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BEQlEiT 


UNIVERSITY  OK  MICHIGAN 

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GA^ETTEEB 


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BOMBAT    PRESIDENCY 


fc^%^l'fc^^^x^.^x■^■^v*x%%^^^.x%^'^FX^^. 


VOLUME  XII. 


VVX-VWWWMA'V*/VtW\%\'i»V*-*SxX 


khAndesh 


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Under  Govermnent  Orders, 


PRINTED   AT  TUS 

GOVERNMENT    G'ENTRAL    PRESS. 

1880. 


/ 


72^' ^"^^y 


The  chief  contiibufeors  Me  Mr.W.  Bamsay,  O.S.,  who  prepared  draft 
accoonl^  of  Deecription,  FrodnctioD,  Hiatdty,  Surrey  Hietory,  and 
the  D^ga,  and  Mr.  John  PoUen,  C.S.,  the  District  Compiler,  who, 
hesidee  many  corrections  and  additions,  faniiahed  the  hulk  of  the^ 
materials  for  the  Popolation,  Trade,  and  Capital  chapters,  and  a  masft. 
of  detuls  for  History  and  I^cea  of  Interest.  A  manascript  acconnt. 
of  the  district,  written  in  1869  l^  Mr.  A.  Crawley-&>evey,  G.S., 
was  of  great  vtOtafi  especially  in  preparing  the  History  chapter. 
Mr.  Whitcombe'a  Sab-dirisional  Acoouats  and  vety  complete  Barrey 
fignres  for  the  Land  Administration  chapter,  and  Mr.  Stormont's 
paper  on  Agrictdtiire,  are  also  most  valnalole  cofltribations. 

Since  the  district  map  was  prepared  the  official  speUing  of  a  few 
names  has  been  altered.  The  change  is  in  no  case  so  great  as  to  cause 
eonfuBioQ.  , 

JaMES  M.  CAMPBELL. 
'Vecemlor  1880. 


■ 
■ 


.•t 


CONTENTS. 


•         K^NOESH. 

OapCn  L— SMcr^tlgn.                             *  p^uu 

PosltatmAnd  Are* i Bonnclarieq ;  Snb-dinnona ;  AqieDt  •..  1-8 

-   HOla ;  Bivera ;  XAfces      ..•                ...                ...  J.  4-11 

Ooologj ;  Hot  iimiigB  I  OlimBte     _  h.               ...  ...  18>1S 

Chftptar  IL— FradoBtioa. 
Umemh ;  Torata ;  Trees  ...  .„  ...      16-27 

Aiiiinal0iBudi;7uh   —  ...  ...  ...     S8>87 

\/  (Ajvter xn.— FopitlcttaB. 

iDtrodmition ;  Tjagtmgo;  Oennu  DetailiXlSTfl)  .»      38 -4S 

Bace  DiTisiona                ...                ...                ...  ...   49-138 

Villages;  Houses;  CommimitieB ;  Movemente     ...  ...  129-135 

Chapter  VI.— Agrienltnre.  o 

Caltivatora  ;  Holding ;  Crop  Ai«a ;  "Soil ;  Irrigation  ...  136  - 139 

"Watef  Workfl ;  Fidd  Toola ;  Field  Operatioiu ;  Crop  pnttarn  140  - 148 

^^  Crops ;  Oardening ;  Oovenuneot  Farm  ...  ...  149  •  181 

Blights ;  Locnste ;  Famines  ...  ...  ...182-190 

Chapter  T.— Capital 

Capitalists  ;    Exchange   Bilk ;     Saving     Classes  ;   Traders  ; 

Acconnt  Books ;  Correnc^  ;  Interest  ...  ...  191  - 195 

Moneylenders ;  Land  Mortgages ;  Bhils ;  ArtisaoB ;  La^oiu-ars  ; 

Labonr  Mortgage ;  Wages ;  Prices  j  WeiRhts  and  Meaenres.  196  -  206 

Chapter  VL-Trade. 

Sec,  I.— Rontee ;  Passes ;  Bailway ;  Bridges ;  Ferries ;  Best- 

hoDses ;  Post  and  Telegraph  Ofacra  ...  ...  206-213 

Bee.  n.— Trade    (247-1880);    Centres;     Markets;     Faiie; 
Village   Shopkeepers ;  Peddlers ;  Carriers ;  Imports  ^d 
Exports  ...  ...  ...        ;       ...  214-223 

Sec.  III.-CraftB;Crftft  Guilds        ...  ...    '  ...224-23? 


a  ^         CONTENTS. 

* 

EM-ly  Hihdn  (1600  B.o.  •  1300  a.d.)  ;  Mii»lniAiiJ189Ji-1760^  j 
Mardtha  (1760-1818)';  Britui  (1818;J880)  ...  286-263 

Chapter  TIZL— Lui  Adrntniitration. 

See.  I,— STArr  ...  ...  ...  ...  264-265 

-  Sao.  XL— BiTiKDi  HiSTOBT :  Earl;  Hindn ;  Moghal ;  Haritiia .  266  •  271 
Sec,  in. — Bbitisb  Maniqeuent  ;  Condition  and  Staff  (1818)  ; 
BeToaoe    Settlement  (1821);  Sammai?  (1618-1852)  ; 
Survey    (1852  - 1870) ;  Surrey    Besulto  (1852  - 1878) ; 
Development  (1846-1880)       ...  ...  ...272-297 

Sec.  IV.— Skasoh  Bbpobts  ...  ...  ...  298-303 

Chi^teT  XZ.-^iiitioe.  ** 

Maritba ;  British  ;  Staff  ;  pivil  Justice  ...  **  ...  304-  307 

Bie^tration ;   Criminal   JoBtice ;  Criminal  Tribes;  Police ;      * 

Bba  Corps ;  Jails        ...                  ...  ...  ...  308-819 

Chapter  X— Berenoe  and  Vinattoe. 

BalanosSheet                  ...                ...  ...                ...320-325 

Local  Funds ;  Mnnicipalitiefl             ..■  ...                ...  326  -  328- 

Chaptn  XL— InitmBtum. 

Schools  {  Persons  able  to  Bead  and  Write ;  Bace  of  Pupils ; 

School  Betam;  Town  and  Village  Education;  Libraries] 

Newspapers          y      ...-              ...  ...                ...329-335 

Chapter  ZIL— Bealth. 
Diseases ;   Hospitals  and  DlBpensariea ;   Vaccination  ;  Births 
and  Deaths  ...  ...  336-341 

Chapter  Zin.-8ub-diviiioiia  —  —  —  342-430 

Chapter  XIT.-Kaoai of  Interart  -^^ ...i3l-594 

8t*t<a  .^ .^ ...  ...  595- ete- 

UrDKZ  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  015-624 


I. 


^ 


Av 


^ 


MM 


KHANDE8H. 


KHANDESH. 


CHAPTER    I. 

DESCRIPTION'. 

■ 

,  Eha'ndos^,'  Ijing  betvreen  20°  8*  anS  22"  7*  nAi-llt  lotitade  aod 
r  42'  auJ  7C'  28"  caet  iongilude,  wiili  a  total  area  of  10.481 
Ituirc  milcj,  had,  in  187i,  a  population  of  l,OiB,IHi  soabi  or 
iiiety.oigliL  to  thu  eqaarc  milo,  und  iu  1879,  «  land  reretme  of 
"lO.OOy  (lie.  31,00,090). 

StrctwhinK  nearly  160  m!Ies  along  tl«J  TApfei,  and  Tftryinff  in 
I  breadth  from  sovuut-y  to  ninety  milvs,  KluUittis'^u  rornw  tm  upland 
bftJMn,  the  moiit  nortlioHy  soclnm  of  tho  l)oc<?(ui  table -land.  A.long 
tins  frliolu  uorthorn  frontier,  the  di!^tT^^t  U  bouuJed  by  ihu  8&1i>udil 
raugo,  a  mountain  tract  trom  thirty  to  forty  niilos  wide.  !■  r>.tn 
tho  north-east  eoraw,  M  far  an  the  Sind^^g&s  «n  tho  Agra 
HMil.  nxc'opt  two  or  throe  of  tho  Boutlit'r?n(Igc^"ilic  ^11  coimlty 
belonjfa  t*>  Hla  Highness  lialfeflT-  furilicr  we«t,  in  ShAh.-ida, 
the  Khitndesh  InMindary  akirtet  tho  base  of  tho  hillH  ;  thoa, 
iuclutling  tho  AkrAni  torritorv,  it  Btrikae  north,  rij^ht  into  the  heart 
of  tho  hilU,  to  wliijre,  lu  ii  dc-op  narrow  chaunel,  tho  Wlrbada  foirta 
ita  w»y  (hrouph  tho  StUpudtU.  From  this  to  it«  norCh-wont  oorucr, 
tho  Nitrbit(n\  rumHins  tho  iiorthom  iK>iiudiii-y  of  the  district.  .Oafho 
cast  andsTiuth-eaat,  a  row  of  pillara  and  sodid  convoniout  streams, 
witbonfany  markod  natural  jtfftpjftrT.  Bopamte  KbAndesh  from  tho 
Centoid  ffovi^M  ,ftn J  Hi'nt'.  To  tho  south  the  Ajania,  fidtoutla 
or"  diiAn^or  mofre  may  nmjfhJy  bo  said  to  mark  the  lino  betwocn 
Elutu(U-sfa  and  tlio  Nii^n's  territory.  On  tho  i!oiitb-wcKt,  the  Arva 
or  Laliiij;,  and  Giilna  hills  itepuratv  Khdnde^h  from  NAaik.  Thenco 
tho  frontier  crosseii  the  Sahyddris,  and  runs  north-west  altHig  a  woll 
.      » 

<  rron  uutctU*  nimilM  tf  thr  W.  Ramiay,  C-&.,  uul  Ur.  J.  C-  Wbiteottbs^ 
AMuUnt  Snrtvy  ^ferlaUmdtat, 

*  Aeowdtiu  toAbul  Ful  (Olwlwb'i  Aln-iAklMri, H.  ffT).  tlienMiie  Klutodoh^s 
dorivrd  Inm  Kltin  tho  llUa  jlTea  Il4i;>  hy  Aluaail  L  of  aujMdt  (1411>14431  to  • 
bftdik  Nulr  tbo  MEOBd  or  tli«  Anikl  Ungi{Bngg>'FeriibU,IV.  2tL1).  TlMfMittlwt 
Feruht* (BndgK,  I.  SC7-309)  «p«*]EM  of  tfcocbwu  «f  Kliiiidwb  tn  huocoowit  of  tbo 
flnt  UtUBlmio  o«fiq«C4t  (lt^,M),  /aconni  iba  viaw  tlMt  tke  nMno  w«a  older  tlun 
UtuklmlB  tiiMN,  uKl  Vim  pouililjr  cluuuFod  by  tbttn  to  aiut  Um  titl«  of  tliu  Famki 
kinin.  Mr.  Sinclur,  C.S..  htt  vagmattA  (lad.  Ant.  IV.  IDS]  £«nA<iJr«V  m  the  UaA 
at  KfUlini.  ui  tlic  oii^iBkl  tana.  Aooontiiu  to  ■oitk  oVI  vom  Khtadeah  i*  tlia 
KkltHluTforut 'if  •!  x<  .' "hlmitlBdoSllicti  K.  a  Uu«thc,  Sulionltuiita  Jad^oof 
Aaulner)  -.  «»i  ^^  .tJi.Arat  Lut  nf  Peopla  asd  FUo«*  :  Wurka.  VTI.  IM) 

mentioni  tbe  Kti-i  uids*  next  iKforo  tlw  poo|i)e  of  Viilarbhu'ox  Btdar, 

^(«(Rop.  BiU.  At.  lajf,  237}  derive*  the  u^flfroaiMaiKl or  iAiW,*  g^ar 

■  ■.0  (MM. 


BuuKb 


i 


[Bombay  Qaal 


ipter  I. 
criptioiL 

mduiet. 


■di  virion!. 


Aspect. 


DISTRICTS. 


marked  weatom  spar  ot  that  mnge,  as  far  as  the  town  and  Eo 
Songad.  vFrom*Songad  the  TApti  »ivor  and  a  line  of  masonry  pt 
carry  the  bonndary  north-east  back  to  the  S^tpndas  at  the  weiat 
of  the  Akr&ni  territory.  Within  these  limits,  except  that  in  sfli 
places  along  the  soath  boundary  the  NizAm's  territory  runanOT 
the  Aianta  ramge,  and^hat  in  the  extreme  south  a  group  of  tha 
KhAndeiili  vHI^es  lies  isolated  on  the  Deccau  table-land,  Kh^ 
is  a  compact  diBtrict  with  none  of  its  lands  subject  to  any  i 
jurisdiction. 

For     administrative    purposes    KbAndoBh    is    distributed 
sixtipen  sub -divisions,  with,  on  an  average,  an  area  of  C52  ac 
miles,  215  villages,  and  6+,250  inhabitants.     Of  these  sub-divie 
Amalner,  Bhusaval,  PAchora,  and  Pimpalher  have,  each  of  them, 
and  S&vda  has  tw(  petty  divisions.^ 

Khdndt^  AdminiilTtUiee  Dett^,  1879. 


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An  upland  basin,  draining  into  the  T^pti  with  a  gentle  wo: 
b1«^,  KhAndeah  includes  most  varied  tracts  of  country,  wil 
ana  f«rest,  rich  garden  and  grove,  stretches  of  barren  plain 
low  rolling  rocky  hills.  From  east  to  west,  parallel  with  tho  "i 
are  three  well  marked  belts  of  country,  in  the  contro  the 
TApti  valleyj^n  the  north  the  high  and  wild  SAtpudAs,  and  i 
Bonth  and  south-west  bare  ridges  and  rich  well  watered  vi 
flanked  by  the  Ajapta  and  SahyAdri  hills. 

The  TApti  banks  are  high  and  bare,  and  the  land  on  both 
is  seamed  by  tributary  rivers  and  streams.  Now  and  again  fi-oi 


'  The  Arailner  petty  division  is  Pirolu ;  th»t  of  Bhiisdval,  RUnliwl  ;  t 
PAohora,  Blmdgaun ;  that  of  PiinuolDcr,  flixiinuur:  luiil  tliusu  of  Sdvda  KAv 
Yftv«l. 


khAndesu. 


,  sptir»  of  theSdtpuiUit  sln.^tcIx'toisoU}  Uio  nrcr  bank,  and  od 

ith  riso  somolow  bamtu  hil^  paiigt-ii.     With  [h<^-«u  nKCOjitwiia, 

Jour  ctintraJ   plain    ia,   for  al»ut   150    miles  tniia    UurliiUipur 

N»ndnrtKir,  uu  uiiliP^kun  rirotch  of  dpop  alluvial  soil.     The  oast 

ml  centre  are  rick   ami  wdl  liltud.  "TIm   LoViu  a'a<l  villngt.is  unJ  ' 

I  aad  proeperoua,  HurHKiDded   by  tnaii^  gi-ovos  and  ganlcav 

[Dzr«pt  wuon  baked  by  the  ra^ii^  winds  of   tbo  hot  season, 

BotdK  itrt!  (rr(M>ii  with  vanod  tillagR,     Oil  t>»th  »idvM  of  tin;  river 

ration  ia  widt^-inivAd.      Southward  it  stn-tcbes  to  the  hi);rher 

la  and  bnrron  hill  sides,  and  north  to  tbo  lino  of  deep  forest 

Mt  fhvtV^B  th«  biwo  of  Oxv   SiitptiJjis.     InihjMvjyfi,   tliuuKb  thu 

>i|  ia  no  lona  rich,   parts  of  NaaJnrliSr,  Skitluida,  and  'I'aloda'aro 

rergrown  witli  forest  BOit  bruahwood.  the  climate  ia  unhealthy, 

ad  th«  pcopk^oro  few  luid  poor,  7  • 

North  of  the  Tiipti,  tho  wholo  length  of  tlw  rich  allnrtat  plain  ik 

innded  by  the  flte«p  southern  face  of   tho  SjltpuiUK,  a  bull  oK 

ooutaiu  land  from  twonty  to  thirty  miles  broad.     Modi  of  this  hill 

UDtry,  now  with  only  u  fow  Kcattvrcd  Bhil  h»mlet«,  was  oaco  well 

At  every  (yw  miloit  in  the  foreat  of  yiM  TM|p  aftiniiim  i.f 

with  rcmama  of  sngar  and  oil  mills,     further  west,  Anilia, 

toy  wide  tniHcys  of  the  Ant-r  nnd  thi.-  Aru;jj^Tnti,  i»  dotiyj  with 

bruRhwtiod-corored  rtiin-s  uMBa.  »ell».  and 

tper-storied  hoases  of   wSat  i i  »....    i......    ...:un  considerable 

Thouf;h  HO  mnch  is  doBertod,  in  tbo  north-west  the  cool 

irixtg  AkrAai  nnlanths  are  well  tilled  and  proi^pcroiil,  pooplod  by 

ivria,  bOIuT  anil  hardworking  peasants,  whuMJ  homt:Hloail.t,  cnvh 

it«  plot  of  tieldfl,  arc  aboltorea  by  well  kept  mango  and  rnoha, 

nia  I  at  if ol  in,  groves. 

South  of  (he  rieh  T&pti  valley,  the  connti«r  is  more  varied   thaa 

tther  in  tha  cuntrc  or  in  tho  nortb.     In  the  nxlrcmo  eaat,  the  Piima 

^leVj  K'lween  the  Haiti  failU  on  the  caal  and  mllnif;  liroKe'npnHmil 

ko  toe  west,  fltrecohes  south,  much  of  it,  from  the  fear  tit   wild 

Btfl.^l&sfa)  or  oovcred  with  brnshwDod.      Fnrthor  west,  drained 

ihe  VAyhnrJ  jjm  Girnit^  wid  tho  l^ori.  wide  8t<iny  thorny  plains 

so  in  low  brood-topped   basaltic   ridges,  or  sink  in   rich   valley;* 

'studded  irith  uianKo  m^vcs  and  largfv  proitporona  villages.    Weal  of 

*Lni  Uori,  Uielaud,  ae  it  drnwy  ne<>rcr  tlu'  Siihyadris,  ffluws  wJl'ler  and 

lore  picturesque.  ItanffCfl  of  quaiut'l^j'Vut  hillSf'separated  by  tho  rich 


and 


th^  fiyifi"-  ^trfltcb 
wclil  w  wild  and 


a  watopod  v  "  "  ,:  Pfinjhni. 

MiKt  Mcroa  )i  pliiin.     Tlio  extreme 

Uy ;  the  air,  tlKiu^ii  cuvi  and  pleasant,  ia,  except  in  the  hoi  Hca.-«<>n, 
!uu  with  fevov  ;  tbo  puoplo  are  jxwr  and  nnsettlod  ;  and    tho    lull 
idc»,  Ixiru  in  the  cast  and  well  woodud  in  the  went,  yield  only  scanty ' 
:)pa  of  c<uu««  grain. 

Down  the  western  Sahy£ilri  alopca  the  district  atretcbc«  into  the 
broken  tnu? t  crot^acd  by  endless  lines  of  petty  billii,  umcb 
■I,  with  a  deadly  climate,  a  {KKir  and  wretched  peuple,  and 
tudcbt  tiilage. 

Within  KbiimlL'sb  liuiilj.  iin!  foil'  iigew,  thu  Bitpodfa 

tbu  uorlh,    thu  II1L1I4  hill.i   iu  uiiet,   the  AjUBta  or 


Chac 


Out/: 


\\ 


Kpter  1 
BBcHpUou. 


D  » 


»  DISTRICTS, 

« 
SAtiiulIft  rnngo  in  the  mttUi,  vid  tbe  BiJiyitlria  in  tbo 
HjlTftm^.  a  Irfond    bolt  of  tDrratftaia  \nif1 
lino  Monjf  Uw  north  biutk  of  tho  Tdjili,  ii 
hills,  riilgc  lichinil  riiljpv  U>  tho  wutnil  civaL  u 
untl  Lheu  »\tipv  ^^ntty  to  tlu>  Narlmda.     Aii>   .  ^    -i- 
riao  from  3000  to  aSOO  imt,  tho  chiisf  are,  in  ibo  t 
I'torla    and    AtotiilliiinuU   lorjking  dowu  on    T&va], 
CO m moil il tug  Iwitli  tho  TApti  and   tho  Narbcidn  vall>'yH. 
farther  west,  and  in  AJcnini,  Tanuimtl'  tho   crani]- 
mngo.     ThJB,  imoo  a  »c-ttL  of  the  niJCTa  ot  Mlodu,  a  long  r  j 

tel^Q-bind,  ii^iV)  (i!bt   liixh  anil  nboat  scictDt^n  sqnuri!  i 
rises,  in  Duitb  latitiuk'  21*  G'i'  and  ivwl  \nngllot\e  V 
twL'uty  niiK<s   noiih  of   KtiltAnpnr  nnt^uiittitj   from  Ubotia. 
Iiin   nidoM,  of   trflj)   and   lautolt   with    I'm!   ircin    cl^v,    tuv  I 
fituddod  frith  karwmd,  Cariasa  corondaa,  and  turan,  8  VKvnbujt  r 
IiiibIkis,   luid  with   wild  mnni^,    Inuiinn,  Mod   j-hnt-nl,    Sji 

{'uuilHilBunni,   trec-if.     The  hill  top  titixitches  in  small  fl&t  [>L 
irokun   by   irropular  linos  of   bills  from    100   to    lo"  ' 

Nuar  iIki  aonth-wpat  comor,  a  Inrifo    laVe    of    bean : . 
luiil  ciHil   w-iitcr,  niKxit  a  milo  and  fix  furlongs  RHOid  tioO 
kniad  and  tbirty-four  feet  deep  in  the  ocntre,   partly   form 
liloppinK  o  Rurffo  botwcMi  two  small  hills,  in  flanked   by  a 
tiAsurod  tiui)ft.i  about  -100  fcot  high.    Tho  dam,  earth    fueod 
Btono,   a  work   of    immense   laboar  and   Btifn;rlh,   ia    oltan 
yurdK  loTigy  forty    foot    ht^h,  niid    about  Iwvnty-ttijrht   fwl  i 
tbe  top  and  from  170  to  200  fwt  bmiul  at  tho  bs">.'     Thf 
the  dam,  with  r^>om  for  a  small  booHO  or  tent,  is  r 
niacli   of  it  shndcd  by  treos  and  cxwlcd  by   tho 
during  (ho    hot  months  blowg  Htrong  and  Kteady  across   tbo 
At  Olio  side  tho  EurpAtM  waters  are,  through   a  rock-cut  pa 
taken  4<J0  yards  to  a  snudlor  lake  almut   thirty  ftrot  biwcr,  aui 
carriod  to  a   prt^-ipioo  from  four  to    fire  hundred  feet-'  ■ 
cU'iiH  drop  of  2  i;J  fwt.*  Bxcopt  sbrimpa,  tbo  lako  iscnl  ■ 
fish.     In  »dditiim  to  the  lake  and  \t»  great  dam  »ro  the  ffittiai 
iniuiy  temples  and  walls,  all  of  tliom,  acoiinltng  lo  the  local  t 
tbe   work   of   tho  wiint   Gorakhn^th.     Tho   walls,   »trflchin( 
miles,  Htilt  wtn-ngthcn  tho  WMk  parts  of  lb*i  hill  top,  but  tbo  tei 
ant  fallen  in  utter  detny.     On  tbo  »outh  aide  of  the  bill  is  n  ti 
fwt  wjuure  rock-cut  temple,  with  an  imago  of  I'Arastulth,  in  i 
honoiu-    crory   October  a  fair  is   held.     Other   remains  of 
scitlpturcH  seem  to  bave  Ixvn  uii<><l  in  building  more  mixlom  ton 
Kxix*[it  Hhila  and  I'ivriia,  of  whom  tlionj  are  some  scattered  Till 
the  hill  ia  without  iuliabitaote.     In  tbo  wet  neason  (July-Octo 
(hu  rain  is  constant^  and  sometitooa  to  heavy  that  for  days  it  1 
cvorytbing  »  few  yards  o&.     In  tho'oold  woather  frosts  aro  oom 


*  TnmimAI,   OT  th«  tvnm't  pUtctn,  takoa  ita  nauo  Irani  (nnca,  Syxjrpfaaa  mg 
)ar):u  *liltuliijmiil  •timk  ^ 

*  UhuIMiiidI  C.  r,  Kt^b)  {IViin.  lie".  Hum.--.  t\.  3)  ulvm  ililGmmt  Sgnm  :  440] 


K^^NDES^. 

■ 

tiic  hot  SWV9.1I1  {Marcli-Jmio),  tht^Uko,  llio  noifirlilwnrinK  forosts, 
1  a  stfug   Btcatly  soutli-woiii  rfiud  oimhiuQ  to  make  Uili  diiiinlti 

llghtful,  with,  during  May,  a  mean  ton]p<>niturc  of  abont  aeveoty- 

'00  iU^gnMii*.'     Tlio   lutit  way  ap  tho  lull   from  SallAnpar  wsw 

tnerly  paasable  only  to  very   ligblly  laden  beasta  of  burdon.     lii 

"'',  it  vra'5  much  imnrovoa  by  clouring  the  firet  twelve  of  the 

ty-foiir  itiilo.1  from  lliiogar  on  the  Shdhidasidc.   Tho  rcmAining 

reive  offer  no  great  difficulty. 

,o  H^fTi  liillg^   boMpding  tliq  Pnrtia  valley  on  the  east,   nm 

.h-w08t    mid    south-twwt,    aiiJ    for    tiWtit    twouty   milvs   pass 

roiitirh  lli«  Hf>utb-eaal  cerDerof  Kbiudesb.     Rising  gradually  f/om 

T^pti  valleyt  id  thuir  tisbt  twenty  miles  they  are  rather  low  and 

«.     Furtbor   cant,    forming   tho    northern    fronticrr  of   Bonir, 

ly  rise  U>  nearly  -WOO  (eot,  and  linaHy  merge  in  tbo  NABn>ur 

lis.     At  first  ban)  and  rocky,  as  thoy  near  the  sonthern  limit  of 

cfh,  tboir   xidoi^  nnj  iu   pliux>«   ttomuvrhut   thickly   covorod 

brushwood  and  timI>or,  aud  give  aheltvr  to  wild  Iwaats. 

The  f^yaXuk,  also  known  as  theCbAndoror  Ajanta  range,  breaking 
*  sharply  from  (ho  Sahyitdm  in  tho  north'Wi'st.  of  N&sik,  rana 
about  fifty  miloH  eiutl  in  »  series  of  qount  biutalt  piouaoW  luid 
ilge».  Near  ManmAd,  after  a  gontlo  depression,  it  again  rises 
Hjl  tjQlJ  fcut  ahuYo  tlic  plain, and  forms  a  iwmvwhat  monotonona 
l-likt^  IxHiiniary  l)etwoon  KIittndc«h  and  the  Dcccan.  lliou^h, 
ot'pt  forab-iut  fifteea  milea  in  the  w&§t,  ggt  actually  within  ita  limita, 
ir.tTiia'  skirts  tho  iwnr.h  of  KhAndoah  for  ubunt Vtgh^'  iniltM.  A 
luili'.s  bovoud  Ajanta  it  turns  nouth,  merging  iul^i  tho  highlnndt) 
form  \\\o  Bouihem  frontier  of  Itenlr.  As  they  are  a  narrow 
little  more  than  the  bIoop  norlhem  hco  of  tho  Uocoao 
ml,  tho  S^tmAlAa  oonlain  few  forett  trade.  Their  sides, 
cly  bare  or  with  a  few  scattorod  irecs,  Imvo  horo  and  there,  on 
banks  wd  in  tho  licdti  of  8tre«in»,  timber  and  bruiibw4x>d  thiL-kpts 
■gcoiiitugljto  shelter  tigop**  and  other  wild  aiumals.  Of  latfe  years, 
lage  hrtv  spread  to  tho  sides  of  many  of  the  uorthcni  spurs,  and 
siiijio  [ilinxw  annus  i^liKW  to  tho  f<j'it  of  till)  iniiiu  nvngu,  Uewidc* 
I  piiHHiv.-n|uoHe*a  uf  itit  wegCern  peak:4,  the  chief  interest  in  tho 
tniAla  range  aro  tlio  rock-cnt  BuddhUt  tcmplw  and  mouaatcrigB 
Apmta,  I'l'vtni^  an'l  CTiAndor.  Witbiu  KbAndflab  Limita,  bewidea 
sveriil  iiiuI-piiihB,  two  cart  roods  cross  the  hills,  one  throagh  tho 
Wpjanpn  ■  •  '•■■••--•-  - n.vi  near  CbtUiBKUOP,  Ewd  tbo  othor  by  iJio 
Ajanta  j  ur. 

Tlio  S^HTAnni  hills   bound  the  south-neat  oomor  of  Kbindesi). 

'Phen,  at  tKe  northern  extremity  of  the  range,  they  torn   shai-ply 

to  tho  cost,  leaving  thti  broii'l  Tfipt)   plain  botwcon  them  and  tlio 

udiis.     Withont  any  well  marked  peaks,  many  of  tho  Sahylldri 

-t  have  curious  and  picturet^qno  outlines.     Tnoy  nro  scattered 

le  Miind  tliu  otlior,  chiefly  nnining  narth-eajit  and  south-west 

at  with  many  tipun  starting  eastwards  nearly  at  right  angles  to 


Chapt 
DMcript 


I  Thm  aw  111  IS.V!.    In  ItlSO  Ibc  hiolwi  ttmpetatura  «h  e!t,  Uk  nusu  77°  anil 
)  dMiy  nu^  16*. 


Sais 


OhKptoT  L 
DewripOHk 

RlireM 


TltOima. 


TktBori. 


m 


Innk  iu\!  imatl.  and  nf  littlo  tub  for  iiriftntion  or  for  otb 

Tboy  luiVb  tbt!  pcculinril;  tlint  nt\T  thu  luU'^  -  ~  '  

milM  before  thoy  full  iutn  tbn  Tuiiti,  thntr  str 

tlie  joftr,  wliile  is  a  middle  bcli  the  nrat-: .  . 

ptUBM  ondergmaad  lonving  tbti  liml  prrf>^  r  .    ji  v.     Tbui 

the  loft  bank  dnuDing  niui'li  Mjdrr  LmL'tn  "f  coutitry 

mm  Mid  cuDMqnouce.     tCicopt  ihe  l'iu'n.-i,  wtiich  fron 

hUa  into  llu.' Tiipti   alwul  gixicva  n  it    tintvn 

and  tbo  Vi^hitr.  about   twenlymili :..  i- waxt  aftcrj 

oonno  of  uaoat  forty  miles  fittm  tlta  S&tnulla  hUU  tunr 
tliQ  left  bank  Htrcams  tuvn  tlivir  Moiirccit  among  tbu  f 
Id  thfir  clmmcU'r  nod  ooun4>  iW  Sahyiitlri  mu-muas 
oomnion.     StarlmiEr  beiumed  in  by  spun  at  i-iirht  anf^left  I 
tiiw  of  the  BahydBris,  tbuy  piutt  un»l>  nnltl,  ns  i1k>  \i^~ 
KhiiDilfHli  plain,  tln-y  arc.  free  tu  follnw  tlio  uaUirol 
uiid  turn  m^rtb  to  tiib  T&nti.     Uf  thcao  th««  are  foi 
the  tiima  falling  iuto  tbo  Tllpti  aboal  twituty-livo 
Viighqr,  tbp  Bori  uKmt  twenty  iii)Ie«4  furtlicr  woHt,  l' 
i«iz  milea  I  be  I'itojbra,  and  tho  Borai  a  Hmallsr  elream 
milea  f ui-tber. 

The  Gibs Aj rising  in  the  westoni  hills  of  thcKalnm*nt 
Niisik,  HU(i  \iiiX  by  Htrcains  from  the  nurthem  alopea  uf 
or  SftplaHhring  range,  aft«r  a  coanw  of  about  150  miloa, 
Tipti  near  Ni'mdur.     lu  cuiirxe  lid*  id  iirarly  CHpial 
and  Kb£iiiSe!(b.     Hasuing  tbroggh  N&sik  aimoat  in 
eastwards,  in  Kbdndesh  it«  oonnso  changm  to  north-f 
JalgsoD,  it  beodii   north  und  (hen  nurth-w^Ht  lloivinK' 
mil  en   with     itiany    windings    ulmoat    paruUet   to    tho 
Kbiindcsh,  Dx<^i>))t  in  o^ieortwo  places  wbt>re  it  is  hemmed  ii 
hills,  th<!  Oimn,  over  a  broad  sundy  bwl,  tiowii  ihrotigU  a 
vnlloy  grndiuilly  Hprwidiiig  iuto  tbo  great  central  plain.     It 
Ixitb  jn  Kfiaik  and  Khiindiwh,  are  much  used  for  iirij; 
Kiiiik  lately  n;i»aired  danifl  and  vlianncls  water  many  ii(_ 
valli-YH,  and  in  Kbindcsh,  fi-oiu  KuhAl  alx^ut  ten  uiiles 
C'b^lisgaon,  the  JAmdn  csuals  etretch  caai  for  about  tw« 
niiivs  on  the  left  tutd  twvlro  miles  on  tbo  right  bonk. 

The  BoEi.  with  a  oounw  of  about  nixty  miW,  rii  ^ 
M^Iegaon  sub-dimion  of  M^sik,  ontera  KbiiuleHh  aljotdl 
qjiluS  north  of  tho  Gima.  For  about  twcnty-firo  miles  it  M 
esst&ly  course,  and   thun,  with  rather  a  suddi^n  turn,  flonj 

^Btv  nKnii£  tanuiftsJtvA    milda    ivli&na    4*Uih4r  anAtl«a»  l^uk^^^M 


EI1ANUK,SII. 


•9 


0- 


Biv 


7Vj 


In  fttrmor  times,  (bo  DDliro  upper  oouraca  ot  the  Pudjlirn  luiil  its         Chapt^ 
tn'buUiry  the  Kiiii,  wore  ft  succvsrfon  of  dums  and  canal*     lu  (ho       DeKripUq 
jreara  of  misrule  during  the  wirly  part  o(  llio  prcBi'ut  wmtiiry  muiiy 
'ell  out  of  repair;  but  stead;  proffreaa  lias  of  Into  beeu  iiiadu  in 
iigiug  nuarly  k11  of  tbum  into  ordor. 

Iiolkm^  the  Wl  ittrcitni  oF  an;  tiiko  thnt  pasHOB  cost  from  tw 

by&driB,  aboat  twelve  milea  aorth  of  the  P&njhra,  flows  eaat  f<tf 

one  for^  milcsi  and  tWn  pussiDg  m^rih  for  ten  miloa  falls  inuy. 

ke  Tapti  about  twelve  miles  Ixttuw  ThlUucr.     Liko  thv  Bon   and 

r^njhra  ita  waters  in  the  upland  valleya  are  luucli  used  for 
rifJiii""-  ,  '     /   \       " 

rheN^vKgApA.  for  nlMut  (nj^y-Bvd  miles, skirts  thonortlfwttst  oomci  ?- iTAe  JVar 
itl»?  dlfitrict.     Its  chief  conneeiioo  with  Khnnd^sb  ia  that  it  has*—' 
pu  lately  (IWT)  found  nsofiil  iu  corryioff  timber  to  tbo  coast.     It 

thought  ibat  thi.-  (-banii<.d  waa  too  rocky  to  allow  of  ibo  |Kis«age 
linilxr.     Bot  in  April  and  May  1877,    thougli  tbo  river   waa 
jUNimlly  low,  a  flotilla  of  iVio  loga  and    6O0O  rafters  was,  after  n 
|tnth'B  pasaaee,  safely  and  witlioat  accident  floated  from  tlur  norl li- 
lt of  Akrnni  to  Itroacb,  where  it  fetcbed  more  than  three  times 

atopuut  wpent  on  foiling,  draKyi^Ki  Hfld  lloaUuK  it  down. 

aix  flooda,  in  1822,  1829,  1837,  1872,  1875,  and  1876,  antae 

I  haw  been  obtained     In  1822,  at  nn  OBtimntcl  Iohs  of  £25,000  titt.] 

2,50,000),  »ixty.l)VO  Tiljiti  villaf^  wcm  ontiivly,  and  (iffy  wuro 

|)art]y  washed  away.     In  1829,  iti  Nandurlwir,  for   three  miles   on 

gtb  banks  of  the  'Kpti  the  conntry  waa  flooded.     'I'ne  land  waa 

ler  water  for  t}irco  days,  and   much  of  it<  wna  injunxl  by  a  thick 

sjl  of  aaodaud  ^mve).'    In  IH37,  in  tlieBamellood(2{)th  Augunt) 

did  fiQch  doma^  in  Surat,  several  villages  built  on  the  lower  or 

'miil  Ixiukof  tlif  TAptiweix-  swept  away.*  The  deatructidu  nf  lifo 

arty  wa.t  grL-.il,  and  those  of  tbo  inhabitants  that  had  the 

ilo escape  were  left  de*titwt<.'.     As  nlitio^t  all  tlie  villagoa 

^^  ■  bank  fuffon-d  and  many  wore  entirely  swept  away,    Iho 

new  vilTa,r«i  were  in  several  cases  built  on  the  black  soil  of  the  hiffher 

l,.«i-  ^i.j,.h  had  not  been   flooded.     In  lH7i,  on  Suwlny  the    l5tli  '*?* 

',  the  districts  iHirdenug  on  the  Girna  and  the  I*^jtira 

I]    from   a  severe  flood.     At   Dhniia,   on  the   Paujhra,   tbo 

l.«g&ii  to  fall   stMidily   about  noon  on   i''mlay  (lio   |:3th,  fuid 

^■Ifaiied  heavily  the  whrjie  of  Satunlny  and  the  greater  port  of 

P^^Biiy.     Before  Sunday  momini;  the  river  wan  in  very  bi(.'b  f1o«d, 

Fnreppiug  oviT  tb«    AjfTii  n^ad  bridge,  carrying  away  llui  s<)iiu  wtono 

r>:»r:,i>ot  and  the  whole  of  the  roadway,  and  in  Dhulia  destroyinc 

oiuM-s  chiefly  in  tbo  division  of  tbo   town  known   as   Brigg«* 

•  1  .u.     A  re«t-tioQan  eloao  to  the  bridge,  built  at  a  cost  of  £200 

(Re.  20<H^),  was  entirely  destroyed,  and  another  was  mnch  damagtMl. 

The  vilUgo  of    Dovpur  on  the    otlivr  xido  of    the  river    uulirely 

diBti|ip«ared,  and  one  inan,  a  fioaivi,  was  drowned.     A  telegraph  post 

ittar  tho  luiuk  "f  the  river  on  tbo  Dhulia  Bide,  wiw  wiwhod  away  and 

comtnuniialii-n  stopped.     At  si-ven  in  the  morning  the  flood  was  at 

il«  bigbca^  standtng  about  forty-five  feet  above  the  level  of  (lie  river 


» 


■  Bom.  Gov.  s«L  XCIII.  ICS. 


■411-S 


(Botnbftjr  OMettter, 


liaptor  I. 
RKriptlon. 

.Bivcn. 

\1ktR. 


tPd»Hm 


DISTRKJTS. 


bttnk  arc  smatlj  and  of  iiiilo  u*  for  irrigation  or  for  othor  piirpospa. 
They  liaifb  tUo  peculiarity  ibni  iidhr  liw  liilU  und  afpuu  fur  aovoral , 
mitoH  bvfuro  tliuv  fnll  iuto  tJta  I'ltpLi,  tlieJr  Mreftmn  Sow  througboutd 
the  jroar,  wbilo  iu  a  mitldls  belt  the  water,  during  the  fair  sikmuu^ 
paBseB  underground  leaving  thi?  1k:»1  perfectljf  dry.  'Hie  Mlroami*  oq 
ihc  left  lioak  draining  inueb  wider  tnicl«  of  country  ai-e  of  greater 
Kisc  and  oonaeqnence.  KxLiept  tho  I'urna,  which  from  the  Boiilh>ea»t 
falls  into  the  TApti  abotit  «ixt«cu  milcx  after  it  t-uters  iho  dUtri^t 
and  the  V^jthur.  about  twenty  niileo  further  weal  after  a  windit 
course  of  about  forty  miles  from  the  Siitm&la  bills  near  Ajantn,  s 
tb(i  Ivft  liHuk  i^tTfamii  haw  lliuir  AourccH  atuoitg  thu  S»hyAdri  billsi 
In  their  clukmct«r  and  oouKte  the  S&byidri  streams  have  much  U 
common.  Starting  hemmod  in  by  epora  at  right  angles  to  ibo  matri 
line  uf  ihu  Siilt>'(fllri»,  they  piuw  ea»l,  ontil,  un  the  lii)l»  »iiik  into 
Khtodi»h  pluin,  they  are  free  to  follow  tho  uatund  line  of  drnina 
and  torn  north  to  the  Tapti.  Of  these  there  are  four  chiuf  ittrcuin 
tho  Gimft  falling  into  ttie  Tiipli  ulxml  twcnty-fivo  mites' l*Uiw  tl 
Vii(t&ur,  the  Bori  aboot  twenty  miles  further  weat,  then  after  abon 
BIX  miloH  tho  t'Jtn^hrn,  and  tho  Bomi  a  cmaller  stream  about  twct' 
inilciH  further.  — — — 

Th^-G'-BH**  riaing  in  the  weatorn  hills  of  tlie  Kalran  Rnh-diviaion  i 
Mtuik,  anttled  by  streams  from  the  northern  slopes  of  the  ChAndor 
or  SapUuihring  mogv,  after  a  countc  of  about  1 50  miles,  full.s  itfl'i  tho 
T&uti  near  Jj^nder.  Its  course  lies  in  nearly  c^ual  parta  in  K&xik 
a»U  Khtindesb.  Passing  through  Ntiaik  ouiHwt  in  a  Htraight  line 
eiUftwards,  iu  KhAndeah  its  oourM  changus  to  north-oMt,  till,  near 
Jalgaon,  it  bends  north  and  then  nortb>weKt  Sowing  for  several 
miloti  with  many  windiugs  almost  parallel  to  the  Tdpti.  In 
Kliando.sh, (jxivpt  iuojieor  Ivro  phtcxs  where  it  is licmmwfl  in  l\y  rwfcj 
hiiis,  tho  llirua,  over  n  Ims^ul  fliunly  \Kti,  fi<iw»  through  a  woU  tilleJ 
valley  gradually  sproiuliug  into  tho  great  central  plain.  Its  waters, 
lx>th  4u  N&iik  and  Kbiudbuh,  are  much  used  for  irrigation.  In 
N&sik  lately  n?[iaire4]  dams  and  chaunels  water  many  of^t«  uplanil 
valloya,  aud  iu  Khiin<le.4h,  from  IttdiAl  utxtut  ten  miles  north  of 
Chiilisgaon,  the  J&mda  canals  sireteb  east  for  about  twenty-seven 
miles  on  tbc!  left  and  twelve  miles  on  ihu  right  bank. 
I'he  BoEij   with   a   courw  of  about  sixty  mileii,  rising  in 

M&legaou    sub-division  of  N&sik,  enters  Kb&ndcsh  about  fif 

iqiles  north  of  thv  Girua.     For  abont  twenty-five  mile«  it  kwps  i^ 
eaatdVly  course,  and  thou,  wiUi  rather  a  sudden  turn,  Bows  nor 
for  about  twenty-five  miles,  where,  taking  another  bond,  it  aet« 
•  the  nnrlh-we^L    fulling  into    tho  T<tpti  about  twenty  miles  belt 
the  Gima.     Like  the  Oinm,  iu  its  uphtnd  valleys,  tJio  watern  of  i ' 
Beri  are  much  used  for  irrigation. 

The  I'AnjHmriacg  in  Pimpalaor  from  tho  crest  of  tho  Sah5_^ 
hills,  and  after  H owing  eaftt  for  idiotit  twenty-five  mih's,  is  fr()m  tlip 
West  jiiiuoil  by  tho  Kin.  Thon,  l>i;twiM>ii  ruuges  of  wild  lnwidt  hills, 
it  keeps  east  for  al»ut  tweuly-five  miles,  passing  Dhulia  ou  ib.; 
right. »  Almnl  five  miles  below  Dhulin,  it  takes  a  aharp  torn  to  t  )k 
north,  and  for  the  lii.tl  twenty  of  ita  eighty  miles,  runs  noirL, 
falling  into  tie  TSpti  near  Thalner,  about  five  mUe8  west  of  the  Bun! 


jBomtHiy  A 


DISTRICXS. 


bed.   About  ihrec  hours  1nl«r  irbogan  to  fall  »rn\  by  noon  mm 
water  in  fho  towu  luid  oubnidpil.  "  Ou  the  Gima,  raiu   iHiRn. 
midntfilit  of  tliit  18th   (Friday)  and  continwd  ti)l  t-^. '•-■■■■ 
ni^bt  of  tli»  1 4th,  when  a  7ioli<nt  faurrivano  Mct  in.     A : 
tho  morning  of  tho  U,th,  r.h(>  Girna  begsn  to  ovi<r!' 
in<.'n»«od  till,  atxiut  baU-past  nine  that  niRht,  ! 
feet  hiffhor  than  it  hml  ever  Ihx-u  knuwu  U>  risv.     I' 
diunnux'd    by    thd    flfiod,  fifty-six    were   allogetbor    <1 
the  whole  number  fifty  wero  on  the  I'lttijhm,  thirly>lwi  uf 
Dhcilin,  six  in  Virdol,  and  twelve  in  Anmlner,    The  remaint 
wviy  ou  the  Otma,  forty  of  tUein  in  Pfit-kors,  thirty-Eix  in  En 

and  twenty^ix  in  Ch&Iiagoon.    A  vart  amoniit  of  y~ ^' 

moTnblcnud  immo^-nhlv  wfttlost.  NumbSm  of  dams,  In 
water  channeU,  liStn, and  sevenil  lar)fe  pondf.  walcriq^  Iti'ju.'^ 
Belds,  wore  either  coinplclt'ly  dt-stroj-ed  or  badly  divma^il.  E: 
of  duDUige  to  «i?il,  It«m-!«,  i-ni|M,  mid  ]n>h\ic  wfirks,  the  fl< 
calculated  to  liETc  caused  a  loRti  of  more  tbau  i)*iU,U0O(RE.  I6,i 
Beeides  Bhils  and  other  forest  tribea,  5493  families  wi 
destitute.  For  the  first  fire  or  hix  dwy-M,  ihoy  were  bu 
private  charity,  those  in  and  around  Dliuiin  recoiving  eomo 
the  shape  of  grain  from  the  hoUuicv  of  tho  KhiindcKh  riod  funi 
ropor(«  of  diHtrMS  began  to  oome  in  from  diiTerent  parta 
district,  apuhlic  meeting  was  held  at  Dbulia,  and  nrvli 
conimiltou  rormod.  Govprnmout  placed  at  the  Collector's 
£2000  (Ra.  JiO.OOO),  £500  (Ha.  WOO)  to  be  disinbufed  f: 
M500  CR:^.  15,000),  to  which  a  further  sum  of  £IO,(KIO{R».  I, 
was  afterwards  oddod,  to  be  giren  in  adnutces,  taii'tri. 
subscriptions  amounted  to  aa  much  as  £3543  lOa.  (Ra. 
Of  this  sum  iHiSO  10j>.  (Ra.  34,805)  wen}  distributi-d  nmoitj 
fauiilivs.and  £60  (Rs.  COO)  were  spent  in  cljaritv  bv  the  Oollec: 
£G97;i  18*.  (It«.  60,7310  were  udvanc«l  to  11114  persona. 
6th  Jujy  1876  a  sudden  Iwal  rainfall  so  swollml  lh**»  A 
a  tributary  of  the  Titjiti,  that  it  flooditd  thu  town  of  Shirpi 
water  in  plaoeii  Ntniiding  "ix  Uict  doop,  injuring  fifty-two  ho"" 
destroying  property  of  the  estimated  value  of  £3200  (Ra. 
On  the  r,th  Suptombwr  187(J,  the  back  water  from  a  heavy 
the  'Mpti  overflowed  its  tribotapies,  the  Gima,  the  Anjaui, 
Amnt^vati,  causing  much  damage  to  crops. 

Savo  in  XixAmpur  in  the  west  wliero  lhf>ro  is  groat  scarci 
dipnoi  is  on  the  whole  fairly  iiupjiliud  with  auiwre  water, 
of  the  chief  streams  flow  during  almost  the  wholu  year,  bU! 
^renuStfor  drinking,  as  near  villager  and  towns  thuirboda 
as  latrinea,  and  their  water  is  often  polluted  by  the  soaking  of 
and  othi^r  fibrons  planta.  Fur  thi' storage  of  water  there  wa 
1876,  aeoO  pouds  and  reservoirs,  of  which  f.>ur  were  lal 
Considerable  size.  Much  hiL-s  Intely  boon  donu  by  sinking  «< 
improve  the  Hupply  of  drinking  wot<:r.  The  1B(9.80  n^tu 
28,137  wolla,  028  of  them  with  and  27,209  without  etc 
ninet^r-seven  water-Jifta,  dhtkiuUt. 
— . ■ -__ 

'  Tlda  WM  what  rcmaiiwd  at  n  tormar  gnnt  by  tlia  Uto  Uf,  g|MbUK)i  • 
Jijitiltii,  uf  Bonbay,  for  tlic  rdtd  of  Uiaiae. 


Jl 


kijAndesu. 


M 


xcopt  tlie  Tapti  and  the  Puma  wboae  banks  are  too  high,  frOin 

Mt  all   of   thu   wt-stom   streAos  nrigatioQ  is  carrieil  od   to  a 

iilerable  extoat.     IMmti,  futndharAii,  have  iMni   IniiU-  in  great 

bors  especially  in  Pimpalneraod  Dhnlia.  lliev  are  cliiolly  found 

IV  upper  portums  of  the  strcnms,  as,  near  UieT4pti,  the  river  beds 

me  Icio  (l«cp  for  ihvir  con.tLructioii.    Three  largo  lakes  huvv  lycea 

It  or  restored  for  irrigational  purpoaea;  one  at  uarUUa,  two  milea 

m   EdlAlnd  in  BliuMLval,  vovoring  an  aroi^  of  4-10  acros ;  anotlior 

<wn  as  tha  Uukti  lake,  three  miles  from  Dhulia,  covering  an 

of  510  acres ;  and  a  third  at  Uliasva,  a  mile  and  a  half  from 

In,  coTvnng  an  arvs  of  420  ocros.   ll(!«id(;s  thuKo  there  is  th^old 

uilur  lake  with  a  Roialler  one  near  it  called   Varibhokar,  four 

,cs  north-west  of  DhnliS,  and  the  remains  of  two  other  ponds, 

of  tlii-tn  l^nwn  a»  Boyd's  pond,  in  tho  Ohdlin  village  lands. 

i!  upper  Mehruu  lake,  built  by  the  Jalgaon  municipality  at  a 

t  of  £7400  {Rb.  74,000)  and  covering  an  area  of  about  151  acres, 

ipItL'N    tho   town    with    good  nod    plontifu)    wnt«r.     All    those 

ds   are  formed  by  earthen    omiinnkuienla  and   provided  witb 

ices.    Of  village  ponds,  those  at  Pdrola,  DhanwgaoD,  Nandurb&r, 

mdapur,  and  Mbaarad  arc  most  n^marksblu. 

II  tho  varieties  of  sqU  that  come  under  each  of  the  three  ordeni, 

k   kali,  red   mtil,  ancf  atony  barad,  are  found  tn  this  district. 

'central  belt  of  Uio  wide  1«pli  vallny,  about  half  of  Uio  wholo 

«,  eonaista  either  of  a  black  ullnvial  clay  highly  retentive  of 

'  itare,  or  of  a  loam  overlvintf  a  atratum  ot  yellpwiBh'clay  of  good 

iu    On  thi:;  deposit  soil,  which  for  richnosa  cauoot^  surpassed, 

icMt  i»  u-xtciidivciy  grown,  in  «omo   plucea  from  ywir  to  yi»r, 

itbout  the  aid  of  manure  or  change  of  crop,  y Skirting  thia  rick 

t>M^i  along  tlie  baao  of  the  Satpnd&s  wb(>r%thi>  K-vol  is  Komuwhnt 

r,   tlio  w>n     i»   inferior,   and   in    the   higher  ridgea   almoat 

iii-iiit|)earB.    Along  the  baul^  of  the  river,  whoro  the  land  is  much 

jont  tnr  doop'ravinca,  the  soil  is  mixed  or  ovvrlaid  with  IJmc^  noiluica, 

land  in  sonM!  placos  the  surface  soil   is  eniimly  waahe<i  away,  willl 

excsptioaal  palches    or   strips  of  rich  alluvial     di-posit.     On    the 

■oato-fiaat,  rod   soil,  including  brown  and  grt-y,  pni^duminatcs  with 

■Mt.4i£a  of  coarse  black  overlying  Iran,  deterioraiing  towards  the 

^Lih-weat,  where  it  is  found  of  less  depth,  most  (u  it  light  and 

^Rablo,  much  mixed  with  gravel  or  lime  nodules. 

,  Compared  with  other  Bombay  districts,  Ehindeab  ta  remarkat)Io 
jfor  its  Urge  tfacta  of  arable  waeto.  Tim  chief,  of  those  Ao  Pil 
<,mtnoog  tbo  SdipudiU  to  tlic  north  of  KAver,  Amba  in  Shirpar, 
Dltwui  in  Cboiioa,  and  Nav&pur  and  other  tracts  in  Piuipalnerv 
Ostoe  highly  tilled,  they  are  now  oovenxl  with  brushwood,  and 
liave  become  so  nuhi^nlthy  that,  from  Sopt«mbor  to  February,  hardly 
aoy  ooobnt  fi!  '         '    ''■     ''  rtiat  mb£a  can  live  in  them. 

TheDeelog^  -i^  been  esaniiiiL'd  only  as  far  south 

as  ihc  Topfi.     This,  a  mrip  of  varying  brc:vlth  botwpeu  the  TAjili 
and  tbu  Sitpml&o,  is  chiotly  covered  by  aUnvinm.     Trap,  lb(^  only 


Caiaf 
II«Hri) 
Int^s 


w» 


■  IbMnln  of  Un  Uu»k«u^  8vrr*y  ut  ladJ*.  VI.  Put  Itl.  124, 182-  18B. 


*   V  •  IBomlMjQia 

13  DISTHICys. 

V 

iI>Ut  I.         other  formation,  fonns  tbe  hilla  and  sbows  here  and  there  a 
uiptioB.        deeper  ravinoa.     The  streams  ruiAung  from  the  SAtpnd^  hxi 
infra-trappoan  pebbles.     Trap  probably  occurs  hero  and  the 
.*''  the  bed  of  the  TApti,  as  in  many  places  to  the  soath,  trap  rock 

at  no  great  distance  from  tha  stream.  Though  allaviom  atre 
fur  some  fifteen  miles  north,  the  rock  appears  near  BbasiTal  i 
the  railway  bridge  crosses  the  TApti.  About  five  miles 
BurhAnpur,  and  about  a  mile  north-east  of  the  village  of  Choll 
there  is  a  singular  compact  patch  of  limestone  about  fifty  feet 
It  shows  no  signs  of  ory stall  ization  and  appears  to  contain  nof< 
At^no  end  there  is  a  white  Handy  rock,  like  decomposed  g 
standing  on  end  as  if  part  of  a  vertical  bed.  But  as  it  contains  roi 
grains  it  is  probiibly  sandstone.  'ITiis  iBasa  of  sodimentary  n 
evidently  a  portidh  of  some  infra-trappean  formation,  very  pro 
Lamota  or  BAgh,  either  brought  up  by  a  dyko  or  included  in  i 
flow.  Tho  traps  in  the  low  rises  stretching  across  from  Burh 
to  near  Raver  appear  to  dip  north  at  abont  5°.  In  the 
valley  and  near  Daulet,  north  of  Chopda,  they  appear  to  bo  horiz 
and  the  same  is  the  case  to  tho  westward  as  far  as  the  Bomba 
Agra  road,  whore,  on  the  top  of  tho  ascent  leading  to  Siudvs 
beds  stretch  in  distinct  horizontal  terraces.  About  SultAnpn 
alluvimn  runs  far  up  in  a  deep  bay  among  tho  hills.  Tho  tra 
Turanm&l  are  nearly  horizontal.  But  contrary  to  the  general 
the  trap  ridges  lying  further  west  are  rarely  flat-topped  and 
very  craggy.  North-west  of  Turanmftl  is  a  low  east-north-ea* 
aud  this,  turning  north.north-east,  continues  as  far  as  tho  Udai 
where  the  dip  is  about  6°.  Along  tho  north  boundary  of  Kh& 
tho  traps  have  generally  a  low,  not  very  regular,  northerly  dip 

To  the  Bonth'  of  th^  Tdpti,  the  strangely  tilte<l  peaks  abor 
Bahy&dris  and  the  steep  and  deep  defiles  running  into  the 
very  curious  and  imposing.  The  columnar  structure  of  tho  roi 
peculiar  especially  on  the  range  separating  Nfeik  from'  Kh&i 
llie  hilly  portions  are  covered  with  a  stratum  of  dark  basalt 
felspar,  hornblende  and  iron  ore  are  also  present.  In  the  rangi 
passes  by  the  town  of  Nandurbflr  there  is  a  striking  peculiaritj 
runs  east  and  west  for  about  fifty  miles  and  is  composed  of  a 
of  serrated  peaks  and  ridges,  in  some  places  disappearing,  in  c 
breaking  off  into  parallel  ridges,  yet  on  the  whole  maintain! 
course  and  peculiarity.' 

Springs.*  In  Kh&idesh  there  are  fourhot  springs,  three,  UnAbdov.  Suni 

and  Najhardev  in  Chopda,  and  tho  fourth,  Vadla  in  fSliirpur. 
UnAuduv  hot  springs  lie  abont  three  miles  north-west  of  Adui 


'  GononJ  Report  of  tho  Survey  of  IndU.  1877-78,  108. 

*  Noar  the  woU  known  hilt  of  Bhimergaii  are  tvro  poaka,  RauUa  Mii[  Janl 
their  origin  tlio  story  ia  that  tvro  brothera,  Kunhis  by  ca«t-o,  oiio  il.iy  wiir 
the  tiohl  taw  a  woman  coming  townrda  them.  Kach  said  that  alie  \iiiB  liia  vr 
tho  diaputo  waxed  hot.  When  tbo  woman  camo  near,  thuy  founil  iho  wastliuir 
So  asBamed  were  they  of  having  called  their  aiiiter  tboir  wife,  that  they  rua.l 
in  the  TieM,  and  jumping  into  it  wore  both  burnt  to  iloath.  To  cnnniU-tn  the  a. 
thfe  Biiiter  jumped  in  fttter  them.  In  honour  of  thin  Bn|f-d«v"tion  tbu  iw„  pc.^t 
irec  sprang  up,  '  From  niatorialfl  supplied  by  Mr.  J.  I'oUeu,  c.fj. 


14 


DISTRICTS. 


CbapUr  I. 

tncriptloR. 

ClioMte. 


miilOlo  or  Ft)l)nuu7  to  tlie  middlo  of  Jane.     Fmm  Tnmtjroll 
(MMiitioa,  nmll^bBTBcter,  llii'  i:Iinmlu  ritrirs  grei^'  ^umilf 

thi«  dulrict.  Id  tbo  wBitUrrn  biiU  and  funi«t->.  i  .  .  .iFiJ!  b) 
BOQtb-weat  motuuon  is  beaTy,  and  in  Uie  S&tpudoa  tbt- 
coiuide ruble.  But  oror  mach  of  the  oeotn;  sod  soiii^  '— 
iK-Aotjr  and  ancvruin,  tiud  lu  few  seMoni  it  is  in  uJ  I  porta  ^ 
'I'hrouglioul  Kbftndesb  it  ib  lea  tiuM  in  the  SouUun  I 
Conntry,  and  titllo  if  at  bU  gnxlvr  thxn  io  tbu  Oeccan.  1 
reinoTiM]  from  ibe  extremes  of  scnn.'v  and  nf  ubundAat  I 
bad,  during  the  tvreDty-nine  jraera  ending  \ft7'J,  an  arc 
uf  21-78  inchoD,  tho  amonnt  TarpRg  froia  10*04  in  1871 
t87S.    Tlio  foUowin^  tabtt  gives  the  yeari;  teturus  : 

ZMmGh  Kai^air,  list .  im. 


r^ 

iMfaK 

OntL 

XUk. 

BMa* 

D*M. 

1 

- 

!• 

IM      ... 

M 

H 

IHl      ... 

tr 

1« 

nn    .„ 

UM      ... 

U 

M 

UM      -. 



.. 

i*n    „ 

M 

iMa    ... 

It 

M 

IM      ... 

» 

M 

un    _ 

M 

UH      ... 

M 

U 

UN      - 

It 

IS 

in« 

H 

■Ml      ._ 

It 

M> 

M*      _. 

» 

H 

WM     _ 

« 

UH      ... 

» 

11 

H«      ... 

It 

n 

UN      ^ 

U 

mi   ~. 

M 

M 

um    ... 

u 

u 

IWT      „ 

M 

UH    .> 

II 

M 

UN      ... 

11 

n 

l«l 

H 

UH      ._ 

M 

« 

UM      ... 

n 

OT 

ll«      .^ 

ae 

tM>     ., 

n 

M 

IflO      ... 

M 

B 

8 


Excrjit   friira  Dhiilia  rain  rt-ltima  are  not  availublo   apti 

Mr.  Chanibera  Huiiplies'  tlio  fdUowiug  avvragos  tor  tbu  vim 

endioK  1871 : 

Slubulak  Itai^ati.  1861.1S7J. 


Hmmi. 

A«J 

•mdm. 

T«Mlf. 

JaMtD 
Scpuaitar. 

Twriy. 

AMHiMt         _          

BlWU           ^ 

^••lnl*l     ^ 

53 

n-ct 

H-M 

l<« 
nil 

n>irin>i    ...     _     _ 
JtMBS        _      „      ... 
NdMn        .„       _       ._ 
CMUmim    .       _       ... 

I'fao  cold  season,  from  tbo  niiildle  of  October  to 
of  February,  in,  except  ou  cloudy  days,  pleasant  and  br 
phuliu,  iu  the  vigbl  yean  nodiug  1879,  IX-cember  and  JaDiuU 
ilio  *ct>ldest  montlis  with  average  miuimums  of  52°  and  4 
minimnniB of  40° and 41°.  From themiddle  of  Piibmnry  to  tbe 
of  Juno,  exoopt  tbo  wo«t,  tlio  whole  of  Kh&udvxli  i»  sal 
an  uxtremv  of  dry  beat.  At  Dhulia,  daring  the  eight  year* 
1879,  May  was  tho  hottest  month  with  un  nrcmge  maxin 
1U6^  and  an  uxtrcmv  inaximum  uf  111".  In  the  Sfitpnd 
beat  is  somewhat  tempenMl  by  the  foresfat,  but  bohiw  tint  S£, 
especially  in  the  east,  tho  'T&p\i  valley  '\&  llie  hottest  i 
tbo  district,  aomctimeii  still  and  stiBing,  at-  otbvr  timet 
boming  winds  blowing  far  into  the  nigbi  with  tbo  Ihcrmon 


'  l.liaa>b«n'  Muloorahf;  ItH,  219. 


[BoBteyGM 


Mptorll. 
■rodiictioiL. 
Mineral!. 


FonsU. 


CnAPTER    II. 

PRODUCTION'. 

*  KnXKnKSii  has  littlo  'minenil  wealth.  Trap  rock  is 
everywliera,  nad  though  much  of  it  "is  friable  iwid  useleBS  t 
road-moD ding,  there  is  pk-iity  of  Btoiio  goi>d  eoQugh  foro 
building  inirposea.  Tlio  tteat  qiinrry  iu  the  district  is  one  in 
of  the  vighur  rivor  near  Bhiisaval.  It  is  convenieDtly  plac 
has  been  much  usod  for  railway  works.  There  is  no  good  lii 
handy  for  working,  but  iu  all  blikck  soil,  except  in  the  deep 
landa  of  the  Tapti  valley,  the  small  nodular  limestono  kit' 
kiinkar  ia  abundant,  and  yields  excellent  lime.  Gravel,  cs 
ordinary  road  purposes,  is  found  all  over  the  district.  C 
brickmaking,  occurs  in  all  parts  of  the  district,  but  the  Kl 
potters  and  brtckmakers  arc  not  remarkable  for  the  oxcell 
their  work. 

KMudftsh  is  one  of  the  largest  forest  districts  in  the  Pret 
Its  Government  reserves,  stretching  over  2326  square  miles 
per  cent  of  the  entire  area.  Ho  chiefly  iu  the  hilly  coantrj 
west,  along  the  S&tpuda  hills  in  the  north,  and  in  tho  rough  la 
the  south-east  corner.  Besides  these  nmin  ranges,  Khtlndcsh 
in  the  central  plain,  is  full  of  low  hills,  unauited  for  tillt^ 
these,  at  present  bare  even  of  brushwood,  have  been  made 
the^rest  department  to  bo  re-clothed  with  trees.  'Of  the 
forest  area,  1G12  square  miles  have  boon  declared  to  be  reserved 
and  714  protected  forests  under  chapters  II.  and  IV.  of  the 
Act.'  Arrangements  are  now  in  progress  for  increasing  t 
nnder  conservation  by  transferring  to  the  forest  department 
the  waste  lands  which  have  hitherto  been  held  available  for 
and  to  meet  the  demand  for  land  to  cultivate. 


>  Except   the   Forest  SeotioD   coDtribnted   by    Mr,    O.     K.    Dcthnm 

ConBerrator  of  Forests,  »nd  the  Wild  A DiniaU Section  cniitri'iuttNl  by  Major 
District  Superintendent  of  Police,  this  chapter  is  the  work  <if  Mr.  \V.  Ranis 
'  Under  tbe  Forest  Act  (VII,  of  1B78),  Government  may  {Hti:tion  Sf  cniis 
{or«at  land  or  waste  land,  which  is  the  propurty  of  Government,  or  01 
Oovernmant  hat  proprietary  righta,  or  to  tlie  wliole  or  any  iiai-t  of  1 
produce  of  which  GoverDment  la  entitled,  a  rcaoned  forest;  and  (Govern 
(section  2S)  declani  to  be  a  protected  forest,  any  forest  laud  or  wn«tc  land, 
not  included  tn  a  reaerred  forest,  but  which  is  the  property  of  <iuvuri 
orer  which  Govammcnt  haa  proprietary  rights,  or  to  the  whole  or  uiiy  { 
forest  produce  of  which  Government  ia  entitled.  Reserved  forastu  arc  ui 
coiiiervancy,  and  as  a  rule  are  not  burdened  by  right*.  The  chapter 
protecttd  forests,  while  giving  power  to  reserve  any  class  of  treea,  provid 
other  things,  for  the  exercise  of  rights  to  grass  andwood,  for  permitting 
cut  timber  on  the  license  syatein,  and  foi  the  olcftringkuil  brealung  up  1 
cnltivatioD  and  other  pnrpotes. 


khAndesh. 


17 


I  the  opitntug  of  the  Onmt  iDdian  P«uiu8ala  Railway  (I860), 
hodesh  timber  supplies  woi«  ao  diiiUuit  from  nny*  f^eat 
ud  bod  to  be  brought  Ihroii^^h  so  difHt-iilt  a  couolry,  tbftt 
n  in  little  doroaud.  With  (he  i)|M.tHiiig  ■>{  (he  railway 
^Dgied.  In  mnlciQ^  the  line,  mach  timber  wm  wanted, 
ioeeat*,  bonded  uvur  to  cuiitractonij  w<;rci  doBtroyed  withoub 
j^teiu. 

'S,  Kh&ndBsli  And  ALmedna^ror  were  made  tbe  join)  rhargu 
ncipwin  ofliwr.  Ftir  Kluliidi'-sh  uu  office  and  executive 
ment  of  two  clerks,  three  in-ipeciom,  three  hwnd  fonrKtcm, 
m  foresters,  at  a  total  monthly  poxt  of  lUb  [lln.  ;i&<>},  wui 
itjoned.  lu  1870,  Dr.  ItnttiiliK,  whu  in  hif  towr  tbrougb 
wa»  unable  to  visit  KlUudesh,  couHued  hia  nn>p(>Mil.i  ^^^  tho 
in  that  a«li!itrtct  forest  ufiicor  should  bo  itppoiuted,     8inc4 

Khindoi«h  forests  have  fonnod  a  M-juirnte  chnrgu.  The 
etttublipihmoul,  at  a  mouihly  cost   of   £75   H*.  (K&  751), 

four  writers,  ihroe  messen^rs,  fonr  ranj^-rs,  oloven 
,  nnd  seventeen  forest  guards.  A  Hu|)plemouuil  t«iu[xirmry 
nient  is  abo  entertained. 

1870,  tha  work  of  ntarkinp*  oat  forest  reserves  has  been 
nrcNtutd  00,  tTp  to  the  close  of  tho  liwl  iteaeon  (1878-79), 
gBflerveii  with  a  t*ital  an>»  uf  l,028,t}23  acres  have  Iteeti 
^■3  marked  bv  pernmneDt  boundary  pillars.      Besides  these 

ttevpral  Hinall  isolated  ("ihhul.  Acacia  unibi<ra,  mw»dow8, 
a  Jt&muer,  llhiisixml,  and  NAsirabad,  Hav»  been  dtKnari/uted, 
the  toCa]  forest  area  to  1,01^1,881)  acres  or  lit  12  sqnai'e  miles. 
B,  w'Iki  always  prefer  the  life  of  ro%'ing  woodtnon  to  that  of 
usbuiidni«n,  are  the  ohief  tlifHciilty  in  the  way  of  forming 
^aacrved  forests  in  the  S^tpnd^.  Ig  the  tracts  chosen  is 
Bbf  tho  district  there  is  little  or  do  tilUg«. 
ther*ienmreaticm  has  been  effeotod  Kince  .March  1879,  when 
btion  was  puhli.nhed  iu  the  Goyemmenl  Oaastte,  declaring 
an  milea  to  bo  reserved  forest  and  714  eqiium  miles  to  be 
I  fon*-«*  andor  Act  VII.  of  1S78.  A  settlement  officer  i« 
iiged  in  inquiriiiffinloanddiatyMiin^of  thenrfhta  which  exist 
ands,  in  ascertamiii^wbatpnvile^s  it  will  be  necemaryfbr 
.ro  of  the  people  to  p<frmil  U>  be  cxereiited  in  thcso  huids, 
BriDff  what  portion  if  any  of  the  lands  declared  to  be 
[  forest  can  bo  removed  into  the  catefj^ry  of  rverred  fores^ 
ilermininjf  how  far  it  will  be  jw^siblo  to  include  iu  ftre.tt 
>  lauda  which  hare  hitherto  been  held  available  for  grazing 
■ovide  for  the  spread  of  tillage. 

1871),  of  tho  1,003,190  aen-H  tinder  forest  conservancy, 
were  included  in  firHt,  and  273,412  iu  second  claaa  reserves, 
aintng  33*j6  acres  were  small  bdbkul  meadows.  Under 
mit  conveyed  in  the  late  Governor,  Sir  Richard  Temple's 
-Vth  Jiino  1S78],  and  acting  on  the  auggeiitions  of  the 
"areat  committee  which  met  in  Poona  in  the  latter  part  ol 
8,  the  following  additions  and  chaogea  have  beenjuSde. 
reserves,  all  htihkul  meadnwit,  and  all  second  clasa 
kloD^  tho  lower  slopes  of  the  fi&tpadis,  have  bc«u  outifiud 

'3 


Chi 

Fra 


.  18 


msTBicrre. 


duptAr  n. 
ProdnotioB. 

Foncta. 

Ana. 


fDacriptiw. 


%is  rmmrved  foreits.  It  U  intended  lliatftlKnit  ^A,t 
reserred  and  prot«ct<>d  (nnwtk,  wnat«  land*,  and 
should  be  added,  niid  24,2^3  acrea  of  oocopiwl  land  takeii| 
purposM.  More  land  is  available,  but  tbo  unil^'ing  vil' 
Pimpalnpr  and  Nandiirbtir  Bofa-divimona,  where  forut  tniul  ai 
(oaDd,  cannot  al  present  be  takra  up.  The  grass  meadM 
ffreatlf  in  size,  Taloe,  and  geneml  sinToiitidin^.  Sonw  ■< 
3e6iied  isoUted  tracta  of  go<>d  land,  in  vywj  way  fit  &jr  ■ 
timber.  Othen  are  Tillage  uplanda  bn'keu  herre  and  there  ^ 
lau<lM.  The  latter,  of  no  great  ralae  and  liithvn<»  nut  iindtf 
manaf>«nient,  have  boon  pro)>osud  a«  protected  (oreRtii.  h: "''' 
aSid  unmrreyfid  TillageK,*»ume  truota  hare  been  in 
■an ctioned  reserved  foreets.  As  tbedt'eaof  thoeeunleinc  tiur 
ioreets  cannot  1m  fizud,  thoyharo  not  bwn  tndudtwl  iu  tha  g 
return.  Man;  single  survey  numlion*  and  koiaII  waste  patcfast 
river  banks  will,  as  reconunended  tiy  the  foreet  cotumitbM 
be  chosen.  It  is  also  intended  to  chooeei  and  recununa 
DotiGcaiion  a«  protected  foniTste,  timbor-Dorered  land  IjiAjr 
the  base  of  the  Sitpoda  hills  in  BiLvda,  Chnpda,  and  81 
Until  nil  thuso  changes  have  been  made,  the  final  total  bn 
caanot  l)e  Accurately  fixed. 

Thoagb  want  of  ci>nt<«rvan<-y,  oombined  with  the  pecolisr 
of  the  hill  tribes,  has  greally  reduced  the  sapply    of  tU 
valuable  kinds  of  timber,  the  Kluiodesb  forests  wttl  in  tine  1| 
valoable.  ^At  present  the  hotter  twrta  of  timbor  are  almo-tt  M 
obtained   troxa  the  borrilory  of  the  Mehvijt  chiefs  in   the 
Bortfa-west  of  the  district.     The  forests  of  Kh&nde«h 
unable  to  supply  even  tlw  VkmX  demand. 

Th(!  twenty  Khdndosh  forost  r«»crve8  may  Iw  ronphly 
under  three  groups.  In  the  north  a  Meries  of  forest*  stn 
along  the  Hun  of  the  Sittpudds  from  Akrtini  in  the  ecttrtna* 
westto  Siivdft  in  Iho  enst :  in  the  i»oiitb>eui<t  and  sooth,  parts 
north  slopedi  of  tliv  tS&tiniit&:<  and  some  outlying  low  hij)  rang 
river  bonlca  j  and  in  tlie  west,  the  rouph  hilly  iract*,  where 
aorUicru  extremity  of  the  range  tli«  Snhyiidris  sweep  eai 
acroea  the  KluVudc-sh  plain.  In  the  north  or  SAtpuda  jn^uf 
between  the  TApti  and  the  Narbado,  are  seven  fortnt  re 
Except  scattered  open  plains  or  bare  patchoa,  some  of  them  a 
extent,  the  whole  of  the  hiti  range  is  one  vaat  forest.  Par 
ar«  m  wild  and  luni-ly  that  they  cannot  bo  explored  withoot  h 
A  Blrnngor  might  i>o  I(>«t  for  days  in  the  maze  of  waving  hil 
.  with  tliick  scrub  and  brushwood.  In  so  rough  a  conntry  onl, 
of  the  trees  n-pi>y  the  cost  of  carriogv,  and  almost  all  tb 
vnluablo  have  been  cut  by  Bhils  and  others,  partlv  for  sale,  pal 
their  own  ase,  and  aometimea  to  clew  the  ground  for  tillage. 
The  carekM  and  tutn-slematic  cutting  of  sleepers,  dnr 
making  of  (he  Great  Indian  Peninnala  Railway,  did  much  U 
the  value  of  tho  forexls.  Still  almost  every  trew  known  iu  \ 
rndh  ^is  found  in  the  Sitpuda  hills,  and  when  better  m( 
coinniunication  have  been  opened  and  oontiervanoy  has  seeured 
growth,  these  foreets  will  be  of  very  great  value.    Il  is  a  pec 


\oa,i  M 
hevnl 

hiVw 


napter  II. 

rodactioD. 

Fonata. 


20 


DISTMOTS. 


©ttT      I 


of  tho  range  tire  toreet  aim  is  ooafined  to  hill  slopes  and  intersi 
rariiMa.  The  tletailn,  l>v^niu^ fiv)m  the  nonh,are : (I )TiUN8'Pn 
32,063^  acres,  in  the  petty  division  of  Edlabod,  Uof  along  the  ' 
hillH  north  of  tho  Purna  and  strotcho«  to  the  Ber&r  Erontior. 
ooDtains  three  dltttincl  forest  bells,  the  Gbodasgaoa  hahttut  w 
friaginff  the  I'artia  banks,  the  Oondhni  anjan  forv«t,  uod  the  t 
tttrip  of  woodliMid  skirting  the  hillm  sa  &u-  ns  Mirdi  on  thg  " 
frontier.  The  whole  of  the  resOTro  ia  backed  by  NemAd  forc«l«,  niosi 
GoTpramiint,  exoopt  tho  northern  portions  which  are  partly  held 
grant  by  Masalm&n  Bhil,  or  TtidTi,  chiefs.  Its  poHition,  near 
n<fer  and  between  tiro  railways,  makes  it  a  Tory  valuable 
Tb«  chinf  tix'os  arc  bdhhu!  iind  anjan.  ,(2)  Oondbi,  17,7y7^ 
lies  in  JfUoneron  the  StltmtLla  slopes  on  the  soath^eastem  frontier  of 
tho  district-  It  is  rich  in  toak  rafters  and  prot4M:tt  tho  headwate^^ 
of  tho  lUg  river.  (3)  FAtha,  32,132^  acrt^s.in  the  south  of  Ch&li^l 
gaoa,  lies  along  the  north  slopes  of  the  S^tm&Ia  hills.  Tho  chi^^ 
treo  is  anjitn.  This  rcsorro,  though  much  dntnngijd  in  former 
years  by  reckless  cutting  and  unchecked  gnuting,  contains  r  toi 
valuable  supply  of  firewood.  Besidra  Iheee  then  are  two  outlyi 
forwt  traoLi.  (1)  BiBBOi.  GeoTEs,  H^tid  nores,  moKt  of  (hem  on 
banks  of  rivers  in  BhusiTal,  Jimner,  and  Nasirabad,  a  very  viUnobl 
property.  (2)  JdvXrdi,  .^U^lRJ  acrm,  in  a  trrelem  troot  in  the  petty 
oiviaioD  of  Bhadgaon,  though  grierously  ntiimsed  in  former*  y^wi^^ 
and  still  vciy  Ihiidy  clud  and  in  wont  of  nursing,  has  a  strong  grow^^| 
of  young  aujaH.  ^( 

In  Iho  west,  the  spur  of  the  Sshyidria  that  mna  to  the  sontb  of 
Dhnlia  is  reinarkahio  for   the  frw  growth  of  anjan.     At  present 
somewhat  bare,  it  giveii  every  promi.'m  of  yielding  valuable  timber. 
Attomptt;  are  being  nade  to  plant  this  range  of  hills  with  ivtik, ' 
as  yet  lh<^  rc«uH  is   nnoortain.     The  only  othor  large  and  unbrofe 
forest  tract  is  in  the  low  country  to  thu  uxtrvme  wost  on  tho  bo' 
of  tlA  Tilpti  and  Ne«iu,  near  tho  GiUkw&r  and  Mvhv'iUi  l«rn 
Porftictly  flat,  the  soil  ia  a  rich  alloTium,  and  though  thoy 
suffered  somewhat  from  ovorcrowdiug,   ^te  Ireos  are  largo, 
good  timber  still  remains,  but  tbo  rich  soil  und  oxcoltcnt  grazing 
haw  bct^^ii  an  attjaction  to  vettlera.     Beginning  from   I.«tling  ouar 
Dhulia  and  jpaasing  north-west,  the  eight  reserves  among  tho  western 
nplands  ancl  hills,  are  Luling,  Bomi,  P&n,  Amli,  Sontb  NavApar,  Nosn, 
IFViMi,  and  Devmogra.     (1)  LALmo,  7009^  acres,  bo  the  wont  of  the 
higB  road  to  ^tlllegaon,  about  seven  mili>g  south  of  Dbnlia,  stands  OD  a 
high  plateau  with  st««p  sides  on  the  north  and  sontb,  and  on  the  east 
•  and  west  bi»^er«d  by  de«p  gorgiw.     Ercopt  at  KiiUKvvnr  where  there 
aresorau  (*al)hul  groTea,  the  only  tree  is  «n_ji»ti.     (2)  Boiui,  17,-18"+| 
acres,  in  Niiuimpur  to  the  nortb-weat,  a  good  fuel  resorvo,  is  spociiUly 
Toluable  front  its  nearni-s.-^  to  tbv  trvelosH  Httb'divisiorinof  Vimel  ana 
Dhulia,  whose  Inrtre  fuel  demand  it  can  well   aupply.    This  rescrva 
includes   a  coii«iJitri.blo  area  of  tilled   land.     (3)  PAx,  2fi,'t8tM 
atcres,  also  in  Ni«tmpur,  is  a  valuable  fuel  reserve.     Kxcept  in  the 
TaMeys,  tt  is  at  present  ;H>orly  wooded.     Kfutir,  tho  chief  tree,  grows 
to  a  EsjT  auce.     This  will  in  time  ba  a  wry  valuable   forest.     (4) 
Ajili,  &3,772-A  acros,  on  the  hills  hetwoen  I'impalner  and   NavApur, 
protetit«  tbo   headwaters   of  the  K&a  and    Pilnjhra  rivers.     Fair' 


khAndbsh 


ProdnoUoa. 


{nru  of  it,  mpocuUl;  at  tlio   foot  of   ch«  bill^,  are   rery 
Inable.     The  chief  lre<eA  nru  toulbaod  tiva»,  Ualberg'ia  ujignfliiiti?). 
SooTB  NAvXroK,  16,^44  acree,  lies  atbair  ilw   bouadory   hiUa 
_         aa    BaroJu   »ud    Khindosh.      It    i*   fiurly   w.»ilt>d,   ohicfly  nf"****' 

witb  AAoir,  the  finest  i»  KMndesh,  mixed  with  teak  and  a  ^*"^"*^ 
»pi-ijikliiiif  of  blackwood,  Dalber^^ia  Ucifolia.  TIm  spnmd  of  tillage 
over  tho  lowlving  Uiiid  litu  maiJo  tlie  oulliue  of  tlie  reserve  irregular. 
EHoreu  villuj^s  included  iq  tiie  reserve  are  leaaed  on  tbe  Inmp  goto, 
uicti,  t«Dure,  which  carrJvs  with  it  the  privili*^  of  ^tbering  moha, 
Buwin  latifoUa,  berriett  and  firewood  aud  of  graimg.  (6)  Nbso, 
10,333  acrev,  also  in  NavAmir  on  the  banks  of  the  Nesti  river,  h«a 
-jome  of  the  best  u-iifc  in  Khiindesb.  (f)  TAiTi.  1KI20^  acrea,  *n 
NarApor  close  to  the  Neau  wj^rve,  haa  alxiudant  and  well  grown 
kKair.  (8)  Dbyjiookx,  31,0{W^^  acres,  in  Kandorb&r  oloM  to  the 
Tdpli  and  bordering  on  G^ikwi&r  k-rrit'Ory,  ia  a  Sue  compact  block  of 
denite  furcst.  A  moat  valuable  and  promiaiug  reaerve,  it  has  a  good 
stock  of  teak  mftertiund  suplin;^  mixed  mthb&nddra,  Lageratnemia 
parriflora,AAaiV,  and  blackwiiiid. 

Furllier  to  th<.'  wost  lie  the  half  independent  lands  of  the  MohviM 
and  Wng  chiefs,  nt  jinfiKal  the  great  stunjUtiiwe  of  Klulndeah 
timber.  The  Mebv^a  cbiefa,  left  free  to  dispirse  of  their  forest 
umduoo,  export  great  quantities,  west  to  tho  ooaat,  and  cast  to 
Khaudeah.  The  I>4Dg  forests,  lua^od  to  the  British  Goveniment, 
ntuuuu  gruut  stores  of  Umber,  supplying  tho  timhur  mnrta  of 
southern  (rujanit  and  Kalhiawir.  By  surr eying  it  and  o|>«:ning  a 
roml  to  Bals&r,  the  re»cturi->!:t  ol  Ihi^  lU'Ht  diflicult  and^  unhealthy 
conalry  are  boooming  gradually  better  known.  Besides  these 
ri  ■  ■ ' vii'ts  of  riirt-st.  !;ind,  cvprywhun*  in  KhItud<^'>h  ivns  largo  areas 

■>i  .  -uy  ground,  al  pre*teut  yielding  littJe  but  grass  and  thorny 

shruba.  • 

Till  qnito  ^lately,  within  the  SttpudAs,  the  Bhils  wore  allowed  Tuhi 
to  cut  timber  freely.  When  forost  conservancy  was  iotrodnced, 
it  was  found  tluit  mimcthing  luu]  to  be  dona  to  checlc  the 
desiruction  that  was  guj^g  cm.  Mr.  Horaley,  C.8.,  who  gave  the 
sabject  mual  CIlru^tl  attjtDtiou,  introduced  the  Bhil  ticket  system. 
Id  Bvery  S^tpnda  aub-divi»ii)u  a  rogisU^r  was  opened  in  which  the 
name*  of  all  who  gained  their  livelihood  by  woodcutting  were  entered. 
Each  woodcutliir  wn»  given  a  wooden  ticket  or  paaii  bearing  a  serial 
nomber  oorrespondiucr  with  hi.i  nuniher  in  the  register,  nnd  under 
osi^n  ruUyf  and  conditions,  this  ticket  gave  him  the  right  yt  out 
wood  in  thi>  S»tpttda  reserves.  At  &ni  thin  system  worked  ^irly  well. 
But  in  IU7<.>.  the  couceaition  to  Ilia  Highness  Holkar  of  391^ 
square  iniii:s  i.f  valuable  forest,  at  onco  crippled  the  syaleni,  aa  it  sd 
reduced  the  area  that  thi:  foroxtn  wore  umdtie  to  supply  timber  enough 
to  moot  tbe  demands  of  the  ticket* holders.  Tho  number  of  tioket- 
holdera  was  reduced,  and  they  were  not  allowed  to  cut  any  more 
teak. 

Of  forest  tribes  the  Bhilaare  the  most  important.  They  are  found 
more  or  le»a  thniugliout  the  district.,  but  are  moat  nnmerons  ig.  tho 
S&tpoda  hills.  Besides  Bhila  there  are,  of  Sitpiida  forcartr  tribes, 
BbiUUfut  with  some  strain  of  Raipat  blood,  Vanj&ris,  and  in  tha 


Fomt 


{Bombar  OasettMT, 


DISTRICTS. 


» 


flatOMt  of  DEMlgaon    and  the   mounUiinans  coantry    of   Alrr4iii|^ 
'inia^    Td  tbe  we«t«ni  hills  »re  K&tkaris,  G^vils,   and  !kIaTchi 
nod  scattered  over  tlia   whole  diHtrict,  aru  Vndara,  PArdliu, 
PhiM  Pirdhiii, 

The  rates  of  pay  for  forest  work  rarj  ffroatlj  ia  difTi^rcnt  plaOtt.1 
Th«  geuerd  «3rBLein  is  task  work  nt  th«  rale  of  about  10*.  (Ks.  SI  " 
100  rafters.     Only  iin;n  an  um|>!oy«d  in  format  work.     labour  ie  rc 
scarce.    The  Bbils  dixlike  regular  work  and  ihink  it  bcnuath 
to  eara  ordinary  labour  wages. 

Poreat  rcoeiptit  have  rittoa  fmra  £.'i7S6    (Rs.  S7,8e0)  in    IS70  Ie 
£8618  (Rh.  85,180)  in  L87a     Ouriag  the  eamo  limo  chargers  hai 
iifcreaaod  from  £1574  to  A4587  (B«.  1^,740  -  Rs.  43,870),  leaving  i 
unchanged  revenue  of  about  £S98I  (Rs.  39,310).     The  details  arc 

KUaJak  PerM  Stveamt,  1870.  tms. 


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I 


Id  1878-79.  of  the  whole  roocipte,  £2609  wvre  th«  proceeds  of  a 
tax  on  forttign  timber ;   £3134   were  recovered  from  the   emlo 
building  liiubor ;  £I8C5  from  the  sulo  of  biunboos  and  firuwood  -,  aa 
£910  trom  minor  produce. 

In  spite  ofitti  large  forefltaron,  and  of  cheimprovemontaintrodDCi 
dui-ing  the  last  ten  ^ears,    Kh&adosh   iwob  more  timber  than 

Sows.  M<Mt  of  tlio  imported  tinilwr  oomes  from  iho  IMngis  and  the' 
uhvfU  atatea  to  the  north  and  uorth-weat  of  the  district,  anti  from 
NoiuAIl  iu  tlie  eiutt,  brxmgbt  chiuHy  by  Vatiitirts  on  bullock  back. 
The  largest  timber  marts  are  at  Faixpur  iu  the  eaot  and  TiUoda 
and  XanilurbAr  in  the  west.  Dcsides  the  Vanj^ris,  the  chief  timber 
dealerH  are  Muaalm&na,  oettled  mostly  ul  Taloda  and  Nandar! 
Until  lately,  the  whole  exports  6rom  the  we.iteru  fore8t«  went 
land.  As  forest  pruducv  passed  throngh  the  GiiikwAr'g  territon',  t 
trade  was  much  bAUi[>ori>d  hy  lolls.  To  livv  il  from  thU  bardi^u, 
1^7  the  experiment  was  tried  of  Hoatiug  a  timber  raft  down  t 
N»rb£d».  This,  cousisting  of  500  logs  and  6O0O  teak  rafters,  cnt  r 
the  most  difficult  iiud  n'ililcttt  hill.t  to  the  vv^t,  of  tho  <li«trict,  wti«,  on 
the  lOtfa  of  AprilfStarted  Erom  Bhusa  on  the  Narbad.t.  It  was  put  under 
the  charge  of  a  European  officer,  and  in  spite  of  the  nnnsually  low 
state  of  the  stream,  rcachod  Brooch  in  forty  days  without  misha; 
ITii*  cxperimunt  has  since  been  twice  repeated,  each  time  with  a 
profit.  Ijam  year  (1870),  all  timber  cut  depart  mentally  was, 
different  parts  of  the  district,  sold  by  public  auction.  Thi 
was  fairly  sacceesfnl, 

Local*conditiou<t  and  the  privileges  enjoyed  by  the  wilder  ti-Jbi 
prevent   the   minor  fore&t  produce  from  yielding  much  ruvenue. 


!io  re«i 


IBombar  Qu/tttm,  I 


,24 


DISTRICTS. 


11. 

4nctioii. 


but  ofttublo  vrli«n  cooked  or  proocrvoi).     It  is  niao  hmmI  m  mnkinffl 
ink.     Whe  bnrk   is  very   aaLriagcut    &ud   lueil   in   taiiuiug.     £,1 
Murinda  citrifoliit,  though  if  allowed  it  i^rowe  into  n  tne,  is  clu«t|)rj 
ciiltiTatcd  ax  n  [Anal  for  ite  Ayt.     Il  it  Iuft  for  Uiree  yatn  in 
f^ouud,  nnd  then  dog  out  at  oonaiderable  expense.     Botb  the 
and  the  bark  vield  hu  ezcotlent  dye.  The  wood  is  tucful,  but 
Hftsily  bfl  fonud  of  sxtty  s^ir-v.     Anjan,  Hitrdnk'kiik  binitla,  u  b'^niii 
tjv«,  witb  a  very  rou^b^laok  bark  aod  HmaU  pale  (freeo  leave<t,  gt 
to  a  great  size.     Itabwndain  parts  of  the  &Up»dd>i  nod  id  tbo 
to  the  aotitb  of  ])hidia.     Tht-tjinbrr  imixccllttnt,  uf  a  dark  rpd  i 
uid  tak«H  a  good  polish.     'I'be  bnrk  yieIdH  a  Mmna  tibre,  wkicb, 
olit  any  prepamtioD,  can  b«  twisted  into  rope.     Git*lc  are  very  fandl 
of  tbo  lcuv«H.     Babhtil  or  fidbhnl,  Amuna  arabica,  lb»  oommooMt 
and  mottt  K<!uerally  uacful  tree  in   Kh)indi\ih,  is  very  faanly,  andi 
ffrowa  rapidly  in  black  soil.    As  ashmbit  nsedto  ixiver  all  tbewasuj 
Jaods  of  Khiindoah.     It  f^vn  to  a  i-uDsiddmbl*!  hikc,  nod  baa  an] 
vxot-llcnl.  hitrd  wood  ;  bat  th^  limber  ijt  generally  croiiked,  and  Inngl 
at raiuiit  pieces  can  seldom  be  obtained.    I'be  wood  is  oscd  for  oveirl 
iina^inamo  bonsv  nod  fitfld  pnrposOj  an  well  an  for  fnvl.     The  bavl 
is  vnlnable  in  tanning,  and  yielo^  a  good  yellow  dye,  and  itji  «np  »i 
luieful  gnm.     The  leaves  are  the  chief  tood  of  goats,  and  Ute  lung 
seed  pods  are  eogurty  dovourod  by  shi^i-p,  goulK,  and  cattle. 
Bamboo,  kalak,    Bambnsn   vnlgarlH,  only  the   small  kind   i*  fouudl 
in   Kbdindesb.     It    abounds   all   over   the   S4t)iDdjU    and   in   thaj 
woittorn  forests.     It  in  chiolly  nsi.-d  as  batt«nit  and  rHft«rti  for  bonae- 
bnilding.   Bel,  ^gle  niarnieloH,  u  highly  ornamentnl  In^-,  is  fovai 
in  small  niimbors  all  over  the  district.      It  has  an  excellent  lio 
wood,  but'  in  seldom  out  by  the  natives,  as  it  is  sacred  to  Sbiv.    lb 
fruit   makOH    ik   plea»anl   preserve,   and    haa    valuable    mudicini 
prcjpertieR.   Prepare<^  in  aoine  waj's  it  acts  as  an  aperient,  in  oth« 
as  an  aatriof^'ent,  and  is  nseful  in  cases  flf  dyiwntery   or  diarrhoea. 
The    root,   Imrk,  and   loaves    are   also    uiied   iu   miikiug    ruolinf; 
remedies.     The  leaves  are  used  as  an  offering  to  8hiv,  and  the  » 
yiold     a    varnirth.     The    Hasian,    vat   or  raJ,  Ficus   iudica,   one 
of    (he    commonest    of   Kb^dcNli   Ireo^,   gn>ws   n'adily   in   light 
soil.     It  is  hold  sacred  by  the  Uindoe  and  never  cut  or  turned  tu  aO] 
UKO  save  for  shelter  and  shade.    It  grows  readily  from  cuttings,  ans 
is  well  fuiled  for  i-oad  sides.     Its  juice  is  iwmetimes  ufcd  to  nrdace^ 
inflammation.     The  timber  in  of^tle  value.     The  fruit,  said  Co 
itttpoisonuus  for  horses,  is  much  eaten  by  birds.     From  the  leaves 
leju^plate!!,    palrdvalit,    are     made.      Biiftva,    Casaia   fistida,  not 
common  in  IChflndesh,  is  one  of  the  most  ornamental  of  forest  truvs, 
throwing  out  in  the  hot  weather  tassels  of  beautiful  banging  yellow 
flowers  much  tike  labumnm.     It«  long  hanging  pods  aro  easily 
recognised.     The  wood,  though  clotte-gmined  aa<l  hard,  is  not  tniicb 
Dseo.    The  bark  serves  in   tanning,  ihe  root  yields  a  purge,  and 
tiie  seeds  ara  oiirronnded  by  a  pulp,  which,   as   an    aperient,  has 
apW-e  both  among  Indian  and  buropean  drugs.     Bherda  or  beJuta, 
Terininiilia  bt-llcrica,  a  larg<f  forfiSt  tree,  is  rare  in  Kb^ndesb.     Tho 
w^id  is  oiift  and  sapm,  and  not  of    much    value,  b<-iiig   readiljf 
destroyed  by  insects.    Its  fruit  formsone  of  the  myrobalaos,  whioli  f<n 
Ihuir  dyeing  and  tuniitBg  properties,  uro  exported  to  Europe.     Tbdl 


•  [Bomb&yOuetteCit, 

£0  DrSTEIQTS. 

the  kanu,  yields  good  timber.  It  is  not  pTentifu]  in  Kbfindesli. 
Arjtm  «•  kahfl,  Terminalia  nrjiilJa,  one  of  the  finest  of  forest  trees, 
growH  to  a  great  »ize  gL-uonilly  on  the  banks  and  in  the  beds  of 
rivers.  Its  wood  is  of  excellent  (jnality,  but  from  the  amount  of 
sap  is  hard  to  work.  Large  trunks  are  often  sawn  into  single  solid 
cartwheels.  The  wood  grows  harder  by  seaadniDg.  Ku»utnb, 
Schleichera  trijuga,  a  large  forest  tree,  with  an  e^pellent  tou^ 
wood  used  for  sugar  mills  and  oil  presses,  is  a  favourite  tree  with 
the  lac  insect.  Maugo,  uin/m,  Mangifera  indica,  one  of  the  best 
knqwn  of  Indian  trees,  is  valued  chiefly  for  its  fruit,  and  is  seldom 
cat.  Its  wood  is  excellent,  hard,  and  deep  coloured,  and  as  it 
t^es  a  bright  polinh,  is  Veil  suit*.'d  for  furniture  and  carriage 
building.  The  wood  yields  an  excellbnt  thareoal.  Mango  groves 
are  most  freely  scattered  over  some  of  the  n<)rtht'rn  sub- divisions.  ] 
The  soil  there  is  remarkably  suited  to  tho  growth  of  the  tree- 
After  planting  tho  seed  at  tho  beginning  of  tho  rainy  season  no 
care  or  trouble  is  bestowed  on  it  except  placing  a  few  thrans 
round  the  young  plant.  Watering  in  the  hot  months  is  unnecessary. 
Moiui,  Bassia  longifolia  or  latifolia,  is  found  all  over  Khandesh. 
Its  chief  value  lies  in  the  pulpy  bell-shaped  flower,  which,  when 
dried,  is  eaten  by  Uie  natives,  and  is  distilled  into  tho  common 
spirit  of  the  country.  'Almost  every  animal,  ivild  or  domestic,  eata 
the  fresh  flowers.  It  is  an  important  article  of  trade,  and  during 
the  hot  months  is  thg*  chief  means  of  subsistence  to  Bhils  and  other 
hill  tribes.  Tho  wood  is  hard  and  lasting,  but  the  tree  is  too 
valuable  to  be  cut  for  timber.  The  seed  when  allowed  to  form,  is 
enclosed  in  a  thick  walnut-like  pod.  It  yields  an  excellent  oil, 
good  forfuod  and  burning,  and  also  for  skin  diseases.  The  leaves 
and  Kark  make  nsefu]  embrocations.  Altogether  the  moha  is  one  of 
the  most  valuable  orKhaudesh  trees,  but  as  it  grows  in  the  wildest 
forfesta,  most  of  tho  produce  is  lost,  or  supirorts  wild  animals  8nlj, 
In  tjie.open  country  a  few  good  moha  trees  are  a  #mall  fortune. 
Mohan,  Odiiia  wodier,  is  a  very  common,  but  according  to  general 
opiuion,  valueless  tree.  In  Burma,  it  is  said  to  grow  to  a  great  size, 
and  yield  a  close-grained  dark  red  wood  useful  for  cabinetwork. 
In  Bombay  its  timber  is  utterly  'despised.  The  trunk  is  said  to 
yield  a  medicinal  gum.  Moka,  Sctwbora  swietcnioides,  notcommoa 
in  Klmndesh,  has  a  hard,  tough,  box -like  wood,  used  by  weavers  for 
their  looms  and  beams.  A''dji  a  or  hondnr a,  Lagerstroemia  parviflora, 
A  sW^ight- growing  rather  rare  tree,  yields  good  timber  said  to 
be  used  iu  the  Bombay  dockyard  and  the  Madras  gun  carriage 
^  factory.  Nimb,  Azadiractita  indica,  tho  Indian  lilac,  one  of  the 
'  commonest  of  f^rden  and  roadside 'toees,  ia  chiefly  ornamental  and 
useful  for  shade.  The  wopd  is  sometimes  used  for  building.  From 
its  boiled  leaves  and  fruifc,  a  'cooling  drink  useful  in  fevers  is 
made.  Piingiiraf  Erythrina  sa1>eroBa,  is  a  rather  rare  leguminoufl 
tree  of  no  size  and  of  little  vahie.  Fimpal,  Ficus  religioaa,  is  held 
sacred  by  Hindus,  and  never  ent  by  them.  It  readih  fastens 
its^f  inj^Hs,  and  destroys  thetn'  in  the  end,  as  no  one  will  remove 
it.  Itr  leaves  are  a  favourite  fb(5d  for  camels  and  elephants,  imd 
are  much  liked  by  the  \a/t  insect.  Growing  rapidly,  it  is  suitable 
for  roadside*.  ■  Except  as  fuel-,  the  wood  is  of  no   value.     Rohaa, 


i(iiAni»esii. 


27 


lida  M>i-ifi>^,  srowa  on  Lh«  Ajnntn  nncl  Sntpmln  hilU;   the 

is  tmid  to  be  of  esffilliiiil  •jii^ity  for  all  iii-d<H)r.w()rk,,l>ul  tmt 

md  cspoBure.     'JTio  bark  yieldi  a  coolitj^jr  driuk.     Kaudalwood, 

^iK^'in,  SaDtflliim  nihiinij  tlio  woll  known  true  yietditij;  tbu  HWi-vt 

il1rti|f  IV         -■■ri  oilj  jft  vt'ry  sciuw  in  Kh^iudi'Jth  nntl  ii^vtir  growd 

y  ni^  ,  B<wiwplliii  iburifcra,  a  v<»iy  cummoD  tree  ou  all 

rap  fjill-.  :  Ilia  by  ittt   nhito  aud   si^ly   bark,   in  nn|'p»«od 

<■  havL-   \  '■  fiiinkiucousc  ol  tho  HUci€Qt»,  i»iit  in  Kliiirnlc»h 

:liii  tiudi  SI  1^  mitvcxiriK'tiid  (■'<»"  it.     Tliv  wood,  full  <>[((um, 

liuniiM_  /.is  utM'd  fur  torches.     Tho  (li)wi>r«  aud  seed  nut 

coicn  by  the  \i\i\lf^.     Ilie  gnto  oxudos  in  abiindaoce,  but  tio  aso 

DIB  tit  lie  miidu  uf  it.     Bholnr,  Cordiir  latifutia,  is  a  mm  trov  iii 

niK^Kli.     Klsi'wbitro  ir  griiivs  t«  ifomv  Kiw,  ami  lias  im  exouHi-Mfe 

itiith  wood,     [t  lieara  ao  cdiblo  plum  w)ii>m-  i>'>f(  pulp  i»  a  vsiuable 

~~ly  ID   luiiR  diseases.     ShirtJili,  Albizzii^  lebbek,  a  species  of 

I,  laviTV  unHiiii'-iitiil  with  larjrc  leaves  and  lipbt^olourwd  Iwrlc. 

Aod    i'IIkt  itllii'il  viiritttit's  ikre  f'lund  all  ovi<r  India,   bill   aro 

ivituiiinD  in  like  Kbiudesh   furesitji.     ll.  itt  muoh  pliuited  aloii;^ 

ides  and  in  gnrdoiis.     The  wood,  of  excellent  quality,  is  used 

all  piirpc«H>H.     Swlultt,  aiij,  or  i»'i»,  Tormioalia  lomentoMi,  w  a 

fitK>,  i>tr»i}j;lil,  and  lii^h-groiving:  fon'^t  tri'C.     Sbrlteriid   Erxini  Iho 

mill,  the  wood  is  excellent  for  bouM-.biiildiiijjf,  yleldiujf  better  ptnnka 

B!  !■  rafter*  ttimi  (K-rhaps  any  tree  biit  leak.     Simal,  Ht'ipWx 

Hi  nil,  is  11  liii-fT"  and  tbfirny  tree  ""^th,  n  briglll  r*'d  Biwvr 

ami  a  nufi  down  it^d  for  Htulliiig  pillows.     'Pbe  n*u<.<d  ihou^li  i^ft  Ls 

•aid  to  make  {^x>d  packing  cni^iri.     It  in  not  much  umhJ  in  rCiiADdciib. 

yields  a  useftil  njaiii,  and  the  roota,  when  boiled,  jfire  a  mmmy 

tAnoe  UMud  lUt  a  tonic  in  niudicine.     Wild  Date,  ahindi,  Pli<L-nix 

OBtrifl,   prufen'in^   ttio  fOA  vmsi   is  not  eoinm'in  :iuywlia«  in 

h.     Neither  it^  fermeufed  nor  its  dtslillud  juice  is  nuioh 

MntH  ftre  made  of  the  ktavt-a,  and  the  '^Iciii  enn  bit  iimtd  a« 

ln<ui,>)i.      Hliii'kw<H>il,  j>i.v»  or  i^!i/um,    IMIlieri^ia  lulifnii*,   ia 

V  iu  KhAudi-.-ib,  and  gmws  lo  no  siKe.     S>Litmiiul,  Prdbopia 

rn,  a  thorny  tree,  ia  not  common  in  Kbiinde&h.     The  timber 

to  Ik!  good  for  all  .—  '"■--■-  purposes.     Its  pods  contain  nu 

frnit.     Tiiiiiiirind,  rh  <  n/i',  THinarinduH  indira,  a  large 

wing  aud  vi^ry  hanti^(lIoe  troo,  U  found  ueai-  idl  villag«a 

ma  and  fields.     It^  excellent  hard  wood  makes  the  best 

for  uil  or  ftiigar  mills,  and  is  useful  in   »  viirk-ly   uf  n-iivA. 

ill    is    Kiiiw^tiineM    «Mteii    raw   bui  {{tinerftlly  cooked.      Th£ 

I*almyra  Palm,  tud,  UornsHus  flabelUformia,  thriving  beat  near  tho 

coasl,  is  very  niro  in   Khindehh      T.  ^k,  mg  or  ^ffivifl,  Twrtonik 

frrandis,  formerly  oovored  tho  ."-  fulU  with  iplendid  fontata,  • 

It  rvancy  has  been   lakim  m  [lint'Land  iu  time  new  foresta 

w :  :  up.     Unt  tboUfili  lisUc  nf  riinalt  sze  is  even  now  abundant 

*i  hills  near  NeniAd,  in  rt?  of  the  Stttpiid^i^,  in  the 

Is  [*  fiib-division    near  :  ,  anil   further  west  on  (bo 

1'  ■  iJdikwarV  tcrriUfry^  niany  yearti  must  pass  beforO 

'■■  I  bo  able  lo  stipiily  the  inarkot.     The  largo  Uiivea  oE 

re  much  naed  for  liniuf  coofs  ondor  thiitcfa.    ^ihe  V^ood 

-  a  vetj-  poo<i  oil,  eonewhui  Rimtlar  U>  thai  of  bimeed. 

1  .  attpix'ies  of  Albizm,  cumiouQ  in  tHnuo  part* .of  Khilndceb, 


Chapter  n. 

Productimi. 

Treo*. 


ptiir  II. 
laction. 


imestio 
iiimtilB. 

'.orsts. 


•Motka. 


[Bombay  Omutten, 


-28 


DISTRICTS. 


lins  a  good  wood  for  ordinary  piirjKises.  Ternhhurni,  DiosjgroB 
iiioutaitf,  th*  wt'U  kuown  clioKy,  is  pretty  coiiiiiioii  in  Khandesh, 
but  lis  it  grows  crooked  aud  hardly  ever  of  any  greM  size,  it* 
wood  ia  litlle  uHfJ.  It  lioars  li  targe  mveetiwh  pUim,  very  pleasant 
to  eat.  Tirng,  DiilbiTfjia  iijaineusis,  ouc  of  the  most  j^neraily 
useful  trees,  yielda  a  beautiful  timber  serving  for  field  tools  of  all 
kiudH.  Ill  KhJiudeKh,  probably  from  its  hariug  been  so  uinoh  cat 
before  the  days  of  cuiiMervaiity,  it  is  not  very  common  and  seldom 
^ows  to  any  grout  sisie.  I'liihut,  Ficiis  gloiiici"ata,  a  very  oomnion 
but  vrtlueh.'ss  tree,  bears  bunelies  of  HavourlesH  figs  on  its  stem  and 
bougiis,  Tho  wood  witbstands  the  notion  of  water,  and  though, 
like  most  of  the  fig.  BpecR's,  generally  accoiiuted  sacred,  it  is  in 
some  places  uRcdfor  shoring  wells.  Vitrul  or  mahiiriiirh,  Ailanthas 
excelsa,  a  tall  and  showy  tree,  grows  near  villaf^s.  Its  wood  is 
accounted  of  no  value.  Tnlan,  liutca  froudosa,  one  of  the  common'eat 
Khandcsh  trees,  is,  at  the  beginning  of  the  hot  season,  a  mass  of 
bright  scarlet  flowers.  The  loaves  are  much  used  as  plates,  ukd  as 
the  young  shoots  are  eaten  by  camels  and  other  animals,  the  tree 
Boldom  grows  to  any  size.  In  Khaudesh  the  wood  is  not  much 
used.  Elsewhere  it  is  said  to  be  strong  and  tough.  It  makes 
excellent  cliareoal.  From  the  stem  is  extrjieted  kinognm;  the 
flowers  yield  a  valuable  dye ;  and  the  root  and  bark  an  excellent 
tough  fibre.  The  juioo  is  also  used  iiiediciually.  It  is  a  faronrite 
witb4ho  liw  insect,  aad  tho  choicest  lac  is  found  upon  it.  The  seed 
nut  is  useful  as  a  pui-gatiTe  and  as  a  vermifuge  to  horses. 

None  of  tho  breeds  of  Kbdndcsli  domestic  animals  are  of  any 
special  excellence^  Of  Horses,  Mares,  and  Foals,  the  1878.79 
returns  show  a  ttjtal  of  14,087  head.  Though  the  local  breed  is 
now  poor  and  suiall,  Kh^ndosh  horses  were  onco  estoomed  the  best 
and  strongest  in  th§  DecfBm,  At  present,  the  only  animals  of  mnch 
Talno  are  a  small  but'lTardy  breed,  of  ponies  raised  by  Thilfais,  a 
trilie  of  wanderingiierdBuien,  cliief^'  inhabiting  the  wesCof  Kh&ndesh. 
Mome  of  these  go  excell^tly  iu  tho  small  cun-iclca,  tonga*,  used 
ill  the  district.  Of  late  years,  Arab  stud  horses  placed  at  moat 
mriirihitdai's'  heail^nartors  have  doue  somothiug  to  improve  the 
breod.  But  as  a  rule  tjio  Kliandesh  iieople  pay  tittle  attention  to 
horse-breeding,  and  are  far  behind  thoir  uoighbours  in  Nagar  and 
I'ooua.  ' 

Bullocks,  returneaJBt  31'1,'fOO,  are  not  as  a  rule  of  ally  p«at 
^aln».  There  is  a  very  good  breed  known  as  the  Thiliii-i,  somewhat 
small  but  strong  and  hardy,  fast-trotting,  and  very  teachable.  It 
,'baB  suffered  much  from  injudicious  crossing.  Weak  and  stunted 
bulls  are  allowed  to  roam  at  large  with  the  village  herds,  and  even 
where,  as  at  tho  Government  farm,  a  good  bull  is  at  hand,  little  care 
neems  to  be  taken  to  obtain  hia  services.  Want  of  fodder  in  the 
hot  dry  weather  goes  far  to  injure  the  breed ;  only  the  more  wealthy 
cultivators  give  theii'  cattle  anything  like  proper  sustenance.  A 
pair  of  good  bullocks  costs  frofti  £1  to  £10  (Hs.lO-Rs.lOO). 

Oows,  returned  at  222,215,  are  poor  and  ill-fed.  Little  care  ia 
taken  Rf  the  breed.  Klii'vndesh  suffers  terribly  from  rattle  yiscaSSb 
apparently  of  niauy  typos,  and  showing  vai'ious  symptoms.     Most 


ai  u  uuu 


h  ased  for  carriage  or  pack  piii^aes.  l"ho  finest  bufEiilooa  are 
id  in  the  wilder  parts  where  grazing  is  plentiful,  ospoeialty 
■  rivers.  Bat  there  ia  not  a  hamlet  jvhero  buffaloes,  somtstitttea 
onsiderable  nuiobera,  are  not  found,  t'emale  buffaloes  cost 
1  £1  10».  to  £3  (Rs.  15  -  Ha.  30). 

he  roring  Vanjaris  sometimes  bring  fine  cattle  for  sale  from 
uld  and  Malwa,  aad  thus  enable  the  local  farmers  to  improru 
r  etock. 

oakeys,  returned  at  7852,  are  found  nearly  all  over  the  district. 
y  are  uaed  chiefly  by  potters  in  carrying  clay  or  bricks,  and 
3hoia  and  others  in  carrying  grain.  They  arc  a  hardy  breed  uf 
aals,  picking  np  their  food  as  boat  they  can. 

[ei^a  of  Sheep  and  Goats,  returned  at  198,625]  chiefly  belonging 
)hangarsj  are  found  throughout  the  district.  The  breeds  are 
r  poor  and  stunted.     Coarse  blankets  ve  woven  from  the  wool. 

he  monthly  cost  of  keeping  a  horse  varies  from  Il>8.  to£2 
.S.Rs.  20);  of  a  bullock  from  8».  to  £1  (Ra.  i-Bs.  10);  of  a  cow 
i4s.  to  10s.  (B8.2-Rs.  5);  and  of  aahocpo^goat from  6d,  to  28. 
las  4 -Re.  1).  Except  milkmen  whoae  Bh^butfaloea'  kaop  coats 
a  from  4a.  to  £1  {Rs.  2  •  Ra.  10)  a  moot^  cultivators  seldom  spend 
e  than  49.  (Rs.  2)  on  a  horse^Jt^  2h.  {Re.l)  on  a  pair  of  bullocks. 
poorer  clhsses  spend  little  or 'Nothing  on  tbeir  Cattle,  grazing 
a  on  village  lands  and  hills  free  or  (j/^  paying  a  nominal  fee. 
Qgh  aometimea  kept  by  bankers  for  carrying  bullion,  Camols 
almost  unknown. 

ogs,  and  sometimes  Cats,  abound  in  every  village  generally 
kout  any  recoguised.  owners. 

owh  are  reared  in  large  quantities  emrfwhero  by  the  lower 
jea,  and  especially  by  the  hill  tribes.      There  are  no  s]^ihl 

uties,  and  no  trouble  ia  taken  to  prevent  promiscuous  breeding. 

1    (.1.-  p_..    '..    _ *    1.        ei.i.  _.i.-_i 


Dmtiegi, 


Shtepatut 
Ooata. 


Fomb, 


DisTBicra 


[Btmbfty  Qa 


Kliiin^psh  tlify  were,  (Idrinj^  tlir  i  *       nhiry,  fv!  I 

Tim  t'Uit'f  wild  uniiiial  siiU  fini(»i  j  i  is  tbv  __„_ 

FvILh  ti|fri8.     Id  the  di^urbod  Uiikm  at  [bi>  be^tiuaiu^  of  iLe 
century,  targctr^spaasvd  frum  tilljkffciutof<jro»t,Bad  tigers. 
and  <Ieslru}-v<l   m  tlie  wry  heart  of  tW  iliitlHcl.     In   1822 
buAi<1i«  killuU  500  huriian  bcio^  and  2il,U00  head  of  cattlu. 
di^Htnictiun  was  ane  of  tho  tnost  presmnff  noces&itieiB.  nud  in 
JaueaudJi  '  iiymir  (Id22),a8  nmuyiM  tixtvi' 

iDHpiloofi      <         ^iif  Sir  •lauiBH  Uutniiu  iiud  hi- 
and  otlmr  largw  beswts  of  prej"  continued  so  Dumercii»  that  iht* 
them  kept  waate  and  dosolntv  some  of  the  richral  tracts  in  KiUoJ 
KVeu  as  lut«  au  tho  nyitintw  (I867-IS59J,   Klidndvsh,  more  ihao^ 
alin<.iitt  uii>- pnift^f  weMurii  India,  continued   a  e>tn>ug:h<ild    Eor 
lieaKtH.     S<i  daueroiu  and  doHtmctivo   wore   ther  that  a 
diviaiii;i  '.  !  1    rj>s  wi-ri'.iwt^l^-:  ;  '  :     ■    rs,  sol  njiart  to  ; 

Sunorr  |      ki'.     Siiice   1^    -      .     iti-  the  t>uf»'riat 

<if  Poliw    Mnjor  p.  Fniliyn,  tho  deHtmeliuu  i.f  liffora  biw 
njMu^e.     Of  lalo  yoars,  to  tho  etibi-ta  of  tho  district  oiKoers' 
been  ad<)Qd  a  rapid  spread  of  tilhi^T  and  inc-rv^-iuM  of  population. 
Tho  tigi^r  is  uo  longer  found  in  the  pliuiit}.     Amuii;j>  tht--   S^Uputf'" 
in  Ihe  north,  oiamff  the  Neuifid  fronlior  afad  the  Uatti  hiUs  in 
cast  and   the  Bmtu-i>aal,  in  the  SatmdliU  in  the  south,  and  in 
Danfi^  and  otbt>r  wild  wo8tom  tntc-ln  he  i<till   rvanui.     Kroik 
Itix  nnmliur  i*  dis;linin^.     The  lo^  of  <:attle  i»  iD0On!<iil<inil)lu 
the  loss  1^  human    life  trifling'.^^    tho  five  years  emlin^  1S7 
itixtecn  hniiuiu  iK'ingH  i%nd  3Ul  fao^  of  cnttio  wero  killed  by  thai 
The  r^l  iim»  xhoWtA  (all  in  the  nuuilicr  of  ti^^rs  ftlain  from  itn  u vvra( 
of  nearly   tifreen  ill  tiie  &ve  years  ending  1870  to  t«)a  in  tho 
yeara  ending  1879.' 

The  I'AS-TtTEB.  hibta  oit^himta,  Folia  parduo,  is  gonorally  said  to_ 
Lc  of  throe  iliiitinct  upoeicB,  two  Itv^)  and  one  sniall.     Of  tho 
large, kimlH,  due  rivuU  the  tij^i-v^i!!  iu  aiae,  nud  aa  He  will  at 
Quprovokod,  is  otgitally  or  cwn  ntpro  dnngcrone  to  man ;  the  ut 
uuMller,   Atouter,   and   with  a  round   bnlUdog'it   hi^aiS,  has  a  k 
darker, -and   louf^r  fur,  with  spota  ninch  utont  crowditd  and 
black  ii1<ju<£  tho  riiV>%'  of  the  back  and  up    the  le^s  about  as  h^ 
tho  she  til  den  md    thighs.     The  third   vnriuty   is  u  very 
'  . ^^ _^^_^ . _ ^ ^ 

•Piad>(lfiKi)>n  Kort'«V<^m^  ^111.  277.    Ii>  1630^  ^wtl  Kkin  Ktrtwal  . 
10  tlif  (iiijiirlt-Kl>Aiirlf»li   [iKuiiiT  nail  itt|>tBrul   130  il«|iWt>!H  li>   lli«  (ialUn' 
fonobi,  irf  wbiali  wvinity  wvnj  >tnit  tA  l^llii  iVVaUnn'*  (luJM^l,  71).     WlMJicr 
irtni  fonrxrl^v  foiuiil  in   Khimt'iili   ••••iiib  •li'iiHful.    I1i*  AjMil*    jiaintinipl 

Inldligimoe  1$4,  in  AMitU<:  Jiiunial,  N«ir  Serial.  Vll.)  luualioa  niiwIiMilnd  " 
[iHDtiox  in  KliteiI«)Ji,"flv>n^*a*oc«iiatof  tfa«  d«*lnicti>in,  iiiUirM(lan(13tli-l 
May  iKlll,  u(  lliiva  UnnaMMl  a  ISoimm  iMwttio  old  tuwn.of  I'AUn.    'nip  siticlti  I 
■ifirH>3  "  An  UM  Kldnitvflhl,"  bnt  fnm  rcfonnuna  in  it  to  Ahn  uui  8i<lli|>ar  th*rt  i» 
IH>  •l"ulit  tbitt  Uiv  olil  b'lrii  iir  Ptitwi  ii  nut  l'it«n    Uiiar   (.DiAliigpoii.   Init  tho    uiii^til 
ua(iet*l  »( <>tijiir.tt  •tbciilC   *»ly   niiliH   noitb'Wint  vf    Aliniiilnhati.     SpcuJal    iii>it:ini-^ 
bavv  Imni  nuwlu,  )iut  Uivtk  wiiuU   Munt  tu  i<v  wi  nivitil  rd  Ixni'^'n'liiiff  iu  KliAti.la  ' 
(dnca  til*  Iwittnaitit:  ol  Hnlwlidle.  '  Mr.  I.'liri[>lin'*  IlijN.rt,  SUtli  Aui;.  LS:.>-J. 

'  TIio.«lBWil»  »n):  ISa.1,  *  ISiaS,  «i  lB«i7.   Cs  ISiiS.  I-.':    IMS,  3;  ld7o, 
lS71,8nS7S,S0i  tSTS,  Hi  1971,  D;  tS7»,0;  IgJO,  7]  16i7,2i  1878,  Ifi: 


only.  The  WiLU  Cat,  ru'n  vnUtjar,  Felia  ohuus,  met  all  over 
iistrict,  ia  coinparativply  liaruilesa,  and  ditfera  in  size,  colour, 
length  of  tail,  only  slightly  from  the  house  cat.  The  Lynx, 
I  caracal,  a  rare  animal,  ia  occasionalfy  fonmi  among  rocky  hilft. 
Tery  ahy,  and  ia  seldom  abroad  after  daybreak.' 

le  Etkna,  fvras,  Hyrona  striata,  onco  very  common,  ia  now 
y  Been.  The  Wolp,  Idndga,  Oauia  pallipi's,  formerly  caust-J 
1  havoc  among  aheep  and  goata,  and  is  even  known  to  have 
Bd  off  young   children.     Like  the   other  fl^-eaters,  ho   has 

forcea  to  give  way  before  the  spread  of  tillage.  Still  ho 
rj  destmciire,  and  though  he  seldom  attacks  humau  boinga, 
an  immense  nnmbei;.  qt  sheep  and  goata,  and  two  or  three 
her  will  often  pull  down  a  good-sized  young  ^hifFalo  or  heifer. 
Q(f  the  fourteen  years  ending  1879,  4138  wolves  were  killed,  tho 
y  nnmber  varying  from  COS  in  I87'i  to  seventy -one  in  1879.' 
lea  the  above,  the  Jackal,  kollia,  Cania  aureus,  and  the  Fox, 
id,  Vulpea  bengalenaia,  abddAd  in  the  open  country.  ^\e  Wild 

kolsunda.  Coon  rutilans,  ia  also  found  in  the  gitpuda  hilla, 
ing  in  packa. 

e  Induk   Black  Beab.   dsval,  Ursus  labiatna,  is   found   in  all  Bear. 

'orest-clad  hills  of  Khfindeah.     Formerly    abounding   in  the 

'  hill  tops  of   Pimpalner  and   B&glait   in   the   south-west,  the 

>er  of  black   bears  has   during  tho   past   twenty  years  been 

,  reduced.     Though  not  generally  dangerona  to  life,  he»ia  at 

.  very  mMchievous.     Sugarcane,  when  he  can  get  it,  is  one 

1  &vouriCe  articles  of  food,  and  he  deatiDja  much  more  thau 

tfi.     The  flower  of  the  moha,  Basaia  latifolia,  tree  is  hia  chief 

lance  at  the  beginning  of  the  hot  season,     Thia  flower,  which 

Lceathe  common  apirit  of  the  country,  aeems  t^affect  the  bear 

a  kind  of  intozjdation,  as  he  is  know^  to  be  most  dangerous 

kt  season,  anff.«ipt  to  attack  man  unprovoked,     A   vegetaria^ 

t  lairegarda  ants  and  some  other  insects,  he  does  no  injuty  to 


1 .1- 


n. 

Lis. 


[Bombay  Diuettter, 


.32  DISTPigTS. 


A  piiro  vrf»ctnl»!o  enter,  ho  is  most  dainty  in  his  tnntPB.  Ho 
must  Imvf  th?  very  Ix'st  the  laad  iift'ords,  aud  while  ch(Miaiii(f  the 
(Uintii'st  morsels,  destroys  much  more  than  he  eats.  .Sognrcsae, 
ftwuot  jMitato  aud  other  ivots,  and  juicy  millet  and  Indian  com  stalk) 
arc  his  favourite  fond.  A  few  years  ajjo  herds  of  wild  pig  were 
found  everywhere,  hut  their  nuiiihers  are  now  much  smaller.  From 
the  horder  hills  they  Btill  sally  at  night  to  ravage  the  crops  in 
the  neighl)<>urho»d,  but  they  arc  no  longer  so  destructive  as  they 
onco  were.  With  the  aid  of  their  dojfs  and  ajH-ars,  the  Bhilshni^ 
and  kill  them  for  food,  aud  the  clearing  of  the  forests  has  tsa/is 
their  deatrnetion  comparatively  easy.  Twenty  years  ago  in  tha 
country  cast  of  the  PnniS.  river,  then  belonging  to  His  HighnM* 
Sindia,  herds  of  some  hundreds  inifjjlit^bo  seen  marauding  in  open 
day.  Night  and  day  the  cultivator  had  to  watch  hi3  fields.  Thoogk 
comparatively  few  are  left,  herds  of  fifty  aud  upwards  are  atiil 
occasionally  seen. 

The  Bison,  gara,  Gavreus  gaunis,  is  fouud  only  in  the  S&tpndft 
and  Hatti  liills.  The  shyest  and  wariest  of  fon-st  animals,  its  chief 
food  is  grass  and  youug  liamhoo  shouts.  The  Stag,  sdmhar,  Eos* 
aristote lis,  is  found  in  all  the  hill  couulrj' on  the  borders  of  the  district. 
It  feeds  in  the  plains  aud  fields  at  night,  and  seeks  the  hill  tops  at 
early  dawn.  It  seldoiu,  if  ever,  lies  in  the  plain  country.  The 
Spotted  Dker,  ch!l<d,  Axis  uiaculatns,  is  now  raro.  Ho  ia'never 
found  far  from  water,  and  generally  in  thick  forests.  In  the  conntrj 
east  of  tlft  Purna  spotted  deer  were  formerly  fonnd  in  immeiue 
numbers,  but  most  of  thorn  were  shot  or  driven  away  while  the 
railway  was  making.  They  are  still  in  small  numbers  near  rivers 
in  the  Satpuda  hills,  and  in  the  west<?rn  forests  along  the  TiptL 
The  Barking  Dekr,  It/iekre,  Cervuhis  aureus,  and  the  Focr-hornxd 
Antelope,  also  called  hlij'krc,  Totracems  quadricomis,  are  occasionally 
met  with  in  the  Satpuda  hills.  The  Bloe  Bull,  niliidi/,  Portax  pictns, 
was  once  common  ovorywhero,  hut  is  now  coniined  to  the  few  strips 
of  forest  land  left  between  the  Katpuda  and  other  hills  and  the 
open  plains,  aud  to  the  low  country  ou  the  west.  He  seldom  enters 
the  hills  or  dense  forests,  feeding  chiefly  on  palas,  Bntea  frondosa, 
or  other  troos  in  the  fiat  country.  The  Indian  Antelops,  kalvit, 
AntilojM)  benoartica,  frequents  the  open  fields  and  devours  the  corn. 
Disliking  forest  country,  they  were  never  so  plentiful  in  Kh^cdesh 
as  in  the  Deccan  and  Gujartit  jjlaius.  Very  few  of  them  ai-e  left. 
The  •Indian  Gazelle,  cftm/Mm,  Gazella  benuettii,  loving  the  shrub 
brushwood  and  roeky  eminences  of  Khiindesh,  are  still  comparatively 
.plentiful.  The  Uommon  Hark,  torn,  Lepus  ruficandatus,  found  in 
considerable  numbers  all  over  the  district,  completes  the  list  of 
four-footed  game  animals. 

Of  Game  Birds  there  are  among  Rasores,  Pkafowi.,  Pavo  cristatns, 
living  in  all  woods  and  shady  gardens.  Grey  Junule  Fowl,  Gallaa 
Bonnerati,  and  Srurt  Fowl,  (iailopordix  spadiceus,  found  only  in 
forests. 

(ft  ^ABTRiDOEs  there  are  two  kinds:  the  Grey,  Ortygomis 
ponticoriana,  found  over  the  whole  district,  and  the  Paiktkd, 
Francolinua  pictus,  widely  disti-ibutod  but  less  common. 


tSombiy  Ou«tt(trJ 


U 


DISTRICTS. 


ipttr  n. 

rodnetioB. 
BinU. 


rwMWrM, 


uloMgllio  Sittpndiis.andreoogiumMebj'its  moKioiU-ry  - 
hoar^a  mil*  'iti.    CirowtaA  gmlUiioa,  and  <»w  nf  ilu:  Sju 
slsobixm  DMtintil.    The  tfanw  well  Imown  KJtos,  l)ie>CoiiiiU(iu,  MUf 

f>viiiiia;  llm  Brmhtnttni,    Htdmtiiiir   iiidu.t;  and  Iho    Hiat^-L'^i""^-^-^ 
lanuB  Duilaiioptentfl  «re  all  found,  tho  Br^bmaui  heiixg  v. 
i»nNit.     Tlw  Wliite^jrod  Bn»»ird,  Puliomia  toom,  in  very  . 
&ad  the  Uoney  Uuuiard,  Peruia  ptilorfafuoos  or  cris(al»,  it  ooi-. 
■wen. 

Of  Falcohs,  a  larffecIiMts,  there  are  thn  Peregrine,  Falvo  porogriii 
rare ;  the  Keatrel,  Tinmmculus  alaudarios,  much  mure  commcia;! 
tho  SluibwD,  Paico  perc^DRlur,  tbu  liuggnr,  Fulco  jtiggor, : 
f>eautiful  Turututi,  Fulco 'cbiuuera,  common.     Of  (ubbius, 
am  two  or  three   kinds  with  marked  light  grvj' jilumage. 
Hawks,  ihe  Shikra,  A.itur  InuliuH,  and  the  tiparrojv  liuwk,  Acci{ 
lUBUs,  are  well  known. 

Tlivro    aru    m»ay    Owifl  in  the  formt*.     The  Brown  FJeh 
Ketiipa  oevlonenaiR,  and  the  Duskyhomod  Owl,   Dnbo  conji 
are  both  found.     Tho  Rockhornvd  Owl,  Bul>o  bungalvDEiA,  it  i 
found  alon^  all  the  rtrera.     The  beantifnl  Spotted  Owl,  HymiD 
ooelliitiim,  Hi  very  common  among  mango  gixtros,  and  Ihe  Sit 
Owl,  OLus  brac-hyotna,  ia  a  wtnt«r  vUitant.     The  Screecih  Oi. 
jaTani<B,   i^  rare.     Both    the    little    Owlete,    Carine   brama, 
Glaucidium  ra^liatuni,  aro  found,  tho  latter  only  io  foroiit  diiflriots. 

Of  SwA^ULOws,  in  the  cold  weather  the  Common  Swallow,  Iltranda 
roalica,  i%  everywhcrv,  and  uru  or  two  Murtinn,  tho  Bank,  Co^lfl 
ainunitiM,  and  the  Cliff,  Cotyle  concolor,  are  found  all  the  yv 
ponnd.  The  pretty  Rodbackod  or  Moscino  Swultiiw,  I]iniiit: 
orythropygia,  is  not  uncommon.  But  its  smaller  oouffemT,  Utrundd 
fluvicola,  is  veiy  rara.  The  Common  Swift^  CypselluH  affinis,  is  widi 
diittnbutvd.  'Fhe  Alpine  Swift,  C.  metba,  is  rare,  as  i»  thr  Pa 
Swift,  C.  batassiensis.  The  beautiful  Crested  Swift,  (lendrochelid 
coroDstus,  ia  common  among  tho  Sulpadibj. 

Of  Niobt-Jaks  (he  cliiof  are,  the  Common  Night- jar,  Caprimnli 
wiaticus,  callod  the  Ice  Bird  from   its  (itiicklr   n.-pi'ak-d  note,  b 
a  stoue  boanding  utToss  in*.     It  is  purely  a  night  bird,  feeding 
motha  and  beetles.     Especinjly  when  »o«n  early  in  the  morning  ' 
when  Rtarting  on  n  jonrnoy,  the  natives  consider  it  a   bird   of; 
omen.     C.  murathunt»iM  and  C.  monticolus  arc  also  found. 

&f  Bbe-satbos,  MeropB  viridia,  is  in  every  field,  and  M.philtppinu 
14  uu  Oulober  visitant. 

Of  Roucns  there  iu  tlio  Indian  Boiler,  Coracias  indtca,  called  b] 
EaropeauH  the  Blue  Jay. 

Thero  are  several  KiNaFiaiiERS,  Tl»e  ■VS'hilebrea*ted,  Hiilcyoi 
amyrnmtsiF!,  with  bright  i^kybluo  bnck,  is  commonort  ;  the  ^malle 
Blue  Kiuglisher,  Alcedo  bettgak-nsis,  is  also  found.  Tho  l^r^ 
Alexandrine  or  Stork-biUod  Kingfisher,  Pt-iargnpnia  gurial,  liven  a 
some  of  the  larger  rivers.  The  Pied  KiugtishiT,  CJorjle  rudis,  t^ 
very  •ommon.  and  may  be  seen  hoi-ering  over  every  pond  and  utros 

01  HoBWBlLUJ,  BuccrolidiB,  the  Common  Grey,  Ocyocroa  birost 


FBambay 


DI3TEI0TS. 


Bti 


DtBS«iniirag   p»mdiseaii,   U  (irulMbly    lomid  io  the  Bitpodm 
wmtf  ry  (oreeto.  . 

Of  the  same  trilR'  arc  tho  three  well  known  families  of  Tl 
BoJliuls,  awl  UabhlvrH.     Of  Thruiiliirf>,  Merolidic,  sTTcml  kmda 
oorotnoD.      Mlied  to  them  are  the  Orioles  fuand   in  nltnoft  ei 
Dwnsp  groTe.     Tbu  Common  Uulbul,  MolpKst«s  hcemoirhotis, 
Uie  Graen,  Phrllomia  jcrdoni,   and   Ian  tiphia,  an*   Ima  w 
distriboted.     Ilio  Babblcni,  Uid»oocirci,  koowa  aa  tho  Seveo  Sii 
■TO  a  wull  markutl  dusky  •feathered  ^mily,  -very  noisy  and  jgft 
in  pro  Dps. 

To  Iho  aamtt  tribe  (DwmBosTrfks)  belong  the  Flycatchpra 
\rarblera,  a  Tory  Ur^  fanJly.  Of  Flycattbera  the  tnort  rvnmrfcah 
is  tho  Paradiso  Flycatcher,  Maacipota  pauwlini,  a  aroaU  bird 
a  biwk  c'n!«Uxl  head  and  vcrj  louff  daric  cbounat  or  amiw-* 
central  tail  f«atIiors.  It  ia  aometimea  called  tho  Widow  ' 
The  Wliitebrowed  Fanlail,  Leooooorca  aonHila,  is  found  in  _ 
grove  utt<?rinff  a  few  clear  quick  notoa,  as  if  whlatling  part  of  the 
■calc.  Tho  Whitfspottod  Kantail,  Leucocopwi  leucogatrtcr,  a  annJlff 
rariftty,  in  altto  rury  oouunou.  Tho  Blno,  Cyomia  tickeUi,  and  the 
Bobia,  Erythro«terna  parra.  Flycatchers  are  rawr. 

The  Warblora,  an  immense  &unily,  include  Bobins,  Redstarts,  and 
WagtIailK.  The  North  Indian  Robiu,  llmmnobia  futicata,  and  tha 
Redstart,  Ruticilla  rufivontria,  very  t«me  birds,aro»een  «Tery>rhero| 
iho  Tailor  Bird,  Ortfaotomna  autorius,  with  its  lovely  neat  of  two  or 
three  hanging  leaTes,  aown  together  aa  with  a  noodlo  and  thread, 
and  Iim?<J  with  cotton,  hair,  or  wire,  is  also  common.  Of  Wrea 
Warblora,  Drynioiote,  tliero  are  several  kinds.  The  I^nco  Pi^ 
Wagtail,  Motocilla  inaderaapatenus,  and  tho  Indian  Field  Wagtai), 
Budytin  cinneocnpilla,  are  common  ncMr  water. 

Of  Crows,  the  Common  Crow,  Corma  splendens,  and  the  Black, 
Corvua  cnlmiuutus,  arc  well  known.     Of  Uagpiett  two  kinds 
Dendrucittii  rufa,  iu  tho  ploiu^  and  DendrooifctA  leavogaatra,  < 
for«^. 

'llie  SmiuiDX  or  8tarIingA  are  ropremnled  by  aeveral  niecies. 
The  Common  M)-na,  AcHdolhorca  trisiis,  is  uniTereal,  and  a  Wattled 
Mynu,  iirobably  Ealahes  roUgiosa,  thungh  nu^',  ia  alao  found. 
During  the  cold  seniion,  the  Jvdri  Bird,  Pastor  roaeus,  may  be  seen 
in  large  flocka  in  every  grain  field. 

Of    FixcaKS,    Fringillidie,    aro    the   Common  Sparrow,   leaser 

AjDMsticua,  and  tho  Weaver  Bird,  Plooous  phili|ipinQ8,  with  its  woU 

known  hanging  bottleahaped  uoat^      Sorerol  Larks,  Alftodaj,  belong 

,  to  this  family,  as  also  the  well  known  Amadavat,  EstKlda  amandava. 

Allied  to  some  of  tlie  game  birds  montionod  above  are  tio  Pigetma 
and  Doves.  Of  these  tho  Blue  Rock  Pigeon,  Colomba  intermedia, 
niiich  liko  its  Kiiropean  namesake,  is  seen  everywhere.  The  beantiful 
Bronaewingod  Pijjoon,  Chalcophapa  indi«,  is  rare,  aeon  only  ia 
{orG8(«  alone  or  in  pair*.  The  Conunon  Qreen  Pig<^on,  Crocopas 
cblorigaster,  is  found  wherevor banian  trees  aro  fJontiful. 

Of  Dove«  piT)pt«r  fonr  varietJea  am  pretty  generally  diatribnted  i 
tbo   C!>n)mon  Ringdove,    Turtnr  neonas,    tho   Spott«d   Core,  T* 


(BiHib*;  OuetUtr. 


tor  XXL 

iihi*1tiii 
thulion. 


CHAPTER    III. 

POPULATION'. 

Few  early  DOtioes  of  tli«  people  oT  Kh&nJeah  have  Ikwq  tratvi 
Accoriling'  to  Iasmq  the  SaDskrit>speakiDj;  tribea  passed  down  tlia 
Oujarit  nwat  nod  op  Uio  Tapti  nrnj  Ibroiigh  KUndMh  iotn  the 
Ileocaii.'  Another  wave  of  settlen  would  seem  to  have  piiit-rvl  by 
tfa«  oMi,  u,  aocordioi;  to  local  tradition,  Rajputs  of  dilTi  v^ 

roled  from  AairRad  m  far  back  aa  the  atxt^Muth  Lx-nttu-jr  tx  i  it. 

The  fint  known  historic  reference  to  the  people  of  Kh&ndcah'  nesta 
to  b«  Ptolemy'B  (a.p.  150)  mention  of  th«  FliYljitai  and  Kondali  or 
Goudali,  probably  the  Bbiia  and  Qondit.  whom  he  places  aoalli  of 
tlio  Niirbada  not  far  trom  its  Bourcc.'  The  Bhils,  atill  the  nwtA 
characteristic  and  one  of  tho  lui^ii't  cbtason  in  KfaAndesh,  aeeni 
to  show  by  tho  varieties  of  their  dialect,  Nein^i,  Mai-Athi.  and 
Gujariti,  that  they  havo  Imk-ii  poghi-d  bitck  into  lRlulndi^"*b  by  lat«r 
amvnis,  from  tho  east,  the  siuutti,  and  ihe  wasi.  Many  of  tlie 
changes  tkat  havo  narrowed  the  limits  o)  the  Bhil  country  bars 
taken  placo  Hinco  Ploleray  wrnt«.  Bnt  in  his  time,  as  at  pru^est, 
Khtodeah  waa  probably  one  of  the  leadini?  Bhil  settI<>inentB.  Of  the 
Gonds  traoGS  renain  in  aGond  tribuof  hvrdemun  fuand  in  ChdHisgaoD 
and  in  a  Gond  »ub>(lirision  of  Mbdrs. 

Siaco  Ptolumj  's  time,  the  first  great  diaage  is  the  popolation  of 
KhAudeah  seems  to  have  boon  the  arrival,  A^iarcntly  iip  tho  Tipti 
valluy  frura  GujaMt,  of  a  detachment  of  the  great  tribe  or  nation  of 
Ahire  or  Aldiirs.'  The  oriu^n  of  the  AhirB,  who,  besides  in  Khtiudesb, 
are  Found  in  tho  North- West  Provinces,  Bengal,  Cctit.nd  India  and 
tho  Central  I'rtivioco*,  in  Cutoh  and  KAthi&wir  in  GujarAt,  and  in 
KAttik,  Ahmedni&gar  and  other  parte  of  tho  north  Dvccui,  is  doahtfat 


'IliB  gnktec  part  o(  th«  nutorMU  Un  Uiia  eb«pt«r  lisra  bMn  noHortil  nid 

aSoonata  i«VNed  Inr  Hr.  J.  FoUmi,  C.  S.  t  for  the  wild  and  wanilvriv  triUa  Major 
O.  Plobj^n  b  111*  ekief  oontribatar  i  and  mnch  holfi  eapadally  lor  Vasdj^  nod  Vtwa 
hat  bMM  rKortd  troni  Rio  Bahitlur  MahAilEX-  QaTJiid  Riaada.  SnbordiBate  JndAo  «l 
,  Shulia  and  K««  Sihth  K.  B.  Mardtbc,  SulurdioAto  Judj»  of  AmOmt, 

'  Indiacfan  AltarthiunAiuirfM,  L  181 . 

■TheUalitUiintlH.  B.  Wilaoa'a  WorK  VIL  1«4)  pUc««,  noit  to  ttia  paofd* of 
VubkiUia  or  B*dar.  KJimkI**  or  ShaiuUa  who  may  poanbly  hairn  givM  thm  naoia 
to  KJiindaah.  Ektadaah  h>a  aUo  licaa  tbon^t  to  U  tha  KliiaTav  (otMt  of  tb* 
HaUbhttat,  vklok  wia  burnt  down  and  bronAt  nadar  tillaim  br  Arjitn  tbt  brotlwr 
ofRriah&B.    Thaw  idontifioUloM  uu  doubtfoL 

•  Bartnia-  PtolMojr,  Map  X.  and  2M.  Wilaon  (VII.  139)  U  ol  opinion  tfcat  tb*  BUb 
ara  ladiided  niider  the  Pnfaada  whom  Plolonnr  plaM*  (uither  to  tlia  woM.  AnDlhsr 
ol  PI«Joiny^  tnbta  the  Tabwri  havo  boMt  rakmad  to  KhtUtdcab  and  MpfMaad  tain 
tJia  Buddkurt  aaoettM  o(  llw  Aianla  ud  ottint  Sitanila  tavo  tempUa.  Ynle  in  ladL 
Ant.  I^.  282. 

*  Ikiiiie  ol  tlia  Ahti*,  apparently  Ut«(  anii'al*,  <aaio  froai  uurthen)  Indix 


[Bomter  Ouettaet. 


DISTRIpTS. 


I  r\/ij'iut^i 


About  tliiit  time,  and  on  till  the  uriTal  ot  khe  Uns&lmiiu  (131( 
wems  iprobablii  that  nliil»  tbi>  nyY>pri  Yfcl«?»  beM  Kluuitlosh, 
MntbQjm|M.  of  wboK  nmval  do  tra^titiD  mntainM  but 
wurtnowntol&ve  come  from  the  Bonth.  firet  notUod  to  tho  ■ 
DurinfT  thif  liitU'r  piirt  of  iho  (oortMnth  oentary,  hy  tbe  e»tjib 
(1370)  of  It  line  of  ArabkiDg^  anewforeiffneleniBnt  waa  uiii 
into  Kbind«flh.     About  imatxao  time  tW  dinlrKrl  vnw  vuilsd  i^j 
■0  MTura  a  fninino  ibnt,  accordinj^  to  Feriabta,  its  wbolc  piHipl*,  I 
except  a  few  Bhils  and  Koliii,  disappuarod.*  Undvr  tbe  Fintki  IcioaiJ 
EblindMfa  row  Ut  lutii-li  w(>aitb  and  proaperitj,  and  its  ! 
received  maoy  additions  both  of  noighboiuiog  Hindtu  aii<l 
&fnisft]m&nfl.  * 

tin  1600.  -nhen  it  paaae-d  to  tIwEinpcTOTAfcbar,!piHivof  EbADJka: 
were  faighlj*  tilled  and  well  peopled,  Hud  it«  Bbib.  6ond«,  and  K"abi« 
Vfere  npeciatty  noticed  as  hHrdworkera  and  ttutifnl  subjects,'  Umlof 
tbe  Moffbais,  daring  tho  ncvi'iiU-viith  oonlnry,  i»n)«pcrity  continued, 
llio  (iiflturbiuicea  in  tbe  Deccan,  tbat  ended  witb  tbe  fall  of 
Abm«<luagar  (lt>38)  and  Hijiipur  (l&8l)),  muxl  have  drivpn  nntnlm* 
into  Ihp  more  peaceful  district  of  KhAndesb,  and  dunug  all  bis 
reign,  AorangKeb  (t6tt0- 1707)  wm  converting  Hindns  to  Lal&m  and 
Unsalm^na  woro  Dixiking  front  nortb  India  into  KkfLndeah. 

UndiT  tbe  Manlth&s  (1760-1817^  tbe  Ilindua  again  rose  to 
importance.  But  any  additions  from  tno  aoutb  utu»t  hnro  l>c«ti  mure 
than  mel  by  ibe  losses  in  the  diflturbances  that  marked  tbe  cltxiie  oi 
the  eighteenth  oontnry.  The  terhblo  faroJno  of  16*^  laid  the  district 
waste,  leaving  for  tbe  time  bnt  a  few  ilhils  and  Kolis.  A\'1iu»  the 
famino  was  over  some  of  the  old  inhnbilonts  retamed.  But  so 
diatarb<.-d  were  all,  estocpt  some  favoured  parti  of  llii-  district,  that 
snmbers  iitiU  ataid  ^tn,j*  In  those  tronbled  times  three  bodies  of 
foreign  mercwriee  rose  to  importjtuce ;  Arabs,  north  India  of 
pBrdcBhi  ferkhmans,  and  M  vsi>ror  Kamteak  troops,  apparenlly  partly 
Uindu  partly  UnsalmAn.  ^Vitb  tbo  establishment  of  British  power 
(181/  - 1820)  these  three  classes  of  mercenaries  diaappearod.  Pari 
^  of  tbe  Arabs  were  sent  to  Arabia,  snd  tbo  rest  fonnd  their  way  to 
Bfiaidarabad  in  the  I>eccan ;  almost  all  Die  Kaniitlak  troops  returned 
^to  their  own  land  ;  and  most  of  tbe  Pardefhi  Br/khmans  M^tttod  as 
husbiindmen.*  Ou  the  establtshmviit  of  order,  tbe  old  inbnliitants 
returned  in  nomliers  from  Berdr  and  Gujarat,  and  crowds  of 
sttmngent  f1ock«<t  from  the  Nixiim'a  and  Sindia's  dmiiinions,*  Sbil! 
tbe  conntry  waa  very  empty.  The  1321  oensos  tthowed  a  populatioB 
of  only  418,021  sonUor31|  to  thefl(}iiare  mile.  In  1837  it  wnsstiU 
'  miserably  popnlated',  largo  tracts  being  held  by  Bhits.  The  popnlatton.^ 


f    t  lUiw  or  Uuitli*  Rs}pata. 

*  Two  gT(Mt  KlitodMli   tuuDM  ue  mported.  «n«  aboat  ISTOl  tba  otiior  the  cmtl 
Dnr^Usvi  fAmina  Iran  13M  to  I40I.    AsImbuiIm*  im  nmunu  ol  the  Daigs-I>«Hj 
foiauiB.  it  imhh  probable  tliRt  Pniihta'a  I3T0  Uibiim  *hB«M  lie  pkocd  Miaa  I  ~  ~ 
ytanMw.  ■  GUd»ia  i  Aini-Akbiji.  H.  64. 

*  Hu  ptMUtt  •paoi«]  pmfiwnlT  aiKi   papnloiisiinM  ef  Sti^A  h  btllavcd  t«  b*  < 
to  tlM  pratMttaa  KSordad  kt  tlui  Urn*  |UW3-18l8)bT  Ih*  powvroC  the  NinUlkBr] 
and  lUfilk.    Bom.  Go*.  SeL  JCCIU.  203.  * 

*  C^MM  Cut  BricndflSl)  taUS.  SO.  157  (I8il  ■  l«2ei. 
'Mr.  ^pliii%IU7Mt,30Ui  AngwItSSieui  Ici<Ii>  Papan.  IV.Sli. 


KHiWDESH. 


41 


I  Mtimated  at  478,457  souls,  abon}  60,000  more  than  jn  18^,  and 
Ima  calculated  that  of  the  whole  number,  Bnlhnians  represented 
per    cent,  Rajputs  3'47,  Shudras  and  Marflt.bds  6958,  low  and 
Bssed  tribes  14"72,  and  Musaimdns  638,'     Fifteen  years  later 
a  fresh  census  showed  a  total  strength  of  686,003  souls,  or  an 
a,  since  1 837,  of  nearly  forty  per  cent.^    Stil!  great  part  of  the 
ict  was  empty,  and  five-sixths  of  its  arable  land  lay  waste.     An 
apt  was  made  to  supply  the  want  of  people  by  bringing  settlera 
crowded  Ratnagiri.     But  the  most  liberal  offers  of  rent-free 
id    and   money   to   buy   bullocks   and  tools,  failed  to  tempt   a 
igle  settler.*      Still  population  was  steadily  increasing,  and  witk 
rise  of  produce  prices  (1856),  the  introduction  of  a  lighter  and 
even  assessment  (1860-1866),  and  the  opening  of  the  railway 
1803),  large  numbers  came  to  Khandeah.     Compared  with  those 
1852,   pturtly  no  doubt  because   they   were   more   complete,  the 
retnms  for  1872   showed  a  total  of  1,028,642  souls,  or  an 
\Be  in  twenty  years  of  nearly  fifty  per  cent.     Since  1872,  tbongh 
idesh  has  passed   through  sevora!  trying  years,  the  population 
.  known  to  have  considerably  increased.     The  east  and  centre  are 
mlons,  but  the  south  is  thinly  peopled,  and  in  the  west  great 
__._J>le  tracts  are  still  empty.     In  spite  of  recent  inci'ease,  Khdndesh 
fOiuams^  one  of  the  thinnest  peopled  parts  of  the  Bombay  Presidency. 

■^  Of  the  immigrants  under  British  rule,  exclusive  of  those  who 
Mme  back  on  the  first  establishment  of  order  (1817-1820),  the  chief 
otaBseB  are,  among  traders,  Md.rY&di  Vanis,  Bhati&s,  and  ^ohorfta ; 
jamotig  craftsmen,  Hangaris  and  Telis;  and  among '^us^uadmen 
J$bA  labourers,  Mar^thas  and  Kuubis. 

"  At  present  the  most  interesting  section  of  the  population  are  the 
Vftni^JB,  the  owners  of  pack -bullocks,  who  since  cart  roads  have 
tmen  opened  to  the  coast  (1834),  and  still  more  since  they  have  had 
to  compete  with  the  railway,  have  been  forced  to  give  up  their  old 
;WKDdering  ways  and  settle  in  fixed  villages.*  Their  leaders,  men 
',«{  capital  who  always  did  some  trafficking  on  their  own  account, 
Jbave  started  as  traders,  and  the  bulk  of  the  people,  who  have 
.vrobably  always  been  in  the  habit  of  raising  crops  during  their  lo«g 

fetlta  in  the  rainy  season,  have  taken  to  tillage.     Some  still  cam 

Aeir  living  as  carriers.  But  none  have  taken  to  the  practice  of 
\<Bnfts,  probably  because,  as  they  travelled  with  bullocks  and  with  no 

imia,  they  had  no  need  of  the  services  of  carpenters  or  blacks  mi  IjIib.* 

This  Vanjfiri  and  Ahir  element  in  the  KhAndesh  people  has  the  high 
nine  of  showing,  what  can  hardly  be  traced  in  most  parts  of  the 
«onntry,  the  chief  process  by  which  the  bulk  of  the  present  Hindn 

Cpniation  was  probably  formed,     A.  succession  of  tribes  of  northern 
rdsmen  have  been  driven  south,  and  by  changes  in  the  government 


Chapter  m 
Population. 
latrodiLe%n. 


*  CoL  flvkw  in  Rept  of  Brit  Amob.  (1837),  2SS,  284. 

*  Bom.  Gov.  Sel.  1.  4. 

*  Bom.  Gov.  Sel.  I.  13  ;   Mr.   A.   T,   DavidMoi,  Siip«riatandent  of  SnrvAjr  (1861). 
loB.  Oov.  S«l.  XCni.  432. 

<  Anothn  older  diviirion  of  Vanjim  i>  raUbliihad  m  >  regalftr  part  of  the  Knabi*. 
£m  below,  p.  69. 

a  4il— « 


[Boinb&7  OutttMr. 


«2 


DISTWCTS. 


tfin. 


& 


or  trade  of  tko  ootintry,  linve   lieen  furved  to  et-ttle.     AiDi)ii(f  tlicir 
Iculcni  would  Ik<  invn  of  c»]nt«r  if  tiot  trminnil  inuldni ;  tbu  uijuui 
tbe  people  would  h»ve  a  rough  knowledge  of  tillage  j  and  as 
triboH  Inivollfd  with  carte   and  slieop,  soiito  amooK  thvtn 
Eaniilutr  with  isu-jivtit ry,  Nmttliwurk,  und  wenrini;.    XTbeti : 
Ute  leodera  would  biKome  iradera  and  laadbordera,  the 
people  would  atari  as  husband m<»n,  and  of  the  rost,  8<^>mii 
to  Ihd  pnictiov  iif  rrnfu)  Aud  (rtfaors  would  continiui  as  berd-i 
carriers.     Among  tbe  luisbandroen,  some  of  the  poorerorlow<  i 
forcud  to  tulctt  up  laoda  in  tho  ouUkirt*  of  (Jiu  sot (UitntinL,  cut   "t!  tu 
qpme extuul from  llicirowi^peopleandfttrulooed  fr\)m  wantof  lit^cur, 
would  associate  with  the  earlier  tribes,  and  taking  thvir  womrn  as 
wives  or  idavee,  would  raise  a  tiiix<.sl  dosif.     Ah  ibe  new  IriU-  sMiWl 
maaj  of  their  apectid  liclidfH  aud  pni^licea  would  coase,  peculinriliM 
of  dress  would  bo  givea  up,  and  if  thoy  had  uot   tbom   ooforv,  Atj 
would   ongtigc    HrAbiunoH   to  i-unduct  tlieir  iMirauiomes.      In  ttmii 
saroeuftflH  of  is'iirk  wmdd  become  a  oloaer  bond  than  a  ooiuiuod 
Hosbandmenwould  begin  tomarry  with  the  older  Hitttlod  hu.-sbA:: 
and  other  rraftxineii  with  men  of  their  own  railing.'     Ba«Ji  'I 
would  comw  to  be  kuown  bjr  Uie  naiuo  of  iu  calling,  and  iht-  li.^—. 
title  n'ould  sink  to  tbe  name  of  a  sub-divieion  or  to  a  Huruiimti.    0( 
tlu*  old  tribe  the  only  apparuui  trucuiit  would  Iw  chose  wb' 
to  the  original  cnlliug  of  henisnienorcan-iers;  theoffsprioL 
olatM  women  proud   of  their  strain  of  higher  bl'md ;  aud   y 
tlie   BrdlnuniiH,  who   known   uinong   (heir  raate   fellows  by 
patrons'  name,  had  come  to  form  a  dUtinct  sub-dinsioii. 

GujarStiis  in  UHe  among  the  higher  cWs  huxlmndmon  t<i  the  north 
of  iB^rS^r  und  it  !!<  tho  languajte  of  trade  throut^hciot  t.bc  district] 
aa3  "ffttiAthi.  tbw  !i{xwch  of  tho  people  of  tfee  Hontb  imd  wtfj»t,  t*  llw 
laognane  of  Uoveriimeiit  ofiiow and  itcboolii,  ami  i*  f^THdiiaily  gaining 
tho  nacondnnt.  But  in  thoir  liomaS  tlie  bulk  of  the  ptxipUi  speai( 
a  dialect  known  as  Kh&pdo»hi.  Ahiaini.*  or  lilted  Oujuri,  a 
ourioua  mutture  of  frujarAtl,  Mnrftb^  Nomitdij  and  Ilindust^ni. 
Thongb  from  it«  coBStmction  it  loolcs  Iiko  a  compromise  bolweeu  tho 
modom  Qiijnriiti,  Mnr&thi,  and  Hindi,  this  di»lt!Cl  i<<  tbe  oCsjinnf; 
of  eeyeral  old  HrAkrit  varinlitrH,  MAjj^aclbi,  Sanrflahtri.  Shatirseai,  Lati, 
MaMriishtri,  i'atshrichi,  and  Apabhransha  or  Bh&klin.  FI^<<e)>1'af0W 
bailndsAnd  vongs recinlwl  by  the  Khiudcsh  BhiilA,  tlr  irely  a 

spoken  language.     It  dniciirds  the  cerebral  I  and  sii  -  for  it 

lDe*pa1ntal  semivowel  y ;  thiis  black  is  kdi/a  notftaf<i.  Hbacitibltng 
MarAthi  and  Ou}nriiti  in  tho  more  gon«Tul  grammatical  fonos, 
Ahirftni  presents  soveral  peculiarities  in  declension  and  conjugnlion. 
The  plural  is  fomlBd  by  adding  the  suffix  «,  not  at  in  Gujar&ti  and 
MonUhi  by  a  change  iu  tho'word  itself;  thua  bhU,  wall,  becomes 


'  TkU  i*  tli«  [iT<iba1>l»  rxpluution  of  Uwt  Urea  anmhtr  of  cnb-ilivUloni  kiaMiR  tiia 
nsttani'iiclim'4  ill  KhniKlMh.  Slsnir  of  tbnn  tho  Tuli*.  Slti>  and  Koalitii,  l^ihln, 
Kamt^rw,  Vf  '-  MHtn  )>■*«  tli*   atock  niuntxiT  iH-«lr(i  uid  t.  liolf.   the   htH 

hmi^itjif^rr.i:  1  <-T  intt-iint  clwa.  ""' 

'  Tfc*  rum^  ..,..,»...  ,1  |it-Alxiblv  ilenvml  tram  llutof  ihc  Alihiii  mciitioood  by  tbe 
l»ta«l  fVlLknt  HTwniauiani  u  ■  tliiJ«;t  apokcn  bf  cowbmxU  «n-l  I'tlvtn  ia  tbe  txniatij 
DMrtlMwartcrocoutatxnit  Oui»r*t.   Prof.  E.ti.  BbAndtriuu',  M.A.,  H(ai.MJt.A.8. 


ehA>*desh. 


43 


wulU.'       Ouos   are   funned    hy    naffixes.      TbuR,    fur  tho 

ivo  und    d«tiv»  le  U  added  ;  ^r    the   huh-iimeutal,  nif  rari, 

^ortbe  ablaiive,  thin;  for  Itie  goniltvo,   n>(,   ni,  na;  nni]  for 

ttivp,  ma  and  maziir.'     Miii^i'uliuQ  and  aeutcr  unuus  ending 

11^   a   iuto  e    in   tlu-    [iliirnl    when  coev  ttirminations  are 

Feminine  uonns  preserve,  however,  lUo  finul  a  iii  tbo 

before  caaa  tormiDations.     Masculine  nonna  ending  in  ••>  *i  ", 

3o  nut  under^j  uuy  cloio^,  and   tliv  c<w  tommiatious  nro 

to  tbe  Sual  letter  of  tbe  original  word.    A  notable  exoeption 

hhingtfbi,  ft  Ihv,  wlik-b  cbungfK  its  to  to  tya  before  any   cas9 

jnna  Am  ailixtnl  to  it.     Another  exc<^p(iuu  in  u  m  ju,  loiuv, 

comes  juva  and   ke*ps  the  doiflilo  ptaral  form  jitva^  ih 

M>  Lunnittatii^ns  iirv  iJlixt^'d.     Pninoiiiis  Iiolh    porsonal   and 

are  the  same  aa  in   Mar&thi,  bnt  their  ease  foruH  differ. 

for    the    difference    of  cnao  forms,  tho  first   and   second 

J  nrontJuni<;  form  ihoir  phintU  in  tho  samt-  way  ai  tlio  Mariitbi. 

utiier  hand,  ibe  third  personal  pronoan  and  tbe  reWivea  insert 

'  the  plural  before  the  case  tenttinatioDB.*   Tbe  domoDstratiro 


Ctiaptar 
P>piilatioa.  I 


I  n  poRilur.  WtHA  tbe  Skiwlmt  plunJ  temuiiattMi  t  wm  tot,  acoii*  of  Ui* 
n  wore  iAIwhI  to  luvc  rcooorM  to  ■  new  OMdcof  exfiraaaon.  Thu  Banfili 
iinlily  byoliliai;  >  dduii  cxproHivo  uf  'all'  'Bcofla^oa.'  or  'a  «!«■».'  mA 
.  jT^nn,  omI  <^ii;<i.  uiJ  \3nj%  by  ilBxiDK  Uio  wurd  mdiHi  mauiiag  neMBro 
Tlip  Ahirtni  ■  is  thcrtfars  not  nnlikd}-  tlm  old  rrlkrit  toma,  S«a*krit 
lUoiintCi  us.  Prof.  E.G.  BhAocLukor,  M.A..  IIan.M.ajLS. 
Eir  <il  Uie  aooimtire  ooil  dative  ii  thn  Mnritfal  fo.  Ot  tiliD  UMtraMontal 
I'  n'  Mwou  to  l<e  Uiv  Uantthj  ivf.  >nd  tUa  .Suuknt  rna  ;  uul  mrj  oad  diUf  ue 
If  otfTopbaiH  aail  KliWvUliooi  i>f  tlic  nutraiaunta]  (onai  af  tb«  Suukrit 
UHiaiitKai  inil jiati Bititwai,  whioh  tuna  XaXatoAwiaSXvA  inb> WM lermiiMttoniL 
HiTD  lAin  Mttnns  to  be  »  oormpl  [<ani  ul  Uia  Hoaikrit  kflix  liM.  IIm  final  * 
Fa  in  rnkrit.  >ad,  joioml  villi  lbs  proviuiia  I,  •iiun<t>  liko  Ik,  Th*  gsnitivc 
I  Uiu  luintirc  ma  «*  monh  Ukn  taa  cucmiptiiKlinu  CiijHriti  t«nninBtiaiM, 
tiuBil  musirof  tliu  locativo  is  ■  lom  if  Ui<Fenrrnnt  tluJutU  word. 
I  withtn,  tiisidc. 
;  i>  tat  viamiilc  i 


EE" 


Jl 

JT^ar.  A  PlArsn-BDiM.  .  \ 

Ouv. 

HlHCIkr. 

PtnL 

■im. 

Kiev. 

Vimr. 

JU-wriDil. 

Vlculo. 

K^C*'**)*^ 

I»t. 

NtK«r-rd 

Kinnnai. 

rt     -tI 

,         -IM). 

AW. 

xian^ 

XAoifMfilB.' 

0«c. 
Inc. 

Ktetnil,  al.  •■, 

■■     'iiiKiAr. 

^,         -ii»Uf 

FBOtEomn. 


JKI. 


flMidir. 


Ul. 

(Hot. 


■Unri. 

fUlUn. 

ItUnUMB. 

IMBtoa. 


Ptoid. 


A-mL 
A'mtf. 

lUctal. 

l*'n>wllkliL 
A'mkDB. 


ni.  »W- 


IWBt. 


«Uv*)U' 


JTUmri. 
lTa)[litL 

T^iitiUi. 

Tnu. 
TiidubU'. 


Fliinl. 


9b«alu. 


TobL 
TwnOc. 
fTaisMBrt. 
tluUcliU. 

«ulrfUibi. 


•to. 

mm 


Ta. 


di 


xu. 

ioo. 

ti. 


[Bombftr  QufttM, 


44 


DISTRICTS. 


this  (liffLTs  from  tlie  ilurutlii.  Th«  Itii,  hi,  and  he  of  the  latter  become 
tmu  iy  tliL'  musculiue,  »iid  ha^  in  the  femiuiae  and  neuter.'  l%a 
ititiTnigative  or  indofiiiite  kim  »\\Bvr»  no  change  in  its  crude  fona, 
but  tho  iudi'finile  pruuoininal  particle  kdi/  takes  kami  as  its  crude 
funu  to  which  the  case  termiunliuux  are  added.  Though  curioui, 
the  conJHf^tifiu  uf  vcrhs  is,  with  but  few  exceptiooa,  regular,*  Th» 
preet'Ht  tenae  has  one  fyi-ui  fur  the  eiugulars  of  all  peraons  sod 
unothur  for  the  phiiiils,  the  termiDiitious  being  g  and  tas  respectivelf, 
thus  kar  t^^  do  has  k'lras  and  kartiis.  These  seem  to  be  demed 
froui  the  old  I'lakrit  present  participle  karani,  further  corrupted  to 
karat.  In  Marathi,  also,  the  present  tense  is  formed  from  the  present 
]mrticiple,  but  to  distinguish  the  perHouiD  the  old  personal  termioationi 
are  appended  to  it,  while  in  Kb^udeshi  they  are  not.  In  ^Gnjarati 
the  old  present  ))itrtic'i}ile  is  used  to  form  the  past  conditional,  and 


'  This  hau  in  iicBrer  thait  the  Mnrftthi  hil  to  the  Sauikrit  atan  (tlic  a  beilif  dnfp*^ 

uid  «chaugeJ  to  /i).     It  U  ileuliiied  h  fullowi : 


pnosocss.  MAu,  uAi.  thu, 

lla.l  (MAKVUih),  Illli. 

!^lllKulkr.                  HurHl. 
Htu.                           EIvu. 
Itjdlo,  Tile,                 Hi-i«lr. 
Bctnt,  rl^l.                Hyimil.  villi, 
ViWhIu.                       Vt-U,ln, 
Villi,  yiua,               VA'iiJ.  yiin, 
Yimi.                        Il\iiiina, 

SinKDlar,            Plunl. 

Ilr.                       lafr, 
lul.                      bnl. 
[tbin.                  IMUb. 
Ini,  liu,              tta,  Jitu, 
IiuL                    bnuk 

*  The  [olTuwiug  are  the  brief  Jutuils  oF  the  lesdiiig  IrT^ulor  verba : 
IRItEGUl^R  VERBS. 


Pbmsst. 


P«». 


A;  u>  b*. 


lit  Punun 

^Dd      „ 
»rd       . 

So.  to  bAcoiiu, 
l>t  PerBOii 

tail      „ 

3rd      „ 

Ja,  to  go- 

1-t  PttSOQ 

Ind      „ 
Srd      „ 

T*t  tA  come, 
J  St  Pannn 

and     „ 

Sid     „ 


BlD^fular. 
iKotu. 


Shim. 


Vl>u, 


Jit, 


Ym. 


Kar.  to'dD, 

Itt  P«nou 

iD'\     „ 
3rd      „ 


Plum!. 


Vbuu, 


Jilu. 


YelM, 


Kirai,        Kartu, 


SI  n  gill  Ik  r,      FJural,       BId^uIu-      PLnzmL 

A«q, 
Vhun, 


vbBiD, 

MHtM. 


Jiu. 
Jiyi. 


Ohu 
Gy., 


Uup. 
Uni. 


f  Kyc. 


Vhilut. 
Mutit. 


PUTUB*. 


Jiut. 
JtyU. 


Omt. 

Ojii, 


Pnul, 
Unit. 


JKye. 

IKJIL 


Aaot. 


AbvU.        f  AallU. 
Vlii^lll.       tVhuhil. 
Vlu>'L  V^Un. 


Vhun. 
Vbnhl. 


Knraa, 

Kanhl. 
Earl. 


Thuat. 
VhubM. 
„    -L 

n    -a. 


Jiiiu.  Jint. 

Jiihl.  iUait, 

JiyL  JiUn. 

Y»  Tem. 

Y«hi.  {*->*l' 


Kuint, 

Kinkii. 
Kartln. 


finHoipruk  la  ninjuntfd  llkctsrsictiilln  lhH(iui  ivnur  which  btaii>Inii     bolnni,  [or  UuOnl 
piraoir,  and  tdns  ted  lolndt  [oc  the  Mcoud  ud  third  iiengD  linjulii  uid  pluraL 


khAndesh.' 


45 


po  terminations  aro  applied  to  distiiigaisli  the  persons.  The  t  of  the 
participle  is  ho^rever  softened  to  «  in  the  Kh&ndeshi.  In  the  plural 
••rtof  which  corresponds  to  the  fflar&thi  karitdt  the*  second  t  is 
lOCteoed.  The  past  tenao  is  funned  by  adding  n,  the  terminations 
baiiig  nu  and  nut  for  the  first  person,  and  no.  and  nat  for  the  second 
■nd  third  persons,  singular  and  plural  respectively.  To  Mardthi 
Qua  R  is  nnknoirn,  bat  it  is  used  in  northern  Gujariti,  as  in  handhdi^ 
Va  handhaijo  '  bound',  ditlia.no  for  dekhdyo  '  seen ',  and  in  some 
Terba  in  the  Braj  Bhisha,  as  kina  'done',  dina  'given',  and  Ion, 
'tekeii'.  The  nis  generalised  from  such  old Prdkrit forma  as  dinna 
'men'  far  'daWa' (Sansk.),iwna'cut'for  Wno  (SanskO.and&MV?" 
'dirided'  for  bhinna  {Sansk}.  ^  ^ 

The  fatore  has  tu  and  sut  for  the  first,  thi  and  shdl  or  ahdt  for  the 
Hcond,  and  i  and  tin  or  til  for  the  third  persons  singular  and  plural. 
Tb6  a  of  the  first  and  second  persons  seems  to  be  the  old  Prdkrit  at 
fRI)  uid  Sanskrit  aya  (^) .  In  Grujar^ti  it  is  preserved  in  all  the 
penona.  The  Marithi  I  is  dropped  or  rather  not  affixed,  except  in 
the  optional  plural  forms  of  the  second  and  third  persons.^  The 
iiregular  karma^i  prayoga  of  the  Marathi  and  G-ujar&ti,  which 
requires  the  verb  to  agree  in  gender  and  number  with  the 
object,  is  found  in  Ahirani.  Thus,  '  a  house  was  built  by  R&m/ 
Samdai  ghar  bdndk ;  a  book  ws^  read  by  a  Bi-^hman,  Brdhmai^ni 
fotki  rdchi.  Adjectives  vary  in  form  according  to  the  number  aad 
gender  of  the  nouns  they  qualify,  but  not  according  to  their  case 
inflections  as  in  Marithi.  The  Ahirani  conjunctions  an  and  n« 
correspond  to  the  Mar&thi  dni  and  va  and  the  Gujarati  Mie  and  ne. 
There  is  a  peculiar  word  for  nioroover,  akhor.  The  adverbs  of 
place  are  :  here,  afhe,  i(lie  {Sansk.  atra) ;  there,  tatke,  tatha  {Sansk. 
lalra);  where,  ieafhe,  kalhd,  and  koth  {Sansk.  kutra).  The  Etdverbs 
of  time  are  :  when  (relative),  javhaya,  jadhayn,  and  jadhaf,  corre- 
iponding  to  the  Sanskrit  yadd  ;  then,  tavkaya,  tadhafa  (Sanak.  tadd) ; 
when  [interrogative),  kavhnya,  kadhaya  (Sansk.  kada).  The  adverbs 
of  manner  correspond  to  the  Alar^thi  forms.  Some  peculiar  Tordi 
««  in  nse  derived  neither  from  tiujariti  nor  from  Marathi.  Among 
these  may  be  noticed  dndor  a  boy,  under  a,  girl,  bdk  towards,  iioft 
hither,  tibdk  thither,  pdn  near,  dkttrd  u  ntil,  and  tndyav  alas  I  * 

Among  themselves  the  Western  Sdtpuda  Bhils  speak  a  dialect  of 
Onjariti,  while  those  further  east  use  a  form  of  Nem&di.  Most  of 
them  know  a  little  Hindastdni  or  Mar&thi  and  employ  it  in  speaking 
to  Eoropeans  or  men  from  the  plains,  to  "whom  their  own  i£alect  jp 
nnintelligible.  A  very  markedloca!  tendency  is  to  drop  every  poAible 
oonaonant.  Liquids  go  first  as  in  Koi  for  Koli,  Md%  for  M^ti ;  they 
■re  often  followed  by  sibilants,  as  in  rax' la  for  raata,  and  by  guttun^ . 
u  Vaijo  for  Vlighdev.  The  lower  one  goes  in  the  social  scale  the 
more  marked  is  the  provincialism.  It  is  probably  due  to  the 
inflaence  of  the  aboriginal  races  among  whom  the  peculiarity  is  moit 
marked.' 


Chapter  in 
Population 


'  Prof.  R.  O.  Bhandirkar,  M.A..  Hon,M.R.A.3. 

'  ContritMitMl  hy  Itio  Hiheh  K.  B.  Markthe,  B.A.,  LL.a 

'  Mr.  aindkir  in  Ind,  Ant.  IV.  109. 


[BombkrOtnttHi, 


46 


DISTRICTS. 


iter  in.  Except  of  Bohor^  who  speak  Gajar&ti,  the  home  tongae  of  almoat 

dfttion.        ^^  Kl^ndesli  Musalmtos  is  Hii^dust^i. 

^1^  The  following  tabular  Btatemeat  gives,  for  the  year  1872,  details 

gj2,  oi  the  population  of  each  sub-dirision  according  to  religion,  age, 

and  sex: 

Khdndeik  Papulaiion,  187t.    Sub-dicUioyial  Detail*, 


Sui-DmswH. 


Ttloda  ... 
tJUtiUa  ... 
fihirpLir    .,. 

Chopdk  ». 
VIH<]  ... 
Amailner  ,,, 

Uiila      ... 

EnniiDl  ... 
Fiiiip4liuw 
l>b  LillK  ... 
JirDDcr  ... 
F'lDlim  ... 
CbilUSBOli 


Tilsd*  ... 
Shttiid*  ... 
Blilrpnr    — 

fhopd»  ... 
TirJoL  ,., 
Amfttnar ... 

E-ivdn       ... 

Enn^ol  .r. 
Plmpalnn 
Dhiiltk  ... 
J&mner  „, 
PiDbon  ... 

CbUUgHD 


SlitlitiU  ... 
BhJTpur    ... 

Cbopdii  ... 
Tlrdfl  „. 
ImaJueT.,. 
Blvdi  ... 
BhuiAnl... 
Dulnbmd 
Inndal  ... 
nmHlDvr 
Dhnfli  .., 
JftmDBT  ... 
P*c1i'>rK    ... 


TaUi 


U  IN  DCS. 


Itjrttn. 


Kiln. 


Total 


BSIt 

I'll  I 

II, TM 

la.oTi 

10,4  IS 
M.lTil 
MF.1 
13,bh:i 
11, 7M 
II, GM 

ii,<iia 


l«l.UB 


INmuls. 


K7t 
ilM 
ei^l 

11,110 

i.i.e;! 

i).»)i 
van 

ID.BSV 
lll.lJS 

ii.oag 
U,aT» 


AboTD  11  and  d« 

eicmUni  SO 


Uilu. 


MM 

7MI) 
MM 

out 
Ate 


1T,T(» 

la.nss 
1i,:i;« 

ID.Dtl 
lu.TSt 
IB,  IS) 

esei 


ir!,60B    ISJ.BM 


fasuld*. 


fiWI 

SIIU 

;;w 
io.;i4 

17,b;o 
is.nu 

11.(07 
10,<I6» 
10,B4R 
10,>U7 
11,  7» 

10 ;» 


Above  9>  fCu«. 


llalM. 


BOBI 

eoM 

72M 

10.7 1« 
IS,  IK 
13,SI7 

Ksa 

esui 

«31B 

SHI 

10,  MB 

tI,7M 

eiui 


rmtim. 


DMO 
MT7 
SEM 

&B07 
SIIS 
1973 
M50 
1«.3II7 
lO.UO 

asii 

7180 
B3I7 

ima 

47M 


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KHAJIDESH.  47 

Kbdndah  Poptilathn,  1873.    Sub-divUional  DttaU* — eontinued. 


■ 

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1,028,841 

om  the  above  atatemeiit  it  appears  that  the  percentage  of 
?  on  the  total  population  was  51  ■58  and  of  females  48-4I. 
lu  males  numbered  489,429,  or  51  ■02  per  cent,  and  Hindu 
les  numbered  458,8.j0,  or  48'38  per  cent  of  the  total  Hindu 
lation  ;  Musalmiin  males  numbered  40,lJ0i,  or  51'16  per  cent, 
Musalman  females  38,755,  or  48-84  per  cent  of  the  total 
,lman  population.  Parsi  mafea  numbered  42,  or  6885  per  cen*^ 
Parsi  females  numbered  19,  or  31]  5  per  cent  of  the  total 
population.  Chriatian  males  nurabered314,  or  60'73  percent, 
[Christian  females  numbered  203,  or  3927  per  cent  of  the  total  , 
itian  population.  Other  males  numbered  221,  or  51^87  per 
and  other  females  numbered  205,  or  48'13  per  cent  of  the  total 
r  population. 

e  number  of  infirm  persons  was  returned  at  7298  (malea 
,  females  2626),  or  seventy  per  ten  thousand  of  the  total 
iation.  Of  these  382  (males  279,  females  103),  or  four  per  ten 
land  were  insane;  618  {males  438,  females  180),  or  sixteen  per 
housand  idiots;  1009  (males  681,  females  328),  or  ten  per  ten 


CluipterXZ] 
Popolfttfan. 

1872.. 


Health. 


[Bombay  Ou«tt«ar, 


48 


DISTRICTS. 


thousand  deaf  and  dumb ;  3757  (maloa  2068,  females  1689),  or 
thirtj-«oveii ^r  ten  thousand  Mind;  and  1532  (males  1206,  femslefl 
326),  or  fifteen  per  ten  thousand  lejicrs. 

The  following  tabular  statement  gives  the  number  of  the 
members  of  each  religious  class  of  the  inhabitants  according  to  sex 
at  different  ages,  vith,  at  each  stage,  the  percentage  on  tne  total 
population  of  the  same  box  and  religion.  The  columns  referring 
to  the  total  population  omit  religious  distinctions,  bat  show  the 
difference  of  sex. 

KMndeth  Pnpulalion  hg  Agt,  1ST2, 


CuKriTiAytt. 

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The  Hindu  population  of   tho   district  belongs,  according  to  the 
1872  census,  to  the  following  sects  : 

KhdndtKh  Hindu  Salt,  1873. 


EHAlfDESn. 


49 


From  this  Btatoment  it  would  seem  that  of  the  total  Hinda 
gpolation  the*  ooBflctariaD  olascoa" numbered  889,331  or  03*78 
r  «nt ;  tho  ShaiTB  32,346  o*  3-41  per  ceat ;  the  Vaislinava  21,273 

2-24  per  c«ot ;  and  the  Shntrska  &280  or  Q&b  pvr  cont.  Tfao 
MKlnJU)  |iopalatioD  bolooga  to  tvro  eecte,  Stmoi  and  8hia ;  the 
jlmer  umnbered  73,088  bouIs  or  92*09  per  cent,  and  tluj  latter 
i7l  aotiU  or  790  per  coot,  of  tbo  wliole  Moaalmfa  popnUtioa. 
te  Pitzis  are  divided  into  two  claaaee,  Shfthooahii  uid  Kadmi ; 
D  nombor  of  tha  former  was  fifty-scren  or  93'44  per  cent,  niid  of 
D  latter  was  four  or  6-IjA  per  cent.  Id  the  total  ot  &17  CluriHtiana 
Wn  wore  3  ArmonianB,  70  Calfaoliof,  and  444  Prot«staot>,  inclndinf; 
Bpiaoi^ialiaiis,  72  Pt«»byt«rians,  15  W^lej-ana,  and  SGI  nativA 
iTiBtiaos.  Other  reli^ons  woru  rvproeontod  by  &  Brahmos,  59 
h^  and  33  JewB.  Besides  theae,  326  persons,  under  the  head 
lets,  remained  onclaaaified. 

Aocordinff  to  occapetion  the  1872  Cdosus  diridod  the  wholo 
pnlatioa  into  seven  olaMoa  i 

L — Bmplo;red  imder  GoreraineDl.  or  municipal  or  other  local  autboritlefli 
DambrimK  in  i^\  lti,2-'<fi  toula  or  1'58  per  oont  ol  this  wbolo  popnUtioB. 
L — Profcaaioiuil  penoAA  3896  or  O'U  ptr  cent. 

lT. — la  fcrvicci  or  p«rf»nutng  penonaT  oIBoea.  9104  or  O'SS  per  cent.      < 
V, — Enfcofiod  in  agnoaltnnt  and  with  uiimMl  S16^75  or  SI '09  per  cent. 
-ligrA  in'Mmroeroe  and  trade,  17,706  ur  1*72. 

I  lo^ed  ill  Bkwbuucal  arts,  nunufnctures,  aitd  enginMrJngopentfion*, 

aud  cnomscd  in   tlie  mle  of  article  mannhctnred  or    otbcTWiAs 

mvnared  (or  iwnsumption,  IdSiXM  or^S'Sil  per  c«nt.  . 

L — Uucellaneoiu  peraons  noi  cb«a«d  othenrise,  (a)  vrirea  Wl,d33  and 

duldrMi  3i5,A38,  id  all  M7,&71  or  &3-23jKr  cunt ;  and  {h)  mincfliiimoonm 

^pessons  19,830  or  1-93  per  cent ;  toUl  5ff7^107  or  &5-16  per  c«nt. 

descriptive  purposes   tKe    different    Hindu    classes   groop 

«  nioftt  oonvouiontly  under  llie  heads  o^rdhmans,  WriterH, 

Hosbandinen,  CraftsnieD,   Labourer),  Early  or  Unaottlel'^ 

Doprssled  Clanoe,  and  Boggars. 

Bra'hnuuiS  have  thirUten  divisions :  33,738  BbXbhakb,  including 
whaeths,  Konkanafiths,  and  Karb^d^,  who  are  locally  known  aimply 
Brihmans ;  328  Gauds  ;  1  >  1  U  iijoriitis ;  260  Abhirs  or  R^nvat^a ; 
ilPardeshia;  242  M&n.-4di8;  53  Pokarn^;  108  KaQojA9i208 
laogs ;  981  Gobdts ;  and  1966  Vidiirs,  or  a  total  strongth  of  38,049 
lla  or  3*69  per  oent  of  tho  whole  Hindu  population.  They  belong 
five  dassea,  MarAtha,  GujanUi,  Mdrrddi,  Upper  Indian,  and 
.  Indian.  Marat  ha  Brihmane,  by  far  tho  largc«t  class,  inclade" 
Rths,  wir,b  t!ji.'ir  local  «nb-diviiiiona  of  Yajunrodi*  and 
lis,  Eonkamistbs  or  ChitpavDns,  Karhdd&s,  Uatids,  A-bbirs 
iTabas,  Yidurs,  and  GovHri]lmnK  or  Qolaks ;  of  Gujar&t 
there  arc  AudJch!!,  KbedtLvdls,  Shrim&lis,  and  KZgafs; 
rid  BrihinauH,  Shetaks  and  Adigands,  Parikhs,  D&Tam<Es, 
trals,  and  Khar  Khandclea ;  of  Upper  Indian  Hrahmana, 
rairala,  PokanuU,  and  Kanojis ;  and  of  Sooth  ToSian  BrtUimana, 
laa^  and  SigardvifMa.  Of  the  ecttloment  in  Kbindesh  of 
Me  dtflarent  Brahman  divisions,  no  histories  or  legends  have 
ni  obtained.  It  is  the  general  local  belief  that  the  Tajurredia 
i  the  Ifaitriyanis,  and  probably  the  Goriu-dhans  and  tho  Abhtrs, 
U-7 


I 


Chapter] 
Popolat 

AgtL. 


