is thereby
located in unwelded metal
In some cases the flange is set inside
the shell and welded in the outside cor-
ner. Large shells treated in this manner
may be comer welded inside also. An-
other practice is setting the flanged head
inside the shell, turning the end of the
shell over the head and welding the edge.
This makes a very strong job. In fact,
it is much stronger than necessary, and
is in reality poor practice judged from
the standpoint of engineering efficiency.
When dished heads are applied to re-
ceivers and welded with the oxy-acety-
lene torch the convex part of the heads
is turned outward at both ends, of course,
thereby giving the maximum capacity
possible. If, however, the heads are
welded in at the forge it is necessary to
turn the covex sides of both heads in so
that the ends may be welded on the anvil.
With riveted construction the convex side
of one head must be turned in to "hold
on" ^nd rivet the seam.
Welding Circulating Pipes
Small diameter pipes required for cir-
culating coils in refrigerating apparatus
may be butt-welded effectively with the
oxy-acetylene flame, usipg a special torch
designed to heat the joint throughout the
circumference at once and means to
apply endwise pressure when the welding
temperature has been reached.
In general this welding is done with
electric butt-welding machines, however;
clamps or tongs are used to smooth the
butt weld while the metal is hot and to
compress the pipe to the original diame-
ter. Care should be taken to joint the
ends squarely in order to get even heating
and to avoid flashing, which would throw
projecting fins into the pipe and cause
interference with the flow of liquid.
Testing Welded Apparatus
Ammonia receivers and accumulators
9Md
Fig. 22.— Cross section of brine coolet
head showing groore for flanged end
of shell, and the weld.
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546
THE GAS AGE
June 25, 1921
Figure 23. — Brine cooler assembled.
Flanges and longitudinal seam oxy-
acetylene welded. York Mfg. Co.
with auxiliary apparatus are tested with
water pressure using a hydraulic pump
and accumulator to develop pressures
several times higher than the working
pressure. To make the test more severe
the shell is sometimes hammered ad-
jacent to the welds. If no leaks develop
under the hydraulic test the apparatus
is then subjected to air pressure of about
three-fifths the hydraulic pressure, the
object then being to find minute leaks
which may have escaped notice under
the hydraulic test. When conducting
the air pressure test the apparatus is
placed in a large shallow metal tank
partly filled with water. Any leaks are
betrayed by air bubbles. In this manner
it is possible to locate minute leaks which
would not be found by hydraulic test
Training Welders
Naturally, a trade like oxy-acetylene
welding in which so much depends on
the personal equation has drawn atten-
tion to the need of training men to pro-
duce sound work. There are several meth-
ods of training raw labor to manipulate
the welding torch. No doubt the best
method is that which expounds principles
and enforces practice in approved torch
manipulation. Testing the welds is also
a prime requisite in a training course.
If a learner sees the inside of a de-
fective weld made by himself, which
looks fair on the outside, his conceit is
taken down a bit. He learns rather pain-
fully what to avoid. Manufacturing con-
Fig. 24. — Bottom of ammonia receiver
showing care given to tlie welding of
the sockets for the pipe supports. Frick
Co.
cems must follow methods depending on
the size of shop and class of work, how-
ever.
One concern starts off a learner with a
cutting torch. The man is carefully in-
structed in its construction and manip-
ulation— ^how to turn on the gases, light
and adjust for the preheating flame and
to turn on the cutting oxygen when the
igniting temperature has been reached.
After that he is allowed to play with the
apparatus for a day or two when he
is given some simple designs to cut out
of sheet metal. When these have been
successfully mastered he is given simple
blueprints and told to cut out the de-
signs, making his own measurements.
This means training in other matters
than cutting, and the new men soon
acquire facility in the use of tools and
acquaintance with shop practice, all of
which has bearing on their success as
welders.
After using the cutting torch for two
or three weeks the men who have dem-
onstrated that they have the qualities
necessary for good welders are given
Fig. 25.— Ammonia header with heads
welded on and seven nipples welded ixL
Frick Co.
welding torches and start at work on
non-pressure apparatus, water tanks, and
on water headers that are subjected to
little pressure. From this work they
graduate to ammonia apparatus. It ' is
truly surprising how quickly some men
master the principles of sound welding
and become competent to do the most
exacting work on high pressure am-
monia parts. It is needless to say that
anyone acquainted with oxy-acetylene
welding will readily see that in such
apparatus we have the highest and most
exacting requirements. An advantage of
this method of training welders is that
each welder becomes familiar with the
use of the cutting torch and users it. as
an auxiliary tool to facilitate his work.
For instance, when making receivers
or accumulators from standard lengths
of lap-welded pipes, it may be necessary
to cut a length of pipe into three or
four pieces. This can be done in a well-
equipped shop to advantage on a pipe
machine, the beveling being done at the
same time. But in a smaller shop not so
well equipped the cutting torch is used
Vy
Fig. 26.— Flanged ammonia header with
welded in nipples. York Mfg. Co.
for cutting the pipe into lengths, having
first marked the cut layout with chalk.
The pipe resting on vee roller rests is
slowly turned while the cut proceeds.
When the welder has cut his pipe into
sections be is ready then to weld on the
heads and to cut the openings for nozzles,
nipples and other connections. This work
is done in proper sequence, the result
being that the welder practically handles
the entire proposition from the time the
pipe comes into the shop until it leaves
him to go to the testing station.
Morale of Welders
An illustration of painstaking care to
preserve a high standard of excellence
is shown, this being the end of an
ammonia receiver having three sockets
welded on for the pipe support on which
it stands. Tack welding would be quite
sufficient to hold the sockets in place.
The stress tending to displace them is
comparatively slight, most of the load
being compressive. But the welders arc
required to weld these sockets to the
heads with all the care bestowed on the
nipple shown in the center. The rea-
son is to prevent any lowering of the
standard of performance. The slight in-
crease of cost is cheerfully borne as the
need for searching inspection on other
work as it progresses is thereby reduced.
Moreover, the welders work with greater
satisfaction and take more pride in their
production when they are held rigidly to
the highest attainable standard at all
times.
Fig. 27.— Large pipe job with nipples
welded in and flanges screwed on.
York Mfg. Co.
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