OoeoB 


Bribinfttui.1 


[Bombay  OtMttov. 


48 


DISTRICTS. 


ptarlXL       thousand   deaf  naci  dumb;  3757   (males  2068,   females    1689),  or 
,^tj__        thirty -MOTea  per  teo  thousand  blmd>  and  1532  (uialfla  1206,  females 

326),  or  fifteen  per  ten  thousand  lepers. 
h§t.  The    following    tabular    statement  gives  the   number    of    ths 

members  of  each  religious  class  of  the  inhabitants  according  to  sex 
at  different  ages,  with,  at  each  stage,  the  percentage  on  the  total 
population  of  the  same  sex  and  religion.  The  columns  referring 
to  the  total  population  omit  religious  distiuctioos,  bat  show  the 
difference  of  aex. 

KhAiKlftih  Population  liy  Agf,  J87S. 


1  T(u     ... 

lis     t  ... 

a  .  It ... 
11  ;  10 ... 

M    „    U  ... 

w  .   w ... 

N    „    W  ... 
Abon  to  ... 


ToMI 


CHimriASii.            '               oriirR*. 

Tot  11.. 

An 

1 

Mi 

in 

i 

■a 
1 

Si  a 
HI 

IS.   5 

8 

§ 

111 

1 

11 

i 

1 

D 

a 
1 

If 

1  y™r           

1  to     a     

e  „    II    

la  „   w 

to  „   so    ... 

H)  „   40 

M  „    M     

M    „     BO      

Abon  so    

5 
7ft 

i\ 

7 

( 

a]  J I 
»-s; 

l-SB 

1 

e 

HI 
3J 
3« 
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3 

1 

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7 
SB 

li 

3T 

4V 

m 

11 

. 

6'TU 
IS-ii.l 

ll'il 

IJ'.M 
r 

4 

il 
11 

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» 
4 

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Wl7 
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au-36 
Is-fi 

4«t 

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78.(1  ■" 

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41,4W 
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tl.BW 
|il,t4D 

4-1D 
!•'« 
l.1-.« 

l»-t7 
l«'M 

»-n 
fit 

^7lJ 

Total 

3U 

va 

3M 

114 

uo.cio 

ua.oaa 

The  Hindu  population  of  the   district  belongs,  according  to  the 
'1872  census,  to  the  following  sects  : 

Shdndah  Hiniiu  Stxif,  187S. 


Vaiishah. 

Inro*'. 
it.n. 

SiriTTB. 

Aicnia. 

UsaBC- 

UllIDl'S. 

Hnm'- 
viu. 

Uib4- 

sa]. 

bbl- 

Kkbtr- 
puithk 

1 

Total, 

IMS 

SMS 

ni 

14^71 

111 

11 M 

90.  tU 

<M0 

sst.m 

NN 

M«JT» 

EUAlj'DESU. 


Si 


worship  in  honour  of  K4]nb&i,  ori^oall}-  from 

__       bt'on  burroirod  fmn  the  Kunbia,  Il-nuek-WnUid 

flrrt  Sunitny  aft«r  the  Ndtjuaitfkiimi  hutiday  in  NhnUtui 
Ai^{nst),n-heiia]l  motDbemof  toe  fainityfaat.  A  |>otof  «-aterj 
oocoanut.  un  U,  is  placod  uu  n  hunp  of  wheut,  nud  n  tdlvor 
~  Lbotfiiddc««  K^ubiU  i»  htid  bofurt!  it.  Lamps  are  lightod, 
a  family  di oner  is  ^vea.  Chakrapuja  isDerformetliDboBonroE 
hid  wfaow  imaf^  iu  Hot  on  on  octitgnmU  twap  of  ricu.  A  iHinp 
'Ugbt  tuid  tol  ucar  it,  aud  IkiUi  tfiS  image  aud  tlii;  huiip 
worshipped.  Dinner  is  then  served,  and  groat  care  is  takeo. 
thu  roniDanU  of  lliis  dinner  arw  bariod  in  a  pit  Diiar  tbo  boiisa 
Qii|.  givou  Ui  HKudriU.  After  diiini^r'tUn  hi-»[)ec!  naa  is  !<bipi.'(1 
tii«  fhtHunkha,  or  stone  in  which  the  ling  is' set,  a  cocoanat  is 
ilaopd  on  it.  as  a  ling,  and  worship  is  offered.  Tho  cocoaunt  is 
hen  hrokuu  nnil  the  kernel  diittributed.  lUuubiU  is  a  favourite 
ICbandesh  family  deity.  Her  niarriajre  and  eacred  thread  ceremony, 
ibo  lath'r  taking  place  aftor  thti  nmrrinffo,  aro  obsorved  as  a 
Wcwflnyt  rmtivni.  On  the  «tuvciitb  di^y  a  ])l»tfonn  u(  kiihiII 
lUntain  sticlu  ia  made,  and  a  wboat-flcKir  ima^  of  lUnubti  ia 
■Isoed  on  thom  and  irorshipped. 

As  a  raU<  the  main  divisions  pat  lofroth^  bnt  do  not   iiiCurmarry, 

■*  the  aub-divi^iiims    bulb   cut  tii^'olber  and  inlttrmarry.     To  tnia 

are  many  csc4>)itions.    Nunc  of  the  Up)ior  Indiuo  divisions, 

ikamss,   SArasrats,  and   Kanrijii^v,  vnt.   U>j^^thi>r,  and  umuiig 

lis,    the    Jfiitfam    hold    nirtrf    fpim    tbo    tvfl.     Of  (ii«   rihicf 

Vriiba  dirisvuiM,  lUo  K'^TikaiiaHtlu,   Oo^baatlLi,  Yajnrvcdis,  and 

iiiia  vat   together  but  hold  aloof  from  tbo  Gauds  oud   Qobiks, 

,  aft  a  mto,  from  the  IhtaitTsynnis  and  IVvrukhns. 

'.;h,  amont;  iho  more  educated,   its   pon-cr   is   said   to   be 

'  «fak,  tic  commnnity  has  siill  OJUsid-.THblc  <^mlr()1  ovor 

lal.     Aiqcng   tho   different  cbntites  of   Uribmaua    the 

_  of  the  conunnnitv  varies  conaidorably.     Among  Martijha 

■ng,    all  tho   main   divisions  who   dino  together,   form,  for 

^  of  social  diKciplino,  onooommnnity ;  while,  among  Gujantli 

:  per    India    BMbmana,   the   community   ia   limited  to   the 

,ijiijaa«i,  in  some  cases,  to  tho  sub-division.     Brvnt-hoit  of  en«to 

I,  ^iterally  in  matters  of  catiiif»,  ilritikJiij,',  and  Tnarringo,  aro 

:i   to  the  mombent  of  tlwt  communilj.  and    a    generat 

'dl  mombera  in  (he   town  or  ncigbbcitirh'i"ii  ik  rallwl. 

meetings  the  mob  nf  members   i»  gt-ncniliy  without  any  ' 

head,  aud  there  ia  littlo  order  and  mncb  loud  and  angry 

If  tbv  offence  is  held  to  bo  proved,  and  the  communitr   feci 

to  enforce  diacipline,  tho  form  of  punishment  ia  genemfly  the 

by  the  o^nder,  of  the  five  products  of  thecow,  pancAnifaryn, 

0  payuwnt  of  a  Goc  to  be  spent  in  feasting  tho  commnnity. 

chief  available  details  of  Brahman  tlivimons  and  aub-divisiona 

ly  bo  (hns  summariaed.  Of  MarAtr*  BtiArfKAMB,  Deahaaths,  fonnd 

11  namlicrs  all  over  tho  district,  so  mo  oft  bom  old  i*oU1or9,  bat 

ibcm  arrirals  unco  tho  establishment  of  tliti  E'oahwa's  power 

as  a  class  well-ld-do,  living  by  prioat^raft,  trwlr,  and 

Btaorvice.   They  are  of  tbriM  aub-divisious,  Aahvulayans, 


Chapter: 
PopidatiOB. 
Uriluiksaa 


[Bombiiy  Oauc 


IfattnllNuil*. 


63 


DISTRJCT8. 


Yajturedis,    sad    Apwtambu,    o!   whom    Uie  AxhvaUyBiM^ 
ApHjAoiaboS  InterDmny.      'fhs  Vajurvedis,  found  in  oil  parts  i 
dittlrict,  chiefiy  as  village  priests  and  astiviloii^cTB,  arc  beheved  to 
amooK  theoldoi-t  Bribnum  wttlorH  in  Kluliidi*«b.     Of  tbei<~  ^'•-''i^-r-i 
mix  jKntty  diriftifjus,  duly  tliree,  the   M&dhyiindiiie,  the  Hn^ 
and  Lbe  KauuadiA,  none  of  wbom  intermarry,  arc  found  in  K  hny.-.-.i- 
Of  tbeae  the  Maitr<iynnia.  M;tl1od  chiclly  in  Bba«lgnon,  Amalner,  asd 
Kandurbiir,  liavc  oonsiderable  local  inlerifBt.     Much  darker  thai 
uthur  Itr&bmaQs.  and,  &t  Icoat  in  AmaliiLT,  not  allowtMl  to  dinftl 
ConkonaiithH    and    Deahasthit,    tboy    iivo   l>j   beffging  and 


haiDndrr,  and,  in  Antalner,  by  trade.     They  belong'  to  the  cWak 
l)ranch,  nhaklui,  ol  the  Yajurveda,  and   follow  the  MtbtavNuIn  ns 
their  religioutt  guidft.     KunkaoaKihs  nr  CbitpATanH,  fonnd  itt  small 
nuinbent  all  over  the  diatrict,  some  of  them  old  settlers  but  moBt  of 
tbein  established  Hince  the  times  of  tbo  Peshwa,  are  aa  a  <!las«  ^'  '' 
to-do,  living  by  prioflcmft,  l)mlavr,,nnd  Govi'mment  stTvice.     'I !. 
two  Kiib-diviiuous,  the  Kigvediit  or  Aiihraiivans  and  thv  Apastambas 
or  Uiranvakeshis,  do  not  intennarry,     Karii&d&ii,  found  in  »nwn 
numbers  tn  most  parlM  of  tho  dtHlrict,  are  believed  to  have   m< 
come  a$  ttcrmnts  to  the  Pe^hwa's  go>'emi>tODl.     Chiefly  Goveniiiit:^ 
aervanta  and  moDeytenders  they  are  well-to-do.     They  are  meml 
of  the  Mar^tha  Bruinuui  community,  iDtermarryiDg,  tooagb  this  i 
formerly  not  the  case,  with  Deahwtlh   Unilimans.     Devnikhils, 
small  Qufnbera  over  most  of  the  district  and  believed  to  bare 
from  tlif  Hiitith  Konkun  with  th^Veshwa,  are  mostly  in  (lovvmr 
service  or  priests,     'riicy  <lo  not  marry   either   with  Desbasthv  > 
Konkanaaths,  and   KonkaDastha  show  much   hesitation  in 
with  them.     GovardhanB  or  OolakH,  fonnd  in  large  uumberg  ehteli 
in  Dhulia  and  V  iniei,  are  old  aettlvn,  living  as   hereditary  vjlla 
accountauts,  aiitroftiger^,  and  a  few  aa  clerkx.     llivy  arc  mtppoc 
to  bo  of  irregular  dcscout,  the  progeny  of  OkJBnlhman  woman  hj 
n  B|^mim   who  is  not  her  husband.     TbcTCare  vf    two  clnaMs, 
BAolftlak   and  Kandgolak.   the  former  denoting  children   of  a 
woman  whose   huaband  wa«  living,  the  latter   the  children   of 
woman  whoHO  husband  was  dead  at  tbr  time  of  her  union  nilh  tl 
father  of  h< t  chililreu.     The  two  snb-diviatona  dine  with  each  olhe 
QautU  or  Bbenvis,  fonnd  in  mnall  numbers  over  the  district, 
4aid  to  be  settlers  of  the  Peiihwa's  time.     Thty  lire  as  traders 
Government  servants.     They  are   sejtarated  6om  other  Br 
■  li][  tlioir  prnclico  of  eating  fish  and  mutton.     At      " 
I^rAhinons,  with  a  t<)tal  strengtji  of  2f>0  Kouls,Rroloiiu3ti"Prak(i 
Nandurbfir,  and  Tnloda,*      Accuniing  to  the  lotal    legend    the 
Abhirt!  were  originally  fishermen,^      One   day  as  lAkshman 


'  Vram  natoriila  annnliod  by  Mr.  J.  Davidaoa.  C.  f). 

*  Tb«  lUOklb  uo  :  ITa  aonU  bi  Praklalu) ;  aftjr-at-s  «o«U  di«ttiWt«d  wvar  l_. 
[amiliM,  tiMrtMc  nf  Uiua  In  NAoilurlAr,  and  eno  cuh  In  tkw  rlUwM  of  Kald*  i 
IMIiKi  :  uid  thirty  Mini*  Ja  Talodk  iinil  Kukarinueila. 

'  TbI*  ■tnn;  i>  givm  by  the  Praklcki   KAovnCtta  vhn  own  t«  ihcir  ttinit  abo  ca 
Abfain.    Th*  NaadnrUir  RinvatAa  neither  aUl  thcmub-<9  AbMni  (ko-  aduiowl^ 
Uiia  alocy.     They  aiy  that,  dirtrotaed   by  «  (uninr,  Uiey  qmhc  {ttm  Sura*  uid  i 
M^ghbDurhood  aho«t  IW  y«M«  itp>. 


IBotnbay  GowttttrJ 


DlSTRy:T& 


PKm 


TTppor  IndiK  ftnd  tpeak  HindiisUni.  They  Mt  at  tlM ' 
Bf  bhn^Mudeahi  Bnthtnaos,  bi4  the  lotur,  tboagli  tbey  tako  waUfr.l 
'will  not  (nkc  ffXKl  from  thorn.  Thuir  wum«D  woor  uttiUker  tbe 
Manltba  liaii-sloeriHl  botlice  ooveriitg  biitli  hack  umI  liiMiiin  nor  tin) 
}uJAr£b  opeo-backed  hinehli,  bat  a  abort-Bleevml  jacket,  kuHIa, , 
Bnbrcly  ouTeriuj;  tfao  upper  part  of  tbo  body  »nd  laMoood  by  cxritoa  i 
1>iitU>ns.  AfUir  uhildbinfa  Iboir  womfin  nru  hold  impuru  fur  twim^. 
two  days.  From  the  tint  to  the  sixth  day  after  daltvery  thuy 
employ  ds  nudvrifu  a  Cb^bhiir  womaii,  nui]  frvm  the  Beventb  M  ' 

Eiu  twulfih  ft  Mhar  wonuin.  llioy  bum  thoir  ddad,  Imt  chiblran 
odor  throu  aro  buried.  Retnrniag  from  the  bui'uiuK  gniuiui,  aji 
to  nUAivvM  go  to  t  hv  hooM  of  tha  doccased  and  place  a  pot  fllkd  { 
ilh  WMur,  ifanmlfOa  the  xpot  where  the  diwd  body  Uy.  NimtI 
this  pot  is  placed  tlio  axo  with  which  the  wood  for  baminf;  tbu  doaJ ' 
body  was  foiled.  Wh«u  (his  is  done,  every  oae  prowot  takes  a  ntin  , 
tiw  bntncb,  di|s  it  ioto  the  not,  toaches  the  axe  with  it,  and  »priaklM  1 
water  three  times  ovur  his  foot.  On  the  second  dny  a  feast  is  given  [ 
to  tho  watdicrinnn,  tlhclthi.  THo  iiiaiiwhuhasp«rFormod  the  fuoond  i 
ceromonieii  (HiLn  ouly  oaoe  for  ton  dnys,  and  lhi>  food  '  '■'<\nr 

be    cooked    by  himaolf   or    by    hia  mothvr.     Ou  t}ie  t^i 
«Ara<UAa  i»  porformod,  and  gift«  uo  givfci  to  the  special  class  ofJ 
Brib mans  called  Mabibr^Qutaa.    On  the  thirteenth  dli|r  the  rahttiana  I 
go   to  the  temple  of   Ganpati,  and  the    person    performing   Um 
^-ooremoniea-isprvsontud  with  a  lurbao   by  hts  ^par  rulatioog.     I'hisj 
Bturbau  ho  at  unoe  folds  and  puta  an,  and  a   Bnlhmaa   onuinto  his] 
^ftnioboBd  Ohd  the  browa  of  the  other  monrnen.     On  the  same  day  a] 
gODOml  {eaiit  u  given  to  all  n.-litliou»  and  caMepeopht.     Widows  aro  { 
noi  ^owod  to  marry.     Their  heads  are  not  Mlmv^^tl  inmi'tdiatcl^ir  nft«r  l 
thoir  husbands' death,  as  is  the  case  with  Dislii    Krahmnji  widow*, 
but  when  tbey  go  to  samo  holy  p1aoo  like  Nosik,  Trimbak,  Uonares,  ■ 
or  PrayjiR.     They  are  not  allowed  to  wear  itie  JHckut,  kndta,  nor  1 
hiutgles,  nor  tu  uinrk  their  foreheads  with  a  red  spot.    .Widows  with 
Bona  Biay  wear  bonglcwj  if  they  are  given  Iior  by  relatioua  on  the  i 
tliirt<^-n;h  day  after  death. 

Writers  iuctnde  1642  Ksbatris,  205  Prabhus,  and  lo3  E&yata. 
There  is  no  local  writer  class.     The  I'mlilius,  fnim  Thiiiin  lUid  Kolaba 
in  the  Koukiio.nru  si.'atti.'red  over  the  diHtrictalmoiSt  all  iiifiovernntunt 
rficc.      Kshittris  or  Thiikor*,    from  Upper   Indiu,  with  a  ti}(al' 
trength  of  lf>'l'2  men,  are  found  in  Cb&lisgnou  nud  Piicbon.     Tbeyi 
ai%oksoYensub-divisiona,  Somavansbi,  llaghuvaniribi.ChandravanMhi, 
Y&dawanshi,  R&jkumar,  Tilukehnndibtiyns  and   Eatb&yoe.     They  i 
do  not  drink  liquor,  iHit  eat  HtUi  and  tlie  Qi^ah  of  goats  and  haras,  i 
!rhayare  loadholders  and  writers.    They  wear  the  ucred  thread,] 
but  are  inTosted   with   it  only   a  little  before   marriago  at  tbej 
bride's  houae.     After  repeating  somo  su-rod  versos,  mantnu,  five  j 
BnQintaaB  take  tJie  thread  and  put  it  rtiuiid  the  bridogroom'a  iu»ok^ 
acoordingtoaoaremony called  durgajiinea,    Theirmamage  cnxtoma 
are  rather  peculiar,     'lliey  never  marry  both  their  Bons  and  their  I 
daughters  into  the  same  sub-division.     The  role  is  that  the  daughter  j 
shoold,  if   pofisiblo,  marry  into  a  higher  Kub^diritdon,  whileasno 
aay  niurry  into  a  lower  one.     Thus  the  SomavanBhia  marry  tboir 


■^ti 


{BonbayOfl 


5G 


DISTRtpTS. 


fhikon, 
odurUH 


Trade 

BfaitiC  1  y»tf,  I'toi  'sJ     _ 

BhidbbuQJ^  205,  aad  K«Uib  tit) 7,  or  a  total  stren^tiinf  .'i't,l45«oaI> 
or  3'57  per  oont  of  tho  whole  Hindu  popaliition.  Of  \''£iua  there  are 
four  nma  divmotm,  Khindmh,  Oojar^t,  MArvKt),  and  Ltngiiynt. 
Kh^deefa  Vfaiia  hsre  six  chief  sub -divisions,  IMaakkis,  QumbttdR, 
Nevis,  Eithftn,  Viiliuijuit  or  KinilEnriit,  uniJ  CLitodis;  tiujutt 
VinU  have  nitie  sub^divisions,  Porrtldii,  Modhf,  I^iUlit,  DosiTali, 
JhArolfe,  Tiyadfo,  N«^&ra,  Khad&jaUs,  and  Shrimps;  JAirviA 
Viain  lukvo  fire  siih-<)ivi»iunD,  AgarvAlu,  Oitvidii,  Meshris,  Thikon, 
and  KhandanUs ;  and  Liitg&vaU  hare  four  sub-diTisions,  Panel 
Bixivonte,  ChiliTanta,  &Dd*ftlulvnDt«. 

Yinifl  ore  widi;ly  distTibuted,  tho  Khindesh,  litngdjati  and 
Vinis  io  almost  ull  ptui»,  and  tho  tiuiaril  VAnis  tu  Naodur  _ .  ^ 
Bhirpor,  ShAh&da,  and  Cbopda.  Of  the  history  of  the  diSemnt 
diTinoDS  Cow  dotaits  hare  b^-on  obtvinod.  TracoM  in  th«ir  boma 
laoguace,  and  wme  peouliariLioa  in  their  dresn,  jHiiiil  to  a  Gu^r&I 
onipa  tor  the  Lfidaaklcfa  and  most  other  Eh&numh  sab-diriuom. 
At  the  same  tiine  thojr  must  hare  bvun  long  noltlod  in  Khindeah, 
a«  their  mannerii  and  appearance  differ  very  slightly  from  other 
long  settled  high  costo  Hindu*.  Tho  Qiijartitia  probably  cama 
later,  as  in  their  homea  they  keep  u>  tlioir  nwu  liuiguagfi.  The  date 
of  their  settlement  is  not  knows,  bat  some  at  least  of  them  came  to 
Kh&ndosh  boforo  the  Mog'hal  conquest  (1600),'  liiugiyats  wvra 
probably  Jater  immigrants,  as  they  ahew  their  Kinarese  origin  by 
the  nite  of  the  word  Apa  its  a  term  of  respect,  by  einf^ng  Kllnareso 
hymns  to  their  gods,  and  some  of  them  by  speaking  Kinareae. 
"Hie  bulk  of  the  Mdrvftd  V&uis  are  atill  later  comers.  Almost  dl 
hare  settled  since  tho  establiahnwnt  of  British  rrUe,  and  a  few  hara 
still  their  homes  in  AYnrrjd. 

Except  that  the  Gtijaratis  are  biiror  and  tho  MftrvAdis  larger 
and  more  vigorous,  VOjua  do  not  differ  mu^h  from_'  Brfrmans  io 
appearauoe.  Tho  Lingivats  speak  ifar&Clu  ai  Itomoj' and  some  of 
thorn  know  Kiinarese.  With  tliiB  oxocptiun,  oren  in  the  LlidsAkko 
and  other  KhAndesh  sub-divifiions,  the  home  tongue  of  taont  V'auis 
is  a  oorrtipt  Mar&thi  or  Jklai'v&di.  Almost  all  livu  in  wull  built  bri^^ 
houaea  with  tiled  roofs.  Millet  and  wheat,  and  rice  fur  »iueh  as  et^^ 
afford  it,  are  their  staple  articles  of  food.  All  claases  of  Vinis  are 
Tegetariaos. 

langtiyats  and  Khindcsh  V&nis  dress  in  MarAtha  fashion.  Among 
the  L&dsakkds  and  the  Oujardtls,  the  Mar&tha  mode  of  dress  is  daily 
,  growing  commoner.  Among  Gnjiirht  V<lnie,  men  ara  gradoally 
taking  to  the  Har&thi  ronnd  turban  and  liing  loo(i«  coat,  and 
their  women  have  mostly  adopted  the  long  MsirAthi  robe,  and  the 
bodioe  coTenug  the  back  and  upper  arms  and  fastoncd  by  a  knob 
below  the  bosom.  As  regards  oriuiinouts,  the  men  hare  given 
Dp  tho  silver  vraistband,  ktttviora,  and  the  women,  except  in 
P^rola   and  DharangaoD,   have  taken  to   wonring   Maricha   head 


>  Hm  De*4i  faaul;  ol  Ktadurbir  hs*  titlo  dM4*  Inia  Akbu  an  J  AuiuigMh, 


I  Bombay  Guutterr. 


&fi 


0Ifc;TK|C1«. 


insk  wine.     Tbejr  ilreu  in  MorAtlia  fiutuon,  both  men  and  ' 

we«rjpg  HtninfC  coarM  cloth aD4'^P^''^^f7  ^^^i7  I'UUton  their  •■ 

Buqr  uid  hnrdviorkiii)^,  in  tW-ir  cSxrtii  to  mitke  nii: 

no  pains  uid  (It^uy  Uii'tuiielves  aiiutrtit   ilII  ulBasnrvs. 

ready  to  travel  and  mottt  careful  and  pntuunt  in  tbcir  iray  oi 

basiDecs.     At  thv  HUinr  tinw  tlicir  uiiilerband  and  heai-tlctui  d<..i 

iiaveeAraedlhem  tbc  name  nfUcril's  children,  bJliifMcAi/rraya.     Moot 
of  them  are  town  and  villngc  shopkoopors  nud  inouo^'lundorff,  and 
K  fpw   BTO   htmbnndnion.      JI117'   t^ach   tliuir  bovs   some   roadtoff. 
wriliu^,  and  arilhtuetic,  and  are  on  the  whale  WL>ll-li)-do.     M< 
their  dutooiB  aro  the  same   aa  those  of  tiojarit   Vaiii*.     Bi- 
prupoMtl*  btpgin  one  or  tn«  yean  bufoiv  tnarnage.     l-'or  tlx-  1 
ceremony   of  aakin^,   migni,  on  a  Inckr  dav,  abont   tifty    .i 
bridef^Toom's  rplatioun  and  finends  mod  nt   the  lindv'n,  pras(nit 
with  ailk  clotltv*  :iad  omauHtiitx,  pt^rform  Home  relifn«>us  ceremonij  _ 
and  end  the  day  with  a  feaat.     Early  marnBKi<8  are  the  rali*,  {ar 
ffirls   between   nrc   and   ten.  and   for  boyn  butw^eu    fifteen  and 
twDnly-five.     On  th«  day  tixi>d  fur  lite  marria^,  from  fifty  to  one 
hundred  friends  and   relattoDs,  with  their  wmnen,  obildrei' 
sonrantA,  arc  asked.     PUyeri,  vaiatttris,  mwkvU-vrn,  handuJ- 
and,  if  moiiti-t  permit,  dancing  g:irl»,  am  bronght,  and  fireworks 
let  oft.     The  marriaee  ceremony  genepnlly  takes  plnrv  at   simi__. 
Thv  bridoeroom  is  droeeod  in  tlw  u»»iil  long  noat,  amjiirlha,  ^nS 
tnrban,  and  the  bride  in  a  rich  silk  cloth,  pttamhar,    Tbe  bride- 

e'ring,  kntijfatfan,  ceremony  does  not  diffisr  from  thnt  in  tiM  nmon;; 
rfihtnaiffi.     After  it  is  over,  Lak^hmi  in   worshipped,  the   regular 
oovomoaiM  are  p«7rformcd,  and  afl«r  the  ««r  orriee-pouringniremnny, 
in  wliii^h  the  tnmily   deity   t»  cntirwly  cofcri"!  with  riiv,  tf; 
ends  with  afeaM  when*  U-iif  plates  and  caps  aro  supplied  by  the  1 
They  bum  their  dead,  shrouding  their  women  m  one  of  thou-  v^^ 
silk  marriage   cloths,  pitambam.     On   their   fun<9ral  rit^  littlu  H 
spent.    The  widow'n  head  is  shaved   and  re-marriage   forbidden. 
in  teligion  tJtey  aro  Vnishnars.     Their  family  deity  ia  Vyuiikatesh, 
whose  chief  place  of  worahip  in  Vynnkoji'!*  hill  near  the  Tirupati 
railway  station,  cightyfoor  miles  north-west  of  Madras.     They  at^ 
ke«p  in  their  bousos  the  imagM  of  Khunderio  and  wonbii)  oihfl 
goda.     They  hat  on  the  elevonthn  of  every  Hindu  mouth,  the  di^M 
laicrod  to  Shir,  and  generally  on  all  Fridays.     Their  holy  bo-^ks  alH 
translati(iD»  of  Huch  Piirdnic   writings  as  HaripMh,  ShivliltimrttM 
and  Uukmini  Svayamvar.     The  community  wa«  formerly  GOntrolleV 
By  6vo  bttadmen  called  Shelide.     Now  their  headship  is  gone,  and 
no  respect  is  tthowu  to  Uieir  privileges  ;  questions  of  Murial  disdiJia|| 
.  are  Bottled  by  a  meeting  of  &0111  fifty  to  a  hundred  castemen.        B 

CHrropift,  apparently  from  Chitod  near  Bhop&l,  found  in  Xatnirabtfl 
and  Jalgaon,  are,  even  umung  Vanis,  so  noted  for  greed  tfa^^ 
Chitod-mindod,  ehttodmati,  is  a  oommon  torm  for  a  miser.  Th^f 
are  all  Shrivaks.  Hchbads,  found  in  JAmner,  Chopda,  PdrolH 
Dhulia,  Amalner,  and  Naairalnad,  are  petty  tradvm  and  groc«iH 
They  do  not  eat  with  Chitodis  and  Ldd^kkds,  but  these  lntt«r* 
have  an  eqnal  obiection  to  eat  witli  them.  Thi-y  are  •Fains  in, 
religion  and  wor<hip  PAnumiiUi.  Of  the  remaining  siib-divistonH 
the  NbtAs   of    &irda,  Nasimbad,  and   Viral,  numbei-tug  in   ^M 


tBombaf  Que 


InllL 

Tniu*. 


60 


DISTRICTS. 


nile.  They  are  distributed  all  over  the  district,  and  ibere  is  ali 
nu  riUa^  t^iat  has  not  a  Marr^'s  sliop.  Their  features  are  more 
BtroD^tj  infu-k(r<l,  and  thoy  Bri)  sturdier  «nd  more  activo  tbau  other 
Viinix.  'I'ho  iDCu  usually  wvar  n  lock  of  hair  coriing  over  eaeh 
ch««k.  Some  of  them  wear  the  beard,  but  most  bsve  lately  taJten 
to  abavfl  the  whole  face  <<scent  thu  uioui>t«c'he.  Ainon^  DSTrcomeni 
tboir  bone  too^e  in  MirviUlt,  but  most  tiponk  a  mixed  HiQdu:*t£iu 
aod  Gajai^ti.  Most  of  the  men  can  read  and  write,  leaming  a  littla 
at  school  or  at  borne  from  their  fathers  or  their  clerks.  As  a  rale 
tbey  ant  moneylenders,  with  u  b»d  uamo  for  hardocss  and  uafninieai 
in  their  dealinffa.*  Beeidaa  landing  money,  they  deal  in  grain,  nulae, 
tfx>adiinents,  oil,  and  buttwr.  I'heir  hogses  are  ulways  clc»a  and  weU 
IcepC,  and  tfao  whII«  |ii»i»u-d  in  bright  hntastic  oolourii.  lu  village*, 
the  Mirvadi's  iti  generally  the  beat  bnili  house,  and  in  tomta  soma 
have  handsonu;  tbj-eo  or  four-Btorit-d  dwellings  with  richly  carved  and 
gaily  puintud  fronti).  They  UiVti  much  lesa  care  of  thi'.)r  persons 
than  uf  their  booses.  Their  women,  except  on  great  occasions,  ant 
sloTenty.  and  the  men  arc  by  no  means  carcfol  to  keep  the  rales  about 
bathing.  Their  food  oon»iKt«  of  rice,  whi»t,  pnlKe,  Indtan  mtlirt, 
butter,  oil,  and  sugar,  a  small  quantity  of  which  is  nsaally  kepi  for 
the  children.  Tea  is  not  an  usual  driak.  In  their  dress  the  men 
svcm  inclined  to  change  thuir  own  small  clow-fitting  bead-clrcM  for 
Rometbingin  shape  and  appearance  more  like  the  Mar&tha  IlrAhinaD 
turban.  They  generally  wear  their  coat-coffa  well  turned  back  to 
show  tho  bright  lining  of  the  elecvea.  Mont  men  wi-ar  s  silver 
toc^ring.  The  womeu'«  dre?^  i«  an  open-backed  bodico,  a  petticoat, 
and  a  robe,  odni,  drawn  npwarda  from  the  band  of  che  potticual, 
and  fnlliug  hke  a  veil  over  the  head  and  face.  Above  uie  elbow 
and  oil  Iho  vrrixts  they  wear  gold  jewels,  but  their  chief  ornaments 
are  bono  bracelets*  In  i-eligiuu  they  are,  'in  abont  eqeal  nutuV-r:!, 
Vaishnava  and  ShrAvake.  Tho  Vaiehnavs  keep  sacred  Chaitra 
Khvddh  ninth,  or  Ramnavmi  (March- April)  and  ttiv  elevenths  of  evei? 
niQplh,  ekadathw,  and  worship  Gin  and  Shri  ItdUji  the  god  of  gain, 
in  whose  nam<«  every  Vaishnav  M&rvfidi  opens  a  separate  accouni, 
aiwl  goes  to  his  furs  ut  Giri  Oenlgam  and  Pandharpur.  HhrAvak 
or  Jaiu  Marvddia  worship  the  naked  Ptinuin&tb,  the  tweniy-thtrd 
Jain  saint,  and  fast  on  the  fifth,  eighth,  and  fourteenth  davs 
of  every  new  and  full  moon.  Their  prioBlo,  chIIi>c1  jatii',  are  held 
in  high  respect.  The  difTeronl  sub-divisionB  eat  with  one  another 
bnt  do  not  intermarry.  Except  OsvAls,  all  take  food  prepared  by 
BHUiinass.  Their  marriuge  ceremonies  arc  purformcd  by  Gaud 
Brihrnans.  Prom  one  to  three  weeks  before  a  marriage,  nigfat^Jj 
processions,  called  bindoris,  take  pbce,  Che  bride  and  bridegrooflH 
moving  about  tlic  village  by  different  street*.'  The  dead  ai^| 
burnt  excent  unweaued  children  who  are  buried.  RxmipW 
lUDODg  Osvils,  the  chief  mourner  shaves  his  beard  and  mouataohec^ 
Kh&ndeth  Mirvidis  are  not  careful  to  prondo  for  the  destitute  > 


'A  OMt non  pluMc  tDortnitM  tlioir  ahui)  pnbolJQ««,i>aitUao«uti,  iMfAino  , 
i.c  M  ot  I  na  piM  aad  otu>  pic*  ol  jiAi,  or  two  cku;^  oB  wnrUuM  <a«  buyi. 

*  Th«  linaon  p(ocan<ni  iliflbn  from  the  wtnU  in  l*kli^  pum  nfon^  uutcKd 
ftflar  the  auMTiie*. 


KUAKOG^H. 


61 


P;  a  M^vfUli  kog^nu-  u  b;  do  ineass  ao  uncommon  sight. 

ch  men  have  built  t^mplea  and  opened  alms-tic|}i3ea,  vnere 

aor,  and  moncj^  aro  given  to  tno  dewtitute,  water  to  travellers, 

Ri  to  OitlJv.     Itcnt-hoii^os,  dfiirmtihal'ig,  oud  tomploH  hSTO 

built.     Moat  KliMudteth  Marvddia    have   settled   in   the 

Tisititit;  their  nsiive  country  from  time  to  time  to  aoe  their 

lo  look  after  their  u«t(itos,  to  iiorform  rvligioiu  rit««,  and 

As  a  class  thev   arc  well-to-do.     AoASVALa,  old  settlers 

adesbi  claim  to   be  of    hi^hor  caste  than  other  Marvadis. 

Feet   Brdhman   cui>toiii«,    have  a  large  turban   and    white 

and  their  women  never  wear  bone  bracelets.     This  claim 

it  CBBUf  seums   to   have   no  fouadatton.     Other  Mirv&dia 

I  and  new  Agarviil  suttlcrs  differ  in  noway  from  tho  ti»tiul 

inunigranu.     Tbev   are  the  chief  merchant*   of  Chopda, 

.  DharaogaoQ,  Dhiuia,  and  River.    Pro«periDg  as  money- 

[iuod  general  mcrcfaaots,  some  of  them  are  becoming   tand- 

t  but  they  do  not  attend  rauofa  to  agrtcnlture.     Another  olasa 

I  called  Jst  M&rv&dis,  apparently   J&ts  not  Viniii  by  race, 

total    strength   of   'i2Q   souls,   are  found   in    Chilisgaon, 

1,   and  Taludo.     They  come  from  Bharatpur  in   Mtfrvid, 

flesh  and  drink  liquor.    They  worship  all  lliadu  gods,  hut 

livf  deity  is  Ki-va  Deri  in  tberillapo  of  Kinishia  in  Jodhpnr. 

<>rti     by    prufuiiisiOD,    tboy  dine    hut     do     not    marry     with 

ah  ^(^rfldie.     Ac  tbeir  man-ia^fe,  when  the  bridegroom  goes 

ide'e  house,  ho  finds,  at  iba  door  of  the  marriage  booth,  u 

ritb  a  row  of  seven  or  aomotimes  nine  wooden  spaTTows,  the 

[otu)  b«ing  the  biggest  and  bighust.     Before  eut«riDg,  the 

must  aim  at   the  middle   sparrow  and  touch  it  with 

of  his  sword.     They  allow  a  woman  to  marry  a  sewud 

during  thr*  lifetime  of  the   &r^L     0»  Huch  (icoasious  the 

are   called,  and   if  ihe  husband  agrees  to  divorce  his 

iked  to  cut  off  the  end  of  his  turbao  and  give  it  to  the 

emen.     Slight  breacbtw  of  casta  rules   are  (orgiFen, 

:  cow's  deah  or  dining   with   low  caste  people   is   never 

Ltat  or  South  India  Vani«,  found  in  Dhnlia,  Amalner, 
r,  and  Ohus£val,  and  here  and  there  in  the  weet  of  the 
,  have  a  totel  strength  of  dOO  sools.     They   have  (our  eub- 
,  and  about  tiftt^un  uiiimr  brnnciiw.     Tin;  four  Kub-divisions, 
,l>ixiTants,  Chilivautii,  atid  Melvauls  dine  together,  but 
V"t  do  not  marry  with  the  Melvants.     Except  a  few  who 
.lo  cultivation,  Hlroo«l  all  am  shopkecpora  and   traders, 
mild  and  hardworking,  and  iu  money  mHtters  as  sharp  as 
They  speak  MarSthi  as  well  as  E&narese.     They  live  on 
i  and  rmlso,  and  touch  neithor  Seah  nor  liquor.  They  all 
l^tcciw  fonii  of  Shaivism  founded  by  Baiava  iu  1150,  and 
a  nnudiiiiny,  which  both  men  and  women  carry  in  an 
shrino  hung  ronnd  the  neck  or  bound  ronnd  (ho  right 
;  ahocUdur,  or,  iiinotig  tin*  [wor,  tiod  in  tlio  turban.     They 
ays  sacred  to  Shiv.     The  shriue  of  their  deified  founder, 
Kaodi,  at  Katburga    or    tiulburga    in    the    NiuAm's 
»j  is  to  them  as  holy  as  Benares.     Some  of  them  have  lately 


Chapter  IU. 
PopnUtiaiL 


Lkt^rat*. 


IBomUy  Gttettev, 


Tndsn. 


TdtHboU*. 


W 


Oan^U. 


iMtOaOt. 


n 


DISTRICTS. 


begnn  to  worship  Klmn^erAo.  All  their  religious  oeremonies 
performed  Jiy  o  rlass  of  pries^  called  Jwi^in»,  who,  each  with  it« 
mgh  pritwt,  form  fuur  »oparat«  IxidieH,  one  for  each  of  the  maio 
Bob-divitkiiui.  The  sect-mark,  an  horizontal  Btre&k  of  while  ashes, 
i«  worn  both  by  men  and  woiuon,  tho  women  thinktnj^  the  ashes 
luckier  than  aaffrou.  Eurly  niarHago«  aro  the  rule,  but<  (hvro  is  no 
objoctiou  to  a  tfirl  remaininfr  unmarried  up  to  womanhood.  T^ie, 
bury  their  dead.  Before  tho  body  is  taken  from  the  hooae,  a  cas 
dinner  of  buns  andiAiV.a  {H^pamtion  of  boiled  milk,  riooand  sagar, 
is  gircD,  aad  alms  are  distributed  among  the  Janffams.  The  hwly 
ii  then  wa^d,  smeared  vnth  ashra,  dressed  in  a  loincloth,  kav^in, 
seated  on  a  wooden  box  caircri^d  with  flowor  jrarbindH,  »nd  with  music 
mrried  to  the  burial  ^ruiiud.  Thoug^h,  for  tvro  or  tlin^;  days,  llw 
relations  of  the  dead  are  considered  impure,  no  moui-nin)f  iflob&erred 
and  DO  beating  of  braosts  is  allowed.  From  the  idea  that  not 
can  doGlo  the  tn»e  worvhipper  and  wearer  of  the  ling,  thoy  do 
observe  the  ordinary  Hindu  practice  about  ceremonial  impurity. 
The  Chilivants  and  Molvanta  arc  carofid  to  cook  in  the  dark, 
and  vory  strongly  object  lo  be  ween  by  stxangem  when  cooking  or 
eating.  Though  some  of  them  are  rich,  as  a  class  they  are  not  very 
well-to-do. 

BifiTiAs,  foumi  cbicSy  in  Dfanlia,  Bharsngaon,  Erandol,  na 
Jalgaon,  trade  in  cotton  and  Unseed,  some  of  them  being  wifax 
for  Bombay  merchant*.  Tiunoi.is,  inoslly  Muhammadans  round 
in  Shirsoli,  Vliriil,  Bet£vad,  [)huli}i,  and  Jalguon,  but  rery  rarely 
in  the  west  of  the  district,  are  a  poor  class  dealing  in  beiel  leaTM. 
The  Uindu  T^boli,  locally  known  as  B&ri,  is  buth  the  grower 
and,  in  some  case«>  the  retail  wller  of  bot^I  loaves,  though  generally 
the  retail  trade  is  carried  on  by  Musalmto  T^bolLj.  Gaxi>bis, 
fonnd  chiefly  at  Dfaulia,  River,  and  Pnrola,  arc  said  to  haro 
come  irnta  Burh^npitr.  They  deal  in  ])erfumv»  and  esseacee, 
aUam,  and  travel  to  the  larger  local  fairs.  L&tXmXs,  foitnd 
chiefly  in  the  oaet  of  the  tltstrict,  come  from  Burhtinpnr,  and 
dual  iu  thread  for  making  turbuiw  and  in  misccllaiwons  goods. 
They  fetch  the  raw  thread  from  Bombay,  cut  it  into  Hiiitable 
lengths,  luid  twi.-(i  ii.  As  a  class  they  are  rather  badly  ofT. 
U  ALVAis  are  sweetmeat -Kellers ;  the  poor  among  tlicm  aro  labourers. 
BuinunL'KJis,  found  iu  Dholia  and  some  large  towns,  grind,  roast  or 
parch  grain  nnd  prepare  it  for  sale.  Kai.Au  are  liquor- sellers,  and 
jlhe  poorer  of  them  labourers. 


ar^^ 


iy^ 

lie 

ha 

Tied 

}  noiH 
irity!^ 

k, 

or 

I 


Huab&ndmen  include  eight  classes  with  »  strength 
390,615  souls  or  41-13  per  cent  of  the  whole  Uinda  population. 
or  these  .314,.:.92  were  Kunbis;  41,776  Malis;  1680  Halkars  , 
lOOeXlkaris;  806  Bunkam;  &47  Bharidis;  64  Babars ;  and  244 
Lodhis.  £jUy||J[bo  form  the  bnlk  ni  the  Kbaudesh  population, 
belong  t^iw^^Mun  divisions,  local  and  Gujar  Konbitt.  Gujar 
Eonbis  include  eight  classes,  Reviis  property  Levas,  Do: 
D&lee,  Garis,  Kadvas,  Anal&s,  Lond&ris,  and  Kh/iprA.>t.  There 
a  few  families  of  Dales  on  the  banks  of  the  TSpU  in  ShAh 
and  Taloda  aod  in  R&ver  towards  Burh4npur.  The  DeehuukLK 
J&mner  an  said  to  be  Gai-i  Gojars,  but  they  claim  equality  with  ao> 


I 


(BoidImj  QumH 


64  - 


DISTRICTS, 


JTimW*. 


h 


th«  lost  yoat't  cocoftDul  u  loken  nwiir  aud  a  new  ono  pot  in  iul 
place-  "Tbe  second  rite  ia  ,on  the  fifteenth  of  Shrti'-fin  (Jolf-I 
Angiist),  wlion   (Trnin,   iiiilii«,   aiitl   rico   nro  r  -    'ler  andl 

oiferec3  tci  the  i^'ntldexn.     Tlip  (liird  ib  belt!  on  n  >f  J/'wAl 

(Janaary  -  February) ,   and    in    addition    to    the   worsbip   of   tori 

KddesH,  indadv*  a  ix'rcmonjr  knoim  m  rnAfln.  Tn  thta  cerpmonyl 
)  yciinecT  membent  of  eacb  family,  carryiDg  cwo  oocoaout!*  n-ru*ce.  I 
mMtattnebouseof  their  head.  These  cocoaauta  are  duly  irorRbipped  I 
Bt  the  heftdiDiiQ'H  bouM,  and  uft«r  dinner  nru  carriod  to  tboir  I 
didrrrtit  boiuiea.  I 

The  following  are  the  chief  details  of  the  Rere  Enobi  maniwe  I 
^remonii-4.  Pruparatioflo  bv^tn  on  both  mdv*  un  n  day  fixed  by  I 
the  Tillage  aalrologer.  ITie  five  eegenti&l  marriatfe  fomislitir*  mn.  1 
in  order  of  time,  (1)  the  anointing  with  tnrmeric,  hala4 :  fS)  I 
bonndary  wortihip,  nnta»tpujan,  commonly  called  gimanti ;  (3)  tbfl 
joining  of  bande,  hdtol,  the  knot,  gdnth,  and  the  worship  of  the  I 
saered  fire,  eh-jcri  bhavri;  (4)  the  tnooting  of  the  bride  with  lierl 
mothcr-in-luw  who  ci'jmes  with  gifta,  •uttmui'A;  and  ("i)  iLo  haskeLl 
offering  to  Uribmana,  jhdl,  with  jn^senta  of  anp«rel,  dher,  tol 
Tillage  aerTanta.  Eacb  of  thcKe  cerumoniea  is  followed  bra  feast,! 
two  of  thvm  being  giren  by  the  bnde'a  Fatb^.  Those  followingl 
the  third  and  the  fifth  coremoniea  are  grand  general  feoMA-l 
Uarriage,  na  opposed  to  botrollial,  tnnrini,  begins  by  a  meeting  of] 
fcindrt^  and  frienda  at  the  bride's  and  nt  tlio  briil^'^ooni's  bone«,l 
in  honour  of  tho  tumKTic  rubbing.'  Fire  matrons,  who  faaTel 
alr^'ady  drawn  lines  of  whit«  powdor,  n>N^o/i.  round  the  spaod 
in  front  of  the  wooden  stool  on  wliieh  the  bridegroom  i»  M>«t«u 
surround  it  and  are  followed  by  tho  Brahman  who  atepa  in  froan 
of  the  «tool  and  HlnrtH  wliat  in  known  lu  thopoL  wonhip,Jtaf(i«A/}u;ii.l 
It  begins  by  the  pfieat  placing  a  copper  pot,  kalanh,  full  of  wnier,! 
within  the  space  marked  off  with  white  powder  in  front  of  the  stool.! 
In  the  mouth  of  tbia  pot  he  places  a  pieoe  nf  coconnut  and  fire  betetl 
leores  in  a  fan-like  shape.  Into  the  water  he  drops  a  beteluut  and  h 
copper  pic«,  and  on  the  ground  in  front  of  tho  wooden  stool,  he  layd 
a  betelnnt  as  a  repreeenlatiou  of  (lAnpati.  Hu  then  repeats  sacnfl 
verses,  manlran,  in  praise  vi  Ganpati  and  praja  him  to  be  kindly.' 
Th^n,  at  his  reque.it,  the  five  matrons  coming  forward  with  open 
dishes  full  of  turmeric,  rice,  and  red  powder,  rub  the  bridvgroom 
with  turmeric  danb  his  forehead  with  red  powder,  and  stick 
»  rice  on  it.  llie  rubbing  gotis  on  umidnt  contmuons  nproar,  the 
wlnien  laughing,  the  bridegroom  struggling,  and  every  one 
ioining  in  thefnn,  After  the  rubbing  is  over  the  Brahman  leads  the 
nridegroom  to  iho  family  goddess,  kulJen,  worships  hor  ondacoepTs 
alma.  In  the  same  way  a  similar  turmoric-rubbing  ceremony  ud 
performed  on  the  bride  at  her  own  house.  The  whole  doea  not  com 
more  than  from  Si.  to  6ii.  (2--tanna«).  Then,  with  the  bridegroinnl 
theaasembled  guests  and  kindred  in  a  long  line  of  bullock  cuTta 
with  gaily-clad  bell-jangliiig  bullocks,  Mt  out  for  the  bride's  villnol 
aoctmipasied  by  the  family  priest  and  hired  mui^icians.    '\\'hen  ul 


■  TIm  bride  b  firrt  mbbMl,  and  wfakt  rHoiim  «**''  AAlaif ,  U  ii«at  for  the  1 


IBoulMjr  Ga*ett«er 


rin. 


1^ 


G6 


DISTpiCTS. 


waistdoUi,  dhatar,  or  troaaer  clolli,  to  the  bride's  pown,  lugdm, 
and  Uk''^  *'''>''  XKi^'i  fi'^i  'W">>  r>ltn)i  n  fitw  olt'iti  etAllcs  nr 
Aotnr  HMcred  wnod,  Kurh  ax  Buita  fnioiluHU,  palim,  luiil  ihixiwini^ 
on  a  little  clarilied  butter  Mid  si-sxmHm.  The  puir  iWn  ri>u,  axti, 
tritbotit  ontyin^  their  n>b«!<,  ivkI)c  five  limi^«  ruunil  ihv  Rn,  ^fD 
riirlit  to  Wft,  purforiaitis  Uia  cei-Dtuuny  ralletJ  chiwri  h/uuvi.  Tluijr 
»re  tbeo  taken  iuto  toe  honso  to  worehip  tbe  fiimil;  jafods.  On 
their  rotnm  thoy  nra  odco  more  senU>d  on  the  wooden  atoolsi 
iiiid  u  ditib,  oontaiuing  rire  and  other  food,  is  served  h}'  twn  yyaag 
married  womuu  on  an  iron  tray.  Out  of  thia  the  bride  ana 
bridegroom  «it  lo^rrilH'r,  atid  »  ^luid  dinner,  co«tinff  from  2«.  In 
JK  (Ke.  1  •R«.  &0),  b  given  to  t^Ujodb  Mid  friends.  After  dinniv 
the  ffrand  marria^  proocsgjon  la  formed,  the  bridefirroom  wonrinff 
tbe  tinsol  crovm,  Imjm'ujp,  ounting  from  6d.  to  \».  {annas  4-  Kh.  2),  uiil 
ff<^uvrally  riding  on  a  horse,  or  in  a  cart  witk  the  bride,  Torclirsi 
lireworks,  and  music,  costing  from  6d.  to  Jt2  [anwu  4-K8.  20), 
nccoiiitiiiii}'  the  proveMion,  tba  women  wnlkiug  on  i-luli  Kpread  on  thu 
ground  UHDaliy  bjthe  rill^e  waabermaa.  After  tJiis  the  bridegroom 
returns  to  his  o^rn  bonso  or  lodf^og. 

The  day  aflur  tbe  grand  uiarringe  ceremony,  the  motbor  uf  Hm 
bridegroom,  who  has  not  been  present  on  any  former  oocasioD,  eoroea 
to  see  the  bridu.  Thij«  is  cvllisl  thu  fticr  iiwpvction,  tunmnkh,  and 
eostn  front  2«.  to  £3(Ke.  I-Its.  &0).  She  bnugti  with  h«r  n-vc-nd 
bamboo  baeket«  contnining  sesamnm  balls,  gram  poise  balls, 
betelnuUi,  oocoa  kcmnb,  dntes,  robes,  pieces  of  clnlh,  omamcnl«, 
chiefly  the  nosering  nalh,  tbe  uiarringt)  ueoklet  with  bi,'ii<ls  of  gold 
strung  on  it  in  two  or  four  rows  mattgat  *N/ra,'  an  armlet  kadr,  ft 
Dfckbtco  gaUari,  n  comb,  and  n  gtww  bvad  necklace  j'ol,  together 
with  swootnieoUt  and  fruit  of  varioutt  kindn.  I'bn  britlo  and 
Inide^room  are  »cAt^t  on  stooU  to  receive  these  presents,  and  tJte 
baskets  are  ranged  before  them.  1*bc  fiiniily  prie>>t  then  worsliipa 
thepot,  fc'if'iAA,  iiutl  Uiiu))(iti,  whilb  (lidbridegmnni'si  mother,  coming 
forward,  docks  tbo  bride  with  clothes  and  omanicnta,  and,  ilipjiiui{ 
ber  finger  in  uiulassea  or  migur,  pot«  it  iuto  (be  bride's  m<Hith.  A 
dinner  is  then  given,  and  gifl^,  nhrr,  of  Uirbans  to  the  male,  and 
robes  to  thu  fenialo  relations  usually  follow. 

On  the  last  day  of  the  mnrnage  ft^stivitiea  a  broad  bamboo  basket, 
jAaf,  is  brought  forward.  It  eoulaiuH  a  piece  of  cloth,  nine  dale*, 
nine  cocoa  kernels,  nine  bimpH  of  turmeric,  a  linndfiil  of  rioe,  and 
^inv  wliiiiten  macer-shapod  flour  lam]>s.  The  bride  and  bridegroon 
are  tied  together  us  ixiforc,  and  nit  on  tbe  stools  benido  tbe 
broad  basket,  jltat.  The  priest  worships  as  bcfuro,  and,  at  a  gtvon 
signal,  the  pair  rii=ing  walk  round  the  basket,  J/wi(,  five  times  from 
right  t4)  loft.  The  basket  with  its  content«  is  given  to  tbe 
Brahman,  andpreseulH,  n^iirrjOro  madeto  the  nuiNiciitnK,  Ikrbtirs,  Kn]i», 
and  other  village  servants.  A  proeession  of  guests  and  friends, 
rttfi!,  then  runiit,  nnd  nil  sot  out  for  their  homes.  Besides  those 
esReutiiil  ivivmoniea  there  is  much  pliiyand  nieniim.-n!.,  with  vari'mn 
struggles  for  eupremacy  between  the  bride  and  bridegroom,  who  pelt 


I  Bombay  Gantt 


JU. 

pnUUoD. 
Awidnna. 


IflNU. 


TOpU*. 


AmtOdf. 


68 


DIHTRICTS. 


AIini«iU1)ad.     Nnmerooii  prieBta  and  Kadre  TOproEoatsttTes  atlt^uil 
(lie  ^rinu  iilwut  six  montJu  l^^ro  tlio  miin-Ukjfi:  liiiiu  to  fix  the  day| 
(tnd  hdur  for  the  wremunj'.     On  these  oocauiona,  no  gre&t   i^  th« 
demand  for  wivci<,  tluil  iiifantM  of  even  one  month  old  aro  toarriiML 

The  other  main  Knubi  division,  known  simply  as  Ennbis,  hat\ 
nino  snb-diriitioii-t ;  Pajnu,  Tiloli.!,  Ulu>tuU%  f^'^iii,  Kuiiil>hnrc,  Mardthe, 
DakDhni,  Varddi,  Viuijiiri,  and  Akarm^.  PajsAh  (I'l.Ti^Ti)  iirr  suh- 
divided  ioto  (iiiir  clMSiieB :  Bera,  Thorgavhaiia,  Kandirkar,  and 
^fnvghari.  The  Grat  istlio  main  aUK't:,  tho  other  tlirco  originated 
ID  fends  and  dispuU'M.  All  F^jiuiA  eat  togutber,  but  i>n  a<.'cuiuit  ot 
dispates  as  to  whi<;h  divi»oii  is  the  bigbeat,  they  do  not  intermanik 
vuo  of  tho  chief  I'ijua  Kunbts  ia  the  De«hninkh  of  Ytlral.  He 
belongs  to  the  Thorgavhttnis,  who  take  tiieir  name  fnini  ThorgaThaa 
in  SfLvda,  b»  the  Kandilrkars  tako  thoir's  from  Kaod^  on  tho  Tijiti 
In  BhntUlvnl.  The  Navgharis  would  Mwm  to  bo  the  dosceadanta  of] 
nine  bmities  or  houi^os  who  left  the  nmiu  81'Kik  and  sottted  in] 
different  Tillages  thronghoottjte  district.  PdJQ^  are  numeruas  only 
in  Chopda,  Nasirabad,and  Janincr.  Truthfnl,  orderly,  andfru^| 
almost  to  niggardlin«M,  they  are  the  ino«t  hardworking,  industriuaay ; 
and  simplvmindud  of  the  Kb^udeah  agricultaml  population.  Siooe 
tho  great  disptite  which  broke  up  thoir  caste,  they  have  bwai 
remarkable  for  tho  appan^nl  ahtieiipfi  of  jrii!i>i]>«JvM  nnd  treai^bericaj 
which  distingiti^tli  tlu'  Oujar  Kunbis.  Kxi-ii|ii  among  a  few  richi 
fiuoilioK  the  women  arc  allowed  to  appear  in  pHbiic.  TiLoL4  KiinbisI 
(76,1^1), spread  all  ovor  thodiMn'ct,  are  nioitl  nrimoronsin  the  Sivdt 
and  JAmnur  HuVdivisinDH.  There  ina  local  tradition  that,  like  tho] 
Dore  Gujars,  (he  Tilola  Kuubia  wore  Rajputa,  and  formorly  hai] 
tho  honorific  ^itg,  attiu-bod  !<■  their  names.  Thoy  aro  said  t^i  hnrel 
come  ^m  Up|)er  India  and  to  have  tM^longod  to  tho  dass  of 
]>adar  PavArs.  Itltich  leas  trnthful  and  orderly,  they  are  not  ■ 
nearly  ho  careful  or  hardworking  as  tlic  Piijans,  with  whom  theyfl 
eat  but  do  not  iuttirniarry.  The  cliiof  Tilnlii  fnmilioit  aro  those  ^ 
of  "(lie  Uesbniukhs  of  Amalner  and  Varangaon,  and  of  tho  PiUil  , 
of  HarlAln.  GhAtolAs,  said  t^i  have  com<>  from  above  the  (lluita,,| 
that  is  from  the  south  side  of  the  Ajanta  mnge,  i^ru  numerons  ioJ 
BhnsAval,  Jimner,  PAchora,  Ch&lisgaon,  and  Nasirabod,  and  a  few] 
are  found  in  Cbopda,  Erandol,  and  Dhulia.  They  eat  hut  do  not 
marry  ivith  the  Tilota  Kuiibie.  Lotiis  (121),  rvgardod  as  ao  ahorifrli: 
tribe,  dwell  chiefly  on  the  banks  of  the  Giroa  and  in  small  villagea 
»on,tbe  Tipti.  They  aro  found  al.-so  in  .\fiilogaOD,  Jalgaon,  R&ipurJ 
PAi^hura,  ilalkiiniir,  and  Nandurbiir.  Tliey  aro  a  very  poor  tribe 
eating  with  Tilolis,  PAjuAs,  Giijara.  and  VAuis,  but  never  marrying 
except  among  thcm«elve«.  KuHiiuAitES,  bv  no  means  a  oiinicroua, 
tribe,  are  found  in  the  village  of  IlholAna  in  ^{asirsbad  and  in  parts  o! 
Cbopda.  Likelhorrf>ni8they  are  very  )vxjr.  M^uivrii.tf*  {4f,7iy),  said 
to  have  originally  crome  from  NlUik,  Poona,  Siit4n>,  mid  Ahnii.'dnagar, 
duriug  the  rwigu  of  the  last  Peshwn  (ITilti- 1817),  are  of  two 
classes,  Khasiia  jod  Kttfchiw.  whu  do  not  inu-rmarry.  The  Kl 
aro  pure,  IhoonildreD  or  parents  of  thesame  claMa.  ITie  Karchis  ar 
ttaid  to  be  the  descendants  of  handmaidK.  IHiough  generally  callc 
Marathas,  they    have  wpccisl  sumaipca  known  to  familiar  "frienc 


ectau.] 


khAndesu. 


CD 


sncfa  M  GAikwitr,  Mohitc,  Jagta,  Sinde,  Nunh£lhar,  and  PaTilr. 
Tliey  eal  trith  TUoJa,  PiiJDii,  uid  olbcr-KuDbiii.  The  Kbane  Mudlthila 
obserre  the  zenana  custoiu,  ^ncnuly  knuwa  nti  Mardithi  Mola, 
v[h)<.-)i  i.s  done  by  scArecly  uno  Karchi  family  in  a  hundred.  DASstixia 
(H,uU3),  uttiii  to  be  itnui)]|rmn(«  from  Uw  Duccon,  aro  of  lowor 
caete  than  the  Maritba  Knnbia,  aud  marry  only  anioug  tlioniKilToa. 
T*feAms,  (utid  tu  b«  immigrants  from  Bor&r,  resemble  Tilola  Kaubis 
ia  nuist  (it  their  cimtAtiiu»  iind  habilit.  VanjAris  (1017),  siiid  to  hiivo 
been  orifpoally  carriers,  are  very  numeratu)  in  Jflinner,  ^'arnnffnon, 
DhsranRnoD,  l*4roln,  Erandol,  and  Dhulia.  At  present  there  is  no 
noUccnblo  diffrreun-  between  tbvin  and  ordinary  Kunbi».     As  thuru 

KVanjiri  F^tiU  in  Jilmner,'  lltoy  bavo  probably  iona  been  ttettlett 
Jtivatvra.  AKAKMAsifl  ( 1 085)  are  said  to  be  the  children  of  Gujar 
ImniHA.  Th»y  are  by  no  moans  nuinorons,  bnt  a  few  nro  found 
in  Nasirabad,  Chopdo,  and  SbdbAda.  None  of  the  better  doas  of 
Knnbia  eat  with  them. 


CbaptMT  III. 
Fopnlatioa. 
HimbaadmcD, 

J 

Atarrndtdi. 


Ten  clasMs  of  hu!*l>andmen,  BAbara,  Bunkan,  Bharidis,  AlkariB, 
Batkars,  Malie,  Iiodhia,  J&ls,  and  Rajpnt«,  seem  not  to  be    reefular 

tbii*.  BABAit«(<31),in  tiwirhubila  and  customs,  resemble  ordinary 
bb.  Tbey  are  found  ill  Am&lner.  BDXKARa(80(i),or  wonTcrs,  for 
seem  to  have  been  wcavern  before  they  became  buHbandiiu^n,  are 
to  hare  (■oiue  from  Owiiiior  aud  ihc  countiy  near  the  Ganges, 
tmbling  Kolia  in  appeanime  tliuir  oti.tloins  htv  like  those  of 
Pardesbi  or  Upper  Indian  Knnbis.  They  allow  widow  mumage, 
and  worship  lliii  goddosoos  Chhalotra,  Tutjiipun,  and  Uingl^j.  'llio 
Ain|ntr  Runkiirx  luit  a(  tho  hands  of  Eolis,' while  the  Bunkars  of 
VantueauD,  Haasilpur,  Bomar,  and  Jalgaon,  aro  docJdotUy  Pardeshi. 
'i  'riirs  say  that  ihey  came  from  Upper  India,  and 
nsuiilly  nttoud  their  mjtrriaeiM.  They  have  no 
liviaiouA.  Tlioy  ."till  wcAiVQ  rough  cloth,  Ar/iJili,  att  well  »» 
Itivatc,  and  have  the  pooiUar  custom  of  buryinff  the  unmarried 
bnminff  the  marriiHl.  BiiAR.inis  (547),  &)unu  in  the  Jdtnner 
Na«irahad  enb-divisiona,  though  profeAnional  dancer*  ttnd 
— s,  arc  also  bopgars  and  cnltirators.  Alkasis  (lOOfi), 
sni?  of  the  Maha  Iiodhi  cu^te  from  Uppvr  India,  an)  called 
from  cultiratioff  the  dl  or  madder,  which  yivlds  tbu 
I  red  dye  ffJurrangt.  Thoy  are  numerous  in  K4ydn,  KaiKpur, 
itnbud,  and  nro  found  in  Hviallor  numbers  throughout 
li*trii:t.  Uatkaks  (ir>80),  formerly  Uhangant  or  i^hephords,' 
given  up  their  wandering  life  and  taken  to  agriculture.. 
ey  ny  lluil  tiny  camo  from  Gangthitri,  thai  is,  the  banks  of  the 
~&van.*  Kuuierous  in  Jdmner,  CbiUi»gnon,  XiMirabad,  and 
where  eomo  of  them  have  obtained  pAlil  rights,  they  are 
dworking  and  much  U-s»  (luarndsutoo  than  Gujars.  MAlis 
liree  dances,  Phul,  Jire,  and  Kia.     The  lirst  two  oat  togcUier 


BtuirMli. 
AOarii. 


UttiiaTi. 


alatiA 


>*,  Kinlyaat^Uwinitil  of  lEAi-cr  cUim*  to  b«  a  pore  Ktmlii,  Mating  thAt 
iiueil  to  KMM  cattle  and  irm  callod  VanjlriaMa  nMuDOiaa. 

I  »tluA  hu  oMc,  «  Haiku-  ^vnyi  sitivcra  Uatkar  Dhaasar. 
rPiUI  dI  TohoT  i»  itmaa,  an  ii^u«atul  OhaDBar,  taf*  tlut  lit>  aootaton 
I  Itom  Mar  fooiu. 


ikA 


iBotDhnj  Gantt 


70 


DISTEICTS. 


■bmilmcn. 


laftHMB. 


nnd  look  on  the  K^  ati  a  tower  tribe.     'Vhey  do  not   intor 
^Hiig  E'liuUMitin  have  receiTCi^  assiKnnionts  of  1bD(U,    t->i'ftnj. 
Dcetimukh  of  Kran^lal  being  n  notable  io&tiutoe.  Looms 
oiDLLilin,  Suugiwl,  PAchora,&uigad,  Kasirabkd,  KanJeri,  l_     , 

nr«  ubl  ttifi  saine  as  Maha  Lodhu,  and  will  not  K^w  madder,  lU. 
They  eat  at  the  bands  uf  a  BnihinaD  or  a  i-Mto-felluw  nuly,  aail 
muTy  amouf;  tlwinHelTM.  Ainoug  them,  at  tnarriages,  the  bnde* 
groom,  nt  a  tixfid  hoar,  oomw  bo  the  marriaRO  booth  and  atrikca  it 
with  a  stick  or  rn^nd.  'Iliu  nnxt  day  thvTxs  ix  a  feaet  mid  thi?  bride 
Biid  bridvgruom  tnwA  in  tli«  hooih  for  tbo  fir8t  time.  'J'be  Utihioftii 
uflnjloger  i-e[)eait8  t«xte,  aud  the  bride j^riw>ni,  holding  the  briJoV 
jiands  in  bw,  her  fatli«f«  drops  a  (^ft  into  tJirm.  Ilicy  ivur<iii]i 
Bandula  and  Bbiiviin),  and  obwrvo  tlie  Vasra  ((Jciober-NoTeinln^r; 
tnnlAjiklani  (Jnly-Au^roBt)  holidays.  Except  in  caaes  of  death  fnidi 
cholora  or  small-pox,  t&ey  bnm  their  dead.  Jim  nru  fonnd  m  Raxnr 
andManur  inBhnsnTnl,fU]d  inHomcChAliNgHonHnd  Filcboni  villaj^s. 
Thoy  arc  oaid  to  have  come  from  ii&rv&r,  and  to  ea£  only  al  tlio 
hands  of  Bnlbmaus. 

Of  Baipntcultivntorg  thoroaro,  TwaidoK  tbcDoni  Giijhtk  who  now 
rmnk  »»  Kunbiit,  four  claHtw»,   Pardeabiw,  Khapgdfe.  Maplllifa,  and 


D<tkbnia.  I'he  first  two  eat  and  drmk  with  Titola  Ktiubis,'  bnt 
tito  Manitlia  and  Dakhni  Itajpubi  arc  said  not  to  \k  vnlitlcd  to 
thifl  honour.  (WuTwisucaUod  RdnoRajpn^a,  t^  Mur^tbt  KaJ|hiI», 
like  Uio  i'ardushi  liajpuCH,  do  not  allow  tlteir  widons  to  marry. 
Many  MarHtlia  KiijpDt  pAlila  hold  land-grants,  viUau*,  in  eofi 
Khiitide^ih,  bat,  as  a  rulu,  thoy  >>cem  to  pnofor  omjilnynwnt  a.t  MrjHiyA 
to  the  drudgery  of  a  haabaudmnn'H  life.  Thuy  are  said  to  iiu 
qoarrelsomo  and  spiteful.  I'hc  liano  Rajpats  have  fiiich  anmaniios 
att  Jiidbar  and  8hi»odo,  and  any  two  of  tlivir  tribcticnn  inU'mmrry. 
Thvy  havo  eixtoon  bou^t&s  in  Vfival,  and  they  do  not  oat  with  Kuulm. 
The  lUne  Rajputs  of  DaadAiche  and  8iadkheda  hunt  and  oat 
flesh,  fowl  and  liah,  and  drink  wiiio.  Ilitiir  womon  never  itjipi-ar 
iu  ■public  and  woultl  dio  rather  than  work  on  roads  or  in  bnlilH. 
Th<'y  mv  bodicoit,  but  uoithar  spin  nor  wcare.  Besides  these  four 
olasaM,  Suryavanabi  Kajpuut  htv  funnd  in  Nimar  ami  on  lh<>  Iwrders 
of  SArda  ancl ISfiusAval.  They  neither  eat  with  olhor  Rajpnta  nor 
allow  widow  mvrtnge.  The  higher  families  are  known  by  tie  titJe 
of  'ITjiikur. 

Tlio  Mnnithi  dinkcts  of  the  cultivating  claj«4rdi  ar«  foor,  Gnjrit 
•IHkshni,  Khandeahi  or  Abirini,  and  Varidi.  Gujri,  spoken  fbrtSy 
by  tho  Giijnrs,  is  romai-kabk  for  its  larf;o  number  of  Gajar&ti  words 
and  ratio  endingit;  Oakshni  ik  spokvn  by  the  immigrants  from  iha 
Deccan ;  Kb&udeehi  or  Aliirani  by  the  earliest.  non-aboriBritud 
settlors;  and  Yariidi,  an  importation  from  Ber&r,  has  a  marked 
mixture  of  Hindi  wprda  ajid  cndinga, 


Of  Craftsmen  thtre  were   fifteen   divisions :    Sonitrs   \6fiOi, 
Sut^ca  U,3G7,lx>b&r8'1873,  Shimpis  \ifi'->,  K^saraSlU^,  Kumhh&rs 


■  Th«  Uitbtr  Eajjmts  da  not  Mt  with  ntdiiurr  Knitliu.  Uarjktlu  and  oUibf  ton, 
Raipniii  (M  vitk  ndstalHiur.  thwuh  tlt*y  do  not  cat  with  tlnccvr,  'Hlolo  Bad  Hli 
Kiubi*.    Mr.  J.  CoUoa.  C.S. 


KHANJ^ISSH- 


5697,  Dhigrrtna  021,  Ukhcria  H  GiHirnUs  875.  Kachhis  10, 
harvats  37S,  Otiris  SiH,  Loniria  4517,  Bcldiin!  'ioati,  •nnj 
bis  \G,  nr  a  total  itlrungili  of  68/lS*)  aonU  or  &-'ttt  ]>cr  cciil  uF  the 
1(1  population. 

SonXbs,  holilitur  the  highest  place  amonfc  Ktijtmk'ith  craftsmen  . 
and  belioved  to  Iuivp  omv-  from  Uppor  India  or  MiUa,  aru  found 
thmaghotit  the  ditdrict.  Tfaey  are  of  twi>sui>-(]ivi«ioiis,  AUirtiondrii 
uid  Viuabya  or  Jain  Sonars.  Ahlr  Sooirs,  be)ieT<^  to  huTO  come 
originally  from  Uppvr  India,  are  foir  and  goodloolcin^,  careful  (o 
bo  wdII  sbaren  and  alwava  dreased  in  cloun  clotlic^.  They  ara 
dever  and  hardworking,  bat  most  dange^oiis  to  deal  with,  as  ibc, 
local  proverb  says,  "Bapu,  have  no  dvolinj^  with  a  ^Idiimith,  u 
tAilor,  or  my  lord  kulkanii".'  It  1.4  generally  bulicvwl  that  if  an 
nt  made  from  serenteon  mpees'  weight  of  melal  bo 
.  aod  nielt«d,  it  will  bo  fotmd  to  haro  loat  aboat  thirty  pi>r 
in  wuiffht.  Ouoe  a  year  on  Ilio  thirtieth  Shruran  vad^a 
it<«mber),  every  goldsmith  gets  eomo  ffold  from  hid  inotlior  nn<l 
r,  and  makes  it  into  an  oruamont  lilehiug  some  of  the  gold  aa 
ck-pciiny  to  Ktart  th«  new  year  with.  An  Uic  mying  is :  "To  a 
even  his  owti  mother  ia  nothinjr".'  BeMido.t  making  and 
repduring  gold  and  siln-r  onuiini^nt^,  ihvy  set  goma  and  work  in 
lirodoas  stoni-a,  and  tJte  iMOr  prepare  copper  and  brass  ornamonta 
for  male  In  tJu3  women  of  the  lower  classea.  Beiatd«.<*  working  m 
i«well6nt,iromearecn]ti)rators,ot1iorsn)asons,audafew  are  labourers. 
Soma  deal  in  grain  and  Ic-nd  money,  and  a  fow  who  have  received 
sooM  «dBCT»ti"n  arc  eniployi-d  an  Govemmonl  w»rviuil«.  llioao  who 
woric  tut  gold&mitha  earn  according  to  their  akiil  from  \<t.  to  0<i. 
({  RBiia-l  onnd')  for  every  ropce  woighi  of  cnld.  They  eat  (he  Hetdi 
of  sheep,  go«t«,aod  fowirt,  smd  drink  buHur,  Proi^ganls  for  marriages 
maile  while  the  children  are  in  their  infancy.  On  the  occattion 
le  formal  demand,  mi'jtn,  which  is  gimentlly  made  four  years 
>re  marriage,  some  gold  and  ailrer  omameola  and  ailkun  cIoth|<« 
givi'n  to  the  bride.'  The  marrying  oonple  are  genernily  of 
the  same  age,  seldom  ovor  lt*n.  Tlteir  marriat^  ceremoniea 
nde  tnnnerie  rubbing  aud  the  other  iihuhI  obitcrvancx.'s  and 
ond  with  a  fi-ikit.  Of  Iat«  they  have  introduced  the  custom  of 
performing  gimanli,  or  as  tbcy  inoorrectly  pronounce  it  gheratiti, 
two  boon  before  tlio  regular  marriage  begiiiii.*  Soniuyoars  ago 
Uw  foiod  w«a  urved  in  a  hu-ge  betl-motal  diah  from  which 
twelve  persons  ate  sitting  in  a  i^roap.  Now  each  gnest  has  hia  ovid 
diih.  Marriago  expentMa,  whieh  formerly  varied  from  £b  to  JtIO 
(Ba.  50.  [U.  h)0),  have  of  late  nearly  doubled.  Widow  roarriogu  in 
the  gamUutrea  or  piif  form  is  ollovrod.  On  a  hicky  day  in  thu  dark 
bftlf  of  itti  month,  i»ome  time  after  the  sum  to  be  paid  to  Uio  widow's 
father  has  boon  settled/  the  bridegroom,  with  hia  relations  and 


*  The  Mvltlil  tmm  I  Boadr.  AUmfH,  £aUan>  dpfnt,  ydnrAi  Mutual  noio  n  Bdfpa, 

'  Tlic  M>i*ibi  II  :  Stm4r  ra  oUt  ii»  aifAi  hm/tr, 

lilt  uo  ;  MM  putliookt.  srfgini;  om  apprr  gKnoonl.  lAanUi;  two  ruba. 
„^iuu.  Md  *ana  Moan.  •  Fnr  tuiUier  itriAlU  nm  aborc.  p.  W, 

Btn  wkt  fomialT  stent  jC4  (R».  60}.    ll  bx  now  men  ■uvanlold  sad  amn*- 


Chapter  III 

FopnUtioo. 

CraXtnnai. 


DISTBICrS. 


cbaptOT  nt. 

FopnlAtloii. 

CmfUawd. 


friends,  Roee  to  the  bouE4<  of  his  widow  bride.     A  Brflumu  Orj 
asirftkigvr/  joshi,  is  culled  in,  nii<)  twn  low  stools,  patii,  ftre  ph 
nuUT  «acb  uibor  coTened  with  clotb.     'I'b«  HnUiiimu  itryii^At  i 
invokes  Ganjnti  and  Varuna,  and  gtToa  tho  pair  folded  bgtol  ttai 
}>6nbuli,  to  uuld   Id  th«ir  biLodi^     'IlifD  th«  bridegroom,  taluof 
dngi^r  or  other  weaiMU  in  bis  left  bacd,  ahn  i>a  ui>6  tttool  and 
bride  aita  on  the  other  to  tho  bridegroom's  rights     The  Brihi 
recites  bjmns,  maiUmt,  and  vrorKhi])!!  Caopati  and  Vaniiui,  otid  ■ 
married  wonuui  comea  forward  aud  rubs  thx  fon^bt-iids  of  tha  brvde 
and  bridegroom  with  &u(froD  and  rico.     'Vhe  bridegroom  then  gii 
elollii'S  to  th«  bridu  which  rIio  forthwith  puts  on,  luid  in  rvluru  " 
"falltor,  rubbing  hia  brow' with  sandal,  given  tho  bridegroom  cU 
As  it  iH  a  custom  that  thu  bridu's  rvluliona  and  &ieudE  should 
BVii  their  face»  for  thn^  da)'!<,  the  bridu  utid   bridegroom  lt»va 
the  bndegroom'a  liouao  almost   inimediati>l_v  ufter  tliD   marrii 
performed.     Two  old  practious,  ginug  gifts  to  the  villgigio  hru 
and  enipk>,viug  M^g  music-ian.f,  are  fullin;;  into  distiM-.      Mleq 
fuQcml,  ttouirahave  a  peculiar  custom  of  nibbJiig  cliinlJod  Uuiori 
molaasee  on  the  ■boulderaof  thp  bier-bearera.  I'bey  worship  all  Hit 
f^ds,  cspeciidly  Kliandoba  and  Ike  goitdcss  Chaudi  or  Dvvi,  faitLJ 
all  days  sacred  to  8liiT  and  Vi.'diuu,  and  )ui?o  Dniliittnns  as 
priests.     Their  marriage  and  funeral  ceremonies  are  those  laid  dol 
in    the    I'uninM.     On    thu    ttilrtitrth  dujr    of    tho    Hindu    inotitli 
Shrdvan  (Heplember)  (he)'  worship  the  hf»rtb,  hii'jri'hfari,  &ud  it 
liquor  and  tho  tongue  of  a  gout  on  the  tire.     On  this  day.  cxc 
making  the  liick-)xriitij-,  iindur  penalty  of  a  iino,  no  work  i;ii  dol 
Caste  diepuCea  are  settled  by  it  council,  panch,  whuso  diM.'u.iMons  : 

grorerbially  long,  lasting  sometimes  a  whole  day  and  night  anl 
ftWD,  As  tho  saving  is,  "  Wben  tho  stars  fade  the  somirs  ditto  T 
Though  »omu  loanl  Kngli:<ib,  most  t<-uch  tlivir  crhiliirvn  only  readil 
and  writing  aud  the  btile  arithmetic  wanted  to  keen  their  accounG 
As  a  class  they  uru  well  off,  somo  of  them  rich.  \  aimmya  or  Jxim 
SXiKksa,  a  small  community  ot  fiOO  m«n,  iin.;  found  in  NimdurbAr, 
Prakiisiia,  ShAhada,  Siodkbed,  Amalner,  Eraitdol,  aud  Uetavad, 
They  uru  believed  to  bo  old  fiottlcrs,  and  neither  dine  nor  marry 
with  tlie  Abir  Sonira.  They  Kpcak  both  Uujaniti  and  Marithi,  aad 
in  Kandnrb^r  and  Shiih&da  their  women  wear  tbe  robe  in  GuianUr 
fashion.  Tbvy  work  as  goldsmiths  and  neither  eat  flesh  nor  drink 
liquor.  They  wear  tliK  sacriNl  ihrciul,  perform  tho  ri^ilar  IbrLnul 
.  cigremony,  aud  are  io  other  respects  like  lii:^luiuuis.  I^eir  widowu' 
beads  are  shaved  and  they  are  not  allowed  to  marry,  Some 
VaudiiuiTs  aud  utbere  Shaivs.    Thair  privsls  aro  Bntlunnns. 

HtiTJifts,  carpenters,  aro  of  three  diviaions,  Siil^r<  proper  othfiT 
called X>eshi  Sutors,  Ahir  SutArh,  and  PinchJll  iSntAra.    tjutArep ropey j 
say  that  thoy  are  Kuubiit  by  descent.     They  belong  to  two  diviaic 
Ptoobiildharmi  found  at  Julgaon,  Dharangnon,  itud   Kntndol ; 
H&T&la  found  at  Y^val,  Naairabad,  aud  Asodn.     Ahir  Sui^ra 
distinct  and  aro  of  tho  eamo  class  oe  AbirLohirs  and  Abir  cultivat 
Tbey  do  iwt  marry  with  Uetdii  Snt&rs.    A«  carpontom  aud 


le  wjfti 


)  The  Msnttbi  It :  A'^  n  Mn*,  in  n  wmlni. 


Deccko.) 


KHANnKSTJ. 


ru 


Itoiidle 
lucnl 


cnrcrrK  Kliiii<U«l)  SnUirs  are  ffood  wo^k<^rH,  oaKilv  Lmineil  to  lu 
t^ropcau  louta.  1'be  8uUnt  vf  Uli<>tKia  nud  \divul  linjru  a 
luuiio  (or  earring  »nd  boase  carpoutry  ;  and  tliua«  of  Talodn'  luv 
EouiiiuMfortbeirjikiUin  making  oitrt-*.  8ouiutwitnty  or  thirty  of  tlteui 
come  iu  January  from  S^iuj^liad  in  Oujardl  to  Nunipur  nnd  Talodn, 
tad  stay  till  May  uuikini;  carto.  A  cariwntcr's  daily  wa}(«  varies 
fnim  lH.to2ii.  (nDJi/id 8 -  Itti.  I)  iKx^^rding  toHkilL  Villiigi.- <;arp<>Dt«r8 
arc  nsiittlly  paid  iu  j^rain  for  roakiug  and  moiidin^  tiold  (ooIk,  nod  in 
«isli  f'T  hmim-  carjH'iitry.  Thuy  c»t  atiitiiiJ  food  and  havp  no  rule 
a^iuat  tlio  nue  of  iDlnxtcatiii^  driukti.  Liko  bi;{b  ciule  Hindus 
tlicy  wi.'cvr  a  iN^nt,  waistcoat,  waistcloth,  and  ttirlmn,  folded  uitliitr 
after  ihu  Bi-Abinun  ur  tbu  PmliLu  f;uilii'>n«  'liny  ham  thotrdnad-a 
Widows  may  marry,  but  it  they  marry,  tbey  are  Qot  he(d  in  much 
roispct.'t.  Thoy  have  aeupantto  ca^to  oi^^'auiealioD  with  local  chiefs 
or  heads  railed  chuatlhrijt.  'I'hiry  are  a  rttiia);;  class  earcfu)  tv  teai-h 
th(.*ir  children.  Pnncbdl  SutiLra,  ao  called  &oni  their  acqunintuiii^ 
wilh  thi!  (ivMsrls  <>f  working  in  wood, gold,  iron,  hrass.and  Blone.  am 
bolieved  to  have  comti  fnim  Madnis  and  sre  Maid  to  be  sr^llix]  in  liim(* 
num)>urs  iu  Poona  and  Abuiednagar,  With  a  strength  of  283  souls, 
they  are  found  almoKt  ihroughoot  the  di«trioL,  <,>»pcciMlly  iaCbopda, 
Jininer,  and  Fscbora.  If  tha  first  husband  agrees  to  sorarate  from 
them,  their  womon  ara  allowed  to  form  a  neoond  inarna^.  Tlu^y 
neitlier  eat  unr  marry  willi  Khttnde^h  8ulllr». 

LouAvs,  blat^ksmtthn,  f.mnd  all  nver  the  dbtrict,  and  with  a 
good  bjord  uamv  in  Dbiilu  and  Ithusdval  wb«re  tfaoy  hjiro  learn«>d 
iu  local  fuivl  aud  railway  workmbope,  am  Huid  to  bu  of  twelio  and 
a  half  divisions  of  which  only  four  aud  a  half,  Oujar^ti,  Mai'^tbi, 
Piini'hiit,  Ahir,  and  Ghia^i'  an-  knowH  in  Khiiodcsh.  The  last,  thn 
bidf-caHlcH  found  at  NaKirnbad  near  Jal)i(aon,  are  a  poor  class  who 
,Ki"ind  knives,  clnan  sw-trd  lila<les,  and  mako  jiworil*hfatbs.  The  Ahir 
lli'iliiim  aru  a  dtiflinrl.  chuti,  the  Kiime  as  the  Ahir  Siitars  and 
icaltivat^irs.  The  three  chief  divisions  differ  liltJo  from  web  nthii*. 
Strong,  dark,  and  with  rognlar  fi-siturun,  they  are  hardworking, 
thriftless,  aud  quarrel  some.  They  make  and  repair  tho  iron  work  of 
ploughs  and  carts.  In  foimer  times,  at  book -swinging  festirals,  the 
iLobAr  Worked  thw  iron  hook  into  tho  unuJlcx  oTlhe  di-rolttu'a  Inok. 
|They  speak  Maratlii  and  dres.-i  likis  low  catte  Hindus.  Tbey  worship 
Hhir  and  Khaodoba.  'I'beir  hertidilary  ^ijiirihial  guide,  jfuni, 
Piiucbfildharni  who  bul'jugs  to  thiiir  own  caste,  settles  all  social 
fdiaputos.  He  wanders  among  his  people  risitiug  thi.i  samp  localities 
iat  long  inCcr\-als.  They  are  not  wcll-to-il'i,  their  eaminjrs  suHicii^ 
Ifor  their  daily  wautu  only,  Gd.  to  In.  (4-3  aniio*)  a  day.  Tboy  neither 
laend  their  children  to  ecLool  nor  take  to  now  puntuila. 

'     Snixi  '  "^,  found  in  all  large  villages,  belong  to  four  classes, 

Ahirs,  .'^'  .  -lainH,  and  Pardeshi  Brdlimaus.     Ahir  Shimpis  are 

found  at  Jalgaou,   Erando),  Amaluor,  Chtiittgaon,  Dhulia,  Sb^ihiida 


■  The  QbiaidU,  M>-i  CapUin  lli'jvcj  thr  AnuiuitUsn«falSupeKDtenJe»taf  Tliui 
'ftiA  Dtoottjr,  (onictunc*  rob  b  tlie  Koalun.  tmt  arc  aol  holiitcnl  crinaiaaU,  Uiuaiih 
'■oBia  uv  oilea  to  tbe  nvnt  of  gu^  roUMn,  wbunr  ()>rui  tbey  imkc  and  ehnrpvii  A 
iMuUable  iDBtaiKT  ol  this  q«curr«<l  in  NortntKU  IM^  at  Sdcalkot  in  KalAJgi.  Boiil 
iputk*  S«l.  I.  87. 

a  411-10 


Chapter 
Fopulat 
L'ntttn 


LolariL] 


skh 


[Bomba;  OaxettMr. 


D18TVCTS. 


PopulatloB. 

CnttiMiMt. 
.  SKmpU, 


KunMitin. 


Dklg«in». 


tiud  Cliopda.  Ntodovs  are  Devwmor!)  from  tbe  Deccan,  where, 
PooBu  umLAtimednagar,  they,  are  setlled  in  lai^  uumbora.  Uot 
thcAc  Shimpi  classes  talk  KhuRilpsbi  and  Mnrithi,  and  use  Set 
and  liquor.  They  aro  quiet  nnd  wolMiiiharRd,  but  not  verr  skilfti 
Their  wonion  iielp  in  tb«  work.  Some  are  Shaivs  and  olhoJ 
Vaishnavo,  and  a  few  have  lately  joined  the  SrimiiUrdyan 
Kabirpanthi  aewts.  Thev  biive  a  hereditary  high  priest  who  lii 
at  Miilher  in  BigXin.  Tbmr  marriage  expenses  vary  from  £1  to  " 
(Ri(.  111. Its.  300).  Th«y  altow  widow  niarriajC^.  Cattle  dispnt«a  are 
settled  by  a  <?oancil,  poHek,  at  a  maas  raeetinp;  and  excomnmnifjif cd 
poi-noD.3  are  fined  and  adntitbcd  after  pwrifying  tliemselves.     The 

Iirocftcds  of  ihetft  fines  a^e  osed  tor  caste  purposea,  Jain  Shimpin, 
nund  in  S4vda,  Jalgaon,  Dharangaon,  and  Na/iirabad,  nm  a  small 
cwmmnnity  who  have  other  meniberft  in  Berir.  Like  BrShmanH, 
wheo  dining  they  wear  the  sacred  waiHtcloth,  sotu,  Pardt-^hi 
BrdhmaQ  Shimpis  are  newcomers  from  Upper  India.  All  tho 
foor  Shimpi  eLmiiios  are  welUlo-do  and  Rare  money,  their  women 
aod  children  helping  them  in  their  work,  lliey  send  their  boys 
to  school,  and  some  arc  in  GoTemment  employ  as  clerks  and  Jtchool- 
masters. 

KjIhArr,  coppersmiths,  found  all  over  the  dieitriot,  bare  no 
anb-divisioas  bnt  numerous  faimilies,  liuls,  snch  aa  Dore,  Akal,  and 
Korapkar.  Tboy  veil  braas  and  copper  |)ot«  and  dishes,  and  St 
on  women's  arms  glass  bracelefa  prepared  by  Maniitre.  Their 
marriages  resemble  Rriihninn  miirriHgcH.  They  bom  their  dead  aud 
eat  at  tlie  hands  of  IWbmanit  only.  They  are  a  well-to-do 
community,  those  of  Songir  having  a  specialty  good  local  name. 
KrumiAKif,  poLterK,  found  nil  over  the  district,  are  divided  into 
Mar&this,  Paindeshiii,  and  GorekumbhArs.  Tht-y  do  not  intonnarry 
or  eat  together.  *Dark  in  colour  with  regular  fcaturca,  they  are 
hiirdworking,  tbrifty,  orderly,  hospitable,  and  fairly  honest. 
They  make  tiles,  bricks,  and  earthen  p()|.s,  and  also  figures  of  men 
and  unimitls.  In  t^mio  villages  the  potter  is  one  of  the  village 
eetabliahmcnt  furnishing  rillagcrK  with  earthen  pots  on  easy  temiK, 
and  waiting  on  slmngera  to  supply  them  with  water  and  pots. 
Though  tlwir  appliances  are  most  simple,  they  are  generally  very 
espert,  making  many  seat  and  partially  ornameuti'd  articles.  Thoy 
worship  Mrilmti,  Mahiidov,  and  the  goddess  liakithmi.  As  a  class 
they  are  not  well-to^do,  and  none  of  their  children  go  to  school. 

■  ,I>iuovX}E6,  or  saddlers,  also  called  .Tingars  or  KharAdis,  though 
dealing  in  leather,  are  reckoned  superior  to  ChilmbhAra  and  are  not 
considered  one  of  the  impure  ca«te-s.  They  are  found  all  over  the 
district  chiefly  at  Dbulia,  Nasii-abad,  Knuidol,  and  P&rola.  Thoy 
are  a  iwor  cIhak,  of  wandering  habits,  fi-equenting  fairs.  ITiey  eat 
si  the  hands  of  Knnbia,  proiMro  wedding  nc«d>dresses,  eew  eaddlo 
cloth«,  bind  Ixmks,  and  colour  bed  posts  and  etioks  with  wax. 
LiAKttiiBAB,  found  in  the  larger  villages,  are  a  poor  claaa,  prepariag 
wax  bracelets,  and  colouring  glasa.  flAimnis,  stone  masons,  are 
found  in  largo  villages  and  receive  a  daily  wage  of  from  9tl. 
to  la.  6d.  (6  - 12  annas).  They  are  poor  though  hardworking. 
KAcHBis,  gardeners,  make  nosegays  and  Qowcr  garlands  with  mncb 


h 


liceia.1 


KnAfiDESH. 


75 


dan  lud  ta«te,     PAtiurvatr,  aIodc  dr«8iten,  fuunJ  iu  soorlj'  every 
ftn   itf    KliAnilmh,  Ki-e   divided  iuto^S^lkura  aod  Piub\rii.     (^ark, 
tb,  uid  titT<jiw>  tti«y  are  geDerally   poor  and  du  not  eeud  Uieir 
Co  BcbooT  or  laku   ki  now   purguiU).     OtAris,  tukiug  their 
inim  tliu  Uorltthi  verb  alnr  to  pour  or  amelt,  n»ke  molt«n 
I  g(  Hindu  ^mI>.     LoNi^Kts  arc  cement  innkura  mod  lubounm ; 
BiuiAks   art*    ImclfliiyerM    and    niuit    wall     builders,    portly 
iiliu&na  partly    iliniiua.     Tliev    are   well-to-do   ktM<ping   rnals 
to   carry  walvr  fur  bnildin^  purpuisus  and   (or   making 


^Vannfacturera  iududo  seven  divliioux:  Telis  20,389:  SAltB 
s  Sa^.'i;  Khalria  924;  GadriB  61!;  I'atvekaiB  Uj 
-.Jl,au>lal  Nlrvngth  of  37^SM)  woU or  S^7  per  wot 
ofUu!  nbote  popnlatiuu.  'I'lieite  »eveu  diviaiouii  nuty  be  armugod 
Btu  fonr  rliiwws.  Od  munufacturcre,  Telis;  thread  and  cloth 
Dunafadureni,  S&Uit,  Khalri.-j,  Koshtis,  and  Patvekars;  dyers, 
and  wool  w«iver«,  UadrLn.  Telis  are  ttaid  (y  t>o  of 
five  and  a  haH  classes,  or  distinct  aub-divisions,  of  whom  four, 
ilki,  Kftlhud,  Pitr'k-Hlii,  nnd  GujnrAti,  are  found  in  KhAndusli. 
first,  the  must  nuuierouii,  found  all  over  KhAudeiih,  ari>  tiivtd  li> 
have  como  from  the  south  of  N^ik.  They  attach  no  eti^rina  to 
wwiow  marriage,  and  tlieir  marriage  ceremonies  nro  like  tlaiHe  ot 
Euubix.  'I'lie  Qojariti  Teli  ia  found  iu  the  weat,  and  (he  fardestu 
b  the  ca«l  of  tho  district.  They  are  generally  strongly  mode  and 
fair  wilh  rv^iliir  fctiturvs.  They  preta  sesamum,  m,  seeil  and 
ouroauuts,  and  Bometiioea  hemp,  an^tdi,  weeds,  selling  the  oil 
cakes.  Exo-pt  the  very  poor  who  bury,  the  Telis  bum  their 
dead.  l*h<<y  liavu  a  iK-Hthnan,  not  hereditary,  called  ehaudkri.  They 
■re  generally  in  good  couditiou,  but  do  not  ^end  their  children 
to  acnuol  or  take  to  new  pursuita.  SXuts,  weavers,  iirw  »aid  to  be 
of  twidre  and  a  biilf  cWsea  of  which  six  are  represented  in 
Eb^ndesb  -,  Sakun  SfLli  or  HAklun,  8nt  SdlJ,  Ban^^ad  Sali,  I'ikli 
8ali,  Ahir  SAIi,  and  Gujarati  Silli.  Of  tbeae  tJie  Gntanlti,  8ut,,a'iul 
BakuD  a&Vt*  aru  fonnd  at  Jal^on  ;  Ahir  Stiix  at  Faupiir,  B&nnud, 
Parola,'  aud  most  larxe  towii»  ;  und  Tikli  S&lis  at  H&vda  and 
PkTola.  The  Sakan  Silia  are  said  to  have  coma  from  faithan  umI 
of  Ahnivd:titg»r,  and  the  Tikli  division  is  aatd  to  lake  its  uuine  front 
tho  tikiiu  ttr  spangles  worn  by  tlioir  women  as  brow  ornaments. 
The  Baogad  S&lis  are  said  to  be  a  low  race,  and  from  tlwir  pmctioo 
of  keeping  concubines  are  known  aB.Laand)valliit.  Of  the  differijDt* 
Bab-divUiuna  (ho  Sitkun,  Stit,  luid  Ahir  S&lia  eat  together. 
Generally  fair  and  well  made,  thoy  are  hardworking,  quiet,  and 
mdepenucnt.  Thcydeal  inclothaawolIiMwcavuit.'  Tliey eat aheef^ 
fjToau,  and  fowls,  uud  drink  li<jiior.  They  dreus  like  HarMhis,  and 
worship  Kbaudoba,  Uhavilui,  and  other  Uindo  gods.  Ost«  dispat«s 
are  HeUled  at  meetiogs  of  the  adolt  male  membcra.    They  are  ia 


Chapter  III. 
FopulatudL 


TiU 


I  Pirol*  baa  u)nth»r  Inlwior  «1m«  oI  SAGi  known  m  diok  Sili*. 
Lik*S41uH»l  Kmlitu.  Jnuii  wMvn  gowM,  JuyiUt.  and  rabca,  «««i».     TM  >^- 
n«M  the  leoo),  Willi*  Oik   vlulara  fn^n   th«  cnmb,  /Aani,  noAe  in  Mia  roeo- 
K,  wtu<ti  Ok  StilU  uiil  Koditis  us  in  upuatinj;  tlu:  Uil«*d  while  weanog. 


[Bontbaj 


76 


DISTWCTS. 


I^Vt^r  III. 

Popntation. 

klalinfitctilrcn. 


t     Patrttar 


ff(uA"«. 


I 


iniddlinfiicirnim^tanc^RaRd  gniKfrully  son<)  tlwir  hoys  to  bcIiooI. 
KakiMkid,  mid  lo  bo  of  twelve  and  a  half  caste?,  sii  an:  w<01  kt)i>wi_ 
IJInlv.ijir,  Nir.ili!,  NumOK),  Nlimdpv,  Uujaiiit  i.  itnd  Ahir.     Oi  ihi-se  the 
BhAVMiii-H  HIV  iilruo«t  tke  only  Rniigiiri»  in  Kliiiuittttb,  and  ai'f  Uividtsl     ' 
into  serersl  ciaasea  aa  Khaooi-e,  Bhs^at,  and   Blinroti.     Tlioy  «re 
mid   to   tmre   oome   from    Uujarfit,  »n<t  arv  niinwroiiK  »l  Sivda, 
Jalgnou,  F^kiMwr,  wad  Paix>bi.     lliey  nrp()are  ctklours,  and  piiat  and 
dye  c!o1h.     They  havo  a  ooimdl,  p'tnei,  to  iwttio  oastt-  dinpult^w,  imd 
BO  uK-i'livo  hf^dmun  called  rh'imlhri.     They  allow  widixvii  lo  mairy, 
aud  nre  on  the  whole  a  wvll.to-do  CAet«,  able  to  nmd  and  write  ao^H 
Bonding  thvir  boys   to   sclxxil.      tiAi>Ria,   wool  weavers,  fc>uud  sH 
^lialiH^tai'u,  I'alonda,  andt^ongir,  are  Esirly  well-to-do.  Patvkkars,' 
silk   woi-Uvra,   d>?   not   fonn  a  aoparate  casl«.      Th«    iiiilusti-y    i^i 
practiced  liy  Kunhist  nnd  MimiUth^iw  at  Jalgoon,  and  by  two  familia^^ 
of  PardeBhia  at  Dlinlia  aud  Chopda,     'I'he  I'anleBhifl  who  hitv^^ 
pomo  from  Lnckiiuw,  within  tbo  Inst  Ion  or  twonty  yww*,  am  of  the 
UobuDKhi  caAto.     Koshtis  am  said  lo  }»  of  iwuivu  and  a  half  cast 
eevea  of  which,  Iliul^ar,  Devao^,  Khato  Devaog,  L&d,  Mitnlthl 
Hailptiri,  and  N'irliai,  a.rv  fotind  in  KhAinlvsb,     B4>:«idc)i  vilk  thi-cmT 
for   DockWeij  aud   jewelry,  sut<l   hot^e  and  palauquin  trappings, 
th«y  niaku  silk   cloth  and  ivonioD'§   robes,  mdi'tf  like  the  S&lis.     By 
raligtoii  Ihu  tirst  two  »itb-dirisioos  uro   Lingiiyuts,  thu  third  wea 
tho  sacrtid  thread,  aud  th«  remaining  fotu-  are  low  vhutaes.     Dalit 
tbti  Li&g^yat  Vanis,  th«   Lin^yat   Koehtia  do  tu>l  alwayit  opeu^ 
wear    thu   tiiuj  ;    many    of    ibiMii    hidd   it  in  lliuir     turhaua 
waJ»tboltB  or  keep  it  in  their  bouseti.     A  small  stone,   gcniTitllj 
from  iJio  Nnrbudit,  this  liit^  i»  proxonli'd  by  (heir  priests  U>  Lhtt_ 
women  »»  well  as  to  i\w  men  with  c^rcinoniea  imicb  like  those 
Karred  thread  inrestitures.    These  /tjij*  are  carefully  kept,  and  o| 
marriaf^  occasions  ttro  worshipped  aide  by  side.     At  thwir  marriage^ 
though  tbo  Ko«htis  havo  (he  knot  and  hand-join ing^,  thoy  liave  no 
tho  wa Ik inflf. round,  ehavrt  bfuicri,  ceremonies.   Tliw  ufTuHatin^f  prioa' 
artabotl)  JangiiinH*  and  RrAhniaus.     The   Brilhuiau  prescriVM  tl 
marring  linio,  claps  his  liauda  at  sunset  when  miu-ria^  oFremoniG 
aj-e  gtiuerally  pi^rfnruiird,  and  Iho  Jangam  ties   ihe   knot  and  joi(, 
tbo  hands  of  the   brido  and  bridegroom.     Tho  paiir  do  nut  »it  Oui_ 
raised  pl»tfi>nn  as  among  o4her  castes,  but  inside  a  s<)iiarL<  whose 
comers  It  re  marked  byniud  bulls.   I'hey  bavenoocreuionial  mourning 
fur  tho  doad,  and  their  women  are  not  conflidered  unclean   during 
^Ibeir  <-ourKU».     Widows  aro  allowed  to  marry  with  all  the  honours 
of  ft  regular  marriage.     When  t,hey  »i^  not  bogging  their  privi^it^ 
Jauganis  work  in  &ilk.     The  Hadgar  aub-diviaiou  has  a  wandering 
priest,  who  livi^i  at  Piuidhitrpur. 


Bards  ^'j.l  Actora  inclnda  two  classes,  Qttrovs  800-i,  and  Bhats 
or    Thakurs   WD  I,    a   total    of  7065    soals,   or  0-68  per  t^ont 
Otmttt.  the  whole  populalieu,     Guuvs,  worshippers  of  Shiv,  ai'e  fo 

'  Pattclun.  lilk  (Rni:e  aail  ImscI  iiafcan,  tak«  tWr  naae  ti«m  fntenie  U  tti 
Hlk  thiKMl  ou  virc. 

'ThowJanicuiii,  or  UiigAjr*!  \v;x»r'i  Mow  raMll  divU  tiiin>t>elc,  «&ai«tJb,Mi4  u* 
fonad  in  tJig  i-uutral  |<Mt«  of  Uk  dulml. 


A 


DeccaiLl 


KHAJiDKSn. 


77 


or  twp  in  every  birge   Tili«fre.      Sutllwl,  aocurding   to  in>ma 

kiUQts,  for  a«ven  ^neratiouH,  Iheg  nreanid  Ur  bave.  Lhrtre.  biiI»- 

'  IDS,  Aliir,  ORkshni  or  tjttniv,  and  Varddv.    Tliey  bold  g^^'^'^i 

iiur,   in   ifrtaio    viHagm;  Hll^mii  to  »iid   dwiii  tlio  U'lnplvs  of 

inmiiQ,  R^ni,  nnd  Maluidev ;  and  have  an  hereditary  ri^ht  to  (he 

sringn,  xiK-h   im  bvtcl  leaf  and  »nt9,  ooomnnt^,  ntitl  t;r»in,  made 

jMabii'ltir'a  tciuploH.  -  Jt  Ik  their  Lii<(iiifMit  to  collect  and  distribute 

_l|^e  ninrmelotf,  l/il,   leaves  lo   Cho  chief  hiiniliei)  of  the  villas, 

iwvivinff  iTi'stmls  of  ^raiii  in    niturn.     Thvy  aW  uttund    HrAhmiin, 

Ruiiiii,  and  Vdiii  wwltiiiigs,  and  piay  the  Bute,  tattai.    Tiny  blow 

the  tcmplo  cotioh  and  horn,  some  of  thorn  with  mncb  skill.     They 

-'■■■  "   fXKtr  illileniio  irlaoit  with  a  onuno'ilf  punch,  for  HeltHn^  cu«Ut 

<e8.      UsAth' uf  thmt  Dub'diviKinus,  Pardeslii,  Murdtlut,  and 

I,  are  found  in  nearly  every  lar^  Tillagt]>.     A  fine  intelligent 

/I'll   tiindti  and  ^>o<]-li>oktni;,  llivy  iwivy  u  miniik'  kuowK'dgu 

■  jf  th«ir  bcnilitiiry  patrons.     Tht^y  repeat  poetry 

1  future  and  are  ready  improvUors,    lliey  have 

ilud  ImiiMS  iit  ci'rtiiin  villiip'S.  Of  l«l«,  from  tli«  doclinin(F 
4-'  iif  ibt^ir  pnifcuifiou,  many  ItMtx  havo  taken  to  labour  and 
io.  Thoir  niartia;^  are  like  those  of  Kunbia.  They  bum  their 
Icnd,  \mi  liury  llieir  infanta.  Old  Bhiila  aru  lookud  npon  with 
rvvtireui.-e  und  appeiil^d  Ui  iu  atnlv  diHpntoK.  Ilioy  bare  no  bereditai^ 
li'  '  ':i>4s  thoy  are  inclined  to  send  thoir  boys  to  w:booL 

t '  .  ilo"  known  as  Tluikura,  nro  M-Ulud  inhabitJkn(«  of 

iiti  tioh)  grHUt»,  nifatui.    'l*hoy  arc  beggara,  labourers, 
-  eiiltivators. 


I1H< 

i 


Personal    Sorvante   inclodo  two    dasaes,  barb»r8,    NB*lvEa, 

_',  Hud  wiislit'i'inuii.   Ilh'ildiiN,  ■^Vi'>,  a  tolal  of  20,617  ttouitt  or 

_i>_Tcent  of  ibf  wbolo  p^'pulation.     Of  thj  twelve  nnd   a  half 

Nmavi  ^idiHlivisionB,  four  ai-o   found  in   Kbilndevh,  Tityd««,  Ahirx, 

DitknIititM,  and  Oajars.     The  lirat  two,  found  at  iS&vda  and  almoHt  all 

i>ver  ibc  district,  Iiavc  aach  Hurnamos  aa  Ingnle  and   Milnbar.     The 

Taydn  Nbitvj  plays  ao   mnsical  instriimcnt,  but  holds  tho  torch  at 

wi-ddinfffl,  gels   half  of  the  foes   {wid  to  HrtlhninriM,  and  on  the  dav 

on  which  tiirrm-nV  is  api>!itrd,  ivceives  J-i,  (i  njirii)  from   the  ffirl  8 

[alfavr.    The  Abir  Nbdvi  never  carries  a  torch.     He  nlayi'  iho   llute, 

■mnni,  atnl  the  dram,  sfiniiff.     As  village  uurgciMis   lliey    b!<wd   and 

apply  levelled,  and   their  women  act  ua  uidwives,  and  at  marriages 

lH>y  bold  iimbrf-llaa  over  the  bride  and  bridegroom.  Thoir  niarriaeo 

-re  like  those  of  Knnhis.     Except  thv  poor  and  iufiuitMjr|i« 

;.  they  bum  their  dimd.     Afl  a   i-buia  Nbivis  are  food  of 

it  .u:.i  (.r^wiiip.     Dn'<!tnii«,  waslit-rmen,  inclndo  fivo  sub-divisions, 

udelas,  Mfii'vfl<iis,  MunUluU,  I'srdpshi«,  and  Tailuiigit),  who  neither 

nt  with  one  another  nor  intwrmiirry.  Must  of  lliem  livo  in  tliatohcd 

biw,  only  a  fow  having  gooti  dwellings.     Tbey  eat  millet  bread, 

purry,  cords,   vegetables,  fish,  and  mntton.     "Iho  vilUgo  Dhobhi, 

-  '■  mlly  a  MarAiKaand  known  locally  im  Parit,  washes  for  Kunbia, 

-,  and   Brdhmans.    Mhiira*  clothes  are  guiicrally  washed  by 


Chapter  11^ 

Fopnlatim. 
»wda«nd 

Omww.* 


XltM 


>  Ttwn  an  tiao  ttam  MualaiAn  Bliita. 


IBomtej  Gaiett 


hapttf  IIL 

OpulfttJOIL 

StrvMiU 


JMangar*. 


Oavlin. 


Ahirf. 


78 


DISTiyCTS. 


Tailang!  Dliobhi*.  Besidos  by  wwihing,  Ohobbis  somutinuni  «ani 
living  by  gelling  graoti  or  b^  labour.  Tlimr  bvouriuj  goda 
Khiindoba,  Bkiuix>l»,  Bbaviini,  and  st-rpunU,  and  thuy  also  wonbi, 
their  anoeaton.  Tluty  oitlier  bary  or  burn  their  dead  uud  bavo  no 
headmaii.  Tbeir  wives  belp  litem  in  tlieir  work.  As  a  claaa  tbey 
are  pour,  nuDu  of  thum  rich  and  uio»t  of  tbeoi  in  dobt.  Xbey  do 
not  send  tbetr  cliildreu  u>  Kvluwl 


Shepherds  and  Herdsmen  include  two  claases,  wiib  a 
atrtayih  i<f  13,477  soulo  or  189  per  t-oiil  of  tto  wholv  Hindu 
population.  Of  these  t7,7UH  wore  Dhanffars  and  1769  (Jarlis. 
Undor  thv  gonuml  tcnn  DiiAtiaAit,  or  Knephenl,  come  three 
Aasses,  Uhangare  [>roper,*Khil&ri!i,  and  TliililriK.  Dliaogan  proper 
generally  earn  their  living  by  weaving  blanketti.  ITibt  hi»vo 
tievcu  Bub-divtDiuus,  Ahir  KKkU.'kar,  Hhegar,  Marsha,  HoIkar> 
Halkar,  Qhogattuuya,  ami  Sholotya.  Of  t\n-fv  tho  Aliir  Dliongan, 
found  at  Naairabaa,  Krandol,  Cbilndsar.  Jluilod,  Cbopda,  Piit.'ii(im, 
Adjivnd,  Yitval,  SAvdu,  Bumiir,  and  Bbadgaon,  are  said  to  liavo 
come  from  Chitod  in  llpiwr  Indiu.  Tlwir  women  wear  tbo  Kuubi 
robe^  )Kidi.  Some  are  cult)\'ators  while  others  deal  iu  .Hhe«-p  aiut 
go«t«.  Thoy  worship  a  god  named  Cb&njfyAp^bya,  call  Dr&umana 
to  officiate  at  tbeir  inarriageit,  and  allow  widow  marriage.  They  eM 
with  Ualkar  Dbangai-s.  TiiitARis  or  KaiuiBiR,'  prufcSHiouul gnuiiers* 
t)i>ll  woo],  ehcep,  and  guntH,  and  drive  a  small  trade  iu  milk. 
They  xpread  all  over  the  district  duriug  the  fuir  Ki-imon,  jnuiMintf 
e«u»t  during  tlm  cold  wrathcr,  making  for  the  Siitpud^  in  tha 
hot  months,  and  retumiug  to  the  west,  to  Dhiiltii  aiid  Pinijmlnur, 
for  the  rains.  Grazing  dl  over  the  country  in  the  fjur  weather,^ 
they  are  often  paid  by  cultivators,  for  the  sake  of  the  manure,  t^H 
pen  their  flocks  iu  their  fields.  At  the  same  time  disputes  ofte^' 
arise  for  damage  dbne  by  their  Socks  to  the  late,  ralii,  cropx. 
Gavlis,  of  two  chief  divi»iii»^,  ling&yat  and  Muntthn,  found  heii) 
and  there  throughout  the  coUectorate,  are  moat  uunierouH  iu  Dhulia 
an*  Cho|>da,  They  aro  Um  milk  and  butter  sellore  of  the  district, 
keeping  large  herds  of  bufyaloesund  cit-wn.  Among  Lingityat  tiavlia 
marriages  are  gcnemlly  performed  by  the  Jangam,  but  iu  bis  absence 
a  Brahman  can  ofltciale.  A  nwund  is  raised  iu  the  centre  of  the 
wedding  shed,  imindae,  and  a  carpet  is  spread  over  it.  Two  bamboo 
baskets  an;  placed  in  front  of  the  mound,  and  the  bridal  pair  stand 
each  in  one  of  these  basketo  while  tho  officiating  JangHui  holds  up 
ihe^marriai^  curtain,  atilarpat,  and  jwrtunii-t  the  ceremony.  Tbo 
{Kiir  lire  then  led  to  and  seated  on  the  mound,  which  hss  been 
previously  surrounded  with  a  line  of  rice  or  wheat.  ITicy  worship 
MahAdev  and  allow  widow  marriage.  I'he  caet«  observanceH 
MariUha  Gavlis  are  much  like  those  of  Kunbis.  I'he  Gavlia  ai' 
generally  speaking,  we!l-to<do,  their  women  bt  and  buxom.  Ahibb? 
following  the  Bame  profession  as  GavUs,  arc  said  to  be  of  seven 


wfl 


'  TkiUri,  fr««n  tkiUr  a  flock.  moMis  itridly  hlwcp  i^d  ge«t-h«rd«,  and  Khi 
front  Uiilit  s  dtore,  muna  «tri«tlj  ucat-bci^  la  practice  Ui«  word*  m«  i 
iadtBuentJf. 


KHASDESH. 


7tt 


HIT 


xub-dhndons  of  which  fire  are  known  in  Kbintlrab,    GriUlMUi&i, 
Bhirviilbij-a,  Uhidjtmvftr,  Uhoni,  anii.  G  ujftr.  Thoy  woreHip  Knabn&. 

Fishera  iodnde  two  claBOM,  Koltn  39,207,  and  Bboui  or  KaluLrs 
total  Btrcngth  of  4^,250  souU  or  &'l)6  per  c«iit  of  tfau 
le  Hindu  populaiion.  Koi-is,  thouj^h  fuond  near  Dth«r  rivont, 
hsve  their  head-gnarterB  on  the  1'ixtti  bank*.  They  arc  of  three 
dasses.  Ahir  Rolis,  Kolis  proper,  and  Nehoru  Kolis.  A  dark, 
Mrrmg,  well  made,  and  robniit  ruro,  th<i|^  eat  flesh  aad  drink  liquor. 
Tbey  work  all  the  fi'rri«a  alon^  the  l^pti,  ^d  during  the  rains, 
often  rwk  their  Uvo«  is  rDcovoring  timber  from  the  river  when  ia 
ficwd.  They  also,  with  much  nkilt,  gvfiw  melons  in  the  beda  qf 
rirera,  and,  an  villngo  labourers,  are  found  in  nearly  evvry  targe 
Tillage  in  tlie  ditttriot.  Exc«pt  mmo  very  prnKport>u$  villiige  hi-ad- 
Eum  in  Chopda,  the  Kolis  are  poor  and  tinthnfiy,  and  seem  unfit 
tor  steady  hard  work.  Tbey  worship  Khitndobn,  Bhairoba,  and 
goddess  ObATiiQi.  KahAiui  or  Bboib,  found  in  Mmner, 
.rmngaon,  Krandol,  P&rota,  Amalner,  Sdvda,  and  Fainpur,  are 
chief  fiihi-rmt-u  of  the  district.  They  un<;<l  formerly  to  parry 
palanquiuK  and  litterit,  but  their  preaeut  occnpation  Ls,  beaiden  fitihing, 
(nnmfing  Rrain,  growing  melons,  and  carrying  grain  on  thoir 
ili>uke,%-s.  Tbey  rank  lower  than  Ki;lis,  and  c«t  ile«u  and  &sh  and 
drink  liquor.     Tbey  arc  ignorant  but  tiardworking. 

lAbourora  and  HiacoUanooiis  Workers  include  twenty 

claaaers,  with  u  lotul  ^tn^ngth  of  .M,002  souIr  or  &'S4per  cent  of  the 
*holff  Hindu  population.  Of  these  26,6+2  were  Rajput*!  9982 
P&rdoahia:  168  Goraidbans ;  1674  TirmJtlix;  20  Shikiri>t;  6352 
Rivch&»i7\  Kanj/iriN  ;  <>:)  KAinithiit ;  »  Golh^  ;  21  Kahats  ;  262 
P.-ndbiri8;5  Jalkaris;  1208  KhAtik8;S028  BUris  ;  158Sorti»;fil6 
Ehang«Lr«l  177  BhirslM;  2»1  H&nliU;  US  lOtambards;  and  181 
Dingat«.  R*jppts,  locally  known  aft  Deccani  Pardofihis,  though  from 
■narryinff  with  Deccan  women  they  aro  looked  down  on  by  tho 
Bajputs  of  Uppi-r  India,  have  not  entirely  lost  their  military  spirit 
and  bearing.  Of  three  diTisioas,  Marittha  or  RAno,  Khaped^s,  and 
I*ardeahi,  they  are  both  luboiircr*  and  coltivatorn,'  and  nerro  as 
sepoyn.  Among  MarAtlia  Kajpurs  are  many  poliiio  pti tils, especially 
in  the  .Iiimuer  nnb-di virion  and  alon;;  the  base  of  the  Sitmilis. 
Pitrde^bi  and  Maritha  Rajputs  will  not  oat  at  each  other's  bands, 
bntif  a  Pardeshi  Brithman  pit^purcs  the  meal,  they  wUl  eat  together, 
GovARDRAN  i*  perhaps  another  name  for  Garli.  SbixAbi«  aro 
those  who  make  hunting  their  profession.  BAvoHi!),  found  in4he 
weat  on  the  Giijanit  frontier,  are  a  labouring  and  cultivating  class. 
KAN/AitiR,  makers  of  hairropcs,  are  labonrera  and  beggars.  EA^kXthis, 
inimigrantfi  from  Telang,  the  modem  KarDit«k,  tal>»ur  in  the  fields 
and  aa  bonse-btiildvrH.  GoLnAi<  and  Kahatb  areordinary  labonrers. 
PbkrRaeis,  found  chiefly  about  Dhulia,  bring  grass  and  wood  (or 
Bale,  and  prepare  manure.     BAitis  aro  bold  leaf  Kellers.*  _^  _ 

Onsettled  Tribes  woro  five  in  number,  Bhils  126,701,  VanjAris 
86,G72,    Piidhis    4606,     Konkaoia  8201,   and    K&nad<U    818,  a 


POfHlaUon. 

Fiikan. 
Kofia. 


L«bmir 


'  For  [iirtb«ir  puiicuJut  Mt  p^  70- 


*  See  kbovc,  p.  89: 


IBomlMf  duett 


3upur  III. 

PopnUtioiL 

i;(>MUi#>t 

TribM- 
*  AUU, 


80 


DtSTiyCTS. 


birenglli  of  170,888  souls  or  18-53  per  omit  ot  the  whole  populatio 

BiwLa.'  with  in  1872  »□  ostimsted  sii^ugtli  of  VZO,it'Hi  souUi 
on:  Uin  cliinf  uf  the  large  K'^mp  of  tribes  that  at  quo  titiiu  hel 
most  of  tlio  countT^  now  (listi'ibuted  tiinons  tba  provinccitof  MewAr,* 
M&lwa,  Kbindfitli,  and  (jiijariH.*  Ousleu  !>)■  later  Invadora  frofii 
the  ncbti^t  of  their  oli  po^M^saious,  the  UbtU,  in  couaidomble 
Btreuglb,  fttill  hold  the  ivildvr  and  more  outlying  |wrta  of  Ibt^^o 
ppovincce,* 

Bwidea  iu  Central  tndin,  R»ji>ut4na,  Gnjarttt,  and  Khiindesh, 
Bliila   are   found    tiorLbwanU   in    Ajtuir  and    Jesalinir,*  iind     in 
Baroilley  and  Binda    ia.the   North- West   ProviucBx.*    They   d. 
iTot  paaa  eaat  into  tbo  Pond  country,  those  aeaiLAsixgad  in 


I 


■  Tb*  voni  Ittiil  t«  UliwoJ  l«  onnw  Inm  th«  Dn-riJtita  MUm  a  bow  (WilionV 
AbotigiiutI  TriiMM,  3).    Tli*   Hitxln  Ivgend  ol  Uuir  oiif in  ii,  tJut  r4  tn-eni   auii* 

SiMngrnua  MskldaTaailalMiMUi  tirM»,a(iii,  a^lyaiid  vkdnua,  killed  liUfKthitr'aliulL 
or  tht«  IM  mut  builib«d  to  lli«  bill*  •»!  bMuiiw  tkn  fuundar  of  Um  UliiU.  (Mal- 
ouloi'*  CnitnJ  India,  I.  SISI.  Plohany's  (1M»  rkyllite,  tdaoail  auiiUi  of  tint  Viiidltlui 
nnn,  wvnt  probaUy  Bliii*  (Bnrtiua,  173).  Koftarly  ittiutu  dm  ot  Urn  wonl  Bkll' 
baaMan  traotdL  In  tlia  MalaUiti*!  titl  c4  tritmi  tlii*  (mm  to  b*  iiKliidiil  uii^r, 
i-uliudu,  »  gaosral  Unit  lor  wild  tribe*.  (H.  II.  WiIraii'*  Wnrkn.  VII.  I.'.H  ;  iii>.l 
Vivitti  da  St.  Uartiii,  Ouuo.  Oraoqoa.  et  I>«tai«  de  rin<l<.  £47)  rM'Uin  (iraluni 
(Boiu.Uov.SaL  .XXVI.  S(HI)*ml»rJc>bBMAlM>lai(C«nlr<>ltn'Ii>,  1  :il6  <um  I|  .Utc 
Ihat  Ika  Bkib  arv  Biantloaeii  In  the  MalUUiltM.  But  th>  word  ixhiI  in  Ihr  oriitiiul 
b  Nitklda.  and  thsro  looiiui  to  bn  no  mora  raaaoa  for  idoailymg  ih<i  Nixliibti*  widi 
tba  BliilK  iliaa  vxtb  nuay  otlicr  of  tbc  mdc  hill  racca.  In  Ikn  rniK)i  Tunlnt  uMnttuu 
la  nu-lu  (i(  VliL-  I'hUlii  Of  vtUajfm  of  tha  Bhila  (WiUu«'a  Work*.  1^'.  Hi.  I4S) ;  aiid  in  tha 
JitimilA  Bkila  an  oloMod  Willi  Uedba  aa  una  ol  tba  aaran  lowcat  Inlmt  (l.'ckbtmike'a 
1tmm,n.lMi. 

*  "Am  1972  MPMia  rotnma  ahov,  mulor  Ika  head  ol  Bhila.  a  totAl  of  I  KjftS  (nvla. 
Ti>  tlioac  may  bo  odiUd,  aa  ipMrallr  Included  anwniF  Itliila.  I'ivnia  XSS,  (Liiitn 
IM,  Kotliib  223.  and  Nnhilii  D.  tf  to  Uiia  tiMi  StaOt  tdUl  ol  47.COA  aoub  ti  adilxl. 
llsivo*  tor  tliu  tnbui,  ))i|Rf>h-.'iilly  kmwa  an  KliiiidtMh  I'litK  ■  iinuwiit  ■(rcMgtli  of 
IBljSU  acnb.    Tim  niluriut  ol  llii-v>  InlMt  anr  pr<>li>My  ivrj'  Im  (nun  forrvct. 

■-nioaarliaat  UBwIuul  M"«*r  »*fi' UhiU  (l.-l'i.  HJiJMtKlo,  I.  )i**) :  Ibe  tChLla  >ra 
apaclallyMrang(iitlioaoulli..lM>tiiAiIla>><ilt<»i'BT)««riiiliunt.fMm<I<itUii.I  T?9).  In 
(lajMtti,  aMMnline  lo  l.n  J  In. ml,  tliu  lUiTIThnd  Aim.  Ub^Jlf*  Mi')  tTHnip^..^!-  Aa 
lata  !■  the  tloaa  of  1 1  ■  iiq  Aatval.  th<1BWnWMHBBniintd«bad.«ji» 

ln~nHDumliran3  i  n  torowi  aoath  bv  iha ill— ImAai  llWiil  Mt«H  t^^ii 

tbeBaJ^i^ dTiivu  I.'..'  i-.[LiiH  '>^it  III  |iJ 


Id  fiiasy  lUjt-uuiia,  Aii>i«a,  ami 

bivw  I*  liurhflt  liv   blmiiH  tatgl*  ff'l  tlw 


jay  that  ih..  \.i..J  ij^tt^rt^TinfifihiSSMff^  b^"^  nar'^ 

Uhil  pcwur.  1'bt  Ubil*  are  aliayt  kwa  tv  Imp  tha  pnaetloa  aliva.  Tho  ri^lit  of 
givinfi  tbs  blool  a  cbinxxl  l-y  •.■■riiiu  (mnliis,  aiul  tbo  Iwlii'l  tint  lli«  laaii  frain 
wbuM  vain*  it  ll-.<va  iltn  williiii  a  ymr  fail*  to  diiiili  thair  i«il  U:r  Uiu  uuifp).  The 
IfajinitN.  on  tlio  utbor  hand,  wuald  ubdly  M  tbo  practice  dio.  Thii  tliuy  a»  i»  diM 
M  tMir  tdiriukin^  from  fmiivtii  ISitl  Mood.  But  tha  triM  paai[  of  tiin  diainM  a 
t^l  ill*  ommui^  ninaiada  thcan  of  Uie  iliattiioai  of  tlinir  rula  wmI  of  Iba  aeed  «f 
aanotioa  by  tlioir  fuwoa*  anbjvota.     Ttbiml  Roy.  An.  Soc  >.  Ci9. 

*  The  ItfiS  otnaua  retama  nbow  iJifiiC  aoiil)  In  flnJirAt.  n^tl  ICT.6S4  aoMla  in 
Khinitiah and  Stoik.  Thucliialnrsngth  of  thnltliila  n  ••  I  <  Hot  Itnipatina. 

la  tomLpMl  Uio  [woiihi  oje  alaoat  cxduiivoly  llhlb>  (Iv^  .r«{|fcr,  I.  ISO) ; 

to  UlblWaathc  bulk  .J  tho  uwrfoare  Hhila  fdittu  1171  ;m  jjij-ji  kiiMv  an  20U.OU(I 
fdiuo  ill) ;  Mi.l  in  r>nMart.ur  10.000  Bhib  (ditto  231).  IIhfv irTtlividad  into  a  rarioM 
o(  cUu^  ajBin  bMoa  mf  a  Mptitcd  (uwnon  iltwout.  «th*r«  huddlod  togctlwr  by 
atupU  ootitisaily  of  liotiilMiuti.  llicy  have  a  aligbt  infoHOU  of  Uindsinn  aad  feme 
am  aottkd  oulti'CKt.in:. 

*Inioo'a  Ajmir,  IT.  Jwar.  Rny.  A..  Sec.  US  of  1844;  Tsd"»  Wntim  India. 
31'«iiR«ipatiliutlaxctt««-i,  II.  %l^40.  ITC.  199,M4.  S&l. 

■N.  W.F.Oudttoor,  G78.IH7.     Kv  J^iils  are  abowo  in  tbo  N.  W.  P.  ISTSCcuw*. 


DamiLl 


khan;dksii. 


SI 


Kakdi  riv<jr  in  Jamuur.^  Tu  the  Hoiilli-weoi  Ibe  Bhilei  itr«  »topp<>d 
by  ihe  sturdier  race  of  Kfeik  and  Ahmednajtar  ^olihj'ho  probably 
once  beld  the  wbolu  nftbe  (Jentr^  Konbia  i^ln^ica.*  To  tbe 
vrr»(.  mil)  nortli-wen:  thv  hilly  truot't  tlint  in  ncrLli  Konkiui  and 
Kaib  (Jujitrit  ati-eich  west  U>  the  sea,  are  chiefly  peopled  bj-  early 
tnlieAaliDost  aUof  them  Bhil  rather  than  Kch  in  characfajr.'  Northof 
tbe  Tiipti,  o»r"-M!'i-  i.-r-n., ,1,^11^.  cutffni  hH>nli4)r  ot  (Jujitrit,  BhiU 
and  KdliH,  id'  re  bo  distributed  that  *%  Pfajl  flfilSIP* 

Owgmitf     FurtM^STOoito  are  found  ncattored  over  KtULi^w^r 

a I,  in  atrenffth  Jn  Thar  and  PArkar,  and  in  small  oainltera 

o.  -t  the  wboiB  of  Sind.' 

IIow  far  the  modom  Bhil  has  chanf^ed  from  tho  orif^nal  Bhil  it 
u  bani  u^  aay.  The  fact  that  many  plain  Bhib  are,  and  who'll  well 
kd,  many  bill  BhiU  become,  eqaaJ  m  aise  and  appeamnce  lo  the  local 
knrclnA*  Hindaii ;  that  in  Poona  th«>y  are  ainch  autwrior  in  8t«tnre. 
«pp(%raiit:e,  iiihI  iHtiOligvnco  to  thoBc  of  tho  SAywidA*  ;^  and  that  ab 
I'fa-ltar  they  are  tall,  slroog,  and  healthy,"  seems  to  show  that  the 
stunted,  litnpid,  and  sarage  Bliits  of  Kh^ndctib,  Gujarat,  and 
RajpntAna  have,  vitbvr  from  inarrtaso  with  older  and  lower  raoeR,  or* 
bY>m  bad  air,  exp04Di-e,  and  want  of  food,  suffered  greatly  both  in 
mind  and  body. 

A"  iilndci;h  rocorda  contain  no  mention  of  Bhils  except 

Bfl  a  .'-■    ,  '      iidl  iriW.  it  has  been  thought*  that  tJiey  w«r«  forced 

■  C<atr»l  FTovi]iOMa«Mtt«*r,  3M ;  BanlTGM«ttMr,3ie.*Ia  tli«  NurbmUdiviaioit, 
next  to  KhfariMh  mdjHic*,*  oanal  it,  then  were  (1872)  18,420  Bhil*  and  4080 
tHuUUa.  (^'oitral  lYoi-Uicca  C'Sniiia.  Hi. 
'  Buinba)-  Omnu.  18(2.  "nio  detaili  an  :  KopaivMn  2474,  K*i-iu  I2S1,  Saoguiur 
'.  Panicr  4M,  Ali>^  MS,  Shvnw-n  ^IX  Ka|l«r  &t,  JiinktiMl  76.  .inJ  Sbrigoada  S. 
Tbe  1&72  ccMnu  total  waa  193  Knb.  The  Ithil  olenMot  in  liie  PoauA  populatkui 
I  nu^LItuagVI  before  the  limn  gJ  the  MaraCliiCovcttiihMiir  Tii'lSilSat  Kopufaon 
itt  AhmMlUgai.  a*  nian;  ru  'QT»I  SvJt  were  killrd  ly  bcini;  throvn  doim  wolt*. 
Mr.  Sinclair,  CS.,  m  lad.  Ant.  1 1 1.  100.  The  mii  omiku  r»tunu  &6w  one  Bhil  in 
KaUidgi     U  thit  ia  eoiNct  h«  naa  pMhably  aa  ovtridra. 

*Tlia   1871  eeiuna   Ntnma    ihow  iitne  BliiU  in   Kiaara,  apparmitly  a   miiUko 
(CoUcvtor,   ITth  June  I8S0),  twi>   In    Ratstgiti,   pariwp*  waiiaMisg  M^gan.  and 
t««nty-fiva  ia  Galactic,  pmbablv  inimipant  laboutnu 
*A»oag  thcTC  laay-  6o  Botoil,  In  — ~i|   fftltK    Iff!   Ttflf   ■Tll*'™^  the   Tt|^knr». 

n-*  '-  ""  ■"■"■  r*  H"">    i>h^»jn^i2~iJi-j 
—  «-■»-  ffinarito.and  KMhoaUiL     <—*=-• 

B'as^^aanHrTfisnvsnBTTTMiir  is,  Gouwid  1:4, 

Umlxli  74,  KndBbivnacarasl,b>Ui  lOTrK  TheCaUli  total  wt«  l^>SO,  acdOieTlur 
ud  rirkartota)  lO.MI.  Tito  Sin>l  dntaili  were  Upper  Siod  PrifiiiUM'41,  ShikArpur 
I7B0.  QaidataUd  449S,  aii'l  Kanrachoo  778,  total  >I07.  (Compaiv  l>ir  A,  Buruai  in 
Jtwr.  It.  O.  Stx.  iV.  100  ;  Run.xti'1  Sinil.  320  t  and  th«  SimA  GanttMrp,  A  ipeeul 
inrqwry,  ntwlc  thniuj;h  ttia  klxlneu  erf  Mr,  K  C.  K.  Olliianl,  C.H. ,  Aotiatant  Com- 
DnaniMMi.Siiid,  ahovt  that  thia  ictum  cl  Ubiliia  ma-ch  tvii  liitch-  KiiHiitt  in  Tiuv  and 
Ptriiar  there  an  rcry  (cw  Suid  Btiil*.  All  of  tlioia  van  bv  tncvil  lo  hUmli.  Sgma 
in  Tkar  arc  eld  aottjen  ;  th«  Mat  barn  ooom  liao*  Ifae  Btitkb  oonqaaat  aa  camp 
foOowtn  and  muidcrcn. 

'  Ind.  ADt  III.  189.  ■  Buroea  in  Jonr.  Boy.  <Hof.  Sao.  IV.  tOD. 

'Graham'i    Bfail  Tnb«a.   Sir  J.  Maloolai   (Cmtaml   India,  I.  Sit)  aba  naotaa  • 
tradition  that  ibe  Bkit)  were  driven  from  their  original  M«la  la  Mtrwir  and  Uevtr 
•outli  to  KhiU'ieih. 
B4II-11 


Chapt«r  HI 

PopnlatioB. 

UiwttMl 
TritMi. 


(Bombajr  Guet 


DISTQICTS. 


hftpt«r  lU. 
fPopol&tioa. 

Tribw. 

'    JMfb. 


0. 


within  KMndcsh  limits  by  the  pressure  of  Raipttt  and  Musalmi 
ronigivMt  tp  QiiiAntt  uiid  M^vru.     But  tlio  pciHitiuD  of   the   Bhil 
in  Kh&ndeah,  iKattered  in  8iiiall  Duinben)  over  almost  the  wfa<~ 
district,  and  R^thered  in  atrengih  among  the  aonib  and  west  aswa  _ 
iw  Hk>ii({  tho  Dorthcm  bills,  seoms  to  show  that,  as  is  knowu  to  have 
been  (lie  cuse  id  Uujaral  and  B«j)>titAn»,  thu  Kbiiiiduib   BbilK  wvm    I 
driyep  from  the  plaipa  by   ropre  powerful   iuvadera   and   set4)ers. 
Hie  cloBP  reagmblancc   in  npporauoo,    character,  lan^affe,  and    . 
coatomg  bctwtiin  the  Bhil  of  the  ylainm|^j)|l|eJaBjlaM  vil  I  agent, 
wonld  aeem  t<i  show  that  tho  buik  oi  tliepcoplOave  a  coDsiderabUla 
atrain  of   Bhil  blood.*     On  thv  uthvr  hitoil,  tho  tnarkod  dilTtiniiioifl| 
lK>twv<!i>  the  we(tli-ii  Biiiltnid  lIia  liill  Bhil.   as  well  oa  the  marked 
variety   among  tliiTiii'eiit  iribo^  ut  uill  Bbits,  seeni  to  show  that  the 
word  Bhil,  proporly  belonging  to  the  pw>[>1«  found  by  the  E^arly 
Arlan   cooquerom  and   aeKlen*   in    posaeMuon   of    RajjiuUiiiu  and 
iCh^deah,  was  afterwards  npplie^^^^^^awle^  foroat  and  hill 
triboB  of  thoae  proTinoes,  nMinyT!^Snoi^ni^no^SIong~io  the  SHil 
nidi'.' 

TheMoghals   (1600)   fonnd    the   Bbils  hardworking  and    loyal 
subjei'ta,  and  undor  tbo  Moghuls  they  seem  to  have  continued  qai^^ 
and  orderly.*   But  duriiigthv  eighteenth  ecnlury  in  lEe  'diaitirbaDc«^| 
that  marked  the  transfer  of  power  from  the  Moghal»  to  Uic  MiirAthM^' 
^^ey  aaserted  their  indepeudouce,   and   tb<;  MaritJife.  failing   lo 
bring  thorn   to  orilor,  treiiteil  them  aa  onjJIaw!;.  gave'  Ibcni   ni'itber 
eocouragement  nor  prot«<:tion,and  allowed  thoir  lowest  olIiiicsrA  to  lake 
their  lives  without  trtiU.     A  Bhil  cnnght  iu  a  diftlnrbud  part  of  ihe 
country  wm, without  inquiry,  flogged  aud  hanged.  I'lirltii-v  wu-v  fnM<ly 
nsed.     Exposed  to  the  sou,  with  his  nose  slit  and  his  earn  atripjiod 
from  his  head,  theBhilwaa  burnt  to  deathon  the  heated  gun  or  iatl 
embraces  of  tho  n.>tl*hot  iron  chair.     From  a  high  rliRn«-ur  Anto 
hundreds   -kviv.   yearly  bar  led  to  destruction,  and    in  the  towns  ' 
Dharangaon,   Ch&U^acHa,  and   Kopargaon,  large   bodies  of   Bhili  _ 
iw«embled  wndi-r  a  full  pi-omiso  of  iHn-do«,  wore  boheoded  or  blowiT 
from  gnns;  their  women  mutilated  or sniot  bored  bysmuke;  audtlioir 
ohildren  diuihod  to  death  agaiuat  the  slouoit.*  J 

After  an  unaacceBsfat  attempt  to  bring  them  to  order  by  force, 
tjie  British  adopted  kindly  miiucurcs  in  their  dealings  witli  tho 
Bhil«.  fiy  tho  personal  influence  of  m>me  of  tho  oarly  ofHceiti, 
Robertson,  Ovans,  and  Outram,  many  fibils,  as  meml>orK  of  a  polico 
Koxyn  and  as  husbandmen,  settlod  to  a  regular  wderly  life.  At  tin; 
same  tituu,  though  {hmou  wait  eetJtbliAhed, and  haisinceoathe  wbok 


;iod 
th^_ 


'  TVlDch  UoUteil  froRi  Ih*  oUiOr  pcopla  it  CNinnt  b*  [trovcd  t^t  ItMi  «n{[in  of  tb 
mi*  in  India  u  (tixtinot  (ran  t^  d  tlw  oantnion  cultivitton;  1>t.  J.  WiUmi^ 
Aborix)B>l  TribM,  3.  4. 

■"nia  winM  Bhil  h  giv««  *"  ""TIT  **"*  ^  ""*  »efc»"wUdjW  it     Gnbun'*  Bhil  _ 
TribM.     K*h<ip  C<ttd«-cJ)  (Hair's  suHkitt  TextOTrTSTTB  ol  ojiiiiioB  that  tha~ 
RtiU  balonip  to  th«  titaHj  of  mco^  who,  Iik«  the  KoIm  uil  SAntluJi^  entered  India 
frocn  the  noitli-cMt. 

■Optua  Gmham'i  Khfl  TribM.  Boh.  Gov.  Sol  XXV].  2U3.  Al»l  Kul  (Gladwin'i 
AiB-i-Akb»ri,  II.  Mlnya  :  "lltwkiiebaadiiicn  arc dntifnl nbjecti *ad  very  lab 
They  an  of  In*  toIloviuK  tribei,  Koony.  BbeiK  and  Goimd," 

•  Ur.  J.  WiLwii'a  Abon^al  Tribe*,  *. 


khAi^desh. 


83 


{mvailed,  any  alight  disttirbanoo  Has  been  enotigli  to  stir  in  some 
tit  ihi-  Bliil  Iribt's  tinT  luvr  of  ii^]nii«<r  ntid  disordtT.'  £voi]  vhen 
ke  has  ffiveu  up  dijtijrtlorly  liiibitfi  tlio  libit  hivi  iiitv(l«  littlit  rwlrnnco 
in  oomjort-or  akill.  Itrno^ance,  caro  leanness,  and  lore  of  liquor,  have, 
HpecMly  in  wcet4>rD  KhiiDdrsIi,  sunk  many  ot  theio  dwp  in  debt  to 
tlig  ita*-"!"  tjujar  Kunbis.  'I'he  wlmle  iiiftfjiinerT  of  the  law  oourtw  is 
worked  by  the  (itijar  to  keep  hia  debtoni  in  hia  power,  and  in  gpite 
sf  thn  great  rise  in  the  value  of  thoir  labour,  tno  BhiU  work  on, 
except  that  theyum  fed  btttweuu  »c«d-limr  iiiid  harvest  and  are  given 
an  occufliooal  turban  or  rolie,  little  leaa  poor  and  degraded  than  they 
wvre  in  fonuer  tiiucs  of  trouble  asd  disordiT.  Etcd  where  he  has  not 
tank  to  \w  a  vt^ni-anl,  us  a  sniall  liiiid holder,  tjiit  Bhil'n carelesanms 
and  want  of  skill  prcwiil  his  iiuoce»)',  and  as  a  labourer,  tliougfa  if 
be  plcHMos  he  is  a  moat  efficient  worker,  his  idk^ncifs  and  fitfuinesa 
•taad  in  r  he  way  of  his  earning  nay  eonsiderablo  wage. 

Though  fiiund  iu  kuuiII  numbers  in  every  part  of  the  distriet,  Ibo 
balk  of  the  Bhil  po)>ulntiiin  belongs  to  the  weateni  districts.  Of  a 
Urtal  of  120,020  suals,  ii;i,7'J\  or  h306  per  cent  are  found  in  the 
three  weatern  sub^divisions  of  Tnlodu,  rimpalnvr,and  Nandurbilr.' 

fCh&ndcsh    Bliila   mar    coDvententJ^  be  anranged   onder    thre« 


mar 


gniups  :  plftig  Bhils.  bill  tad  forert  trjby^r  Ml  J ,  "^"^  ^^^'''  '^'^9 
plamUhits,  the  largcMt  aiid  nio«t  cinliwca  claaa,  found  in  Kinal^, 
nnmbDrs  in  almost  all  tho  villages  of  central  and  sonth  KhAmiesfty 
uni  kniiwii  Mmply  aa  Bhils,  in  coutradistinction  to  the  Tadris  and 
Nirdhifl,  the  Khutibt  and  NiihiilK  uf  the  osatprn  Hiil  nnd^s  and  the 
Pivrifc  Mathradi  and  (Jivifc  UhiU  of  the  west.  Tlie  Rirej'  *"*^ 
hill  <rib<4  ari>,  in  tho  Sfitpnd&s,  tho  Bard^,  Dhink4s,  Dlutrepis, 
(liivite,  Kholili*,  MnthviLilis,  M^vchiK,  Nalial«,  and  Varlis,  and  in 
the  Sahx-idria,  the  Uaiigt-IiiH.  The  mixed  tjjbes  are  three,  ooe 
Ibo  Bhilai  lis.  half-Bhil  half-liajnut  or  Kunbi,  found  in  the  eastern 
Kiit)mdii«,  i\nd  two  half-AIuHalm&n  Italf-Bltil,  the  Tadvis  in  the 
eastern  8iiti>ud&a  and  the  yirdhis  iu  the  S4lm£7^  in  the  sonlli. 
Tho  large  dass  of  coramoD  or  pkain  Bhils,  and  meet  of  the  wifder 
hill  and  fiirCMt  tribes,  aro  broken  iulonn  endtese  nuinber_qf  amjjl 
claa^aome  of  them,  such  as  Faviir,  Miilr,  %arda,  Ho  none,*  llori, 
G£ikwnd,  8hindi,  J&dav,  Tb&kiir,  and  Ahir,  arising  from  a  claim 
to  a  strain  of  non-Bbil  blood ;  othors,  as  Vttgbia  and  Ghania, 
kaken  from  the  nanna  orabimnls ;  a  third  set,  as  Fipahta,  from 
Ihf*  nsTtiPF  of  frcM ;  'and  a  fowrth,  of  miaoellaneons  origin,  from  a 

I  utj  or  acme  prirato  gig;ial.' 
iLiiibers  of  those  Mib-divisions 

The  typical  Khfindesfa  Bhil, 


are  not  allowed  to  intonnanj. 
Bhtla  differ  mnch  in  aniMaranoe. 


Popolatioa. 

VnMta«d 
THUS. 

Bkiti.    • 


L'Somn  Botioe  of  tlic  chief  Rhil  riiiewi  m  girtn  htkrtt  andar  "  Hiitorr  ". 

T*Tb,  deUib  wo  .  TilolU  27,236.  I^iapJiMr  H.«M.   NuadurUr  if.MS.   ShikfeU 

t.SSZ,  DliiilU  7132;    Vuitol  TMl.  Anulner  5003.  Shirpur  4S30;    En>»d«l  SMO, 

PAchora    aOM.     CbMida    SUT.  ChUkigsoa   ISSS^    Nidrkbad  1097.    BbaiSvkt  DOT, 

JUnmrr  601.  uul  Slvda  028. 

'RanU  it  Hid  to  be  k  lali-divinon  of  Ok  Smioms  ulaoi,  MhI  (fce  Im  wiU  not 

mtcnaAtry. 


[Bomlray  Oaietteer,, 


AptwIIL 

UnM4tM 

TribcB, 

BkiU. 


84 


DISTRiCTS. 


thi>  wild  wovdxinnt)  of  Uie  SJttpaiUH,  ia  ^wk,  welt-madej  activoj 
and  limly^widi  high  cheek  Ixiaes,  wide  noekrils,  and  id  some  cbmi 
coarse,  atmoit   Airican.  features.     These  urv  no  ilotih!  stunted  nn 
degmdcd  b_v  nvnnt  and  ill  health,  and  |>vrhti]iM  by  iiklt'niiarringt!  wil 
^dcr  itnd  lower  triboa.     Among  the  Routherit  aud  west«i-u  tribes, 
who  (trubal)ly  awre  nearly  represent  thu  original  typo  of  Bhil,  are 
many  welUbuill  and  evon  some  t«ll  haudaome  mon  with  rvgniar 
featnrvs    and    wavy    hair,      lite    plain  Bbila  ar»   ecaroclj  to    be, 
disliugiibhed  ftom  local  low  ctoas  niadua.* 

Kx<;i3pt  among  some  of  the  wHlder  hill  tribes,  who  porhapx  arfl 
improperly   nuikcd  atnoiig  Bhilii,   the   Bhila  have   no   trace  of  4 
different  from  tSat  of  the  country  whoro  they  arc  settled. 


I 


I  111 

i 

of 

I 


Locording  to  the  goographical  potnliun,  BhilH  xpciilc  tbe  CognnU) 
diuloct«  iif  Miu-fithi,  Uujsrdti,  Uiugdi,  MovAdi,  ^'armadi,  and 
Kajput^ni.  They  have  many  peculiar  terms,  and,  wifli  some  Prikrit, 
UHe  many  Skythlnn  words.  Tliorc  i«  no  Innjoof  any  connoxiou 
with  Ihn  tri)>e?i  of  tuiuth  India.*  In  Kh&udcHh  their  dialect  in  a 
mJMare  of  liinduslJiui  and  Marat  hi  with  GnjarAh  endings.  It  varies 
coiiiiTderably  in  diffcrenl  parts  of  thu  district  and  among  differen'^ 
tril>o>t.  Thu  langnugn  01  the  i>lain  UhiU  diffvni  little  except  i 
prunuBoiatioQ  from  the  MarStlii  spohon  by  the  other  poHAMit) 
while  the  Akr&Qt  P^vr&s  and  wostem  Bhits  speak,  anio  „ 
j^hemeelrus,  a  dialect  of  tiujariti  unintelligible  to  the  plain  Bhil  of 
central  and  sonlb  Khindesh. 

Formerty  mom  BhiU  lived  in  hive<liko  j^gjjj^oroating  the  tops 
i»olated  hillit,  luutily  put  together  to  be  crept  into  for  n  few  wce„, 
or  months,  and  then  left.'    Most  of  them  atill  live  in  thatched  huts, 
j'Aoptfiig,  leaving  them  at  once  if  disease  breaks  out,  or  if  the  bandet  ia 
thonght  Imuntcil  or^tiihicky.    A  few  have  oao-stopic-d  dwellings,  th 
widU  of  inibiinit  bricks  aud  the  roof  of  mud  with  a  Mninll  vcmti(1nh  i 
Front,  and  divided  inside  into  two  or  more  ro<ima.    Kaidi  hou.'iftholi 
ha»  »«  many  cups  aa  It  hiia  members,  ono  or  more  earthen,  woode 
or  metal  platters,  a  Iarg4>  earthen  or  mettd  water  jug,  and  cooki: 
ntensils,  and  a  wood  or  metal  ladle ;  a  stone  slab  with  roller  a 
lumdmiii,  and  a  largo  knife  for  cutting  vegetablest  li  cot  or  t 
with  liedding,  a  blanket,  and  a  qailt  made  of  pieces   of  clot 
8titche<l  one  upon  another ;  a  cow  or  biilTnlo,  a   few  fowls,  a  sm 
fishing  uet,  and,  now  and  then,  a  sword  or  matchlock  with  a  b 
and  a  good  stock  of  arrowi;. 

*    Vha  hiH   Bhil  has  E«ldom  any  clothing  but  a  piece  of  clotJt  rouB< 
hiK  loiui*  and  their  womou  a  ixnarw:  iJiltcrcd  i-obe.    The  peasant  Bhil 
^  wears  a  turban,  a  coat,  aud  waislclotb,  and  thiTJr  women  u  robe  with 
or  without  a  lK>di(.'<>.     Both    men  and  wouien  wear  brSM  or  silv 
eu-nnga,  and  wLttii  they  cuu  afford  them,  anklirta. 


I  C»pl*iB  It«B  ia 


Onikun'a   Bhil   Tnlw*, 
AnL  IV 
»Dr. 


Bom.  8d    XXyi.  pa.     Dr.  J.  WiUnn,,  Aboriipii*!  ^riU»i^ 
m.  Bom,  iiw.^SSLXXVt.  »» ;  .nJ  Mr.  Sind«?i  C.  S.,  >u  In 


I'l  Aborigiul  Trilica,  3.    Mf .  fiuiuliur  (Ind.  Aat.  IV.  33;)  M>yi  | 

|i»vr  ■  wi^iiliar  voeibulnry,  bat  arn  "In-  of  It-lliiii;  it.  ~ 

'tttBh»i.r»  BIul  Tiibw.  Bom.  Hov.  Scl.  .\.\VI.  'JW. 


Deoeaa.) 


khAndksh. 


8fi 


Pe««»nt  Bhils  Uriuk  lir[Uor  ntiil  cftt  inillot  bnwtil,  carry,  conlH, 
T«^tabU'»,  tiHti,  and,  when  ihcy  can  xffortl  it,  goot'a  fleab  or  mi}ttoQ. 
Uouctaiu  Bbils  aro  much  leea  particniar,  Uliey  Dftt  carrion,  atumnU 
that  bavii  <]iiid  u  mitiirul  diiatb,  and  probably  iu  out-yf-lhc-wtty 
pJacos,  iliu  fleah  of  the  cow.'  They  teod  on  wild  roots  and  fraitft 
and  ua  all  sorts  ot  venniii  and  fiarbiige.  Bxceasirely  fond  ot 
donntry  Epintt),  gonvrally  moha,  BaMin  latifoUu,  and  iriimcKlvnito 
in  tbuir  u>u},  they  aontutimes,  as  in  Akrini,  (lislii  them,  and  in 
iiUior  places  bay  tkoin  from  the  liqnor-Beller  or  Bmuffgle  tliem.  Tho 
luwlaad  Bhilg  giro  carte  dinntfrB  at  births,  bfitratlialB,  marriagcSi 
aiiHT  ^imtTix,  *rhv«>o  d'iun«r.<,  guntrnlly  oookvd  by  tho  women,  ooDsist 
i<  )i«at  bread,  split  pease,  and  graili,  a  few  veffotablos,  and  A 

<1  .i((ared  milk.    Tbo  mon  do  not,  bke  ibt'  biKher  castea,  tako 

iiR  ihftr  HpliT  tpinmrnta  wjn-n  thuy  dine.  The  food  itt  served  in 
Wll-iiietal  diitheH,  four  or  &vo  perMinn  eating  from  tho  same  disb. 
Children  dine  with  tho  men,  and  women  and  grown  girls  aft«r  the 
DiGD  hnvc  dined.  At  thi-iw  f<,'ast«  thoy  nvithor  oat  llvidi  nor  drink 
iiifuor,  imd,  except  at  a  di^alh  fcaMt,  tliey  idn-»yti  end  witJi  singing. 
The  uiontbly  food  espeusea  of  a  IJbil,  his  wife,  and  two  cbildreu, 
v-.iry  fnim  about  vight  to  sixteen  shillings.' 

Thriftless  fuml  of  Hpiriu,  and  loathing  ateody  work,  the  BhJl  ia 
simple,  ^tbful,  and  boneet.  tlie  women,  who  in  former  times  went 
to  battle  sometimes*  using  slings  with  great  effect,  have  much  Jnlliienm 
»Tpr  the  men.  Though  shy  and  timid,  thvy  nro  kintlly,  intelligent, 
hardworking,  and  boneat.'  The  Bhils  are  fond  uf  amasement  and 
excitement,  hunting  Rnd  fishing,  plaving  games  of  chance,  telling 
stJirii-v,  ^ingingto  tlu>iw,\-<impi>nimcntof  asix-utringedfiddle,  cAiivir, 
nod  daui-ing.  In  a  BhildaQyy^ien  and  women,  k<.»iping  time  to  tho 
music  with  a  dowble  ahnffie,  bend  backwards  and  forwards,  wheeling 
ronnd  tho  players  in  an  irrugnlnr  circle.  At  these  dauees  men, 
with  much  geslinulatiou  and  wb<K)ping,  often  dress  tbemB«lTee  aa 
women,  as  Gosavis,  or  as  wild  animals.  Occasionally  some  of  tho 
dancen!  mII  nloug  the  ground,  join  bands,  and  bound  backwunldand 
forwardakvefiiig  lime  tothi- mur'i<:  with  »  double  Khufile  or  jif^ng 
nioveroenl  of  the  feet.  The  muaJcaJ  instruments  are,  in  the  ea«t  of 
the  Satpudiis,  »  drum,  fIA'>/,  and  a  bagpipe, |)am'.  llie  drum,  dAof,  iit 
tn»de  of  g>Mt  tdcin  stretched  over  a  hollow  block  of  Pterocarixis 
■nantupium,  bijarsal,  wood.  The  bagpipe,  patn',  is  a  hollow  pnmplun 
fixed  on  two  hollow  Immboos  with  lute-like  boles,  throo  in  otw  and 
five  in  the  other.  To  tho  end  of  the  pipea  is  fnateued  a  bellow  biscn 
or  cow  horn,  and  a  hole  Ut  made  in  the  nock  of  the  pumpikin  down 


Chapter  HI 
Popolatioii 

UnMttiod 
TribM. 

mu*.  ■ 


'  Mr.  Rbcbur.C.  S.,  in  Id. -Aat.  in.13%   Thii  ia  not  qnitc certain.  Compare  laxL 
Ant.  IV.  337.     Aknlni  AUd  TaiotU  Blub  Mt  oaloo*  uu)  VcRetablfi*.  gronttd  IniU, 
Am,  kodra,  riot,  millet,  uul  liuli*s  aullci.   Mcbvfta  Bhib  cat  hicni,  ec*t*t  bwet, 
,  bnSaka,  ukI  flili,  bat  aot  ttw  lUab  o(  hon»,  cowi,  or  tmuoclc*,  nor  do 
I  tftavtn  at  crowm.    Tdoda  Mimlatdir.  I8TS.    On«  MuniiJ  tlie  Bhib  nover 
a  monkey.  Ilio  Central  India  Bhil)  (Utloalm,  11.  119)  cat  not  only  th«  Owh 

Jna.  but  eJ  Mnn. 

*  Thi*  lualiulc*  In-o  skfri  ol  miUct.  tiultin  reiUct,  or  vhtat  flour,  k  day,  4d.  toM; 
i  tUr  naW.  i-t.;  ppietw  l-i.  :  lolil  lid.  (A  anman). 

'  MalLvIni  (CtDUnt  tb'lU,  U.  181)  ofao  IjiTCa  tlK>  BUI  wootun  ■  SDOd  cbwwtu  let 
kiniUiiKu  sod  bud  HMk, 


apterlll. 

pulAtion. 

Tribe*. 

>  Aflt. 


(Bambar  GaieUeer>: 


86 


DISTRICTS. 


which  the  Bbil  blows,  moring  his  fingers  up  and  down  over  the 
Iut«-1y]«8,  tmd  mnking  a  6onq^  mmnsly  likv  the  Ixigptpcs.  Ii 
the  weHt  Sdl|nid(iit  they  um  a  kuttlodruni,  t»r,  heaioa  jnlh  slickit, 
uid  a  tamtxrimue,  <laf.  ' 

*  lu  praying  to  MntialniilD  tminta  and  to  Khander&o,  the  Bhils  often 
mak^smalJ  mud  hor&es,  and  promise  to  give  one  of  them  to  th^^ 
Bhrine  if  their  pctilion  is  hc-itrd.  In  comniun  with  Khrindvith  KnnliidH 
lliiiy  hiive  AD  extpftuie  reverence  for  Lhe  horfW  Kiid  dog.  In  luauy  o(^ 
lut-ir  stories  the  chief  event  bangs  on  the  help  given  by  an  cncbautod 
boree. 

The  Bhilit  have  no  tcnu>l<H>.  (h-«r  some  o^  llMir  most 
iutages  they  raise  open  sheds  ;  bat,  ingeneriil,  fur  a  place  of  worRhi[ 
they  choose  some  trttc  consecrated  by  a  few  large  stonn  wi  on 
n  mod  termce  Tmilt  minid  it«  root.  They  hold  Ben»r<i»  sacred, 
and  risit  other  regular  Uindivsbrinos  including  Nixik  and  Jojun. 
Their  special  ulaoe  of  pilgrimage  la  IJauinant  Nkik'a  Vidi,'  a  few 
miles  K<>uth4bS<uigamnoi:un  the  Pooiia  road.  The  less  wild  Bhils 
have  gciioniK  a  BnihniAi  who  acta  a«  a  houso  prieiit,  nod  is  paid  ii 
money  or  cloUies. 

Their  chief  festivals  are  HolJ  (March  -  April),  which  they  alwa} 
celcbratu    with  drunki-n  orgies,  and  Vafrii   (Otftober),  when  iiiaoy^ 
of  them  go  to   tho  cfaiet  towns.   aiKr7m  their  ontakirtx,  sacrifice 
to  Durga,  a  ^jddewt  whom   they   at  all    tinios   reapeot.'    Strong 
believers  in  witchcraft,  they  have  Baryfa^'  m-  hereditary  sorcerers. 


^bautea 

sacre^l 
vorshipiS 
'  "*  on 

ed, 

iri. 

few 

lils 

uiyV 


>  A  hw  mSM  Minth  tA  Sanprnm*.  by  s  {mm  call«d  tko  HMinattt  Niik'*  VHi,  th* 
rard  diinl)*  ■  \etty  pUlMii.  n«u'  th«  toj^  upon  thii  rid^o  of  a  natural  tnpilykc,  a 
•toie  pilbr  (K«nvDnier*taa  Uw  ilwUi  of  jWrnaot  Naik,  a  toca]  Bliil  vtiict  wbo  nuiile 
wsrod  tbc  Mochali,  or,  M^ordiiig  to  anutbcr  Mary,  on  th«  l*cabwn.  Tli«ir  «uuniy 
OMnc  fifhtiug  about  KTcnty  mile*  titan  Poona,  and  th«  BbiU  waited  tot  than  to  paai, 
Aa  Haanuuit  N*ik  wh  bcodiag  hia  bow,  a  troopcv  ahol  htm  ia  Um  btoMt  with  s 
matchWk  bolL  Tb«  wcnnd  vm  fatal,  but  m  h«  t«ll  ha  UManJ  hia  duft  and  killed 
tbc)  b<)fac«nan.  Afl«r  the  hattla  tbo  BhiU  brmuht  UaBnianl'a  body,  and  fatuittl  it 
whora  tba  boratmaa  bu)  at«od.  tferc  all  OhiU  fnv*  lo  be  buriad,  uid  mim  a  y«Mr 
tboy  otme  and  day  cockt  and  drink  deeply.  The  Imah  ia  covorod  with  titti*  wooiIm 
Uga  and  ama  oOcrni  by  wonhipiiKa,  wba  hope  by  lIuunaDl'a  favour  to  cure  aa 
aiEng  limb.  Cloaa  by  are  two  or  tbrae  otlicr  t-Jioba  of  Uw  auna  aart,  (ijoan  plat- 
tonam  nmnMnM  by  litUe  otwliaka,  and  otbera  mofc  raodcai.  Ur.  3in«Uir.  C.S,,  in 
I»d.  AnbT.S. 

*  Hie  lUoda  wd  Aktiai  BhiU  hxvc  tbrae  boltikya  in  tbo  y«aT,  r^okbr.  Kmili, 
•imI  lloti.  The  fint  i*  odebrsted  in  the  rainy  aMacn,  whoa  tlie  fod  vlf  hder,  who 
haa  M>  form  or  atoiM  iina|t*<  **  worahimHid  at  tbe  htadmanVi  honae.  In  honour  of 
th«  soil  tlie  headuan  offata  ■  han  and  duthbutM  liqnnr.  At  flindlf  (October)  Ihcy 
woohlli  tbo  vilLq^  god,  and  the  hoJiday  cintinuM  tor  lliroiMlayi.  The  hcadmaa 
dUtiibntaa  linoor.  Kxcvpt  aoma  wbo  utvlviid  to  bu  iufiired  by  the  |{od  tboy  du 
not  dAOcc.    A  fNiHUo  lakilUd.  nowovk   iaaUowtd,  snd  all  boay  thenuolro*  wHh 

Sying  OB  tha  unall  dnim,  iMoJtf.  At  Holi  tisM  tlte  headmao  dblnbulM  li>incnr  aail 
ntwrymakiqiFlaala  for  Are  daya. 
a  Banla  are  iDppoMd  t*  have  tba  bM«ditary  gift  of  iaqiinttiMi.  Thair  po««n 
•ra  dararuwt  till  RHiaad  byniaii«^  and  (or  tUa  naaao  they  have  aolaHef  HuaioiBna 
co«n*cl«d  with  ttMu,  proftcMmt  id  nagaeriMM  aeap  in  pniaa  o(  tbo  Ull  daattts.  Whnt 
tlta  racitaUon  at  thww  eoog*  haa  «Kait«d  tbom.  tha  DanAa  brtpnlo  danoa  with  fraotio 
geatnrM,  awl,  looeontng  ibeir  lop  knot,  toat  and  vtiirt  thnir  hcaiU  with  attui^  ocmrol. 
■ioM  of  th«  whole  tnme.  In  thii  etaU  of  phnauy  they  otter  <«aclca  to  vhioh  tboae 
who  consult  tlieiD  rarefnlly  Uateii.  TIm  BamU  are  uf  lasitM*  caetea,  Brtbmana, 
Dhobhii,  Ila^ims.  aad  other  nindHL  and  adaiit  diadplea.  Bf«ide>  m  oratlw  thar  act 
a*  phyvioiana,  aM  ours  tnBing  complaint*  b^  tMrba  and  otl»rr  lortnt  mmtikm.  Wbea 
tke  djtWM  U  beyoad  the  reaoh  at  that  »ktU,  they  attribute  it  to  Itao  e*il  iaflMocc  of 


KBA^DBSU. 


87 


tLoy   cohsdU  on   nil  ocoasioiia   particulartj   wli^n   tiliiDiiitif; 

pluodur    nuil,  ami    wUi>»c  iuIt^  ihcy   uliuoet   alifayH   follow. 

A^aOMlly  am<mg  the  lowE^r  tribes  rery  gn>al  tUtvnHuu  w  |»id   Co 

■lois.     Iffe  man  lets  fall  hia  bread  by  accident,  if  n  )>ird  wrmina 

tat  the  luft,  if  n  tniaku  rroMiM  tbe  p«lli  Hod  escapes,  or  if  any  otm 

m>-<-la  them  and  aakji  where  Ihi-y  are  going,  iht-ri!  will  bu  no  B|>oTi; 

M^  utber  hand,  a  bird  screoming  od  the  right,  a  dead  analdr,  or  a 

-r-r  r-'-'ing  without  speaking,  promise  a  successful  day.    If  bad 

:  -nt,  thu  HhilH,  saying '  ruit  tnga,'  otum  iniiko  in  thu  aanrl 

i.r  diixt  ut  Lhu  fxiad,  an  image  »f  a  man  oraomelitnea  two  images,  one 

uf  a  man  the  other  of  a  woman,  and  throwing  atntw  or  gm«s  orer 

tiwta   sot  Gru  to^ha  hoiip,  and  boat  thoinuigvs  with  stickn  amidst 

much  aljtt»'  and  uproar.     Tliiit  tlioy  call  billiag  bad  lack. 

Til  at  claRses  of  Bhila  differ  wi^le^y  jg  paatftma.     Among 

the  wudtr  mountain  BhiU  tlio  only  obi^ervanoea  are  at  marriage 
and  death,  and  ihoy  arc  of  tht:>  Kttnplit^it.  With  thu  assent  of  the 
rirl'-t  fathi'.r  niarria^oa  are  generally  arraugcfl  oiTdumd  by  the 
Niiik's  prime  rainintcr,  pradkan,  and  the^paste  com^utee,  panch. 
The  aiii  of  a  HrUiman  or  Bhflt  is  not  wanted  ;  a  feast  with  plenty  of 
drink  completiBR  tin  ceremony.  The  chief  and  hin  minister  got  Wif 
a.  crown  each,  and  about  £1  5s.  (Its,  1:!  ««.  8]  are  spent  un  drinking 
and  f<.<nfiting.  At  di--aths  wild  Rbila  have  no  special  ceremonies. 
Thry  Uike  the  dead  bodv,  and  bury  or  burn  it  as  in  most 
convenient.  Over  their  chiefs  they  raise  oaims  or  rude  pilesi  of  stonea, 
and  at  certain  times  smear  the  top  with  oil,  red  lead,  and  rermilion. 

The    more    ciriliitfld    Bhila    of   tbe   plains   hnra   very  completo 


t-'p.  ano  peath  ceremonies,  differing  little  in  dotail 
iciised  by  the  higher  classes  of  Hindus.  At  birth  a 
ito  i»  utiiphiyed,  and  boaidea  a  bottle  of  litiutw,  is  paid  two 
.  lagH  if  the  child  is  a  hoy,  and  one  slnlliDg  if  it  is  a  girl, 
for  four  days  no  one  hut  (he  midwife  tonfihes  the  moUicr.  On  Iho 
morning  of  the  lifth  day  a  pit.-ty  of  womeu  are  called,  ami  twth 
toother  and  chdd  are  balhed  in  warm  water.  Just  ontaide  of  the 
threshold  of  tJie  but,  the  mother  cowdungs  the  ground  and  traces 
tanneric  lines.  In  the  middle  of  the  drawing  .sho  pliiecs  a  lighted 
lamp,  setting  round  it  6ve  fiiot  stones  corresponding  to  tbe  number 
of  days  since  the  child  w-ta  born.  Hound  these  pebbles  she  lays 
pieces  of  cocoa  kernel,  and  over  the  whole  (tpnnkle.t  turmeric,  millet, 
rwi  powder,  and  liquor.  The  guests  drop  a  few  graiua  of  millet 
over  the  mother  and  child,  and  thuy  como  back  into  tiie  house,    ^tar 


Chaptcri 

Popvlttto 

VmmUM 
TribM. 

Bkit*,  ■ 


loaw  wmn,  iiiumia.    la  Mon  ombi,  n  n  laeir  any  m  nni  oat  ms  wiw 
ttoy  <!(>  i>r  parfonning  vuioua  Mreai'miM,  lomeliiBn  lij  miuiif    auAM 

Spwavtni  ft  huncb  nfpcBeack'a  fcstlian  rnumi  (be  pttamlh  head.     In  ao 
il  voinuiuillxe<l<»iiu  the  witvli,  w*ill<ytimtia2.  IwUliiig,  uidotli«r  toi 


I  wlccili,  MtkSm.    la  bhIi  omm,  it  n  their  diitr  to  finl  oat  Ue  witdi,  snd  tkir 

atlier  tiMot 
I  aome  caum  an 
tortun,  foroa) 
t4  riaoJM*  tier  name.  Tbof  muat  know  b«r  ouim,  hm  rnuon  fur  ti^abling  hor  vintin, 
mill  til*  tcrnu  on  wiiKh  ib*  will  b«  sppmaad.  Tlie  Barri*  of  ttie  pourer  Dhili  ilifTcr 
in  xima  mpaota  fram  Iko  N*t.  Beyond  llw  ulaahtna  of  itoaa*  tboy  nyjiifrc  no  moab 
to  axeita  thani-  Novicos  an  reqaired  to  peitortn  itaily  ibhitiuBt  in  wutn  vator  (or 
nb«  <bkya,  nod  tn  altoir  Uioirh»ir  to^w  aatoagaapoinbl^  lliey  then  andvrgo a 
pniuUoa  :  and  U  muaie  dot*  aot  •itmnbte  Ihtai  to  a  atata  <4  Rwiajr,  Ihejr  are 
Tc)«tad  aa  uot  being  (aToared  l>y  tiM  goda  with  eaoofh  iptrrtaal  gnuth  Traat,  Roy. 
Afc  Hot.  1.  77. 


IBomtayGimttMr, 


83 


£pt«r  m. 
UmmM 


OISTKiCTS. 


thifl  tlie  j^ft'ls  ure  feoatod  with  wheal  ntid  rico  brciul,  mnttoii,an(l 
liqiion  aiiil.the  wh<.>)«  itight  ^s  R{>e»c  in  ttinginff,  xtnokin^,  udiI 
drinking.     The  lamp  is  allovrcd  to  hiaro  for  tweiily-fonr  hount.' 

On  the  tnalttii  duj  a,  diidi  of  boJIod  millet  an<l  split  pulse  is 
nadonmdy.  Some  of  it  i«  Uid  on  a  brum  pliUt«r  in  which  are  hIm 
plwwd  tw«lre  wheaten  cakas  uid  lighted  lamps,  coirespi^iiding  with 
the  nnmber  of  days  since  chv  child's  birth.  In  another  diab  a  lamp, 
drti,  is  50t,'  Hnd  alun^  willi  the  iiiothor,  woinuD  go  in  prooession, 
flinging  and  beating  the  drum,  towards  tho  neamt  running  watvr, 
where  the  mothor  arranges  the  twelve  lamps.  The  cakea  are  placed 
in  a  ]iaubt.'twveii  the  lainpn,  »nd  a  Iittlu  of  tho  boiled  food  is  laid 
on  each  calce.  The  mothw  worships  the  witl4>r  goddoiM,  Jnliin-la, 
throws  a  little  red  load,  rod  powder,  and  some  grain.t  mixed  with 
turmeric  into  ihu  watvr  and  on  tliu  twi'lvo  tamps,  and  lighting 
•  Gn>  bofoi-e  llie  lamps,  feeds  it  with  oil.  They  then  go  home  and 
feast  on  mixed  rice  and  palse  and  oil. 

Girls  are  generally  mamed  between  tw^lre  sod  aixteen,  and 
boy«  botweoa  etixu>«u  and  twenty.  But  from  thoir  parents'  porertj 
both  boys  and  girts  often  remain  unmarried  till  they  aro  ovei 
twenty.  When  a  father  can  afford  to  marry  his  sou  he  look*' 
about  for  a  siiitiible  mittch.  Tho  girl  must  not  he  the  boy's  first 
coQsiu  or  belling  to  the  same  clan.^  Suggottlioun  of  marriage  como 
from  the  boy's  house  and  aro  taken  by  the  Wy's  relations  to  (be 
girl's  Gather.  When  it  is  known  that  a,  ^Lviuiraltlu  reply  will  he 
givenij^fomiAl  proposal  is  miwte  by  the  boy'a  father,  or  his  ncarosb 
reUtJoor  Whtsn  the  aSnir  iit  so  fur  xetttcd,  tho  nearest  relallona 
both  men  and  womeu  go  to  the  girl'x  hou»e  and  then;  ask  that  the 

S'rf  jihatl  be  gireo  in  marriage  to  their  boy.  If  her  father  agrees, 
a  girl  is  brought  out  and  »c»(ed  among  the  guests,  and  the  boy's 
father  or  his  nearo*  rolatioa  offers  her  a  padcot  of  aweetmeata. 
This  over,  they  dine  togetlier  and  the  guests  before  lenring  talk  over 
the  betrothal,  and  a  day  or  two  after,  with  (he  help  of  u  Br^hmaa 
astrulogor,  tho  boy'«  fatlier  Sxpm  the  l)otrochal  day. 

On  the  betrotltat  day  tho  astrologer,  the  (toy,  bis  father,  and 
other  relations,  taking  with  them  a  robe,  a  bodiwf,  and  sweiitmwitfl, 
go  to  the  girl's  house.  After  resting  for  a  aliorl  time,  the  girl'ri 
father  calls  a  council,  paneA,  and  in  thoir  presence  agrees  to  give 
his  daughter  in  marriage.  The  boy's  father  th«n  presents  the  girl 
with  a  robe  and  bodice.  A  married  woman  toncliciK  the  girl's  brow  with 
red  powder  and  gives  her  somo  swoctmeata,  blessing  ner  and  hoping 
ffiat/  like  them,  ner  life  may  be  sweet.    The  whole  party  then  drink 


*  During  tliMa  Ftitii  iti«  man  and  vonen  nmidn  aejamt*  ;  th«  men  mtokiaa  md 
drinklag  in  one  dIiko  and  tli«  women  nsf  iag  and  bMiin^  m  loaaU  drain,  JM,  and 
driakiM  la  kBolAor. 

>  httioMM  the  lamp,  ibrte  u  in  lh«  dl*h  nd  loail,  nd  imwitcr,  oaoooant,  b  nixturo 
ol  flfs  diSsTsnt  nsini,  and  «ct  turmeric  powder. 

*  As  nmoiifi  toe  Rajputa,  two  fhmiUea  ol  tba  mm»  cisn,  Shiadi,  Barda,  Pavir,  and 
Bui.  cannot  tnl«naafTy.  Bat  marrian  ia  aUnwod  tratWMn  membtr*  ol  tba  different 
claaa.  Aaajn  t&era  ai«  minor  lah-diVMiaM  iiKb  aa  OtikwK,  i^palM,  and  Hari, 
Ixrtireen  wkicli,  m  they  an  all  of  the  aanM  dta,  marria^  ia  nM  allowed.  Tb*  aoMlion 
wb«tb«rtii«  m««ber«of  Mrtaia  familiM  maj  laumarrjr  u  d*<idod  t>]r  Ibt  c*«t« 
OQUcit,  piHcA, 


BieetaJ 


EH^NDESH.' 


89 


from  tunda  fiapplied  by  a  present  of  three  shillings  rr<>m  cfw.'h  of  the 
EiUwrs.  That  evening  the  girl's  fatj^er  gives  the  guest;}  a  dipner, 
ud  next  moming  the  boy  and  his  party  go  hunio. 

There  is  no  fixed  interval  between  the  betrothnl  and  the 
nmrmgo.  It  may  be  a  month  or  it  tiiay  be  yeiira.  When  he  is  in 
I  position  to  meet  the  marriage  oxpenaei*,  the  boy's  fiithiT  semis 
wwd  to  the  girl's  fothertbat  he  is  bringing  the  dowry,  ijhiin^  or  diy. 
On  azTiTal  be  and  his  company  are  given  refreshments,  aud  a  council 
ii  called.  The  dowry,  from  £1  to  £2  (Rs.  10  -  Rs.  20),  is  settled,  and 
the  amaant  laid  before  the  council  in  a  metal  plat«.  An  unmarried 
woman  of  the  girl's  family  touches,  with  red  powder,  one  of  the  nipeen 
ID  the  plate,  and  the  brows  of  the  boy  and*  his  party.  The  girl  iif 
bronght  ont  and  seated  on  the  boy's  father's  lap,  and  the  boy'a 
bther,  taking  h  rupee,  places  it  inside  the  top  of  the  folds  of 
her  robe.  The  council  then  tell  her  to  go  into  the  house,  and 
take  two  rupees  from  the  plate,  to  buy  lirjiior  for  the  evening's 
entertainment.  The  rest  of  the  dowry  is  handed  to  the  girl's  father. 
After  a  feast  the  evening  ends  with  music  and  dancing.  Next  day 
the  father,  with  a  few  friends,  goes  to  the  family  priest,  bhal,  and 
fixes  the  marriage  day. 

Nex:t  oomes  the  turmeric,  liahU,  ceremony,  when  turmeric,  mixed 
with  water,  ia  rubbed  on  the  boy's  iMidy,  and  part  of  it  is  taken, 
by  a  band  of  relations,  to  the  girl's  house,  and  there  nibbed  over  her. 
After  this,  generally  for  almut  a  fortnight,  iMith  the  boy  nud  the  girl 
kre  mbbed  moming  and  evening  with  tnnnerif.  At  both  their  Miiises 
booths'  are  built,  and  at  the  girl's  house  an  altar,  biihHlr,\a  raised. 

On  the  marri^e  day,  an  hour  or  two  before  the  time  fixed  fir 
the  ceremony,  the  hoy,  riding  im  horseliark  willi  n  umrriago 
ornament,  ham)ig,  tied  to  his  tiivbiiu,  s^llrt^^  <yth  ii  fuoipMny  ff 
relations  ajid  friends.  On  the  wiiy  hn  is  t;iken  to  the  tcinplo  of 
Uaruti,  closely  followed  l>y  liis  sUtiM'  whi>  walks  beliiiid  him 
with  a  water  jar,  kara,  in  her  hiuKJs  in  wliirh  livi'  i'lip])?!-  cnyis 
have  been  dropped.  Ilidtiti^  iit  the  teTii]ile  all  dritik  fmm  a 
jar,  ghn'la,  of  water,  and  imo  of  tlu'ir  iiurnlior  tin;  k'ailcr,  rnrdhnrn, 
iH  seated  on  a  pony,  or  on  a  lujui's  slmulder^,  and  tii.kcn  tofhef^irl'a 
house.  Here  he  is  feasted  ami  his  f;we  nililx'd  with  sont,  hijol. 
Going  back  to  his  friends  bo  wu-lirs  his  face,  and  abnut,  sunset  tbo 
party  goes  to  the  girl's  house.  As  they  di-aw  m-itr,  the  Imy  is  jielted 
with  onion:^  and  fruit,  and  when  he.  arrives  a.  cucoanut  or  a  pieco 
of  bread  is  waved  round  him  and  either  duslied  on  llio  grounder' 
thrown  away.  When  he  dismnimls  seven  women  stniid  hcforo  tbo 
booth  with  full  water  pots,  Miw,  iuto  each  of  whioh  the  boy  dr^ipsa 
copper.  After  this,  one  of  the  wnuxni  waves  a,  lighted  lamp  round 
hia  face,  receiving  from  him  the  present  of  a  pieee  of  cloth,  eliollihnn. 
The  boy  then  sits  facing,'  the  east.  The  BnUim.iu  priest  sends 
for  the  girl,'  and,  seating  her  face  to  faco   with  the  boy,  passes  a 


Chapter  III 

Fopulatioa. 

I'niettled 
TribH. 
BhiU.      ' 


'  Ohita  ii  a  Bhil  vinrA  cnrre^pnnAmq  with  the  ^[«l■athi  huH-l-t., 

-The  booth  at  Vnihnf'*  hiuin  in  m\'h-  of  ijitit  pnsta  and  thiit  at  the  uirl's  of  twelve. 
'lo  Home  oases  tho  hvi'lea''""i'i  himself  g^c,., 
B  411-12 


(Bombay  Quet 


90 


DISTIJICTS. 


kpt«r  III. 
iatioa. 
UoMttlad 

'     BUU. 


M 


thread  routiil  ih^m  botli.     A  roloHrod  cloth   in  liold  bctwiM>n  thi 
Uiglkenuiif^h  1«  pruvenK  (ht'ir  jfttriiig'  eitch  utlii-r.     The  girl,  joiiii' 
hor  handd  togetlier,  touobea  the  clotli,  and  the  bay  From  the  olbi 
Bide  cUiipa  her  hsada  with  both  of  bis.     One  of  each  parly  boL 
the  boy  and  tlie  Kirl  round  the  wiki«t,  wbilu  tho  prieat,  etiiiittitig 
»  raiitod  platform,  rupi-atit  ntan-iu^  verses,  ftnd  Uw  guent*  t\ 
groins  of  ri«e  or  niiliet  over  the  heads  of  tho  couple.     After  a  abort 
time  tJie  priest  claps  his  haotlti,  tb?  boy   and  girl  throw  garlnnds 
round  piicn  otJii'r'i*  IU^4-k.H,  the  cloth,  is  pulled  aside,  i^na  ara  fired, 
muKtc  plaved,  and  the  gnests  loovr  nboiit  con^utiilaliug;  each  other. 
Betelniit  and  li-avos  nro  di^lrilxiltid  itiiion^  tht^  nivn,  and  tiirmcrio 
«adr<rd  powdur  amiing;  tHe  wuiuen.     The  boy  and  the  girl  are  seated 
on  the  altar;  the  laps  of  five  married  women  are  filled  with  wheat, 
rice,  dates,   and    botelnutc;   and  rotiu<]  thu  boy's  and  girl's  right 
wrigu,  yellow  ittringn  with  a  piec«  of  turmeric  are  tivd.     The  boy 
and  girl  then  feed  one  another  and  the  ^eats  are  feasted.     After 
sapper,  sittinf^  in  small  gTou[>s  in  and  about  tho  booth,  the  boj'a  party 
on  one  sido  iind  tbu  girl'^i  on  the  othvr,  thvy  paw  tlioir  time  in 
•inging  and  drinking. 

Koxt  morning  tlio  boy  and  girl  bathe,  standing  on  tow  woodi 
Btools,  tha  women  of  uie  parQr  all  the  time  throwing  water 
over  them.  Then  comca  the  lap-filling,  pkalbhitme,  when  tho 
girl  is  given  clollios  nnd  omnments,  and  hor  lap  is  filled  with 
whifat,  ^i^^e,  or  millet,  a  piece  of  copoa  kernel,  dnK-s,  ulmomli',  and 
betelnnts,  and  the-  par(>nt«  and  rolatiouo  exchange  presents  of  cliithon 
and  money.  Tbon,  with  music,  the  boy's  mother  and  her  relations 
and  fiends  go  in  procession  to  the  girl's  house,  walking  on  «lothos 
spread  on  tho  gronnd.  At  tho  house  they  are  mbbed  with  oil  and 
tathod  in  warm  water,  and  if  the  girl's  father  can  afford  it,  glass 
bangles  are  put  roodd  the  women's  wrista.  Both  boy  and  girl  are  then 
presentod  with  clothes.  During  this  time,  till  the  return  procession, 
tho  boy  and  girl  amnsie  themKelves,  biling  pieccK  of  biitcl  leaf  or  of 
odboa  kemol  ont  of  each  other's  mouths,  or  searching  tor  a  Ix'telnut 
hid  in  tho  utlu^r'^  clolhcs.  While  (ho  boy  is  at  his  house  tho  girl's 
father  gives  two  dinners  to  bia  oa»t<r  follows  nnd  rolalions.  After 
two  or  three  days,  a  party  from  both  families,  taking  (he  girl  oog. 
horseback,  go  to  tho  boy's  house,  and  on  the  following  day  the  boyVJ 
father  gtTOS  a  dinner.  After  thi*  tho  yellow  throads  are  take^ 
off  the  wrwts  and  necks  of  both  the  boy  and  the  girl,  and  they 
■  are  bathed  to  remove  a!l  traces  of  turmeric.  In  a  poor  family,  tho 
orainarj'  marriage  expenses  amount,  in  the  case  of  the  bridegroom,  to 
£2  I0#.  (It*.  26),  and  in  thecaAoof  tlie  bride,  to  £1  10*.  (Ba.l5). 

The  Bhils  allow  and  practise  poly^my  and  widow  marriage. 
When  a  man  wiahea  to  many  a  widow  .he  sonds  some  of  his 
friends  to  urge  bis  suit  with  the  woman  or  wilb  her  parents  and 
relations.  If  his  proposals  are  accepted,  tho  suitor  tiiko<<  to  the 
woman's  bouse  a  robe  and  bodice,  a  bead  necklace,  twolifjuor^ra,  and 
some  boiled  peas,  and  sugar.  The  match  is  then  settled.  The  man 
takes  ffiih  him  a  few  frit-iidH  and  the  mutorials  for  a  feast,  and  they 
sharM  the  food  with  a  pariy  of  the  woman'n  rohttiona.  Ilie  womnn 
dresses  faerftelf   in  the  clotheti  brought  to  her,  and  after  the  gueats 


'■'^ 


A 


khAnuesu. 


01 


■?«,  ahe  and  her  Iiaainnd  pa«s  the  nigbt  t(^tker.  N&xt  nonung 
kb^  start  froui  the  house  before  dayiyealc,  aud  spend  the  whtde  of 
ikt  day  iu  the  fivid,  in  Bomo  lonely  placi*  thm^  or  four  miloft  from  the 
TiOaf^'-,  thair  friundn  sending  th«m  food.  Th<.iie  widow  mwruffea 
«ni  liStea  nreceded  by  an  6)(i[)eiueut,  which,  afrer  the  payment  of  a 
^  to  thtibead  of  the  communiiy,  is  condonod  by  the  parvotv  nod 
liinu.' 

Whan  a  Uliil  a  on  iho  poiut  ot  death,  his  relations  diatribnte 

miiOBj  bidiid;^  the  poor  iu  bia  name^     When  he  dioa  the  body  is 

laid  on  ii  blanks  or  on  a  p)pct>  of  cl<jth  spr<Mid  ovor  a  blunkut.     An 

_Bu-thi-n  [Kit  full  of  tMid  watur  i.t  )j!hl'«<1  ncmr  the  dour  of  the  h(>lIM^, 

id  Eiie  L>>dj  is  bruu^^hl;  oat,  hold  is  a  uitiiD^^aition  out§ide  the  door,* 

water  powrwd  orvr  it.     The  old  clothes  are  taken  off,  and  tying 

a  nvw  iiiei»  tif  oloth  round  th«  luinM,tho  iKfdy  is  luid  on  the  bier  and 

niver»a  with  a  new  whiCe  abeet  leaving  the  face  bare,  and  the  head 

Ocrverod  with  n  tarban.     Kod  powder,  guldt,  ia  sprinkled  over  the 

»tid  Kome  br^iiid  and  cooked  rioo  are  tied  t<^{trthvr  io  a  pivoe 

iii  and  placed  ou  the  bier.     The  body  ia  tbeu   tied  with  a 

.'   to   the   bier,   and   carried  to   the   buryinp   ijround   on   the 

l<ira  of  four  nuar  nialu  relations.     In  front  of  thorn  go  the  hods 

deceased,  the  chief  unnmer  carrying  fire  in  an  earthen  jar,  and 

.  u^  _  I  thu  others  carrying  an  earthen  jug  full  of  water,     lialfway  to 

IhagTSi'e.lhebierislowcrud.andsoineof  thouookudfoud  is  laid  uoura 

biuli.  The  bearers  change  placea,  and  without  furtlier  bait  the  body 

is  carried  to  the  burying  ground.     Here   the   bier  is   lowered   and 

'M'umerii    httip    in  digging  a  grave,*  long  enongh  for  the  body, 

>  prevent  it  being  opimed  by  wild  auiiaidH,  ulxxit  &v«  or  nix  feet 

In  this  tho  Ixidy  ia  laid,  the  head  to  the  south  and  the  anna 

iietl  along  either  side.    Cooked  rice  and  broad  are  pluce<)  in  tho 

muutli,  and  the  body  i»  sprinlcled  with  water.     Before  leaving  the 

gTKT«.  the  man  who  is  last  arranging  the  body,  tears  a  small  hcJe  in 

tho  winding  ^heel.     Tlwn  tho  wholu  party  sit  round  the  gmve,  so  fur 

nffihat  they  cannot  seo  thu  body,  and  tho  chief   mourner   throws 

a  handful  of  earth  on  the  corpse,  and,  all  joining,  cover  the  corpse 

with    earth.     When    the    body   is  covered  they   rise  and  fill  tho 

grave,   initting   a  small  Irvui-li    rvund  tt.     In  thi^  trench,  beginning 

trv>m  till'  tioTth,  iLey  poor  water  out  ot  an  earthen  jug,  and  when  the 

circnit  of  the  grave  is  complete,  drop  tbo  jag  and  break  it  to  pietica. 

'l^hL-n  the  bier  is  turned  upside  down  nud  bunted, and  the  fanerui  party, 

)ing  to  the  neareiit  wau-r,  Imtlie  and  aooumfMRy  thechief  mourner  to    . 

*  hi>UMii.    In  front  of  tiio  houtu-  a  tire  is  lit,  and  into  it  eomc  woman  s 

is  dropix-d,*  and  ouch  of  tho  funeral  party  taking  some  uim,  Melia 

azadirachta.  leavoH,  ibnjws  them  on  iho  fire,  and  paA.4iag  bid  open 

pnlRis  thnugh  iht-  &moke,  rulw  them  over  his  fooe.     The  mourners 

are  ouvr  |iairc,  and  after  takiuga  draught  of  liquor,  go  to  thoir  homes.* 


OapUr  XI 
FopuIaUoi 

Uiwettltd 
TriU». 
CAib. 


•  Tnaa  Jtaf.  Ab-  Boe.  I.  69. 

.  ■  Thaj  aitlMT  hary  tti«iT  iIomI,  or  covM  tb«Bi  witfc  pttw  ei  stviiM  wbon  gnvca 

mt  tia  prapuml.     Wibon'i  Abahginftl  tVlbM,  4. 
,     Tlui  u  oat  nniAJly  iloiiB.     Mr,  J.  Putlvn,  CS. 

*  Tba  sbuFo  ii  Irov  if  the  pl^a  ukI  iMtmiUa  Blill*,  who  tnvkrikbljr  bory  tiud  never 
buxa  tlMlr  ilo»d.    Bui  the  Akztm    mA  IMdk  Bhib,  cxc«p(   la  <mm  «< 


[BomVxy  Ouett 


bajiter  HL 

Popal&Uou. 

Umcubd 

Milf. 


92 


disi;kicts. 


On  lh<>  third  (lay,  oue  of  the  women  of  tlie  monniiiif^liDUwIia 
ru'c«   tbe. right  Bhouldura  o^  tho  pflll-bwrcn  with  oil,  ntiJk, 
cowclung,    nnd   wnslit-s  llit-m    wilU  vim    ti>ig<t    steeped   in   cot 
untie,     rbea  Uie  four  invii  ballio  aud  are  treated  to  a  dinDiir. 
the  honse  the  onljr  eign  of  niouroiiig  ie  that  every  moinini;  for  fl^ 
dajfi  thu  women  wuil  for  about  u  qii&rUrr  of  uu  hour. 

On  the  eleventh  d«y  the  chief  inoumcr  goos  to  a  river,  and  there 
has  his  hciid,  iH-unl,  and  fiice  shaved,  and  batbeH.    Nex(  ho  oiakes  i 
a  doiigh  cuw,  spriukles  it  with  red  powder,  aad  setting  it  on  a  lent 
place,  bows  to  it,  and  thruws  it  into  iho  wutvr.     He  then  batbee  a&d 
goeH  hoiiie. 

;Klb«r  on  tha  twelfth  or  the  forty-fifth  day,  a  potter,  Kumbhdr, 
it  called  and  a  seveu-ulop  bemp  ladder,  thodhvan,  is  sot  against 
the  wall  of  the  bou.-su  tkut  ttiv  iwul  of  the  dead  may  cHiiib  by 
it  to  heaven.  The  priest  .iit«  at  the  ft^ot  of  the  ladder  and  chants 
a  verw  from  the  {'urios,  aud  the  string  by  which  the  ladder  ia 
faetODud  to  Ihejground  w  burnt,  and  tho  laddiT  pulled  dowu  luid 
Ihrt'wn  away.  The  npot  where  thv  luddvr  wmt  tied  h  then  spread 
with  flour,  and  a  small  plate  with  a  [»eoe  uf  bread  and  cooked  rica 
is  laid  over  it.  In  ibi-  plate  is  t^ei  a.  small  water  pot,  and  aloiig- 
wde  of  Ihu  wilier  \kiI  a  lighlvd  Iniup  coveri-d  by  an  ^^-mpty  liawboo 
basket  with  a  cloth  drawn  over  it.  This  day  a  erand  diuuer  in 
prepared,  and  beforu  beginning,  five  mouthfiils  are  oumt  near  the 
tMMKet.  The  burial  ritea  for  a  woman  are  the  Mune  aa  those  for 
a  man.  When  a  child  dies  its  Either  carries  the  body  in  his  arma 
and  buries  it,  and  on  the  seventh  day  a  Mmall  dinner  in  given. 
la  some  rare  cases  the  Bhits  burn  in»ti>ad  of  burying  their  dead. 


They  work  as  husbandmen  and  fieJd  labourorB,  soil  gniss  and 
fuel,  help  tho  ordinary  Xunbi  landholder,  and  when  they  can  get 
thoni,  gather  wait  aud  houoy.  Wives  help  their  husbands,  and  at 
barvesi  time,  whole  families  leave  their  homes,  aud  for  throe  or  four 
weeks  work  ae  ri'i^wrs.  For  this  they  luro  paid  in  kind,  geuemlly 
CArning  enough  to  last  them  from  one  to  two  months.  Bhils  never 
leave  Klilindi'^h  in  search  vt  woi-k.  They  sometimes  chnngu  their 
village,  but  for  the  most  pai-t  have  lived  for  loog  in  the  same  place. 
Their  avorage  motitlily  wagtts  vary  from  tfs.  to  lliit.  {R».  ■i-  Hs.  8). 
In  spite  of  their  good  wagt-^  all  are  very  poor  and  usually  iu  dobt. 

The  Bhils  differ  much  in  their  t'elj^-ious   beliefs  and  practices. 


pox,  chi>Ixrs,  anil  leproay,  bum  their  doad.  The;  have  th«  euriom  ciulom  ol 
etsrying  tli»  dM«aw>1'a  vifc  on  hi>  bi«r,  uiil  kfter  i^miic  s  littlo  diaUao*,  or,  ■• 
oUien  s*y,  tSUr  iwKliuig  tbo  bnitung  ground,  ol  settuig  bor  ilowii.  The  wifo  bitalu 
btr  DackwM,  aod  trtry  one  iwm  Ixy*  a  copper  Mia  ui  tb«  il«0BiMd'*  lucnitS^  Th« 
widow'*  ornunenl*,  if  aliu  baa  nuy,  uid  tho  docouol'*  clothaa  nn  burul  with  bim. 
Hi»«hc«Baii(l  wHtvr  i-uli  are  givm  l.>  hti  aiatar's  son,  but  the uUtnlurnitun)  i« burnt 
wilL  hun.  Thom-b  he  i>  geamiW,  tho  aon  ia  not  alwav*  tbe  fint  to  light  the  fniieral 
pUe.  lliwa  viUr  Bhila  hsre  ao  ffxod  days  (or  )i«r(onfuiagtlie  »ft«r-d««th  cer«inailiaa. 
whoa  th^  0*0  alKinl  it.  th«  citiof  mnuriMir  buya  a  hen,  and  potting  it  in  a  Inaket, 
t»l(e>K  to  tll«apOt  where  tlw^  Ubtr  lijw  lliruwa  a«»y  tho  dcoc.iacd'a  wlw*.  The  patty 
then  bathe,  briiig  the  h™  back  with  tbom,  and  ilnnk.  Tho  »idoiir"e  Iiair  >h  out  off. 
sad  tfao  hen  i*  cooked  by  her.  Titc  nroc»«Hinga  end  b;  tbi  sift  of  a  iDrbnu  Ut  tho 
dooMWd's  M  hia  siEtcr's  m».    TalixU  SUaUatdlir  (1676). 


DMcma.] 


khA^desh. 


93 


UoMttlad 

IVibH. 
BhiU    • 


SouH  of  tlie  ml Jeat  tribe>a  wnrakip  only  the  tyer  troJ.  i'iMli<i«) ;  Chapter  III, 
■MT  pay  tipifisl  rwvcrouco  to  the  mmtb'erj  mtifa,  and  Ig  MaD4*lcv;  FopnUtioa. 
«iul«  ulliuni  wornUip  tho  unltutiry  \ixa}  ttiaHa  godn  chivHy  Bluuroba, 
Khauiiiibn,  K&noba,  the  jfoddeHK  A i btLsr&oimJ to,  and  Shitt&iulta 
tbr  smaM-pox  go(l^li^8»,  nbotn  thoj  invoko  undur  vnriotta  nuoea.' 
AlnxF't  mII  wiiniiiip  tlii;  npint^  of  tlivir  unoeiitora  and  bvlioTt  in 
■  KTah,  and  oioeus.'  Tlii-ir  gods  are  stoueH  smeared 
'  1  Aod  oil.  Th<«j- gvoL^riilly  worship  tboin  ac-(^>nijmniod 
bf  their  pri«dia,  iku  Kli^'al<t  ur  Bhfils.  7'1k<}-  fii-iit  ufTer  nn  animal 
&ud  Ebeu  bquor,'  aud  after  bgbtiu^  a  lirs,  cast  into  it  a  little  of  tbe 
teth  and  viae  wilb  some  pulse.  Bvpoatine  a  prayor  they  bow 
Wfoni.tbc  gods,  and  rbuti  partake  of  Uiu  nesb  and  lt<|aor  aft«r 
^•tv'.ug  tbe  pne»t  bis  share. 

Amnng  thu  plnin  Bhils  disputes  are  f^noi-Hlly  nettled  by 
nfori'tic^^  to  u  ^iiitiii^ii,  jmnch.  E«vb  of  tho  wildrr  inountatn  tribtfa 
tw«  an  beieditary  chief,  naik,  some  of  whom  were  foruiorly  men 
(if  ^eat  i*owor,  and  wero  eorvud  by  the  BhiU  with  wonderfol 
Eaithfiiliifsa.  Kncb  ebit^f  ban  an  beroi^tarY  minintyr.  OTvuttait  or 
c-  also  a  Ithil.     As  is  the  cage  with  Uhira  and  M&nga,  BhU 

c ,  I  .n  ii*  1'3'  diwtricls   nut  by  ginglo  vJllagoa.     The  diiitrict, 

^Mj^^fHi.  i»iiaiata  ot  a  given  arc-a  or  'grtVup  ol  Irmn  ten  to  twenty 
Tillages,  and,  aa  its  headman,  the  niiiii  reoeives  through  his  minister 
all  roquiMtH  for  tu-bitnition  cotnmittvLVt,  panch*.  All  BbiU  obey, 
or  are  auppoaed  to  obey,  the  ndik  at  tlieir  particular  ^>'irt;ano. 
Differenca  of  clan,  which  is  a  social  rather  than  a  political 
dutinction,  mattiiru  but  little.  A  Mori  Bhil  will  pay  the  eauie 
deference  to  a  GAikw^d  wait:  &a  is  paid  by  a  tlliil  of  tbc  GiiikwAd  clan. 
At  all  fi-»^«l»  and  higfa  oorcmonics  the  minister  seals  and  arranges 
Ihr  giio^t.i  and  attends  to  ibeir  wautn,  aud  bin  wife  to  the  wiuito  of 
thu  women  guests.     The  chief  prestdw  and  loads  the  feast.* 


I. 

■  1  •[      ".iiH    r-ii 
India,  II.  IM[: 


I,-, I 


I   tt^iQur  iloilist  ftro  K»li,  Hatipikva.  Vi^Acha   Kunvor,  Htlkn^U*, 
luiit,    Knliyii   IU]1.    Oitian   kUJa,    lUIUin.  ChtukoocUniiU*, 
:<^iiii4U,  hualtititimiM,  *iij  G)u,iut. 
Lj' 'II    u(   tbi   Coolnl    luilln    Hliib,  Sir  J.    llfila«lm  Mn  |C<iulrml 
Tb«  rnxntiiOH  «r*  uniiUr,  but  Uiw  foniin  •llir<tr*nl  (ran  taa  religion 
:•.    ThMT  cvtviavDum  ui'  much  uiiitvil  tv  pfopitiatory  oSsriuRs  uil 
r  '  ■•!  Ill*  Uiiiilu  BiiuoT  i&(*fiifil  •iaitlM,  liutpirticuUrly  Iti  IhvKwldoM 

•'  uvy  oUv  pay  gnat  r*Tunjnv«  to  HaJuUvv.    Uf  t)ia  Blitl  jmbHiui  of 

<■  I  tin,  Mr.  If  ont  uF  lk«  TneouiHiifltrin*]  Survey  (B«pun  (nr  i9i677)  givM 

;'■  i^auociiiiit.     Nol  IwlMvuig  tli»t  orrlaiii   Kliil   ■•HeaU  coitlil  rnnkv  MOfda 

vail.  uKfiinl  over  lira.  I  *iinl  fur  tinan.  A«  il  «m  nut  n«li  tlnw  th«y  timMoW  Vit 
tSuiw  the  Ifnt  with  grml  nJutvUncML  Thar  duy  »  IkJo  about  (our  (««(  loiig'uid 
ngfatwa  taclm  deep  nnil  tiaU  lilM  it  vithlivw  coaI*.  Tlia  ptimt  tbvn  niut(«rMl  aa 
ffi-n-'-'i""  BDil  laaaed  the  coala  tilt  lh<T  wen  hri|clit>  Hvtliuii  ofTunil  ■  luml  and 
«ar*d  a  luikiid  swurd  aii  timia  over  the  li/e.  afUT  whicli  h«  il^eiiol  a  Bhil  mtioa  by 
tuiD  to  «alk  over  the  coals,  llib  th«  Bliil  did.  tokinit  six  dolibaral«  "tvM,  and  thriou 
mppnlrnf  tiio  o]icr>t»n.  Trickery  wu  euapBotvd,  but  «n  hi*  fevt  being  ex-'tuined, 
tlwv  wttt  uot  found  tlie  loMt  bnmt  or  lili*t«>«d.  A  Mtiialmia  peon,  a  Ba'4v»  of 
0«Ab,  vu  thvn  uk«l  to  walkover  the  fire,  whioh  liu  di<l  wiihovt  taeleMlheMtatim, 
aa.  lin  oaid,  it  vu  crhiunwd.  Thoogb  be  moved  katl  a  Iwt  at  a  tune,  Uw  fleab  <C  his 
»ii: .-  w  lU  not  even  ainjjed. 

'  I  linir  rule  ibout   lauiiJieoe  ■•  that  Hatipava  and  Vlahicha  Knnver  ehowtd  grt 
a  bullock,  and  iJicothctfdoitio«  a  lie-goat  or  a  fowl,  a  ooclt  far  a  god  ud  a  bto  tor  • 

■  la  Cmitral  India  the  Bbil  chieli  were  colled  Tadvia.     The  people  wtf*  ikvoted 
to  tiicin  *ad  tniiiUuivIf  obej'ed  Ui«U  CManunda.     (Makvlin,  U.  laO). 


IBombitji 


baptar  IIL 

Uiwrttbd    - 
TribM. 


9i 


DISTRICTS. 


The  following  are  abort  aketchea  of  Boine  of  the  leading  tri 
wliicb,  Chougb  conunonly  included  under  the  general  torm  B 
diffuf  in  maay  roapocta  from  tSe  moro  ordwly  iMain  JihUn. 

NARits, living  cbioflyoD  tho  north Wjicof  tbo  Sjitpudfa.  bord 
on  Uulkar's  Kini^  and  the  towna  w  UalTMi,  PaliUiner,  an 
Sindra,  and  in  smaller  nambera  in  Chinnin  and  Virv&da,  are  tfao 
most  HAvago  of  tho  Bhil«.  Vory  dark,  small,  and  harsh-foaturc<l, 
ther  wear  liraaa  earringa,  and,  as  aboes,  pie<»8  of  nilgai  bide 
tied  witb  airings.'  Thoy  live  cbivfly  on  routs,  fruit,  and  b«mctif, 
ahun  all  intorcour^e,  and  lend  u»  utterly  mrago  existence.  A  few 
raise  a  little  grain  among  ibe  anliea  of  burnt  boagbs  or  barter 
Gorest  produco  for  clotlit  but  they  aro  seldom  soon  bwyond  tbu 
limiCa  of  their  niitive  foi\!M(«.  Some  of  tiicm  arv  Muaalraina;*  but 
moiit  hare  no  noticeable  religion,  neither  worabipping  ilinda  idols 
nor  following  tbu  MusRlinAn  crocd.  Thoy  have  an  lioreditAr^ 
headman,  ndik.  In  1823  the  MahAIa  were  iu  a  disturbed  slatv,  kdi' 
canaad  vorv  great  fawmble.'  . 

KhotiI|8.  numbering  223  sotib,  dwell  aide  by  sido  with  tho  Kahri 
ftlongthenoutliface  nf  the  Wj^yi^ijj^,  and  are  found  in  largii  numbBra 
at  Dhauli,  Vaijapur,  andinma^yofthe  Cbopda  and  Shirpnr  villages. 
Tho  Tadviaaod  people  of  S&vda  call  all  BhiU  Khotila.    Bui  KhotJla 
and   Nahitla  ana  distiDCl  claasen,   regarded   by   tbu   ()uru   Bbil   «^m 
degraded,  because  they  indulge  in  carrion,  and  do  not  bBsiiale  t^| 
tonch  the  dmd  body  of  tho  cow.     The  Khotilu  barter  gums  ain^^ 
wax  for  the  produce  of  the  plains.     In  their  babita  and  customs 
the  Nah^B  and  Khotibi  aro  muob  aliko.     They  are  great  huntsmen 
and  Tery  fond  of  Uquor,  drinking  to  exoesa  CRpectally  at  HoH 
(March-April)  tune.     The  day  after  RoU  they  eet  oat  hunting, 
and   sweep   the    fonosts   running   down    peafow]   and  jnngtcfowl 
with  great  glee  anil  wouderfnl   shocchs,  and  sometimes  with  the 
help  of  their  dogs  and  arrows,  bagging  oreu  a  spotted  deer  or 
a  blue  bull.     Many  of  ihom  worabip  the  tiger  god  and  refuse  to 
joia  in  a  tiger  hunt.    Tbeir  religious  oeromonies  are  very  Hiitiple 
requiring  nn  Hriilimuu.     Tb©  child    ia  named  by  ita   parents    or 
tribeBmen,  and  aa  it  growa  np   follows  in  ite  parent's  footMtvj 
If  a  boy,  ho  joins  his  mher  in  the  chase,  helpa  to  catch  liali  an 
gather  Wvua,  Ine,  tiom>y,  wild  borries,  and  otber  forest   prodao 
which  aro   bartered  with  tiome  shopkeopor  in  the  plain  for  caa 
or  credit.     If  a  girl,  she  helps  ber  mother  iu  cooking  and  cot 
grinding.     When  tho  time  for  man-iage  comes,  if  old  enou(fh  th^ 
lad%imself,  or  if  be  is  too  young,  his  father,  arranges  with  tho  pirl'a 
father  for  a  cert.iin  price,     'fhe  costu  committoo,  jHtneh,  and  thtjS 
headman,  naik,  are  asked  to  witne»i  the  agruomeul,  and  a  ibiy  t^H 
fixed   for  Uio  coromony.     The  officiating  priest,  u  Bbil  by  c»wti>, 
known  as  Mdukar  or  Cbaudhri,  ia  the  Naik'a  minister,  ;fmd/uii^_ 
For  his  service  he  gets  a  turban  or  tiomo  other  present,  or  a  monEC^J 
fee  of  2*.  (id.  (Ite.  1  m.  4).     If  the  headman  is  present,  he  also   i^ 


*  Tboif  MfiMMaBn  m  mnch  ilg*iii«t  tham,  their  (eatero*  sr«  vnm  sinra  himl 
diMgroMhIo  thu  tiM  Blilla,  vary  ilwk  ami  g(  n  lUintnutav*  rt«tiu«.      Ur.  Gilxir 
&»x.  R«c  3W  at  ISaa.  l!!&7.  »  lad.  Ant.  IV.  S8B. 

*  Mr.  aibwM  C«U«cU)r  kA  EUndMli,  Bov.  Iloc.  V»  o(  1£«,  I2». 


BeccmiLl 


KflANDKSn. 


95 


^il  half  a  crown  or  Uiroc  iiliil1ing».  Ailor,  in  tlic  ordinRTj'  way, 
iba  brido  and  bridegroom  Iinve  be«a  rubbi>d  with  tunnvric,  or  lue 
&!  '  '  vTonmg  tha  uiiiiiMor  begins  tha  cy>rt>tnoDy  by  asking  tho 
t'  ill  tbe  ninnc  of  Iiis  bride.  Hw  WIIk  ht'x  uiune  and  Hf»  his 
- .  -;  1  1  ii  or  trousorclotli  In  bor  gown,  higda.  ITion  ab«  is  n^kod 
:]i"  :u  iiii'i^Toom's  name,  and  aftoi-  saying  it,  ties  her  robo  U>  bis. 
'Hill*  twd  Edgotber  thoy  turn  seven  times  rrMuid.iiiid  tbo  coronionyig 
ooinplete.  A  ffinst,  costing  fnitn  IO<t.  to £3  (Kit.  5-ltA.  30),  follows, 
■nd  tbo  bridegroom  goe>.i  to  his  bther •in -law's  but  where  he  livM 
fmrn  It  viobV  In  tfareo  months  or  a  yenr,  and  (hen  tnkos  tbo  brido  to 
his  own  dwelling.  l1ioy  bury  tbi^ir  dui^  witboiit  fonn  or  ceremony, 
piling  a  few  atoned  to  mark  the  gmTe.  Stirnomes  common  amon^ 
tlip  S^nVi-il.x  nrti  Knlamba,  Vjdia,  Pipria,  and  Chav&nia;  and  among 
:  ia,  I'akria,  oud  Ghania. ^^_^__^ 


riv,  1  arlis,  and  DhAnkfta  or  Dh&nlcaarAn,  people  tbe 
stib-dtvisioa  and  parte  of  Taloda  and  SbAhAda.  PAxfl^, 
I  '  3PSS  homIb,  an?  raid  to  hv  Rajputs  who  were  dn?ftiihy 
ir  chiefit  from  their  liomo^  near  the  bill  fort  of  Palagad.' 
Ill)  from  the  Mathv^d  Htat«  north  of  the  Narbada  and  are 
l<il  Mathvndiis.'  Thoy  are  callud  I'Avn*  Bbils,  I'rivra  Niika, 
■nd  i'fivra  Kolift  indiffi-rKiitly,  but  they  are  more  like  Konkan 
MM  Kolig  than  BbiU.  The  l'4vr^  are  usually  short  and  stightlj 
botlfc.  Th«ir  fwrinres,  fiattor  than  thoso  of  iho  ordinary  Uindo, 
bL  !  'ligoQce  and  gnod  nature.     They  hare  low  ronnd  foreheads, 

r.  Ills,  and  thick  b'p6,  and  wear  tboir  hair  long  and  monstachee 

i!  'V  pbtok  out  tho  board.     The  women  are  stoul  and  buxocn, 

i  I  young,  very  Ciimely,  fair,  and  with  exjiroaaire  features. 

Tlifir  Jangaagvis  irregular,  governed  by  few  rules,  Kiill  of  rolling 
vxwelii  aud  diphthongs  it  t»  morv  lik<?  Gnjar&ti  tj^n  Mariiihi.  It  ia 
Ettver  written,  and  ther  are  alwayn  examined  in  conrt  by  interproterg.' 
Thuir  iisr\}  has  no  infinitive,  and  only  two  tcnsaa,  past  and  preoout. 
The  other  Ceasefi  are  formed  by  the  addition  of  an  irregular  verbi 
Though  they  have  inHny  woi-ds  in  common,  the  P^vriw  use  fc  where 
the  Viirlis  use  p,  and  in  words  drawn  from  n  forcijjn  eonrce,  tho 
P4vrds  change  <  into  a  and  «A  into  ha.* 

A  Panu's  bonae  ia  better  built  and   more  confortable    than   a 


Chapter  III 

Population. 

UiMoUlod 

A'twritt, 


P4*nU. 


'  TM*  aoomot  ol  Um  PAvrii  ii  Bunly  c«iniatcd  Irnm  ui  utkk  by  Lieut.  Rigbj 
(l9*9MnTnM  Bom-tle^.  8oc  IX.  74'89.  •  Mr.  ItevMlMm.  C.S.    ., 

*lifl.  Ant.  lU.  3M>.    I  woct  JctohwhoBHaiUoi  toino  gtMtsUln  golui  ihoio. 
It  «U1  b«   obscncd  thai  t)>ousb  the  |»i1ieipt«  ffglvi  apprMwIxa   lb«  Hantttii  gwfo> 
the  KMiiliTe  in  ih  axiA  tin;  lUMlaDilre  tcrb  iAo<»m«  aiora  like  GnjKrtti 

'  Tbe  toUowing  «n  •  few  el  Mr.  Rigb]f'a  exanplM : 


rim—. 

tt'ttt. 

Tx->U. 

BttTT**  &BII. 

BBn. 
aatktkMM'IMi 

Uip. 

UUDTtt. 

Dlit. 
AMlBakhtpMM. 
M*  ■bwiiw  naU»  ttOtt. 
Tn  Ml  khUaka- 

tUp. 

rpTn. 
■gantt. 

Avtit  bu**  dUTtlM 
Ha  Uilrl  Uofti  hal. 
YunhirkhtXt 

BhuhliCb 

AMO. 
|lom*<r. 

AliiWO<*atl)W. 

t%  hhM  ctMnk  iboIUl 

[Bonba^  OftutUe^ 


96 


DISTlftlCTS. 


ilipttr  III. 

t;nMtll«<l 
Tnbw. 

/Mirrf*. 


VAr)i*9.  tastead  ot  letting  his  Mtlle  live  in  liu  hoDM,  tlic  Pd 
bus  Sstia])/  two  thatched  hut»  of  ioiorlac^d  bamboos,  one  for 
fiiinil;  the  uthvr  for  his  ciittlu.  (rvncrallT  scattered  about  in  k 
^^ups,  c!Kh  fonniug  %  Binall  farming  CAtnblishmcmt,  tho  honses 
onclo§ed  by  a  conrtynrd,  on  ouesideof  vrbichureamngcdnnuni 
of  cin-'dlsr  store  hooAes  for  graict  and  a  shed  for  the  oartlicii  vn 
TMKeU  which  wo  alvrays  wt  on  a  rnixud  bitmboo  frame.  Und 
neatb  this  water-pot  frame  is  usually  a  woodt-u  trough  wil 
water  for  thv  goats  and  fowlii.  Mango  and  othnr  troos  are  planted 
round  thn  hounefl  and  along  the  divi^iiou.t  bvlwoon  finldit,  and  are 
carefully  protected  by  bamboo  trelliii  work.  The  Pivria  eat  only 
^obIs,  sheep,  and  fowlt^  All  smoWo  (obacco,  but  Ihvy  never  uno 
opium,  aud  very  seldom  hemp.  Though  they  drink  a  grmt  quantity 
of  moka  liquor  at  tbcir  feasts  and  raarriagea,  in  ordinary  life  they 
are  very  t«nipenit«,  Thcinon  wwir  a  red  and  whit« striped  loincloth, 
tangoti,  generally  made  at  HoAhitid  in  Akrtiui  nod  c»tting  from 
8J.  to  (W.  (:ia«Mn«-4  a»*iiM),  and  a  flhouldercloth.  The  women 
have  gvneiuJly  more  clothci  than  tho  Varha,  but  they  do  not  think 
it  any  harm  ^>  go  naked  tn  the  waist.  Liice  the  VarllM,  they  wt>itr 
braaa  rings  on  tbeir  legs,  and  maRsive  necklaces  of  bratvii  and 
peivter  beads,  silver  aruilet«,  and  massire  earrings  two  or  three 
inchi-K  round.  The  men  alxo  usually  woar  a  pair  of  large  8ilv< 
earrings,  with  a  square  drop  heavy  enongh  to  draw  down  the  lobi 
No  chddroQ  of  eitbor  eeic,  however  young,  are  allowed  to  go  alio 
without  some  clothes.  Distinguished  fit>ra  tbu  Viiilia  and  the  !o 
land  Bhils  by  thnr  better  condition,  their  agriculinrnl  habits,  and 
their  language,  the  PitvrAit  deny  tliat  tk^y  are  Bhils  aud  consid 
the  name  a  reproach. 

Though  ahy  of  jtrangers,  when  their  confidence  la  gained,  tin 
are  cheerful,  frank,  and  talkative ;  they  are  very  honest  and 
hanlworking,  and  full  trust  may  bo  placed  on  their  wuni.  They 
are  very  fond  of  their  country  and  seldom  leave  >(.'  Affrays, 
chiefly  bounihiry  disimtt-ji,  now  and  then  occur  between  the  peoplo 
of  diHereut  villagcH,  but  robbery  is  almoftt  unknown.  They  aro 
very  ho)tpitHV>le  among  themselves,  tbeir  women  and  children 
constantly  visiting  from  bouse  to  house,  and  some  of  their 
headmen  spending  (heir  whole  alore  of  grain  in  entertaining 
guests.  Ftui.siounlely  fond  of  music  and  dancing,  their  chief 
musical  inBtruoienls  are  a  two-stringed  fiddle,  mnthi,  an 
'  i^trument  like  the  bagpi]>o  without  the  bag,  pattu,  a  bamboo  tife, 
pavi,  ainrge  drum,  m«>i(/(i/,  and  a  sinull  drum,  tlhol.  Their  musio 
iH  neither  harsh  nor  untuneful,  and  is  aupenor  to  any  beard  i»  thn 
plains.  In  their  dances,  about  fifty  men  and  women  pass  in  a  large 
circle  round  the  mn^idans,  gradually  iM-coming  more  excited  as  toe 
music  grows  louder  and  quicker.  Some  of  the  men  flourish  drawn 
ewords,  and,  at  iatervals,  all  raise  a  load  sbont  aud  turn  sharply 


ree 

I 

,nd 


'  A  ynung  P*vra  i;ini»»iil.  who  nu  htmod  <rt-i>r  lo  rivc 
irl*   c«M,    vrnnl  licnis,  iu»l   fcaviag  tip»k«n  vt  hit 

inmiediiitvljr  V0uuiutt<<t  muciOo. 


a  h«ankirl*   c«M,    vrnnl  licnis,  un\   fcaviag  tip»k«n  nt  hu  ilrowl  ni   the  uiptniivbu 

Uonl.  Risby  (1640)  ia  Truu.  Bom.  ~ 


]i)ars«v. 


76. 


KUA^fDBSIl. 


97 


muii]  hcing  ontwftrds.  Tbobalk  arehtulMu>(tmon,nianyof  tliem  very 
riallc<L  Tbey  mv  much  nttacbcd  to  tjitrir  tand  and  finul  oj  adoniing; 
th«r  boioesteada  witli  vroru  of  luangiM!*  and  duiroli  treesi  Some 
■re  carpenters  and  ttUdranuths,  bnl  none  borliers  or  abonniakGra. 
Badi  man  ia  hie  own  baibnr,  and  each  family  makce  iui  own  fi^^ld 
looU  And  biu>kelirark.  Rxccpt  for  their  Nhui»  whirli  they  bring 
Kuknrmnnda,  and  their  ailverand  broas  onuunents  which  nro 
it  by  Uiuda  workmotu  o!  Boahmti,  they  hare  little  need  of 
bivi^  craftsmen.  Tlic  womun  iiuvor  wurk  tn  the  fields.  Their  otily 
OBtdoor  work  ia  gathering  moha  fluwerii  and  e/uiroU  nuts. 

Tlieir  rulitrioQ   is   simplo.     Thoy  have   neither  nrieata,  temples, 

»or  idoU.     Thoy  womhip  n  itDprcmo  cn-aUJr,  hhufftnn,  and  strive  Uf 

pinse  bin  with  aacriiicuii  aud  offerings.    In  the  forest  near  each 

Tilla^  is  a  sacred  tree,  round  which,  before  harvest,  the  rilhigum 

iBt^C  and  prostrato  themwlvonjb^forx)  the  rising  son,  offer  com,  and 

f»Tilioc  gimtA  aud  fowU.     'l%atdoity  to  whom  tUu8C  ofToriDgs  aro 

Blade  ia  called  B&va  Kumba.    His  wife,  lUni  Kajhal,  haa  alico,  not  fur 

from  her  husband'^,  a  s!K'r(-<)  trro  to  which  ofFonngs  are  made.  They 

WtfTMbiji  the  tig*T  jTod,  t-AijhJev,  but  only  to  propitialo  it  and  prevent 

it  attiickinff  their  cattle,   or  when  it   has  carried  off  any  of  tboir 

people.  Though  they  aeknowk^lgeno  bonsidiold  or  village  deities  and 

rorentorti  nu  rivers  or  firo,  thoy  are  ^ery  super»titiou«,  boliuviug 

ia  witchcraft  and  sorcery.     Before  the  British  rule,  many  an  old 

woman   had   h^r  nose  slit  under  the  suspieion  of  being  a  witch, 

dakhin,  the  idea  being  that  tbo  loss  of  the  noMO  destroys  all  power  to 

work  ovil.     A  bt^Iiof  in  omona  U  ooinmon.     Udd  mitnbon*  are  lucky, 

Init  to  Aco  a  black  bird,  called  pifAi,  is  most  ilUoiuoned.     At  tlio 

begiiiDiu^  of  any  nudcrtaking  they  cnsC  omens  with  a  bow  and  arrows. 

Tbey  Kulut*'  frivnd.i  by  taking  the  two  hands  of  the  puraon  saluted, 

and  Haying  Ikaj,  bhaj,  that  is  worship.  ' 

Ko  cen-in'mies  take  place  at  birth.  The  child  is  named  on  the 
fifth  or  twt^lfth  day,  and  for  seven  or  eight  days  its  nmther  is 
considered  nncle«n.  The  fnlber,  mother,  or  oldest  member  of  Hio 
family  mil  the  child  whaU-vor  they  pIvMiU).  Thi^  have  no  names 
derived  from  gods  or  religion,  and  no  Aumnmes.  Bhiitia,  Rattria, 
and  Mangtia  are  some  of  their  male  names,  and  Jatoi,  Guri,  Badol, 
and  Chinki,  some  of  the  (enuilo  nMnies. 

The  Duirriago  censmony  is  never  porformed  till  both  tho 
hride  and  bridegroom  are  of  age,'  aud  the  young  men  nro 
generally  allowed  to  choose  for  thomiHrlvcs.*  Though  she  is  generally  ' 
younger,  caeCB  ore  not  rare  when  the  wife  i»  older  than  the 
husband.  Th©  youth,  or  his  father,  givei  the  bride  abowt 
iA  ids.  (Ra.  -15],*  but  if  poor  and  unable  to  pay  tho  fixed  amount, 
the  youth  gives  his  bullocks  to  the  bride's  father.  If  poorer  still, 
be  binds  himself  to  serve  his  future  father-in-law  for  a  period  of 


Chapterl 
Population. 
UMrttM 


>  Licot.  Rigbjr  (l»191  in  Tnaa.  Boin.  Ooog.  Soft  IX.  77.  At  pnMst  (1676)  Hid 
tilth  tatrry  tlSar  Mnk  at  t«a  or  tw«lr«. 

>  I^tsr  (lS;fl)  BOMiinU  would  m«ib  to  tluw  tlut  r«laiiaai  look  oat  tor  a  wifo. 

*  0(  UiiMD  £3  wDra  tor  til*  bridt,  lb.  ot  14*.  (orlhnl)rid«grooin.aod  ilkenat  lor  her 
biW.  OI  UbetIi««iiiiibutmaia(raMd  to  £11  (Rt.  110),  tlio  lir>d(i  &ud  bridtgrooin 
B«tti>g  tho  •"»  M  Mont,  aad  tlk«  iacnaaed  bkUiu*  going  (v  Uia  bnd«'a  fsUw, 

B  411-13 


IBombaj 


Chapter  lit 
FopnUtion. 

DoMUlad 

TrJti*.. 
•    l*drnU. 


98 


DISXBICTS. 


eig^ht  or  ten  years,  becoming  wbat  is  termed  tlie  bouse  nouon-I 
ghnrjava!,,  iho  Gujanlti  yharjfiiniU.  Durinif  this  period  t ha  yon 
lives  witii  tliii  girl't  fumily  and  is  gcncrnlly  nmrriod  to  hor  wh4 
half  the  t«nn  agreed  to  in  over.  Miin-iii^eH'  are  hitid  only  durit 
Phd]min  (March)  and  Faiskaih  (May).  Tlio  fallier  of  the  yout 
firtt  dvmandH  the  girl  of  hor  father ;  if  he  aCToee,  the  price  demand^ 
is  paid,  and  the  tUja  ceremony  i«  oyer.  'llio  bridugrooiu's  woddii 
garments  coimist  of  a  waifltclotb,'  aboot  eight  or  ten  cubiu  lo 
and  costing  from  2«.  to  I0«.  (Rv.  1  •  Rs.  5) ;  a  tairbnn  from  2«.  to 
(ltd.  1  •  Uh.  2) ;  a  shoulder  cloth  *  jutha  ;  a  long  clonk  ;  and  a  liettd. 
cloth.  He  weauv  two  silver  bracelets,  six  or  eijcot  rings  on  tbo  right 
Jiand,  and  Koniv  rin^  •to  thv  v»rlob««.  Tho  bride's  clothe*, 
provided  Ity  her  father,  conaijtt  of  a  robe,  luqda,  costing  from  4«.  to 
lO».  {Its.  2-  Ra.  5),  and  a  bodice,  hifhoii.  She  wears  tin  bracelets. 
The  usiiul  ccromonios  begin  by  the  bo3r'8  father  taking  a  liqnor  jar 
to  the  girl's  bouRe  and  surinklitig  sonie  nf  it«  contents  on  the  lioor ; 
the  eldest  man  in  the  village  in  tbt-n  asked  to  perform  worship,  />iya, 
with  the  liquor,  for  which  hv  receives  \d.  (|  aniia).  Ofleriogs  of 
ric<(  and  kotint  \'n\aoT  an;  then  miidi>  lo  their  deity  Bitva  Kiinibn. 
The  next  day  tho  bride  and  briilt-gr*>om  arocovenHi  with  turmeric, 
ftnd  the  lalter,  clad  in  his  wedding  gnnncnts,  goes  in  procenaion, 
with  mttsic  and  dancing,  to  demand  the  brido  of  her  nnrents.*  She 
is  then  brought  out  and  sealed  near  her  himbiind  and  whilo  women 
chant  marriage  songs,'  the  married  piir  are,  with  dancing  and  music, 
rauod  on  the  shunldvrs  of  their  friends.  Tliun,  with  no  stint  of 
liquor,  tba  bride's  parents  give  a  feaiit  to  the  whole  ooin;iany,  luid 
after  the  feast,  all  go  in  procession  to  the  house  of  tho  bridegroota 
and  are  entertainw   t^ere   for  two  days.     After   this   tho   new'  ~ 


1 


!■.  Aocoiding  (o  them,  on  the  diy  bdMW  maniice,  all  tba 
I  go  dudnf:  to  the  bri<i«'i  riOua  and  Mm  tiiMW  for  mt  night. 
manniA  ncit  mominiE,    and  tfaon,  one  <a  then  oarryiiiii  the 


*  Later  (1876)  aoomntt  ahow  that  tbia  rnk  U  u-'>l  ^wnva  kept.  \ 

*  Tlie  wait(<Jntti  J*  tliwl  nwnd  tbo  vaiat  after  pasting  coio  end  of  It  round  tha 
•hiiuhlor  after  th*  faahloa  ol  woan«D. 

VTbo  ilvoiUilfli  doU)  la  cither  |Jaco4  veil  (ald«d  em  tlia  sbouldtr  or  voni  ao  a* 
cover  tbo  li>i-k. 

*  Lionv   Rigby  IB  Tnw.  B-mi.  G<c<^  Sao.  IX.  TS.    Latvr  (1876)  aoooDBt*  differ 
■oveml  ol  tii«  drtaila. 
bridegroooi'*  roUtiona  _ 
parform   relj^ona   oernannii. 

l>rid«  nil  hia  waiat,  tlwjr  ooma  to  tlifl  brida^niMn'a  Tiilaga  lo  perform  the  mnrr-uge 
cemnoaioa,  whicli  genmllf  take  plana  id  ths  aftrmoon.  V\ni  tliny  wonbin 
KhaBiloba.  who  ii  repn>«Dlcd  hjr  a  hoa))  of  rioa  with  two  pine  on  it.  Thv  coiipfo 
ia  tten  avatod  un  a  atool.  Ike  oiuli  of  then-  (faniuota  are  t»d  togiathar.  and  they 

athrow  rine  aa  each  »tticr.     Wlun  Ihii  ia  dout^  it  ■■  a  cuatuin  with  aunu  lamiliGa  to 
talA  thu  pair  an  their  •haulitcra  and  dwiM. 

*  Odd  nf  Ihatr  ouirtuso  aoiiip  rana ;  Biva  Kamba  tUni  Kajbal  aaf^  viha,  Dola 
diilin*  Ki-U  Kate  *iha  ;  ItArat  KonU  awe  rod  dangro,  Rial  Kajhal  aaua  vlba 
vadaona  :  rUrelbi  ohulia  ponha  dekhno  )li  viha :  tliat  ta,  '  Row  hoautifal  ia  tho 
Marriago'-f  lUraKmnha  and  lUiii  Knjlul.  Itii  colcbtntfd  u-ith  »n^ia  ""^  mirthful 
nilaii:.  RdrAt  Knuilm  am-nar*  like  a  lahant  wBrrVir.  ItAui  Kajhnl  aj-pcan  l>eautifnl 
to  the  liohuliUr.  I«l  ua  dock  owratlvaa  mlj  and  go  to  tfae  tnarriaga.'  AnotliBr  nini : 
Runffa  ilovin'i  viha.  Saola  riii»  nutl  haoU  iacua  riha;  Vn  Use  liaol*  riai  U^n 
\AtaA,  Rant  Ka)lMl  l*«(*  babi  i  UAoa  KnnUia  li^tsa  hhii,  Baharo  ducar  rlba  hate 
dhataa  vigrari ;  Biiaa  jaou  rlba  bh«d  l^o  ohcwu  ndle  chobw  :  tliat  la,  '  Tha 
goiMea*  n(  tba  waoda  ia  aboot  lu  bo  narrjad.  lUna  Saala  and  lltal  llnoU  aro 
■hunt  to  be  uiiito'L  Rh«  la  tbe  aiu*r  of  the  wood  g.-dUpia.  ahe  la  the  aiatcv-in-Uw 
of  Kini  E«])ia],ah<i  la  tb«alatirof  Rivat  Kumha.  A  niarria^  ia  brang <elelir>tcd  in 
Um  KTttat  inuuntkiua ;  aiiniul  thu  happy  Couple  with  tarmoric :  Ut  tho  aaitetv.  aa  at  a 
rojraT ntarriagp,  Kait^  tbn  aactiNl  powder  aitd  wavit  tlie  tan  abora  Umbi,'  Ttaaa, 
Bom.  0«^  *»«.  IX.  78. 


1 


khAndesh. 


9!> 


'    -       I  1'dro  l"ft   together  For  fire  d*ys.     Od  the  eitlb  the 

.    .  .   uikist  tJie    girl  homo  «uil  f^ivM    ah    undMAiniboiit 

Lft  llu-  wltulu  villa^.     Two  (lays   ufter,  th«   briilogriKim,  wiUi    his 

feieadM,   gom  to    Ei»   father-in-law's  honso,   aad    pwst'ntiiijt   him 

villi  »  liiiuoF  jnr,   ih-iHiiniI«  hia  liriilv  luiil  vsvoi-t*  hur  home.   When 

he  leaves,  the  brulegreora  give^  the  headman  ot  the  girl'tt  Tiling 

mA  of  each  village  through  which   the    processiou  passes,   l)(i, 

'       inn).       SiiiifttB    fomicatiun    bvtwuen    ao    aniuitrriiM]    couple  ia 

'  IimI  by  A  Httiull  fint.',  nut)  il.  ia  not  tmcomniou  for  n  jrirl  hi  bu  Uio 

■  r  of  OHO  or  two  cbiWren  before  lier  iiiftrriagt!.     No  inai-riwo 

imy  is  performed  in  such  cases.     She  is  mert'ly  giren   to  tlie 

ihcr  of  hiT  childroQ   after  hu    hus    paid    tbo    regnlar  casto  fiae.* 

hough  the  girl  in  tint  fiiieil,  she  foregova  by  such  a  murriagu  id!  tho 

firivilogca  of  a  regularly  married  woman. 

Widow  marriage  is  allowed;  but  if  the  widow  hua  no  son,  her 
ti(*r>in-I»w  live*  not,  as  a  tule,  give  her  the  clothes  provided  for 
W  by  iiur  deooa»ed  hiiHliand.  fk<r  children,  if  young,  accompany 
Itfr;  but  rutarn  to  their  falher'a  houttA  on  coming  of  au;e,  iiiilvwi, 
<rliieh  genernlly  happoun,  the  second  hiuband  keeps  t^em  with 
himMslf.  I'olygamy  is  coinmon,  and  (hose  who  can  afford  it  have 
three  or  four  wire-i. 

Except  lepers,  persona  who  have  died  of  cholera  and  ftinull-pox, 
VDioeD  dying  in  child-birth,  and  children  undi>r  two  ertliroe  months 
wbn,  M  a  rule,  arc  bonud,  tho  Pivr^  either  bum  or  bury  their  dead. 
8t>  great  is  their  arerxioii  to  a  l«por  that,  when  living,  he  is  kept  in  a 
dkitant  cottage,  and  when  dead,  iii  buried  by  a  Mhiir  nntonchiM  by  a 
Pavra.  In  ordinary  funerals  a  party  of  them  carry  the  ivjrpse.  A 
Ttipeo,  or,  if  thu  family  bv  poor,  a  pice  is  placed  in. tho  deceased's 
mouth,  a  little  Hce,  turmeric,  and  nxi  powder,  ;/u/'i/?'ar«  rublu'd  on  the 
forehead,  and  liis  sword'  and  bowaaoa  arrows  are  placed  in  the  bit.'r  by 
hia  stdo.  With  the  sound  of  drnms  and  music  tho  body  is  earried  Co 
tho  burying  or  burning  grotind.  Tho  widow  wvarngood  clothes  on 
the  day  of  tier  husband's  deatli,  cooks  rice  iu  an  earthen  pot,  and  aft^r 
the  corpse  i«  cnrriod  away,  breaks  thepotoutitidethe  hou9edoor,and 
followi)  the  btiriul  ptirty  drvH^-d  in  new  clnthes^  On  her  rotom,  she 
|MitA  on  her  old  clothe.4,  and  nnhisa  tilio  wishes  to^marry,  never  again 
wcfirs  guy  clothes  or  ornaments.  All  the  furniture  of  the  decoaaed> 
diKlie:*,  cutt,  and  pols  cxevpt  drinking  pots,  is  buried  or  burnt 
with  him.  If  tlie  dead  did  not  own  thwto  articles,  tlicy  an  bought 
and  laid  by  his  side,  ilia  silver  ornaments  are  oUo  aometimes  b«rn£ 
But  shoen,  cows,  and  money  are  given  to  his  sister's  son,  bh'iclta. 
On  Ibu  ruturu  of  tho  funeral  party,  some  drink,  and  all  bathe.  Oo 
Uie  eighth  day  aft«r  death,  irieiHls  and  rclati'ins  meet  ut  the  house 
of  the  d<.-ceaeed  and  dj-ink  a  jar  of  liquor,  'rbnugli  the  death  is  not 
eonsidcrwl  to  hnvc  nuulo  the  family  impure,  they  perform  cenomonicg 
DD  the  twelfth  day  aft«r  duath.  i"ho  grunna  in  smeared  with 
Dowilnng,  leaf  plates  ore  spread,  straws  arc  hiid  to  represent  the 
dead  tnaa'a  fore&tliers,  liquor  ia  apriokled  on  the  gromul,  and  a 


Chapt«r' 

Fvpnlatioa. 

Ulla««l«l 
TribM. 
Pitimt*, 


yni*  twonl  and  the  lupoe  er  pice  pljiotd  ia  bU  igouth  g»  ia  Uio  Ml«i£»  ot  the 


(Bombay  Qui 


100 


DISTRICTS. 


Fdtnu. 


V4Tm. 


iliniier-  of  He?,  or  mixod  rice  And  pnlno,  is  giron  to  tbe  ctu<to*fc11o( 
Oa  Aat  dny  thoy  drink,  but  dft  not  danoo.     It  is  uol  obligatory 
perfurm  these  cereraoaiea  on  the  twelfth  day;  if  that  day  does 
Huit,  they  can  be  performed  on  any  day  within  tho   month, 
tbeae  ceremonies  arc  oven;  Uio  nmrest  relations  do  not  wcnr  tnrbui 
Like  other  BhlK  P&vr^  leave  a  boose  in  which  two  or  three  de 
bBTe  t«kou  place. 

F&yri»  have  three  chief  holidays,  litdraja,  Divali,  and  Shimga  or 
ffoii.  Indr^ja,  apparently  In  honour  of  Indm,  ix  held  only  when  tho 
year  is  Koud  or  wh«ii  a  tow  haa  to  be  dtticliarged.  It  is  celebrate^ 
«n  any  bunday,  Wednesday,  or  other  lucky  day  between  Dn^ra  and 
pivili.  Its  cliief  ocrvmouy  oonsisbi  in  pUuiting  u  ladamli,  Katiclua 
parvifolia,  branch  in  fnmt  of  a  laiidIord'8,i'i''>i)u'<ir'«,  house,  mu  an 
to  remain  one  <;ubit  iindorground  and  a  man's  height  abovw.  The 
brauoh  '\»  rubbed  with  vennilion  and  worship  begins  at  midnight.  A 
Boat  and  hen  aro  killed  and  oOcreil,  and  dnnoinjr  iM  kept  np  t4ll 
onybreak.  Next  morning  at  abont  ten  they  pull  up  the  braui'fa 
and  thn>w  it  into  some  neighbouring  rirer  or  pond.  On  returning  ' 
(hey  drink  and  danoo,  and  oat  the  ^at  and  hon  offerod  orumighl. 

IHvali,  sometimes  called  Nagdivaii,  is  a  yearly  feetiTal  colobrutod 
in  the  month  of  I'ush  (Jaiiaaiy)  on  different  dates  in  different 
villages,  KO  an  to  iaat  on  the  whole  for  nearly  a  month.  Four  or 
five  i)tuua-i  are  brought  from  a  neighbouring  river  and  placed  ontsido 
the  village,  but  within  the  limita  of  Ihu  villugu  lands.  They  are  then 
p<iint(-d  rod.  Mild  next  dar  at  noon  worship  begins.  Ijiipior  is  sprinkled 
on  thi>  gn>uud  and  fre^y  drunk,  and  goata  and  hena  are  killed. 
Dancing  bt-f^iis  at  nightfall.  Two  men,  holding  two  lighted  bamboo 
sticks,  go  from^oniw  to  hnuse  ffillonnd  by  the  villagem.  Every 
houwwife  comes  (At  with  a  lighted  biuip  in  her  hand,  waves  it  before 
Iheiii,  sputa  their  forebe.id.1  with  lamp  oil,  and  gives  them  drink. 
After  dancing  for  a  few  minutes,  the  procession  posses  to  another 
HbtiHo  and  lliero  go  thrniigh  the  vanie  routine.  Next  ihiy  they  feed 
their  bullocks ^ith  Indian  millot,  rice,  banii,  and  parol,  and  give 
them  drink.  ^ 

Shimga  or  Uoli  talf^  place,  as  clsowhore,  on  the  fifteenth  of  tliH 
bright  half  of  Ptuilgttn  (llarch).  Inimen^te  crowde  moot  at  Ohedgiion, 
the  central  village  and  polieo  head-<)iiarter8  of  the  Akr&ii  territory. 
A  pit  is  dog,  and  a  wooden  rod  thrust  into  it  and  lighted  about 
I  t|in  or  eleven  at  night.  Every  one  present  brings  a  pieuo  of  brood, 
some  rice,  and  a  cock.  Portions  of  iitette  are  thrown  into  the  flro, 
and  the  rest  is  hand>-d  round  among  friends.  Then,  with  the  help 
of  »ti  occn«iitiuil  dr»u}jliL,  they  danco  till  dawn. 

lo  each  village  the  oldest  man  is  looked  up  to  as  tho  chief  of  the 
community  and  invested  with  a  sort  of  natriarolial  authority.  Sitnpio 
forniciklion  K-tween  an  unmarried  couple  ia  punished  by  a  small  fine, 
and  adultery  by  paying  the  injured  husband  his  marriage  expenses. 

YXbus.'   like  Pivrfa.  foond  only  in  tho  mountainoua  tract 


*  FroiD  Lieut.  Kiglif'aarticla  on 


Um  Sttfuili  Uooal«iii»,    Trwu.  Bom.  Geug.  i 


DHOBj 


KHAn«)ESH. 


101 


•Ite:^  about  Uiirty  mi|pa  went  of  Aknini.  differ  ^rreatly  from 
in  anpearaoco.     They  are  tall  «ud  dark,  Tory  alira   htifwell 
witJi  foAtnrcs  Homewbot  ne^ru  iii  type.     Tbey  wear  no  heAil- 
1,  but  uarling  tliuir  hair  m  tuv  niiddlu  lut  it  flow  looeoly  orer 
shoaidera.     Tboir  women  tutuall;  go  naked  to  the  wai^t.     Oa 
I  legs,  from  tliB  anklfl  half  way  nn  the  calf,  tboy  wmu-  t«ors  of 
re    bniM  rings,   fitted    »o    tight   M  to  Ckuae  the    Beeh    to 
Tboao  rings  ore  never  liikoii  off,  and  are  bnried  witli  the 
_  Thongh  maQV  of  their  wcrds  are  Uio  same  a«  thoB«  osod  by 

Ffirr&e,  then  is  mncli  difT(.Teun»  buth  in  promiudntion  and  grammar, 
Idrit  iMigiwge  being  mum  liko  Oujuriti  t;liiin  tJm  Pdvriji'.  Liviog 
iHea  meaner  and  leas  cnnfortaule  than  the  Pirr^',  they  oat  alt 
,,  of  animals,  except  dogs,  cat«,  and  tigorc.  They  luad  a  pastoral 
\ih,  growing  littlu  com  and  having  luurgu  herda  of  cnUlu,  tho 
ing  of  which  is  tho  wonMin's  chief  occupation.  They  arts  very 
illing  to  part  with  their  cowh,  but  freoly  uiap-ase  of  thi'ir  btdlocks 
ith«y  si'lilom  niio  tiny  ploiiifh,  doing  most  of  thuir  tillitguwjth  hand 
1*beir  birilt  and  di-aih  oustoius  are  Ihu  BOiiie  aa  thato  of  Uio 
s',  and  the  only  difTercnoo  in  thoir  mairtage  customs  is  that. 
King  thorn,  marriage  takes  pla^^e  daring  any  month  of  tho  year.  , 
_Jiey  luive  no  divtindion  of  caste  or  soct,  nor  have  thev  any  priest,  ' 
jfvru.  Ail  among  the  Ftivrfci,  tho  oldest  man  of  each  village  acta  as 
ckJef  of  the  community  and  ia  invested  with  a  sort  of  polriardial 

aathonty. 

j^[|]|{L>  Haitort,  orOXvirBnitA,  nnmboring  154,  dTrell  here  and 
there  onder  the  sliadow  of  Turanm&l,  and  along  the  hillit  lowarda 
Sh^hAda  and  Shirpar.  Though  ntimerous  in  Nondtirbfir  and  Nav&pur, 
they  »ri>  I'hietly  (ouiid  in  liie  high  wo-itorn  Pirapalnvr  platuaua. 
{tither  tall  and  fair,  they  are,  perhaps  from  the  v^oalthinesa  oi  the 
country,  wt-aker  in  body  tlinn  the  Akriini  PAvnia.  They  euDslantly 
change  ihiir  huts  and  more  about.  They  eat  beef.  They  uru  a 
timid,  inofTeusive,  cjuiot,  and  weil-behaTod  people,  rather  given  Jto 
drilik,  and  especially  tho  wilder  onus,  tmtlifol.  .They  are  Tery 
ignorant  and  Huperatitious,  tracing  all  disastoni  Db  the  inflnenoe 
of  witclicii.  Their  commonest  crime  in  tho^iurder  of  old  women 
supposed  to  be  witches.  Far  less  indnstrloHB  than  tlio  PiivniA, 
thoy  are  greater  drunkards  antl  very  fond  of  finery.  They  soldoin 
eater  Govi^niiiient  Hurviee.  Mainly  cultiv:il'ir:<  aome  have  of  late 
taken  to  carting  in  I'impalner.  Tlioy  worithip  Astamba,  Gnvlt, 
Vigbder,  tind  rnrmesbvnr.  A  bridegroom  Ium  ofton  to  serve  liia' 
father-in-law  for  a  Uirm  of  years.  Five  yeara  is  tho  ui*u»l  period, 
but  credit  ia  often  given  and  the  girl  allowed  to  live  wiUi  her 
hoiiband  before  the  fnll  torm  is  over.  Among  the  M&vchia,  iM 
among  tho  KaliAls  and  Khotils,  (ho  nuuriago  tio  i«  looso,  and  a 
wiinntu  may  le-avu  her  husband  and  marry  another  for  compara- 
tively trivial  reasons.  The  oasto  oommittoe,  ^ani:A,  naually  awarda 
oompBOsation,   but  cases  are   not   raro   wliun   tfa«  hnsband   does 


Clwpt«r 
FopulatiQa. 
UfMeMed 


cue 


>  The  Mivuhia  arr  nkjii  Ui  Ihc  8<Ji)ri.<1ri  Rotii,  Mtd  ilerir«  (bgjr  namv,  [lariiApi, 
Emn  ■  eontnctKn  of  Hiv«U<Jio,  man  of  thn  minMt.  Mtval  ov  miMct  bcuig  a  tonp 
•iiedt«dia«««<nl  pMinofUia  OoMaa  totho  hickUuda  whiob  lorta  ita  WMlem  hotueo, 
Mr,  SucUir.  C.S.,  in  Ind.  Ant.  111.  187,  and  IV.  iS8. 


(Bombay  OuctttlP 


I^ 


DISTMCrS. 


■in. 

iBopnlaiioK. 

VBMttkd 


JtaAMIU. 


iBiwidtawd 
i>Mwpb. 


not  think  it  worth  liis  while  to  ftpply  to  IliO  cninmitt«!e,  nmloomfor 
bimdlslf  with  aunther  wife.     Ib  aucli  cnaen  iobiuts  t^iiierftUy  gt)  wi| 
their  mother,  and  (p-o»-ii-up  children  reuiaio  with  their  father.    'II 
bory  their  dcnd,  und  oflon  Iny  Ihc  diMX'asod'a  personal  property 
th»  grore  with  him.     'rfa»uyJi  mdetbcy  mn  ao  improvabio  cinw. 

MathtAj'IB.  also  called  F'AKAitiB.'  are  found  in  thfl  north  ,, 
Tak)da,  lu  the  Siitpiida  Bliil  %'i1[uge«,  and  in  the  trans- Narliiida 
state  of  Mathvild  from  which  they  take  their  iiitrm-,  nnd  fttim  which 
tliey~ure~sai3~~to  luiTe  cwmo  to  the  Sitpudas  before  tliu  BriliKli 
oonquest  of  Khtodosh.  Of  ordinary  gtit«,  they  are  geoorally  dark 
with  round  fii««8.  Thwy.  allow  their  hair  to  ktow  hut  nbave  their^ 
bcurdn.  'Jlioufth  at-  home  they  atill  apeak  MathvAdi,  aniixtnr'^ 
of  Gujar&ti  and  liangdi  Neni&di,  with  outsiders  they  talk  in 
biui^agc  which  ntn-nw  U>  Iw  a  mixture  of  Gnjarati,  Noinadi,  _ 
Unlu.  Formerly  they  dreeaed  in  UojarAt  fii.shi«n,  lint  they  havB 
now  taken  to  the  Uhil  loincloth,  langoti,  a  turhan  or  h<4ul- 
kerchief,  rumiil,  antl  a  piece  of  linen  coverinff  the  cheat.  At 
raarria^s  they  wear  nilk-hordereil  vraistclolbs.  ITimr  women  wear 
tim  robe,  »6di.  The  men's  omamenta  are  aniall  silver  earrings  luid 
,  the  women's  tin  rings  and  silver  bracelets.  Brass  noseringH  and 
round  silrcr  luiklcts  aro  nsod  only  by  the  rich.  Their  food  is  rice, 
millet,  ti(i;//i,  ati<i  hhaitli ;  tlio  flesh  of  !"hi-4*p,  doer,  and  hens,  but 
uever  of  bullocks  or  buffaloes.  Husbaudi-y  ia  their  chiof  occupation. 
The  few  non-vitltinitorH  vrnKo  oatUo  and  m-II  f^ss  and  fuel,  and  their 
womvn  gnilier  ehiiroU,  unchanania  latifolia,  nnt«.  Their  houses, 
which  they  share  with  their  cattle  and  change  once  every  thrve 
yew,  are  generally  gnuta  hut«  witli  bamboo  partitions.  The  well- 
to-do  use  bniS8  vcHseln,  but  moat  of  them  havo  only  earthen  pota. 
They  keep  cows,  ^utfaloes,  sheep,  kena,  and  bullooks  for  mIo. 
They  worship  Vdphdev  and  the  liyer  Nnrbada.  They  have  no 
priesto.  Their  chief  fcstiviiis  are  the  thirtieth,  amdiyUya,  of  AthdUh 
(Jyly-Augu.lL),  Shimija  or  Hoii  (March- April),  and  IHtxili  (October), 
when  they  eat  and  drink  freely  and  ^wayti  end  with  a  dance. 
After  the    foriAl  c'etnaud,  mdgni,  Uio  betrothal  of  a  girl  takd^_ 

Klace  generally  at  the  am>  of  twelve,  and  she  in  married  about  n  ye^H 
Iter.     The   bride's  father  gets  JEO   (Rs.  60),  besides  clotbea  aii^" 
ornaments  for  tlie  bHde.     Tliey  hare  tlie  regular  Knnbi  marriage 
cwTcnioniea,  tying  the  knot,   and  joining  luinda  and  walking  round, 
ehavri  fihavri.     There  is  no  officiating  priest.     They  burn  their  dead 
'exaept  young  children  whom  they  bury.     With  the  deceased,  hii| 
clothc«  und   onmmi;nt«   are  coiTied   to  the  burning  ground  wher 
tlte    Mh&r  takes    them  away.     The  decuoMcd's  widow    follows  ht 
husband's  corpse  as  tar   as  the  village    limits.     As  on    inarria^ 
occAsiomi,  cu«t«  people  are  invited  and  liquor  drank.     Though  they 
bare  special   headmen,  mah'tjant,  dinpatca  are  generally  eettlod  by 
some  old  men.     If  the  accused  is  found  guilty,  tJio  punishment  is 
genarally  a  fine  in  tliu  form  of  a  compulBOTy  caste  ejit«rtaiuinent.      ~ 

Qmi^  and  Uogj^,  living  in  Uio  hills  to^the  nortli-west  aboal 
Akram  and  Dbedgaon,  ai-e  despiged  on  acconnt  of  their  skill  in 


ead 

i 

ag^ 
ey 
3y 


1  B«v.  Bcc  308  of  I8S8,  laSL 


hmob.] 


KHANtoESH. 


108 


bi«ket-wearmg  sad  cnltiratioa.  Tliogsh  Ihoy  are  genflnUv  bo 
tlaased,  Ihc  Doi^pia  do  not  l'aU  tlieMg^U-wM  llhilis.  A  poor  ninid 
Hoe  thvy  ■ro  vcrj-  ^<csiitily  clotlied,  and,  nvoiilinjf  olhi-r  ]>tv|))o, 
rn^TsUy  builii  a  uukI  i>f  IuiIn  ud  a  Hsinif  f^iind  about  Iwo  miles 
'  he  Diain  village,  lliey  botil  iu  ptiiut  nf  n'9i)K.-rl(t1iilil  v  » )xi«ition 
,.-a  th(!  Ktinbi  nnd  iLe  ordinary  Bhil.  Willi  uu  aUuulimeub 
lo  any  tnrticular  pW-n  tbcy  movu  (rum  otw  villoRo  to  anotlu-r, 
W  Beldom  leave  the  dialriot.  Sucli  Hkilfol  aillivatore  aru  thoy 
iW  tbo  villnn)  hiiadmoQ,  pdtih,  are  atwaya  auxiuui  to  eDOourage 
Uwa  lo  aortlt!.' 

^itoflfi",'"   ^  Dj(so  Bmij,  living  bolov.  ths  Sfthytidris,  nni  the, 

iii(»t   nDLivLlisedofaU^  tlie  wild  triliet,  Htunrwl  in  biidy  l>y  tht'ir 

''-  ■'l:pu  tlisMolnte  life,  and  dulled  in  mind  by  tiardahipA  and  bilter 

-'■y.     They  aru  wry  dirty  fvodtTS,  I'Atin);  monkeya,  rats,  and  all 

(iiiaij  vermiu,  not  ta  meutiou  catllo  killod  by  tigcm  or  thi'm^i^ilrvM. 

Even  on  f^rand  occaaioDs  their  drasa  is  <^>uly  a  luittrloth,  luifjoti,  aud 

;>  (if  ni^  round  thu  liend.     Th^  always  carry  materiaU  for 

riugfirc,  a  Bint  iiuil  fteel  and  Homu  8ilk<.<ottoD  in  a  small  gourd 

r-jund  the  waiat  by  a  strone  tliiu  ctinl.    Tlu-y  luin:  a  v«try  high 

-  .L  if  thHr  dif^iity  asIUjAsanaK^i^' kith  and  kin.     llie  Koiikanis 

■nd  V'^li!*  art)  not  abovo  helping  aboat  ramp  and  carrying  loads. 

''■  ■  '  be  Bhil  K4itla  never  condcscvud  to  such  work,  fit  only  for  tlifir 

>iB,  and  wBen  they  arc  not  roatinjr  or  idliug,  wander  about 

aiUi  twwn  and  wrrown  in  svarcJi  of  such  small  game  as  peacocks  and 

bares.    Thoroughly  unwilliiig  to  work  thoy  do  very  little  cultivation, 

a&d  live  on  the  share  th(>T  take  of  ibo  har%-oitt«  of  ihcir  «)-<-Jil|pd 

ryot«   tiiLi  Eonkania  and  Vw-lis.    They  hold  the  tigor  sacred  and 

worthin  ViUAdev.* 


Chapter^ 
PopalatioD. 


Besides  these  triben,  which,  in  spite  of  their-  differences,  are 
peoerally  Inrlndcd  nndor  the  term  Bhil,  thiirc  arc  three  mixed 
clasM*.  one  ibe  Ilhi!iilrL'<,  hnlf-Bliih>  mid  hnlf'Kajput«  or  Kuabi», 
aad  two,  Tadvis  and  Ninlhiji,  baif-.MuHiiliiuiii  hnlf-Bhil. 

HtULJlSs,  foand  at  DbanU,  Taij^pnr,  and  Chirmqra,  and  north 
and  wisi'or  KhJindt-ob,  m  Nimiir  and  the  t^^lpnda  hills,  claim  to 
be  Tibile  Knnbis.  But,  nn  ihi-ir  iiamc  shows,  tbcy  uru  gwiicniliy 
Bupp"  portly  of  Bhil  descent.*     They  m-e  small,  sturdy, 

and    "^  n-i.vl.       In     addition  to  the     luiucloth,    langoti,    for 

wiuring  wliicli  arconlinff  to  tht-ir  story  thoy  wore  uioknamod 
BhiUlas,  they  sometimes  wear  a  waisti:l»ih  or  Irousent,  aud  alwaya 
carry  a  long  whit«  sheet  worn  as  an  outer  robe.  Their  turbans, 
ggular  iu  form,  are  geuvmlly  worn  wiih  a  point   lU  front,  and 


1  Aer.  R«c  308  ol  1839.  ISS»  *  Ur.  T.  &  Frr,  Ant.  Coaurvator  of  ForMla. 

~>  la  Cottnl  Ijiilia  Uw  BhUlUa  ar*  halt  ItajpotK,  llie  tkiatt  of  thv  Blub  in  the 
noMoaauuii  imsInKiatall  BbiUlda.  Malciibn'a  CmtnJ  India.  11.  \iX  Tlie 
I UAnilUta,  aa  JiUail  in  the  KailMula  about  aixtyfovr »ilei  north  ot  Ithnikral, 
.J  ■  BhiUla  cbicJ  ttoiwipg  deaomt  frrcn  a  Chi^ka  Hajpat  BfaamUiug  wbo  ia  aud 
b)  baTD  taken  the  iaknd  Itob  a  Uiil  cliirf  io  I  lb&.  'tin  Central  I'rovincs  BUUIaa 
•TV  all  dawaidod  from  allmnnv  u(  fUj|iata  iiith  Bbila  and  take  the  iiatnu  erf  tlia 
Kajliut  dan  to  whivli  tbcy  tnoe  tbdr  oHgiu.  ('«utial  I'Yvviiiuo  (iaBcttovr,  SSa 
Mi. J.  f\Jlaii,  AnriatantCi^kctor,  Khiiwlcali,  liolkvia  tlicnt  tab«"tha  dMctiiiUnU 
M  tine  OMO*  flouri>htu  ooHivatvia  oC  tbe  Hefa  Sdliiuda  ralkya  vho  in  *u«ne  way  got 


104 


DISWtlCTS. 


■irfflS 


Cbiipt«rni.       those  wlio  can  afford  it.  wour  plain  silver  bracelets.     They  «pc 

PopiJ«tiOii.         NinWr   IWt,  »  mixturx!  of    liiniii   oiid    Mnriithi.     They  iiru    liii: 

j,^^^.  Working,  but  iud^tiif  tv>mi  their  pnverty,  unakilhrd  hiisbnndinei 

Tril)««.  ^°    rehgrion   tVy  are  Uindua,  bat  are  not  particular  abont   "' 

Bhltdhu.  presence  or  Hornco  of  a  BnUtman.     They  DRme  their  own  chil<h 

nnd  bavo  no  ptuliculiir  birth  cereinoni4>s.      Tboy  cclcbrnto    tl 

iQarriAgeii  at  sundown,  one  of  the  cuBte  being  set  to  watch.     As  the 

BUD  diawpean  the  wati^hinan  clit{M  his  hnndfi,  and  the  younf^  women 

of  boUi  the  bride  and  bridegroom's  families  fasten  the  bridt.-^r(iom'a 

wai^tctotli  to  the  bride's  gown,  lugda.     Present«  are  miido  and  a 

feast  to  thepoiuA  follows.     The  wt^lding'  costs  each  fauiiJy  from 

*£2  to  £S  <B*.  20'Rft.  5(<).     They  have  no  headman.' 

3Wvi*^  Mi.'3al«Xm  Bhilb   are    of    two    classes.    Tad  vis    and    Nir 

Tadvis  iivn  cfc'iiUy  in  the  villages  at  the  foot  of  Ihc  Siitpiida  hills 
trom  Asirghad  (o  Obopda,^  and  Kirdhis  along  tho  Inxse  of  the 
Siltni«(la  ranjje  in  the  J&mner  and  Pichora  sub-diTtsions.  Tl>e 
Tadvis  are  said  to  be  the  dt!a6cudiinl<«  of  lihil  women*  and  ^lusalmlln 
men,  and  M  dat<>  from  the  Kmperor  Auninf^cb's  reign  (ItioS-1707). 
In  H{>{>earance  they  are  tall  and  well  roadie,  and  when  well  fed,  grow 
into  fine  men.  Many  aro  fairer  and  much  better  featnred  than  pors 
Bhils.  They  wear  earrings  and  many  dres«  like  ordinary  Khandeah 
cnltivatora,  llie  better-to-do  inclining  to  the  kItvm  of  the  Muxalmlin 
aipohi.  They  wear  the  sword  and  niaI<?hlock,  seldom  the  bow, 
Like  other  Khiindetih  Musalni/msi  thiiy  are  liixynnd  poverty -stricken, 
and  dislike  hard  work.  To  the  AiusalniSn  fault  of  liixiue^  they  add 
the  yioee  of  a  qtutrrolvomu  and  vindictive  temper,  and  a  great 
fondnem  for  liqnor.*  They  make  ^ood  itoldieia  and  constables,  but 
are  poor  enltivaturs,  generally  livms  by  wood  and  graiw*  cutting. 
Their  women  ani^ girls  help  by  carrying  loads  of  wood  and  bamboos. 
Their  religions  beliefs,  as  well  n*  their  manners  and  customs,  aro 
like  ihoBe  of  other  Kh&ndtwh  NtuKalmiiuH.  At  the  same  Lime,  like 
wlbiir  H  iiidu  converts,  they  have  a  doi-p  regard  for  cn'rtaio  Hindu 
deities.  Among  theiie  the  AdAvad  Tudvii<  hold  in  reverence  M&iilbai, 
a  godde«.i  in  whose  honour  a  nliriiie  hntt  been  raised,  in  a  deep 
gorge,  near  the  dewrted  village  of  MAnfipur,  about  fir©  milea 
from  Adgfton  in  Ydval.  The  hixi  attends  their  weddings  which 
cost  from  £1  lOt.tofU  (Ra.  Id-Rs.  l&O).  The  village  moneylendcir 
freely  advances  them  fundi*  taking  payment  in  wood  or  money.  All 
are,  in  name,  )fiib<.>nli until  to  lien^diutry  chiefit,  siich  as  Itnhini  Kh&n  o£ 
*    AdgaoQ  tJie  head  of  the  Ad&rad  Tadvis,  Doula  of  Borekheda  the  h    ~ 


I 


'  la  th«  Bativo  «Ut«B  on  the  north-w««t  boanduy  «l  Khiiulab  tlittj  ars 
iadiwbiaai  ud  pe«M«liU  i»m,  tad  u«  tbo  princiuil  cnltivatan.  Mr.  HoM'*  Trla, 

*  Hie  dotail*  are.  to  lb*  1r<ru)e'i  Fntbcr,  tnrbaii  4a..  ibaiddtfctolk  !«.,  rica  Sil,  uid 
[«Mt  «ipniiiK9  frotn  3(h.  tot*  I0>.  (Iti.  15-IU.  U):  to  ilM.liricl«gro<im^   faili«r, 

rm.  (lurfn,  S<..snBl«t4«.,  mkU«m  10*., clothe*  £1,  and  food  oxnauaM  ftiwD  30«^  W 
lOf.  Mr.  J.  PoU<ui.C.a. 
*TlMgrMUrniuiibeTiahabit  the  vilhgw  «t  the  toot  of  th«  SdJptKta  Mil*  in  SinU, 
AiUvkI.wkI  RtTcT.    Mr.  Gibcme,  Collocbir.  b  Rev.  Itoc  :!OS«f  ISSS.  llTiG. 

*  Thon^  thiT  own  that  th«T  «ret«  tnnDorly   niniiua.  tlior  do  not  >ckiio«lMln 
that  th•T4r«^  nr  nvor  intFt,  lUitb.     lUv.  lUc.  SOS  of  19^   1^. 

'  Tbt  Mte  Mii}nr  Fonrth  call*  thoiu  HualMia  Bliil*  aiad  givM  Umb  •  my  bud 
ch»nct«r.    lad.  AatiV.SSS. 


A 


KaANDESU. 


I0& 


' 


ul  tb>:  V<v»l  Taj\-i8,  nnd  Sal&bai  Khin  the  b«ad  of  tliH  Rivw  Twlvu. 

These  cbiefd,  calltn)  kiidn  mkebi'  aot  nmk*  or  cbatidhru,  receive  from 

'"•■■'""■  ■■"'■"■Qtcertainallowan(!Haa»herwdil«ryUill-k«*i»wrs.raiAcn/di»r». 

<o  social  diBpflWa  and  are  appealed  to  iu  all  iniittwn>  of 

I  ly  by  (lie  TV)vi«  ii(  thoir  own  sub-division.     Thoufjfa  a  li(tla 

ivilised  tbaa  the  BliiU,  (lie  Twlvis'  knowledge  i>f  UIao)  may 

'    I  from  Ibe  l»ct  that  the  ^eater  niiinber  da  not  even  know 

..    r'  uHt^  when  an  aiiimal  is  sUugbtered.     As  a  class  they 

vu  muerably  poor,  and  tJiougb  tlieir  fonncr  rubbing  and  plundering 

f^'l"  IwTc  been  slopped,  Uiey  are  stiU  ratber  given  to  theft.' 


-  ^am  M-NlLDi  BniLH,  the  B9«and  Mu^1in£n-Bfail  tiibe,  dw«U^ 

-  the  bane  of  the  8iitmiilis   in    the   JAniiii-r  nnd   Piirhora  mtb-* 

lis.      Distance  alone  preveuta  their  inU'ruiurria^  with  the 

-,  fur  thi>ir  cr«od  and  idean  are  similar.     In  forioer  times  they 

,1,11-1^  flrjuflfl.t      During  sousous  uf  revolt  tlio  most  atrocioos 

invariably  the  work  of  the  Nirdhis.* 


P»rtifularly  anmcroim  in  the  ijftjt  i^pd  aoatb  of  the  district,  tlie 
KoUh  are  a  fine  ntnnly  elaitR,  both  physically  and  montliy.  Tli^ 
generally  hold  the  laferior  ofHces  of  the  viilatfe  police,  Aucb  as  thuae 
at  the  }^<!'ii-r»l  vraf^.'hmnn,  jiglia,  gat«  ward,  tard'i,  sentry  of  the 
villiw^  jKilii-n  Htiuiou,  i'lUxiula,  iind  village  hnvilJdr,  who  ui  tho 
bead  of  the  village  police  under  the  headman,  fxitii,  in  whose 
abeenoe  ]»•  is  respoiiiiiblo  for  order.  Iioss  given  to  crime  th^ 
moot  of  the  early  triV-ji,  they  are  lur  cultivator*  and  often  greiU. 
huDtsmen,  as  slulfut  in  woodcraft  as  the  Ithils,  and  far  cooler  and 
Bteaiiiur.  On  aoconnt  uf  their  sntitllur  number  nnd  lt.>ss  tronblesome 
sr  they  do  pot  attract  n  mV"''  ^t^^"''""  <"  'I'"  RbiU  ' 

fvAoadfo  are  a  pocaliar  race  of  drovers  who  aonietimea  via9(|ha 

rn  foreivts  of  Khandesh,  though  tbatir  prop«-  pastnrea  are  in 

J,,  .lurtli-wut^t  comer  of  Ibu  Dt^-can.   Thoyappoar  to  bo  desocndod 


Chapter  IH. 

Fopslatloii. 

VaaMM 
TntM. 


IS,   thon)^h  often  confoundei^with  them,  hold  themaelven  Koaia 

num,  nnd  miiieriur  U>^    Bhils.     Living  in   the    samo   part 

country  as  tfe^  CJivitii.  thev    rank  below  them,  and  unlike 

have   no  special  dialect.      They    say   that  tUeir  ancestoni 

inally  auae  from  tlii?  Konkan,  and   thiM,  their  name   and  their 

iDce,   which    very   cloaely   rccembiex   that    of  the  Konkan 

(Icars,  bear  oat.'     They  are  more  settled  than  the  TbiikurB,  and 

"ce  thom  (ximtnoDly  use  the  plough.     Thuy  do  not  often  take 

wrviire  or  Ittave  their  vUIageK,  ujid  many  uf  them,  lik«  tho  GivitK, 

illa^je  headmen,  jx'Uih.     Thev  bury  their  dead,  and  in  their 

ry  niise  iiqunru  sinj^lu-stone  pillars,  sometimes  as  much  as  eight 

•ghj , 

iiifve  are  very  few  B^rooai^  in  the  district,  as  ^ho  BhisH  KoIib, 
in  addition  to  their  own  duties  am  water- boa  rent,  liifhcr«,  nnd 
ferrymen,  take  the  fUmuslM'  placo  between  the  settled  and  nnitettied 
triWs.  - 


KAn 


<  Vr.  3.  PoUm.  C.3. 
>  IbA.  Aut.  UI.  IW. 

a4il— 1< 


*  Onh«ni'>  nha  TriW,  Bon.  Oov.  a«L  JbtTI.  SOO. 

•  Ina   Aul.  IV.  xaa.  *  luJ.  Aot.  IT   33«. 


r^aptcr  III. 
Popnlatuo. 

TribM. 
KdnoM*. 


DIS'JIRICTS. 


from  Dravidiao  immi^ranhi,  >iiit  havo  no  traditioti  to  tliut  (effect  nii 
no'Bpecisl  ian^a^.  Mon^civiluted  and  rettpect«ble  Ihiiii  imxtt 
wnndurinff  lu-rdwiieii,  tbey  differ  little  from  Mar^tha  htinlaiudiiteii, 
aud,  i»  porta  of  N^ik,  ljav«  tak«D  onliridy  to  o^ii-ulinro.  They 
have  a  peculiar  bre4)d  of  blavk  and  whiUt  outtlo,  hailnr,  which, 
thouf^h  not  largo,  iu«  much  pmcd  for  their  atreag^th  luid  opirit. 
llioy  wondiip  fCri&hoa,  tho  divinu  hordttoian,  nod  take  good  care  of 


m    tBo    Canlral  Pronn 


M 


<ltMb;  Qonda,    wboeo  hMd-qnttrton  nn 

especially  at  Niiffi^ur,  are  wandering  cowherda  foand  cbit'fly  at  Ch'ilio- 
gaou  in  Uie  soat^-wesb  of  the  diatnct  and  a  few  at  Bhuiwvul.  They 
"are  a  martial  mcu  nnd  miwlo  gOoel  KoldiiTS  under  the  HnsalmaD 
Naw-ilh«  of  Kizttm  Uaidarabad.  They  xpcak  Mar^hi,  at  least  out 
of  doors,  and  do  not  seem  to  keep  any  connection  with  GntidviiDn. 
Tliey  oat  flesh  and  drink  liquor,  and  do  not  t»ke  footl  cooked  bj, 
any  Hindus  but  i)i-&hiiiaus.  In  their  marriage  processions,  tlul  ' 
bride  aud  bridegroom  ride  tm  bollocks  instead  of  ou  horses.  They 
worship  Ntirayan  Kfahildov,  Dhanb^,  DhanthAkur,  IDhangoiiul,  and 
Bhavlini.  In  inciuiring  into  any  alloged  breach  «(  caste  rolea  they 
meet  together,  aad  if  the  offence  is  proved,  the  gnilty  party  has 
to  shave  his  be&rd  and  monstaches.  His  tongue  in  then  branded 
with  n  rod  hot  gold  bar,  and  upon  tli«  brandtxl  part  they  compel 
him  to  lay  a  basil  leaf  wiih  a  lilile  earth  and  clarifiod  butbi^. 
After  going  through  this  ordeal  and  feasting  his  fellow  tribvtunen, 

ha  m  lei  back  ioto  caatc.* ^_ 

rutliMa  ViinXBn,  nnmhering  36^72  souls  and  found  all  over  the  distriMl 


ViiwABra, 
are  of  fen  sub-di^-Jsions,  Ch£ran  or  Gav&r,  M&thure,  IjabhSmi  OF' 
Laiiianc,  I/id,  Khudiiu',  Ldmgho,  Mchnrone,  Bhush&n^*,  Awitkar, 
and  lUvgia.'  0<  these  the  Bfau»hitrt\  Aw>tk«r.  and  Itav^n  ate  not 
fonnd  in  KhAndesb.     Of  tlio  othent  Clulranft  are  foimcl  in  all  the 


sub-diTJsioD 8 ,  M&th nr&s  and  Labhduis  in  Taloda  and  NandurbAr,  IjAds 
ifi  Shirpur,  Dholia,  and  KantlurbAr,  Khtidiln&s  in  Amalner,  L£mgh&9 
in  Dhulia,  nnd  Mohnnm&a  in  Erandol  nnd  Jalgncm.  Though 
ns  a  class  robost  and  well  bnilt,  tlio  several  sub-divisions  diffpr  ia 
complexion,  the  MAthurds  being  generally  fair,  the  Lids,  Mehui-unis, 
nnd  L&inghlis  soniowhnt  duskier,  and  the  ChArans  and  the  I^bhAiids 
dark  and  martial -loo  king.  h&An  and  Liiiiighitit  speak  ^rly  correct 
Idarlitbi,  but  Ch^rans,  LabhAuAs,  and  Mdibut^  use  a  rough 
peculiar  dialect  full  of  Hindi,  and,  in  some  ca»va,  Gujarnti  (ormH. 
Those  who  have  settlod,  or  are  ttottling,  as  huiihandmen,  live  in  the 
ordinary  mud-walled  flat-roofed  houses.  Of  those  who  aro  still 
carrient,  some  of  the  chief  mon  have  good  brick-built  bouses, 
while  the  poor  live  ontaido  of  villages  in  gran  huta  which 


it  (ISW)  tb«w  Ggnda  wmd  to  htn 


'  lad.  Anl  IV.  336. 

*  Nr.  J.    Tolten,  C.  S.     For  tho 
CbtKBgwD.     Mr.  A.  F.  Woodbum,  C.  :% 

*  Vaajiri  iDMiw  k  forest  Wkodcrcr  [mm  mH  [orett  tad  f&nr  to  wander :  ChirMi 
eoBie*  from  U>o  udm  root ;  Gurta  ■  uov'kooiwr  from  gan  a  cow ;  BkniluUe  a  onua 
cuhor  ttom  Mkm  «)uiS>  l^hino  or  l.aailiw  a  uJt  eanua  trom  tavan  salt ;  MltKaro 
ffi'ta  Mathunt  ia  Upper  Indb  vh«nca  tbcy  wida  i  aod  Jdvltumne  from  tbc  village  at. 
If  ahimiiie  now  Jalgwa. 


A 


Dmcu.) 


khAwdesh. 


107 


take  with  them  from  place  ia  nlaca.'    The  staple  articira  of  food 

•ru  wh<ml  nnd  Uil>  two  milldU.     Kxcoat  the  M&thur^  luul  iMhhim&a, 

■"  ■  il.  fle*h  nrnl    <irinlt  Iii[uur.     Tliu   IjiUI  wointin   dnsia   m    Mar&tha 

u  ;  Cbiran   woroea  wear  a  tipht  trooBer,  Ihenga,  aurl  a  rolw, 

'     'ti,  to  cover  the  oppor  pnr(  of  the  body.     They  wear 

I  Ui,    an<l,    likci   Uii;   Millhurii.x,  jin^Iiri^  bnuia  anklotA, 

ti*.     The  Mdihuro,  Latibftoe,  nad  Charan  women  weor  their 

Ir.tpvd  over  a  jKji;  net  ou  the  top  of  their  headn.     Among  the 

.inil  l^ihlinniiis  this  pog  is  made  of  cloth  nnd  is  two  iiniheH 

■  ^^ I)  the  L'bdmu'it  19  frutn  aix  to  uight  inches  loiig  aud  itt  tnndu 

Ahk«  tn  l«^mper,  brave,  pron^,  spiteful,  wiil  loachy,  the  Mfithure" 
lAlihiine  and  Chiinui  VnojiiHs  dilTcr  widely  in  the  miittvr  of  (.'toan- 
liDBBs,  thc^  Matho]-^  b«itig  vurv  itEtal  aud  careful  to  waab  daily,  whila 
1^'  IinhlninnK  nnd  Ch&rans  do  uot  bathe  for  moti(h!i  at  a  tiue- 
/b^onumily  {lenirvfnl  and  well  boh  a  rod,  Iho  wiwdertng  Tnnjtiris 
*if  undtT  police  aurvt;illunco.  Tbei»  cftrryiag  tnide,  unticwl  by 
almoH  nil  Eiiropean  travellers  of  the  lost  three  ceuturie^,'  has  greatly 
goffered  nincB  the  opening  of  cnrt  ruad^  and  milways.  They  used  to 
wrry  liifir  wares  ou  pack  ballooks,  moTiDg,  Boiaotimea  io  bwidK  or 
■  •  *',0OU  strong,  to  Snrat,  Navsari,  and  Kaly&o,  OQ  the  westy 

ai  ir,  N%pDr,  and  J  a  bill  {HI  r,  to  the  north  and  ««st.    Frotn  the 

inlaad  distriits  tlioy  ua^d  ditetly  to  carry  wheat,  and  from  Lho 
KDnkoD,  salt,  dates,  dry  cocoa  kernels,  and  botelnuts.  Though  tlie 
ffreat«r  nninbcr  are  now  settled  as  huslmndmun,  a  few  find  a  living 
by  driving  twrttt,  spinning  coarMO  hemp,  t'uj,  soiling  grass  and  fui'l, 
lud  working  as  labonrerH.  Except  the  poore«it  wnoaell  wood  and 
gnuw,  tlii^ir  women  work  oidy  at  homo  and  in  the  dairy.  They 
mostly  worship  lUlitji  or  Khuudoba.  Their  priet^  are  Bnlbnians. 
They  kec-p  all  the  ordinary  Uindu  holidays,  but  vxpecially  Gokal 
Aiihliimi,  8th  Shrdvan  Fadya  {Angiist- September),  in  honour  of 
Krishna's  birlhdny.  Thongh  uoine  Bub-divisioDs  est  with  each 
other,  intermarriage  i"),  aa  a  rule,  forbidden.  Lids,  KhndAo^, 
and  MidiamniiH  diue  together  but  not  vnth  LnblianA^  and  Char^ns, 
thoagb  tbeso  tsat  out  of  l)ii-ir  Iiands  and  can  give  them  wat«r. 
LfUls,  Khuddnia,  and  MeburutijLi  do  not  eat  with  Lttmghds,  and 
LlimgliM  have  an  Pfjual  objec-tiou  to  cat  with  them.  M/ithiiris  eat 
food  cooked  by  members  of  thvir  own  tribe  only,  aud  soniearo 
bclioved,  like  Uie  Pnrabi^ii,  to  nifuite  to  eat  food  cooked  even  by 
thtiir  own  tribesmen.  At  the  same  time  they  eat  food  oookod  by  thvir  ' 
women,  who  are  privilegod  to  eat  with  all  Vanjiri  Hub-diiisiouii. 

KveiT  sotUement  of  Vaujiiris  ha-t  its  horeditarj-  headman,  iidi'ft. 
Bo    m  bound  to  help  the   rose  in  timv  of  aced,  and  to   be  their 


Chapter  Iti 

Fopnlatiw 

Vnwttled 

TribM. 


'  ThxM  0vn  buta  iro  almyt  moved  ■ftnr  ■  il«sUi.  At  fint  sn  opraing  ii  inMt«  io 
tbt  twdi  of  thfl  hut  Bod  iw«ne  coten  it  bjr  tWonlinuy  door,  u  the  dixit  it  beliuvol 
tn  liBV))  b«aa  poUnlod  hy  Uia  pMwm  n(  the  tfitH  of  Uw  ih&4.  Afterwards  the  kut 
Is  Ballad  d^wD  and  act  up  at  a  littla  diilanM^  *  8m  b«k>w,  \'.  1  tO. 

■  In  1938.  under  lh«  aama  VoD*fini.  ibaj  *r«  aotie«d  \ry  MandeUlu  m  buviiig 
^but  aad  riro  offorvd  tat  ulo  id  tha  Dmcaii  townt  once  s  week,  and  oarryinit.tnnM 
LBinliutia  ia  oatavaiu  of  five  at  uK  aikl  anmatiiBa*  n)n«  or  teu   tlin»Maa  kBlnial*. 
,  Uiom  iTMit  tkcir  fcBuloi,  «ap«cully  tbcir  nivc*  "hn  kmrw  to  ir*ll  Ii(**  to  wield 
I  bow  that  tii«  Kajpuu  dand  not  attack  tbcm,    MtudoUW  to  Uania,  1301 


ni. 

itton. 

TribM. 


108  DisraioTs.  ^^ 

represdutative   and   arbitrator  in  caste  disputos;  to  nccotntn^^^ 
bII^bbU  comin;;  In  hu  e>Kwitii>iii<.<iit,  t/miln  ;   aiid  t<>  din^ct   tbo 
moTamnntH  of  the  caravau  wheu  trarc^lting.     U  the  old  family  has 
representative,  a   fnitih  mftn  of  some  rioh  and  ^ood  fnmily  la  chos 
mtik.     On  vloction  he  ib   pnynnt^d  with  n   turban  nud  olothws 
tolfon  of  allegiance.     At  every  council  meeting,  the  ndik  is  pre«iiiJ 
with  ten  or  twelve  adnit  muw  a»  membera.     Witoeseea   come 
r^nlar  ordvr  and  f^vn  thoir  evidvnoe  ooo  «ftvr  anotbor.     Once  thuj 
have  itat,  the  paneh  uwer  rise  without  Doming  to  ft  final  deciaion»  , 
ereo  if  it  be  at  tlis  xncrifico  u(  thi>ir  rcf^ular  work.  fl| 

There  iiia  bo  littlu  doubt  thnt  Che  VnnjinM  will,  in  time,  mvrnii  i9 
*Uio  general  mass  of  cultiraton.  Alreod;  one  of  them  is  a  village 
headman  in  Jamnc-r.  Theycat,  if  theydoQot  marrf,  withKunbi§,  and 
even  Cbin»n  wunum  arc  iilr<!iidy,  in  some  raro  instantx-n,  K-friiming 
lo  lay  a.iide  thciir  picUireaque  dresa  audaKHamo  the  ordinary  Kuubi 
robe.  Careful  in  matt«r8  of  aocotmts,  of  simple  habits,  and  of  a 
BBvinff  di«p'}r<ii(ion,  thoy  promiso  to  become  a  wualfhy  cIims  of 
onltivutorii,  and  when  they  loae  (heir  Kiniiigi)  lieliefs  about  witchcr^^ 
and  death,  they  will  provo  a  tractable  and  uneful  Ceoaotrj.  ^| 

Amon^  wondering  ViinjAris,  children  aro  often  bom  away  from 
rillagC)-,  and  in  the  absence  of  midwivea,  womttn  attrnd  women  and 
no  oereinouies  are  performed.  Afterward?,  when  thi>  enravan,  tantla, 
meets  a  Brahman,  a  i?utincil  ih  r»ll<-d.  THk  lime  of  the  child's  birth  is 
explained  to  tlie  Itr^bman  and  he  fis6.s  the  name,  iho  f.ilhvr  paying; 
him  2«.  (Ke-  I)  and  the  oommittoo  giving  him  6d.  (l  antias),  or  some 
other  prci*ont.  Among  ttottlc!  families,  when  a  child  is  bom,  they 
bent  drtim!<,  Gre  guns,  and  distribute  sngar  among  roliitiotm,  frli^nds, 
BhittM,  and  prieats.  On  the  fifth  day  women  worshiji  Sali  aud  uro 
given  a  few  grain^and  some  pnlHoand  flowers. 

Among  Chiiraiifl  Muthnni«i  and  Labh&ulU  who  are  of  TJpj 
Indian  origin,  girlo  remain  unmarried  to  twenty  and  thirty; 
winoug  Uecc&D  Vanj&ris  the  marriageable  limit  in  for  girls  from 
ten  to  twelve  anrl  for  boy-t  from  twelve  to  twenty.  On  marriage 
oo-nsions,  two  days  before  the  ceremony,  the  boy  and  girl  are 
nibbed  tvith  tnrmuHc.  On  the  marriage  day,  with  music  playing, 
they  aro  smtod  aidu  by  sidt,  on  low  wooden  iitooln,  the  girl  on 
the  boy'it  left,  and  the  hems  of  their  garmenta  are  tied.  Ttie 
priest  repeats  verses,  and  the  women  ra  botb  hooitra  sing  souga 
and  sprinltlo  handfiiln  of  mPlet,  jvdri,  on  the  conple'a  brads,  the 
ffprifmony  cloning  with  the  interchange  of  clothes.  On  the  morning 
of  the  second  day  the  boy  and  the  girl  aro  bathed  together,  the 
women  standing  roiiml  them  siuging  t«ong«  whilv  thw  boy  and  girl 
■plaah  water  over  each  other.  After  this  the  fatliers  intrtrc^hango 
preeenta  of  turbnns  and  waistclotbit.  On  tho  third  day  there  is 
gri^t  fnuitiug,  and  if  ib^  pri<>«l  is  pi-eaeut,  hu  ia  pelted  with  onions 
nud  shells,  kavdU.  Another  feast  closes  the  ceremony.  Tho  boy's 
father  retmntB  to  his  village  taking  with  him  the  girl  aind  her  sister. 
They  stay  for  a  day  or  two  aud  are  then  sent  far  by  their  father, 
with  whom  tbo  bndo  lives  till  she  cornea  of  ago.  Except  Aliltbuiii! 
and  LabhinAs  all  allow  widuw  niarrin;je. 

When  a  \'unjiri  dies,  a  white  cloth  u  spread  oa  a  bamboo 


tire  , 
bat. 


I 


Iteecku.) 


KHANDESIT. 


100 


tad  the  body  ia  brtmfcltt  frotn  tfau  hoiiitu  nn<l  laid  on  it,  nnd 
rxc:i';rt  tbnt  the  bead  is  left  bare,  it  in  covered  with  a  wkito  nheeC 
lietl  with  ntrinff  ia  five  places  from  the  neck  downwards. 
iled  powder,  iiuldl,  is  «prinkk-d  ovit  the  Wlj,  and,  ou  tho 
KTs  nf  ftmr  i^lntioti-t,  il  ia  tiamed  to  the  biink  uf  tho 
t  i^tn^am  nud  borut  without  reli^ous  ritos.'  On  the  third  day, 
four  |)»ll-boaivrs  nm  given  n  dinnurof  ri<'e»nd  milk,  a  ceremony 
^erfonned.and  a  featit  i»  held  cnnting  about  14)<.  (Ita,  M.  For  oina 
iiy»  nfter  death  the  nearest  relations  are  considered  impure  and 
iireuiit  nllowod  to  mix  with  other  people.  On  tbe  tenth  day  th«y 
the  and  ^ve  a  taiHte  foMat  with  flvKh  and  li<)Hor.  Iti  tlio  firat 
"  Tch)  or  Vaiahdkk  (May),  after  the  death,  a  caste  feas> 
.  but  nut  nlwaye,  fpvon.  Except  that  kunku  instead  of 
.  nuklcd  OD  tbtr  lH>dy,  Ihi'  (dminilof  awonmn  in  Ibu  sameM 
1  il  of  a  man.     When  a  iliild  die^.tbe  b-ady  ia  wrsipped  in  a 

dean  white,  c  luth,  and  carried  by  the  father  in  his  arms  and  boned. 


The  available  detailx  of  Vanjiri  divinionn  miiy  bo  thun  Huranmd 
:_yp-  „ab^QU  Vnrjiiris,  about  one-half  (lS,OiiO)  of  the  wbtile  VaajiSri 
~  ,   anil   in  many  ways  the  moat  peculiar  and    intertwtiog 

.1  Crit>eft,  itre  found  nil  over  tlie  district,  i>(ipeoiall]f  in  nnrt« 
f  itarer,  Stlvda,  J^mner,  Shirpur,  Chopda,  and  JIaeirabad.  ilioy 
~  m  to  be  Rajputs  and  art^  divided  into  Poriirs,  Chavh&ns, 
a,  and  JniUuirK,  who  eat  together  and  intermarry.  Thoae 
in  Sivda  aud  ChoixU,  n)iin)|(  the  base  of  the  S&tpud&i, 
bolnnirlo  lheCbav)ian,  It^ibud, and  Povfir  dons.  The  Chavbins  have 
six  Kiib-divini'inK,  Pnltya,  KorcJi,  Lovua,  Banod,  Alodh,  nud  Sap&ral, 
■11  foond  ill  Khaiidi-ih.  The  lUthod^  have  i'lgUt  Hub-divinionH,  of 
which  >(ix,  Bukia,  Kiliit,  Muua,  Vat,  Vartia,  and  Turi  arc  found  in 
Kh&iidesh.  And  Ihu  Foviirs  have  twelve,  of  wliij^b  neveu,  (iuramD, 
LoQs^vad,  Vuihravat,  Am^t,  Vahiot,  Jarrtbola,  and  Viniarvat, 
■re  found  in  Khiindesb.  These  intermurry  and  cat  togetlivr,  llK)Utfb, 
as  nmoDK  Rajputitj  no  marriage  tn  (lie  aame  clan  is  alluwcd,  that 
is  a  HfLthod  may  marry  a  Chavhiln  or  a  Povdr,  bat  may  oot  man^ 
a  Kathod, 

Ohiriin  VaiijArif  may,  for  wnvenience,  bo  dividod  into  those  who 
keep  to  their  old  trade  ot  i-arritTs,  luid  those  who  have  begun  to 
aetlle  as  huxbandmen.  In  appearance  they  are  strong,  well  mad^ 
and  ^ toil. looking.  The  men  tuke  a  epocial  pride  in  their  looks. 
Mid  (ri'uendly  t-irry  n  sraiill  oumb  iiinl  l'itikiii)|r  iftass  in  the  folds 
of  their  white  luriians.  Tliey  wear  the  hair  long,  and  are  hirer- 
akincil  than  th^Bhil  or  the  ordinary  Kunbi.  Thoy  have,  as  a  role, 
regular  and  while  teeth,  full  Itpvi,  l»r^  eyea,  ^r  hair  between 
brown  and  yellow,  strai);bt  noaca,  and  a  bright  wide-awako  look, 
llietr  women,  though  some  are  pretty  enough,  are  by  no  means 
cleanly.  Thi>y  never  botho  more  thnft  once  a  week,  and  their 
oiletl  and  plaited  hair  i«  coustnnlly  titled  with  dirt  and  dust,  while 
the  tiers  of  bracelets  and  anklet«  keep  tlieai  from  eleiuiiuo;  their 
limbs.  Their  pettieoata  are  aeldom  washed  and  look  much  like  a 
well- worn  quilt. 


Chapter! 
FopnlaCieB. 

UatoUlod 

TriUo. 


'  AMong  CMnai  Iht  body  ia  bnnit  or  bnriod  with  Iba  Uoe  dotm. 


•  ■--_i 


IBomtojr  Qautt 


110 


DISTWCTS. 


l^tBrnt. 

^pDptilAtion. 

UiuettM 

Tnb«L 

Ctutntnt. 


trg« 

I 


Ctillrun  V»njtlrui  Bpeak  wlint  in  locally  known  aa  Vanjdri  bat, 
mixkure  of  Mar&thi  and  Uindw  Jealous  to  a  iegKo,  paBntonnto  am 
headetroDg,  thoy    mro    u  Ughl-hwirri-d    rnex\   HimpU'-mindiKl     an^ 
eswily  iiittniigi.x].     Tliey  nbt^j'  their  chief  liku  children.     Kxtremot 
credulous  awd  superstitions,  they  beJiovo  that  all  minfortnnes,  cvi 
tbe  sligfateet,  are  the  work  of  witvlH;^.     Tboy  arv  fond  of  danci 
and  siof^ng  and  hajLfaaiiy  pocaltar  war  dances.     They  like  iiothi 
b»lt«r  ihun  li.4teoil9%  son^  and  tnnaic,  and  their  women,  at  tim< 
join  with  the  men  in  a   wtlil  whirliDg  daiicw.     A»  a  rtilv  tht^y  ai  _ 
not  macli  (fiven  lo  lying  and  have  pood  menioriea.  They  tell  a  atory 
naturally  and    weU,    pi'viuf!^  the   minntoet  detail.     Though   foud  of 
4iqnor  they  seldom  drinkV)  iiKCt^tts.      Like  Ktmliii*  lliry  iifNind   larg« 
Guiiie  on  niamiigi»  and  other  festivals.     Uut  especially  in  Amain 
and  Erandol,  they  haT«,  aa  a  rqlV)  a  naa^for  being  gr««dy  and  to 
oE  driving  bard  burgainDu 

Except  that'  tlKj    wenr  tlio  long-pointed   HindnstJini  Hhnp  anj 
ttHnte  turban  act  janntily    a  little  on   one  aide  and   penerailj 
EaKteci  witu  a  strip  of  rvd  cloth'Vonnd  across  it,  and  that  thf^; 
are  very    fond  of  omiunen)!*,  the   Nilika   wcuring  bmcelvta,  gol 
cliainfl,  eMringii,  armlelii,  and  finger  ringw,  the  inim's  dr«tt»  does  no 
differ  from  that  otioioet  lower  class  Uindus.     The  women's  tight 
fitting  bodice  an^1k>ng  foil  potticoiil,  their  BJlvct  ornaments  plaitW 
into  the  hair  and    falling  over  the  cbeek,  their  huge  i<ilvcr  anklelH 
with  iangliug   bells,  and  the   tiers    Of    brass   and    ivory    bracelets 
Btrotcning  froin  thij  wrLtt  alinoxt  to  the  arm-pit,  uro  strang*  in  ^^ 
ManStlia  couDJljby.     But  more  strange  than  4lieir  ornaments  ta  tb^^ 
iashion  among  married  and   nawidowed  women  of  drawing  thei^B 
flltoalder  robe  ovur  Uio  point  of  a  narrow  stick  about  eight  inches 
long,  cnp-nha]>od  inhere  it  roata  on  the  head  and  narrow  at  the  jioint 
standing,  like  a  huge  comb,  from  the  knot  of  bair  at  the  liack  of  tl: 
head,     jiie  mnk  of  the  womna  is  said  to  be  shewn  by  the  angle  . 
which  she  wears  thicJc  atick. 

Pack-carrying  Ch&rans  bay  cattle  in  Mtilwa  and  lako  them  t^| 
sell  in  Poona  and  S&tdra.  They  titay  there  during  the  raina,  ao^^ 
about  October,  novo  to  MAlwa,  where  tbey  buy  cuttle  and  load  their 
bullocks  chieflv  with  vrhont.  ^Iiia  they  carry  to  the  Dec«an  where 
th«y  Mill  it  fvnii  such  cattle  aa  they  h«To  for  sale.  Then  they  go  to 
the  coa«t  and  bring  back  loads  of  salt.  They  move  with  ponies, 
bullocks,  cows,  and  dogi",  the  whole  procession  being  called  a  Itimla. 
*  Thoy  occnsionuUy  halt  at  one  or  two  places  when  travelling  with 
loaded  cnlile.  In  the  rainy  aeaaon  they  buIR  huts,  kudi 
encamping  on  aomo  dry  spot  where  there  is'fbod  graxing,  T 
hnvu  groat  nkill  in  driving  caltlu,  four  men  managing  a  bund 
bullocKs.  1'hey  say  that  by  their  slkDula  tlK'y  can  make  the  buDoc 
charge  and  overrun  a  tig«  or  amBsU  body  of  men.  WTien  they 
halt  they  surround  their  cajSp  with  a  pile  of  sacks,  mn.<(kct- proof  ivnd 
too  high  for  a  horse  to  jump.  Of  late,  in  consequence  of  the  decay 
of  the  carrying  trade  under  cart  and  railwity  competition,  many 
Ch&ran  Vanjiiris  have  taken  to  husbandry.  Tbey  make  excellent 
cultivators.  They  clear  brushwood  in  a  wonderfully  short  time,  bum 
the  useless  wood  as  uunore,  use  powerful  ploughs,  and  thoroughly 


nea 
>at 


with 
IrcS 


DtOCMLl 


kiiAndesh. 


Ill 


break  tlie  soil.  Many  are  ricb  and  till  lartre  tractH  of  laud  uobikly 
in  RitVf.T,  Jnniner,  Oiojxln,  i^ntl  Shirpyr.  It  is  more  than  pi-ntttble 
Uuit  iluriojf  till-  riiiiis  tUny  ttlwiiys  tilled  i  littlu  whenever  their 
enc&inpiuent  hapjttm^d  to  be  near  waste  land,  lliey  Ibox  tooh  to 
hnabAndry  niitur.tlly,  thougli  they  felt  it  aomeWjiat  dognulinfj, 
kurin^  Alwaya  mn^idored  tii(MiiitcU'(*4  itlwru  niatiiuil  labour.  By 
"  I    thoir  chiefs  found  that  till^e  pai<t   b«tli>r   limn  cnttlo- 

•»nd  (^D-carryin^,  and  bef{»t  bo  settle  aaLintlholders.  Soma 
iu  lUver,  S&vda,  and  Sbirpur,  uro  nlmoet  outiroly  peopled 

The  marrying  age  depenidfl  on  the  parents'  nn«anH.    In  a  rich 

Ennily  th«  suDJi  aro  marriod  bvtwMin  twelve  and  fifteen  and  tbtf" 

daug^tcTii  bntwiN^n  t«n  and  lifteeu.'  Aiiioiif^  the  poor,  girls  sometimea 

remain  unmarried  till  thiriyMtd  boys tlH  forty.  Wlicnnmiin  can  afford 

ta  pay  for  his  son's  marnnge,  hl'i  nL-arest  ^yelatioas  fiud  him  a  n-ifo, 

bKtri)ib»l,  m-iyni,  fiiUnvfn ;  ihn  Iwy'u  falhor  wid  other  relationH 

ig  on  ponios  and  bullocks  to  the  girl'a  houxo.   On  arrival  (he 

'a  bthpr  oumos  to  meet  them,  and  embracing  the  boy'ii  fatliar, 

him  into  his  houHe  and  seata  biiti  on  a  blanket  or  carpet.     Tlio 

ceremonies  are  the  promise  of  the  father  to  give  hia«d»ught«r 

marriage,  and  tho  dUtribitlioii  of  molattaca,  tatel)  and  liquor  to 

llui    wholo  unciunpmeut, '/i»'/a.     The  betrothal  irVitniTSHvd  by  the 

caste  committ(>e.     The  fathers  of  the  bride  and  bridegroom  uliaru  (ho 

betrothal  enpeuses,  which  generally  amount  to  £•)  (Ks.  50).     In  tlie 

Chopda  and   HAvda  S^tuudiL^  tho  fixed  price  of  a  wife  is  £12  lOt. 

~ii.  IS.'i],  and    the    boaegroom   mnv     givu  moro  ^fat   not    less. 

itrotha)  is  binding  on  both  parties.  ^.The  marriage  may  tn\to  place  a 

inth  after  tlte  betrothal,  but  for  want  of  money,  it  is  often  delayed 

for  ycorx.     1'hu    britle'a  father   ia    expected  to  jfive   her  eiiongfa 

olotkoK   and   ornantenta   to   laat   hor  tor  life.    For  the  marriage, 

(he  boy  and  his  father,  with   n^lationa  and  h'ionds,  atart  fi)r  the 

girl's  village,  riding  on  {tonioH  or  walking,  for  carts  are  forhiddcii. 

On  arrival  thoy  art-  given  aeparate  todgmgs,  with,  in  front  of  then?, 

H  booth  covered  with  mango  and   nimh  boughs.     Marriages  take 

place  at  or  near  midnight.     The  ceremony  is  itimplo,     The  presence 

of  a  Bniltman,  muidly  the  ivitrologer  or  the  beredifar^'  priest  of  the 

nearest  vili-tge,  in  essential.    'IVo  Acacia  cat«chu,  kner,  posts  ore 

fixed   in  the  ground,  and  at  each  comer  of  a  Hquaru  nine  earthen 

pot«  are  piled  one  on  the  other.    The  nine  pots  probably  reurcwat 

the  niu4;  plaouts,   nuvu'jraha.     Near  the  posts  ttit  the   briae  and   • 

bridegroom,  wh<%-jHBt  before,  have  been   rubtwd  with  tarmeric  ana 

bathed.     Then  the  Bi^ninii  worships  (iaupati,  joins  the  hauda  of 

the  p<n'r,  and  tiuH  the  niot,  in  the  aame  wny  ^  ut  a  Kanbi  wedding, 

except  thnL  H  rupee,  given  by  the  brido'it  father,  ia  lied  to  the  knot. 

Then,  between  tlio  points,  the   Ut^^an  Iv^ta  the  sacred  fire,  and 

mntlering  some  naci-ed  verses,  manfrag,  teads  the  pair  seven  times 

rounil  tho  lire  from  right  to  loft.     Thiti  endif  the  nujitial  curemunies, 

the  Brdhman  being  paid  2s.  t'ul.    (Ktt.  1{).    A  feast  to  the  whole 

encampment,    Idnda,    with    plenty    of    liquor,    Collowa,   and   the 


Chapter  IU. 

Pi^nlattoa. 

UnwAUwl 

TribM. 


'  Ago  doc*  not  matter.    CaM*  m  nut  rorv  wImu  a  wile  ia  oliteir  Ibu  b«t  baifaaml. 


IBomb«7  Ouettcer. 


FopnlfetioiL 

DnMtUod 
Tribv. 

CUraat. 


Ldiit. 


\\i 


DISTBICTS. 


le^^ 


liridcgrmoTO  ^TMja  wiUt  the  bride  to  lier  fnthor's  booM  and  stays  tbi 
frov  two  jnoDths  to  a  year.      , 

Widow  marriage  is  allowed  and  practised,  thoir  rule  bcinj^  that,  if 
t)iC)'  can  bvlp  it,  no  woman  should  leave  a  ^miiy  into  wbich  sho  h<L 
nuirried.     When  a  woman  b<*<Tome8  a  widow  her  btisibnnd's  youngS 
brother  takes  her  to  wife.     'J1ie  caste  cooocil  meeta  and  the  fact  ™ 
ootod,  but  DO  ccr(>inoDtfS  »r»  nooe«Miry.     If  tho  voungur  brother  itt 
dead,  t>r  n.-fiiHi.'H  to  take  her,  the  next  neansat  male  relative  ih  callajta 
on  to  marry  her.     They  a4:kuowU-dfre  all  llindu  gods  and  believe  ^| 
witchcraft.  Thry  have  no  regtilur  priiist^,  tint  ihiiV  n^jijKxrt  »ud  LimHaH 
Bhagats,  and  employ  Br«hiuans  toconduct  their  religions  ceremonioal 
yrhcHigh.  as  a  class,  they  fiavv  sufFcrud  from  the  docay  of  ibvir  atllin^ 
aBcarri«ni,  many  of  ibcwi  are  pni^tK'ruuii  trjidors.  fv^iiio  of  tho  leadem 
have  been  most  auoce»afuI  in  dealing  itt'oattle,  trading  in  grain,  and 
carrying.     The  poorer  families,  when  tbair  fi«td  work  is  over,  brini; 
wood  and  liatnbooa  from  ihu  hills. 


Itjjl"),  "'■"  probably  came  up  the  Tnjiti  from  sonlh  Gujarit,  are 
ftmnd  in  large  nombeii  in  Nandnrbir,  Uhulia,  and  Shirpur.'  Liko 
KunbiH  in  appuaranc«,  thoy  xpcnk  ^fa^filhi  and  drv»t  in  Mar&thi 
fashion.  'Mitd  in  diHpneiition,  ihcy  aro  moHtly  Im.tbandmen  and  cart 
driverc,  and  afew  have,  for  the  last  tifti^en  years,  taken  to  selling  dried 
fisb.  Though  none  do  so  in  KhAodcsh,  many  Litds  hold  pAtil^liipH 
in  the  Deccan.  Thoy  worship  all  Hindu  god»,  but  oapeci.illy 
Khandobain  whose  bonoar  aGondhal  danco  is  oft<^n  performed  in 
discharge  vt  a  vow  or  after  tho  comph-tion  of  ii  marriage.  On  the  daj 
after  UoH  thej  carry  in  [imoessiou  tlie  desceniftnt  o£  a  L^  warrior  wl 
fellinbattle.  TheceremonyiBcaJledlbe warriorji-ifippoceiwion.  Th( 
keep  the  ordinary  Mantthi  fiiHtx,  and  rvspoct  BrlUintnnii  calling  ibet 
on  marriage  occj^jpns.  Their  religious  teachent  arw  (los&via.  Thej 
marry  only  amongthomsclvesandhitvea  rale  against  tho  intermarria^ 
of  two  families  who  have  ihesame  guruame.  Their  girls  inntit 
married  Iwforo  thoy  niK-h  wf.niiinlnxHl  or  ihey  are  pul  <ja%  of  v*»t 
UB  the  wedding  day,  two  niarriwl  coiipiea,  one  forettch  party,  bareJ 
fact  tho  wholw  tiay,  and  at  night  cook  four  pounds  of  nco  and  thfl 
of  aplit  gram  with  raolasiM^  iiud  uluritied  butter.  While  cookini 
thoy  ooTPf  their  laves  with  a  cloth,  as  the  tonch  of  ntoain  from  thf 
dish  is  thought  to  bode  bad  fortnntt  to  the  couple.  Wlicn  cooked,  the 
dish  in  eatru  by  Iho  meq  of  the  party,  and  anything  that  reinaioa 
muet  either  be  eaten  by  cowa  or  tlirown  into  a  river.  To  allow  a 
stranger,  or  the  son  of  a  slave,  to  rfiare ,  is  a  great  ain  bringing  a 
liaavy  cnrwe  on  the  family.  Thi»  is  calfedThe  vroru^toV^hi  J>aivat 
or  lie  god  of  increase.  If  Va4ki  Datval  ia  not  worshippod,  tho 
wedded  pair  are  looked  down  on  by  the  whole  commnuity.  Widoj 
marriage  in  Ihe  (iandharva  form  Ls  allowed.'  Alter  death, mourn' 
goes  on  for  ten  days  and  ^neral  eeremoni«<s  aro  performed  on 
eleveutli  or  tlurtecDtb.     The  authority  of  their  headman  who   livcN 


I  T1«N  1*  B  loal   InrfitioB   Ibkt  th«y  «iiiiw   In   KtULadoli   fro*  th«  Mutbeni 
&b^idii«,  Bih>^>,  »1ioat  100  rMn  ago  nartlr  (or  trad*,  ptutl}-  1««*i«pa  a  tuuiiM, 

Vftuit  uiid  till  K«ahtu,  tbalr  mdm  poiati  to  LU  or 


Bat  like  lb«  Ud  wil  Uilukka 
Ut  D«ah.    Sm  abortv  p.  97. 


'  See  abora.  p.  73. 


A 


DkoulI 


khAndesd. 


118 


in  the  Bilegb&t  rangfo,  in  the  Nixim's  dominions  to  the  so<itb>eaflt 
of  Ahmodnagar,  ia  merely  nomiiiiii,  his  power  Ikiio^  chiefly 
rocogoised  hy  the  pftytnBnts  mada  to  him  or  his  agents  by  tho 
caaie.  Social  diaputeif  ore  HUtllcd  by  tho  nuijorily  ot  votes  at  a 
luetitin^  of  adtdt  niale  memberti. 

t.«lili.<nv  Tuid  MitthoTB  VanjftriB,  found  in  Talods  and  Nacdorb^r, 
have  come  Eroiii  ITppiT  Iiidin.  Thoy  are  gonorallj  fair  and  stoat, 
speak  a  peculiar  dialect,  aud  do  not  «at  aoipial  food.  Their  heiartlu 
arc;  Rieru  hoopa  of  vowilunff  cakea  or  other  fuel.  VThile  at  their 
tneala  they  are  very  careful  to  kut'p  fire  barniug  in  their  hMu-thn,  and 
eat  nc  more  if,  by  any  chance,  the  fire  goes  oat.  They  eat  wiUi  no 
other  tribe  of  VntijAris.  Both  MiUhur&a  and  LubhiiDis  wear  the  sacred* 
thread,  worship  lUIijt,  and  celebrate  Kriuhna'a  birthday,  thj)  Qok(U 
ilaAtomt  holiday,  wiln  f^at  rejoicinga  aad  public dioners.  Their 
pnest*  are  Bnitmians  and  tbuir  religious  tMcheni  VaMgis.  Their 
widows  are  not  allowed  to  marry,  but  though  their  bracolott, 
cknddg,  are  broken,  their  heads  are  not  shaved.  For  nearly  a  yoar 
after  her  hoaband'it  death,  tho  MAtharc  widow,  boforo  tlw  uvuniog 
meal,  with  her  dish  in  front  of  her,  mounu  the  losa  of  her  huabaaa 
for  aliout  au  hour. 

Mmgh^  living  ia  Dhnlia,  Kjj^^jtmi*  in  Aiiuilner,  and  MehunnKJa 
in  ^rumlol  and  Jalgaon,  are  like  one  anotlier  in  many  respects.  Like 
Udfl  ih^'y  all  marry  their  widows  in  Gtandharva  form.  Tho  widow's 
father  formerly  look  from £4  to  A6  (R».  W-H*  60),  but  of  late  he 
has  raised  his  demand  to  from  £10  to  £20  (Ra.  100 -Rs.  200). 
Except  at  tlie  Qondhal  leatival  in  honour  of  Rhandoba,  thi>y  nover 
eat  meat.  Their  roligioua  guides  uro  G<K*iLviti  ur  M^ubhiivs.  They 
all  mourn  for  ten  days  after  a  death,  and  pi^rCunu  funerHl 
oeremoniea  on  the  elvrenlh.  Kbudlijids  and  Me^ruuds  dino  witli 
one  amrtheTj  bat  not  with  Leimglidji^ 


VXnonn,  a  low  wandering  tribe,  commonly  hnoters  and  gnarer*, 
are  found  all  over  Ehdndcsh,  cspucially  in  tho  Amalner  and  Erandol 
sob-divisions.  Ttwy  aro  of  two  oIas»e«,  Pirdhis  proper  and  Phis 
Piirdhi«i.  Pirdhis  pnipiT,  known  as  Gujariti  and  MarAthi  PArdhis, 
are  found  in  most  large  villages.  Though  some  aru  t<till  fond  of 
hunting  and  poaching  and  have  not  got  rid  of  their  turn  for  tliieving, 
many  have  taken  to  labour,  somu  fretting  stones  for  grinding  grain, 
and  some,  especially  in  Amalnor,  proving  snccoasful  cultivators. 
Othera  act  as  village  watchmen,  i'i'jU''ni,  especially  in  JSmner, 
Amalner,  and  Knuidol.  The  Pliis  Pdrdhi,  a  wandoring  hunter,  •« 
noarly  always  isggod  and  dirty,  walking  with  a  sneaking  gait.  He 
wanders  all  over  the  district,  iiegai,  and  eats  whatvvcr  ae  can  find. 
He  will  eat  food  cooked  by  a  PSi-dhi  proper,  though  tho  latter  will 
not  eat  with  him.  They  wander  from  place  Co  place  in  bands  of  one, 
and  sometimes  of  five  or  six  £arailies.  1^  man  with  the  nets  and 
bsskots  is  followed  by  the  women  carrying  the  rope  aad  wood  of  tba 
cota  and  tho  t)amboo  fntmework  of  the  mat-huts,  and  the  children  with 
earthenware  pots  and  pans  or  a  brass  drinking  poL  Occasionally  there 
is  a  bullock,  or  more  often  a  buSalo,  loaded  with  tattered  blankots, 
baaketa,  bamboo  sticks,  and  extra  neta  and  mats.  Though  they 
Kimotimca  tret  millstones,  their  osual  calltog  is  to  catch  pig  and 
•  411-lS 


Oiaptsrllt, 

FopuUtioa. 

UsmOM 
Tabm 


TBombay  QuetUOTd 


apt«rin. 
tepnUtion. 

Tribo*. 


FAnilu: 


LmOmt 


lU 


DI&']%ICTS. 


d«cr  by  m«uia  of  a  looped  rope  featonixl  witli  rnnnini^f  nooses 
guW    This  ihey  \ny  »lon^  tho«gT«untl,  fastened  with  jwk*!  ^I'l  (''*'< 
drivo  tho  ftiiimaltt  towards  it,     ITieir  plan  for  calciiiiiff  ({uaiU  snc 
rairlridffeB  is  much  the  samo  on  a  smalltir  dcade.    Aitor  imitatinff  than 
call   of    partrid^cfl,  thoy  pLiice  on  the  ground  a  rook-liko  Iwrnhoo 
mil  about  four  iuchea  high.     Thia  rail,  or  frainv,hiu  npright  pieces 
of  bamboo  fastened  in  it,  nbout  four  incheit  apart,  like  s  paling. 
Betwoon  the  piilvs  in  u  running  noose  of  horse  htur.   In  trying  to  |wis 
biytwveD  tbi3  pales  the  bird  ia  caught  in  tlio  noose  by  the  liBad^ 
neck,  or  foot.     Anotlior  plan  ih  to  throw  the  net  over  a  hedge,  a 
troo,  or  a  well,  and  anare  all  benenib  it. 


'  Vadam,  a  wandering  tribo  from  the  souUi  Deccan,  are  tonnd 
cbiorty  in  CliAlisgwni,  Kmiidol,  au<1  the  oentral  sob^diriHrnns.  Thoy 
ore  divided  into  HhojAs,  BhcndiSf  Manna,  and  Krili*.'  The  last 
three  divisions  oat  tugrllior  and  int«miariy.  Stjwng,  dark,  and 
with  regular  features,  their  home  tongu^is  Te)agn.  and  thi-y  live 
generally  in  cano  huts  in  tho  outskirts  of  vitingos.  'Fheir  dresa  ta 
liko  thiit  of  low  caitto  HimhiH,  their  women  wearing  a  mbe  with  nu 
bodice,  and  round  their  wriata  brass  or  silver  bangles.  They 
eat  millet,  vogotsbtot',  fish,  fowlv,  goat*,  and  mt«,  and  drink  liquor. 
Hanlworkiug,  thrifty,  and  hospitable,  they  sell  charcoal  and 
oement,  prepare  the  comb  which  Koshtis  and  S41is  wm  to  Kcporate 
tbothrends  inweaving,  cut  atones,  do  cftrtfc  work,  ilrjve  carta,  kill 
nts,  and  beg.  They  worship  all  Uindu  deities.  They  nse  Briihmana 
aa  priests  and  consnlt  them  as  to  their  children's  names-  Thvy 
have  ot'rtain  ^tocial  oiTonionios  at  l>otrothal,  jnibi'rty,  and  marriage. 
They  choose  a  headman,  obey  him  in  all  social  matters,  and  leave 
bim  to  aottJe  social  disputes.  None  of  thuir  children  go  to  »chool, 
and  none  of  them  have  riwn  to  wealth  or  position. 

Leather  Workers  are  of  three  main  diviriooa,  Dohoris, 
Chibnbhitr«,  and  Mocfais,  with  a  totnl  iHrtngth  of  I3,87o  suiiIk, 
^DoHOBis,  found  in  all  parts  of  the  district,  but  nbiefly  in  Uhnlia, 
Piirohi,  DharonMon,  Amalner,  Shiihiida,  and  Taloda,  include  four 
anb-di visions,  MarAtlm,  Jdtuva,  J&ngada,  and  Ahin-Ar,  who  nvithtir 
many  nor  ent  togother.  Among  them  the  Mardtha  Dohoris  hold 
a  specially  high  piucu.  TtioJaluvas.Jdn^^iis,  and  Ahirvirs appear 
to  he  foreign  immifj^rants,  fianlr-'hi^,  mid  thvrv  in  a  tradition  that 
thuy  came  from  Bundelkhand.  The  AJiirv^ra  make  leather  jars 
for  clarilted  butter,  and  oobblti  old  bIiook.  Mocuis  make  all  kinds 
OMnaMrt.  -  pf  shoes,  boots,  and  other  leather  artideM.  CHAHitR.iRs  have 
e^hr  Kub-divisions,  Mar^tha,  Kitthi,  MitrvAdi,  Purbhai,  D&bhoU, 
Uijsslm^n,  MAaa,  and  Pardeshi.  The  MariithiU  are  of  two  cUeeos, 
Dukhunis  and  HarAlbhaktae,  of  whom  the  latter  hold  a  specially 
high  place.  I'he  village  Ch^mbhAra  preparu  native  shoes  and 
(he  luathoT  wnter  bag,  mot.  Though  at  preheat  the  Dohoris  and 
Ch&mbhfira  prepare  bIodb  n«  well  aa  sew  leather,  the  Chdmbh&is 
declM^  that  fifty  years  ago  they  uBod  uiily  to  «ew  shoos  fi-om  skins 
prepared  by  Dnhoi-is,     They  chiefly  worship  Man&i  and  call  thoir 

■  Ad'ording  tootlm  wcouiita,  Vndu* ue  of. (our  (tlviiiotia,  Vidnn  proper inolndtM 
BhBDilia,  Bhuj&i.  Kalb,  and  M*niw  )  Utdia  or  w«U  buUd«n  i  JitU  or  MiU  nuk«n  ; 
ud  HUtit  «r  well  dignvn. 


1 


Itoccaa.) 


KDANOESH. 


lU 


prieat  Bh^t.  This  Bhitt  is  a  Cluiiubb&r  and  o«t«  with  tfaem 
khougli  tbe^  do  Dot  eat  witli  hiiu*  His  part  id  tbo  •  marrtii^ 
ceremonies  is  to  beat  the  dmin  and  repeat  holy  vitrscs,  aud  bo  is 
geDerally  paid  5*.  {R»,  2  «*.  8)  for  his  services.  Miirnugc  cuatoina 
nntoDK  ChflmbhArsaQd  Dohorisaro  ftomcn-hiit  ptx-oliar.  (ibniTitllj 
no  BnihinnD  utUiDds,  but  villaRe  Br^unaua,  atttrulo^TrH.and  beggar 
Brihrnana  help  tbu  (lli4nibliiir  by  iJxiu^  the  luarria^o  <luy  nod 
tolling  thu  hour.  Thouvb  tboy  dctiy  it,  Ihvri)  can  be  little  doubt 
th<i  Bnibnuui  receivee   soni«  pay  for  bin    tiomcos,    and  is 


that 


out-of-tbe-way  rillagitis:,  it  is  prubiiblf  tliat  the  BnthmaD  would,  for 
a  consideration,  attend  a  CiidmbliAr'i*  wi>ddinf;.  The  tnarnam 
curiitnony  UKUidly  takes  place  in  ike  monii%.  Tho  hnsl^und  of  tb^ 
bridegroom's  stMter,  ur  Itis  putumul  uncle,  acts  as  boatman,  and 
tflkes  a  leadioff  part  in  tbe  centinouie^.  \N1iea  ho,  as  he  usually 
dooM,  bas  tied  the  knot,  the  married  pair  ri.se  and  walk  seven  times 
round  »  |»iat,  usually  of  Boswollia  thiirifera,  galai,  wood,  aet  up  in 
thp  middle  of  tbe  marriage  shed  utid  Murixmnded  n-ilb  twenty-one 
earthen  pots,  maticas,  A  son's  marriage  ooMi*  about  £10  and  a 
daughtei^.4  uothing.  Tliey  Iniry  tbe  nnmarried,  bum  tbe  married, 
and  monm  for  three  day».  Death  expcusoM  uinoitnt  to  from  £1  &i. 
U»JE2  (Rs.  I4-R«.  20).  Widows  marry,  but  not  with  the  honoum 
of  a  fimt  weddiug.  It  w  a  favour  conferred  on  tho  widow,  and  her 
father  pays  all  chargea.     The  catite  hag  a  committoo,  pantk,  to  settle 


^pressed  or  Tmpiire  Castes  number,  besides  the  Chimbhira, 
six  classes,  with  astrfiigtln.(7'.',.'j2l  R')ulKortt;J2  per  centof  tbe  whole 
Hindu  population.  Of  these  tJtt,ti2ti  were  Mbini,  scarengets ;  10,067 
MAup,  Iwtlier  dreHSers,  indndin)^  27-^  Bh)irot4ts  Dr'DcnlA6,tfaieve8  ; 
447  Boruds,  basketmahera;  iJ8l  KitlkiUlU ;  and  one  E'arT&ri  MbAbs 
Are  said  to  be  of  tho  following  twi^lvo  and  »  Uttlf  cast«s :  Soma, 
LAdhaii,  Andhon,  Tilvan,  Kochrya,  Bikmya,  Bunkar,  Uoblr,  Balhi, 
Konkanya  from  the  south,  Khar»e.  Oond  from  N4gpnr,  and  GoptUs. 
All  of  thceo  8tib-divi:fion»  art-  known  in  Khiimliuli,  but  the  bonft 
is  niueli  the  largest.  GondU,  the  ludf-tvuite,  are  iMImr  itHiH'tioH  who  are 
fount)  in  the  Brandol  sao-diviaion.  They  arc  said  to  take  their  name 
from  serving  at  a  shrine  at  Domigirhan  on  tho  Qodilvari  near 
Kaygoon  Tlmke  in  the  Nixttni's  territory.  They  wear  a  neckbico 
of  sheep's  hair  and  wander  about  begging,  clashing  little  cymbsls, 
and  invoking  blussingv-  llioy  do  nut  eitt  bread  preparod  by 
Mhdrs,  but  iJiey  take  wheat  flour  and  other  alms  from  Mli&^  and  , 
make  their  own  bread,  llie  communoHt.  Mh&r  snmumes  are  Ltid&T 
and  Surytt.  The  first  four  sub-divixiima  eat  togelher  bot  do  oot 
intermarry.  They  vary  much  in  appearance,  and  when  not  suffering 
from  hereditary  or  oGber  disease,  am  well  made  and  mtisctdar.  Liku 
the  Knnbis  they  speak  a  Ktuindeidii  diab'^t,  a  kind  of  aborteucd 
Uar&thi.'   Theyliavenepvoialformof  greeting,inBloadof  'taldm'  or 


Bmuui. 

M^U'Ttn. 

UUL 

Wtnea  have  rmMOwt 
Wlilttaf  u«  T<™  fins  > 

Kcikon  UU. 

KMbE  jltM. 

KdhMhnll  DDt. 

Chapter  in. 
PopolatiML. 

LMUtiBr 
Wurkcn. 

(MaMdn.  ' 


DaprMBBd 


IBomba;  Oawtt 


116 


DIS-nUCTS. 


(waptor  in.       'ratn  rdvt*  Buying 'johdr'^  to  astran^n^,  and  to  each  other,  namasttt 
Popalatioa.        or  •  1  borf  to  yoa.'   Though  Itfty,  uuthrifty,  mid  fond  nf  plRatuiro  and 
PrpriMcd  drink,   they  are  trusty   viUag»   aervantd,  fairly  free    from   crime, 

CtMMB.  int«Uigunt)  quick,  and  kecQ  observers.    Tbevilla^Mh^  Hwoopa  tho 

Mkdn.  village  stroi^,  avIh  as  giiido  and  measeng^r,  and  carrios  off  dead 

cattle.     Other  Mlidra  earn  their  living  aa  laboarera  or  busbandinen, 
chanting  TnkitrlUn'B  verscB,  ftd  Bulling  fuel  and  grass.     They  make  , 
nxcvlk-ut  milvDiy  gang  Inliitun^ra  aiid  liftTo  gained  almost  a  oionopgHI 
of  the  unskilled  railway  labour  Aarket.  ^| 

Tbey  livo  ont«idu  of  tho  Tillago,  a  few  in  houses  of  the  better  class, 
but  moat  in  ihatohed  ahe^a,jAo2uf(itf.  The  houRes  have wallsof  unbunit 
*  brick  and  mud  with  only  a  ground  floor,  a  email  front  verandah, 
and  tho  initidu  di^-idcd,  according  to  tho  sixo  of  tho  family,  by  one  op 
more  partitions.  Each  family  has  aa  many  metal  cups  as  there  are 
tnumlwrs ;  ono  or  more  earth,  wood,  or  me^  water  jugs  and  cooking 

Gt«,  and  a  wooden  or  nwt«\  liidio,  a  stone  ciirry  Biab  and  roller,  a 
ndmill,  and  a  large  knife  for  outtirig  vogt^tables,  and  a  col  or  two 
with  a  blanket  or  patchwork  covering.  Their  food  ie  millvt  broad, 
carry,  curds,  iv  mixture  of  garlic  onioiiB  and  chillies,  veg<'tablefl,  fish, 
and  the  Qe»h  of  goatii  and  doiul  uctttlo.  Ca»to  ^linnorfi  are  given  at 
births,  betrothals,  marriages,  and  doatha,  and  when  a  man  who  has 
brokun  unv  of  their  ikkiiu  mlvs  i»  received  book  into  oaHte.  Theea 
dinneni,  generally  cooked  by  their  women,  consist  of  rice,  wheat- 
bread,  spht-pals^  one  or  two  vegetables,  and  a  dish  of  milk  and  augar. 
The  dinner  in  serred  on  bcIl-mot<l  plntos,  belonging  either  to  the 
boat  or  to  his  caste -fellows.  They  dine  without  taking  off  Ihoir 
impor  garmonts,  and  four  or  five  cat  from  the  eamo  plate.  Children 
dine  with  the  men,  and  women  and  grown  girln  when  the  men  have 
finiabed.  At  their  caste  feasts  tbey  uoe  neither  flesh  nor  liquor,  and 
except  at  funeral  feasts,  end  with  music.  The  men  wear  a  waistband, 
waistcloth,  turban  and  coat,  and  the  wornvn  a  robe  and  budice.' 
The  children  of  the  well.to-do  are  murriod  before  ibey  grow  up.  But 
in  moHt  ciusiua  want  of  money  forces  them  to  pot  off  marriage  till 
the  girl  is  from  Conrteen  to  ai.vtoi,'n  mid  the  boy  from  eighteen  to 
twenty.  Polygamy  and  widow  marriage  are  allowed  and  practised. 
A  yoonger  brother  may  marry  hi»  t^lder  broUier'3  widow,  but  thei 
appear  to  be  no  traoea  of  polyandry. 


1 


nTion  a  marriage  is  arranged  the  boy's  £athcr  auks  a  Gosiivi,  fihd 
or  SfUlliu  of  liLH  own  cante  to  &x  llie  lucky  day  liud  hour.     This  hQ 
generally  does  after  consulting  a  Brdhman.'    Before  the  roarriagoMd 

■  /oMr  oMnu  from  tha  Suukrit  ToddJ^rak,  ricton.  It  U  th«  nnul  BhrivAk  or 
Jaio  erMtini(. 

■  N«u  th«  nil<iroy  Mici  in  lufo  toxma,  Uinre  la  no  ptcvlianlT  in  tb«  pment  drem 
of  Uie  HhAra.  Ii>  out^f-lbe-vfty  Tillage  Uio  MUr  ia  readily  known  by  hJi  long 
Btipk.  Utt«r«d  tarbaii.KDddirtjrcloUioa. 

*  TfjUuDaU-iSm  that  tlitfy  aver  tetc  part  (n  a  MhiU  w»iiling.  And  Moorallf  aU 
the  hdji  theyciv*  u  ttuit  thoy  aillow  a  UUr  to  look  on  at  a  KiiiiU  wvdilniK  and  tail 
their  Qiru  Mhjr  pricat  when  lh«  Brikman  haa  clap|)«d  hb  liacda.  In  aoino  (if  tbo 
largei  towna  Brihrnaiw  are  aald  Monatiiiin  to  he  amci1uy«d  by  Mbtni  to  pre  tham 
tha  ngnai  for  the  hicky  nnment.  But  llify  do  thia  aumliug  at  a  diatanon 
aod  naver  inti  with  the  p«oplo  o«  t«)i«  an  airtiYa  part  in  t)>a  cRramony.  Abont 
Rrifanaa  pn«ata  tho  Imtli  aMini  to  be  that  in  t)i«  ninr«  civ  ilia  ivl  (<.wTia  iticyilii  niiejid 
Uicw  w«ddiayi,bmia  ranot^  TiUxgea  ooly  Uu  SUbuoi  Bhit,  htnuoli  a  il\>At,  atlenda, 


DmcmlI 


KHAltDESn. 


117 


dinner,  nalloci  gadcujner,  \»  f^ven  either  to  the  boy  or  to  the  girt  and 
their  relatione  and  friends.  Then  qDmos  tho  tfli-moric  cerenwny, 
whon  turmeric  ia  mixed  witli  water  and  rubbed  on  tho  boy's  body, 
and  K4>mo  of  it  is  t^ikun  t^i  ihu  ^t  by  a  party  of  the  boy's  relationn, 
who,  at  the  same  time,  make  her  a  present  of  vli>thc«  and  omamenta. 
Ruth  at  tho  hofi  and  girl's  houses,  booths  are  built,  and  at  tho 
ffirl'a  house  an  altar  \*  rained.  mOa  tiie  marriago  day,  an 
Hour  or  two  before  the  time  fixed,  which  ta  alwayii  sunset, 
tho  boy,  ridiDir  on  horsoback  ^h  a  marriage  ornament  tied 
to  hia  turban,  gov^^,  with  musio  and  a  company  of  bionda  both 
mon  and  women,  to  Mfiruti'a  t«mple.  He  \»  loDowed  by  hijs  sister 
carrying  a  walor  jar  with  five  copper  'coiite  in  it.  Meanwhile  thtt 
girl's  parents  and  relations,  going  with  music  to  lh«  same  temple, 
present  tbe  boy  with  a  turban  and  waistcloth,  and  bring  him  in 
proceeeion  to  the  girl's  house.  On  reaching  the  bouse,  either  k 
coooanut  or  a  ptooeof  broad  is  wared  round  his  hvad,  and  thrown  away. 
Then  the  boy  and  girl  are  mndo  to  Kit  in  btuket«  vuntaining  Hoe, 
betolnuts,  pan  leaves,  and  red  and  yellow  powder,  with  a  cloth 
between  them.  McMmwhilo  tbo  Albar  priest,  or  if  one  has  been 
bribed  to  help,  the  Br^tnan,  tttauding  at  a  distanoe,  mutters  texts 
and  watches  tho  sinking  son.  As  he  watches,  the  brntket  is 
twisted  round  five  times,  and  as  bo  claps  his  hand  to  show  that  Uio 
moment  haa  come,  the  baskets  are  turned  a  sixth  lime,  ihu  cloth  is 
snatched  a^ide,  and  tbe  bride  and  bridegmom  tlirow  garlands  round 
4»ch  other's  uocks.  Bet<>lnut  aud  Icavosare  handed  round  among  tho 
men,  ami  twrra«ric  and  nxA  powder,  kunktt,  among  tho  women.  At 
the  sacred  fire  lighted  by  the  priest  in  the  c^iiilre  of  Ihc  booth,  tho 
boy  and  girl  offer  sesamuin  seed,  ricv,  and  clarifiod  bnttor,  and  after 
walking  three  or  four  times  round  the  fire,  present  the  priest  with 
money  and  metal  pots  or  othur  gifts.  Then  tbe  boy  and  girl  are 
seated  on  the  altar,  and  the  laps  of  five  married  women  are  filled  with 
wheat,  rice,  five  diy  dates,  and  an  equal  number  of  betelnuts,  and  the 
boy's  and  piH's  right  wrists  are  bonnd  by  yellow  strings  with  piecen 
of  turmiTie  fiv«leii<?d  to  them.  Next  they  are  taken  to  Marnti's 
temple,  aud  on  reium  to  the  girl's  honse,  at  the  booth  door  an 
oart  hen  pot  tilled  with  water  and  floating  mangolcaves  is  waved  roond 
their  fact-s  and  wich  guest  dropM  oiio  copper  coin  into  the  water  pot, 
and  waving  another  round  the  faces  of  tbo  con  pie,  gives  it  to  the 
mnsicians.  These  coppora  nro  then  equally  divided  among  the 
bridegroom,  the  prie«l,  and  Uie  musioiaas.  Next  day  the  girl's  ^ 
mother  lakes  baskets  of  sweetmeats  and  split'palse  to  the  boy's 
housA,  aud  after  washing  hi»  mother's  feet,  pn^scnts  her  with  the 
basket*.  Next  comes  a  ceremony  caWeAphiMhami',  when  the  girl 
is  given  clothes  and  ornaments,  and  her  lap  is  filled  with  wheat  or 
rice  grains, a  piece  of  coooH  komot,drydate«,nlmond8,  and  botclnuts, 
the  mother  and  relations  exchanging    presents    of  ckiCbes.     Tbo 


Oiapter  lU. 

PopulatioB. 

DcproMd 
CLmm. 

JU&dn.      < 


As  mimU    tlio  otdinur  tnatmant   ti  MUn  by  BnUnnMu,  Ur.    Poltui  write*, 
•  A  BrkhnuB  clerk  will  uot  ■•«  *  Mh&r  touch  IiU  ovt,  nor  will  be  Ulu  •  pipor  or 
anilhiiifl  fron  tlio  lunil*  of  *  llUr.     Tbo  Mhilr  Uir»ini  ly  toff  tt«  p>pt:rdii»n  uid    / 
Utaduikpioki  imp-    So,  in  rMiiniiiig  ■  iiajiur,   Ui«   OtOmta  Rla^  it  towards  Uia  A 
Mbit,  bvl  dot>  not  hud  it  Imk&  toUai,' 


asi 


[Bomhky  Oai 


DmnmeA 
JUMn. 


118 


DISTRICTS. 


»nlP 


boy**  mot)i«r  luid  hor  njlatioiut  And  frinn<laare  then,  vitii  rauiito  si 
clolJtea  apread  for  tbem  to  walk  on,  takon  in  procoesiou  to  tlic  girl'a 
faonse.  On  rciacliinff  tlio  houi^  the  boy  unii  f^rl  aru  mlilKtd  with  ail 
and  batbud  in  wurtn  wuUtr,  umiuiiiig  thonirtelvea  hy  squirting  walw_ 
at  each  otbor.  If  tb»  girl's  &ther  can  a&ord  it,  g'lass  b&n^es 
put  round  the  women's  wrist«.  During  this  timv,  till  tlw  rutiu 
procpB»ion,  tho  boy  and  girl  luniuio  tlicuiselTBS  by  biting  pivcoH 
betvlDUt  or  cocoa  kernel  from  between  each  othvr's  teeth,  by  hnntii 
for  A  betelnut  hid  in  vach  olhur't  ctutlivs,  and  by  funding  each  otln 
While  tho  boy  is  at  hi3  botiae  the  giH'a  father  gives  two  dinnor8  t^ 
guiA4ts,caate  fellows,  and  tvlutious.  Bilhoron  thr  third  or  fonrth  diiy 
•after  mnrringtr,  llio  bridi^nnd  bridi'gi'uinn  are  Keatod  on  a  borHO,  and 
wilh  Groworks,  mnaic,  and  a  large  body  of  friends,  are  takvn  to  the 
boy's  house.  Koxt  day  the  boy's  father  ffires  a  dinnor,  tho  yellow 
tbnmds  itro  btkou  from  tha  wriKLt  and  tieiMCH  of  the  boy  njid  girl,  and 
Ibcy  tire  again  bathed.  The  ordinary  marriage  expenses'  in  a  poor 
fomilvrarr,  in  tht)  case  of  a  bov.froni  £2  10«.  bo£IO  (Rs.2f>-Rs.  lOOk 
and  in  tho  c»»b  of  a  girl  from'fl  lOo.  to  £2  (Kit.  15  -  Ra.  20}.  la| 
well-Lo-do  family  the  expense  is  nearly  half  as  much  again. 

When  a  member  of  the  family  is  at  the  point  of  death,  the  heil 

S've  alms  in  the  nnmo  of  tho  dying  porson,  and  when  lifo  is  goi 
<i  iKHly  i»  laid  on  a  blanket  or  a  pieco  of  nlotb,  wiuthed,  and  pla 
^thor  ou  a  bamboo  bior  or  in  a  sling.     The  thumbs  are  tied  with  a 
p'ece  of  silvor  wirw  ovor  tho  brwi.it,  rolut.ions  pour  a  littlo  water  into 
th«  nionili,  and  tho  wife  or  husband  drops,  wiib  the  water,  one  or 
more  false  p«»ris.'    Tho  boily  in  thtn  carried  to  tho  burjHng  ground, 
laid  in  tlio  grave  with  the  ctolhes  on,  and  earth  thrown  ov(!r  it,  'irsb^ 
by  the  chief  mourner  and   afterwards  by  the  rest  of  the  eompauni 
When  tho  grave  is  filled,  tho  cbiof  monmer,  with  an  earthen  wataff 
pot  on  his  shoiildltr,  wivIkH  round  it  three  times.  Ikfaking  a  «iimll  hole 
m  the  pot  with  a  stone,  the  water  trtcklQa  out,  and  witen  the  pot  is 
empty,  he  daslies  it  on  the  ground,  calls  aloud,  aiid  returns  home. 
From  Uiree  tu  teii  days  the  mmirning  family  is  impure.   On  the  third 
day  the  grave  is  Iwollod,  and  on  the  tenth,  Uie  cbiot  mourner  with 
a  priest,  relationa,  and  friends,  giving  lo  (ho  river's  bank,  has  bia 
head  and  monstuchcfl  shaved,  and   after  batbiug,  offors  rice,  doagl; 
bulls,  and  oaken  to  tlie  sjiirit  of  tlm  cK^ud.     Then,  placiug  some  call 
for  the  crows,  he  throws  those  otfered  to  tho  dead  niati'ii  spirit  iut 
the    river,    and  returning   home,  feasts  hia  relations    and    caste 
,  follows,  and    in    presentod  by  them  with  n  now  turban.     Death 
eVpeniiea  varv,  in  a  poor  family,  fi-om  £1  t<i  £1  10«,  (Us.  10-Ra.  15)^ 
and  among  the  woll-to<do  from  £2  10*.  to  £5  (Ha.  25 -Ra.  SO).         ~ 

Mh&rs  keep  tho  r«gnlar  Hindu  fasts  and  feasts.     Their  favonriJ 
doitii.«  arc  Vilhuba,  Khandoba,  Mhasoba,  Bhalroba,  and   Aibbav^i, 


ma 

'^ 

intP 
Bte 
«lh 

J 


'  TIm  dDl«ll«  an*  :  datliM   R*.  SO,  two  Uisnan  Ri.  2i,  drink  Rb.  6a     Mr.   J. 
Pollou.  0.  S. 

*  Ho  «<i»lnm  vaiita  in  dllfiMBt  piMM.     TTi*  Mhln  of  Pa3dlii  my  that  at  Ibc  time 
o(  itmoriitg  tb<i  AfA  bchly  ii(  a  uiAnicJ  luaa  truiu  tlio  lioaM  Hit   nUiifnt  put  mtn 
luK  Baath  juda  loaf  villi  s^i4il  timl  nriibwifa'sneL'kUcv.  AtthegnrcUic  dccna 
In«Ul«r  or  KUi  wuU  Um  «ad  at  hi*  torbut  uil  drops  a  littlo  wat«r  on  Um  da*d 


KnANDEsn. 


Ill) 


whose  imti^s  they  keep  in  theip  houeos  fttui  wrmdiip.  It<,>s)d«« 
these  they  wonliip  siiakeB  and  Um  spifits  of  the  dead.  Thi-y  bhvo 
on  ffpeoial  places  of  pil^m»^,  vitiitin^  ^11  Hindu  HhriacK,  Ik'nai-os 
iBcluded.  In  m>mt  OMes  MhAr  Sddbua  luivo  Ix-oii  w<inihi|)}M'd  by 
olbiT  Hiiiduit.  Their  priests  arc  Gosivis,  Sddbus,  and  Thiikui-a 
or  Bb&t8.  T1h3  SftdhiiD  orw  Jlliiln*,  wlio  Iikto  bwn  inilistod  by 
other  Uoif^vtH  or  VuiriL^iii,  and  wbo  have  devoted  theni»elTe8  to 
a  religiooa  life,  chieHy  to  the  worship  of  Vithoba.  The  Thikurs 
are  called  Mhflr  TltAknrH,  and  are  prvbnhty  Bhfilii  who  hare  br-cn 
def^nulcd  by  mixiuK  amonj;  Mhiirs.  Their  form  of  ^^reeting  ia 
different  from  the  llb^r*,  enyitig  '  ram  rAm '  to  wwth  other  nnd 
*hrahn>a*  to  stmntri>rii.  Ui-Midea  officiating Oi  their  pHeiit,  thti  TbAkiira 
•CtAM  tbo  Mhfirfl'  banker.  ITe  eats  from  a  Mb£r,  but  no  Mhjlrwill 
fiat  with  him.  To  csrapo  from  lliu  iinpteivi<»iiliii,-:«8  of  their  po^ittoa 
as  an  '  impure '  cImk,  some  Mhiirn  dre^m  like  devotem  and  pn.«i  aa 
QotAvh  or  as  MnsalmiiD  lie^^rs.  But  as  a  dIosh  they  aocopt  tJicir 
podition,  live  by  thomitelvca,  and  nro  citreftit  not  to  touch,  or  cv(mi 
tn  out-of-tlie-way  parts  not  to  allow  their  shadow  to  taXl  on  a  high 
oasle  Uiuda. 

1n  cnch  group  of  Tillairea  there  ia  a  chief  &tbAr  hiradnuui,  who  in 
Jauuier  is  called  jiaderfar  and  in  the  south  wnehetur.  The  office 
is,  as  a  nUe,  horodittiry.  The  most  »cni<iible  luid  worthy  of  (ho 
sons  is  ohoiKCu  in  the  room  of  hia  &tber.  Failing  sons  some  other 
member  of  the  family,  and  failinff  the  bmilyi  an  ont^sider  is  chosen. 
Caete  disp«t*i»  ar«  Delllcd  by  tho  mnn  of  the  viilw^i  with,  or  without, 
the  help  of  the  headman.  The  offt-uces  puntshiHi  by  t^xpitlitioii  am, 
the  ^iluro  to  pve  c«flte  dinners,  diuiui;  and  smoking  with  one 
of  lower  ciuttv  Kiich  aa  a  Hiing,  and  aduitory  or  iMnt'tibinsj^.  Men 
haTfi  games  of  chance  sach  as  drafts  n'ith  shells  and  canls,  boya 
play  marbles  with  wood  or  stone  bullets,  and  girS  luivo  tboir  dolls. 
Men  imwliito  athletics  sodi  as  prostrations  and  club  ezercusos. 
They  have  no  profcssioniil  JMters  or  story  tollers.  Thvy  arc  fond  of 
masic,  plnying  a  onc-»tringi^l  instrument  tunlune,  a  lute  vina,  S 
tambourine  da/,  and  a  smiill  druin  dM. 

Of  lata  bi-tw(.<en  liuidhoidnrs  and  viltago  Mh/Lrs  complaints  and 
foods  have  gn>wii  very  common.  I'heir  hnrvt^t  grain  doloH,  which 
nsed  to  vary  from  fonr  to  forty  pounds  from  every  hnabandman,  have 
l>e«n  lusst-noil  or  withheld,  and  tn  some  vilhiges  Khaofips  have  Ik-vd 
cnllod  U>  do  iheir  work.  But  as  a  nile  Ihejia  diaputefi  are  sottJcd  in 
the  Mb^r's  favour.  Tho  railway  has  done  much  for  tho  Mbfirs.  * 
Thoy  mako  excellent  gangmi!ii,  and  Komo  of  them,  ^theriitg  (Nijiital 
as  petty  oontractors  and  m on ny tenders,  show  much  indepeudiiuce, 
and  manage  their  business  withottt  the  holp  of  any  high  caste  clerks. 
Of  tote,  too,  they  have  begun  to  send  their  boys  to  school.* 

MiNQS,  foand  in  small  numbersall  over  the  district,  belong  to  three 
cl&Mes,  the  tocnl  Murjtha  Mfings  who  have  settled  in  tho  district  for 
generations  and  ilo  not  eat  with  the  other  clftHH<-!i ;  Miing  Gilmdts, 
wanderers  and  dealers  in  buffaloes ;  and  Ddk&lrili-  Mdngs,  beggan. 


(ai«pt«rIC 

Fopolatioa- 

'  Dayrwnd 
Omuim. 


iTdflfH. 


>  A  Uliti  mIumI  «t  Yivnl  hM  tliirt}-  f  ujiUi,  aiid  unther  hM  bora  Utdy  optnod  u 
BhoMlvsL 


IBomlwr  Oitzet 


pt«r  ni. 

•  PopnUtion. 

DoDNMcd 

Ma  »iji. 


120 


DISTRICTS. 


1 


The  G^nidifl  sbaTa  and  clcnft  bnfhiocfl ;  tliey  beg  and  wsod 
abcMtt  but  uover  «|k;ii<]  tii<>i{  mouey.  The  D^ktUvi&ra  are  M^iu^ 
beggars  takiug  aluia  from  their  own  caste  only.  Tho  repiilar 
district  M^ngB  are  gvncraDy  dnrk  uud  Dtronglj  made,  ptuwioimtv, 
rcrenfFoful,  rudo,  nn<]  greatly  feanMl  aa  soroeretv.  They  apeak  a 
Kb&»deali  dixlect  like  Mhdra  and  Ktmbis.  Sturdy  and  fit  for  hard 
work,  thoQgh  truBtnrorthy  villugo  itorvantfl  and  not  addicted  lu  crime, 
they  uro,  as  »  clnett,  Inxy,  unthrifty,  and  fond  of  pleasure  and  drink. 
Some  who  hare  recently  comit  from  the  SitmAlds,  csltod  tho  Ghjit 
Ullngs,  make  ropw  of  coir,  twine,  and  leather,  and  the  Khindeiili 
or  &UingM  proper,  with  the  help  of  their  wives,  make  bamboo 
•baskets,  tent  screens,  and  ropes.  They  are  nlao  villngv  watchnwn, 
giiidpi>i  luid  niuMicitiTi»,  MungHtvra,  acnveugera,  and  hangmen.  Tho 
proudcat  moraeut  of  a  Ming's  life  is  said  to  be  when  he  hangs  a 
Mh&r,  the  hereditary  rivals  and  enemies  of  his  tribe.  I'boy  live 
ontaido  of  villogeii,  •  few  in  bouwa  of  tho  better  olaaa,  but  must  in 
thatched  huts.  Their  food  is  millet  bread,  cnrry  curds,  vegetables, 
fiah,  the  Rcsh  of  goats,  sheep,  dead  cattle,  and  except  those  who 
keep  au  iiitage  of  Khandoba  or  Devi  in  their  houses,  pork.  ChmIo 
dinners  are  given  at  births,  betrothals,  marriages,  and  deaths,  and 
whi-n  a  man  who  has  broken  one  of  Ihftir  .toeiitl  nilus  is  received 
back  into  caste.  At  their  caste  feasts  they  use  neither  lleiih  nor 
liquor,  and,  except  at  funemi  feasts,  end  with  music.  The  children 
of  the  well-to-do  are  married  before  they  grow  up  with  lite  same 
rit«8  aa  the  Mhdrs.  On  the  eveuing  of  va&  nmrriage  day,  the 
Mitngs  generally,  at  a  respectful  distance,  attendaKonbior  M&rv&Ii 
weddiivg,  and  at  mindown,  n.t  koou  a^  the  Brithman  clap»  his  hands, 
they  tie  the  knot.  Tho  marriage  is  generally  performed  by 
Hang  SidhuB  each  of  whom  has  a  group,  of  from  twelve  to  thirty 
viUiigi>»  to  wander  ov(<r.  The  Sdtliiu'a  preaenoo  is  noi  eaaential. 
In  his  absence  the  beadntan,  meketar,  who  must  be  present  nt  all 
weddings,  and  if  not  he,  Home  member  of  the  marriage  party 
^>erforms  the  marriage.  Polygamy  and  widow  nuirriage  are  allowed 
and  practised.     They  gonernlly  bury  their  dead. 

Their  favourite  deitiott,  all  of  Minn  n^d  stones,  and  their  fasts  and 
feastH  are  tho  same  as  those  of  the  MbArs,  and  liko  MhiG-s,  their 
prieiits,  (losAvis,  Htiiii«,  and  S^lms,  fix  their  children's  namaii,'  toll 
the  IucIq'  day  and  hour  for  marriage,  and  |ierform  the  ceremony 
with  ParAnic  verses.  Like  the  MhflrB  they  have  headmen  called 
mehetart.  The  offences  punished  by  expulsion  from  caste  are  tho 
failure  to  give  caste  dinners,  the  dining  and  anuiking  with  a  DAkilv&r 
or  Oirudi  iiiug,  a  Vador,  or  (t  PhAs  Pirdhi,  adultery,  and  killing  a 
cow.* 

Some  few  MAngs,  who  have  driven  a  suceetuifnl  trado  in  boffaloes, 
are  well-to-do;  but  the  majority  are  poor  and  obliged  to  hibonr 
constttntly   for   their  daily  bread.      They  arc  much  looked  down 


■  Tb«  tUUec  BrlhiDui  oatoe*  tb*  ehfld  il  Mkcd  by  th«  iiiat,  ud  tbongh  be  AeOM 
it,  upud  for  tin  trouble 

*  Thii  i>  duubUnl  though  «omc  Micin  aMerttt.    Th«  J»IgMa  Mian  Mrtftiiily  wt 
the  Stoh  of  Um  oow.    Mr.  J.  Folleo,  C.  8. 


J 


PweaiU 


KHASDftsH. 


121 


on,  but  to  some  exteot  comfort  ttiemiielveft  bv  holding  in  coDteit^t 
tbe  Mflug  GirudiB  and  the  DAkftlvArs,  " 

BcHUDH,  found  in  &niall  numbera  at  Pfipola  and  Dbulin,  say  that 
they  came  from  Ah mudnugitr  about  two  gonorations  ago.  According 
to  their  itt'iry,  V&rv&ti,  on  re.-iching  womaohuod,  was  prvwntvd  by 
tlie  matrons  with  tbp  nsnal  Upfiluog,  ottbharan,  offering  of  whi:at, 
cocosnnte,  red  and  yellow  ]>on-<Jor,  betel  leaves,  and  u  oomb. 
To  niuktf  n  nhoveUaliaped  winnowing  basket  to  hold  ihcso  ofTvriiigs, 
Khiv  tailed  the  Buruda  into  exifitence,  and  allowed  them  to  cut 
down  five  Uimboo  troe-s  in  PAi-vnti's  garden.  Instood  of  five  the 
BnnitU  out  ten  troea,  and  through  llit?  u-mth  of  Shiv,  lost  tht-ir  < 
ciule.  There  ia  nothing  poctUtar  in  their  «p]iearance  or  dialect. 
They  live  inside  the  town  nvar  Yiiuts  and  make  bamboo  baskets, 
tup  and  1114^1,  littlu  winnowing  faint,  cagcn,  and  oradlM.  Ktinbin 
«moke  with  them  and  ibey  do  not  eat  with  MluLra  or  M&nga. 
They  risii  MAheji  and  other  fairs,  and  their  priests,  the  LJng&yat 
JanguniB  and  BrilhmaHM,  ntu-ud  thrir  wtnlilings.  Thoy  h»Tti  no 
beitdman.  They  are  hardworking,  all  the  tuombers  of  the  family 
helping,  and  but  for  the  money  tbcy  waste  on  their  weddings,  thoy 
would  hftvo  n  giio«l  rhanw^  of  rising  frnin  their  present  low  pwiition. 

KaikAdis,  found  al  Aiiuiln4>r,  Bhndgaou,  Cbopda,  Dhulia,  Krandol, 
Jdmner,  N&xirabad,  t'irola,  flivver,  and  8dbli,  am  of  two  clans, 
Jfldar  and  fJdikwiir,  who  eat  and  marry  with  each  other,  aa  no 
marri.tgi^  brtwt-vn  two  nn'mbers  of  the  same  chin  is  allowed.  They 
aity  Ihoy  know  no  homit  but  Kluindctfh,  ami  tluit  they  hnro  no 
tradition  of  having  come  from  the  aonth.  They  have  houM^  in  some 
central  viliagvs,  but  for  xeven  months  of  the  year,  from  October 
till  April,  they  wander  in  iMi^trch  of  work.  Their  H«ttled  abodeii 
ore  often  well  built  houses  in  tbe  middle  of  Villages,  as  at 
Grandol  and  Siikli;  tbi;ir  wandering  htirn  art;  mado  of  matting 
Hft  np  on  bamboo  polea,  which,  as  they  move  from  place  to  nlac«, 
they  can-y,  with  their  bou6eliold  goods  and  dishes,  on  the  back4  * 
of  asses.  Like  all  wanderers  they  are  a  suspected  class  always 
undvr  piilioe  supiTviition.  Tlwy  wkoiI  to  make  biiskot-i  of  lliu 
branches  and  leaf  fibre  of  the  wild  date  or  dwarf  imlm  tree, 
shiwi*,  which  formerly  grew  freely  tbrougliont  KluLnaesh.  The 
fewnoss'  of  date  trees  now  forces  them  to  make  these  basketa  of 
cotton  litalk.s,  aud  they  plait  Iwig.t  of  the  Hiiino  material  into  wicker 
work  cages  which  husbandmen  smear  with  cowdung  and  store  grain 
in.     This  cott<m.8calk  wicker  plaiting  is  their  only  work. 

They  worshipj  they  H»y,  nil  Hindu  i;<>*i*,  nnd  apjK'nr  to  be  a 
religions  race  rovfirenring  Muhamiuadan  Hsint^.*  They  deny 
^^^at  thoy  eat  cow's  flesh,  but,  except  iho  followers  of  Musultnllii 
^^Ksta,   they    admit    tboir   fondnusa    for  pork    and   liquor.     They 

F ■■ 

■  ElOfrpt  t-- [    wbcrn  itimtitt*  tT*«*  jiiiattm  l«nk*  «f  all  tba 

■tmumritti:  il*W  t>  iiou'iinlilnna  (uuii'l'  .Mr.  .1.  rolUn,   C.S. 

■  la  oiraibuii  1. 1  [..I  iu.i-.li  Ku.in  ti'i.  iIjikIiih  llity  hnv*  »  vvcy  Anfi  rvvcrDit-^  for 
Dinlinalik  iIm  fuiMmi  taiul  itt  Miillirr  in  SHUiTia.  Hia  dnxilMa  k*np  •  ttiuk.  jnli. 
la  tlwlrbooMB  wrApiMd  in  x  mnn  clnlli  or  tuu  in  miiis  raoou  ia  hMioDr  of  ibu  inuit, 
and  it  U  no  uaonul  Uilug  to  k«cp  tlia  Mini'*  ]iiti  ud  Hi*  itai^ie  of  tUuniUn^.  Mt 
liy  Bib. 

B41I-I0 


Chapt«r' 
Popnlatioii. 

CbMM. 

SvwU. 


KalUilit, 


IBombar  Gtmtteer. 


iptor  III. 
Population. 

Ctian* 

KaibtuOt. 


Paraint 


Boggan. 


122 


DIStRICI'S. 


.4 


have  oo  fixed  age  and  no  flxml  time  for  their  inatTiaReB.     Though 
they   cohsnlt  tlie  Tillage  Bf&liniBn  as  to    tlioir  children's   nam**, 
he  has   no  Toico   in   mnniage  mstterB  and  does  not  att«iid  their 
wpiIdiiigM.     IHie  only  wedding  cervmonies  are  the  anointtDg  with 
turmeric  und  the  knot.     The  ponsent  of  the  girVf  pamnttt  i»  all  tluiL 
is  necessarv,  and  Ihin  ih  obtaint^l  on  payment  of  »  lump  (lum  nf  from 
£2  10«.  to  £10  (Ita.  20-  Ks.  100).     A  feast,  wiih  [ik'nlj-  of  liquor,  ia, 
then  ffiven,  and  the  pitri>nt«  of  the  f^ir]  tie  her  K>bc  to  the  hn<k'grooio9d 
waistcloth.     ThiM    finishes  Ihc  rcn^mony.     (lirl.*  urn  miirrii-d   bi^«H 
thoir  tenth  vear.     Though  ui;irrtngv  is*  cheap  and  eaar,  it  ia  burdened 
by  a  couditiou  that  reouirea  the  son>ia-Iaw  to  live  with  hia   wifo'ft  | 
family  an  (I  help  lo  Hupport  them,  until  he  hM>  thr«e  i-hildren.    If 
i<«pArut4»l  from  hia  wife  by  muliml  conaent,  the  huaband  ix  bound  to 
make  an  allowance  to  bis  wife's  parents.     Tbe   Kaikadis  recognifls, 
no  heudmiui  ud  HOttle  dispntee  by  a  committee  of.any  four  or 
uenibera. 


PartAbi,  tboTigh,  especially  by  the  EIngltNh,  often  applied  to) 
IfhArs,  ia  said  strictly  to  helong  to  the  musical  Mhir.  lie  uaea  a  ' 
double  drtim  vnlled  tnmhal ;  a  email  flute  of  trnmpi't,  nifulc  of  wood 
and  tipptxi  with  bniH.'<,  called  fitnnt  ;  a  long  lrum[>et  or  tliilo  rallt'd 
itur  or  turai,  with  a  paint-leaf  mouthpiece ;  a  thin  dram  stick  culled 
buk ;  and  a  homeci  or  crooked  stick  called  rh^p.  Thiwe,  with  a 
wooden  flate,  ali/iua'r,  are  thechief  inKlntinentK  used  by  the  mu»cnl 
iib&r.  Ocoasionatly  he  blows  tbe  bom,  tiit^u,  but  uerer  beata  tbe 
tambourine  or  btowx  the  big  tnimpot,  Jtamo,  these  being  exclnsively 
M^ng  insCmments. 

Devotees,  and  religious  und  otber  beggars  of  rarioa«  names, , 
number  about  J2,0(lO  souls  or  1*24  percent  nf  the  whole  Hindu 
population.  Of  thi'se  7220  wore  Qoa^ris;  1318  Minhhive;  1054 
Ghondlie;  IGU  Kolhitiis;  467  Shil&vants;  435  Gop4U;  274  JobArtg; 
,230  Holsrs;  IbS  PAngid-n;  r>9  Bhflnds ;  39  NAlhs:  32  KApdig; 
Vibiadevit ;  and  10  KillTieliU.  Of  tlwa©  GosXria,  recruited  from  all 
olassee,  worship  either  Vi^ihnn  or  Shir.  They  rub  onhos  over  their 
bodies,  and  wear  the  hair  dishevelliKl,  and  xonielimes  ooited  round 
the  head.  They  wauder  about  begging  and  viiuting  places  of 
pilgrimage.  They  wear  oohre-ooloorc'd  cloth<-«  and  vni  al  the  hiinda 
of  all  Iliudni.  At  death  their  txKlios  ;ire  buried.  GosAvia  M>em 
inclined  to  give  up  begging.  At  Piichom,  a  G<3sdvi  is  a  revenue 
•peon,  and  otbero  have  takeu  to  labbnr.  Their  local  hi-admuD,  a 
grral  saint,  mahant,  tivits  at  Nngardevla.  Gondrlis,  al.io  called 
BluinldiH,  aro  a  set  of  wandering  iM.'ggurs  recruited  from  all  castes. 
They  wear  long  dirty  clothes  and  vasder  about  chanting  son^  in 
honour  of  Amh^b^i,  Saptaehringi,  and  other  goddoSMOs.  They 
attend  marringi;  nnd  oilier  ci^nrmonii-s  and  diinco  with  lighted  lamps 
in  their  haua».  MAnuiiAvs,  found  throughout  tbe  district,  birt 
especially  in  Cbili^gaou.  PAchora,  PrakisFut,  and  SbAliiida,  aro  a 
sect  of  Krishna  worahippvni  who  wear  black  gannrrits.  Of  Lite 
nwny  hare  given  up  begging  and  aetlled  to  tmde  and  husbandry. 
Borne  are  labourers,  some  cxtrso  cloth  weavers,  and  some  carriers  , 
with  cartii  and  bullocks.  Their  dislike  of  idol  worship  lias  inada 
theiD  Tery  unpopular  among  Brdbmautc  Uindas.      Bt^hmaas  attend 


Dtoctii.) 


kbAndesh. 


123 


their  mamsf^.  They  Mt  with  Kunbis  bnt  not  with  Tvlis  or 
9'4tuboli8.  They  bury  their  dewL  Their  Ik^iIhioii  iaa  wauderintf 
ftuiDt.  mahnitt.  Hi«  office  is. eloctiv«,  kiiU  whuit  bu  diuH,  oiiv  of  ms 
disciples  is  geaerally  chosKti  bitiidruati. 

KoLaAns  or  tumblers,  taking  their  name  from  kolAit  »  term 
Dimiilly  np|ili<-d  to  th«  loofir  bamboo  polo  on  which  they  display  their 
featfl,  ore  a  very  JMeliigi'tit  looktug  race  anxioas  lo  r'rne  from  tbeir 
|>rc»eut  poeitiou.  Sbgnl  aud  native,  of  fair  complexion,  with  dark 
eyvB  and  eliort-cut  black  hair,  tbuy  Npcak  a  mixtnre  of  Marfithi, 
Gujar^li,  and  Uindu»tnni.  Rxccpt  during  the  minn  whoa  they 
generally  lire  ontoide  villagea,  they  have  do  fixed  Beltl»ment«  unrl 
no^-e  from  plaoe  to  r^nce  carrying  with  them  tbeir  loog  low  mat  ■ 
iul8,  kiiiiimaluitt,  Thoy  live  tof^lJiiT  in  wDall  groups  of  foor  or 
ire  families,  those  who  can  afford  it  keeping  pouiea  and  donkvys, 
fhom  tlioy  use  in  traTollinp  from  place  to  place.  The  men  earn  » 
iving  by  Itinibliu^  and  thcJr  women  help  llicin  in  tho  p*'rffirmane©. 
I'b^y  abo  muke  tbc  HTtinJI  biifTolo  born  pullii^  which  nrv  iirx-d  nith 
art  ropes  in  faeteuiog  loads.  Iliey  worship  Khandolm,  HnnumAn, 
('ir,  and  the  godd^  Mari.  They  believe  in  fjhosta  and  spirits. 
>a  reaching  womanhood  every  Kolhiti  girl  ia  twllod  on  to  choose 
vetween  manage  and  prootitulion.  If  she  prefers  marriage,  aho  is 
esloosly  watobed  and  ia  usually  well  behaved.  Ifeho  choose  to  bd 
i  prostitute  and  a  (MmbhT,  h«r  pari'nU  tnko  tuT  before  tho  tribe 
;ouncil,^iricA,gct  llit-ir  liravc,  and  ^ivo  thi^m  a  diunor.  The  children 
)f  nomarried  Kolhiii  girls,  tbotigh  held  degraded,  are  supiwrted  by 
ho  vusto,  and  are  marrH'd  to  other  bastard  Kolh&tis,  Suca  couplee 
nv  oonitidcrt^d  oi]tai»tox  and  vat  by  theniMlve«.  Bat  their  chilaren 
tre  admitted  to  tlie  full  privitegt-s  of  Uie  cast«.  Snvh  of  thvir 
romon  na  practise  prostitution  are  always  under  police  surveillance, 
IS  thi-y  aro  euvpcctod  of  kidTsiipping  high  canto  girk  to  bring  up  Ha 
iroatitiitex.  UoPAr.t  are  Mh&v  in-i^Ai^  who  sing  and  dance,  and  also 
vreatle.'  IIoLAea  are  Mdng  bfggars  f/x^m  Burh&n|nir,  who  dance 
fith  a  stick  oriiiimvntod  with  iK'«oo<'k  foiithent  and  hung  with  beils.*- 
'AXOCLa  lire  a  rrtco  of  Mar&tha  Kunbi  Wggar^,  who  wander  through 
he  Htrects  early  iu  the  morning  shouting  oat  the  names  of  Hiudn 
tida.  They  dance  and  sing  and  often  climb  troesj  calling  oat 
'ithoha'M  name,  and  shouting  for  ulro>i  to  the  pajt^rs-by.  Tho 
'ilnguU  of  E'aiaMkhedii  iu  ildtuner  are  chiedy  Mar&tb&s,  some  of 
hem  culnrators  and  some  beggars.  The  latter  neither  dan«?  nor 
ma.  hilt  big  in  tho  iiamo  of^Vlthoba  going  about  with  blankuta 
H^hru  over  (heir  headii.  They  eat  from  Marathiia  and  Brdhuuius; 
Kboth  bum  and  bury  their  dead.  UrUhmane  attend  their  marriages. 
Iioy  liavR  »  council,  panch,  to  itottlo  di.-s{>uteH.  Nj^tsa  are  a  class  of 
eggnrs  touad  at  Navlrabad^nd  here  and  there  in  the  eastern 
a&-divisions.  They  are  also  called  Sitip&dris  and  biivo  bwn  for 
eneratior?  in  tlte  district.  Thoy  wear  huge  glass  earring  and  live 
eDttrallybybeggiag,  though,  when  pre'tsed  by  bunger,they  sometimes 
o  a  little  bed-tape  weaving.     They  worship    Mahfldov.    KAfdu* 


Chapt«r  IIL 
PopuUttoD. 


■SMaboTcv  p.  115. 

>  fWtbur  dctiila  oi  tlw  Kipdia  m  giir«u  in  th*  BonilMr  GaMtt««r,  T.  S*. 


[Bombaf  Guett 


124 


DlSTIIirCTS. 


cbipter  ni. 

PopnUtioa. 
BoggMa. 


:j-^ 


are  a  clan  of  bef^rs,  n-Lo,  when  hvgKiog,  dmw  their  wniHtcIc 
nviy  theij-  hciids.  CK>«>elj'  itlbbd  witti  tliem  are  VistTDsrs,  who  heg 
dothod  in  Ituifi;  robes  aud  with  a  head-dress  ot  peaoocfc'a  fi-aih^n^ 
KjlNPa.vTAs  or  slit-eared  beprgant,  fonnd  in  ultnofll  nil  (Mrtn  of 
Kh^Dde«h,  are  follower*  uf  ihc  grt-nt  "aiut  (iiinikhisiiOi  wnd  worship 
Shiv.  'ilipy  wit  with  Kuubi»,  driuk  liquor,  iiud  eat  HeMh.  Girls  am 
marrivd  l)«twe«u  lire  aad  ten,  and  remarriage  ia allowed.  They  bury 
their  dead  and  observe  mourniDpf  for  suruti  dny^.  Tliv  cwrvmunjr  j 
oittiDf?  tho  car  t8  {X^rforuied  by  tkvir  |iri4>tit  when  the  boy  ia 
ypnrif  uld,  and  'in.  GJ.  (Ita.  1|)  are  ]Mid  to  liini.  At  the  close  of  i 
cereniotiy  a  fraat  ia  given  to  ralatioas  and  friends.' 

MBMtndnt.        •      According  to  the    18T2  ceiiwUK,  Khltnili^sh  Miiwlmitnfl    iiiiml 
75,090 Bouls,  or  ("JJ'i  ptir  cent  of  the  whole {Kipulaliuu.*  Thevarefoi 
in  every  sub-division  and  in  almost  every  village.     The  balk  are 
oonvertt  from  Himhiintn.     8iioh  of  tJiem  as  haves  Strain  of  fon'ij 
blood  arv  pi-o)»ildy  the  descend  a  tit»  of  tlio  Aniba  lAo  took  Bprvjco 
nnder  the   FiJruki  dynasty   (lltro  -  laOtt),  and  afterward^  hired  by 
MojthalB,  MarAthiH,  and  local  chiefs,  »rere,  along  withtbeir  countrf 
boni  or  Myrallad  twnw,  w  linyo  and  TorinidnbW  u  bolly  of  men 
the  time  of  tfae  British  conquest.*     OihetH/ftf  foreign   extrat 
are  the  Malika  the  descendants  of  the  first  Mubainmadan  codi 
in  the  north,  who  followod  tlio  antiies  of  AIn-ud-din  (1912)  aud  ot 
Ghori  kingK  and  ohii-fit.     Betiides  thosi!  wlio  claim  Arab  desc 
some  KbAndesh   Mui^lmiina  hare  a  tradition  that  their  forc-falh^ 
belonged   to   KhorSaiin,  whilo  othors  reft-r  vaguely  to  llindiisti 
and  niithy  >i;iy  that  they  came  onginally    from    Ahmodnagar.     Kiicl 
Moglial  espedilion  seems  to    hare  brought  fnfsJ*   settlers  ti-om   the 
north.     Of  Khrindi-sh  Mnaalmfins  about  one-fourth  are  auppoaed  to 
bo  servants,  and  tho  rv»t  traders,  critfbcmvn,  husbandnirn,  laMmre^ 
■nd  bi^garK.      They  are  potir  and  prond,  Jind,  except  the 
Buhonla  aud  a  few   wfao  Qa|£    lately    bdcoine  Wahbabis,  are 
Buiinis  in  name,  bnt  careless  ^pot  their  religion,  almost  half  Uiadll 
*tD  thought,  feeling  and  castomn. 
^^     Tho  diiTcrcnt  chiHMM    into  which    tho  Mnsatmin  population' 
divided  may  bo  arranged  Dudi-r  two  gmtips,  one  including  tlut  fa 
general  classes  of  Syods,  Shaiklla,  Mogliids,  and   Pitthana,  and 
other  ombi^ng  tho   KCjMrate    communitio*   which    are  based  on  ' 
aamcticss  of  origin  i;^  of  employment.     Of   the  four  gencrai  chutsefl  ' 
the  Mogli&iti  are  very  few.      The  three  other  clasncs  ivro  nominally  i 
■    large  bodies.     Bulvosl  of  the  memliarit  have  no  claim  to  foreign, 
descent,  rcprvsvntinB  loi-al  Hindu  oouverls,  who,  following  the  Deccao  \ 
custom,  have  enrolled  rhem^elveK  in  tho  class  to  which  tndr  pntron, 
•       OP  (converter,  belonged.     Thus  the  Ttflvis,  converted  Bhils,  and  the 
NAilcvndiK,  probably  Hindus  from  Mysor,  hare  chosen  to  adopt  the 
title  of  PatlUns.     To  this  rule  the  only  laceptious  are  some  famUioa 


■o  iff 

lada. 

I 


■  PnrUim  dcUiU  or  tbs  Kdep!»U«  m*  tilvan  la  th«  Banter  GuetU^r,  V.  SK, 
■TIm  datailt  am  ot  little  vkIuo;  lSi$  Diijiri*  or  <«toii  clransn.  OSCMci 
tir«rMVim^S3SK«aii««rb>Dt«lMn.  2IBMaaiinor   bncalct  iiwV*r»,  VIS  Bohntixir' 
tmjkm,  SOI  Bhaagi*  or  nreepcra.  ]30  F«kin  or  Iwiiinn,  1$  Kilbanib  Vt  Uniar 
KamkiUi*.  8  ShBdH,  uhI  Tiw*  Otbtn. 
•  D«tallB  arcgiirn  twlow  under  "  Uaitwy." 


Sscc&nJ 


khAndesk. 


125 


of  Syeda  of  undonbted  foreifrn  deaoeiit,  auil  in  tlia  [iorfcb<east  sonw 
Sbuiklis  tho  rDprCMMttutirps  uE  the  Fi^niki  kiiic:^. 

0(  the  tweiitr-two  local  commumlius,  <if  n-liJch  infomwtaon  haa 
lieeu  obtaio|d,  oae  are  traders,  twelre  craftairieu,  four  ItunlmndiuoD 
Bad  cattlo  lSsi;dcr«,  four  servants,  and  one  aclora  or  muaicians. 

T\w  uiu'  :<pe<!inl  communitir  vi  tnidiMM  is  tliv  BouokAs/  Shiiiis  by 
religion,  and  followers  of  the  ituUa  .SiUioli  '-f  Suiul.  Sinm;  fnmilii^^ 
of  tradint;  Uofaor&s,  i mm )g rants  frum  tiujarat,  are  foimd  in  vnrat 
KtulndcHh.  But  nio«t  of  tlicm  have  come  from  Burhdnpur,  once 
the  boad-4]Diirt«r!i  nf  their  mxi,  mid  arc  fotind  in  tho  cnat  of 
the  district  in  Bhilsdva),  Ohopda,  R&vor,  nnd  Jalgaon.  Dunne  Ibo 
Wt  five  yi-Ars  their  oitmbor  hsH  incrcasH) ^xinHiderabtf .  Id  JalKatm 
tlicn*  nrv  iii>w  hcvch  or  int-'ht  Bohoni  idiopkw|jcrs  #hvrc  there  used 
to  bo  only  one.  I'roluiWy  with  i»  ccrlniu  utrniii  of  Amli  and  IVrsiiaii 
blood  thoy  are  chiefly  nescendanta  of  Gujaraii  Vdniis,  They  are 
wisily  kiimvii»fn)m  other  Mu«alm&D»  by  their  small  tightly-wound 
whiti^  II^Ikum  and  litUo  ykull  cn[<«,  and  their  long  lluwing  nhito 
robes  and  Jooae  tr<ouH«r»  widening  from  the  ankle  upwardH,  and 
fautuuvid  rcrand  tl^  Kaifit  into  puckers  with  a  string.  Tboujjh  their 
Ordinary  biitttnc^.t  Wif^nng^u  is  llindustiini,  thoy  ittU  spKik  OajarAti 
at  hdine.  Tboy  ruarrv  uuly  ainmig  th«;ni!*i'ivc«.  TlH-y  hnvo  UO 
special  pluAof  worship.  They  do  uot  attend  the  regular  Sunni 
nio»quuH.  At  c-acli  of  thcJr  BOttlomonta  theii<  is  an  ofiioe-benrer, 
Jdullii,  under  the  Mukilitir  of  BurlitiDpnr,  who  (x>aduot«  their 
uarriaji^e,  death,  and  otJier  ceremonies.  Thoy  nay  a.  yearly 
c^tributton  of  one-Sftb  of  their  incomes  to  tbe  Mulla  fijUio))  at 
Surat ;  thoy  nro  all  traders  douttng  chiefly  in  iron  and  hardware 
^nids.     A.HacIiiAA  iht^y  are  pro^iperuuH  with  a  ntvodily  growing  tntde. 

The  twelve  c*inmiiiiiti(s>  of  ci'aft^men  are  :  Attiirs  or  perfumers, 
Bhondeknrs  or  nottors,  DholdlioyA*  or  CnrtJi  Vnnhon,  Kiulia»  or 
brickl»ycn>,  GAi  KiiHiibttor  \n:i>f  buli^era,  Kh&tkiit  or  mutton  butchers, 
Alomnia  or  weavers,  Nilbandsaftr  farriers,  Saikalgars  or  knife 
grindoi-4,  Sliisbgars  or  gla^H  bracelet  makers,  Sot^n  or  citrpcat«1%, 
and  Takiirix  or  milUtonegriuden).  ^ 

AiTAirf,  p<tFuwo«<,  are  converted  tUndii^.  lliey  are  tall,  spare, 
and  rather  fair.  Tli«ir  home  language  ia  ilindostini.  They  drcs« 
like  ordinary  DbcoMi  Musalmans  oxcopt  that  thoy  vmnr  smaller 
turliiuix.  Tbv  wonifin  aliti^  wear  the  &iui44)n&n  sbirt,  kiidti,  and 
trousers,  ijdr.  Tliev  have  no  great  name  fathoneaty,  but  aro  tidy, 
ardworking,  and  thrifty.  ♦They  uxtract  Ph-fumw  from  flowjrsj 
od  sell  coKUioticx,  dentifrice,  aud  hair  oil.^BtloxnEX.iiLS,  potters, 
are  a  aniall  claaa  of  local  converts  thinly  scattered  over  tho 
district.  Thoir  homo  ton^o  is  Hindu^tiini.  Their  dn-as  oouaista  ■ 
of  a  large  UaritJm-iiko  turban,  a  jacket,  and  a  waietcloth. 
The  women  wear  tbe  Mosalm&n  dress.  Tliey  niak*«arthvn  pots. 
PuuldhOtas,  cir  JuAiUs,  are  a  mixoil  class.  I'bcir  home  langoage 
is  Hindii.-<lani.  Of  a  modiuui  height  and  unare  habit  of  body 
they  are  of  a  light  bniwu   or  saffron   coniplexioii.     They  drcas  in 


CiupietJXt 
Poptilatiaa< 


AUdrt. 


B^Mdtkaa,, 


MMIi«f<Uot 


'  01  tho  oii^  lit  Um  aMM  mtmwI  ilmiiatiMW  an  givaa. 


CBombAf  GuettacrJ 


llfMOx. 


|jwrjd«. 


sutti^ 


r<(a«Nrf4. 


Ub^on; 


ITmldrt. 


126 


DISTRICTS. 


btiilt, 


tho  ot^insry  DeccAn-MiisnlmAn  fiubioa  except  thiit  tlioy  wear  tlia 
waigtclotti,  ahnli,  itiMtvftd  of  trouaer*,  tziir.  Tbey  wnsh  tbe  .twcopin 
of  gvld  or  itilver  Huiitlia'  BJiflps,*snd  gaUier  the  particles  of  giAd 
silver  tliej  6ud  in  ttie  daat.  Their  ecsrch  go dv Tally  yields  a  very. 
poor  return.  Tlicy  im>  aobcr,  bitnlw-orking,  tlirifty,  luid  olflsnly, 
Gil  KAaXu,  beef  butchers,  are  local  converts  calliDg  UitmiMdroa 
Bhailchn.  Their  lacgaage  is  HiaduBlini.  Thoy  are  tall,  welUutado 
men  with  wheat-coloorc^  complcxion-i.  Excopt  thnt  tho  turban  ia 
large  and  folded  sumuwliat  after  tJie  Mar&dia  fiiKhion,  Ixith  men  aad 
woinvD  winT  the  Mosalmiu  dreas.  A. butcher  i»  a  bye. word  for  whaB 
is  raeaii  aud  shabby,  but  viccpt  for  tho  tricks  of  their  tmdo  which  they 
]y«ctioe  without  shiitnu,  tjn^j-  tiru  religions,  thrifty,  and  »ybcr. 
iwU  oitly  btief  or  buffalo  8esh  as  beef,  lliey  bavo  a  w»ll-orgnni: 
community.  KkmAs,  bricfclayers,  are  local  converts.  They  spi 
HindoDl^i.  Thvy  aro  of  middlo  height,  dark,  and  strongly 
Tito  men  and  wonten  dresit  in  Uu«alitidii  fiiahion.  TJiey  aro  qniut, 
Kober,  skilful,  aud  thrifty,  but  owin^  to  the  scarcity  and  uopertaitity 
of  work,  poor  and  sometimes  in  debt.  Thoy  have  a  well-organia  ' 
community.  KnvlTEia,  mulluu  butchcm,  arc  1u<;iil  co»\tlrt«.  Tfa< 
home  lanenogo  in  a  low  Uindust&tti.  Tbey  iire'V^Hl,  ratJier  etontlf 
made,  wttli  black  or  brown  complexions.  The  men  wear  a  large 
three-coruer^  turban,  with  a  oA  and  the  Hindu  vrni^tojoth  instead 
of  trousers,  and  a  handkerchief,  '  iiioh,  iii-doon*,  ihey  wind  round  iho 
hew]  on  laying  aside  their  turban.  The  women  dress  like  Hindus. 
Their  character  is  much  like  that  of  the  beef  bat«hcr«,  except  that, 
being  believed  to  practiclc^  many  Hindu  ril^'tt,  they  are  looked  down 
on  by  other  Muaalmina  who  uoithor  ask  them  to  public  iliniit-ra  itbr 
eat  with  them.  Thuy  sell  mutton,  but  neither  sell  uor  eat  beef. 
I'hey  are  sober,  thrifty,  and  untidy,  but  well-to-do.  Mo»>.U,  or 
JclXbXs,  arc  local  inverts  who  embraced  IsUm  during  tho  rcigu  oE 
Auraugzeb.  They  speak  Hindustiini.  They  are  short  spare  mon 
with  wheat-cotourcd  Gomplexions.  They  havo  large  t^ii'bans  of  a 
r^hor  jaunty  make,  au<l  iuntiwd'of  trouser*  wour  the  waistcloth. 
Tho  women  dress  like  ordioary  Mnsalm£u  womeu.  tjimple,  timid, 
and  stupid,  thoy  are  wunvvrx  by  trade,  making  turbans,  cotton  roboH, 
Nud  small  wui.itoloths.  NAlsaxm,  farrii-rt*,  are  Hindu  converts. 
Their  home  language  is  Deccan  Hindustani.  TLi.ty  arc  thrifty, 
hardworking  and  sober,  but  untidy.  SiixAbaAKs,  or  anuourem,  aro 
a  mixed  cliu^  including^  both  local  and  foreign  Mosalmiua.  Those 
amr^ng  them  known  asGhas^riits,  have  lately  embraood  IslAm  under 
\h»  preaching  of  Syofl  Safdar  Ali,  the  K&tX  of  Nat  Irahad.  Thoy 
»till  lire  by  tucmHclves  in  tho  village  of  Kotiamba  iu  Jalgaon,  and 
speBk  their  own  dialect.  They  liave  not  us  yol  mixed  with  the 
Saikalgare,  and  beyond  the  profeasiou,  4iare  nothing  iu  common. 
The  Kaikffllgarv,  both  mon  and  women,  dress  like  ordiimrv  Deccan 
Uasalm^s.  ■  'i'hey  are  hardworking,  sober,  and  tlirifty.  Formerly 
(buy  used  to  make  knives  and  lazois,  and  even  swonis  aud  diggers. 
The  order  again»t  wearing  arms  and  the  com|>etition  of  English 
hardware  goods  have  niiuod  their  businms,  nnd  they  now  earn  a 
poor  livelihood  by  grinding  knives  and  sharpening  raxors. 

SHianoABS,  or  MakiIks,  are  a  mixed  class.     They  are  tall,  spare 
aud  muscular,  witli  wfacat*cok>ared  complexions.    Both  men  and 


I 


4 


Decc«JLl 


khAiJoesft. 


127 


fromeo  wear  Hba  ordinary  Deocan-Mi)Mlrn£n  drasa.  .Thej;  are 
sober,  nleadj,  ttiriftf ,  and  witll-toxlii,  and,  except  in  Ihtt  dxorciKO  of 
their  profeMion,  fairly  trutliful.  They  makugliiss  iknd  lac  bracelet*. 
On  acconnt  of  thv  oomprtitiori  of  Jahalpar-raauufnctured  gl&sa  tiia 
KhiLndeoh  tmdo  lias  tat«ly  Kiifferod,  but  still  yields  a  fair  roium. 
SttrXm,  carpenters,  are  the  descendants  of  onnvorts  made  daring  the 
reign  of  AnrsngEob.  They  are  of  middle  beigbt  and  tniiscuW,  with 
wbeat-colourcd  complexions.  Thiiir  itomo  language  in  Hiudu^Utni, 
and  the  dress  of  men  and  women  is  liko  that  of  ordioary  Deccaa 
Mtisnltnftns.  Thry  aro  sobor,  st«ady,  industriona  and  thrifty,  but 
poor.  TAKj(RAa,  known  aw  Phanibaxds  «r  UlKiue,  are  a  mixe^ 
cla&s.  Their  homo  langua^  is  Uiniluat^ni.  Dark  in  complexion  and 
of  modinm  height  they  havo  n»gnlar  features.  Except  that  thu  mim 
wear  tnrbanK  with  twintod  bands,  both  man  and  women  dress  like 
Deocan  Klosalmflns.  Tbey  are  fond  of  aniit»emonl,  thriftless,  and 
poor.  Thoy  mako  and  repnirmiltstooos.  Moat  of  them  liave  some  skill 
msorgery.  cutting  for  Ihiistoni',  and  cowobing  for  cataract.  TAiia4-ra, 
coppersmiths,  are  immigrants  from  UirvAo.  They  arr  wotl-mado 
men,  with  whcat-coToured  complexions  and  regular  features.  Tbear 
bomt^  litnguago  is  Hindual&ni.  The  men  droia  like  common 
MuBalm&ni^,  and  so  do  the  women  except  a  few  who  slill  cling  to  the 
MarvAd  petticoat.  They  are  sobor,  hardworking,  thrifty,  and  very 
r«Ugiou«.  They  mako  copper  pota,  and  some  aro  cuiutaltlea  and 
messengers  in  Oovemmeni  and  pri rate  service.  A  few  hare  risen 
to  high  places  undor  GoVernraont. 

Till?  fonr  commnoitieit  of  hnsbandmon  and  cattle  brooders  arw: 
BiighbAus  or  gardeners,  BohortU,  ManUs  or  Deahmukhii,  and 
HultAnis.  BAuubAxs,  gardeners  or  (mitorors,  arc  local  onnrorta. 
Tbey  speak  both  Ihlan&thi  and  Hindustani.  "RiBy  are  of  middle 
stature  inclined  tti  stontneiw,  with  wheat -oolourod  complexions.  The 
women  are  Hghtor  colouritl  tbim  the  uten,  and  as  a  rule  are  band- 
Bomt'.  The  mtm  dress  in  Musalm&n,  the  women  in  MarJtba  ^hict. 
BoNiilc^  working  as  gardeners  they  sell  fniit  and  v«^t(iblo»,  buying 
them  wholesale  and  retailing  th»m.  Though  hardworking  and 
thrifty,  thwy  are  fund  of  plesaore  and  fairly  well-to-do.  BuhobAs 
are  fotmd  in  amall  number*  in  the  west  of  Ehindeah.  Tbey  aro 
Sannia  by  religion.  MacLi^s,  masters,  also  known  aa  Deahmukbs, 
are  the  ropreseiitatires  of  district  rerenne  officers  and  village 
httndmen,  ao(!onn taut s,  and  scrrnntjt,  who,  to  preserve  their  olHoeaud 
pay,  or,  on  the  promim.'  <>t  griiiitM  of  laud,  embraced  IslAm  during  ihe 
izeign  of  the  l-'mpitror  Aurau^;aeb.  It  oflon  happern.!*]  that  of  tba 
samt!  family  one  branch  became  Iklusalm&o  and  the  other  remained 
Hindn.  Not  having  mnrriAl  with  Uusalm&ns,  except  that  the  men 
wear  the  brartl.they  remain  Elindn  in  apponrance,dnt.->«,nndolutraoter. 
MultXxis,  husbandmen  and  cuttle  breedera,  are  the  descendants  of 
oomi>  followers  who  came  with  Anranpwb's  army  from  North  India. 
Their  homi!  tmigiie  iti  a  mixture  of  ^(ult^ni  and  MarAtbt.  They 
drowf  like  Uindu  Kunbiii,  the  women's  robe  bein^  something 
botweou  that  worn  by  Di-^caniand  Vanjiri  women.  Though  quiet 
andpoacoful,  (hooe  are  not  wanting  in  oountgc. 

Of  thefour  commnnitics  of  servants,  three,  the  Maliks,  Nitikviidis, 
and  Tadvis,  are  chieBf  employed  oa  constables  and  messengers,  and 


Chapt 

PopalatiOD. 
MuMlmlaa. 


Suiar 


Tahir^ 


A^nUiM. 


J/<iuii4. 


Maia*. 


12S 


DISTntCTS. 


IBombdiy 


ITiUhMa. 


■ptar  nL       one,  ,Uio   Bhangis,   m    menial^  servanU.     MiLita,  kiiiOT,  are  tlio 
AipaUtiotL        ilwcendante  of  converts  mode   prubnbly    during  tUo   bral  (13C 
„_,  ,   .  MDliAinmadAn  invasion.     Tbey  flpeak  Deocan  Ilinduitt^iii,  and  ht 

'  aoiiuag  (tpodal  in   th«ir  Rppcaninpo.     The  mon  wpar  tur}>nRB  wi| 

fcwisted  banda,  conta,  iiud  tiglic  ti'nii.ierH,  and  iV  women  the  rcgul 
MuBoIniAn  ahirts  Jriii/fiM,  tronsers  iifirt,  and  a^-arrea  iklhnii:     Uijii< 
tbriftloM  and  sober,  thoy  fin<)  (•iiipi<iy(niuit  in  pablio  und  prii 
iwrvipc  and  as  Irtbiiiircm.     N.iiKVAms  are  noliprcd  to  be  deacondat. 
or  tlio  MilctiPntof  Tippa,  who,  during  the  diacorhancea  that  fo)lo«ri 
hia  overthrow,  settled   in  thp  north  DeccBD   distri«ta.     Orif»ino 
Hindns  llioy  aro  said  to  1)Ato  l>««n  converted  And  named  by  Hy^ 
Niiik.     Bbtck,  with  high  oheek  bones  and  Marilthn-like  fealur 
they  am  t&\\  and  strong.  •Thoir  home  tongoo  is  Ixith  Hindnatiinr 
and  Mnrdthi.      They  arc  OoTOmment  mi'Hitciijri'ra  and  husluindiueu. 
11u>  int'n  and  Honio  r)f  the   women    dresit  likfl  AtarAih^      They 
hardworking,  ("^ber,  and  thrifty.       Somo  of  them   hare  a  l(«nii] 
TadMt.  towards    Iho  WahhAbi    faith.       TAPris,  ko  calkwl   from  forming 

wpanth*  branoh.  tnil,  are   Bhila  said  to  have  b<ten  converted 
Auraiigzeb.    In  appearance  they  preserve  tracoa  of  their  origin  bflii 
Hwarr.hy,   thick -hpixid,   and   mnxcidar.      Among    tbeauolvm 
Hpmk  a  hHir-UiudiiHtJlni  half-Ithil  dialect,  and  low    HinduatAni  wij 
others.     The  mon  droas  liko  AtiiKnlmanK,  and  the  women  like  Guja 
TFindtia.     Thev  are  hardworking  but  thriftleiia,  and  fond  of  plottau 
•ud    drink.     Thi-y    are    generally    police    ouii!<(»l>li'!t,    CJovernment 
raflHM'ngDra,  or  Inlwurors,  except  tnnt  tlioy  novofiwurk  fur  hire  i 
t4iD  fiohlft.    The  women  help  the  men  by  gathering  and  moling  sti 
na  lirewood. 

BItaofit.  Uadev  tho  hctul  of  Servanta  also  come  th«  Biunoiii,  anvon 

of  two  clasWM,  ^Bcal  ponvcrl.t  and  recent  Hotllem  (rtmi  (ho 
north.  Both  speak  HinduRt^oi.  llw  men  are  Mwnrthv,  tall  and 
Hpare,  and  the  women  inclinud  to  pluuipni'SK  and  generally  WoU- 
fantiired.  'I'lio  men  have  ni>  (larticnlar  drea^i,  wearing  nay  sort  of 
cloth  they  may  gtit  from  thoir  employeni,  be  th^  MTiTiamma<lan  or 
Hindii.  'Ite  women  have  a  rolw,  jwi./r,  jicculiarly  worn  and  a 
poltiocat  which,  when  at  work,  they  Inek  above  their  kne<w^  Thev 
are  bonvat,  (jiiidt,  thrifty,  and  hardworking.  ^■ 

ilirt.  Of  Actont  and  Sitigera  tho  only  clam  aro  the  Miim,  or  noWos 

inimigranta  from  the  north.  Their  honu>  tangmige  i»  Hindagtjtni.  T 
,iueu  are  black  and  spare,  and  tht-  women  well  featured.     As  fiddlei.^ 
or^am boa rinv- players  in  tho  serriot  of  dancing  girls,  tJiev  bear  no 
T«fiy  good  character.     Their  women  siug  and  play  in  ZonAnite   orf 
marriagea  and  other  ceremonies. 

Ptoli.  rAiisi«  nnmhercd  forty-threo  souls.     Almost  all  are   shopkoopera 

and  liijuor-sollvr*,  mo-st  of  thom  from  Bombay  since  the  onemuir 
of  the  railway,  and  aomo  from  Snrat^  where  they  are  the  chief 
liqaor-aellere. 

EuKiMuu^  Etrtopitisa   nombored  552  souls  or  O'OS  por  oonf  of  the  whole 


ire  i^^ 
<tic^H 


dos^H 

lew^ 
■no    ^ 


population.     Bcaidos  tJie  Govornimmt  ofHciata  and   a  few  Kuiopi-ana 
in  tlie  Jatgaon  cotton  inilla  andwotton  pr»ss  factories,    ' 
chiefly  railway  aervanta  settled  at  Bhua&rai. 


I 


-,i?>-».in(— ar- 


khAndesh. 


120 


> 


CRRiBTiJtKS,  otlior  thftii  Etimprons,  nunilxtrod  80t  mnU  or  O-ffS 
p«r  cetiL  of  till)  whi>li>  |)(>jiulnltuH.  'il'kere  are  a  few  at.  Dliulin, 
a  few  at  Dliarangaon,  and  iho  rest  at  BbiisAval  and  Jal^^u. 
I'hc  few  ab  Dhnlin  aru  chicRy  Porttiguoye  aorvnntv  aa<I  converts 
r)f  n-linm  uot  moi'e  I  linn  four  nr  live  are  Protestsnta.  'ilirvc  i« 
a  small  RijmsQ  Catholic  chape)  at  Dholia  with  n  coa^c^atioc  of 
atjoiil  fifty.  At  niiii«ivnl,  where  thi^rc  is  n  congr<^atnm  «(  i^onio 
buudn!<Iii,  a  very  pretty  |ti)A»n  Oitholiccliafwl  has  lately  been  liiiilt. 
I*ortapne«e  workmen,  wrvant»,  and  Madriisis,  and  Pon^irtH  or 
(liwcu'wdant.?  of  converts  form  tho  bulk  of  the  oungrfigalion.  Tho 
DatiTO  ObriHtiaiiK  an-,  ua  a  rule,  poor  and  bardpi-e.^-icd  for 
aabsiatence,  and  are  not  among  the  beal^biAiaved  of  \ho  Shue&val 


(Stapler; 

FopaUtioii. 

Chrotiuu. 


lu  lhi»  district  thorc  is  one  ^Hllnge  or  town  t«  cibout  wvory  thrwi  VflUf** 

sqiiare  mileti  of  land,  ciwh  rilhig):)  (.-outitining  an  iLvi>rago  of  ii9'2 
iuhabttaata,  and  al>oat  eighty -eight  liousoa.  *Vilh  ihe  exception  of 
thcpv<jplu  of  twonty-two  towns,  nnmbtiriDg  174,908  aouU  or  I7'00 
per  cent  of  thv  vntiro  inhnbititnM,  the  population  of  Iho  Kluludcsh 
uifttnct,  according  to  tho  If*72  L-entnui  returns.  lived  in  2600  vilbgea, 
with  nu  avomgo  of  ^28  souls  per  villapo.  Of  tho  wholo  nnmbcr  of 
towns  and  vUli>gi»,  K103  had  lc«8  thiin  200  inhnbilniit!* ;  778  from  20U 
li>  5(10  !  3iJt>  Emm  500  to  lOiiO ;  117  from  lOliO  to  20(tO ;  22  from 
2001'  I..  :iOO^) ;  1.5  from  3000  to  MOO ;  17  Erom  5O0O  to  10,000  j  and 
5  more  than  10,(H)0. 

Nearly  all  Klutndtxh  villages  arc  wallfd,  HOmo  with  hrick-facocl 
mud,  (itliers^th  solid  stones  and  hrick  onuuniented  parapets.  Some 
old  vi91>ig<'.4  havV  »lAteIy  gates  and  remains  of  old  forto.     Though 

Crood  of  their  old  walh<  and  goteo,  tho  villagura  seldom  take  atep«  to 
eep  them  in  repair.  0 

Am  regards  th«  number  of  hoosee,  there  was  in  1872  a  total  of 
220,800  or  on  an  avprHge  2204  hotiHcis  to  the  nqniire  mile,  sihowiiig, 
compared  with  ITO.JtJi  in  ISUi,  an  incrwwo  of  3i7S  per  cent.  Of  * 
the  total  nmiilxTr  I2,0ts  housett  lodging  67,322  persona  or  6'54 
per  cent  of  the  entiro  p<)pnlatroii,  at  the  rato  of  6'5K  »onl»  to  each 
hou««,  wore  bnildlugs  with  wjdls  of  firo-bukod  liricks  and  iMufs  of 
til*.  Tho  romuimng  2I7,8ol  h<>usi-s  accommo&ting  9(>1,320 
ixtrsons  or  !)3-tO  per  cont,  with  a  population  per  hoiiso  of  4-H  soda, 
includ<-d  all  buildings  covorod  with  tbntch  or  leaves,  or  whoeo  outer 
walls  were  ol  mwd  or  snn-dned  brick. 

Tliere  arc  two  chief  styles  oi  honses  in  Kluindesh,  tJio  flat-* 
i-oaffwt  and  tbc  tJIwl.  Tiled  roofs,  forniwrly  confined  to  Tillages  north 
of  t^e  tfipii,  are  everyday  liecoming  more  popular.  In  somo  villngoa, 
an  in  Jalgaou,  there  was  til)  late)y  a  feeling  agatn^it  ti)ed  roofs,  on 
account,  apparently,  of  the  failure  of  two  or  tliree  wealthy  morchanta 
who  had  built  htrgo  tiled  hounoit.  The  houses  aro  for  tho  moot 
part  built  of  baked  or  nnbaked  brick,  cemented  with  mud,  mortar, 
or  moi-tar-iMiintuI  mud.  The  window  frames,  door  posts,  and 
rafters  am  generally  of  t«ak  or  «t»t  wood,  and  very  often  tho  door 
panels  and  window  shutters  are  of  mango  wood.  Stone  in  not  oftoa 
UMul  orcept  for  the  foundation  anf  the  Tcnuidah  tliat  runs  ronnd 

j   tho  groundfloor  of  the  building.     Uoasea  aro  usually  built  facing 

I        a  411-17 


[Botntujr 


130 


DISffMCTft. 


north  or    jtoutli.  ftnd   in  Roino  Ti1li^;«i  there    is  n   stroD);   foelii 
Hy^nitj  jjiu'jrij^mr  a  house  fi-qntipg  east  or 'vest.      Khnndo^h  h.ms 
are  commonlf  divided  into  fonr  cIomcs,  best,  middling,  ordinal 
nn<]  hnts.     In  Inrgo  townn  tfa«  )>eat  kind  of  houHe  cost«  to  ba 
upvrarda  of  £^00  (Ub.  &<HIO),    tho  tnidaiiajf   from  2100    to 
(Rs.  lOOO-ita.  4000),  and  the  common  from  £50  to  £100  (Ra. 
Rs.  luCH)'.     In   mnkll  Tillitg««   the  tiina   kinds  cost   respooth 
from  £50  to  £200  (Ks.  &0O.B«.2(J(K>),  from  120  to  £50  (Ra.2( 
R«.  MO),  aad  from  £5  to  £20  (Ks.  60- R«.  800). 

A  trador'a  houso  begins  wilU  a  veraudnh,  eta,  which,  if  he 
retnil-dealtir,  id  his  shop.     Inside  of  the  vomndah  is  the  sittiu^  rooi^ 
*  and  bejond  tho  sitting  room,  tbe  dinin^r  hull  in  (hi*  middle  noil  111, 
rooms  ou  «ach  siil».     jMoug  iho  Hido  rouni.-*  nre,  to  ihH   lefi 
the  dining  hall,  the  office  room,  tlie  shrine,  and  the  Ijing^in 
and  to  the  Hf^ht,   a  trcasare  room   and  two  Gton>-rooms.      BehS 
this  group  cniui-fl  thv  Imck  roranduh,  with  »  privy  in  one  coni 
There  usuallv  is  a  back  or  a  aide  door.     Another  common  form 
well-to-do  villaffD  p^til's  houiio  begine  vitb  a  large  tfate,  wit 
ward-room  on   either  side,  whoro  watchmen  s)oep  niul  kit  is 
or  wheru  ofili^o  work  iti  done.     Then  mmoH  a  yard  wilh  a  cont 
well,  and  cattle  »hedii  on  either  side  or  all  round.     I'hon  a  ftij 
of    steps  leads  to  the  first  door,  and    a  long  honse    with, 
a  sitting  room,  where  swinging    cols,  chopaj/ui,    are    kept,    i 
II  diiting  i-oom,  with   two  rooms  on  each  side.     la  sach  houses 
cattio  enter  by  tho  front  door,  « 

Tlie  bulk  of  the  husbandmen's  dwellings  are  oith<[%^e  snpc 
house  called  JhdJta,  generally  inhabited  by  Kunbin,  MnsAlmftiJ 
and  Pardeshis,  or  the  inferior  hut,  or  Miappar,  used  by  Ki 
Bhils,  Vanj^ris,^and  Mhfira.  Tho  dhaha  i»  u  wtlMtnntial  boon' 
which,  when  ki<pt  in  good  repair,  lasla  for  many  years.  The  wnlb, 
of  clay  and  chopped  grass  or  straw  thoroughly  kneaded  nndsr 
^  bnSaloes'  feet,  tnpor  slightly  and  uvcrugo  about  a  cubit  bl 
Ihickneiw.  They  arc  built  in  layers  about  a  cubit  deep,  each  layer 
bein;^  allowed  to  dry  thoroughly  before  tho  nort  layer  is  added. 
The  flat,  or  nearly  flat,  nx't  rwotH  on  strong  t«ikwix>d  buams 
which  run  irom  wall  to  wall.  Over  the  boaraa  ia  laid  a  layei*  of 
strong  branches  und  a  coating  of  dried  sugarcane  leaves,  the  whol 
covered  by  fonr  to  six  inches  of  ola;  or  salt  earth,  boiUen  si: 
with  a  gentle  slope  to  one  of  the  ooraers  wharii  a  wooden  sf 
'  throws  off  the  water  several  feet  from  the  foundation  of  the  wall. 
The  clay  wall  is  gcnorally  built  by  professional  bricklayers,  Hiildi 
and  ia  paid  forat  from  &r.  to  Sit.  (Kg.  3  ■  Rs.  4)  a  hundred  solid  cnbif 
Tfae  entint  boose  ooeta  from  £5  to  £10  (Ra.  50  ■  Its.  100).  Thu  hi 
or  chappar,  has  either  clay  walls  er  merely  a  thick  fence  of  cott 
stalks  or  other  wattled  boughs.  The  roof  is  made  of  long  gr 
tied  neatly  to  a  bamboo  framework,  with  an  inti-icato  layer 
Butea  frondosa,  pojtu',  loavos,  in  the  middle  of  the  grass  so  asl 
make  the  roof  thoroughly  waterproof.  Over  the  thatch,  to  make ! 
look  like  lilos,  split  millet  stums  are  someiimca  laid. 

The  furniture  of  an  ordinary  Knnbi's  bouse  is  worth  from  £2 
£3  (Ra.  20 -Be.  30).    The  astud  details  arc:  two  copper  vesset 


.j£ :;k- 


gHjid  and  ghada,  for  Btoriup  and  carryinj:»  drinking  water,  costing 
ttlwut  8*.  (Rs.  4)  Cftvh  i  six  or  vigtit  viirliiMi  couking  pots,  costing 
about  \».  3i2,  (10  anna*) ;  two  or  three  flat  utito  diitbci<  or  p1ut««, 
tkalis,  v^ued  at  As.  (Bn.  2)  «i«li ;  a  few  brass  drinking  cups, 
cAarri,  cosLing  a  sbilling  «acb  ;  k  )Kiir  of  vurr/  stoiius,  pnla  crania, 
coHting  itbiiut  &  ftbilliug;  a  hand  mill,  chaUd,  for  grinding  irrtun, 
worth  about  A».  (Rs,  IJ)  ;  two  bedHtoads,  tchtits,  wortli  two  ^illingti 
(Mu;)],  with  qiiilt«  or  blankoI«  ctwling  ubuut  1(^.  (Rs.  6}.* 

A  nian  building  a  honae  seldom  works  at  it  with  his  own  bauds. 
Be  supervisee  tb«  work  and  pays  tJio  tabonrcrs  weekly  or  on  market 
d»ys.  A*  a  rwlo  bicky  dnya  urv  chosen  for  laying  the  fuuDdjition, 
nli^illg  the  pifU,  fixing  (lie  iipnt;bt  and  crftaa  beamn,  placing  the* 
doorx,  and  digging  the  wel(.  6q  the  {soudation-laying  day,  the 
owner  worships  the  ground  whorw  the  whIIb  aro  to  bo  biiitl ,  digs  a  little 
hinm.'U,  uiid  tlifn  tho  work  l>L*gin!t.  Ou  tlu>  puMt-raiHiiig  day  the  ownor 
paUt  the  corner  stontt  of  the  plinth  in  its  place,  seta  the  post  on  it,  and 
woTslups  the  post,  ponring  clariGitd  bntt^jr  oror  >t«  top  till  it  trickles 
to  tho  ground,  tying  round  it  a  yellow  cloth  with  rice  and  Indian 
millet,  and  fi^tttninggruM  on  it^  top.  On  the  b^^am-fixiug  day  he 
ties  nmad  the  beani  a  raw  cotton  thread  and  nyeltow  cloth  with  lice 
and  Indian  millet,  and  then  worship*.     Whon  the  doore  aro  so)  up 

*,  the  snaii:  cercmoniw  are  repeated,  and  before  digging  tho  well,  the 
owner  agnin  woriihipa  the  ground.  At  all  these  ceremonies  a 
Br^mau  usually  attends,  and  cocoanut«  are  distributed.  When  a 
houHC  is  fiuislied,  Ihc  a-strolwger,  j'wAi,  fixoa  a  lucky  dayforvntry. 
lIouKOH  w-tMj:  fiiniK'rly  built  with  no  regard  to  vimtilation,  but  iho 
newer  buiWngi  are  ranch  opener  and  more  airy.  A  family  ill 
middiinf,;  ciiiiimstancct  is  Hsiuilly  obligtti  l*»  keep  a  wry  Ist^  slock 
of  ro'iking  pot-1  fur  (niiiily  giit,h<-riui,ii,  but  them  are  ciiui|iani lively 
few  familioa  well  enough  off  to  h a vt> cooking  pots  fftr  a  casle  dinner. 
On  such  occasions  a  supply  of  cooking  pot«  in  guncrnlty  colloctcil  by 

l""""'r-'i";r. 

'Hh'  Tillnijo  wtablJHhment,  btinibfifutf,  of  KUltndeRh,  found  by 
Ciifitain  Cia^aHrTsTo^inoIudcd  the  hereditary  Uindn  priest,  ;;"r«  ; 
tlie  Mulianttnadao  priest,  miji/«;  the  astrologer,  jii#fti;  tlie  carpcuter, 
fHlitr;  the  biuckiiinilh,  fu'uir  ;  the<  potU-r,  kiiml-hir ;  ibi;  l^^l'lKmith, 
tunur;  the  l>arber,  T>A<ftM';  the  wasnernian,  iwri'f ;  the  Tillngu  bard, 
bhdt !  the  nllnge  watchman  and  giiide,  j'tQlia  ;  and  the  scavenger, 
1    ■  1  cfiira'iA'ir,     Of  these  tho  pru-st,  guru,  oSiciated  at  the 

I  .   fuiivnilii,  and   other  een^mrmie^    of   all    Hinduit   excc))}. 

^  i|  MAngH,  attended  to  tho  vilUge  idols,  cleaned  and  lighted 

t'  [■li',  and  took  to  himself  thinr  oiTcrinfpi.     In   lutdition,   ho 

iiKi.if  li'.-il'  |iii>t«»  fi-r  well-lo-d"  Iliiidufl.  'Vho  uiulln  otTn-inti'il  at  all 
Miiliniiimatliiu  ceriiiuouies,  gave  fiaths,  cootiecratcd  all  animals  to  be 
riiti  n,  snporintcnded  fairs  hnld  in  hr)no»r  of  itatnts,  and  repaired 
.Miiliantmndan  gmvcs  and  tomba.  ITifl  astrologer,  jorhi,  read  tho 
alnunao,  puinled  out  lucky  days  for  marriages.for  beginning  to  now, to 
plough,  and  to  renp,  calculated  ci;1i{>3e»  and  drew  up  haroBCopo8,and 
with  the  Quru,  uiriciatvd  at  tunrriiigvs  and  fununila.     The  carpwteri 


Chapter  XXC 

FopulatioR. 

Bwitfc 


■  Fioai  ft  paper  by  Ur.  Stomiout,  SupnintMnUnt  Khtail«»li  Uvdvl  Futta. 


V^J 


DiyXiilCTS. 


.pter  111. 

pnl»ti(ui. 


*■"/■''■,  tuuili'  awi  p^jMiin.'J  fii-iil  t noli- and  bicli  woodet  inBrri»CT  Eiooh, 
•:i,ii^iiiiiijfaw\  ><ii|i{iIk'iJ  tnivt^Ut^i-  villi  teni  and  c&rrif  pec^.  Tbe 
bluuKMjiilJi,  /■'/',(*,  riifnii-  iiud  n']juir(;il  the  iron  work  of  ploniia  txA 
wirij-.  Iji  fii'-iinT  tiiii'.'-  ui  hiiik-sw-iiicinff  fesrivak  n  -was  bis  doij 
lu  lorci  tlir  ii-'iii  lio'ik  iiii'i  tin*  niusclt:*-  of  iht  di-vMee"?  back.  The 
jwliwr,  li'imUf'ir,  )uriiiblji-d  viliuptTB  and  iraTelJers  -with  emnhn 
jMjir  and  |«irii-.  At  luurriupep  lit*  beat  tbe  dmni  sjid  c-xJced 
iiiiiiluL  Hti'"',  li'irhul,  fur  tiie  Kuiilns  of  tbe  villape.  Th?  ^>Idsiiutli, 
«ufi('r',  )iMiuyi-(i  <-'>ii]  jiEiid  l<i  GcTenimC'Ui  atid  made  CFm&oc-ntS.  ThB 
barbi.'!'.  iiiit'iil,  wii>  ill'.'  vilhii'f  Korcccin.  sbjiriiiff  the  riluicrtT?.  Trimtniiig 
buU'ji.ks'  tuilK,  uu'J  li'iriuL'  ihc  ImlVickV  ti.'-rf-  to  rective  the  noserinit. 
afjutiiL-  Uirliunr  Ifiint  tin  'Ir^rii.  l-inho.  iiiid  nthers  acted  as  lorc-h-ba»rera' 
At  iiitiiTiu;."'K  ilii'v  |i".i  tin-  liriiU-eiMomE  horse  and  esCi^rted  tlie 
)iati!V  diiii;.'lit(.'i  t'>  !i't  iiu-lmudV  hMu-^t.  Thf  wa^bennan.  i^jrit,  at 
liiarrmge.^  spn-iKl  wliit*  cl'iths  fnr  ihfc  bridcHT'ioiE's  ivlarioTis  t« 
walk  "II.  Thr  vilhcM-  Ininl,  Oh-U,  uTtt-ndcd  all  viilasre  ft«-tiTa]s  and 
(iertiuduio  iiiid  n'l-iicl  v^■l■•i^:^.  Tii{-  watchmen.  /'-ifffi-iK.  BhiiS,  Kolii^ 
and  ilhajv,  ^.-iiardi-d  the  Tilliiire  and  Liiided  traveUer?.  TEfiiFi-inj 
Ijt-at  the  titiiili'iuriue,  C'Hsrrutfd  tciuhit  cattle,  and  a  Mails'  Tconun 
aotud  as  mid»ifv  to  Kiiubis.  and,  when  ihcrt  was  no  one  else,  t* 
Bfuhmaiii^.  The  •Irimhli'ir  lunde  and  rejiiiircd  shoes,  leaiher  tliongs 
aud  water  Iwj.'ii,  (Liid  im  j'ltlu  i  Autrusi -Septfinliorl  and  other  day^, 
pitivided  the  t-liitf  villai.'t.rs  wiih  luaujrti  leaves  to  hang  orer  tbsir 
doiire. 

J>iuci'  Cnptain  Bi-ifrirs'  lime  (181?;,  the  Tillage  cmnmnniry  has 
hiMt  iiiufh  (if  its  hnpriil.auct'.  Nmw,  iij  an  ordinary  vi]^ee  the  staff 
of  wniiuts  i'-llie  hcHdiuaii,  ji<ilil ;^  hi^  asj-ist«nt,  chanJnri,  now  his 
wjiial  ill  aulluij-ity  ;  the  aivntnilant,  h'lll-urui ;  the  sweieper,  mlidr; 
till'  wati'Liiiati,  jiiiy/iri  ;  iitl-ihii'"^  and  iarulf,*  M^asalm^s  and  KoIU, 
wh'isf  duty  Li  is  ft  dean  the  villiigf  office,  rhcri,  to  light  the  lamp  in 
il,  til  cuny  the  titvoiiiitiiut's  books,  and  to  clean  pots  ;  and  in  villi^s 
whiiv  iheif  is  no  river,  the  water  drawer,  hath/iri,  who  fills  the  villajire 
i-«lt!i-'  Irinif-'h.  In  small  vilUtres,  the  p-itil,  knlhiriii,  mh'ir, 
Hiid  i-KjI'i  lire  ah.'ne  f.iuu'l.  Kseept  in  a  few  places  the  following 
KiTvimt  K  lire  w  lonift^r  reci 'gniscd.  The  villopc  priest,  gram  jo^h i  ;  the 
Mii.->uli]ian  reader,  khaiih  ;  the  Mnsalinan  judge,  kizi;  the  Mnsaliniii 


'  Si*  nl-pvf,  p.  77.  Ahir  IutImts  drum  hut  dn  not  carry  torcb«« ;  Tlysde  barliai 
■'*rry  t'iri-hii  Iiiit  do  nut  ilnun  ;  l>nkBhiu  anil  Gujamti  bkrtien  do  both.  Ur.  J. 
|k.ll.'(i,  C.W. 

-  'I'lif  cliii'f  li'inuu™  line  to  the  hpadmiui  at  public  religion!  ermnoiiieB  are  :  oa 
jwfc'  <liiy  111"  liiilliK'kn  hi-ad  the  pnHxtssiini  ;  on  dniriJ  day  he  leada  the  worship  of 
the  i-li-iiiii  trif  :  mi  the  hnii  day  he  wnrahips  tirei   anil  givei  the  order  to   light  the 

Siilu'  At  luan-tagoB  he  it  the  limt  to  get  the  l>ct«l  leaf  which  the  barber 
lixtriliiLtL-it  aniiiii^  the  other  village  officers  .'  and  it  i£  the  /xifif  vho  iliattihotaa  money 
aiiiniijc  tlie  iitlitr  villiige  iniMif  «rvant«,  htiruf-aliitf.  At  Tillage  feaata  thapiUil  and 
hia  wife  are  (■iveii  tlie  place  of  hononr.  Both  are  conitultod  in  matter*  of  diScalty, 
and  petty  Wjualjlile*  are  referred  to  their  arbitration.  The  jnUiTg  wife  taWl 
a  most  ac'tive  iul«rert  in  village  aSaiis,  and,  though  not  publicly  r«c<^niised,  hia 
a  very  cunaiderable  voice  in  the  settlcnieut  of  diaputea.  la  many  villacea  the 
headman  lenda  money  to  the  villager*  and  liaa  a  good  name  for  naiQ^  hi*  debtor* 
kindly,  hiany  are  known  to  have  for  year*  never  sought  the  aid  of  civil  coart*  ot 
prcKHed  their  debtor*  severely. 

>  Itetwccn  the  InhMln  and  the  taral  there  is  some  distinctioD  m  viUagq  Bervaub^ 
but  no  difTurcnuv  u{  caste. 


khAnpesu. 

prioid,  mtiila ;  tho  citteror,  ftargai :  ihe  temple  Kerviuit,  gurap; 
the  bnikor.cAWya;  the  mcssi^ngt-r,  hqrildiir ;  and  tUit  litjfjr-kiijjpvr, 
darviijddr.  Hvon  the  5iuaUe<4t  viilajfw  luivo  two  or  three  otticialiug 
lieflulmen  aad  one  or  two  asHisiants.  Some  rillugv»  havo  ux  or 
ei^lit  ptUiJa  und  clMiull>n»,  and  Chopdn  claima  to  be  reproMCiitod 
by  fifty-two  sharcnt,  tak»hivuldra.  Tlw)  tr«igh  fillor,  hawari,  »  a 
very  Deoessaiy  and  imporHaQt  sorrant,  and  iu  thv  abtience  of  anjr 
ndetjiinto  proTij^ioD,  tbo  villn^orH  usually  §ab»icribti  to  pay  him  a 
fixed  aum  in  adililioD  (o  any  runt-froe  land  ho  may  bold  from 
tioverument.  Ho  ba-i  to  keep  two  biillockH  and  the  lonther  bs^, 
tnot,  for  drawinR  water.  The  tanner,  r.U'imhhar,  is  ex)>ootetl  lo  keftp 
in  repair,  and  m  somo  cases  to  make  tlte  village  water  bag-,  m^tf 
tho  Mhiir  giving  him  tho  ttkin.  The  catorcr,  }fur«ai,  ia  often  foand 
BDpplyiug  IntvclK-r^  nith  butter,  milk,  and  mJHCollaiieouA  articles. 
Tho  broker,  thvtyii,  who  used  to  arrange  between  sCnuigvr^  and 
iiliiipk<.-v]ATs  \i  seldom  found. 

In  the  west,  ''ll''g<'  hi.^iidnicn  aro  tisnally  Gnjar  Kunbig.  In  other 
parts  they  are  nf  tJiHerent  caalfa,  and  very  ofteu  in  ilie  same  rillago 
will  be  found  a  Hrdtnoan  headman  Berviug  with  n  Kiinbi,  a  Koli,  u 
TMiimj^r,  or  A  MuKnIman.  Here  and  thore  throughout  tho  district, 
bsptH^iaUy  in  the  Yavat,  Nooirabad,  and  Ohusival  Hub-diviHionH,  it  is 
common  to  find  the  same  family  of  p&tils  with  one  braoeh  Hindu 
find  another  Hiiisalman,  tho  latter  frixdy  admitting  that  they 
embnvcc<l  Islam  iu  order  to  secure  the  right  to  serve. 

The  people  of  n  inllti^  are  genotally  mixed.  It  is  oomnarutivoly 
rare  lo  6nd  a  whole  villa^  held  by  one  caste.  Especially  among 
high  caste  nindiis  caxtc  dinners  aro  much  less  common  than  iu 
Gujarat.  In  smnll  village*  on  Ruoh  IfAtliug  ffsiivnl.t  mm  UoU, 
dinners  are  sometimes  given  to  the  whole  commmiiiy  and  the  cosi 
met  from  money  sabscnbcd  by  thv  entire  Ixxly  oT  villagers.  1)  iii 
moat  unusual  for  ouo  man  lo  enterutia  the  whole  village  on  tnnrriagu 
or  other  feiwt  oecasious.  The  different  classes  entert«iu  tbeir  owi^ 
caste  tellowa.  At  village  dinners  given  by  pilils  gne«t«  of  various 
castes  aro  invited  and  sil  in  Mopnrutc  rows.  HhiU  and  MlutrM  are 
wjrvod  by  nii-mbors  of  their  uwu  ca^te  or  the  dinner  is  seni  to  iheui 
At4hetr  lioueea.  Special  dinners  are  sometimes  given  at  their  o»7i 
ooat  by  hends  of  trade  guilds  when  they  are  nppointH.  On  such 
oorasion»  except  among  HouArs,  women  dine  after  the  men  have 
done.  No  Mpedal  arrangements  are  made  for  the  exercise  of 
common  ripbta.  All  tho  cattle  drink  out  of  tho  rillago  trough  ^r  • 
fi-om  tbe  riTur,  and  im  »ooo  m  thu  eropn  are  off  the  ground,  gmu) 
all  over  tlio  villago  lauds.  Tbe  villagers  pay  the  herdsmen  so 
moch  a  head,  but  often  tbo  cattle  aro  Innicd  1'K>^<o  and  allowed 
lo  graze  and  go  anywhere  thi-y  like,  a  Uhil  boy  being  scut  to 
drive  Ihom  home  in  the  evening.  In  the  rains,  while  the  crope 
are  on  the  ^p-ouud,  greater  caro  is  taken,  and  cattle  not  wanted 
for  immediate  use  nro  sunt  to  graze  in  some  nei^hbooring 
npland.  Mhirs  and  otlier  low  castes  are  allowed  to  drmk  below 
the  village  only,  whoro  there  is  a  river,  or  whero  lliero  is  a  well, 
out  of  the  catt]c  trough  or  from  a  si-jiaruLe  ci.-tleni.  Iu  some 
places   the    rillugem  object  to   (ho  Mhiirs  drinking  out  of   tho 


Chapter  HI 
PopoUtion, 

ViltagB 


tBombay  Gatett 


134 


DISTitlCTS. 


ptarlU. 
vaU(t<i 

■umuulMM. 


cAtlltt  troaeli)  »°il  ui  "uch  i^asea  Uiey  haw  geaerall;  Ot  soparate 
Kic«pt  oU  ones,  uaed  solely  fpr  wasbitig  and  cstUo  ilrioking, 
are  no  nUogo  pomU  in  Kltiinclt.-!i]i.  Fur  dtg^nff  veils  or  do 
poodB  s  tubwiniittoii  Ufud  tn  Ik!  loYied  from  eacn  mao's  botdl 
ploagli.  Now  iJbe  rillagera  look  to  Govemmoni  and  the  local 
committee.  Foraierl;  ft  rilloffv  Wrrowod  money  to  repair  its  t«uii 
Bat  the  old  spirit  bus,  toa  great  exteut,  gone.  The  t«mple  oiaj 
to  rnio,  and  anlefm  aome  wealth;  p4til  or  cullivator  takvti  im  inter 
in  tbi!  ijiiitter,  no  one  cores.  Sticks  (or  fircw(>otl  im;  ^ratbt 
from  the  common  Inud^  round  thn  viUitgu,  or  fmm  tlie  liusli  land 
nenr  tbu  hille,.  or  from  the  buHbiunlmau's  ovra  land.  Among 
«'illiigi;r8  uo  diHlinction •-Beenis  to  bo  drawn  botvroen  aow-courn 
and  members  of  tho  original  oommnnity.  This  is  probably  d 
to  lliu  fnct  tbnt  during  tiio  tmublotl  lime  of  Mftrtitlia  rule  (I7fl 
1818),  aettfi^'  every  village  waa  more  or  lesa  deserted.  In  tbf  •■■■■ 
a  deserted  village  it  ia  very  oommon  for  the  poighbourin^ 
to  J^JILilflJgfid)!,  and  siooo  miuiy  villngtM  buve  oulr  lately  tiucn 
MOplod,  a  Toty  birge  aroa  U  tilled  by  thoiie  oatataers  who  are 
known  as  vaeanda  or  valand*. 

In  most  of  the  smaller  villages  the  grain-dralcr  or  n^ongY^pml..!- 
is  an  institatioa  ot  not  mora  than  ont-  gt-nL-mtJoo  old.  The 
aaciont  vitlngo  moneylendera  are  Mtid  to  luiTe  ttisapneareil  in  the 
eighti.i-iit)i  cuntury  troalilee.  Their  place  baa  been  ttucen  by  now- 
comera  from  Miiltva,  KfArvad,  QujarU,  and  Hindnstao.  Some  uF 
UioKu,  Mcttk-d  for  one  or  two  geuunition:<,  liavc  grown  kindly  and 
considerate.  But  the  bulk  are  very  late  arrirala,  settled  for  ii  fow 
yrars,  and  in  their  dtalings  very  bard  and  exacting.  The  breiUc-up 
of  so  many  village  coinmunitieai  at  the  bi^nning  of  the  present 
eentiiry  grf'atTT"^ft^e"e3  the  ties  which  bound  the  villager*  to  thr:  ir 
bcAidumu,  and  th^  influences  at  work  under  Hrili!<b  managenuii: 
have  done  litUe  to  stiengtben  or  reiM^'w  thom.  Tho  rilUge  couiii^il 
i»  now  little  more  tluin  n  tiction,  and  though  iho  villngcn  still  pay 
Bim  outward  respect,  the  intlnouce'  of  the  boiidmaa  is,  in  man]' 
villages,  almo.stai  an  end.  The  rdationsbetwcon  tho  craftsmen  an^ 
tlio  rettt  of  the  villagers  do  not  seem  to  hnvK  much  changed, 
specially  clever  worker  itomutinHM  leaves  hia  village  and  piijihos  liij 
fortnno  in  one  of  the  birgcr  towns.  But  this  ia  nnuaual,  and,  m  i 
rule,  the  old  practice  continues,  (hat  wbilo  tor  ordinary  aorvie 
villagers  pay  the  craftsmen  by  grain  doles,  for  largo  works,  iiufb  _ 
b  house  building,  payment  U  made  in  money  at  llie  ordinary  markd 
rates. 

Very  few  of  the  people  leave,  or  oven  raovo  about,  the  district  i{ 
flearcb  of  work.  Living  ts  choap  and  the  dt-in»nd  for  labour  strot 
The  only  claM  willing  to  work,  even  on  the  railway,  ia  li. 
Mh&r.  During  the  last  famine  (187t>-77]  many  Kllnb}!^  came  Frot 
the  southvm  Dcci-an  districts  and  settled  in  Kh/indwh,  and  sine 
thoir  Bctllttmeut  they  have  been  joined  by  frienda  and  relationi 
Besides  these  there  como  yearly  by  mil  from  Ahmednagar,  Poon 
ShoUpnr,  and  SiitiUn,  a  ccrtnm  number  of  Marfilhia  who  settle 
hnts  onfcaidv  of  Jalgaon,  and  during  tbe  f»ir  8e»i*on  work  tta  etyrrit 
hamdit,  at  cotton  presucs  and  mUU.     Whvu  thu  cotton  season 


Deccan.] 


khAnoesh. 


135 


over  most  of  them  f^o  back  to  their  villages  and  some  statin  Jalgaon 
and  work  as  labourers.  From  Gujarttt  there  come  and  settle  in  ^all 
numbers  Vinis  and  Knnbis  and  Parsi  liquor- Hellers.  From  Bombay 
there  come  Bhtitia  and  other  Ciitch  merchants  and  varions  Bombay 
traders  who  have  settled  at  most  of  the  local  trading  centres.  Mdrrdd 
Vflnis  and  BMhmsns,  and  other  Pardeshis  come  from  the  north,  the 
Mdrvddig  serving  aa  clerks  to  Mdrvtld  traders  and  moneylenders, 
and  the  Pardeshis  finding  employment  as  railway  policemen, 
messengers,  and  priv&te  watchmen.  Some  Madrds  servants  also 
come  from  Anrangabad  and  Haidarabad  in  the  Nizam's  territories. 
Of  temporary  immigrants  there  are  Brdhman  priests  from  Surat  and 
-Ahmedabad  who  conduct  marriage  and  Seath  ceremonies  at  thS 
houses  of  their  Nandurb&r  Vfini  patrons,  and  Vani  aod  Kanbi  cloth- 
dealers,  who,  during  the  fair  season,  visit  their  shops  at  Piirola, 
Dhatia,  Jalgaon,  and  Dharangaon. 


Chapter  U 
FopnlatJOD 
MoTementi 


(Bombfty  QuetlMr,^ 


^ 


CHAPTER    IV, 

AGRICULTURE*. 

AaRlCTLTDRS,  ttio  ino«it  important  indaxtry  6f  tlio  dietriotj 
&tO,mi1  persona  or  about  oiut-luUf  uf  tbi;  pupolaLion.* 

Khiiiiilfwh   ciillivniortt  aru  Ktmlnx,  MUiirs,  Dhaaffam,  Pkr^e 
HnjtiiitH,  KoliH,  Lodbis,  Vanjiiris,  lihilH,  aiitl  MiDuilm&iui.     Kuul; 
hnriiworkiQg     and    uost    skilful    luislKiiidtneii,  nro    n    quiet   b> 
abidiuK  |>vuLilu,  but  iiiost  oiiix-Ic-hh  in  motley  matters.      Komu  nf  It 
well-tn-du  but  most  are  poor.     Of  the  tlirti-  cliusfe   of    Kiiube^] 

a'nfa,  tiuiare,  and  Tilolas,  Pajnasnro  by  fiir  thv  most  nuiucroii 
as  a  rulu  tlm  bo»i  farnuT!*,  and  (Jiijars,  wealihier  (ban  vithvr  i 
10  otlKT  cin.'uiefl,  form  a  ^reat  portion  of  tlio  cultix'atora  in  m>tnd 
10  itortliem  sub'di visions.  Pardeaibitf,  RAJpiittt,  itud  &fu»alni/ii)ii : 
'id'ivc'idr  n-orlciT".  Koti.-«  and  Ijodhitt  are  iuduiUrionK  btit 
wimt  K'Vfn  t<)  drink.  Vaiij&riA  haw  taken  to  tillage  chiefly  niiir-e  enr 
and  rnilwnyahnvcpiit  a  stop  to  their  ciirrvin)^  trade.  Dhang^r  ' 
Btid  RlitU  am  found  htrre  and  there  tdlinj^  on  t.heJr  own  :i 
lEotno  of  the  younger  Bliib  tako  yeairty  aervice,  mild'iri, 
'unbis  and  other  cultivators,  but  most  of  th«m  are  small  laudholdor 
■  biro  fields  fftm  Guiar  and  other  CHpitaIii<1«  on  the  xl 
arviW,  pHnoiplo.  The  landowner  fpiinn  mnttt  by  the  barf^in. 
irovidoH  the  land  and  seed,  and  ibe  Bhil  the  labour,  cattle,  jiod  took.] 
iinbin  iind  MiwalinAna,  whi-n  field  work  in  not  pressinjr,  do  a  lit 
vt\\  cartinK;  Kolia  catch  fi^h  and  j^row  vegetables;  Ubaiigara 
irool  mid  woavi'  hlnnkel^ ;  and  VanjitrLS  deal  in  rattle  and  inaka 
large  ([uantilic'H  of  hum]Hiti  twine.  Kbitndo-:<b  eidlii-alors  aa  n  ptii 
are  poor.  Wiihout  forotbou^rbt  or  aelf- restraint  they  r(!ndi!y 
to  debt,  and  by  {^rasping  and  nnaerupuloaa  moaeyleudisra, 
'orcbd  to  pay  Iwick  very  largo  sums. 

,ludry-erop  land,  from  two  to  four  or  (ifo  himdrod  ncron  U  > 
large,  from  eerenty-live  to  one  hundred  and  tit'ly  a  middio  sized, 
and  from  ton  to  twenly-fiTO  a  small  holding.  In  gnrdcn  landx,  from 
twenty  to  forty  acres  \»  a  large,  from  Ion  to  twenty  a  middle  xizodi 
and  loss  than  ten  a  small  holding.  In  1878-79,  including  alienated 
lands,  Ihv  total  number  of  holdiDgs  was  142,03<i,  with  an  avets^ 


BCMnds 
Vorduuin 


•  crMterp«rt  allbi*c)Minl«rU  coiitri1iut«db7llr.A.St4TmMil,  Stip«ritil«ml«nl 
iMh  €avamm«nl  Mcxkl Tkira. 
*lli«   lobtl  BIO.^Hl   iTii>)iut>«  biIqII  aialiw,  Yi'i.Vtf);  tli«ir  wiv«a  MNWrdiog  tn  tib* 
'orduiftl?  pivpoitludi  III  moil  ta  Wnnscn,  ll>4,l(M  ;  «ii<l  Ibuir  cliil4tTO,  171. 4B8.      Ju  Un 

Mfmi*t«tciDento«  Urge  uuinbcr  a(  tlis  weuu  Mid  cbUdnni  m  bffiMgbt  undcf 
■  Miwril—xm*'. 


iCHANDESH. 


137 


of  nrPDtj>threo  ncTPs.  Of  iht>  wbolp  nambcr,  12,995  irere 
ing»  of  not  more  tJiiui  five  aer«»;  21,62-t  of  trom  five  to  too 

;  40^24  from  ten  to  twenty  j  a7j765  from  twenty  to  fifty ;  9602 

fifty  to  one  Imnclred ;  1  iSi  from  od«  hnndnxl  to  two  hniidrcd ; 
froaa  two  hundred  to  Bxo  hundred ;  twclvo  fmm  live  huudrttd  to 

ihoDsand ;  Sre  from  one  tboueand  to  two  thousand  ;  and  four 
e  two  thouEnnd.     Thp  largest  boldinj^  nrc  m  Vird«l. 

e  pair  of  oxen  can  till  about  twenty  acres  of  dry-wop  aiid  ten 

rdon  land.     Prom  twcnty-fiT*  to  fifty  acres  of  drj'-crop  land, 

from  ten  to  twenty  of  garden  land,  wnuld  onublo  a  cnllivator 

ire  like  an  ordinary  retail  dealer.     Fiftj  acres  of  dry-<;rop  bind 

aaleBS  iu  soasona  of  failure  of  nun,  )fiip{wn  ii  husbandman,  hia' 

two  children,   and  one   field   labourer,    i«iUhir,    comfortably 

ont  the  moneylender's  help. 

an  area  of  10,431  equn.ro  milca,  7402  havo  heon  snrveyed'   in 
il.     Of  xhvso  163  are  iho  lands  of  alienated  villagcK.     Tlio  rest 
tna,    according    to    the    revenue  finrvey,    3,iJ82,t!50    acres    or 
liperccnt  of  arable  land  ;  ■'•81', 7S1  or  12-73  pt-r  cent,  of  unarable; 
17  or  0'7o  per  cent  of  graas,  kuran  ;    13,203  or  0'2i>  jRir  cwnt, 
i«et  reaerveaj*  and  4!s,771   or  8-iil  per  cent,  of  village  aitea, 
rirer  beds,  and  hills.      tV^m  th«  3,.^82,g59  acrtts  of  arable 
,  222,014  or  6^  per  cent  havo  to  be  taken  on  account  of  nlienatod 
da  in  Government  vitlagee.      Of  the  balanra  of  3,360,645  acres, 
llip  actual  area  of  arable  Govemmfnt  laiwl,  2,603,073  or  77-45  [>cr 
Bent  wuro,  in  1878-73,  nndor  tillage.     Of   theae  2,571,551    acrcis 
etw  drr-rrf>ii,  and  3i,ri'Ji  irrigated  garden  land. 

According  to  the  cuIti\-ntioti,  jamihanAi,  report,  the  slock  in 
1670.80  amounted  to  9S.M7  [iloughs,  71,377  carta,  330,818 
mllocka,  218,012  cowa,  114,140  buffaloes,  15,357  harses,  73111  assea, 
ad  1115,143  sheep  and  geata.' 

In  1878-79,  of  2,00:1,073  aon-.*,  the  tolnl  lilh'd  arwi,  lfi2,.'.27  ai^rps 
or  7  per  cent  were  fallow  or  under  grass.  Of  the  rewaiuiug  2,440,540 
unrea,  2802  were  twice  cropped.  Of  the  2,443,448  acres  under 
kdnal  tilhtge,  grain  crops  wrciipied  1,51 7,884  or  02  jut  wnl,  700,635 
pf  ttit>jn  under  hii_;r»,  Peniciltaria  epicaia;  hS7,VJTt  under  ivdn, 
Sorghum  rul^fare  ;  155,083  under  wheat,  gahu,  Triticum  a^stivnm, 
l4,odd  under  rico,  hhdl,  Orj-iea  sativa ;  1 1 ,483  under  harik  or  koda, 
Paapalum  ncrDbiculalum;  5108  under  mva,  Panicuni  nuliaGenm; 
t05l  under  maize,  makka,  Zea  mnjTH  ;  ft768  under  rigi,  Eleuaine 
e(>T*cana ;  and  10,222  under  nii:><:cUaneou)t  cun-alit,  oompriiiin^ 
liarley,  jVii-,  Hordeom  liexaslichon,  rdltif  Paniciun  italicum,  and 
others.  Pulfios  occupied  121,568  acres  or  5  prr  cent,  45,5Q2  of  ihem 
under  kulith,  DoHchos  bifloniN ;  39,155  under  grain,  liarlihara,  Cicor 
anetinuni;  2y,027  under  lur,  Cajauus  indicus;  3805  under  udi'i, 
hill  mungo  :  2370  under  peas,  t-aiana,  I^iHum  sativutn  ;  206 
lentils,    uui«itr,  Enrum   loiut ;    370  under  mu^,    PhaMvnlua 


Cbq>t«r 
Agricoltare. 
Bi>)iIJaga. 


naush 


dnble] 


CropArN. 


*  Dtlafls  id  tho  iiaiHfjml  Mtioa  iffll  la  tnmui  tii  lltn  luli-diTincAkl  mxouhIil 

*  thm  fcwst  kn*  ba*  htolj  b«c«i  mnr—inl  to  1 ,43a,$40  tent  of  2SM  »tiur«  mila. 
■  Ftam    lk«   Urgff    numW  of   *ilby   umlar    wtch    kocoaaUat,   JhiUiinii,  tb« 

Kfc*ndi»fc  ■took  rctiuiu  w*  litUt  mm  uui  miiiuw*. 

a«ll-l9 


iBomlifty  Qftzett 


188 


DISTillCTS. 


radiafns  :  aod  207  iintl(>r  olhrr  pulsi*)).  Oilisoedit  occupied  I68^fl 
■cfwtt  ur  Z  pvr  cviit,  1 18,728  of^hviii  umioreiQ^f^ll^  seed,  til,  Seatini^H 
indicam;  •tl/tr>7  utuJor  liosoed,  althi,  LiniiJi)  ii>iiliili>^Hiniiim:  a^| 
IS.'ibb  under  olher  oilseeds.  Fibro»  woujiind  .Vjl.'.tJS  ttcrcn  or  ^M 
pprcftiit.,  .'i'.IO,7l'3')f  lUciumidiTii'tlftu, /.:<i/'ii#,  (iossvpium  hcrl»ux>a^| 
iZ'Z'A  uiidor  t>niwu  biimp,  nmlnidi,  UibiMniH  csntinbiiiUK  ;  and  t^| 
onder  lk>mbay  hemp,  fiij;  or  mih,  Crutninri»  jimoi-u.  ^i iHi-ollRitc^H 
enpa  occupied  l-'},7'2^  mn^^^  <ir  2  per  cent,  I42U  of  thorn  uoder  Bit>g^| 
cano,  UM,  Soochftrain  oBiciDaniin ;  4!)3t>  iindur  indigo,  ^>i/i,  Indigfif^^ 
tinctoria;  5572  iindcr  tobucco,  (amWWw,  Nicotiaualabacum;  I2,S^| 
nndorvhillifis,  MiiTAc',(.'a]iiiii-iini  fniU-ac«!n8;aiid  thoromaiuing  lOr^^l 
•.under  rarioUB  oth«r  vcg^etabloii  and  (ruite.  H 

fChindo^h  conteins  soils  ui  nil  gntdos,  fniin  the  deep  ricli  black^| 
ifae  'I'lipit  valler,  to  the  poor  Htony  nd  and  white  of  the  low  tT^| 
rsngies.  The  character  of  the  soil  dcpeudit  ax  much  on  ita  coudttifl^ 
118  on  its  cxjmpiwition.  Tlii'  ndlcy  hind,  whirh  under  tin-  i-ffect*  of 
moisture  aud  lillagie  ^'ioldn  tbi)  ricbeal  cropa,  ah<f<Ta,  under  :trin)ysis, 
the  same  substiuicea  in  almost  the  same  propurtiotu,  aa  Uio  hiiL| 
Imum'  which  is  bnro  of  everything  bnl  thorn  bushex.  For  purpo^| 
of  pi'aetica)  lillagx.',  the  most  uxefu)  division  of  soils  ia  tbat  of  t^| 
oative  buabandmen  into  four  classes,  black  kali,  white  ptititlk^M 
Ball  khdran,  and  nliite  an Jsalt  burkj.  ^M 

Black,  kali,  or  collon  tan]  includes  two  Tariotiea,  a  betKr,  fc^| 
icili,  wicfa  a  moisturo-hoUlintf  snbiMJtl,  which,  in  seasons  of  ordiiu^| 
rainfall,  vieldH a  full  cmpof  wheat orgram,  ami  un  inf»n'-ir  ■  '   .9 

its  sticky  clayey  nature,  kuown  as  rn^chiini.    The  better  ■:  iU 

not  want  ploughing  for  tea  or  twelve,  and  somutimes  even  f'^r  Uiir^| 
years,  'i'liming  this  soil,  the  iinlivcn  ln-bevu,  lns-*«!ns  itn  i:!r<>]>-bearil^| 
powers  for  two  y^'sirit.     White,  yiimlhri,  tbouf^h  iiatiirally  p(H>r   a^M 
yielding  only  the  coarser  jtraina,  will,  with  abundance  of  mauure  n^M 
vrntvr,  boar  hcnvy   ve^eta^tle   and  sufrarcani;  eropc     Sitlt,  khdn^M 
*lau<!,  U  almost^  uaeh'wM  aw  a  plant -grow  iav  noil.    Impervioua  (<>  wat<^| 
it  is  inirticitlarly  sni table  for  iho  outw  layer  of  flat-roofed  houxj^B 
and  ba^ for  this  purixisv  it  uiiwkct.  viiliie  iTTW.Vi  ton  [I  anna  the  earlfl 
White  and  salt,  hurki,  land   iiaa  au  uppe^r  layer  of  while,  i'fia4JA^| 
and    a  »:dt,  ilfiran,  subsoil.       With  a  pleiitifid   rainfall,  it  yief^| 
good  cro]X4  of  cotton,  e(t{>eciully  of  t)tv  New  Ork-iinit  kind  whoAO  r(K^| 
keep  much  nearer  the  sm-face  ihitn  ibontt  of   the  local  variutt^| 
,    KacR  of  tltesc  main  c-lassos  has  many  Hub-divisiona  marked  by  su^fl 
bameii  as  light,  heavy,  or  sweet,  or  by  the  preseuDe  of  some  foreifjrn 
element  such  as  limestone,  kanktr.     Mucii  of  the  blat^k  I'lipti  am) 
Ginin  valley  soil,  with  a  deep  clay  subaoil,  is  very  fruitful,  beariiiff 
abundatii^e  of  healthy  w('ll-i»Town  mango  and  tanmriad  trees.     Th» 
table-laud  ou  the  top  of  the  southern  hiUa,  Chough  riuh,   has  so 
pproua  a    subsoil    that  much    losa  of   crops  follows  even  a  slight, 
failiin^  of  nun.     With  irrigation,  this  dniiiiugii  is  highly  favonrabla 
to   the   growth  of    fruit  tn^cs,   eap&cially   the   vino,  orange,   and 
other  sub-tropical  plants.     In  years  of  average  rainhll  Kn&ndesh 
yiftlda    a  good  cold  w<N»ther,  rahi,  harvest    e*ixKriiilly    of   oili-eed.". 
On  the  whole,  tlte   land  ia  more  fertile   and  yields  heavier  cro| 
than  othiT  Doceaa  or  Southern  Mar&tba  diatrict«. 


KUA\DESH. 


1S9 


Khdndovb  irrigation  vorks  cnmo  under  two  hoada  :  works  of 
nntiro  cunRtriifltyii,  Am'iont,  and  as  ariiio  small  ;  ami  Inrgp  modern 
works  carried  out  by  tint  irrigation  briuicli  of  the  public  worics 
department.  Khiindc>Hli  rallevH  are  o|i«ii  ainl  level,  and  the 
Bmaller  rivtirn,  rining'  in  tho  Snhriidri  hills,  flow  in  kIiaUow  beds 
blocked  here  and  tht^rt*  by  rocky  Ifil^cM  of  much  service  in  maldnir 
maaonry  wwira,  bitmth'jrih,  while  from  thoir  llainctw  or  vory  gentio 
cross  §lopG  larffo  nrcai.t  of  land  nro  easily  commanded.  Tlitj*  irrigation 
from  weirs  is  chieHy  praciistnl  nwir  ihe  billa  ou  llio  upper  parta  of 
the  rivi.?r  cutinwts  in  tho  anb^iviBioDnt  of  Pimpiilnor,  l^bulia, 
Nondiirbdr,  ami  Amaluor.  Am  the  rirors  rtow  lar^fer  and  draw 
near  Ihc  Tapti,  their  beds  are  loo  d<'«p  sunk  to  bo  vastly  dammed. . 
And  thu  Tiipli  itawlf,  flowiuff  more  than  lOU  feet  below  jKo  level 
of  the  plain,  in,  except  near  Bhusilral,  not  suited  for  irrigaUon 
worlcK. 


Tb 


0    weirs 


frr 


b-yilfuiriu,   must,    lU    one    time,   have  been  very 

the  west    there   is  sewrcely   a  istrcsm  of  any  aisw 

Tradition   aUributet*  their  constniction 


numemuH. 

without  traces  of  them. 
Ui  the  MnsalmAn  ralent,  and  it  in  probable  that  many  of  lliem  date 
from  the  lime  of  tho  later  F^mki  kmgs.  In  mniiy  plncos  fonndation 
liolea,  cnt  in  the  itiieet  rock,  arc  iImi  only  traceii  of  former  dams. 
Others  are  found  lu  every  ato^  of  min.  Many  aro  entire  and  a 
CTLTat  uiitiilmr  arc  still  in  hub,  while  others,  npiwiviitly  ax  perfect, 
navelieeaabiiiiiioni^d  from  Ki-arcity  of  water,  silliuijof  tbedistributinfj 
canaltj,  or  other  caotwa,  Uere  and  tUore  hngv  maivtoH  of  overturned 
miMoury,  lying  a  fowymslsdown  thostrK»mfnim  tbelineof  Ihoweira, 
Bhowtho  violeneo  of  occaxionnl  floods  and  the  excolleQce  of  the  old 
cement.  The  sites  of  these  dams  were,  an  a  rule,  well  chosen. 
Except  a  few  bnilt  i>traij;ht  acroiw  tho  stream,  the  dams  are  more  or 
lees  obljimo,  the  w.^len-oHrse  issuing  from  the  lower  end.  Where 
tho  rock  below  is  not  continnons,  tliT-ir  tor  ma  are  moat  irregular. 
In  Imildin;^  a  dnro,  hob-^  wrTc  cut  in  the  rock  in  the  proposed  line 
of  the  wall  from  six  to  thirteen  inches  wpiaro,  the  same  or  more ' 
in  depth,  and  from  three  to  »ix  feet  ajxirt.  In  the  holes,  stone 
nprigliL-i,  Kometime^  Mranl)  pillurx  taken  from  Hindn  temples,  wero 
set.  and  tho  dam  was  either  beilt  in  front  of  these,  or  the  stones 
were  built  into  the  dam,  leaving  only  the  backs  of  the  upright* 
risible.  Tliw  dams  arc  ytronjr  clumsy  walls  commonly  gloping  on 
both  Hides  to  a  Dam)w  top.  The  materinl"  are  common  black  biLwalt 
Stone,  coariso  coniivto  mixed  wilh  sinall  pieces*  of  brick,  and  ihe 
very  best  cemonL  Occasionally  largo  bloi-ks  an)  found  in  thu  £ac« 
of  the  wall,  but  the  inner  stones  are  all  small.  Dressed  stone  is 
seldom  used  for  cither  fneing,  ([uoins,  or  Doping.  Except  somo 
small  openings  at  the  middle  or  at  the  base,  no  provision  tfcems  to 
have  \)wa  inadu  for  removing  the  silt.  While  the  dams  were  built 
with  the  grrcaU'stcare.tho  watercourses  woro  laid  out  with  the  strictest 
economy,  following  the  lie  of  the  ground  and  uuddug  long  bends  to 
to  avoid  L-nttings  or  wjucfliictM.  By  some,  these  long  windings  are 
condemned  as  causing  waste  by  absorption  and  evuporution.     But  tho 


Chapter  IT. 

Agricultnn 

Itrigatkin. 


Bconliay  Qiunwiy  R««iaw,  T,  4S-QX 


(Bouha;  0«nUMr. 


140 


DISUUCTS. 


P(nk» 


liwr 


prewnt  genenition  defend  tfa«ir  uioeatoni  on  ibe  ground  of  or< 
III  grigiu^]  outlay,  and  l>ecaus^a^entlfi  gradient. an<lthen!foi-i 
coune,  waa  rcqiiirod  to  nipilato  t>ko  How  und  prOTvnt  its 
woatofuUy  n^piJ.  To  l(H>k  afivr  lliu  djima  and  the  ^r»tl■mtD 
cbminpl  Ittfopcra  or  pdlkarit  were  appointed  and  onduw^Ml 
couHiderable  gmate  of  land.  But  (roin  cnreleexneHK  nnd  ignot 
those  irrigtttional  mirka  wvre  frequently  mianianaged.  In 
mitttcr  of  olei&riag  the  waterconreeB,  exoaratioo  by  the  fffllattem  i  . 
niuoh  harm.  It  mndv  the  rolativo  ievcUi  of  the  land  tuid  the  wat» 
coiirso  very  diffunfnt  fiijni  wiutt  they  were  when  the  v  ' 
OountruottKl ;  and  aa  the  watercotirees  wera  not  bridgod,  . 
aOtlieiwiflo  protoctod,  tVi  v{llii)fv  au-l-i  aud  rattle  oui^hI 
injury  and  waste.  In  1867  the  channel  keopera  woro  eaid  tu  nt>L 
Ihvir  work,  and  allow  siit  and  mad  to  settle  aa  high  ft-s  tho  top  of  Ai 
widl,  whilo  thu  wutiir(M)un<iivi,  chokt>d  with  reeda  and  mud,  lookoj 
like  st^nant  pools.  Now  the  worka  are  betCvr  toaoagdd,  b*lq 
undor  tho  Hupt.Tviition  of  thu  irrij^tion  dvpurtment. 


Of  works '  carried  out  hy  the  irrigation  denartment,  the  cLief  m: 
the  Ijowct  Piinjhrawator  works,  the  Ilartdla  Inki',  th^'JAmila  rAuab, 
and  the  Mhiuva  lake-  Tho  Ixiwit  PAnjhra  auil  Uart&la  achcmcs  an 
old  works  iin)>roved  and  extended ;  the  i>thers  are  new.  Drawing'  their 
supply  froai  rivera  that  rise  in  the  Sahyadri  hilU,  the  Piitij)u-a  uJ 
J^inda  cnnnlit  uro  tiovvr  known  lo  fail  during  the  rainy  ntid  ooU 
aeaaouH  (Juue-Kehrnary).  Even  in  1870-77, with  a  miufall  uf  anJf 
ihirli^t'ii  incht'^,  their  tiiipply  was  InviftOy  in  exOMM  of  tho  dematia.' 
The  sninllaesH  of  iho  irrif^ed  area  (1078  acrea)  is  dne  pariJy  tu  tbt 
miwiHinffni!»>  "f  ihe  |)Oiiplo  to  my  the  water  nit«,  wheUj^jf  ''* 
rainfall  is  good,  they  <:«u  grow  ilie  i^ropii  to  whiilj  they  ht*ve  lun 
tltHmstomea  wi t li i m i  anv  H>«-r\:i\  jiaym&Di ;  partly  also  to  the  fiu-i  that 
mowMiBpital  ;i  re  rcqiiircd  to  cnlllTate  a  frlTOU  amt 

with  imgai<!it  ■  !•.).;•  ii..ii.  nun  <-nj[M  dojiending  only  on  the  rnin^j 
and  partly  bocartae,  between  the  two  kinds  of  cnltiTntion,  t)iore  a 
■-■udch  iho  siatne  diBoBenee  bk  hotwoon  famiiwjj'  and  market  gardouiniT, 
unil  tho  hu^^bandnmn  in  loth  to  a^udon  the  ayatem  to  whidi 
be  ia  accuaiouipd.  Still  the  tiete  of  tho  water  la  at«adily  fpi-eadiuir, 
and  I'Vt-ry  neiumn  of  ithort  rainfall  greatly  encourages  irrignUr.n.  Iti 
many  plaoea  walfr  is  now  iiwd  for  tho  prowth  oven  of  the  inrertiir 
grains,  tlxcopt  in  landa  along  tho  Luwcr  Pdujhnt,  whore  the  wat«r 
untl  hinil  rat««  am  fvnsoli dated,  a  separate  wat«r  rat«  is  loried 
Tarying  from  2j..  to  Al  12*.  {Be,  1  .Bs,l6),* 

*  Tho  Lower  Pinjhra  works  coniiiiit  of  the  Unkti  rMtrvoir,  tn 
dams  acrom  tho  Piinjhra,  and  watercourses  from  tbeiie  dama.  Thi 
Mnkti  rvRcrvoir,  dt-»igm-d  to  Mupplumoot  tho  supply  to  tho  whole 
fli'riei*  <if  w^'int,  is  formed  by  two  earthen  darns,  in  nil  2770  feel  longi 
thrown  across  a  gi>rgo  in  tho  ralloy  of  the  Mukti  which  joiaa  lh~ 
Panjhru  2}  miles  above  Obulia.     llio  greatest  height  of  tho  mti^ 


*  Bambar  IrrigKtion  Bapwt^  tATA-TT. 

*  Bnddca  thia,  a  «e«  kaown  u  pMplalta,  at  the  nU  «I  BiH  f 4  irmuu)  «n  acr*  fa 
mijarcatw  am)  XdL  (f  amtas)  for  Mlirr  irrigUcal  <s«]a,   i«  tnvlM   to 
pUanuiue  «i<l  ])Otty  rtpotra  to  tlio  r.haniKl*. 


DWet  tiM)  «C«|  I 


khAndesh. 


dftm  i«  !(ixty>6Te  feet.,  luid  Ui«  flood  watore  eiicnpo  over  two  wnnte 
weir3  13(W  feet  U>ag.  Wben  full,  thf  lake  covers  6U2  aeresi.jiud 
ootilnius  36S  uiillions  of  cubic  irvl  uf  wi>t«r.  The  cat*.': h men t  basin 
hiui  an  area  uf  lUty  itquare  milea,  and  with  an  nvirru^)  ruiiifall 
{10  iocboa)  the  reaervoir  ia  calculated  to  fill  IJ  times  iritb  a  i-ua-oQ 
of  uno-fourtli.  Tbu  weira  are  »l  Dliulia,  Ninikhoda,  and  JApi  in  the 
I>hiilia  Ntil>-diviai<ia,  with  channeU  almoet  all  on  Che  left  tmuk  ;  nt 
Ikliidi  and  )Iaii<bd  in  lliv  Amalnrr  i<iib-<li virion,  with  channels  ua 
thv  right  liiiiik ;  and  nt  Valkbtni  and  Uet^vatl  in  tlto  VirtUd  snb- 
divieioD,  wiib  clumnels  on  the  left  bank.  Of  these  the  NnhAlod 
£a{>adus  chanric]  Icadinir  from  tlic  Niinkhod  woir  is  now.  ITio  rest 
fim  mUI  tvtirk.s  iin])n>ved  and  extended.  Tbe  outlav  on  thv  Ijuwuc 
Panjlira  works,  to  the  end  of  1879.80,  amousted  to  £4fi,653  8». 
(B».i,b$^i).  Inthal}-o»r,22fl4  acreg  were  watorad,  b«eidc«  1504 
ftcrea  on  which  fixed  conaolidated  rates  are  levied.  Tho  Mukti 
reservoir  enenroa  an  nnhiling  perfiiniid  Mipply  to  all  tJiQ  lands 
coiiinuindod  by  tltc  cluinncl--*,  and  hii.it>atidiuuu  aro  «nablod  to  pal 
into  practice  a  )iroi>t>r  rotation  of  crops.  Xlie  achome  has  not  yet 
provod  financially  successful. 

Tliu  Jidnda  canalx  on  tha  Gtrna,  one  of  tlw  v«rlie«t  Governinflnt 
fttor  works,  havea  drainageareaof  2700aquare  uiileR.  Thn  work* 
Hist'  of  a  masonry  weir,  nrnir  Jiinida  across  tho  Gima,  lo40  feet 
>n^  niid  ciglilot-u  ftn-t  at  the  hii^best  point,  with  two  rnnslit,  ono 
OD  the  li'ft  bank  tvrenty-Keven  miles  long  and  commaudin^  87,122 
lu'rcs.thfot boron  tberi^htboDk  twelve  inil«>s  lonj^and  commaodinff 
6281  nrri'.-t.'  'llie  iitvaa  thus  coroinaiided  are  in  ChAlisgaon  and 
Pi4:hora.  Tho  left  bank  canal  has  a  dischai^ng  capacity  of  261, 
and  (bv  right  bank  cauulof  121  cubic  fi>etu  Kecoud.  Both  canals 
are  completely  bcid^d  and  regulated.  The  left  bank  canal  baa  been 
in  working  unlor  for  ihirtiH-u  yimvs.  Th«  right  lAnk  cunnl  was  not 
ojwuod  till  1878.  Up  to  the  end  of  18?J-1!0,  the  capita!  outlav  on 
both  canals  amounted  to  £9  t.S.'jn  1 2*.  (Rs.  9,45.506).  The  loft  bank 
ciinal  (-omiunntlit  ft  large  area  in  the  adjoinin)]^  valtoy  of  the  Hon  river' 
and  llie  aiiueducta  and  bridpes  hare  been  built  to  admit  of  an 
iucreiiHed  discharge.  Tlio  ovorbrtdgi-K  uru  high  utiongh  for  the 
pa»a|];i>  uf  boat*.  Along  these  canals  aboat  35,000  Idh^h  hare  bt^n 
pUati>d.  Id  I879'80,tho  area  waturod  by  tho  J^da  canals  amounted 
to  4925  tucren,  of  which  40  per  cent  wore  iluvotvd  to  oarlv,  kharif, 
crops.  Till!  whole  area  ia  watered  by  flow,  without  the  use  ot  any  litt. 
PurJOf;  the  tiret  six  ycnrx  irrigation  w»m  wriimisly  hampered,  fintt  ^ 
by  till,  toliil  failure  of  the  hot  wt-aibor  supply  in  1869,  1870,  187», 
and  1872,  and  in  8<^-ptcmbcr  1809  by  un  accident  to  an  important 
croMi  dminagtf  wnrk  Mvitr  thti  head  of  the  cano).  To  insuru  the 
ulliuiaLo  snoceas  of  the  Jfimda  canals  a  storaf^e  work  ia  wanted 
to  equalise  tbo  disohargv,  and  in  years  of  short  minfiUl,  to  furnish 
a  certain  siiippiy.  iDqairiea  have  been  going  on  regafdiug  the 
feoMibilily  of  such  a  otorago  vruHc. 


Chaptwr  JV. 
Agriciiltnra. 
Wktor  WmIul 

AOUKT 


■  TliH  *m  utiuUy  aiider conunAnd  d(  tho  left  iMak  ««aftl  ■■  3T,ISSacrM  bdongiag 
to  tliirij'  oiiu  viUi^c*.  Tlic  water  luia  not  yet  beon  brauglit  within  raMb  «f  lb* 
whcd"<uti|, 


IBowba;  Oauttwr. 


DlSTillCrS. 


AT  IT.  Tho  Hart^la  lake,  in  the  BhiufiTol  sub>c1imion,  lira  on  a  mmll 

trilwtarypf  rhu  Tipti.  ThHi>l<l  liike  wils  dosCri'ved  id  ]8J:2  liv  > 
fliiod  wilicU  overtopped  and  breached  the  dun.  Tbe  art's  dmiuiitf 
into  lh<-  lake  is  six  MUMru  milos.  Th«  dow  wurlc  cxjinpriKuN  Un 
ntpikir  of  ike  dam ;  tna  building  of  a  waste  weir  to  {irovide  iat 
tbe  escape  o£  flood  waters,  and  of  ckannelH  fur  irripkt,ii>n  ;  tin 
neconatnictiDn  of  Uie  oiitlulM ;  nnd  tlie  conatruution  of  a  cluuini;]  14 
uicn!a.to  the  drainaofe  area  to  6*61  eqaare  miles.  The  lake  has« 
capacity  of  140  millions  of  ciibir  fout  and  coinitiaDds  an  area  of  351 
acres.  Us  rCMUirnlion  wiw  unilertakeu  on  the  |>eople 
rlaiiu  no  compeiiaatiou  for  tbe  area  uf  the   bed  of  llie  laKe, 

^y  an  aero  mtv  of  Mtr.  (R«.  6)  on  all  laudK  fur  vrbii.'li  vntir 
WM  avnilablo.  Ki![>atr.4  were  begun  iu  lti70  and  rinished  in  187t 
at  a  cost  of  je43«7  (its.  43,S"0).'  During  1873-74,  with  a  rain&ll 
of  34'3t>-incbus,  Um-o-ti^utlM  f>f  the  niinfiill  on  the  euttibiuun'  na 
into  the  lake  and  filled  it  to  a  depth  of  ton  feet.  Dunsg 
1874-75,  with  a  rninhll  of  lO'lS  inchvs,  wator  never  roso  more  thu 
five  feet,  and  at  the  end  of  October  it  was  oul^  2--H  feet  ikbovt?  tht 
level  of  the  irrigation  outlet.  In  1875-76,  with  a  rainbll  of  27']3 
inchi-«,  tho  water  in  SopU-mbi-r  wjis  6'34feet  alxivo  ihootiilut  Ikti-I. 
In  ia7*)-77,  thu  tintt  repleuLiUment  waa  in  June  when  the  wiler 
rv>64>2':J0  feet  on  the  (^ui^,  fulliuirgradnally  to  l'G8.  It  rose  again 
in  July  to  two  foot  and  a^iin  fell  to  !'80  fecE.  After  thii«  tho  lidct 
waa  not  again  filled  and  tho  supply  failed  in  Det^mbor.  Wiih  u 
limited  a  catchment  uroa  and  «o  uncertain  a  minfall,  this  work  li 
not  likvly  to  yield  any  large  revenue.  The  p&iiple  will  i^radoallj 
leam  to  tnm  the  supply  to  the  beat  advantage,  and  it  will  nlwiiyi 
l>0  a  gain  to  lht<  villagorM.  But  a»  in  u)l  wi>rkn  Ihut  dopond  oa 
local  rainfall,  in  a  dry  seaaon  the  supply  U  liable  to  fail.  Tito  want 
of  success  of  thv  scheme,  carried  out  under  unusually  favourabia 
ciri'uui stances,  )tlv:>ws  that  it  i^  not  alwayti  adviiiable  to  n.'^toni  old 
water  works.     In  very  uiay  caaes  old  works  hare  baon  allowed  lo 

Jail  into  disnso  b«»;au»P  thoy  did  not  answor. 

Tho  MliiiMvn  Ltko  in  the  petty  divtHion  uf  Parola  in  A.nuilRer  wai 
begun  in  March  187^^  Very  soon  iifci*i-,  the  work  waa  at'ippcd  for 
want  of  fundi*  It  wft  again  t«ikcu  iu  hand  in  February  167&, 
and  was  e«m]iteted  by  June  1877.  Th«  work  coni^istii  of  a  reservoir 
foar  miles  in  circumference,  with  a  dam  1494  feet  long  and  forty- 
fonr  feet  high,  and  two  (mnalH  ewdi  throo  miles  long.  The  area  of 
^  tlio  catehment  basin  is  fourteen  square  miles,  and  ilie  mnximiiin 
dfiptb  of  full  snpply  is  thirty-fuiir  toot.  Tbu  total  capacity  of  tba 
lake  V*  Itil  inillion.*  of  cubic  feet.  Ilie  work  wniiuiiniU  a  total 
arable  area  of  3912  acres  included  in  nine  villages,  sis  of  them  oa 
the  wo»t  chiinni't  and  thnreon  the  v-tist.  The  wiHrc  cupitii!  outlay 
to  tho  end  of  I}*7y.80  was  £11,201  14*.  (Rs.  1,12,317).  Watrr  wm 
given  free  of  chnrgo  fur  the  Rnt  ycnruud  the  ares  irrigated  waa  IGt 
acred,  chiefly  under  wheat  and  gram.  8inoo  then  water  ratoM  h&vs 
been  introduced.  They  are  tho  isameaa  those  on  the  Mnkti  reaerroir, 
£1    (Ra.  10)  the  acre  for  augarcane,  4».  (Rs.  2)  for  late  crops  aod 

>Tb«rcwMafl«rw>nUa[urther<HiU*yo(<l012i.  |Ra.  1911). 


khAkdesh. 


rice.  Mid  2s.  (Re.  1)  for  early  dry  erop«.  The  Iivke  ia  2J  riiIc-h  from 
Itlie  town  of  P^rola,  and  at  nil  aclJirioiinl  com)  iif  nViUt  £l£riO 
]  (Bs.  1 2,S0O),  could  supply  thv  town  with  g<>'d  niid  whulcsome  water. 

Over  most  of  the  dintriot  wo^rjn  ^und  n<>iU'  UiB  .■turfitoe.  Bat 
near  tho  S&lpudiU,  and  on  account  of  the  draiua<;o  of  its  chanael, 
within  iMghl.  or  ti-n  mili-x  of  lliv  TA|>li,  wolN  huvo  Suitiutiinus  to  )» 
dug  ad  much  as  one  hundred  feet  deep.  The  (li>mh  of  ^  yyi^H  vnpi->4 
from  fortj-  to  ono_bundn:'d  fvH  in  !Jitv<la,  from  thirty  to  "'nen-  feet  in 
Cho|Klii  lind  Sliffpur,  ftMHi  t.wgiilv-five  to  -lixty  fMit  in  f^hfiluiiln,  and 
Lfroni  t'jght  to  forty. live  fe*>t  in  Taloda;  from  thirty  to  tli)rty<threa 
keet  in  KiindMrborTfrom  thirty  to  ninety  fwt  in  Virdel,  from  t<>n 
lo  ninety  feet  in  AtunlucT,  alxiut  thirty-fiv^  foot  in  Hnindol,  from* 
forty  to  eighty  feel  in  Nosirabad,  and  from  twenty-two  to  xb>ty 
fwt  in  Bhuwivnl ;  from  twenty-two  to  forty  feet  in  Pimpslncr, 
(rora  Iwenty-twii  to  fi-rty-eighi  fi«t  in  t)hulia,  from  cwmity  tn 
I  forty  feet  in  I**chora,  from  twenly-two  to  thirty-liTe  feel  in  Jdinner, 
and  from  cightDcn  to  twi'iily-w>ri;n  fot't  in  ChnliHgnou.  The  iy7y-W0 
returmi  give  28,137  wells,  029  of  them  with  and  -27,20!)  without 
BtepH.  For  drawing  water  tJiQ  leathvr  ba^,  mat,  is  in  almost 
nnivet%nliiw.  The  cowl  of  digging  n  well  rancwTnim  JilS  to  £2.i 
(Kf.  l.V).lis.!J50),  and  except  for  garden  crops,  it  does  not  pay  to 
work  a  well  more  than  twenly-five  feut  deep.  A  good  well  admits 
the  working  of  four  leiithiT  bitgM,  aio/n.  Thft  nma  watcre*!,  on  iin 
RVar.ige  alwut  live  acres,  de]>eml3  mainly  on  the  nature  of  the  crop 
and  the  character  of  t  he  Koil .  Each  bag  wster;«  m  qnarter  of  nn  aero 
daily.  Thu  otu-lhen  cliaunelx  are  most  tdcilfidly  loiule,  chnngiug 
tlwir  coOT-ie  at  every  two  or  three  yards,  so  as  to  offer  a  series  of 
checks  to  tho  flow  of  the  wntvr.  


Chapter  IV. 
Agrtenttoi^ 

— wai 


Tlu!  niudu  of  tillage  ia  miiolfthe  same  all  over  ^le  districts  The 
field  tools  are  the  plough,  niiiiyeir  or  n<i;7'ir  ;  thejicftvy  hoe,  r'lWmi* ; 
the  light  hoe.  Itotpti  :  the  ^eed  drill,  iKnnhlinr  or  piiaar  :  '.W  n-aping 
gicklfc,  lianilt  or  n7«  ;  the  weeding  sickle,  khurm  ;  the  i  fn  .-^ 

the  wimnowiug  atool.  fftn'Awr ;  the  fan,  gitp;  the  Iwiikel,  ■•/■■.,  nnd 
the  brxKtm,  h'^khri.  Aloul  of  tJione  looI»  last  for  thrt-ti  or  four  yenri*. 
Though  to  tht-  untrained  eve,  nide  and  waat^^I,  the  native  system  of 
husbandry,  when  well  nuderatood,  showfl  mffiy  simple  coutg-ivancea 
of  much  vkill  and  wii^doni. 

Indian  plouglw^  though  thev  differ  in  detail,  are  iirahably  all 
developed  fi-om  a  forked  branch.  One  fork,  cnt  short  and  pointed, 
bocnniu  the  sluin',  the  other  the  benm,  >ind  the  itlrnight  part  ibti 
liiiniUe.  The  KluindvHh  plough,  niiugar,  ia  a  tliick  bdl/kul  log,  the 
lower  en<l  sharp  nnd  curving  forward  as  nn  obtuse  angle  from  the 
main  hlork.  'I'lir-sjiarg,  u  ilaice'EEirtniH  bar  aI)out  thnx?  f«<?t  long, 
i»  let  into  a  Koeknt  ;t(iil  lised  by  a  movable  iron  ring  to  the  wooden 
point,  beyond  which  it  juia  about  teu  iiiche«.  Ita  weight  is  front 
twelve  to  foDrtvon  ponnd^,  half  of  which  ix  lost  uftor  two  years' 
work.  The  handle  is  fastened  to  the  block  by  a  thick  rope, 
aioii,  passed  along  the  beam  and  tiod  to  the  yoke,  bo  that  the 
strain  of  drdught  bnnx'ii  the  different  pidceH  of  iho  plough.  Kxcept 
by  Htandiiig  on  the  plough  or  loading  it  with  stonea,  the  husband ninn 
bas  no  means  of  incrvasing  the  depth  to  which  the  Hhare  enters 


FkldTa 


PlangKU 


[Bombny  Giuetlea. 


er  IV. 

Agricoltsro. 
I  Field  Took. 


.stmBot. 


Hoc 


'  Drill. 


144 


DISTBICTB. 


the  »oil.  The  plough  U  drawn  bf  four  Inillocks,  nnd  to 
it  ikroperjy  two  "per^yns  aro  rcrjuircd,  one  u*  ilrive  iho 
bauocKB  HiiJ  ono  t^u  ku<^'':  '^'^  plouKli-  'TiiO  shan*  paaa 
S0\-eii  inchuB  umlur  the  Hurfaoc,  probablt  qniU;  deep  em 
all  luDcLi  of  crops  in  the  clJmiitv  uu<]  Hot)  uf  Khiiiidi^Nli.  ,  Iti;  ci 
dofi-ct  is  th«  wDiit  of  a  mould  board ;  the  boU  is  merely  rai&od  and 
slightly  shifted,  without  being  complete);  tarae4  ovar.  A  plou^ 
ooste  from  -**.  to  5*.  (R«.  2  -  R«.  21). 

Tbo  htavj  li»i>,  vakhar,  uaed  for  looBening  the  surfooe  of 
ffrouud  Ijefiira  sowinp,  for  covering  Uio  seed,  £«  breftking  eloda,  t 
for   uprooliiig   shrubs  uiid  wi-v<lj>,   is  a    Tcn^df  ^MBexc 
*in>pU>meiit,  consistiiig  of  a  two  to  four  feet  iCTg  beam  witb  a 
running  homontalljr   along  Hi"  entire  length,  »nd  supported 
distance  of  abotil  ton  inchca  by  two  wtwulf »  Hl^^^Vll■     It  ia  »o  i. 
thiit  by  ItfUiftheHing  or  abortening  the  rope,  aiuli,  the  blade  WiU  | 
several  incfae«  into  the  ground  or  merely  Bcrapo  the  aurfoce. 
Bmall  hi'u,  kolpa,  is  tbu  samu  in  Hh»|H!  ami  iiiako  a«  the   lar^fe 
only  much  smaller.     It  ia  used  for  cleariug  the  land  bcl.wucn  I 
rows  of  a  growing  MPpt  for  loo«wning  the  HTir&u-e,  and  for  kilf 
weeds.     Usually  one  pair  of  bulIoclcH  dmgs  two  »nu(ll  hoes, 
guided  by  o»o  man.     ft^  when  fKtIe  are  acarce,  a  leugtl 
yoke  ia  aometimes  need  an^Uvto  or  own  four  boos  aro  wor 
togotlii^r.  ^  r 

Tliosoed-drill, /nimt/Mir,  eimpie,  ingenious,  and  effective,  i»a  bk 
of  wood  with  throewpmre  prongs  let  into  it  at  right  anglea,  liit-oi 
prong  is  fixed  a  hnllow  biunboo,  Tliesc  mwrt  at  the  top  in  a 
cup.  Into  this  cup,  wit hhii*  loft  band,  the  driver  keepa  steadily  poi 
seed,  which,  ihrough  the  tubes,  passes  safely  into  a  neat  fumjw ' 
in  fn>iit  of  «Bch  tubo  by  the  Khnm-liW  iron  tip  of  the  proog.  ._ 
ibwiugcotWi  aud  whuat,  the  middle  prong  or  snare  iit  takvii  out  and 
the  tube^draggedMeveral  yards  bcliind,  each  guided  by  a  Mrpont* 
sowcr^  Cot^D  is  also  sown  with  the  help  <ii  llio  heavy  bo<;,  xiakhar, 
which   ia  driven  across  tho  field,  and  two  or  three  sowers  fuDow  it 

t>tl4*>rgobanibtKi  tiibos  ill  tht^ir  hands  through  which,  aa  lb«iy  gq, 
loy  droi)  the  seed.  Excepting  these  and  indigo,  which  is  eomeliuee 
ecatter^i  with  the  band,  all  grains  are  sown  witb^hia  drill, 
bundling  of  which  reipiires  a  littlw  {iractico. 

Besides  IA  field   tools,  the   husbandman's  chief  ajipUancoB 
(  tbo    isiigamtnu  mill,   tho   watcr^lift,  and    tho  cart.      The   vat 

cane   mil),   ghdni,   consists   of    two  solid  hahhul  cgrliitdora 

buebaud  and  wife,  nm-ra  nrtm,  about  nine  inches  in  diainott^r,  pis 
Tcrtti-jdly  and  set  vt^ry  close  tjigi.!thcr.  Tho  iipjM'r  pnrls  of  tho  rol 
are  formed  into  double  spiral  scn^ws  which  work  in  one  anut 
Thus,  when  tnotinin  is  given  to  ono  roller  by  the  lerer  at  it«  hi^iud  1 
polled  b?  bullocks  in  a  circular  coursi;,  its  Hcn^w  cnrrios  round  I 
other  roller  in  an  opposite  direction.  The  rolleroi  are  fed  with 
by  th«  hand,  and  Uio  juice,  passing  along  an  undergronud  pipe  tf, 
at  some  distance,  gathered  in  an  earthen  veiiflcl.  ndnd.  Froin  thi« 
Vessel  it  is  strained  into  a  largo  round  iron  kettle,  kudhat,  in  which 
\t  is  boiled  down  to  molaases,  gut,  or  hdkei,  ns  desired.  The  once- 
preased  stalks  an|%iven  to  potters,  kumbkdre,  who  by  waterim 


inbloc^ 

pon^ 
'n>w^H 
Dtr.     HP 


DeccanJ 


khA^-dksh. 


Yorioue  proce«»c«  maoa^  to  extract  «  »ecoad  ^ 

{ letter's  nKklassea.     ThiB  is  dark  and  sticlty,  ain 
owor  classes.  * 


of  gul,  called 
ased  by  .tip 


The  tratcr-lift,  mat.  !»  a  lar^  lontlior  hag  ablu  to  hold  about 
forty  galloQa.  TtSaTtwo  months,  the  upper  one  wide  and  laced  to 
an  iron  or  wooden  rin^,  thu  lower  ono  tnpering  into  a  pipo-  To  the 
riog,  »i  th<!  uppef  end,  a  strong  ropo  im  fa-itcned,  whicb,  pnstting 
over  a  palley  snont  aix  feet  above  the  well,  is  brought  forward  and 
tied  to  the  bollock  yoko.  A  small  line  in  tied  to  (he  lower  month, 
of  mob  B  length  thnt,  while  the  bag  ia  being  drawn  up,  the  two 
liaoatha  4Mmigt%iaa|iV  1'be  fiinall  une,  being  led  over  a  revolving 
wooden  cinder  on  ino  edge  of  the  well,  do*  sooner  is  the  woll-edgw* 
reaohed  tbun  the  lower  moutJi  opens  and  the  bag  empties  into  a 
cwteru  in  front  of  the  well. 

Carts  are  of  thrco  kintls,  the  dhainni,  fbe  lari  or  ahiri,  and  the 
vanki.  FoniH'rly  the  only  a^ricnltuml  cart  was  the  g^da,  a 
_  elumsy  vehicle  with  soiall  wheels  about  tliree  feet  bigb  or  even 
less.  The  axle  was  made  of  dhanum,  Grewia  dlimfolia,  a  tougb 
Btraiglit-grainutd  wood.  A  spare  axle  was  alkays  carried  in  case 
of  accident.  Since  good  roads  have  been  made  the  style  of  carl 
has  much  improvi^d.  The  dhittniii,  thynr*  now  in  ordinary  use, 
costing  from  £3  t^  £3  ft.  [It*.  itO-RfcS^  weighs  ul>out  four,  and 
nrries  from  twelve  to  fourietiu  lHiii|dredweightaj«Tbe  ti-amework  is 
nsnally  of  teak  or  Hv<is,  i>albergia  ujainensis,  with  a  neat  split- 
bamboo  bollom,  and  sides  of  roovablo  slripaftf  strong  bamboo 
malting.  1'be  axle  is  of  iron  and  tlio  wheels  are  four  feet  in 
diameter  with  a  snbittantial  tire.  It  is,  on  the  whole,  very 
Mrviounble  and  wvll  suited  to  its  work.  The  lari^  a  lowbodiod 
cart,  is  chiefly  used  by  metVlants  for  timber  and  bambooe,  and 
occasionally  by  cultivators  for  carrying  chaff.  *_  .  # 

As  in  other  jartw  of  tlie  Prosiilency,  tbero  are,%  the  en*  of  diy, 
jiriyat,  cropd  two  chief  field  seasons,  an  early  or  min  li4pvi>M,  than/,  _ 
and   a  lat«  or  cold   weather  harvest,  rab*.     The  time  of  HOwinff 
depi.-nds,  to  Komo  extent,  on  the  rainfall.     Bnt  generally  the^arqV 
erop  lost-1  frcim  (lie  Iwginuing  of  July  to  the  beginning  of  November, 
and  tJiB  lato  from  September  (o  February.     The  chief  eai^  crops 
are,  of  grain,  hijrl,  jviri,  ra-la,  bhAdU,  and  taea  ;  of  pulse,  lur,  mug, 
udid,  kulitk,  nuilk,  and  chavU ;  of  oilsiMH]«,  wbJto  seviUttvtn,  tU,  and 
the  castor  plant;  of  fibres,  cotton,  brown  hemp,  and  Bombay  hemp;   . 
d  dyes,  a/  and  indigo;  and  of  miscellaneous  crops,  tobacco.     Qf 
ibese,  tnijri,  mug,  udid,  and  chavli  ripon  by  the  end  of  Aogmft,  and 
the  rest  by  the  end  of  November.     The  chief  late  crops  are  wheat, 
gram,  pens,  ixiriaudvrseod,  J<:nriJaiof  both  kinds,  rajgira,  ajvanftatiae 
seed,  inuAtard  seed,  black  seMtDimn,  linsevd,  and  tobacco. 

At  present  the  early  harvest  is  much  the  more  important^  Kvon 
in  the  Tiiptivallcy,  where  cold  weather  crops  osed  to  be  much  grown, 
wheat  and  gram  hare,  since  the  American  war,  to  a  great  extent 
been  displaced  by  cotton. 

Land  i:<i  generally  ploughed  in  December,  soon  after  the  early, 
kKari/i  crops  are  harvesuid,  when  it  is  still  motet  uid  easily  worked. 
B  411-10  * 


Chapter  1J. 

AgTicultnro. 

Field  TooU. 


Scui 


Op.p 


IBnnlMy  Binttw 


140 


DISTPICTS. 


PIT. 

Itsre. 

\A 
iona. 

I 


Miff. 


Htng. 


L 


As  the»nil(lriw^thoc1od»b(*coiiii;vorjrhanl  snddiffioiilt  tolin-nk.us' 
notiiing  turlhftrl^  <loii«,  till  iifter  netfirly  four  mouths'  exjiosurp  u 
Uie  weathtr,  Uie  lumps  nf  fmrih  Iwcxjuip  bnl|lr,  frial>l         ■    i  ■  ■ 
smootbod  by  the  lioo,  ttolTmr.   In  April  tlwwpl'!  U  w . 
mill  flwtrci!  'if  sliriilm  iwni  woeiJs.     The  field  ia  now    lit 
tUf  Hi'C'ij.     But  tli(-  lime  fur  ^owin^  doM  not.  coiiip  till  thi-  < 
of  July  in  the  case  of  the  ewrly,  hharif,  niw!  of  S?<»ii(Miili«r  iu  i . 
of  th(i  InUi,  rahi,  erupts.     Miwuwhili*,  tlie  huotiaiidniao  is  car 
lci'v{)th<>  llidd  clear  of  weeda,'  aild  looaen  the  earfac-e  bj  pRS»-i 
hoe,  rtfiAtir.  over  it  once  or  twice  n  inontli       '■''      "    '■'■  lut--"  '-w.- 
Bud  tlio  svi'd  iH  miwii,  tliv  citrly  crtipH  m^lduin  i:  vaUir  luo^ 

^tt^uMe.     TUe  lute  cnipn  are  far  less  certain,     tii  .Si  ['iuinb*r,  wlwt 
they  should  be  eowii,  uulesa  (hit  wnl    ia  so  WKiki-ii    thiit  it  rnu  ••■ 
wiirki-d  by  t\w  liiind  into  it  mud  liiill,  the  iteed  is  sown  at  fp\\ 
li  the  ground  is  too  drr  in  September,  aud  if  up  to  th«  liev ' 
of  NoTpmbttr  moro  rain  has  not  folleu,  sowing  Ia  geoentllv 
up.     To  wittuh  tbo  croiM  n  woutlcn  platEorni  is  raised  in  t)i< 
of  the  6eld  or  on  the  branches  of  some  suitable  tn-o.     Tlie  w 
gcnoralty  a  boy,  suuxis  the  birdii  by  itbontuig  and  Klingiug   ix-titUTi 
at  thoin. 

After  tho  crop  hikt  )>een  cut  luid  the  grain  dried,  it  is  car 
the  village  in  carts  and  laid  iu  the  village  rick-yard,  kalavtidi, .; ...,.., 
cloKC  outside  th«  village  wulls,  varii-:*  from  a  amall  eniTloRunt  tn  ■ 
smce  of  two  or  thr»e  acres.  Wlteu  tlie  cr'ipB  have  boon  brought  is, 
the  evoiiest  spot  iKthe  rick-ynrd  is  chosen  for  tho  thnisbiag  tl<n<r, 
kfi'ih.  It  in  spriukli-d  with  wnlitr,  hcalou  witli  wooden  oialliits  'T 
trodden  by  bultoekH'  feet  till  all  cracks  dtiiapixrar,  cowdiin(;(>d,  and 
luft  to  dry.  In  tho  niiddle  of  this  floor  a  strong  six  fivl  hiffh  pal 
in  u-t.  Thi"  floor  ia  thick  strewn  wiIJiKIh)  cnjp  to  be  thi-asbed,  and 
ftpairof  ftuzxlvitbullockit,  driven  round  the  post,  trt*ad  out  ihp 
grain.  Some  crops,  such  as  hemp,  castor  seed,  and  pulse,  parting 
fosily  with  their  seed,  are  ouly  beaten  with  »tii-k«,  aud  in  th«  COM 
*  of  HirHaTiiiiiu,  to  shake  the  dry  ptaut  with  the  band  is  enough  to  set 
^■c  the  m-od. 

To  winnow  the  grain  one  man  ket^ps  filling  Hhallow  ljasket«,  «nji, 
with  uil^unowed  grain,  and  pat^es  Lbeui  to  a  HTond^vho,  stauding 
on  a  high  xtool,  ehahur,  takes  the  foil  haNket  in  his  hand  and  gently 
taltiug  audjAokiug  il,  tho  grain  falls  and  the  husks  aro  blon-n  anaf 
by  tho  wind. 

a  The  p»>ple  understand  and  a])pr(tciatc  the  value  o£  manure.  Bak 
M  minpnU  and  other  imported  lerliliner^  are  too  dear  for  ordinate 
crops,  the  hnsbandumn's  ouly  resource  is  the  scanty  and  poor  prudnn 
of  nig  fanu-yard.  The  biL-iis  of  good  farm-jiirtl  itinnnre  is  stniw, 
onrii'tu^d  by  tho  droippings  and  urine  of  hornet)  cattle  aud  other  live 
stock.  In  India,  iih  xtniw  is  valuable  fodder,  and  as  OMtlle  do 
not  roiiuiru  bedding  for  warmth,  no  litter  iit  need  and  the  nriuo  w 


'  WoHt  of  vnriomi  kindi  giVD  th*  rnltivatov  niiii!h  traulite.  Bonilca  wrcnl  otfaw 
gniMce  maeh  am  llic  harti,  drnjii,  Ukitt-yr,  hatri,  »nd  fowbr,  tlMf  Jtvnrfu  dtmrva,  (fiwcU 
luMiM.  It*  loqg  to«u|li  rpota  •anii^Uiiiiw  IhiiiI  tb»  toU  •«  IliilUr  tluU  it  at«9«  tb 
pkmgti  M»d  hM  to  iM^oacnecl  witti  ik  iikknxc. 


KUAN»ESn. 


IcMt.  Pun-;  i«  gntltvrud  for  manaro  only  duntiff  th*  seven  mnntlM 
belwcou  April  imrl  l>t!cci»i>or.  During  thv  roni  itf  the  yixirVt  is  otnde 
into  flat  cucea  about  a  jftpt  in  diaiuet«r,  dried,  utui  Miu'kod  fur  fn«l, 
Tli<>n};imMitishc)i  nrc  n«<^  iw  tnanurv,  much,  tmmt  as  fuel,  or  &u4>ar»d 
on  ho44l  Boon  and  waILt,  ih  IuhI  to  the.  j^)uqiI.  Ti  u  <-4tiii)iit«d  that 
kfter  Betting,'  aaido  what  is  wanted  forothor  purposeti,  an  oniiniiryivn 
Bcnt  holding,  wilh  u  piiir  of  {)t>>titrh  t>MllwKs,  a  niilch  buffalo,  and 
jper)ui{ig  a  siecr,  would  yearly  yield  miuiiirx!  <'iiiiii;^h  fur  h  ijuttrtcr  o£ 
ui  acre,  that  is  the  cultivator  would  be  able  to  manure  hU  land  only 
»nee  in  forty  yenrn.  In  Iiirgu  towns,  besides  his  hom«  supply,  tho 
taHbandaian  can  buy  from  Vanjiiris,  GavlU,  and  other  Mitl]o-k(vp«n9, 
or  21.  (Re.  I),  from  2  tons  8c«'t8,  to3  tons  f2  cwts.  of  the  letter,  unt^ 
jrwm  4i  to  7  tons  of  ths  pfXH^-r  manuiv.'  Fields  aro  also,  to  some 
JXtent,  euriehfd  by  huraiufr  weeds  and  stubble,  ntid  by  hiring 
ihcpherds  to  keep  their  flocks  in  them  for  a  certain  unmber  of  day*. 
So  longas  thw  coiitntcl  lasfs,  llm  ctittivntor  fwds  Ihc  nhvpfaerd  and 
niters  hts  flock,  Indiifo  refuse  and  guauo  are  uftod  an  fi-rtiltnem 
or  tobacco  and  ca«tor-Beod  rofime  for  plantain  trees.  Xight-soil  wa» 
OTRterly  nt^vor  UMtd,  iHitnuw,  well  niixtKl  with  rnbbish  nnd  other 
nanures,  it  is  freely  taken  in  aome  places,  and  is  so  highly  valued 
MiR-ciitlty  for  »uf/<ircane,  tobat'oo,  and  other  rich  crops,  as  to  be 
reueralty  known  n.i  toukhat,  thiit  in,  manure  worth  its  weight  in  jiTuId. 
tti  neu  entHiIs  much  waterinj^,  and  it  ia  nut  jGt  Bysteuatically 
>ri'pftred  iti  any  part  of  the  district. 

Dry-crop  land  should  be  manured  eveiT  third  year.  Alillt^  and 
lottoD  require  twenty,  and  wheat,  liusoed,  and  gram  twenty-foar 
rarl'loads  thu  aero.  In  gnnlon  laudn  Nutfun-ane  an<l  rico  yearly 
eijnire  from  125  to  WO,  and  tobttcco,  earlbnut,  and    i;hilUes  from 

0  to  100  cnrt-loailn  th^^  fw^m.  Wat^nnl  |/;trdi>u  laud  ttoon  bxtrai 
trenjrth  if  not  manured  every  second  yirar.  LSnd  thA  has  tonjf 
nui  fallow  is  said  not  to  waul  miinurt!  until  afu;r  four, years  iif 
roppiujg.  Thft  wealthier  classes  are  alone  able  to  manure  theii* 
olds  properly,  the  rest  use  only  as  much  aa  they  cuti  coUot't  from  ' 
hvir  own  cattto. 

The  *-aIur  of  ii  chaiip*  of  civipa  is  well  known.  But  the  order  of 
han^  df]>i^ud»  a^  much  on  the  market  as  on  any  rule  of  Mii^^ssion. 
'h(i  iisuul  pnw^lice  is  in  fresh  black  soil  lo  grow  Heititiuuui,  tU,  firnt, 
ind  then  Indian  mitlot,  and  in  fresh  lijfliht  tioil  to  KTOwHuiilet,  bajri, 
ind  then  cotton.  From  drv-crop  land  in  rvgtilar  work  oidy  oite 
rop  a  ynar  is  gonorally  taWn.  The  order  is,  Indian  uullot  thff  ' 
ret,  cotton  ihu  socond,  and  fur  or  some  cold  weather  crop  the 
hir«I  yr-ar.     In  t^rdon  land  ric«  conws  firnt,  then  Bugnrcanc,  and 

1  the  third  y«ir  two  cmps,  Ke*amiim  and  pram,  or  wheat  and  peas, 
'hf  order  of  cban^  in  the  chief  cold  went  her,  rnW,  cro])*  is  gram 
:>r  the  lirst  yvvx,  whimt  fur  the  second,  and  )in»oed  for  the  third. 

A  veiy  common  practice,  except  in  Niuidiirb&r,  is  to  now  a  mixture 
f  ae«()tt  at  the  ttamo  time  and  in  the  aamo  furrow.  The  following 
iblo  shows  the  favourito  mixture  per  acre  of  land; 

.*rl-kd^*<>f  alioii)  l^owt*.  omIi.     Tlie   priao 
M  in  1639,  when  tbo  noi^y  wa«  gevtra,  it 


onlil  BOem  of  Utc  fouv  ^   — '   .-n..!!. 
■a  oaly  £  swti.  (8  mmw)  (or  S*.  (ho.  IJ. 


(Hiapte 
AgricnlturB. 
UMiure. 


Rntktfonll 


Mix«t 


Sowinct. 


FkUowi. 
OBttuni. 


AbsriBinkl 


Ompt, 


148 


* 

DISTfilCi'S. 

[Boubar  0«i 

1 

rtnt 
Mil  Ian. 

Hiiiitf*. 

tHlcd 

Mum*. 

1 

Cftn* 

Ml. 

It 

1 

I 

II 

Bitn.- 

MMk-. 

U 

u 

let 

IV 

n»  .. 

•Ml 

Pd*. 

a 

•1 

1 

■1 

OhMc 

M*a  - 

• 

naiKB., 

1 

*H 

7T 

•01 

■ 

n'heat  and  litiMHtd  wlut  tbe  belt  laad,  while  millet  ^iro^s  in 
poorer  HuiU.     Iti  dr3r,/tr<tyaf,  land  a  second  crop  can  be   liiul  oi 
aft«r  millet  and  seBamum,  when  ll>e  yield  is  little  leso  than  ti  i 
field  had  bc«D  fallow.     But  ihia  is  n  hoary  droin  on  Uic   soil 
oaaDot  aalely  be  often  repeated.     Id  the  nek  TApti   anil   Gil 
plains,  aa  it  leavea  the  land  idle  for  nparly  eli>voQ  monthv,  i 
practice  is  to  take  an  early  crop  one  year  and  a  Latn  cmp  the 
Id  garden,  ba^d^at,  land,  except  sugarcane,  plantain,  g^ugw, 
bet^  leaf  plantations  which  require  one  full  year  tu  grutv  and 
firmt,  a  sooond  crop  u  generally  grown  e«pecially  after  rice,  i 
pidse,  and  other  two  and  a  half  mooth  oops. 

Except  where  land  is  plentiful  and  the  oultirator  can   throw 
one  field  and  take  np  another,  fallows  are  little  known. 

The  following  is  an  estimate  of  a  iaix  outturn  of  the  staple 
from  two  acred  of  land,  one  paying  a  rent  of  3«.  (Re.  1  as.  8) 
the  other  of  6>.  (Ra.  3) : 


a«.                      1 

>i. 

at. 

t««a>. 

raliu. 

Fmuidk 

T*lM 

OuiMb 

IndiKB  millM 

MIllM 

Wlini 

f.lhtHll 

Cris 

im 

IM 

to 

110 

«  >.  A 

a  la  0 
»  1«  • 

0     •    0 

«   14  a 
a  u  0 
a   II   ■ 

an 
aw 

<D(iltiwirm] 
IM 
IM 
4*0 

»    t    d 

IIS   » 

1  a  * 

1  a  a 

a  M  a 
1   i  a 

A  rode  huobandry,  knownas^M'ior  ^mri,  was  formerly  practil 
on  a  large  scale  in  the  outlying  and  western  parts  of  tW  diatr 
A.  patch  of  bmshwood  was  cleared  by  burning,  and  jast  aft«r 
first  monsoon  ahowera,  rdg\  and  other  ooarse  grains,  and  sometii 
hdjri  were  sown  cither  in  regular  lines   op   broadcast.     The   sti, 
£orcst  rules  introduced  within  the  last  few  years  hare  greatly  redac 
tbe  area  under  this  style  of  tillage.     It  continues  to  some  oxtent] 
Pimpalncr  and  Taloda. 

The  following  list  shows  the  cereals  aad  other  cnltiTated 
in  <»^er  of  importance  : 


I 


khAndesk. 


149 


Ko. 


10 


■nmeu. 


aeUud  lUIlM    ...        .    IWeOlitM  >i>iuu 
WliMl  ...        ~    TtUkm  niUruin 

Kl«         J  Orn>«llTB      ... 

Ibia  «  Xuau»  Cam  ~.'  &•  ruya  . 

hnUuiu  wlonua 
ttallu  HUM  "      ' 


CliaiDa 


PAA*o»ni  nilll4<«qin 


JpM. 

SU  or  lUt. 

,  rtri. 


SWiv. 


OhaptarlV. 

Agricnltart. 


.  Indinn  Millet,  jvdri.  Sorghum  vulgare,  with,  iti  1878-79, 
ilkge  area  of  587,995  uorps,  i«  nn  early,  Ickarif,  cmp  stown 
ffeentheolliotJuDe  {ntWjf  MdAvArtifrt)  amlthcoth  of  July  (lii^iru 
thaira).  Tli«re  are  three  varieties  of  ^'riii-t,  nilvt,  nirnwli,  and 
71".  The  ni/ea  is  a  superior  variety  thriving  only  in  rich  ilampAoilN. 
I  rrain  ia  largo  and  the  flnur  whili;  luid  swoot.  The  stalka,  kadln, 
mng  alwiU  twelve  feet  hijL^h,  are  soft  and  vanily  clitiwed  and 
a  iTiavourite  food  for  cattle.  Thu  Hirmali,  nKjuii-ing  hiil  liule 
I,  growB  oasily  iu  niont  »oi]»  and  u  f^uorully  cultivated.  The 
in  i«  Mmoller  than  the  titca,  and  though  of  a  very  good  eolonr, 
lot  BO  sweet.  The  kiuUn  tx  very  liara,  annonriahinj^,  and  not 
dily  ontvn  by  <'imle.  The  thiiil  variety  ffunti  is  much  iuforior. 
)  grain  in  venr  small  and  neither  ^o  palatable  nor  so  nourishing iM 

others.  It  is  gnL>wn  only  on  infonor  soils  together  with  tHijri. 
i  kadhi  is  liked  by  cattle,  an  the  ^talki*  an>  small  and  thin. 
H  in  the  Grat  crop  of  the  eeason,  mncb  rare  is  tak^n  to  ohootte  a 
Icy  time,  Muhtirt,  for  xowitig  Indian  millet.     This;  is  tised  from 

oimimtui,  panckiing,  by  the  village  JoBlii,  wko^iu  tvturn,  i»  at 
Teat  time  paid  a  few  hitiidfuls  of  grain  by  each  cultivator.     To 
Tent  it«  running  Ki  straw,  ^r^rt  muat  be   sown  nri  u  firm  bed. 
»  field  i.H  not  ploughed,  only  hoed  and  broken  a  fnw  incbot)  dcon.  > 
mediately  after    DivuU  (OctolKtr-N'uvomber)    the  crop  is  ready 

horvcirt.  \ahI  by  ihe  head  of  tho  vilhige,  the  men  cut  over  the 
oa  about  two  feet  from  the  ground,  letting  the  cut  vtalks  lio 
9ning  for  a  day  or  two.  Then  womon  come  and  cut  off  the  heads 
m  the  stalks,  and  after  the  women,  the  binders  Uv  the  stalks, 
|/i»,  into  nmall  abeavea,  pendis.  The  daily  rates  paiJ  to  harvest 
ourera  are,  for  tlte  reaix-rs,  two  liaHkelx,  nnvri,  of  ©are  and  five 
th«  largeift  oarii  they  can  choose,  hAth  hin*i ;  for  the  I)end-lop]>ciw  * 
!  basket  of  ears  ;  and  for  the  binders,  who  may  glean  what  they 
L  find,  fi^  (i  nnna)  for  a  hundred  sheavw.  Tlw  niwi  of  the  basket, 
jrt,  tjt  fixed  by  the  headman  and  varies  with  the  price  of  grain. 
B  average  acre  outturn  of  Indian  millet  is  about  500  pound*. 
lian  millet  is  thft  people's  staple  food,  not  ao  much  bocnuso  of  its 
tt{HKs>,  as  because  it  is  piilatable  without  the  butter  and  olhor 
tly  ingrodivntw  roriuiniil  by  millet  or  whi^at.  At  the  same  tima 
a  considered  very  cold,  ihand,  and  especially  during  the  nuuy 
iSOD,  is  believed  to  cauM)  bowel  complaints. 

i.     spiked  Millet,  hdjri,  PctiidlUria  sjpicata,  of  only  one  kind, 
h,  in  1878.79,  a  tiUagu  area  of  700,635  acres,  ia  a  iioer  gain 


Indian  MUkl. 


Spilmt  itUbt.] 


1641 


DI6VRICT6. 


tBomlwr  > 


WiMl. 


3Rm; 


than  j'tiifi,  and  rMjiiiros  more  cantfnl  tillage.     At  iho  same  limo  H ! 
oom  suflicioiitly  Taluabtc  rro]!  In  ho  gron^ii  in  irrijinU'd  land.      It 
Kown  ftlxiut  tbi'  luttor  linlf  of  Aufj^UMl  Ipuiutn-atv  n'lhukalrn), 
reaped  ab««t  tlie  Ixtgiuuin^  ot  October  (Itatta  to  eliUru  naUnhalT 
Tbo  aversfre  acre  ootlum  is  from  3)>0  to  'lOO  poviiils.      Taken 
butter  and  other  condintcnta  it  forma  tlie   favoiirito  (wod  of 
w<dl-U>-dc>. 

3.  Wlieat,    gahu,  Trilinim  (c■i^ti^^lm,  of  many  kinds,   wHtli, 
1878-79,  a   tt]ltt|i^  area   uf   irj.>,08J(  acres,  is   (fixiwa  ail  ovw  t) 
district   as   a   cold   weather  cnip.      The  cliief  Tarieties  ane  jn 
hantl'i  or  fMluhi,  yellowish,  Iiu'kv,  full,  Hott,  nod  block    bear' 

■gmvTD  Duly  nu  tlic-  ^>K^t  irrigated  soil ;  vicla  potta  or  rotiiV,  ysDd 
short,  and  thick ;  idt  poUa  or  faife,  inferior,  red,  ban!,  ana  poii: ' 
htrad,    inferior,    redtUich,    and    ipouit^timuft    i:1iriiiikcn ;    tind  </a 
yvlliiwiab  and  ratlier  full.     These  vary  from  the  (lujiuiiti  vari<'(to»l 
name  and  apparently  aUo  in  quality.     BansAt,  requiring  tnucb 
uud  labour,  i.-'  not  n  fiivonrito  crop.     Pivln  pi-tM  <ir  viinjr-,  on  acccic 
of  its  inferiority,  and  l>ocanso  it  can  be  rsiwd  only  on  irrijfaKfl  lai; 
ia  very  little  grown.     At  tbe  same  time  it  has  the  valuable  pn'{>fi 
ol  taking  very  little  out  of  1h«  noil,  and  is  gonerwily  sown  n»  a  secoi 
dvtota,   crop  in  garden  land.     It  is  Bonietiniea  grown  on  s 
depoeitH  in  toe  beoa  of  running  Ktre-ams,  where,  to  entire  a  good  i 
mannre  i»  K-witvd.    Katu,  it  hardier  variety,  grown  iu  |>lHln^^  soil  an 
requiring  less  care  than  bauthi,  ia  more  fj^nerally  cnttirated.      Fi 
the    heat   tht-y    irivo  out,    whoat'    wbloni  gniws  within    two    niU 
of  trap  hilts.     What  suits  it  be§t  is  the  deep  blai-k  alluTiiU 
of  the  T^pti    valley,  with  a  snIiHoil  of  yellow  earth,  ntii»,    or 
(•ighty  or  ninely  feet  mithont  rock  or  grave!.     IVfon;  sowing  wil 
wlie<al,  the  gntund  is  never  ploughed,  only  three  or  four  timtut  In 
open  with  the  bAe  to  the  sun,  rain,  and  wind.     If  tho  ground  ia  : 
diunp  that   tlut  c^ny  nticks  in   trails.  Rowing  beffina  in  (Jctobor  i 
NoToinbor,    and  in  some   of  the   Tfipt.i    valley   districts  aa  early  i 
Septeinlwr.    Tho  allowance  of  sw<l  i»  from  fnrty-firo  to  seventy-fii 
pounds  iiu  acre.     A  shower  or  two  when  tho  cmp  if  shooting  is  usefd 
though  by  no  meaiw  noovswury.     With  cool  seasonable  weather  and 
lieavy  dew»,  wheal  flouriehea   witbont   min.     It  somtUitnus  sulfe 
from  frost  and  sonn-tiiDcs  from  a  blight  known  as  nuk  and 
The  crop  ripi^ns  in  fivo  months,  .tonie  time  luitweon  the  middle  < 
February  and  tbe  middle  of  Maivb.     The  acre  outturn  is  usi 
said  to  be  about  itUO  pounds.     But  fields   near  the  Oovertime 
farm  luivo  Ih'i-'U  found  to  yield  ov«r  900  pounds,  nad  in  wutensl 
well  inamired  land  the  harvest  is  still  greater.   Ksoept  on  feast  dayi 
cspcciidly  HoU  (February -March)  ana  Divalt  (October- No veml 
when  even  the  nuori'st   Hindus  eat  it,  wheat  is  not  largely  iik 
In   187lj  the  yearly  consumption  was  eBtimated  to  vary  from  ei| 
pounds  a  lii^ad  in  JAinnor  to  oighty-vight  pound:*  in  Dhnlio,  nnc 
amount  for  tbe  whole  dintrict  to  aboot  1 7,259  tons  (4{J3,2C2  tnar 
Mnoh  whilst  iti  sent  to  Bombay.     At  the  same  time   considerat 
qoantities  are  brought  from  the  Centra!  Proi-inocH,  and    Holb 
and  the  Kiz&n's  domintoaa. 

4.  Bice,   hhdt,  Orj-ni  sativa,  with,  in   1878.79,  a  lilluge  area  of 
34^39  acres,  is  grown  only   to  a  limited  extent  and  always  unde 


KHAND£Sn. 


igation.     It  is   sown  io   Jane  aud   reaped   in   Septombor  nnd 
ttibor.     Tliu  sirivw  it)  uf  much  riilnii  as  n  fcxWor  fur  iin.kintl»of 

working  cattle.     The  acre  outturn  of  ^raiu  vurw^  fnmi  1000  to  1200 

pounds. 

f>.  Indinti  Corn,  mahkn,  Zc-n  mays,  sown  in  Juno  and  July  nad 
re<ap«d  iu  September  and  C^ctobor,  in  little  grrtvn  and  not  at  all  tor 
tbn  Hnkc  of  the  grain.  The  hcada,  but'i»,  are  cut  aa  hood  im  tlie 
gRiiuK  «re  fuJI^-  dcvolopod,  nnd  bcfort'  thoy  have  begun  to  harden. 
Iliey  may  be  eaten  raw,  biil  are  umiitlly  rmuited  iu  hot  wood-ai(h<!«. 

6,  7,  8,  9,  and  10.  These  graioa  are  io  all  cases  aown  sparingly, 
only  eiumgh  for  home  oonsnmption.  Sown,nb"iul  the  6lh  of  Juno, 
tliey  are  harventvd  nlfttut  the  cad  uf  July,  and  tire  prepared  for  omo 
in  much  the  same  way  as  rice. 


Cliaptw  W. 
Agiicullnre. 

loJioM  I 


Kfc 

Mim/ta, 

BnuiDib 

TEaa  iim^t. 

II 

Onm      

ClHrnMlBiiB 

U 

1-I|*«iFm 

('■.'koaa  InllaD.,. 

IW. 

l> 

P-M 

I'iflUm  VlliTIIB 

rJKkM. 

U 

Kitktinm 

ibufofm  onfo 

C'4M. 

» 

anwOna 

I^«an>)in  raOUMi 

S^ilk, 

It 

Bun«  Oiwo 

DalhtuH  kHoriu 

IT 

RMioy  Bas     ... 

riiUSDla*  KDUlUKdldi. 

MM. 

IB 

taMniiali«dD»1tiii(H  . 

VlfDft  caCtsng 

rknl,. 

IS 

t-tyUa     .. 

Nmin  )•*•        

Mvufi 

11.  Gram,  harbhara,  Ciour  nrietinnm,  of  sereral  kinds  and 
colours,  with,  in  1878-79,  a  tillage  an^ii  of  39,155  acres,  is  much 
m^wn.  It.  lit  a  cold  wealhcr  crop,  freiieraily  aowu  iu  October  and 
Kovomber,  in  gronuil  on  wbiHi  milhtl  or  wmo  other  early  crop  htm 
been  raided,  and  reapiil  fivtui  ftibruary  to  ilarch.  aAa  it  takes  rery 
little  out  of  the  noil  aud  chei^ks  weeds,  gram  is  grown  more  to  clwir 
tite  grwiind  thau  for  nnifit,  the  return  Keldom  mom  than  covering 
the  o»stof  tillage.  W  hen  the  ground  is  properly  p«?|inn.td,  it  grows 
very  frwly,  with  an  average  acre  yield  of  abont  500  poundH.  Tho 
cru^KC  would  be  much  iniprnved  if,  us  in  other  parts  of  the  Deecaii, 
the  practice  of  flipping  Huperiluous  learoa  wasVlupk'd.  It  is  a 
rancn-Taltietl  food  for  horsea,  and  is  eaten  br  men  either  |nirch«d.  or 
aplit,  and  xoaked.  Undur  Uio  name  of  fi<irlkari  ddl  it  is  boiled  aud 
highly  seasoned. 

12.  Tifj-,  Cajnniia  iudicus,  with,  in  1 878- 79,8  tillage  area  of  29,fi27 
ncTci,  ix  f'>vvii  in  alternate  lines  with  (Mtlon  and  other  enrl/ 
criijiCT,  iindvitldg  a  pood  yollow '/a/,  only  a  little  inferior  tognunifd/. 
The  avei-nge  aero  onttuni  ia  about  340  pounds.  Prom  the  stem  a 
very  ttsefid  clutrcoal  is  made. 

13.  Peas,  vdtdna,  Pisum  eatirnm,  with,  in  1878-79,  a  tillage 
area  of  2^79  acres,  are  grown  Va  some  extent  m  •  lato  orop, 
chiefly  by  flock- breeders  for  their  valuable  straw,  haium.  They 
ant  Howu  iu  October  and  XoTomber,  and  reaped  in  February  and 
Maroh. 

14.  U^id,  PbawioluB  mnngo,  with,  in  1878-70,  a  tillage  area  of 
2379  auruf,  a  losa  valuable  wplit  peu  tluin  fur  or  gnkm,  is  oonBidtfred 


Orat 


«  Tvf 


Ptat. 


-  -■ 


-'        '  I"  '  ■-■ 


4 

Udid. 

1 


tfioDib*y  Oi 


Chapter  IV. 
Aplcaltore. 

Oropi, 


Bttamvm. 


f,iiuwd. 


152 


DISXRICTS. 


BarliHtit. 


tlie  moat  btteoing  grain   for  bomod  cnttlc,  and  bears  a 
etmfi  iiiai:kt.'t  ralue  as  finim.     It  is  nevor  grovm  alone,  bnt   al 
nnder  Homo  toll  plant  sacb  as  fur  or  cotton.     It  is  also  mixed 
a  small  proportion  of  jMri  and  as  mocli  nmWtft  as  will  yis. 
cultivator  one  year's  supj)ly  of  ropes  and  strings. 

15.  Mug,  PhawoluB  radiatus,  U  aparinglj  grown. 

16,  17,  18,  and  19,  are  jfrowm  only  to  a  small  extent.     16,  &«. 
Dolichoa  l>i(lora»,  i»  hy  many  prvforrad  to  gram  for  feeding  ho: 


no. 

Bwufi. 

Bomucuii 

Ttexkoma. 

M) 

>inuilim           

llM«nain  tadlemB 

ni 

n 

L1llM«<1    ._> 

T.lniim  naltAtlfeatihiiffA 

4f>k  or  JiiHw. 

» 

B>nhD>lt 

Ar«4ii>  lij-iuiE** 

iW  ><■■*. 

a 

SKfflovnr. .         .„        ... 

C  iTilum  im  dnrborln* 

Ortbt 

M 

tmrvn  llfinp    ■.«        ... 

HIMvnt  nu>i»lilnu  .. 

^■•Uii. 

« 

OMiir  Flwit     

BJoUiBi  eoainaaia      ... 

jb«« 

M 

HiiiUrI    .        

if>««< 

n 

nt^ix  xut     I!!     !! 

OaHl-qM. 

1 


so.  S««aTnuni,  It',  Spsamum  indicum,  whose  seeds 
gingelly  nil  of  commorcv,  hnil,  in  IB78-7fl,  a  tillagv  area  of 
tunva.  It  is  tfown  in  June  and  harreeted  in  SepC«m1>rT,  and  ) 
an  areragv  ncro  Ti«M  of  from  300  to  380  pounds.  It  hoH  ondl 
vnri'-tifslcnown  by  tlinir  folmir,  llio  Mliwloit  puling  ftom  dull  hlj 
Ihrouph  lirown  to  tbi'  puresi  wiiit«.  Iii  KMndesh  nil  rbo»<>  varie( 
Bomotimea  grow  togfthor  j-inldinp  seed  known  in  trade  as  niixod  j 
Wliite  1)7,  also  t;alli>d  tili  in  Khnmiosh,  commnud)-  tbe  hif;be8t  pi 
in  the  Bombay  nmrlcol.  it  is  mucb  used  ia  confections  and 
fiometiinos  eaten  raw.  Pressed  in  the  ordinary  woctden  millJ 
«eod  yields  al>oift  forty  per  cent  of  oil,  and  abont  ten  per  oentu 
nnder  hydraulic  prtwsuro.  Tit  oil  i«>  in  general  use  in  Kli&ndesbl 
oookiog  and  otV^r  house  purposes. 

21.  Linxoed,  a/sAi,  Liuum  usitatissimum,  a  widely  grown  cr 
with,  in  1878-79,  n  tillage  urea  of  31,357  acnn,  is  sown  in  OokJ 
and  ri]>ens  towards  the  end  of  January.  'ITio  avemgo  acre  jri 
is  from  SI60  to  280  pounds.  The  cultivation  is  steadily  spread] 
owing  to  the  Bombay  demiiii<l.  It  forinii  one  of  the  principal  4 
most  valuable  exports.  Deep  loamy  noil:*  seem  parlKulnrly  « 
fniited  to  the  growth  of  the  plant.  The  seed  is  bouglii  wboles 
Jjy  wealthy  merchants  from  the  cultivators.  Sometime*  j 
husbandman  receives  fn)m  the  merchant  advances  of  monev  for  aa 
on  condition  that  he  makes  over  to  liim  the  prddnce  of  his  Qel^ 
a  certain  rate.  The  plant  is  too  short  and  branchy  to  yield  fi' 
of  any  value.  It  is  never  prepared,  and  many  hnsbandmein 
ignorant  of  the  fact  that  the  plant  yields  fibre  Ah  nearly  Iho  wi 
of  the  seed  is  exported,  little  oil  is  pressed  in  the  district. 

22.  Earthnut,  hhuimiig,  Arachis   h^'poga^,   is  to   some  e: 
grown  a»  an  early  crop  in  lighl  Mtndy  soils.     As  a  rulu  the  roi 
seeds  are  eaten,  especially  on  fast,  days,  but  in  yean  of  plenty 
suiplus  is  sent  to  the  oil  pres^.   The  yield  of  oil  Ls  about  forty  per  c^ 
and  the  cake  ii»  valuable  as  cattle  food.     The  oil  is  used  for  cO' 


J 


KHANQESn. 

23.  Safflower,  kardai  or  ktummba,  Ciirtbamiu  tinclorias,  is  a  cold 
reatWr  crop  sown  in  Uctotieraiid  N'ovember.  The  pure  oil  is  seldom 
ffen'd  (or  shIw.     Though  i(  Iow^tn  llio  quulily  of  tho  oti,  tb«  outturn 

generally  iuci-eased  by  uiixiug  ita  aideiia  vriib  jpng^Ily  seed. 

24.  Brown  Uump,  amhadi,  Hibisctis  cannabiniw,  an  early  crop, 
sown  ia  J»n«  un<l   n^a(MHl  in  Octolfor.     The  oil  tliougli  voanw  is 

•ooA  for  burning  and  machinery.  But  the  yield  is  so  small,  fifteen 
I  tw(-»ry  pvr  UL-nt,  that  iu  spito  of  tlio  chuupRo«»  of  tli«  ttaed  ib  in 
eldom  crnalted. 

25.  Caator  Plants  eraHtii,  Ricinan  ■conirauDis,  an  early  crop  sown 
Juno  luid  rwtjMxi  botwcvn  thw  iniddlci  of  Soptembor  and  Octolwr, 

in  most  paHd  of  KhiiadoHh  two  viu-ii>ti4>/,  oiw  annual  lUid  amall 
vedcd,  tht'  other  poronnial  and  tree-like  with  largo  si>ods.  Of  the 
aator  trt^  thtrru  are  many  surli",  which,  wiiuling  niuob  walor,  lire 
ominouly  planted  ou  tbn  bounduriuH  uud  aloug  the  leading  water 
hauui'l-s  of  Mujmrcano  plantationa.  The  castor  plant  is  grown  as 
ordinary  cold  wcatktrr  tii.'lil  errfp.  To  rxlract  tliu  oil,  ibo  iieada 
'  roaatvil,  f^oand  in  a  handntill,  and  boiled  over  a  alow  fire,  the 
il  bein^  carefully  skimmixl  as  it  risea  to  tho  Burfavu.  The  rcfnao 
orma  an  excellent  manure  for  plautaiu  trees,  and  the  stems  are 
iteful  in  thiitchiug  roofs. 

26.  MuKlard.  ino^ri,  SinapisraceimoBs,  except  when  wanted  aa 
medicine,  ia  couinionly  grown  nuxod  with  liuseod  and  wheat. 

27.  Molia,  Baasia  latifoUa,  is  a  foreat  tree  whose  borrioH  yinld 
D  oil  used  for  bumin;^  by  Bhils  and  other  wild  tribes  es{XK;ialty 
long  the  Sjitpuda  Uillw.  It  >»  also  nwxl  in  making  countrr  aoap. 
>uriiig  till'   bo!  weather,  the  Bhila  gather  the  thick  Rciiby  flnwera, 

some  eitc-ni.  ntoring  iJiem  for  food,  bub  mainly  diatilbng  &om 
ihcu  u  coarse  alcohol.  * 

38-  Pbjritic  Nut,  chandrajol,  Jathropba  cnrcas,  ts  Connd  in  almost 
very  stream  bed  and  plot  of  waslit  ground.  As  mttings  readily 
aku  root,  the  plant  is  often  used  as  a  frame  work  for  feuces.  Thd 
lit  ts  Dseful  in  I'^im-n  of  rhectmatiam  and  bums  well : 


KMuda*  Itbrt  PianU. 


I 


1(4. 

» 
W 
SI 

BMUW. 

BmiMMib 

VwiMnua. 

OvMon     

Siwira  Hasr    ■. 
taalt»f  Bttap  ~. 

On^fftm  bala«aiii.. 
OnulMlaiaiHa 

Kipm- 
Amki*. 

Chapt«r  IV. 
Aprictdtnra. 


C»t»rPk 


29.     Cotton,'  kapm.  Gossypinm  berbacemn,  with,  in  1878-79,  a 

IlBgearoa  of  odO,70S  acres,  has  long  boon  one  of  the  chief  KlutDduitb 

Tops.     The  local  cotton,   known  as  Varh^i  or  Berar,  is  said  to 

.re  come  throogh  &[iUwa.     It  is  shori-stapled,  harsh  and  brittle, 

id  baa  lately  been  targely  snpplanted  by  two  foreign  varietaes, 


>  Cimtrilmt«l  1>y  Ur.  B.  U.  OfbK  CoUoe  [npKtot  EbtedMh. 
B  411-30 


/■Ays'c  .V«(. 


CtfCiHI. 


[Bombar  Chui 


IM 


DIStBICTS. 


Qupur  IT. 

Agriculture. 

Crop*. 


Hinfranghili  of  two  kincU,  banni  and  j^,*  from  the  C 
ProTiDeea,  •nd  Dhinrvilr  (ir«ccliin»list-<i  New  OHiiuik  from  DU 
Thr  DluirwAr  foand  cbieflj  in  lUe  Jamoer,  I'At-hora,  ChdtH 
and  Amaln^r  Euh-divisiuni(,  is  Mlif^litly  lon^r  in  »Ui|>l(>  bm 
wtnkor  tliiin  tW  Hini^iiii^liAi,  wkicb,  if  wt:l)  nic^&d  nnd  ck 
Fotclies  a  higher  prii-w.  DhirwAr  cotton,  with  lar^^r  and 
pods,  is  the  moro  nwily  jiii-lci'd.  Ik-iiig  (^hnw-jxiddui]  it  can  ti 
picked  ck«ner  thaa  UiDgaBj^hfit,  but  from  its  lax^>r 
clingiog  aeeda,  it  is  moru  itpt  to  be  stained  in  ginning-. 

Cotton  gTOvm  both  in  lilack.  and  li^hl  miilit.  It  im  kcW 
in  tbe  same  tield  oftener  than  once  in  llu-oe  jrears,  ike  inti 
crops  Wing  wheat  aW  millot.  With  n  mudt^mto 
black  Koil  crop,  and  with  a  beayv  rainfall  tbe  li^lit 
is  tlie  better.  There  is  no  special  ploughing  of  tbe 
cotton.  After  ibv  tirMt  or  wrand  rainfall  the  heavj'  boo.  vaH 
pnsiwd  over  the  field  to  loosen  and  clean  it.  Manore  utm 
laid  down  imiiicdialvly  bvfore  sovring,  n»  the  ciilivos  bold  tl 
abdiild  be  in  the  gn>uiid  a  year  before  tbe  seed  in  s<)wn. 

The  Boeds  of  the  Dhilrwnr  find  ihc  two  kindit  of  Hingang-bat 
coosidembiy  front  eat-h  other.  Tbe  Uhilrw&r  is  larfj^i-,  ai)<^lai 
has  an  under-coating  of  down,  and  of  the  Hinf^angiutiH, 
both  are  small  and  round,  ibe  iiantii  in  Mnootb  and  thr Jeri  wbil 
downy.  Bffure  iiowiug,  to  separate  tbe  seeds  and  fret'  tbcm 
wool,  ihey  are  nibW-d  by  the  iiaad  or  on  a  fniuie  with  dfj 
earth  or  cowdung,  plungud  into  mtiddy  wilier,  and  n^fain  n 
with  wood  ashes.  Tbe  sowing  drill,  duan,  is  an  cight-cor 
wooden  i^ljndor  about  throe  wet  long.  To  it  arc  fixed  a  p 
which  the  bullocks  are  joked,  and  at  a  ocinvenienl  anglo  two  ooi 
about  six  inches  from  each  end  of  tbe  block,  the  Lallod 
driven  by  a  mab,  and  nbotit  1 }  jranU  behind  eaich  coulter  wa 
woman  pouring  tho  Mvdd  through  bamboo  tabes  fast en^-i]  with 
behind  tho  coulters.  The  depth  at  wbioh  the  need  in  xown  is  rrgi 
hy  n  mOTablo  uolcfaed  piece  of  wood  attached  to  the  loware 
the  tubes.  Fromtento  twelve  pounds  ('5-6 aAcn)  of  scodarH 
to  tbe  acre.  The  time  for  mowing  iit  according  to  tbv  raiufal 
end  of  June  or  the  beginning  of  JtJy.  When  tbe  plant  ia  fonrc 
inches  high  the  nnuill  hoe,  ituf/ici,  and  agiiinwheu  it  ta  ^Dot 
to  ten  inches  high  tbe  large  hoe,  eakkar,  is  passed  between  the 
The  narrow  stnp  of  ground  on  each  sido  of  the  pbmt  is  wend 
band. 

Cotton-picking  goes  on  from  tbe  middle  of  October  to  the  m 
of  January,  Iho  crop  ripening  noon  in  dry  and  late  in  wet  SM 
There  are  t  wo  or  three  pickings  before  all  tbe  cottoa  is  set 
Tbe  avcmgo  proportion  of  clean  to  seed  cotton  nt  as  one  to  I 
Seed  cotton,  fallen  on  the  ground,  coulaiua  a  certain  amount  ol 
which  ia  partially  removod  by  beating  it  on  tlie  jhnnji  or  Ihi 
bamboo  or  ootton-slulk  wicker-work  frame.  The  followin( 
Hr.  Stormont's  estimates  of  the  profit  of  cotton  cultivation  : 


'  BoMii  u  carliM'  vnriety  bu  good  >ta]it«,  bnt  u  vwy  U*Sy  :  yri,  uotniag  Ut  I 
alraut  ■  mootli  or  bU  wmu  U/Ua,  u  wliitcr  sad  Uoot  mat  leaf,  but  of  po^ncj 


ipo«CttJ 


■  tS(      »    »    4  \a      I 

r  0  «    »  V  *(I^) 
«u  s  •  e  f,\i't 


•  I 
"  7 

0    I 


t  1.4.  e  :  4.t 
«  tpnuill  «  T 
0  t  0,  0  14  i«ll  R 
B  »  n  0  II  I*  It  I 
t  1  «  •  U  !•  0  I 
"  ' 


Thu  cotton  crop  is  usually  morlgnLtHl  t(»tha  luonejlcudor  v.-ho 
receit'es  it  iu  tlio  mw  ur  tiugiminU  ntato,  and  ffivei  back  to  th» 
iDltirntor  sQcb  swd  aa  tic  rosy  want  for  Fuvdiiig  liis  cabUo  and  for 
iOwinif.  As  oiifh  p<illii  {'Zfii  pouiidti)  of  Mutd  amrtgngcif  u  vuta 
(80  pcuiids)  of  thii  UKXt  yt-ar'M  oitton,  Uie  cultivator  p»ya  &oin  two 
tu  tlireo  huudred  pc-r  cout  on  tlio  ralu(^  of  tl)0  iiOpd. 

Diiriai^  tUo  ln«t  HftT  yourx  Govcrnroeot  hare  attempted,  bjr 
rorinfT  the  staple  aad  by  stopping  adultcratiou,  to  enhance  the 
ue  of  tChandesli  I'otton. 

In  Ausrusi  1831,  Mr.  Boyd   the  Culloctor   bought  from  JtloOO  to 

E2000   worth  of  coit'On,  paving    something  over  the    market  rata 

for   midi  ui  1TIIS  ciircfiilly  picked.     Ttiv  Iwst   cotton  citmv  from  the 

tiorth-eaat  sub-di  via  ions.     Nest  year    (18112),  (Jovemment    ordvrod 

ifr.  Hoyd  to  ^ve  ercn*  attention  to  the  cnkiralion  and  cleaning  oE 

■cotton.     L80(f(R!t.  8)100)'  worth  of  cotton  wax  lH>ught  bo  4)o  sent  to 

fChina.     On  an-ival  at  i'anrel,  where  it  waa  taken  ou  prti'k  bullocks, 

II  nioHt  of  it  WHS  fonnd   iu  bad  ooudittoii.      A  little  was  cleaned  and 

Bent  to  China,  and  the  rest  was  sold  by  auction  itt  u  li>!iii  of  £62 

(  Hn.  020).     Iu  I  Sii'd,  a  iiuinll  qminlity,  thirty  tons  (8<>5  m-inn),  sent  to 

I  llonibay,  wa.<  by  a  iwntuiillee  uf  native  mi-n^hantM  di^-litroil  iufvrior 

to  Anklearar    and  other  varieties.     In  China  it  fetched  a  price 

equal   to   that   of  &)ir  Dbolera.     Id  thu  same  yimr  (April  1933), 

Mr.  Boyd  uhtainod  aquaulily  of  American,  Kgyplinit,  BourboD,  mad 

Pomamhuco  aeeds  from  the  esperimental  farm  at  Broach.     A.  sample 

of   thf  cotton   produced    from    thin  wwd  w»s,   in  Fobmary    1835, 

{)ron<:Htuc4-il  by  iicummiltee  of  native  iiien^haiitH  to  boidgoodouiility, 
)U|  old  andyell.>w.-ish.  In  November  IH-J^t.  Mr.  Taylor,  a  warfhonse- 
keeper,  forivitnlod  (wo  iKtriroln  ol  Perunmbuco  luiil  Bulnii  Hocd  to 
the  Collector  of  KJidudeHh  for  experiment,  atalinp;  that  the  tnios 
would  not'  boar  for  thriie  yoars,  iind  nliotild  Ix'  kwpt  trimmed  at  rf 
height  of  about  five  fin-t.  Iu  lS'd!>,  the  tin^ardt  citstnmti  collector 
reported  that  Kh&ndesh  cotton  was  being  itnportud  uilo  Surat  iu 
lurgu  (juiuiiit.i<'s,  and  that  it  wnn  much  UHod  foradulteratiugfJujurnt 
c»otton.  Ill  iM't'J,  fourteen  tons  f-KiO  man*)  of  the  host  Broach  ^lecd 
■wirro  sent  lo  Khiludcsh  for  trial.  The  proiluco  was,  according  to 
the  Buuilmy  ChamlKT  of  Comuiorce  (Itjth  April  18iI7),  better  than 


/< 


'  Hie  dMuls  w«  Rv  avj  <rorUi  from  Anaiver,  wd  B*.  3SO0  (torn  mwh  ot  Ui* 
towBi  nl  KtmmIoI,  Vkval,  uid  Huinlmd. 


^a 


Chapter  lY. 
Affrloalturo. 


GmmJH 


1831 -UK. 


(Bombay 


156 


K1I&MDE6H. 


Blupter  IT. 
iLgri  culture. 

CoffoB 

/tllTimfHWMl, 


any  Broacli  rwcivod  in   Bombay,  and  realist  a  sJiVlTly  hifl'her  i 
Ii)'<18:}7  ^Uh  May),  Mr.  H<>yd  »-iit  n  iMm]>lr   »f  tht-  Uiiiilin-Bf>n 
cotton  U>  (he  Bombay  CIiaml)er  of  Ctimmf-rce,   who  prumiuuri'i 
T«ry  miporior,  and  ninch  bvllvr  Ihnu  any  uffvrod  fur  wuo  in  Boti 
during  tlw  ivo  ]in!vi<fit!i  suattoiis.     l*itu  colour  was   goixl  him] 
Btaple  atroQ^,  fine,  and  louff.     It  fetched  about  £4  4x.  (Re.  42)  a  i 
morv  than  tbo  bi'st  Brnach.     On  Miiy  22iiil,  i1h>  0«11<*(<h-  for 
lo  the  CbamlitT  uf  Oommerco  two  more  specimens  of  cotiou 
in  KU^dpah  from  thu  Broach  seed.     Both  ytvrv  rvportud  to  be 
equal  iv  niiy  BroiU'h  txitUm,  and    their    ralue    ealimati-it    nt  ae 
121    lfi«.    (its.    218)   A   tou.     Tbt!  area   tinder  cotton   culliv»lj 
•  amounlod  Ihts  year  to  9U,750  acrra.     In  1808  theru  wiui   a  dec 
of  2'A,7b7  ocrw  in  the.  area  undvr  (wtton.  Printed  copies  of  i 
{or  sowing  cotton  were  distributed  among  tiut  cultirutorB. 

In  May  1 840,  Oovenunent  namitionod  lUf  loan  to  Mr.  J.  O.  Gr 
of  JE6000  {Ra.fiO,000)'  without  interest,  to  get  jfinn  iin'l  acre«r8 
Bn^andforc1oaiiini7iind^K'lcingix>llun.  Mr. (■  rant  wiwalso  nllin 
to  ose  the   Look  UoflpitAl    and    Artillery  BaiTaclcs  at   M&h 
during  the  rainy  montlis.     This  season   Mr.  Grant  bought 
worth   £20,000   (lU.  2,00,000),  and  adi-anovd   £I200   (Uh.  12.0 
ior  the  next  year's  crop.     The  resnlt  of  Mr.  Grant's  experinie 
in  gins  and  licrvws  is  not   in«utioncd.     Tbo    1840  cotton   crop 
mtiuiatod  nt  1 785  lona  (&O,0OO  uions),  or  nearly  20  jmt  cent  ah 
tl>B  average  produce  of  tlio  previous  twelve  ycJiw.     In   ly43 
Beeves  lliio  Collector  advi-iL>il  the  abolition  of  the  tax  on  cotl^iu 
The  crop  was  nit Ikt  above  the  avorape,  although  it  yielded  Go* 
ment  about  £2000  (Its.  20,000)  k-ss  tlutn  in  the  pn^coding  year. 

In  1S44,'  two  American  plantent,  Mr.  Blonut  of  Gorakbpur 
Mr.  Simpson  of  Madr^,  wcro  iinvnnted  itnjHirinlf-ndent.t  wf  cot^ 
experinu^nltt  iu  Khi&ude.Hlt.  A.*  the  miwing  season  was  over, 
began  by  setting  up  saw  f^ns  at  Dburangaon  and  -lutgiton.  '11 
buiighl  i.')0,OOI)  piitiiidH  of  KtH-d  ciilton.  1V>  ahow  the  worlcingi 
tho  machines  they  sent  abottt  811(  pounds  of  ginned  cotton  totblT 
BombayChHmberofComuioroe,wbore{Kirt«d  favourably  >iuir.!(  quality. 
In  England  it  reidi:<ed  from  t^d.  to  b^it,  the  pound,  af^inttt  (3}d. 
the  prtoe  of  Uh^rwflr  cotton.  New  Orleans  seed  wivn  bronght 
from  DhSrwfir  and  Bonrbon  from  Madrit^,  and  in  the  next  RooMon 
37J  acres  wcro  sown  with  exotic  cotton  as  an  experimeut,  and 
lOOO  more  were  eulti\'»ted  by  natives  under  thi>  plantwi:ei'  dir<!etiot 
^  screw  presa  was  aUo  built.  This  pnatu  failed  from  the  cort 
Working  it.  But  the  saw  gjns  were  popular,  some  of  the 
mercbantfl  being  anxious  lo  bny  Ihein. 

In  ]8'M>,  on  the  resignation  of  the  Iwo  planters,  Mr.'Simpson 
again  appointed  suixtriotendeut  for   Gujarat  and   Khiindesb, 
Mr.  Price  as  his  Khnnde^h  usiufitaul.  Giving  up  the  idt-n  of  an  exi 
mental  &irui,  Mr.  !:>iui]>son  arranged  that  in  Ivrandol  and  Na»ir»l: 

'  la  ISM,  Mr.<lnu3t  miii>jriini<l,  Iiiil  lUdianl,  Ummoio  1i«non  tfaeMnwoonilit 
(or  axtMiding  ooUixi  i-iilUviOioa  iii  Nl«ih. 

*  Th«  lUUiIa  rrorn  1844  to  liil  wv  Ulitm  Irom  Umm1'«  Cottoti  in  the  Beni 
Ptwidcnqr,  80- IW. 


KHANBESn. 


157 


\va  condition  of  t)io  rcintKsion  of  tlio  laad  ixn*  ftat]  the  [nytnciiit  of 

13j«. -W.  iiu  acre ( Its.  5  iifii'i/'i(i),Neiv()fleaiuicutlou  hUhuIi]  IwgrovPn  in 

Dinety-uine  acres  (1i{:2f'(j;'ifl«).   Hoal»o  eowittl  somuNow  Orleans  eeed 

\ia  m  MiiuLiI  plut  of  land  tu  Utu  factory  gnrdeu.     Tlie  \^»nU   cnmo  np 

fwell,  and  by  tlie  befrinninj;  of  Au^sl,  raogiud  in  h«iplit  frum    four 

to  eight  >nch<]!t.     It  vni*  n  N(i»»i>ti  of  hwvy  ntiufull.     Kvur  the  TftptJ 

about  uine  aere-i  vrore  Hooded  and  the  crop  vras  lost,   and  in  other 

places,  thoiijjh  the  local  cotton  tloariithod,  Iho  New  Orleans  eti0ered, 

Thu  Dhiirnngnon  pUnlJi  liiHt  tlu^ir   podH  urn)   IiIofc^oiub,  and   yiddod 

only  a  scanty  second  i-rup.     The  rest  looked  well,  but  towards  ilie 

i  close  of  the  season  wora    attnckcd  by  blight-     Thu  total  pold    was 

[only   220  poun<l9  of  clean  cotton,  luid   tits  the  phiut««  rwjwrtoi 

^iferior  to  the  local  variety  both  in  looffth  atid  strength  of  itlaple, 

[r.  Simpson  thonf^ht  that  the  failtiru  was  duv  to  the  tiiihiToarablo 

llKUitoii.aiiil  il  did  not  prove  thai  New  Orleaux  wna  uuetuited  toKltuudoMb. 

■  But  the  encourApemont  was  so  small,  that  Government  oi-dered  tlint 

no  further   nUcuipts  should   he  tna<)u  to  introduce  Xcw  Orlrans. 

A  iiniikll  cxixiriuii-ut  )u  I  HIM  wits  a  liille  wore  snocessfiil,  It]   acres 

(o  tiigh>i»)  yielding  about  'JI9  pounds  of  clean  cotton. 

In  1848,  alujut  I'W)  tonit  (11)6  khaMiia)  of  local  cotton  woru  bought 
aad  ginned  by  Mr.  I'rice.  A  number  of  gins  niade  at  the  fa<'tory 
were  set  up  in  the  ^-illiiges  of  Yaval,  Adiivml,  Cbopda,  and  Easoda. 
Tlie  demitnd  wiw  more  than  thu  factory  i»uld  supply.  In  I8-18-'I!), 
ou  Mr.  Simpson's  reeummendatiou,  a  cait-load  of  New  Oi'Ieans  seed 
was  brought  from  Dliiirwnr  and  given  to  different  euIti\'ator8,  who 
Bowod  about  H6  ocreti  (221  bLiUa*).  By  iTuty  tht-  plniils  9vtv  looking 
well  and  were  two  or  three  inches  high.  For  some  time  the  prosjke>ctB 
wore  favoumhle,  but  Inter  ou  the  crop  wiw  partly  di.'strovi«l  by 
drought.  In  Yival  cho  acre  yield  varied  from  twelve  to  seventy-two 
pouuik.  In  the  Dhsiniiigiiou  fiiclory  g'^nlen,  iindi-r  the  careful 
BUiiervifiou  "f  Mr.  I'rice,  the  acre  jiold  was  VA'A^  pounds.  Tbo 
whole  New  Orleans  crop  amoanted  to  WtMi  pounds  of  setn]  cotton. 
or  29&G  poHudx  of  clean  cotton.  A  sample  wantieut  to  the  Chamber 
of  (Commerce,  but  they  did  not  report  favourably  on  it.  It  was  clean 
and  free  from  seed,  bnt  dull  in  vototir,  nnd  somewhat  weak  nnd 
im-gular  in  »t«ple.  Though  poor  for  New  Orleaiw  it  was  nincb  bolter 
than  the  local  variety,  and  se<;nred  n  re-ndy  sale  at  from  £1  Me.  to 
£1  I  ii*.  (B».  14  -  B».  1 7)  the  ti>»  nbove  the  ordiiiiiry  Kliiliubwh  oollon. 
In  1849-50,  the  cultivation  of  Dhdrw^r  acclimatii^d  New  Orleans 
increased  from  185  tu  li'2(>  acres.  Of  ibewe  almul  Olf  were  ear^y  • 
dmtroyud  by  too  much  rain,  and  the  land  was  re-ptonghed  aud 
aown  with  other  prodnee.  Tho  heavy  rains,  though  beneficial  to  the 
locnl  cotton,  ])rored  iujnnoua  to  the  exotic  plant.  The  Collector 
Ur.  KIphiunlon  reported  that  the  exotic  pinni  was  less  hardy  than 
the  local,  and  eHnore<i  more  tluiM  it  Ctuki  too  much  or  t^jo  lilllc 
wai(tr.  Tlic  total  yield  of  New  Orleans,  as  given  in  Sir.  Simpson's 
tabular  return,  was  171,169  puunds  or  88  pounds  the  aero, 
agninAit  2.*>8  |ki!iui1.-<  tbc  outturn  of  the  local  \-iu-iety.  In  ibo  yeut- 
18G0,  Mr.  Pnco  manured  about  IJ  acre  of  the  factorj- garden  at 
Dhamngnou  with  1 20  cnrt.lwuls  of  decayed  vegetation  and  cowdung, 
and  after  the  first  ^1  of  rain,  sowed  (lUth  June)  aboutan  acre  with 


Chapter  IV. 
AKTicultnrfl. 

Cr»p«. 
Cottim       i 
/wyroWMWiif, 


IBombaj  Oautl 


158 


DISTRICTS. 


Chapter  IT. 
AgrlcnltoiA. 

Cnipa. 

•       Cotton 
ImprortntiU, 
1860. 


New  Orleans  and  the  rest  with  Georgian  seed.  The  seed  Tegett 
in  f  Jut  days,  and  by  the  end  of  June  the  plants  were  foar  im 
high.  The  field  was  harrowed,  and  at  the  interval  of  three  d 
waa  thricG  woll  wended.  The  rows  were  thinned  ho  as  to  li 
eight  inches  botwi^eii  the  plants.  By  the  end  of  July  they  weri 
feet  high  and  had  formed  blossoms  and  pods.  The  first  crop  withi 
and  fell  off.  But  a  second  followed  with  an  acre  yield  of  240  poi 
of  clean  New  Orleans  and  21ti  of  Georgian. 

In  J  8oII,  Mussi's.  Kitchio  Stewart  and  Company  of  Bom 
pstablislK-d  an  a^'i'ucy '  for  luijn'ng  and  ginning  cotton  at  Dharuig 
To  help  this  agency  CSovemmont  allowed  the  Collector  to  encoai 
fcotton  culiivation  by  tifikking  advances  up  to  £1800  (Ks.  16,0 
The  lirm  hired  all  the  Oovei-ninent  gins,  nineteen  of  them  in  worl 
order  and  twciity-one  newly  made.  Under  this  new  arrangen 
both  the  ginning  and  buying  of  cotton  by  Government  almost  enti 
censed.  In  lS-!i(l,  h'h'l  acres  were  under  AiLencan  cotton,  3 
of  the  seed  was  sown  in  May  before  the  rains  began.  What 
watered  grew  most  freely,  and  even  the  unwatered  plants  did  ft 
well.  At  first  jirospects  sccnicd  oxcelleut.  In  June,  the  ph 
from  eighteen  inches  to  two  feet  and  some  of  them  three  feet  h 
wore  beginning  to  throw  out  flowers  and  jxtung  fruit.  Most  vigo 
and  healthy,  tliey  liud  splendid  leaves,  some  of  them  nearly  six  in 
across,  in  July,  llic  irrigated  plants  were  from  waist  to  breast  h 
well  tilled  with  bulls  and  blossoms.  Later  on  they  were  eqoi 
Louisiiuia  cotton,  aud  in  Cliopda  and  Tftval,  some  of  the  plants  ' 
superb.  I'ros'pei'ts  continued  good  till  the  plants  came  into  bios 
Then  they  auflered  from  two  causes  :  the  lirst-formed  pods  ro 
from  the  too  deep  shade,  and  the  later  flowers  wore  eaten  by  a 
pillars.  After  a  time  cauie  a  second  crop,  but  the  plants  i 
exhausted  and  th*r  outturn  waa  small.  For  local  crops  the  set 
was  very  favourable.-  The  total  produce  from  the  New  Orleans  CO 
waslilUl.y^^  pounds  of  seed  cotton,  or  an  average  acre  yield  of 

f"  ounds,  com]la^^d  with  lOt  ]»ounds,  the  yield  of  the  local  v»n 
n  spite  of  this  disappointment,  by  the  exertions  of  the  Collector 
superintendent,  and  by  di.stributing  prizes  among  the  cultivi 
who  had  helped  most  in  the  experiments,  in  the  next  year  (1851 
area  under  New  Orleans  cotton  rose 'to  10,214  acrea  (13,619  6ij/ 


'  The  comiictition  1>ctvceti  this  Hgcncy  and  tlic  local  dealers  created  a  lltrge  d« 
fiir  cotton,  mill  \ii'wv»  within  two  or  tlirte  yuurs  were  nearly  doubled.  C<iUeclor, 
May  IH^-*  :   B..1U.  Hev.  Kec.  XX.  <>f  1S.)7,  I'urt  II.  3:33-4. 

■  Of  tliese  exiH^riuicuts,  Mr.  Siiiip!»iti  ]ia«  left  the  following  iletoils  ;  Chopda,  9 
»ecd  sown  ;  cmji  grew  freely  ;  yitld  8S0  Ilis  of  scerl  cottiin.  Rrandol,  30  lb*. 
sown  in  tliive  pHroeTH  of  10  lbs.  each.  One  patch  came  up  and  two  were  apoi 
cioessive  rain  directly  after  Bowing  :  yield  3'J  Ibe.  seed  cotttin.  Yival,  60  Ibe. 
Bowii  !  enip  failed  ;  yield  .W  Ilia,  seed  oottou.  .Trttnner,  4U  Ilia,  seed  aown  ;  yield 
little.  Naairaliad,  .W  11>k,  Bced  Bonn  ;  yield  160  Um.  of  seed  cotton.  Tha  area  i 
cultivation  was  120  aerea  of  brown  and  red  soil.  The  crop  wa«  a  good  deal  in, 
by  insectB  The  yicl<l  wbb  3.S,3S5  liis,  of  need  cotton  or  almut  7785  lb*,  of  clean  eo 
being  at  the  rote  of  04  lbs.  per  acre.  Some  native  aecd  waa  mixed  with  the  ei 
which  being  picked  separately  amounted  to  4958  Ilia,  of  aecd  cotton.  The  TBBala  i 
coBt  of  cuWvatiou  Uu.  1380-11-8,  value  of  the  crop  Its.  8607-9,  Iobi  Ra.  Bil-*-: 
about  37  per  cent. 

*  According  to  the  Boperintendent's  report,  the  area  waa  0093  acrei  aod  the  prod 
probably  of  clean  cotton,  519,008  pounda  or  57  poumla  the  acre. 


D«oouj 


KHiNOESH. 


169 


Th«  raittB  were  Teiy  early  over,  and  tbour;h  tlio  Innil  crop  was  not 
mjiiniJ.lhrt  NewfWunnBKiilIorwi.iiHil  thpoiitturn  wjiaonl.v  i,tHJ*,940 
pounds  or  ulnnt  104  pounds  tliti  acre,  iu  Miircli  Mill  llir  C'uIWtur 
Mr.  KIphiuHton  vrrotc> :  '  Hitherto  the  New  Orleaua  crop  kaa  tieeu 
precariouK,  aud  even  if,  in  euxv  of  failure,  tiu\Trnmont  <!Xcum-«  thu 
renul,  the  cultivator  has  still  lost  liine,  labour,  aud  profit.'  Except 
in  Cbopdn  whcrt'  thi-  s.iil  n-a*  good  and  tb«  air  niuist^r  than  in  other 
parts,  the  m^mlaldHrx  all  ri'porUMl  wlrontr'v  ajpiiimt  fiirllier  iittviupts 
togrinvXcwt)rIoi*U9.  In  iionfie« nonce  of  liiis,  tlioupii  sued  was  given 
gr^iin.  the  rullivalion  of  Now  Urloana  fell  in  tho  next  year  {IS'tZ) 
to  4*} ii  &cves  {MtYA^  hi g/ui*).  'Tlie  [H'upio  are  convinced,*  wrote 
Sir.  MansSHd  tlio  Oolleclor,  'that  (he  soil  &ad  climate  are  not  niitod 
to  the  growth  uf  exotic  cotton.'  Tho  total  produce  wiw  346,735 
pounds  of  seed  cotton,  or  an  tu-w  yield  of  eighty-sij(|xiundsof  seedor 
tweDty.eightpoimda  of  clean  cetton.  In  the  same  year  llr,  Binniv, 
of  llessrs,  Uiichif  SU'wurl  and  Co.,  wrote  from  DhiiraRgitnii :  *  I'Vom 
what  [  have  teen  the  New  Orlr^anii  crop  U  very  nncertain  and 
deffeuerateN  lu  two  or  three  years.' 

In  ISjJi,  only  1272  acres  (Itiyfl  hlyhi")  were  under  New  Orleanii. 
The  Iwtter  rains  were  ftcanty,  and  the  erort  Buffered  from  drought.  The 
total  proditcw  itmounted  to  &i,b>i'-i  |K>iindB  of  seed  and  24,ft9&  pounds 
of  clean  ooUon  ornn  tKru  yield  of  twenty  ]K>und.t  i^f  clean  cfjiton.  In 
Scjttfimlier  1854,  the  office  of  the  Hiii>erint«ndent  of  e.TiX'rimcnt-8 
Wit*  tibolinWd,  and  only  a  small  essabliHhmenl  !te|it.  lo  look  after 
the  tiovernmeu)  giuii.  Of  the-»o,  niniit^en  had  Ix-en  sold,  a  few  hired 
out,  and  there  were  6ftT-nine  in  stock  i^itliout  any  demand.  In  the 
same  year,  (he  eultivaliun  of  Now  Orleans  dwindled  tn  twelve  acres 
yielding  iSQG  poundit  of  seed  or  41(!  poiinda  of  clean  cotton,  or 
rnthdrlcw)  than  thirty-four  pi)nndfi  the  acre.  Sine*  lSo.*i,  uotJoveni- 
ment  attempt  iuw  been  made  to  grow  New  Orleans  cotton  in 
Khandesh.'  The  Government,  machinery  reinaintil  uniMod,  till, 
in  l^!-'>7,  .Mef«rs.  RitcLiu  Stewart  and  Cu.  broke  up  their  agency  at 
Ukaraiiga'in. 

From  1S60,  when  Mr.  AshburuDr  veius  App:>iRted  Collector,  dates 
the  rfinuwal  of  Government  elTorU  to  impmve  Kluindenh  ciXton.  The 
provisi'jnH  a^^ninst  cotton  adulteration  (Act  X.  of  1827),  which  for 
mnuy  years  hnil  been  little  more  than  a  dwwl  letter,  were  j»ui  in  force. 
Bui  tlio  great  dt-tuaud  for  eottongavemuchoppmiunity  for  fraud  by 
mixing  dirt  .'tnd  other  trash,  and  Khaudoiih  eotlon  continned  lo  feleli 
inuchle«^t  (hiin  it,*  proper  value.  In  lfl«i;l,aiiouuiJof  Pem\ian  seed  wja  • 
received  by  the  Collector.  I'art  planted  at  Idling  failed  entirely; 
the  rest,  nown  in  Dhulia  and  watwred,  yielded  8fii  |K>und!i  of  clean 
cotton.  In  18154,  under  the  new  Cotton  Frauda  Act  (IX.  of  1863), 
adnlteration  greatly  decreased,  and  Kliatiilesh  coHon  w»)«  «i  well 
cleaneil  Ihal  iln  pritx-  niiM-  to  within  thirteen  (wrcent  of  NowOrleana.* 
Preaaes  were  op«ued  at  .lalgAon  and  Bhus&val,  and  a  cotton  cleaning 


cbaptvi'lT. 

Agnenltnri. 

Craii«. 

CoUtM 


'  la  tSOd.  Ur.  Sblinntv  Itiawhuidni  pUnted  aatoe  Kew  OrlewiB  iMd  tout  bf  lb* 
Ctmnbiir  uCmnnicna.  tn  tvo  out  of  throe  6*kU  in  Chopda  imd  Kanrmtotl  tho  Mad 
dU  Ml  ouiic  up.     In  DbiiUa  >  field  o(  Utcea  mn*  fieUUiil  380  poamia  ot  r>»  coltoB. 

<  TIm  pnce  o)  Khlndcah  oottoo  «m  then  tU,  tb«  pound  ind  at  }l«w  Orlowu  SM 


(Sam' 


ItiO 


nis7mcTS. 


^rieulLurci. 

.      OpOm 

tmprofBmiM, 


rompnnr  «iu  visricd  ntid  luud  IwQjKVit  at  Jolfpioa. 
Wbia^iaid  to  tlie  iuti'Kluction  ot  now  Uin^ii^irlutt  uot'd  ft 
In  iHiJo,  cami?  ibo  fEtll  in  pric*;  iifu^r  llio  tlun*  of  ih 
ttnd  miK'kciittoiin-iimiuricruuiitildiu  the  coltirature'  _ 

efforTH  to  improve  iho  district  twtton  wcro  ocmtiuiivd.  1717 
aocid  were  brongUt  fmtn  Ilvriir  wuJ  lixik  tliK  place  of  miin-  ll 
per  wut  of  tlut  local  crop.  The  oiitturu  was  rery  ft<>od,  fiilcl 
nigh  pric«a  as  Umrivati.  Nojtt  yc^ir  ( 1 80ii),  by  ihu  still  f urtl 
in  pncu,lhDRn-n  uudt-r cotton  watt  reduced  from  4(30,^24  to2 
acre*.     Almost  the  whole  of  thin  was  nmgnngh&t. 

In  Man-li  1807,  fiSpOO  (B».  20,01)0),  and  in  April. 
TRk.  30,000)  were  »iuioti«ned  for  the  purchase  of  UiDgikti^'h£ 
The  oxccutire  committeo  of  the  Cotton  Supply  A«NooiHtiiiD  d»f 
the  new  cotton  as  worth  at  Iciwt  donblu  tJie  fonnwr  mixed 
Several  varieties  of  nu^rd*  were  sown  esperimentally,  ha 
Hingangh^  camo  np  w^ell  enonf^h  to  pay.  In  DhurnnKaon 
landnoldi^r  niiMHl,  with  two  n-iitcnngx,  a  cri^p  of  New  Ortoan 
jiolUed  an  acre  outturn  of  800  pounds  of  swd  (x>tton.  In 
some  Mew  Orleans  sood  yieldvdacnvpof  good  colour  and  ajme;^ 
bnt  90  WMtk  in  ftlnple  ns  to  be  (Uinjmratively  nselesa.  '  No« 
8a^  Mr.  Wilkinain  the  cotton  inspector,  '  have  I  soon  New  0 
fibre  at  all  equal  to  Dhdrwir,  or  cvva  ftuffideutly  good  lo  odc* 
it«  growtli.'  During  ItlCJ)  there  was  a  marked  increiMo 
number  of  half  presMod  bales,  as  many  as  10,169  beiu)^  desp4 
compared  willi  only  'IDO  in  18C8. 

In  18t>0-70,  the  crop  was  good,  and  getting  to  Bombay  clea 
nnmixed,  the  Fainpnr  Hinganghat  fetched  as  high  prices  ai 
Umravati.  In  some  porta  of  tho  dititrict  the  iild  local  i 
rn-apiHwrotl.  Bu*  by  distributing  now  Qingangh^  seed,  siepi 
taken  lo  prevent  its  spreading.  Mr.  CiutwII,  i1i«  aujK'rioteDd 
czporimonts,  grow  aoine  Uinganghitt  cotton,  wliicb,  from  tij 
*Kiveu  to  its  growth,  picking,  and  dcantng,  fctchud  very  lugh 
K  Bomo  nativ«it  made  very  snccontiful  experiments  with  New  Or 
One  field  of  a  single  acre  }'tctdud  as  ninch  as  250  pounds  of 
cotton,  and  anollier  uf  thirty  iicn:i<  yielded  an  acre  avenigu  of  i 
pound!*.  But  the  staple  was  brittle  and  tather  stoned  v 
cleaning. 

In  1S70,  (rc«h  Ringnngh^t  Mwd  wn«  snpptioil  where  it  was  wi 
'apd  oxperinicuta  were  made,  but  from  an  ovei-fall  of  rain,  witll 
BUOCees,  In  1871,  tho  expenmcnC^  failed  from  want  of  rain. 
anni)>er  of  ttaw  gitiH  increased  in  Jalgaou  by  twenty  and  foil  > 
Yival  by  five.  The  1672  crop  was  good,  and  false  packin;?,  - 
bad  giwn  riae  to  much  complnint  in  Bomlm-,  was  traced  and 
atop  to.  lo  1873,  the  crop  was  again  fair.  Ijhirw&r  or  accUmi 
Now  Orlooos  waa  coining  into  favour  tm  it  wim  found  to  yi 
greater  percentage  of  fibre  than  Hinganghdl.  The  local  v« 
was  again  creeping  into  mm  and  inlmi  packing  was  coiunlatiia 
Exiwrimenla  at  the  Bhadgaon  Government  t  arm  showed  thaii 
unmanured  fieldfi  of  nbout  t>7i  acre"  yielded  a  net  pr  ' 
per  cent.     Hr.  Fretwell  the   euperiutendeut  prepared 


MCUI-I 


GHANDEEff. 


the  inner  fibrs  of  the  cotton  plant,  bopingf  thst  thny  might  provg  a 
leftil  snbatitote  for  jute.  In  1874,  tb^  area  under  uoftoo  «nw 
ntuood  by  30,8-1-1  a<;r««.  The  liiirvest  was  early  and  the  crop  very 
Muo  and  high  priced.  DhArwir(Xiatiiiu<xi  toriac  in  f»voHr,  tlioaph, 
Kiong  the  poorer  class  of  culiivaturs,  Lbe  want  of  good  itt-^d  was 
>nipuiin<xl  of-  The  pre^^^in^  Jirrangemcnta  continued  to  improve. 
be  nninber  of  aiipreȤed  bundlea,  dokdiir,  fell  to  770  and  half 
ressin^  gavo  pla«(  W  full  pressing.  Id  187f>  the  crop  was  fair, 
toogh  not  «o  good  A8  in  tbo  yuar  bufono.  The  area  onder  Dhirrr&r 
atly  increased.  Bnt  coinplainta  wore  inado  thiU,  when  opened 
I  Knglaod,  it  was  found  stained  by  oil  pressed  out  of  bits  of  aoed. 
I  1870,  tbu  ycttr  of  scarcity,  tho  ootloo  crop  suffered  sererely. 

Since   1876,   the   nsa   of    American-seed   Dh^wAr  haa  further 
.oreaaed,    and    the    area  under  pnro   Hiuf^nghat   been   further 
tdncod.     Coinplnintalinvft  also  been  madethat  uioroof  tho  Varfajidi, 
la  Kibort'Stapled  local  cotton,  comes  to  market  than  wan  the  case 
>ine  years  ago.     It  KeL-ms  doubtful    whether  this  complaint  is  well 
landed.     lu    the  outhniig  parts   the   growth   of   Vurli/idi,   whoso 
alture  calls  neither  for  care  nor  skill,  was  never  quite  oupjn-eiiHed ; 
[id  it  is  doubtful  how  fur  it  woidd  Ihi  advisable  entirely  to  put  a 
lOp  to  it«  growth.     A  oertaia  quantity  of  Varh^i  t8  nKfuinyl  for 
6  low  counts  oi  yarn  used  in  the  coarse  cloth  worn  hy  tho  local 
oar.     Odo  of  tbo  chief  difHcultivs  in  tho  working  of  Mr.  Vallabhdfe' 
ict«ry   at  Jalc'aon  iH  the  scarcity  of  this  sfaort-Ntiiplcd  local  cotton, 
nd  much  of  wliat  is  wanted  has  to  be  brought  from  iudor  and  other 
ative   states,     l^ough  »onio  of  the  Vurbidi,  grown  in  or  brought 
□to    Kh^ndeah,   serves  the   legitimate   uho  of  Ix-ing  wnrkeil   into 
iheap  yarn,  other  portions  of  the  crop  are  bought  with  the  hurtful 
ibjeci  of  mixing  with  Americon-Hced  Dh&rwltr.     Tbts  mixing  is  said 
o  guon  chielly  in  the  yards  oE  the  larger  dealers,  when  the  c»urso 
if  the  cotton  mark^  makes  it<  t,o   their  advantt^^   to  trj'  to  pass  off 
nferior  cotton  against  sales.     It  is  no  doubt  an  evil,  and  luui  uf  latu 
!ii>u!i(.-d  mtich  complaint.    At  the  same  time  the  practice  is  by  no  means 
euoi-aliand  would  ecoso  if  up-country  buyers  refused  to  take  cotton 
vith  any   mixture    ni  the  short  atapio  variety.      11ib   prt^fttreuuo 
ibown  by  the  Khiindesh  cnliivators  for  American-seed  Dhirwir  over 
Hiugangh&t,  seems  chiefly  due  to  the   fact  that  it  yields  a  larger 
outturn  and  i»  more  wutily  picked.     Tlio  want  of  field  lalxiur  in 
Khandosh  makes  tho  proper  picking  of  liingangh^t  very  diilicult,  in 
eonie  places  impossibto.    I'ho  cotton  sIjiym  or  the  tree  till  it  is  overripe 
Kod,  in  picking,   gets  mixed  with  its  ^viiliered  and   lirittlt!   Kmall 
clinging  IcHven.    On  the  other  hand,  the  large  leaves  of  the  American 
vnrivty,  nmiaiuiug  soft  and  pliable,  drop  from  tho  tree  and  make  it 
easy  to  pick  the  cotton  cli-an.     Itx  freedom  from  leaf  haH  of  Iittv  led 
(he  cnltivaiors  to  mix  American'secd  Dh&rwilr  with  Uiugangh&t,  so 
u  to  raise  ihv  valoe  of  the  Uingangh&t  by  making  it  seem  freer 
fmin  luaf.     With  two  varieties  of  cuttou  »o  nearly  emial  in  price, 
mixture   ta   mn<.-h>lei>»   hurtful  llian  the   mixture  of  Vnrhtidi  with 
Americnn  Herd.     At  the  same  lime,  in  the  opinion  of  the   Bombay 
Cotton   Trade   A<u)ociation,  the  mixture  is  injurious  and  lowers  the 
Tftlue  of  tho  tChtutdesb  cotton  crop.     The  two  vBriaties  an  lu  somo 


Chapt«T  l\ 
Agrictdtar^ 

Cr»i>. 

(Wion 
Imp 


102 


DtCTRICTS. 


kptar  IT. 
AcTicnltun. 

Cmim, 

MO. 


Jirnifi. 


unl 


n-<-Ti(icU  Tcr^'diKHiniiliir  nn<l  do  nut  mix  well.     UingaUf.''  ' 
il  Tuny  ffiiiii  iu  ))ri^')it[ii>A)(,  Itmes  in  tiiiencea  bv  mixture  v. 
HU<]    roitKli   AraericaD-secMl   Hh^'irwriir.       Anu    thooffb    thv 
may  lii*  Biiiluhlu  for  luuU  i>[iiiiniiiK,  itn  mint  of   drvnnt^i' 
fnr  export.     In    llw  opinion   of   the  Coltoa    Trade     / 
Minvanfrlidt  is  the  best  cotton  for  ICh&iKlfMb  to  grow.      lis  ©rea 
Htniile  inakpH  Jt  a  t!pL>c-iHl  fi>vourit«  witli  .ijiinaoni.     And  fmm 
llicf  bavp  H'cn  in  Itombay,  tlie  L-mnmitteo  tbialc  thnt  AtuM-ii 
Dh^nriLr  fvcthei  a  leas  price  than  cotton  grown  from  Uin 
»eed.> 

A  now  [piklari!  in  th«  Khindoiili  cotton  trade  is  the  expurt,  paKh 
by  road  down  the  Tiipti  valley,  but  chit'fly  by  t»il,  of  uu^inM 
Hin^neh&t  toBroacbnudSion  inGiijar£t.  Tktx  export  in  tbr  pi 
«oa«tn  (li)79}  w»n  cuuu^h  to  iiinki-  al>out  IdOl)  Ititmliay  Wlca 
I'liian  comiD.  It  iiH)k  plate  early  in  tbe  yi-nr,  the  cotton  r*j 
UroHch  before  any  of  Ibo  new  local  cnip  was  iu  iho  market. 
C^tloD  VI9H  ffinni'd  in  thv  Itniucb  uiid  Kion  factorioK,  and  nl 
outturn  about  1200  balea  were  boHRlii  and  Mscd  by  the  Broack 
Snrat  spinning  mills,  and  thv  rc^Ht,  about  IJOO  bnlos,  was  aent )( 
liombay  uiul  Kold  im  gintted  KhAudbmh.  The  special  cirt-timf^naM 
timt  iDitko  it  )N»y  to  send  cotton  from  Khiindcsh  to  Ifujnril  fX 
tluit  a.t  Ilint^ngtiAt  is  trnrlior  thnn  Brotii^h,  ihu  cotl<^>n  reaches  dn 
(tiijnnit  intirkotM  wV-n  itiipjilicH  art!  Inw  ;  thnt  the  tonna^t  cbargt-f^j 
mhhI  cott'iu  i*  uuioh  lesa  than  for  ck-an  cotton  ;  that  ^nning  in  UA 
Huiier  and  cbvaper  iu  tiujar^t  Ihau  in  Kh&ndcf<h -,  that  iu  (iu 
Ibo  seed  fetchos  a  much  higher  pnco  than  in  Khdudeabi 
Rppwreutly  the  ho|H>  that  it  may  lie  paMed  oS  as  macbino-^ 
Uroaoh,  to  which  it  is  iuferior  by  aboot  eight  or  ten  nor  c 
Stoam  ffinning^ises  the  value  of  Hingnnghilt.  Bat  this  gain  il 
newly,  if  not  quit<«,  met  by  th«  greater  loss  in  weight. 

30.  Brown  Hemp,  amh\idi,  tlibiscuB  [-nnnabiuus,  ^jrown  ntwi 
or  less  on  every  holding.  i»  tlH>  ino«t  <.-uono(tii("tl  libre  for  gnwiM 
ngncultnral  uses.  It  is  xown  after  thelftftt  raio^aU  in  June  lOl 
is  cut  in  October.  To  develope  a  sufficiently  long  xtem,  b<<inp  ww* 
shade  and  is  tbcroforo  always  grown  niixiMl  with  other  cro)i»  i»iialhl 
with  millot,  Hesamum,  or  fur.  After  the  nurse  crop  ii;  rei'< 
hemp  is  allowed  to  remain  for  a  few  weeks  to  let  tho  moi 
thoroughly.  It  is  then  cut,  tiod  iu  i^mnll  bundles,  and  laid  in  ■ 
pool  to  '  rot.'  After  a  fow  days',  whi-n  tho  l;nrk  is  mjft«tucd,  taiH, 
"generally  of  the  lowe-it  caste,  Minjfs  and  Bhils,  standiug  iothe  wiW 


take  a  few  stems  in  their  left  hnndn,  and  with  thv  right  bj 

.    "" ip         "     . 

then  washed  and  laid  out  U>  dry.     Ine  smell  from  the  rotten  uwC^u 


pull  Blrip  the  biirlc  from  the  root  up  to  th«  points;   tho 


'L 


is  Tery  unpleasant.     An  expert  stripe  about  twelve  pttunda  offihH 
a  day,  and  is  paid   at  the  rate   of  2i.  (tie.  1)  for  sixty  pounds. 
stripjH'd  iiti'niK  are  inwd  in  tbntching,  the  («Mider  tojw  an  a  vogei 
and  the  seeds  yield  an   oil.     The  supply  of   tibre  is  barvly  et 
for  the  people's  wanta.     The  bark  of  the  anjan  ^fio  )a.much  used 


■  Tlie  Sttcntar;  Bombaj  CuttuD  Tnul«  AnucuiUwi  tw  Oovtnuncnl,  6th  Sept. 


I 


.2)eccui. . 


KIlANOIiSH. 


IGS 


cin^  ropos,  which  otQ  choaper,  moro  etmlf  got,  and  more  iMting 
lau  IiOin|)  rojn!«.     (5**  2-lj.  •  " 

ai.     Bombay   Uemp,  *nit,  Crotalaria  juncoa,  sown  in   June  ssd 

rewtMtd  in  Octobor,  is   less  widely   gniwn  Ihiui  lirown  hemp.     lis 

,  or<ltii»ry  kniUM  naaa  itro  making  woll  ropon  and  twine.     The  twine 

iii  naitally   epuo  by  VaDJ&ris  and  otker  rattle -koepors  who  spin  on 

.n  tli<tiifT  (M  thoy  grnw  ihoir  flocks   »n<!  honlit.     To  Uirco  it  to  grov 

euoiij^li,  xnn  liati  l<>  bi)  sown  very  thickly.     The  crop  ia  cm  aa 

atf  the  plaut  has  done  l^oworin^.     The  fibre  ie  (akvn  out  in 

rniuh  Ihn  same  wniy  ns  the  brown  ht'tup   fibro,  but  ihi-  alonis  being 

itni:iliar,  (hit  work  U  bunh'r,  un<l  thv  workman  earns  2«.  (Be.  IJ  for 

forty  insc^ad  of  for  sixty  pouuds.     When  akitfulty  prepared,  aan  la* 

little,  if  at  all,  inferior  to  Ilusaian  hemp. 

The  cliranto  and  aoil  of  KliflndoHh  aro  well  suited  to  the  growth  of 
fibre.yioldiiig  plants  of  the  Hihiacus  apeciea.  Any  (|aiuittty  ooald 
be  produced  if  the  dumand  was  urgent, 

XAdiulMi  I/fu  tnul  Pigmnttt. 


K» 

■1 

M 

U 

BMuaa. 

BinutiMt. 

Vcn*ntLta, 

Indlu  iiaib«rt]r   .. 
tadltn         ...      _. 
aaAiniw       „,        ... 
TttnowlB      

Hertnd*  cTlriMia 
iBlikafmUaelnrU    _ 

Conuna  lonjti  . 

KmrML 
Itatai. 

^82.     Indian   Mwlburry,  'U,  Morinda  citrifolia,  grf)vru    exclusively 

_by  the  I*odhii*  or  Alkaris  of  FaiMjur,  Yivnl,  Kauklo,  und  Ernndol, 

oiiltivaiAd  aolely  for  the  aafeo  of  its  roots  which  yield  a  bright, 

bough  not  a  very  la-ttiug  nnX  <tyit.  Khi'mdiinh  ill  hiv  for  long  had  a 
lligh    piinir,  the  result   probably  of  yeara  of  carefiil  tillagt).     nio 

sport  used  to  be  enornKius  t'^pi-cliiily  to  Gnjar^t.      But  of  late, 

boiigb  the  locnl  demand  remiunfl  unolmnged,  the  exU'rnni  demand 
bait,  from  thooompetiligiiof  aniline  dyes,  been  greatly  reduoxl.  Tho 
sowing  of  ciJ  wants  mMl  skill  and  cnro.  It  takes  pla<?e  in  July  or 
AngiiKt,  that  is  tfjward.t  llio  uiiddlo  of  tho  rains.  Tb<i  sood  is  sown 
very  thickly,  either  broadcast  or  cpoeawise  in  cloise  lines.  It  has  to 
be  eovored  about  an  ineli  deep  with  mould.  If  lower  down  or  nearer 
thc^  Kurfitco  the  wMrd  UNUally  fiuiK  to  sprout.  ACtor  this,  perioditral 
weediiifi^  is  all  it  wants  up  lo  ihe  end  of  the  third  year,  when  tlw  crop 
u  ready  for  digging.  Tnis  CM^ts  about  £.*>  (Rs.  60)  nn  acre,  sa  the 
whole  field  has  to  ln»  dujf  about  two  foet  d«-p.  The  doepor  tha 
roots  ^o,  the  more  \-aluabte  they  are,  as  the  fiupr  and  smaller  portion 
of  ibcm  nonlainit  moro  dyeing  ninttor  than  ihotw  on  the  surface.  If 
there  ta  no  demand,  the  roots  are  sometimea  left  as  long  ait  four 
y*rATi  in  tho  ground,  and  if  the  demand  is  great  the  cultivator 
occasionally  digt  the  roots  after  the  tteoond  ycur*!!  growth.  After 
the  fifth  year  the  roots  become  useless  aa  a  dye,  and  the  buHh,  if  not 
cot  down,  grows  into  a  trtw  n-ith  a  Ntem  sometimes  several  feet  in 
git-tb.  The  ronlfy  ebopped  into  half-inch  piecw,  are  worth  about 
1  \d.  a  pound  (Ba.  15  for  12tj  ti/ter^].  The  host  toots  are  chose  about 
HH  thick  M  n  ipiill,  the  laret'r  ones  being  wanting  in  colouring  matter 
which   is   mainly  biecreted  between  the  burk  and    the  wood.     An 


aiolbtrrf. 


(Boater  OuMHl 


104 


DISTBICTS. 


IT. 
.griosltan. 


Turiarrle. 


acni  of  •ifwltra  reAclvfornuu'kut  is  worth  stiout  £20  (IL 
(Ij'it  in  prtipAred  by  UaU)^riH  aod  awd  in   colouring   tarb»i»,  n>J 
aod   olotii.     Tho    LodbtM   hold   lands   in  tbcir  own  namr^  uui  *i«1 
«ah>roni  fleldx  uid  employ  htnMl  Ikbonr.     Tlw  deep   d^r)fui^  «l| 
OTen*inuiig thi)  soil  to  extract  th«  roots  doee  much  good  to  Uw  Iwil 

33.     Indipi,  yiiK,  IndigofnTU  linclorift,  liinl,  in  187^-7'' 
knw of  il^-lti  a<iv>t-     A  two-vear  and  soioetiun.'H   a  throe-, 
{Dd%0  iti  grown  to  a  vor>-  Dtanl)  oxt«nt,  owiof?  to  ihn  ^reat  exB 
preparing  it  for  market,     llio  wed  i«  i<owu    in  July  in 
tillod  ground.     It  can  be  thrice  cut  durint;  llie  raioa,  and  1 
and  flomelimes  throo  )KMu>oaa  gonL-ralljr  without  bein^  wat«r 
•aocoant  of  its  mixture  Vitfa   wood  afbtis,  Kh^deah   iiidign 
rnthvr  low.    The  first  cnttinff  takos  pla«>  wiu<n  the  plant  t.i  tiro  i 
three  months  old  ;  tho  wjroiid year  another  cropuf  Ii-nvL-a  ih  cat! 
the  shmb  which  i*  then  <ronNidopt>d  ustoUHuand^mei-anydeBt 
pluujfhiiift  up  the  land  and  pn-paring  it  for  suirai!  other  iTvp."  _ 
Dultivators  let  the  plant  remain  in  tho  ground  a  j-eur  longor  fn  m 
to  got  H  third  crop,  but  the  yield  u  too  poor  to  be   remunereUFi 
Id  thu  ueighbourhood  of  Faiispnr,  iodifro  ia  raim-d  in  con.iic 
qnantitiw   by  Gnjant,  and  thu  ntunbor  of  onnaed    piti    near 
Tillagflftnd  among  the  buried  cities  of  lh»  SAtpada  niugt;, 
that   the  plant  was  formttrly   more  widely   grown   than   it  » 
present,     In  spito  of   the  aian«e  and  wuttteftil    mode  of  pn'p 
It  aiMT  (ho  dirlineea  of  the  dye  producud,    Khiindc»h    iudt^i 
for  long  inaiutainiHl  its  gruond    ngitinst  Tlougal    indijro.      tV 
l«rg(^    <|ii»utities  were    imported    frvm    (iitjarat.      Bat  of 

mauufactuni   of  Giijnriit    indigo   has  almoat  enitndy  ceaa ,  _ 

Kbindenbiudigo  now  goes  to  Hurat  and  other  Gujnr&t  mnrketa. 

;jt.     Sattower,   kartUii,   Carthamnii  tincUinuM,  m  of  two  kta 
gddhi    and    kuJitmhydchi,     SatUii,    a    strong    plant   n^ith 
learofl,  ia  gntwn  chiefly  for  its  soetl  oil  (i«e  23).     Ktuumbi/atlii^ 
slenderer  plant,  isi  grown  for  ita  Howers,  from  wiieh,  when  dry,  i 
rod  kugumbtt  dye  ih  made.     Thu  market  price  of  husumba  is  ^loat 
\».  (8  anna")  the  poand. 

35.  'rahuuri*:,  hahid,  Curcuma  longa,  Ia  of  seTeTal  kinda,  U* 
tuber  in  all  cascii  Iwinp  the  uiiefulpart.  The  kind  used  in  dyemg 
is  thu  luHiiniti  fialii'J  with  veiy  hard  roots.  U  yields  a  yellow  dyd 
and  i»  usually  mixed  with  ^u«tMnf>a. 

About  the  three  colour  crops,  mulbrrry,  indigo,  and  tummrtf^ 
%be  common  beliof  is  that  if  luiy  but  a  Itangai-i  grows  them  in  a  nsv 
vdlage,  tlMi  grower's  family  is  duomiKl  to  [K-riwh.  So  when  ono  of 
tho  CHjps  has  to  be  grown  in  a  new  rillnge,  a  n«tdy  lillt-d  field  il 
handed  nviir  to  a  lljingari  family  who  sow  and  barreat  the  crop, 
thus  admitting  the  dyers'  rery  judt  claim  to  a  royalty  on  a  brandi 
of  hnabandry  that  owo»  it«  existence  to  tbeir  labour. 

•  SlutinMk  Jfarfotiti. 


lU.' 


Sounul. 


M      PBPW 


ViMMeu«,T 


I  Kinitlanii  UbM—     ..     ThaMHa. 


KUANDESH. 


Sti.  Though  Tolmoco  vrwi-nry  c«rly  (16G0)  growuin  Kh^ndpsh' 
Dd  8prt^  from  Kh&uilesb  to  6uiarltt,  its  area  is  uow  Hiiiall,  uWiiiL 
600  ucrus,  iiiid  ils  uxport  insigniticant.  80'  iimi;]!  has  tlie  local 
abooco  bilea  oS  by  carolesH  tillage,  that  it  ia  now  iilinoHt  sut  aaide 
jr  tbe  exotic  VirginiaD  and  Shir&x  hybrid.  This  was  introdacod 
B  KD  t'siK'rimeiit  in  1869-70  by  Afr.  FrutwoU,  HupcrioWndeDt  of 
he  model  Carni.  The  two  soeds  were  accidi^ntally  mixed  toj^tliur 
nd  thu  prciMtiit  crop  is  a  cross  between  thi-m.  The  UaTanna  Heed 
rwi  also  tru^i,  but  «■»«  fonnd  too  dfliciito  for  thv  cliuiitto  und  wag 
■iven  np.  The  local  tobacco  U  conaidered  very  inferior  lo  tho 
ux«d  varU.'ty  both  in  etrooffth  and  flavour.  Next  to  the  alluvial 
dUhi  which  are  very  limited,  thu^rwy  t>oiWD  tho  xitoH  of  du§eriod« 
iUagro  ia  the  beat  for  tobacco.  FaiUBg  thia,  black  soil  i»  cho^un, 
bongfa  M-fl\t  n*d  is  in  some  roepects  more  tniitable.  In  the  grey 
oilKof  viilii^i  sitott  Vt^ry  littlu  inunuii!  in  waDtftd.  Afl«r  mora  than 
me  cTfjp  has  bet?ij  prowu,  an  occasional  dressing  of  old  binn-yard 
Bouiire  ieiised.  Indigo  rofuiw  is  u  fnvounlo  fertiliser,  but  seeraa 
O  hsTo  no  Kpoebd  mvrit.  Ouano  baa  Lately  boeu  found  greatly  to 
HoressB  the  yield. 

Irrigation,  though   ohject«>d  to  by  Aome,  in,  in  Mr.   E^twell'a 

r'  uou,  PKpocially  in  tlie  dry  eaat.,  aeoeaaary,  not  for  tWl^rowth 
the  plant,  but  to  bring  the  curinf;  setisoa  before  the  middlo 
rf  NovciiiIht  ivliitD  tho  air   i*  (ttill    moitt.      Tobacco    i»  generally 
rown  in  ftinall    plota  of  not    more  than  one-eighth    of    an  aero. 
lie  sowing  season  lasts  from  June  to  August,  but  is  sometimea 
lolayvd    tUI    Octobor.      The    at-vd   'm    lutwn  in  lwdj»  noarly  four 
eet  Hqiiare,  well   manured   with   cattle   dimg  and  haud*watert.>d ; 
tnd  from  tbrco  weeks  to  two  months  aftvr  sowing,  yifuii  they  are 
tetweeu  fire  and  seven  inches  high,  the  seedlings  are  plaututl  in 
ipecially  prepared  plots,  at  u  foot  di>itanix>  fr<ini  oiAh  other,  in  rows 
lalf  a  yard  apart.     During  the  whole  time  of  growili,  the  plaulu  are 
urefnlly  weeded,  and  as  soon  as  they  are  well  itvt,  a  small  bullock 
100,  kiHpti,  is  pamx]  biitwecn  tho  rows.     Twice  during  (jrowth,  the  ' 
inckem  are  removed,  but  this  ia  naoally  very  carelessly  done.     lu  a 
native  field,  nearly  all  fnl]  grown  plautit  have  itnckerH  rindling  the 
nrent  Hlem  in  luxuriance,  and  flowers  on  both  sterna  and  suckent. 
rbey  seldom  show  any  signs  of  an  attempt  to  limit  the  number  of 
mvos.     For  Ihis  rwMOti  the  Iwito*  are  not  properly   deveKipe<I  and 
their  strength  and  flavour  never  come  to  perfection.     The  cutting 
time  lasts  h\>m  November  to  February,  or  atM>ut  five  and  a  half  , 
Riiiulh!!  from  lim  time  of  sowing.     At  the  time  of  cntting,  the  low«h 
leaves  are  nsuatly  faded  and  yellow,  tho  ctmtral  oiiw  in  prime 
Bonditton,  and  the  upper  onoti  anripe.     Generally,  the  vhole  pwnt  i» 


■  At  tb«  Ij^taaiag  «f  tbe  Mvoatccfitb  OMitiuy  MliaoM  wm  •  novel^.  AMd 
B<c  (died  Ittmi.  00  •  miMWD  Inm  Akbar  «o  Bljftfw  Uamt  1603,  anw  tobKoo  ler  tb« 
Int  tiiofc  Be  brondrt  mne  haok  aa  a  runty  lo  \gr^  Tli*  Siiipofw  tool  a  few 
mifi.  Imt  VM  'limtadid  hy  hit  pliT«icnna  fmeti  mMluiix  mora.  Thi^  not>lH«  tonk  t»  it 
wl  tfao  pnicti«>^  apnmd  lawdtjr  lEHkit'i  UMotf.Vl.  lU,  ilH).  Ia  lOIT,  utltubla 
very  Vmd  vBcvt  <ui  tb«  health  ol  nmiy  Mopiiv  tko  EmMm  JahUtipT  lorbad  it*  lua 
IBIjo*.  VI.  Sfil).  Ill  l«aO,  Tavwalar  up-iu  oi  Ua  B^Mag  i«  anili  ^MntMm 
BartiAnimr  Uiat  tlia  pwpU  luvhig  ao  vant  lot  it  left  it  to  rot  on  tlw  gnoad. 

•  Catl«tur'*  Z-£i:i,  Z2»a  Jnly  1873. 


Chapter  TV. 

Agriculture. 

crnipa. 

roiacnv. 


^ 


bura. 

1. 


I  ex} 


IHSRtlCTS. 


nit^d  the  Sowrr  ImuIa  iiippod,  \i»<- 


mombs;  Ga 


"-  iurlifH  'if  *U'iii 


th»oira  out    fn^nh   leavos.       H  on?   mvorih    vi-rj 

onil  arv  ecldura    pitht-itMl.      Tlie   Kuiiiiiit,    tri>in    a    feetiuff 
dust n.iyi (111  Togt'i»1>lt!  lifet  do  uot  cut  the  plautN  theinB^lnM, 
employ   liluls  and  others  to  do  it  for  thom.     A  few  at  thu  I 
hiLfll»Qdinc<n,  ospcciuUy  iimonff  t)ie  Mnwilmins   imd   those  De»l 
Guvi'niitK-nt  fitnn,  pluck  the  leaves  sioglj. 

Ac'Oi'nimu  bo  the  common  way  of  curiiip  thom,  tho  [iliuit«  M ' 
are  cut,  aru  Uid  in  rows  on  tlie  eronnd   iinril   tUo   leaveM   iowil 
brittK-nciM  and  Uvume  limp  aud  flacdd.   They  ar«  iiiimIi!  intu  liaail 
mXvU,  of  f(Mir  or  five  pl^Ls  each,  and   bronght  to  aoino  t'onre 
^>laco  for  drj-inff,  rery  oftcu  Iw  tho  roof  of  tho  owTier's  huuM,  i 
laid  in  cloNf  ovorliippiug  ripwa.     When  thu  colour  of  tho  leavra 
be^n  to  change,  the  rowa  arc  tumod  over,  and  tliia  is  dime  se 
times  with  many  eprinliliugit  of  wnt«r  till  all  are  of  nearly   th<> 
pbado.     At   thi^  aingv,  about  twenty-five  anudl   bundles  arei 
into  lari^  bnndle§,  jWi*,  tied  together  with  a  few  Bbrvm  of  tbei 
of  tho  palas,  Bnt<ra  frondosa,  tro<v  Mpnnkloil  with  water,  »l«icktKl  i 
oorered  with  ^(iny  cloth  or  roaha,  Andnijk>gon  achiRnanthuii,  grw*  i 
and  loadad  with  heavy  stones.     To  equalise  the  fermentation,  eVMj 
third  diq^the  bundles  are  lornod,  watered,  and  rebtiitt.      This  tnitf 

Srinkling,  mwdi'  ncccjinary  by  thu  dryims.*  tif  the  climate,  di^^-iMj' 
u  &ut>i  (jualilies  of  the  tol>ac«).  The  process  of  curing  ie  cr.Mr-  ;. 
performed  in  th(i  open  air  and  takes  from  fire  wtx-kn  to  thn^o  nuiiili'- 
The  paK  near  the  slem  in  alwiiyit  mouldy  aud  the  rott  varies  tr^:^ 
the  proper  fawn  ooloor  to  deep  bbck.     Much  is  afasolutoiy-  rotten. 

Itliick<.-n«<I  lobnvco,  thoui^h  UHeless  for  any  other  piir|xi»>,  i) 
gciientlly  prttft'rrod  by  the  nalivcM.  The  prt-sent  uidbod  of  curing 
lauxt  cuntinue,  i;idi.-»it,  by  (he  help  of  imgation,  lobacco  is  sown  ia 
June  and  cut  iu  November,  and  a  drying  hous*'  is  made  iiudcrffroand 
and  ooven-d  with  thick  thatch.  Kwn  witli  Hil*  cmro,  tho  wind  will 
.pn)bal>Iy  be  too  strong  tu  allow  leaves  to  grow  perfect  enntieh  In  lit 
miide  into  cigam.  The  only  improvement  in  coring,  intro(luc(>d  M 
the  model  farm,  is  the  cutting  out  of  thi>  stew.  Cultirat^tra  di.ipoM 
of  tbcir  tobacco  to  doalent  ni  from  £4t  to  £4  (Its.  ;IiJ .  lEx.  -U))  th« 
hundred  bundles,  JiuftV.  'The  price  of  the  local  ".iirirly  variuK  Fmni 
16«.  to  £1  6«.  {Re.  8'Ka.  \S)  the  man  of  eighty-two  puunds.  *l*he 
now  tobacco,  when  grown  by  natives,  realises  from  £1  to  CI  UU. 
(itti.  IO-Hm.  15),  and  oil  the  model  farm  from  £1  1^.  to  £ii  Itk. 
*  (3a.  16  -  Its.  2S)  the  man  of  eighty-twd  pouuda.  The  sverAgo  acre 
cost  of  tillage  varies  from  £3  to  £3  ]0«.  (Ua.  30- Ra.  35),  and  tha 
onttumfrumabont£M8«.to£25(Rs.  14i-IU.250).'  Considoring the 
climate,  Mr.  Fretwell  is  of  opinion  that  tobtu't^^  should  be  grown  only 
for  local  UM.  lie  suggests,  for  tlie  inijimvement  of  the  crop,  that 
the  local  varioly  idi'iulirbv  given  np;  that  the  Boud  idiould  be  clioseo 
only  from  the  cro^vn  tiowern  in  the  boat  planta;  that  manure  ohunld 
be  more  frvi^ly  u«ed  and  the  se<^  ttown  early  in  June ;  that  topti  and 
snckorB  abonlu  be  coutiaually  remorod,  nilowiug  only  soveu  or  eighi 


Bocan.j 


KHANUESU. 


Its? 


fcT«<*  ou  «ao1t  plant-  an<I  iu  (iMlRAttAr  of  curing, ilinl  aiuglo  toftved 
Id  hv  pliickod  aD(l  cunxl  wit^iniit  tho  steiua.  *  * 

S7.  Hump,  ijanja,  Cuntiabis  satira,  is  npurinply  RTown  in 
'S**''^^'^''  to  make  bhdtuf.  Most  of  tliu  hhSnif  ua4id  tu  Uio  dUtricc  ii 
tmni}x>rted. 

88.     Pfippy.tArtctAuji.PapavorsoinnifprniDidfiipitciallGorommeaS 

elTorta  abort  nf  actual  pivliiliitiou,  whm  formerly  widrly  ffruwn.     In 

_  1S;J1',  its  ciiltif-attou  was  mQ§i  nrofitablo.     Knough  of  tbt-  Klu'iiidoab 

dmg  wiks  in  Htorv  ut  Ahmcdabad  to  meet  the  Gnjarat  demand  for 

two  yijars.     Although  both  tho  soil  <ind  clitnatv  wi>ro  tiiuiiited  to  it« 

growth,  its  ciiItivatinD  biid   be<?ii  carried  owfor  generatioDS  and  the, 

pcoplu  wpru  particularly  partial  to  it.     The  cidtirator  had  n  ccrtaiQ 

'I't    for  liii<    pnitbicw    ut  h    tixud  though  nrndcnilo   prioc.     The 

Ltor  was  allowt^  to  buy  all  tho  opiuui  in  its  raw  atalo  at  about 

tie.  (He.  4)  tht-  poHud,  and  prepare  if  in  the  Dhutia  factory  for  sale. 

In  l85(i,  by  order  <if  the  (iovernnieut  of    Indiu,  the  DhiiUii  factory 

wa«  closed  and  poppy  cultivariou  Rtopjied.     During  the  tw«nfy  yeata 

ending  1 856,  tho  greatest  area  cultiTatod  in  any  one  year  wns  2380 

fccres,  which  yielded  28,208  pounds  or  llM  poundit  tiic  twre.' 

XhdiulaK  OarAn  Crop:  * 


Ho. 

w 

40 
41 

Bntiw. 

BouaEO. 

VBMlcn.M. 

Rnnrauit 
rtlnim 

aMehirnm  oOHiHiuin  .. 
I|i4iii*it  bmtafht 

Pitfl, 

• 

*. 

39.  Sngarcane,  m»,  had,  in  1878-79,  a  tillage  acta  of  1420  acres. 
_  liougb  called  Swcchanim  oRIcinnmni,  it  lias  no  iKilnnical  existcncw, 
~aa  it  has  drifted  ho  far  from  its  natural  condition  that  it  cannot  be 
rpprk'ibiied  by  seed.  Siigiircwnt'  Iiiut,  ftx'm  very  early  limes,  been 
grown  in  ladin,  iind  it  i«  belit^veti  that  from  India  the  wlmlo  cnnv- 
prowing  diatricut  of  America  and  the  "West  ludtcs  were  wipplicd 
with  Liittingtt.  In  1750  cunes  wpro  introduced  into  the  Mauritius 
Bill!  there  brought  to  very  liigb  ix-rfection,  and  from  fttauritiuD  many 
Bujwrior  kiniU  huvft  l>eeu  bntugnt  back  to  India  and  grown  for  yearti 
without  liuy  marked  filing  off. 

Th*  five  chief  kinds  of  Kh^nde^h  cnuoure:  a  sntall  cane,  khadffa; 
a  bhick  cane,  luHn  ;  a  white  cauo,  pundtja  Qvvt'nulhra  ;  a  striped  can^, 
hangiiya;  and  MuuHtius,  a  yellow  cane.  The  small  khatlyt  vane  is 
l.h«  most  widely  grown,  as  though  it  yields  inferior  uiohisMin,  ita 
banluohis  makes  it  stand  Mtoring  ouJ  carrying  from  one  market 
to  auolhcr.  Tim  bhwk,  Avi/<i,  eaiie,  the  bent  (or  eating,  is  usually 
grown  for  tlu»l  purpo^w  only.  The  whito,  pvitilt/n  or  fMindhra,  and 
(■trijK-d,  Mttgili/ti,  canes  are  both  ginjd  croppers,  but  require  to  be  W(41 
watered  and  freely  luanurod.  They  are  twunlly  cut  tor  the  market, 
but  also  yivid  vety  fair  molasses.     One  rariety  of  ihu  whit«  cone,  a 


Chapt 
Agiicnlt 


'  Cotlcolor'B  BTO,  10th  M»f  183C. 


IBomtttjrl 


IG8 


DTWRICTS. 


Chipter  tT. 
Agrimltan. 

Stfmnam. 


little  atoat«r  than  theSnvPr,  bard  otuiwixidy,  contains  omwrmi 
titth*  jnicfl.    Wliat  there  » inuNi  be  rei^  BWcet  ut  tbpyicid  nf  mi 
u  TerjT  great.     The  MBoritiiui  canu,  introdaced  oa   tbo  Uorei 
[arm  at  Bbsdgaon,  is  uon  ntbvr  widoly  grown.     As  Ui  bniig 
porfcotion  it  iriuitA  rich  maunring  and  frai«rinfr>  it  ia  asoaU;  ' 
onJj'  in  the  fields  of  (be  Wfll-to-do,     The  moIaAMM    ia  eaawj 
fine,  bat  w  it  carrioK  badly,  il«  ptiot  rules  little  above  Ih 
khadi/a  cano  molassea. 

Rich   black   loom  ib  the  host  Boil  ftr   angaroatie ;    bnt 
manured  light  aoils  are  kIhu  vrry productiTC.     Is  ^ro-r-'. 
cano,  care  is  taken  not  (o  plant  it  oo  the  same  grtmnd   ' 
^nce  in  throe  years,  and  that  the  iDt«rveniug  son-it  r 

dry  crops,  tir-iurti.     The  pnjund  U  first  plf>ugb«l  lti-  ..iii 

to  break  the  i-lodfl  ;  mamire,  from  thirty  to  J(M)  cart-luode  the 
ia  spread,  and  the  field  pUwij^hed  odco  or  twice  «j  as  thoroa 
to  work  in  tbe  manure.  The  nurbioo  ia  ihflu  titnaoihed,  m 
large  clods  are  powder«d  with  a  wooden  mallet.  Then,  after 
plou|^hing  into  panUltO  ridguR  ouu  and  half  fuvt  apart,  and 
water  into  the  channela  between  the  ridges,  the  Held  in  niad 
planting.  The  seed  cnni'sarv  cut  into  short  leni^thii,  kiiruttji, 
planter,  filling  u  itiniill  biuikct  and  placing  it  under  his  left  nmi, 
end  to  imd  and  alH>ut  six  inches  apart,  ilie  pieces  of  caue  ali> 
chanueU,  treading  on  i>ach  to  settle  it  well  into  the  mud.  fi 
three  or  four  plniiter«  havi)  nu  itltvndaut  who  keepa  filling 
liuMkiatH  with  cuttings.  On  the  third  day  after  nlaniin^,  oomoa 
first  watering,  ambuni,  and  on  the  seventh  day  the  second,  him 
After  theao  follow  regular  eiglit-day  wittrriugx.  A  forttiij.'ht  iJUr 
planting,  young  shoots  bepn  to  sprout,  and  at  the  end  of  the  fiol 
mouth,  they  aro  fnr  i>iioiigb  un  to  allow  the  hoe,  ktiij>a,  bo 
between  the  Undt.  1'hin  in  done  three  time»  at  iut«rvnb  of  a 
After  this  it  iH  weeded  by  band. 

Daring  the  sixth  month,  or  jiutt  boforo  the  vtlara  nali*. 
the  latter  half  of  September,  the  ground  ia,  to  h«lp  tlie  aftor-^ 
hiilJidkn'r,  that  comcif  ihlckty  during  the  early  rains,  carefiiUy  Joi 
to  a  cousidurable  depth  by  a  tnnull  raattodc,  kudAl.  While 
falling  water  ia  withhold.  But  oa  soon  ns  rain  ooaaes,  u 
watermp,  wrarn»,  is  givi'n  merely  to  wash  in  the  rain  wat«r 
is  doemod  cold  and  hurtful  to  aiirfaco  roote. 

The  cane  suffers  from  several  enemios.     Tho  wbit«  ant,  udhdi, 
Ve  kept'  in  chock  by  placing  bags  of  pouuded  cowdung  mixed 
salt  and  bine  vitriol,  morcAitf,  iu  the  main  water  cliannels.     Flo 
over  these  bags,  the  water  becomes  aalt  enough  lokill  the  ants  wi 
hurting  the  cauo.     Atu,  a  small  gmb  which  d<.-sln>yH  th<^ 
boring  numcrouH  hnlus  iu  it,  is  the  larva  of  a  large  fiy  which 
its  eggs  in  the  axils  of  (he   leaves.     No  remedy  for  tfaia 
known.     Bamni,  a  grub  about   fotir  inches  long,  cau  the 
roota,  and  if  not  chocked,  works  great  havoc.     It  is  got  rid 
soaking    dried    til    {So.  20)    st4-m»   in  thu  well    until  the   wat«r 
becomfie  light  bn>wn.     Two  or  three  doaes  of  thia  water  are  naually 
eoongh.     Nothing  but  fencing  and  watching  can  cl>eck  the  robbe 
of  pigs  and  jackals. 


bberM| 


^^•GCM.1 


"» — =■ 


khA^desu. 


169 


T1h>  cane  is  readj  for  cuttinir  about  tbe  end  of  the  flJerenth 
I  :  li,  if  noL  it  iit  Ivft  iiutil  (bo  tWu-viitU  munlh,  as  tlie  i-n]tivat«r« 
ve  that  if  cut  in  tbu  twelflb  tooutb,  the  juice  id  uiucb    loeft 
\N1iL'n  tho  canvt)  befipn  to  thixitv  up  flowering  spikos,  they 
!t>tiHti1(!nM)  nudy  fur  cruiibitig.     A.-i  tUo  nM)l  purl  ■<•  i^hiirgtfd  with 
rliciiliii'ly   rich  jiii«),   the  canes  are  cut  over  aever&l  iiichea  below 
grDunil.     'i'licy  iir<i  then  strip(ioi]  of  lUI  dry  and  looso  Iohtos  aud 
ed  Xo  the  mill.     Uero  the  tupa,  btindyds,  ar&  cut  off,  and  oaed 
feud  Ifau  mill  nUtlo.     T^  crop  Ja  not  at  preaeiit  ho  prxititable  aa 
mtglit  he  made  by  improvfld  niitchinery.     A   ^^'itl  dcJil  of  tho 
■  sweet  matter  is  wasted  by  the  rude  mode  of  extractiag;  the  juice. 
"     ili.Ts,  not  aotjuitinted  vrith  any  method*of  rofiniii)?  bu^tu*,  tho, 

!iU)r'a  only  produce  ih  raw  iiiolaasea,  ^nl.     A  Inr^  iiuaulity 
-Bl  caoes  are  also  eaten  by  the  peojJe  la  their  natural  stale. 

Tho  crop  is  disposed  of  in  throe  ways,  by  sale  in  the  village  markets 
be  eaten  raw;  by  mHking  oattingA,  fnrne,  for  ptaiiiiu^;  and  by 
m  milk  for  molasses,  When  sold  to  be  eaten  raw  a  good, 
■^  u]>r<>Eil  of  from£IOto£I2  tO«.  (Rn.  10(1  ■  lt.-t.l2.'>)  anitcro; 
3U  Bold  Bs  cuttings  for  planting,  it  fetebea  from  £20  to  EHO 
Cb.  200  -  Rjs.  300)  nn  aero ;  and  when  made  into  molajwM,  the  imtpo 
'yiifld  ia  £/>  (Ita.  50).  Only  the  beat  and  the  largecit  caneo  are  fit 
fur  cuttings.  Smaller  canes,  if  jaicy  and  sweet,  are  set  aside  to  he 
«)kl<'!i  raw;  and  lliose  attJU-ked  fey  jackulx, Jiifp*,  and  while  anl«  are 
teken  to  tlie  mill.  The  mill,  ghiini,  made  of  InihKul,  Aeacia  arabic% 
aiid  kept  under  wafer  in  some  well  or  rosoTToir,  is  goncmlly  tho 

{Property  of  the  culiicator.  It  oo«ik  aUmt  £2  10«.  [Hx.  26)  and 
adts  for  two  or  three  seasons.  The  boiling  pan,  kadhat,  is  hirod 
from  a  (rujar  or  a  MArviidi  for  2ii.  (o  in.  (Htv  1  •  tt.t.  2]  a  day. 
The  mill-workers  are  about  twelve  in  nnm)>er,  seren  of  tht'lff 
gha-llfg,  imixtly  of  the  .Mhitr  isnU;,  for  n^moviu^  th^  caue«i  from  the 
lit-M  and  Btripoiug  them  of  their  leaves-,  one  tm-ttW^d  to  cut  tJio 
cane-s  into  small  Iwo-foet  pieccJi ;  two  millvr*,  ghindars,  one  to  feed 
the  mUl  and  one  to  take  the  canes  from  the  other  side;  one 
lireiiian,  ifaffkuli ;  and  one  boiler,  tjaha.  The  boiler  gets  from  3a.  to 
4s.  (IIh.  1  i  -  li-'i.  2)  a  day,  In-^idi-s  an  (•ighly-two  pound  lump,  Mi,  of 
molasses  when  the  work  is  finished.  1'he  others  got  fr\>m  2^11.  to 
^•1.  (1^-2  nnntif')  a  day,  and  .-iimdl  (pi  ant  it  ion  of  iiiolaxHeM,  uaue,  and 
juice.  Besides  iLetie,  the  village  rarpeuler,  potter,  leather  worker, 
mutlicniiiin,  and  MhAr  havo  their  rrsiK-ctivo  ullowances.  When 
cane  in  being  croalied  beggars  inlent  the  pla<;e  night  and  day,  and 
the  Ktinbi  tries  to  please  them  expectinff  in  thiK  way  to  reap  El 
good  harvest.  In  the  i-vening  tlte  mill  i.t  the  resort  of  all  the  p<Uih 
and  elders,  and  the  owner  distiibutes  juice,  i»ne,  and  bits  of  tho 
new  niola«(MuH,  iful. 

'to.  Chillies,  mircJit,  Capsicum  frntwscons,  with  a  tillage  Area,  m 
1878-70,  of  13,5ti9  acres,  tone  jiurt  of  the  people's  daily  toiKl.  lb 
is  tho  chief  I'leim'nt  in  their  curries  and  enters  nM>n>  or  Ie)*a 
larjjely  into  all  thuir  other  dishes.  Honi;o  every  caltivator 
trioii  to  kwp  a  suitAble  corner  uear  a  well,  or  other  watep- 
vnpply,  iu  which  to  gn)W  st  least  enough  for  his  household  wants, 
ttown  tn  the  third  week  of  May,  the  aooda  ani  eyculy  scattered 
■.      a  4ll~--i3 


1 


Chapter  17. 

Agriculture. 

Crvpn. 


wo 


DISIRICTS. 


Cki>pt«t  nr. 

Acrteohv*. 

Cntm. 

CkiOin. 


Bri^iat. 


Abm(  AfiriOM. 


Owd«Mln^ 


orrr  n    riclily  nuinurMl  "hed.     Water  i»     ffirtm 
divtDg  .the    (!m    wix'k,  aud  ii(t«>riwsrd«  onoo    a    wectk. 
June,  after  the  first  sliuwor,  wlion  about  nix    incbcM   hiph,  tlw^ 
plnnLi  lint  r«i><i?  for  ninvitig.     Tlii'v  nre  jiut    out    iti  fxttrs.  " 
feeit  amrt.      l)iiriu«;  ibe  early  sta-  -r  f^rowt)!  ibi-y  " 

often  hoed  wilb   tho  h.iSpa,  and  "L-.l    .  iv  fTiiit   in   at-tfi: 
lUtrtpjlhpr  writbhold.     Aftflr  tbi-  Hiiivprx  am  ahnd  u  small  t 
of  manure  Uapplied^and  thonHual  wat«rm)iresuniiMl.      iVi 
two  crops  >  ywir,     Th«  fin<t  or  grevn,  crop  in  ;^cbE>rt>ij 
middk'of  Aiiguat  andeoldst  tbcmt^^ofnboiil  thrui>ftir1.bi 
(SO  or  40  lbs.  tho  mpe«).     The   late  or  dry  crop  c<imc« 
^l»ter.     Wlifn  fully  ci)lfMrcd,  tlm  jwds  are  ptckiil  iiud  s 
ann  nntil  tborxMiRhij-  dry,  wbeu  thoy  are  ixtllnl  red, 
mro  worih  »bout  i<t,  u  pound  (12  ponnda  the  mpco). 

41.  Brinjal,  i«inoi,  Solannm  uolongcna,  is  gmwh  .^  „., 
w»r  M  obiTlivfl.  Bnt  ok  it  it  subject  to  the  attaclcin  of  M 
aader-groatid  eutMniet,  it  U  u^mi!,  iit  tbo  time  of  traiupkq 
to  smear  the  roots  with  a  mixture  of  a  Imsket  nf  bufTnlo  dmiJ 
«  tola  of  KHMtfu-tiilu  in  two  \niU  of  water.  If  grabs  niipmr 
tbe  plant  ia  (frowinjr,  they  are  UHiuilly  ifot  rid  of  by  placiae 
maiD  vrater  chaaDol  II  1ai-gvba({withas3'afa>tida,  gnrlio,  ciuup&a 
nulpbur.  Sundwjr  in  tbouglit  thu  Im-liiost  day  for  transpL 
btinjals,  and  alao  for aprinklinff  the  pituiiii  with  cow's  nrine  to 
•gainst  l«if  inwola.  When  the  fmit  is  email  and  pour,  the 
onre  in  to  lay  a  dead  dog  ia  tbc  waIit  chiinnvl.  1'he  ordiuarj 
is  less  than  a  liitir-[K.-nny  •  pound  (i  lbs.  for  oao  iinna). 

42.  Sweet  PoIaloeB,  rat^lu,  Ipomu.'n  batntas,  evid<mtlj'  a  t 
of  thd  ooiniuoD  potato,  are  planted  in  Jiiuu  and  B<tioi'tini 
Warch.  The  ground  wintis  mncb  manure,  cowdnng  aahcai 
thought  the  brat.  As  in  the  case  of  tho  bclvl  iToepor,  the  cliij 
Ktems  are  nit  into  leii^lha  of  about  fifteen  iuchen  sind  planted) 
soon  a^  the  cuitiutjs  have  utriu-k  miit,  they  are  hoed  witb  th<;  J 
The  cropwiinta  freipnmt  but  not  over-heavy  waierin^.  Thegrl 
regularity  and  cw-u  are  n-<(iiired  to  save  it  from  the  nttan* ' 
minute  grnb,  Wbeu  the  tubern  aro  full  ^>wn,  to  help 
ripen,  tbo  watering  i*  stopped.  It  is  a  splendid  vegetable, 
eat«o  v«pecially  on  hat  day». 

Field  and  garden  tillage  are  not  dearly  separated. 
and  methods   are  the   same,   and  gardening  i«  tittle 
Ipecial  branch  of  the  tillage  of  watered  land. 


So. 

KrauiR. 

BVTUK. 

43 

Pntata             

astannm  whiwaa 

BMta.                        1 

U 

V»n.     ...       _ 

DtaifMintilmm 

Otrtt^                       1 

It 

(inMn   ^.       .m 

tMiumm*  ... 

f«>Ab                        1 

It 

QitOs 

£m«. 

(T 

Ctrrct  ... 

DmiMi  cvbU 

euxv. 

IS 

HtMtlt 

Rapluiiui  lallviii 

Jf>te. 

<» 

Timnrle 

CaKuih«  lf«M 

SoMJ. 

■* 

Giufvr  .» 

A'k. 

43.  PotatooH,  batdia,  Bolanom  tuborotttim,  kto  tittle  grows. 
'tbe  soil  is  too  i^icky,  anil  (iv«n  whan  the  difficulty  of  soil  }ib£  heoD 
»»orw>mo,  (Ito  ditiuitd  doea  uot  adinil  oi  wt.V  gn^Jit  Niii;<r^-NK. 

-44.  YatnE,  goradu,  Vn)»ci)tt!n  alaia,  are  iuBiiage<l  in  much  the  name 
ray  k^*  nim^t  jxitatOL-s.  Inhere  are  tvro  or  thri<u  tniltivatvd  kinds,  and 
evei-iil  wholesomo  wild  y»m»  an-  {{ftUiorvd  both  for  food  and  tncdicioe. 

4''i.     Oiiiun.'',    hdn^'i,  Allium  ocpa,  arv  a   most  important   crop. 

reat  caro  ia  bostowed  on  thorn,  tHu  leyHhtiu  differing  Uttle  from  tbo 
WBt  praciico  of  Kui-ojiuaii  gitnluuti.  Ke&red  Ui  aced-beds,  tito  young 
JiknU  are  put  out  in  lines  on  pn>parcd  j^und.     I'lto  ouion  crop 

kes  three  months  to  ripoo  and  should  be  watered  once  a  Eortuight. 

40-  Onrlfc,  tagun,  Alliam  nativwrn,  is  treated  in  much  th« 
e  way  aa  ouiou.  A  poivnnia)  plant,  it  Ik  propagated  by  diriding 
he  ro«)ts  which  imv  inadu  up  of  a  number  of  small  bulbs.  The  crop 
«ota  couataut  and  i;aref  ul  watering,  and  is  ready  tit  nbout  4(  montha. 

47.  Carrots,  yiijar,  Daticus  carot*,  are  widely  grown  and  witJi 
rt<at  Mucu;itit.     Tiin  ohiiif  KhAndealr  carrot  is   long  and  reddinh,  in 

kvour  not  much  inferior  to  tho  boat  Etiro)H.<9m  kinde.     The  &e«d  is 
klways  f^>wn  on  iht-  third  or  fourth  day  befor*-  tho  nni.Jr<(,*yo,  tlir  hist 
■^  of  iba  Hindu  munih,  as  it  is  boltcvgd  that  the  woody  heart  ol 
he  carrot  will  thus  bv  rodnccd  to  the  sntallosl  posMible  stiio. 

48.  Radiabes,  mufa,  Kapbanun  HalivuK,  are  of  two  Iciuda  or 
olonrs,  wbit«  and  red.     They  are  much  grown,  and  are  eaien  boib 

>w  and  b'lilud.     The  loart's  are  osod  as  grwns. 

49.  l\imifnc,  Imlad,  Curcuma  longa,  ia  of  two  kind:).  Onv, 
Lighlv  aromatiCf   is  nsed  aa  a  medicine  AaA  a  seasoaiog  for  curries 

d  ddK     'lie  other  is  n  dye  stuff.     (Sm  3fi).  ^ 

60.  Ginger,  <ile,  Ziugiber  ofDoinale,  wants  free,  manuring  with 
qaBl  p«rlsofhon*e,  cow,  and  i*heop  dung,  The  wed  in  sowu  any  lirae 
rora  April  to  Kiiptoinbi^r,  and  tIll^  r(M>t«  are  lit  for  digging  afl«r about 
lightoen  montha.  The  aft«r-manaf;ementof  thcrools  dcfwudson their 
uality  and  tho  claw*  of  artielw  for  which  they  aro  host  suitud.     In 

raring  ordinary  ginger,  the  roots,  on  being  dug  up,  are  partly  boilvd 

a  widd.mniitbud  vussel.     Then,  after  dryinp  for  a  fow  days  in  the 

ihade,  they  are  ^l■:-e^»d  in  wi-ak  liuie.watur,  Huu-diii^d,  nt<»>pod  in 

Btrongor  limc-wntiT,  and  buried  for  fernieutation.  When  tho 
^ro)6ul<iii£LSovi;r,lheging^-r,nowcalk-d8HNf/i,isrL'4idy(orthu  mnrkot'. 


Chapter  <  7. 
AgiicuUi 


V4. 


BMUtn. 


iHUd  or  Tfg  film. 
X*au«a  at  i/m  mnM 

CnosK-n  lUloa 
Wawr  Utlon  , 
Whit*  Ooutd  _ 

aMte     _      „. 

SIST;:  ::: 

8n*li0      

Cummaii  OlBDnbiT 

Ob*imk4       _ 
1U(7 


BOUfM 


aila 


IBdD 


l^tftntowatuloi 


Oucunto  oit*! 
Oarsrlau  tltnUlM ... 
ConiUumlba 

LacfOArU  mliatlt .. 
ConnbiU  tndoptppi 
Do.  Um»  ... 
frtclKMallna  •■ttnliu 
Utoml*  iiUvD  I 
IM,     uitllHlmui    I 

Muinanllm  otUfwIU; 


TUxionti. 


rwHhfi. 

JiiUa.     M«lZ    at 
Fatiwit. 

r,t^  " 


riculta^l 
rant.  J 


Oahm. 


OoHie^ 


Oinfftr. 


IT. 

1  Agricnltnre. 

Ifc£n4» 


V^tr  Mtlmt. 


4 


vanU. 


IBomba; 
172      '  D1SXBICT8. 

51.    S«e4\. 

62.    Tonatoes,  mI  tinv^  Ljcoperaicnm  oecnientam,  aro  foandi 
almost  ererf  aatire  gmnlcs.  ~ 

59.    Comifion    or   UsbIc  Melons,  tAarbuj,   Cacnmis   melo, 
gnnni  id  nutinil*,  in  ti»o  bwlw  of  streainK;  nnil  half  dry  Htits. 
Dsbermeu  and  Bhoia  ahow  wooderful  itkilliu  tlie  growth  of  tbbipl 
UafortnnateljrnDt'Oonnony  <)iiiiutit}' (if  mnnaro  u  nscil,  and  sa 
muuad*  uv  wa«lied  away  ereiy  raioa,  ibe  aniided  miuinre  ia 

M.     Water    Melons,    tarbuj    or  kaiin-jad,  Cncurbita   citt 
Boaipttmc*  gmwD  during   the  raintt,  eitWr  m  gnnlva   frround  | 
millet  fields,  are  ^therftd  green,  and  cooked  as  a  vegetable.      It)  I 
'hot  montiu,  tho  witrir  nn-tun  t»  much  morp  widdy  growm   than  i 
common  melon,  and  forma  a  delicious  cooling  food  for  h)1  rls 
They   aru    sold  vvrir  chvup,   thrvo  funhtnes  (J  nnuMi)    buiug 
orduiary  price  for  a  fruit  of  four  to  aix  ponnaa  weight. 

5d  to  &8.     Qoords,  of  which  besides  thoce  named  there  are  sere 
ancertuiu  itpeciei^  are  inustly  grnwu  in  gardeu.i   in   the   rains 
eaten  cooked.     An  uneataole  wild   botlle  gourd   (No.  5G),  cnlla 
iadva  hhoj'la,   is   umcih  sunglit  uftiT   fur  miiliiitg  flouts.     'IVo 
them,  Grmly  netted  together  with  string,  make  a  very  Hobs 
buoy  for  a  single  swinuner,  and  a  raft  wull  provided  with  them  i 
carry  a  heavy  load  across  the  roughest  river. 

69.     The  Snake  Goord,  padcat,  Trieosnnthes  angnina,  i»  nii 
planted  by  the  Hide  of  a  cottage  or  foooc  over  wbi^  it  is  allowu 
cliiub.     It  is  inncb  esteemed  as  a  vegetable. 

UO.     The  Common  Liu-ge  Cucumber,  kaU^i,  Cuounua  salitiM 
trouled  in  the  wame  way  aa  the  molon,  and  like  the  melon 
Ae  hot  weather. 

61.  Tho    Sniitll   Field    Cucumber,   kdkili,  Cncamis  ntiiisaii 
perhap«  tbo  mosE  valuable  of  t}w  gmird  Irihc,  ik  alike  eaay  of  cnl^ 
in  the  field  or  garden  duriug  ibe  raiue,  aiid  under  irrigation  i' 
tlie  dry  season.     It  is  vatun  both  nt.w  and  cooked,  and  is  ouns 
partictilarly  wholcttome. 

62.  Tho  Comerod  Cacnmber,  fitni*,  Loffia  acutanguln,  is  of  S 
kindi?,  kiHiwuaji  dodkeand  i/ilke.  Th&'ihdkiiit'  loiigdefp-tlut^-dnnj 
eliLV-d  off  and  cooked,  aro  an  excellent  subfetilutw  for  Fnjtich  be 

63.  Tho  Hairy  Cuirumlter,  kdrl«,  Iklomordicn  chiimntia,  is  si^Idum 
grown.     It  is  a  hard-skinned  fruit,  and  baa  to  be  thoroughly  at 
•in  salt  water  befuru  tt  i»  iinud. 


V«. 


M      tailna* 

m 

M 

s  -■  - 


n 

Tl 


mullBMM 


a»un8. 


Dtdlehndi 

Ouatall*  Ktullii)!  ...    Sanir  c«  >*«il 

Po>       Tliwa  ...  JtatUon^. 

IMItfiM  ttUiU  ._.  niS^ 

nuaxtaa  fatnrU 
mbHeW 


TniiuvkJia. 


Andililin»Vm 


ni^fMptaH. 
JMMnV. 


.e«canj 


khAnqesh, 


173 


W4  to  66,  All  UiMO  twftns  are  need  green,  sliced  into  eCHpa,  and 
ted.  60  i»  probably  the  wild  uriguial  of  65  wliioh  luut  byvii 
pirated  to  ^rcat  [tvrfix'tion. 

69.  FroHch  Ueaita  are  pretty  geoemlly  grown  near  toinu,  bub 
'^elclom  in  ordinary  coiuitrj-  gardeua. 

70.  Tho  Dhufnii,  (Iibittcu»  ceculoiitiu,  is  grown  cvcrywbcpo, 
9otb  in  fields  and  ^rdL>us.  Fall  of  (ilinij  juioo  wbiclicanbe  got 
rid  of  by  boiling  with  litnc  jtiioc,  it  is  highly  jiriisod  by  all  cliwaus  for 
it»  niioliiig  Htid  rttivugtIiiJtiiug  prupertMs. 

Aluny  wild  planU,  eencciully  mtimbers  of  the  pea  tribe,  are  catcu 
\y  Ihtt  poor  ill  ycfirit    of  swircity.      Scvonil  olbcnt  an)    tuore  or  leas 
duly  grown,  but  ibey  are  mere  ranetiea  ot  tJiose  already  described.* 

71.  S«22. 

£U«HlMlt  Onoa. 


N» 

BMkWI. 

Saiuaa, 

TmiirnTUK. 

n 
n 

tt 
n 

n 

IT 

IV 

w 

u 

m 
m 

Unm  Hamp 

Onni  . 

Bulith           

BMtaraBMtna 
MUMOrfOH 

Anvulh      ... 

tvliuaiMMCti 
DUI 

rablanuaDmMnui  A-tMt. 

lUfJhVkOM  HllTIrt     -.  1  tt^ht. 

OutaiaiuUiKlMlcw.   ITar^l 
Tr%M<ll»      faeaam-:  JVrfAJ. 

l-oriindriim  wUtmo.!  XitlUtMr, 
CtHiHituluim  HiUa.-.l  ClUlMt 
•ImUHDlllua  piJjg*'  UnWi, 

IIHFllB  lite,  ko.      -     ira»4L 

AbtljAID  «r«*         S^*im. 

TYibuba  •iinaiFii  -     »c^n>. 

72  to  76  havo  IxKsii  already  described  as  ordiunry  (nv>p8.  (See 
85,  30.  17,  II, -18,  and  'M].  'fhcf  an;  aUo  (jrown  in  garden*  for  thi 
Mkeof  ibeir  young  tviidnrtopi^  which  are  used  aa  grAsuK.  Cultivators 
ostuilly  allow  gnua  tops  to  b<!  gallmred  in  their  fii'ldSj  aa  careful 
uiucUing  brings  a  gn>wth  of  itide  ahoota  and  an  iiicrtiMMcd  yitrld, 

77,  Biltiir    gn-eiis,    methi,    Trigonclla     ftrniimgravuni,    in    tho 
■  •luottt  couiUKjnly   growu   of  all  luitire  ve^tabli^H.      ft  is  c^own  in  the 

QB  and  in  thw  imM  season  under  irrigation.     In  rich  M>i]  it  is   fit 
cutting  abtiiit  tho  third  wi.'>,'W  afier  wtwing,  and  sells  for  a  little 
idor  a  hslf-pi-nny  a  pound  (I    <iiiria  for  four  oue-]M>uud  iMtndk-n). 
liv  ripu  Muda  are  largely  uHod  in  couipouuding  native  medicines, 
ftud  sparingly  aa  an  articlu  of  food. 

78.  (iretiu  ci>riandcr,  knOiirnlnr,  Conandram  Bativum,  is  an 
(izccllt-nt  vcKetnblo  and  ia  g<>uerally  used  for  snwoning  currica  auci 
chntnoyM.  The  ripened  aecds,  dhanc,  pouiidt-d  fine,  are  used  in  moat 
kinda  of  native  diet, 

70,  80,  and  81,  are  all  commoD  Tegulabloa,  the  green  leaf  in  each 
Ctwo  being  llie  edible  part*. 

82.  Bill,  gh'jtu,  Anethum  aowa,  is  grown  all  the  ywir  round 
except  in  tho  three  hot  rai.inth".  As  the  whole  plant  when  young  is 
fit  for  use,  the  t|Qatitity  of  food  obtained,  from  even  a  ttiiinll  plot,  is 
very  great.  The  ripe  seed,  $hop,  is  a  popular  remedy  for  flatulence, 
and  ia  uacd  ua  a  condiincut. 


Chapter  (V. 

Agrictiltttre. 

tludaoing. 


Onxnt, 


[BcmlMj'  CuokI 


171 


DISTJMOTS. 


'IV.  83,     Ookhm,  TribuluH  terrmtm,  dhuug-b  wild,  in  mi  umrr 

ittiir«.       gn^vrod  ns  u  food  utaS  u  to  dwerve  a  ptuco  amnog  lucal  wu 
nili^.  XUWmI  Spirit  tmd  CWttiMM*. 


H». 

^^ 

Bmom. 

TfiM\-m 

U 

OIWW-.         .-. 
ChUitaa          

SarilwfdMMk 

«MM. 

w 

OtpilBan  iMUavB*   .. 

ItlrsU. 

« 

pnanum      

ItaoAuB*  oOtoiBumL 

Tt 

n 

tiaiuni 

Slnt«M  ttatuu** 

*.H. 

w 

CMUadwaMd 

t^it^mtnm  ibUiiuu  _. 

tUolM. 

w 

TunidiW       

VBfnUH  l-U«l 

Molud. 

M 

Mil  ^rt 

ipcUa*  wn 

sx. 

n 

Irnmria  wtJiMrom. 

M 

—                                    *>                        -1-                          ..T 

ttramfitri&nU* 

'■-.  — trl. 

M 

CinyLMt    -•      . 

fcfVKB  bmlcll 

4_ 

M 

ItaMl  -         ~        ... 

fUwI—t^    1  IlllMI 

t* 

ChbUH.- 

Ciiliili«B  <]*iliHia 

M 

AbIw  BMd     .- 

uhtUbU 

w 

OiMl.«r 

ripa  tout     ... 

fui" 

grom  ii'j 


84  to  90.     5«  50,  ■«*,  30,  26,  78,  49.  luid  82. 
01.     CitrdaiooiiiB,   dchi,  Eluttaria  cardsnuimnra,   are 
BuRicient  qouttitiea  for  locul  wiuiw.     There  is  no  export, 

92.  Om,  Oanim  ptycbotiA.ablind  ncuK'  with  d<>«lif  odorons ImC^ 
is  prelt;  geapraliy  grown  iu  gurdooa,  but  Qovrlioru  very  ext0i»rn^' 
TbV  Btiedii  sro  n»L'<I  im  u  tuediviiiu. 

93.  Cnrry  Loaf,  kadi  nimb,  Borgcni  kunigii,  is  usod  by  Hiate 
to  aetuou  citrrioe. 

94.  65,  and  9lJ.     Fennel,  fraJi  «A(»p,   Fccnicnlnm  vnlgarr, 

jire,  Cuminuin  c^niinnm,  iind  anJEe,  shoi>,  Pftuwdunuiii  fj-raveolei-. 
are  seldom  iwed  as  pot-l»orb«,  and  oven  their  aeetjs  cooH^ 
as  condinmnta,  compete  with  the  much  more  piinfj^mi  nad  ammatit 
Cttraway  bo  cbeajfty  imported  from  Kurope  and  the  Poniisa  p6L 
Among  native  dnitrst  they  keep  a  pniiTiittcnt  place  as  tttomadnt 
medicinoti,  specially  in  the  ailments  of  woiuen  and  t;bitdruiL 

97.  Black  Poi)per,  kdU  tniri.  Piper  nigrum,  is  grown  in  most 
gardenii  but  nowUoro  exttmsiroly, 

95.  Bi^cil  Nuts,  aHp\iri,  Areai  «i(«chu,  are  not  a  product  of  ikl 
diittrict,  althougb  n  few  tre««  are  grown  in  mo»t.  lar^je  gardea«. 

99.  Betiil  lyMif,  ^><!b.  Piper  betel,  ia  ia  gencrnl  uw,  \>emg 
cliewe<]  with  a  little  lime  and  a  slice  of  the  bot«l  nut.  It  is  nmii  Iji 
.atimulate  the  digestion.  But  rf  swallowed  iu  lai^  <iunntiuratl 
c%usos  giddinoSM  and  »>l.her  Hyuiplomtt  of  Jntoxicatiua.  The  cultt- 
vatiou  of  tUi^  betel  vine,  a  common  Khiudtath  industry,  is  curried  ini 
with  astonishing  oocnratry  and  Buce>e«ft. 

The  hotel  garden,  pdtt  mala,  ia  a  work  of  art.  The  bu»t  site  la 
the  well-drainvd  allnviul  bank  of  a  river  or  stream.  The  vine  ia 
rather  fond  of  an  iron  soil,  but  lime,  Nalt,  or  soda  are  fatal  to 
it.  The  well  niiiKi  biat  lliroughout  tlio  year,  be  perfwctly  i-went,  aoil 
not  miir«  than  forty  feet  deep,  otherwise  Uio  cost  of  rai.tin^  rha 
water  eat«  away  th«  gTX'iitci-  iwrt  of  the  pri>fit«.  The  U'lcl  leaf,  it  is 
said,  cannot  be  grown  from  ciianntil  waior,  which  ts  very  cold.  Af  t«r 
the  Bit«  baa  been  chotten,  the  next  point  ia  to  fence  it  from  cattle, 


EnAxuivSU. 


i: 


ioTCS,   aoJ  HtronfT  vriiuU.      First,  is   an  oat«r  Une,  himpan,  of 

tial    wicker  work,  npltt  bKnilKtov,  ztzvplins   tn-i^  jtr  oiker 

■ie  material.     Id §i do  of  ilua  ience  is  a  tludi  milk-buitlt  bvdf^.' 

I'oiiii-M  A  Mi  vt  thv  iargv  viMtur  pUnl,  und  Inst  of  all,  a  row 

plantain  trees.     Tbe  garden  in  laid  out  iu  an  unv^Tying  nattcm. 

wliiilu,  croiwcd  by  vntcT  chanticU  ami   roads,  forms  beds  of 

differeui  nhapea  and  stees.     Kacb  bed,  iciton-u  by  a  piirticubtr  nams 

«it(;b   as  till)  cherittintf,  the   hertang,  and  tho  foj'a,  is  stocked  witb  a 

erlaiu  iiumbtir  nf  vim^,  mi  tlutt  tbr  (mt^1lrn  nnd  otbor  |MrticuIara 

if  a  garden  tan  be  calculated  with  great  nicely. 

AAor  the  gronad  has  boea  laid  out  and  properly  lerelled,  tre« 
dft  are  si:iwti  for  tbo  vitiiui  to  tmin  on.  Utiund  thv  edgv  of  each* 
is  a  line  oFo/«ft'r/,  ^^esbaniaiBt^yptiaca,  and  in  tbe  centre,  £rom  two 
t  bn-i?  (vft  aiuirr,  tin;  wt^M  of  hadya,  Agoti  gisntbllora,  ondpnnyara, 
rythrinn  indica,  and  from  four  to  six  feet  n]>cu-t,  lung^le  <cv<l»  of 
fchci  tiimh,  A/.adiraobia  indies,  an?  planted.  Tn  addition  to  these,  the 
^upai,  C'arica  piipaya,  singly,  and  pbiiitiun  tri'iM  iu  pittm  arc  dotted 
^bont  accordinff  to  tlie  amount  of  shade  required.  These  seed-t  are 
BDWn  in  rho  first  wv«\t  tn  June,  fnri'/ nr)jt.«hafm,nnd  afu<r  thnt,  band- 
^weeding  and  watering  every  eight  days  ia  all  that  is  vrtuiled  up  to 
thf  cad  of  Oeoombcr,  puthyn  nal:t!uilTa,  when  tlm  mirs«  trees  are 
eighteen  inekeci  to  two  fe«t  hif^h  or  large  eiit'Ugh  for  planting  ths 
vines. 

From  thv  (op«  of  tho  bi'ait  ripened  shoots,  in  tbo  old  plantation, 
inch    oitlingH  turo  takflu.     Tbey   are  first  made   into  Kmall 

ndles,  wrapped  in  plantain  leaves,  soaked  in  the  water  tbey 
have  bcon  )u:(^U!i(oniisI  tu,  i-arrifd  lo  tlii;  nvw  [ilnntaliun,  Koaked  hi 
t1'  'i'^w  watf  r,  and  all  but  twoiips  bnried  in  tbeground.  For  soma 
iiFi..  -.vater  tM  ffiviin  diiily  ;  lati^r  on  nnct!  iu  two  dayif  ;iuid  nfu-rwarda, 
except  during  tbe  bot  months  when  it  is  given  erei:^ other  day,once 
in  six  days. 

From  i-ncfa  nnburied  tip  a  shoot  springs.  When  they  are  n  few 
incbes  long  the  sbool«  an*  Kid  tip  tho  F^lcms  of  tho  nnrse 
treo-->,  nnd  lightly  liinl  with  ^tv\[»  of  a  dried  Kcdge,  path,  so  ela^tje 
that,  witliout  untying  it,  the  pressure  of  the  growing  vine  keeps 
it  looMV  Whi-n  ibc  rinc  hiw  grnwn  to  ihe  jtropitr  hirigUt,  it  is  turned 
back  and  trained  down  until  it  reache.i  the  groimd,  where  it  ia 
layered  in  the  earth  and  again  turned  up.  This  is  r^peatod  natil  the 
trt^c  al«m  in  fult^v  eli>thi.-d  with  vine.^,  when  tho  wbolo  ht  firmly  tied 
with  the  dried  reeds  of  the  tamli  grass.  After  this  the  management 
of  tin?  plantation  cloaoly  resembk-n  the  cullivatJun  of  the  gi»iw  vino 
in  Southern  Kun>pe. 

Leaf  picking  may  bo  begun  oight«on  months  after  planting,  but 
in  the  best  gardent  it  ii«  put  oR  till  the  end  of  the  second  year.  The 
liwresi  may  l>e  gathered  green  and  ripened  artiJicially,  or  they  may 
be  left  to  ripen  on  the  vino,  though  this  redtic««  thoir  viUuu.  Tbe 
Ivaf  picker  ufCn  both  Iiands,  the  thumbs  sheathed  iu  sharp-edged 
till  mil  Ie- like  plates  which  nip  the  leaves  clean  oS  without  wrenching 


-J 

Chapta-IT, 
Agricoltnrfl 


Jtor,  Eopliorbla  ncnr*]!*. 


rIT. 


ricDJtorv. 
iQBrdaiiiilg. 


IHania 


176 


DIS'EEICTS. 


tha  plant.  Tfao  vine-grower  is  either  faimftolf  a  1«Af-<1pal4>r  nr  lur  m'H* 
hi*  crop  in  bulk  to  a  lf)af-daul«r.  Tbi-lr  inble  u(  nioiiMurL-it  u  :  -MM 
lt^Mve!l  Illlike  M  jE:a4^/i  ;  forty-fuur  kaflte  s  itirjiin ,-  an<l  four  '  ' 

7U,4UO  leavea  an  oj/u.    Id  rrUtil  tJiu  luiivt-tt  aro  milil  from  I     •  ■. 

(1  -2  antuM)  the  faaDdnid. 


ROk 

X>QU«. 

1 

BOIMIIUU 

Tbmocmm. 

101 

tn 

M 

FlMAA            _          ... 

CMMudAnM 
Biillwk'VBnK 

MucttaslBilM     ... 

JteL 

Anw  iMUiaa      ... 
D>i.    prtiniua 

M« 
If] 

hud   ^ 
UraptTlH    

VHk  tlDlhtn 

Mi 

PnrnSi*  nr  MiaiMrak. 

UirwavaBUiiB     — 

IKMy. 

M* 

J-^rw. 

110 

Una     _ 

Do.    Ilavtu 

U.i»lk 

Ul 

MallKTiT       _       _ 

UtrntmUm 

IW, 

II* 

Jiijnw 

nniAai  JBlnte 

tw. 

111 

d.-        ^^        .. 

./iaW: 

n* 

IWmriol      

TwimmwHi*  iMt^  ,, 

>t'ial>,at  OUHi. 

lU 

VioA  AMAt   ...        .. 
ltMU>«  Kflt 

ITnrit.. 

)>« 

Dnnaupw    iBMW- 

Main. 
BuriB  iMlMia 

a»m. 

lit 

Mtia. 

U< 

— 

1  ,s„|a  BuKvts 

StL 

100.  The  Plikntain,  Icet,  Mnsa  paradtsiaca,  is  n'idcly  ftmwt 
whenfvcr  wuter  ia  plentiful  and  VHsilr  rnijwd.  ThprvHro  two  tolurahl; 
dintinot  ItindB,  the  nijr  IkI  nnd  the  onminon  kri.  'Vb^.  tAi 
lul  ia  like  tW  Cliioew  banana,  lliefmit,  though  thiuncr  ek' 
and  ^nmcwliat  better  flavoured  than  the  oomtnou  plaDlain,  i 
snitable  for  cooking,  niid  boiu^  a  bgltt  cropper  and  wiintiD^  ini 
wat^r,  i»  but  siaringly  cultivated.  The  common  tbi-&UMV)m«: 
plailtaiD,  iJie  tofsri  of  Giijanit,  the  mondr  of  Mii(lni.-<,  and  the  j/i 
bale  of  Mysor,  is  eaitily  growa  and  yields  freely.  A*  the  £niit  mati 
itii  vpry  thick  rind  become*  ao  toiigb  luid  Iwthcry,  that  the  ripe; 
has  (o  be  finixhi^l  by  artiHdal  lueana.  Newly  cut  hunches,  pi 
into  a  eonical  heap,  are  ooTorcd  with  a  thick  laver  of  clay.  At 
bottom  a  snuill  iipt-ning  ix  li^ft,  tlimujfh  which,  liy  mt>anH  of  a  tul 
th«  jciiioke  ui  buming  cowdung  is  blown  until  the  iuaide  i.t  full 
Binoke,  whvn  thd  ojn'iiing  in  cTowed,  This  i»  repcnl^d  for  oeven) 
days  until  the  plantaina  become y el lowiah  whit«.  Tbey  aw*  then  fulij 
ripened,  and  when  waahed  uro  fit  for  sale.  Good  plantains  mtunil/ 
sell  ata  little  less  than  a  farthing  apiece  (ei^ht  for  1  (irim),  Tb* 
«iiinll  KwnoC  banana,  or  golden  plantain,  is  now  grown  Vt  wue 
ext«nt  in  KMudesh,  especially  near  the  Governinaut  form  where  it 
wiw  introdurwd. 

101.  The  Mango  tree,  amha,  Uangifera  indica,  is  common  ia 

fardi-ns  and  in  Belds  where  it  is  iionally  planted  in  ciimip«  or  gmvi!&  j 
lieTe  are  many  Taiieties,  depending  mainly  on  the  condil.ii.m  of  iIm 
noil  in  which  the  ireo  is  grown.     Though  wholesome  when  ripe  aad 
taken  in  moderation,  the  mango  i»,  in  the  hoi  neaaon,  the  tauiae  of 
much  sickness,  the  poorer  classes  ufbon  eating  it  onripe  and  to  CXCOM 

102.  10.3,  lOl,  and  Hl.j  are  all  common  fruits  and  are  fouud  s"iai- 
times  iu  separate  plantations  and  someUmca  mixed. 


KHANDESH. 


177 


[106.  Tho  r»j»i,  popai,  CaricH  pHpftj*,  w  Bometimes  «ton  raw 
t(l  rip«',  bui  iiioK-  oft.>n  half  ripe  ami  rooked,  ll  grows  raf^dly 
am  seed,  and  as  a  rule  beure  in  fourteeo  months. 

107.    Tho  Grape  Vine,  dralah,  Vitui  vinifpm,  in  not  much  grown, 

only  in  thv  giirdi'us  of  the  rich.    Thu  white  8weotw»tor  i»  the 

^vourite  kind.     U  suffers  a  (tuml  deal  frum  mildew,  CApeciallj'  on 

>ur  land,  but  where  the  subsoil  and  other  conditions  are  suitable, 

bi!  fruit  is  sonii-timcB  excellent. 

llOS.    The  ()T«nK«,  iiart'n^,  Citnui  aurantium,  is  Tery  suooeitafnlly 
9wn  in  some  jyrardeDs.     There  are  sereral  kinds,  oacb  with  ita  local 
IB.     The  Sne«t  flavoured  is  the  »intra.    •  , 

109  und  110.  Tho  Pomelo,  papna*.  Citnut  decnmans,  is  not  much 
own,  being  too  unwrtain  in  iU  bwiriiig.  This  is  also  tho  case  with 
tha  sweet  lime,  atikhar  Ujnbtt,  a  varietT  of  Citms  liinetta.  The  soar 
liiuK  a  in  t^vury  garden,  and  heri>  and  thuro  in  large  orchards. 

Ill,    11^,    and    11-%  oflon   gn.>wn    iu    gardens,    aru    alM    fonnd 

_'rown  round  field.*  aud  in  waste  land.     The  silk  factory  at  the 

ii^.^rnmvnt  farm  hae  given  an  impetos  to  thv  growth  of  tlie  mulberry. 

114  and  ILtiaro  both  forost  tritKt.  Tlie  pod  of  the  Tamarind, 
i-hU-.rh,  Tamarindus  indica,  and  ihc-  frait  (if  tl»e  wood-i^plo,  kavath, 
l'~.  .-MuU  fN-nbantum,  are  much  esteemed  by  nutivv  cooks  for  Uieir 
rich  sharp  navonr. 

1 16  and  117.  llto  Murkiii^  Nut,  hihva,  8on>ecarpas  ana«ardiam, 
and  noha,  Basaia  hitifoiiii,  lliough  imrdiy  gai^an  plants,  are 
geuerally  fotmd  near  villagee  where  the  bifwa  uuta  are  eagerly 
ffatliereu  aud  i;at«n  by  children.  "Pfae  moha  suoceeds  boHt  on  «tii»y 
f[r<fiind.  It  is  asuiilly  owned  by  BbiU  aud  othur  wild  tribes,  who 
t»U  aud  distill  the  tloirera  aud  boil  oil  Eroin  the  rip«  seeds. 

11^  Thf  Bfl,  /Egle  mamictos,  commonly  found  near  Hindu 
'^  )il»nfvd  by  tho  pooplf,  not  so  much  for  its  fruit,  for  only 

'  -  : ,  aa  fyr  tts  leaves  which  aro  a  favourite  ufferiug  to  Shir.  * 

KiAadrsk  FUmtn, 


IIP 

SMUH.                1 

tkfualc 

vntMTi.i*. 

a-    „               ' 

D'-HfTl^HlW 

0-U& 

110 

O<«i*0 

Niilflm  otana     ... 

JIaxtv. 

111 

Sknr-AwTT 

JttwU. 

t» 

IIiII1>Tm    . 

'.^rUn  Uwrftli      ... 

Mrit^tt, 

IM 

Con)  PUul     .. 
JmWw 

nim 

a-tmlM. 

m 

rM,        

Jk^Klttfim  ^iiitiaii 

M-r*- 

IM 

mCblmCnrsrr   .. 

Qiitmitllt  TdlArti.. 
QulHianKi  InOkK     ,. 
Arayi*lih  ipwlviA   ... 
nAuttiu  HUina ., 

IMtyelK 

BufMsOopv    ... 

m 
1*1 

MaSmm                 , 
PMidiHwnoU    -1 

Chats.. 

SF 

•■"     r    "..(Bm 

i>Btd: 

lights 

lljxtiilh  jUtn 

0.l4irt.. 

rWOm    , 

KjHplHB 

<«■!. 

I  .  u  1  u^iB  niiMMiiii 

/l|iH>w>iL 

119.     Damask  and  China  Rosi.rs  are   the   muHl   oommoa. 
_    psr|ictaa]  rtme,  ahrvU,  i«  alwi  grwwu  in  goud  gurdi-nn, 
120  to  123  air  flowering  sbruba,  all  commonly  caltivated. 

a  «ii-n 


Tho 


tbftjr  OHtttt 


Espter  IT. 


Pann. 


lUMlU. 

Totactc. 


178 


DISTRICTS. 


124  snd  125.     Be^ideti  the  counnon  ehambfH,  Jfisinit)' 
ftoilini,  nnd  moyra,  Jasaunum   Rambac,   eereral   other  jii 
^metimax  foimti.     TbcHc  two  are  the  fjanicncr's  stock  plnuiK,  uij ' 
the  most  profiiabte  of  nil  iiui  c.mp^,  [nu<;)i  ndUj^hi  after  to  snpul^ 
jcsamin  flowers  woin  at  festivals,  iiiarmge«,  and  other  rejoicm^ 

126,  127,  and   128  are  beautiful   climbers,  nsually    ptnntodl 
plcaanre    gardens.     Thpy  are  little    culliratod    by    mere    iiuu 
gardenorit. 

129,  The  Sunflower,  turya  phnl,  IleHanthns  anninia,  i«  i 
ttmps  pTown  for  its  seed  oil,  Imt  tli<>  quautiiy  of  oil  is  too  faat 
jnnke  it  n  piiyiiig  crop  Dliougli  of  excellent  qnality. 

130,  131,  132,  and  133  are  common  in  erery  garden,     Tho  I 
are  sold  for  the  ordinary  pnrposim  of  docomtion,  tho  leaves 
Zinnia  being  preferred  in   the  ghrAddha  ceremony  fur 
oSeringa  to  the  spirits  of  deceased  ancestors. 

134.  The   Red  and  the  White  Lotas,  hamai,   Nyinph<»«, 
abundant  in  every  pond. 

135.  l^e    Amaranth,  jiijirigundi,   Uomphrena    globoKR,  i 
commonest  cottage  garden   aunnsl,   il«  plobniar  Howor  heads 
in  great  demand  as  omameDt)>  (or  women':*  hnir. 

Tho  KMndcsh  OoTemment  Farm  waa started  early  in  1861>  l^ 
Collector  Mr.   L.  K.  Asbburner,  CS.I.,  who  obtained  a  Oovcmi 
grant  of  £2000  (Rs.  20,000).     Mr.  Ashbumer  meant  to  have  cl 
a  sito  somewhere  near  DhiiHa  tho  bead-qiiurter  statioti, 
Dhulia  loud  was  dear  and  difficult  to  buy,  and  the  farm  w 
fixed  about  two  miles  north  of  BhadguoD  where  was  a   consit 
area  of  waste   land.     The  s^ii^i^itiiMt  colU-clor  in  charge  of  III 
began  bv  buying  a  few   fields  brin^ring  up  the  whole  nrca  to" 
acrett     Some  of  the  fields  were  sown  with  cotton  and  other  orttii 
crops,  and  in  April  1869,  the  farm  waa  handed  overto  Mr,  Krvtwefl 
who  had  been  appointed   siiperiutendeiit.     For  the  iirMt  few  yc 
the  continuance  of  the  farm  was  very  doubtful,  and  twice,  for  w^ 
of  funds,  it  wan  all  but  giveu  wpi 

Thu  6»t  impnriant  experiment  wan  tlin  introduction  of 
tobacco.  Seed  was  brought  from  Cuba,  Uavannah,  and  Vii 
and  Shiraz  seed  wiiic  supplied  by  Dr.  Bnlfour  of  Haidnrabud. 
8hiniE  seed.  Brat  sown  iu  I86S  by  Mr.  ANlibnmer  in  his  ^^u^en  \ 
Dhulia,  was  afterwards  sent  to  the  farm,  where  aeeidentidly  mi 
with  the  Virginian  seed,  it  was  in  1869-70  introduced  as  an 
experiment.  The  hybrid  variety  hart  sioee  spread  over  a  vorv  larg* 
area,  proving,  if  not  the  finest  of  the  foreign  kinds,  at  leaat  the  bo* 
soited  to  the  climate  and  soil  of  Kh^ndesh. 

Amateur  experimenlji  have  alao  been  made  in  curing  the  leaf  for 
the  Tarioos  forms  of  prepared  tobacco.  So  far  as  thoy  have  goat, 
tbeee  experiment*!  seem  to  ehow  that  cheroot -making  in  not  likelyla 
succeed,  but  that  the  manufacture  of  cake  tobacco,  such  as  bladi 
cavendish,  or  even  golden  leaf,  is  fairly  practicable.  Thongh  it 
might  not  for  a  lime  make  much  way  in  European  mnrket-s, 
tobacco  would  readily  take  the  place  of  tho  lower  anrt.'*  of  Amerii 
tobacco  ao  largely  used  in  India  especially  by  the  European 


KUANBESH. 


179 


Wan 
Labour 


Tboagb  rnrioufl  minor  pxperimcnu  were  trit-d,  for  the  first  twO'  or       ChapttK* 
lyeam  llio  farm  wanii  coUou  fnrm,  olborcropit  being  denltifith      A^riciUCs 
necessary  iloma  iu  a  roi&tton,  Uie  object  of  wUicli  was  die  growth        tiovotniM 
coltoD.     Hin^aiiglt&t  cotton  was  introduced  into  KbandcHb  in  fun. 

P864,  HD<]  cliiefly  l>v  ibc  free  dtstrihulion  of  sot-d,  BOon  dispUasI  the 
rae  BhorUsiapl&d  IochI  Vitrhiidi.     Hingangb£t  lina  iu  turn  been 
L'ljr  iHipvrMKlod  by  American  Gcclimatified  in   Dtwrw^.     Tbiii  la 
3W,  as  a  rule,  nown  on  at!  lighl  lands  ne  n'oH   »«  ou  th«  i«*s  wtieky 
ada  of  black.     The  choice   from  yeitr  to  y<»ar  of  ihe  tiwfst  of  the 
lace  for  seed   has,  since    1808,  been   carefully  c&ri'ied   on.     Tliti 
I  thiw  oblainod  in  every  year  sold  to  tho  neighbotiring  eultivniorH 
I  sow  in  their  fields.     Latterly  the  denutnt?  has  much  exceeded  the* 
ly. 

Thi*  «c«nnty  itf  field  InWnr  has  tbronghitut  boon  u  >;Uudin){ 
kindrauce  to  the  farm.  Kuiibi^t  have  seldom  to  leave  their  family 
siding*  in  search  of  work,  and  UhiU,  &Ihdrs,  and  other  day 
H>urt»  urv  uiiually  so  irregnlar  in  tbcir  hsbils  as  U>  be  unlit  for 
irk  involving  care  or  skill.  Iu  1869  arnuigemenls  were  made 
itb  the  Bombay  Commissioner  of  Police  to  supply  a  number  of  freed 
tTtM.  Hevenil  batches  ciiinu  from  time  to  litne  and  were  gradually 
trainel.  A  few  ran  away  aud  otberwi^o  misbehaved,  but  moat 
tnnii'd  ont  well,  becoming  tho  most  useful  and  trusted  work?ncn  on 
|be  f&rm.  In  1875,  the  whole  of  them,  aWul  sixty  in  nil,  accepted. 
le  offer  of  the  Chtireh  MiaHionary  Society  aud  went  to  South  Arrtca 
fonn  an  agricultural  colony,'  The  sudden  %^-ithdrawal  of  such  » 
number  of  workers  was  a  groat  toss  to  the  farm. 

In  1874,  the  farm  whs  placed  u&der  the  management  of  Mr.  ^H^** 
ii  and  on  the  new  footing  of  self-support.  A  farm  that 
i>u,y  was,  it  wn»  argned,  no  fil  lutidel  for  native  buabandmeu. 
Under  ihia  system  all  experiments  were  given  up,  and  only  crops 
rtain  tti  my  were  grown.  The  rosnlts  were  not  sali.ifactury,  and 
1S76  the  iiutitution  wn.i  restored  to  its  former  position  as  an 
bxperimental  farm.  The  farm's  chief  siiccessos  have  been  tb*- 
itmducti'in  of  Mnurilius  augarcnnc  from  Ilailal;  tlie  spread  o£ 
SbirAs  tobaceii  over  the  district ;  the  regular  use  of  machinerj*  and  the 
pmody  of  mauy  defects;  the  successful  n^iiring  uf  silkworms  and 
cling  of  silk  ;  the  growth  of  mulberry,  lUvidivi,  logwood,  bamboos, 
larinns,  aud  other  useful  trees;  the  diadbvery  of  several  new 
Ibros;  and  the  introduction  of  w)  improved  breed  of  cattJo  from 
'Ijraor,  Guntnr,  and  Qujai^t.  ■ 

The  erOM  betwova  tlw  foreign  and  tfav  nativo  broods  of  cattle  has 

luced  a  race  oi  excellent  milkerii.     Cbeaie. making  i.t  ut  ijritNitnt  & 

jlfjrct  of  cxpt-riineot  on  the  farm.     A  stnd  of  Arab  pony  stallions  baa 

aen  ailded  lo  ihe  farm  »i<>ck.     Two  Arab  iloiikeys  have  also  boon 

ited  for  mule-breeding,  and  an  improTement  is  being  attempted 

the  br^ed  of  sheep  by  crvssing  tho  couot<y  sbeop  with  the  heavy 

tt<tailwl  Airiooo  aoitnu. 


•  nnwalhwMtiacnMiCMiwtotliAbrvility  llr«4  (d  tli«  0«U«  MthwtliaB  lafcsU. 
i«]i  kM  no  oooksd  (ooit,  snil  vbc  iipiorut  fl  aay  lOTt  at  iIIUm.     Wbcii  tlwy  Mt, 
kfj  hmX  l«uaad  hmas  haUU  imi  ec^kf^.  uiil  hkit  uminwl  a   uir  kiiowlodc*  ><(  tlw 
'  Miiit  ti  lh«  ooKinaiia*  eivp*. 


IBombV 


ISO 


DIStRTCTS. 


C3t«pt«r  IV. 

lAgrioaltnre. 

GotwhiokM 


Ulk. 


Ip   I87i,  B  clasA  VTM  opened  for  stipendiary  apprvntiora. 
appreuticin  ttre  lada  botwoou  firto-n  anil  - 

Cii(tiTBti)r«  paying  a  yearljr  GoTeruineur  - 
wtu  have  paued  the   fourth  vomatiilar  i^uuxlrard  v\hiji 
who  promiM)   to  •«*it#  for  thrv*-  yi-urs  noil  li-aru    all    '. 
Earm  work.     They  have  free   quartern  aud  n  monthly   nlli 
£1  {Vm.  10)  th«  first  Totu-.  <I  4«.  (Its.  12)  the   ■•(.•ooud,  lud 
(IU.I5)  tho  thinl.     Bvvoml  yuatlt*  \mvv  fiaialicK]  their  ttTniit.j 
Btartod  foroiiu^  aad  stock- hreodiuK-     Sn  for    tlie^ 
cn>dil   to  their   tmininff,     An  erening  class  tor    tl . 
reading  uid  nritiii)^  IiaiiHlM)  hven  opi-nc-d  on  tbn  Eiiriu  lor  thel 
'the  boys  atid  young  uieo. 

The  general  opinion  of  Europeans  in  leilia,  who  have  util 
native  agriculture,  mk  that  it  u.  vnuttoful  and  i>f  Ht<>niluHH.  Mr.  Stc 
ia  HitiHDod  that  this  opiuioo  '\m  unbound.     Consiilt^riufl'  his  i 
and  tlie  monns  at  his  dispoRal,  il  is,  sajs  Ur.  f^torrnont,  ilif.. 
suggest  any  deddod   reform   which   thu  cultivriutr    L-nn   affoi 
carry  oat.     EspeciBlIy  with  Ihe  sprrad  of  irriyntiou,  maaim!  m 
great  want.     The  supply  can   Ix'  only  f^adually    incn^aaed. 
Bweopinga  and  nighi-soil  must  be  bettor  stoii'il  and   more 
spread,  lirewood   must  be  chvapeDod  and  take    tho  placu  oil 
dtmg  caktfM,  and  the  practice  of  stall  ■fi-udiag  and  ebe  aae  of ' 
mnit  boooms  more  gieneral. 

The  first  nttvmnl  u>  grow  silk  was  made  in  1820  by  Mr.  G—, 
tho  Collector.'     Tne  wornta  were  nut  tho  local  Imar  sillcwomuT 
what  they  were  and  wlieiicx,'  they  came  is  not  k&owu.     in   \  ' 
mnlberry  garden  with  a  Buiall  vstabli^hmom  wax  opvnod  in 
and   a  sample  of  the  silk  was  sent  to  Bombay.     A  ctmui 
silk  brokers  proaonncod  the  Munpio  inferior  and   not  anitad 
Cbiua  or  English  market.  For  local  nianuf»ctiin>  it  whn  valnod  of 
14».  to  I8*.  (Rfl.  7  -  Ra.  9)  a  ponnd.     Strong  hnjics  were  fu\*  nai 

■  that  the  silk  would  improve  if  tho  tTvos  gave  bettur  food.  In  | 
Kbiintlesh  silk,  clnsiMia  with  third  or  fourth  clttsa  Canton  silk  ww 
«old  in  Dhulia  at  Iftr.  (Ha.  9)  tho  pound.  In  Xi^^l.  Sij^nor  Mnttt, 
an  Italian,  sti{)orint«ndont  of  ailk  nilltiro  in  the  IXiccau,  inxpcrtvil 
the  Dhuliii  silk  factory.  He  reported  that,  Lhoiigh  in  clmiTBts  of  ttww 
peons  entirely  ignorant  of  tho  proper  mode  of  tnjatiHi^  tbo  wwaa 
ftuti  winding  the  silk,  tho  worms  and   nialborry  trees   throve 

.    He  was  Hurprisod  to  find  tho  silk  so  superior  in  qnnlicy.    It  w 
%t    frotu    £1    I*,  or  t\  6#.  {Ra.  12  or  13)  a  puimd.     He  jw 
noticed  the  luxuriant  growth  of  the  mulberry,  bnt  complained  tloJ! 
instead  of  in  n)wK  close  togothcr,  they  should  have  bt^vn  pla 
twtinty-fiv©  feet  apart.      To  help  Mr.    Giljeme's   oxporimonk 
Bombay  Govemmont  axkod  the  (lovemm«nt  of  Bengal  to  send 
convicts  with  their  bniiliea,  skilled  in  the  management  of  silkwo 
and  in  the  winding  of  silk.     The  convii-tH  cntno  bringing  with  t] 
a  quantity  of  eggH,  but  thoy  wore  urnl  (o  IViua  instead  of  to  Dm 
In  1 838,  Uovom  ment  having  determined  to  concontrato  aQ  thoiroi 


'  Wlk  in  Ittdi*.  by  Mr.  /.  G*ogh»gwi,  0(».lier.S»w»twj  to  ibe  Oovemnujut  of  ] 


cim.) 


khanUesh. 


181 


tho  Poonn  experimonts  under  Si^or  Mutii,  cinde  over  the  Dhjflia 
RCtor?  to  s  Bobora  nKiiii'O  Niir-ii(Uiltii,  who,  fi-om  titlior  rtpi-fltilitlimi)', 
ifter  a  few  )i.«r<  lic-came  Itankrupt,  and  tbo  mltare  of  sUk  wiw 
a  lip.  The  failure  of  tbo  (.■x)n'riiiifiit  wao  uning  to  w(in(  of 
%KoiaI  kuowkdpt  »mi  (■xjH-ricin^ft  iit  the  perwjua  eu^giHl.  Mr. 
'Bibenif'if    nifuruialiou   waa  enlirely  tbeorftienl.  aod  bo   seema  to 

iTc  Ml  the  diBtrict  soon  after  the  cxpcrimcut  hcgnii.  Hismiwx-fisor 
k  no  particidnr  intcn-Ml  in  Iho  auhject  and  it  was  aegli'<!ti>d. 
'he  pxpcninviii  wuH  Hufflcieut  to  prove  that  tbo  diglricl  was  in  a 
igh  di-^ree  suitable  both  to  the  tnullKtrry  tni'  mid  Ihc  iiilkn-t>rra. 
a  iHiii,  the  epccial  nitvntiou  uf  the  liH.'sl^iithuntifta  wait  dirc^t^td 
D  tbo  sHlijix:t  of  jiilk,  but  nothinjf  se«ms  to  hoTi-  been  done.  In* 
l867j  Mr.  Ashhumer  the  Collector  applied  fur  »  yearly  ffrant  of 
',1hO  {Us.  I&UU)  U)  etiuble  him    to  iiilrodiiee   the   culture  uf  silk. 

e  obsorrod  that,  the  first  taperim^t  had  not  received  a  f»ir  trial, 

,il  thiit  this  second  attempt  could  *e  made  under  more  feivourable 
nrcumatances.      The  «ilk  distrielt*  uf  llciigai  were  cnnn()ot«4]  by  rail 

ith  Kh(iiid<wli,  aud  iho  [wojile  were  ready  to  take  up  any  apeculntion 
ikcly  to  pr<jve  pTv>6table.  Mr.  Ashbumer't  pro(n>»»l  wim  sanclioned  ; 
Mit  as  he  Bix^Q  nftur  left  the  coiiiilry  on  furlough,  the  rxpcrimunt 
lid  lujt  make  umeh  pregn-^ici.  Tbe  eatnblii^hment  was  united  with 
tliat  of  the  Model  tarm  nnder  Mr.  Fretwell,  who  rijiited  Mysor 
tu  i^tidy  the  nuiriuff  of  Kilkwoniut.  In  April  IHGQ,  (he  Collector 
Mr.  Sheppard  ri^jjorted  that  he  was  goin^  to  push  on  mulberry 
cultivation  during  the  n4>xl  ruins,  and  hoped  t'U  he^^  the  rearing  »t 
Wtvmiit  in  the  t-oU)  wenthor.  Meanwhile  th*;  farm  wiw  reduced  lu  » 
oottoii  farm  and  tbe  silk  esperiments  fell  to  tbe  Kitiund.  In  1870, 
Dr.  Hainbritl)^*,  Mtiptrrintendiml  ol  the  Oliuliii  jiiil,  Ik-^iu  an 
Crxp<!rimeui.  with  some  500  egRS  of  a  variety  which  i-an  llimugh  all 
ita  eta^s  in  about  sixty  dwyx.  Thir  sets!  lamie  fmiii  the  DhiirAvnr 
j(ul,  aud  the  first  brt-ed  was  successfully  fed,  and  thuugb  stunted, 
was  healthy.  Of  about  8000  worms,  lOOO  died  oarly.  The  reat 
w«re  liirye  and  utmag,  and  300  niothii  yieldt.'d  &0,O0O  cgg»,  whii»c 
lialchin^  fell  due  in  the  beginning  of  June.  Three-liftiiH  wera 
bat<'hed,  but  all  died  within  n  fortnight  either  from  excessive  heat 
or  from  tbe  smell  of  a  uci^hlMiuniikc  lutriue.  The  co<'uodn  .5100  in 
number,  after  killing  the  chrysalis  in  hot  water,  weigbed  on  an 
average  2 -t  grains.  8U«idy  cffortii  have  i«iii<:e  been  made  to  rear 
ailk  worms  at  the  Bbadgaon  farm.  But  so  f&r  tbe  results  have  been 
tlisnp  pointing.  < 

blights  ar«  rare,  and  iiorer  so  widenpread  oit  to  affect  tfatt  general 
1utrve:%t.  Cotton  oceasiouaDy  suffers  &om  a  blight,  duyii,  uniler 
which  the  flowers  aud  pods  fall  oR.  Ploughing  K^tween  the  rows  in 
said  to  bare  a  good  effect,  and  if,  at  the  same  tiuit^,  a  sliower  of  rain 
falU,  the  dioeaso  ia  said  to  bu  sure  to  stop.  Indian  millet,  j'l'.irii, 
w>uict)iiiu!t  HiifferK  from  a  similArdiiiease,  brought  on  by  mist  or  dew, 
irhich,  tiuding  its  way  between  the  grains,  csusea  them  to  fall  off. 
lb  also  vufTen  every  year  more  nr  leitH  from  diseases  known  aa  kann 
and  ^ii<ii  brought  on  by  haziness  in  the  weather.  Ban  nulTering 
from  kni\f  becomo  elongated  and  of  a  pale  hlac  colour,  and  wImju 
tonched  by  thu  hand  cover  it  with  liliu-kish  duift.  Q<^*ai,  or  the 
ascetic's  luiir,  is  the  name  given  to  the  long  black  plume  into  which. 


Chapter 
Agricttltuxfc^ 
aik. 


182 


DISTBICTS. 


IT. 


LoctuU- 


UOt-3. 


tiniler  this  difcase,  tho  Iit'nUhj'  btwil  of  f^rain  i«  tunnel. 
Hcii&etimM  millfj-s  fmm  n  liligbl    Iniown   lu  nuk   and  utnik.     (.'• 
hiijri,  aiid  j'nirt,  nbvtt  tlit'  pod  oreiaris  ripeniunr,  xnfTer  fn>Hi  « 
fnil  i>f  ntin  whicli  cuusotv  lliu  thin  sUlkn  Ui  rot  aud  givi>  w«y, 
moe  ituffi>n>  (mm  Mivi^ral  eiUMnics.     llie    whiU't  ant,  udkai,  i 
two  kinds  of  grabs,  alu  and  hamni,  sometiintaii    nuke  great 
Cold  weAlhvr  crops,  inrludin^  wht-nl  uiid  ^rain,   itulTor  muc^ 
cloiiiliiii:«Jt  niid  fnixis.     Ah  n  prcvriilivc,  ikslu**   nnd    cciw'h 
Bprtukled  rouud  the  cro|M,  and  ilte  6«1<1   U   (Kimoliiueii 
smoke. 

UK-tistK  havw  iioni«Liii;i>«  viaited  the  diJttr^cl,  Imt  uevi-nn 
•numlxTs.  to   do    mufli  b»nu.      In    1869,  a   lai-;^   cloud 
diBtrirt  from  iiorlh  to  south,  and  in  1673  md   1878 
injitry  to  thr  hit^-  en>p».     Thi^  Khandi-sh  cnltivHior  li 
visitation  from  (}«d  not  to   l>e_t>ppo»wi.     Kscopt    pntVfm  lu 
gilt  of  a  nim>o  pla«>d  on  tbc  fn\>und  iu  the  diri*ctiuu  u{  their 
nothing  in  dont-  to  stop  lb(^m  or  driv«  Ihcnn  off.      Parnitv  and 
do  much  harm  to  the  grain  crope,  and  niaiEP  and  sugan-nne 
suffer  al  nii,'ht  from  tno  attacks  of  ju-knls  and  pign.     Itats, 
13-t7-'^  and  1878-79,  also  »ora«tiinv«  onu.-«<!  mnuh  liavi>c.     ffm 
soared   aw»y  hy  watchmen,  and  s  good  closo  fiftiixt  ia   th« 
procoction  againnt  j:u.-kals  and  pigs,  bat  no  practical  remc'd/  fn 
nan  yoi  bwn  discoviT\-d. 

BoHideA  the  arottt  Uurgidovi  fomine  (1396-  I4U7),  which  is 
have  rc'dnced  tfao  popuhition  of  Khindpsh  to  a  fv>w  BhiU  and  1 
the  only  scarcity   iiieuliiincd  bcfom  th»  Iiegiuuing   of  th"  n 
MDtarr  ia  that  of  Iti^y.     lu  thai  yt^r.  followinp  the  mv;i 
camp  a  total  failnre   of  rain.     Lands  famod  (or  Ihuir  nt  m 

utterly  barrou ;  Ijfc  was  ulFurftd  for  a  loaf,  bat  none  woulu  bur; 
ntnk  for  n  calco,  lait  not»e  cared  for  it.  The  ovvr-bountiMtnit  huid 
Was  strett-'lieil  oat  to  beg ;  and  tho  rich  wundvrcd  in  tioarcL  of  Enol 
.,  Dog's  Ucith  n-iM  lold,  nnd  llie  pounded  bones  of  the  dead  WMV 
mixed  with  6our.  The  flush  of  a  son  was  preferred  to  his  Iovm.  ITU 
dying  blocked  the  roadsi,  and  tboHO  whoxiirrivi*d  fl^-d.  Kood  housei 
were  opened  at  Burbinpur.  Kvery  day  souj)  and  bread  vrerr 
distribntod,  and  owh  Monday  JEoOO  {Rs.  oOOIl)  wi-ro  givi_-i; 
deserving  poor.  Tho  Kmpvror  and  thu  nobles  iiiiulegrcaii  roii: 
of  revenno.' 

^      Td  the  troubles  which  followed  Biijirttr's  ostablinfamcntaa  Penb^ 
KhiinileHh  HulTcrvd  more  tlian  any  part  of  the  IJecrao.     The 
18D2.3   was  not,  aa  regards  rainfall,  n nfa von r able,  nor  had 
scarcity  in  the  neighbouring  district*  caiiiMTd   immigration, 
country  waa  proaperoiw,  wull  wiilcn-d,  and  thickly  peopled,  w^ 
two  seasons  ol  lawlessness  spread  desolation  nnd  famine  from 
end  to  the  other.     The  disorders  were  too  great  to  allow  of 
being  imported,  and  the  price  ro»o  to  more  than  a  shilling  the 
(1  »Acr  the  rupee)-     Vi«t   numbers  died  from  famine  or 

*  tt  i>  denUhil  whHhn-  ll>K  wm  ili*  ipokt  DarsU'W  fiuniaeor  om  »bii«t  I 
VMr*  cwlior.     8ee  brloir  uniliT  "  Ilwtory". 
>  BldahlL*  Ktnu  in  KUut.  VIL  10,  II,  -ad  IT. 


khAndesu. 


,1  -.--ny  left  their  liom^s  never  to  retom.  To  lessen  tho  pressure 
ss  the  P<'shw»*K  giivuniintMit  nTtoliuhi-i]  imp'^rt  diTtieii  and 
.  w^venue;  Uie  export  of  gnun  was  alojipcd,  pHin-s  wore 
1,  and  lUoasureB  tukeu  to  rcproHs  Bliils,  Arabs,  and  Oilier 
Uxjt".-rw,  By  tlw  *-nd  nf  1804  Iheoiunlrv  wost  nirnin  qaiet,  but 
leOM  oi  lliis  Lime  of  friglilful  inismle  aud  misery  slill  reiiuiin. 
From  1^24  to  ISiO  n-as  a  timo  of  prn^t  scarcity.  Except  a  fetr 
fat  slion'on  no  min  fidl.  Thvrx>  vait  much  dt]itT(.>«s  ninong  the 
',  and  atioui  £91,17(i  (Ks.  9,11,760}  of  the  dittrtct  revenue  wttt 
mitted  in  three  years.  Owing  to  short  rainfall,  from  IbSS  b> 
36  wiMi  n  time  of  ffn^iil  actirclly  and  d  in  tress,  Indian  millet 
"  «  ran^n^  tx-tween  aisty-iwo  and  seventy-lhree  pnuudK.  Ip" 
-Sy  prices  rose  from  121 A  to  S0{  pottndit,  and  remissions 
ounting  t«  £6iv>81  18«.  (K«.  6,65,819)  wore  granted.  In 
,&i-l-4.'>,  and  agniu  in  IKi&.-K),  the  failure  of  tho  tnlter  rain 
,nsed  much  distress  and  made  large  remiBsions  necessary.  lu 
855—76,  on  aocouuL  of  want  of  rain,  u  largu  »nit<  of  land  remained 
lOWit,  and  where  sown,  the  crops,  especially  in  Cli<ip<lit  and  SiiviLi, 
id.  A  great  part  of  tho  labouring  population  loft  the  district, 
evon  eomt-  of  thu  woll-lo-do  <ndtivnt<irM  wcro  Imnl  pressed.  In 
lyme  eases  from  60  to  ITt  per  cent  of  the  assesaruent  was  rrmiltod. 
tetvrcen  1^62  and  IHGQ  tho  rainfall  was  scauiy,  and  ou  aceotmt  of 
he  rt-ry  high  price  of  cotton,  the  (frain-growing  area  was  much 
e«luc«d.  Indian  millet  rotte  from  fifty<two  to  lfairiy<6ve  pounds  llio 
npee.  Biit  wages  were  high  and  work  was  plentiful,  and  tlia 
ftoouring  <'1a«»vs  pausvd  through  this  p«^iod  of  famine  prices  without 
Ducli  sulToriug. 

In  I>^li8<0d,  the  latter  rains  failed  entirely  in  several  sub-divisions 
md  worn  tHinutv  thrnughoul  ihe  district.  Tin-  tnirlv  crops  wore  in 
nany  places  below  the  average,  and  the  late  ones  w8realmo«L  evei^- 
rbere  inferior.  Cotton,  csiH-cially  in  Chiili^giwin,  was  only  half 
to  averagu  cmp  and  the  scarcity  of  gra.-ct  was  great.  FvAr*  were 
luterlained  that  tho  Bhil  population,  suffering  from  want  of  food  and 
if  labour,  would  tako  to  robbing  nnd  plundeWug.  These  fears  were 
n<'n-ii.<ii(|  by  ihr  Arrival  of  Inrgo  uundxtrK  of  dcslttuto  {icn'ons  from 
M»lriv:i[-  and  It.'ijput&ua.  where  the  failure  of  the  rain  wa»  moro 
;omp1ete  aud  the  searcity  amounted  to  famine.  Jiiiri  prices  rose 
ri>m  .sevculy  to  twehly-fi^ior  pounds  the  rupwo.  Relief  workif  were 
tarted,  many  new  roads  were  made,  several  irriRation  works  were 
legun  or  repaired  ;  and  i833  (Its.  bUO)  of  the  land  revenue  woro 
omitted.  * 

In  1871-72,  except  a  few  partial  showers  in  September,  there  wad  » 
total  failure  of  ra.in,  aud  moat  of  the  cropn  wttlici-ed.  In  the  middle 
of  NovemlxT  then?  wii.-<  IicAvy  rain,  but  it  came  too  late  to  snvo  tho 
tarly  crops  and  did  little  good  to  the  lat©  harvest.  Owing  to  large 
importations  from  the  Central  Provinces  tbvro  waa  no  want  of 
grain,  pric«:<  falling  fniin  thirty-seven  to  fif^'  pounds  tho  nipOP.  Rvlief 
works  were  ondertaken  and  ramisaions  to  uie  extent  of  £37,520  16v. 
(Rs.  S,7S,2(>8)  granted. 

The  •cAOty  minfall  of  1876,  H'i  inches  oompftred  with  an  average 
IbF  24'24,  lad  to  failure  of  crops  and  distress  over  abont  half  of  ths 


Chapter  \y. 
Agricoltnre. 

ISOf-S. 


ISXi-iatS. 


U88 


4 

4 


ISSS-S9. 


ite*-Um 


lS71-7t. 


ts7e-t?. 


IBombftf  I 


lU 


DISTRICTS. 


(lixlnct.'  The  atut  tmd  north-east  iiaffered  most  aeverelj.  In 
HiMition-to  th«  failure  of  ihe  early  crope,  only  a  few  ehovrers  UA\  in 
Spplejnher  and  Oftobur,  and  most  of  tbc  Kuld-wciUhcr  t'n>p«  that 
were,  sown  jM'riiOus).  Wilb  Ivi^h  gntin  {>rioi>:t,  iitilbl  iit  2ri|  iuslead 
of  fifty-fi>ur  ponudA '  the  rupee,  aod  v«ry  little  demand  for  fioM 
work,  the  poorer  clafiSf>s  foil  into  diHtrc^ss,  and  ttlwut  Ihti  midtUi!  ol 
Si'ptembcr,  tho  m'^d  for  Govemmvut  huip  lii-gan  to  be  felt.  Aa  Iha 
fcjn'in  dt-nlent  were  holdiof;  liack  their  etoree,  sbont  the  middle  of 
N<jveinl>er  several  of  tlic  municipalities  upeni^  RTHiil  Khom  and  EM>ld 
frmin  to  tho  poor  »t  (>(tHt  prici-.^  Thi»  hml  no  iippreciabfe  ^eet  on 
th(-  market.  Through  all  the  cold  and  but  weather,  phoes  remaitit'd 
^  hi^h,  and  distress,  though  not  very  severe,  n*a«  witliutprend.  llie 
Doxt  nuns  (Judo  ltS77)  liogun  wull.  But  ugaiu  tliere  came  a  lonx 
time  of  dry  weather.  In  Aofrust,  prices  rose  to  an  average  of  16) 
ponnda  and  affairs  spcmcd  critical.  A  good  roinfull  nt  thtt  Viid  of 
Aiigii9il  rt-vired  thii  fuiliiig  crup.H.  Fro^jH^tK  rapidly  brigbteued,  anil 
at  Che  close  of  November,  the  demand  fur  special  Government  help 
had  ceaeod.  Thongh  prices  were*  hi^h  and  then.*  wiw  mudli  dtMn.«H, 
};niiii  wn#  altvnyM  tiviiiialilv  and  the  Keorcity  never  deepened  into 
famine.  Though  there  were  many  cases  of  mdividaal  sunorin)^,  ifaa 
distrosfl  was  by  no  means  general.  One  village  liHtl  gooil  crops, 
another  bad,  and  field  differed  from  field  a«  much  aa  village  from 
viUikgi:'.  The  diitlreaa  waa  most  felt  by  the  labouring  classes,  tllf 
Bhils  and  Mhltrs,  the  laiter  of  whom  seemed  at  one  time  likely  to 
•  ^ivu  troulilo,  and  by  llie  |H'tty  local  manufaci iimnt  wliose  imluntriiifl 
'aufFored  greatly  from  tlie  failure  oi  the  onJiuary  demand.  Still  tbc 
distress  was  not  so  keen  as  to  drive  people  away  fur  any  length  o( 
time,  and  fruni  llie  inoiv  tieriutiMly  alTectml  dii*tri<:lH,  Ahmedtiitgnr, 
Sboi&pur,  Foona,  and  Sitdra,  many  oulaiders  came  aud  some  haTS 
permanently  settled. 


'TboHtinikte  wu  in  ana  8S0I}  (nuara  tniloiaf  a  total  nf  10.162,  and  iapoanlatfap 
6W,»U  out '>n.09SkMa. 

■  Firty-fiiiii  |>ouiiil>  For  miUet.  &d/r[,  and  Bfty^ix  pound*  fur  laduti   nullcl.j*^ 
were  th«  ontinary  pnCmL 

*  Tliu  foUoa-ii^  itateBDUt  show*  tfac  dotatla  : 

it* taJ  1  jtemftw  gni ■■  Stipt,  ItU^V. 


KUUL 

IXtn. 

OOT. 

OpennJ. 

<SiMd. 

Dbnlto         _      ... 

AmliHT        

nmu         _ 
Xnsdnl        _ 
MuwuBon  _ 
KuOwMi    _ 
Talufti           _       ^ 
Wndkhfd*     _       _ 
Bk«i»1          ...       _ 

Sblrpor          

\trt£jttoa     

Jii1f*«i          ... 

TnuJ    .. 

tKh  l>tr«tnl>r  1^7* 

tHli  K^ivonthU   un 

UUi  Konnnbti  IhTiI 

Mta  Xo^-•lnbn  !«:« 

Vortbotil 

iwi  JaD(ui7     isrr 

i«lh  NutTmbn  tinfl 
■III  iaxat\        Mil 
Mil  N^vimnn-  u;« 

)t<nvnibv  tlT7 

Aii«>i«     wrt 
Ittb  ^iiuT    larr 

tnAMnul       inn 

'""'.IS     '*'' 

iKh  i>»i*Li">«  im 

lom  XMcubar  i»n 
ftih  Aprtt          Itre 
inih  HrptMibM  l«n 
IMti  ligcanlMr  ISTT 

n*. 

17M 
9M 

va 

•Tf 
UM 

M* 

a* 

loa* 

MS 

lira 

lt,W» 

m^Am  Umm  four  »i»fci  "Ikv  "  Sutmiwr,  ShIliMa.  ?nliMia,  Bid  H>d&  •«»  OMOod  W  fih* 


khAndesh. 


1976-77. 
IS76. 


ffollowitig  detaila  show,  month  by  month,  the  ntate   of  t]i6    _  ChapMr  IV. 
ot  and  the  meiunrOB  taken  to  relieve  the  deatitute.        *  Agrienlture. 

in  September  (187tt),  a  f^ood  tall  ot  rain  oror  most  of  the 
consideTsbly  lowerwd  prieea,  hdjri  taWiua  fi-oni  twenty  to 
^-8ovon  piiiiiiila  (lOi  nhers)  the  rup«*,  and  ^V<iW  from  twonty- 
bi  forly.fivo  pounds  (13  tkert).  In  the  TApti  villaK^s  of  Sivda, 
'  early  cni\vt  liiut  l>eeu  completely  lost,  and  employment  w« 
i-vided  for  about  J 150  of  the  poorer  ciittivntors  luid  labourers  on 
'  S&vdn-Giitnariil  jAlgsOD-NasintlAd  roada.     Encouraged  by  the 

Kt  Hecond  crop  of  bdjri  was  sown  in  places  where,  owing  to  the 
ns  lack  of  moisture,  tho  firitt  bad  fnileiL  Later  in  the  month 
a  full  and  pricea  again  began  to  rise.  The  early  crops,  except  * 
Sie  wesi  and  north>weet  where  they  wore  atiil  fair,  were  foat 
bierinff  or  hiul  pt>ri«hwl.  By  the  close  of  the  month  relief  work* 
10  opened  in  many  parts  of  the  district. 

^«!t<>b(?r    jsuifled    with    only    erne.   t<1i]|;ht   sbon'er  at  NaAirabad. 
arly  ci^pa  were  fair  only  in  the  west  and  north-west,  elu-where 
mngvd   fnjm   middling   to  very  had,  and  in  some  parts  the 
waa  compIet«.     Cotton  was  flufforing,  and  the  young  shoots 
t«  ooid-wvatiier  eropa  were  withering.     In  Jalgaon  and  Pirola 
I  was  great  scarcity  of  drinking  water,  and  grass  was  every- 
scanty  and  pt^ir.     Uniin  priL-eswere  fa«tt  rising,  and  diAtreKii 
idiu.if  antoDff  the  poorer  classes.  Kelief  works,  mostly  repairs 
Is  and   [>>mil»,   wuro   ogxintKl   iu    thu  dintre^sed  i»rt«    and 
ofraent  given  to  over  2000  people.  J* 

November  there  was  no  rain  and  no  improvement  in  haixeat 
Apcctfl.  I'ho  scanty  early  harvest  waa  reagied,  but  most  of  the 
l-WeatUer  crops  (jerished.  In  a  fe*  towns  on  the  railway  there 
1^  Hiight  gniin  imuort»tiona  from  UetAr  and  thn  Norlli-Wost 
^'Viaces.  In  spite  ot  this,  prices  rose  for  hajri  td  m\  aud  for 
^  to  32{  {Kjundd  the  rui>i>a.  The  Bhila  begiui  cliuuouring  for 
^\c.  During  the  month  the  avertige  daily  nnmber  of  perstna  on 
\^  wiu>  :i2d7.'  Thoce  were  all  ablo-lKMlicd  workers,  uxpiKted  to 
1%  f uU  day's  work  and  snperiutended  by  ordinary  publio  works 
pors.  In  the  first  day.*  of  the  month  n  i^iim  of  t300  (Us.  30<)0), 
[Rented  by  His  Uighnoas  Kolkar  for  the  relief  of  the  ^uuioe- 
fckon  in  Kh&iidv^th,  was  placed  at  tho  Collector's  disposal. 
Pecember  passed  without  rain  and  there  wa.i  no  change  in  crop 
►sppcU,  iJuring  the  month  there  were  large  grain  importations, 
i  Inljri  fell  frijm  twenty-iwviin  |x>uiidM,  about  tho  boginning  of  the  ' 
►nth,  to  '18  j  pitunds  at  the  clofie.  During  the  greater  part  of  the  * 
^nth  jc^lri  remFtined  steady  at  thirty-one  pounds,  but  about  the  end 
toae  to  thirty.  The  aveque  daily  number  n>ceiviiig  t\^ilief  rose  to 
Ji,  3267  of  them  on  puljj^works  and  1447  aged  or  feeble  people 
worka  HU]x>rintende<l  bj  ■a^intant  collectors  or  in&mlatd&irs. 


Jf«mmbfr. 


thn  ttOm  at  w*«**  nriit>i"'1v  i"-\  fortbe  workcn  www :  lot  ■  ima  SO.  {2  a>n<u) 
!>;.  fiir  •  vainui  III.  {It  <:  fur  a  buj  or  girl  o4  IK  <1  •"um|.     Aliontth* 

l(ll«  at  Novanbcf  wlivu  jn  ,,.«#  IS  {>(>iiuila  the  fnpoE.  »  •Iklins  loalo  wm 

rndlKTvi  whUh  |iMvidiHl  tlint  iltv  m^.acy  t>M  iImiiIiI  Tftry  witb  tlia  ptlDO  of  grain, 
'  that »  nun  •hould  Uwajra  rK«ivo  tba  ptie«  at  oa*  [)«aiid  ot  (nua  bn  »d<UtM«i  to 


■riu-H 


Wi^^  ^'  On  the  1 9th  erf  Jannary  a  very  heavy  storm  of  rain  and  bail  po 

Igiienltore.       over  th£  district.     "Yhv  ram  (I(.>«lroyo«l  thi-  ririrr  Wi]  tilla)^,  hdJ  th 
^^^^^  bail  BtODes,  weif^uog  from  two  oimcea  to  1  {  pounds,  betijde«  {terHnuly' 

^^fjg  damaffiog  mcb  of  ibo  cutd-wtnithcr  crops  us   h»d    survived    ibt 

'     liTT.  drought,  caused  tbe  deatbs  of  many  rattle.     Suialt-pox  luid  fitver 

[  JaiuMru.  vfVTC  proralont  in  tomo  parts.     fitijVi  prices  mnained  steady  at  28| 

pouudH  the  rupee,  and  jedti  prices  fell  from  tk^ly/to  ^^-  About 
tbe  middle  of  the  month  (19th)  tbe  pay  of  non-ab'lebodied  workers' 
wan  raduwd,  and  at  the  aante  timu  thu  tnak  t««4fwusvuforood.  TIm 
result  of  tluB  ivaa  that  tbe  numbers  on  relief  fell,  on  public  works 
from  i}267  to  2125.  and  on  civil  works  from  1447  to  803. 

In  the  liRtl  lukif  of  ihu  month  there  wan  a  fall  of  about  €8  cxmU 
of  rain.  The  prain  importations  were  aliffht,  and  prioes  rose  for 
bdjri  from  28^  pounds  at  tho  bc^Doiu^  of  tho  month  to  26{  poondi 
at  the  close,  and  for  jedri  from  54)  to  81  ponllds.  Sniatl-pox 
prevnivnt  during  the  whole  month.  The  numhors  on  public  worH 
rose  from  2125  to  (3735,  against  a  fall  on  civil  works  from  808 
288. 

In  the  fint  days  of  Ktiircb  bail  Ktorins  coniiiderahly  damag't^^  tl 
crops  in  three  suD-divisions,     In  tbe  beginning  of  the  mouth  Ji 
prioM  foil  front  31  to  36}  poundu  thn  nip«u,  and   thon   ro«o  to 
ponnds ;  bajri  prices  fell  from  26}  to  28}  pounds.     Tbe  numbtira 
public  works  f«ll  from  3735  to  2982,  and  on  ci^Hl  works  from  288 
forty-seven.    During  ibe  mouth  lOO  persons  received  charitaltlu  rdlieli' 

April  passed  without  rain.  The  grain  importations  were  amall. 
Bdjri  remained  steady  at  2B^  pounds  ihc  ru{xx!,  but  jtHtri  rose  from 
M)  to  thirty-one  pounds.  In  some  anb-divisionsfeverandsmall-jwx 
went  provalunt.  Tbo  numlwrs  on  public  work«  ro«e  from  2082  to 
8378,  Aud  ou  charitable  relief  from  106  to  163,  against  a  small  bill  on 
civil  works  from  forty-seven  to  twcnty-ono. 

During  Miiy  thon^  were  a  few  slight  showers,  e^ipecially  in  lli« 
east.  Cattle  were  dyiug  from  want  of  water  and  fodder.  Pr'uxs 
roHO  for  hajri  from  28}  l<>  2t>j  pound*  llio  rupee,  and  for  Jviri  frocn 
thirQ--one  to  29i  pounds.  Fever  aad  smatl-pox  continued.  Tha 
numbers  on  public  workx  f«'ll  from  3378  to  2'>96,  on  civil  works  trow 
twenty-one  to  fifteen,  and  on  gratuitous  relief  from  183  to  fifty. 

Id  the  first  da^**  of  tbv  mr^nth  ther«  were  slight  showors  in 
wOKtorn  sub-divisions,  and  about  the  vnil  good  rain  fell  all  over  tbo 
district,  varying  from  20  cents  to  55  inches.  In  parts  where  tte 
f&\\  was  light  more  rain  was  wanted.  The  sowing  id  iht-  early  crops 
was  l>eguu  itud  made  &ir  progretis.  Cattle  disease  and  ague  wen 
prevalent  during  the  month.  Ji-ari  prices  fell  from  27}  lo  28J 
pounds  the  rtipc-e,  while  luijri  nruiaiiu^d  pretty  mteady  at  2r>|  ponnds, 
with  a  alight  rise  in  the  middle  of  the  month  to  twenty-five  poonda 
Tho   Dumber*  on  pubtio  worka  foil   from   2394   Co   2295  aud  m 


<  The  D«<r  rata*  B«re  :  tort  mui,  th*  piicB  ot  «ai  pound  oJgnuo  and  (rf.   (1 

itirtwal  ol  1^.  |1  oniui) ;  Imrnvrommt,  tbe  price o[ ono  MO^ ofgrun and ^f.   (I 

iiwtMd  of  ii.  H  *uuo)  i  and  tor  k  boy  or  gill,  the  wwJMfcslfs  pmud  of  (ma  i 


^T 


KHANpESff. 


187 


ihariiable  relief  from  6hj  to  four,  against  a  rise  on  civil  works  from 
'^t«cn  to  ninety  •one.  .         • 

In  Jnly  an  average  of  3*17  incbea  of  rain  fell,  bnt  it  ttm  badly 
iribntod.  In  tbi-  lint  four  ilay*  of  tfac  month  tboro  were  aome 
ttbowi'rs  in  a  few  Buti>  divisions,  then  followed  a  break  for  it  weok 
sowing  DjKTatioos  ircrv  stopped.  When  rain  again  fell  the 
pie  vatitio  iMbrk  to  tbeir  tieltia,  bnt  mucb  seed  vras  lost,  and  m  the 
mu  in«ii(!ii-i«vD(  oxcept  in  tbo  west,  tha  jonng  crops  began  to 
itber.  Mure  rniftrwas  everywhere  wanted.  There  waa  no  fodder 
except  on  the  bills,  and  cattle  were  being  driven  back  to  the 
Sntpu(JA».  PrifCR  roHO  fur  hiijn  from  2.^}  poundi^  at  the  beginning 
of  ilie  month  to  20}  pounds  at  the  close,  ant^  for  jviri  from  27^  ^ 
30^  pounds.  Cholerft  ww  ulightly  provalont.  The  nnrnborM  on 
{Mtblic  works  rose  from  2295  to  2428  agaioat  a  fall  oq  civil  works 
from  ninety  •one  to  •Dvonly-fonr.  During  th«  month  do  odo  received 
table  relief. 

UcMt  of  August  pusod  without  tftin.  Tho  withering  crops  ware 
tadced  and  much  damaged  by  insects.  Prices  rose  for  biijfi  from 
I  to  loi  p-Minds  the  riipix',  and  fiir  jifin'  from  IflJ  to  174  pounds. 
i«  in  ftuuio  parts  caused  much  aistress,  especially  amoug  tbo 
Bhils.  Cholera  incTvascd  and  Uirgc  numlMrs  left  the  district  for  a 
time.  The  numbers  on  public  works  rose  from  2iJ80  on  the  4th 
of  ibe  month  to  9696  on  Iho  2&tli,  iwd  on  ravil  works  from  582  to 
10,729.  During  the  month  IQJ  persons  received  charitable  relief. 
About  the  close  of  tbe  month  a  goneral  and  plentiful  rainfall,  tasting  ' 
for  four  daya,  groatly  revived  the  cropfi.  Proapocts  were  mueb 
tmpTovod  and  people  be^u  leaving  the  relief  works,  ao  that  in  tbo 
last  week  of  iho  month  thcrw  were  only  6(170  people  on  public  and 
lil.Vt  on  civil  works. 

In  the  beginning  of  September  there  was  good  raJb  over  the  whole 

diplrict,  and  tho  crops  wonderfully  revived.     Later  in  the  month  only 

light  aiiowers  fell  and  more  rain  was  generally  wanted.     There  waa 

Bidurablo  mortality  among  cattlo  and  cholera  wan  pn'Valont.   The 

lin  importations  were  verr  small  and  rupee  prices  rose  for  bdjri 

I  seventeen  to  sixteen,  and  for  jra'ri  from  ninvleon  to  seventeen 

ands.     The  numbers  un  public-  works  fell  from  8010  in  the  fir*t 

ak  of  the  month  to  7191  in  the  last  week,  and  on  civil  works  ttom 

1013  to  600,  against  arise  on  oharitnhle  relief  from  165  to  &19. 

lo  October  with  an  average  of  I~52  inches  of  rain,  the  early  crops 
I  generally  &iir,  except  in  T:iloda,  EdLabad,  and  P&chora  wben^ 
wvro  poor,  and  in  Erandol  where  they  were  bad.     The  sowing 
tba  oold'Wcather  crops  wan  over,  bat  in  some  places  more  rain  was 
ited.     Rupee  priam  fell  for  bdjri  from  1 71  to  twonty-6ve  pounds 
i  forjviiri  from  30t  to  8H  pounds,     llie  numbers  on  public  works 
sU  from  746  to  3663,  ooi  civO  works  from  690  to  293,  and  on 
f  charitable  relief  from  519  to  38-1. 

In  November  no  rain  fell.     The  early,  kharif,  harvest  was  almost 
Tho  late,  rabi,  crop«,  stunted  by  tlie  bent  and  wjint  of 

.._,  gave  but  a^or  promise.    Jvdri  prices  rose  from  32^  to 

thirty  pounds,  and  higft  prices  (oil  from  twonty-five  to   twenty-six 


Chaptarl 
AgricDlti 

fMiiiMl 

igra-n 
ta 


a^umu 


A 


IBoinbaT' 


IS8 


PISTJUCTS. 


Iptn  IT. 

[icaltaie. 

'■Biina*, 
#«-77. 

tSfft. 


pannda  tfae  ropee.    l^e  onmberB  on  pnbltc  works  fcill  {rom  1300 
tht^bo^nniog  of  tli»  tnunUi  U>  tw*nty*fuur  »t  tlie  eud,  on  civil  wol 
Irutn  12^  tu  ciightv.Uiree  on  the  lOtb  of  the  mooth  wben    the   cr 
works  wero  cloMtd,  ami  on  churitablo  mliof  from  3M  to  tva-     At  tlx 
eud  of  the  iiioutb  all  relief  worka  were  closed. 

In  Dvcvmbcr  tbcro  ir«re  Hgbt  alinwera  tu  »  few  pUcoa,  but  mora 
nin  waa  required  for  the  rahi  crDp«.  ha^ri  prigee  tu«.<  froin  twenty* 
six  to  twonty^fivc  pounds,  and  jvan'  pricvn  full  fmm  thirty  to  Ihirtj^ 
fSre  pouuda  the  mpee.  Though  GoTemiSbnt  continued  to  uffer  i^ 
BO  one  ro(|uirod  clutriulile  relief. 

Th«  fulhiwiu^  statement  of  millet  prices  and  of  the  nuwbets 
receiving  n-licf  shows tl*l  diirin^ihe  firxt  Gvumontfasof  1877,  pnn" 
*km)t  pretty  steady  ai  twenty- eiKht  pounds  tbe  rupe«  or  itliout  In  i. . 
the  ordtn&iT  tatus;  that  its  pri<xi  ro»e  rapidly  in  Jntw  and  July  ull 
it  reavhed  16}  in  Angust  and  tiepteniber;  and  diat  ii  tluin  <[iiicklj 
fell  to  twenty-Gvo  pounds.  As  oarty  as  Docember  1876,  the  nuinlMn 
on  relief  work*  reached  171-1.  By  lowering  wiiffos  iu>d  enforcing 
the  task  test,  the  total  was  in  tfanoary  rodoced  to  2928.  Ktoui 
this  it  rooe  to  4023  in  February,  and  then  full  till  in  June  it  was  as 
low  as  2386.  Then  it  stvodily  adranced  till  in  Augutt  it  reacheil 
S€22.  From  thiit  it  rapidly  fell  to  8I>7  in  Norombpr  when  the  reiti'f 
works  wei-e  closed.  Tne  numbers  on  charitable  relief  roae  from  I'tO 
in  March  to  163  in  April,  and  then  fell  tufi^urin  June.  In  Jidy  then 
was  no  cue  on  charitable  ndiof.  Prom  \i'Ai  in  Augu.tl,  tlic  namba 
rose  to  519  in  Scptemhur,  and  then  quickly  fell  to  t«B  in  NoTembw, 


[■tut  Knuow. 


OoKMWWMk*. 


Cttfl.     raUI«. 


OMMiiMr      H 
Januy   im 

Fibrour  . 
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two    ti,ftM    M.ai» 


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auirruA.1 


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on  UM  Itih  JaiiBiiqr. 


WW 

s-n 


aiift 


The  scarcity  onused  no  clianffu  in   the  ntea  o£  (»rt-I>ire.<     AdJ 

'  ThoMi  6giirot  mra  taily  «pptoiimat«.  The  tvanoa  toM  Ul  (or  tlxi  irliole  duUkl 
Uptolat  Do««ib«i  1677  WM31-ll>iDche«L 

» Ifc^t  an  »K  •  wil«  (3  <i«ho»  a  iw)  for  •  cart  and  pair  of  baUook*  in  Ui*  dry  Muuaa 
wd  B>1  (4  amo*^  Iw)  in  tli»  »«t.  A  paur  of  UUook*  <:an  b»  yrqd  (w  I  t-t  a  milK  i" 
^idi  a  toi)  in  Ibn  Uir,  and  («  Sid  a  niil«  (3  ailiHU  a  iw)  <d  tlie  wot  Mmnti.  i  i' 
Ur»  art  i*id  hy  tbi>  tifcr.  Th«»«  an  Uio  vUicial  rat«t,  )iul  unvatc  bdividnalk  «i  ' 
tnd«n  oiasaga,  aa  a  nit,  to  hir*  carta  and  bultvcka  at  loww  rato. 


KHlNPpSB. 


le   distma  never  deepened  into  {uuine,  it  wba  not  necesaaiy  to 

rclivf- houses  or  campe,  or  to  orgaaiau  a  epocial  rclkif  staff.  , 

the  beginning  of  ibe  famine,  dealera  held  liack  thvir  nlooks  of 

in  hi:>pcB  of  a  ri^  in  pricc-s.     Aftcm-ard«,    as  they  found  tliaG 

ju  iMjuiil  bi-  bnjugfat  in  lar^t  ijuuiitititie  by  rail,  thoy  opened  tUcir 

es,  and  though  prices  ruled  hij^h,  thorc  was  no  lacK  of  graiD. 

in  vruA  iinpurti-d  t<>  a  .iiiiull  ttxtent  fK)m  Holkar'i!  and  thv  Xixilni'8 

tones,   NemAd,   and    Bei^r.     It   wsa  also  exported  by  rail  to 

bay,  Poooa,  aud  Shoffpur,  th«  cxporta  on  thv  wholo  czcovding 

iporta. 

special  censQB,  taken  on  tho   10th   May  1877,  when  famine 

le  watt  general  and  tterert^,  Khiiwiid  that  of  274o  workers,  IGSSa 

onged  to  the  Eab-diTiHions  where  the  work  was  carried  on ;  3d8 

iloug^d  to  difTArent  Biib^diriNionK  of  tlio  Ham«  diittricl ;  6-18  wero 

m  other  distHcCBfand  twenty.six  Erom  neighbouring  Btates.     Aa 

1»  their  uccugnttion,  1S6  wore  man  ii  fact  tire  rs  or  CRtftstinen,  598 

holders  or  anb-holders  of  land,  and  1&92  were  labourers. 

lO   tola)   cost  of  tho  famino  wtw  estimatod  at  £30,613    (Rs. 
1,160),  of  jrhich  £30,280  2k  (R».  8,02,801)  were  spent  on  public 

d  crril  worts  aad  £33o  18*.  {R».  3359)  on  cbnritablo  relief. 

Compared  with  tho  former  year  the  criminal  returns  showed  a 
total  incr(>a30  of  S71  offencm,'  mainly  duo,  in  tho  (A>minis:<ioiicr'B 
opinion,  to  the  scarcity  and  high  prices  which  ruled  throogfaout  the 
fear.  Tho  cstiniatod  special  mortality  waa  about  474  souls.  Tbero 
are  no  trasiworihy  Hiatiatica  of  the  numbers  of  cAtlle  who  left  and  * 
returned  to  the  district.  Though  the  loss  of  stock  was  great,  it  did  not, 
Intcrfero  with  tho  currying  of  grain  or  with  field  work ;  nor  in  other 
raepects  was  the  rent-paying  and  working  power  of  the  district 
igvcUti.  Tho  tiiUsl  nn:u!>  xn  1877.78  and  in  1878-79  oxcoc-lcd  that 
ia  1S76.77  bv  61,445  and  118,880  acres  respectirel/.  Of  £301,780 
4<.  (lis.  30,1  7,802)  lh.1  land  u-vonue  for  collection  for  1870-77,  and 
£2H4  4*.  (Rs.  ii,142)  outstanding  balances  for  former  yeara, 
£301.563  la..  (K».  30,15,639}  and  £:J-V. (H.-..  3.')50)  r*Kpi-<*ively  were 
reoovurod  by  the  close  of  the  year,  and  £658  (Rs,  6580}  were  written 
off  as  imicoverable.  In  1877-78  the  land  revenav  for  collection  was 
£3(»3,80U  10>.  (Bs.  30,38,005)  and  tho  ouUtanding  balanoea 
WBountwi  lo  JEI290  10*.  (Hs.  12,90.^),  o£  which  Ja03,777  6». 
(Ra.  80,37,773}  and  £329  4«.  (Bs.  3292)  were  recovered  respectively, 
Mod  t3S  10*.  (IIh.  38S)  writtou  off,  IbuN  nusing  thu  outstooding 
balances  for  next  ye»r  to  £946  (lie.  9400).  Of  £310,069  (Ra. 
ai.OO.Oao),  the  laud  rvvpnuo  for  collection  for  1878-79,  £309,399  2».' 
(Rs.  30,93.91'!),  and  of  the  balances  £377  St.  (Rs.  3774}  were 
raooroml  bufore  thu  doiw  of  tho  year  and  £5  12i'.  {K».  56)  wHtt«a 
off,  IsBvitig  for  fntore  recovery  a  balance  of  £1232  18«.  [Re.  12,329). 
On  tho  lit  of  January    1880  the  torn  outstanding  waa  £595  6*. 


Chapter  JC7. 
Acrionlturti 

Faniaw, 


Cm. 


^ttit. 


hm ifatjjb >r> Ml  JanraMat aaJwoftaew  wahwt  pnblk  joaliM.  0  iniidcv  rktiag 
EflranUwfidaavvniUy,  3i  uniWr  matdar,  licaduiUoaltv,  9;  utidar  robbanr,  ft  |  iHid«r 
|lnriUii||   koiuv-ltraiMM  (ir  koiuW'linakh)^  t6 ;  nnilvr  feurt,  17  i  uDdw-inEMtiM,  ISi 
W  lliatt  (■(  cattle,  at  1  mnidcr  onluuj  tWt.  USB  ;  nnclar  raouving  rtoleD  pto(*ftj, 
^ud  udcr  crimioal  or  hoiuftrMfus,  9.     Polic«  R«part«,  1877. 


1 ' 


190       •  DISTBICTS. 

OliterXT.       Ukd.  (Rs.  59K3-7-8) ;  of  thu,  in  Jane  1880,  £220  2f.  II 

4itflmittiiW-       22Q1-7-2)  were  written  dl  u  ineoovenble,* 

#fa„i.„  No  special   works   were   started    for   the  relief  of  the 

J#7S-77.'  stricken.     Only  the  ordinary  badgeted  works  were  taken 

and  they  helped  to  give  relief  to  uose  who  chow  to  avail  tli 

of  it. 

I  Qov.  K«.  9003  {FfuBrdal),  Kh  Jana  1B80. 


■  X 


^v' 


CHAPTER   V. 

CAPITAL'. 

•  

ccosiijsa  to  the  1872  censna  returas  tbore  were  in  tlutt  year,         ChnpterV. 

lea  well-to-do  cn1tiv»tonf  nod  profossiunnl  nicu,  1 0,n6i>  personii  CapiUtL 

paring  [K»»itioiis  implyinjr  the  posseitsioD  of  capital.     Of  these 

)   were  bankers,  monvychangcra,  and  iiliupkcopers ;  74!J5  werx> 

;tutnt«  und  Lrwlortt;  aud  lOlS)  drew  tlieir  iuixiiiie»  from  Tvnta 

,ouBeB  and  §hop8,  from  funded  property.  ehariM,  annuilief,  iind 

like.     Co'Urr  the  head  Capitalists  and  iVadent,  th«  1878  lioenso 

■•Besanintt   papers  show  &9,610  persons.     Of  24,101   iut«t!)>ii4<d 

^rly  incomoi  of  more  ibau  £10,  12,2C9  tmd  from  £10  to  £15 

100-Ra.  150),  4736  from  £1B  to  £:i5(R8.  150.  Rs.  250),  2647 
I  £25  to  £Zi>  (R«.  250  -  Ka.  350),  1 105  from  £35  to  £50  (Rs.  350  - 
BOO),  928  from  £50  to  £75  (Bs.  500  -  Kb.  750),  546  from  £75  to 
)  (Rs.  750- R».  1000),  628  from  £100  to  £125  (Ra.  1000- 
1250),  225  from  £125  to  £150  (Us.  1 2.^>0 .  HaJ200},  256  from 
I  to  £200  (Ra.  1 600  -  R«.  2O0O) ,  328  from  £200  SflteOO  (Ha.  2000 - 
SOOO),  239  from  £300  to  £400  IRa  3000-RvtOOO),  116  from 
>  to  £500  ( Ra.  40O0  -  R«.  5000) ,  1 25  from  £500  to  £750  (Rb.  60OU  - 
?500),  fifty.lhr«e  from  £750  to  £1000  (R».  7500- Rb.  10,000), 
aighty  over  £1000  (Rs.  10,000). 
I  the  wi^t,  ciipitailtta  are  generally  GtijarAt  Vinis,  Gujnr  Kflnbia,         C«pit»»W«. 

Uuh-ijr^,    and    in   the  eenlre  and  east,  Chitod,  M&rv^d,  and     • 
lar  V&nis,   Tilnln    and    Pi^jna    Kuiiliiit,    KruhiTiimit,  and    a    few 

ills.  The  trading  population  is  not  divided  inlo  distinctly 
ted  cta^iww.  Thu  wiinc  man  is  ofttm  a  mLTchant,  a  monpylendttr, 
a  bmkcr.  At  JalKaon  alone  ia  chi'i'e  trade  enough  to  allow  of 
I  confining  themsem's  to  fixod  branchm  of  business.  Here 
3  nrr  t)irtf«  bankerfi  and  twenty  moncyleuilcnt,  moHl  of  theru 
<r&d  aud  a  few  Kathar  VAnis,  and  nineteen  tirmit,  two  of  thvm 
ipvan  tilt!  Mofu^wil  and  th((  New  Berir  Comiianivs,  fourteen* 
.la,  and  several  others  of  minor  importance,  who  are  entirely 
jrs,  with  H|^>nt))  at  Fiiir.pnr,  Dhttmngiion,  and  other  Inr^e  towu!* 
surrounding  a ub. divisions.  Of  the  twenty  moneylenders 
BW  confine  tliemselvM  to  moDcrlondiDg.  Except  the  two 
and  tteven  native  firms,  whoae  head^qnarterg  ore  at 
Fiay,  none  of  the  local  traders  hare  a  mpitMl  of  more  than  £10,000 
*  D,0O0).     About  twenty  are  known  to  havo  from  £1000  to 


I  Uuichaploris  compiled  Crau  auMtUlii  lupplitd  by  Mr.  J,  PaBen,  C.S, 


[Bflmtayl 


in 


DISTRlCTa 


hyterV, 

CapibJ. 


IiMurMie«L 


Bx<>hwiM 
BilU. 


r. 

Cotton  aud  i 
But  IJto  ti 


£MO0  (Rb.  10,000-R».  50,000),   and  five   fmm   .E-iOoO  to 
(Rll.M,OoO-Rs.l,OU,000).     Thu  RgcntA  of  the    ltutnl>»^    fir 
(.-hiafly  in  iwlton  nntl  gnun  tt>  tlie  ezlent  uf   frum  £2 
£3,000.000  {Rs.  2,00,00,000-IiB.  3,00,00.0lK))  a  year.     Be 
and  nevcnd  mimir  trading  firms  whit-li  h&ve  apmag  up  wiiliu 
tew  years,  lliere  are  thirUwD  ci>ttoti  brok<!rB,  two  Bnlli 
MArvM  ami  oiglit  Oujurfit  Vlluitt,  wlui,  iKnuidoa    attting  aa 
LmtT)'  on  Bome  trade  aud  lend  money.     Petty  doaltTH,  to  tite  nnhV 
from  seTBDty  to  ucre nty-fivcinoo'tly  MAnnd  VAnis  with  a  snrii: 
Brahouuu, BoIu>r&ft, and  K^lhar,  Liidsakka,  and  GujarAt  V^u,< 
on  bnaineai.  aome  witli  tfarir  own  liut  must  of  thoui    with  Ixi 
j^apital.     Tboy  obtain  NAppliea   Utih   from  local    Uoalem   aoil 
Bomluiy  m«rt;luints.     EiEtn^pt  Jntfpun  there  is   no  lurtrn 
vxrhan^.    Trade  is  larried  on  in  hules  and  coroHra.     Eurof 
cannot  p^t  at  tho  commodities,  cxcvpt  by  Ihu  help  of  nnl  rrc  i 
for,  tut  A  rulo,  the  Khflndush  cultivator  thinks  of^^o  market 
his  inonryleDder's  Teraodali  or  tbe  local  woakly 
11ii^n:>  i«  no  soMimla  clSM  of  inaiiranoe  agents, 
mills  are  generally  baured  sgainKt  Iom  by   Sro. 
in  unkuown. 

The  two  most  nsnal  forms  of  exchanf^  bills,  hmidiM,  nrt  billi  i 
able  nt  vighl,  dar»hani,  and  biilit  payablo  aflt-r  u  «?rl:i 
muitali.*     BilU  ar**  nilber  personal,  dfiatiijoy,  where  tliu  pr 
pvnwu  to  wliom  or  U>  whwtu  ordvr  tht'  [Kijino-Ut   1:4    to   be 
trust,  thdkajo'j,  nliero  payment  i»  made  to  a  nominee  of  the  ; 
known  to  the  p^er;  or  dpocriptiTo,  nwAiij'oy,  wht-rv  a  de«irrif 
the  payee  is  embodied  in  the  bill.     It  is  not  usnal  to  (tmw  biU 
Beta.     A  letter  of  odrice  to  the  ngvnt  or  banker,  stating  the  ao 
drawn,  the  number  of  the  Irill,  and  the  name  of  the  p<Tsou  to  k\ 
or  in  whose  fayour  the  bill  has  Invn  gnuiUwl,  is  considcreil  !<titi)i:i<.-9l. 
When    the   amount    of    Uie  bill    is    reuiitied  in   caab    by    auolbtfTi 
biiiHI,  bill,  or  (itlu-i-wise,  it  is  duly  sifnicd  by  tho  payiM>an<l  rctni 
to  the  j^nntor    luid   lilvd  aa   a  voucher,    khoka.     Unless   the 
ia    bmajiihli,    rciiuiriug    no  letter    of    advice,    it   is    naiinl   fop 
oorre!<]Kindent  of  llie  grantor  (u  Mend  a  letter  of  udviec,  intimating  j 
naymeut  uf  the  money  to  the  payee.    Ko  dajrs  of  g^e  arc  allc 
llltv  bill  must,  if  demanded,  he  cashed  on  the  sptx^^^^ay,  ukI 
case  of   delay  on  the  part  of  the  payer,  month  lyjHHPit. 
acooriling  to  tbe  positiou  of  the  drawer,  one-haU  per  offil  for  bnc 
»  ami   lbr<te-mmi'l<Ts  [wr  cent  for  other  uieii'lutnta,  j|  ch»rRTiI, 
jlaymcnt  is  asked  before  the  bill  falls  due,  discount  at  a  similar  i 
is<)edu(rt«-4l.     If  tho  bill    is  dishonoured  and  sent  l>aek  uncna) 
the  grantor  must  pay  iuter>'jit  at  double  the  rate  of  currwnt  into^ 
from  liie  date  when  the  bill  was  bought.     Ho  mnst  also  pay  n 
acceptance  penalty,  rnifrmi,  varying  in  different  plac^e*.     Cai" 
aeoordirig  to  tho  distHooe  the  bill  had  travelled,  was  also  foi 
charged. 

If  tho  bill  is  lost  or  stolen,  a  duplicate,  peth,  letter  «tat 


■  Thiv  a  gMwrally  aot  mor*  tiiaa  nln*  Amyt. 


can.! 


KUANw:su. 


licate  I 


6t  tli«  bill  Anil  aslnng'  for  paymtMit  »  uetinlty  fTrantf  d.  IF  llie 

leU«r  19  loet,  a  triplicxtOr/ttir/^ciA,  lueiiliiiniu^  hutli  iho  hilhdi 

the  p»lh,  is  issiiod,  stiil    if  tbo  jmrpfth  iilso  in  not  furtUciiiiiiu^, 

o(!vii;*>,  jVifc,  UiUlt  meutiDtiing  tho  Au»(it,  the  jiitlft,  nni)  lh«  parpeth 

Bout  to  the  same  effect.     Tlie  ^yer  must  satisfy  lunincif  mi  to 

?  identity  of  tlH)  bearer  of  tkn  bill,  «ni]  iu  doubtful  cases,  shnulil 

imund  m-ciirity  Ixiforo  [Hiyiiieut  is  mnde.     If  be  payti  a  vrrong  tnau, 

haa  tohear  the  loss  aiidjiay  a  second  time  tn  tho  holder  of  ihapf.tU 

parpeth.     The  payee  in  the  case  of  an  advice  letter,  jah,  passes 

wjKirtito  n;'f(iif>t,  while  tbv  hun-d,  prih,  iinti  parw-th  aru    siiiipty 

i)d<ir:.cd.     AftiT  ]m'iui>iit  the  Uiuker  debits  the  drawer  with  Iho 

moiiQt  paid.     If  »  drawer  overdran'i?  biu  account,  and  the  bill  ia  los^ 

r  di^^honoll^^v^,  he  alunu  is  roHpouiibli!.      It  is  iisiiiil  nftt-r  eudonuug 

m  Eo  itell  bilt^  to  bill  brokont,  dnliU",  of  whom  lliere  in  a  Inrgo 

raber,  and  who  are  paid  a  certain  percent^e  fwr  tboir  Bervicea. 

truiviiire  i«  iml^tgm  wot,  billH  are  generally  adjutitod  by  dubt-s 

md  crodild,  ami'     "'  '\^tttdi*  wbosic  ratft.t  vary  accordiaa  to   tbo. 

KUidiiions  of  tlj  .tion.     The  commission,  fcoA'afiai,  ib  paid  to 

lie  con  I,;  liisbiirsing  the  cash  Ui  the  payee,  by  the  drawer, 

kndthr  :a,ifal<m,iovl\n^xi\ai>ilMt'Uihttivlix  ui  paid  bittb  by 

he  draweruud  by  the  purcluuer  uf  tUo  draft.     The  ietorchaa^  of 

tills  lias  bwii  gn-atly  siinptilied  by   the  intrudnctieu  of  ft  uiiifunn 

{>iiia^.     Formerly  the  dilTereut  rupeus  and  the  different  rates  of 

xcbange  made  the  system  much  more  compUciitwd,  and  ytwt  a 

lonrco  of  nu  small  profit  to  local  bankers. 

Imports  are  uitiiitlly  paid  by  bitU  iif  oxchnnjfe,  and  exports  by 
noaey.  A  bill  from  £1000  to  £25*^0  (lti..lO,U<)U-R8.:!5,O0U)  ran  at 
mco  be  caahod  by  any  Jalgaon  firm. 

Where  them  is  an  agent  munint,  the  clerk,  ijiirj^tUt-t,  acts  imder 
liin.  As  a  rnle  there  i»  no  ajfent,  and  the  cli-rk  is  Hubordtnate 
o  hi«  mastt-r  alone,  and  is  treated  by  oHt.iiidiTs  with  much  respoct. 
jenwmlly  a  RrAhman  by  twstn,  ho  keej>s  (he  accounts,  advances  , 
noney  to  the  cidtivator,  and  recovers  it  from  him,  superiotoiidH  his 
na-itcr'n  e^vtablishment,  lookM  after  his  lamU  and  servant*,  and  frtKn 
.broad  to  buy  and  »oll  goodt  according  to  his  master's  orders. 
Dxclusive  of  aod  and  other  e.tpenses  and  travellinp:  allowance,  bis 
from  £5  to  £10  (lis.  60-  R«.  300).  Bi-«ide»  small 
occa.-4i<in)(,  he  g<:\*  at  /)ir(ilX(October-NoTember) 
other  article  of  clothing. 

',  merc-hants,  Iniders, shopkeepers, broker.-*,ple»derji, 
utdnfew  high  paid  (lovt-mment  servants,  and  of  countrv  people 
and  lords,  heads  of  villages,moneylondur«,  and  a  few  rich  cultivators, 
twve  money.  .Saviti)^  arc  mosUy  invested  iQ  oruamenta,  in  houses, 
uid  IB  moneyl«iitiii)g. 

Ab,  except  in  Jalgaon,  there  are  no  large  banking  establishmentA, 
Diinrly  all  who  have  capital  engage  in  money  lending.  I'njfisiNionnI 
moneylenders  are  miviully  irnrv^d,  Gujar&t,  and  L^sakka  Vjinis, 
and  a  few  Br^hmans.  Though  the  distinction  is  not  well  marktvl, 
(omo  of  Ihein,  known  as  bankers  or  sar-iff,  deal  with  towunneople  and 
vell-to-do  huslKiadmi'U,  and  olh.irs  with  the  [worer  class  of  vilhigvrs. 
u  villagim,  headmen,  rich  cnltiTatora,  and  shnpkeeptirs  who  some- 


'lyirly  pay 

1  -on 

i  II  or 

I 

Of  t'lwnjiiK' 


Qiaptn-V. 
CbpitaL 

BUI*. 


Saving  CUmml 


101 


msCRICTS. 


tBombay  G* 


■pt*r?. 
Cupibd. 

Tnukn, 


ticuKi  iNtrmw  monfiy  (or  tlic  pnrpnfio  from  pr   ' 

loiri  inoiwy  to  pt>or  oMltivnUirw.     Bi-si'Ii-s  tU- 

tlii-m  is  It  iH^I  ul  I>'W  usurt-rs,  who,  for  aburf  [iwriiAb,  leiiil ! 

mi  lit-avy  luleti  U>  tbe  poorusi  ljurrowor». 

Lock]  tnunuyliMiclcra  and  tnidi'Ts  nni  mid  fco  ^rumblo  nlvnill 
fireBOBt  iitaW.     '  Fifty  yean  ago,'  ibey  aay,   •  wo  hsJ   a  i 
we  know  about  escWti^?,  and  from   the  nnrurtain   ixntfi' 
cnmiicy,  nifulu  lur^^  Htmm  !>}'  uxcban^",  and  <kv  rtnil- 
jti    gold,    »ilvfr,    nniJ     pn-iriwiji    nWui-.*,    Ilirn     the-  m 

invvKtmoDt.    Much  olotb  was  still  miroD,  and  tint  dttiJi  trude  i 
US  handHomu  gaiiu.     TTiirty  jrwira  latur  (186M-ISG5),   dnr 
■demand  cnuM-d  by  Uio  Ainorimu  war,  and  when   gruat  enms'i 
spent  iu  nuilciu^  the  railway,  wu  becajno  rich.     Oor  nld  diibta ' 
recoTered;  great  prolitB  were  i^ioL-d  in  all  branohos  of  bn 
and  new  loauo  were  i»auod  iil  lii^fli  rulos  "f  intorcst.      Tlim  lbs 
camo.     Miiuyof  our  yeututx-s  turuedout  badly,  uud  wben  w«>  aiui^ 
■rcoiivt'r  the  niiidh  lonl  at  inu'i'e.>4t,  we  found  t bat  I.I.  '  i^c 

almost  all    l.ht'ir  gaiuK,  aud  iti  tlio  fall  <'l  JtricfTi  wi  ;i:>j 

OH.     In  taking  tbem  into  court  and  forcing  tlitMn   to  pay,  bulkl 
and  our  debtors  lost  b^svily.' 

Compared  with  th(i  Ainirrtinn  war  tiin«,  the  ]»ru6tB  of  tradoni 
moneylenders    are   now,   no  doubc,   small.     And    ovi-n    con 
with    thirty    yrnirH  vnrlier    (1830),  it    is    probable    tluit    the 
faiiiilioH    who  had   coiiiiiiatid   vf   thu  dtKtrict    traffic  and 
lendinff,   niado  mor«  and  made  it  earlier  than  the   prraeot 
It  ifl    alHo  tnio  tliat  ihv    Ehttndesh   trader   has   anriuf^   tbfl 
fifty  years  had   to  ll^ht   against  two  sc-ts  uf  vu^dan^ferdaa: 
VAnu^om  M&rvAd  and  &Mii^  from  Bombay.     The  M  nrritd  Vi 
Btrou^^,   more   activv,  and  jx^rhnps  oven     more  frugal    and 
scrupulous  tbaulbt;  locnl  Viiui  itiiil  Briihman,  havu  drawn  lo  llie 
selves  a  v(rry  gntut  Hbart*  of  thi-   dinlnct   ninni-yii'iidiiig ;    and 
Bombay  Ltluitifis,  lar^r-miudoil,  Htronffor,  and  harder  wurhing 
tliw  local  tradeni,  aud  unlikv  Ihum  ma^flcrs  of  thv  nrn   xyslc 
trade  by  rail  and  wire,  enjoy  the  bulk  of  thf  protils  uiado  from 
Tory  lar^  exports  aud  ini[^>urt;»  that  unbroken  order  tod  im|)n.md 
commuuR-atiouHhavcdeveloptid  during  Ihc  pastf^ 
oui>  niurked  featurv  uf  the  present  styl<4  of  biiKi' 
BS]i>irIfr  aa  nwirly  jw  ]Hi)isilite  into  direct  dealing  wuti  the-  gruW| 
and  by  ihi.H  ineauM  thu  piiict-ii  and  profits  of  sevcml  sols  of  midtT 
*  men  havoboen swallowed  up.    Under  thi-sy  t'irciiiii.-<tanco«,  the 
goiug  inidor  and  banker,  disinclineJ  to  leave  Ida  old  biisiueaa 
and  not  forced  to  do  ho  by  want,  may,  as  his  &iRiity  grows  h 
find  it  hard  to  get  opeuiugtt  for  thoni.     But  taken  aa  a  whole,  : 
compimng  the   hulf'tillcd,   balC-cmply,  nud  alino»t  utterly  isula^ 
Kh&udash  of  1830,  with  its  present   well  stocked  and   thiitxtagi 
opened  state,  thi>ro  stt>in.i  no  reason  to  doubt  that  its  Ir^e  *'^'l>\ 
a  much  tnrgtir  body  of  mereliuulA,  anil  bringa  into  the   dtatrti 
inach  greater  amount  of  wealth  than  formerly. 

A  rioh  moneylundcr,  dealing  with  townspcoplo  and  wcll-t 
cuItirstoTS,  keeps  a  journal  rt^kird,  and  a  ledger  kliatfirfni.     Thd 
who  advance  petty  loans  t«the  poop»r  das'*  of  ailriviitont  kcop  ■ 


tBombajl 
)9G      *  miWBiCTS. 

S'>mo  village   hpadmwii  anH  ntlipr  n--'        ^  ' 
kiiTdly  towariTs  the  villi»jjrcri<,  tluil  lln>y  IP^ 

which  nmki-M  Umm  nearly  iutle'}H>D(leDt  of  the  cii-il  PtMW. 
advance  ^raiu  or  moiioy  uocjrdiD^  l<>  thu  rilla^^rs'  imuteAue 
and  in  rutuni  tho  wliulv  cm)>  in  »t  luu-vuat  tiiuv   mode  over 
DiimttvlondiT,  nod  from  the  outtarn  be Htts  npart  a  Tnir  <=>- —  '" 
umiiiieuaucu  of  th«  debtor's  family.     Mt^tii'vlunderit  c: 
bavD  no  wish  to  tako  tlivir  holding  f rom  thi;   villH^^crs.     L 
their  intoTMt  lliat  tho  borrowers  should  be  as  well  off  and  wr 
a.-<  p>HitiliIc.     Such  monevlender^  hiv  titiii.'>uitl.      Cc>mj>luiut»  iirv 
genorul  in  Kh)inde»i»  i>f  llii'  f^n-d  mid  uufairiii^is.s  of  Marvntl 
^iiijnral  V&tiiif  itud  vt\iof  foreira  usnrors.     U»ny  uf  tho  husbam 
faiknl  piwicd  for  money  Bnduble  iwitUerto  raid  mir  write, are 
in  thti  inoDvylunder'tt  powiir.     lie*»  ut  pvaa  them  than  llw 
eutui^   in  tho  bond;  no  receipts  are  passed   fur  tlia  insta 
paid ;  and  fn-tih   deeds  are  drawn  up  nud    fn.>!7h    charts  tn: 

jRM'hk'ii  llie  debhT  ba-*  ""  knuwU-df^'.  Thnu  a  suit  is  tilt*d,  nnd, 
nile,  ^iveii  a^iiuHl  the  debtor  in  hia  abwuce.  If  liti  H|>{>earit,  iiiscv* 
generally  brvaka  down,  as  few  villagers  will  risk  ifiving  cvj  I  '.li 
against  tho  mtiueyleudcr.  When  thw  di-crvf  i*  pBs&eJ,  it  i^  -■' 
oxccuttid,  hut  held  ovw  the  debtor's  head  xo  aa  to  iucn-ase  Lho  :ii:^<  tnii 
of  nis  parineulK.  It  tho  inslalinentf  cease,  tim  creditor  takt  •  !*« 
debtors  laud  in  mortgiigr.  Hv  M-ldom  sell||^ai  np  and  Ktill  r-.n 
randy  liiut  him  m'IiI  |a  priMin.  A  debtor  has  seldom  dealing  wtH 
more  than  one  ereditor.  When  he  deals  willi  mors  Ihnn  one.  *h 
object  aometim.>!i  is,  by  pvinjf  one  uf  tliein  ft  pn-ferenpo,  x-  '■    ' 

Uio  claims  of  the  rest.     To  do  thfif'he  hns  to  nmke  over  )>  i  -:r 

U)  lh«  cItosoD  creditor,  a  «tfp  #>  fnll  of  ri!>k  thnt  it  is  a^tdoni  t'ikra. 
llie  Hbiiid^'^h  creditor  uevvr  writes  ofl  hi^^^m  us  a  bad  ilib*. 
Decrees  are  oft«n  ke()t  alive  Cor  years.  For  &(^h>  timu,  when  he 
knows  he  can  Ret  nothing,  evt-n  by  arrestinff  or  rmpriicoiiinff  his 
dehlor,  lho  creditor  ceaw"  to  iuiiH)y  hira.  But  lut  soon  iw  thei*>  in  tiu 
"  chance  of  rum>verin(f  anylhinjr  from  (ho  debtor's  heirs,   pi  .it 

are  threatetHs!  or  a  tJoniprnmiw  is  affrced  to,  tho  crtslitor  irt 

paying  (he  debtors  or  their  heir*  a  f.rillin}^  nmti,  and  udiiein^  tiwi* 
to  jKisa  a  now  Knid  in  the  name  of  all  the  members  ofTbo  family. 

Formerly  much  importauoo  wne  not  attached  to  tho  posseasion  it 
land,  and  people  seldom  tkoug'ht  of  biiyinir  it.  Now  land  suli-.-i  an 
ConimoD.      Tliey     are    either    (Bausfei-s    between    private    |h<>r^on&, 

■  suction  sales  becauMe  the  holder  has  failed  to  {"Oj  Ihc  CfVeninii:at 
/but,  or  sales  by  order  of  thft  civil  (vjurt.  A»  n'g»rds  the  Kile  T.ilne 
of  limd  no  trviitworthy  iufonuatioD  itt  available.  Inprivntc  tr^i 
the  nominal  valm.^  in,  for  private  rcaaonvvory  often  widely  dju> .,  „. 
from  tho  md  value.  GoTeninK»nt  sales  for  failure  to  [Miy  rent 
are  generally  onlv  of  the  poorest  laudn,  iind  through  fear  of  proWou 
mortgageti  or  other  cncumh ranees,  court  sales  gxually  fetch  oolj 
nominal  prices. 

At  Jalgaon  (he  priiNt  of  land,  suited  for  bnilding  purpo«eB,  vari«i^ 
from  £IU0  fo  £180  (Rs.  1000.  Its. IKOO)  an  acre.     lu  largo  crowded 


villages,  the  tJovennnwnt  rale  vai-ios  frwm  -lii.  lo  8*.  (Bs.  2  -  lis.  4)  for 
five  I'qmin;  feet.     For  public  puriiuacs  land  i»  nsmilly  taken  at  tHvutx 


tWi-Utt 


KUANDEiSH. 


197 


tbe  &ase«s[neat,  that  is  from  £1  10«.  to  £7  (Ra.  15  •  Rs.  70)  the 

• 

H  mnd^^'s  am  of  two  kimlx.     In   ono  the   cifdi'tor  takes 

ion,  pays  reut  and  tillage  charppB,  rpajw  tbo  crop,  aiid  nfivr 

!arntii>  intcTcut  and  profit«,  «llnw»  tho  debtor  to  tafco  the  anrplus. 

jnd  iiiid  niura  ooinitirm  form  in   for  thu  debtor  tu  bold  and 

lan>I,  to  pay  tlie  rent,  aad  haod  over  tbe  intcroftt  to  tbo 

roitbET  in  money  or  in  grain.     Often  altw  debtor  aod  creditor 

tilling  (be  litm). 

ifitx'ii  yoars  ago   (1864-65),  dnrinjr  the  yeaiwof  high  prices,  the 
Tatnr  wae,  for   a   time,  companitively   i-igji  and  linprcceiientedly 
prosperoas.     Instoud  of  paving-  off  his  dt^htii,  he  nqaniMlvrcd  bin  oaeiljr  * 
csTDvd  — ■  ■  ■  ;-t  marriaii^w,  caste  dinners,  and  other  extrava^necs, 
And  a^  It    was  rpry  frood  and   money  was  easily  rai-icd,  he 

iiKtirrt-U  I:v-Li  debts.     With  tho  fnll  in  pnidiK^n  pritv*  (i8(tiJ.1%(>8), 
5  rnliivjiiontftgainfoiiudlhomselTos  in  difficulties,  'fhen  foUnwe^ 
.:i3  of  scanty  rainfall  and  short  cr<)p!',  ntiii  creditors,  uneasy  ' 
■  outfitanilinjpt,  forct?4l  tnniiy  of  ihi-ir  debtors  into  (ho  civil 
Wiiliia   ibo   last   ten  years,  amonij'  the   poorer  clwM«  oC 
irs,  indebtedness  is  said  to  hftvc  cnnxidorably  incTeoaed.     At 
it   is   CMtimiaed  that  nut   more   than  ten  per  vunl  of4b» 
imltanti  pinpulatio^jncladiQfp  Uhils  and  others  who  are  mere 
field  labourers,  cao  aSsfA  to  begin  thti  year's  tillage  without  the 
monerlendcr's  help.  * 

,0  condition  ipf  tho  Bhil  ciillivnEor  in  the  nortli-wost  of  Kh&idesh 
iai.  Tbei^  the  landholderaWe  mostly  Gtijar  capitalists,  not 
t  proprietors,  and  tbo  Bhils  wwro  fomierly  contented  Co  servo 
)iieni  for  clotheit  and  food,  liquor  now  and  then,  aiid  a  finnll  sum  of 
iv  whenever  tkefWhildren  were  married.  Of  late  the  demand 
lliil  Inboar  has  inorca«ed,  and  wagon  have  gn-atlv  risen.  On  the 
hand,  the  rw;!tli-iticni  i>f  their  diiiputes  with  theii-  employers  has 
transferred  from  the  ma^strates  to  tho  civil  courts,  and  tho 
Gutar,  by  tbo  i^omnoe  and  csrele«i>neMa  of  tbo  Bhil,  luui  him  again 
'  .hi*  tuercr.  The  liujar  a;((rees  with  the  BhU  that  the  Bhil  is  to 
Htb  Uoiai's  land  and  that  they  are  to  sharo  tho  produce.  Ad 
CO  is  uia<le  to  tlie  Bhil  to  buy  bullock.'*,  aud  u  bond  is  drawn 
Op  with  a  premium  nt  iweuty.fivo  per  cent.  Tho  Bhil  grows  the 
CTopa  and  is  fed  by  tho  Gujar.  At  tho  end  of  the  year  the  Gujar 
talm  the  cn^p  niulJHil.'s  olT  the  Blilf  on  the  ground  that  he  has  to 
pay  for  the  liuDt>tTk9.'  Nest  }'ear  the  Bhil  agatn  gets  clothes  itud« 
m^  and  is  t<.-ld  ho  baa  stUI  somotbtne  to  jAy.  Ho  asks  for  a 
^■iMiioni  of  his  lCv:(iunt,  afid  as  a  preliminary  is  sent  for  a  new 
^ftirod  paper.  With  a  f^  soft  words,  soma  money  to  buy  a  robo 
^B  Bia  wife,  and  a  little  li<inor,  a  new  bond  is  made,  tho  meaning 
^R-*  ':■;   Bhil  doea  not  understand,  and  be  goe»  luack  to  his 

^fc_.  .^' for  better  luck  next  ywr.  After  stmpRling  on  for  a 
^^^^kt'Wo  he  det'Tniine!*  to  leave.  Then  he  finds  th»t  bis  partner, 
^^^Her,  has  hLi  acceptance  for  £20  (Rs.  200]  or  more;  that  Iho 
YSalfchck  he  had  toiled  for  is  not  his,  and  that  he  and  alt  he  has  are 
at  his  nj«"ter'»  tnerey.  A  dw^ree  is pii!i.«ed,  and  iho  Bhil'n  grxidw  are 
wnod  and  auld.     Tlwu  his  master  offers  him  a  chance  of  retoni,  and 


Cultintore: 


Bhih 


IBonfaAjl 


DISTRICTS. 


I 


aervas  for  some  time  more.     Again  he  jfrows  ti 
id  nfuHUH  til  work.     T1m>  nuwlur  lin»  !<till  sutDe  i  i-^i 

4  Ute  iJii^at  nf  Ilie  civil  Miurt  ugoiu  brinci>  tht*   Uiui  toi 
Uiini^  fco  on   Etudi  year  to  yonr.     It   ia   iiwl.   nDRmn 
a  Bhil,* ODiler  prut^ncxr  cif  ilio  transfiT  of  his  debt,  Ui  Iw 
from  OQO  c^(^dtto^  L<>  ouothur.     A  tiliil  with  a   decree  '■■•^•' 
Worth   more   tbiui  ouo  whoso  debts  &ro   emalltT. 

IB  entvmd  in  d|^Mnu],  nad  iw  h  Bhil   will   sulirr  xsi 
nther  thiui  di»j|rraoe  UWotbor,  thit  threat   Ui   send  her  Ui 
jxil  iit  lit  auy  time  eBoagh  lo  make  the  Bhil  do  vrluLtovur  his  i 
wiahea. 

I     Very  few  nrtixniw,  not  more  thnn  ton  per  ctMit.,  are  bw>  trvm  i 
Xike  other  Khdndetdi  nuineyed  daasee.  arEisaus   nho  hmtx 
act  as  moneylenders.     Except  in  Urge  towne,  few  of  the  Ipsh  tlriijl 
croftoncm    can  luAil  their  own    willi  th«  skilled  ;;     "  m|itili«| 

tDOHeylenderH.     Mom  are  at   the  luercy  of  tho  mn  :>axei 

(carefol  to  k<x-p  A  strict  unnnt  of  a«Erk«8  reudrred  nr  pay 
miido.  Hatiilloum>weaTorJ^X'ii^/<>,  tM,  m  •  nde,  in  tho  ha 
nionev  lend  era,  s4viiir»,  who  adraooe  money  or  >am,  aud  in  retetl 
,  vet  the  goods  when  ready.  Few  woaron  have  more  than  fs| 
(Qe.  20Oj  sunk  iu  th«  trade.  Formerly  their  Dnipli>\-ni('u( 
CCmstAQt,  but  of  late  it  has  beoXne  Houiewbat  uncertain.  Tbff] 
generally  own  a  houfto  worth  from  £5  to  X50  (Ra.  50-  Rs,  SOOt;! 
omamentn  ond  fitmilure  wnrtli  fromXl  U>  £■>  (Rw.  lO-Rs.  ^0);  aw!  i 
hxHo  iiiiii  other  tools  worth  fi-om  1.1  to  £&  (Rs,  10-  Rs.  oO),  Pcm; 
Btho  bu)iy  i<e»)^on,  3Juy  to  October,  a  good  workman  eanu> 

"to  2«.  {annaa  4 -Be.  1)  n  day.     For  thu  reitt  of  lUo  year  1..    • j, 

eamingH  amount  on  anaverag^to  3i.  (2aiiNu«].     Si^inu are  we3-t 
do ;  bat  moat  are  indobtod  to  moneylenders,  and  work    under 
orders.     The  bblk  of  the  Khflndosh  women  kHTI  prufer  thi-  k 
haiid>w»vttn  robes  and  bodices  to  any  forei^  articles.     C' 
are  decidedly  better   off.    They  are   frw  from  the   m-  U 

'     control,  and  generally  work  with  their  own  ciqiital.     Biu! 

either  work  for  daily  wages  or  on  oontraet.    Thoo^h  not  uii  _- 
Klreo  from  the  moneylender,  they  are  seldom  withont  work  and 
"better  off  than  weaven,  dyer»,  and    cotlon-rarder*.     Cilcfdwi! 
have  no  need  of  capital.     Working  in  gold  and  sUrer  tmnpljed 
t]ie  etiiitumers,  they  ohai-ge  ^  oommon  plain  work  from  I  ^d,  to  Sil 
(1-2  nnncM)  tho  tola  of  silver,  and  fnim  .^^  to  t><J.  (2-4  aNii'i«)  Limj 
•     iola  of  gold.     They  are  a  thrifty  claatt  and  are  uot  geirtmlly  in  del 
'Carj>onler«,  paid  either  from   Id.  to  Is,  *Jd.  (S- 14  anna»)  a  day  or  1 
tho  piece,  have  no  ligwlar  enlploJ^neut  and  nrv  little  Iwtter  off  tha 

rday  labourvriL    In  small  Tillages  they  ore  sometimes  paid  ia 
Itfibonrera  are  employed  in  tho  fields  botween  June  and  Janui 
: 


i 


when,  in  niiiek  succosaioii,  oome  the  xtiwiug  and  reaping  ^>f  t} 
early  and  latetmtMi,  the  picking  and  cleaning  of  cott^m,  and 
ploughing  of  land  for  the  next  xcaHon.  Women  as  well  as  uion  „ 
emiMOTed  iu  weeding  and  harvesting  crops  aud  in  einuitig  cotto 
Id  February  and  March,  labourers  bring  headloads  of  gra^  and  fu. 
from  waetu  lauds  for  sale,  and  from  April  to  June  tliey  6nd  wor 
in  botufO-building;  road-makiug,  and  other  village  ioba.       I-^xoei 


secon.l 


■ 

'tin 


KHANDG&H. 

1^  th«  few  yoars  before  aai  attar  the  cIosd  of  lite  Amcnooa 
far  nuii  llio  0|<fiiin^  of  iht:  riiilwny  Ihnin^h  KliAinlcsh,  umikilled 
I  (orkers  w<>re  pn)l)abty  never  better  off  ilian  they  uow  arw.     Fifty 
ttthri;  afjo  tho   wngus  of  nn^killod   Inliour  wore  cxlromely  low,  imj 
i.t  till-  AAinu  time  oinplo\inont  waa coiii|>»ml ivHy  uiie«M-t4iin.     Fifteen 
r!DWs  a^,  on  account  of  tho  fftvat  deuianil  for  labour  in  innknig; 
ni]w»yM  and  from  ttu;  flourifihin)^  i^luto  of  the  cotton  trade,  the  \'^o 
ft  labour  nxic  vwn  tuore  tluin  ihtt  viilntxiUBdnco  and  utJN^  prices, 
ieeiilea  thia,  aa  nio&t  of  the  labourere,  fiapetSftlly  those  emjilovi^  in 
elds,  iroro  paid  in  kind,  thoy  i(hun-d  with  tho  femiors  in  tho  general 
fit    from  high   prydiico    jjriwM.     Siiico  tht'ii,  vxt-opt  durinjf  tho 
iai  fiimiiio  yearii,   ltMJS-((y,   1871-72,  and  I87(i-77,  pric»M  luivo 
lUun  nImoBt  below  their  funni-r  level,  but  owinjf  to  tho  roDtiniied 
tuuiiil  for  labpar,  wnfrt-«  hiiv»*  not  fulli^ii  in  an  wpiii)  dt-jfrw.     At 
I  Bame  tiivLtheir  n-nut  of  thrift,  and  their  fundnesH  for  KpcdSiiig 
ir  money  on  omaments  and  opium  or  Uqnor,  combine  to  ke<tp 
kfanartTA  iioor,  and  iii  many  ooseH  to  plqjBgD  thoin  tep('l«K«ly  in  debt. 
[ooeylenilerH  seldom,  at  onfl^irae,  aavdStee  day  laboiin-rs  more  thjia 
2   l(>«.  to  i.^  (Its.  25- Rm.  30), bnt  ttiuirliubilitios  often  exceed  £10 
Kh.  100).     Im  uakiuif  Mm  udranoeathe  moueylonduroftiiu  n>qiiir«a 
labonrer   to   pteoj^e  his  labour,  hia  house,  his  bullocks,   and 
motimi'H  wen  h'w  fuioily  pol»  iuldornaim*nlK.     Whvu  the  Inbourer 
no  pniporty,  the  moneyleudv  vsually  demnndci  n  reapeclablo 
ty,  OP  forces  the  whole  family  to  sign  tho  bond. 
.,&bontlwoortltroo  per  cunt  of  Ubo  Inbonring'pupalationin  the  cast, 
"  "  bout  ton  j>w  cent  in  the  west,  raise  mum-y  liy  mortguginif  their 
These  men  are  generally  pnyill  Inndiiolders,  who,  by  Bomo 
lUy  or  mi(^)inp,  have  fallen  hopelusxly  in  <ii.'bc.   Afon  who  mortgage 
leir  l&ttOtar  aro  \uiwn  lut  ycnrlieR,  mtddr*,  because  tlieir  term  of 
ice  lasts  for  on^Br  more  yoant.     Lnbonr  is  gi'iivrully  mortgaged, 
tiier   to  clear  oS  old  debtti  or  to   raise  a  sura  of  money  to  moot 
karriage  or  other  ('xpeuHes.     Sometimes  a  man  mortgages  hiit  own 
d  sometimes  his  children's  labour.     The  rm-n  who   take   labour 
mort^f^  are  gimernliy    rirh  land^iwuvrN,  ilctl'inukhi,  jidiils,  and 
iliejTH,  who  employ  the  mortgagers  in  field  work  and  6ometimo8 
niesseugera  or   duns,  mahaifutis.    The  labour-mortgage   bond, 
&Ued  »  year  deed,  filkhat,  in  on  staropt^d  jiuper.     Sometimes  the 
lortgager  in   advanced  the  whole, *BBi  aomelimes  only  unc-half 
th©  sum  aneed  on.     The   common  plan  is  that   the  labourer, 
orkingsololy  lor  his  benefit,  isi!Hpp!ie<l  with  food  at  the  mortgagee's 
nst,     Under  thw  form  of  Bcre«>mc-nt,  a  labourer  takes  &i>m  three 
four  years  to  wurt  off  a  debt  of  JEIU  (R^.  lOO).*  Occ^isionally  tJw 
Uldr  lives  by  himself  and  is  bound  lo  do  only  a  Certain  nmoont 
F  work  for  his  iitanter.     Undiir  this  agreement,  Uie  laboun-r  supiMirtH 
imself,  and  in  two  years  would  work  oB  a  debt  of  £1U  (Its.  100). 
tiihiar'a  stirrices  cannot  bo  banded  from  OD«  uMmr  to  another, 
bey   are   willing  workvrji,  and  generally  do  their  share  of  tbo 
reemcnt  freely  and  without  punishment.     Sometimes  they  mn 
Bfuy,  and  formerly,  though  they  now  refuse  to  do  so,  the  mngisfmtoa 
km!  lo  euforcc  tho  bond.     Their  services  uovcr  l>ocome  hefediiapy, 
the   houses   of   wealthy   headmen   and  landlords  is  ft  cloeo  of 


Chapter ' 
CapitaL 
Labonrtm, 


t«.boiir 
Uorigigc. 


tSombity  Gue 


200 


in  ftii 


DI^RICTS. 


boredltttry^lainiTs.     Byforo  iV*  jiassiog  of  tli«   Act  (V.  irf  IS 

Uieiib  people  witru  lidtnlfiuiou  auil  boutlmrMmen,  the  liropert y  of  i 

ina«UT  oud  liable  to  be  sold  by  hitn.     Tbcy  now   bolJ   tiif  pia 

of  hired  sonmnls.     In  prai.liru  thftir  conilition    ia  tittle 

boy  «ro  wt-ll  Iruiiti^l  by  tbeir  msjrtera,  nnd  few  of  Ibom  bare 

',  tlieir  ojiporEiuiirica  of  raUing  tbeDuclvua  from  the 

3ta. 
Tliougb  the  bulk  of  fiie  Kh&ndesh  moneytondera     are 
and   unBcmpalonB   ia  their  dcalini^,  nnd,  WtDe'   fon^i^trr*,  i 
much  wi'iilth  out  of  tho  diiitrint,  thdir  capiui!  titid  tb<'ir'lliri(t 
xkill   ill  iiiifiiey  matters  are  of  the  highen(  ralae.     Wii.himt 
gteniDs  for   hiinrdiiig    and  tho  pitilustt    pr?s:^iiro    tbey    pal    on 
dvbliim,  thr  bulk  of  tho  mouoy  how  yearly  saved  would  n.-vrr  I 
been  earuGil,  ur  if  cttrued,  would  have  beeu  apout   iti   fecuiLiugj 
show. 

Accordiiif^   In  rc'liirim  propiired   in  1820  nador  C 
orders,  from  1788  to  171)7,  in  Amalneiv ^rsnd^,  um] 
aventgo  daily  wage  of  a  carpenter,  a  blacksiflBh,   m  weavi-r.  aiiil< 
tailor  vnw  6<t.   (L  niiii'i«) ;  of  a  bnckhiyur  nud  a   beartu-  i)|i/.] 
a»»i>*)  i  »ud  of  a  labourer  :]<^  (2  ann'u).     Bulloi-k     hire  waa] 
(■iaitittM)  a  day ;  cart  hire  waa  from  U.  to  '2t.  (at.  6 -11k.  l),aacot 
as  there  was  otxi  or  two  ]»irH  6t  ltdloek» ;  and  puDV  bm^  niu 
{aanna").  Botweeu  1798  andl8l7,  there  was  a  conititK-rableic 
in  tho  earnings  of  skilled  nnd  unskilled  vrorkers.     In  181 7  the  i 
vi»gv  of   a   cari>i!i»lt^r  wiw  D}./.    ((JJ   anna*);  of  j^^Iack^mttb 
(r>  annOM) ;  of  a  bricklayer  8)i.  (5  j  annmt)  ;  of  a  wosver  ^J.  (4  nnuu 
of  a  tailor  71<f.  (6  aniidx)  j  o^a  basketmaker  5J'(.  (itj  aiiniM) ; 
bearer  7[d.  (&  axiKM)  ;  and  of  a  labourer   l^'l.  (■^^innajr).      RuTTdl 
hire  was   £>(!.  >(G  au»<M]  a   day;  carl    hirC  fro^   I-*.  G(/, 
((tv.l2-Re.lS);  and  pony  biro  was  ll^d.  (7^  lumTs].     BoO'.-i-u  i-: 
and  l8'i!U  wajjca  changcil  but  iitl'Ic.     Cart  hire  viaa  from   24.  taj 
(Bo.  1  •Kit.2),  and  puny  hire  wa:*  Ic  (8  anntm). 

Tn  IS28,  ten  yean  after  tho  introduction  of  British  rale,  the '. 
wage  of  nniikilled  Uiliour  was  for  a  tiinn  Sil.  to  -l^'l.  [i.:i  nttnti*), 
a  woninu  2irf.  to  3<(,  (ll^aitnan],  and  for  children  utidor  fout 
2Jd.  (li  ai»jwM).  At  tho  same  tinw,  besides  tho  daily  jiri'sent 
handful  of  ears  of  grain  at  harvest  titnc,  the  wogeit  of  field  Ul 
were  3d.  (2  <mit(M)  for  a  man,  2i'i.  Ui  anno*)  for  a  wotnan, 
l|d.  (1  anna)  for  a  child.  In  field  work  men  nsed  nI.-<o  to 
i^ugngfM)  by  the  month,  without  food  «t  8*.  (It*  -I),  and  with  foodj 
from2*.  to4*.{He.l-l{fi.2),  Tho-se  e  11  giigi*  men  lit  generally  lusted  fji 
two  to  fotir  months  and  ended  with  harvest.  Of  skilled  labot 
ordinary  In-icklayqv  and  carpontcrs  were  paid  In.  (8  annm,),. 
clever  ^-orkci^lsTSt/.  (10  anmiM)  a  day.  Of  personal  sorrtuitH,  the 
monthly  wag^of  a  tailor  was  £1  (Ka.  ID),  and  of  a  gro<»n  16a. 
(Ua.  8).  funy  and  cart  hire  was  |il.  and  \{ti.  a  milo  (I  and  2 
a  ^«).  PnymenI  used  to  be  ntaide  in  copper  ooiux  mllud  <(, 
and  ghivniit  worth  Jd.  and  gi2.  (J  and  1  aiiiia). 

In  1842,  the  daily  wage  of  uniktlled  labour  was  9d.  (2  ant 
Far  from  large  towns  field  workers  wore  usually  paid  in  grain,  wiU'i, 
perhaps  at  Div&ii,  tho  pretieBl  of  u  tnrban  and  a  pnir  of  shoes. 


BCCUI.I 


valt 


KllANnftSU. 


dl^Thi 


201 


D  of  tho  |*riun  wa«  about  l\d.  (1  ann 

wuf^  IimUm]  till  uhout  IS-'iO,  whvn  tW  making  of  milwftyn  itud 

r  public  wortcH  began  to  ^ect  the  lalxmr  mitrket.     Kr-jto  titat 

labour  ha«,  vxcvpt  in  1877-78,  steadily  riaon  iu  ralue.    In  1863, 

Ij  yrngv  of  uuHkiliod  luUmr  n'iM  for  mou  from  6(f.  U>  10) 
WitiMMj,  for  womeu  from  (Jti.  toli</.  (3-4anaai'),  audforch 
■om  21(/.  to  3d.  (l|-2  anmw).  At  the  same  time,  amonj;  sli  ^^ 
ibuGivri)  titu  (tuily  w»go  mw.  For  Htooo  mnsotm  an<l  bricklAyers 
10111  }*.  to  Is.  6d.  (8- 12  antww),  for  cnr|)ont«nt  from  l<i.  Od.  to  2«.  tid. 
iHH'ia  I2-Ro.  H),  and  for  tailors  from  U.  toU.3<{.  (iJ-tO  a»na«). 
ut  biro  WHH  )«.  6(/.  (12  anntut}  a  ilay,  or  2^'^  (I J  attfiat)  a  niilu  in 
L»  fair  miinth.4,  and  3(1.  (2  aitnaii)  iu  tliu  roitu.  Punjr  hire  was  |('.  * 
oniiii)  a  mite. 

Botwcon  IS70  aad  1880,  thg  daily  wage  of  unskilled  labonr  Ium 
imained  prptly  mii!(tatit  at  6.i.  (i  ann<u]  fitr  a  man,  SJ**.  {2i  rinn<w) 
T  a  womao,  und  frnm  IJJ,  to  M.  (1-2  aamui)  for  h  child.  Duriofr 
^0  1870-77    fainiue,  eo  givat  wa«  the  eupply    of    labour    seeking 

iiildynii^nt,  llmt  iiM^iit^^  »{  tin?  nin;  in  produce  pnw*.  ibt?  nit^H  of 
Oidcilled  inlionr  fell  lo  2^  {\^anna)  for  men  and  i{d.  (I  attaia)  for 
romeo. 

A  iipccial  cliuft  of  uiLtkilled  carriers,  or  hattuHn,  work  in  gang*  of 
irty,  flod,  except  tbat  (be^'beadiuHn  baa  an  extra  quarter, 
]eir  daily  eorain^pi  in  cqiuil  Hliaree.  Tliey  are  paid  I  }■/. 
(*)  (or  iinliiKiliu)^  fntni  OUO  to  70|  pouadu  of  graiu,  and  ji/, 
Ru)  <for  cari^'in^  ii  bide  of  nn|n<^ktHl  outton  from  Ibe  wars- 
DBseti  to  tbe  cotton  presses.  Id  tbe  busy  hoomuu,  frorO  Kwbruary  to 
lay,  thvir  aveni|ro  diiily  oumingii  nmotint  to  about  0(i.  (4  anttae). 

Town  workor4nn(l  craflamen  aro  naid  in  coin,  and  liuld  wnrkom 
lartly  in  tn^i'^  audr^rtly  in  coin.  The  cuHtom  vaAes  in  different 
Uirts  of  the  district  utid  with  ditfurent  ero]M.  In  Kiivt-r,  payment 
t  harvpHt.  time  U  nHually  a  percentage  on  cImi  amount  of  tliv  crop 
at;  white  in  Sirda,  except  in  the  case  of  the  millet  crop,  thu<  form 
if  payment  is  almoal  tmknown.  Day  labourers  are,  as  a  rule,  ]uiid 
,t  iuton-ala  of  fonr  or  fiv<!  diiys  when  their  wages  (generally  atnouut 
■Ixiiit  2jt.  [Ko.  I).  Town  labonrew  gi^to  work  at  daybrc^ak,  como 
^ume  at  noon  for  dinner,  and  after  reatiiijr  fur  Iwo  liourn,  wurk 
ill  sunaet.  Field  workvrx,  iMiginniug  at  daybreak,  and  taking  their 
illut  tiri.-iiil,Ki]i<inHnndpi<'kliMirclintiiey  witli  lliem,cHl  tbcmal  noun, 
id,  after  i-estiug  for  about  two  hours  wi.rk  on  till  dark.  CoWou- 
licbing  is  paid  for  at  Id.  for  nine  pounds  (about  I  ptV  a  ponnd).  A* 
WmI  workt-rwill  eani  from  IJi/.loSi/.  (I -2itnii(i«)  aday.    Tlio  peopio 

Ry((d  iu  thiH  work  are  chiefly  women.  Ourinvnoat  of  Ibo  nuns 
\T  into  tho  cold  weather  (Jumi-Fobmaqr^.  field  workers  End 
ymont  in  litdpinj,'  liiiHbaudm<-u  tn  weed,  wii(i.h,jj(?ap,  and  harvest 
npir  hrnjiM.  Kriitii  Fcliriuiry  to  Miiivh  iJiey  iirtt  uNiHklly  employed  in 
iringinj;  lieadli>ad&  of  grass  foi-snle.  During  the  rest  of  the  yvnr  I  bey 
lelp  bricklayers  and  carpenters,  and  repair  roads,  dig  pondH,  gin 
iotton,  and  nirty  Inads.  Uuusu  Mcrvnnbf,  whether  in  towns  or 
rilii^^s,  arupnidfrom  Sa.  toI2*.  (Rs.  4-R8.6)Hmnnth.  Wngvit,  when 
rork  is  unbroken,  are  \K\\t\  every  week  on  market  days,  otherwiae 
hoy  are  paid  daily.  Iu  a  labourer's  houoohold  tliv  wife  gt-uvnilly 
B  411-26 


CfaapUr  V. 
CapitoL 

ists. 


ISS0. 


Chapter  V. 
Capital 

Price*. 


nai-iBso. 


iMi-isro. 


DI^RIOTS, 


vofn*  cnmi^h  to  provide  tlit>  family  with  salt,  oil,  cbillies,  and  spiceil, 
'pcriia|>!t'»lK>ut.4Jii(--Kixth  of  llic  family'  fnnds.     Childn^a  cam  coons 
to  keep  iheiiu<eiv(>a  ju  clMtheH,  nml  nuiy  lie iukid  to  cantributui 
oDO'twclflli  of  the  familj^  fimds, 

llio  rL-turns  of  pradaco  prioce  streloh  OTor  an  unusually  long  Be: 
efjetarn.  TIkv  tSq^^  (u  two  main  wota,  ouv  for  tlio  tliirty-th 
yeateocdiuK  IH2(I,  prcpan-d  fortbi!  Amnlncr,  Ei-aiidol,  amlNtindiirlji 
eub>divisiuoa  in  1 82U  ooder  Captain  Briffg«'  orders,  sud  iho  other 
for  tliu  fnrty-six  yoarii  ending  IS78,  couipilod  by  tho  Dhalia 
mdmlntdilr  from  ntcortU  and  (p-niti-ditalers'  ncoonutii.  Between  the 
^  two  seta  of  retarna  thtfe  ia  a  break  uf  lliret-  yeai-a  (1821  to  182S]. 

Tbu  find  Hot  of  thirty-tliri>e  yeare  includes  three  poriods,  ouu  of 
ten  yeara  1788  lo  1797,  ono  of  twenty  yoars  1798  to  1817,  Md  one 
of  thre«  years  1818  to  1820.  The  firttt  periodj^m  1788  to  1797, 
was  n  timo  of  ver^  cheap  grhia,  with  the  rupee  price  of  Indian 
inillet,  jvAri,  ranjfing  from  210  pounds  in  Erundol  to  280  pounds  in 
Anialner,  and  averaging  245  pounds.  Th«  8«coiid  period,  from 
1798  to  1817,  was,  apart  from  the  greal  1802-3  famiuo  wh«n 
millet  rose  to  uboul  four  poTiuds  the  rupee,  a  time  of  dcan^'r  gntin, 
with  millet  priiN,-s  mngiug  from  129  pounds  in  Amaluer  to  140  lo 
Kandur)}^,  and  avcru)^ug  litA  pounds.  In  Lbe  three  years  ending 
1820,  produce  prices  rose  most*  markedly,  Indian  millet,  ^"rdri, 
Tarying  from  nixly-thrce  pounds  in  Anialnor  l«  ninnty-four  pounds 
in  Krandol  and  Hreni);iug  Kovvnty-xix  pounda.  The  JoUowisf 
ntati'incnt  gives  thi>  chief  available  details  :  , 

SMiuUJt  I'roduct  PritAt  tPmiiuU  Uie  ttupa},  tUs-lSiO. 


FimPmoD. 


Tbf  years  1821, 1822, and  lS2:t,for  which  no  returns  aro  avaiUM^ 
*ftro  spoken  of  as  a  period  of  rapid  spread  of  tillago  and  lower  pri^H 
than  liad  been  known  for  thirty  ycarw.'     Then  followed  one  or  tw^ 
Beosous  (IS2t-1^2t>)  of  Krairciiy  nearly  amounting  to  famine,  with 
Indian  millet  rulina  at  from  seventv-four  to  seventy-nino  pounda, 
or  about  as  high  as  in  I S 1 7.     The  fifty-tbrc-c  years  siwoo  1826  may 
bo  dividwi  into  firo  periods.    Sis  yiwirtt  of  cheap  grain  (1827-1832) 
with  Indian  millet  ranging  fi-om  ninety  to  144  pounds  and  avonigii 
aboot  117;  four  years  of  scarcity   (I833-18315J  with  Indian  mill 
varying  from    sixty-lwii    to    !«tv«nty-three    pounds   and    nversg"" 
sixtj-six;  eighieea  years  (I837-18M),  excluding  the  scarcity  y* 


>  rnrlhtr  d<4sUi  aro  ffivcn  Mow.  P.  W2. 


KHANI7ESH. 

oE  l838-3ftancl  1816-40,  af  luw  pricoH  wirli  Indijin  millet  ra'ig^iif; 
from  eighty  to  l(}B  nad  areTs^Ug  about  IHi  poujide^  aud'tliirtuen 
jrcwv  (IS-'ii^'  1867)  of  hi^^h  pnous,  partJ;  owin^  to  several  etru^ons  of 
short  cn>i>!)  aad  partly  ft  ttit^  American  n-arand  (Jil-  tiitn)dut-lion  of 
milways  sud  public  wdi-Icb,  with  prices  Tarymjj  from  thirty-two  bo 
cighty-four  and  avcnieiug  fifty-four  poands.  jjl|iu]  twelve  yi-ars  tlut 
huveHinoepa!<8ed(18(}S-l879),  ludiait  millet ^HRhnvv  rariw)  {rom 
Beventy  to  2-li  and  averaged  about  foi-ty-six  pounds.  ITie  toud^ucy 
in  thrao  yuan;  hiut  keen  to  a  fall  in  prices.  But  thia  teudi-ncy  bas 
boen  aiijtd  tliiiH  met  by  four  bud  lii>rvt^!il«  followod  liy  uliiioiit  famine 
prices,  in  18G8,  1871,  187tj,  and  1877.  ITio  foHi)wiiig  statement 
showd  tbe  at'aiinble  details  of  the  prices  of  the  chief  cereftU  and* 
pulteSj  and  of  cotton,  bolwcuu  IS'H  and  1879 : 

SMtuMi  Prodmct  Priat  (Pomtdt  Uu,  RaprtJ.  JBSt-J879. 


Souarr. 

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If ;  11 

Bll 

t« 

III 

M 

W 

Z] 

i:l  ;i 

^_       J  lU  Mirt 

1T|'  la 

104'  It   im 

11 

II 

"1 

11      U  f  13 

I'll  m!i»A 

l*A 

in 

■  •1 

111     u 

1*  •  !■ 

11  '  IK    ta 

U 

u 

iifl 

III  m ;  i< 

la  '  il  .11 

'ii 

II 

lU    1    It 

IT) 

RtwoiCian      ... 

U       IH 
*       A 

wt  lit  1*1 

11  *'  Ik 

Hi   14 

a 

'i"3|'J":^'s*i'? 

■1 
t 

> 

iW  It} 

Ciiptniu  Br^ga'  retoms  for  tho  first  set  of  t]iirty-lhr(>e  yeant 
(17vS8-1820)  iacmde  sonio  interesting  particulars  of  the  prict's  of 
fowls,  chtok«ni<,  mid  t^ggn.  from  tliest;  n^ttini!*  it  would  seem  that 
pu  an  averanri?  during  the  Brat  of  his  three  jtenoda  (1788-1797), 
fowls  sold  at  3d.  (2  artna«}  a  piuce,  chickens  at  'i^d.  (1  j  annn*),  nml 
vgf^  at  about  seven  for  a  puniiy  {8  pic*).  In  tho  second  period 
(1793-1817)  tlio  avomge  price  of  fowls  rose  to  about  &l'^(3l  anntu). 


-^**'°^' 


fBombAj  Gaiett 


DlffTRICTS. 


PrieM 


tVdahU  Mid 


of  cliiolci^H  to  iibiMit  ^\d.  (2Jt  annaa),  and  of  efffrs  to  five  for  apenaj' 
(8  pirw)'  '\'iu-  ctirn'-nt  (1880)  pnccH  of  Iiipmi'  tlinw  iirticles  in  the 
three  siil>-di visions,  Anialiior,  Hramlul,  luii)  Niuiilurli^,  to  wliicli  th« 
old  rctnrne  rt-for,  arw  for  a  fowl  froia  Hd.  to  U.  ('i-S  aatum),  for  a 
chioketi  from  lt<f.  to4}4l.  (1-3  onnw),  and  for  eggs  about  Uvee  for 
a  peon;-  (8  pieti). 

MvtAls,  cotton,  clarified  butt«r,  oil,  fnel,  '"^'^  apic««  aro  sold  bv 
wi'i^'lit.  In  r.hu  vm«  of  gold  Ibo  follotrinf^  weiiflita  are  used  :  2f 
guixjiix,  one  nil ;  fonr  im?*,  ono  rajun  ;  and  twvlro  miiad*,  ono  /«/«. 
Bartoy  grains,  jotw,  formt-rly  in  uso  'aa  weigiit*,  are  now  seldoin 
oocn.  Tbd  tola  is  a  little  more  in  weight  tlian  the  British  rupoo 
•  which  weighs  only  itUiwn  magtU  and  oj  punja*.  Th«  gunj,  rod  and 
abont  the  size  of  a  sntall  pea,  bi  tho  Mood  of  ihu  Abnix  prctmtorioa, 
and  Ibtt  ml,  a  )itt)o  larger,  is  the  soed  nf  tbc  diUhiiri  tiv-e.  ToIm 
anil  »iif»ij«,  icijiiiin-  or  octngonal  in  shape,  are  made  of  brass  and 
sometimes  of  China  pcirvvliiin  itnd  d<df.  For  vroiKbing  silrer  the 
Brirish  mpeo  is  always  used.  As  tho  rupee  la  not  always  of  uniform 
weight,  in  wholivude  ptu-chase«  discount  at  (he  rate  of  oight  pqj 
cent  is  ajlowod.  Thy  vltvapur  metals,  copper,  brass,  iron,  f.inc,  aaf 
lead,  and  clarilied  hutur  nnd  nil  an'  mU\  at^ourdiug  to  the  followiaj! 
tul>lu  :  three  paitt'm,  UnMiuiua  pitvos, onu irAAdiii/;  j  fourcAAni^fit*,  oiio 
jiAcuhor;  two  juirflfra,  oao  nr/iJbfr,  equal  to  a  pound  ;  two  (irJlA«r< 
or  ptMioda,  ont'  ii/ifr  ;  five  «Aw»,  i^ne  }iiiari  ;  two  jHitHg,  one  dhadi  ; 
fonrr//(.>.?i>,  onoiw*»«orMiiiund  ;  ihrcti  wmji*,  ono /JiiHn  ;  twenty  man*, 
one  fchandi  equal  to  fivi>>sevenths  of  a  ton.  The  table  -obrtcrved 
in  tho  caflc  uf  ootton  is  :  eighty  fo{a«  or  2^  pounds,  ono  Kher ;  forty 
gkifrJt,  nuo  man  ;  thrco  mang,  one  palla  ;  ton  tmwM,  or  SiZi  pouuda, 
ono  kfutH'fi.  The  Kombny  khandi  of  784  p<^unds  is  aW  octeu  used. 
Ttit'so  weigbta^re  made  of  inui  and  aUimped.  Grain  is  hTKOHurod 
by  bnuiM  and  copper  cylinders  according  to  tho  following  tiiblo  :  four 
ehhali'd-Ji,  one  /wro/iT,-  two  y)'ir^A<r8,  one  aehhrr;  two  nMA/rn,  one 
thr  ;  twd  shfv»,  ono  aiHtiiti ;  two  aiUiolU,  ono  }>(iy/(  ;  four  loiy/w,  oa^ 
tMa !  twclro  tlol/iy,  one  ffl<i/).  The  map  raries  from  660  to  ~"^ 
pounds,  ntzoording  to  ihv  diilorvnt  twrts  of  grain. 

Brass  ami  copper  pota,  serrtng  na  q»arti>r,  half,  and  whole  ei^^ 
rupee  ahi^a,  are  used  for  moaauruifT  milk  and  small  qoantities  of 

Fuul,  when  wanted  in  Inrgo  qnantities  for  spinning  and  wuaving 

iiiilln  and  other  lami  iiinniifw.'t'Oriei*,  i.t  brought  by  mil  and  calcohitpd 

t    )niona;whon  bonfttfor  daily  ntto,   the  Nine  of   the    headlonda  op 

'cartloads  deternuiiHThe  price.  Qfftsa  is  sold  by  the  hnndn'd  bundloa 

and  somubiiues  by  the  hradloiid.  ^M 

In  the  CWH>  of  cbilh  either  the  foot  or  tlie  yard  meeanre  is  ua0m| 
Beady  made  waiscclotha,  dhotar»,  are  sold  in  pairs,  and  womes'e 
robes,  Utgi^dt,  and  pieces  of  S&vda  coarae  cloth,  known  tM  jolt,  nro 
eold  singly.  In  imqunring  Uiphc  clotliH  its  woll  aa  in  measuring 
mr|ie|ji,  j-'ijanm,  and  (Vinr»e  mmr  clutha,j'orttf,  both  tho  length  and  thv 
bii^ndth  are  taken  into  consideration, 

Bricks  are  Hobl  by  the  Ihonmnd  ;  nvftent  nnd  hcumj*  of  leak  and 
other  furt-at  lindier  by  the  Hcoro  or  huudrod  ;  and  lai-ge  posts  and 
)>iUur»  singly.   Their  buw  and  appcaniJiee  regtilwto  the  price.     Iq 


one 
,oaa  1 

I 


A 


f. 


OaesuL] 


KHANDESH. 


205 


laifl^  porcliasea  timber  is  Talaed  by  its  cubic  conteiitB.  The  mean 
breadtn  and  thickuess  are  found  hy  meaaDring  the  breadth  and 
ihickmisB  of  the  log  at  the  two  ends  and  in  the  middle,  and  dividing 
the  whole  by  three- 
Heaps  of  gravel,  murum,  and  road  metal,  khadi,  are  measured  by 
their  cubic  contents,  the  nsoal  unit  of  measurement  being  a  bards  of 
100  cnbio  feet. 

Before  the  revenue  survey,  and  still  in  some  unsarveyed  S4tpnda 
villages,  the  district  land  measure  was :  twenty  kdthis,  one  pdnd ;  and 
tm/aty  pdnds,  one  bigha.  The  survey  measurements  are  a  chain  of 
thirty  feet,  one  anna ;  sixteen  annas  one  guniha,  and  forty  gunthas, 
oae  acre.  Thirty  gunthds  are  equal  to  one  bigha,  or  1}  bighde  are 
equal  to  an  acre  of  4840  square  yards.'  Partdn  meaning  four  bighas 
according  to  the  old,  and  two  bighas  according  to  the  modem 
oalcolation,  is  a  word  often  used  by  Kunbis  speaking  among 
themselves.     Twenty  partdn$  make  one  aul. 


ChaptnT. 

Capitftl. 

Weight*  am 
Meuorea, 


^TheMgAameaaTae,  b«Md,  it  is  sold,  on  the  length  of  the  hand  of  Peshwa  Mftdhav- 
Iftrll.  {1774-1796),  TBriea  in  different  places.  The  idMi,  five  hands  long  by  one  hand 
brcwd.  Mid  to  have  bees  carred  in  stone  in  the  Shonvdr  VAda  at  Poona  was  at  first 
tiM  aoonited  measure.  After  a  time  the  length  of  the  Peshwa's  hand  became 
naggaMMd,  and  the  hand  was  taken  to  mean  the  loDtjlh  of  a  man's  arm  from  the 
■Ibcnr  to  the  tip  of  the  middle  finger,  with  an  additional  span.  Hence  arose  some  of 
ilwrariations  m  the  size  of  the  bigha.  In  some  places  it  wm  equal  to  U  of  anaoie,  or 
too  bigluti  were  equal  to  Sfi'l  acres.    Mr,  J.  Pollen,  O.S. 


tBoulMtyi 


'»4>.' 


>,'^ 


CHAPTER    VI. 


Chapt«r  TL 

Trade. 

Ronta*. 
Karlg  Bbtdit, 


5 


TRADE    AND    MANUFACTURES'. 

SECTION  I.— C0MMCNiaiTI0:*3. 

Tub  mrly  rock-out  rpimuoH  at  Ajanto,  at  I'&tna  nwir  QbAlii  „.  __ 
■  at  CbAudor,  and  at  Niaik.  make  JtpTx>b«ble  tliai,  as  far  back  aa  the 
,  BCcouTand  first  vpnturies  ttefore  Cnruit,  tni<!l«  iyito»  bctwucn  north 
upd  yfflt'b  India  ]iaHwd  dowj  to  those  places.  " m  U»o  thu-d  century 
after  uhriBt,  the  author  o£the  Periplua  (2-17)  mentions  tbat  trade 
crouod  Khtodc'sh  from  Broach  to  I^ithan  on  tht;  Gudi^vari.and  to 
Tagartfta  days  furtlior  oasl.^  The  n-)n»ini>at  Bbamw  n*-*!'  '^  ■  i r 

makeTt  f>robable  that  thia  trade  panned  from  llroacli  tliroi.       :, 

the  south  bank  of  tho  Tfipti  by  ^'"tsarr&di.  and  through  ths 

po«GonMT!^«i?»Mcmii>wn.   If 


;ffli'rif«iLPiti:^  v^f  1 


I 


1300.1760, 


the  statement  tbat  it  lay  ten  dajntotbeeostof  Paithan  ts  ootrect,  the 
trade  ^wobably  poaseu  eastvardn  tiirougb  K)i&iidi»th,  tvaTiuf?  the 
district  either  noar  Pfttaa  or  near  Ajanta  The  road  though  very 
difficiiU,  wa.1  i>as8able  forvramns.  There  were  alao  from  very  oiirly 
times  mcTO  diroct  ry  tc*  to  tho  »cn  coiut  by  Xfleik  throngh  the  Sir^ 
TTwI.  *fu)   Yitin  Bhor  paasea  to  tliit  ancient  m«  portti  of  8up6ra, 


3-TCT?J»;<?[T3ii«fiI«] 


The  riei  cave^and  tcmptc  remains  at  Ajanta,  Pfitna,  and  OhSndor 

seem  to  sbow  that  till  thu  MimnlmAii  con({ii«^l<  (13(10),  the  pat-i^-s  in 

tho   SiitiiiAIa   hiHa  continned  the  highwayfl  of  au  iin^Ktrtaiit  tmffic, 

jUnder  che  early  Mnsalmins  the  route  by  Ihi^  Hat-v^n  ^r  Sit^Mogj 

ipass  from  MAIww  t"  KliJinik'sh  nisi;  to  imporlonev.     In  )d06  H: 

Kiifnr.  at  (he  Houlh  entrance  of  this  paas,  established   the  city 


devi    I 


India  and  GuiariU.' 


upper 
dm-tnt;  the  fifteenth 


uja 
and  Hixtc'enlu  ^nturioH,  tbe   time  of  the  greatest  epk'udour  of  the 
*  ^Muwtlmiln  dyuftiity  of  Ahmedsbad,  a  line  of  traffic  to  north  Giijar&t 
and  tlie  coaat  alouK  tho  nortb  tmnk  of  the  TrfptJ,  and  from   MAlwa 
_  ongh  KnkarmaDoa  over  the  Buv<lka  urCbiii^ :  '■  I''  j^gla,' 

Cwo  other  IJnea  mnst  have  Twen  of  special  im^  ^  l_;,.     i.  Ik:.  Aairj 
was  the  4»pitelj>£  Kb&odetib.*  Of  tnese  one  runs  north  and  soiii 


'  MMt  □(  thii  chapter  i>  oonipileil  frou  ni>t«riiJ>  wpplicd  l>y  Mr.  J,  PolUn,  0.: 
>  MoCrindle-.  P«ni,lu«,  l2S-i«l. 

■  SamQ  notioei  of  uid  oM-ly  hirtoO^  ol  Niiiik  an  ^von  below,  p.  SSS-iMOl 
*  Lee'i  thn  BatuU  (13411.  '  Otptain  CIudm'  Itinenuv,  60. 

■  DcUiU  of  Aiirgwl  an  ^vod  belownndarJPkcM  tit  Intcreat.'  B»i<fc«  >U  legMKUiy 


Id  sontbj 


imnortwiM,  Aaii^cl  wm  uia  cliict  plueo  m  Khindnatt  baton  Ui*  MiiMlnrtii  ccoiqi 
■ttd  afMrwAtdt  unckr  Uic  FArnki  kiagi  Mora  Biubmpnt  wM  cataUiahtd  <l400f. 


from  north  and  contral  Inditt  through  th«  Sitnrol  Pftsa  by  Aeirgattj     Cbapt^W 


Ihiring  the  iwsventecnth  und  tho  firsl  Iialf  of  che  eiphtconth 
wntnriiis,  whoa  Burhtopor  waa  at  the  height  of  Jte  power  ttiitl 
Snrmt  ww  the  chiw^  POTt  of  wcatern  InSia.  the  bnlk  of  tJic  great 
traffic  between  ttie  inlan'd  ouuntries  nnd  Iho  ooftst  passed  through 
Kh^odesh.  Tbo  EnropoM'  rokvelleni  of  the  aeveat«entb  coutury 
diwrilw    tl^ic   main    i-out6    oa  pasatng   from    Stirat    wist   ihrour*"' 


Naviii 


NjtlHl 


Si»T?vi7aiKtfflT 
Piinioliier,  Ninipiir' 


Siudlchi: 


illK 


TiiUiwr.   Cho 


ant' 


urat  Co 


<ur,  and  then  §tra<;k  jigath  thrpughji 
Snnss.  to  Golkouda.*  ' 


Daring  the  eariv  yenra  of  thiu  century,  Munitlut  miarule  almoet 
deatroywi  the  trado  ofjf hAndMh.  At  tlie  begiunlog  of  llritish  nJo 
there  wiTo  no  made  roads.  ^Tho  tracks  wore  tIl-appoint«d  Uiid 
deficient  in  everything  but  di»<;omfort  »nd  daugcr.  J-ew  and  far 
between  were  the  miserable  hamlets,  and  the  monntain  paesee  were 
Its  riiLa''<'-1  luul  impractatsble  as  their  Rcrcv  poBtwssora.'*  In  18'26 
the  1 :  tifs  were  from   DhHJiu  -.ui  u  irtiitrw,  155  miles  north  T>y  i 

jn    and  TacTiora, 


•i.^i-y:*v..ii.i? 


north-east  bvAmalP'       _  i-ar- 

■erenty-throo  miles  )o  DhnLj^ot ;   «uat  o^^trolanES 
108  miles  to   Hurhtinpor;  i^oiith-ciutt  1iy    It  had 


iran<iol,uiul  t>fl 


eighty-four  miles  to  Ajiuila ;  &ou(h  by  MeTianbara'  and  tlie  Itayl^ 
pa**  to  Ani^ng^had  :  iwiith-wpst   by  ^t&legaoD.  Ch^ndorrwSifc.  and  \ 
the  Thai  n<i.s» 
,t>f  lauen'nittle 
jny  yoara 

JUT  war««| 
leThal 


'  17&  inili<e  to  BhiwiKJi.  a  nmli!  juissiililv  for  t-vi-ry  sort 
ii  and  west  l.v  Pjnip«^gf  f..»l  Nk^An..j-^tp  s..r«t.  For 
the  onlv  one  of  theao  tracka  on.woioh   money  and 


only 

iWPt  waa  lb>  great  BombuT  nnd  Agrr-  fv  ■'.   t   ad,  by 


^n^jvad.  and  the    I'aJaBner  or  tjindva    pass.     The  ivad   cntvrH 

kli^udwn  noar  the  Dliulia  villa^'n  of  Jhodgn,  and  mnniug  north 
paaaee  through  Virdul  «;ron.tiiig  t.ho  Tilpli  at  SAvalda  where  there 
n  a  ferry.  It  then  runs  due  north  through  Shirpiir  nniil  it  reaches 
the  Kb4ndosh  boundary  in  the  centre  of  the  S&tpudfis  near  tho  fort 
of  Borglmr.  Tfau  Ttipti  is  the  only  nubridgi-d  river,  and  except 
between  tlie Tifiptiand  the  Ptalaeiner  or  sindva  pass  whereit  is  gravelled, 

li»  road   is    metalled   tJiroughout. /  In    18-j3-">4,   Bomo   progreNi, 
I  made  in  improving  Ihu  cifigLBlfld'* "'   the  district.     About  one 

lltiodred  milen  (if  fair  wrtilher  nads  were  made  at  a  cost  of  £988 
S.  988il).*  But  until  1803  the  main  Agra  highway  aiHid  most  of  the 
funda  set  apart  for  road-making  in  Khnndenli.  Sinew  theU'vyofa 
special  ctnut  for  lucjd  works,  rotul-buildlng  has  ma<Ie  rapid  nrogreiia. 
At  Sfingir.  on  tho  Agra  road  about  twclfo  miles  north  of  Dhnlia,  a 
mnch  nged  line,  made  partly  from  Im[>iL'ria1  nnd  partly  from  local 
&iud«,  pauses  norlh-wvat  through  Uangurtin,  Chimtnnu,  Methi,  and 


isoo.tTse. 


i8is-issa 


'  8irT.  noan«IS]in  Ken'aV< 
>  ClraJiua'i  Btiil  Tn1<w,  1. 


ojaM,  IX.  WR  i  Tavemior  1)60(1)  in  Hania'  Vofffm, 
*Tay*Tai»r  in  Hvriit'  V..¥»(t»«,  II.  369. 
•  Bon.  R<T.  Bee.  XXVI.  of  1»GS,  put  X.  3012-13. 


"caupter  VI. 
Tradft. 
Bod  tea. 

ISIS-ISOO. 


ttmnk. 


''/ 


VikriiD,  twODly-foiir  inilwi  to  Doudaicha.  East  from  Dholia, 
fol-ty-aix  iiiilen  through  I'Jlrola  and  Knindot,  runs  n  gravwHwl  and 
unbrid^rcd  local  faud  road  to  MhasilTad  railway  otatiou.  Kiviin  Uiiti 
linw  It  fUTHvollod  and  unbridged  bmncb  mns  twenty-two  miles  Boath 
to  Kaj^wii  niilwny  Klatioii,  and  a  wcond  braQcli  passes  iJx  miloM 
oortli>weat  from  Krandol  to  Dhamagiion.  Souta  from  Dliiilia  & 
roud,  gravelled,  drBined,  and  bridged  except  over  thu  (lirnn,  runa 
Uiiriy-four  niilos  to  Cluilis^on  atatton,  and  from  Cbfilisgaou  La 
contmned  seven  milea  Aouth,  through  llic  Oiitram  or  RftomtigaoD 
pKES,  to  the  border  of  Hie  NiBim's  lerritoi-y.  From  Dfanlia,  west 
towards  PiinpAlfcr,  a  nKui  has  been  finished  thirty-two  miles  to  8&krt. 
»  From  S^kri  a  tine  Li  cI^a^(■d,  and  \\w  pari  ovor  thr  Kinidnilniri  pas^ 
bridged  and  metalled,  cbirty-eigiit  miles  north-west  to  Naviijmr  on 
tho  way  to  Sural.  In  tho  cast  tn'o  lines  centre  at  Jalgaon,  one 
fourteen  miles  fi^m  Nori  in  the  Kouth,  giwvcUod  and  bridg«d,  ll 
otlier  from  Dharan^on  twenty  milea  to  the  weAt,  of  which  the  Gr 
three  mile«  to  the  Girna  have  alone  been  liuished.  In  the  sou 
from  Pilfhora  stat>iou  a  gnivt'llod  and  <]niiiiud  roa<i  rans  eight  mil 
west  to  Bliadgaon.  8iiuK^  tho  ofHining  of  the  railway  (l^('&),tlii 
old  Asirgad  road,  rnnning  eaat  from  Jinidga  on  the  Uombay-AgTi 
road  to  Burhilupur,  has  been  deserted  and  left  to  fall  into  decay, 
lieitidfic  these  and  the  short  gravelluil  roads  that  run  between  the 
towns  and  stations  of  Miiheii,  H^vda,  and  Riiver  uu  tbo  JalMilpur, 
and  Varangaou  and  Bodi-ad  on  the  Xltgpur  line,  are  many  mu 


ased  fair  wimthur  c^rl  tracks.' 


% 


Of  ninety-four  passes  throngh  the  hilly  country  to  the  west, 
uorlh  aud  sonth  o(  Khlindt-jili,  tiftevu  are  in  iht'  ?^nlivrti|ri«,  iifty- 
four  i»  tji^f  ^^ty^dAfr  and  twenty-five  in    the   S  Of  the 

fifteen  g^y^^j^iamfi,  seven  are  in  the  ran^L  ...  ^.n-ating  the 
Pimpalner  sub-division  from  the  IMngs  aud  the  Kiailt  district,  and 
nintr  are  in  the  sputa  that  intersect  the  IMnipalner  sub-divieion.  Thotte 
IwMling  into  the  DAnga  are  RoiutiAKiiAiti,  near  RAyjiar,  pasxable  for 
*  half- 1  ad  en  ca^Ue,  aud  Ohanmalk^bi,  nvw  VJmharpita,  Uurely 
posfablo  for  carts.  Those  leading  into  the  Nfisik  diwtrict  are,  (ho 
HtLeARIdHAT,  on  thu  mnin  line  bctwuvn  IJonU  and  Mdmk,  bridged 
and  in  good  order;  FlBOLiniKiOHlT,  {Mueoible  for  carta  bnl  with 
little  tratfic ;  llKt>Ai.VAi>iOHAT,  a  track  for  foot  paiwengen ;  Mo«daka, 
on  the  old  road  from  Snrat  to  JUnlegnon,  a  fair  pwss ;  and  lUBCbvAni, 
passahlo  for  carls  but  in'  v<try  bw!  order.  Those  in  I'impalncr 
•  are  GRonBaR.i.T  near  ChaOJpaHa  and  one  between  Scri  mul  Audi, 
*  payable  for  foot  passengers  and  nlAideu  atiimnls ;  KcjjpaipAkuih.^t. 
nbiiut  fift«vn  miles  west  of  Niaimpor,  on  the  main  n>ad  Ir-Iwoch 
Dbulia  and  B'li^t,  described  in  I82U  aa  full  of  forest  but  pass-tlilo 
10  carr'iages,^  now  bridged  and  metalled  and  with  considerable 
traffic;  CuvlkiiAchAi).<iii   and    TuAhkpAda    on    the    road   botw 


NandtiklSlr  and  Ntxj>mpiiir«rith  fair  traffic;  Man  or  TXHi>o»ADJliu,dH 
the  road  between  Unihmauvel  and  Dabivel,  barely  nasaable  for  mrts^^ 
Gu&TitiRi  on  the  road  between  Ashtana  aud  Miedtnpnr,  througli 


<  Cootrilqilol  by  tXk'tar  A.  T.  Miuiil«T,  B.E.,  Exeeatir*  bgtPMa  Khtrnkiii. 
*  t^ptain  Cluixa'  luucnij,  Iff,  tfS. 


-"  *^- 


"    '^ 


OeeMn-J 


khAnoksu. 


Kliorna,  in  good  order  mi<1  mlh  coii«idvn>l>lv  trofRc ;  TssABoiiti, 
on  tlio  rOAtl  from  SfUcri  u>  Siz&tnpvr,  wiUt  littlo  tmlliuj  n!ii 
KMAmnftmn'stti^  OD  Uie  rood  betweon  S«v&li  aod  Nizdmpur, 
tbi'i'iii/lt  llhrtmor,  ia  good  repair  and  with  ouuHtdoriiblv  tntfiic. 

The   Sat[)udii   ^)u^^vl^s^   iK-j^miiiif^  from   the  west,  are   AMLifiici, 
loading  from  Am!i  towards  Dhadgaon  and  thoK^thi  state,  pa&sabk' for 
liuloD  mdluuks,  olopkaDts,  nnd  cniuolH;  SatarqAri  niii!  ijinoi-VKeXBi, 
from  S&Targnon  and  t^iiigpiir  belovf  t.ho  hills  to  the  K4tlii  stale,  inuwabto 
Cor  unladen  animala  only ;  VAlhkkiuaiii,  DuKKAritiAiti,  AkomibjIbi, 
ttnd  Ai«ahu.u)IiAt,  all  leading  to  Dkadg»oa  in  ibv  north  and  Taloda 
in  the  wjulh,  jum.-'iilflo  only  for  unladcu  aninu^la  a»d%>ot  TuuiHoiigors 
carrying    headloads;  ChAsmeuohAi,  about  thirteon  miles  north- 
vrrat  of  Taloda,   also  on  thi>  road  to  Dhadgnon  and  thonce  to  tho 
Narbwin,  in  1820  chokod  with  forest,  now  [)A^al>le  for  inodvrntcty 
laden  donkeys  and  bullocks,  and  with  some  traffic ;  BdtAka  or  Dodra- 
DDvAtifiAT,  Nautba.  and  KakuiuAk).  od  the  ro&d  from  Dhad^^aoo  to 
Sural,  Inu-uly  pusabloby  fout<  |Nii»cngore  cnrryingheodlondejNAVK- 
aivauiT,  on  the  road  from  Akr&ni  to  Shdhilda,  passable  for  lightly 
liwlon  camels  and  ok'phants ;  and  TuiuKMumiiT.  on  the  road  from 
Tunmmiil  to  Khiili('nlii,  pnssnble  for  fimi  imiAst-ngers  with  hfndlonda 
and  lightly  laden  bulIocKS  and  donki-'ys.    In  Sbirpiir  the  only  l»SSG4 
itro  VadAli,  It  cart  roud  from  Ltieur  lo  Va'Vi!i ;  ikiid  MXi^niu,  a  cart 
road  from  (janpur  to  M^Mpur ;    Bakvaji  «r  Sl'^alpevi.   north  of 
StUt&nptir,  in  the  Barr^ui  state,  tjiou_Bual  i\>afl  froin_iui!or  to  Sural, 
pOMablo  but  hard  for  cattlu;  Palahnku  or  tJiXf^yA.  on  the  BotnlMy- 
Agra  road,  alwut  thirty  uiilcjt  wist  of  HarvAn  or  Hukaldevi,  with  tbrco 
Unea,  two  of  them  pa^alil^  for  carta.'   In  Chopda,  besides  sis  fo»tpnths 
U»odniorL- or  less  by  the  people  in  the  pfains  and  tht^  Bhils  of  Ad&vod 
and  filhor  ptncvn  in  brtngiug  down  head  or  biillwik  ioiids  of  graKSf 
fnel,  and  biimbooii,  there  are  the  following j>asses  iised  by  carta : 
EAkuvAoiiAt,  leading  from  Vardi  toGandyaDovAra  and  to  Bormali, 
paxitablo  for  carta,  with  traffic  tn  wood  and  lHiinl>oo!<;  CiiACRiurATi, 
between  Kunnidnud  Karfnind, po^sablo  for  laden  cattle;  UiiAiLiBAitt, 
twenty  mites  nrtnh-<>asl  at  CAioptla,  botwpeu  MAlapur  and  Chirmim 
~(udin<^  also  to  Kharjou  in  His  llighnt-M  Ilolkar's  lorritorv, 

Me  for  Iftdtm  bullocks  and  tarts,  with  it   Viiojitri   Iraflic  in 

wood  and  lutmboos  ;  SinvA  Bagda,  on  the  road  from  Varad  to 
Vaijiipur,  formerly  passable  for  cattle,  lately  taken  up  as  a  famino 
work  and  made  into  a  cnrt  rood;  Va^jAi-ub,  a  cart  ru«d  from 
Adgaon  to  Vaijitpur,  with  no  spvciid  'timHic ;  and  Umaktbi,  a  cnrt 
road  from  M&malda  to  Umarlbsatid  on  into  His  Higbnoss  flolkar'a 
lerritiiry.  In  tUvda,  besides  t«'euty  mounbiin  footpaths, 
VAruimdBi,  MaiiclbAki,   S.Wkuki>^uAk),    NivoivaiKi,    Aii<;atrAri, 

ItVEIMSI,    VlsXvilU^BI,    SaTIE^IrI,    DHAVUOAEBiEI,    pAL,    MiEtllR.iltl, 

Umhia,  Hinqonebari,  KIorAdi,  LovaKj  AuB.d'AKi.DniHoaATt,  Palox, 
GcnoianATi.  nnd  Viboub,  need  gcuonilly  bj-  Bhita  in  bringtt);;  bead 
or  bullock  looda  of  wood  and  bamb<x>it,  Lliu  following  are  the  chief 
paassB ;  Hhidalbabi,  from  P&I,  with  a  considerable  traffic  in  wood 


ChBpfcBTTl 

Trade. 


iC 


r'^ 


'  [b  ISHthii  waa  th«  tiighrfwl  to  Mlinw,  Imim  unbckltbjr  that  1i«t«f*9  Anffuat 
tad  DnotnlxT  BaropouH  preferred  uiy  other  nrnU.    C^ytaiu  t'lutw*'  Itiuoiuy,  4% 

■  4H— n 


IBombaj  0*i»t 


ipter  VL 

Inde. 


VJ?= 


vo    J 


DISTRICTS. 


bn^ug'bt    by   Vanj^ris    from   ITia   nip^hDOse    tTolkar's   l«rrito' 
lft»t.Ai3iiiAin.   from   Al'bn(i4i«  Ui   Pill,  »  cni-t  rr>ai]  with  «o   tmirib 
?\[,\\mn|[..»r-iirl  mml  fn>m  Maogrul  lo  UnriaiulUo  Central  VVitvincei 
with  iii>^']K'fialliiifliL-;J^A||jji  i-arl  ruad  from  River  to  PAl  wilti  Inil 
in  fiipl  and  bamboos,  nnil  from  Sjiviln  (u  t'lil  with  do  epodnl  tru 
and  GASisAiTit,  n  van  nMid  from  Pddala  co  Neiiiltd, 

Tl>r>  S^lnijily  MBjii-ii  nro  bc|^'nt]inf;  from  tbo  east,  ^JAlffl^*   above 
Fanlcpur,  ut>uiil  thirty  miles  »iiii()i-4')uit  of  Piiiboni,  wisily  pa»snbl 
by  PiirtK;'  HaldiAouAt,  and  Jasjali.IohaT,  jiasHablo  forladen  catll 

UoKDBSHVAIKJlliT,      »    fool})>»tll  ;     J>»'>E.SAKI01|At,     NAndI^AoIIAT,    »Ui 

SDKXDRXaiiAT,nT1  jmnsnblcforlitdoii  cviltli-;Siiii[onAT  niu!  AktcboiiAl, 
■  [i>i>t]ii)tba ;  KAtAnAT,  also  a  footpaib,  fi>:im  Uoi'osv^di  to  Sllrar^.ion 
where  a  fair  is  favid  in  tbu  month  of  Chaitra  (Murch -April),  in  honour 
of  tbo  god  K^ttoba  wlio  haa  a  U-inpIo  there ;  AsaoqiiAt,  a  ftiatpntU 
from  S&yf;aon  to  Mohun  ;  MUAisanAr  from  SilygnoD  to  Uetiiin, 
p«MSsab1v  for  liiden  c-iittlv,  much  iisod  by  people  going  to  the  Siivar- 
j^on  fair;  tiAvTAi.AanAT  oi-  Amra,  Ix-twocn  ChiJliwciion  and  Kumiiul, 
the  old^tradeTm^^^BTrijrarilie  hill  fui.t.lhc  ruiiicd  oilv/d  l'a(ua 
Etaiidtt.  It  wiiN  oncw  nwd  by  carta,  and  though  now  out  ofropair, 
loiulvd  carts  with  looked  whonle  ant  bo  taken  down  with  diBicidtji; 
It  vras  ori^nall;  umde  by  Aumugxeb  aud  repaired  by  Lieutei 
Outram  when  be  srtt-  '' "■  •  IlhiU  at  Kannad ;  KAxnoBAcnAsoNua, 
frouTTjoiija  iiiurSii  Knpnnd  ;  XimodAt,  from  PAthnrie  lo 
Stilbktind,  pa&iable  U.-r  hidL^n  bulIncljB.  Ob'ritAir  or  KAsMNoATnHAT, 
ten  milos  wmth  of  CliAlifywon,  w«»  in  1870  pn:)vidi.'<l  with  n  comploto 
cart  iiMid ;  it  has  niuob  traffifi  in  grain,  pulse,  oilsotd,  fruit,  and  cluth. 
JuxoxvAc'iiAunirffromShiTflpurto  Jununa,  passable  for  ladpn  cattle, 
was  much  ii^cd  before  tlio  Outram  pass  was  made.  Beyond,  iu  the 
tutrwnio  »oiith-west  are  n  grunp  of  small  piMtscit,  KALnnAr,  from 
V&nm (i J  Amim  ^OhAtohAt,  fntm  Ahank^i  t«^>  Aml'iila;  Gaxksohat, 
from  Pdtnato  Kalanki;  and  CHiLHAnonAt,  IJADnAnanAT,  Khbkbokda, 
and  Mlkcik! ri.tr,  from  Kluiradi  toLodhra;  and  Uanvatohat,  from 
rimjnt^iu  to  Lodbra.  TJiMc  arc  all  footpaths  passable  for  unladen 
cattle  oulv.  _  __       _. 


'"■■I 


Under  the  British,  Iwsidcw  by  ronds,  the  diatrict  connnanioatioDfl 
liave  boon  improved  by  the  opening  of  tliu  Qrent  Indian  Peninsnl^^ 
Bailway.     Ilie   portion   of  the    line,    about    142    oiiles,     wilhwB 
Khiiiid('-*b  Itmil.ii   v.ii-<  bcgiin  in  1852,  nnd  opened  for  trnliic  between^ 
ISfil  and  18(55.     It  enters  Kliiiiidcsh  «t  its  wi nth- west  conior,  a.  few 
^uiib-3  north  of  the  town  of  Ndydimgri  iu  N^ik,  and  nms  ncirtb-east)^ 
keeping  near  the  oourso  of  tbo  Gimd'as  £ir  aa  Jalgaon.     In  a  lengtf 
of  eighty-two  miles  between  the   western  bonndary  of  the  distrif 
and  Ithiuuivul,  where  the  line  divides  into  the  Jnbalpnr  and  Nii 
l>ranche«,  there  are  nine    )it«tiou!i,    Cb&lisgaon,  Kiijgaon,    Gilli 
Pllchon|^ftheji,  MhiisavadiSluBpIi/Talgaon,  and  Itli/idii  (NuHira 
From  tRmsivnl,  on  th*  Jabaipbr  line,  a  diatanoo  of  thirty  milea, 
fire  atations,  Uujkheda,  S&vdft,  Kiuibora,  Kitver  and  Kh^fipur,  nn 


'  III  183G,  It  waa  a  gooA  gaa  ro«4  Mul  tbe  only  nmto  (or  out*. 
lliiMTary.  ISS. 


on  flio  X^ppnr  line,  n  dii^auco  of  twenly-cight  milos,'  atv  t^o 
stnticiiis,  Vimiugiuiu  and  Nndgnon.  Ex<re|>t  tlie  bridges  ttcmes  the 
Vii^hur  near  Nasirabad  and  aci-osBtlic  T&pli  tmar  Diijklieda,  tho 
liiiu  was  Bunplo  and  OMily  modi*.  Uouidcs  tho  ordiuHty  buildings 
fcl  the  diiltircnL  eUtiona,  costing  from  £300  to  £1^00  (Rs.  SOOO- 
15,000),  witJi  a  statioD  master's  ho«ee  and  bookinpr  ufiice,  and 
at  Pacliom,  Jalguon,  nud  Kiidgvon,  Bmall  waiting  ruoiim,  Uie.rxi  has 
b«!n  built  at  llie  Bhnafiral  junction  a  handsoino  atation  at  a  cost 
of  £80,000  (Re.  8,00,000),  with  large  bath  and  refrcBlimont  roc.ua, 
a  Inr^^u  worksluip,  dwellings  fgr  Bun^pcan  enipluyccs,  public 
gnrdeuit,  )uindM>me  rcawling  roomi<i,  und  a  gyytkhana. 

Tile  chief  road  bridges  in  Klulndesfa  are,  on  the  Bombay-Agm' 
ruad,  across  tbo  Pilujltm  at  Dhuliu,  a  stonv  bridge  with  twcutjr-nino 
openings,  fift4>on  of  (Iiirty  fwt  and  fonrtoon  of  eight  foot  span,  and 
ajrrosa  the  Bori  on  tbo  Dbulia-Ch^liKgaon  road,  a  etone  bridge  of 
fifteen  openings,  nino  of  forty-fivo  ftwt  and  bjx  of  tw«nty  fout  Kpan. 
A  llyini!  bridgo  at  Muhunbdra  ou  tho  »une  roftd  vras  carrit^d  away 
ill  the  1H72  tlood,  and  a  new  one  is  now  being  set  np.  'i'ho  chief 
railway  bridges  nro  five  in  nnmbcr.  Thrct-  of  thctn  with  thirty  f«;t 
openings  uu  Ibe  Tctur,  l)i<>  Itola,  and  tbi!  Korunda,  all  tributaries  of 
tho  Girna,  wcro  works  of  no  special  difficulty.  Tho  bridge  near 
Nni<ira))itdncr»SK  thuVitghiir,  which  ialioi-cSOO  ji^nls  wide,  iMncistwl 
ftt  Brat  of  ten  openings  s[>anncd  by  iron  gicdera  on  Warren'a  prindple. 
Five  of  thofio  openings  were  afterwards  removed  aud  filled  in. 
Souo  after  leaving  tlio  jnnction  iitation  nt  Bhiicuivat  tho  line  eruttseti 
"be  T^tj.     The  nver  is  oflO  vardii  wide  and  subject  to  audden  and 

roro  Hoods  rising  tit  times  to  a  btjight  of  sovcoly<eiglit  fi'vt.  U 
was  ut  firft  spanned  by  a  bridge  87'>  yni'ds  long,  conttistiug  of  five 
opeuingB  of  lltS  feetaud  fourteen  of  sixty  fcot  covejvd  iron  girdcnt, 
and  twonty  orctivs  of  fi-rty  font  each.  Tlio  beds  of  the  Vilghur  aud 
the  TJipU,  aa  well  as  of  the  arosller  rivers,  are  of  solid  rock,  and  for 
tbo  bridges  good  foundations  wero  oblninoil  with  eaae.  But  tbe 
Lpuksonry  wiiK  in  ninny  coaos  uuiialiK factory,  aud  as  some  of  tlio  bridges 
niavo  shown  signs  of  fidliu'O,  it  has  boeu  found  noocHHnry  to  build  tlitna 
on  a  new  tlcKigii  with  piers  of  iron  CTliiidcre  filled  with  conci'Oto. 
Tlio  TiSpti  bridge  ivas  in  1^72  rep!oc*>d  by  a  new  bridge  on  this 
principle,  about  652  yards  long  and  consisting  of  tweuty^ight  spttDS 
of  sixty^ix  ftt'l  ond  (ivo  of  luO  feet  girders. 

The  only  pnblic  ferry  in   the  district   is    acro«  tbo   Girna  a( 

;}i1ehnnbiini.     After  tho  lo»«  of  the  flnng  bridge  in  1872,  a  double 

*ferry  boat  twenty  feet  by  tiftx^eu,  drawingabout  throe  feet  and  ablo 

to  lio^d  fifty  paxsongers  wae,   iu  1874^  built  out  of  local  fau<U  ut  n 

cost  of  £300  (B».  8000>.» 

Besides  this  pablic  fonyy  forty-eight  private  boats  ply  at  diSerenfc 
plnocn  on  tke  Ttipti,  »onio  workidjkthrouf^hout  the  yonr  wbore  tlio 
river  is  never  fonlable,  and  some  during  the  rainy  seiiDou  only.  'J'ho 


Chapter  Tl 
Trade. 


Foe 


*  Thii  Imncti  liaa  (wco  of  «[>wiial  importaaoe  ••  It  eaan«cli  Bomhkf  iritli  ona  ol 
tha  Ur^t  Mill  txat  O0tlnn-){rnwing  'iMTJcta. 

■  lliw  IxNit  Iu*  for  •ouie  Uuo  l>Mn  out  oi  (Vpftur,  oad  tbc  Iiitn  contract  ia  turn 
\\S»)  hM  %  Uw  Mil  cvtttrMtor. 


[Bomlny  Ouett 


212 


DISTiaCTS. 


Cliapt«r  VI 

Trade. 

FittrteiL 


llloam. 


•b  UfficM. 


d<y>tli  of  water  lu  thcso  plnoes  varies  from  five  to  thirty  feet.     Of  i 
f'>rt.y-vif(lit  Tnpli  ImkiIh  mn;  w  in    Ajnalner,  Boven  are  in    HhusAv 
four  ill  L'itiijiibi,  two  in  Hrandu),  one  in  Nandnrbiir,  two  in  NatiiniiK 
nine  iu  Sfivda,  sovoa  in  Mb&luUla,  mnu  iu  Sliiqiur,  Uiree  ill  Talix 
an<1   one   id   Virdel.     The  IxmU  ure   gonerallf   built   of  teak 
PmluUha,  Hiiroii^lMiiA,  and   other  Kbdn^sb  Tillagvs,  uti<]  xoc 
times  broa^bt  fi-uiii  BurhSnpur  or  Bombay.     Tlwy  vary  in  siat',  fr 
ei^hU'ifn  feet  lon^f  liy  eiglit  brcMKl  and  thnr«  doop,  to  fortv-aeven  fa 
lonff  i>y  vliiven  bniad  and  lliroo  deep.     They  can  cany  from  fif 
to   IW  paaiM^ogera  and  some  of  them  from  four  U>  fifty  nmniaE 
Their  chargca  arc,  ftir  a  prammf^r,  from  ('(.  U>  i'l.  (i  -  J  iinna),  ' 

*«»imals  fmni  jji^.  to  3<l.  (1-2  oHtutt),  and  for  carta  from  d4.  to  i 
{i-ioniMM).     II10  whole  vcarly  nnmbcr  of  pasBODKcrs  Y»ric»  fr 
100  to  7000  aud  oi  aniinai»  from  300  to  14>00.     II1U  boats  ooat  frof 
£16  to  £3S0  (Ka.  ir>O.It<(.  aSOO),  and  but  for  nearly  twenty  year 

The   erow,  vrbo  are  also  the  owners  of  the  boats,  «ru   p.!mtnd( 

Kolii^  iiud  Blioie,  and  sonw  am  BhiU,  Mhdrs,  ltaj|>utit,  and  PardeRhiR. 
When  ooi  eriiployod  on   tiiu  boats  thi:y   work  in  the  Gelda  ur  do^ 
•omo  other  unskilled  labour.     They  imw  tlie   boate  with   paddle 
geuvmlly,  in  limes  of  Hood,  starting  a  mile   or  two  higltei'  up  tl 
streaui  tJum  the  plucu  tituy  niako  for.   Othur  rivers  are  crnased  eitbe 
by  swimiiiiiiK  with  gourds  tied  under  the  chest,  or  on  a  gonrd-bnojM; 
oot  launcheil  Humo  diHtanco  up  the  ittninm  and  guidc<l  neroxH  by 
or  ibnw  Bhoiit  or  Kolia  swimming  on  eilherside.     Theasualcoa 
18  from  Id.  to  j(j.  (l-J  unjia). 

Besidea  twelve  travellers'  bnngalowti  at  Arvi,  Bodrad,  Ch^lisgiKii 
Chikalval,  Dhulia,  Jalf^aon,  Khed,  Karddna,  PiUhoru,  Pulaanoi*^ 
Shirimr,  Songir,  and  Vinchur;  nine  difttriet  ofEcenj'  buu^alowa 
at  Bctt&va<I,  U|futUtval,  Uhamngaon,  Dhulia,  Jalgaon,  Nandurbdr, 
Nardtina,  Kangaon,  and  Sanndina;  and  seven  public  works 
in>4p«ctors'  bini^tows  at  Cbimtana,  IVmdaicha,  Kliod,  Kundaib^i,  ; 
McbunlMkni,  ^ilkri,  and  Vinchur,  there  are  ninety-live  reat-boasMi^i 
dharjna»hiitiis.  Of  these  one  m  in  the'Aiiuilnor  sub-diviaion,  scvo^H 
are  iu  Bliuaflval,  four  in  CliAliif^a'jn,  two  in  Chopda,  ten  in  Ohulit^^ 
four  in  Erandol,  six  in  Jdmnor,  nine  in  Nandurb^-,  four  in  Nasirabad. 
nine  in  Filohora,  Gve  in  Pinifxtlner,  elevou  in  Savdn,  eight  in  yiuUuida, 
five  in  Shirpor,  two  iu  Taloda,  and  seven  in  Virdol.  Of  the  twelve 
Iravvllwrs'  b«ngalown  two  aro  in  tho  Bhunival  sub-diviaion,  five  iu 
Bhulia,  two  in  Shin)ur,  aud  one  each  iu  Ch&lisgaon,  Pichora,  and 

^Virdel. 

Tbo  di«trteb  of  Khiindcsh,  forming  part  of  the  Khdndeah  poati 
division,  oontoiiut  fifty-three  post  ol(iec«.     Of  tliese  that  at  Dhulia 
the  chief  disbun^iug  office,  is  in  charge  of  a  postmaster  drawing; 
yearly  i^iliiry  rising  from  £120  to  £163  (1^.  1200.Kj*.  1080);  &.__, 
ooa^l  offices  at   ithu^va],  Jalgaon,  I'd<!hora,  and  Sindkheda,  are  in 
chiirge  of  deputy  poetmasters  drawing  from  t4S  to  £60   (Ba.  480-_ 
Ra.  600)  a  year ;  twenty  sob-ofRces  at  Amalner,  Bhadgaon,  Bodv 
Cb&lisg«on,Chop<ln,DbaraDgson,  Edlabad,  Kmndol.  J&mner,  Miliojij 
NunilurbAr,  NusirabacI,  Farola,  Pimpulncr,  S&vda,  Shali^<.lu,  t^hirpui 
Songir,  Vamngnon,  and  Yival,  are  in  chnrpo  "f  sub-depnty  post 
masters  drawing  from  £18  to  £48  (Us.  ISU  •  Kb.  -iSO)  a  year ;  cLcvei 


■s 


KUAl?DESII. 

offices  at  BeUvwI,  Fnixpur,  Mlms&vaJ,  Ner,  Ncn,  Nimbofa, 
I«i/.iiin)>ur,  Ptionda,  RanfUa,  H&ver,  and  Taloda,  are  in  ck»r}^  of 
brauuh  poBtmaatera  drawiaff  from  JE12  to  £14  8*.  (Ra-iaO-IUl+l) 
i>  year;  aud  Euvciit^vn  bruticli <jfBix-<( a(  Ad&vad,  Aa(>da.BH}iiUIurpar, 
Dondtticlia,  KaigaoD,  Kaualda,  tv'a)*ardeTta,  Ndndra,  Puldhi, 
PimpniUi,  Prakiana,  Shendnrni.  Sinid,  Sukri,  Tliiilncr,  Utnin,  and 
Viruel,  orw  in  clwrgu  of  villtigi!  «cU(niliiia«iLew,  drawing  bcsidofl  Uieir 
ati)i(«ltnafitcrt«' aaUirias  from £3  Vls.totfi  t2ll.(Ra.36-BsA^6)  ayear 
from  the  postal  depart mont.  The  potil  ot1ic«  at  Pimpalucr  ik,  from 
October  to  Ftf bniary,  rt-niovod  to  Walpur  tlitio  the  in^mUtdur'H  )icad- 
quart«r».  The  MiUicji  post  office  is  oiieii  from  December  to  February 
white  the  hdr  laata.  Tbe  branch  onicv  at  Kuiuid,  in  tho  Niii^  a* 
domiuiuns,  twenty  miloo  6outb-cA»t  of  ChiUi^aoD,  id  tnannged  as  port 
of  the  KluUide«h  postal  divitiioD. 

These  offices  are  sapervised  by  an  inspector  with  a  yearly  salary 
£240  (Rs.  24UO),  bclpox]  by  a  sub^inspoctor  with  u  y«»rly  mlary 
of  £90  (ti«.  900).  At  tiomo  of  Ute  chivf  titat>on»  papera  and  lettora 
are  delivered  by  thirty-two  postmen  with  yearly  salaries  varying 
inym  £9  12*.  to  £12  (1{H.%-Kn.l20).  In  some  platxm  poKtal  rniuer* 
do  the  wiirk,  receiving,  iu  addition  to  tlteir  salarieH,  from  tl  ■!«.  to 
£2  8».  (He.l2-R8.34)  a  yuar.  Village  postmon,  ninoty  in  number^ 
rocuivo  from  £S  8*.  to  £12  (RH.»t.  Rit.I20)  ayeiir.  A  pony -cart 
poat,  RUinagod  by  contractors,  runs  daily  both  ways  from  Dhulia 
and  Ch&lisgaou.  Tbo  mails,  cnrriod  along  tho  nortli-oast  section 
of  tfav  Groat  Indian  Pouiusula  Railway,  ore  aortod  by  travelling 
office  ftorters  who  have  the  uae  of  a  aeparate  carriage.  The 
1  sorting-offii-o  at  the  Bhuslival  nulway  station,  in  charge 
ofBcor  drrtwing  £120  (Ra.  1200)  a  year,  in  siiiM-rvised  by  tbo 
perintendent  of  travelling  post  oiBcvs,  Bombay  divisioD. 

BL>«idv4  the  railway  telegraph  offices  at  the  different  nulway 
stations,  there  are  at  present  (1880)  two  Government  telegraph  offices, 
one  at  Bhnsitvul  and  the  other  at  Dhnlia.  The  total  nnmbor  of 
ill  1879-80  was  2036  at  Bhas&val,  148  of  them  Qovitrn- 

ntand  1888  private,  aud  9+4  nt  Dhnlia,  410  of  them  Oovemnicnt 
nnil  534  privalo.  The  oorrefiponding  tigiircn  for  1870-71  and 
I87b'7ti  were  '278  and  734  for  Bhusival  and  408  and  458  for  Ubulia. 


an 


GihapterT] 
Trade. 
Putt  OSoN 


Telogrtph. 


SECTION  U.— TRADE. 

The  earliest  Khiindesh  trade,  of  which  details  remain,  is,  in  the,  * 
third  ooMlury  aftt-r  Christ  (247),  the  tralHo  Ixttwcon  Broach  and  the 
southern  marcs  of  I'aithau  and  Tagar.  The  chief  im|K>rta  were  wine, 
brasa,  ooppor,  tin,  and  lead,  coral  and  chrysolite,  cloth,  Ptorax, 
wbito  gWs,  gold  aud  silver  coiui^,  aud  i>erfumes.  ITie  vxporia  were, 
from  Paithan  a  great  qaantity  of  onys  atonea,  and  from  Tngar 
ordinary  cottonji  in  abnndiuice,  many  sortsof  mnaliu!!,  mal low  coloured 
cottons,  aud  other  articles  of  local  production.'     Under  the  F&raki 


>  HcCHndlo'*  Poripitu,  ISS,  138.  Tlw  f^d  anil  silti-or  coiiw  •ram  impotted.  not 
from  n  want  o(  Itio  pix«iu«*  h«1>1«,  but  iMlisrsa  wofluofart.  Tbo  imi«r  tutus 
Ibal  lb«y  ytcliled  «  imfit  wlion  vxcluuiecd  for  the  loul  nouc;.     Ditto,  123. 


TradA. 
lOCU. 


-IS40. 


211 


D!STftICTS 


kiadrs,  in  the  fiftepnth  anJsiixteeiith  conturies,  besidivijciiri  whirl: 
in  iiuiiij  places  yieldfd  thi-ee  crops  a  year,  Khdudcab  gi-ew  romarkulily 
Gne  vvgctalilcs,  excotlt'ni  rice,  plenty  of  fluwcng  Knd   frti!t«i  ana    I 
abuudnnco  of  l)ot«l  leaf.'     In  tiio  seventeenth  century  thore  was  ^J 
great  export  ot  scented  rioe  and  cotton  dotb  from  NavApm-  is  thlH 
W08t>  a  hkrge  pnck  Iftillock  triule  id  gmiii,  and  n  very  grc«t  product io^H 
of  tobiu)co,maigo,and  dpiura.'  Tboffreat  trade cemre  wne  Burh^ijmr, 
in  u  ]>ai't  of  the  cuantry  with  as  iiiucli  cotton  as  any  in  India,  wtie>«    '. 
wiTo  madv  nrodigioii.-t  i{iiaiitiiieM  nf  very  clvjir  inid  wbito  cslicuts,    | 
some  painted  with  (lowers  and  others  with  6owerfl  nut)  a  tiisitue  of  eoM 
and  silver,  and  other  ct^tton  cloth,    lliotie  were  sent  in  vast  qnantities 
to  Pvraia,  Turkey,  Muscovy,  PoUiad,  Ambia,  Grand  Cairo,  aud  other    | 
plaeea.* 

At  the  bcpioninff  of  Bn'tiBh  rule  tbo  yearly  imports  from  Sarat 
BndDiuuMi,broti[;hlon  pack  Inil!wk^,were(;Mtim«ti!i!iitnl>ont. 1^,000 
(Bs.  -J,0O,O0O).  Of  ihia,  salt  represeuted  i2oOU,  nn;tal  .E2 12.'>,  spiws 
£2GW,  dates  and  dried  nuts£142U,idum  £1200,  sugariloOO,  pieco-  ' 
goods  £3000,  and  drugs  £2000.  'llio  local  itxportv,  including  i^t  ton 
ynrii,  coarse  cloth,  blankets,  gunny  bags,  piipvr,  hemp,  twine,  oil, 
tobacco,  dyea,  honey,  wax,  hides,  and  sheep  sent  cbietly  to  Boriir  and 
Mdlwn,  were  valued  at  about  £12,000.*  Alwut  1824  an  importimt 
cfaango  took  place  in  Kh&idesh  trade.  The  export  of  Uer&r  eutton, 
eastwards  through  MiratiiiKir.  to  supply  tbo  groat  demand  of  tho 
Bengal  cotton  weovers,  oeaaed  firom  tJie  couipetitiun  of  English  ' 
gootU.'  AboutthcHitme  time,thoe«tabliahmeDt  uf  order  in  Kh^ndosh  | 
nnd  the  iiDprovemenl  of  the  route  by  the  Thai  pass  to  Ithiwndi,'  led 
Bombay  merchants  to  bring  ^wtton  from  Berfir  t^tmii^ht  to  the  sea. 
In  18341,  a«  much  us  31 ,000,000  pounds  irent  through  Khiindciihfrom 
Berfir  to  Bombay,  and  in  tJie  nine  years  following,  the  avt^rage 
quantity  was  3-i,75O,O0O  ponnds.     This  cotton  wa«  carried 


quantity 

by  puck  bullocks. 


ponndB.     This  cotton 
It  vnui  ostjmotoil  itmt  not  fewer 


thnn 


chit-ny 
180,000 


til]  locks  were  employed,  and  in  years  of  scarcity  the  want  of  carriage 
was  often  a  great  difficulty/  At  this  liinc  tho  price  received  by  tho 
grower  was  wlxmi  a  penny  the  pound,*  Tho  exporters  were  either 
rich  local  traders,  or  Bombay  native  (irnis,  wbo«o  agents  sent  out 
clerlca  to  make  advances  to  luidholders  and  village  faeadmen,  or  bo 


1 

tbo  ' 


>  QUdwin'a  Ain-i' Akhwi,  n, ffl. 

*  Sir  T.  Roe  (1619)  in  ono  cky  mot  kt  loftit  ID.OOO  bollnclu  cwryhc  grain.  Kc 
VojkgiM,  IX.  250.  TavtraUr  \\WOi  (Ilkrri*'  Vayngat,  IL  S73)  Mdiwi  iniligovf 
mnrt  kinij,  eviuin,  nod  luinMU*  (inanliUM  uf  toliaooo. 

■Tavcnuo-  11660)  iii  llnrris'  Vnngok  IL  VC  Abut  >'ul  |ieOa>  notiuM  ttut 
Kbandwh  wiu  fuiiuui  r^-r  >  (iiM  rtsB  oilUd  atorUA,  nnil  that  at  DbarUtRMB  ririnu 
•ncl  linn  wdiu  niaiW.    Glwloiii'*  Alo'l-Akbriri,  TI.  ifl 

*  Tlicr«  wa*  aUo  at  Uiani  a     oniMidaTablu  cljnirt  of    cotton  !>]■  th«  KnoclniMii 
pOM  to  Surai  muI  on  (mii  Rural  lir  »ra  to  Itniacb.     Malcnim'a  (lovoraincnt  ot  Iiii 
loTl   Fniwick   (IMO),  VomUy   AKH-Iloitkultiinl    Society    Rni>orUf    Chapi: 
Ooaaaaor,  S}, 

■  The  vxiiort  of  nalioxM  (rom  Vttffd  f«U  frota  £l.l>fi9,9M  in  ISID  to  £2Sa,  121 
ISStt.    C'ba|inuiii'a  (^lunicrcc,  T4. 

*  Tbif  T)in)  pa»  waa  (182B)  «Mty  for  tarta  j  Ike  Pioiiecn  were  at  work  nakiog 
tcttd  to  Bhiwiiili.   Captain  CHsMa' Itia«T»rr.  115.   ImiirovcmMtatrtoit  on  in  the  dah 
Iroa  tB3fl  tii  t^tl.  Cnapmaa'a  CnnniHroe,  367.  *  Cli*pmau*ii  Conineree,  *a^ 

*  In  I8S7,  ri77  ptnoc  waa  tliuu^ht  •  good  iirioc  (Cbafnan^  Cetoutonx,  63] 
IS47  tlie  pnoe  «m1  «1  (Ditto,  CS). 


1 


buy  from  local  dealon.'  In  1841,  tht)  Botnbay  ootton  trrxle  HiifForad 
ervai,  loosog,  and  for  some  years  i-oniiuaod  df^pr^nsod,  Lbe'nsport^ 
fpom  liomlmy  fiilliiiH;  fivm  104,795,001  j>oimil»in  1841  to47,i05;3U 
in  ItiM.'  Though  in  1848  priixi^  Imd  somewhftt  risen,  tliv  cut.lon 
tnulu  was  in  u  very  l>iid  etato.  Tlii>  powers  wera  hopelessly  inilebted 
and  awn\  litllu  fur  tliv  statu  of  ttioir  crup.'  As  Darlr  as  \ii26  tlio 
Thai  route  was  passable  by  carts,  and  in  1844^,  aftt^r  (hv  itiipruvtimonts 
to  tbo  road  wotre  finialiea,  cart^  bo^n  to  take  ehe  place  of  pack 
bulluckn.  ]u  18&2,  ho  many  Khnixlui^li  cartii  woro  employed  that 
their  carninffK  Itad  an  important  elTect  on  the  condition  of  chi!  pcoplo. 
As  fioun  HH  uio  harveiit  was  housed,  laoay  laqflholdera  either  atai'ted 
witli  their  cart«  for  Khiinigaon  in  Benir,  or  l(»oWecl  for  a  faro  at  Iiomu, 
Fr<»ii  ikinLr  or  Kh&ndeiiili  they  Btarted  for  Ubitviidt  and  Mildom 
rcdu-nod  empty.  The  trip  took  aboot  six  wi>eka  and  they  uet ted 
from  &2  to  £2  10«.  (Bs.  20-R&  2(>).  IE  fortunuto  they  made  two 
trips  in  the  seafuin.* 

ijiuce  IS')'!,  by  tbo  opcninf;  of  the  railway,  the  trade  of  Kbitndesfa 
has  (ipvatly  c-liangcd  and  deve1opi.^d.  Botwoon  1808  and  1878,  the 
figures  show  an  iiii*reai««>  in  paiiHeugiira  fi'om  47ri,lO0  ty  727,->05,  and 
in  ipMida  from  43,121  to  1 14,540  tons.  The  chief  passenger  fltatioua 
art'  Bhimlviil  with  an  increase  from  200,872  in  I8G8  to  3lJit,775  in 
187^,  and  Jal^in  witltsu  increaae  from  511,073  to  74,2!IC.  Jaignoa 
is  the  chief  goods  station  and  sbowa  a  rise  from  15,310  tons  in  1868 
to  47,003  tons  ia  I87S.  The  following  statement  shows  for  esch 
stiitioii  tbo  cliatigcs  in  tbo  tmfHc  during'  tbo  ten  yoarii  ending  187S  : 

KlutadfA  FoMtftgrraml  Oeodt  TVii^  JSSS,  1S73,  ami  I.V7S. 


Ml  la 

IMS. 

mt.          { 

«un. 

8tAno>. 

■^     a™*. 

Pint. 

DoKbi. 

Ooe^ 

KjtIlEltflll          -'- 

(i^iia            ...                  .- 
f*^;ur«         ...         .._        ... 
Mtbljl            _.         _ 
MIlHtVllJ     .„         ..         „ 

Bhlnoll         ~ 

Jhlfffftn         ...        _.t       _ 

Hhntlv^l  Jiuu:tl4i«i 

Jf3»alftr  tta. 
Dolkhola     ...       

SAxI'l     . 

KiHT      .                               

KbiUii|n>r _ 

mtpor  LI— ^ 

Tunnictiiii 

gUttaa 

ST 

2VI| 

si.iu 

Tone 
MM 

inn 
IMU 

*o 

UUl 

l«>17 

'^ 

It/M 

tUKM* 

n.t4» 

ftm 

M,8ia 

Took 

on 
on 

im 

ItOI 

n.ora 

ItVT 

am 

ISM 

ttLan 
fun 

KJM 
Ml.7t» 

Km 

»l.T7» 

mt 

MO 

ma 
uu 

MAI 

seu 
un 

- 

... 

t7';Via 

U.ISI 

1 

tniw 

Ut,MO 

Cluipter  VX. 
Trade. 

isao-i»ta 


Uutnma, 

ises-i&Ta 


>  Mr.  Venitirk,  i!oiab«y  Agri-UorticultnrsJ  8o«nly,  IGUi  Doocnibe*  IfiM. 
■  CfaApsiaii'i  Canaueraa,  68-  *  ClutpnuM'i  Oaminoroo.  91, 

•  Dtpuin  U.  Win^ntu.  W  of  Sdlh  Mnrel)  IS5S.  Bun.  Uur.  ScL  1. 1.  TbMO  1mm 
jnitniFvii  M'en)  not  .1  Putd  uin  t»  l!i4  )iB*(i«ni)nioii.  Tho  work  «-&■  vary  trying  ftna 
nticcuFty  txil-^w  Um  SabrMri  luUa  iiutiy  eUtlu  diwl  or  wen  iDJuivil  for  life.  Boio. 
Oor.  Stl.  XCItL  Se. 


^^ 


ChBpt«rVl. 
Trftde. 

Railviiy 

Rcttuna, 

ISU6-187S. 


*Coinpnriiip(Vie  grwds  returns  for  1873  luxl  1878  thochiof  rhnnf 
are,  uinfer  exjwirla,  ao  increase  iu  cottoii  seed  {rom  notliiitg  in  lii-it 
toiwt,  in  firewood  fn>tn  fottrtooti  to  9023  tons,  io;  f(taia  from  HUSO  b 
33,092  tonM,  in  bidvK  »nd  horns  Front  tbirly-dvu  to  231  tunit,  ii 
linseed  ham  4208  to  5826  tons,  in  timber  tnm  ten  to  112  tons,  ij 
country  piece-goods  from  eight  to  fifty-tliree  tons,  in  country  twi^ 
from  tou  to  1 17  t(in«,  und  in  tobacco  from  (wo  to  thirty -«ix  tonil 
There  is  a  tall  in  cotton  from  1<),!J90  to  li),40l  tons.  L'n»Ier  im|Kirtj 
theru  is  a  rise  in  cotton  from  407  to  2526,  in  firewood  from  nothini 
to  864£,  ia  grain  from  77-18  lo  13,4^4,  in  moliU  horn  869  to  1577 
in  meha  from  notliin^  to  bii6,  in  oil  from  twcnty-nne  to  2'13,  ii 
'  Etiropoan  piece-goods  from  253  to  361,  in  country  piece-goods  froq 
nixty-foiir  Lo  233,  in  «tignr  (ram  $50  to  2300,  and  in  tobacco  froa 
three  to  287  tons.  There  ia  a  decrease  in  timh«r  from  536  to  243 
and  in  European  twUi  from  275  to  2&6  tons.  The  details  are  glvel 
iu  the  fullowmg  statement : 


AmCLBIL 

i«n. 

ure.          1 

tnwu4. 

Outvmt. 

ifimrd. 

lm». 

TMMl 

^tm*. 

Tnu. 

CMlm       ...       ,„      

1«,W> 

«I 

IMl 

S»» 

OMkrii  tni 

„^ 

..- 

Krolt  and  1'*crUI]1«i      .., 

Ifl 

on 

«• 

IU 

nivKw<i   ...      ...      ...      ••• 

14 

— 

MM 

wu 

OMn                     

••») 

n« 

IWM 

IMU 

BMt«  k>d  Il-inu 

» 

■ 

331 

«t 

UikmO 

4°ua 

»w 

M» 

IK 

Miul          

m 

eiw 

Ml 

»TT 

«nta             

11 

fM 

ml    ^.      . 

'  — 

n 

10 

Ml 

riOfs  KBoAt,  Kurcpfftn  _ 

., 

ns 

Ml 

r>(Tviin#s  •Kiiainr      _. 

« 

M 

U 

« 

SjJI       ,> 

11 

■nt 

w 

tlN 

Siiifi;  mill  MtlnWH         ._ 

u 

*M 

N 

M«0 

PandrlA      ...       v.       w       ..- 

IIH 

«« 

«MC 

TIM     ' 

llDiInr       ...       _,       „       ,„ 

11) 

ut 

111 

MS     , 

TwIM,  Ktirvft     

i» 

m 

TwM,  evunlry    „      _ 

w 

IM 

117 

m 

TdbMM       

• 

a 

M 

w 

Wad           

u 

~ 

) 

Toul    .. 

)«;u) 

II. IM 

n,uo 

t3,llM 

Except  tlio  produce  that  finds  ii«  way  to  llanrii^d  and 
etatitm^  outside  of  Khfiudcsh  limits,  the-to  milwny  roiurne  r^preso^ 
tho  bulk  of  che  trade  of  ct-utnil  and  soiithfra  Kh^Qd^Hh.  In  tbd 
I.  north  and  west,  where  the  inllHiTicc  of  iho  railway  i«  little  felt,  t<her<j 
is  said  atill  to  be  n  cousidenibiti  Cradt-  with  GujaHtt,  chiefly  in  cluthJ 
grain,  d>'cs,  and  oil.* 

Bceides  increasing  traffic,  the  railway  has  cheapened  cmrt  ratofl 
from  X».  6d,  to  Is.  (12-8  annas)  a  ihiy  or  2Jd.  to  l\<t.  (IJ-I  nnna) 
a  milu,  fot  freo  a  number  of  ballocka  and  a  large  lK>dy  of  ou-riorfl 
for  the  work  of  tillage,  the  great  wont  in  Khjtndeah,  and  quickeae<| 


'This  tT»(Ie  WM  ill  I87e  iitiinAtcd  at  £40,000  (Ki.  4.00.O0O).  Il  wm  mii]  U 
Mimtoy  trocn  8(1000  to  40.000  pnok  bnllo^ka  aol  from  luOOto  laOO  c»ft».  Stmt  St«< 
tM&M  Anoovat  ia  tbt  bumlia)'  GucUccr.  II.  1^.  Ia  tbc  Uat  ;or  or  t«-o  tiM 
capCTt  of  oottoa  by  tin*  nnitv  bM  to  ninic  extent  nvh-cd.    Soc  kbov«,  p.  lea. 


D«cca)ii.l 


keiAndesh. 


217 


trade  ao  that  the  bit]k  of  tlio  cold  wouthcr  crop  comoe  to  marl^t 
before  the  rains  set  iu,  aad  in  trmiHit  sulTors  niuvlt  lt«)i  than 
formori}'.  ITiv  raibrfty  has  olw  made  jKiasible  the  opening  of 
sleam  hicttirifii  aod  pn-.-uteti,  hnat  iulrodnciAithu  BhiUi^,  new  and 
tnoro  pushing  traders,  and  bj  competitiuu  hati  lovrvrod  ibv  profits 
luid  IvKsenod  the  Dumbor  of  middloineD. 

Thechiof  agencivA  for  MpnMKling  im{iort«  and  for  gathering  exports 
are.  trado-centrea,  markois,  fairs,  viliagft  ahopx,  and  p(>iidl«r«'  pnclctt, 
Kxcdpt  Dhutin,  Knmltirbiir,  and  Parola,  all  the  chief  local  centres  of 
trade,  lihusiival,  C'h^tingtioii,  Fui/gnir,  Julgaon,  ildhojl,  lUver,  and 
Savda,  are  either  on  or  close  to  tlie  Hue  qf  rail.  Their  Kfidittg 
mcrthants  nie  Bhiitilis,  Vituis,  and  Bohonts,  with  capitals  of  from  • 
£C0O  1<,W(>0(>  (Its.  o'.>liO-K«.  :J0,U00),  who  deal  direct  with  Bombajr 
and  other  large  markets,  collecting  and  exporting  cotton,  grain,  and 
other  local  produce,  and  iniporting  hardware  and  cotton  goods. 

Except  c«lU)n,  which,  l>y  a  svitwm  of  a<l«incee,  tho  export  traders 
or  their  itubordinates  collect  from  ihe  giviwers,  iuo«t  pniduco  passc« 
through  the  haud»  of  Mcvcnil  middlemen.  As  a  rule  the  bushand- 
innn  hnn  received  advances  from,  or  tiiorlg;tgi*d  bis  crop  to,  Homo 
village  moneylender,  who,  in  turn,  has  borrowed  from  some  larg«;r 
capitalist.  Sim  lliirly^tn  ported  articles  generally  pass  through 
scTcnil  bauds,  l>elwee!i  the  merchant  who  bringd  them  into  Ibo 
district  and  the  countryman  who  buys,  either  at  his  village  shop  or 
at  some  fair  or  market  booth.  Xext  to  the  chief  tnulo  o^'ntres,  in 
tho  (liAlribuliou  and  collection  obgoods,  come  the  market  lowni;. 
At  these  towns,  on  a  tixed  day  in  the  week  a  market  is  held, 
whore,  besides  the  permanent  stitlT*  of  timlen?  ikiid  shopkecpera, 
fieddlert*,  hawkers,  and  agents  for  some  of  the  larger  dealeni  H«t 
up  booths,  aad  offer  for  sale  copper  and  iron,  vcesela,  glasa 
bracelets,  turlwnH,  waist  cloths,  womou's  rx»be-9,  ot«r*o  cloth,  dyes, 
cotton,  oilsi'ed,  clarified  butter,  garden  produce,  oil,  and  gnuu. 
Special  markets  for  live  stock,  ponies,  cattle,  and  sheep,  are  not 
uncommon.  The  booths  are  generally  set  up  over  night,  uud  at  an 
early  hour  the  murkt'l  i-t  thronged  by  people  from  the  villages 
round :  and  after  a  slack  hour  or  two  in  ttie  beat  of  the  day,  it 
agaiu  fills  towards  the  evening.  Almost  all  tho  traffic  is  done  by 
money.  But  in  serenil  market  towns,  especially  in  the  mnro  out- 
lying parts  iu  the  west,  Bliils  and  other  wild  tribes  bring  fuel, 
honey,  and  lac,  and  in  (heir  iwason,  moha  berries  and  cKdroli  seed,  ^ 
Mid  biirt'-r  ihwm  for  cloth  and  trinkets.  When  the  day  is  over,, 
the  sellers  pack  what  remains  and  more  to  the  next  convenient 
market  town.  Tboiigh  chiefly  a  iqowib  of  distribution,  these  nv^rkets 
give  dialers  and  ihu  ugeuLi  of  export  houses  a  good  opportnuitj 
for  buying  or  arranging  for  buying  field  and  other  produce. 

Be«ide»  wi-okly  markets  at  cert^n  well  known  places,  fairs  are 
held  at  intervals,  and  at  Miheji  thero  is  a  yearly  produce  and  cattle 
ahow.>  The  chief  EhAndesh  hum  arv  shown  iu  the  following 
tabic: 


QiaptsT] 

Tra 
TradUSyitam 


Ctfitru. 


•  Datwla  ot  Out  M«h*j)  Ckir  w*  gjina  niMlor  -nAoM  at  latcrtst '. 
B411-» 


(BoaVftjr  i 


Chapter  Vt 
Trad». 

'hwdaSymlMn. 
fair: 


noatr 

Shoplutptn. 


PeiMtr*, 


218 


DISTRICTS. 

Kkii>d**k  Fain. 


' — -^ 

ti!»mrvatti. 

Uovm 

Tm 

A*>ma«w:& 

Sai    ::   :. 

PMbM* 

JuiBUT 

ImOBllA^ 

HkOM 

Uulto..      . 

Jtixtl 

»au* 

IO,«Otl 

imtHm     _      ... 
Umrm       

AihIdi* 

«.»         ...          . 

lUj       ...         _ 

It    . 

8    „ 

"ass 

HMdartto  'Z 

KaadurMr 

Si    ii 

ioN 

lafi  fffl 

"i3S 

Finn... 

VMM 

ribnmrt 

1  „ 

tMg 

Bull 

BlMiiliinil  ... 

3ESW--    ;; 

rr 

Miultnl     ... 

nglri  ..      . 

MnH7 

!•    - 

•^ 

Oarr{(r». 


FxoepI  that  they  arc  miicli  targfr  gntlien'ngM,  Ihi-sc  fairs 
tittle   From   the   weekly   inarkeU.     U«iii(I<w  by  liu'fl]  |)«'c]dle 
travulliiiK  tii'aiora,  most  fairs   arc  attended  by  tbe  agents    of 
Irudcnt,  sonio  of  tbetn  k-ailiug  fintis  in  distant  toirns.     Tlie 
ftTlides  of  traffic  are  clutb,  pota,  carts,  and  live  stock. 

Even-  !fti;ge  villago  lina   its   Bhopteeper,   generally  a    Cliit 

Miirv&<[  Vdni,  vrlio  deals  in  groceries,  spices,  (rrain,  salt,  oil,  trngv 
molasses,  and  other  supplies.  His  wholv  ><to<^'k  is  worth  From  £( 
to  £25  (R»,  11)0- R-i.  2.^0}.  He  buys  some  of  the  innre  liusiiii^  war^ 
tit  onft  iif  Ibe  chief  distnct  trade  centres  or  at  some  large  fair,  Bi] 
most  of  his  stock  i.t  Ixnighl  (r«m  timo  to  lime  at  the  nearest  umrict 
or  nub-diviaioDal  town.  As  the  rich  lav  in  the  chii.>f  piirt  of  thej 
grain  nnil  gro««nos  for  a  wholo  year,  ouying  them  iu  the  largq 
murkiM^,  they  take  from  the  villagv  Mhopkevpvni  ^uch  porishab^ 
articles  only  as  cinrilipd  buttA-,  oil,  and  sngar.  The  middlti  anl 
poorer  ctwsM,  except  what  they  thomsclves  produce,  draw  hIidm 
all  their  HUppI^s  from  Ihu  Vlltogo  i<hopkeeper,  and  accordin^f  ^ 
their  credit,  pay  n-ndy  money,  or  what  is  coumiimftr,  have  a  vrooklj 
or  montblyacconnt.  Even  in  the  wilder  parts  the  village  uhori 
keeper  seloMb  ImrtODi.  He  in  very  often  a  moneylender,  and  i 
the  accounts  of  many  of  bis  customers  oil  and  apicc  catrivs  aro  o£ta 
mixed  with  iuou»y  ndvftnu4>s.  j 

Below  the  village  shopkeeper  ia  tho  poddler.  Some  are  craftsUM 
who  work  up  a  slock  of  goods,  generally  cloth,  during  the  rain 
raonlhtt,  and  in  the  fair  Mi>aaon  move  from  village  to  villa^ 
(iffei-iug  them  for  sale.  Others  ttell  grocoriciB  and  hardware,  moTiu 
'  from  honse  to  housu  generally  with  a  pack  bullock  or  a  pou] 
•Especially  in  the  wild  weaUmi  districts,  many  of  Uiwio  hawkey 
do  iha  bulk  of  their  busiDoss  by  barter,  giving  the  ti-ibesmd 
trtnflA  and  cloth,  and  taking  foreiit  ]>n)duce,  moha  flowers, 
eh&nJi  seed.  In  thin  traflic  tne  hawker  haa  getioraliy  very 
the  best  of  the  bargain. 

Another  cla«a  of  wandering  traders  are  tlio  profeeaionsl 
the  Lamina,  VanjAris,  and  Nligoria.  In  the  »outh,  uudcrsold 
by  carte  and  afterwards  by  the  railway,  thoy  have  almoat  dianppe«r«j 
or  at  least  have  oeaned  to  work  as  carriers.  In  the  wilder  tracti 
to  the  north  and  wms,  Ihay  still  form  part  of  the  local  trade  systen 
Tho  Lanubut,  with  their  buUocka  ana  cows,  bao)  l«aJlc  am) 


an 


Deccan.] 


kuAniJesh. 


•  « 


219 


ag9 ;  tbo  Vnojlinit,  witli  thnir  bnltoeks,  take  graiti  nntt  oilsved 
to  the  ixiaat  imcl  briug  buck  ttall;  and  (he  Nitgiiris,  with  Ibei'r 
carts,  carry  both  grain  aud  timber.  In  haaling  timber  the  L«mJtuii 
fiUftun  tUi!  liigK  I'ne  un  vnvh  fiilo  of  thv  pack  saddle  luid  drag  thom, 
trailing  on  the  grtiuud  bevoud  tbo  buiWk'H  tail  and  g«iior»lly 
making  deep  cuts  io  the  road,  Woat  of  the  Vanjliris  are  can-iers, 
but  thoirtuii'^j  or  loaders  deal  largely  in  bullocks,  riivjrhave  always 
a  stock  of  cattli^,  and  at  tiw  and  of  the  hot  seaaoii  travel  from 
Tillage  to  village  selling  the  aniinaU  generally  for  cash  and  soiue- 
times  OD  crt-dit,  and  the  proceeds  of  the  salu  are  rvidiitod  on  the 
TaDUH'tt  rvturu  ji>unify.  The  Vanjan.-t  bi^  their  atock  in  Nemid 
and  MAlwa,  aud  drive  a  very  flourishing  trade,  especially  when,  in* 
goo<l  yeartt,  the  Kunbi  can  afford  to  add  to  hislivu  stuck.  Tha 
uuIiot'kH  are  sold  in  lot«,  puthat,  of  from  ten  to  twenty,  tbo  prlco 
being  &et  dua-n  at  ao  tntioh  a  head. 

Of  Imports  tbo  chief  articles  are  salt,  metala,  cocoanat«,  dates, 
grocenea,  oil,  hardwnro,  indigo,  mwchin<^ry,  twift,  and  pteoc-guods. 
JBalt  was  formerly  brought  almost  entirely  by  pack  bullocks  from 
Surat.  Sonw  small  oiiantity  still  roaches  the  western  districts  in  this 
vrtty,  bnt  almost  the  whole  Kupplycomc.i  from  Itomlmyby  rnil.  Under 
motnls  come  gold,  silver,  coj^r,  brass,  and  iron.  During  the  time 
of  the  AiR«rican  war  very  large  quantities  of  gold  and  silver  found 
their  way  into  tho  diKlrict.  Most  of  themivere  made  into  ornament* 
and  tho  rest  hoarded.  During  tho  scarcity  of  1S76-77,  a  large 
smoiiut  of  gi>td  and  silver  in  bullion  and  in  ornaments  left  the 
district  cbit'lly  for  HoinWy.  During  tho  last  two  «eit.-^oDS  tlw 
better  harvcat^  have  started  anew,  ihongh  <jn  no  very  large  scale, 
the  import  of  silver  and  gold.  Copper  and  brass  wcro  formerly 
imported  in  blocks  and  worked  first  into  ^^liccts  and  tWn  into  ut«nKils. 
OE  late  years  ready  made  8he«ta  have  been  largely  imported  from 
Bombay,  and  considerably  lowered  tho  price  of  brass  ware.  Ready 
made  pots  and  drinking  mugs  nro  ulso  hnxight  fronnMi.sik.  But 
these  are  used  by  the  wnll-to-do  only.  The  import  of  iron  has  of 
lato  increased.  It  is  much  used  for  cart  tires  and  axles,  and  in  the 
manubctiaro  of  iron  water  pot«.  All  of  it  comes  from  Ek>mbiiy.  The 
trade  isalmo.it  entirely  in  tbo- hands  of  liofaora  MusaimAmj. 
Cocoannta  are  brought  by  Vanis  in  considerable  numbers  by  rail 
from  Bomlwy,  and  are  distributed  over  tho  district.  Dates  and 
groceries  are  brought  by  Yiiiis  in  small  qnanlitien  by  rail  from  , 
Bombay.  Some  of  the  western  [xirtf  of  the  district  still  draw  their* 
supply  of  groccnes  from  Sunit  by  pack  bulloeks.  Hardware  articles, 
iron  buckets,  wnt<cr  pots,  and  frying-pans  are  brought  by  rol^rom 
Bombay  mainly  by  Bohonis.  IViKt,  both  Knglish  aud  Bommy,  is 
brought  by  rail,  chiefly  by  V&ni  merchants,  ana  distributed  over  tho 
district  to Iw  woven  in  hand-looms.  Of  latotheoutturn  of  tho  Bombay 
Eactories  has  to  a  great  extent  taken  the  place  of  English  yam. 
Piece-goods  are  of  two  chief  kiud-t,  haud-tnade  and  steam -mado. 
The  hand-made  goods  are  turbans  and  women's  robes,  from 
Burbin(>ur,  Yoola,  Ahmednagar,  Surat,  Ahniedabad,  and  NigjHir, 
and  waifitctoths  from  M&legaon,  Yeola,  and  Xagpur.  Silk  waist- 
cloths,  robes,  and  turbans  are  brought  from  Borhdnour,  Yeola, 
Sarai,  and  Ahmedabad.    The  tnadtinc-mado  piece-goods  arc  coanse 


OuptBT 
Tnit. 
TnMta  8y»teni. 
C^rrkra. 


Imports. 


[Bombay  Qi 


DISfRIOTS. 

iit»Ling  cloth,   cliieflx    fur    wuntoloths,  Hheot«,    aud   tuneU, 
Bombay*;  nnd  finer  fabrics  and  prmt«  from  Knglimd. 

The  railway  retama  ahow  th«it  ih*,*  imjiorlfi  of  conntry  cloth 
of  late  iQCT«aM>d  more  rapidly  tkau  those  of  ^n^fliifb  cloth, 
cloth  is  almost  piitiroly  brought  by  rail  to  Jalf^mn,  ChAliKf, 
Manmild,  HAhwJi.  Naeirabad,  and  oUrnr  niilway  dtationa  by  Sldri 
and  other  \'tlaj8  and  BohorM,  and  from  thoee  centres  is  distributiid 
over  the  dimrict.  Silkx,  like  pieoe-KOods,  am  of  two  chief  kinds 
mnvbino  and  hand-made.  Thvre  is  no  demand  in  K  biiiKicKh  for 
8t«atu-mado  Etiropean  m\k*.  Hnnd-mailA  ailka,  chiedy  turhaun, 
scarfs  and  hfHikvn  fnua  Burhiinpor  and  Yeola.  and  bro«idea  from 
'Burat  Kiid  Ahniedabod,  are  brought  into  llio  distript  S'lmotimus  ^^| 
trarelliug  peddlers  on  bullork  biick  or  in  chHh,  and  partly  by  mil  w\^ 
ppraonal  linggagD.  The  chief  dealiTH  in  tiilks  are  GujarAt  YAuis. 
No  claui  of  niorcltauts  deal  exclusively  in  silks,  but  almost  all  rich 
merchants  keep  them  in  stock. 

fizfiurU.  Of  Export*  tJw  chiflf  am :  of  T«^lal>Ie  products,  cotton,  gTHin, 

oibiood,  chiinili  »eeii,  eartbnuts,  myrohatans,  TnoAa  floweffi,  (i/  or 
madder  roots,  and  timber ;  of  animal  products,  honoy,  wax,  lae, 
hides,  and  horns ;  and  of  manufactured  articleii,  ctariGcd  bnttcr, 
giam  oil,  indigo,  I'urlH,  and  cloth. 

CViuH.  Cotton  is  the  chief  article  of   export,  representing  in   qnantitj 

about  115,000  bales,  and  ill  value  about  £1,050,000  (B».  1.05,00,000). 
At  the  beginning  of  British  riilo,  the  only  local  cotton  wim  the 
poor  uliort-stapli'd  variety  now  known  as  VailiSdi.  Ki<:ept  u>  Sural 
littlo  was  exported.  The  trad^was  in  the  haudit  of  petty  dealers  who 
stored  the  cotton  in  warvhouM's,  vakhdrs,  had  it  cktinvd  oit  native 
hand  gins,  ehamikt,  and  sold  it  to  the  local  handloom  wcarerti.  In 
1824,  tht;  ojicning  of  an  export  trade  to  Bombay  had  the  effect  of 
trauxferring  the  cotton  trade  from  small  doalors  to  moo  of  capital, 
many  of  thorn  Boiulmy  mcrclmntii.'  'nii.-i  iiew  trade  did  mitc-b  for 
thf  country  by  providiug  a  market  for  ciittYm  when  the  competitiun 
of  English  goods  hnd  reduced  the  hnndloom  weavoni'  demand.  At 
the  same  time  ihc  camavu  loBonibiiy  wii»  at  tirNt  butli  cosily  aud 
waetehil.  Loosely  packed  auubken  chielly  on  bullock  back  over 
rongb  nnbridgcd  roads,  the  cotton  lost  greatly  both  in  qnautitjr 
and  qiudity.  'I'htj  carriapp  pxpciiBOs  from  Jalgaoii  to  Boiiiliay  were 
,  {(J.  (3  piet)  a  pound,  and  thn  fn-ighl  aud  olhrr  duirgeti  to  England 
•irere  so  heavy,  and  the  Liverpool  piicea  so  low,*  that  for  many  vt-Jirs 
bis  cotton  yiiildcd  the  grower  little  more  than  I<(.  the  pound.* 
Beside*  injury  on  the  road,  cotton  MulTcri-d  much  at  niiiiiy  sl«)^-s  of 
its  progress.     The  grower,  hopelessly  indebted,  gave  little  care  h) 


a 


'  Ctmptiinii'ii  Coninwpee,  75. 

'Tlivil^tAiU  witT*  :  Ja%»ai  toKadliclincarlHiiwnrli.  R«.  I-I  amna,  uhlppinf  elis 

to'B'imlis.v 'mB'na»   mnn,      hi    1S48   Uic  eon  of  tnkiiiK  «  Wrimft,   "(U  polmJn,  I 

Wiarxiijpi-'ii  I"  KiJkIi,iI  i.iiT,  iii  Kilouttc.  wu  Hn.  IB  aii4  lUr  Ual  uhiuRO  Ro.  1  tiuira, 
Carringii  uai.  •i>iiuil.riii»  |>r<iiiutxUu  at  Ri.  Bi-rlti,  lu.     Ea*t  liutia  ?»[*«»,  Id.  "7. 

'  riiii|im*ii'«  t'"iiiimrid.  W.  Iti  1M8  the  p^i^■c  per  |hiui»I  i<f  i-lnui  nitWm  Vfirjwd  fraiB 
nbiiut  Irf.  to  IJrA  Till*  ]7j-i<-i'  <M  out  (mv  tho  i-oi)!!!?,  >iij  Uic  I'ultiiAUin  pmi  grain 
uultoil  ol  ix^ttm.     Ewt  Imluk  I'npcra,  111,  7(i.  ^| 


KHANlrtlSH. 


I  cotton  crop ;  »n<l  its  vhIuo  was  further  losseoecl  by  adullerotwtu 
ut  ttit*  Iiaiida  uf  middleuieu.' 

Since  1860,  the  introduction  of  Umnivati  and  Dhanv-dr-Amorican 
eeed  cotton  ium  grvatJjr  niittod  the  tii1ik>  of  the  Khrindt-itli  crop,  nod 
tlio  o[)euittg  of  the  railway  Una  cbea]>oued  and  qnickeued  curriasc 
and  atopiwd  loss  in  transit.  Compitrod  with  £1  6».  (Us.  13)  the 
former  (181'7)  cost  of  cnrriagtr,  tJie  ruilwiij-  chnrgv  from  JitlgiMjn  to 
Bomlniy  iit  about  £1  2*.  (Kit.  II)  a  kluttidi.  Little  change  hstt  been 
nado  in  the  system  of  ffiuuiug  the  cotton.  PlAtt  saw-gins  were  for 
a  liiiK>  used.  But  bosidw  lowvHug  tho  Taluo*  of  thv  cotton  hy  It. 
to  (m'.  (Ki). --flH.'l)  »  HaiuJi,  they  wasted  iJie  »«ed,  knocking  oS 
the  gonuinatintr  point,  and  from  the  smell  of  oil,  making  the  seed' 
ueelesa  as  food  for  cattle.  For  those  reasons,  though  then?  are  two 
slouin  ginning  f»cU>rio«  at  Julgiujn  nud  »nti  at  Mhasivad,  almoal  tlio 
whole  crop  lit  ginned  by  Iho  old  itatire  cleaner.^  During  the  last 
two  seasons,  ItiTtJ  and  I87tl,  considerable  c|iiBDliticB  of  uncleaned 
cotton  faaro  bt'vu  M^nt  from  Jalgnon,  Pichora,  mid  Clinliigaon, 
to  be  much ine-gin nod  in  Surat  and  Broach.  In  |in -n^iug  there  haa 
heen  a  marked  change.  Within  the  Imst  sixteen  years  eleven  full 
Steam  pressos,  seven  at  Jalgnon,  two  at  Dliulin,  and  I  wo  at  Kajguou, 
were  started.     Of  these  omy  eight  are  working  at  present. 

Of  lute  yenra  the  cotton  trade  has  to  a  great  extent  gone  back 
to  tho  sysU-m  of  s<IvancvN  that  wa-s  miivorifii!  bofow  tbi-  prosperous 
yoars  of  the  Anifricau  war.  Kuropenua  have  made  little  way  iu 
Kk&ndesh  and  the  trade  is  still  almost  entirely  in  native  bands. 
The  only  change  tine  been  the  introduction  of  a  new  clo^  of  native 
mi-rrh»nl.-*,  thi-  Bumbiiy  Hhiitii'is,  wh'o  to  a  large  exti-nt  buy  both 
from  Idcai  dealers  and  from  gi-owers,  and  press  the  cotton  for  direct 
shipment  to  England.  According  to  the  eommoit  practice,  from 
Bcpttmlx-r  tti  the  (md  id  April,  growers  and  petly  dealers  go  to  the 
exjiortera,  and  contract  tn  deUrer  a  certain  quantity  of  cotlou  within 
a  given  period.  These  time  contmcts  are  generally  of  two  kinda. 
ITie  contnKt  known  n»  jatap  i»  entered  into  when  the  plant  is  not 
even  in  pt)d.  It  in  homenbat  risky,  but  the  value  of  the  cotton  is 
calciitaied  at  al)out  fourteen  per  cent  (lis.  30  the  khandi]  less  than 
current  rates.  Money  in  ailvimcewlix  or  six  and  a  half  months 
before  the  date  of  the  delivery  of  the  cottnu.  The  oilier  kind  of 
contract  is  for  shorter  periods,  rarj-ing,  according  to  the  aeaaon, 
from  one  week  to  one  month.  The!;c  contracts  continue  to  be  made  < 
till  about  the  Ix'ginning  of  May  when  the  ginning  season  closos.  Id* 
this  case,  ali<o,  the  advance  is  made  at  a  rale  somewhat  le-is  than  the 
cturrent  price  of  cotton.     When  thu  cotton  is  ready  the  merchant 


ChaptOT' 
Trade. 
Bxiwrtii. 
Cotton. 


*  dujiRun'ii,  Coinin«m  01.  Accontit^  t«  Mr.  Klptinurton,  b  tSlS  [Eut  l»i» 
Papon,  IU.  7")  the  lucTchnnt a'liuKml  moiiV}'  to  th«  uuJtivmtor  on  th«  Mwtiritjr  oJhJi 
gniwiiig  crop,  the  eiiltiriitarMgrMiiiiC  to  (Ifltiver  tJ«cott(.ii  and  hftvo  (loiu  ten  lo  ISftcoa 
per  ««nt  of  It*  mulMt  price  dnlaotwl  in  iiaynMnt  <>(  tbr  lulvancc.  It  wu  bclivicd 
that  nuwjr  noreliuiU  <tiarg*<l  a  vtill  btavier  rate  (nr  tbnrixlvMiciB. 

*Tlie  tnluc  □(  th«  machinu-ginncd  cotton  in  lower  iHxAiun  of  dtoaUcged  dortmcUon 
of  thu  Uapto  Uiil  the  iitaining  of  thv  raw  maltrinl  b}-  oil 

'  llatt  MW-guii  wrra  intriKliiVBd  b^  (lovcminoiil  in  I$40.  The  ooot  of  giniiiug 
WBi  aboat  halt  ot  the  ctat  by  tb«  band  cleaucr,     Eait  India  rapcn,  tlL  79, 


IBombft;  Qi 


232 


DISTHICTS. 


iptw  VI. 
TtmU. 
EqmrM. 
CWnu 


0ii5f«/*. 


gqfit  to  the  Keller's  faoose.     Tiia  cotton  is  there  weigh  ed,  luai 
over  to  tint  morchimt,  tskon  by  him  1o  his  Vfud,  weijfhi'cJ  a 
time,  and  tho  bolnnov  o(  tliw  price  paiJ  to  the  prower.      In  IS79 
tiiDO  coatmcl,  jaliip,  price  for  seed  cotlou  wim  llV.  (Hs,  S)    the 
with  four  ihert  allowaDcc,  and  for  clctui  colloii  £1  12jp.  {Ra.  10) 
inaN  witb  ttj  «/m-a  ftUowaDcv. 

A  comparison  of  price"  imd  nont  of  eiqw>rtin^  cotton  iu  1 847 
1879  shown  iluit  in  iht-  Isst  ihiriy  veurs  iho  viUiio  paid  for 
in  KhiiiiilcMh  baa  risen  from  Id.  or  HJ.  to  W.  or  Gii.  the  poi 
In  ltA7  the  local  pricv  of  cotton  wiu<  £1  &).  &H  (Il«.  13.H.8)  a  kka 
of  784  pounJx.  lliecost  of  cleHniujr  was,  by  tho  niitive  chnrak, 
-(K*.  9)  a  ir'iawit,  and  0'.  (Bs.  41 )  by  Baw-ffinfl.  IWking  char)(«a  Wi 
10».  (fo.  5),  and  tho  coal  of  camaffo  £1  0*.  (Rs.  13),  £1  U.  (Ke. 
•8  hr  aa  Kolnhct  wharf  and  2«.  (Re.  1)  more  to  U^nnbny,' 
Oarrent  (lS79j  prioe  of  Kbiudeab  standard  cotton,  Jalgaon  <iii 
ee\u&i  to  "fullv  ffood"  fair  Uinr^vati  and  Ami'rican-WHxl  Dharw 
£18  I6».  (Bs.'lSfiJ  thi.  khnuiii  of  784  i»>uiid*.  Faiapur  cotton  w 
i»  nura  felohea  about  12a.  (Kn.  6)  moi-e.  Of  tb«  whole  £18 
(B&  Ittd),  about  £1  -is-  {Rs.  12)  goes  to  tho  middleman,  and  tho 
to  the  grower.  The  middleman  clean;!  tho  cotton,  the  coxl  of  cleaning 
boinjf  nearly  corerod  by  Ibe  value  of  the  seed.  The  charge  fat 
packing  inio  bundles,  (tohla*  or  bundrit,  each  of  280  to  320  pounds 
(3j-4  mans)  ia  lis,  &V.  (Rs.  Gj]  a  khindi.  Of  this, prcosing  coata  bt, 
(Ra.  2i).  baiidH  fit.  (R«.  3),  and  Imga  U.  6d.  (12  n«n.i»).  Portorai 
is  I«.  (8  annav)  a  khandi,  and  tho  railway  charge  to  Bom 
a  £1  If.  8d.  (H«.  10-13-4).  As  the  exporter  gives  drafts  od 
b&nker  at  Bombay  at  the  rulu  of  about  ODO>half  per  cent  dii^couut, 
(Re.  1)  a  khandi  is  charged  aa  commission.  Sumelimes  aUto  there 
an  insurance  cbj^rge  of  Is.  10)d.  (15  anna«)  a  ihandi. 

Under  grain  como  hdjrl,  jatri,  wheat,  and  pulse.  The  btijri' 
Bent  chietly  by  rail  from  Jafgaou  nnd  Chi'dir'gaon  to  Bombay; 
wheat  fi\>m  ijh&hida,  Taloda,  NnudurI>Ai',  Ninder,  and  V&Utn 
to  Bombay  ;  aud  the  pulse,  including  lur,  ciiavli,  mufi,  and  peas, 
from  Janincr,  SAvdu,  and  DhuIJa,  to  Bombay.  With  so  uncertain 
a  rainfall,  the  supply  of  grain  varies  so  greatly  from  seaMin  to 
season  that  what  in  one  year  is  exported,  is  in  the  next  in  greitt 
local  demand.  In  avcnige  year-s  tho  greatest  export  of  grain  ta 
from  900  to  1300  tons  (3000--1000  m»/M). 

-  Under oilseedHcomeaemmum  and  liniieed,  grownchioflyin  Adin 
^)hanora,  Cbopda,  Vavdu,  NAnder,  and  Pfltouda,  nnd  wnt  by  rail 
Bombay.  Charoli,  the  seed  of  the  ckdr,  Bnchanania  latifolia,  mi 
used  in  nmking  mttire  8wectmc«t»,  ib  largely  exported  from  tH? 
Akr&Di  division.  The  tree  i.s  carefully  proiccted  and  Ihn  i«i,Hids 
aw  gathered  and  made  ready  by  the  Bbds.  Some  of  the  crop  tiioy 
bring  to  market  IhcmifelTos ;  the  rest  is  bought  by  petty  dealt 
who  go  through  the  Akrdni  villages,  gathering  it  in  small  (jaantiti 
It  is  finally  sent  (o  Surat  and  Bombay    by    Bohora    and   Vi 


n  ta    I 

i 


>  But  b<U»  Papcn,  lU.  7«-77. 

"*  Tht  cbid  i^jri  npcttiBg  tnukcto  4i«  Adi'rad,  Dhuor*,  Cbopda,  uii]  Dbulia. 


KHANDESU 


Jhujod, 


lowers 


arcUants.      EnrtliDiitM  te  grown  n«    a    gitrdm  crop  chiefly  jn 
tMkli,  Faizpur,  Ner,  Smtlklit-dn,  and  Sivdft,  »tid*eent  bj 
to  Dombay.      Myrobalans,  found  chiofly  in  tlie  Taloda  forests, 
'  gathered  porHy  by  Binh  und  partly  by  the  foruisl  dcjnrlniuDt, 
Kvnl  cbietly  by   rail   lo  Bombay  and  to  Surat<  by  carts.      Moha 
arp    filtered   by    Bhils.      Tht'  whole   moha  crop   of  the 
(nortbuni    .SiiljmdjiM    and    el^i-wherf    undor    the    hills,  is    bought 
ibft   local  liquor  cuntractora.     Id  the  wedt  aoue  in  expurtod  to 
Sdrat. 

SincD  the  GoTcrameDt  forests  have  luiexi  oloHcd,  tho   Khfindmh 

[dcniHtid  (or  liiiil>vr  lut-t  biN^n  chioRy  inet  tropi  the  iresitom   AEufartkfl 

t«tMl^s.     Tho  li-adiu^  liniher  mart  la  Taloda,  where  for  oi^ht  months  * 

pin  tho  year  a  lar^e  bueiness  its   dono.     The  wnodcuttorH  and  ecllora 

ani  thv  Itbiiif,  botwooii  whom  and  the  bnyera,  n  cliiMit  of  Vntiiii  itct 

an  interpreters  aud  bi-okera.     Of  tirewood  there  ifi  a  coosiderable 

import  by  rail  to  Jalgaoo.     Tho  supply  chiefly  comes  from  the 

iNizilni's  (orcst«,  and  is  »ont  by  mil  from  PAt^hont,  ChAlisguon,  and 

)  KAJgaon  to  Jalgaon,  where,  on  account  of  the  pressing;  and  apinninir 

[&ctories,  a  large  quantity  of  firewood  i«  yearly  oonsumod.     Of  animal 

products,  th<t  hi'iiuy,  wax,  and  lac  are  of  little  c«;n.tCM{tten<^ii.     They 

i»re  gnihored  by  Bhils  and  other  wild   tribes  chiefly  in  the  Sdtpuda 

'forests  and  arc  dii-t  rihii  ted  over  the  diKtrict.     Some  ouantityof  lac  is 

expurt^s]  to  Htirh^ipur.     Hides  and  hornx  aT«  sent  in  conKidomble 

quiuitities  Co  Bumliay.     About  six  years  ago  a  very  briak  trade  wax 

carried  on  by  BohonU,  Khojas,  and  Memon§,  and  more  tlian  £20,000 

(Rs.  •!,O0.O0O)  worth  of  hidua  and  horns  wvru  uxjxirted.     8ineo  then, 

Hit  all  the  local  titoreH  have  t>»on  exhatiHtHl,  tht.-  export  liaa  greatly 

declined.      Clarified   butter  comes  n-om  Dhulia  and  Iterdr  and  is 

exported  by  BhiitiAa  chiefly  to    Bombay.     Grtwa  oil,  is  nuidu  in  the 

west  and  sent  across  the  country  chiefly  to  Maanifid,  and  from  thore 

exported   by   rail    to   Bombay.      Carls,   made    chiefly   in   Talods, 

Pimpnlnor,  and  Dhulia,  aruin  demaud  in  Burh&upurand  Khiiudosb. 

Coarse  cloth,  both  bandwoven  and  woven  in  the   Jalgaon  weaving 

fectory,  is  sent  in  some  i^nantitica  to  Ber^r  and  oven  to  Benares, 

Irat  DIO01  of  it  is  oonsnnwd  in  tlio  districts 


Chapter  Vj 
Trad0.| 

OUStt 


TimbirA 


SRCTTOIT  III.-CRAFTS. 

KhfindcKh  crafts  and  iodnstries  aro  of  local  coneeqnonce  only. 
The  chief  are :  in  mineral  satmtiutces,  working  in  gold,  lulvcr,  brass, 
iron,  stone,  earth,  clay,  and  lime;  in  vei^tablo  products,  wood*  • 
cutting  mid  uirpi'ntrj',  tciigur  and  catwhu  making,  iliHtilling,  oil- 
Dressing,  and  tipiuning,  weavijig,  dyeing,  and  printing  cintou  cloth ; 
in  animal  prodactE,  the  making  of  luc  and  clarified  butter,  the 
we«riug  of  .lilk  and  wo»l,  butcher's  work,  and  tho  making  and 
working  of  leather.  Gold  and  silver  working  goes  on  in  a!moi«t  all 
market  towns.  Most  of  the  workem  nr»  Maratha  Sonera.  They 
have  seldom  iitiy  store  of  metal  or  omamentM.  Their  customers 
generally  bring  to  the  goldamiths'  honsea  the  metal  ihey  wish  made 
mto  an  ornament,  or  tbe  ornament  they  wish  ntelted  or  re-made, 
aod  aa  goldsmitha  are  proverbially  cunning  and  unscmpoloni*,  the 
ctistomer  generally  seta  Bonte  one  to  watch  wfailo  the  goldsmith  la 


Cnfta. 


[Bombsy  6b 


224 


DISTBICTS. 


Cimfto. 

OoU. 


Cepp"-. 


VI.       a^wDrk.     Kltundeah  ffoldnnitlut  lunlce   little  oxcopt  ver?  .jntfa 
Jewell^.-    Those   of  UliulU   ftud  Naudiirbir    h&ve    tho    ' 
mutui.     Tlipy  huvv  fairly  eteudy  employnieut  throu^liifut.  iw  jn 
and  ftM  a  cliwi*  are  wiill-tu-do.     Th<ty  nlmont  alwayn    wiirk  Ut 
and  §ot<Iiim  have  aay  wares  for  sale  or  aitend  fnirn  or  mark 
Thoir  vrouiPD  do  not  add  nnythin^  to  lUo  family  earDiufr^. 

CopjxT  and  tiniM>  W(irkin)r  in  carried  un  in  all  tkr  lart^er  rilL 
Th«  workcnt  are  Tainlrau  and  Ki&&r9,  of  whom  ihuro  are  'm  i 
about    seventy-fivo  families.      Tlio   inirtat   conira    in    tiboots 
Bombay  by  rail  to  Vuni  tiKirt^liantM  ohJeHy  in  Jalgiion   and   DbnE 
Ueri»  it  Lt  l>ou^ht   by  country  copjteramiibs  and  laJctm  by  thrmL 
*thpir  homes  to  work,  or  it  is  boni^nt  by  a  metal  doiiler,  gvDeraUyl 
Miisiilman  Hohoni,  lux)  nndvr  Iho  cHai^  of  an  ftp.*i>t.  seut  ijy 
to  market  lowua  and  faint.     l*be   raw  metal  ^nerally  kvUh  at 
9d.  to  Is.  i&-S  anna*)  a  ponnd.     Tbocopporsmilhe,  many  of  wl 
buy  thu  raw  metal,  work  it  into  caldrons,  \»t»,  and   mug^,  «« 
tbem   at   the   rate  of   It.   9d.   to  2s.  (14  aunaa-&e.  1)  a 
roprosonting,  for  a  tiirly  steady  worker,  a  daily  wage  of 
{6  annat).     Thoy  work   from    eiuH    to    ten   htmrs    a   day. 
ornamental  nmper  work  ia  made  in  Kbiindeiili.    [tut  ibe  cvijjperauit 
of  Songir  in  Dbulia  and  of  Faispur  in  8avda  have  a  n&aio  for  tf 
Hkill  iu  mnkin;;;   f^i>ir^   nnd  bulb.     Tho    bn«iuvss   is  mo^t   acoi 
durinf^   tlic   rainft,  when    many    ooppoi-^miths   lay   in   n   atort> 
vessels,  and   in  the  dry  season  move  from  one   market   or  £ur  I 
another,  off oriiiff  them  for  sale.     Thfir  women  ffpnt-nilly  help  in  (| 
buBinesa  of  turning  copper  TesaeU.    The  craft  i»,  on  the  vthc' 
[HXMperQns, 

7ro>i.  Iron-working  is  carried  on  inmost  large  villai^es  and  conn  try  towt 

The  workors  aw  LohSrs  and  Gbiwldis  or  wandoring  Uukors.     'IT 
iron  is  brought  in  Hhoetx  by  rail  from  Bombay  by  Ikiliora  Alusili 
men  of  some  capital,  settled  chiefly  in  Jalgiton,  Sindkheda,  Dhii 
and  Bhns&val.     ITicw;  dealers  sell   cither  to  village  bliK'ki^mitha 
send  agents  with  iron  to  sell  at  &irs  and  market^a.     Kiuianii 
trade  iu   iron  at  Pbarnngaon,  Pfirula,  and   Amalner.     The 
blackamilli  lays  in  a  9t<)re  of  metiU  iiboiit  twice  a  year.     In  the  rail 
he  makes  nails,  hinges,  buckets,  water  cisterns,  »ii?VM,  spoonN,  mr 
Iiatchets,  hoL-«,  and  :<cy  tbr:<,  and  in  the  fair  season  is  busied  chiefly 
mending  c»rt^  and  tield  tools.     Hia  tu-rvioos  arc  in  coiuttunt  demand 
Tltey  work  from  eight  to  ten  houra  a  day.     Tfaeir  women  help 
^blowing    the    bL>)Uiws  and    doing  other  light  work.      The   dnil, 
earnings  of  u  family  vary  from  al>out  9(f .  to  1*.  (6-8aMBa«).    In 
outlying   partH   much   of   their   wagea  ai-e   paid   in   grain, 
generally  sell  their   wares  in  their  houses  and   seldom  visit 
or  markul.H.     The  blacksiniths  of  Loh&ra,  Knsirabad,  and  Dhali^ 
have  a  name  for  special   itkill.     The  opening  of  the  railway,  t\ 
machinnry  works  at  Bhus4ra),  and  the  ateam  hwCoriee  at  Jatgaoi 
have  brought  the   blaokHniilhK   many  now  openings.     Afost  of 
chief  fitters  and  firemen   in  the    railway  and   factory  worka 
outsidom  from  Bomt>ay.     liut  koiiio  of  the  local  bInckKmiths  hav 
nK«n  to  good  poaiDons,  earning  from  £1  IOh.  to  i.2  (Us.  Ifj-Rs.  2( 
8  month.     The  class  luu;  guinvd  much  of  late  by  the  increaaed  i 


EHANDESn 


m.     But  tlii^agb  li»rdworkin>7,  thvy  an?  rallior  disaipatf  6  aoTl 

done  little  to inittrovotln-ir  ix'tidilitin.  Tin*  G liiiiiUlii:  or  tinkers, 

nud  nicud  fielii  tools.     They   have  tiitie  or   no  HtuL'k  df  imo 

ander  duriuff  the  fair  season,  BtoppiuR  for  the  rainy  months 

c  i^cutnU  town.     Tbvy  nro  gt'DAmlly  poid  in  gnun  und  charge 

iderably  lemt  than  the  regular  blacksniitlia. 

Stone -catting  is,  in  most  parts  of  tbo  tlislrict>  carried  on  by 
'<itliiirvtil--i  .nini  IMdftnt.  St«)iw!  is  g^-nynilly  ijijiirritii  l>y  r&tharrats, 
Eieir  daily  dmrfissa  ranjring  fromlii.  lo  1*.  '.*'l.  [S-ll-  linnets).  Some 
UDilioti,  m  Dliarftugaoi),  Dliulia,  and  Paroln,  have  a  name  as  ekilled 
orkmcn.  Hut  for  any  spouiidly  difHciilt  imiltrljiking,  ittonocutCera 
re  gvuorally  lironght  from  BurhdufKir.  Building  with  iUmu  and 
lortar  is  lUe  work  of  Gaiindis.  most  of  whom  are  Musalmiiit')  from 
lali^gaon  in  Nd'-ik.  Thi-ir  ('hiirgi.'a  aro  from  It.  Qit.  to2«.  (af.  12- 
Ifl.  1)  a  day.  Tliey  ai-e  woll.t4>-do  but  oxtravagaat.  Boldftnt  do 
he  coarser  work  of  layjog  mud  bricks  and  buildiujf  walls  with  clay 
nd  tmnit  or  rouffhly  hown  oluno.  Thuy  have  a  fnir  snpply  of 
mllnuka  luid  buSaioca  to  carry  water.  They  generally  undvrtAko 
orks  by  contract.  Their  nitos  ru&go  from  4^.  to  C*.  {Ra,  2-Ra.  3) 
h«  hundred  cubic  feet,  and  tlipir  avora^  daily  \iay  from  9d. 
la.  (6-8  antias).  Great  part  of  their  (Uub  is  spent  away  from 
kcir  hornits  in  placOM  whcro  their  wrvicvs  arc  in  demand.  Their 
mploynieDt  ia  rather  uncertain.  They  work  from  eiyhl  to  ton 
ours  a  day.     Their  women  add  uotiiing  to  the  family  eamiDg.i. 

Pottery  and  hrick-m-iking  go  ou  in  moet  towns.  The  workom 
Tti  ICtiiubhiin,  B«Id/tr<,aiid  Kiiubin.  lltoftnyiNgouorally  dug  from 
omc  tt»itahk<  field,  pond  bed,  or  old  village  siie.  Besides  bnckM  and 
lies,  the  chief  artiekis  m.ide  iire  eiirthnn  wat^-r  pots,  flower  pols,  jars, 
nd  wat<!r  jug*.  I'ntu-i-.i  jir<'  |«id  i-Iuetly  in  graiu.  They  do  not  work 
D  the  rains  and  generatty  c^iUirato  small  plot:*  of  land.  In  the 
»ir  Hojison  they  are  bi;*y  preparing  thiiir  wares,  taking  thom  to 
larket  iu  carts,  and  with  their  asses,  gathering  mbbiab  to  hunt 
n  their  kitua.  The  S&vda  potters  havo  a  name  for  their  skill 
colouring  their  wnrvff.  To  colour  iho  chiy  .tmall  particles  or 
rain.4  of  lac,  ilane  Uikh,  are  mixed  with  the  dye  iu  the  pro|X)r(iou  of 
wo  to  three,  and  pounded  with  stones,  till,  from  the  beat  cansfid 
ly  th(!  [xmuiling,  tho  lao  midtM  and  mixoA  with  th<-  dye.  Tho 
olonred  lac  is  then  moulded  on  the  end  of  an  iron  rod,  and  th«» 
►ot  luiatwl  and  smoarcd  with  the  liie.  The  jjotlors  ««ra  ooongh 
or  their  daily  want.-*.  Sonm  Ktithi-Wiir  Kumbhara,  of  whom  thvro 
>re  fonr  ^milies  iu  Ohulia,  two  in  Jalgaon,  and  three  in  Bhns&vsl 
re  wfll-to-do,  taking  contmcls  to  supply  tho  Public  Works  and  other 
epnrtmcnts  with  tili^it  and  bricks. 

Looilrifl  mnko  lime.  They  dig  a  round  holo  aboot  eight  feet  in 
iametor  and  from  five  tn  six  feet  deop,  and  round  1 1. s  brink  build 
brick  and  clay  wall  about  three  feet  high  and  with,  openinga 
ibout  three  feet  apart.  At  tho  bottom  <a  the  holo  they  place  a 
uyer  of  firewood,  ihcn  a  layi'r  of  white  oarth,  khaiU,  mixod 
ilh  cluircoftl,  and  agaiii  a  layer  of  firewood,  llie  wood  is  kindled 
hrough  the  holes  in  tho  wall.  And  after  eight  or  ton  dayii,  when 
he  whole  xn  thoroughly  burnt,  ihe  couleut»  are  taken  out,  and 
■  4I1-S9 


Chapter 
Crafts. 

/r«t«. 


Sloat. 


Polierj/. 


Lint*. 


[Bonbft;  Gantl 


226 


DISTRICTS. 


ClupUr  VI. 
CnAi. 

WMd. 


Sugar. 


ufUtr  «eparatiDg  il  from  the  cfaarooal  uod  sprinkling-  it  wi 
tlie  1tim>  in  ready  for  sale.     The  dniljr  (<iimiii^  of  tbe  Lonitra 
from  3l/.  to  'Ji^.  {2-6  anno*).     Buci'dus  bumiug  liniQ  sumo 
mltivHlc. 

Of  induii)Tims  (,'oniiw:Iod  with  Tejretabltftn-iiiiwis,   carpent 
cairiud  oo  in  most  of  tlio  lai^r  rilla^n^.     Tlii'  u-gg^jcuj^n  an 
SotiirA  nod  others  wbv  limm  I  be  craft,  of  whom  thi-rt>  are  alt 
about    2500    fuinilies.       Most    of   the    tiiiiber    coate»    trot 
forpHtH  ill  tlie  west  of  Kh^odosh,  and  ns  a  role  boUjugn  tu 
who  eupajfc'  iho  niriH-nlers  to   work  fur  ih&m.     'ITib    wtirk    is 
steady,  briskiT  Jii  the^lry  season  than  in  the  raitu.      For  almi 
moulliH  ill  the  Toarihoy  t-arn  from   Id.  to  2".  (a*.  8-  Rv.  ]|  a 
Their   wives    iwld   imihinjj  U)  Iho  familr    earning.      Of    tho 
corpenlent,  those  of  Uhulia,   Choi»da,  Taloda  and  Fiuipatuer, 
Burh^npnr  are  thought  the  most  skilful,     Taloda  rair[ii,'nt«i-s   bd 
excellent.  cArtn,  nod  ihoiki  of  Dhulia,  Tntoda,  and  Chopda  lunko  gwi| 
boxes.  Few  of  iht-iu  bive  n  stock  of  toys,  cota,  stools,  or  lioxo*  ;  nltnol 
all  their  work  is  doDe  to  order.     They  arc  on  the  whole  u  n-oll-to-dii  I 
class.     The  turners  of  Chogxln,  SAvda,  and  Dhuliii,  hare  a  ^lod  DSdM.  | 
They  make  oxcelkint  <!r»dlo8,  cot  legs,  and  toy.i.     Very  fow   go 
to    work.     Uurhiiupar  and  other  etnuiger  tamers  ^aru   foxmi 
(airs. 

Sugar-making  in  carried  on  by  all  tfa»  b<^tt6rclaM  u£  culiivutor*. 
Gmat   Htone  sagar  mills,  found  in   many  of  the  Sl(tj>iida  v.  ' 
ahoiv  that  sugarcane  uiwd  U>  be  more  widely  grown  than  il  i, 
Tho  mola«ae.i  is  sold  by  the  maker  to  the  rillaoe  Khopkt-^iM'i 
tho  rate  of  from  Ijd.  to  i^d.   (1-li  annas)  a  pomd.     The 
generally  gatbent  a  coimidenibli?  riuautityand  fornanU  it  to   one  n? 
the  district  trtde  centre*.     I*impalaer«nd  Ni-r  in   Dhalia  arc 
chief  producers  of  sugar,  and  the  supply  in  graduullv  dixtribut 
among  the   district    shopVcener*   ami    travelling  ^ddlers.       T 
yearly    oiittnrn    \a   eHtimaiea  at     about    1 100     ton*.     Almoat 
clamMeH  use  it,  aud  little  Icntrcit  lliu    distncL     ilucli  i>t  imported 
rail.     Til  e  orili  nary  relai)  wric*  Tariefi  fiiuii  2(ii.  io'-ifl.  ')[-•>  aunt 
a  poiiuil,  with  a  slight  rise  anritig  the  marriaffo  mit  i>re|«iri 

dainties  tbo  rich  daas&s  mak<s   nwe  of  refined  au^,,;    i-.jayhl  fvt 
'Bombay  luid  Bonares. 

Sweetmeats  are  made  >n  most  large  rittngrit.  The  makers 
chiefly  Hindus  of  tho  Pardenhi,  Giijarfit  V^iu,  and  Uhdtia  caat 
Tbo  industry  isupports  about  100  faroilii-*,  the  women  helping  tl 
men.  Their  vrork  is  pretty  constant,  but  tlioy  urv  spociidly  basy 
in  the  marriage  aeiMODs  iiud  at  fairs.  They  nurk  from  six  to  uight 
hourji  a  day.  They  buy  tbo  sugar  and  spices,  and  offer  Iho 
sweetmeats  for  sale  in  their  shops  or  at  fairs  and  inarketit.' 
Somotiiiies  niiiterialit  are  given  them  to  be  mado  up  for  a  feast. 
The  industry  is  fairly  prosperous,  the  monthly  earnings  of  a 
varying  from  £t  to£3  (K*  lO-Bit.SO).     llie  sweotmeata  of  I 


■  Tba  b<ronrit«  ■■■«*tnia*t>i  ar*  :  iarjAJ,  pvOdt,  jitH,  taOt  y 
nSjdunnU^  plienit,  aail  gJUcur*.  Of  ibMtBnihiiMuia  •nm  buy  pMd* 
Wiv  ttrMtmiata  matt  b«  pnpM(<l  la  tlMir  Iwdm*. 


barjM, 


taeeanj 


KHANl)ESn. 


Crafts. 
laJtgo. 


CateJm. 


Thopdn,  Jalg&on,  and  BhnsAva!,  bav©  a  special    local  iiainc.     \'ety       Cha?t«r  TI. 
ew  leave  tbo  district. 

Comiiarnlivoly  little  indigo  is  now  grown,  aud  lbs  iuduslry  haa 
Itocal  died  out.  A coaitidcnible  quautityis  imported  chielly  by  rail. 
i  is  u»ed  by  djera  and  i^lico  prinlt-M,  Of  Ut«,  ifiiicv  tlio 
iuu)afaotareo{(i«]artltlii<lifp)lia.tcon.'>ed,  Kb^udcab  iudigo  ia  tjndio^ 
ftfl  way  to  Siirat  and  oilier  (iujarAt  warkete.  Tiu>  doak-r  gvnorntly 
iislribotea  liis  atoro  to  retail  Hhopkcopvra  or  triivdling  tradei-a, 
irbo  move  about  anioug  tliA  (litTtirtMit  faii-ii  and  markets.  'Sbe 
retutl  price  varien  from  1«,  to  Is.  6ii.  (S-12  flMwa*)  a  pound. 

Catochti,  the  thickened  juice  of  the  iAiuV, "Acacia  i-atechu,  eaton 
ny  natirix)  along  with  lidttflnut  and  leaf,  waa  formerly  made  by  Bhils 
in  large  quAutitii-a  in  the  Taloda  forests.  As  th(!  kftair  trw;  in  now 
carefully  preserved, tbomauiifudHre  has coancd  within  Hritish  limttn. 
It  still  to  a  small  extent  gi^ies  on  in  the  lands  of  tht-  I'anri  chief. 
The  juice  ia  prepared'  and  kept  by  Bhilg,  and  gencmlly  disixised  of 
Ijy  them  t'j  travelling  dwilrrn  who  aime  round  wiiii  cloth,  trinket*!, 
and  hardware  articles,  and  at  a  very  handsome  profit,  relieve  the 
Bhils  of  their  \m':,  CHti>t-liu,  and  other  foreat  produce.  Th»  dralor 
diatrilnitcB  the  stock  among  the  local  markets.  Very  little  leaves 
the  district.  The  retail  price  variist  from  SJ.  to  7i<f.  (2- 3  oiiium)  b 
pound. 

Liqnor  ia  distilled  almost  aolely  from  moka,  Bassia  latifolia, 
flower*.  In  March  and  April  the  Howers  are  gathered  by  Bhils  in 
large  quanlitieii,  and  what  they  do  not  want  for  their  own  nstc,  ihisy 
RoU  to  travellins  dcaloTB.  The  dealers  dispose  of  them  to  KaldU  or 
profeiinional  diHuller.'*,  who  Iny  in  largtt  Mlon-n  in  March  and  April, 
and  distil  them,  according  to  demand,  during  the  rest  of  the  year. 
Tlw.  Ilowerit  aro  Itoitcd  in  n  <')oat-d  caldron,  uud  tlie  ^tnm  is  carried 
tliran);b  a  [lijw  and  allowed  to  condense  in  a  cool  vessel.  The  prooeas 
i»  i<o  simple  tliitl  largo  quatititius  of  liquor  uru  distiUud  amon^  tlia 
haU  \,y  the  BUiU. 

Another  important  brnnelt  of  distilling  is  tlie  preparing  of  oil 
£mm  the  foc^t  gm«i  known  as  ra»ha,  Audropogon  schoenaulhus, 
which  is  oftUD  kinds,  one  wi|]i  bluish  and  tlw  other  with  while 
DowerH.  The  oil  prv>ducie<l  from  the  first  is  of  a  green  lyiUmr  and  is 
called  iophia  ;  llnit  fiiun  the  nlhcr  i*  whito  and  is  called  motui.  Tlxo 
mo/ia  oil  fetches  a  higher  price  than  the  topkin.  Both  grimsos  grow 
freely  thmtgh  not  vrry  widely  in  many  open  hill  aides  in  west 
Khiindesb,  especially  in  Akr^ui.  The  original  scat  of  the 
uouufavture  was  I^poloer,  but  as  the  oil  is  in  great  demandj  tbo 


Ltqmrr, 


Oram  0H.1 


>  Doriau    Fubmary  ao'l  tli«  threw  Mkiwing  ainnUia  th«  miking  of  Mtediu,  JkU. 
niai  tlulAiur  bM^  em|it(>y«  niaoy  ini-n.    Tli«  pnK>oa^  tbovidi  mlc.   u  linipl*  and 
Itoap.    XAact  hraa<^D*  uwi-iit.   •trtp(>iil  r>f  tkiur  l«ub,  wiil  dboppod  into  thi**  w 
h  m«>;(i*.   TbvM^  iiul  inlii  iwrlliiii  iwts  foil  itf  wator,  are  boiUd,  and  tint  irattir, 
_  nu  In  shwia,  Iravu*  a   thi'dc  ■tii'xy  iltMXKiiiin.     A  pit  U  (taa  five  or  tin  feci 
jind   narrvw  «mo«]th  tii   bv  c»im>1   ■>}'  a  ROiall   liaiaboa   buEvt.    Tbe  thick 
ia  ;fcea-l  ill  III*  biaktl,  uhI  ok  it  tl^Ii^^  Ihc  water  ainlu  into  tlie  gnwitd. 
laMp^yt  til  Urn  ^ll.  au'l  Uiu  luhin  ia  loft  ia  Hic  baakcC    Tlio  extract 


sviUiag  DMrvluuita. 


plao«J  ui  Wv«a  ID  Um  aM,  and  when  dry,  aold  to  pnddlan  and 


thoaibmf  Qt 


228 


DISTRICTS. 


iptwVL 
Cnfta. 

Oram  Oil. 


Oii  Prruii-J. 


SpinjliBg. 


muniifttcliiro   baa   of  lat«    spread   to    Nandarh&r,    Sb&h&da, 
lllK.(la.     The  mafcon  iire  3(uitalniiins,  who,  at  the  clnnv  of  ihc  i_ 
alioiit   hv^ttpmber,   »'boii   (lie  ^n»*  i*  ri{ieiiiug,  bny    it  from 
HIiiIh,  (tiack  it,  iind  »i<t  furtiMcos  at  the  aides  of  brooks  wbure  wnodi 
water  are  plentiful.     A  large  pit,  four  fuut  lipn^  \iy    tvro  wide  i 
2^  de*p,  in  dajf,  and  a  furnace,  rAii/a,  prepared.    *Oii  t.hi»  fanau! 
pWctKi  a  (X^pptT  or  iron  raldruD,  large  onoiiRfa  to  Iiold  from  tbiTtfl 
fifty  pot»  of  water.  After  pouring  in  M>nw  water,  tlie  ealilrcm  is  fill 
tu  Die   brim  wiib  c-Wp|N>d  graxB,  and  a  little  iiioro  n-att*r  ia 
11ft  itioiith   of   tbv     culdroD   ct  can^fully   (-IriiM-d    with   an  ircnf 
ooDper  plate,  miide  fast  with  wheat  douffb.     From  a  hole  in  tb?  1 
a  nunboo  tubt-,  wmppod  in  u  piece  of  clotJi,  pWtercd    wiUi 
flour,  and  bound  with  ropes,  paaaetiiutoniieeond  closed  caldron,! 
to  ttu)  luxk  in  runiuo)?  water.     Theeteam  from  the    Rra«K 
through  tlie  pipe,  and  is  condensed  in  tbo  Mcond  c&Idron. 
when   full   beffiDs  to  shako,     Aa   soon  as  the  shnVin^   lii-^ns 
tubo  iH  skilfully  removed,  and  the  oondcaMxl   uteum  ik   poured  : 
a  third   caldron  and  stirred.     Theu   the   oil  l>eifins  to  npj     ~ 
its    t<urfnix-,  aod  18  slowly   sIcimnH-d  off.     To   uuike  ttlraufj: 
mndi^iiHed  atenui  has  to  be  dtstilltMl  several  times  over.     It  is  mil 
in    den>aud    as    a    cure    for  rheumatism  and  for  other  medicti 
piirposos.     There  were  197  Klillii  in    1S78-80,  produciofr  uliout' 
cwts.  (100  mim»).     More  than  100  stilla  are  worked  in  Naudni 
alooe,  and  the  iocrease  of  the  mannfacturo  m  pniTeiiicd  only  by 
the  iinircity  of  the  gnsa.    Tbe  oil  is  packed  in  skiuH,  and   Kent  na 
biiUovk  Itsmk  over  the  Kuuduiban  pass  to  Surat,  and  by  Dhuliu  anijj 
IklautDAd  to  }tomhay. 

Oibpressing    is   an  import&nt  industry  giving    employment 
filioiit  2U<)0  Ifindu  and  MnsBluUln  families.     The  chief  oil  seeda  »rv 
8e»amnni.  jfT'trfu  imiiidy  in  the  min-i,  and  linse)-*!,  u  i-uld  wnwther  ■ 
Oil  is  iilwi  pn-!<«.Hl  frutti  tastor  seeds,  earthnuts,  andycocoanuttt.       i 
uil-presfler  ^euerall}'  buys  the  tM.'ed    fnim  the  eulUnttor.     lie  si^ll* 
part  of  the  oil  to  the  iieonle  of  the  village,  and  sends  the  rest  in  lar 
tvather  jars  to  the  cnier  distrii'l  trade  ceutres.     The  mill  is  kept 
ooo  of   the   rouina   of  the  oiUpresser'ti  honite,  nnd  ia^orked   hy 
blindfold   bullock  driven  round  and  round  in  very  smdll  eircl 
The  mill  is  rough  and  clumsy,  allowing  wi  much  vegetable  mat! 
and  dirt  to  mix  with  the  oil  that  it  miiekiy  bft(,-<>uies  mnciil.     Of 
different  ktmU  of  oil,    ^ennitinm  auu  cocoauut  ai-e  osed  chie&y 
cooking,  ami  linseed  aiid  ci^loroil  l-ir  burning.  Of  late  the  profitat 
■  the  local  uil-preasera  hare  been  nincJi  rediicynl  by  competition  from 
M^lwa  and  the  Ninlm's  terntortra,  and  from  the  growing  use  of 
kerasine,  which  is  brought  by  rail  in  wnsideraWu  quanlitii'si,  and 
is  now  nsed  in  many  Kunbi  uonseholda  in  the  district.     On  ua^i 
days   the   uilniftn'it    wife   geuemlly  take"   some  oil  to  sell  in 
Deigbbriuring  towns.    Tbe  er.dl  is  said  to  lie  at  present  so  depress 
that  its  member*  are  taking  to  other  employments.     Thu  avenv 
price  of  oil  in  from  'Hd.  to  -t^ff.  (li-3  anHot)  a  pound. 

CoMon-spiimiiig.  once  tlie  chief  eiDployment  of  the  women  of  I 
poorer  olaescs,   had  almoat  entjiply  ceased.     The  first  blow  waa 
introdoction  of  Rieara-spno  yaJVbom  Europe,   and   of  Into   by 


oonipotition  of  locnl  and  Boinbny  Ht«ani-!ipun  yum,  tlio  band-spna 
bos  }>wn  L<imi)ti'l«ly  undersold.  Cotton  liandlixini  weaving;  hns  ^tufiQd 
by  the  fan  in  tho  coat  of  i,iirn,  sad  though  tbu  cqii'pcl  ilii>u  of  European 
and  ci^niilry  xUiam-wOTeD  gooda  luts  greatly  roduoed  pritx-e,  tho 
iodiistry  is  still  of  oon«id<'r«l)Io  iroportunce.  Tbo  weavers  arejMrtly 
Htnilu»  aud  [Miftiv'  Muaabniias  of  tlio  Momin  class.  Tito  Hindos 
belong  chiofly  to  tnc  Khutri,  Sili,  and  KosdiiicnHlcM.  They  are  found 
in  ihiimII  nuuil>eri<  in  mosC  sub-diviaional  towns,  and  In  grmtcst 
streu^^h  in  Dhnlia,  KasocU,  Dhnmn^m,  PitroU,  Erandot,  S^vds, 
Fniitpur,  Varangaon,  Pimprdia,  Nasirabad,  and  Jalgoou.  ThAgh 
many  of  them  aro  small  capitolisls,  hnndttimn  weavers  are  geitenilly 
employed  by  men  of  (»pit«l,  moat  of  thorn  V&nia  and  somv  Bohor&s 
and  Khatris,  wUo  §uppiy  them  with  yam  chictly  spun  in  local  aaJ 
Bombay  etvam  tnilb.  Thoy  aro  piiid  on  au  avurago  from  Hd.  to  9d. 
[2-6anitaa)  a  day.  Botb  men  and  women  weave,  keeping  not 
more  than  thirty  hiiliditys  in  tbo  yittr,  and  working,  except  for  ' 
about  an  hour's  rest  at  noon,  from  morning  to  night,  »o  lung  as 
they  have  tight  to  «x'.  Of  laU',  clnVfly  liy  tho  competition  of  local 
Ktcam  inillH,  the  prices  of  goods  have  fallen,  and  though  part  of 
this  reduction  i»  mi;t  by  the  gn-att-r  cbwipnws  of  yam, the  margin 
of  wage  left  to  the  weaver  has  within  the  last  ten  ytwrs  been 
towered  from  about  ijil.  toSil.  (3-2  onnuji).  Tbu.cloth  is  taken  by. 
tbc  luaater  weaver  who  advanced  tbe  yam,  and  distribulud  by  him 
tbrough  the  chief  tniAv  (x^uln-Jt,  tuins,  and  wi-vkly  markets.  It  ia 
OMtiuuiti^  that  about  nine-tenths  is  consumed  in  the  district,  and  Uio 
rest,  sold  and  resold  at  markc't^  and  fair-..',  findH  its  way  over  thu 
Ajanta  pas>>  iu  lAllock  nirt.>«  to  Iterdr  and  the  NijEAm';!  domioioiu, 
orby  rail  to  Bombay  and  tbo  Contnd  Provincoi.  Tho  chief  li  and- wovoo 
cloth  goods  nri-'  woinfn'n  rolieii,  {n^ag,  from  Erandtd,  Dharaugaon, 
PSmla,  Chopda,  PimprSia,  Kasirabad,  Fuiupnr,  .Savda,  X'urangaon, 
and  Jalgaon;  flour  cloth.'*  jiijanu,  oottoD  ebeeta  jiiiwdU,  stamped 
dirty-FM  courlets  phaiikit,  smaller  shootH  and  cuiibionfl  tMhuIu, 
from  Nandnrl>ilr,  SluOi(i<ia,  Varsi,  Betdvad,  Stndkhvda,  Cbopda, 
Jali^nou,  .Kiuiner,  Faispur,  and  Chinaval ;  long  white  floor  cloths" 
iitret,  cot  tape  ttavdr,  bulluvk  c\oiii»jhtil*,  from  N'ftHdrirlwu-,  Shdh&da, 
Vaivi,  Ktinai,  and  Ka^iMla;  and  coarso  cloth  jtAotfi,  from  Jimnor, 
SAvda,  FaiBpur,  Jamti,  and  Cbopda. 

Dyeing,  l>oth  of  oolton  cloth  and  yarn,  frivea  employment  to 
^bont  lOOO  soals,  cbicHy  Hindus  of  tho  Bh^T»nr  and  Rang^  csst«s 
in  Nundurb^rand  Sdvda.  Tlie  chief  colom-s  are  scarlet  and  blue, 
others  being  otere  tnodificatiuns  of  them.  To  dyo Mcartot  tbe  yam  or' 
doth  is  for  four  or  livo  days  altenjLat«ly  soaked,  driedf  and  aoiUcod 
again  in  yellow  sandy  earth,  lilia^i,  and  wafvr,  or  ciurl>otiat«  of  aoda, 
papad  Ichdr,  mixed  u-ith  ciiKlor  oil.'  After  final  washing  and  drying, 
thto  yam  or  cloth  is  plunged  into  a  pot  of  litgnid  Indian  mulWrry,  ut. 
An  the  dl  powder  is  very  light,  <<»  keep  it  togetlier,  C9u>tor  oi)  is 
mixed  in  the  proportion  of  one  to  twenty ;  atnm  is  added  in  the 

'  Thu  jM>v  nutJi  ia  liron^ht  Eium  Hv«r  tbka  by  1Ini4-b«r««n,  Lomirn,  and 
tioujiht  Bt  •  4»at  oI  4  WifT*  for  an  tuna.  Tbt  c*ititauta  of  loiU,  UMul  by  tbu  riahet 
ilyan,  b  nwob  mms  aerviMabla  Uiu  UiaMMbnr  outfc,  and  t*  Utftty  Uoporwd  bom 
DcctiUy  Mftoortom  Vk.  (Ba  U)  UMfBb«I  tluw  noM. 


Cliapt«r  TI. 
Crafts. 

CttUm 


^ 


IBomhaj  Ouettwi 


DISlRICTS. 


»pt«r  VI. 
Crafts. 


PHiUiof. 


p9}portionoFfivo toonooroDe-half ;  and  the  wbolo  is  disgolved  i: 
a  caJdron  of  lioiliu^  vriiicr.  Alter  the  mixture  ban  biiili-il  tor  Honi 
timu,  ibe  prepared  yaro  is  pluopcd  iuto  it,  nod  left  (o  soiLk  fur  abtiv 
three  dnys.  U  u  IIk-d  Wii-thvd  in  freitli,  und  if  puxHiMu,  nmuia 
WAtiftr,  and  aoinetimes,  to  brioff  out  tho  colours,  lias  &o  extra  bath  i 
a  muttoro  of  gonl's  dung  and  M'uter.  Aft«r  thU  it  i»  again  vrashs 
ia  tioab  water  and  dried.  The  dyod  yam  is  sold  to  handlooi 
irearers  and  tho  vlolli  (o  rilliigo  dealcn,  the  coitt  of  dyving  r&isiii 
tha  prico  of  ram  hom  lllif.  to  l«.  i\d.  (7^-!^^  urihua)  a  poMn<i 
and  of  cloth  &oin  2ii.  to  S*.  (Kv.  I  •!{«.  I  \)  for  onclt  pit>co  of  clot 
twolvo  cubits  loQff  by  I  {  broad.  Dyeing  blue  i»  a  simpler  prooes: 
uThe  yam  or  cloth  lias  not  to  bu  vpocially  pruparvd.  Aft«r  washiti 
it  in  purii  vf^t«r,  the  yarn  is  plonged  iato  a  not  of  blue  dyo  sta 
prepared  from^two  pounds  of  iudigo,  ono  ponnu  of  plantaiD  aahw 
ouu  pound  of  cement,  and  one  pbuod  of  tarvad,  Ca^Hia  uurti^ulatx 
seed,  boiled  togetbor  and  disnolrvd  in  watvr  from  thrue  to  eight  dayi 
Aft4;r  tln'«  it  in  washed  and  dried.  The  cost  of  dyeing  klu«  in  ai  ui 
rate  of  Cd.  (4  anna*)  a  pound. 

Ho»t  of  the  yarn  and  cloth  is  need  locally,  bnt  aomo  of  the  richd 
dyers  send  thuir  wares  n»  fnr  a»  Bvr&r  and  XAgpnr.  i 

Cnlico-priuting  .U  carried  on  chiefly  iu  Faiicpnr,  Jalgaon,  m 
some  other  largo  townx.  Thv  priutKrH  nru  dyers  and  tbey  gem-rull 
print  c<jarse  haod-madd  cloth.  The  favourite  ailourH  are  durk-re 
and  dark-bluo.  Bufuro  preparing  it  fjjE  printing  red,  thu  clod 
as  in  tho  caso  of  dyeing,  undergoes,  for  fiv«  or  «tx  davH,  sevwa 
naahinga  in  a  mixtur^of  water,  carbonate  of  Nucta  or  hhadi,  aal 
castor-oil.  Next  it  is  plunged  into  a  mixture  of  twenty  pound 
of  dl,  and  eight  pounds  of  dkdcda,  Cunocarjms  Intifolia,  now«ri{ 
powdered  and  ^Kiiled  togothur  in  wator  in  a  caldron  able  to  boll 
128  yiinl«  (10  tkuna)  of  cloth.  Tho  addition  of  four  pounds  | 
myrobaUnH,  hirdiU,  while  the  mixture  i»  boiling,  giwft  tho  eloth 
dirty  yeltuw  tinge.  The  whole  is  then  dried,  sprwid  on  a  bonn 
and  printv<l  by  a  wouden  handblock.  For  printing  blue,  tbo  cloU 
has  only  to  bo  washed  before  being  stainpod.  The  red  colour  i 
n  mixture  of  alum  and  gutn,  and  the  bine  a  mtxtUTV  of  ttulphal 
of  iron,  AmifciM,  and  gum,  both  dis^iolred  iu  water.  The  woudc 
hnndblork.^  liavo  tha  pattern  deop  cut  in  their  Uu-f».  They  ax 
made  by  the  printers  themselves,  who,  in  cutting  them,  use  from  fort 
to  fifty  wmitll  .shHri>ly  pijinled  ntwl  nail-like  toc)l!<,  IHie  printor  wh 
"makes  these  stamps  generally  does  no  other  work.  He  has  a  stoci 
of  pattoms  drawn  on  a  iisiper,  und  sometime.-*,  though  rarely,  supply 
new  devices.  From  the  paper  pattern,  n  drawing  in  ink  or  otke 
colotintl  .lubittanoo  is  mndu  on  the  ftice  of  tbo  wooden  block  an 
tho  pattern  is  afterwards  cut  to  the  re<|uirod  depth.  In  the  riahe 
designii,  where  sereral  colours  are  used,  wich  colour  has  its  ow 
block  with  only  so  much  of  tho  piktiom  engravvd  on  it  as  belona 
to  thai  colour.  In  printing,  the  workman  has  beside  him  a  pai 
soaked  with  tho  colour  tie3»  using,  and  on  this  he  pt«8ses  tbl 
block  between  each  timu  l*«tamp8  tbo  cloth.  A  blue  piatonil 
the  simplest  When  more  eolours^ihanone  luivo  to  be  used,  tho  n«! 
where  tJio  Blanip  ia  uot  to  mark  ia  covered  with  a  mLxtaro  of  gui 


tocconj 


KHAN1)«SU. 


231 


il  saud  which  is  afterwardfi  wa^hod  olT,  and  the  ntamping  rcpontixl 
iritli  the  othtT  bluclcM  nnd  coloui^  till  iho  whole  patl«ni  ia.nnnt^d. 
AJhvr  printing,  the  whl|l<^  <;loUi  is  uguiu  vroll  vriisla-tl  in  pure 
voter,  and  aonK-times,  to  brioff  oiu  tln»  colours,  reeeivea  a  hath  of 

ifttV  (Inng  niid  wati-r.     Aflcr  this  it  ix  ooc-ii  tnoro  earufully  washed, 

ied,  aud  t-spi'sell  fur  sale. 

SttMitii  Kpinuing,  woaviu^,  iniiaiu(r,  and  l^>llo^l•pn'$)ling,  have  be^n 
introduced  imo  Khaiidc«h  n-ithin  tJR'  Inst  twenty  years.  The  only 
Kl«nm)ipitiniii^»nd  wciiiTiiig cotton  fwttory  is  (it  Jalgaon.  This^torv 
was  iitartt-ii  iu  1H74,  under  the  uaiueot  the  Kbiiii<U-i<h  Spinning  and 
TiVeavinjjrComiwny  Limited.  It  bad»c»pi(«l  oti;75,000  (Ha.  7,oOfiOO) 
and  liiiiidiii^  iind  nuu'bim-i-y  ibat  (;o&t  ai>oin.  £1I&(I0  (II».{*5,0ltO).  lt« 
mui  bui-Dt  down  in  18"H,  but  was  re-opened  for  work  iu  Jamuiry  1879. 
It  has  at  proMont  220  ioom.-<i  nud  18,000  .tpiiidlcV,  nnd  conauitx-H 
on  an  avunig:^  HIjO  tous  (8O00  paluiji)  of  i-oitoii  a  ye»r.  It  umploj-s  a 
staff  of  ^i^  workmen,  itbout  AW  of  them  Musalmitns,  ^r>4i  .MiinitbiU, 
60  Portugwcsi?,  Pimieshii*,  tmd  Pirsis,  aud  two,  tho  chief  engineer 
And  the  epiunin^  master,  Europeans.  The  MusalnillDB,  chivHy  from 
Indor,  Bombay,  Pooni^  Saliira,  uud  Xu^r,  and  a  tow  nativea  of 
Kh&udi>!(h,  are  nkilled  wearers,  nilers,  carders,  and  spinners;  the 
Manirh^g,  strong,  sturdy  and  iniiiH'ul4jr,  from  all  ]atrt))  of  the  D«ccaD, 
art-  tabimrvrM  and  carriers ;  the  Ponuji^iieso,,  hardnorkiug  iind 
iotoUiKCut,  are  Gttei's  ;  and  the  Panlcvhii-,  peasants  from  Hoy  Bareilly, 
l>olhi,  Ayi-a,  and  Cawupiir,  nro  chielly  uie»s(iig('i-!<  anil  watchmen. 
Ono  of  the  I'firitis  iv  a  we^ljngr,  and  one  of  ihe  MarAthas  a  cardinj^, 
niaater.  Ivxceptt^  clerka  no  high  caslu  Qiudiis  arc  employed,  and 
thvro  are  no  Miinrs  or  Bhilx.  Of  th«  who Icritaff  about  onp^third  get 
fixed  wages,  the  rest  are  paid  by  •piece-work.  Of  tliose  who  get 
lixed   wages,  the  monthly  pay  of  the  engineer  is   &W    (Rs.  400),   of 

,c  (iptiiuing  mttsU'r  .WU  (Ka.  SOO),  of  the  smith  £*  (Ra.  -«),  of  the 

■icklayer  t2  (Ita.  20).  of  tJio  fittcre  from  £1  IOk.  U>  £2  (Its.  1&. 
Bfl.  20)',  and  Among  coninmn  labourers,  of  a  man  6it.  (i  anmt*),  of  n 
woman  •IJ'i.  (;iuji«u«),and  of  a  child  IW.  (2  annas)  a  day.  The  piece  , 
ratM  for  spinners  are  S^d.  (2^  aniKi")  the  100  pounds  of  yarn,  and 
tor  weavers  from  t»,  to  5».  (Ks.  2-Rs.2J)  the  huudrod  |>ounds  of 
oloth.  Tliis  repreaenta,  for  au  average  steady  worker,  daily  pay  at 
from  7{4.  to  3«.  (5  a»n«*-Rs.  1^) ;  womvD  generally  earn  from  3d- 
to  7\d.  (2-5  annru),  and  childron  fwra  3d.  to  3iJ.  (2-2i  iiattat}. 
The  wurkiug  hours  are  from  sunrise  to  auuiiet,  with  half  an  hours 
rest  from  eleven  to  half  past  eleven  for  (he  middny  nioal.  Residea, 
the  uMial  native  bolidnyH,  a  half  holiday  is  gives  every  market  day 
(Saturday),  aud  three  days  of  rost  a  mouth  aru  wanted  to  clean 
the  maebuiery.  Tlie  Cotton  most  used  U  the  long  stapled  Klutndvfihi, 
Hiugaugbal  and  DhariWir.  There  is  al&o  a  demand  for  the  short- 
stapled  V'arhadi.  But  as  in  Eliande^b,  the  growth  of  the  Varhadi 
IB  as  much  as  possible  diiicouraged,  the  local  supply  htw  to  bo 
itnpplenionted  by  imports  from  indor,  Jabalpur,  and  Gardevida. 
About  fiOOO  pounds  of  yam  aro  niatly »  day,  thu  wholesale  prioo 
varying  from  £12  to  £14  (Rh.  120-I|%l40)  a  ImiIo.  Most  of  the 
outturn  JH  used  locally,  bought  by  local  aealers,  and  distributed  over 
the  chief  market  towns  and  osvd  by  iho  handloom  woavtirn.  A 
good  deal  is  worked  iuto  cloth,  the  chief  Torietiea  of  cloth  being 


Chapter  VL 
Cnfl«. 


SUim  Spb 
and  H'd 


IBombajr  OtunUs. 


232 


DIS'rtllCTS. 


Cnft*. 


tJtfjetH,  towels,  sail  clolli,  and  conno  ctotli  of  every  sort,  which  rtlfl 
vholo6nl«  nt  It,  {H  annas)  n  ixxind.  AltiKKst  thv  wkiilu  of  it  iit  liuoicUl 
by  luL-a]  (lealiTH  and  sold  in  Khd^sli,  tinr&r,  and  tho  NizinV 
domiDtuDH.  It  IB  cbiofly  usod  by  nie  poorer  clapaes  for  shirt*  nafl 
wuistdollii}.  Tboy  also  make  cotton  ropu  nnd  tnine  for  utw  in  iM 
Dull.  I 

Bcfides  the  spinning  anil  wcavioff  mJtl    ihrrv   are    elentn  sl<aM 
fttdoriM  in  Khiodeah,  throo  of  tbem  ffiouiug  fadorics   and   eigwl 
prraHeH.     Tho  ^nnin^t  r«(rtoriaa,  two  of  them  at  Jal^non  noil  iincii 
MhasAvad,  hnill  betwoon  1800  and   18''-J,  an-  fiiniished  witli  Pfatfi 
Baw-gins.     For  tbo  rnutt-nji  already  nieutioned,  ctie  dcKiructiun  of  tki 
«|pd  and  Ibn  injury  to  ibe  etaplt',  eaw-pins,  tliouRli  they  uvurk  (oniM 
eleaper  than  liMia  cirancrsunii  wi;r<.- omnt ;  18  tt*)  prulty  widt^Iy  uivifl 
hare  for  tbv  biMf  fuiir  or  tivc  yearn  lain  aliuust  idle.  I 

Of  tbo  eight  strain  oottou  proHHos,  seven  ai«  in  Jnlgaofl 
and  one  in  Dbnlia.  lu  the  Jalgann  pre»N>ii,  tlie  prvKsing  cliargfl 
■H  &«.  Gti.  (Rh.  2  as.  12)  a  bale,  with  an  additional  Sd.  i2  antniit)  £■ 
oirrifligo.  In  1879-80,  9l,iiM  balw  ngiiin«t  16,021  in  !S71.72  iir^ 
rvpOAcd  (o  haro  been  preaed.     The  siz*.'  of  (ho  b«le  is  four  :  '1 

inch   lont,',  one  foot   sis  inches  higli,  and  ouo  foot  fivo  iucli'  .J 

During  Januiinr,  FobruHry,  Manh,  and  April,  wht-n  cctt^m  cotuea 
forvrard  iu  btrgu  ([uautities,  the  prosaes  are  at  Wiirk  night  aud  dayj 
tba  men  being  paid  from  3il.  to  djil.  (2-3J  a>ina«)  on  each  liuM 
pveasud,  and  dividing  the  amount  among.  ihemKelvos.  >Soiiiotiraaq 
thfi  preeaes  work  for  a  fow  Ix^nDt  a  day  only-  Tbej  have  uo  fixaa 
lKnin>  and  tbeir  wiirkiDgutinie  dejwudit  ujion  ibo  stoijkof  cotton.  Im 
Jalgaoa  tho  presses  employ  altogether  three  Kurojieaa  engiiuvrvj 
nbout  liftcen  to  sixki-ii  pn-ssmuu,  and  thirly  to  thirtytive  biii^iuri^nd 
to  can-y  the  biilvg  from  tho  jirx'W  to  the  nwlwiiy  ^tjition.  DurinfJ 
tbu  biiity  ft'iiNon  the  ])rea»mi'Ut  who  are  chiefly  Mariitb&»  anS 
}kl iisalni&ns,  earn  from  £1  lOti.  to  <2  IOji.  (Re.  15-lU.  ib)  amoulhil 
nio  carricrit  ar«!  Di'ccaii   Mariilhiiti.     Tliey  iirp  pHi<i  from    l(i#.  ttm 

*  £1  lOii.  (Ks.  &>1U.  15)  every  hundred  IkiIoh  atvordiug  to  the  dixti^ncal 
Tivin  tho  fm-tory  to   the  ntation.     lAT^icn  the  ihssoq  is  over,  some  gol 
to    their  villagPH   to  cultivate,  otbern   auiy     in    Jalgnon    and    find 
work  in  tho  onlinury  bibmir  mnrket.      Some  hare  settled  in  Chopdn, 
Varid,  nnd  Vlriid,  where  they  bavo  bnilt  houses  and  hold  land. 
Tbe   pre!4smeu  and  carriers  are  nearly  all  Dec<(>iui  MarAtfai« 

^S&t^ra  and  Poonn.    llioy  livu  in  hnts  outside  of  Jalgaon. 

,  Cotton  carpets  arc  wovon  at  Kii.«i)d»  and  P&Idhi  in  Emndol,  a^ 
Aftodn  ill  Kiisiruluid,  aud  at  It.inola  in  Nuiidurlmr,  by  Ufaangar  and 
M&obh&T  Ilindns  and  by  Miisnlmiin  J'injaris.     Tho  industry  is   n 
small    one,    ttnpjxirting    not    mum  than   400  families.     Almost  all 
are    lidHiurera    supplied   with   cAttou   by   ^lutuilmfin   and   JljirxlUI^ 
dealers,  and  paid  for  their  work  nt  the  rate  of  Si,  to4}if.  {i-3  aiinaf)i 
a  day.     A   fairly  skilful  and  steady  workur  oumB,  on  an  &vvraf^g 
from  Gd.  to  9tf  (4-G  nnnaxjaday,     Tbe  demand  ia ateatty, britknigh 
at  times  of  faint  nnd  dullivnt  ih  tli«  rainy  weather.     Tho  men  worki 
from  six  to  (-igh!  honrs  a  day,  and  keop  about  thiriy  yearly  holidays. ' 
KxiH-pt  I'iujAri.1,  they  himily  ever  follow  any  other  muiiloyuMint,  audi 
tbeir  women  seldom  add  anything  to  the  family  gnins.     The  coloora 


lanu. 
6l.  ^^ 


khAnd&sh. 


233 


□erally  nsed  are  red,  yellow,  green,  Aiid  black,  and  tlio  pttttonu 
ulninvl.  nlnttys  simple  eitripeii  fniiu  ouc-1«uth  of  an  inch  to  2J 
IS  bnMil.  Theae  carpets  ar»  offered  for  sale  at  moat  market 
and  religious  gittlmring.s.  TlioJr  l>u«t  nwrkct  in  ul  TtlaJiini 
tir  Tliey  *n  «eut  iu  small  (|a&iitities  to  Uerflr  and  the  Niic&m  a 
ominious. 

Gold  and  silrcr  thread  are  made  in  snuill  (]uantitic«  at  'Ri.-ror  in 

ivilti.     The  worker.^  are  Hindus  of  the  Son&r,  Sliimpi,  Rajput,  and 

taa^ri    castes,  and    Miisalm&iiH    who    liaro     lately    come    from 

Jnrhlinpur.     'Vhv  industry   \»  of  litlltt  iui porta nc^e,  !>u]i]ioriiDg  nob 

Bore   than   from  fifty  to  one  hundred  famiUae.     Most  o£  the  gold- 

bi-ead  makers  are  labourers  supplitilbya  Mlirviid  capitalist  with  the 

bread  and  iiivlal,  and  paid  for  iheir  work  generally  al  the  raK;  of 

\d.  to  4)d,  (1-3  annas')  a  day.     The  women  of  the  family  do  not 

oke  part   in  the  employment,   but  they  generally  e»ni  a  lit4]o  by 

abour  iu  the   tti-id-t.     The  demand,  fairly  coustiiut  throughout  the 

'ear,  is  briskest  in  the  wedding  seasons  and  dullest  dnriu|^  the  rains. 

The  makers  gi-neriilly  wrork  from  nix.  U>  eight  h'liiR*  u  day,  and  ke4p 

iboul  (lixty  holidays  a  year.     There  is  a  craft  guild  comjK^Hod  of  Bl) 

[dull  males,  but  except  enloniiag  holiday-kwping,  it  plays  but  a 

smull  part  Intheoffairsof  thecraft.     In  niakiuggold  tbnrad, a  i^ilrer 

bar  about  a  fool  long  and  one  and  a  half  inches  thick  is  covered  with 

gold  leaf,  which  by  sovoral  hcAtingK  and  hammerings  is  welded  into 

the  !>ilrer.     One  end  of  the  bar  in  put  into  one  of  many  dilT<^renb 

sized  boles  pierced  through  a  rough  iron   plate.     The  point  of  the 

bar  is  oaiight  by  »  large   pair  of  pincers,  whose  handles  are  secured 

by  a  ring  fontened  to  a  rope  or  chain  ^ing  round  a  wooden   wheel, 

which,  worked  by  threu  men,  drags  the  bar  through  the  hole  in  the 

iron  plar«.     In  {>ai(siug  through  the  bole,  ibe  bar  grotT-*  eoiuiderahly 

honger  and  thinner,  and  the  process  is  repeated  through  gradually 

diminishing  holes.     When  reduced  to  the  niza  of  wire  it  is  handed 

loTer  to  another  workman,  who,  by  working  two  small  wheels,  drags 

it  through  a  fiwiie  ])ierci(td  with  very  fine  holes.     When  fine  enough 

it  is  tluttoni-d  by  boating  with  a  small  hammer  on  a  nttiol  anvil.     It 

is  then  twisted  with  thin  yellow  or  orange  silk  and  wound  on  reels. 

When   ready  the  gold   threa<l  iit  distribiitoil  through  the  different 

narketa  and   fairs,  and   bought  by  village  dealen   and  bandloom 

weavers.   Most  of  it  i^i  used  in  the  district.  The  demand  Cor  gold  wire 

IS  wnall,  and  the  workerK  are  badly  off. 

The  chief  crafts  connected  with  animal  products  are  the  making  , 

of  lac,   clarified  butter,  the  weaving  of  silk  and  wool,  butcher's 

Work,  and  iho  making  of  leather.     I^,  produced  by  the  puncture 

of  the   female    insect.  Coccus  laeca,  on    pimpal    Ficua  religiimta, 

pa/oji  But^-a  frondosa,  and  bar   ZieyphuH  jujulra,  trees,  is  gathered 

fehieQy  by  Pim{ialner  Bhilsand  other  forest  tribes  in  April,  May,  and 

Kiftrt  of  June.     \Vhen  about  thirty  pounds  haro  been  collected,  it  ia 

feat  in  coante  cloth  bagM  from  elxveu  to  foutloen  cubits  long  and 

fcbont  twelve  inches  round,  which,  with  their  mouths  closed,  are  laid 

hear  a  hrc  and  the  gum  left   to  melt  and  uoxc  oui.     The  supply  i» 

bold  by  the  Uhil:^,  partly  to  travelling  Hi^hora  and  MArvM  aud  other 

[V&oi  peddlers,  who  give  in  exchange  cloth  and  hardware  trinkets. 

I       ■411-W 


Chapter 
CiafU 
Carpet*. 


fMdamdSU'Mr 


lac 


iBoabajl 


231 


XUSTRICTa 


■TL 


lU. 


Iflie  r««t  lA  taken  lu  markM.  lowns  nod  )k>1(1  for  money,  or  ^  -  ~~ 
oloth.  'PbodoalprecolliH-LthiilM^iuiddiBtribiito  tt  to  silk  <i 
SnrlutnftiriuidVeolaMuaalm&os.uidtoLBklii'rtLHorbr&i  < 
H>)fit  of  tlM>  cropis  naed  to  the  iliiMrirt  in  dyfiu^  /uru  u: 
in  vomi-ring  wuod.    A  little  fiudji  iln  iray  to  BtmLr  and  iJie  J^u 
duminioiiN,  itnd  some  ffuofl  by  rail  to  Bumbnjr.      'Vhv    priai  I 
consumer   ^uorallj'   \'nrtra  frura  Qtl.  to  l«.  ((J-H  annati}  a 
The   dcmiind    i^  fairly   couitaut,    but  rec<eot     furust     raatr 
liaT«  greatly  reduced  the  supply.     Imc  brvcelotH  of  mHoos 
are  made  in  DbiiliA,  Gmwiilm,  liiid  BliuiUtral  by    Jjakher^  whol 
said  lo  liave  come  froii»  MArvid  abont  a  i-eniury  a^. 

* .    Clarified   bQtl«r,    tup,    it    nutde  chiefly  ai   Dhttlia  and   Lali^l 

Almost  all  wwU-to-do  husbandmen  sell  clarified  butter,  aad, 
by  them,  a  lai^e  quantity  is  prepared  by  prufmeioaal  herdji 
the  Dhnn^ar  and  Gavli  cih<(c«.  The  wom«n  do  tho  dairy  wiiri 
hom^ttimfift  gn  to  at^U  the  batter.  Clarified  butter  is  of  tn-o  I 
one  made  from  bufFaloe'e,  the  otiicr  from  nheci>'»  milk.  The  1, 
made  from  bHlTalov'M  milk  ia  (he  lieitt,  feic-hinA-  frum  Gd.  to  U 
(4>8  iiniinir)  a  pound.  It  is  used  by  idl  the  well-to-do.  Shetf^ 
butter,  fetching  from  4\4,  to  9rf.  (3-6rtnji«)  a  pound,  ia  alti 
chiefly  by  thopoorerclnWHM  and  in  mixinjc.  Cow's  butter,  whicJiil 
used  for  mediciue,  ia  seldom  made.  The  producers  ffeut^rallywC 
to  butter  dealers,  lontl  and  MArvitd  Vtoix,  Bhatiiiii,  and  Knc-bhit, 
wlio  )iru  in  the  larger  towns  and  travel  about  {^theriBB 
supplies.  They  keep  the  butter  in  large  leather  jans,  duht'u,  ana 
<U«posa  of  most  of  il  at  their  shop*  in  market  and  other  !»r^  towiu. 
Batter  u  daritied  by  boilinfc  tt  in  a  brass  or  iron  pot.  \Vli«i 
mod  it  keeps  fresh  and  fit  for  use  from  eight  to  tifl<!un  daya.  Almoal 
the  whole  supuly  i»  mwd  in  Khiindejih.  A  little  finds  its  way  lo 
B«r^  and  the  ViEiim's  dDmiuiona.  There  has  Dot  of  lat«  been  aigr 
marked  change  in  the  butter  trado. 

Glam  bangles  are  to  a  small  extent  made  by  Mnsalmtos  of  the 

^  Uani&r  ca«:te.     Tho  vhicf  cmftHmvii  used  to  bo  found  nt  Na.'iirabad, 

Yltval,    Sakli,  I'AroU,  and  ICrandol,  and  in  Nasiriibiid  there  aru  Ktili 

from  300  to  100  of  ihetn.     Tl""y  Imrc  now  much  difficulty  in  finding 

wood  for  their  furnaces,  and  the  iiiduwtry  does  not  proaper. 

Silk  work  is  cnrrii>d  on  to  a  small  extent  in  Krandi>l  and  Pdrola. 
Tho  indu»try  euipluya  scvuml  classes  of  workmen,  sorton,  ' 
t  and  weavom,  but  it  is  not  a  large  industry  nud  dueH  not  :<. 
•  more  than  about  seventy-five  familie*.  Almost  all  of  them  afo 
Isbourt'rs  supplied  with  ^ilk  by  Gujarat  V&ni  and  Shimpi  d^ialora, 
and  paid  by  the  piece.  Tho  Hilk,  cbiuBy  Bengal  and  Chinena,  vt 
brought  by  rod  from  Bombay,  Tlio  only  silk-apiuning  is  carried  on 
by  the  Khatria  as  a  kind  of  bve-work.  Thvru  are  no  aiatiuctcliwsos 
of  silk  wearers  aud  dyera  "nie  ofaiof  colours  uHnd  are  red,  yellow, 
«i>eu,  black,  aud  blue.  The  weavers,  Salis  and  Koshtis  by  caste, 
^iellv  make  tadit,  rholkhans,  fdgotit,  and  phadkis.  Tlie  demand 
for  their  work  in  f>irly  constant,  briskest  dnring  the  marriago 
Beaaona  and  dullest  in  the  rainy  mrmths.  The  nilks  are  made  ov«r 
to  the  dealer  who  sells  them  to  village  shopkeepers  or  sends  them 
in  charge  of  agents  to  the  diSerent  markets  and  fairs.     The  retail 


■  DecciAj 


khAkdesu. 


235 


prices  of  Bilk  gooiU  aixl  2s.  to  4r.  (Re.  1.R8.2]  ayard  forturba^B;       Chapter  VL 
luid  from  -t«.  U}  £2  (Re,  2-Rs.  20)  for  robes.     Rich  pi'oplo,  BitiuoMM,  CiafU. 

Sbiti^s,  and  Gujai^t  and  M&rftnl  VAnin  use  ailk  clolb. 

Blankut-nuavitig  is  almnst  the  only  woollea  maDiiiactare.     It  ia  fifonfei 

ied  ou  all   orer  tbe  district,  but  chiefly  io  DliuUn,  Nnsirabad,  WMvutjt. 

ner,  Amaltivr,  and  Virdol.  Ilie  wenvoM  nro  almost  all  of  tb« 
Dliangur  ittnte.  Sheep  are  generally  sheared  twice  a  year,  in 
Uan.'h  and  in  November.  Tho  wool,  chiefly  bUu.-k  with  M>Jno  tbrwida 
of  dirty  white,  waiiboil  tM>veral  ttnieti  and  cleaned  wilh  the  bow,  ia 
coilfctvd  liy  tho  Dhangare,  Bome  of  it  set  apart  for  their  own  use,  and 
the  rest  taken  to  the  cluof  district  tradn  acutrcsHuil  sold  to  wool 
dealers,  also  DhuigarB  by  cft.«to.  Frinii  tlutsuy  dmlort*  it  is  bought  by 
tbo  woariiiff  Dhangara,  wbo,  though  of  the  saine  tribe  as  t^  shepherd 
Db&ngars,  do  not  rear  ehcup  but  upend  their  time  in  blanket-weanog. 
Most  of  lliem  buy  tho  wool  und  work  it  into  blankots.  Othorg, 
eoiployod  by  dealora  as  labourers,  are  paid  from  2id.  to  3d.  (H- 
2  anntu)  a  vard,  rates  rD])rcsciii  ing  to  a  fairly  good  workman 
mbout  i^d.  (3  annat)  a  day.  Tbe  weaver  wbo  woikti  hiit  own 
wool  oarna  on  an  averaj-e  about  &^  (4  aittur*)  a  day.  They  weavo 
generally  in  the  oixiu  lur,  and  rain  forcea  iht-m  to  stop.  They 
work  from  aix  to  eight  honra  a  day  and  keep  about  tlurty  yearly 
holidays.  Tboirwunion  and  children  help  in  spinning  the  wool,  and 
tho  men  generally  apin  when  it  is  too  wot  to  weave.  The  blankets 
are  offered  foraafe,  eitherby  the  wearersthemselveaorby  Ihelmdnr 
wbo  has  employed  them,  at  all  fairs  and  markuts,  and  in  the  shopjt 

rofmOiSt  large  villitgtt.*.  They  ftrn  in  dt-maud  among  iiH  the  lower 
clawes,  and  almost  the  whole  local  produce  ia  used  in  Che  dtxtrict. 
A  little  goes  to  BorAr  and  the  NiaUn's  provinces.  But  the  quantity 
imported  from  &tilr\-^d,  ShoUpur,  and  Fandbarpur,  i#  gonnnilly  more 
than  what  leaves  Hhe  district.  Thor«  is  a  considerable  sale  of 
t  Eoglisb  blankets  in  Jalgaon,  Bbnaltral,  Dhtilia,  and  ni<arly  alt  the 
larger  lown-s.  Blanket  weavers  have  no  guild  or  trade  ansociation,  , 
There  is  a  good,  and  on  tbe  whole  a  gTx>wing  demand  for  their 
wares.  A  blanket  generally  moaaures  from  three  iv  six  cubit«,  and 
oostg  from  It.  to 'da.  (ani»i«s-na.l().     Almost  all  aro  plain. 

BiitcherM*  work  in   of  two   branches,  the  kilting   of  cows  and  AtfrS 

buffaloes  and  the  killing  of  sheep  and  goats.     Tho  butchen  of  tho  *'*"'^ 

brger  animals  are   Kiut^f,  ami  of  tbe  Hmnller  Khitika.     Butchers  A 

«n»  found  in  nlmosE  all  market  towns,  but  beef  is  uaed  only  in  placen  *  I 

where  there  is  a  large  Hnaalmiin  popilntion.     Tho  indnstrv  aupporta*  M 

from   200   to   800   uuniliea.     The  cowx,  oxen,  and  bn^oes    are  | 

generally  brought  by  culdvators.     As  a  rate  they  are  old  animals  I 

pasi  yielding  milk  or  doing  work.     Somtt  cultivators  and  many  of  ^^1 

tbe  liindn  town  tndorn  used  never  Co  sel!  their  cattle  to  tbe  but4;her.  ^H 

Of  late,  it  is  said  the  practice  haa  become  mneh  commoner.    The  ^^M 

demand  is  pretty   constant,  and  tho  bntchen  lead  an  easy  life,  the  ^^M 

women  doing  a  great  part  of  tho  selling.     As  a  claes  they  are  well-  ^H 

to-do,  charging  U'i.  (I  aniMi)  a  pound  for  cow  beof,  and  SJd.  (])  ^H 

emnaa)  for  goat's  Sesb,  prices  that  leave  them  a  good  profit.    BaSalo  ^H 

meat  is  rarely  used.    Mnsalmins,  except  the  poorest,  and  even  these  ^H 

00  their  three  or  foar  chief  holidays,  eat   both  beef  and   mutton,  ^H 


(Boinbaj  auaRM, 


ppWr  VL 
Cr&ftt. 

XcUAcr. 


23« 


DISTRICTS. 


Jbni. 


amuntf  Hindus,  Ahir  Shuupici  eat  ^at's  flesh  pretty  constoatlf, 
and  Kitut)i»  nnil  Bhita  wbea  they  can  afford  it. 

Leather  making  and  wurlcing  ba»  Itvo  ljivn<-heitj  t&mung  anj 
ahoemakitig.  1'anniDg  goes  on  in  almost  all  large  vUlag«B  ui 
tonHB.  Tod  worlcmon  nr?  cfak'fly  Mdngs  nnd  ChAiubMrs,  and  Uie 
iudUBtry  supportti  aI>oul  100  fnmilu^tt,  Tlic  liidt^^  »rv  ^nerall; 
(lajred  by  village  Mb^  and  partly  dried  by  them,  and  lut^d  ro  ni«t 
the  wnntxof  vUlagore  for  U-athor  ibonga  nnd  ropve,  or  they  are  taken 
into  ihti  larger  tovma  and  »old  to  hide  dealent  wito  nre  mo«iIy 
Husalni^s.  The  bide  dealers  export  some  of  them  by  rail  b) 
Bombftj,  but  moet  are  soot  to  bo  drevsed  by  local  ChinibhdrB  and 

Jkl&ngs.  They  firot  put  the  hide  in  water  for  two  or  threw  dayi, 
atid  «Fh«n  it  ia  irashed  and  has  had  all  the  hair  gcraped  off  with  ircD 
kcuTea,  they  nt)ply  limo  and  thi-n  fiild  iiud  keep  ibc  bidofonbiw 
diiys.  After  this  it  is  again  washed  and  left  for  nearly  DinrtMii 
iajt  in  the  cxlrat^  of  larvad,  Ca«Hia  auric-ulnta,  bark.  Then  it 
w^hedand  laid  In  pure  water  (or another  fiftH-ii  dayaaud  then  drii 
in  the  shade.  Tanners  work  about  eight  hours  a  day  and  ki 
DO  boltdaya.  Thoir  women  and  children  take  no  part  in  the  tro: 
Moat  of  the  leolhor  it  sold  to  Kh^udenh  sboemnkerR  either  at  hun 
or  markets.  '£he  tanners  of  Dharangaon  in  Bhus&val  and  of 
Jalgaon  in  Dhulia  have  a  eiwcial  local  Dnmo  for  skill  in  their  craft. 
Litue  leather  Inircit  the  district.  The  demand  is  coBHtonl  and 
the  cmft  fuirW  prosperous.  Shoemnking  goes  on  in  moAi 
large  village*)!.  The  workers  are  Mochis  uu<I  ClittmbhtirH  nnd  lb 
industry  Mupport^  about  100  Mochi  nnd  1200  Ch^bhdr  families 
The  leather  is  bought  chiefiy  from  local  tanners,  and  as  »  mie  the 
shoemaker  works  with  leather  be  ba^  himself  bought.  Mo«t  of  the 
Mochis  and  Cbiimbiirs  are  both  tannera  and  ahoeuakera.  They  are 
paid  from  1'.  ti/<|jr.  (a«.  8-Rs.  2)  for  a  pair  of  slippers,  repnaeoting, 
to  a  fair  workman,  from  3d.  to  6J.  {2-1  annav)  a  day.  The  demand 
for  his  work  i»  st«ady  thn>ughimt  the  year,  lie  works  about  eight 
hours  n  day  and  takes  no  holidays.  The  women  of  bis  family  help  in 
tbe  lighter  parts  of  bis  work.  He  nuikv:)  Mhovw,  Kandab,  buckets, 
Bod  wat«^r  ba^s.  The  shoemakers  of  Dhulia,  Taraod,  Erandal, 
Cbopda,  and  Xandurbdr,  have  a  good  name  (or  their  native 
■hoes,  and  in  Dbolia,  Bhus&val.  and  Jalgaon  are  Mom«  men  who  can 
make  n«at  and  nseful  Eiigliith  shoes  and  rough  pony  harness. 
Most  shoemakers  koop  a  muuII  »lock  of  slippers  and  sandnia  foaM 
•  Bale,  or  send  them  by  an  agent  to  local  murkotM  and   fairs.     TImIV 

•n-hule  supply  i«  giiucrally  used  in  the  district,  and  small  qiianlitiea 
of  English  ^'lux'S  and  boots  are  brought  from  Bombay,  and  native 
■(k>O0  from  Poona  and  Ahmodiutgar.  Tfa«  demand ta  on  tbu  whole 
«t««dy,  and  the  businotts  prosperoua. 

Hom-gntlturing  is  an  industry  that  has  spmng  up  sincv  the 
railway  was  opened.  Near  mo»t  rmilwuy  stations  large  heaps  of 
horns  and  bones  are  collected.  They  are  generally  brought  from 
the  villages  round  by  SIbiirs  luid  Bhils,  and  sold  by  them  to 
Bohora  dealers  who  send  them  to  Bombay.  Some  aix  yiairs  ago 
boms  were  sold  at  the  rate  of  £3  (Its,  30}  a  hundn-d  and  bones  at'Js. 
(Re.  1 )  a  hundredweight.  Tb«  demand  hah  now  fnlUin  and  the  Irada 
is  not  prospi-rwus. 


*tj 


I 


S«ccaa.l 


KHAKOESH. 


287 


I 


Cart-making  in  aa  important  indimtry.  Wood  is  clu>nj)  i^d 
good,  and  ihe  Dondaicha,  Taloda,  C'bopda,  aod  Navdpur  earta  are 
•0  marked  aii  iiDprovotnoat  on  tho  old  cnrt  tlutt  tbey  have  become 
mosl  popular.  The  mnnufacture  llourislieB,  the  price  liaving  been 
iWMcf,  without  lowcriD)^  the  demand,  from  £'2  to  £4  {Ha.  20- 
tU.  40).  Tliey  nrv  madt^  bv  Dv«hi  iiiiil  Purdt^hi  SutArs.  Tliv  iron 
parts  are  the  work  of  local  blackHiaitlis,  ths  material  being  supplied 
from  Bombay  tbrongli  local  sbopkeepvrs,  BohoHi8j  Viiniiij  and 
others. 

TliD  making  of  salt,  gunpowder,  paper,  and  opium,  are  do  longer 
prftcli^cd.  Formerly,  on  account  of  toe  oxp^pae  and  risk  of  brinj^ng 
n  frt>ra  lh*»  eiismt,  uttlt  p»(>d  tobeUkndc  by  stcmping  «irth.  In  milch* 
tho  samt?  way  nilro  was  extracted  aom  earth  and  gunpowder 
made.  When  Captain  Briggs  came  to  KhaDdeeh  in  181H,  he  found 
that  gunpowder  wiw  nmdv  in  ulnio«t  ovory  town  in  tho  diatn<H. 
When  the  district  wae  brought  to  order,  the  demand  for  gunpowddF 
oeasod  and  tho  workmen  bei'amo  limo-bumors.  Gunpowder  is  stitl 
made  is  small  quantitioH  for  fireworks  by  Kome  Mugalnulns.  Cuarm 
paper  QR«dto  bo  (1861>)  manofactared  at  Erandol  and  Yiival.'  The 
ruimi  of  ptiiier-niiikon^'  houwwareatillsiH'ii.uudaTory  §matl  qcuintity 
is  still  made.  Of  the  decny  i^f  tho  indigo  and  o{iiion  maimiacturea 
•omo  nctwunt  has  been  given  in  tho  chapter  on  Agriculture. 

Cloth  and  turban  wearers,  oil-oxtraotors,  hosbandnioti,  bangle* 
makers,  car]>enter8,  barbers,  potl^Tii,  goldimitha,  washermen, 
tailors,  dyers,  and  dt-sellers,  hare  caste  or^nisations  which, 
(o  somu  extent,  lake  the  place  of  craft  iriiilds.  Euoli  casto  has  a 
nnmher  of  Itsiding  men,  mahiijan*^  subii'rdtnate  U)  a  limd  luudor, 
chattdhri  mahdjan.  ilia  olKiw  is  hereditary,  and  in  all  matters 
coming  bcforo  him  Lo  coQ«ult»  men  of  iK'knowlud^ty]  reputation  in 
the  caate.  From  three  to  nix  members,  including  the  president, 
ehattd/iri  mahajan,  can  give  an  anthoritatiro  docision  affecting  the 
interciitit  of  the  whole  frutemity.  llieHe  decifiouH  relate  chieSr  to 
marriages,  re-maniagtin,  and  questiona  of  caste  rules.  They  have 
no  direct  connection  with  the  crafleman's  work,  except  eo  far  as  any 
special  line  of  condiiot  would  be  a  broitch  of  csMtu  rules.  Finos 
recoveriKl  &<om  defaulterfi  form  a  fund  from  which  caste  carpeta 
and  cooking  and  drinking  vessela  are  bought.  The  practice  of 
approntiut!0bip  prt^vails,  the  appr«ntico  getting  neithor  pay  nor 
allowaoces.  liilrikes  are  almost  unknown.  IVelre  years  ago  the 
barbers  atrack  and  succeeded  in  raising  their  wages  from  fd.  to  It''..*' 


ChaptarTI. 

Ciafta. 
Cv«-i(aMv- 


CnftOniUi. 


>  Bom.  (iav.  M.  XCUI.  307.    Tha  p*p«t  ira*  Jafcrior  to  tUt  iuBiiui>ctUT«d  *t 


fTIL 

•  n.a-lSOO  A.D. 


CHAPTER    VII. 

HISTORY'. 

The  oldest  Klitodeiiil)  I(>g(^»d»  bctoiii;  to  tW  hill  FnrU  of  ^qq)^ 
ttnd  Aairjrad.     Tbw  M^|iftbluLrat  meptjoiia  YuvaiiAsliya.  the  niif r  of 
•  TarafflSa^^  fi^'hTin^  with  tho  CfcndAVK,^  and  Asirgad  aa  &  pkcQ 
of  worship  of  Ashvuftliiima.*     Acwirdiug'  tn  local  Uaditiuu,  Asirgi  ' 
vra.H,  fi-oni  ttbout  1600  B.C.,  the  bead-quarters  of  a  Bajput  chief  wh< 
sncieatore  cam«  from  Ondh.* 

In  CMirly  time!*  KhAndi^Nli,  like  the  rrat  of  tlio  Deccan,  wan  probably 
ander   gr^at   vassals,   ma/iiifnai)(fttfe#/irars,   and    hewMlitary   land- 
holdors,  paligart,^  Betlltrtl  at  Asir^'ad  in  the  oaKt,  Pdtna  in  tbv  &outh 
NA.iik  in  tho  vf09l,  and  lialiiig  in  the  centre,  all  und<;r  thv  control 
the  orerlorda  of  Tagar  and  P&ithan.* 

The  rock  terfjjlw  of  PJlalkhora.  N^Jeik.  and  Ajanta  show  that  in 
the  second  and  first  ijeuturiea  before,  and  during-  tbo  fir^t  thrc« 
ceotiiriea  aftar  Christ,  KbAndceh  wsb  nnder  rulors  who  patroDioed 
Baddhitini.  aomo  of  whom  lived  at  Paitbau.^  Tb«  first  dynasiy  of 
whiofa  distinct  rooord  remains  are  the  Andhrabbrit yfc^  or  ShitaviUuma, 
whose  capital  wae  Dbanakat,  purlwips  Uluirniki.t  on  the  Krishna  in 
tho  Madras  diatrici  of  Unntur.*  Thu  diii«  ii(  ilitjir  riw)  to  poww  is 
uncertain.     According  to  tho  mout  recent  eatimatcH,  their  founder 


t 

ih^j 


:M 


'  The  cibi«r  owunHitiona  te  thi*  ehaplar  m«  tbN«  p*jp«'*  on  K]iiiid«di  Uitw/, 
HMratdv  prepared  lij  Mr.  W.  Runiw,  C-S.,  Mr.  A.  CMw|n-Bo«v«r,  &&,  uid 
llr.  J.foU«n.C.S.  ' :^r  J.  aUouIn  ia TMm.  Kaj.&t.Soe.  L  78. 

■  AahTstthlaiii  is  (till  wnnibipii«d  kt  Aalrgsd.    CHiitnd  frovincf  (iui'tlotir.  9. 

'tinuil  DatI,  ISl     Tb*>  Cliohln*.  ninniw  other*,  cliuui  tn  htm  nilml  kn  Anr^ii  ia 

Cfaialoric  tinM*.  Tml'*  Anna)*,  II,  4W.  Kfalji4Mb  Mcmi  U  onii  tiioe  ta  hsvs 
I  tnclnilvJ  to  thacoonliyof  VijbtfUk,  whamuoM  ramaui*  in  Rnlu- which  tatj 
ha*«  tiMD  tko  Midont  o»pit«L  Ttdarbh  mu  aC  varimia  poriixU  «  lorritory  oE 
oonnidonibjo  •xtonL  and  uownr.  It  ii  monticiiiod  in  tli«  Rimiyui,  the  U*hitbli4rati 
and  tita  Ponltti.    H.  H.  WlUon'*  Worka,  ni.  Ifi«. 

*  lamva't  Iti()kMh«  Alt«itliiin)aknndc,  TV.  K7. 

*  Aa«wlr  <<*3S0  a<'.  Tacaria  aaid  (fl rant  Duff,  II)  tubsro  bonn  itnportaot  ononrii 
*  to  attract  Hnptiaa  morchaat^     Ita  ponitinn  Uan  not  fM  b«a  Sxad.     It  h»«  Ululy 

•(/oar.  BooiTBt.  Boj-.  At.  Soc  XIII.  V)  bMii  Ulimtifiad  with  Jntmarr  in  Pbona.  But 
Jnanar  data  not  agrM  with  the  acouiint  of  Tajcar,  Klrmby  tho  anihorot  th«  Perlnjiia 
(SIT  A.f.l,  whopLaoM  it  ton  dajii  eaat  u(  I'nttbaii  (*ee  McCrIii<ll<i'*  Pnrlpliia,  125^  120). 
OraatDaffa  pontioo  tHivtoir.  U)  ■  liltln  to  tbo  norlh-*Mt  <■(  the  nawim  town  of 
BhicMema  moat  prohahU.  The  rr^ark  in  tli*  pMriplu*  (McCrindle'a  cditioo,  ISS), 
MuitMMiywttoholwoa^tintaTagiir  ■  fnon  lhejiartoa)ongthaooa«t,'waTe*Dnt  ont^ 
wagoaa  to  Broach,  aeema  to  ahcw  that  Tagar  waa  In  ccmraunluatinn  with  the  Bay  it 
Bongal.  Pattbaa.thourittradilionaltyfouiuMbrSh&livihaniiiA.n.  Ttt.waaaplacoof 
noportanooMtartrBalha  tUid  ooatinry  Ka     B(Uu  Piji  tn  Jonr.  Bum.  Br.  Roj. 

'  Fbiguaoen  and  Barren'  Care  Temples,  lit.    The  oarlieal  oT  the  KhAndfah  ea' 
hraploa  ia  orobablj  one  at  Pilalkhora,  dated  about  150  jlC.    The  earlieat  Ajauta 
NiJk«a*MareabontlOOa.c     llitto.  lfi$  and  178. 

*  Traoa.  See.  Inter.  <:oi^t.  3t!X  The  auM  Andhiabhritxa  or  Aadhrii'  aqrraata  is 
•apyoaad  to  ihow  that  bef«ve  they  bMama  iadBpeodcot,  ibBj  were  lubjoot  to  tb» 
mynatagfia  of  PUaUpntra,  tho  roadora  Pitaa, 


seat 


khAndesel 


23d 


Sliiprak,  SindxUt,  or  Shishnfc,  lived  before  the  cioeo  of  tho  Mrd 
^utury  B.C.'  Thi*  wmild  plin-w  Krislinw,  the  m-coml  of  ihe 
adhnib1irit,i|*il«,  vflio  is  lueuliiined  in  one  of  the  N^ik  eaves,  early 
^in  tin-  itecond  oeiiturr  before  Christ.  &  da(«  to  some  i'xt«nt  snpportvd 
by  the  old  forms  of  tht^  It-ttvni  used  in  the  cave  inscription.*  Th© 
^ADdbmbbrit.N*^  seem  to  have  continued  to  rale  in  Nfeik,*  till,  in  the 
utter  p&n  of  the  fir«t  wntnrj-  of  llio  ChHxtiau  era,  NiUuipdu,  a 
ikythion  or  Parlhiaii  oC  thu  S&b.  Satray.  or  KshaiiartHnWniU^ 
.  twrth  ludia,  drove  them  ^Rom^aMK  und  Kb^ndciib,  oau  also, 
it  would  eeem,  from  Piiithau.*  'lln-st'  Kilh  rulers,  originally 
Bobordinutv  ti>  »ime  overlord,  seem,  after  thou-  conquest  of  the  norta 
,  to  hare  mada  theuiKclftt  ini]e|HiDdeut,  and  ruling  fronl' 
wa,'  to  ha^  cliowtii  Nitfilc  an  (he  local  seat  of  goverunienl.* 

Tbrt  H^  kiii^  aeem  to  have  held  N&sik  and  Kb^ndesh  Cor 
ftbont  fom-  years  only,  whi-n,  lietwcon  121- and  18&.  Shitnkanu 
fGautaniiiml ni  n»Um-d  tlifc  Aiidbral'lirrtviU.  earning  the  title  of  tba 
•ticrtroyer  ol  hiiaks,  Yavana,  and  Palhavs.'     Aboot  forty  yeara  later 

■  BUn  lli}i  i4o»t.  nam.  Br.  l!oy.  A*.  Sw.  VII.  118  oaA  VIII.  210)  pLkc«  Sliinrftk 

ilfcofMrth  MDturybnIonCtirtat  iBtut^rlil  IndrAji  tJuur,  Ikmn.  Dr.  Kov.  Al  Soc 

nil.  310),  *houl  210  B.«. :  FnnMp  (Bu>yi  II.  Uacfal  T>)il«  H)  uid  BhimUrkv 

niiB.  8P?.  Inter.  Caag.  3s£)  ID  N.b  21  i  Wiiroril  (A*.  Um.  IX.  101).  betwwu  Ui« 

■tUHl  UiinlfOBtBrica  ;   uid  WibonlTliMt.  ninil.  I.  68).  u  Utcu  a.i>.  192.     TIm 

OSS  of   lite  ]imt  dklTcrisocc  m  the  Mtimnte  ol  ilstca  in  the  doubt  whatbM'  Iha 

fdTiiMrtla*auall<Micdlii  tbcFuTtii«M(oIkn>ingt)iuUMirrA*|315-n3B.c.),  nicotwltd 
Ot»»»DoUM3.  Ol  ru!«l  At  tbewmelutMiiLdiliDrgat  MrUu(  theooantxT. 
'  TMiu.  Sfc.  lotcT.  Cong.  3G0.     FtorgHMon  nod  Borgon'  Cbt«  TcmplM,  263,  2TS. 

*  N*jilk  Ckn  XIU.  hu  u  intoripticn  with  the  nune  of  Ae  grort  lUktiiiri  wIhm 
pDlwUadttoukboMt  SUn.c      FwgnNMa  uul  Bnigan' Ckt«  Tenplo^  163,  HH. 

*  Koithar  tlie  atitm'  oar  (be  dat«  of  the  ^np  king*  hu  faccD  nrtaialy  lUad. 
flf^vtuD  (Joar.  Bom.  Br.  Rnjr  As.  K<kl  J.X.  6)  tdouKht  tlify  ir<<rc  PArthiiui*,  and 
llAMB  (Ind.  Alt  IV.S3)  thought  that  lh*>b*l<>uiiiul  to  th*A|il"Unii*  trtW  of  Viwtolii, 
>  Ut*  (thy thuo  oonqneKar*  o(  lodikhi  IIih  nen^iid  vunlnry  bcfmsCbiial.  Thftt  tbcy  «er* 
Iter^Snen  Eton  tb«  aurth  ia  ihowii  tiy  tbo  Orock  motto  on  tbdr  omb*  (Jonr.  Bom.  Br. 
iJUiJ.  Am.  f^oe-  IX.  ti>.  Though  il  b  *till  nnccitun,  th«  fUh  Uav*  probably  lUtcd 
fbniu  tho  rtluk  cm  (78  ii.D.i.  >viUiuit<«l,at  IcMt  tD[9Di«nlt.  tlH  3£8  «.■>.  (Jour.  Bom, 

[  Kf.  Itov.  Ai.  (<«:.  VII.  28,  iinri  'IVtin*.    8m.  Intor.  Cong.    392-303).    Newton  IJoult.      . 

Ikno.  Bt.  Boy.  Ail  Imv.  L\.  T|  oaUa  that  the  iBicriptiona  nUtiiig  to  I\'kha|>iii  in  the 

Jf AiiV,  Kdili,  amt  JuiuiiU' oftvi-i  mabtuUi  nvo  |>ainta;  l.bcwu  riihor  a  li'ng  uraa 

I  oAocr  of  (onMi  iHMmiI  noiiiircfa  ;  '£,  liii  rule  wi  wu)o«fM«id,  inducing  much  of  tho 

ISmobh  I  3,  ho  ma*  totvigiwr.  fmiiixUy  a  Parthian  ;  4,  U*  danfbtct  hjul  a  fliTida 

r.BMM  and  w*«  iiu>rii*<l  to  a  KiihIu,  ttto  con  uf  a  fliiula  ;  i,  hia  daaghter,  loti'Ui'law, 

and  tnisiiiter  wrre  Bnddliuta. 

*  Their  cupital  oocbu  at  one  tiaw  to  kav*  bMD  a  town  aome  war  aontli  of  Vjaii^ 
Bcntioiied  ai  MioAiiaia  b.v  I'u.laniT  and  in  the  Poripliu,  bat  a'A  i^olifiod. 

*  Trma.  Sk.  Intur.  t.'«ng,    iM.'    From  Ntiik  and  othor  ova  insiTriptiniit,  tli«  8ih 
rnlna  Mwiii  to  luivc  btcii  voir  (nc  tii  tbdr  poata  botb  to  Brahtnana  and  Baddhiata,  * 
Tho  uaEKvtancv  of  Ihe.Nlaik  and  Ajanta  HMniaataMa  ha*  iaduied  CoL  Yulo  (lad/ 
AiA.  IV. St)S)lo|>Lu€)lha   Tabard,  Plokanjp'a  taoe  ol  M0«4i(a>  in   Khiudaah.     8m 
BwtiiM'  naltmy.  -Jia. 

'  tfrn-hnc.  Inter.  t:«nc.  311.  0■l■tamiplltra^i  date  itepand*  on  tha  dato  lixad  tor 
Ilia  baidaiAig  o^th«  Andhnclynaatr.     BUndirkar  {Tnat.  Sec.  IqIm.  Ooug.  311), 

'  fisBig  Uaba^BDiui  of  tht  Andhn  dyiiM^  at  a  Utile  bofon  tha  Chrialiaa  «r«  and 
OautHniMtn'a  date  at  3lff.  oiTei  th«  Slh  Ung^  of  Kialk  a  period  of  abntil  140  jaata. 
Hie  aridanea  from  tha  wriluiR  and  OTDamonI  in  tba  caeca  aia»i  eoafli«ling.  Tte 
alphabet  aaad  1^  UahaTuliu,  Uio  Hoond  iWih  ruler,  diffeia  rf>r;  alightly  flora  that  awd 
br  (iauUiiii[<]tra.  At  the  aann  line  ih«  pillar  capilala  fa  HahapUi  the  Ant  8th 
ruUr'a  >-.avo  |Xo.  Till.)  am  m>  arawh  battar  thaa  tboM  ia  tha  varandah  of 
{hotaaljiiitn'e  <*vo  (No.  III.),  thai  Oantanripalra'a  •ami  to  Mnuit  to  a  much  latar 

',  Mflod.  IFargnaton  and  Burgoaa' Cave  Templaa,  266).  ftolamT'a(lf>0)>Dantia«iof  Bti 
Kbnaioa  ai  r«Uii«  at  i^thaii,  *«  £*r  a*  it  goca,  anppuvt*  Um  liaw  that  Sih  raU  did 
■Mt  teat  over  forty  yean.  Sri  Colemku'  na«N  corfaapoadiag  with  Polimat,  {^luuavit, 
(«  Fuduouljn,  tike  aon  and  auccetMT  ol  0«itanl|nln. 


Chapter 
Hiitoiy. 

Early  Hindi 


ipter  TIL 
BiMiorj. 


Mlj- 


240 


DISTRICTS. 


Rtfdrft  Diaaia,  n  Siih  king  of  Gujiir^l,  ftgwin   n-duood  tho  An^lir^ 

Kwer.  BOt  li  does  Dot  ai>pear  that  te  conquered  any  part  of  the 
icc&n.'  According  to  tDfl  Vivbnn  Pnran,  th«  restored  A ndlim- 
hliritydit  continued  to  rule  for  Diunty-Heven  yvarf  afti'r  iho  close  of 
Gautamiputra's  reign,  that  la,  accordintf  to  the  calculation  accepted 
•bore,  to  about  2w  a.d.  At  ibis  tim<^  Khiindegb  was  on  the  hieli* 
way  of  eomuifirce  bvtweeu  the  coast  trade  centro  of  Broach  and  Uie 
inland  marts  of  Paithan.  and  Tagar,  ten  days  to  the  east  of  PaitbaQ, 
till)  f^rontost  city  io  ilm  land.  The  goods  wore  carried  in  wagon*, 
and  tbuugh  much  of  tbe  country  was  wild  or  desert,  it  was  in  placea 
oxtromcly  popnlous.* 

Of  the  Bucccaaom  of  tlin  Andhratibrityd«  no  record  remains  on' 
early  in  the  fifth  century  (41  pj.  an  inscription  shows'tLat  Xa«ik  wi 
Kovcrni-d  liy  Virwcn  an  Aliir  kiijg.'  fhoiigli,  awonling  to  i. 
Purin*,  Abir  iuiiependence  lasted  only  sisty-seren  years,  the 
Ahirs  are  of  coDgidiTabk>  importance  in  Khandesh  history.  Their 
chiefs  for  long  boUl  ibn  lending  forts,*  und  thu  ]K;opl«  atill  form  one 
of  the  main  elements  in  its  population. 

In  th«  fifth,  or  early  in  tho  sixth  century,  a  Yavnn  dynasty,  the 
^'J'  '^ti**  er  VAkfitakatt.  nrobably  nnder  the  Guptfa.  stretching 

fr^j  lu  and  central  India,  held  parts  of  Kb&ndesh.     Thejr 


cea     I 

thoV 


have  leit  thoir  rocord^in  »omo  ot  tb«  riohost  of  tho  Ajanta  cavew.' 


y 


■  Jour.  Bon.  Br.  Itoy  Ab.  Soo,  XII,  203.  Bnrgca'  Arrbnolngiail  Snrver,  KAthiAvir 
ftnd  Cntvli,  131-13.1.  Sftli  |>owur  Uxtpd  ia  Gii;&tlt  loSM.  Iliat  la.  onlcuUlin^- on  Uie 
Sliak  (M.  U>  A.u.  32S  (Jour.  Bom.  Dr.  Roy.  A*  Son.  Vlt.  SS),  In  thv  OimAr  inn'rip- 
ti'iti  Rudn  Mmu  (ITS]  lUtra  thnt  thongb  he  twiov  cimqiicrvii  8bit>kKiii,  (roni 
tbcic  DdU-  tdatUtiuhip  he  diJ  oat  dcBtio;  iiim.     lad.  Ant.  Vli,  362, 

*  HcCnodl«'>  P<T<|>tii>.  1S5. 

*  Ttma*.  See.  Int«i.  Coug.  351.   It  «*&■  (omu'rijr  tbouohl  (Ktliot  iu  Jour.  Hoy,  At. 

IV.  4-7)  tbat  ihc  Ch.Unky^  b«]d  KhioJcdi  during  tli«fouHh  mitii^  |3M).     Uii« 
infonuBtion  iccmi  to  niaxn  tlu>  unlikely.     |S««  bvlov,  y.  341).     Coius  b^ve  (IS70) 
bfcn  (oond  nt  Nlaik  ■u[>iKaod  to  belong  to  the  end  ot  the  fuurtb  century  a.u,     .TIi< 
hins'e  lunie  hu  been  reiKl  Mliiia*  Nriim,  but  rothiii);  of  hiio  i*  koowti.     Bhla  IM. 
ia  Joui.  Bo«n.  Br.  Kny.  Aj.  .S>t^  IX.  vx.  and  eir. 

'  4hift  *"*  ■><■■■"">■>*  >■>  NJiiih,  ftiid  ill  Kbiixl«li  muij  irtlMn  oUmm  w* 
tw»  divialoD*,  *lmp1a  and  Abir.  Id  (onin  vUbM  tha  nrijtinal  Mitle 
to  hava  been  mppteincnted  by  a  complete  Ahir  ousunuitit)'.  Thi 
Abbira,  vlin  Arc  utilt  fouad  In  the  y<nth.Wo*t  Protincea,  BeiigoJ,  Oentral  India 
Mid  tliu  ('i^Dlral  PraTmece,  and  in  Dombiy.  in  Cul^b  and  KitkiAwir,  toem  to  hiTD 
oriuiiiHlly  b>Ioni[*d  to  tbe  north-wat  of  India  (Vivien  de  St.  Miutii).  Oeo);.  Gr«c. 
ct  Lalui  d*  rinde.SSOl.  In  Plalrmy'*  timo  (lAO)  their  cogniry  (AbiriaJ  waa  nppcff 
*  Sisd  (Hartiua*  Ma|i  X.];  a  hundred  ycara  later  1347)  they  wcra  in  lover  »ind 
4alW"l  trtini  .^nraatrenn  (MiH.'riudlo'a  I^iplui,  113)  i  and  acccirding  to  the  PuTlni 
)n'ar<r*  Hlndna,  IIL  490,  and  Wilforda  Aa.  Itca.  Vlll.  336).  their  coantry  lay 
liMwean  the  TCpUaud  DnvRail.  (!4m  Bird'*  Mititi-Ahmadi  8,  and  Eliiol'i  Itaoaa 
N.  \V.  P.,  L  3).  Of  the  origtu  and  aoalbsnTd  maTtmcDt  of  the  .^hin  there  n* 
two  tbeorioi :  that  they  are  □(  Skychlan  doaccnt  and  teprem-nt  tho  AbAn  who 
moqnerod  tbo  PanJ^tb  in  tbe  neoond  eeatxttj  belors  Chriit  tCunnlngham'a  .\r:h,  flep. 
II.  S3>3>1),  or  ibat  Ihoy  are  an  older  lodian  raee  who  were  diircn  ■oath  and  cait, 
b«(or*  and  ainaaa  the  diSerent  tribei  o(  Ind^Skythiau  inviidet*,  Oimpate  C«n(. 
Prov.  <ka.  IxiiL 

*  Jour.  Bom.  Br.  Roy.  Aa.  Soo.  VIII,  StS.  One  ot  IheM  kin«  daHncd  to  kar« 
eonqnored  BcIAri.  Sraial;  UJain.  JraxJi ;  Coromandel,  Haling ;  ChhMiigad,  Kotiat ; 
Jnanar,  Triiur ,-  Broa«h,  tdl ;  aiui  Tetingan.  AnMra,  CenC  Pror.tiai.  Iri  Tha 
^uiMof  th«kiDnaltieVikltak  <1yua*ty  an  Vindhyaaliakti  <400  A.i>.k  PrararMts 
I.,  Dmsco,  Rudraatn  I.,  Pritk*iMn,  Rndnuen  II..  IVavanata  II-  MD  ot  PrabhAvali 
QuMa,  danebter  of  the  great  kinj;  uf  kin;?  Sliri  Dev  Uapta,  j>«th«M  at  tbe  and  uf  th* 
filtb  ar  bc^uumig  ol  tho  Mxtb  oMtury.    FtfsuaWD  and  Bni^cM'  CaT*T«Bi|>lM,  30tt 


•l    «V»-i 


DMcan.) 


KUANDRSH. 


211 


Towards  the  cloee  of  the  fifth  century,  th©  ChAJnltTfa.  un^r 
Piitakoshi  1.  (-189),  piisKinif  iwutfa  from  Gamnit.  conquered  tba  Deccan 
and  established  their  power  iu<  lur  mrutti  u»  Biul^mi  in  Kslfidffi.' 
Under  the  ChAlukyis,  probably  during  the  sixth  century,  were 
cut  tht-  hunilfiiinc  nick  loiupica  of  Ghak^tkach  near  Jinj^a,  nine 
miles  £n>n)  Ajanta.'  The  next  dyiiiisty  thiit.  hiw  l«*ft  (tocph  in 
KhAndesh  and  X^ik  wtks  a  race  of  Yidava  in  the  latter  pan  of  the 
eighth  i^Dtury.*  Thoeu  Yudavs  f^vg  placo  to  the  lUthods  or 
BAahtrakuUa  of  M^hed  near  Uiiidiintlmd,  wbot  conquering  the 
Deccan,  Konkan,  part  of  Gujar&l,  and  Central  India  up  to  the 
Vindhyw,  reniaiiiud  in  powor  till  overthrown  by  the  Ch^lnkys 
Taitapa  about  970.*  Of  the  ninth  and  tcuAi  couluriex,  lite  only  ■ 
relics  are  two  small  Jain  excaTationa  to  the  east  of  PAtna  near 
Cliolisgaon,^  and  perhapM  »omv  of  thu  Jain  cares  ut  Ankai  new 
Manm^d. 

Of  the  lowd  rhif fa  who  at  this  time  (80O-120O)  rated  KhSndesb, 
the    nv^ord    of    two     Faniilies,    the     T6k»    of    Asirgad    and    the/^   i 
Nikumbharanahfa  of  P&tna  pyr  pl|lrtffjjffl^B5i]5iii-r     From  iho(^/ 
bepinnin^  of  the  ninth  to  the  close  of  the  twelflh  century,  Aairsad       ' 
in  AAiA  t(i  liiLVf-  boun  Ik^UI  by  u  fAiixiu:*  fninlly  of  Tiik  Ititjpiit«.*     The 
standard  bearers,  Tiks  of  Aair^fad,  are  several  times   mentioned  by 
the  pout  Chand  a«  li^'httng  Cor  Cbitor  against   Musalm&n  invaders/ /I  i 
lo  the  itouth,  tho  Nikuml)l|yTmnh|fci  frf  Piltnn-  fmm   lOOO  to  12\6,[vf\.' 
rtded  IttOO  Khitndosb  villages.     Thev  would  seem  to   have   been  \ 
worKhip]H>rs   of   Shir,  and   one  of  tuom,   Sonhadadev    (1246),   is 
Diontioned  as  endowing  u  college  with  money  and  land  for  the  stndy 
of  (he  astronomer   Uh&skarAchirya's  works.      Fi-ohi   the  epithelM 
'  devote^  to  his  master ,'    '  strongly  devoted  to  his  suzerain,'  lbs 
dynastyf^'  would   «eem    Ut    have    been  subordinat<!  to  nomo   great 
power,  probably  at  first   the   ChAlnkyils,  and  in  tfie  twelfth   and 
lhirtw>nth  eenlurioB,   tho  Y^jdava  of   Devgiri.'    Tho  Join  caves  of 
^Ij^U^r  near  N'tsiimpur  and  ot  ^koLneiir  Mnnmrid,  and  I  he  Brahman 
cares   of    PAtna  nea>   ChAUsgaon,   probably   date   from  tlie  time 


306.  AnuthfT  inKTipUm  (AjiUlU  C>v«  XVI.)  niMitioui  *oae  nhiafii  jf  Ayhmftt  of 
vhoMiaalhi*}!!* known.  'k'Utj  an  EtluitsrMrtni.Hsri  t<*cnbatiit*<)ii.,  K«faftip4l Swari 
Bamln  hia  K>n>  Upanilngupta,  *nd  SkiK'lu  bii  *un.  Fnipunuu  ■tiil  Burgcn*  Otra 
Trnnpla*. 

■  tuivo'*  IfidiMbx  AltcrtbunukuHdH.  IV.  (H) ;  Hrat  In  Ind  AnL  VU.  S47.  It  »u 
fonnprly  Uimiglit  (hat  lli'.i  brknch  of  tbe  CbAIiikyiu  wu  vatAlillnlioil  la  tlm  Diircan  in 
Ui«  founli  caolary  HH,  Elliot  in  Jour.  B.  A.  ^w.  JV.  4.7),  and  liad  in  tlm  fttib 
ODDtury  (i>roMl  iti  sat  norlJi  to  OujiTtt,  aad  wm  j47:!|  in  jiuMOMtiui  of  Bm«cli  (Inil. , 
Ant.  VI  1831.  Bui  th«  Utnt  ojntuon,  Ur.  FUatV,  U  tlut  th«  Onjarit  Cliilliikyl>« 
«(  th«ti(lh  o'Uliiry  Hers  tlivn  un  their  my  wiuUi,  and  diil  ikot  nnter  tha  Ptcc«D  till 
Utrj  »(rr  M  by  f'lloliaihi  I   (4S9).    Ind.  AnL  Vlll.  12. 

*  Fctigumun  Hiitl  ButvcM*  Cfv^  Tifiiii>)f .  Mfl-MT. 
'  I  aiTT It'll  luditohu  AlUrt^raoBknnda,  IV.  190. 

•  lod.  Aal.  VI.  60.  •  rorsanon  and  Sargw*'  Oav«  Tcnpla*,  492-493. 
'  Cantnil  Pf '•iuc  Ca»tiM«,  377. 

'  To<l'i  Kft)«thua  (Kd  IS73),  1. 05~0e.  Tfma  TUu,  vho  luTa  dia*»ncan>d  iu  modara 
UlMa,  are  bcbcvMl  by  Tod  to  haT«  bo«n  Um  boada  of  a  mat  SkTHiian  mva«OD 
wliidi  *w«pt  over  fodia  about  600  &&  Oa  iko  oroaiul  that  boUi  Taktlutk  and  Sig 
NiMn  nako.  Tod  would  kUotily  tke  T*k*  with  the  Nig  tribM.   Ditto.  T.  411. 

'  Thu  pedignw  ia  :  Kriihuiu-iis  L  tail""'  lOOU).  Govan  I.,  Goiindnlja,  Qoran 
U..  KrlibnariH  IL,  Indmija  luinnipd  Shridnvi  •>(  the  Sagar  race,  ivgont  afler  hia 
ilMtb  1153|,  doi-au  IlL,  Sunhadwlev,  )lMna'Ii<l«v  (l^lli-  12IT1.    ti^  Ant.  VOl.  3«L 


•i<rut.  Roy.  A».  Soc.  I-  411  ;  Ind,  Aiil.  VIII.  39. 
Ulll-il 


=£ :^^^£l=: 


IBoBibHj  0*Mtt 


DISTRICTS. 


aiapter  Vn. 
Hiitorf. 

Ruly  Htoaiu, 
121G. 


loiulinAna, 
■!7Sa 


Q%  this  dfoiuty.     Aft«r  the  hi)  (1216)  of  the  Kikonit>hartin«IiJ 
Kliiiiidtwh  wm  {n-filMiiily  amlcrnn  olSiMM' of  Uk>  YhHuvm  of   Devgrti 
by  whom  most  of  tb«  old   temples,  uoudi>,  luid  wells,  known 
Hi'niiidpmili  or  cf  Gauli  Tiaj,  wc»r«   biiiit.'     At  Afiir,  proljaltlv  in 
beginutDg  of  lUt  tliirttt^mh  i-cntHry,  llic  Tiik«  v,vro  driven  out, 
their  place  takeu  by  CholiuPB.  who,  accordiug  u>  tiadiliOD,  came  i 
Kh&ndeHh  from  Gulkutida.*_ 


TowiirdH  Ibo  oliii'ti  of  l\\v  thirieonth  century  fl2ff5),   AU-od-' 

Khiiji,  the  ue]>hew  of  the  Delhi  Emperor,  suddenly  appeunnf;  b«f<   

uovgiri  dufuntfd  Rjim  Dcv,  the  ^  udnv  rnlor,  and  (on.-ed  him  to 
pay  tribute.  Khaiidegh  wiw  n(  tluit  lime  held  by  a  chief  styled 
*  the  Itttjiv  of  Khandfsh  who  would  seem  bo  have  been  theX^li<  ijiiti 
nilur  0?  Awirtfitd."  Avcurding  to  one  atvotinl,  on  hia  way  back  to 
Ihtltii,  Ald-nd-din  orerran  Khindesh,  taking  AsirRsd  and  dratroying 
kU  the  ineiidifni  of  the  chief's  family  vxcvpt  <ino.*  'lliia  iuvaRi^.n 
was  little  more  than  a  paA.tiufc  raid.  For  Home  years  no  Musalmrin 
tfXwpH  vmrv  i-turioned  in  the  Decicau,  and  no  trihut*'  wo!»  r^v.ivcn'd 
from  Htim  IJev.  !n  1806.  when  limdy  estahlixhed  at  Delhi,  Alii>ud- 
din  sent  his  jreneral,  Malik  Kiifiir,  to  re. impose  his  tribute  on  Ham 
Dcv,  and  to  von']uer  the  other  kin|fs  of  the  south.  Malik  Kiifur 
•  stopped  for  wome  time  in  8ult(>upur.  But  making  no  impressiou  on 
the  local  chiefs,  he  determined  to  march  on,  and  atrengtheued  by  a 
force  from  Gnjariit,  advanced  against  Devf^ri.  Unable  to  resist  the 
Mnaalmdn  aniiv,  lijim  Dev  nulniiilted.  He  wm  taken  to  Delhi, 
reooived  into  hi^h  favour,  and  on  doin^  homage,  w«a  itivestod  with 
the  governiiient  of  a  larfjer  len'itory  tluin  he  formerly  held.'  For 
the  next  four  years  Itam  l>ev,  paying  a  yearly  tribute  to  Dvlhi, 
coniiiiiti'd  to  govern  in  peace.  In  131*2,  his  son  SImnkal  Dev, 
withholding  hiit  tribute,  wait  dfifuatvd  uud  slaiu,  and  bevgad 
the  centre  of  Ulnsalm^n  rule.' 

In  the  disorders  that  followed  Ahl-nd<din's  dcatli  (1316) 
Marnt,hi'i.<i  revolted.     The  revolt  was  put  down  in  1318,  and  )f  tuiailHi 

5owor  r^.^tabliHhed.'  Two  year  hiter  ( 1 820),  on  the  murder  of 
Tul>nrik  Kbilji,  the  Mardthas  again  threw  off  their  tUlegianco. 
Gheias-ud-di»'s  ftml  attempt  (1.322)  to  bring  the  country  to  order 
failivl.  A  second  expedition  (lUi23)waa  more  ancvi-Ksfal,  and  under 
Muhammad  Tughltkx  (]32.*>.  1351)  strong  rule,  the  Deccan  was 
thoroughly  subduod.*  In  1338,  the  revolt  of  his  nephew  Kur^hasip 
brought  the  Emperor  to  Devgad,  and  its  position  and  tureugrh  ao 


Dev, 
aiuflH 


'  HcmMpMll,  their  bnitilvr,  «u  embalily  the  minuter  of  Ualidder  (liMO-l' 
tbe  fonitii  nl  thv  Yh^Iat*  of  Dav^in  lUur^w  ia  Iml.  Aot.  VI.  360).  The  ) 
tnvJitional  i(lmttHcat>"B  OS  Ui4  Yiilim  willi  tlic  Gaali  Riijte  or  dMptiMil  Vxa^ 
woul'l  tiHiiii  to  tliDW  tbal,  aa  wiui  the  caso  in  KilliiAinlr.  the  YAdvM  aail  Alun 
wcrs  vmj  oliiwljr  connm'tnl.  Sonw  of  tli«  nuuninB  liKall)'  known  >*  HhoAi}- 
pnnli,  th«  n<ak-li*wii  ratun-oir  in  Soxdr  fort,  tlio  waUi  of  Tanwall  fort,  sod  ttia 
r  Tunioinil  Uko  Atimt*  *l*o  (ud  iu  Iw  lli«  trorit  of  tha  i>uiit  GorakluMtfc,  arc  prgl>aUjr    , 

tDiKii  uI'Ut  llisii  III*  Yiitilni.     iMslivlou',  'HDwiilianti.'  ^m 

^  •  Tod'K  Ai.uj.lii.  II.  111.  *  lirigg.  FerialiU.  L  307, 300.  ^H 

*  i'qtiird  I'ri>TiDi«  Oajwtbiw,  9  and  377.  ^^ 

*  Ktiu  ttev'a  ii>ir  teinliiry  iMnai  to  hava  inttudad tlw  ooMt  dialrictcf  HiLim  anit 
Buret  u  Ux  iioTtlt  aa  tli«  T4ut),  ulueh  had  (ontxrlv  bsca  poll  ii(  Ouj»t*t.  Sm 
ericgi-  ftvi-liU,  I.  36».         •  ftrign-  Fehahta,  L  ITS.      '  BeiK*'  Cambta,  1.  389l 

•^rigp-l'Miaht^I.413. 


Dnoul) 


KHANDESH. 


it  lh«  captlAl   of  ^^tn 


Be<i  liiin   cbiU   liu   dotormioed   to  mako 
apii*.'     Itiit     tbe    (linorilcrs    cnuu-d    by 
prcvfutod  the  scheme  from  auccecding. 

A  f©«  yearn  later  {13+7)  Devgiri  was  seirpd  by  the  rcbct  noblcn, 
and  finally  (IS.'d)  puMNsl  into  the  himcJK  of  Uaaan  (>ati|fu,  the 
fonnd'-T  of  the  '^^iSjU^'  dynasty,  lender  Muhammad  'I'uifhlilc'H 
govfirtimcnt,  Kh^nOMUwaa  portof  tbe  charpp  of  mi  ofti<rr  stotitmi'd 
at  KlujyjuuaJjurir.'  On  the  revull  of  the  IJi'i-nia  uoblefl  in 
134C,  Imid-ul-MulK.  jyvgnior  "f  j^'''''^''  "^fd  KhApdoah,  abandoned 
^%i)t  prr*vmce  and  retifea  to  Naadnrb^r  (lien  in  Unjartt.*  Th«  Bohu- 
offlwTft  joini-d  thi)  iDsurfienG'^n^i^JH^fWlr^Fas  in  the  end 
iuccessful,  and  c)ie  indciwndciHce  of  tlio  ilalunaai  kings  ws8' 
acknowledged  (I3A1),  no  pari  of  Ebindeeh,  except  llio  wniitprn 
diatrjctii  of  Nandnrbfa-  ana  Snlt^npiir.  romaincd  niiiU-r  tho  Delhi 
kingR.  'Wa  pi)wpr"'or  ilJo  flahTiiiinH,"'lli'MijfE'  ita^liniifs  afeTiot 
clearly  laid  down,  Roomn  to  hwvi-  ini,'iudi>ii,  in  the  weai^  Ahoiodwigar 
and  noatb  Ndsik.  and  in  the  pftst^mvt  of  Uer^r.  B^-lvrtH-n  tiu-SL-  two 
points  bahoiam.fttlT   di^^at.^pipm  ty-,Jigyo   pe^tf'cd  _north  of  _the 


Oiapt^ 

MoMbnioi 
1399  •ITM 


Bbi; 

to  lave  been  a 


a   line  of  indepenrt 
The  cast  waa  nnder 


Iba  wegt  w»a  io  tbe  banda  of  tho 
Thua  nrMttenreinainen 


Ilia  iTiert*  wonTJ  socm 
fs  at  Odlnn,  A  »tur,  and 
■■  tirfuf  JHS^j^  fljief,  and 

1^!  ilu^iln. 


m 


given  to  tbo  Empror  Peros  TnehRI 

the  dintricta  of 

Frontie r,  were  ^rant 

liigh   family.*     H^talili.tiiinii'   inmseT 


i,  in  lyirard  for  timely  Vilp 
ID   a  Gnjar^t  hunting   party, 
^  on   the   OujarAt-Kbandesh 
Ftoiki,  a  yonng  Arab   of 
in  nTrTmal!    dixtriot,  Malik 


JWHffWl 

isra-imi 

1370- ISsi 


ijii  wont  ttjniinst  RAja  Bharji  the  Bdjjl&p  obit;f.  luid  forcing  him  to 
pay  yearly  trib;itr  In  Delhi,  wiil  thr  Kii"|ieri>r  noino  clg phant,«  covorod 
with  goId-<?mbriiidt!red  vtilvel  housings  and  sovt-ral  winud-liioda  of 
Khnnde»b  muslins  and  other  maniiftirtoros.  in  reward  Malik, 
wttk  th(>  tillo  of  Khiindo«h  Cominandvr-in-Cbief,  ^i/miA  taltir,  wan 
ntised  to  the  command  of  8000  horse.  Ue  wwi  »oo6  able  to 
mutter  1 2, (K)0  cavalry,  and  his  dowot  was  foil,  and  liis  friendship 
aougbt,  aa  far jeftWt^* jBurit^faandla  in  the  Ontral  Provinces. 
Before  SErtP^BjPiP^ra^TRettfale  of  KhSndosh  was  very 
wretched.  For  years  without  any  reffulargoveniiiienl,  it  had  lately 
been  vi^iu?*!  by  a  (amino,  so  seven',  thai  nol  more  than  two  or  Ihree 
thonsand  BWUnnrl  Kolis  Mm-ivcd.  The  only  proii[»Trous  part  of 
thn  district  ■.';.-  \.<  u-  Asirgad.  whore  Asa,  a  rich  Ahir,  had  during^ 
the  fitminii  ivi  diTTPopIorrom  bis  gniin  atort-s  and  bnilt  many 
great  work:),  among  tliom  the  walU  of  Aairgnd  fort.' 

'  Origin'  P^mfcl..  1.119.       •  BrigK"*  F«rt»lilfl,  IL  287.      •  iWgw'  FanikU,  IV.  *87. 

•  BrijiijV  JVntlii^  IV.  201.393.  Crmt  Ttaff  |MMitli»  ITUtiwy.  SSf  yiutx* 
Mal'Anwiij  ill  ihii  Darlh  of  tlm  Ehhiiixtl  JlfttiUiiiiMu,  (otncwboro  iiBftr  DIioiIr  in 
KhURISC     F*ri()ita'B  (Brigg^  H'.  :ii'.>i  l||U|[a|j|L  mmu  to  l)«  tlm  tract  bttwocn 

"  rJi.».l.iig  fo  TPoriifit.  iBrics^lV.  2M)  th*  tamity  cUiaod  do«oiH  from  th« 
K  -.Upti  i;nur  I^Arok.  Hu  f»t£w  Chaad  Jehiu  wm  >  niiawtor  a<  AU-ad.iiui 
Kl:ilii'»  cniut. 

'  Hilittpi'  PeriAK  IV.  287  i  Olndwin'i  Xi«.i.Akl««ri.  II-  M  ForithU  moiitwo. 
(Pat^jw  iHlilioD)  that  wImd  Firm  lUrUk  w  Tugblik  (IUI-1386)  ImuiI  oi  Am* 


[Bombay  Qiuett«er, 


244 


DISflUCTS. 


»pt«r  VIL 


\>«^ 


j\.ft«r  tbo  deolb  of  Firoz  Tu^hlik,  Malik   R&ja'a  uuportanoe  wad 
(1^90)  ittcreased  b;  lite   marriage  of  his  son,  Mitlik  Nasir,  to  Um 
dau^htor  of  DilAvar  KhtUi   ihe  iadupoDiluiit  ruI«;r_ofMiilwn.     800; 
aftur  (l3M)i    '(uatTulIin^    willi    MiniiifiiJ'  Sli^b     wlio   had   latel 
diK-tai*d    hiiUM'lf     imiopendeui     ia    Gujarat,  Malik    Raja  iriTaJf" 
b^jjk^jywrandNjuiiiiuJj^r.     Adviuicinff  oy  forced  mwrcbrs,  Miiwifn 
doft-ak-d  hini,  drowliim  back  on  Thjlliior,  and  laid  si«g«  to  lUa  fort, 
lluiu^h,  iw  bii  V.IU*    uQxiuus   to  be   on  friendly    terms  with  him, 
be  did  not  farther  press  his  advantage.     During  tho  n,'iii»iQiiij 
Bixypsra  ofhis  riilv  (l394>1399),MiUik  lUja  made  no  frexh  attac! 
on  (iujanSt  territory.     The  rest  of  hia  life  was  syeni   in   prorootin, 
, architect ure    and    imiiJ^Yin^  ajn^culture.'      Malik's  spiritaa)  giiido 
and  bMctii-r,  SWikh  Ztiiii^iid-ilin  of  DuiilntitWl,  protttiitt-d  hiui  with 
a  robe, '  the  garb  of  desire  and  asRect,'  and  tliia,  so  long  as  the 
dynasty  lastoa  (I37O-I0OO),  waa  carefully  bunded  from  rulor  to 
ruliir.     Before    his   death,    Malik     R«ija    invwlcd    bin   older  son 
Malik  Nasir   with   this  aacrcKl  robe.     Of  his   two  chief  forta    he 
beqnenthed  [.aling  to  his  elder  son,  and  "Qiahier  to  ilalik  Iflikhiln, 
ttio  youn^-r  brol  hor.     Ho  died  in  I39y  (ApnlSo),  and  was  burii 
a  haudnxniti  uiinb  at  thu  town  of  ThiUner. 

i 


J 


I 


father,  and  had   in   luany  ways   helped   to   estabUsh   hia   power. 
Writing  to  Am,  Malik  NiMir  voinplninvd    that  ho   wtw   hi   f^at 
atraits.     'Hie  chiefs  of  B^^aa^AatvinagdJ^ghrla*  were,  he  eaid, 
riainf;  a^iust  him,  and  Lalmfrjiisonly  Ibnms  unsafo.    Hn  prayod 
Asa  to  (nki!  charge  of  h  11^  family,     A»b  B|^w(d,   and  shortly   after 
2U0  covered  littora  wert?  bmupbt  into  Aairgiul.     The  women  weral 
well  received  and  visited  by  Asa's  wife.     Next  day,  another  trooprl 
of  Iitt«r8  arriTod;    Asa  and   his  sons  went  to  meet   th^m ;  buti 
instead    of  women,   armed   mvn   rushed  out   and   alow   tho  chtetJ 
and  all  hia   sons.     Ijoaminiar  of  thv   success  of  bis   achcmc,    Malik 
Ka»ir  came  to  Asir^d,  and  stren^lhening  its  defences,  made  it 
bin  head-qnarters.     Shortly  aflw,  Snejkh  Zoia-nd-dio.  tbp  itpiritual 
gaide  of  the    family,    camo  to  congratulate  Malik   Na^ir  on  hia 
BiicctMts.     At  bi«  advioe,  two  cities  were  built  on  the  Titpti,  onu  on 
the  east  bank  callud  nftvr  h J m Kel f  Zf i iia Im^ ,  tho  other,  afterwards 
the  capital,  on  the  we-it  called  BurhAiipiir  after  Sbeikh  Burhtln- 
■  nd-din   of  Daulatabad.     A  few  years   latEir   (1417),  Malik   Ntuir, 
"jealous   of  his^yonngcr  brolhor,  with  tho  help  of  the   Sulliii  of 
"        and  kept  hia   brother  pri»*iner  in  Asirgadn 
>uItAn  of  &1dlwa,  Malik  Nasir  uiodA  a  joint  at  tack j 


Mftlwa,  took 
llion,  with  tJio 


V««llb,  h*  vn>l«  to  the  oortimtfT  tit  KIiAnilMb  raprimanduig  lii&i  (or  aUowtDg  nob 
pomr  la  >prinj(  np  uIom  to  him. 

'  Daitng  tL»  tarav  last  y«u«  of  Malik'*  rviga  muI  ttir  Bnit  nioa  T«v>  «(  hi* 
mOotMor*))  tba  tMiiuiu  Duryrhteri  fsniinr  Uiil  tb«  D«coMi  waitp.  iSm)  GtKal  DalTi 
HMtoty,  !!6).  Nosijvoiiil  r^fnnw  to  tJio  (utTcrinBt  m  Kh&nilrah  hiu  b^Hn  tnMd. 
'.  MMnu  prubabtv  that  tbiiina  tb«  EkmiDS   wfaich  ForUhW  pU««il   tbiity  yam 


rMrlii 


'  Kfbria  U  in  iMol  in  tbs  Centnl  rrovioow, 


DeccML) 


khAndesh. 


24& 


on  SuHrtnpur.  Ahmad  I.  of  Qajar^t  took  axHre  roeasuraa  to  m^t 
ilietn,:iitci  Malik  Xiuiir,  womtcd  bv  tliu  Gujarfit  gcnornl,  was-redncied 
to  «xtreaie  distress.  Retiring  mt«  TbiUaer,  ha  tiiitdti  ovcrtiinjs 
to  Ahinad's  ministfirs  with  such  huccobs  that  his  presents  were 
ftC«'pt«<i,  and  with  the  titlu  uf  Kh4n,  h«  nx'civod  tlie  whitd  canopy 
and  HCftriet  pavilion  of  tin  independent  rnler.'  Some  jwirn  l«tcr 
Mnlik  N'asir  aiorried  his  dauj^hter  to  the  son  of  Ahmud  Shilh 
Buhnintii.  and  iog^-thfp  thpy  inado  an  attack  on  Gnjarst.  This,  like 
pr<-viou»  atu>nipt,    failed.     Home    time    aft«ri  ui^d   by    his 


t!Ie 


Chtpt 
History. 

HaiftlmlDa, 
Viaa-  1T60. 

JSTO-ieoo. 
ItoU  Natir, 
t3X>-J4 


ditu^ii tor's  complaints  of  her  bushond'a  condnct,  and  incited  by  tlte 
Gujnrdt  kiup,  Niisir  KhiJn  iggadod  tho  Bahmani  tvrritory  (1437).  At 
first  be  n»»  mil  iixtly  eucfcsafnl  nad  had  the  pin;]ic  pmycrs  read  in  his, 
name,  'i'hen  foi-tune  changed.  Na^ir  Khan  wa»  defeated  by  the 
Bfthmani  ffenera!,  and  unable  to  rally  his  troops  Uurhfinpur  waa 
fatkyn  ami  w^kwl,  and  after  another  dufrnt  ho  was  (tlint  ap  in  lAliOg 
and  (lied  thtre  of  vexnliou  iu  1437. 

Mir&n  Adij  Kltto  ( 1437  - 1441 ),  bis  son  and  succeeaor,  with  the  help 
of  a  Gujarat  anny,  forced  the  Dcccan  goacral  to  miae  the  aiege  of 
1^1  in^  and  rutire.  After  a  reign  "f  about  four  years  ho  waa 
aHNiMHiimted  at  BuHnitipur.     HiasonandfliicceHSor,  Minin  Mubiln'k.ft 

aoiet  king,  after  a  peaceful  and  nnoventfnl  reicu  of  seventeen  ye*rs, 
iediu  1  (t>7.  Minio'esiicoesstirwait  hitt  i>oo  Adil  Khan,  who,durin{f 
n  long  reign  of  forty-six  joars  (I-157-l.'>03),  (freiitiy  iucrt^ii^^od  tbo 
aO«ni;rth  and  prosperity  of  hia  kingdom.  lie  npread  hia  power  over 
the  neighbouring  chiefs,  forced  Gondvan  aud  Garha  Maudla  to 
BcknowlfdRo  hia  snpnfmBcy,  and  clc«TOmmTJfnR!S(!r^f  Bhil 
and  Koli  nil)lK<r«.  Ue  strengthened  ABirgiul,  forti(yi:ig  the  strong 
outwork  of  Malftigad,  built  the  citaael  of  Burbiinpnr,  and 
raised  mnuy  handsome  pnlaOM.  Amnming  Uio  title  of  Forest  King, 
£)7tiiA-t-/A<ii'it!)>i/£,  he  withheld  tribute  from  Gujardt,  and  doclarod 
that  he  owed  its  moimrch  no  allegiance.  His  pride  brought  on  him 
the  strength  of  Mahmmi  ^'"/*J  l^i^'ydw  (1459-1511),  tho  gr(.<«tost 
of  the  Gujarat  kmgs,  who  [^tV'Si),  ilriving  the  Khiindejih  anny  beforo 
him,  laid  wanto  the  country,  besieged  Thiilner  and  Aairgad,  and  did 
not  wilhdraw  till  all  tribute  arrears  hud  t>Pen  pai<l.  ihroo  yeara 
later  Adil  Khan  died  and  wn«  buHi'd  in  Iturhiinpur  near  the  pahico 
(if  the  l>«ttlat  Maidiin.  Adil  Khan's  suoceasor  was  his  brolhin- 
D&ud.  During  his  reign  of  eight  years  (1603-1510),  DAad  planned 
an  attack  on  some  frontier  Ahmedoagar  bnwiui.  Bofom  Ins  piiin  wu 
oarriftd  ont,  the  Ahmcdnagar  king  marched  (1507)  into  Khittido»h, 
and  IMud,  forced  to  retire  into  Aeirgad,  waa  relieved  by  the  king"* 
of  Malwa  only  on  agreeing  to  acknowledge  hiro  n«  hia  overlord. 
Obit«!>i  Khiiii,  Oiiud'K  .■>on  and  successor,  was  murdered  by  ono  of  t]ie 
U'lTiliwa  few  days  after  he  had  boon  chosen  ruler.  The  sucoeasion 
was  now  disputed  between  Alain  Khan  who  was  supported  by  the 
Ahmcdnagar  king,  and  Adil  Kh^nwho  waa  supportt^^d  by  .Mnhmnd  (  j 
Bcgada  of  Oujanit.  By  the  efforts  of  Mahmud  Begada,  who  advanced 
into    Khinde«h,   and   gave  him  his  gmnd-daughtor   in   marriage 

>  migtii'  Famhta.  IV.  m.    Aiwohllaii  to  Abiil  ful  (Aia-i-AktAri.  U.  C7I,  Hm 
giuit  olwU  titio  wa*  the  otigia  of  tli«  ii>m«  KhAndMh, 


Mirdn  ilmUrS 
JUt-liSt. 

AM  KMn, 
US1-IS03. 


Ddud, 

tsos-isio.  ' 


ISlO. 


TfiombBy  Gutt' 


DISTRICTS. 


iptvVU 
EiaXorr- 

i'jsti  iTua 
ism-ieoo. 


ftud  a  fium  of  £20,000  (Rh.  2,00,000),  Adil  Efaftn  IL  was  efitablts' 
ncBurh^Dpur.  Though  threatened  by  si'veral  coii»i)ir8icip9,  by  his 
own  rigour  and  by  tho  hvlp  of  Muulfar  II.  of  Unjariit,  Adil 
Khiin  tnnintnim'^  h\*  pii«r«r,  and  w»s  able  to  levy  tribulo  from 
the  (i^iiia  ciiii-f.  a  tributary  ot  AbnM^^lnagar.  Afl*r  serving  with 
(tifUuctiou  iu  the  Malwa  L-ainpnigii  andvr  his  fathrr-iu-luw  Uu^fitr 
Shah,  ho  died  ill  i:i20. 


JVinto 

tsto.isas. 


jSAS-isee. 


lukmumad  H., 
-1676. 


Adil  Khiin  li.'i*  successor  was  bis  son  Mir&o  Muhammad  Kbjn 
{1620-iri3&).  Joininpf  with  the  BcrJIr  king,  the^  lOTgllt  against, 
but  were  defeated  by  BiirliAii  Xizilm  of  Aliim^niigiir  {).^26). 
Babfeiur  Shiih  of  Oujar&t   Ilien   c»m*>  to  their  aid,   and  adTaucin 

» together  into  AbmecfiugM',  they  mH  with  no  niinstAnco  ani 
Bahfidor's  guprenmoy  wm»  i»dmilled.  Kight  years  later  (U>3.1),  Mi 
Vftut  with  BfthiSdurduringhiBde^t  hv  thgEjjjDgjgjt^jjiyjjiiu,  who 
but  for  hia  sudden  recall  to  inoet  Bhir1sEnti^TiimHYui^-ould  ha 
ovvrrun  Khdndosh  tm  wd]  na  Gnjantt.  A  JU-r  HumiiyunV  withdraw. 
UiMn  aid(.>d  Bahiidar  Sh^  in  drisnitt;  his  oniemrt  outof  MiUwa.  ITo 
was  with  the  QuiarSt  army,  when  (Ib'-ib)  the  news  came  of  Bahadur's 
death  at  Diu,  and  was  chosen  his  sucetwHor  and  crowncJ  nt  M^nd 
bat  viokentng  in)mi?<ii.itoly  uftor,  he  digl.  within  nix  wenltn,  Wfu 
reachiug  GujnrAt  (-ith  May  15!}<>).  Mir^n's  successor  was  hk 
brother  Mubdi-ik.  At  tba  request  of  the  Gujarat  nobles,  be  ga 
up  Muhammad,  ncm  of  Lntif  Kb&n,  the  broUior  of  Bahadur  Hb'iib,  w 
was  token  to  Giijanit  und  crowned  {1&30).  A  party  of  Oujard' 
nobles  favouring  Mnbitrik'x  claim,  be  ndvaneod  into  Gujardt  to 
inpport  it.  and  ibcnigh  drftiiit-d,  gained  the  Taluafale  cesaioii  of  J. 
dytricLs  ijI  S[iliiliut(|i-  and  XyidurMr.  In  l-5i>l,  a  Moghal  cbi 
Pit-  Ikfutiatnmad  Khttn,  peGsing  through  Mnlwn,  entvrod  Kh^ndc^ 
and  with  the  gronteet  cruiOty,  Uid  wnxto  the  country  and  sitck 
Burbdnpur.*  As  the  &[cybals  withdrew,  heavy  with  eipoil  ai 
debnuchcry,  they  wore  surprised  by  Mubdnk  on  the  Narbada  banks, 
and  defeated  with  great  low.*  After  a  ruign  of  thirty-two  years 
Mnl>4i-ik  died  in  150C. 

Miibiirik's  enoceasor,  bis  son  Uirdn  Muhflmmad  JT.  (1566>lfi7i 
was  in  the  first  year  attacked  from  Oiijurat-     Bat  with  tbo  help 
the  Berir  chief  tlie  Guiarit  commander  was  defeated  and  (orcca 
fly.  I^earniog  that  a  party  of  tbo  Gujtudt  nobles  favoured  bis  ctaimi 
to  the   (inisrAt  crown,  Miriin  atlvanoed  towards  Ahrnedjibnd.     But' 
mcctinp  with  n  seriouH  defeat,  he  waa  forced    to    retira    to    Afiirgiid 

^  with  the  lo«a  of  bin  elephants,  artillery,  and  royal  eqnipage.  Shortly 
afler,  Kh&ndesh  wa»  overrun  by  the  h\xr/-Af,  the  eousias  ot  the 
Emperor  Akbnr,  who  l»id  it  waate  and  left  betore  a  force  could  b« 
brought  ngainxt  them.  The  district  suffered  agaiA  (1671)  at  the 
hands  of  Mortiza  Kiz^m  Shtih  of  Abiui-dnngar,  who,  enraged  at 
Himn  for  helping  his  rival   the  Bcrir  chief,  sacked    BurMnpur. 


iirs 

I 


>  Hu  iqkIo  ft  rsiil  ialo  KliiadMb,  vekod  BoilLLDpaT,  iJnuf  htwed   tbouoopk  nott 
unnierdtully.  aait  currieil  ulT  imiMtiiiHi  txiotj.     BlnchBiaiin'*  Ain-i'Alitttri,  ].  3S& 

*  Ompu*  T>)Mk>l-i.Ak)drl  in  KlUot,  V.  37<l    Pi'  MoljMiuniuI't  harm  «•*  Ulh 

by  aoiBcl,  add  bo  WM  Uiroun  into  Ihe  w*tar  And  tlmwneiL     '  Ky  waj' of  wat«r, ]_^ 

wcatio  tat,  and  tb«  tiflM  of  or^ihuii.   noor  »r«tch«e,  ud  opiiT**,  ut(l«d  bu 


buHMM.'    Badtani, 


at.   foot 


Daeetn.1 


KHiXDtSH. 


247 


Aod  blockailing  Aflityitl,  hftJ  to  Im>  bought  nff  by  Uiu  paTnicnti>f 
£40,0W  i«,O0.0O0  muta/ariM).  Two  years  later  {1570),  HjnUi  da-d 
of  fcv*«r. 

On  Mirdn'ti  d««t1i,  na  faia  sum  Uiuiaiii  Kliitii  vrti»  a  minor,  liia 
brother  ItAja  Ali  was  cbo:i«n  sucopsaor,  A.  tnan  of  ^reat  tatenl,  juat, 
wise,  prnd<?ntl7  nn<l  hrsw,  RAjn  Alt,  seeing  tlmt  Akbsr'a  power  tDUBt^\ 
becomo  miprerae,  slrcive  U>  win  hia  fiivour  by  si-iidiiig  him  ripht^/' 
prefieiita  and  admilliup  his  snpr«inacy.  In  a  dispote  betiveea 
AhmcdnikgAr  and  fririr.  ShIiUhiI  Khiin  the  Bcriir  jiorernor  w.-w 
wonti^d.  Kctiriiig  l'>  Biirhiiiipiir,  he  prayed  li&y-i  AH  to  bolp  htm, 
but  OS  he  ^ot  no  cvrlain  promise  of  help,  he  ^uriicd  Kurbsnpur,  and 
retreated  north  toirnrds  Agm.  On  tho  way  li<!  was  ovcrtnkcn  on* 
the  Narbada  by  lUiH  Ali,  and  di-foated  with  the  loita  of  many 
elephanta.  On  reaching  Afrra,  &iUbal  Khin  was  received  into 
favour  and  siippliwl  with  mcnns  (o  wajfc  waron  Ahmi-dna^r.  Rdja 
Ali,  pri-awd  buiU  by  the  Delhi  and  the  Abmednagwr  gi-nei-iild  to  join 
tJieir  parties,  finally  aided  with  Ahinodnagar,  wid  thu  Mu^'hfd 
Bcnontl  was  forefid  to  rclrwiT  Thoiijfh  on  thi-t  Oi-cmion  h"  alliud 
himself  with  the  Deacanis,  KAja  Ali,  cbietly  tbroui^h  the  perana^'ion 
oi  the  £han  Kh4uriin,  ehortly  aftor  declarctl  biii  aiU-giniicc  to  Akbar. 
Coin  wiM  airuck  and  prnyent  read  in  Akbar'a  tiami;;  Ehi^deftb  was 
given  aa  a  grant  to  lUja  Ali  Kh&n  ;  and  be  was  enrolled  araonfif  the 
nobles  of  5IJ0O.'  In  llio  next  pxpodition  (1591),  for  thu  coii(]ui;«t  of 
thu  DoLVaii,  hu  xided  with  thi'  M(^hali>  under  priuix-  Miirad,  and  in 
the  great  battle  of  ^PP4j>t  on  the  Godivari  l\^ii7),  leadinc  the 
attnck  with  jrrent  l)nive^7°^  ^^^  killed  by  the  cuance  exploBion  of 
a  jiiiwdor  tuinbriL' 

BahdJur  Khin  (159fl-15W).  R4ja  Ali's  son  and  auoceasor,  built 
the  fown^  BiihAdnrpur  about  wven  miles  puhI  of  Qurluinpur.*  Bv 
npgbHrting  to  piiv  n-H(iect  to  Ak^lrar'a  representative,  prince  D^nyiU, 
and  by  «biilting  uimsi-lf  in  ^tirgadand  laying  in  stores  fur  a  siege, 
he  brought  on  himsolf  tho  lull  wt-ighl  of  llie  imperial  nrmA.  Akbar 
marched  in  mraon  to  carry  oti  the  war,  and  arrived  at  Burlidnpur. 
Ue  overran  KJiandeshand  blockaded  Asirgad.  Tbesiege  was  pressed 
vrith  vigour,  and  in  spitu  of  its  ntri'^ngth  and  the  abundance  of  its 
storftt,  the  outposlM  wei-e  taken,  and  the  garrison,  w^Akoned  by 
disease  and  by  Ualiiidiir's  inismanageineni,  anrrendered  in  150'J 
(10<iS   H.).*    fiabtUlnr  waa  sent  m  a  pri«>n«r  to    GwflTor,'  itnd 

(K......  ,....,  »'>nd<.!rfully  rich  and  well  peopled,  yielding  in  places 

great  abundafipe  of  grain,  cotton,  wool,  and  sugar,  with  great 
markets  for  'try  fruit«,  yarn,  prints,  c-alicoes,  lawns,  brtss-ware^ 
aruH.  and  di-ug.t.*     It  f<n-uiud  a  province  ISO   miles  (70  kta)  front 


Chap 
Historr; 

nrFdraM 
IS10-l60a 


BuJUrfor  JTJ 


•fSU.il>m<ton.  TI.?4I. 

•  IkiKito*  KitttthM,  il.  -2741  III.  309 :  IV.  334.       ■  PcnahU  (F«niaa  SdLX  H.  5W. 

*Tli<)>ii'-'    il.^  :>  ritliwlunaiiii'i  Xiu-i-AkbMi,  I.  337)  Mtiil  tofaivebam  arraafad 

*Tba  lr.t>Jkiit    uccd  FUcfa   ud    Kowbtfry  (1985).  Jangigny'i   Ud*.  304,  and 
Stdxiak  (ICOI)  lu  Hwiw,  1.  e& 


f  Bombay  QuttUtr, 


248 


DlStRICTS. 


!h&pl«r  Vn..    e^t  to  west  and  100  miles  from  north  to  south.     It  wm  boundi 
con  (HI  n  oil    HurK^fwoe 

M.l'M^  t. 


M 


I2W- 1760. 
ntJrcfftab, 

iet».mo. 


U    of 

jrere  aaaata  owr.     It 

BUD-aivisionw   j^ipldin^  a  yeitrly   reveuuo  of 

HitHi(lt<»    IliPito,  tho   Kandarbir 


£7&,8Mo    (l,'2«,17,O0i    tungaha}.*       _ _     , 

dislJHct,  with  soven  sub-divieionB  and  an   area  of  007, 2v3  acres 

(o,01,62,2oO 'Mm*),  and  furniah<>3s00o«V(ilry  and  6000  infantry.  Tl^B 
winter  waa  tempeiuto,  the  air  delightfal,  and  the  rivers  «ml  >itiviin^^ 
abundant.     Tfao  thirt}'-twoJial><d)viKionK  were  all  in  high  cultivnlion, 
«The  husbandmen,  KuiTbiA,  Uhils,  and  (iondH  wviv  dutiful  gubjc-ct-s 
and  very    hard    workers.     The   chief  product  was   Indian  millet, 
jcari,  which  in  »ev«nil  |)lneott  jieUli-d  thri«  crops  a  year.       Rice  vnut 
excellent,  the  Tegetsblee  remarkably  fine,  betel  leaf  abundunt,  an 
Bowers  and  fruit  plcntifnL'     Of  manufactures,  there  wei-e  differc 
kinds  o(  finw  and  onlinary   c«t1on  doth.'     Ofeitips  there  wei«? 
Burh&Tipur,  a  large  city  ioliabited  by  people  of  all  nations  abounding 
in  hanmcTafta ;  Afiir,  a  large  city  at  the  foot  j4  the  fort ;  Chopdr " 
K   largo    town   well  pitoplud ;  Damburni,  a  populous   town ;    a: 
Bdlabad,  m  good  town.* 


On  its  conc|ue8t  by  Akbar,  in  honour  of  prince  D&oyAl  wh 
was  choaen  ilt*  fftiTertior,  the  name  of  tlie  province  was  changed  to 
Dinde^.*  For  the  first  thirty  years,  though  without  much  n-giilar 
fighting  or  oymn  opposition,  the  district  was  unsettled  ami  di>cliiiing. 
In  1609  (February),  the  English  merchant  Hawkins,  travelling  from 
Surat  to  Bnrh&nptir,  even  with^  nn  cncvrt  of  abont  eixly  Path^a 
hor»e,  wa»  Kttiiekeii  by  n  troop  of  outlaws."  Svxt  year  (Jnuiiary 
Februaiy  1010),  the  Viceroy  had  been  defeated  by  the  people  of  ihi 
Peocan,  and  the  country  was  disturbed.  The  roads  were  not  si' 
for  bodiiia  of  less  than  1000  hono.  The  Doccsnis  made  inroada 
the  Tiipti,  plundnrinu:  tho  people  and  sacking  Kitvvr  and  »th 
towns/  The  places  mentioned  arc:  Niwimpur,  a  large  town  under 
PralApshah  uf  UAgliin ;  Dnyta,  ngrent  town  in  it  fvrtiic  soil  ;  Badnr, 
a  filthy  town  with  a  manufacture  of  maha  wine  ;  Saler  and  Muler, 
two  fitir  cititts  where  utahmitdin  worth  about  l«.  were  coined ; 
Nandurb^r,  a  city  with  many  tombs  and  hou&ea  of  pleasure,  a  eaatle, 
and  a  fair  pond  ;  Linga),  a  beaxtly  town  with  thievish  pooplo  and  a 
dirty  castlu;  Sindkhoda,  a  great  dirty  town ;  ThUuer,  a  fair  town 


>  ilB^tAkllMaJI^Sf)^    TtMmb-dividonawMt^  Anr,  AtrnL  Krunlol,  Pu 
Bibgni.  t^irmAl  (to  tlw  wtat  <J  BuhAnptir),  ParmAl  (to  the  ■oath-aut  o^lhirh 
*.  *,  BhiUniir,  J^mod.  Jiair.  ChiUiiliir.  J>lod,  Jnr«»,  Otocn.  Ddntri,  Kivci.   Itn'iua- 
par,  Sivda.  Mlhil,  SoksdgBiia,  ?<ebitd,  Nuir-SbMiuUd,  Loliiig,  ijjiadarli,  Kdltbad,       . 
IiOhUa.  MU)jni<i,  itDcl  KMir«b«d.  ^H 

*KUiido*h  ii  n'<'"^'ly  montuticd  «■  oae  of  tlw  Iwtt  mango  dJMrictt.    Bloeh^H 
ntian**  nia-i-Aklaii.  fis.  "    •  jf        ^^ 

*  Fiaeataff  called  a6(ll<(A,lUld•^rdin»ryc«tto«  cloth  knonn  a>  drij>n/u>d  iMnian. 
Sm  Blodiantn'*  Ain-i-AkUri,  I.  M.         •  (ilBdwio'*  Aiit-i-AkUti.  11.  fil  -M- 

*  AkbM  colled  it  Medeab,  «  ooiupoaad  ot  DinyAl  and  Khtiuloxh.  BlooliiiiMUi'* 
Ain-l-AkbMf),  L  336.  Copp«r  coiat  oftlkd  Dicpuu.  ciiiaod  ta  Snthiapnr,  ««r«  (a 
1818  «iU  tonaa  in  Kktodcah.     Mr.  CravIoyBoorcy,  C.S. 

*  Korrt  Voyagei,  Vm.  229.  f  Piadi  ia  Kcn'«  Vojrsge*,  MIL 


Ducu!i.| 


khAndesh. 


2ir 


riUi  a  castle ;   Chopda,  a  grcnt  town ;   Kiiror,  a  cotititr]>  yiUage ; 
.  Jival,  «  largo  town  wjtli  good  caMilo  ;   and  Uarltdupur,  a  rory  largo 
bat  beftstly  city,  witJi  a  fine  gai-deo,  banquet  bouse,  and  cASlTe.' 

Ten  Tears  later  (1618),  Sir  T.  Roo  found  thu  country  quite  as 
unsettled.  Tnivvllent  wben  they  stopped  for  the  Dighl  inndu  a 
i^n^  fence  of  their  carte  Hnd  pitched  tlifir  tunt«  tnEido.  On  any 
"iuitpiciim  of  dnngi.ir  Iho  lowil  governor  tirovidttd  n  spDciiil  guard  of 
horse.*  The  we.it  dititricts  were  full  of  cattle,  tlie  east  miserable 
and  barren.  The  towns  and  villaj^  woro  bnilt  of  mud,  and  even 
BorhAnpur,  tbcmgb  with  trade  enough  to  ntlraot  an  Kngli^h  fnctory, 
and  deacribed*  '  as  very  great,  rich,  and  full  6f  people/  wiva,  except 
the  houses  of  the  V  iceroy,  tbc  cominander-Jn-cbieF,  auQ  a  fow  others, 
entirely  of  mad  cottugOM-* 

Soon  after  the  beginning  of  ShAfa  .lab&n's  reigo  (1629-1630), 
Lbiiidesh  suffered  from  the  twofold  calamity  of  war  and  famine. 
ban  JahAu  Ijodi,  fonncrly  governor  of  tlio  l)ec«»u,  nujipcctiug 
he  bod  !oKt  ibe  truHt  of  the  Emperor,  fled  from  Agra  witb  a 
ii^e  body  of  troopAi  and  made  bis  way  to  thu  T>i.>ccAn.  The 
imperial  power  waa  much  reduced,  including  only  eaat  Kh&ndefth 
anil  purt  of  Benir.  So  serious  wms  the  rovolt  tliat  Shtih  JabAn  took 
the  iield  in  poreoa,  and  balling  at  Biirhinpur,  sent  throe  annieis 
into  the  b»xtib>  territory.  A  detachment  of  8000  horse  under 
&ja  Abut  Haaan  waa  sent  to  take  Xasik,  Trimbak,  and 
Saogamner.  They  passed  the  rainy  sensou  in  the  vilhigo  of  Phulia 
near  Laling  fort.  After  the  rains,  they  wore  joined  by  Sher  Khitu, 
aTCTDorof  OujanSt  with  26,000  men  who  attacked  Batora  near 
'hftndor,  ravaged  the  country,  and  returned  with  great  spoil. 
WhiU*  Sbor  Khi'iT)  wiik  engaged  at  Oiunilor,  Khiija  Abtil  Haxan 
itered  lUglilu,  aud  finding  that  oil  tho  people  had  Kit  their  rillagea 
ad  fied  to  the  billi,  rtent.  tmnps  after  tbotn.  Corn  and  other 
iiDce-«Karies  were  c<iitecced  and  many  of  tbu  enetny  killed  or  takea 
Orisoners.  In  the  east  Darya  Kh&n,  one  of  the  rebel  nobles,  passing 
ito  Kbitndo'^h  by  Chtiisgaon  ravaged  Krandol,  Dharangaon,  and 
_tber  ptac«s.°  These  losses  were  followed  by  a  total  failure  uf  rain 
orer  the  whole  country  From  Abmednbad  to  Daalatabad.  Landa 
acd  for  their  richne«  were  utterly  l>arren.  IJfit  was  oftirrwl  fora 
oaf  but  none  wouhl  buy ;  rank  for  a  cake,  but  none  cared  for  it ;  the 
Orer-k»untcoTi8  Iiund  was  stretched  out  lo  bog,  aud  the  rich  wandered 
in  scjirob  of  food.     Dog's  flush  was  sold,  aud  the  pounded   bones  of 


Chapter 
History. 

Uimltndnai 
7V  UoghaM 


■  Pincb  in  Rorr'i  Vajag*^  VIH.  279. 

*  Terry'*  Vorasn,  UV2.  H/hi,  whoM  chkplab  Tarry  wna,  nMlcn  that  vhM  thty 
•tapped  ki  Cli«]iaii,  tbinr  t«nU  wars  (UAnleiJ  by  thirty  koiM  aud  tirtiity  iIhiI  for 
fear  (■(  tbnir  bcmit  attMskod  by  robb***  (ram  Ihv  mounUiia*.    K<tPr'*  ^'vyw**,  IX,  356. 

•  TcriY*  Vo;*!^.  SO. 
«Rncin  Kerr'*  Voyagcc.  IX.  236-'J5T.    Oflhcmrd  p^rU Tarry  (Voys^M,  ITO-IW) 

rrlt«B :  The  vilLiffmtAni]  very  ttiiok,  but  tli«hoii*nar*ii;«B«r>lly  v«rypwr«tiilbM«. 
LlllbeseiwDDtrydirolliagiiArvMtclaM  toK>lbcTi  noue  «(iukI»  Rlajflj' sdiI  iJimm.  8oom 
-a(  tbc  hnoMi  have  tkrtb  wall*  mixcii  with  irtntw  ml  uu  Jnst  altiir  tlxi  nkiu,  aod 
baTiag  fe  \«ag  niMia  to  dry,  >t*ail  firm  ;  lh*y  am  hiuk  lnw  mid  laany  <J  tbam  flat. 
Winl  iif  thnr  nrliaiinrii  miiwsUy  ^i,  hub.  uid  Ixum,  btiilt  uritli  i'i<ry  litlla  ciiarsa. 
Ml  on  witli  uicki  talhar  diw  tunbcr,  la  t^at  It  thay  cbHiKH  t»  tire,  ttny  nuj  lor 
very  little  tM  re.edtfi«l.  ■  BAdaUh  Nima  bi  E2liot,VIl.  Ir),  li.aad  17. 

■  411-83 


fBombar  OtHttMf , 


DIStEICTS. 


Chapter  VII. 
Hifitory. 

t«00-I7S0. 


fwreff 


^AA< 


tbfl  dead  were  mixed  wiili  floar.     The  Sesh  of  n  son  tm  pr«f« 

to  htB  Isve.     The  dying  blocked  the  roads  mid  those  who  sun-ived 

flud.     Food  bonsoH  woro  opened  nt   Hiirhanpur.     Krer?  day  soap 

Aud  br«ad  n-eri:  diHtributed,  and  each  Monday  £000  (R*.  5000)  von  i 

given  to  the  desorvitig  poor.     The  Emperor  and  the  nobles  maflri 


gri-^tit  rvmissioiiH  ui  rovonuo.' 


In  IGSi,  Kb&ndofth  wiw  nudo  into  «  aubha,  kd 

Ber^  and  the  nreacnt  district  of  KhinntBB!n&  far  aou 

The  district*  oi  SnUdnym;  ^d  jjiandnrbAr  haJ  FormerTv  beenjofi 

to  M&lwo.     The  country  Koutb  of  Khwdeah,  ns^far  im  tho  Shi 


part  of 


wastKe^e 
iug7.ob.     Nest 


was  made  into  a  aepafate  ttifcAa,  of  '^M"''  T">'!"''-'' 
Bolh  g(>vermiieutHwena'in"lC36  " 

year  the  Mo)«hal  power  was  mBcb'ntoK.-  ;iriiiiy  eaiauJiaTurd  in  Niisik 
and  west  Khhiide«b  ;  NagJk,  Tnmbak,  and  aorenJ  M  tiio  Ciiiiudiji:  hill 
forts  were  taken  or  siirroudi-'reil,  antl  ibe  ^jf^foT^Q^I  wax  forc^cd  to 
pay  tribute.'  Doriug  the  years  of  pence  whii^  followed,  Shiih  Jahin 
introdiiood  into  KhiindvNli  T-nIiir  Mill's  fi.mous  rc'votme  8«ttloinf nt. 
The  land  was  measured,  the  prvtiucftor each  Inglia  ascertained,  and  tho 
proportion  to  be  paid  to  fj^vemment  sellJect  for  each  field.  Thia 
asJWAiimvnt,  lonj;  known  in  Kbandesh  n»  tankha,  cuiitinned  tliu 
nominal  tttamli^  till  (lie  introdntrlion  of  British  rula  At  tliiH  time 
and  till  the  close  of  the  Boventcenlh  century,  the  presence  of  \nifC9 
bodicH  of  troops,  and  of  tli<?  courts  nf  llm  Kniperor  and  many  of  hi> 
chief  nobles,  lofjjothcr  with  the  centering  of  trade  along  routes  tliat 
led  throU{;}i  Khiindi^sb  to  Surat,  greatlv  eiinchi-d  iho  proviiiCH,  Iq 
1860  it  yielded  a  revcnne of  moroihan  £2,700,000  (R».  2,70,00,000). 
Few  parts  of  tho  Mt>ghal  Kmpiro  wcro  so  rich.  Hie  ways  were 
fafely  Kuarded  ^nd  it  was  full  of  villages  and  well  peopled  towns. 
Probably  no  part  of  India  was  richer  in  cotton,  ric<-,*  and  indigo, 
and  in  many  places  were  tiugni'canu  plantatton)^  with  mill!!  and 
furnaces  to  make  sugar.  At  flnrbaupur  the  cloth  trade  was  as 
gi%at  as  in  any  part  of  India,  Tho  costly  white  duths  used  by  ilio 
rich  »«  veils,  [■corf.*,  iind  kcn'iiitrfs,  w(^ro  in  Mpwial  favour  from 
liie  beautiful  bleading  of  i-ilver  and  gold;*  prodigious  '(oaiitities 
were  sent  to  Poisia,  Turkey,  Poland,  Muscovy,  AnUiin,  and  (irand 
Cairo. 

The  middleof  the  seventeenth  eenttiry  was  the  time  of  KhAnde«h'» 

highest  prosperity^     A  few  yoars  later   Baw  the  beginning  of  tho 

•    jtartitfaa  exactioPB,  from  which  tho  district  contiutnil  to  suffer  till 

•  fffTwiqnoarCyllie  British  in  1818.     In  1670,  after  hia  Sttoond  sack 


»  EUiot.  VIL  fij.  57,  ■od  8ft 
It  wu  mull  and  whitf  m 


I 


)  BtdihAh  XAOH  in  Hiiot,  Vtl.  94-^ 

*  Thir  ri<^  grown  st  KavApur  htd  ■  >p*aial  valat. 
and  bad  >  muk-likv  fcont.  „ 

•Tli««ii)t'»  Vor»g[w  lie«C).  V.  212,  216.  Tavomiw  (tMO-IfifiO)  in  H»rTi»,  Tt. 
.laa  The«e  rq^HU  o(  tbe  gnmt  riclinMx  of  KlutBdah  protwhly  loillv  rafar  i>i>ty  to 
tbewell  vtitand  WMtaod  to  tlietiirhTdutt  v^Uv.  (hiiliijr'i  I16T0)  woouDt  <.\Uu, 
V.  236.->3H),tkit.tlio«8lipl«auneiu](lfruiUii1uaM'tliaTip<l,  Kbiadeiii  wu  »  niMrt 
nkrta  li»rrtn,  nnvhoJoMOM,  twkdj-,  aad  liry.  wcnu  mor*  likely  to  be  corrert.  Erta  m 
tllvHcli  paria,  acMiriiiw  t«  ^rnier  (L^tten.    Ranhav  fiditloci.  UI.  71).  tao  sround 

wttttohnlly  poor.     It  »■«   no  tmatl  Uiing  wtm  tb»y  bad  whcnmfiUi  t«  Uva  and 
«t«th*  tlt«BNatvM  aarrc*);. 


khAndbsh. 


251 


o!  Siir&t,  SUirdji  )Missed  south  throafth  Klillnd«s1i,  uid  n  fejv 
tuontJift  lat^r  sent  an  officer,  Pnitiipi'ilv  Oiiftfj  "n*'  for  tbe  6rst  time 
dcmani1('<l  the  p«vra«nt  of  ono-foarlh  oi  tiie  rereniie,  ehauth,  aad 
pluudered  several  \arao  towns.  Moropont  Trimal  took  tho  iniporUint 
tortroBB  of  ^jlbflr  in  Biiglfa.  comiiianding  ono  of  tlte  f^*'*^'  foada 
uCo  GujarStTT^m  this  time  the  west  was  often  di^lurbod  by 
"aritlin  and  Moghnl  cnnflift'',  iitid  by  the  cxactiims  of  a  (rwebooter 
_  kmod  Kbniidfrrav  IMbliAde,  wlio,  hostile  alike  to  tlio  Sloghals  and 
Mai'£t)iii3,  managed  to  support  himself  among  tlio  w(!«lem  hills. 

Tn  1()72,  tbo  Mogbals  under  Mnhdhnd  Kliin  besieged  S^lher. 
Shivilji  sent  a  foi'cu  to  rsi)%  the  siege  which  was  attacked  by  i)\o 
MophalB,  but  after  »  »rvtn<  nctif)n,  the  Mojfhali;  v,ei<:  dcfi-ated,  and  . 
the  w'^v  raised.  In  IGTTj,  Shivaji  pltindered  KhaDde-ih,  sackingaiid 
burning  the  great  marts  of  Chopda  and  fjliaranmop.  two  of  the  mnst 
flourishing  plncos  in  the  dixtnct.  Hi-i  ilealh  in  I08O  did  Utile  to 
feaLore  peace.'  Four  years  later  (168i),  the  Kmperor  Aurangzcb, 
entering  Kh^ndesh  with  a  grifit  army,  aiVcr  a  fierce  n-tfi»lanoo 
gninud  the  forts  of  Ch<tnil»r^  n^|[|i|^[[^^  j^l^'tf-  ^°^  paased  to  tbe 
south.  No  sooner  were  the^iogbaia  gone,  than  (1685)  Sainbhiiji 
overran  and  plnndorud  the  whule  dintriett  took  Qmjj^miu^  and 
retired  ravaging  the  country  along  the  has©  of  tnoSatmaU  hiUa 
towards  Nil«ik.  For  _twontv  yuarn  the  ktru^o  wont  on,  Forta 
wore  tiiken  and  retakenj  and'froin  time  to  time  the  Uar^ttiU  spread 
over  the  country,  burning  and  pillaging.' 

AtUfr  AnrangzeVs  death  (1707),  disorder  still  further  increased. 
In  1708,  ShAhu,  ShivAji'a  grnndfton,  gaining  his  liberty,  mixed  a 
body  of  troops  in  the  west  of  KhitndpHh  and  plundered  the  country 
from  8^^a^.  to  Uurhitnpnr.*  In  17i;{,  a  dispute  iK'twixn  Hu«iin  All 
Kh£n«i>d  Ddad  fehdn.  two  of  theleading  Delhi  nolijes,  endecTiwar 
Bnrh&opar  in  a  fierce  bnttia  in  which  Diiud  Khan  wax  itlain.* 
Believed  of  his  rival,  Husain  turned  hi-i  attention  to  suppress 
Khaodertv  Dabhade.  tho  Maratba  kader  who  held  the  west  of 


*  Ome'a  IIwtorie±l  FtmtrnMiit^  H  1*% 

■  Sambh<li  [«)l  D{><iii  Biilmiiiiriair  obniit  «nfn  dijIm  *a*t  ot  ButhAnpiir,  *  riirh  plu« 
wilk  nuuiy  luuilwni  ond  morvliaiiUL  J«f>(1j.  money,  uicl  c<m1«  trom  xlt  inrUut  Iha 
^Wild  were  fonlwl  there  in  ftbuiiiluu^o.  Hx  lurrotilvlfil  3bA  at(,ick«>)  ttii«  pliir^  wid 
•  BnollMir  towti  called  ll«Jdk|iuiii,  wliicli  wiu  i>tilcii|«  rif  Ibo  (i<riilScMii>n<,  kliil  hi* 
wl  v«a  ao  mdiUu  and  BiioxjioctMl,  Mjieritlly  ujxin  lUli^urfiar,  tlut  110  ona 
|m«  able  U>  UTo  a  Mm  or  a  Jiram  oI  liii  nraiwrty.  ar  a  tiast*  eoo  of  hia  wivnt  and 
L^ildirn.  ThoJEnprmlBBncfml,  Kikar  KUn  anil  tiia  inea,  MWtb*  moke  ad  IbctowB 
Itiabg  to  IIm  A.J,  but  «-M  aot  atrong  enon^  to  attuk  tbo  plsncleKn  i  •»  he  ihnt' 
111 i ma  If  '■pvithinBariManiu'widlooVod  after  th«  ae«ari(r  of  rta  yatei  aad  dofcBoca. 
f  Smi:!!!-?.!!!  oUior  pliH<«8  M  note  ia  tbe  Bcis)it»tirliaad  ol  tbo  city,  all  woalthr  and 
1  (liiiii-»tuii^,    wvr«   utnodered  and  banit.    Muatakhalf-ul-lDbdb  iii  l^bot'a    Uiitory, 

VII,  JMi;, 

'In  liiST.KibaSiaJia  and othn officer* »(  Rltn  Rij»,  cnUvIng  Kbindob  from 
tbo  vfttK  uiih  an  ana;  at  SOOO  horto,  drfvxttd  Ihn  MualntiD  cnmmander  Bbmui 
Ali  KhJm  and  cilorleJ  £1S,UOO  (Ke.  1 .90,000)  trnuj  TbJilnvr  an'!  tho  couiitty  RiODd. 
•nd  KUpM  (Ri.  I.4O.00O)  (roDi  Naiwlur><ir.  MoaUkh»b.<>I.|uUI>  tn  Klliot.  VU. 
'MS,  3(3.  11  the  headmen  eaww  nut  aad  ur««d  to  uar  a  e«rt»io  tarn,  lb*y  w«n  l«ft 
]unole*l*a  by  tbe  MaMtha.    EDiat'*  Hlalory,  VII.  4SC 

*  ElUot-a  lUnon,  VII.  300. 

*  Tbe  cause  of  t£U  dimttta  wedd  ■«»  to  have  be«n,  th:U  th*  R«pM«r  Vamkahor 
bad  privately  ineited  PCnd  Khla  to  racial  Uomid  Ali  Kbla,  tJM  OMniaal  aovMiut. 
BUA-a  Hiilofy,  VIL  t51. 


Chapter  TI 

Eistery. 

MnaalmAa^ 

13»-17e0.: 

TV  JToaJUfi 

leoo-aeo., 


PBombay  Qi 


a&2 


DISTRICTS. 


pt«  vn. 

History. 

1099- ITW. 

IWO-tTOO. 


KhJindtMli.  naaain's  sUctnpt  fAilod.  The  foroo  sect  to  thd  irea 
ftoa  -lurprised  amoa^  tUo  liiUs,  surrotiuded,  and  out  to  piooos- 
Shortly  after,  HuEsra  findio^  he  wus  wanted  at  Delhi,  made  a 
treatjr  with  the  SfarAthfoj  oeding  thnin  the_oiJi'-fyiiiilK  chauth,  nnd 

M.    Tins  treatT  th< 


one- tenth,  Kar3e*itm<al 


I  roTeuuoa. 


treaty  the 


Emperor  rufHaod  to  ratify,  and  thu  war  wunt  on  till,  in  1720,  under 
the  loHaence  at  li^litji  Vishranfitb,  ~ 


\^'^" 


1^ 


{SeTfenns  were  ngrfcd  to. 

Not  long  after  11720),  Chinkilich  Efa4n,  better  known  as  tl 
Nimm-ul-nmlk,  wh«,  after  the  murder  ui  tVroksliir,  liud  been 
AppOllited  governor  of  M&lwa,  revolted,  and  crosAiiig  tbe  Narbnda 
at  the  bead  of  12,000  men,  31  ■iiiodB  urban  pur  and  Aairpad,  and 
dcfoiktiiig  lh>!  imperial  forces,  first  at  ilurbftiipur  ami  tbeii  ut  Billitpiir 
'  in  Berdr,  reduced  and  annexed  the  ivholo  of  Khilnde§h,  and  made 
himselC  almost  suprx'me  m  the  DeccaiT  Aims  so  opposite  as 
fche  Ni}!t(ni'!i  and  the  Mar^thjia'  soon  led  to  a  collision.  A  nbort 
campaign,  ending  lather  to  the  adranlage  of  the  Mar&th4a,  waa 
followoil  hy  an  agreement  mider  whit-h  Khiiudcvh  was  to  bo 
respected  by  the  Mar^th4£  in  their  passage  to  and  fnim  M^wa,  and 
nothing  but  the  usmtl  tribute  w»k  to  Ije  levied  &om  tbe  Deccan. 
Thi*  trwty  remained  in  force  till  Chinkilieh  Ebiu'i*  death  in  \748. 
Four  years  later  S^^iatJangi.  bis  eon  and  6ucce&s<or,  waa  attack  &d 
by  tJie  MardihM«iaol>ng5rt«  anrroodor  moat  of  Khtodeeb.  and 
aiier  twelve  year*  (17dO),  the  Mai^tba  victory  was  comp1et«d  by  the 
fall  of  Aairgad 


^ 


y 


1779. 


Next  year  (1761)  the  Nixiun,  taking  advantage  of  the  ruin 
that  fell  on  the  Marath^s  at  PfiDjiat,  msrcbed  on  Poena  aud 
compelled  the  Pcshna  U>  re^itore  the  InColy  code>d  parts  of  Kh^deab. 
Hie  suocfJW  was  KhorUivcd.  *  On  bis  way  )mck,  overtaken  and 
defeated  liy  the  Uar^tbAs,  he  was  forced  to  restore  the  toi-ril«ry 
tlie  Peshwa  and  confirm  his  former  cessions. 

After  a  short    tenn  of  p«^to»,  di.-sscnsions  broke  ont  amongst  the 
Hartithii*,  and  in  the  di.M>utes  between  tbe  Peiihwa  utid  his  uncio 
HaghimiithniT    f ^7<W  - 1 7Hi1.   Klmndesh   wns  often    the  scene  of 
dinorder    and    war.     In  1774.  after   defeating    ibe   army  of   t! 
Brdhman    minist^-rs    at    Pandbarpur,    BagnnAtbriY    amrched 
^BrhAfpar  I'Jl'*  'hwPP  to  JJ^llw^,  and  then,  to  gain  followera 
Gajar^t,  rooved  to  Thilnor  and  gnrrivoned  it.     But  the  fort  waa 


soon  after  rediiwHl  by  the  Peahwa's  troops. 

In  1778  (February  6-25),  the  English  Brst  appear  as  a  military 
"power  in  kb&ndcsh.  Colnnel  OoddariT,  on  his  march  from  Qentnu 
*India  to  Sural,  found  Kbilndeah  most  prosperous.  Ikfany  of  tb<» 
grain  carts  collected  at  TfurhiUiimr  weiv  left  behind  by  the  speed 
at  which  the  army  moved  (!)00  miles  in  nineteen  days),  and  the 
troops  had  lo  depend  for  provisions  on  the  villages  along  their  Una 
of  march.  The  .-xippty  wu«  abundant,  aud  the  people,  industrious, 
happy,  and  humane,  did  not  liy  from  their  villages,  but  voluntarily 
offered  prorisionn  nnd  gniin.  For  cifflity  mili-s  west  of  Btirhanpur 
the  cotintry  was  full  of  villages,  fertile,  proap^-rowa,  and  well  tilled.' 


OE 


Anuiut  ot  BomUy  11781).  280,  390. 


-'-^ 


D*c««M 


KHANDESH. 


398 


In  1705  (13th  Matvli),  after  his  dofMit  at  K^da.  fbc  Nn&m, 
MDongfSCfivr  territory,  cwi(-<i  to  Uie  PesEwiiliiB  Kh^udcAh 
pORsetuions.  From  tliii«,  aft«r  luakJDg  grants  to  the  great  MaMtha 
chiefs,  eepcvinlly  to  Holkiir  and  Siniliii,  tho  part  Ivft  to  tlto 
Po»hff»  watt  (oriDod  into  a  aejmrato  char;^,  tuhha.y'  I'he 
distarbaoces  which  followed  the  dcnth  (1796)  of  Poshwa  MidhaTrfiv 
II.  wuri>,  two  ytiara  tutor,  incrcnaod  l>v  the  dispuies  atnon^  the  W 
aons  of  Uolkar's  general  Tukoji.  Kiishir&v,  the  eldest  legituoate 
eon,  was  sapportod  by  Sindia,  Bad  MuDuimiv,  the  itix-ond  son,  hy 
his  iltcvitiniaie  broiliors  Jasvantr^v  and  Villiobft.  Malh^rrfiv  waa 
killed  oy  tiindia  in  u  trpncliOToits  attack  mado,  it  was  miid,  at  Ibv 
instigation  of  Ki'uibinir  who  had  im-ilvd  SiNiiia  to  tLo  deed  hy  a 
bribt'of  £3&,00(}  (lU.  A,bOfiOO).  Enraged  at  Kfishir&v's  ancoess,* 
JaBvaPtrtig  broko  into  rebellion,  and  gathering  a  band  of  fro»* 
bootcrit.  laid  »nWo  tha  Khindesh  Narhada  districta.  ravaged  the 
hi)!  country  between  tho  jJarbada  and  the  T^ti,  took  Inaor,  and 
succeeded  in  driving  K&sliirnv  iutu  «xiIo/  Next,  joining  in  the 
titriigglo  botwem  UiulatntT  Sindia  and  tbe  tvo  widows  of  MiJh^d&ji 
bindia,  Jasvanir&v  attacked  Diulatr^v'a  forcus,  plundered  their 
camp,  and  drove  them  from  Kb^udeHh. 

The  new  century  (1800- 1W3)  had  worse  evils  in  store  for 
EhandMh.  War  broke  gflt  Miyy^  TTrJltur  an.l  Sii..1i».  and 
Sindia,  advancing  hurnealy    firom   I'oona,   waa   (1802)    mot    and  ^ 

_  iefeatod  by  Holkar.  B<tfor8  thoyoar  was  over  (October)  this  defeat 
WB--*  rfvpngrtj,  mid  K'likar's  army  wa»  routed  with  the  Iosb  of  ninety- 
eight  guDs.     While  Sindia  inarched  on  Ind»r.  Jaavantrav   Uolkar, 

'  ntheriDg  hia  acatiorcd  foreea.  advanoBd  ag^^nqt  T'oona.  Passing 
irocn^b  weitt  Khfade/ih,  without  pity  or  fuvtinr,  bo  utterly  niinud 
and  laid  it  waste.  His  aat-coss  at  Poona  (18021  forc«d  tbe  beat«n 
Pe»hwato  wick  British  ai3^  The  treaty  of  BMwei*  followed  (SIst 
December  1802],  and  tbe  English,  marching  on  Poona,  made  Uolkar 
retire  and  ro-watt-d  Biijintv  as  Pewhwa  (l.tth  May  IdOS).  Passing 
throDgh  east  Kb^doshon  his  way  north,  Uolkar  rained  it  as  utterly 
aa  he  had  before  raiued  the  west.  A  few  months  lator  (23rd 
Sept«mhtir  1803)  tbe  battle  of  Ab^jito  broko  the  power  of  Sindia 
and  of  the  Rrija  of  N^por,  and  tbe  Keglisb  entering  Khdndeah 
took  Burluiapur  and  Awrgad  (21sl  October  1803).*  After  Lho 
farther  defeat  at  ^X.lL'itfin  (28th  November  18^3)  Sindia  waa  forc«d 
to  sue  for  pencil.  Under  tbe  terms  of  the  treaty  then  made,  part 
of  his  lands  iu  Kb^dcah  were  rentoreil  to  Sindia  and  part  given  1o  . 

^^bo  Pcfrhwa  War  was  continued  against  Holkar,  and  his  share  ot 
}Cb^adc-^h  waa  on-iipiiid  by  Briliith  troopw.  After  a  protractod 
stragfflc,  tarnished  by  CoI.>ncl  Manaoo's  retreat  and  by  the  failure  of 
the  Bbaratpor  mb^i-.  Holkar.  aoing  for  poaco,  reveired  back  all  his 
lands  Bonlh  of  the  ChamEarflSOgT" 

Khindsflh  wa3  now  in  a  nii«crabla  plight.     Oo   Ihe  top  of  the 
rnin  wrought  by  Uolkar  came  a  failnre  of  rain.     Xo  harvef^t  waa 


Chaptar  TI) 
V   Bl«t«ry. 


UaritkU. 
1760-18)9. 


1800.1819. 


>  Th«  *aUa  bobxUd  Oifais,  KUBdcali  proHi,  Menir,  lUJJfid,  Pi]  KmuUL  and 
nixUa.     HmbIIMi'*  1>«Krlpt)tm  of  aiadatUD,  IL  9& 

■  Tb«  mvM  of  «aiBD  b^Eii))  ufficitn  who  dud  in  tbii  ciwpusn  uv  ibn  tkown  at 
KkT*ApMU  In  Jiauier. 


DISTRICTS. 


Ill7i»-1818. 


y 


(l)omU7  Oaiett«ar J 


reaped,  the  whole  stock  of  cattle  perished,  and  the  people,  dying^ 
o^  Bjiog   to  Gnjarni,   left    manj   pnrts   of  the   district   dteoiatQ. 
The   Bhil.t,  who  hml  licforc   livt^d  with    thu  othtir  iiiliuliitaiil4,   and 
bad,  aa   villas^'  wati'hnieii,  been  the  great  instrameais  of  police, 
retired  to  thu  hills,  and  whon  tliv  famiiw  was  over,  pillap^d  the 
rich  plain  villagf.4.      ^gaiuat   such    an    encniy    do   MciipniiN  wen 
thought    too  cruel  or  too   baw.      At    Kopargaon  jlStH),   BAUji 
lAksDnman,  tempting  frtiin  the  billti  a  lurgu  body  ot  the  Cbttndoi 
BhdM,  iiurrouiidc-a  and  masmcred  them.     This  treachery  only  mad< 
the  BbiU  fiercer,   and  tho  Mariitha  officers  rvtuliatod  br  most  cmi 
BHwaacro  al  Ch^lisgaon,  Dbaraiijaiftqti^  atid  Amur.     Tbcno  aava; 
punish  m  en  ta    did    lilllQ    to    rpsto  re 'order.       Uoaltlo    to    proteo: 
theoiHclvfH,  thi!  oliiffn  and   Inrgci  In nd holders  called  in  tho  aid 
Arab  nierceoaries,  and  these  foreigners,  nol  Ws  frugal  than  warlik 
soon  rose  to  ponvr.     Saring  their  pay  and  giving  it  oat  at  intorostr 
they  became  the  chief  moneylendent  of  the  diHlrict,  levying  large 
soma  both  from  their  employers  and  from  tho  general  body  of  tho^ 
pooplu.     Besi<Uw  from  Bhil  pliindertTS  and  Arab  n^nrfra,  the  distriol 
•offered  from  the  exactioas  of  its  fiHeal  offict-ra,  who,  farming  th' 
rerenncs  for  a  year  or  for  a  short  term  of  years,  left  no  nieoiA. 
untried  in  their  efforts  tu  wring  money  from  the  people. 

In  1816  a  now  enemy  fell  on  Khindesh,  ITie  I'endhfiris,  undi 
the  guidanco  of  tho  MnsitlniAn  Bliilx  iif  the  ea.stern  hilts,  entere' 
by  ihrt  Aairgnd  paaa,  and  with  no  troops  to  hara^^s  them,  pluuderci 
at  leisupo,  causing  more  misery  than  «ith(.T  Bhils  or  Arabs.  Their 
power  was  soon  broken.  In  1817.  as  part  of  l>:)rd  ilii.iting.i' 
complete  and  eucccs^fid  mCMurcit  ugninst  tho  Pvndliiiris,  Lieutenant 
3)»vic«,  with  a  body  of  Iha  Niziln's  lionie,  dii*pers(Ml  nnii  dixjvo  th 
from  Kh&ndesh.  Still  the  district  was  in  grr^t  disi^riler.  1 
fiu^ions  in  Malh^rlir  Holkiir'x  conrt,  and  Ihw  mnrdur  of  the  MAlwa 
miniittor,  added  to  the  greed  and  misrule  of  their  Khiiiidctfh  ofhconc. 
And  in  tho  west,  tho  oHCapcd  felon  Trimbakjiljenglia,  with  hia 
brother  and  one  IJ^ji  Go]iAl^  ioined^Tv^  Ai^bji'iutif  Piiiiithiiri«^ 
established  thoinsvlvoa  in  tho  hills,  and  sncceesfolly  resisted  the 
Pcshwa'it  troops. __. 


ant      I 
em>M 


iBritteh, 
M680. 


i^ 


\h 


Meanwhile  the  last  grr^it  Martitha  alliance  against  the  Engli 
was  complelod.  On  the  lifth  of  XoTemlwir  1817.  tho  Poshi 
declared  against  the  British ;  twenty  days  later  the  Hdgpnr  chii 
followed  his  oxnniido  ;  and  after  another  twenty  days,  in  splto  ' 
•  tho  opiwaition  of  Tnlshibii,  the  mother  fif  Hie  yomig  iwino",  Holkar 
^ief  iniiuat«r0  and  gcuori))s  ntwlved  to  support  tho  Feahwa  with 
an  army  of  26,000  men.  Tulnhibdi,  tht;  qnitcu  mother,  Hn«[)<^<;lcd  nf 
treachery,  was  seized  and  beheaded  on  the  banks  of  Ihe  Sipra,  and 
the  insnrgent  gcnemls  began  their  southward  march.  They  woro 
mot  ttt  Mahidpnr  by  Sir  John  Malcdm  and  Sir  Thomas  Eli.-dop, 
then  in  jinr-iiiii  of  the  Pondhdri  Chhntta,  and  after  a  well  foaghi 
battle  were  defeated  (21st  December  1817).  Undin- Uic  terms  of 
tho  treaty  iA  Mandwar,  made  after  this  defeat,  Uolkar  ceded  to  the 
British  all  his  territory  sontb  of  tho  SUpudaa,  inclnding  tho  entire 
pcoTinoe  of  Khindosh. 
Meanwhile,  the  Peshwa,  _  defenbid.  at  Kirkeo  (5th  NoTember 


ii«^H 


DMCU.J 


.KllAtDESH. 


SBft 


1817)  and  again  at  fah^g-dfteli  FebrQary  1818),  and  dMpairing 
of  aid  pitlicr  from  Ns^hp  or  Siudia,  retired  itirougli  I^iilnili.'*h 
loWftrdauortliern  India,  Untlio  Ifltii  May,iit  DltglkotBoar  Asii-gad, 
finding;  Iho  N»rbwdft  fords  guardcid,  ha  gtve  liimaelf  up  to  Sir  Joha 
Mnluulm.  Sir  Thomas  Uislnp,  to  whom  loll  llioduly  of  brtujfctn^  to 
order  its  bands  of  Arab  ana  other  mercenarit^n,  uot<;nng  KhAndeali 
from  SindTa,  jjiwiksI  tinoppo«cd  to  Th^iiejr.  Ut-re,  oa  Vung 
(•uinraomd  to  snrrcnder,  the  oommaadant^Ril!3iirtim  Mfima,  refused, 
and  thongh  wnmod  that  bo  would  be  treated  aa  a  ndnsl,  oonlinucd 
to  firs  oD  tho  KHtiNh  tniopti.  A  Hturmin^'  part;  forced  the  lirst  and 
second  of  the  five  ^lewaja.  At  the  third  gitt<-  Tididiir^m  gave 
biuiself  ap,  and  poMin^  la,  led  tbo  party  Slrougli  the  third  nod 
fourth  gates.  At  the  tiftli  gate,  a  body  of  Aml»r,  after  refusing  for* 
a  time,  opened  the  gate,  and  when  a  party  of  troops  had  PnU-rod, 
fell  on  theui,  and  among  others  <;iit  down  Major  Gordon  and 
CWptain  Macgregor  of  the  Koval  Scots.  Hearing  of  liiin  treachery, 
the  re*t  of  Ibi*  U-sicging  fwrco  niKhvd  in,  and  except  one  who 
cwajwd  iiver  the  fort  wall,  put  the  whole  garriiwn  of  SOO  men  to 
the  aword.  The  conimAiidiinl ,  iw  the  author  of  the  tieaclicry,  was 
forthwith  hanged  (27ib  February  1818). 

Prom  Tluilncr,  Sir  Thomit^  HiKlop  ruarcbod  on  ^^aj,  and  found 
it  alw>nd(in«d  by  ita  lirShinaa  co^nnuindnut  Dnj^uopSI,  one  of 
Trimbabji  Denglia's  retainiTS.  At  IJotarad  the  f<iri'o  divid<^d,  the 
Commandvr-in -Chief  uianrhing  along  thf  Bori,  ond  General  Doveton 
keeping  to  the  banks  of  the  Uirna.  The  full  of  ChAg^o^QifnD, 
and  other  forts  followed  soon  after,  and  by  the  end  o^Maro^lSlS, 
excoiil  .Siiliilniiiir.  NaudarhAr.  Adiviul-  at»l  ItAver  all  Ilolkar's 
posfi-.tHJon^  .'o.iulh  ot  tfio  SAtpiid*!*  wSre  held  by  the  Bnlisb.  In  the 
following  mnnth  <•  A  )irih.  nhdH-itntiin  and  tbriv  other  IVshwu  diUricta 
wen-,   ill    llrilish   iulerfsts,  taken   by  ilir 


Aiiturgad 
k  Lieutenant 


lir  Fa«t  A4i.  Jiighirdir  of 

and    the   cxxnitry    round  surrenderwd   to 

In!e.      1 II  the  nortb-east,  where  loTtft;  bodiea  of  Arabs 

^lara-iM'd  the  plain  ojunlry,  MJr  FiU-it  Ali,  supported   by  a  Imtlalion 

of  infantry,  two  field   giiu«,  and   tM   horse,  pre«Hod  forward,   and 

clearing  lh«  country,  placed  it  under  the   chargt»   of   Lieutenant 

BodgM  the  Assistant  Poliiieil  Aguut.     Driven  from  the  east,  tho 

.  Aral»  retii-ed  to  the  west  uod  nia^ied  their  triKipi  in  tho  neighbour> 

rbood  of  Siillilnpur.     To  bring  them  to  order.  Colonel  Jtnogregor 

ladvnuced  on  Snllanimr  and  Xundiirbiir,  Major  Innes  moving  trom 

rOiUna  to  support  biui. 

A  seriouB  rerolt  among  the  Arabe  at  Miilegaon  for  a  timo  kepf 
back  tiie  advanw!  St  an  early  stage  in  tho  war  Sfr.  Elphin-itone 
had  allowed  Go(>ilr4v  Rija  BAIiiUlur  of  Mdlegaon  to  collect  troops 
and  wrest  the  Mdlegnon  fort  fnmi  the  Peshwa's  officers.  No  RoODor 
Lad  he  taken  Ihe  fort  than  the  liftja  found  himself  n  prisoner  in  the 
bands  of  IUh  Arab  oierocnnries.  '1  !»■!«;  men,  identifying  theraselves 
•with  a  band  oOrecbo«>ferH  and  with  the  Uuvillitds  or  Indian  bom 
Arabs  of  the  town,  plundered  the  coontr}-  ronnd,  and  undo  Malegaon 
one  of  the  chief  centres  of  disorder.  On  the  10th  of  llay, 
Lieutenant-Colont-I  MacDowell,  with  not  more  than  lOOO  men  aild 
2711  pionoent,  encampc<l  before  the  town  and  called  on  the  Arabs, 


Chapter  T 
Hutory. 

TfaaBritNJ 


ItdleffaoH 
UtM. 


iBrttuh, 
1818 -ISM. 

IStS. 


DISTEICTS. 


[Bomba; 


about 


men. 


BntTeu<lor. 


I 

till 


atrj 


li  Mtorm.  On  tJio  night 
bread)  wait  tiiado,  Ihd 
tlitf  (ort,  and  Aa  [Jftoe 
lite  sLortniug  party 


Thoy  refnsed  and 
place  w6a  inrested.  For  tliriN)  dnyt)  tbo  Arabs  made  deepe: 
sallicH,  but  were  ix^pobtod  at  tbo  point  of  tho  bayonet.  I»  on«  of 
llic»e  stillioi)  LieuleaaDt  Daviea  tue  chief  engineer  was  killed,  uiA 
Major  Andrews,  comrnHnding  tho  European  ri-f^mcnti  wiu  severely 
wounded.  On  flio  22nd,  Die  betiieging  force  watt  Atrcngfbencd  by 
BOO  HinduHtitui  Horse,  and  on  the  next  day  by  a  body  of  infantry 
of  the  RnsHell  Brif^do,  4!>0  sdrong,  undt-r  I>iviit«nnnt  Ilodf^eaJ 
An  thv  gun^  wert!  mucli  damaged  and  the  atnuiunitiun  n-as  ncarl 
at  an  end,  no  time  was  lo^t  iii  nlirinpling 
of  tho  28th,  an  npji^ftreutty  practicable 
tieTT  remaining  shells  were  thrown  into 
aesanlted.     The  iwnior  «ngini>er,  who  led 

afaot  dead  tlie  moment  be  monoted  the  breach,  uttering  as  bo 
the  word  '  impracticablo.'  Unjor  Grrau  Hill,  though  wounded  in 
foot,  inotiiitvd  the  broach  and  let  down  a  ladder,  but  it  dropped  From 
his  hands  to  the  bottom  of  the  wall.  On  this  a  retreat  was  sounded, 
and  only  the  town  ramainod  in  Britii^b  hunds.  This  failure  was 
followed  by  a  cIobu  blockade,  and  reinforce  in  on  (:•  urrivtng  from 
General  Smith  with  some  mortars  and  bowitiers,  fire  was  again 
opened.  Tho  fort  nnigazino  exploded  and  mado  a  clear  breach 
thirty  feet  wide  in  the  iuuer  wall,  the  debria  filltng  the  ditch.  On 
the  lath  of  June  the  CTinwn  capitulated,  and  the  British  flag 
was  hoUtod  on  one  of  the  'bastions  ol  the  inner  fort.  Next  day 
Ifae  garrison  marched  out  and  laid  down  their  arms.  The  Arabs 
were  well  treated  and  taken  to  Surat,  and  from  Suiat  were  «0Dt 
Arabia.  ^ 

Daring  tin*  M^legaon  siege,  Major  Jardine  reduced  Xaadorb: 
ADd   Knkimnunja,    anti   marching    on    Taloila,  by    rti6"^r!!fKVHi 
of  favoura'blo    terms,   p^ned    Taloda   an^  'Xavi^pur.   and  opened 
common icu'-  li  Onjarit.     AfkT  the  fall  uf  Sldl^gaon,  a  body 

of  troops  v/:i  I'd  at  Songir.  another  at   P&n>la.  and  a  tliird  at 

Db^lPingaon.  Hy  tbu  firxtw  July  (1818),  except  wmie  isolated 
nWtaV  the  whole  district  n-as  in  British  baiidH.  Such  of  the 
AratM  as  failed  tu  Bud  M-rricv  in  native  states,  were  marched  to 
Bombay,  and  shipped  to  their  native  country  Hadramat  in  eas 
Arabia. 


n 


Lient'enant  H<nlgc»,  tlie  .\.-«itfitant  Politinil  Agent,  was  despatched 
jo  NaairaWd,  iuid  the  whole  country  east  of  the  Aner  and  the  Buri 
Hfi  tar~aB""^njar,  and  a  lino_drawn  from  "KujSp  to  Saigaon  on  tlie 
OiiTO  and  along  tho.  ?4BiItm  io  fSii  hilU,  wiw  roaae  ovcr'lo  him 
a  sepantte  chai^. 

Id  the  following  year  (9th  April  I8I9),  the  fall  of  Aairgad  put 
an  end  to  the  war.  Exoopt  tjiiidva.  Sopgir.  Ijaling^  and  others  onj 
important  linea  of  coinmuiiication,  which  wore  garnaoned  by  armed 
pouce,  most  of  tJiu  hill  fbrtaworc  distnantlod.  The  head-quarters 
of  l]>o  n'gutar  troopa  were  finod  at  M&legaon.  and  Caplaiii  I?rigg« 
aa  Political  Agent  took  np  hta  rcaidonce  at  the  central  etatioa  <^^J 
Dhulia.  ■ 

Ab  this  time,  on  account  of  the  maintenance  of  a  body  of  horae,^^ 
Sindia  owed  die   Uritisll  »  (.ousidcreblv  sum.      To  clear  uS  the. 


tlie 
?uM 

onH 


tne^i 


khAndesh. 


2S7 


(lobt  and  meet  folare  charts,  it  was  arranged  that  Pfchora,  V^val. 
Choptla.  aud  twolvu  ihllagCB  in  Loliara  slioold  bo  made  oveu  to  (be 
liritisii.  Ou  U»o  transfer  of  lliii  temtoi-y  (1820),  tlu'  (lopnnlutioiiB 
of  Sutyijiriv  fCimbiilkar  who  held  Ydval  with  a  force  of  3000 
Kanidiak  soUli^rre,  and  of  the  Tfankes,  who  held  tho  stronpf  town  of 
Li'iiur  in  Chopda  and  wore  clonvly  conu<-(rtL*d  with  t\w  Hhils,  wore 
at  uitce  put  donu. 

Captain  Briggti  was  now  froe  to  turn  his  attention  to  the  trnubl«' 
aoino  Siitpudii  aud  SAcnifla  Bhiln.  Driven  fioin  the  plains  by  war 
anil  faiiiiiie,  the  UtiiU  liad  taken  U>  th«  hills,  studding  thvm  with 
Bett'limeuts,  fr')tD  a  fi>w  huts  of  potty  freebo-atera  to  pfrand  euc^mp- 
nii?nts  uf  powLTfiil  chiefs,  who,  asHUtniu^  th<;  stnU-  of  petty  princes, 
Kupporled  thiiiiHiitiilti  of  folhiw(-n*.  In  the  niirtlt,  fn^m  Kukwrinunda 
to  Itorhaupiir,  the  Satpud^  teemed  with  the  disaffected ;  in  iho 
eoalh,  thu  SnttnHU  and  Ajanta  Bhils,  under  thy^.^wy  Ini^doi^, 
rarrivd  lire  and  itword  over  gn^at  part  uf  Hw  proTinoOi  nnd  in  the 
west,  the  chief  of  Peint  and  Abhona.  and  Govind  a  powci'fnl  Njiik, 
led  the  freetK>ot«ra  of  the  Hahy&dri  hills.  The  roads  wura 
tmpa«:wblo,  and  in  the  very  heart  uf  the  prnvini'o  villn^-vs  were 
daily  plundered,  and  cattle  aud  people  carried  off  or  uiunlun^^d. 
So  ntturly  nnsafe  did  they  fitd,  (hat  thu  hosLandmon  refused  seed 
or  tillage  advances. 

In  1818  very  active  meaanrea  were  taken.  The  troopa,  divided 
into  email  delachments,  cat  oft  the  Bhils'  enpplios.  and  allowing 
them  no  n-sl,  hnn(yd  itcvrnil  of  ihoir  Kmdctrx  to  death.  Moet  (rt 
th«  rest  des[>airii)g  of  auocesa  accepted  the  offer  of  penHionv,  and 
agri^ed  to  keep  the  peace  over  certain  tracta  of  country. 

Next  year  (ISl^)  matters  were  aa  had  as  ever.  On  all  nides  the 
Bbilt  weni  in  arms  and  iilttnderiuj^.  Kbaudu  aud  Rnpaing  and  two 
brothers  [Umii  and  Uchr^oncc  the  watclum^ti  of  Tarkhoda,  held 
the  wostern  hill« ;  in  tW  iwiith,  Chi!  Ni'iik,  thi-  head  of  iho  Siltaiala 
Bhilc',  sent  hitt  men  plundering  to  the  heart  uf  the  plain  couDtiy  ;  and 
in  the  ca<it,  Mir  Khiin  and  the  Mui^lmau  Bhils  in  Adavad,  and  is 
R&VBT,  Kiiniya  hol)K>d  by  Dusrot  and  Dluinji,  chiefs  of  Ijliiinr,  ravaged 
the  neb  hindx  ItelwcTnIhe  Tjpti  and  the  Ktttpud^.  OetnchmenUi 
aent  all  over  the  country  met  with  much  success.  In  Ihe  west,  R^mji 
and  Uchit  came  in  and  wore  rcKtorod  an  watchniou  of  Tnrkhoda ; 
Chil  N&ik,  Ibct  hoad  chieftain  uf  the  itouth,  was  taken  and  hanged  ; 
and  iu  the  east,  Mir  KhAn,  Kaniya,  aud  DaOTat  gave  themselves 
np  and  wcro  pardoned.  This  mkxvsh  did  not  bwt  long.  The  Bhils. 
though  promiMxl  a  living  on  coming  to  the  plains,  would  not 
return,  Fresb  leaders  came  to  the  front.  In  the  south,  Jandbuia 
and  Jukira,  holding  the  HiitmlUa  hillM,  U>  avenge  iJieir  lost  loader 
Chil  Naik,  fiercely  ravaged  tho  »outItern  plains;  in  the  east,  joiued 
by  Sheikh  Dalln  the  famena  Pendhwi,  Dasiat  went  out  in 
rovi.dt ;  and  iu  tho  west,  Uchit,  killing  the  head  of  his  village,  fled 
(o  the  hills,  ni"  Bhil  wal<^h  inrni>>a  agaiuiit  their  own  villugert, 
and  iu  one  month,  fi-om  Nandurhdr  came  the  record  of  a  hundred 
robboriee,  bouse- breakings,  nud  murdors.  To  supply  the  place  of  a 
regular  pulioe,  thv  BhilR  were  offered  grain  and  a  monthly  money 
payment  of  ■l».  (Ka.  2).  Xone  would  accept  these  tenns,  and  aa 
■  41I-X3 


(%apt«r  TU 

Hiitoij. 

TlMBritlih,! 
1818.  IS8D, 

ma. 


*rBombaj  Que 


ChftptorVU. 

BtitATy. 

Tlw  B^iti«l^ 
isis-ioao. 

ISil-tStS. 


1865. 


I>fi5TRICTS. 


] 


g(iii(}<i  mcii»iires  liad  ^M,  tli«  mitiUiry  worn  aguin  cnllttd  out, 
i^ir  a  liondred  miles,  lioldin^  the  sktrts  of  the  SfitniAla  liilln,  forced 
Jaadhula,  Jakira,  uiiil  1200  folKtwon  to  ^ve  thenntelvos  np.  Il 
tht?  wi'st.,  Uiv^ugh  nr.  first  iitiKUCvt^^.tful,  ihe  tmops  ppf*sc<I  th«  rvbeU 
liurd,  and  before  a  year  was  over  (1821),  Uolui  aud  ijbeikh  Dalld 
wcru  rau}fht  aiid  imprUoned. 

A  few  montlii*  of  qiiidt  woro  (1822)  Eullowed  by  tmotlier  ontJ 
break,  headed  iii  the  SAtpndfU  br  the  Nahala,  nud  !u  thu  SntinAIAi 
by  the  bmoos  Htria.  who,  dividing  his  mea  into  three  formidable 
luindx,  laifi  vrn.-^Ur  flit!  liob  plitins  ipf  Rhiidgnuti  and  Krniido), 
When  Captain  BHrkj  U-ft  [April  182^),  in  apile  «f  all  bin  effortSj 
Khiiodosh  was  litill  harassed  and  uasafo.  Coloai<l  Robinsttn,  hie 
siicctMutur,  foand  Hinn  hI  l»rgu  tii  tb«  liunth,  and  io  the  nurth  Ihq 
rich  lands  near  the  StttpiidAa  wasted  by  the  MithnU.  The  truHijit 
wore  BtrengthuQed,  the  Iiilla  orerrun,  the  Bhils  scattered,  and  tbeil 
8otllutn(^>iitN  duiftroyod.  For  two  years  thuw  fiwrco  rvtri  but  ions  won! 
nn.  Hut  though  many  wore  ciitight  luid  Icillvd,  fn-fh  leitdora  wcr^ 
never  wantinR,  their  scatiered  followers  again  drew  together, 
quiot  and  order  were  as  ^r  uS  as  over. 

As  forw  bid  failed,  Mr.  Elpbinstoue.  tb«  Governor  of  Bomi 
det<>rmiiieil  to  fry  giintliT  riieusun^.  Id  1 825  orders  were jjiiven  thai 
fresh  efforts  should  he  matle  to  encoura;^  tha  n-ild  tribi-s  to  settld 
fts  hiiKbnndinen,  luid  to  enliKt  luid  form  <^Bhi^C<>niM.  Wilh  thes^ 
ohjects  Kb^ndpsh  was  divided  into  t hKjj^QjJyJ^sSiti ci es ,  one  in  tlie 
nt>rlh-yyl  including  Naiidurhiir,  Sultaiipiir,  Fiui|iaiui'r,  nud  thil 
Dftups ;  a  second,  in  the  north-eaat.  with  Chopda,  Yaval,  Sivdjij 
Emndo),  Amalner,  and  XasiruJuid ;  and  a  third,  in  tlj^j^y^,  incbiding 
J^RiDor,  Bha<)guuu,  Chnlisgaon,  mihI  (he  dwtricls  near  tho  SAtmala 
range.  Kai^lj  agency  waa  placed  nuder  the  eharK?  of  a  resident 
European  ofBcer,  and  to  the  officer  in  chnge  of  the  north-vast  division 
was  given  the  task  of  raising  a  Bhil  Corps  tinder  iiat.ivt'  cotninisHioncd 
oHiwiii.  Th«  dutiiMs  of  thi'  Rfri-ni!*  were  heavy  and  varied.  (Jaiiga 
still  in  revolt  bad  to  be  reduced  and  order  kept,  otfeudera  punished 
or  committod  for  trial,  disinites  settled  and  complaints  redrosiwdi 
and  pensions  paid  and  the  iwople  h^tl  to  tM.'llle  to  steady  work.  Aq 
far  as  possible,  rt'gisters  of  the  different  triV'^"  'v'Tf  kept  [  the  chte^ 
wero  won  by  rewnrds  aud  pensions,  their  In  ■  daitus  to  gu«rd 

the  ))a«*es  were  carefully  reKpeeUMl,  and  iiU;igf  was  fosiered  hi 
^niDta  of  land,  seed,  and  onttle.  The  Bhil  Cur[)s  was  Tory  hard  tcj 
Mart.  Their  lihyness,  rt-^tlessnesK,  iind  HUKiiii'ioiin  hindered  the  Bhila 
fivnn  onlisring.  Bn:  Iiietiteninit  tjulraiii'w  skill  and  daring  aa  oi 
tiger-Iiunter,  bis  freehanded  kindness,  and  his  fearlei^  trust  in  hia 
followors  won  the  Bhits'  hearts.  Nino  men  joined  him  as  a  body 
ffuard,  and  gntheriiig  rttcruits,  \\A  his  object  became  known,  in  a  fuv 
months  the  number  rose  to  sisty.  Daring  the  rest  of  the  season  fresh 
recruiin  joined,  and  at  its  close,  when  they  mtered  Miilcgnon 
caiitonuieiil,  the  tnKip.i  w<tl<H)mcd  tho  HhilH  a»  felhiw^ttoldiera  aud: 
the  success  of  the  coips   was   aesni'ed.*      Then  i-ecruits  came  in! 

i 

>  The  (room  (rhi>  <li<)  thia  gmxl  Mirriop  «m«  Um  XXIII.  RcgioMnt  Dombay  KatiiW 
InEHiti;.  Mm  uf  llif  higlioit  oMte  viMtad  tbo  u-jld  rccniUaMiilnve  tlinnboMnwt,  I 
Gnbui'B  KUudmh  Bliibt,  S. 


mimbera,  suid  in  1827,  when  inspected  by  the  Brigadier,  the  corps 
was  found  highly  cffiL-iont.  Plodgin^^  himself  for  (ho  f&ithfulnowt  of 
hifi  nmn,  miwiv  ptwts  [urim^rly  hid<l  by  n-ifiilftr  tniii)w  werw  «iitniM(tid 
to  Out.raiu'ft  Uliils,  and  not  long  after,  led  a^iuat  a  h^utd  of  their 
iwn  tribeHm^n,  they  proved  faithful  to  their  tniHl  nnfl  muted  the 
ag.  Tlu'ir  !«ttn.!Hgth  wiim  niisiid  fr*iKi  'WO  U>  fiOi*  itiid  tifu^rwiinlEt 
to  6!J0.  The  bead-fjuartera  were  established  at  Dbaraingaon,  and  the 
monthly  pay  o^  tli<;  common  soldiers  was  fixed  at  liia.  (Us.  b)  with 
2a.  (Ro.  I)  moru  when  on  outpost  duty. 

While  in  the  north-east  Lieutenant  Outntm  wan  rHieiin;r  the  Bhil 
Corpa,  in  the  south  Major  OvanH  and  Lioiiteuaut  Graham  were 
triufrinfrtho  SBtimilnBhils  tuformsottlcmetitsuiidongiigo  in  tillugv,  ■ 
mill  Ciiplaiu  Higby  witn  qiiibtioff  the  wilder  western  ohiefs.  Blill 
disturbances  were  not  over.  In  1826,  Ohadfraon  and  Sult4npar 
wore  plundered,  and  tho  Sindra  paijs  was  closed  by  Dhivsiug  aiwl 
Subhiiniit  who  luid  roturnfiil  fnnii  IninHjMirtHlion.  Ditachmnnta  were 
aent  to  dislodjfe  the  Ithils  from  Satt^upur,  and  in  tho  course  of  the 
struggle.  Dovchand  NAik  and  thirty  of  his  foUowors  wcro  killiNl. 
On  the  othiT  hiiml,  Subhiiriia  Niik  rupulsed  a  party  of  n>)riilari« 
itent  a^inat  him,  woundin;;  twonty-two  of  the  foot  and  some  of  the 
borso.  Ho  WHS  soon  afU'r  Ix'tniyed  and  wnt.  to  Dhullii  jnil  whoTO 
he  diod.  In  1827,  after  attackin)):  and  plundering  the  rilla^  of 
Barv&i,  the  gant;  made  ^od  ita  retreat  to  the  bills.  With  a  small 
dotachtiieni  of  his  corps,  Lieutenant  Outrnnt  diuhtxl  after  them,  and 
ronrhing  a  riiting  ground,  he  aud  his  Imud  were  met  by  showera  of 
arrows  and  atones.  A  jamtidur  and  many  recruits  were  wounded, 
but  the  men  fouf^ht  fltc«uiily  and  the  .vnomy  wcn^  drireu  from  thoir 
position.  Feigning  a  retnwl,  the  enemv  followml,  and  in  the  omin 
plain  were  charged  and  routwl,  the  spoil  recovered,  arms  and  otner 
property  eecnrvd,  and  tho-Miief  and  many  of  hix  followure  slain. 

Mi^i^nwhilo  Ihn  Bhil.t  ormtiiiiied  to  seltb-  in  thn  plains ;  tho  Hontb 
ooloiiies  prosperefl  and  many  of  the  wild  Bhils  in  the  east  of  J£mner 
took  to  agrtculturo.  The  Kukarmunda  Bhit  Af^'Dcy  was  (1827) 
abolished,  anil  tin-  contnil  of  tho  p^^l<ia^^ry  chiefs  wan  made  over  to 
the  second  aasistant  collector,  tlten  placed  in  chargtt  of  tlie  weatera 
distiictB. 

The  Bhil  tribos  were  now  rocluimod.  For  some  yearn  there  were 
Loccamoiuil  uuCbreak.-<,  but  all  were  HjHMilily  suppn^sMod.  In  1828  the 
'Colli.'ctorroiKirted  that,  for  the  first  time  in  twenty  years,  the  district  ^ 
bad  enjoyed  abE  months  rest.  In  1830,  all  the  available  force  of. 
the  Bhil  Ciir{»t  nnd  the  aaxiliary  horse,  marc lie<l  on  the  DiUign,  and 
fiubdned  the  diiefa.  In  18S1  the  Tadvi  Bhila  of  Ad^vad  were 
pliiiidurin^  in  the  north-east  of  the  district.  I'ho  Bhil  Corpa 
was  sunt  n^^inift  tliom  and  41)9  of  tlw  riotern  were  approhended. 
The  Mouthei-u  ooloniea  contiuned  to  pros|)er,  6il  Hhils  wore  at  the 
plough,  and  6018  acree  (802+  bigha»]  were  under  tillage.  In  1832, 
the  Bhil  Cor]»'waseutrii«ted  with  the  charge  of  the  district  trcasnries. 
end  Major  Ovans  was  able  to  re|x>rt  ihnt  113  Bhil  villagiisi  were 
^established  in  ChilUBgaon,  Bhadgaon,  and  J&mner. 

In  1837.  at  the  regneat  of  the  Gwdlior   Uesident,  the  districts  of 
Yaval,  Ciiopdat  t^'hon*,  and  twoKc  Villa^'ea  of  LohAra,  wero  restored 


Chapt«r  VI 
Hiitoiy. 

Til"  Kiilt'li 
tStH>  IHM). 


DIsfRICTS. 


ITIm  Britiflh. 
'1816-  lB6t>. 


Aoinbajr  GftutUer. 


t^Sindia.  This  ('""eatly  added  to  the  difficnltieH  of  kneping  ord«_ 
it)  Kliiuitli-i«li,  ami  mt)i<>  following  yeitr  orime  aiiddenly  increasei 
and  tbe  Ithilft  irnvt:  luiu'li  trmilile.  These  diaturbaiici>8  were  •soon 
reprOAiwd,  and  in  18;fit  ihit  Bbil  Corps  bad  bocotnii  no  offioion)  ihal  ifc  , 
rvgimiml  of  the  line  waa  willulninn  from  KL^iidesh.  lu  Id-M^^l 
Prwt<i|iwipy.  Rajft  of  ^mli  iu  Itw-  hi.uIU  IMutrs,  llu-owiug  oil  h^^ 
allegiance,  alluwod  bia  followers  to  plunder  British  riltagv*. 
Advanciag  againat  liiin  by  a  forced  march  of  tiixty  milvi*,  tliu  Ufa^ 
Agent  #uq>riii(-d  hi«  chtpf  KvtlloiiM^nt,  aud  neiici'd  hia  braily,  floct 
and  uriii.4.     Nuxl   voar  (I8i1)  a  large  party  of  Ahmednagar  BliilaT 


liila^ 


who  had  pluudered  the  Governmetit  treasury  at  PitnjMrnwr,  were 
^plirsnwl   by   n  drtiichmmt  nf  the  Rliil  Curpt  and   m»c»ii"w!.     During 
thtt  »«me  yt-ar  Bht'imiiiti  N'liik  hi-okt-  iuln   roli^llion   aiid    attacked  a 
Tillage  in  Snitdnpur.      Ue  vras  met  by  the  Bhi)  Agent  on  the  banh 
of  the  Narlmiln,  and  n'a«  ahot  and  his  followers  seized.     Next  yea 
(I8i2)   the  Tadvi  Bh'l*.  plundering  84vdn  and   Yiivnl  under  the 
leaders  Bekariaand  Bagooand,  were  defeated,  and  Bekaria  was  seise 
and  Bugchand  killed. 

Ill  April  IHli,  in  accordance  with  the  treaty  of  GwiJIior.  Ynval, 


in  Tival  fort.  Mr.  B«ll  the  Collector,  who  had  ailvanwd  to  take 
charge  of  the  dialrict,  wbh  obliged  to  retin*.  He  nt  onee  Miinitioiie^H 
tnxipn  fnmi  A.iirgiul  and  liliilcgaoii,  and  tin-  Bhil  Corps  under  Captai^H 
Monia.  Tbelroopa  anrivi-d  and  imcMiii|K-d  at  Siikli  and  Bhuhxi  on^ 
both  sides  of  Yava),  and  l^lji  SakliarJini,  in  coii.He(|uenee  of  a 
messngr  fmu>  Sttidiu's  officer  at  Bnrhiinpur,  delirered  up  the  fort 
(April  l@4'l).  Similar  op]>oiiition  was  made  to  the  taking 
lx>hAr»  and  raolmra.  Tlw  Rajput  p^l  of  the  little  village 
Varkbeda  fbut  bunself  in  hia  fort  and  r^fusitl  In  yield.  F"i-e«  hi 
to  be  used,  and  a  dotaohnicnt  of  the  line  and  a  couple  of  ninf 
pomider  giinn,  with  the  Bhil  Corm  under  Capmin  Morris,  were  sc 
BgaiiiHl  him.  After  a  long  and  ohnliniit*;  i-csislnnce,  in  which  ti 
attacking  r->n-o  l<>!<t  sixteen  killed  and  woundix),  an<]  the  }>'UU 
Man!(/iriiai  mas  shot  dead  and  his  oitly  «on  mortally  wounded, 
tori  was  captnrrd  and  dismantled. 

In  1845,  the  western  BliJl    Agency  was    n^lorivi,  and  a  hnusc  fa 
the  ii!"!-  (i{  Hie  Wcsii-rn   Bhil    Agent  was  hnilt  at  Niindurln/ir,     11 
^new  Agful  found  the  chiefit  siirnmnded    with  liands  of  wonhit 
anruly  uicrcenaries,  Arabs,  8indhis,  and    MiikniniK,  and  at  once  i 
to  work  to  jny  thcin  off.     Iu  t84ti,  the  chief  of  C'hikhli.  Kurar  Jira 
VaaAva,  dialikiug  the  Bhil  Agent's  interfereuee.  look  to  the  wooda. 
and  as  he  refused  to  listen  to  offerit  of  ]sirdon,  detachments  of   tb« 
!M<1egaon  Bripnde,  the  Poonn  Irregular  H'tm*,  and  the   Bhil  Cor 
were    sent     ngainKt     him.     Though    aui-|irisi-d,    he    mado   a    fiei 
rcrtislanci',  ami   was   nut    c»pture<l   without    ItloodKluMl.       He 
w-nteuwd  to  leu  ye^rw  rigtinm!«  iniprisonmeot.     His  iwm  Kiimttii 
was,  with  his  cousin  Sonji,  sent  to  Hooua  to  study.     For  smrae  lit 
l)oth  boys  did  well.     But  as  they  grew  up,  th<'y  gate  Major  Ciyi^ 
(ho  I*riuci(<Al  of  the  college,  much  ti-oublej  and  finally  running  awl 


DmoulI 


KHANl/feSU. 


2CA 


were  not  found  for  Revenil  luoniba.  Wlien  he  cainc  of  ago  and  iwm 
ealnteUs]  willt  the  ui&na)^m«nlo(hisi>et3te.  IMiUHiug'ti  ojitdurt  wua 
far  froui  sieady.  Known  l«  xlutm  in  gnng  ntbtwms  and  suHpeoted 
ol  mtirdrriiig  His  wife,  he  was  (1872)  Bcix«d  and  doiKirtcd,  and  the 
nutnafioiui-ut  of  bin  estate  sssunicd  liy  C!ovL>rriment. 

Siucc  I8W,  t!XW[il  for  a  i-iir^'oy  rjul  in  I  S-'>2  nnd  distnrbfinMs 
COnni-oKid  with  the  1857  niutinios,  the  iwace  of  KhAiidiiih  ti»x  Iirun 
unliroken.  Id  J84D,  an  order  of  the  Kcvenne  CouiutiHHintir'r,  thai 
lawlboldent  wliimid  provide  -tlono  tmuudnry  marks,  met  with  strong 
)o);id  oii|Huiitiou,  Hud  ihirt  opjiottiliciu  whh  thuu^^ht  to  bo  the  reason 
wliy  the  order  waa  afterwards  cancelled.  Acoortliiigly,  wh«n,  in 
1852,  the  revenue  i;urvey  vrus  nbotit  to  be  introduced  in  S&rda« 
lArer.  and  Cho)iiIa,  iho  cullivaUirx  dr^tvrmimvl  to  make  another 
de»Kiii^iriition.  Sir,  Da^dsou,  the  officer  inoluir^  of  tho  giirvoy, 
had  arrived  with  his  party  and  pitched  his  tents  at  yi^-al.  Thu  nown 
spread,  and  shortly  Mime  two  nr  threr  thousand  nien  ^hered  and 
eurronmU'd  hi.t  louts.  They  said  they  could  find  no  stones  for 
boundary  marks  and  could  not  itapply  the  laboarera  neoded  by  Ihe 
Burvey  p»rty.  NeJtt  day  chey  canie  in  sitiil  j^ator  numbers,  and 
thronU'ued  to  pull  down  tho  tt-nU  if  tbe  stu-vey  ofHoerit  did  not  at 
oncf  leave.  Sir.  Dsvids^u  sent  an  exprt-.**  (o  the  Collector  at 
Dbulin,  antl  to  Major  Aturris  the  commanding  ofllvor  of  the  Bbil 
Corps  M  Uhitraiipaon.  The  Collwtor  Mr.  Klnhioaton  deputed  his 
first  and  second  iisHiHinnlet,  Mr.  Hnvolook  and  Mr.  Boswell,  to  Viival, 
and  Major  lilorri^  accompanied  thniii  with  a  dotachment  of  the 
Bhil  Corpei  and  the  Poona  iione.  Mr.  Hnveloi^k  told  the  people  that 
the  BUrvey  opemtions  would  bo  stoppe<t  till  a  nliilcmoiit  of  the 
cir<n)ni  Stan  cos  ^H>uld  Im-  mado  to  (lororunient.  On  thin  the  pooplo 
diHjx^rnitl,  and  shortly  afierwards  Mr.  Havoliwk,  Major  Morris,  Mr. 
ItoHwell,  and  the  siiriey  party  retired  across  the  Ti^iti.  Tho  survey 
ofticere  eniTimiH-d  near  iCnivid  on  the  TApt.i  nnd  the  othur  ofEiconi 
ruttiriicd  l<i  heaJ-<jiiarters,  After  a  few  davH  Mr.  Davidson  resolved 
t<i  move  his  camp  lo  Riin)^>ii,  a  liltle  village  on  tliii  Tapti  abont 
five  miles  from  .Siivda,  hut  findiii}^  thai  .Mr.  Jtoll  the  Civil  RnffinviT 
was  at  SAvfhi,  he  joined  him  with  the  Kurvoy  officers,  Mr.  Waildinff. 
ton  An<l  Mr.  Baker.  This  movement  waa  a  sigual  for  the  Siv^ 
cnltivators  apain  to  aswmihlo.  They  jjathered  in  Iar;go  nnmbom  at 
Paixpnr  nnd  Siivda,  aiid  sent  n  depnlntJon  to  the  surrey  ofBcvrs* 
tent8,  demanding  a  wriiten  asiiumnce  that  Uio  wurvey  should  be 
abandoned.  This  tiw  siirvi-y  officers  refused  to  give.  In  Iimss  than  an* 
honr  n  mob  aurn>unded  the  ttfnl.-*,  and  tmixed  the  teut  ropes,  shouting 
Din  !  Din  !  and  '  No  Surrey.'  So  violent  did  they  become  tliat  the 
surrey  oflicers  moimt/t^l  their  horses  and  Hed.  Ilie  mob  then 
attacked  the  miiiTdalditr  and  the  mahillkari,  who  tried  to  dixporse 
thorn.  The  m^iulntd^r  nas  severely  hun  and  the  nitdt^lkari  8av«d 
bimwelf  only  by  flij;ht.  Tho  Collector  Mr.  Maiiitfield,  who  had 
Bceceeiled  Mr.  Wphiii.iton,  was  al  Diumntjaou  when  tlio  news  of 
this  onlmfj:*'  arrived.  Ho  issued  a  pro4;I«Hinlion  declaring  tluit  the 
ordrra  nf  (ipvemuK-nt  rouet  be  obeved,  and  at  th«  Knme  time  called 
in  the  aid  of  the  miUlMry  frrtm  Mitlegaon  and  of  Major  Morrin  with 
thp  Bhil  (Jorps  from  Dharaneann.  About  the  same  timo  ihe  people 
of  Kraudol  refuited  to  lend  their  carta  for  the  public  wrrice,  and 


Hiitcry. 

Tbv  Britlkl 
1816- IttM 

ffvrKpy  BM 


2C3 


DISllHCTS. 


[fiombay  0««tt«er,j 


iptarvn. 

bo  tlritUh, 
m»-  IHHO. 

rny  tt'tal. 


1SS7. 


a^iillptl  tlif>  mfimtnldfiT's  tnccscmgore.  Thereupon  tlie  mAmlatd^r 
ACked  tlie  riuRleiMlon*  i»ml  iwm  to  Hk;  Collector  at  UharnuKaon  for 
lisaistunct?.  The  .Subbf-dar  Major  was  deispatched  to  Eritn<lol  with 
fifty  iiipn  lift  lie  Bbil  Corps  and  iliirty  horse,  but  the  pcwploMM-tobled 
to  the  nuiiilnir  of  cvvuml  ihoufniidK,  ghiil  tlin  g»U.'»,  surrounded  the 
partj",  and  refused  to  let  them  leave  the  town.  The  bows  of  this 
riot  reached  Uharsag;non  at  10  i.it.,  and  within  an  boor  Major 
lilurris,  with  300  m<;ti  of  thu  lltli  and  10th  Itvfiimvntx  of  Native 
Infnntrv,  two  ouuijinnids  of  the  Ithil  CoriMt,  and  lifty  inou  of  the 
Poona  Uoreo,  set  out  for  Braudol.  The  Collector  ncfompauiod  tJio . 
force.     The  gittes  of  tho  ton-n  were  iKcupJeil,  and  tho  tUnh^iiuhh*, ' 

^tfAixiiM^i'',  and  pn^i'if 'were  a«ixod  and  kept  in  cnatodj.     This  put 
SD  end  to  tho  distni-baace  in  Eraadol.     In  S^vcU  and  Fuizpur  tho 
|MKiplu  Ktill  continncd  to  wsomblv.     The  ordorit  of  the  mnnilntdar  { 
and  othor  (roveniineiit  oorvants  were  tt«t  at  deGunce.     They  refused 
to  pay  their  revenue,  and  the  leaders,  forming  themselvps  into  ft] 
committee,  i>ar^chiyat,  took  tb«  reins   of  goTommeut  into  their] 
haiiilt,  and  pnuinhc^  orfcndor*. 

On  tho  15lh  of  December,  Captain   Wingate  and  tho  Collector 
joined  the  force  under  UajorMome,  and  the  troops  reached  Faiapur 
on  Uie  ICth  an  hour  hcforo  dnybreak.     Tho  Bhil  Corps  surroanaed 
the  town,  and  the  gutea  were  j^nurded  by  the  men  of  the  lino.     Thej 
people  were  tnkon   by  surprise  and  tho  ringleaders    seized.     Th< 
force  then   marchoil    U>  Siivdii,  when?  the  |ht»<hi»    who    had    inndol 
thnin»elv&4  most  conspicuous  were  apprehended,  and  a  proclumiitioii* 
wasiiMiued  in  thcnumo  of  Goveniuicnt,  conininnding  the  ciiltivatom 
to  reiuni  to  their  homett.     Thia,  order  was  sullonly  obt;yc<],  and  two^y 
dayn  after  Mr.  Mansfield  he!d  a  dor^ir  at  Sdvda  in   which  lie  (iilly^| 
explained  the  object  of  the  survey  and  doclai-cd  llint  the  work  must^^ 
go  on.     The  cultivnturH,  seeing  that  rcsiittuncc   wim  nsoless,  offered 

_no  further  opjio^ition. 

In  18^7,  the  year  of  tlie  mntinies,  in  the  S^tni&loa  under  Bhifgojd 
N4ik,  and  in  the  SAtpud&s  under  Knjarsing  Naik,  Uie  Bhiis  onofti 
more  became  trouhlesioiiie.    The  rising  uiidcrBh4goji_Niik  broke  ont 
in  the  Ahmeduagar  district,  and  continued,  till,  in  1869,  making  » 
bold  raid  ioty~ChAliBgaon.   ho   was   sorprise'l   by   a  body  of   th«] 
AhrDedougar  polioe  under  Mr.,  now  Sir  Prtink,   Soutcr.     In   the 
Silpudiis,    Kajanting,   who  on    several  oocaaioiis  had    been  ti^todl 
^wilh  the  utmost  kindness  b^  ilr.  Manstiold  the  Collector,  labouring 
jiuder  some   imaginary  gnovance,  went  into  rebellion,  plundered 
villages  below  thu  bills,  and  shut  the  Sindva  pans.     A  largo  amount 
of  trtuumre,  on  its  way  from  Indor  to  Bombay,  fell  into  tiia  hand*. 
Iliring  Arab   inerconarios,  he    mnnagod   to  hold  out  for  several] 
moiithii,  and  in  an  ougagoment  ut  Ainb&piini,  twusud  vomo  loss  t< 
tho  troops  sent  against  liira.     Though  driven  from  hill   to  hill  ant 
deserted  by  moxt  of   his  followors,   he   eluded  his  pursuere   for  tw( 
years,  when  he  was  kilU^l  by  tljo    Irewchery  of  on»  of  his  men,  who 
for  the  sake  of  the  reward,  cut  oS  his  head  while  he  watt  aKleop. 

During  these  troubles  considerable  alarm  was  felt  by  the  apgtroacli, 
to  the  very  bordorA  (;f  Khnndi'sh,  of  tho  nibol  troops  under  TAtya 
Topi.     Ou  the  ^rd  of  November  185ii,   news  curae  that  Tiitya  hflid 


)d 
»_, 


crossed  Uie  XnrbaJa  niid  wiis  uiarcliiug on  KhiodoBh.  Troops  w^tb 
at  once  moved  into  ihe  dUlrici,  and  a  regiment  of  Native  Infantry, 
with  detacliments  of  tlio  IStJi  Royal  Trisli  mid  wf  Artilk-rj  supported 
by  tli»  Pixinii  Irn'^iilar  Horm),  jtmtdcleii  Aitirgud  luid  llurliiuipur, 
labile  a  ning  of  tbe  2:ird  Native  Infantry  and  a  detachiueaG 
of  European  Artillery-  and  In&uitry,  with  a  squadron  of  Dragoons, 
teU  Ajatitn.  The  Bhil  t'orpcs  luid  a  strong  body  of  Poonft  Horao  woro 
stationed  at  Itodvad.  The  inteUigetOca  proved  true,  and  Tatya  'f'opi 
n-itli  his  foreeH  pas§ed  within  thirty  milee  of  Bhur&npnr,  roarcbipg 
Tfost.  Onf»t  alnmi  was  ft'Tl~for  iav  BaFety  ol  KhJitKl<.-sli  and  troops 
'ere  rapidly  tnanliing  on  Oiopdn,  as  it  was  expt>ct^id  tlinl'  Tiitya 
would  attempt  to  enter  by  tlie  IJhaulibdrt  paea.  Oh  the  Z'drA^ 
Tdtya  p]\indered  K'argnnd,  a  village  thirty  mitea  from  Siudva,  and 
on  iho  following  day  tlio  rebcla  robbed  tno  poat  and  destroyed  the 
telegraph  wiro  on  JiiiLjilEft-J?''"'-  Sir  Hugh  Hoim;,  now  Lord 
Strsthnairn,  arriTed~al;  Hhirpnron  the  a^vae  day  Co  take  the  ctxniuand 
of  the  foroes  Jn  Rhdndeali.  Nevrs  next  came  that  the  rebels  planned 
ft  rolrciit  northwiml,  and  8ir  Uugh  resolved  at  once  to  preSB  on 
their  rear  with  all  hia  available  force.  Mr.  Mnii^fitrld  <>l>ji>«l«d  to  his 
district  bcin;;  left  esposed,  but  as  there  could  uo  longer  he  any 
d'ltibt  that  llie  rul>eU  intended  to  ru-oross  tbo  Nurbadaand  make  for 
Malwa,  Ujain,  or  tinjartlt,  Sir  Hugh  atarted  throogb  tlw  .Sindva 
paaa.  Finding  tJiat  Brigadier  Farke  bad  &lre«dy  gaiueTon  tfie 
ri'bols  frooi  the  north  and  tanted  tbom  west,  troops  were  hurried 
to  Shiiliiiihi,  and  tliii  forcw  at  Dhulia  wiw  i«lriingtliciiwl  by  the 
AhuK'dimgtir  Flying  C^jluinn.  But  (he  rebels  oontrived  trt  force  tliejr 
way  ihrongh  BliaviiDi  and  reached  ^Chhota  Udejiur,  where  ou  the 
18tb  December  they  Wra  overtakon  by  Brigadier  Parke  and  routed. 
it  waH  iirnn  fesrod  that  thoy  would  n;-cruft.<t  (hti  Narl>ada  and 
attempt  to  enter  Khiudeah  through  Akr&ni.  Troops  were  sent  to 
Sultdupur  and  Taloda,  but  the  alarm  subsided  M  it  became  known 
that,  tie  rebels,  haifled  in  their  attempt  to  re-croiis  tbe  Narbada, 
weri>  nipidly  moving  eiunt  towardfl  Kliitndva.  Before  tJto  end  of 
the  yfiar  the  u(X!d~ror  further  military  diKpmsitions  in  Kh&udesh  had 
cenaed.  In  lS5y.  the  town  and  fort  of  Parol »,  which  belongwl  to  a 
member  of  the  Jbausi  fimnlj,  werv  coiil>»citte<'  by  Oovernmwiit  and 
the  fort  dismiuitled. 

Sin(«  18.*!!*  the  peiieeof  tie  district  has  been  unbroken.  During 
this  period,  the  only  importnnt  changes  luive  biH-n,  in  return  for  the 
ces-sionof  territory  near  Jbiinsi  in  ('antral  India,  the  acquisition^ 
iu  I  SiiO,  of  the  Vartngaeu  and  the  Erandol  petty  diviiuons,  and  iu 
186d,  the  transfer  to  if&Aik  of  M&logaon  and  Bdgldin. 

\ 


Chapter" 

History. 

Tb"  BritiHli, 
ISlS-lSOOi 


m 


[Bombijl 


CHAPTER    VIII. 

LAND    ADMINISTRATION*. 

« 

•  PKTIUS  I.— STAFF. 

The  rcTcniio  ndininii'trntion  of  the  distript  is  entrusted  to  u 
ofticfi-  siyli'd  Collcdor,  on  a.  yixirly  \)ay  of  £2790  (Rs.  27,900).  TOi 
olBccr,  who  iH  also  I'olitipJi!  Afjeut,  cliiof  inngistrate,  and  ezflcntirt 
hi'iiil  of  tlicdi^trict,  in  l]i-][i('d  in  his  work  of  general  supervision  bft 
Htiiff  of  MIS  HssisUiiits,  of  whom  four  nro  covenanted  and  two  nnoorfr 
iiuntod  fici'viiiitsof  (■oveniiiii.'iit.  'I'ho  sanctioned  yearly  salaries  of  tht 
nivouantcd  aKwisitniitw  rnii((«  fi-oni  £8  W  to£1200(Ra.  8400 -Hs.  12,000), 
anil    those  uf  the   uncuvenanted   assistants  from    £360    to  t0> 

(Hs.  aijuo-its.  i-aiKi). 

Ftir  fisciil  rind  other  fidministrative  pnrposos  the  lands  nnder  tbfl 
f'lilleitor'H  charj^'  iiiu  diMtribnlfd  among  sixteen  sub-divisio&S.  Of 
Ihisc,  fiHirtccn  ur<}  generally  entniwtcd  to  the  covenanted  assisUot 
rolh'i-li'i'H,  and  two  lo  tlie  nntoveniiated  npsistant  or  district  depotj 
rollcclor.  Am  a  rnk'  no  sulj-diwis-ion  is  kejit  by  the  Collector  under 
Iiin  own  diri'ct  MiipiTvisiou.  Tlie  head -quarter,  or  huznrj  deputy 
roll I'ct 111-  JM   ciiynsted   with   the  charge  of  the  treasury.      These 


'  'I'lii'  I'liii'f  i'iiritril'>iiii>Mi-  t<i  tlio  AilmiiiiKti'ntivo  HiHt<>ry  of  KhAsdeih  are  a  pttperhj 
Mr.  W .  UiiiiiKiiy,  ( '.>'..  iiiiil  iii'ii-t  iljilK>nil«  ami  coniiilete rniney  t.Bl)lKa  dntwa  op  m 
Mr.  \Vliiti'Niii)H-<jf  Uit'  lti'V<'tiiii'Siii'vi:y.  The  I'ljicf  other  rEpurtafiiiiii  which  nutcziab 
liiivr<  Ih'i-ii  liikvii  iii<'liMli-l'ii]iiaiiiHri|^'I!i')iiirt,  Mh  Outulier  I  Sit'.  Kb&D<l«ali  Collector'* 
Kill'.  I.Vi.  1M1H-ISJ4  (Mi>tiHtit'ii);Mr.'l'-ll'liiiiHti<ii<.''Ai(L'|iort,*.!iithOcto1>erI819,  on  I  hi 
loi'iitnrii'n  I'liii'iiK'i'iil  Irciiii  Ilii>  IVhIiimi  (KiI.  IMT'JI  ;  ('fl)itBi>i  Brigga' Report,  Slat 
(li'iiilii'r   IKHI,  llimiliiiv  <Mivi'Mi>iiiMit   lErvi'iiui;  lti'V[>ril  5U  of  IH22 ;   Captain    Briwi* 

Itr|Hirl.,    MHh     I iiiluT     IM-Jl.    .M.S.   ^i.k-Liii.iK     I,"i7,     ISSl-lPiB  ;    Mr.    CbapHn'a 

llf[...ri,  ■-■iUli  .AiiKimt  IM'JJ  (Ivil.  18771  :  liii^t  lii.iiii  raperB.  IV.  (Kil.  1S26)  ;  Captain 
l'"KK"  l("|">i'l''>  "<'<l1i  -^>']iti-iiilir.r  I^^J  Hiiil  l.'illi  tVbriiHry  lH:i!3.  Bombay  Goveniiiient 
•([•'v.-iiii.-  1I..'.>i'il  7'J  'if  IM-.M:  .Mr.  l!o1>L'nBon'i>  Dcpiirts,  .trd  Fobruary  1834  aod 
ri;ilb  IIi'IoIht  ISL'l,  Koiiiluiy  i:»v<'riiiiii-iitlti.'vi;iitie  Ito^urd  I<5  o(  IS'J4  ;  Mr.  Oiberne'a 
|[-'|»>i'l,  Inl  Aiiuiixl  IN'JK,  It.iiiliay  CovtnmieiLt  KuVKiiue  itecunl  aOSof  1828;  Mr. 
(Ii1"Tii'''b  I(i'|h.iI  I  l.iUi<it;ii»]ilii>il|,  IlltJi  Ntivtmlier  182H,  on  tbe  Bystem  of  revenuo 
iiiuiiii^i'iiit'iit ;  roliPTii-l  Sykcx'  Hi'|Hirt  l!IK21t)  mi  tlie  feciNin,  (Lithos,Tftiihed  Papers,  152, 
ni-i'l.ii.iiK  .'i-li'l;  <'ri|'ljiiti  IIihIl-im'  l!i']>oitH,  Slstiuxl  ;tlitt  Jauuury  and  SSth  March  1629, 
Kiiiiibny  li-iviTiiiiiiiiil  l(«vi-iiiiiT  llci'iii'i]  M'i  of  1M2'.I ;  Mr.  Duiilop,  SlKli  Novemlier  1831, 
Ihinili'iy  I iovi-i'iiiiiiial  t[ovi-iiiic>  licc-onl  -tOti  uf  IKK;  Kevcren<t  .Tamca  Mitchell, 
.liitiiinry  ln;)7,   Orii'iital  Cbrwtinii  WjiuclMlor,   Vlli.  ;  Bomlwy  (Jovemmont  Kevenue 


Itit'iird  7t>ll  lit   IN:I7  ;  Mr.   Vlliart'x    lU-i>oi-t,  on   the  Uomlmy  Preaiilency  311,  24tlL 
AixU-nli  I'ollcutor'H  Vile  43.'>,  1X18- 1842  (BUrvey);  Mr.  Inverai 

"       .f  1846  ;  Mr,  I 

lepvti.  SSth  i/ 

DFt  lOth  May  1856, 


KuiHirt,  3nl  Outulier  1844,  ItiMiilmy  (invvriitnent  Ki'voiitie  Kocord  8  ci{ 
l((-jKirt,  llith  Novcmlier  1H44  (ililto) ;  <'ii])tnii<  W'ingnU's  Survey  lie 

18.12,  lionibuy  (!ov«mniciil  Ntloctioiiii  Old  ScricH  1. ; Ccllectoi'a  Repot ._,  , 

Ibmibuy  (iovuriimontKoveiiiio  Kvucird  rJurtSriU,  pnrl  3;  Annual  B«porti,  1844- 18S0; 
Wuathor  1tc|i«rt«  (bidco  18(iO) ;  .Survcv  Roporta,  18f>4-isa6,  Bom.  Gov,  SeL  New  Se»iea 
XCllI.,  LX.Vil.aiidXCVII. 


EHANDfiSH. 


also  magiKtraton,  tmd  thoao  wlio  hftve  revcutin  cliarge  of 
the  district,  bave,  under  the  preeideucy  of  (he  C<t}lector, 
mBnngeinont  uf  the  different  administmtive  bodies,  local 
d  manicipal  comiiiittv«:f,  witbiii  the  limilit  of  their  rovonue 

•  iho  superrision  of  the  Collector  and  his  aiutiBtaot  and 
oliectorn.thorc-vviiue  cbar;^  ofmch  fiscal  divii^ion,  taluka, 
d  in  tlie  hand!)  of  an  officwr  tilyled  m-im/nlilar.  Tbeiis 
aries,  who  are  also  entrusted  with  nmgiatorial  poners,  hare 
fttariea  varyiujf  fr«ra  ,£180  (R».  l«O0)  to  £300  (11:.. 3000). 
the  fiscal  dtvisioiui  contain  a  petty  division,  peta  mahit, 
ndcr  the  charge  of  an  ofHc-er  styled  maitnlkari,  who,  except 
ha»  no  trenaury  to  !iupiM-int«iid  nave  in  the  potty  diriaiona  of 
and  Y&val,  exercises  the  revenae  and  ma^sterial  powers 
f  sntrnstcd  to  a  mamlaiebii;  The  yearly  pay  of  tb« 
ITM  variea  from  £72  to  £96  (R*.  720-  lU.  9«0). 

'enueandpoliceraatters.  the  charge  of  the  t(^77i  Government 

i»  (iiitruftfid  to  4.S43  hanlmi>n,  pnliU,  of  whom  509  aro 

iry  and  i'3^  hereditary.     Two  of  the  stipendiary  and  2029 

orcditary  bedflmon  perform  revennu  ditties  otdy ;  one  of 

er  and  I  -t-t  of  the  lattor  attend  to  malturtt  of  police  only  ; 

Stipendiary  and  2162  hereditary  headmen  are  entruatod 

h  rcvenno   and   police   ch^i^K.      The  headman's  yearly 

nfs  depend  on  the  village  rcv<-imo.     Tbev  yirv  from  6d.  to 

-lU.  l»0),and  average  about  £1  19».  4\tf  (iJs.  ISJ  o*.  11). 

villages,  besides  the  headman,  members  of  bis  family  ar9 

t  of  K<at«  tand-granta  reprewnting  a  yearly  sum  of  £169 

0).     Of  tOhSS   (Rs.  95,380),  the  total  yearly  charge  oa 

of   tho   headmoD   of   villagiM   and   thoir  bnitlics,  £6899 

,990)  are  paid   in  cash  aod  £630   (Rs.  689D)  by  grants  of 


^tlio  village  acooimta,  draw  up  statistics,  and  help  the 
len,   there   ia  a    body  of  897   hermlitary    and  237 
'Tillage  accountants,  kutkarntA.    Every  village  accountant 
Iver^o  charge  of  three   villages,  containing    about   900 
Inta,   and   viclding  nn   avcmgo    yejtrly    revenue   of   £25$ 
flO).    Their'yeaHy  pay  amounia  to  £13247  (Ba.  1,32,470),  of 
)  (Rs,  28,700)  are  drawn  by  the  etipendiary  accountants 
the   rc«t   by   the  horeilitary   accountants,    £10,3">7 
S70)  in  cash  and  £20  (Rs.  200)  in  land.     The  icnikamis'  < 
ky  varies  from  Gd.  to  1:30  {astnas  4-Bb.  300),  and  averages 
11  13*.  7K(Rs.ll6a«.  13). 

tho  headlI^eu   and  aceountants  are  the  village  servants, 

I'total  strength  of  9451.     These  men   are   liable    both  for 

I  and  potiee  duties.     They  arc  either  Musalmlins,  or  Hindns 

^bil,  koli,  and  >fhilr  castas.     I'ha  total  vearly  grant  for  tho 

}fthts  establixhnient  amounts  to  £12',998  (Ks.  1,29,960), 

T».  Gil.  CRs.  13  a*.  12)  to  each  man,  or  a  cost  to  each  village 

1. 3j({.  (fU.  89-10-6) ;  of  this  cbargv  £12,668  (Ks.  l,26,CaO) 

Itj  grants  of  land  and  £330  (R«.  3300)  ara  paid  in  ca«lt. 


ChaptsrVin. 

Land 

AdminlBtratioiL 

.SUIT, 
Snb-ttiritioaiU 


266 


DISl'RICIS. 


.ptw^Vin.       ^  The  average  yoai-ly  ooHt  of  Tillage  e«t«blisfaitie]its  may  be  th 


Land 
aistratioii. 

issa 


EummariHed : 


£MWaA  nUofrt  StaUiamaiU. 


History. 
Wir'y  Hinttvt, 


The  Mofhah. 


BudniM         

AecounUnta    

StrraaU          

TMs]    ... 

t 
IM38 

12,008 

Ita. 

Ha,  3(0 

i.*;,4-n 

S5.T83 

3..?7.830 

TbU  isfiqoal  to  a  chai^  of  £10  18*.  (R».  109)  a  village,  or  t^ 
per  oeDl  of  die  whole  dutrict  land  rerenue.' 

SBCTION  n.— HISTORY. 

Of  the  reveiine  fl^stem  in  Khande^h  andor  tlio  early  Hiniiu 
nilorx  no  certain  information  in  arniluble.  At  the  be^^inDin^  of 
Uritish  rule,  the  common  belief  waa  that  in  early  Hindu  times  the 
land  w»»  hiOiI  by  U-nniil  proprictorSj  mirdaitiim,  and  tlmt  ti-uanta- 
at-will,  uyrif,  were  introdiicisd  na  the  old  proprietors  sank  ander 
Mnhammadan  tyraany.  This  opinion  vraa  supported  by  the  fact 
that  most  of  the  fields  cultivatea  by  lenantH-at-wiU  were  entered  in 
the  Tillage  boukit  lut  belonj^ing  to  absent  proprietors.  This,  in  Mr. 
EJpbinstone'a  opinion,  when  <-oinb)ned  with  virvumetADooM  obKort'od 
in  other  parts  of  India  and  with  the  high  land-ljix  autboi-ifled  by 
Unna,  afforded  u  strung  preauinption  that  the  Kindu  revenue 
aystem,  if  they  had  an   nniform  systi;m,   wad  founded   on  private 

Eroporty  in  the  soiL'  Of  the  system  in  force  under  the  Vdruki 
ing»  (1370-  160(>)noii)forii)atjon  has  been  obtained.  Under  Akbar" 
(1601  •1605),  the  landa  were  surveyed  and  to  a  certain  extent 
daaeified,  and  asseaaments,  to  ran  for  fixed  periods,  were 
imposed,  based  upon  the  natural  qualities  of  the  soil  and  the  kind 
of  produce  it  waa  able  tn  yield.  The  land  revenue  was  lightly 
BsaeBsed  and  levied  with  justice  and  moderation.  At  the  sanie  time 
the  theory  wii«  ihiit  the  land  was  solely  the  propert.y  of  the 
State.  Permanent  alienations  of  the  soil  were  almost  uukuown, 
Bud  by  periodic  rvvision  of  assessment*,  no  fixed  tenant-rights  wc 
ajjowetl  to  spring  up.  A  few  year.-*  later  (llilO-IOSO),  in  aoi: 
parta  of  Khfindesh,  Akbar'a  or  Todar  ilal'a  rercnne  system  wai 
modified  by  MaJiJt  Ambar  iho  famous  Alune^agar  minister.*     Whil 

^      *  Tlie  lofMiDation  U  givai  for  the  your  ISTS-TT-    T)i«i«  ora  uuinul  vniiatiou*  j 
tba  fliftrsM  at  wihiigt  wtabliBlmeut*,  ■•  m«ne>-  or  laiiii  ^tnntfl  ntn  frmti  tinin  <  _ 
tim*  mudc  to  nnw  nnd  ■ddition>l  Mnricn  iniinu/iirt.     Whcrr  Xtn'iv  i>  no  <'iiltit>ti«n~ 
fo  a  viUim;*,   ths  gnat  pertaiDing  to  it  u  witlidiawQ  ;  vhern  •  di-tertwl  vitlacs  u 
r«-pMT|>|i<d.a[iowsruic  uuKgced  t«it-     Id  wmc villftgoii an  Bdiliiiouul  nlabtUhnient 
M  eutvrUiiii'd  «iriiiK  ti)  SdcTmuc  to  po|iaUtJon  or  ollm  c&nitca.   but  such  vHriatioiM 
nrt  rare,     'thr  Riiur«*  girou  in  tho  text  laitly  ropreMOt  tlM  aronge  iiauibcr  i 
fif  viUas*  Mlabli^uicnti. 

•  Hr.  EljibiiMtoiiu'*  KopoTt,  2Mh  October  ISID  tEd.  ISTS).  IT-IS. 
■Captain  Btiu,-*  (Ifi21)  uijri  llio  reoords  ftniaid  to  d*t«   fro«n  >  «trr«7 

Akbu  ■  Uniu  iindcT  lUi*  T»du  MkI,  wbcu  KftadarUiT  and  RiUUUipDr  were  ncarar 
with  iba  iliilii  gas.  Rt»t  India  Papon,  IV.  SS9i  Compare  Glodvin  »  Aiu-i-Akbari,  T 
228. 

*  Jarvb<K<>i>liaii,  ^Imi**  Malik  Amliarvil^ndod  TikIu-  Ual'a  imttletncDt  tliniu^ 
KUndetk.     Sot  m«atut  KhJuidcah  had  bmi  aurreycd  be(«ra.    SooOladwin'a  4i<>->- 

Akbtfi,  n.  S3a 


DeenuLl 


khAkdesh 


maintaining  tlio  nctiwl  rat«8  of  assiO««tn«nt  protty  mach  on  the 
foundatioD3  Imd  by  Akbar,  Malik  Ambar  aecnifl  to  h&vu  wiloptvd 
totatly  diffvront  pHociplea  in  denling  with  tbe  cultivating  clasaeB. 
Instead  of  Icdepiii)^  ilie  stnto  sole  liuidowiier,  h<-  songliL  to  etrungtheii 
the  govorament  by  giving  the  people  a  doSoite  iiiterest  in  the  Hoil 
they  tilled.  Ho  mado  a  conHidenblo  portion  of  tbo  Innd  prirate 
property  ;  the  landit  of  the  village  wore  couaidered  tlte  joint  proporty 
of  the  towDship  ;  tho  fallow  Innd  wim  tho  common  for  the  pasture 
of  the  oattlfl ;  and  the  ploughed  land  woa  either  lh«  property  of 
indirtduals,  or  it  waa  tilled  by  t«nanta  who  received  a  portion  of  the 
cropti.  It  appears  to  have  been  a  principle  of  hit  winu  Eulminigtrotion 
to  enoonrage  tbe  nosseasion  of  privato  landed  property  aa  a  means  of  , 
aitaching  the  cultirators  to  the  huiI,  and  making  over  in  perpetuity 
to  them  what  is  uHeful  to  goremmeut  only  so  long  as  cultivators 
continue  to  till  ie.' 

AVhtttover  revenue  changes  were  introduced  either  by  Musalm&D 
or  Hindu  conqiiorors,  thu  inlcniai  foaiureo  of  vilhige  aad  duttrict 
admioistratioa  aeem  to  have  exiatod  in  the  main  unchanged  from 
vary  oarly  times.  Ai  tho  bend  of  each  villngv  community  was  the 
pdtit  or  faoadman,  witli  the  httkami  or  village  scribe  to  kiwp  his 
Mcounta.  The  Hubordinatu  vilUtgo  duties  n^iro  performed  by  oflioera, 
nominally  twelve  iu  uunibor  and  termed  the  hilra  batvlo,  who 
wcrt>  paid  by  gifta  of  grain  from  the  hosbaadmen.  Above  tbo 
village  were  the  sub-divisional,  parijaaOf  officers,  the  deahmukh 
or  superintondout  isorreapomliiig  to  the  ptitit,  the  Ufskpaiida  or 
accoimtiLnt  corrceponding  to  the  htUkarni,  and  sometimes  a  diiitriot 
officer,  termed  aar  hinuiKjo,*  wna  appointed  by  tbe  Muhnmmadans. 
Abovo  thooQ  hereditarv  office  bearers  was  a  aeries  of  stipendiary 
offiiTiulii,  Hiioh  aa  kamdvf^'i'im  nr  m-imUilddrt,  tubkdt  and  tat  aubhas. 
Malik  Ambar  sooma  to  have  left  these  officers  much  ait^ey  were  from 
ttuciout  times.  In  his  day  tbe  (Mscssmont  was  fixed  by  payment, 
tanlcka,  and  by  area,  rakba,  that  \a  a  ourtaia  fixed  payment  was 
distributed  over  a  certain  area,  tbe  mode  of  collection  and  tlio 
proportion  to  bo  loviu<l  from  difforent  individuals  being  left  to 
be  setclod  by  the  people  and  thoir  patiU,  the  pdltU  being  hold 
rosponsible  for  the  punctual  payment  of  the  government  doea. 

In  theory  Malik  Amber's  system  combined  thetwogro^  merits  of 
a  moderate  and  permanent  taJi  aud  the  possession  by  the  cuHivators 
oE  nn  iiitcroHl  in  the  soil.     It  was   greatly  owing  to   these   wiite 
provisiona  that  in  spite  of  oocaaional  faminea  and  of  very  frequent  * 
distnrbanoes  aud  disoi-dera,  Khfiodeah  remained  on  the  whole  lairly  * 


Chapter' 


Land 
AdminiitnitU 

UmUity. 
IV.Jfej)Aa{r, 


<  CApUuiBTf|>;«<|<Mt»ilby  Ur.  RMiiMr-  AcondiasioGmit  D«ff(Hanliha  HMorv, 
4Sj.  MiUik  AmW  ■boliihaJ  Nvmsa  annin^  mm  ootaiaitted  tbe  muuctnunt  to 
Brthmaa  ifMita  under  HnkMuniadMi  Mp«rineiidaiiico.  H«  rMttorml  wteti  p*Tt  of 
tit*  rillua  HtobUllilMnt  M  lud  hlten  into  iIbo^,  aad  be  rerlvod  a  isod*  of  mmmiin 
Ui«  MiM  bj  eoltocttoig  » moJsirt*  pfoportteo  at  tLu  totual  wodnoc  ialtlnd,  wMch, 
aft«r  th«  uxiioricuee  <d  Mrtnl  winn».  wat  116141  ooniuiatwl  lor  >  paymoot  in  inoMay 
■eMJod  ■uiiiull^  koMtding  to  tba  ouUir«tioa.  Hb  awwnaont  «r««  uid  Ur  ba 
two'dftlu  kiut  lit!  noaey  oonmitatioD  ono.tliinl  of  tlio  produn. 

■  Thoro  mu  >Uo  ut  oflwar  caltw)  tar  btaanga  in  Kliimlnti,  wbofs  ofB'.-c  probtbly 
«(«Taapaodtd  vilh  tlwl  of  mr  lUdiaiiub,  Hr.  RIphinsloiM'a  B«|iort,  3Mb  Octobti 
181«1BcI.I87S)  19,  and  Eaat  India  Fap«n,  IV.  IGt 


SM 


DIS'i'RIC'KS. 


tBinnb«7 


a>t«r  Till. 

liltiAtTAtiOIL 

llutory. 


iJCndfUi 


WOAMToot.    At  the  sumo  t\mp,  tlie  uttl«ii»«ol  wits  entirelj 
bead  oi  tli«  villa^  not  with  the  caltivaCon,  and  therv  is  littii 
1.bm  Lhv  husbandmen  euficrcd  much  oppruMum  at  tht^  band*  • 
immediate   •nporiont.'      Kvva   ta  thw  iniddld   of    thu    seve 
ix'ntttry  (ItrOO),  when  Mogha)  rule  was  best  and  Htningi^t, 
r<iuiul  the  laud  tilled  odIt  br  tbroe  and  ounncqiii'uMv  very  il 
much  uf  it  spoiled  and  ruined,  there  beioK  n^iu;  to   kt*ep  up  i 
ADd  water  di&nnels  sod  do  one   to  b«iild  or  n-piur  koi 
workinnn  who  itiado  the  fiuo  MtiffH  wa»  not  held   in   honoorl 
oerer  came  Co  anything.     Nothing  but  necessity  or  iha  cudgcL| 
him  work.     H»  nergr  grew  rich.     It  was  no  small    matter  *" 
,  he  had  wherewith  to  Rre  and  clothe  himacdf  narrowly.*     Am 
pow«r   failod    {1710-1700),    matters   grew    vionui,   and    nodor' 
Mar^thia  (ITfiO- 1818),  many  freah  bonJena  were  laid  on  tfaBj 

Th(t  Mftratha!)  first  (1670)  appear  as  freobootvrj  withont  anyl 
dominion.     Their  curlifstdumund  coiutUtcd  of  the  one^fourthi  ci 
of  tholandreyenuo  due  to  the  esiatinggovcmmoiit.'   A«  their] 
hocsnte  consolidated  (1760),  Uanltha  exactions  inomued,  nod 
assignnit-nts  of  ixivvnue  were  made  to  individual  chiefe  Hnd  either*  fctl 
whom  it  was  politic  to  make  proriaiou.*    B«Biiiv«:  ibetw   grant*  ei 
ceo-tain  portions  of  the  revenne  many  propriotors  h«ld  aaxd  collict«'| 
the   rertmoea  of   I'arious   cHtatos.     1'ho   whole  system    vas 
ooniplicat«d  and  ccmfuMed.     From  uncertainty  as  to  the  amonnt 
rerenoe  due  and  the  porsone  to  whom  it  Khould  be  pnid.  and 
d)8pnt«a  among  the  chieti,  the  people  oonatantly  anfferod. 
rereane  sub-dtrision  had  at  iu  head  a  tudmla^ar,  or   aa  bo 
■ometimcM  called  n  tiniiidvmlir^  and  he  ha3  nnfW  him  a 
ataS  of  subordinate  officers,  "^e  mamUUddn  reoeiTod  fixed  : 
but  thvy  had  also  various  indirect  means  of  making  money  and  I 
government  pifilntbly  (-onnivcil  tit  the  iiYst«in.     So  Ion};  aa  Iho  revf 
was  fully  and  piinotiially  paid,  no  questions  were  avkvtl  i>ud  n>iiiphuii 
Were    dutcoiirngod.     Tbt*  rniimlaUUir  wiw  furnished  by  the    oeub 
govomment  with  a  statement  showing  the  various  itoma   h^ 
expected  to  collect.     He  tbou  moved  about  his  district  and  made  I 


»  Tb«  tiMdaun  and  buMktion*  orvnttibuto  but  ILiHb  in  proportku  to  tho  Uod 
bold.     Ckptain  Briggk  1821 -'22;  >U*t  l»du  Fapoi*.  IV.eOS 

*  Bomior'a  Lott«n  (Btun.  Bd.),  JH.  71.72. 
»  AtlMT  the  d«e«r  •*  Mo^J  nil*  H  720) .  tie  5IaTithi«  levied  the  fmaih,  rJtmiA 

'  from  niMnor  holdoi*,  iiginUtn,  a  Until  from  the  ragau.  t»A  othir  oium  cofaiiwiB 
■  all  to  tbiny-fivt  prr  cent,  uid  ia  ^inuitic*  to  sbout  anv-haU  of  wb*t  tbs  HMdMh 
«oU«<it«l,  It  w»j  u  lime  of  tniieh  tnmble  to  th«  cultirfttora  wlio  h(ui  two  cwllMiOT* 
toapptnao.  thi- tuminiidr  mid  ths  plark.  vandiCa.  of  the  mr  JrrinaiA.  Tberv  wtm 
alao  loll  colUvton  wh.i  lovird  h««ty  oaoM.  KUa  Khiln'i  BluuUkLabul  Lu)>4b  in 
Elliots  UUtiiry  of  India,  VIL  tt7. 

*  !%•  Uniia  idrnr,  nuAdaa.  aniuOra,  idUi.  «ar  AmtimuUil,  mod  mp  jUkhmm  an 
OMd  lorpoitinna  d  llMrr«vpniuialieii4t«d  to  offiuon  and  nobUo.  Th»  prapaTtMo  Uwt 
Umm  iham,  omaU,  bw*  t«  tho  wbol*  vilUtt*  pw«ou«  «mriod  in  difcrait  >  iUan* 
Thq  prooMUMi  of  oadi  to  ttM  <[riiol«  distnd  wvunue  ■»«.  irtj^r.  75  i  ik^wt.  rtj  , 
•dAo*r«.liW*(i,<Hi«i'jto*«»WJ.  l2Ji«r4d«.ii9o.  1.  ttoMnoiiBt  «t  •.ioli\jt^ 
wa«  HI  tho  lint  place  flMd  by  aovenunoot.  Tlio  ttuirn  mn  nuJ  atior  OodDetios 
aUoxpcmn  and  eanst  oxtM  fevlML  Clmt,  Brlfwat  Rul  Indi»  l^pon,  IV  KjiC 
Acuonlin^  to  the  Munaknln  writar  Khifi  KhAa  tho  Mv.lthn  GovonuuMit  iii  aoKw 
OMsadivKUd  til*  wbol«pro>lu«eititothrMahuM.tba  hntbantlmuiV.  tba  luii  ' 
jd^nhlr-*.  and  thalr  own.     BUwt'i  Hirtotr.  VII.  «a  >.  «•    i«i 


KSANdESH. 


soe 


^^btUemeot  toe  each  villngo  with  «Aoh  pHii,  based  ii|>oi]  tbo  colloctiqpe 
ot  (uniier  ;ear.t,aad  in  coDsJcleration  of  the  total  amo(iitt.'ex]>c«t<-<l  fnim 
the  district.     Aft«r  tho  lump  villa^  )»it(1«nii!iit  iriis  iniido,  Ike  fniiU 

^ud  to  ili^tril)utu  the  Kiun  over  ike  holding  of  each  cuIuvaUir  iw  Ito 
Ik'sI  could.  At  the  closo  of  iko  year  each  vuintlatda r  httd  to  siihuiit 
111-  aceoauts  rouckvd  for  by  tk«  diatrict oflloera.  A3  a  gunvral  mle, 
niiiMliUdirii  wei-e  expected  to  make  pood  any  dcGcisncy  in  the 
ruvoQue  for  nrhick  thoj  conld  iint  givo  a  pnip«r  ac<!utint.  The  patUs 
likewise  were  held  respoDsible  for  ibetr  villa^it.  Hut  there  wm 
much  laxity,  and  it  was  alwny*  pos^Jblv  to  kcc-p  tho  ^overumeat 
in  the  diirk  5d  to  tke  refti  iiuiount  of  the  coIleclioDx.  Much 
dflpooded  on  the  exertious  of  tkt>  particfllar  mdmlatddr.  Thej^ 
worn  «x|>cct«d  to  k«ep  muTiug  about  the  district  vncunraging 
oultivatora  to  take  up  waste  landB,  and  for  this  purpose  ikey  mule 
advances  out  of  Ikoir  owd  pockets  for  which  ikuy  charged  a 
reaaoiiiJjle  iateruHt. 

About  the  end  of  the  yoar,  when  the  harvest  was  nearly  ready, 
the  iHamlalddr,  utLvDd<.t]  }>y  the  keadiiieii  nnd  tbtiir  accoontontB, 
moved  itito  hut  dtatricts.'  By  tho  intiuiHte  koowledgo  of  potty 
divisional  officers  or  thukh-lurt,  the  m-imJalddr  was  able  to 
judgi!  of  tho  accuracy  of  the  ieiiliMrnis'  slatemcutM  of  former 
payutunts,  and  bo  proi.'<.-cdl>d  to  sirttlu  l.ha  rvvouuo  of  the  eiuiuiDg 
Kusuii  ou  a  con  sill  e  ration  of  the  amouul  paid  id  former  years, 
combined  with  a  upward  to  I  he  ad^uil  stale  of  things.  'l'h»  patil 
nprewnt«d  any  ground  there  wan  for  relaxntiun  of  the  terms,  and 
in  this  be  expected  the  support  of  the  Jenbututiik  nnd  d'-*hpdn'le 
and  of  the  principal  vill»gc<r«.  Those  discussions  geuenilly 
ended  >u  a  second  more  particnlai^  a^-eemenl  in  which  the  jiiitit 
intorf  baogod  with  the  mdmlaUldr  nn  eng>if^''Uiont  lixinf;  the  rxtvuuno. 
"When  the  jhHU  continued  obstinately  to  reject  the  V-rms  offered  by 
the  mtimlatdiir,  a  npocial  uflicor  was  tient  to  the  spot  to  exainino  the 
fields,  and  if  tiu  olht^r  niuaun  iiuc<«eded,  the  nvimlutddr  would  offer 
to  rocur  to  what  seems  to  hare  been  the  original  priuciplu  in  all 
aoltlenients,  namely  for  govomincut  to  take  half  and  leave  halt  to 
the  cultivator. 

In  addition  to  the  origioni  rent,  ait  iaraa.  another  regular  soarce 
of  rovontio,  Ii'vii'd  jwrtly  from  the  eulliv»l'ir»  and  partly  fnim  the 
other  inbabilanis,  were  ibo  extra  cesaea.  tliiv.in  jinnit.  I'hpv  varied 
extremely  in  difforant  «ub-divi»ionit  and  evt^-n  in  different  villngfrs. 
Thechief  of  them  were:  exchange,  biilta;8(ig»r-niill,(/urAdJ;payniear 
instead  of  mhar't  sorTiccs,  biihiiHli  rabla  wthar ;  a  grain  ilomanif 
originally  for  the  |wtty  divisional  officer, /lAiib*;  a  tax  on  the  hold^ra 
of  alienated  land,  uuiin  palH;  n  tax  on  ooocealed  reaonrcev,  ehaukaahi  ; 
achargeou betel  luMvi-H,;"'"  ttkka;  a dcfif iency  i-css,  ftacnr/alohncco 
t»x,jartt  tambiiiM  ;  an  offering  from  the  |.<tck-bultockt>,  kholi  dheli  ; 
and  a  tax  on  miras  land,  niu<';'a(^i.'  All  these  collections  wet« 
made  by  the  patU  in  amall  villages  ;  in  towns  there  waa  a  separate 
ofiicer  to  le\'y  thotMi  nut  couaocted  with  the  land. 


Ckaptn 

Land 
AdminiatrattML 

UuUny. 


*Mt.  SIpUiMtoae'*  Rspart  (Ed.  t8;2>.  Zt 

■^.  J.  >UcL«od,  fitti  AmL  CuUoctu.  l$21-23  -.  Em*  Indu  P>panv  IV.  «t4. 


270 


DIsfHICTfi. 


fflooitwr  Oa»t 


Chapter^Vin. 

Land 
Admijii«ti-&tkiti, 

UbtOfy. 


a  Uesidea  the  oeaaeR  mentioned aborc,  ^orvrnment  had  other 
of  revenue  incladed  in  the  extra  collcctioiut.  The  ohiof  of 
were  :  tiim*  mid  forfoitnrvfl  kamdvU  gitnheydri,  escheata  bail 
deposits  and  temporary  sequeHtratiutui  anamat,  ntttlu  graxiug  feof 
vanehirdi,  grass  cutting  fees  yhaa  kdiarni,  and  similar  Ifivios.  Ow 
importADl  Uix,  Itiiijwii  an  hanildiiri,  leviod  in  some  places  in  kind  sii4 
in  other  plooee  in  mooer,  went  to  paj  a  granarv-wxU'Ui^r  who  kept 
people  fn>m  carrying  off  Iboir  crop«  from  the  Tillage  thra&biiig-|]oor 
before  Hecurity  was  found  fnr  the  payment  of  the  rcvunae.  Thiil 
Wfts  s(  Gret  an  extra  cess,  bnt  afterwarde  became  a  regular  part  of 
the  gorenimoDt  demand.  In  many  pluoM;  the  tax  and  the  (Hfii^ 
,were  pnblicly  sold  tJ  the  highcsi  bidder.'  In  addition  t;o  ~' 
the«o  exacliunK,  there  wore  occa»ionnl  impositions  on  extraordi: 
emergenctea  which  were  called  jdgti  patli  niid  eJemli  pattt.  If 
happened  to  bo  omtiiniud  for  several  years,  they  ceased 
ouiiHidered  occasional  impositions,  aod  hocamo regnlar  extra 

Towards  the  close  of  the  Peshwa's  rule  (about  1 80i)  the  hurtful 
was  taken  of  changing  the  mamlntdiiit  from  gorommcnt  Ecrvautt*  il 
yearly  ntvwiue  fanner*.*  Thin  changt,-  watt  an  aggravation  of  foriner 
erils  rather  than  an  innovation.  The  ullice  of  mimfaliliir,  instead 
of  heiug  conferred  as  a  favour  on  a  person  of  experience  and 
probity,  who  could  bv  pimtKlifd  by  nrnioval  if  hi:*  oonduct.  did  noG 
give  aatisfaotion,  was  put  to  auction  among  the  Peshwa's  atteudiuits, 
who  were  encoumgoa  to  bid  high,  and  were  sometimon  di 
if  they  showed  reluctanw  to  enter  on  this  sort  of  apeoal 
Kext  year  the  aame  operation  was  repented,  and  the  district 
generally  made  orer  to  a  higher  bidder.  A  mrinilalMr  no  (■hi>!«.-n 
no  time  for  inquiry  and  no  motive  for  fnrbcarauce.  lie  let  his  dis 
at  uii  eiiliiuicird  rule  to  under-faruier^  whu  rcpiutteil  the  oitcra: 
until  the  sub-lclting  came  to  the  patil,  H  a  jnUil  farmed  his 
village,  he  became  absolute  master  of  every  one  in  it.  No  compla 
were  listened  to,  and  the  mamlatddr,  who  was  formerly  a  check 
on  the  }Mlil,  now  afforded  him  un  excuse  for  tyranny.  If  the  pdtii 
refneed  to  farm  t-be  village,  the  caae  wok  jHirfaaps  wor*e,  a«  the  | 
wkiBi/oiJur'*  own  officers  undertook  to  levy  the  sum  i'e<imred,  withj 
less  knowledge  itnd  U-».->  mercy  t ban  the  ptitit.  In  cither  citse  the  | 
frtato  of  the  cultivator  was  entirely  disregarded.  A  man's  "'-aatll 
of  payment,  not  his  land,  fixed  the  scale  on  which  he  was  aesesaed. 
No  moderation  wau  sliowii  in  levying  the  sum  fixed.  Kvery 
^pretext  for  fine  and  forfeiture,  and  ever}'  means  of  rigour  anct 
vunfiscation  were  emf^oyed  to  saueexe  the  atmost  out  of  the  people 
before  the  day  when  the  fniimlatitar  had  to  give  up  his  uuirge. 
Amidst  all  thiit  violence  a  regular  account  was  prepared,  as  it  the 
settlement  had  been  made  m  the  most  deliberate  manner.  This 
account  wtt«  fictilioiis.     The  colleclioiiH  wore  alwaya  nndorrated 


>  Ckptiun  Brign.  30th  Dec  lf«2h  MS.  Snl.  1ST.  1831.1829. 

■  Rvety  TcM- Uio  nait«f  at  ■ul>-nDt«r  wnt  hi*  ngcnl  who  aimde  w  guod  »  I     „ _^ 

M  Im  coiUii  with  tbe  riUkgo  iMadmai  sod  dutricl  offioen.  mnunitdrv.     The  bar^ua  i 
WM  r<>uB(l*>I  nn  tbe  BMMinti  ot  th»  pMt  yrmi  and  th«  >in>a  of  prcMnl  lllli 
Hit  rvvmiBB  Iwann,  th«  dutrict  offiocn,  uM  Iha  villus  hMdmint.  wviv  in(^«■ 
tr}'ing  I«  ovatnsclt  Mch  olfacir.    CMptain  Briggs  .   Eul  rn<ib  fApon,  IV.  6E>7. 


KiUN'DKSH. 


1  enabled  the  pdlil  to  impoae  od  the  next  mamlaUliir,  nnd  enal)I^ 
niamluid^r  to  dccciro  gorernmcDt  and  his  fellows.*  The  next 
Mttiloldiir,  pretending  to  he  docoivod,  agreed  to  Ihv  motit  nio«U^r«ta 
tormii,  and  gnre  every  etK^nraf^ment  to  the  §pi-cad  o{  tillage.* 
When  tho  crops  w«re  in  tlii:  urouud,  nr  vrht^u  the  end  of  hh  t«nn  ^rew 
near,  ho  thniw  oS  tlie  masK  and  plundered  like  hia  predefiesKir. 
If  tliK  coUeclioiis  foil  uliort,  he  poitioiHsl  out  tho  Imlunc^&moD^ 
the  exhansted  villapeB,  imposed  an  extra  ceaa,  xadarturi  patli,  to 
pay  if,  »ud  liifllIio/»i(i7«  to  extort  tho  nnioimt  by  whatever  means 
and  on  whatever  pretence  thoy  tbouglit  proper. 

niieii  the  fcime  cwno  for  the  villagers  to  Mty,  a  body  of  irregular 
troops,  ghihan'Iis,  viae  sent  by  the  pvtty  divigionat  uihcer,  tiekhddr,* 
to  help  the  palil.  Tlie  tnhdr  (-Jillc<)  tho  cultiviiioni,  who  pwtd  tboir 
rents  to  the  p<iHI  in  the  presence  of  the  assayer.  polddr,  who  etamped 
the  muui-y,  and  of  tho  act-ountant  who  tfmiiled  a  n-ceipt.  Wnon 
all  wn»  collected,  dm  tuitit  ttttnt  it  by  (he  mhar  with  a  letter  to  tlio 
deahviukh,  and  another,  under  charge  of  his  assistant,  to  the 
jtamfli'isrf'if.  and  received  the  httmivigiidr^t  rcoeipt.  If  a  cutlivstor 
refused,  or  was  unable  to  pay  his  rent,  the  miliiia  pressed  him  lor 
it,  confined  hini  in  the  vj^ngl^  lock-up,  f»t  bim  in  the  eun,  pat 
a  heavy  stone  on  bis  head,  and  prevented  his  eating  or  drinking 
until  be  paid.  If  in  spite  of  thiti  bo  did  not  pay,  ho  was  carriod  to  the 
m4m/a((/<ir,  hJHcntt.lu  wcm  sold,  nnd  biniHcIf  thniwn  intopriAou  or  into 
irons.  Such  rigurons  i  reatmeut  was  seldom  necessary  for  the  regular 
revenne.  It  was  more  often  employed  in  levying  extraordinary 
tnsoH ;  and  nndoi-  the  fiu-ming  i*yHluui,  the  pniclico  of  it  watt  freqtient 
and  severe.  If  a  whole  viTlago  resisted,  it  was  the  pdtil  who  was 
tortured,  but  before  so  extreme  a  step  was  takon,  a  hor«>nian  was 
billctv<l  on  the  village,  or  a  fini;  levied  to  induce  it  to  sulmiit.  The 
payments  were  by  three  instalments,  correspond infj  ^th  tlie  barvesta 
of  the  cold,  hot,  and  rainy  weather  croiw,  and  Iht^re  was  frequently 
another  at.  the  end  of  the  year  to  n^cover  extraordinary  balances.' 
Besides  the  government  demands,  ooder  tho  head  of  village  oxpcnsoa, 
gdoH  khareh,  the  people  ba<I  to  pay  very  heavy  «uins.  Tfai«  wn«  the 
ffrand  source  of  (-niolumont  to  district  aud  village  ofHcers.  It  seldom 
amounted  to  less  than  balf  of,  and  waaoften  double  and  oven  treble 
tho  acknowledged  state  demand.* 


Cbftptw* 


hutA 

Admin  Utr  at] 

UiaXaty. 


>  ConpM«O*pt*inBTi«i,-^a0tliDM.I8!l:  U8.8«l.  ICT.  I83l-I$m.  Tli*M>ta*iniiint. 
•tyM    iht    r#gul«r,    am,   uneunn«nt  wu   mul*  at  ibout  onv-hMI  ol  wlial    Ilia 
KDvmunent  a^«t  inlendtd  to  rauM.     Tho  poaplo  w«k  dvotivMl  lij  tb«  idu  tliAt 
«v«rrttilt<)[  pant  beyond  thkt  wu  ■  tcmponrir  uiaclion- 

*  kumtinmidrt  w«te  at  Ulwrty  to  oilvaaM  what  tli*y  cheat.  On  iMinit  mnorcd, 
tlM  iMiUnn  trai  paid  to  tbom  cither  by  th«  nuw  inrndriflMr  nr  by  gonrnmeat^ 
The  naunl  tiitvimrl  ma  3S  per  cent,  inyahio  iHthiri  Dik  ynar  nf  xvoiint  at  whutairtr 
time  uf  th*  ft»i  il  waa  advanocd.  Ttie  Hcunty  •Ivixnili'l  t>n  cirniiiiniuicn,  hut  it 
«■•  iwiully  advaiicad  tlmogh  the  aiioiicy  of  thu  villauu  iMa^Maii  aud  dittrict  olUotra. 
Capt.  Itrwc*  <lB3t-33l:  Etat  India  Papen.  IV.  706. 

■Mr,  KIphinrtUM'a  Report,  lath  October  1619  {K-i   1S7S),S(i-SB. 

•CipWn  ling^.  30th  T>cc.  IS21:  US.  Set  157, 1S3I.I929L  'IIm*  villag*  Mp«MW 
wen  (or  the  payoMnc  of  chariUhlo  granta  and  vitta,;?  liiruhing-lloar  gnaraiana. 
AMdUdnc  and  far  free  NtEgitiea  tamiahod  t«  m4»l«Ul4rt  and  uUiurt.  lit  Hhait  for  all 
nddoital  eharftta  ta  wludh  the  Tflhgr  vm  expoatd.  Under  tho  heal  nattra 
goTcninisnt  it  anunintedtoSS^  and  under  tooaw  Govemmeul  to  frcnSOto  lOOfrotnt 
M  thS  whole  B'Wtnmont  doodad.     Ditto  and  l^at  Iudi>  I'apen,  IV.  ICI. 


(tomUtj  OMrttMr, 


ITS 


DISTRICTB. 


Und 

stratioii. 


•  Aa  to  nil  theee  esactionii  were  added  the  lossra  canf«cl  by  Bh3 
And  PcDdhari  rnids,  tbo  niin  tbat  foil  un  Klinndt'eih  duriugr  thu  \a^ 
twenty  yuan  of  Uvi^ha  rule  cao  cause  do  surpme. 


I™ 


BBOnON  m.-BRm8H  MANAGEMEST. 

TlmBritidu  Asre^rds  land  ivdminist ration,  tbe  sixljr-tbnM)  yeorii  (1818-1 

of  BntJKh  iiiHiiii)i;i-iiH!ri(.  full  iiiidtfr  two  nearly  equal  diviaions,  befon 
■tod'iiiiiLv  the  inlrodudton  of  the  revenue  survey  in  1852.  The  first 
divi.sion  include*  Iwo  pt'riixbt,  ivforo  und  iiftor  ibtj  IS:t2>33  (omiap, 
lliD  firet  on  the  whole  a  time  of  stagnation  and  the  second  of 
prvjUesB.     Tb«  mtttblifehinent  of  ord«r,  togvlbvr  with  the  romoTiJ 

*of  ahases  and  the  high  price  of  produce,  canned  in  IBIS  osA 
1819  a  rapid  increase  hotb  in  tillage  and  in  revenue.  This  wn 
followed  by  about  twelve  years  of  wry  litiU'  priign-ss,  the  tliistrict 
suffering  in  tbe  first  six  years  from  a  series  of  bad  barrosts,  and  in 
thcni^xttiix  from  the  ruinous  cbeapness  of  grain  due  to  bam; 
harvests,  pntall  local  demand,  and  no  means  of  export.  Tbe 
was,  in  tbe  twelre  yemrs  ending  1831-32,  an  advance  of 
U,233  %A/m'  intillagp  and  a  fall  of  £27,188  {H«.  2.7I.,880) 
revenne.     The  second  half  of  this  division,  tbe  nineteen  yeara 

the  1832-33    famine,  was  on  tbe  whole  a  tinjo  of  ntcndy  [>Pot, 

the  tillagit  ar«a  riKiiig  fi-om  888,7^7  to  1,430,035  hUjhdt,  and  the  ni 
collectionBfix>m  tl^I,*tJ3  (Rs.  12.U,C30)to£l7S.804(R8.  17,88,010). 
In  1H18,  tbi!  llrili»h  found  KbAmU-itU  ovorgrowu  with  forest  and 
brnshwood,  tbe  towns  in  ruins,  the  villages  destroyed,  ibo  soil 
though  fi^rtilo  nud  woll  watered  untillcd,  the  roads  cut  up,  the 
country  enip*y  of  ]>(>«plo,  and  the  rv-venne  collM^ted  with  grvat 
difficulty  and  generally  with  the  help  of  a  military  force.*  Of  the 
whole  nroa  (1821)  forty-five  per  cent  was  uuar able,  forty-three  per 
cent  tv&s  arable  wastt%  and  only  twelve  per  txni  was  under  tillage.* 
There  were  in  all  4(XJ2  villages,  but  »o  empty  were  they  tbat  the 
nnmlx-rgBve  no  idea  of  tbe  ptmo  of  the  country.  f>omc  in  ibw  plainA 
'  yielded  a  revenue  of  1 100  (Its.  lOOO)  or  even  tlOOO  (Rs.  lO.uoO) ; 
oLbon  among  ibn  bills  yicliUd  au  little  a»  12,  £1,  or  lO*.  (Rn.  20, 
Es.  10,  or  Rs.  5).  All  villages  were  surniundvd  with  walls  a&d 
prot»>cl<!d  by  a  f<irt,  their  only  security  against  wild  bei 
marauders,  and  robbers.  Many  liuil  ImmlolA,  vudit  ormajrat,  attacl 
The  boundaries  of  all  inhabited  riliagefl  wero  well  marked 
tlieir  limiUt  wonderfully  wvll  known.     In   ihe  misfortunes  that 

^twenty  yeara  (1798-1818)  bat!  Ixicn  raining  Khdudeah,  nunilu-rs 
villages  had  been  deserted,  and  of  some  even  the  names  were  lost.* 
Of  the  total  of  -ill32  villages,  540  were  alienated,  and  of  (be  3492 
GoTemmenL  villagii*,  413  were  uninhabitod  but  part  tilled,  1 
woro  deserted,  and  of  uinoty-soven,  even  the  sitea  wero  unl 

'  nmA^ufixctl  ty  thB«*Tl>-  Brititlioffi(<tr>«H  (qiiBl  totliT«o-i|n(rttnD(Rn 
*  HuniIl4Hi'«  Ussorii'tidn  of  HinrluiUii.  U.  M.  HuniltOD  tncludM  uoiUr  KlOi 
th»«iili.divUJon«  olGAlDk.  KliAndeib  proper,  Uojwilr.  Baiiftz,  pHaimtr,  Mid  Bj 
Sia  MtiJuaie  of  poirabtion  »  3.000.(>UU.  appamolly  k  vary  ummIv*  Mtunkta, 
183S,  Bltm-  lir|!«  niiaibtn  bxl  come  buk  ■ml  til!u«  tuwl  kn*»T  opfnul.  the  rtrl 
•bowDd  ft  lut«I  of  only  332,370  aonii.        *  r«pt.  UiW*,  Km*  .  Imlia  Pu>en>.  TV. 

'  CuUiu  Briggi,   9th  OetolMr  1BI»:  KhudMh  ^<jbatar'a  Ftb    m,  » 
iei8.]»U. 


I 


Deeciui. 


•KEANDESa 


only  1836  woro  mhubiUitK*  Somo  partA  of  tbe  distn'ct  wwc 
(1819)  ill  ft  liigb  slaut  nf  tilU^,  and  others,  rceently  ahiwdoDtxi, 
showed  traces  of  former  ric)iiic«»  and  pro«perity.  But  thouf^li 
tha  bnlk  of  thu  ilistrk-l  w»»  vxceedingly  fcrtilo  iiini  woll  wiiU-red, 
the  greater  part  of  it  was  covered  with  thick  brushwood  and  forest, 
full  of  ti^irs  und  other  wild  bvn»(--<,  and  ^nittcrc-d  with  tho  nitns  of 
former  villaget>.  Tho  lundH  north  of  the  Tiipti,  onco  very  txipuloua 
and  fielding  a  largo  revenue,  were  lui  almost  nmnhabited  *J|fl|^  ' 
Id  do  part  of  tho  district,  vxcopL  whero  thoy  honlorc-d  on  rara^ 
were  fields  enclosed  either  by  waits  or  hedges.^  The  plouglis  were 
•■mall  and  IJ^t,  seldom  passing  moro  than  fjur  or  Svo  inches  into 
the  groiind  Hod  druwn  hy  only  oue  pair  of  bullock.-'.  Kolhiug  ix>ut(i 
exceed  the  slovenliness  of  the  tillage.  The  Gelds  were  seldom 
ploughed  in  tho  hut  months,  imd  oft«io,  ovou  »t  the  timo  of  sowing, 
were  only  ho<nl.  Tho  long  gro^H  souietimeii  eiilirelv  choked  tho  crop. 
Kach  plough  and  pair  of  bullocks  was,  as  a  niio,  the  property  of 
twctOT  wen  threo  husbandmon.*  1'ho  bulk  of  the  pouplo,  broken 
bjr  opprewiinii,  wero  iuduslrious  wichcjut  energy,  inert,  dlow  and 
nn enterprising.  Though  orderly  and  inoffensive,  they  were 
»ti5pi('iiiiiH,  without  tniKl  in  Ihfir  sujxiriors,  and  pron«  lo  faWbood 
and  deceit.  The  disti-iot  and  village  officers  oppresiied  ih©  trader* 
and  landholders,  and  they  in  turn  tyrannisod  over  all  bi-low  them. 
In  so  unceasing  n  strngglo  for  cxi»trucc  thu  common  people  had 
leiaore  neilher  to  be  religions  nor  to  be  viciuuB.* 

As  soon  as  military  operations  came  to  an  end  and  peace  waa 
etitabl i.ihed  KliJindesh  was  formed  into  u  district  well  mnrkod  by 
natural  limits,  on  the  north  the  S&tpudi(s,  on  theetiat  Ileritr  and  the 
Niz&m's  country,  on  the  south  the  Salmila  or  Ch^ndor  range,  and 
on  the  woitt  |mrtly  the  Hahy&ln  bilLt  and  partli-  the  (jiiikwiir*» 
territories.  Thus  Kli^ndesh  remained,  till,  in  1868-6!),  three  of  its 
eooth-woKtem  sub-divisions  were  handed  over  to  the  now  district  of 

Especially  under  the  fanning  system,  the  SlwrAtlui  sub- divisions  had 
been  wry  irregular,  their  limiu  varying  from  time  to  time.  New  snb- 
dirisions  were  chosen,  kooping  as  mr  as  possible  to  tlw  sub-divisions 
to  which  hereditary  oHicvrn  wem  nltuched,  and  nrrftnging  thorn  with 
a  view  to  oompoctnesa,  uniformity,  and  genaral  convenience.'  The 
leading  principles  laid  down  in  settling  the  district  were,  that  ruvoone 
farming  was  to  l>o  aboliiihed;  that  (ho  land  revenue  waa  to  ly 
collectoil  according  to  actual  cultivation ;  tbat>  except  whero  thqy 
were  unjnst  or  opprcitsivc,  the  old  tnxoit  were  to  bo  mainlninvd,  and 
no  now  form  of  taxation  introduced  ;  and  that  the  aaseasments  were 
to  be  baaed  on  post  collections  and  levied  with  care  and  moderation. 

Tho  first  great  want  was  an  efficient  staff  of  stipendiary  officers. 


>  CnptMia  Britt*  IIMI):  BMt  IndU  Pftmrs,  IT.  SSfi. 
*  Mr.  FJpbiiuUauh  SStli  Octoba  I81!i :  Kul  India  Pt 


Pkponi.  IT.  141. 


CSiapt^ 

Ltuid 
AdnuistimtiM 

ThaBriliab. 


£»!>  OotaUr  I8t«t  EMt  Indu  l1iiM.n,IV.  HS;  CkpUto  BriiUB  (1821),  fiut   ladi> 
Ptlorf.  IV.  708.  «  Mr.  WrEMii»y7c.8. 

■  411-35 


Ditinat*. 


D^iU. 


lumbar  Ouet 


274 


uiSTBicra 


,ptw  VTIL 

Lsuid 
linutratioD. 

boBriCuh. 

ism. 


In«Uio  ifflttor  veiirii  ol  llit>  Pt!«!iw»'i»  'rviU',  the  tar  mhheddr  and  t 
tnatnliildar  had  be*n  allowid  lo  lit^wiun-  itliini^it  ttbsolutu  ;  Uioy 
even  llic  rii^'ht  of  intlictinf;  capica)  piiiii aliment.  Tbey  bad  BxD 
sularii-N,  iini)  tiu^  »ar  n'llihtyli'tr  of  Kliiuidi-sli  was  allovretl  to  spenj 
from  £500 lo  £10O0(Ua.$O0O-K3. 10,(K)0)  »  yeftr  fur niiitinf^m 
aod  mo«t  of  his  ospenses  were  iucluded  in  vUlage  cbura<iMt,  ydn) 
kAarch.'  The  old  ufficipr:*  wcix'  known  tol)o  corrupt,  and  frosh 
iitt«d  for  ih6  work  were  hard  to  find.  In  1821,  «oreiiUK;ii  of  tb 
eighteciQ  mdmlaltldrt  wore  Dcmx^u  Br&hmans.'  For  the  moat  nnrt 
thpy  vrerv,  tm  far  n.-*  oiijwctty  went,  lolumhly  well  siiikid  for  their 
officer.     Their  i:hiof  failjn^  vaa  want  of  euargy  in  juilicitd  dutii>B,^    ., 

•  One  of  the  chief  changos  introduced  by  the  British  GoTitnimont 
was  tho  withdrawal  of  powfir  from  th«  district  herpditary  otficera. 
During  the  ^vemment  of  N^a  Fitdnariit  (1763-1800)  tLa 
katadvi^Jiin  held  no  coinmuaication  with  the  peopI«  exceiit  throng 
the  wwiwtd'lM,  that  is  tho  ilrshmakh  anil  dtukpatule,  'Ihe^e  men 
wt-ro    nftvn  thii    ri;id    exuciitivo   dii*lrift   nDifi'M,    tnipri'inti'  ! 

puiii»Iiiiifl;j>eoplewithont  reference  to  the  kani'ifisdant.*  Willi 
unlimited  powers, they  had  been  the  aeonl«  of  vxtoriion,  the  toob  of 
the  leaden  and  plunderers,  who,  in  tho  twenty  years  Wfore  BrittNh 
nilo,  had  laid  the  country  wa«te.  On  llioftO  occasions  they  actnd  the 
donhio  nart  of  representatives  of  the  people  andagentB  of  (he  opji : 
perauaaiii);  the  people  thnt  they  wvro  sheltering  thom  front  ex 
and  perxiuiilintf  tho  freebooters  tlud  by  their  help  ihp  l«*t  farLhiuu 
bad  i>ivu  wniDp  from  the  ^x-ople.'  In  these  district  officers'  hand^ 
were  all  tho  rHVoniio  nic!ordn  to  tho  most  minute  it^-m.  Their 
omoluniontii  were  either  in  free-hnld  land^,  in  villa^u  caidi  allowanoca 
or  in  both,  and  they  had,  besides,  certain  privitegres  and  rights  to 
receive  a  few  shtstrcs  of  grain  from  eatii  fipid  at  harrest,  and  one© 
a  year  to  bo  presented  by  government  wirh  a  Tv\tv  vr  a  sum  of 
money.  Uniier  the  fanning  system,  aa  no  accounts  were  accepted 
at  Poona  without  their  siijnature,  their  power  was  little  short  of 
absolute.  While  pn'lendiu),'  th<*  grcutesl  wal  to  govenimeut,  they 
wero  in  league  with  the  chief  villa^'e  officers,  and  at  the  espenso  of 
goromment,  ntilis*'id  for   th«nuolvoa  as  large  sums   as  could   be 

Erocured.  Captain  Brigga  wa»  satisfied  that  the  influonce  of  the 
ereditiiry  district  officers  was  a  source  of  ojtpreHDiou.  Under  the 
now  arrangements  Iheir  eerricc-s  were  of  no  use.  Orders  wimt 
^irect  from  the  miimtaldiir  to  th.i  village  officers.  Their  rccisterfd 
emoluments  were  not  touched,  but  nil  who  levieil  uiiaulhorised 
Slim*  from  the  people  were  punished  and  the  amounts  restored. 
"Within  a  few  years  their  power  disappeared.* 


I  CnM.  Brigg*  (iaSl-92| :  Rait  ladU  Vtpen.  IV.  TOO. 

*CuA.Briggi.Politi«ii1A«cnt.  SOth  Dcccmhor  1S2I.  M.<1.  M.  187,  IffiMSM.  la 
1831  ln*t«  nre  ^glbtcca  mtttnlatdiirt  with  Mlorlc*  el  Irtaa  K*.  10(1  In  K*.  lAO  «ach  { 
thirty*  1  hrue  •A'n>*''™ir>  no  R>.  nOk  mnutbcoch;  oi|^t]''f-i|thti;i<ii>HlrMtou  Ri.  IOcmiIl 
ud  181  lArVtMr*  m  Ri.  in  tuch.  '  Ilitiv,  <ti(to. 

•fnpl.  t!ri)OTt(tl«1l1K21  ;  Yjai  lodiii  P«p«r».  IV.  TftT, 


•  C«pl.  Bnaipi.  aoth  Di>«mbi;r  1*21,  US'.  .Sb),  1.^7.  ISai-lWD. 

•Mr.  Klphmitono.  2IHh  Oft.  IS19.  VjM  luili>  Psucn,  IV.  161-103  ;C»nt 
iXm\),   Eul  ladii  Paptn,  IV.   TOti-TOT  iCitpt  Brian.  Wth  Dot  ISZI,  M&  StI. 
(1631-1629) ;  Capt.  BrJtrp,  91*t  Oct.  WHt,  Bom  Got.  Bev.  U«c.  GO  of  I6SI,  Ul.l«>; 


J 


J^HINBGSIL 


There  were  Bfteen  village  officers,  the  hondman,  the  occonntalit, 
the  mAiiV,  the  car|)ot)U'r,  thi.'  k'ather-workt-r,  tint  hiiivk»mith,  tho 
ui.t.tfr,  I.Ih!  harhor,  rhu  vnuthi'miiiii,  thv  mung,  the  Uinclu  priesl,  the 
Musfolm^a  prieat,  th«  guldsmitb,  the  wutc-hniun,  nod  the  tratci-Diaii. 

The  hetiilman,  piilil,  wasfoDuil  iii  every  villt^fc.  Ete  was  the  chief 
actor  is  all  its  tranBaciions,  the  agent  of  6oTeniiiiout  for  tho 
encourogonivnt  of  agrionlhiro  and  thu  colloctioa  of  the  reveaae,  and 
tho  agtiut  of  th<>  j)<H>|iIo  la  rcpreiteuL  to  (}ovorDiaeal  thvir  wanU  and 
f^ievances.  Without  any  defined  power  he  had  a  prcstcriptivi;  right 
-ov«r  tilt  tnolvc  scrvniita,  biirti  balut':,  and  ov«j  the  viuagers  in  general. 
Tlti-y  hi^lti  a.  birjfe  area  (lOS.OOll  Ki^hiit)  iif  in-v-  ii»n<i,  rcpn-scntinjf 
abaui  four  per  cent  of  (he  district  laud  revenue,  and  had  cluitn.t  to 
ouc  imd  a  Itiilf  per  cent  of  tho  vilhi^^  produce  and  to  a  share  of  the 
Ibvctiue  kuowi)  a.t  tacAuri  or  mtwhiihira.  Tbu  iiverago  proportion 
of  the  whole  was  about  uine  per  cent  of  the  gross  revenue.  But  io 
soxnis  villa^s  this  mu  so  divided,  that  mnnj:  a  managing  hoadmao 
wiut  It^rt  with  »  uiiTo  triHi.-.  The  at.'counlaiit,  kitlkami,  was  found 
iu  every  village.  The  headman's  assistant,  and  in  uianr  caseH  his 
superior  iu  pow«r,  he  wu*  piiUt  hy  n-ut-fn^w  I»nd,  a  share  of  tho 
reveiiiio  (-JiUcd  mewlnira,  and  a  share  of  the  eioi»  nillerl  t^iiiwla.  The 
percentage  of  tjie  accountant's  emoluments  on  the  village  revenuo 
varied  from  threw  lo  eleven,  and  avemgvd  uhout  four  and  a  half. 
'I'hv  ineii«euger,  m/idr,  was  found  in  almost  cret^'  village.  He  watched 
the  gate,  attended  the  headman,  performed  menial  village  ofBces, 
nhowud  travellers  the  way,  and  ciirried  loads.  Thoy  hold  large 
(iiO,&34  f/iijliii^)  land  grants,  repre^ntiua^  au  aa^ignnii^ut  of  about 
one  per  cent  uf  iho  whole  revenue,  and  had  tho  same  grain  claim 
as  the  accountant.  The  curjM-ntur,  ruhir,  niudo  and  repaired 
wwidcn  tools.  Thoy  hi'ld  very  Hltle  (221  liig%U)  freo  land, 
and  liad  a  quarter  less  grain  claim  tlian  the  mhar.  The  leather- 
workor,  chnmbhar,  found  only  in  (b«  larger  villag«9,  made  and 
niMtirird  all  U-ather  work  used  in  the  fields.  They  held  nlmi;9t  no 
(14  liiytuis)  rent-free  land,  and  bad  tho  samo  grain  claim  as  tho 
carpenter.  Tho  blatrk.^tuilh,  hhar,  was  found  in  nut  more  than 
onv-third  of  tb«  viJlag<ta.  He  repnired  all  iron  field  tools,  Tlicy  held 
no  free  landii,  and  had  the  same  gi-ain  claim  as  the  carpenter.     Tlie 

Sjtter,  kiiuthk'ir,  found  in  nbout  half  the  villages,  supplied 
istrict'  ofiim>nt  and  village  headmen  regularly,  and  tho  olher 
Tillagcra  once  a  year,  with  earthen  vc8s«'Is.  Thoy  had  almost  no  (6<^ 
bighag)  free  land,  and  their  right  to  grain  wa.t  une-lifth  Ivmm  than  thtf 
ciwiwn tor's.  Tho  barber,  MAtii-i,  found  in  every  village,  shaved  tho 
cultivatora,  lighted  tho  headman's  pipe,  idiampooed  his  feet,  went 
with  his  daughter  to  hor  fiitin-r- in -law's  hoasi-,  and  acted  as  tho 
villago  nurgoon.  They  held  a  tittle  (lOO  fciVjAiw)  free  laud,  liad  tho 
samo  groin  claim  as  the  potter,  luid  roceivwl  a  menl  from  every 
person  thoy  shaved.  The  ivitNhennan,  dhubi,  found  in  about  half  tho 
villagOR,  waftbod  the  clothca  of  tho  male  members  of  the  villago 
ofBcera'  and  beroditanr  landholders'  families,  and  at  weddings 
Bopplied  wbit«  fkwr-ot'ittM.  They  hi^h]  do  land,  but  hod  the  samu  grain 
claiiiiH  as  tho  barber,  and  at  weddings  wei-u  fed  the  whole  time  and 
gota  turbanai  the  end.    The  tanner,  nm'iijr,  found  in  about  ouv-(iuartcT 


Ch«pt«r 


Land 
Administratlf 

Hm  BhukIi. 

TiUa-jt  Slqg, 

lais.     ■ 


(Bgnbay  Oi 


27C 


DISTKICT8. 


pi«r_Vin. 

Land 
stratioa. 

iBntUb. 


iaii. 


orilie  viUagee/  removed  dead  bodies,  and  on  gejtinfr  the  matt^rj 
nifido  ropcHUMilstntiiff  i"ol«.  Th<-y  hold  iki  frt'cltiiid,  Iml.  lind  a  t%\ 
to  tbu  xltinB  of  dead  soiumU  and  a  claim  to  one>fiftb  less  grain  t] 
Uie  pott«r.  I'hey  maintained  thomselvea  br  makinff  boaketa. 
asiroloper,  jonhi,  found  in  irvcry  villiigo,  vrf-nt  til»>iil  ou  tho 
and  <0<iv<--atii  of  c^cli  half  of  the  montb>  telling  lucky  and  unlac 
Iiourii  and  oSiciatiDff  nt  marrtaj^  for  which  he  was  mrparatcly 
paid.  They  held  iai^  granU  (Ofi&9  bighiU)  of  free  bind,  nnd  had 
tb«  xamo  grain  claim  aa  the  vtdng.  The  MuBalinin  prieat,  niu//d 
fiouDd  in  a  fow  %-iliiigeH  only,  wwrificcd  sheep  at  religious  festivi^ 
They  buld  a  coDiiicIecablo  amount  [1200  lii^hdit)  of  free  Innd, 
liad  tlie  same  prain  claim  aa  the  oatirologer.  The  poldsmiib, 
fonnd  in  ono-foiirib  iif  the  villaffm,  ezunioed  the  cointt  paid  , 
htuitwndmen  to  Qoreroment  and  by  ehopkc«pera  to  hDabandoiri 
Tbey  held  no  land,  and  their  grain  claim  wna  the  same  aa 
fiumc^M.  ITje  watclunan,  jdgtia  or  hhS,  who  guarded  tho  )?ate  : 
caught  or  tracked  thiores  to  the  next  village,  held  larffe  (3^ 
bigndg)  grants  of  rcnt-friH!  land,  or  in  some  villagea  Mnuill  i 
moaey,  and  the  same  grain  claim  a^  the  vuhuj.  The  watort 
koli,  found  in  aboat  one.third  of  the  villagea,  brought  travollj 
water  and  worked  as  a  servnnt  to  the  disthct  ofiici-rs  and  Tillage 
hcadmcnf  Hweeping  their  %'arda,  fetching  water,  and  cleaning  thair 
brass  and  copper  veswlfl.  They  supplied  water  at  all  rilbiga 
ceremonioa,  and  whenever  a  villager  run  iiway  front  Oovermnent 
persecution,  the  itoU  found  btm  out  and  gave  bim  daily  food. 
At  rivers  they  made  raftJi  nud  bonis.  ITiey  hold  a  consid'  > 
(lt>,807  tii/Aiin)  amount  of  land, ;uid  had  tlie  inmic  gruin  chtim 

Of  the  villa^   stafF  the    most   important    were   the   headi 
the  BOcountnnt)  and  the   mkdr.     Under  the  former  gevemnicnt 
headmen  and   aceountanta  were  tbe  agents  between  tbe   villag 
and   the    distrift    officers,   dcffimukh*    and   Jfshp^nttfs,    trying 
the  one  hand  to  make  the  dixtrict  oRiivrn*  believe  that  Ibev 
extracting  the  very  hichest   poeaible  amount  from  tho   vil 
and  on   the  other  hand  telling  the    people  that   the    (er 

been  settled  only  by  the  help  of  a  nrivale  present   to   the _^ 

officers.  Aa  the  whole  work  of  distributing  tbe  demand  aninB 
tbe  vitlagei:^  was  in  their  hands,  Ihoy  had  great  power,  and  beaid 
^exempting  their  own  lands  from  a  share  of  the  burdens,  were 
,«blo  to  levy  spcciid  cesses  for  tbeir  private  advantage.  Under 
British  system,  tliough  they  were  no  longer  n-spoiisible  for 
village  revenue,  tho  he-^dmnn  and  accouniant  reniained  tJie  naf 
important  of  the  villngi^t  officers  toth  in  matters  of  rorcnne 
of  police.  Many  of  them  received  very  scanty  pnyment  from 
Government,  and  when  tjieir  irregular  exactions  were  stopped, 
it  wan  fonud  necessary  to  wld  to  tbeir  regular  omolnmetits.  An 
important  change  in  viUage  management  was  reducing  the  anov 
of  village  expunsi>:«,  jfi/^n  t'^ai-M,  and  making  over  the  managei 
of  the  fund  nvm  the  headman   to  tbe  mamlatdar.     From  tliu  ' 


khAndksh. 


277 


^dittrict  and  Tillage  officers  bad  receired  large  sumn.     Undw 
^;gDverDmoQt8   tVio   villaf^   clLarfrcB  were   never  le«a  than 
iwenty-fivo  por  cent ;  l.bov  wero  i>tU-xi  lut  mucli  as  fifty  pi-r  ocnt,  and 
in  uxtrcmc  cases  were  double  or  treble  tlie  guvernuiiiat  demand.^ 

As  the  headmen  were  well  acquaintod  with  the  area  and  character 
of  thoir  tillage,  the  citltiriitora  wfro  Meldont  aUft  to  gain  mticb  hy 
ooncealuieol.  Their  plan  was  to  borrow  money  from  the  villago 
hanWer  or  headman,  [iixmii^ing  to  n-pay  it  iu  grain.  Then,  nnluw 
land  wax  granted  them  on  easy  t«nna,  they  refuKed  to  cultivate.*  . 
BctiiileR  the  owners  of  alienated  wtatea,  landholders  belonged  Co  ' 
two  lending  claiweg,  hen^tiitary  boTder^  or  yroprigtog,  votaintdrt 
or  miroMiiani,  and  leoanU-at^willj  upria.  Qt  propnecors  tl>ero*t 
were  very  few,  not  onu  in  atx,  ancT  almost  all  were  district  and 
Tillngc  offiei-nt.*  Except  ofBccnt,  wlio  might  diwposo  of  their 
Inndrt  and  offices  by  sale,  the  Kh^ndesb  m»m«i/ar  could  only 
tnortgagv  his  lands.  Ti-nnntd-at-will,  uprin,  though  in  theory 
without  any  proprietary  right,  wore  never  ousted  mi  long  as  Uii-y 
paid  their  ehnre  of  the  Govuniuiuitt  demand..  The  same  rates 
were  IcWcd  frxm  the  mir<ij(({ar  as  from  the  tonant'iit-will,  the  chief 
point  of  differonco  being,  that  if  an  uprt  gave  up  hia  field  lie 
liad  no  claim  to  tnlce  it  again,  while  no  length  of  dmo  was  a 
bar  to  the  vaUiiuldr'*  claim.  Under  the  former  government  the 
two  leading  (orms  of  puttlemcnt  were  the  nloUjgb  tenure,  atit 
bandi,  and  the  field  leuurc.  (Ai'iv  handi*  Umier  the  new  Ayjttom 
the  settlement  was  made  with  the  cultivator  and  not  with  the 
headman.  Eru-h  cultivator  tilled  a  certain  quantity  of  land  on 
lu«  prirtile  account.  The  area  and  Qharacter  of  such  man's  holding 
was  ascerlaiued  through  the  hcodmnu,  and  the  aasessmont  waa 
fixed  by  the  Collector.  When  (In;  settlement  ,wns  over,  each 
cultivator  waa  given  a  paper,  jriiHa,  stating  the  rale  of  assessment 
and  the  sum  he  had  to  pay.  When  he  made  any  payment,  a 
rooi-ipt  wa*  pasftifd.* 

Inquiry  into  the  land  revenue  settlement  of  the  district  showed 
that  thongh  they  had  substituted  a  lump  tMaeaamenl.  munddbandi,* 
for  tho  Mawlmia  acre-rata,  t'inkha,  tite  Mwat^MU  had  no  rvcords. 


Chapter' 

Adiainiatratioi 
TboBrilUb. 
LaadAcUm. 
IS19. 


w 


■  C*pt  Urigs*.  Mh  OctnlM  IB10 :  Khinaaih  OoUNtoi^Filel»iaM.l,1SIft-lMii 
Dtttcv  aotti  Uccr.  1S3I.MS.  RctMUooa  157  ttSSI-ISnu  Ditto  (1831-13),  Ort  ladm 
Fkpcn.tV.  701-108.  UduI  IMi,  t]|«  CoHeoiDrnrhuMnMaMtoaiod  loan^bwd*  to* 
Ike  vitUgc  KfTiiit*  fnititt,  bulkami;  toU  .iiiJ  Mil  wktuluiivn,  Dwl  mMrt,  wlMrcT*^ 
(•qiiitwi.  noMTiliiig  l«  s  ^iii>hu(l«d  «nlu  liiwl  In  1S3T  i'y  *h«  Annatant  CollMtor 
Ca(>t.  K<Klg«)i.  lu  ISi7.  Mr.  Voiint;  III*  L'<>ll«-:(<>r  <lcail>l«i1  Hm  la|plily  <J  ttiCM 
•liciulioo*  »nA  tiio  tirnctko  wu  gir«n  u|>.  Hoib.  (iov,  lUv.  B«c.  17  <<(  1893, 
77-79. 

>  i:»i.t.  Bni:K<i.  M(k  Doer.  18ZI  :  HA.  $tl.  lr.7.  l$:i-tSS9. 

■  Almidt  tliii  onlf  nhtittlin  tihit  vi«nt  iio4  aUn  <rfn<ani  mm  HtlM  in  BAgtia. 
C«pt  KriKi :  tlMl  Iii'lia  Puiwra.  IV.  (KU.  In  CapL  Krin>'  o|)inko>  Kliltv.  eW)  the 
orertkrov  of  M  |>rvi|>«i-ty  in  th»  •oil  i>»l  plko*  uiidvr  HnEunrnMan  iKiTtniBiBat. 

•  Cuit.  Btiju*:  I'^t  lii^tiA  I>*pm.  IV.  GUO. 

>  i;ai.t.  UriggK  9Ui  Ocl.  1819  :  Kliun.loili  CoUtclor^  PUo  (SUtlitkiil  ISIS-ISM  [ 
Ditto,  aoili  Txccmhcr  lt.-SI :  US.  Set.  tA?,  182l-t»fll)  Ditto  1823:  Ea*t  India 
Piwrn.  IV.  6U4-l»6^7Al. 

''Ttift  »<><l«  n(  anawtn^in  tb«  tniBp  wiwleploti  ol  lud  at  •  fix*i1  luin,  witlioal 
aa«  rtoATrl  of  th*  extant,  la  mora  obmaiaaia  Kbindsah  tlian  ia  otbar  pravtnow.' 
Mr.  Cba^in,  aoih  AuflOit  1S32  (Rd.  18771,23, 29. 


TB5w« 


[Bombay  < 


278 


DISTRICTS. 


■ptorVni. 

tAnd 
ainiitratiOQ. 


l$t$. 


NIM 

SttthmM, 
I8tl. 


aftil  wpnl  entirely  by  the  old  MuiuUniAn  (Ktpcirs.'  The  old  MiihiI 
jsajK-rft  ftiaro   very   hard  to  get.     ThedinCrtct  i-ffici-rs    llm<ti'   uv 
obstacle   in   tbo   wny   of  coflocting    iiifomiatioii.     I'liey    not 
witlihcM   tlicir  own    njconla,   bul  urjfi'tl  llio    villiigo     oQlcvra 
ooDoeol  tlicira.     So  complete  papers  showing  the  area  nnd  atate 
the  land  vrero  forthc-otning.     Hiicb  aa  nere  produced  n-erv   found 
mcasHrvuivnt  to   be  fulw,  aud  it   wa»  ixinfoi'scfl  lliiK    for  vi-wr" 
Iiu)d.n  bitd  iii-itlier  boeo  measured  nor  assessed.'     Tkeru  w.i 
land     menauromcnt    imd    no    mcognisotl     etnntlanl  of    a- 
Two  villugCH  close  to    iMiob   other,  and  nppitrAiiily  of  the  ttitnic 
were  assessed  differenUv.*     Homo  rilln^e,  ibe  pi-oitei-ly  of    u 
•of  influence  or  of  n  friend  of  tho  f»nn«r,  cnjoyod  a   low  rxin  tal, 
had    b^u    niQch    ouHched    by    the    iuflux    of    people     from 
iwigbboaring  over-asseesed  landB.* 

Though  tncasun-inents  wi^rv  fiitiliy  unci  rates  iinovoa,  Uipy  poi 
not  bo  ill  iiiiio  put  right.  It  was  not  jxtsiHiblo  Miiddnnly  to  iutrodi 
a  new  standard  of  meaHuremoiit.  Tho  old  ciiatomsry  liiiika,  t 
it  varied  iu  dilTervnt  Hub-<)ivi:<ion!<  iiiid  wius  by  no  means  uniform 
all  the  villages  of  one  sub-division,  waa  aoc«pl«iI,  and  tho  wi 
caltirated  land  moaaiiPBd.  No  now  rates  of  asscsHmeut  could 
framc<d,  so  in  each  holding,  afti^r  a  (X>mpari«on  of  the  aruu 
lillaj^!  and  the  kind  of  crop,  the  rental  was  Gxe<\  on  tbe  uve 
payments  of  the  ton  previous  years.  This  rental  iiirliided 
pnymcnlo  thitt  (Muld  be  diitcovered,  aud  frmn  it  tho  nllowaQooa 
to  tho  district  and  village  officers  wore  taken.  The  only 
demand  waa  a  ce«9  formrriy  lovivd  to  pay  the  watchmen,  hnrdt 
of  tho  village  thrashing  tloors.^  Aa  the  exactiomi  hml  bitterly 
steadily  increasing,  the  rentnl  founded  on  a  ten  years'  nvemg«  wu 
in  must  cases  Utta  than  tho  pr«ri<>n«yo.»r'6  demand.  At  tht'  8a.iBe 
time,  the  piipiivnbt for cnnciealed  tillage  broiighl  to  lig'ht  by  the  fresfc 
measaremeitts,  and  the  lowering  of  village  charges,  left  to  the  cnidil 
of  Government  a  revenue  L'y2,m  (Its.  5,27,260)  iu  exoes.i  of  t 
piX!viou.-«  yew's  est i mates.* 

In  1821,  after  three  years'  experience,  a  standard  of  measiireine 
and  atanilard  rates  of  asseupient  weru  ititrodnced.  The  Ktandard 
measure,  a  rod  of  nine  leot,'  took  tlie  phico  of  tliu  vari-iblo 
customary  hig^a^  Inrjuiry  into  the  nssessment  showed  that  there 
were  threo  eliw»e.H  of  rates,  on  dry  land  jimi/at,  on  well-wi»torod 
Jond  mofiutkat,  and  on  canal-watered  laud  jHilatlhal.     Tho  ratea  on 


111 

1 


'  Tli«  micidDt  ivoonls  of  the  Uodid  gi^eroin«iit,  niodiiudit   wcro  beld  tti«  

kutheellti  lliAl  (rjald  liu  pnidiicnt.    Thi><r  vtre  dtlicr  in  the  liiuiila  of  mb-dtvUoinal 
officcraor  witli  tltf  uliii'dliftrift  anvniiilKiA.ittr  lamm-io,  in  iiiviJB  I  Captain  RrtB 
aotii  Dec.  I»l  :   M.S.  HkI.  Ial,\»2l-I829t.    AU  tnoa  of  oorrmttiKMBnU   fori 
ImC  iWDitly-flvu  r«an  ««rv   tu>t  |l79>)-IS'.'0'l,iuid  the  actnal  BUtn  of   thv  Uad 
•ometimci  uiikcuiwu  avcD  to  tli*  cullivatvnt.     I)«ui.  Gov.  Rrr.  Koc.  SO  vt  1822:  IS 

*  CtapL  BnuB,  aoth  Dec.  1831  :  *|S,  SoU  157.  lS21-18a». 
■Bom.  (hvwrtlov.SMa.ms  la'i'l.ya. 
*Hr.  Bliiluiwt<me'iiIt«^K,  INni(K.L  1H72|,S6. 

*  Capt.  BriKgi,  SOtti   IVo.  ItCI.    Ms.  SaU  IG7,  1831  -1839  i  EmI  India  Papon, 
703 :  Capt.  tlodgDa,  SMh  Harch  1S31P  :  Ekun.  Ouv.  K«v.  iUv.  3G3  of  1833. 

'  Capt.  BKflg>.  .tut  Oct  liR2U ;  Bom.  Oov.   Kirv.   K«c.  fiO  of  163%  13»-12e  : 
India  PaiwrClV.  341. 
'  Mr.  Gibcni«'«  EUport,  1Mb  Nov.  l828:C>pl  Brifga,  SaM India  PaiWn.  IV.  < 


laeeuLl 


KHANDESH 


Iry  nnd  woll-wntcred  land  dcnondMl  aol(>ly  on  tlio  qnitlity  ai\t1 
kXtentof  llie  laud;  Lho  ratON  nil  tJiooliimiuil-n-Hterfic)  land  dependitd 
Ntrtly  on  th«  Innd  and  partly  on  the  kind  of  cropa  grown.  In  dry  land 
here  woi-o  122,  mid  in  wwU-wnlorod  laod  thvr«  vrvrat  KJxty-pight 
rarieties  of  aBfte^smeut.  Iln-sfl  vai-ictios  deTOodod  almoftt  eutin^ly  «n 
iiffcront  nays  of  mcraanring  the  Innd.  In  tW  chnniiol-wittci-i'd  lands 
th©  hirjka  ratoa  v>rH>d  from  .>*.  io  £7  (Rs.  2J-Rs.  70)  iwijonling 
b>  the  crops  (fr«wu.  The  result  of  these  extreme  variations  was 
tliat  thn  Government  offii?«rs  tried  to  forco  tho  landholders  to 
gmv  the  ricboKt,  while  tbu  hindholdunt,  an  far  m»  ttury  eould, 
fTow  the  poorest  ci-opa  only.  Until  a  reTenne  survey  was  introduced, 
no  pcrnmm-nt  setllcmont  of  rates  was  poKsihlt.  Tho  chiuigo)  mndo^ 
(18IC-1821)  by  CiiplniD  Brlffgs  wure,  by  the  help  of  an  nuifonn 
Btandard  of  moa^^urenieut,  to  reduce  tho  varietios  of  dry  land  rates 
bo  olfviin  and  of  nt' II- watered  rates  t-o  d§^ht,  In  the  nuso  of  chimncl- 
waterud  lniid.-s  I'rop  ntU'-<>  wt^n.^  iiljoli»liix],  tmd  cbe  rate  ohnrgix!  on  iiU 
land  nnder  eacli  ohannel  was  made  mtiforro.'  In  liiiO,  to  fix  Uia 
Itandunl  acre  rates  on  dry  and  wut^vrvd  land,  CaplAiu  Bribes 
collected  cimfidouliikl  produce  lixlit  frftm  differont  parts  of  tho 
district,  and  from  them  struck  an  average  of  tho  bestv  middle,  and 
worHt  cropN,  iiiid  from  these  tbn'o  cla*»-iivfr>)rt"'  fixvil  <»iio  t^noral 
average.*  Tho  details  wore,  iu  dry  landu,  on  the  best  from  Ks.  2  to 
Bs.  3j,  on  the  middle  from  Ite.  1  to  Its.  2,  on  tj)e  worst  from  anaaa  4 
to  Ro.  I,  and  on  (ioS.OliO  hiijkiis,  an  uvcrafie  of  H».  1-9-fi  ;  in  well- 
mttered  lauds,  on  llm  host  from  R».  Ij  to  Us.  7,  UR  tho  middle  from 
Ra.  3  to  Ha.  5,  on  tho  worst  from  Re,  1  to  Us.  3,  and  on  37,000  hVjUdt, 
EUiaTorugo  of  Rs.  3-I-;  in  clinnnBl>wiitf>rod  land,  on  the  best  from 
lis.  21  lo  Bs.  70,  on  the  middbi  frunVRH.  6  to  K.i.  21,  on  tb«  wurvl 
from  Re.  1  to  lis.  8. and  on  It  bightx*.  an  average  of  lis.  1-13'G.* 

When  tho  rates  were  fixed,  thii  d^k-ctiir  publicly,  bofore  such  of 
the  villatfeni  a»  choHO  to  bo  |fre»<>nt,  settled  with  the  puiil  what 
Bach  cnltirator  was^o  pay..  The  ac«o»niant  jifare  oaeh  man  a  note 
of  tbo  anionnt  dnc,\nd  tho  wttlemrml  was  "[wnly  reoil  aloud  at 
the  viltag^olllce.*  If  Iho  ponph-  eiimplaiiied  of  lods  of  crops  from 
drought  or  blight,  the  m;im!aidiir  or  a  confidential  clerk  went  to 
tli0  #pot,  and  exominod  tho  slato  of  tjlingi;.*  \V1itm  tho  demand 
from  each  oultivutur  wiu*  sotlted,  a  register  was  drawn  up 
ahowin^,  for  each  tield  ia  each  riUage,  its  number  moaeuremeDt, 


Land 
Adminiatrat 

TU  ItritiMb. 

Hfmnit 
Iftllt. 


<  Bom.  0«v.  Kvi-.  Reo.  60ol  1832,  IM.  I36-1S3.  • 

*C»pt.  !• "mi.  OoT.    lie*.  Koo,  50  «r  1922,  130.    0!  the  pr«tu<».  cort.  »nd 

tiTodt  ol'i  :-y,  u-rll-nUTed,   >nd  diiWntl'WiiUrcil  lubli.  f'ai'tniii  RrwtW 

lBtttb«fi.:  "matm.     tn  itry  Inail  *  cultivate   villi  «it(ht  bulliwkji  Riobriiig 

100  hi^L^i  i,l  ill,  Ud'I  unJcT  tilUi^i  aod  raiw  ■  itiMM  iitihIuoc  wottli  K*.  G7S.  On  tliii 
tbo  coat  of  (i11.t«:v  wmilil  bo  Ra.  3&i,  KUr  niiiLtl  Itn.  9Xi,  nml  tiui  tiuit^ia  i)l  profit 
Ha.  -JX  Iu  wcll-valurwi  Unit,  oae  ai«a  nitfa  tnttiit  bullocltR  «*ii  till  13  U/AiLi,  m<1 
r«W  ■  f[rtMM  iiraJuo)  wurth  Rb.  S38.  On  this  Uio  (Xitt  el  HOtge  n<.iiM  l>iRj(.40S, 
Uio  Tcnul  Ka.  T3,  aul  the  nnl  {iroAt  K&  48.  In  <th*Bn«l-w>Uivil  Uiid  *^lil  ^uIt4c3t< 
can  tJlt  2fi  tri}'^*.  viiil<.Ii(>)C  *  groB  pnniQcv  of  IU.  Il'i4.  On  tlitt  tlM  omt  «t  tUb«« 
wiwM  bfi  EU  577,  tfann'nial  lit.  3M,uuJ  tb«  naivinof  prollt  Km.  A3.  Capteta  Brigga, 
BaU  InituL  l>ajwrv,  IV.  691-Gti3. 

>  Caut.  Bninn.  Eiul  la-la  Paptm,  IV.  GOS-CIM  ;  Bom.  €ov.  fUr.  B«e.  71  of  IS23. 

•<.'«pt.  Brigga,!MiOo(.l8IfliKhiiidwliC(>ll«ctor'aFii«l»(9tattetic«),  )818-1«U. 

*  Oipt.  Brigg*,  SOtli  Dm.  ISSl :  MS.  60. 197, 1831  .l8Sil. 


f  Bombay  O&utlMT, 


280 


DISTRICTS. 


jterVin.      oJitfJi  otsoit,  andrste  ofasseasmput.'      Utnliir  ihe  revemio 
■~~.  BTstom-  thp  contrucUn-  commfnilif  pniil  t-hu  rental   in  ailvaoae. 

iuirtration.    allowance  beiog  giren  for  iniprest,     Wban  thv  crops  riiM-ot-il,  J 
_yj^^         were  gathered  into  the  tbmshiog-Roor,  and  u  waieliuuku,  htttdt 
*  was  set  oTcr  tbcm.     MtTcHnnlii  and   bankera   than  became   Bnr 

ftiienad  tb»t tbftctilttvatora  would  pay  tbeirrenU.aud  tbv  gniin  wiw    " — ' 

UtJ,  to  be  taken  away  and  sold.     Rent  was  gcnittally  due    be' 

crops  wvru  e'>ld,  and  in  cun.siM|ueiiCQ  tha  cnkivatora  were  t^ 
sol]  their  grain  and  somelin]e«  to  tnortjfd);^- tbi-ir  CTopx  at 
prices,  andsofforcd  iinposili'>n»of  iii!  miris.*    Under  t bo  ue" 
the  watcbnuMi  were  a^liahed,  aiid  tbe  cuUiratorH  allowed 
*roHli»e  tbe  vaino   of   tbcir  crops  boforo  thu   n^nl   wiut    ckUm 
Tho  rent  was  lunjilly  takon  in  money.     When  reut  in   kinil" 
oonimut<.-d  for  a  luuuev  payment,  theamotint  vm»  H-tnally  fixed  at  1 
valne  of  the  produce  in  the  prowding  year.     But  the  syntvm  vann 
much  in  dilTurcnt  |»ri«  o(  tlio  district.*     An  affreonient  was 
from  tbe  headman  on  Iwbalf  of  the  rilbge  to  make  good  all  ca^ 
defalcatioDfl  on  account  of   deaths,  desertions,  or   faittirc?.* 
moDOywas  colWti^^l  by  tbo  hnKlmnn  orni'Ociuutant  direct  '. 
cultiTatoTs,  and  paid  by  him  to  the  stipendiary  officer,  shti-- 
mdmlalddr,and  from  tnem  it  catufl  direct  into  the  tfeatnxTj,* 

In  the  early  years  of  Britiih  riilo  an  attempt  wati  made-   to 
tho    old    ityntitm    of    luaM-hoUI     eullivatton.     L'udor     tbia     syntf 
according  to  tbe  posiiion  aodcbRmcterof  the  binds,  terms  were 
and  the  property  leased  to  a  Tilla^^  headman  or  common  culliratn 
During  the  Si-M  year  the  land  tviin  ntut-free,  during  th«  second 
pudafoartb,  during  the  third  a  half,  and  so  on  tilt  in  tha  " 
year  it  was  liable  (or  tho  fall  amount'.     This  8yHl«u  of  loasoa  did  i 
work.     On  thg  ono  hand,  without  any   special  inducetucut  of  i 
tind,  tbe  maiui«naDce  of  order  fostered  the  spread  of  til  Inge,  and  i 
tho  other  tbe  people   now  enjoyed   fixity  of  tcnim>  witlnmt  a  Ic 
and  the  memory  of  forinvrabuaof  made  them  uanilling  to  uudcrta 
tbe  responsibility  of  a  leaaoi.' 

Among  ihc  i>arlie.-<i   mottsnrcs  to  ensure  a  bettor  knowledge 
tbe  country  was  a  survey.     The  work  wiw  begun  in    ltil8  and   w« 


simply.  t< 
of  a£  U 


opogriipbic 


continued  till  February  1827'  At  first  it  was 
but  it  aftenvard»  included  the  clftsxiiication 
garden,  and  waste* 

•      With    the    settlement    of    the     land    revenue,    tho     no 
•.  impurfjint  question  of  revcnno  alivnatious  was  taken  up.     'j'^ 


)  C^pt.  Brigsi.  m>th  Doc- 1821  :  M..S.  SoL  IST.  ISSl-tSSA 
*OuA.  BriwK  1H::|.23.  Rom  Imlin  Papon,  IV.  (!!». 
.*  Bwt  ladu  PaMn,  IV.  em. 
«0*pe.  Bfiggi,  aut  Iu.lia  Pftp*r»,  IV.  697. 

•  Capl.  Mggt.  Oth  Oct.  1819  ;  Kliindfuth  CoUcctnrV  Ti\»  1M,  1918- 1844. 
■  Ctpt-  BngX^  Kut  Iniiin  Paj»>ni.   IV.  tyj~.     'Thn  iiyitt«iD  of  Immo  wu  Mtt  eif 

aptill  11B7.'    Mr,  W.  lUmwy   f..S.  ' 

'  (hivimunciit  Letter  to  Mr.  Praul*  th«  Siirwy  Officer,  0th  F«bruwT  laST. 

•  Mr.    Kli>hia>ioiu>   to   tho  Collsctor,   6Ui  DttOenibw  1S18  i  KUadoih  Cu 
Survey  File  435,  I$I8-IS42. 

•  Ocdtoutor'a   Loiter  to  the  ConnnlMioDw,   9th  Jam)  KKH  :  Kliinitcati  Co 
Survey  Ifilt  430,  t8)8-iS42. 


Deccftii.| 


KHAN'DKSI! 


ond^T  (ho  MnrnDui  ffoveniiiti^'ut,  bad  increased  cii»ni)<iU!<ly,  aitd  4d 
tbe  Iat<;r  and  more  uiBtiirbed  yeare,  force  aud  fraud  had  joinc>d  to 
Swell  lh(>  roll  of  unaiithon»«di  fdiouaiionM.  LUtn  of  all  vluiiiiH  to 
exoiri[>tii>ii  vifrif  pM^jiiintd.  Em'A*  cmi'.  wax  HifUt<l,  nod  if  Uw 
authority  was  found  valid  and  tbo  fjrant  was  ia  accordance  with  che 
rocofirTiiHed  nilcH  of  tho  Pushnra'H  govurDnivDt^  it  was  conlintiod. 
Whou  ao  valid  title  wiw  found,  th«  grant  wait  itlrucic  off  the  roll!i> 

ThoOffh  it  was  abolifihed  as  rtigards  the  land,  the  ferniiug  aystcui 

Traa  maintained  in  other  bi-anchox   of  revenue.     The  cuatums  were 

'  ft*rnii?d,  and   ihrn;'  vriw  at  first  much  coniiH^tition    with  a  ronrlct-d 

Ljucrcosii  of  revenue.     Bui  in  1821   the  ^met^  loat  heavily  and  the 

eltom.4  were  sTwatly  reduced.*      The  chief  item  of  miscellaneoiw* 

ifenne  was  the  license  tax,  mohtarja.    This  cess  was  either  levied 

Froiti  the  iudiviiiim)  or  a  lump  sum  was  recovcrt^d  from  the  bead   of 

body  of  craftsmen,  and  he  waa  left  to  distribnte  the  amounts  as  he 

shosu.     Theineideneeuf  tlie  tas  waa  mofit  aneqnal.      Insoin^!  towns 

^t  wail  opj>re«five,  in  olhers  it  wait  little  mon;  tmiii  iirnntnnl.     Other 

uscellaneons  taxes,  yielding  a    total   revenue  of    ii'uOH    (lis.  2(W0), 

•vre  in  ltt20,  on  Captain  Bnggs'  rocominenilation,  aboliahod.* 

The  nrttult  of  these  cbana^a  was  on  the  whole  aatisfaettiry.  Tho 
ivstem  of  aettlinf,'  with  inuividual  cultivators  was  at  first  onpoi*ed. 
iiiit  it  became  poputiir  «"  suon  as  the  Wlliijrers  understood  ihiit  it  freed 
thcin  from  the  dtHtrict  nflicerii'  denioiiilfl.*  fii  1818,  though  rholcm 
iwept  off  thousands  and  severely  crippled  the  whole  body  of  tho 
loople,  the  season  was  on  the  whole  faronrable.  Grain  prices  mled 
ligh,  nml  of  fllD.Wil  (Ks.  II,!K>,8I0),  the  iimonnt  fur  colloction^ 
lU  but  XiiSti  {R«,  38r>0)  were  realiaeJ.  The  people  were  very  poor, 
loused  in  hovels,  and  scantily  clothed.  Ktill  the  security  of  person 
knd  priipcrty,  together  with  blieral  lilhii^i  atlviin^M,  and  Ichmm 
fiant«-d  on  most  easy  terms,  made  ilieni  industrious.  The  powers  of 
be  labouring  classes  were  strained  to  their  utmo«t.  Numbers  of 
iay  lalionreni  wore  netliug  up  lui  landholder.-*,  aud  except  with  the 
freatest  ditGcuIty,  neither  cattle  nor  men  conid  be  hired.'  Next 
roar  (1819-20),  though  the  district  again  enffered  severely  from 
;holen»,  the  tillage  area  rose  by  98,539  l'lt^h'i»,  bjkI  the  collvvtionif, 
mth  only  isn  <lt=..  fiftIO)  i.f  remissions,  by  £14,715  (Rs.  1,47,150). 
['rices  again  ruteTl  high,  and  in  spite  of  a  considerable  rise  in  the 
■ates,  tho  rovcuoc  was  rcalirted  withonl  pres-Min-,  iw  the  jx-oph' 
urere  relieviMl  (rfHU  vexatiouc  iniiuitiition  and  could  sell  their  graiu* 
o  llie  beat  advantage  and  pay  their  rents  without  mortgaging* 
heir  Crops  to  asurious  monvylimdurs."     lu  1820  a  time  of  very 


■  Mr.  W.  Ruu«y,  CA 

'  i:a|>t.  Briaipi.  VMi  Hmt.   IHS3 :  Bom.  Oar.   Rev.  Bee  '3  □(  IE2S,  101  ■  102.     Tiie 

nne  leM^tiRi  £T1IM  IIU.T4.U40)  in  IlitT  to  £17.061  (Ri.  I.TO.SIO]  in  1820  (Rev. 

.  90  of  1832,  l&D).     At  dnt  Uia  Uixl  cuntomi  nta  mvo  oxtremulf  baniuuHitiw. 

iChoplawul  thciruMof  IfaodwtrictUicn;  wcrcsix  tfllli,  whtcb,  oii  niMbultocfc- 

to  poundii ('2 nutiw) «t iiiili|ri>.  Icviirt  I'l  Hi.  M.  (Rm.  I4-II-4)i  Minute,  May 

1  <jo%-cnii»cnt  LettoT.  I2tli  ^Uv  \fri».  iu  Ooiu.  Got.  Rcr.  Itcc.  iSi  a(  18». 

Gov.  Rov.  Roe.  SO  of  IS2-i.  lb  ISO. 
..  BrisH,  aOth  Dcctunbo  1S2I,  MS.  SoU  1S7.   IS21-1SS9:  Hr.  EtpyiwtuMl* 
SfllhtfctoT      


ct«b«rlSl!i(E.l.  1872).  28. 
I^Bmu.  Oor.  Rav.   Rue  JMlol  ltK!2,  lU-IM. 

n  41 1— 3a 


■Ditto  Mot  1822;  130-ISl. 


ChaptOT 


Land 
Administration. 

The  Britinli. 
SttHio 

tsti. 


RrttJU, 
ISlS-tStS. 


[bomba;  OassttMr, 


282 


DISTRICTS. 


Chftpter  Tin 

Land 
AdminiatratioiL 

The  BritiBh. 

Baaila, 
1818- 18M8. 


great  presauro  set  in.  The  rains  failed,  and  large  remiBsionB,  £9535 
(Rs.  95,1}50),  hud  to  he  pi-smted.  At  the  same  time,  as  the  tilli^ 
area  had  ineroased  hy  84,800  hlghdit,  in  spite  of  the  failure  of  crops, 
the  price  of  grnin  gradually  fell.  The  revenue  was  recovered,  bat 
some  of  the  later  iiiMtalmontswere  paid  slowly  and  grudgingly.'  Next 
year  (1821)  matters  grew  worse.  Thtf  early  crops  aoffbred  from 
want  of  rain  and  the  late  cropn  were  di-stroyed  DJ^-  hli^tit,"  andlfl 
the  time,  in  spite  of  a  slight  fall  of  lti,52U  hvjhna  in  the  tillage  amC 
from  the  niovcmcntH  to  other  distriftn  of  many  of  the  couBuming 
military  classes,  grain  kept  falling.-  Pritcs  were  now  fi-om  fifteen 
to  twenty  jwr  ct-nt  loifcr  than  they  had  been  for  thirty  years.  A 
t reduction  of  rents  wiia  urgently  rc!f[uirt'd.^  Many  of  the  new  land- 
holders, with<uit  capital  to  support  them,  were  ruined,  and  thougli 
£1-2,975  (Us.  1,29,75U)  were  remitted,  Itmd  yielding  a  revcnae  o1 
£21,934  (lis.  2,19,31.0)  was  thrown  up.*  To  meet  the  distress 
Govornment  ordered  the  Collector  to  abandun  the  regular  assesB' 
ment  and  make  such  change  in  the  (iiovcruiuent  demand  as  scemM 
to  him  necessary.'  The  nest  season  (1822-2-J)  was  again  trying 
The  early  crops  were  partly  ."poiliJ  Ijy  too  much  rain,  and  the  colt 
weather  luirvcst  was  almost  entirely  destroyed  by  blights  anc 
thunderstorms.*  In  sjjite  of  a  fui'tber  fall  of  100,776  bighdn  iB  thi 
tillage  area,  grain  still  continued  cheap,  and  Captain  Briggs  edvi8e« 
a  further  rent  reduction  of  twenty-five  per  cent,'  ITie  diatric 
was  still  covered  with  almost  endless  forests,  '  a  den  of  tigera  ani 
wild  animals'.*  At  the  same  time,  compared  with  1818,  largi 
numbers  of  settlers  had  come  from  BerSr,  Sindia's  territary 
and  GiijarAt.  284,870  biti/Ubf  had  been  redeemed  for  tillage 
155  villages  re-peopled,  and  some  of  the  lands  of  105  other 
reclaimed."  Tlio  following  year  (1823-21)  began  with  an  iQcreap 
of  24,2(14  highttH  in  the  tiltape  area.  The  season  was  unfavourahlE 
But  a  rise  in  (irices  to  their  old  ( 1 819)  level  helped  the  husbandmei 
and  though  £4318  (Rs.  43,180)  were  remitted,  tlie  net  collection 
rose  by  £10,004  (Its.  1,00,040).  In  1821-25  the  tillage  ara 
incresisod  by  1  (i,070  In'^h'is.  It  was  a  season  of  almost  ntt«r  £ailiir 
of  crojis.  £04,843  (Hs.  6,48,430)  or  nearly  half  of  the  revena 
was  remitted,  leaving  a  net  collection  nfoidy  £09,044  (Es.  6,90,440] 
the  smallest  revenue  on  rociird.  Next  year  (1825-20),  heliied  by  thea 


>  Capt.  Brig;,ii.  Sfith  September  1822:  ti.,m.  Uov.  llev.  Reo,  72  of  1S23,  99. 
'  Capt.  BriyL'a,  2jtli  Septtinber  1S?2:  Hcmi.  Guv.  Kev.  Eec.  72  of  1823,  99. 
•Cnpt.  Hri-UB,   2.)Ui  SopletiibtT  1822;  Bern.  Gov.  Itav.  Roc  72  of  1823,  ltX}-10I. 

•  ('-.in.  Gov.  Ilov.  Ilea.  72iif  lS2;t,  W.IU. 

■  L'apt,  Briggs,  Bf.iD.  Gov.  lU:v.  lice.  72  of  1823,  08.  ResidcB  from  the  miafortmi 
Dotvil  111  tlio  tt-:ct,  KhHiiileah  siiifcruil  from  thu  attacks  uf  HUils  imil  the  nvagaat 
tigers.  (Mr.  L'linplin,  2()th  Auguat  \&i-2,  [htrx  'il).  Thuit:  was  also  a  great  fiood  t 
Soptenibtr  wlicii  GTi  villngus  were  eiitiroiy  nml  .W  were  ^rtly  swojit  aw*y  with  ■ 
estimateil  Ioab  of  £-^\IKH}.  L'npl.  Itriggx,  0th  Decuuilwr  1H22  and  ISUi  Fabcmac 
1823  :  ll"'in.  Gov.  Ituv.  lice.  72  of  182.1.  106. 

•  IVini.  Gov.  Rev.  Kec.  72  of  182,1.  lOB.  '  Ditto  ditto,  105-106. 

■  Mr.  Cliaplin,  20th  August  1S22  ;  l-:aat  Imlia  Pajiers,  IV.  515.  So  alu  Cft 
BHifSS  (Slat  Uotobtir  18^)  writes  ;  '  A  vaatt^itunt  of  jungle  remains  in  tho  luu 
of  Kndnclcsb.  nearly  i>nt-halCof  tliu  rilliLgea  uf  tlic  interior  are  deacrtALl  uid-  glTC 
to  wild  beasts. '  Bom.  Gov.  Itcv.  Rcc  50  of  1622,  157.  • 

•  Capt.  Brigga,  Efut  India  Papers,  IV.  6»7  ;  Mr.  GhaiiUn,  ditto  615. 


can.) 


KUANDESil. 


263 


Lund 
Adauuistrtttioa. 

Tbo  Britutk 
ArMttiL 


liberal  remiaBJona  and  by  Id^  gram  prices,  the  tillagi)   iux>«      Otaptirr  T 

d  by  1 13,801  biglidn.     The  soason   wae  a^D  unfavourable, 
iUIJDO    (fo.    1,07,9110)    were    rx^milK-^l.     In    1820-27    the 
itinued  bi^b  jirodiioo  prioea  caosed  a furtlitr  spread  of  lOM bigh'i^ 
"ilnjfo.     The -season  w«B  uiifavotiraljlo,  and  £20,5 13  (Ub.  2,05, 4.'W) 
Id  U?  mniilU-d.     Tbo  bigh  priwm  pi-uvvnUrd  dt^lrvxH,  and  next 
(18tf7-'J)4)  (hero  wan  a  fuHber  rise  iu  tillage  uf  2t!,0'>2  hi-/fni$, 
m  sptto    ^  lar^    romiEsions,   £12,845   ^tft.   l,23,4oU),  the 
«Tcuuf  ruHv  by  £1 1,017  {lUf.  1,10,170). 

la  1828,  tie  Collector  Mr.  Oibeme'  fumisbed  (invenitnent 
rith  the  following  detailed  account  of  the  revenue  system  then  in 
irce.  Pom'Vtfnurpiiq>i>»CHtbedii!tpict  wnsdiutribul^  over  fifttxm  ' 
iab*dirisi(iiiH,  liilukim,  with,  in  I'acU,  eight  tu  sixlveu  petty  diyi»iou», 
arafa  or  tappn*,  of  four  to  fifty  villa^s.  For  revenue  purposeR 
toch  villiif^t  hiid  two  chief  officers,  the  headiuiin,  pntil,  aiiu  tbo 
lO^uiitiuit,  kulktirni.  Kiii'h  pclly  division  wax  uiidKr  a  nht-khdar, 
knd  each  sub.dirision  under  a  manilatdar.  The  village  headman 
mcoiiruged  tbo  iniltivator  to  taku  tip  fnwh  land,  hi-lpcd  bini  with 
idvice,  aiid stood  aeourityfor  bia  paymonl  of  udvnnceo.  AIkmiI  Ihu 
le^iuuiQ?  of  Oclobur,  with  the  petty  di\'i»i»na1  ottic«r  the  sub- 
liviifiomd  herfililiiry  ofliour  ail  J  ih"  villap-  afciitiiilaiit,  the  bcadtnan 
Helped  in  the  yearly  aurvoy  of  the  viltage  laud  and  cnMW,  aiding  and 
nporiD lending  the  measurement  of  the  cnltivated  lands.  The 
■coouiilnnt  otiiiuitcd  the  sum  oxpectt-d  to  Iw  rcaJii«;d  from  each 
andbolder,  and  forwardotl  it.  to  tbo  Hub-divinJonal  oiliivi',  tognUior 
itb  a  rough  register  of  laud  tbravm  tUjb  of  exchangea  and  of  increase 
d  docroaNc  in  tillage  with  tho  caus^^ssigned  in  each  C4uc.  From 
liesn  esttiuateH,  tlif  dub-div.tiiioniil  nflicitr  fi)riiii.H]  ii  guuernl  oatiuiale, 
ind  forwarded  it  to  tJio  district  head-nuarters.  At  the  time  of  the 
renrly  wirvoy  tbo  nocouulantnot  cd  tfie  proceeding*  of  the  Survey, 
ksd  froin  tho  tuoasiin^uutnt-t  nuide  u  iiJ-;/i'('?ni'j((iT/  showing,  witb 
unmbers  attached,  the  lields  held  by  each  cultivator,  andast^cond 
)latum<.-»t,  knlgha<ini  Jar,  of  tlie  nmotmt  dtiu  on  each  Iniflii 
iccionbog  to  the  mt»s  iu  forco  in  lh4>  former  yeitr.  Krom  these 
ndividnal  accxinta,  be  compiled  a  genera)  village  statement, 
}whvar<i,  giving  etwh  cultivator's  name  and  tbo  size  o£  his  holding 
uid  ^howiug  any  drcriMute  or  incr<HMie  with  it«  cauMo- 

Tbo  petty  divisional  officer,  »/i<iA'A</(ir,  with  a  charge  nelding  from 
tiiOOto  £1500(K8,  oOOO-Ra.  I5,(H)y),  moved  from  village  to  village,  • 
overlooking  the  village  oHiwrs  iknd  stirring  up  the  beadmen.  A«  a  • 
check  on  the  village  otHrerM,  he  kept  an  acoonni  of  receiptor,  test*-d  tbo 
entries  by  comparing  tbom  with  cultivators'  papers,  and  fnrwarih-d 
A  monthly  atatemvut  to  the  «Hb-divi»ioiial  offiour.  The  sub-di\i&ionid 
officer,  mamJatti'ir,  at  the  fiwiiig  s<?ri.'U)mi,  moved  about  the  petty 
division!*  under  his  charge  encouraging  I  he  people.  At  another  jwrifid 
of  the  year  ho  wout  nn  cii-cuit  lo  distribute  thu  landholders'  settlo- 
luent  papers,  kut  pattds.  In  this  settlement  was  entered  thoitroa  of 
oud  huld,  tbo  bigha  rate  due,  the  village  expenses,  and  the  total 


ftopoM  ul  Itllb  Kuvumlxir  tKS. 


fBomlMy  GuoHmt, 


284-  ' 


DISTRICTS. 


itlM 


f,ft»fVlil.      tMim  (0   bo  paid.     On  H('1ivt>ring  tlita  deed,  tho  m&mlatditr  eot 
j^^  miiiiilely  mto  the  landiiDtder'a  account,  ctimpared  bi.iHriiloiiiont  witli 

the  vilLii^'  at-conn tan t'H  etati^'incDl,  and  noccivin^  tho  act:tiunl»ul'ii 
incinonindA  of  [lavnicntw,  ctidorswi  tho  Hiatlvmont  pajKT  iriiK 
iht'  Riim  paid  and  didiv^red  it.  The  m&tulMii&r  uiiwlo  nilvuDnu, 
lak'iri,  in  Ma;  and  June  for  tho  osriy,  and  in  Angnst  and  Septet 
ttss.  forth*)  hitv  crops.     Ho  i^.^ut  to  tliv  ht-nil-()unrti!rM  ndi-tailed  mc 

wciJtint  of  rc<?eipt«  uid  ditiburHementa  ;  forwarded  weolcty  ^'tnt 
of  treaanry  balances ;  and  on  tho  first  of  tho  month  Bent  Ibo  >atii 
to  the  hend-quartvr  tn-ii.->iinr'.  At  tho  cio««  of  the  ycnr  a  cleikji 
karkun,  attended  itt  )ii'ii<l-i|uar1er8  with  the  whole  of  Uio  iicconnl^i 
ffheii  tiioy  wore  compared  and  balancdd.  \\Tieu  the  aiik-dtviisioial 
iind  villi»g(t  uflk-ers'  yearly  niwistm'nu'ut  of  tillod  landi;  was  iioarlf 
oompleltxl,  the  CVdleetor  and  bis  aAalitants,  travidlin^  throujffa 
the  diatrict,  with  the  ngaa]  c«tablishtnent«,  the  petty  divitionnl,  tb« 
horvtiitary  snb^divistonid,  and  the  villsgo  ofRu^ns,  complotud  for  (mcIi 
Tillage  it»  yonriy  fiitt  tleuiont.  I1te  gonoral  village  stAlt^iiioiil ,  ^oghvdra, 
was  examined  liy  the  European  officer  and  nececsary  chnii}^-^  wvif 
made.  From  this  wa«  fornicdtho  ri)l»^NettIcinentdced,Maniebii)ui| 
Hht'win^  tho  ob»iif^r<  from  Lhs  hi>r  yiriu' h  MOttloniriit  luid  the  rcn<tnii3 
of  the  chaugi^.  The  rales  of  flBsessment  were  fixed  on  tJie  ' 
old  customary,  wfintFii,  rate«.  An  attempt  luaile  in  Ib2l,  by  i.  _  :_^ 
tho  soil  to  fix  thi!  ram  ncoordinsrJ)^  t^i'*  intrinsic  value  <>(  tne  bwd, 
had,  from  tho  want  of  asufficient^scientiScHystem,  proved  unKatiii- 
factory  and  been  altandouod.  Until  a  jiist  and  accurate  anpvey  (\)nlil 
be  tnado,  tbct  .■ietlliMnciil  oiriri-r.-*  l'^onton(l^d  ihcmselroB  with  oqoaliaiitg 
tfaeratoa  whenever  an  inequality  ina&sesHmeni  caino  to  light.  As  tha 
rates  weroadmiltedly  fixed  on  uo  (.'ortain  basis,  and  a»  nothiii}^  waa 
Icuuwii  OS  to  the  nmrf^iti  uf  pi-ofil  thoy  left  to  the  landholder,  ibe 
f^iiiit,  of  ivnu)(:<i<>nn  •Kum  n  part  of  the  HViitoiii.  ^\'1ll.■n  crops  failed 
either  partially  or  wholly,  the  aub-dirisional  and  district  otRcent  madCj 
carefulinquiries  as  to  the  extent  of  the  loss  and  fixed  correspondhig 
n-Tuiiuiiiiis.  Wlien  IIm-  croiw  were  cut  and  the  ^r^in  uroaghf 
into  the  villnf^  stack-yard,  it  had  t^o  be  watched  tmtil  security  wat 
ifiven  for  tho  paymout  of  the  Goveniuiewt  dues.  The  timoc  pn-HcribeJ 
for  the  cultivHtor's  [uiymi?nt«  were  from  OcloWr  to  Juiiuiiry  for  th^ 
oarly,  and  fmia  Jimimry  to  April  for  the  late  crops.'  The  iK^dinat 
helped  in  roalisinR  the  rL'reimo  and  furnii«hvd  tho  aulln'rilii-i^  wjtli 
iho  MHtiu-;t  of  dofHolr<-i:ei.  The  aceoiiutant  kept  a  record,  tahrit,  q| 
ach  laiiaholder'd  payments,  and  at  the  close  of  the  year  fanti:the<i 
>teinent  of  actual  wK-eipts. 

Abixi^lhe  &nu)e  time  (1829?),  Colonel  Sykea,  from  an  inquiry  inn 
the  Kb&ndofih  returns,  showed  that  it  wns  the  most  heavdy  taxod 
of  the  nfciiin  district*.  Thisi  waa  pet'hi4]i«  ptirfty  due  to  tho  spccialU 
large  are»  of  ^rdeii  land.  But  eveo  without  the  garden  land,  if 
ecemed  that  the  higha  rate  avomgod  from  2*.  to  18«.  3d.  (tt«.  li 

m  ■  ^ _^_^^^^_ 

* 

>  lu  pmcticc  Ilia  fvItB mliOBt  iniMliD«Dli  vere  not  Inllnweit  Uy  to  I8A2  lliaii 
iiTiit*  WFT*  Dftyi  ra«i>T«n>it  tnint  tho  tioom  luKlholdan  in  oar  lunp  miiii  Mom  ihah 
<;t«i^  UT(«  <Ill|K«^  e(.     boiii.  tiny.  Rev.  Kcc.-JUof  ItUt,  lart  II.  3239-3241.  * 


*^acti 


J 


DeccAn-l 


KUiNBESH. 


285 


9  tut.  2)  or  from  fifty  to  one  liimdred  per  cent  higher  tium  Ao      Chaptar 


I 


I  rate  in  other  districtis.* 

Tho  district  which  Tor  isome  MMOiut  had  huITcixkI  from  failnre  of 
ei'<^)]K<,  hiitl  lion-  five  years  (1828-1832)  of  most  abuwhiut  harre«t«. 
But  th^rp  iv'iis  ucither  a  lt>v»]  Dor  u»  unlinido  domaDd  for  the  graiu, 
and  ihf  innrkols  wun!  speedily  jfluttod,  Indian  millt-t,  j'rdri,  felling 
to  lITi  )«iund.i  in  l^^^andlU  iu  182U.  This  fall  nmlo  thv  moucy 
iit»<)!»iueat  ruinously  hvavy  and  cuused  the  most  widespread 
distr(.'&<j.  The  asttoNMuviitH  rvpraiwntcd  w  larj^  a  share  of  the  crops 
tlmt  thvir  pnytnvnt  and  the  expeuseii  of  tmrneduiu*  «ul>)iii>tvDco, 
nearly,  if  not  quite,  absorbed .  tbo  cultiv^r'a  produce,  l(^aviag; 
him  no  mar^D  for  iniprorvinont.*  Many  hod  to  give  up  ngnculture 
and  »(vk  othiT  iiiniiiri  of  earning  a  living.'  Bctweim  1827-28 
and  Ii<2'J-;iO,  the  tilta^  aiva  fell  by  67,7(it)  liujha*.  Only  by  a 
gunentl  lowerinf^  of  assoMsiiifnt  <.'i)uld  prosperity  be  maintained. 
Goroniintnt  wure  wilislied*  that  tho  genvrul  statu  of  partu  of 
Kh^indiMh  waa  worse  tban  the  othor  Deccan  districts.  To  amend 
oiattera,  one  wiy  impurtaut  object  wa»  (o  unvonmgo  irrigation  and 
gardon  tilliigo,  and  viilb  tbis  objajri^Tery  great  nxbictions  in  iiw 
ralfH  on  well-n-ntored  land  wer^^jnactiuned,  and  the  offer  of 
advances  for  ijuilding  wolU  oncoiimgod.  lU-dnctions  wore  also 
ordcnvl  in  dry  crop  lands  whtterer  imjuirv  shevred  i^xceitsivo  riit^w. 
Kmm  live  to  ten  yeora'  toaserOn  favouraf)lp  terms,  both  of  small 
holdings  and  of  rillagoo,  won-  granlud,  and  rcmi^rtions  amounting  to 
£20,8  W  (lU.  2,98,-l«0}  fMnctioned.*  Those  rttduclioui*  and  spocinl 
moasuroa  did  niucb  to  relieve  the  distreaa.  Next  year  (1830-31) 
the  tillage  area  roso  by  38,0G3  fiigltag,  and  remissions  fell  bo  £7dt41 
(B«.  "«,8m).  Mr.  Ihiniop  (November  1831)  found  tlio  p<XH)lo 
in  MiMi-b  hotter  circnimrtanceB,  comfortable,  and  ^jnteuted."  Tho 
W^  area  of  wa-'l^t  garo  ample  nn>m  for  gnucing  catlto,  and  moat 
of  IIk«  onltivatoni  kept  cows  enough  to  increase-  tht-ir  tiUH-k  juid 
oocaaionally  bad  some  animals  t'>  Hrfl.  Their  buffalo  milk,  besides 
supporting  the  fiimilv,  enablwithem  lo  make  conaidi-niblo  quantitius 
of  c'larifiod  bnttvr.  fbe  sales  yielded  good  profits.  On  the  whole, 
Mr.  Donlop  thoiif^bl  tlm  puoplu  of  Kbimdosh  much  better  off  than 
most  othvrM.'  Bui  again  there  came  a  frv^h  full  of  prio'i*.  Indian 
millet,  J niri,  going  aa  low  as  144  pounds,  with  a  shrinking  of  20,033 
bightiit  in  the  tillage  area  and  n  rtMo  of  £3608  (Rs.  30,0^0)  in 
rvnits^ioni;.  Iliiit  was  followt^d  by  a  year  (1832-33)  of  alnioitt  tutnl 
failure  of  crona  in  which  ihe  tillago  arua  wae  fortner  reducgd  hf 
■W,358  biifM«.  Very  liberal  remiasiona,  £34,298  (H«.  3,42^80) 
were  grant4.<d,  and  tbe  rise  in  Indian  millet  prices  t»4lbity-80Ten 


Land 
AdminiBtratloii 

TEiu  Hril. 


Col.  8yk««  in  Lith»i:nii>liT<I  riprn, 

iav  ISW.  ou  KLand 

Guv.  Brv.  lUv.  -262  "I  \fl29. 


•Mitiiite  dauil  May 


lis. 


IS21I,  ou  KLatidnili  MwnrMnt  JU|>1  Biiveinie   Rt^rta.'Bou, 
•Cnpt.  Hu>lx<».   3r<«)>  UmHi  IK9!)t  R««.  Otni.  Rov.  Rec.  MS«J  180. 


uiulv 
LrtU- 


Utv-t 


f- 


'  I82P. 


Mr.  UaiOofK, :; 


*>  SftU  Not.  1831,  Uuok  [jot.  iUv,  Uva  WO  ur  tSao,  14. 


M^HaSt  >3  1i 


idombMj  SuftUtr, 


■nd 
■tntlon. 


'ttit. 


DISTttlCTft 


piAiidii  helped  tbe  iiieople  to  tide  over  their  distreas  witboot  any  loM ' 
i>f  muurros. 

For  mtvi-iiiI  yvnTs  (IS33-18S7)  {iricefl  oontinaml  ttigli  I'.i 

wo*  a  Hprtmil  in  llii>  tillage  area  from  8S!S,7&7  {itghii*  iu  i  :  i" 

l,20l,I&7  ('Ujliiii  in   I837-38,  and  a  com^spnndiDg  rise  in     ' 
collwlions  !rom  £121,463  luflSl.-i-i?  (Ka.ljfcl  1,030 -R*.  13,1  i...  ■,. 
Tb<>  lt«>v.  Mr.  AIil<-Ui,'Il,  who  passed  throng  Khaixk-ili  iu  Janiuuy 
IS37,  rioricod  that  tliou^h  many  villaj^  wen.'  pnrtU-  or     '  '.^ 

dL<sorlud    mill  Inr^n  Inds  of  land  lay  UQltlluiI   iin<!  <«-  i-.h 

brushwooi],  Giivtmmcal  was  (loinjj;  much  ti^  npeu  welLi  tiu<l  n\tuf 
piinilti  and  dnms,  arfd  tke  people,  tliuiieh  wry  pwr,  were  obligiog 
k(l  itiilush-iuus,  N»whi<ro  wcrru  ihu  blr-oningii  of  Hngltsli  ruin  to 
vviih'iil.aiiiltiowheivlutil  he  seen  those  blrasing^so  much  apnntotatod. 
lutho  Konkanand  Doccau  were  constant  mnrmurings ;  in  Kh^ndaah 
lit'  lii'iinl  not  a  singlu  oxpirsiiittn  of  discontunl,  bat  manj  of 
)fnititui)i\' 

In  1838-39  canwanotherTearnfextreime  scarcity,  with  a  fall  in  Ute 
tillagD  arm  of  3!>,]27  hi^haa  and  in  iho  not  oolluctiona  of  £4<v'j73 
(IU  ■1,03, 7;10).  Thorisoin  pricva  caused  amnrkedincreaaein  Iti:i{M1> 
of  ria.On?  hui'tai  in  tilla^i  and  of  £62,311  (IU.  G,28,1I<))  iu  net 
mllpct  ioDs.  Vhis,  frftm  n  sudden  d^jpin  pricos,  was  again  followed  by 
ahc'ovy  fall.  And  iu  IaH-42,  in  spite  of  ii  rise  of  33,3-if> '•■;/'>''*'<  and 
£(i:ti):{ (Kn. (>:i,(i;:tO)  of  rerenno,  Mr.  Vihart  the  Reruuito  0<>uimis.'<iiiiM» 
fi>uDd  th^aast<8inn<>ntsuiiKiuiMfa<''ury,  Hi' knew  that  on  accouut  of  its' 
COMtlitiotn,  II  rvgiilar  wiirvi-y  couKl  tii>l  In*  iiitrodaoocl.  Still  he  thought 
■nuohnii^ht  be  done  Ijy  carefnl  rensionaon  the  part  of  the  Collector 
and  hiH  ofiHistants.  The  mdudatd^'s  charges  were  too  large,* 
and  thuir  itubordinntcA  wore  uudurpnid  and  badly  supDrvi&cd, 
Hail  it  not  bvAi  fur  ita  iiatuml  ricliitrMK  and  the  large  ar«t  of 
waste  loDd,  the  faulty  management  of  RbilndeHh  would  liare  foi-cmd 
itwlf  into  noya|.  At  the  same  time,  especially  in  the  south-west, 
the  n^jnir  oflHi*,  and  in  chjuinol-waleriHl  Iiiuds,  tbe  iutiN^dnction 
of  a  friV'tn  instead  of  a  crop  rate  luid  done  much  good.'  Id  lSl;^t-M 
tlient  was  a  drop  iu  the  tillage  area  of  7<tJ(i  bi^hdr,  and  iu  t! 
collodions  of  leOo  (Ra.  96fi0).  The  q^t  season  (I844-(5)  was  ver 
unfavonrable.  The  rains  began  well.  Hat,  except  a  few  hen 
local  showers  in  S^^'pteiiiber,  (hey  ceased  with  the  first  downpour!^ 
Thi-  result  was  a  tall  in  the  tillage  ar<m  of  3<>,2o3  bighd*,  and  in  the 
pet  coUec'tiona  of  .€31,385  (Rs.  3,13,850}.  'Writing  towards  tbe 
vl(^  of  'he  year  (3rd  October)  Mr,  Inverarity  coiu])]iiined  thai  in 
the  easte^  ^tricls,  Siivdi*,  Jiininer,  Nasirabad.  and  Krnndol,  the 
upper  eltAwiiad  greatly  decayed.  In  Sikvda,  River,  and  Krandul, 
were  niany^ansions,  once  rich  and  handsome,  now  oither  ruined  oP 
only  part  iulinbili,Hi.  The  common  ]H>oplo  of  J^mner,  Ni».-<irubad, 
una>  part  of  Krandol  were  fairly  well  off ;  in  Sdrda  and  the  rest  of 
Erandol  they  wore  extremely  poor  burdened  by  a  hopelot^ly  heavy 
Jand  tax.     Though  Uioy  varied  u>  a  certain  extent,  the  pmiple  weca 


■  Orfantal  CbriatUn  Spwitator,  VIII.  ll^I),  )<m-l97, 

iJIt.  Bolt,  Collator, six  Juuut7  IMS:  Run.  tiuv.  Rov.  lUc.  IG  vf  1&)7,  48.' 


■Itaecan.! 

• 

r  •  m 

• 

1 

^P 

■ 

^1 

L 

KHlNDHSH. 

.        i 

287 

^H 

PK  the  wbolo 

apathetic 

and  lazy,  Asd  r<onV 

very 

little  tranblo  in 

t^o 

Cbftpt«r  V^l 

h  of  tlifir  LTopH.' 

Thf  next  iwoxou  (Ifi'i5-tfi)mw  niniin  intwt  nn&roiiniblc.  Tho 
early  miufnll  wa»  Hufiioicut  »U(1  tinidy,  ami  tho  Mtvrin^  nf  tJw  early 
ta^ps  was,  atkout  the  middle  of  AiiRHst,  completed  under  Eairprcwpiic'lB 
of  a  )f >xid  n'liim .  Rut  >4Mu>  th>-  niin  tx'iuod.  The  t-nrly  harvest  failed 
nu  iiuiiaiiaI  extt-nt,  lUH  the  lata  pnipft  were  ullerly  di'stroyed  by 
ling'  SDB  and  wnni'  of  dew,  Every  eRort  was  made  co  spread 
lion.  Frcv  ri'Sf)rt  was  alldwod  to  wolls  that  had  not  beeii  nsed 
r  Gv<!  yearsi;  nil  rhmyert  on  temporary  daiiw  nud  vriiU'rcoiirws 
were  remitted  ;  imd  £1000  {Ita.  ItS/JW)  weroapent  in  repairiiijf  iind 
d«(!|iet)ing  wells.  Thiwe  mi-ajgnrwf  went  saccvssfnl  and  emiffratioii* 
prermiU'd.  Iii  tho  early  \mrt  of  tho  iteattou  grntu  pricvii  roiw 
bi^h,  and  in  tlie  hope  of  raising  them  atiil  fnrtber,  the  dt-alem 
::Hed  to  open  their  storciJ.  Amin(jemeiil«  woro  bein^  made  for 
nging  iti  (iiirvmrnvnt  ^liii,  but  lar^  private  iin|K)rlntii>ii!  bv 
Central  India  speculators  did  away  with  the  need  of  auch  a  uioaaure. 
Cholera  of  an  Bi'gr»vnt*'d  tvp(?  (i^-ntly  tniirwised  the  distrt^a.  To 
'-feliovf  it  JE'lS.iVfts  (K«.  tj,:i'i;,880)  wero  i-emitted,  'ITie  r.;.iiiU  wa» 
t  the  bulk  of  the  people  passed  throngh  this  second  fuilure  of 
ps  withont  their  n-^oiiiXJisi  being'  .■Hiriondly  cripplod.  The  follow- 
ip  year  (18-16-47)  showed  a  riwe  in  the  tillage  area  of  100,783 
t./^^*  and  in  the  net  collections  of  £,7G,'yil  {Ba.'",Uy,3lO),  by  much 
-ho  hiffhcMt  fij^irvH  that  had  evur  biMsn  known  in  Khiindcsh.  The 
next  si^u^on  (i847-tS)  witM  itguiu,  on  (he  wboK^,  favourable-  In 
certain  places  the  early  harvest  was  Blijjhtly  damapcd.  But 
fnvoun^d  by  abundant  late  rains,  titu  cold  weather  crops  yielded 
riehly.  Al.  Itiirvest  time,  enpei^ially  in  tJie  <«»>1  of  the  diwlriirt,  Inrjro 
uumberH  of  lield  rats  attacked  the  grain.  Uut  they  wten  diMappean^l 
vilhont  catieing  serions  hHm.  Tho  retnms  ifhowed  n  ri«4>  in 
tho  lillngo  urvKi  of  lift,'>7Q  hifflu'^  and  in  oolleetiooa  of  £i2R2 
(Ks.  Vi/tlH).  In  thia  year  much  progress  was  ma^^^  ropairinff 
dams  and  watercoiirsfd,  iind  along  th<*  Boml)ay-Agm  roail, 
ri-il'hou.fO.'*  wore  built  and  wella  Hnnlc.'  The  nitxt  fu^aiu^iu 
(l6'l^-49)  was  again  less  fovoumble.  The  latter  rains  failed  and 
csnsed  some  damage  to  Ihif  enrtv  and  much  injury  tu  rhc  late 
bnrvesl.i  KvmigitionH  niM!  from  £2'8;i>  (Ita.  23,7!>Ci)  in  18^17-1^  to 
£15,76S  (Ka-  1,A7,6;W)  in  ISW-iW,  and  the  net  collections  foil 
from  £170,428  {Ub.  17,94,280)  to  £164,100  (Rb.  lt>,4+,900).  The^ 
next  «caiwn  (I84it>50)  was  a  year  of  very  heavy  and  couataiit  rido- 
fall.  Many  hnUrtt-s  Wct©  thrown  down  and  a  targe  area  of  stjtndlSg 
cry t>s  wns  desti»y«l.  At  the  name  time  the  ntult-  of  I  h^AiArif-t  was, 
on  the  wlmle,  »ati* factory.  The  people  were  willing  add  iible  to 
increase  tillage,  and  would  have  done  ao  had  not  the  incesiiam  raiu 
hindered  thom  from  (towing.  In  the  »>iith-wej!t  of  tho  dii^tri^,* 
except  in  tbe  uuheolthy  ttmcts  near  the  l>^ng  foreotd  where  they 


>Mr.  G.  tDverHnty.3nl(M<-UrlB44iBtai.O0T.  B«v.  Rn--  »  "t  IMO,  UI-ISL 
'Mr.  Elphiiistiw.  Collator.  Bur.  B«i.S3«r  1861.  S2-».  (!:i.  6;.«9.  i 

•Jt.-nt  B8».  Eoc  IBot  IS52,I89-1M. 
<  t.'litlu0Kin,  MAkzMD,  BigUn,  tail  PinpaliMr. 


Land , 

AdmittiBtratl<a 

Tli<>  uniwh. 
/&(£-  isss. 


fbomlaj  BtKtt 


288    _■ 


DISTRICTS. 


Land 
idinitiutr&tioiL 


ipUrVin.  w^ro  in  till-  Inwtst  state  of  poverty,  the  people  wpre  lol«ntbl]' 
prospcriKicaad  iliori?  wero  dotvvi^duo  oat  standi  d  its.  The  n-pMirinir 
of  daniB  oaA  poBik  nm)  ihti  niukiii^  \A  vrirllx  bn<i  ^rrxwitly  improved 
tboir  cunditiou.'  Aft^f  this  year  of  heavv  rainfall  oatno  »  oc-JUHin 
(1650-M)  of  drought.  Bxccpt  in  July,  thp  Wtitr  partof  Aiigu'ttjand 
a  few  light  and  purtutl  Kbowcnt  in  Octobor,  rain  entirely  failed. 
When  pro«|M!Ot«  hegnu  to  look  tbreatoniug,  al^l^c^tul  waXvr  oosbh 
l>i;twr(H-n  l)i«  Ut  May  and  :jl8t  October  were  rehittcdr  uid  l&l<»r  no, 
as  tbo  failure  provi'il  mortt  mtvcns  this  t'oacoMtiou  wuh  oontiuned  tiU 
April  18^1.  In  addiii<m  ti>  (bis  special  measure,  ri'iniuiious  t'O  tbo 
Rinount  of  £iy,t'78  (Rj.  J, Si', 760)  were  granted,  'nuwi'  n.<tiiii»iiion« 
•varied  from  20'8j  p«r  cent  in  SultiiiijHir  to  0J>6  in  Jimut-r,  and 
amounted  U*  7"87  per  cent  of  the  district  land  revi-niip.  Except  in 
Anialoer  and  Pimpalncr,  hkrgur  n-ini«Ki(inH  were  required  in  (he 
parts  of  tliv  ilitdrict  that  cbietly  depended  on  thoir  late  hnrveiit.  In 
spito  of  the  deameBa  of  food,  which  in  October  roae  aliiKi.it  U>  famine 
prices,  and  of  epidemics  of  dnib-ro  and  htuuII-jiox  which  carri&d  ti^\ 
bundittdx  of  p<'"))Io,  th(«e  mfa!mn.'9succecd«?d  in  Ht'ippingi-mit^racion, 
and  left  tho  Htate  of  the  people  so  little  reduced  that  they  wt^nt  itlilo  >< 
10  ]My  eveiy  rupct"  of  rtmlnl.*  In  ihc  nt-xl  year  (1851-52)  tbef 
rainfall  ns  agitin  unfnvoarable.  During  tbe  tintt  tbrtm  wvnk^  the 
early  cro)M  Mufl^red  from  want  of  tsin,  and  again,  al>ont  the  middle 
of  the  »«>aaon,  the  rains  ontirvly  bvld  off,  and  tbo  weather  growing 
loo  Boon  dry,  pmTCntod  the  sowing  of  the  full  lu-t^a  of  laCv  >  -  [  - 
Tho  M«aon  wa»i  nIao  unhealthy,  cholera  causing  great  m\  . 
RttmiKMouH  wen'  granted,  \-arying  from  IS'OS  per  cent  in  Sulijuijnir 
to  l>2't  per  cent  in  Jjimner,  apd  iinuninling  to  4'88  per  cent  of  the 
district  land  rownnc.  In  spile  of  the  bad  »onHun  the  rt-sults  wero 
faiToomblo.*  TUlage  spread  by  7'.),227  highds,  and  the  net  collections 
roso  by  £l.').!76{Rfl.  1,51,760). 

Tliisbrinjis  ton  clow?  (be  first  period  of  Kb^ndeshlnndndminislni' 
tion.  During  tlie  flntt  fifteen  years,  in  com«c)nenco  of  (hi^  giiwL  fall 
in  pixxliice  prices,  the  rates  provod  ho  burdcuHome  thai  they  had 
to  be  grvstly  reduced.  The  reault  was  that  though  V-lwcvn  1816 
and  1832  ibe  tilbigo  nrva  had  spread  ftpm  60S,m2  liifhiit  to  7GO.20I 
&ijAri*,tho  revenue  for  colloclion  fell  from  JEliy,081  (We.  ll,lto,-'lo' 
to£I18,953  (Ra.  ll,89,o3li)  and  the  net  coltectionarrom  £11 
(Rb.  Il,86,9(i0)  to  £84,360  (Rs.  8,43,600).  From  1888,  «.tJi 
^moderate  rents  and  on  the  whole  dearer  gmtn,  tho  progitms  of  tlie 
^district  wa*,  *xc<'pt  in  the  bad  yeara  of  1S38  and  IS15,  almost 
nnchocktil,  the  tillage  an-a  rising  from  S88,757 /*r^y«w  iu  I8:itU(-l 
to  l,486,0;I5  in  185I-.52  and  the  net  collections  from  £^1,M3 
(Rb.  12,14,030)  to  £!78,80-»  (Rs.  17,88,040). 

I'he  increase  of  population,  aft«r  tho  firat  influE  of  settlers  during 
(be  early  years  of  »ettled  Uovemment,  had  for  some  time  been  vei; 


181S-18SS. 


■  Ur.  HBTdook,  2^d Feb.  ISSI,  Rcr.Roc.  ITof  I3&2.  IT?-178i    Mr.  Elphautoa, 
laOiFA.  l«S;Dttt*«.«, 48-411. 
'  Mr.  ElpldMlaD,  Stfa  UutJi  18^2 :  Bind.  Gov.  Roy.  Rm.  H  <A  ISM.  ITS.ISI, : 

■Bm  Gov.  It«f.  Rm.  ISoilSH^put^  1310-1321,  IX!4. 


DaaauJ 


khAndesh. 


269 


gradaal.  Botween  1824  and  1 839  there  wns  nnlya  rise  from  332,370 
to  353,674  or  an  aremge  yearly  increase  uf  barely  half  a  per  cent. 
From  ISSSprogreaabecnrae  more  rapid.  In  1840  the  total  nad  risen 
to  685,619,  and  in  1851  to  778,112.  No  complete  detaila  of  the 
eorrespondiiig  development  of  the  agricultural  stock  and  water 
nipply  are  available.  Betnms  show  that  in  the  five  years 
endiDg  1851,  housashad  increased  from  170,5(34  to  178,040,  cattle 
from  S87,2&8  to  926,281,  ploughs  from  67,072  to  68,506,  carta 
from36,600  to42,787,  wells  from  27.412  to28,250,  ponds  from  103 
to  111,  dams  from  149  to  162,  and  watercourses  from  159  to  220.' 

The    following  statement'  shows  the  pric*i  of  ludian   millet,  the 
tillage  area,  the   land  revenue,  the  rcuiissions,  the  net  collections,  • 
and  an  far  as  it  is  available,  the  population   during  tlio  thirty-four 
years  ending  1851-52 : 

KhdndrA  Land  AdmlniilTrUiiM,  lStS-lS5:i. 


Chapter  Tl 

Land 
Adminutrat 

The  Britisl 

summary, 
1818-1362. 


Tub. 

\A  PdubiJi 
Ih(  Rupee. 

Tllkife 
Anm. 

Lnnd 
Rcvciioe. 

RemluloDi. 

N« 

ColliMloiia. 

Fopiila- 
ttuli 

iJ^Arifl, 

B>. 

Bi. 

Its. 

■aiMf 

i        « 

IWa,l32 

ll.M.nOB 

nwi 

1l,W,|i*> 

UW-M    

;o],.^sl 

\3,ii."H 

fwa 

li',:n.ll> 

loe-n    

IM,:i21 

1  i.w.iai 

Bs.wi 

ii,<n,no 

... 

IHI4I     

Tflil.KIl 

u.M.;ii 

i.m.OKi 

U.7rt  •:»» 

UN-n   

tto.uib 

n.flu.Dut) 

4n,  vn 

U.l't-i'M 

^.. 

lin-H  ... 

n 

Gu^.^ai 

IS.GF.IIfll 

1^,1  Hi 

lJ.Ji,74(l 

ISU-M    

70 

lof.tin 

ia.Is.B7a 

iM.Vti 

Hjiii.4<a 

33i,3;a 

lUI-M    

Ta 

HSl.lHO 

H.H7.740 

l."7,!1'! 

IZ,l<lt.till 

1IM-ST    

M 

nn.ita 

l4.Di>.HI4 

i,o\i:i 

1  i.N.isn 

inr-n 

iia 

H.Mi.ntii 

It^.HI^ 

i,2S,i.-:n 

la.us.m? 

T.I 

in«-«   

144 

Vi!,,W\ 

1VBJ47 

i,7w,;ia 

ii.;a  ine 

... 

IB*-M    

Mt 

iwi^n 

]fl.<il,n&3 

s.ra.Jsi 

1","1,<S7 

U1»JI    _.      ... 

118 

liihi,.'«t 

IK.IK.HT* 

Tfl.Ml 

a.  li.Ti") 

... 

mi^M   

1t4 

i<oii,ii.'>a 

13.47, (oa 

l.l.VM 

ll,-J!t.<l4K 

IU3-ai    

e; 

JM.Jfl! 

ll,1tl..'>i7 

S.4i,l>T7 

».4:i/i!iS 

u»-u    

la 

W*,757 

l:i,i;,o« 

1,11.403 

ii',M,itr. 

1B4-U    

■3 

051,173 

I4,IKI.»4(I 

Siain 

IBIB-M     .,. 

u 

i.oea.aoo 

].^.-JI.I«S 

1.]J,1M7 

la.wi.w? 

UIU7     

103 

i,i33,mn 

i<.»;.u;ii> 

t.i\,«'a 

i:;,7:i,M» 

lOT^W    

1)1 

i,iai,i9T 

ir-.'ri.iii. 

\,nt,,«a 

la,  14,. 171 

ttn-M    

hft 

i,i;s.o» 

I.%  Ii-.,1I70 

c,i>e,>-i0 

K..W,74J 

iBs»-<a   

ini] 

1,^31,0^7 

1. VII  ,0^2 

71,H7:1 

11.7f,!tH 

af>3,S7t 

IM0-<1     

lOH 

9* 

l.ieil,iM» 

l&.Sl.l^H 

1.71,731 

Vifi'.  .IH'i 

1MI41     

1.3:3,43^ 

l.VMJiS 

\,-i\,')W 

li,::i.u.'>4 

IM1.M     

m 

l.X)3.38X 

1&.4U.«^I« 

1)7,1114 

li^Mfi7 

IMI-M     

'sn 

i.MBflM 

U.lI.i'lS 

x^.cua 

H,7",.:itt 

l*U.4li      

i.ise.aii3 

l<.gl,4£S 

i.U.t'ii 

ii,r,n,((9n 

ISU-M     

38 

i.MaiMa 

10^],  ICO 

H.»ll,»^ 

i),a2,a&3 

eSE,Al<) 

1SM.47     

lut 

I,4»,tSI 

IJ,«B,B4; 

iifin 

17,lll,WiP 

IMT.M     

171 

I.4MAI0 

]B.1J,IJ41 

!3,7W 

I7,vi.a*> 

IMBHR     „. 

114 

1,4l;9.7&e 

Ih.UI.UW 

l.ar.itw 

1<\4I,I"J() 

iM>4a   

ut 

l.SM,010 

17,«T,630 

B^.MO 

iii,'.i;;w(l 

xvio-n  

13U 

l.aS0,801 

I7.7li,li7" 

l,:w,7S0 

IB.WI.iWl 

jifCiu 

1U|.»    

lE^t 

i,t3a/iM 

ia,«u.ise 

ul,*co 

i7,fi.s,04a 

In  18.52  the  first  stejM  were  taken  to  introduce  the  revenue  survey 
into  Kh^ndesh.  One  of  the  largest  revenue  diviHinns  of  the 
Presidency,  Khdndesh  iuclndud  wi»te  vnrieties  of  natural  features, 
of  climate,  and  of  population.  Thoiiph  its  material  prosperity  had 
greatly  increased,  it  was  on  the  whole  very  backward,  with  a  sparse 
population  and  immense  tracts  of  arable  waste.  The  Deccan 
districts  into  which  the  sui'\'cy  was  first  introduced  were  in  many 
respects  very  different,  and  it  was  felt  that  Kb&ndcsh  would  recjnira 


SuTVfy 

Proponfil, 

1IS51-S2. 


•  Bo&.  Got.  Ser.  B«c.  M of  1856,  214-21<i. 


'  Bom.  Gov.  Eev.  &ec.  23  ol  1851, 62. 


B      >ll  tff 


[fionter^ 


mSTBICTS. 


ChapWrVni. 


lAdmtniitratioii. 
IV  Brilbb. 


Cafl.  WinffaU't 

Srpori, 

ISSt. 


itpecinl  trMitmOTit.     tinder  these  circiiin«h>n<:pit,  the  lato  Sir 
then  Captain,  WinpriUt  wiw  (k'lwied  (o  visit  KUAndt-sli  and  r^purl 
the  iwsl  niT.»ug*'meuts  for  introduciDfi  tht-  nivt^niio  survey.    Aff 
tour  ihrongh   tho  duitnci,  Qiiptaio  Wiuitate  aubmitled  a 
(2{>rb  Mitrcli  ISbi)  OS  the  etate  of  the  dulrict  and  tho  muHt  Ruii 
plan  of  aorvey. 

Bxcppt  Sirda  and  T^vnl  in  the  north-east,  and  Xasirabad,  Braa 
and  Anialner  further  south,  too  whole  district  Huuuiod  tu  Ik-  Inl 
reclaimod  from  a  slate  of  nkiure.  Of  the  aHliniat«d  arable 
only  fourteen  per  cent  were  ander  tilla^.  Tbo  pcrct-ntago 
(freatly  in  diSoront  (IIikok.  In  tint  niitl  and  centre  the  percem 
of  tilli^e  w«j«  aa  high  aa  thirty-six  in  Savda,  thirty-foii 
Kaeirat^d,  and  thirly-lwo  in  Erundol.  In  the  north  iitiil  w< 
WM  a»  low  aa  lun  in  Chopda,  nino  in  Naiidurb^,  seren  in  ISulcani 
and  Gre  in  Pimpoluor  and  Thalncr.  North  uf  the  Tapii  itnd  in 
vn%l  DQitr  tho  Diings  wem  htrtp)  tract-'',  cither  utterly  empty 
or  with  a  few  unsettled  iiiole.  In  th«  plains  wern  strct- 
thorii- cove  red  waste  with  pttt«:hc«  of  tillitgtt,  and  villager  «ii 
wholly  or  pai'lly  deserted.  Even  in  the  healthiest  and 
peopled  parts  wcvo  many  miles  of  waste,  without  a.^in^lcpji 
tillago.  Of  ^897  vilUgi-»,  1079  were  deoerted  and  5S7  had  less 
fifty  iahahitants.  Tiio area  of  arable  wusto  was  not  lei's  than  0,31)0, 
acres'.  'ni'>ugh  mi  l>uckward,  KhtimleKh  liada  richer  soil  than  piti 
the  Deccan  or  the  Sonihrrn  Mnr^tha  districts.  Conijiared  with 
auri-(-y  ruleM  laii'ly  introduced  into  the  Uec-cnn  iind  the  Kouthem 
Ma  ratba  districts,  the  KbandeshasBeasmetit  was  high.  In  dryland 
04  mui'h  aa  7*.  (K».  ;i<ic.  8)  «n  «in>5  wiis  c)I■l^g<^d  in  Thalner 
Sultanptir,  and  in  S^vda,  Cho))daand  Sult&npur  the  arera^e  wax 
2d.  (lis.  2-9-'l)h  These  ntlcs  could  not  hare  been  puid  in  other 
of  the  Deccan  or  in  the  Soulheru  Mar&tlia  districts.  Be.iiili^H  the 
grcnli-r  richness  of  the  soil,  tho  Kbllndesh  cnltirtitor  was  helped  by 
till--  fact  that  almoxt  nil  tbv  jiriKiuce  wua  ouiiod  fur  export  and  could  M 
en-siiy  converted  into moiicy,  and  becausetheyoajoyediLeprivili-^i 
fr<-effr.-utiu»over  vaat  wa'>t<**,  la  xoiiic parts,  ti»  in  ('hojxla,  theh< 
ai>Kesxrn<'ut\-)d  hampered  the  people  and  reduoedtlieirhiildingii.Thi 
witlieiisier  rates,  tillage  would  quickly  spread.  But  inmost  placea 
groat  dilficulty  was  the  want  of  people.  Able  to  suppm-t  iu  comfoi 
population  of  Iwoor  three  millions,  the  district  ha<l  only  7<J5,oyO 
or  anavorage  density  of  xixty-tbrce  to  the  i^}Hiireniil«.  ForucKMitoi 
ut  Imist  thci^i  wns  iio  prospect  that  tho  population  would  be  eDoni 
to  occujiv  tht>  wliiilit  of  the  district.  \s  a  class  the  cultivators  wer* 
woil-to-ao.  Their  ctrcumstancea  were  much  easier  than  those  of 
the  people  of  olhirr  pivrls  of  the  Deccan,  They  had  numbers 
caltio,  wiiich  from  the  abundance  of  free  grnning  cost  them  nothi 
H^tfiepl.  neiir  tho  T4pti,  for  working'  weBs  they  seldom  had  to 
bullocks.  Light  two-bullock  c»rl*  were  found  in  numben  in  all 
every  villape,  and  the  pleasure  carta  and  fast  trotting  LnllocI 
rich  huslruudiiion  iiiid  traders  were  constantly  met  on  alt  the  hi 
roads.  The  protite  of  the  carrying  trade  to  the  Kimkan  ports  addd 
much  to  lh(.'ir  eamingH.  Ml  laUior,  field  a^  well  aa  town,  was 
io  L-Bsh. 


viand  < 


DnouuI 


KHlNDESH. 


291 


The  following  Btatflmeat  shows  the  chief  popnlatioa,  tillage,   aai.      CluptaT  VIU. 
Msessment  details    aa  they  stood  in  1851'&2,  shortly  before  the  ImA 

begiiuuag  o£  surrey  operations  :  Adminiitratiom 


Shdndeih  Sab-dimnotuU  DetaiU,  18B2. 


But>invinoii(. 

FuPCUTioir  IK  ISM. 

VlLUDM. 

HSL 

leu. 

IBSa.  (a) 

laltX. 



Doulcr, 

Inhiblt- 
sd. 

Uiiin- 
buMMil. 

ToUl. 

1 

Slrdk          

StriM,         

K.tat 

i;a 

te 

38 

138 

" 

TinI          

aiTdi       

■2,tM 

11* 

u 

3S 

SI 

I 

OuiidK      

ChDjida       

W,»TB 

•   e! 

98 

IM 

Ml 

4 

Tbflnar      

Bblrpur      

Il.OM 

X3 

78 

168 

Ui 

■ 

SulUopar  ... 

Niihlda  ud  TUod*      ... 

M^IM 

18 

>t1 

m 

ISl 

• 

•TkdnitMd 

Nulrsbad 

40,«M 

ItO 

B8 

S7 

1W 

T 

Emulol 

Brudol      

119 , fin 

160 

117 

G6 

13S 

■ 

AnwlMT     

Amalner     

18,031 

ei 

iea 

■a 

Kt 

• 

nuidaTbir ... 

Njufdarbir ... 

GS.SLZ 

«8 

taa 

8i 

110 

10 

Jimtar      

JlmnAr 

TB,S9] 

I» 

IBS 

M 

Ul 

11 

BbadgftOQ  ... 

PiEllOH       

«MM 

103 

Ml 

7S 

us 

u 

(3iilUB>0B 

Clittlsiun 

>T,110 

Bl 

118 

SO 

1(1 

u 

DhollK        

DhuUi        

W,^? 

ei 

IIB 

«« 

^2& 

M 

TlrapilDM' 

PlupiklDer  ... 

sa.itis 

n 

ail 

138 

sss 

U 

Uievioa    

Niilk  Diatriot       

ea.oei 

u 

1M» 

14 

VI* 

u 

BligllD         

loUl    ... 

Hfaik  DIiUIbC      ,„ 

aa.oM 

M 

181 

19 

18T 

T«j,oen(t) 

03 

37S8 

107« 

MST 

■        ^     ' 

Sin-iuvinon. 

Abu  hi  BQctii  Hilm. 

CuiiTiTArion  a  1880. 

ITo. 

wa. 

Arable. 

UoELri- 
ble. 

Totil. 

• 

R«ren  lie  for 

L'llltl 
VktMl. 

WbbM. 

CollflCtLoiL 

aiTdi          

08 

I7J 

63 

338 

03.793 

Rt. 
187,017 

YiTll            

eo 

130 

40 

sao 

07,017 

88.ei3 

Chopdi 

41 

385 

118 

644 

80.308 

78,113 

ThMnar         _        

a 

«9( 

271 

8R3 

30,133 

50,189 

'^utUbjpar       ...        ... 

75 

917 

BSO 

]31£ 

71,330 

138,333 

Nulnbdd 

>I> 

1-8 

20 

IBS 

B8.076 

137.187 

BnfJdol          

100 

311 

34 

338 

.    »a,M9 

1^3.738 

AnutlnBT 

100 

SB8 

43 

830 

94,439 

132,IH 

MHidnrbir     

SI 

ei3 

at 

1118 

81,743 

113.338 

10 

Jimner           

148 

SS3 

M 

B6S 

110.331 

130,438 

11 

BbkdtfHOn 

ISI 

BOl 

70 

»2i 

144,313 

120,381 

11 

CliU<>|[Min     

hi 

44! 

114 

«08 

40,839 

38,159 

U 

DbnJIa            

lOS 

881 

IBI 

070 

103,310 

Bt,00I 

1« 

PfaDpAlllflT         ...          .. 

(T 

8T0 

318 

1370 

44,330 

74.778 

Ifi 

M^UgiuH)        

118 

ISO 

•oi 

1130 

113,873 

77,383 

U 

BiiUiD            

Tout    ... 

101 

e4« 

330 

1078 

«9,9S1 

IM,1B7 

1413           S3;u      i      33US 

11.07S 

l,3J8,8«e 

1,704.403 

TheBritiih. 
18M. 


Iforw. — ThM0flpvrqde>not  Inoliidec-lthAralienAU'dor  ptnTinh-nite,  avtbandi,  lAodt. 

(b).  Tberekn?  now  rSSl])  lixtveii  AiltMllt-leLuitB  ^To  iitQin  Hr.-glT«h  Id  tlLta  Dulumn  nnd  thA  rstnHln]r|| 
kwouc  Vlnle:  auds  out  at  Hu>dDri>Ar  ud  UbuUiLkiul  BbuUlriil.  Diadsout  at  Vuuuud,  Nulnbad, 
BATda,uidft>Avtd. 

(*].  ThU loUl fa  18,011  Ins thu the  total  ordlurily  «lTsn  forth*  1851  muiu.  Ho  eipUnUtnn  of 
lb*  diSmDM  bH  bsen  trufd. 

(e\  A.Mahaia  KlitDdeihcoatAint  laOOaquuefiLrdiiindli  tbareforaalmonexMUjtbree-fanrttu  o< 
■a  Hv.    CipMB  WlBgKU  In  B«m.  Gov.  Ml.  1. 1351,  Old  Bnim,  pwm.  17. 


[iBoiBtMty  OiMtlie- j 


kpter  vm. 

Land 
MiniitrKtioB- 

riia  Bntult. 
J>aaB», 


ftd. 


Cfe      '  DISTBICTS. 


ilta««d. 


AvfriaiMHUm 

J 

"—■'"■ 

J 

uu. 

DwCMr. 

1                     taiwm 

r^ 

Ko. 

a^to 

■UN. 

Pnar  WtilB 

'■''■IlCIU^i 

1 

PnM 

Tb 

XT 

ffl'lKbl  lUMB 

ii^au  nMm, 

»^ 

Vrm 

To 

TTtm 

.           1 

U.  ■■   P 

Ra.   &  p. 

!(>.■.*> 

bo.  ». 

b  ft.  |t 

SiL.      p. 

a>  . 

'   1 

Midk 

*  »    » 

0  I   g 

1  U  U 

a  a  0 

>    *    0 

SOU 

■ 

, 

TtHl 

S   «    0 

0    t    0 
V   (     D 

0  a  0 

1    1    t 

•  U   a     a  »  a 

9U    ■ 

«  ' 

chwU 
uSqm 

1    •    0 
•  Ml) 

1«    0 

w  ■ 

4   •    0 
4    10 

i« 

BaUaBur  .. 

)  M    0 

0   •   u 

U    0 

a  1  0 

•  «  n 

>  * 

J^H 

f  •  • 

0   1   a 

•  11 

tu   » 

BiwdOl 

Id* 

Ota 

«    4 

a  1  u 

1 14  a 

'— *— 

^^^^H 

Anatatr     .. 

9    10 

«    I   0 

14   1 

a  1  u 

•  »   0 

•  V 

^^1 

K«ii4wMr., 

*    1    « 

0  «  0 

1  »  1 ;  s  J  0 

a  »  a 

«  • 

)• 

JlaiMT        .. 

1    0   « 

«  T  a 

•  la  0     (14  a 

"- 

^^^^^H 

11 

VimagKUt    .. 

>  a  9 

•    TO 

•  II  0    a  •  0 

a  10  B  '  J  M 

T^H 

It 

*    0   « 

•   1  a 

0  >  E 

*  to  a  '  a  0  0 

lU    I 

a  lo  1. 

f  »i 

» 

Dbiili* 

1     T    0 

•  10  a  :   a  0  0 

10  a 

•   t  1 

1« 

t»«fllT  .. 

1    7   • 

«   >    0 

•  U    I 

10    0 

11  u 

1   1  1 

1> 
IS 

10  0 

1  «  » 

a  t   i 

I)   *  » 

•    T  11 

»  •  t 

t)  It  t 

10    4 

1    B    0 

U   0    >•     1     . 

11  »   0    0  11 

•   •Hi 

In  revinwinff  Captnin  Wm^tn'o  re}x>rt,  Gorernniciit  dcvidcJ 
that  in  ft  tlisti-ict  »o  thinly  pcoplod  and  with  no  iarge  an  nrna  <J 
nuovcapittd  foreet  and  biut!)  land,  un  ultenipt  lo  niakb  a  ci^impleto 
field  aorvoy  would  load  to  hopeletia  ditUcnll.ivM.  It  vrun  Ut-tfli'l 
that  no  attotnpt  should  lie  raado  to  iwrvvy  Uie  aix  nutlriD}^  tJw:t.i 
of  PAI  in  STivda,  Dhauli  in  Chopda,  Amba  in  Tb^Uner,  Akriiui  and 
Havoli  in  SiilUnpiir,  KavApiir'nnd  Viirai  in  Pimpalui'r,  and  certain 
ploDph.rat«d,  Ri(//Mini'<,  vilia^a  of  lldgl&n  now  in  ^^ik. 

In  thv  cnM>  of  Inr)^  tracts  of  waifto  in  other  parta  of  the  difftriirt, 
where  it  would  bo  iinpotwible  to  set  up  or  rep&ir  boundary  markM,  it 
was  propu«V4l  that:  I,  MoiMuremoitt.t  and  diviviong  into  fields 
with  marked  bouudarif-a  iiliould  be  eontined  to  the  actuiil  culiiTnifit 
land  round  tlio  villagtt  xitv,  und  U)  a  t^vrlnin  [xirtion  of  arablo  vrnne 
near  it,  enHicii'iit  to  meet  the  probable  requiromonta  i.if  scv,  r  il 
ypiir*.  2,  All  B*t''nial  village  bunndiuien  wore  lo  bo  siirvej-rd  ,i  I 
fixed  by  peniiaDuut  marks.  3,  The  area  of  all  laiidfi  not.  inciu  J  i 
in  tho  lirst  i.-Iilh.4  was  lo  tw i-itlrnUtt-d  in  the  lump,  i,  Only  tlio  iir.  ;i 
that  wild  divided  into  fields  was  to  be  clactnified  and  as»i>HM..|. 
'  5,  The  assessment  of  all  undivided  land  was  to  be  caleulated  oa 
wi  average  n(  the  taudn  adjoiuiug.  And  6,  no  field  E«urvoy  was  to 
be  made  of  rillagee  lying  totally  waate. 

The  ubjeot  aimed  at  was  that  the  land  actually  under  tillaf^  ahoold 
bo  duly  aseessed,  and  that  erory  holder  should  know  how  hr  8toH>d. 
Aa  regards  ^eith  tillage,  each  villuev  would  luivo  aesigned  to  it  an 
area  of  arable  waste  euMcieut  for  the  retiuireiuenta  of  8um»  ytvirs, 
and  all  of  it  asse^iflt-d  nt  uiki  uniform  rate  <^tU'utatod  on  the  ra(< 
of  the  adjoining  land.  Every  ninn  taking  up  new  land  would  km 
beforehand  whut  be  would  Imvn  to  imy,  ami  fntnd  and  trickei 
DO  tho  port  of  the  villiigi!  und  distnct  oHicers  would  lie  nroid< 
When  po  aaa63»ed  arable  waste  leiuaiuod,  thu  utuwsesaed 


Deeeu!.] 


EEAKDESn 


»to  waa,  lui  roquirei],  to  b«  brokvn  into  nunibops.  As  t%  «p«*il 
I  esse  il  was,  ro^;»mless  of  the  quality  of  tlio  soil,  given  at  an  uuiform 
Bn:u-  niivtii  In.  {8  niiHtu).  One  {mint  {iriDvipIv  of  Iho  now  mirvej'  wa« 
tliKt  i-very  field  was  to  be  paid  for  a§  a  whole.  Accordiug  U>  the 
cxistiog  sy»t«m,  a  yairly  innumntmonl  of  tht*  lictiml  iirwi  under 
ttll:ig«  had  been  laatla  and  the  holder  charged  uccordingly.  Waato 
patchi'B  of  Itwd  in  a  tield  puid  no  iLS«OH)(tuc-iit.  Under  the  tivw  eyst«m 
each  field  wa«  a  cuiniuiAt  whole,  with  well  marked  boimdarioH  and  a 
fixed  rental.  In  driving  hi^  plough,  the  Kh&ndeidi  hnsbandman 
had  a  habit  of  jmMiiing'  over  ]Kior  patoh(.!!<  and  ohodHing  tlio 
boet.  Crery  field  was  nioro  or  leas  stragKlii^frr  iuclading  lar^ 
piilchi.^rf  of  wunUj  fur  which  unthiug  vns  paid.  Such  a  KynUMn  wau 
incompatible  with  any  permanent  improvemeiit  of  the  land,  and 
thu  new  ttiirvvy  put  n  sU>u  tt>  iti,  »»  all  land  invlndvd  in  a  nuinbur 
bad  to  bo  paid  for,  whether  tilled  or  wa^Ce.  One  of  Che  most 
difficult  points  for  si^-ttlemcnt  was  the  assessment  of  watered  lands. 
Watered  laudn  were  of  two  clasitOM,  well-watvred,  tncUietlMl,  and 
channel -watered,  piitaglhiit.  Ail  land  near  wells,  except  mined  or 
loiitt  dinnned  wells,  wnn  Kulijuvt  t<i  a  itptK'ial  aKHpHKinvnt  which  was 
levied  whether  or  not  the  well  was  used.  In  channel -watered  laud 
the  existing  sywtcui  was  %'«ry  Irrviguiar.  Sntnutami's  iho  wjiti'r  ralo 
WS8  levied  whenever  the  land  wa:^  cnltivatod,  even  though  no  water 
was  uwjii,  lo  other  pbicvH  tho  into  was  Itviwl  only  wht-u  the  land 
waa  irrigated.  Tho  rates,  too,  aeem  to  have  greatly  varied  in 
diScront  pliices.  Tho  qrivstion  of  the  best  modu  of  n-alii>ing 
the  revenuo  due  for  the  uso  nf  <!aiuil  water  if  ct^mplicatetl.  The 
diflicultius  have  never  be«n  wholly  surmounted.  In  Kh&ndceh 
no  uniform  oyfltem  waft  atU.-U)ple<^;  luoal  (-ustom  wait  to  a  (freat 
extent  followed.  A^  there  was  so  larg»  an  arcA  of  arablo  waste, 
from  which  a  grnii  tucrimHe  of  ruvimue  might  ho  expected,  and 
as  the  ratos  had  hitherto  been  higher  than  tfuise  In  forcu  in  the 
Deccsn  and  Soulhi'ni  Miiriliha  districts,  ic  waa  determined  very 
greatly  to  reduce  the  afiHcssmonlfi. 

Though  the  object  of  the  survey  was  to  lighten  the  Imrden  of  the 
(txirtting  Hfi)>cN'>mcnt,  the  first  operations  in  Steda,  in  Novem1>cr 
1S&2,  mot  with  the  rao«t  active  and  widet>[a«w|fonpojiition.  II10 
Murrijl  hiKtiLiry  of  tho  affair  has  novcr  boon  thoroughly  known.  But 
there  ia  tittle  doubt  that  the  dintrict  hereditary  otnoom  and  some 
olhom,  who  felt  thnt  their  influence  and  means  of  making 
illicit  gains  would  l>e  curtailed,  ounapir&d  to  sow  distmat  in  thfe 
mindit  of  the  people.  The  moat  absurd  stories  of  the  object  an<l 
aima  of  the  survey  wore  circtiUited.  The  privacy  of  their  hoiuccfl  waa 
to  he  ioviMlvd,  and  thoy  wore  to  fto  worried  and  harassed  on  all 
sides.  The  scheme  succeeded.  The  people  of  S&vda  rose  in  a  Uxly 
<>u  tli4?  survey  officers,  and  rofniMrd  to  liiilvn  to  any  oxplauaiion. 
The  military  had  to  be  called  in,  the  leaders  were  smrprist-d 'nnd 
8ei)U!<l,  I  lie  afiair  passed  over  without  bloodshed,  and  from  tliut  time 
the  work  of  the  survey  proceeded  without  chuok. 

The  work  of  surveying  and  Kottling  the  district  occupied  oight««n 
3rear8,  from  1^52  to  1^70.  In  18r(2  racasaremeuts  were  begun  in 
Chopda  and  Sdvda ;  iu  18&3,  in  Musu^had,  iithahndn,  Taloda,  and 


Cliapt«r' 


Land 
AdmiiiiitTatioi 

Till)  BfitiBh. 

Sm-irji 

Order  fd, 

ISSI. 


Smmf 
l8St-lS70. 


IM 


DiSTIUCTS. 


■vnL 

Land 

b«ftrllt«k. 
Prvf/mt, 

ui-uro. 


Kriii  'U, 


VWftt; 


ia  1664,  ia  Anmlnor,  EnniLil.  nnd  XiuidiirUr ;  is  IS 

'ti,  Jamnrr,  Mill  i 


in  iocM, 


oral  ill  Iti'ifi,  in 


ID  IJ>.)9,  in  PinifwIiKTiitnd  mlt!(j_,M,  i-..iL.iAviil. 

wore  finiiibMl'  111  Sffvda,  in  iBfuj ;  iii  Chcptlu,  in  1 

in  It^iiO ;  in  Shiqinr,  in  Xi'Ath ;  in  Anuilni*r  ami  Vii  j:;I,  :a  i.~.i 

in    BliuAAVal,   C(iAIis)f»iin,   Dbulia,   KranJoI,     JAiuucr,    Saa 

Pt&chora,  Pimpolncr,  Shabibla,  simI  Taloday  in  1870. 

Tliv   foflnwinfr   Btaloment  aliowfi   tlio  progress   ia   Um 
Bub-tlivisiouB  bs  at  pivsont  cvn»tilutv(l : 

JTiteM  Ainry  Pntgnm.  JSSt'lffTO. 


MauDoaftn, 

niianiimnm, 

MKIMB— II       I'l  IMHIIJ'  1 

PtM.  [ WJ1 

niditti' 

Wlv.MrvH'^ 

^^rVL  ^lauj 

Atmhm 

im-m 

PtAtn      ... 

l*»**4  I  ISH.S7     I«J^  li    L*« 

ChUvH      ... 

UW^-:                      u>U 

■iwm 

nnrtavliHr  -, 

!■ 

C*"!** 

Utt4^                        .u    tU*.K 

«T<U 

1«  -                                        ..^^ 

OtaaUi 

UUM                                 iM-M 

ITJIillIt 

.^1 

fcnJuL 

IIM'U.                                 liWTO 

Bilriai 

1^  ■■-.     .                          ufl 

Mnmr 

ttUHI  i|iat«   lUfrW  |I)M».)I>     TtioA* 

IVO  1.1      tMIl                                 i^H 

KHtforUf      ~ 

UMOi-IIMwIlsifriW  JMvra  1  Vinbl 

tlUM  jIBWi.     JH 

Si»«'  tli«  in  1  rod uc Lion  of  the  revenuo  i>urrey  Rud  sett 
Kfafludpsh  hns  miido  tbo  most  marked  advance  Ixilli  in  (b« 
under  tillatre  und  iti  ibi!iimiiiiiiL<>r  land  r<-v<.-nM«.  Tukiit;^  tliclitriu 
{or  tlie  2t>tfil)  Government  Titlaj^s,^  the  relurna  for  tbi-  VL4r» 
which  tbtf  Kiirvoy  wiitlwiittnl  wns  iulnMimi-d,  ^how,  coinpan.-^i  wili 
thA  BTPruifO  id  tiiie  ten  previous  ymrs  «  6ill  in  the  Wiutto  of  4ol,(l 
ftcrea,  and  in  the  remtssions  of  £od3l  (K*.  59,3)0} ;  and  nn  inc 
ic  Uio  occnipif^  arcs  of  1,042,1)1 1  acr^s,  and  iu  the  oolli- 
£86,805  ((18.8.68,650)  or  47-;t  ocr  oont.  lucludmjt  reven 
nnaraldu  iitnd,  plou^rli-mle  nnd  des«rled  villti^e«,  and  llie  Umis  iu^-1^ 
over  to  CoTcranictit  hy  bolder*  of  nliennlod  villntros,  the  fiUl 
collections  show  an  inerwiMP  of  190,5P1  (Ha,  9,0.'i,i»l't)  op  4fi-Q  n*r 
oont,  ComiMre^  with  the  uvcm;^!  of  the  ten  yeara  before  fhu 
Borvcy.  the  Bgwre*  (or  1877-78  show  a  decroBiiu  in  the  vm^tfi  of 
731,9iifi  wirea  and  in  the  remiiaionit  of  £Il,.-}87  (Rs.  1,13.870)  ; 
an  incrc-ase  in  the  occupied  areia  of  l,3IS,;t>t4  ncn-s,  and  in  t| 
collections  of  £I10.24:i  (Rs.  11.02.430)  or  m  per  c<>nL  Inrlndtoi 
revenue  fmm  unarahle  land,  jdoug-b-rotc,  and  dcwrtod  villa^a, 
tLe  lauds  mada  over  to  Governmeot  bj  holders  of  aliunated  rillages^ 


"Skt  tAUol  pTORTWH  vu  M  r<illnw« ;  130  noT«nisiODt  vittuiBtn  ISU-Sn,  74 
in  ISU-K  1S3  in  )»5U&-.  S4U  iii  IH&7-»l.  239  ia  IHJW-Sfl,  12$  in  ISAO-OO;  M  la 
lM0-SI,1B3ia  1^1-1(3,  iS:  in  I8i».4L-).  SMh  in  1M3-S4,  S\t  U  \6M-ei,  329  la 
lSCS-6«.  Sin  I866-in,e9ia  i8«7'68.  81  iii  I8tis-<I9.  SO  in  iHl».7<X  14  la  16'<MI.  1  in 
187273.  uiJ  1  in  1873-74:  t.itiJ U<]rr«nii>miii  villAftw  S7(iTl.  Of  dicMl^  viltiuut. 
S  ill  ISd&ST,  4  in  IWS-ta,  IS  la  1804-19,  1  In  l»6C-6».  M  in  ISSS-W,  I  in  IS^o: 
and  a  in  1870-71  ;  tool  olieaMed  riUi^ni.  »} ;  total  vilUgw  27S1. 

*  For  18  O0T«nuM«t  and  9t  Bli«Htt«d  villitca.  Ml  r*Ml]r  dotaili  ua  not  anO- 


n 


WLl 


KHU^DESH. 


296 


total  colIectionB  show  an  increase  of  £113,304  (Rs.  11,33,0^0) 
K)"8  per  cent.     Taking  the  figures  for  the  fifty  alienated  villages 

wbich  details  are  available,  the  returns  for  the  years  in  which 

survey  settlement  was  introduced  ehow,  compared  with  the 
rage  of  the  ten  previous  years,  an  increase  in  the  occupied  area 

9,047  acres,  in  the  waste  of  5917  acres,^  in  the  remissions  of 
13  (Bs.  1330),  and  in  the  collections  of  £1769  {Rs.  17,690}  or 
)  per  cent.  Including  revenue  front  unarable  landf  the  total 
ections  show  an  increase  of  £1710  (Rs.  17,100)  or  70'8  percent. 
npared  with  the  average  of  the  ten  years  before  the  survey,  the 
ires  for  1877-78  show  an  increase  in  the  ijcctipied  area  of  22,882 
ys,  in  the  waste  of  3389  acres,'  in  the  remiesiyis  of  £33  (Rs.  330)) 
in  the  collections  of  £2081  (Rs.  20,810)  or  91'6  per  cent, 
lading  revenue  froui  unarable  land,  the  total  collections  show  an 
•ease  of  £1948  (Rs.  19,480)  or  807  per  cent. 

"he  following  statement  shows  for  the  Government  villages 
iach  sub-division  the  chief  changes  in  tillage  area,  remissions, 
ections,  and  outstandings,  since  the  iuti-oduction  of  the  reveuae 
rey  : 

KhdmleA  Sumty  Renilf,  1866-1878. 


VUM. 

Abu. 

h-MTunin. 

Oocmu). 

U  KOOtnTPIID. 

Anrned. 

ALkniited. 

Teul, 

Abeucd. 

[Jnarftbla. 

Aflns. 

Acren. 

Aorei. 



AfTfli. 

Acrfel. 

lUtt 

Tm  jfui  Man  Surrey 

ss.ew 

lB,Jtt9 

loo.fta 

*Ii,&47 

3S3,M9 

1S37-78 

aa^^.i-io 

I7,MU 

S6IP.110.1 

ai,6w 

a7,ItlT 

i-ni      ... 

Thrm  jwrwbcrnr*!  Snrvtj 

l(i3,.i&8 

BJ.IOJ 

13.,7Jil 

'M.m 

10  1, 101 

IB7M1 :, 

17ll.Tl)i 

2^ltn< 

SW,^?! 

«B,TIB 

8t,&gf 

tt^aa   ... 

Ttn  yeflrt  beroro  Surtw 

fi->.l><& 

IE  J  7 

(ti  11i2 

8  ,»2B 

lri],:ibd 

\r.T!--.s     

nii,n7 

HSIH 

147,i>U.l 

,^8,tlAI 

(I7,42S 

di 

"IVd  yi>Lra  before  Sgn'«y 

at  .308 

H.,Wil 

4!1,7;M 

ist.ns 

VU,SJ8 

n;7-;d 

ii;,i73 

is.a«i 

iii',sui 

!i8.Siii 

S8.2BT 

■■ 

Tun  y«»tf  OcroruSHTTaf 

s'i.\n 

njsu 

ei.iuu 

I17.M4 

era.iia 

li>7;.78     ... 

lOB.ssa 

S13fl 

«ll»,-.'ti7 

191,883 

141, 44) 

doi     .„ 

Ttn  j'PMrfl  bi'forp  Siirrpy 

84.2X4 

i.i.ir.o 

07,7 1'S 

83.-23 

t]3,Ml 

i8T;-;a     ...       

Wi.ill 

it),i^ 

^,SMi 

*-J,Ul» 

IH 

Ti'n  yc^n  brforo  Surrey 

loi.jon 

81143 

111.04^ 

M.iiea 

l.^J.BOO 

l«T7-79      

Mv.v.i 

f.U2 

178,764 

BU,la2 

40.339 

lorUr  ... 

'IVn  JeiTB  bflfuroSun'fy 

iw,:i<i 

10,7  l7 

M,05e 

ISt.S'il 

10;,,'jSI 

187J-7B      ... 

se.iis 

IJ,111 

101 '.SM 

cXmKB 

.S4.771 

ti»t     ... 

1  'J^'n  yi"ira  Wlorp  BurToy 

71,1177 

12,1  M 

B1,1S3 

*T,ilJ 

1D4,88> 

1HTT-7S      , 

IS  1.467 

\8.iwe 

l»<,i:43 

17,0  J! 

fU.'ISiU 

>m 

Trn  .iearj>  beforr  Sorvpy 

l!7,36a 

10,  HIT 

IB?, Br" 

5i-,riifl 

ltHI,SlI 

1«7  7M 

2H,:m 

U.Ma 

■nn.tm 

3.1,1118 

M,T<lSa 

■Ian'   - 

'IVn  yenri  bvtonr  Sumy 

fia.oTii 

S1«0 

l,K,OrilI 

loi.n-s 

»7,7m 

is;j-;b    

Iftl.UU 

T-'Sfi 

171,W12 

JM,0l4 

i1i.'» 

1 

Ttn  Ji-nn  btfTure  Siirtoy         ,  , 

1S1.6JB 

IS.ITI 

iii.msi 

1127  ,S^G 

ll».W» 

li-:7-:a , 

ais.oia 

VO,  IHH 

^m.'i'i 

It. 1191 

Ai.est 

Ua       ... 

T.-Q  y.'ftrB  Ijefore  Sarvej 

Du.iia 

Il,4Bi 

8u,oue 

a^,.<e<t 

38,  £80 

lBJJ-78     ... 

IIH.OM 

U.IIM 

iao,-M 

Ii7,2n4 

■ii.ttH 

ni 

Ten  vimM  bfiEora  Snirey 

■~-.l,Vi 

#P03 

ut.aib 

s.^,s:ta 

ai-,ui» 

)»77-78      

87. 1 H 

S'UJ 

i».*sa 

3B,S,-ia 

1D.8W 

l> 

Ten  j'Smbufore  Surrey 

1S,337 

37H7 

X2.IS4 

W\9ii 

is;7-7s     

an.tiB 

DWe 

n(.4iu 

1I1.9M 

ll.BGS 

i 

Ten  yitrs  before  Surray 

B3.3M 

30,t,M 

iia,B»i 

18-1,4(19 

Its.  104 

]S77-;8     

Ten  reari  bofora  SuiToy 

tni.i3s 

30,780 

■at.oi% 

K7.SW 

62,914 

Isbil    ...  j 

^,\fa.li^ 

^3i,a:.'a 

',toa,7ui 

1,M1«.14D 

s.in8,3sa 

1S77-7B     

i,(§e,ae2 

;i8i,<K;j 

2,716,  lU 

()B4,ltSI 

i.»ea,D8s 

Chapter  Vm 

Land 
Adminiatratiflt 

TheBrituh. 

BttrKg 
BmulU, 

tsss-igra. 


>  A '  Tbi*  UM:reM«  u  aomiiwl,  Me  foot  boM  1  on  ptgt  2M 


K&ANDESH.  '       297 

hv  as  information  in  avnilnblo,  during  the  Iltirty>fiaiir  yeara 

Lxig     1879-80,     population     bas    iorj^aaed     from    *>9o,CA9    to 

«3,03I  or  80-71   porojnt:  housw  from   170,504  to  270,740  or 

'33  p<^r  cent ;  carta  from  38,(300  to  79,687  or  117-72  per  cent ; 

.  t^h-r  from  07,072  to  124,737  or  85i)7    per  cout;    oatLlo   from 

I-'.  u>  I,08j,l72  or  2R-42  por  cent;  and  wells  from  27,112  to 

r    lit'04   per  cent.     In   tK-^t!  jtuirti  ttio  litlai^e  area   has 

I   from   l,2iJ3,6iS  to  3,d64,U37  aci-ea  or  180'9!J  par  cant, 

tho  bmrl  r«?«nue  from  £102.116  to    13tW,274  (Ra.  1,021,160- 

a,(Ht2,T40)   or  12503  per  L-ent    Eigliteeu    mnnipipttlitie«,   two 

'V>>tals,  serott  ditpiinisnriM,  and  275  ecboolaJiave  been  flxtabliidied. 

e'kIo;*  I2r{  mil<Ki>  of  rail,  uiid  sovtirnl  nnntodo  ro^ds  fit  for   bir* 

ktber  traffic,  105  milos  of  oompletfly  bridged  road  and  194  mtloa 

•id  for  tmtiic  in  nil  mcmodm,  oxcept  tAnes  of  dood,  hare  bnen 

>iiwl, 

XTfae  following;  atateoiont'  showa  tUeae  resulta  in  labulur  form  : 


Idind 
Admlniatniti 

TbaBritialt, 


VMM. 


'"id'"—- 


'-  l« 


«U.m0  IID.m 


ho; 

S01t 


ee-n 


lnanvl»- 


KUIT 

tt-M 
WW 


tm^Qof. 


4M,IW 


T'14 


■nil 
Ogiki, 


aVpMS 
CO 


TM*L 


«a,tM 


444 
Wtt 


lr«lli. 


■T,41t 


•noHf 


fMJttiOM* 

ua>,tn  u,iM  ^w,Bn  mm,iu 


i«o« 


Ijinrt 


Ra. 


Asm 


l»U 


To 


Bb 


one  who  know  Kiiftndc!*b  twontjr  jtMn  ago,  writes  Mr. 
nraiuty  (187?^),  the  cliangn  .sc-^m^  wondorfu).  At  tlmt  tune  a  vaat 
of  (foiid  attil,  covered  with  a  tangled  growth  of  babkut  or  pattu 
a,  atrclcbed  for  miles  from  th<!  SAlpuda  hills  imnth  towards  the 
tl.  I»  almost  uvi>ry  aitb-divinioo  were  wide  alrotcbea  of  buab 
id  broken  by  isolated  patches  of  tillage.  Now,  save  in  parts  of 
itiliitgnon  on  tho  borders  of  th«  Ni/JimV  ttirritory,  no  tracts  of 
go<'il  hind  he  wiiKte.  Scrab  jungle  ibere  Hlill  in,  but  thia  itt 
coiillnej  to  rocky  lines  of  hilt  or  rolling  stony  ground  that  will  yield 
no  crop  save  grnss.  CnUiviitiun  has  bM;ii  pushed  alnn>at  to  tho 
very  »loj>e!i  of  tho  8iiipiida  bdU,  and  even  in  the  woat  where  the' 
climate  ia  bad  and  population  scanty,  tliv  ariM  of  arable  wnsto  has 
an  immensely  curt((ite<l.  Thirty  yeora  ago  wild  beaata  wer«  found 
.__  overj-  i>ub-divii<ion.  11»e  fear  of  them  kept  whole  villagea  empty 
and  nch  plaiux  antilled.  Xow  tig^-rs  are  couiinud  to  a  fyn 
fiiv'.'iirito  ix'tn>als  in  tbo  8Atpuda  hlllH,  or  to  the  dense  fon^tta  on 
th.^  I'KHti^rn  anil  wesu-rn  frontiers.     Ouoe  panthers  infeated  every 

•  Um  pofmhtic*  anil  hwmi  fiywM  aalMsd  i^iiiiat  1S79-1M  AN   Ukca  Tram  ifc» 

\a. )    11ia«e  tignrM  aia  tot  the  proMcit  KliimUtih  >inlv. 

tM    lli«H  Hgan«JUDla')«UioNtirik«ulMlivalDMnlMll«gM>D,  KAiidaMu.  BdiiUn, 
•nd  Ifalvnti,  irbkh  ia  ISW  fofniwl  f*n  ut  KUndoik. 


IBenbiky  Guett 


298 


DISTRICTS. 


L 


RpMr  Vm 

Land 
.dministration. 


Tiling  find  lurked  in   every  sugarcane  field.     Noir  they  are  fo| 
only  ill  tlie  liilta  or  in  a  few  of  thu  ixr'Icv  ruTtricui  tlint  intersect 
|jliiiii!!i.     Herds  of  wild  hogs  once  lordod  over  the  pUioa,  nililiin^  ] 
the  huhbaiiduicn  of  gnat  part  of  tbcir  harvest.     Now  Iho  wild  ' 
w   compturativelv    scarce.     Duo  quarter  of  A  Denlurr  ha*  at 
what,  in   Captain  Wingat«'f  opinion,  would  prove  toe  work 
least  a  Itundrt-d  veara. 

This  great  aniJ  rapid  change,  though  helped  by  the  lighter 
more  won  survey  mW»,  is  not  entirely  duo  to  them,  lu  llJS 
after  four  years  of  vt-rv  Inw  pricirs,  grain  roue,  and  with 
rxc-entionfi,  has  since  niloa  high.  The  openiDg  of  the  raUway, 
the  American  war  t>ctwecn  I8(>l  nnd  1805,  poun^d  gn-nt  wi-nlth 
tho  district.  And  thoogb  after  the  clooe  of  the  war  the  collapttiil 
pricoH  and  Hcvend  yvhra  of  scanty  or  nnHoanonnhlo  rainfall  caused 
much  toss  to  tbo  district,  itK  pn)duce  and  trade  have  coutiDiiodgri.?ater 
ihnn  before  that  time  of  exceptional  prosperity,  and  of  late  huvo^ 
again  begun  itteodily  to  incrcace. 


tvtfv^l 


SECTION  IV,-SKASON'  BF.PORTS, 

»oa  Bepnrt*.  Tlie  following  is  a  summary  of  tht;  chief  ax-ailalilo    factx  rogsrdiny 

.         the  state  of  tin:  di^itnctj  during  the  last  twenty-eight  years  : 

ms-ss.  In  1852-53  the  rainEall  at  Dhulia  wait  10-o9  inches.     The  season 

was  upon  tho  whole  ^ronrable.  The  tillage  area  rose  from 
I,077,u2*>to  1,171,^37  aciT's,'  and  tho  land  revenue  for  collection 
from  £178,841  to  eiM.OSl  (Rb.  17.88,410- Rs.  lfl,69,310);  £134* 
(Rs.  ia,44())  were  remitted  ;  ^nd  £10  (Re.  lOO)  left  outatandiu 
ludmii  millet  nif)Co  pric^^'S  rowft  from  l.M-  to  124  pounds, 
progress  was  nwdt*  in  imi>n>ving  croBS-roads, 
m.  In  18ait-54,  the  rainfall  of  lit  04  inches  was  unseasonable,  and 

harvest  upon  the  wholo  anfaronrahle.  Htidth,  huth  of  uien 
cattle,  was  good.  The  tillage  area  rose  from  1,171,237 
l,iy8,785  acres;  the  land  reToniic  ffir  colluction  foil  from  JEH'C.y: 
lo  £18V.54  (Ra.l9,fi9,3IO. Us.  18,05,640);  £14,777  (lU.  1.47,770) 
were  remitted  ;  and  £17  (Ra,  170)  loft  outstanding.  Indian  millet 
rupee  prio(.i<  fl^ll  from  124  to  IGd  pound.'*.  One  hundnxl  milus  of  fair 
weather  roads  wore  made  at  a  cost  of  £y8S  [Rs.  1)880).* 

In  I8o4-5o  the  rainfall  of -30*14  inches  was  unlavoumble.  Roia 
continued  after  thecaHy  crops  had  npciied,  and  oonsidorable  damase 
was  done.  The  late  harvest  was  good.  Except  in  Xasirabad  t£e 
'remissions  were  comparatively  small.  The  tillage  area  rose  from 
1,198,78.7  to  1,28G,3^4  acres,  and  tho  land  rerenuv  for  cnlliN-tion 
from  £180.554  to  £200,878  (R».  l8,ti5,S40- Bb.  20,08,780) ;  £]r)82 
(Rs.  I5.«i0)  were  remitted;  and  £12  (K«.  120)  left  outstanding. 
Indian  millet  rupee  prit^'--'*  row  from  l(>8to  seventy-six  pounds. 

In   18&fi-&Q   the    rainfall  wa»   14-50   incho*.     This  season    was 
extremely  on&Toarable  owing  to  want  c^  lain  and  the  oon»6qu< 


'TU.ioCTMa»«.fW.JllMww,,,  bUu.Oollefltor'.  opinion.  <hii>  to  t)>e 
tTWi  in  «ottoB  nrl«fc     B<^  Our.  Rot.  Bou,  2»  o(  I8S7,  pMt  II.    »S33.d334 
'Ikdii.  I.o*.  Ruv.  Roc.  28  o*  I8S8,  p»rt  10.  30131 


Decou-I 


KBANDKSH. 


2m 


I 


feiJnro  of  crops.'  TiIUtrnrfiowMnrieo  of  only  8310  ftcrea  ;  the  laad 
roviuue  for  cllwtiou  fc-il  from  eiOO.HTS  to  £157,r.l3  (Bs.  2U,U«,780. 
Its.  lG,7tj,i:J0)  ;  and  £4(J,;Jt*0  (R«.  4.li3,<.n)'>)  were  remitted.  ludiAn 
itiill-'t  rnpoo  [iriccn  M\  from  wvi-nty-six  to  I'ighlj'-fuor  ponnds. 

In  l^^ti-'i?,  the  raiDfulI  of  2/i'l'J  inchos  wax  abiititliint  and 
eeosonabk-.  the  eoMon  extremvlj  fnvcuirublo,  and  ihv  var\y  harvest 
Tnt.1  uiiu.-tucilly  pU-iitifuI.  The  ttllago  arcft  rose  from  1 ,2d4',t><l'l  to 
l,UJ>^,t:i1U  acTCB,  and  the  land  revenue  for  collection  from  £iri7,618 
to  i2lJl,563  (R«.  15,76,130- Rs.  20.15,ti30):  £2384  (Bs.  23,8-W) 
were  remicu-d;  and  £7  (Ka.  70)  left  outtlaiidinj;.  Indian  millflt 
rupee  prices  rose  from  eighty-four  to  Boveuty.two  pounds. 

In  18.57-uMiio  rainfall  K.a»  2i92  incliM.'  Tins  wsMon  was  an, 
average  one.  Ilib  nuu  wtm  too  late  in  setting  in,  and  the  eurlv 
crops  were  much  below  the  avern>^'.  When  the  rain  came,  it  fell 
fn»dy  and  Hciuonably ;  and  thu  late  crofM  vevrv  iniicli  aboru  the 
■vtngo.  The  tillage  area  ro!>e  from  1,36^,813  to  l.'i-13,)j82  ncron/ 
■nd  t£c  land  revenao  for  collection  fn>m  t20\,56S  to  12l]3,9U7 
(IU20,i:>,(j3(!-R,.  20,rift.07O) ;  £5830  (K«.  58,300)  wero  Pi>mittvd,» 
and  £12  IBs.  120)  left  oui.3(anding.  Indian  millet  rupee  pnces  rofle 
from  jujTPnty-two  to  fifty-siit  pixiiids. 

In  lK'..S-69  the  raiiiCalt  of  2l-.''i!' incliOH  wa-*  favourntile,  holli  for 
early  and  late  cropa.  The  tillage  area  rose  from  1,413,832  to 
|,&7i,222  acres,  and  the  land  revcniio  for  collucliou  from  £2(>3,907 
to  £2i+,821  (R*.  20,39.070- B».  21,48,210);  £0337  (I^i.  03,370) 
wro  ivmitted,  and  £2  (Ba.  20)  left  outstanding.  Indian  millet 
rujieti  pricwii  wore  fifty-six  pounds. 

In  1H5'.).C(i  the  minfiiU  wilh  2i'3l  inches,  llie  tillage  area  rose 
from  l,o7t,22^  to  l,tI2-l,0dO  acres,  an^  the  land  rorenuo  forcollection 
fn..u  £211.821  U)  £22o.937  {lis.  21,18,210-11...  22,09,370); 
£5218  (Us.  J.2,IWJ)  were  remitted,  and  £7  (R8.70)  lift  outstanding. 
Indian  millet  rnpeo  prices  rose  from  fifty-sir  to  forly-eight  pound*. 

In  1  &ijO>t>l,  the rainfiiU of  22'Ot  iuchcx vnu* nonii-vrhat  unRon.<iu liable. 
Till'  hardest  waa  on  the  whole  favourable,  and  e3cc«pt  a  slight 
odtbn^ak  of  cholera,  health,  both  of  men  and  c^ittle,  was  good. 
The  tillage  arcfa  n«n  from  l,62-*,980  to  1 ,685,025  acres,  but  Ihtf  hmil 
roTonoo  for  collection  fell  from  E22(i,'.»37  lo£223,528  (Ra.  22,t:9,370- 

>  Tbn  moBKMHi  htffto  witli  ktan  nla  in  thu  itiiildla  al  Juno  and  iMtod  till  th« 
bal  <rcek  of  Jaly.  A  ittntijihi  <•(  oichi  wcului  tliiin  euttini),  during  which  a  l«{^ 
partino  of  the  drop*  wu  iL->in>y.<J  fii  Octolior  T«la  (nl]  hiwvfly.  (lut  lor  want  of 
tliatinial  f^liBthc  tKUnrjivt  •>!  VrivRiitlior.  ill*  ]aU>  crop*  ircrc  inu<;h  faelow  tli<raviin^pl« 
Nnrtii  of  iha  Tipti  tlic  xaMiD  WM  lUll  niara  uiifaTonntbl*^  In  C)io|Hla.  Vival,  and 
Hvila.  lodiaa  miUet  UiltJ  (mtiroly ,  aail  mi  crop  yleliled  mom  than  oDtNthuil  ot  aa' 
•nmge  return.     Ei-cn  in  Fchrnarjr  field  laiiaiinva  liad  grokt  didcolty  in  |i«ttii) 

r'n  anil  cantbcn  itmt  luiving  tliBir  honwa,  and  oven  tba  vdl-t»-do  wcm  iwloo* 
imit  meal  a  dav  uvi  that  oJ  old  Bod  nnwbotcMina  gnda.  Trmtvr  tliuM 
urcani*Uiii.-(«  tbo  CV>llcc4ot  gMntod  a  majalon  of  7}por  cent  oq  tniid  c:ii1lii'at«d 
with  >niri'.  ui<le2-&pnr  eeaton  other  tnnM.  Bom.  Got.  Rw.  Hco.  Mof  !Hin>.  n-ti.uid 
CoUwtM'aRepL  WO,  l!Hli May  IS^fi in  H«t. Bw.  19o*  ISM,  t«rt  .1. lOl'J  IWl,  I02fl.l037. 

*  Tbia  tncrtaw  in  ullage  nica  wai  ftty  nominiii.  due  V>  nioro  ai^cnnit* 
HMaaurnBt<iiti.  It  icm  fMuwsly  the  pmctica  to  MiCcr  tha  ijnatitity  of  oralilo  land 
on  ■■timatv.  The  awray  abowcd  that  in  ■oni«  ■ub.diriuciu  tiM  quantity  ot  arable 
land  Kiitcml  wa>  ortiMatiniatcd.  Bat.  u  a  mlo,  tii«  area  Ai>iin  by  tbts  mrvny 
mnaidanldy  aiceedod  tho  focmer  eirtimate.  In  lbi«  yoar  thm  wm  ntjll  a  rary 
bntK  an*  (IfiO.OO0  acrea)  unoMnanrad.     Bosn.  Rev.  Rm.  16  of  1861,  21-32. 

'  In  SnlUnpur  and  Cliopda  ■cTenJ  viltuca  wen  raraf^  l>y  lb«  Silpuda  Ilhib,  and 
ui>iiftJ»niljlB  wwiwioailiad  tobe granttd.  Bom.  Oor.  Itnv. Biw;.  16  o(  IMI,  t-ti,  12-13, 16. 


ChaptOT^' 

Land 
Admintitnitioi 

SoMOB  R«fMri^ 


IBST-t 


ISSS-i 


18S9^. 


tSSMZ. 


FSombay  Oautt 


300 


DISTRICTS. 


,       land 
LdiiuBistrBtioB. 


tet-ex 


laesji. 


ise4M. 


Be.  2!2.35.28(>) ;  £i2,2(>2  (R».  1,22,020)  wew  remitted.  Indian 
nilKti  ]irioe.-t  nisc  from  furty- fight  tij  lliirly-lwo  pound)). 

In  lUtll-Oj,  tUurainfatlof  27*14  iuciiea  wan  abatidonl  and 
ablo.  Thf  Uiir\'f«t  wa«  |>lentiful  ami  public  iu-alth  f;w>d. 
Ullage  lura  i-oso  from  l,(>8o,02.'j  to  l,814,2tii>  lumts,  iiiid  llm  I 
rereoae  for  collection  from  Jt22il,528  to  £252,816  (Us.  22,^5,2 
Rs.  25,28,160);  £1902  (U«.  19.020)  were  rDiiiitk-d,  and  £14  (lU.  1 
left  iitiMUmdinif.  Indian  pittlet  nipi-e  priceii  [oil  from  thirty- 
to  fi^'two  pniiuda. 

In  18i!2-ii.)  ibtt  minfall  was  cnfficiont.     But  it  did  not  sot  in 
September,  and  lastinff   iduiusl  lo  tbo  end   of  November, 
tnucli  (liiiiingu  til  tbo  KAr]y  crops.     The  onttum  of  ^ntin   was   m 
1h)1uw     Ibct  avc'rajfi*,  itud   cotl'ni  irutt    v»liTiinl(.^d    ( boiTvniln^r    18i 
at  about  half  an  average  crop.     Id  sereral  Aub-divisiooa  cbo 
prevailed,  itud  u  liuyc  number  of  caws  |Hx)VL<d  fatal.     Tbu   till 
area  rose  from  1,81  l,2SQ  u>  1,89(>,8:11  ix^rc*,  and  tbt>  Ituid  n-veuuD 
ooUcctionfromJE2o2,810  to  £261,390  (Re.  25,2»,160 - lU.  20,13,9 
£2709  {Hs.  27,000)  were  remitted,  and  £113  (Rx.   1130)  li'ft 
standmg,     Indiaa  millut  rupee  prices  rose  from  fift^two  to  fo 
cieht  pounds. 

lu  laOS-fit  thi'  niinfall  at  Dbulia  was  16-3*  incbivt.     lu  Otlwr 
of  the  district  ibo  Knp]tly  vniM  tiiucb  monr  ubimdant,  and  the  earl 
kharif,  n-ops  wore  unoaually  fine.  The  tillage  area  rose  from  1 ,896," 
to  2,084,869  oi-ruii.Rnd  tlielnod  rovt-nno  for  collMtiun  from  £261,: 
to   £281,3S7    (Ks.  26,13.0fiO.lt«.  28,13,870);   t&OSlJ    (Rb.  50, 
were  remitti-d.     ludian  millet  nipeo  prices  toso  from  forly-oigtit 
thirty-firo  (louiida. 

!u  1861-1)5,  the  total  raiufdll  M  Dhuliit  was  only  11-12  inchea. 
Still  the  HeaHon  w(ui  on  tho  whole  favourable,  the  cotton  erop  tvns 
above  the  arefn^,  itsd  the  cold  woathiT  cmp  w.-w  good.  Public 
health  wm  satisfactory.  Tho  lill»jj:«>  nri»  rose  from  2,084,8(i9  to 
2,330,112  acrv«,  and  the  land  revenue  for  coltet'tioii  from  £281,3t^7 
to  Je3tJ0,996  (!ta.  2H,I3,870-R».  30,lKI,960) ;  £^986  (Its.  OO.ti 
were  n^mittvd,  uud  £is3  (Its.  830)  left  outdtaodioff.  Indiau  mill 
rupee  pHces  fell  from  Ihirty-fivo  to  forty-two  poiindit. 

lu  1865.66,  the  total  rainfall  at  Dhulw  wan  lS-9t  inches.  A» 
Gajarit  and  the  nonh  Kookau,  the  i-aiiifall,  rathur  hmivy  itt 
begiuQing  of  thf  season  and  (icanty  at  it«  clyso,  ctiuw^i  oouaidL-rable 
damage  to  thi-  r<,tt'>nandotbei'ero|ia.  Public- health  was  mmarkably 
.good.  The  tillage  luwi  rose  from  2,336,U2  to  2,431,579  acrea, 
,aiid  tho  land  revonne  for  oolleotioa  from  £300,»96  to  £324,283 
(Kb.  30,09,960. Re.  32,42,830);  £7585  (lis.  75.850)  wore  remiUed, 
and  £'13  (Ra.  430)  left  outetandiug.  Indian  uiillut  rupee  pi'icee  fell 
from  forty-two  to  fifty-six  ixnmdit. 

In  1866-67,  the  rainfall  i>i  M-28  inchea  waa,  aa  in  tbo  year  before, 
rabher  hcflvy  iu  tin-  bi-ifiDuing  of  tho  soason  and  >-cauty  at  the 
The    crops,    (""pociallv     collrm,    iigiiiu  milfcntd,    but    public  1- 
wtilinued  pood.     The  tillage  area  rose  from  2,4:11,-579  to  2,471,16ti 
acre.i,  and  the  hind  itjvonae  for  collection  from  .t^24,28;{  to  £330,8* " 
(Rfl.  32, 42,830.  K«.   33,08,640);  £3491   <It«.  34,910)  wore  remi 
and  £421  (R«.  4210)  left  outstanding.     Indian  millet  ruy>ix 
rose  from  lifly-six  to  forty-two  |iouuiIe. 


3t^7 

I 

tS^ 


BUANDESU. 


301 


iId  l8(t7-€8  tbv  rainfall  vns  19*38  inchefl.    Tbs  eeasnn  was  «ii 
wholly  fiiv()iir»l>Ii-,  will)  m  or>(t«M  crop  far  above  the  average, 
Tilth  WHS  (,'11-ii,  luid  oaitto  wei-fi  ontin-ly  fn-c   fruin  iltwiteo. 
'1  li  _'onnm  roBu  from  'Jl,4'!l,\tHi  to  2,5 Itf, ■Sill  m^rpa,  but  tho  binil 

reveuuL-  iW  eoiiTOii.ui  foil  rix)m  £;JliO,.S(;  1  to  £.-J2ti,22!t  (R».  33.08,tJ4(J. 
fo.    82.(>2,2y0)  ;    £1486    (Ila.    14,EJtiO)   w.-re    remilu-ii,  aiid  £531 

iRn.  0310)  Ii^ft  oatxtaiuling,     Indiati  millot.  nipoe   prices  Cell  Erom 
>riy-two  to  novooly  [m>uikU. 

In  l'«i'*-f''!',  the  mouiicinn  was  most  aofavourable,  tlie  late  rmoM 
(■II til! '  I.  aud  the  ruiitfaJI  nt  Ithnlia  waaoulv  11*76 inchoD.     In 

the  .li  I  Kuli-diviKi'iuM  uf  Miilcgiinii,   ^And^fiKm,  and  Ch&lia- 

ron,  the  raui  alumat  entirely  fiiiled.  There  were  no  crops  and  ni^ 
auuid  tor  field  labour.  To  ad<l  to  the  local  distreea  nnmlwrs 
came  from  M£rwilr  and  Kiijputjtun,  wh4>re  llie  warcity  amounted  to 
famine.  Road  sod  pond  wDrkx  were  opened  for  Hhil»  and  otlieni 
of  < lie  loner  clMBoa,  and  public  health  eontinued  f^iierally  good. 
Tht-  tillttj,-!?  an-ii  nwo  frr.m  2,.M8,.'.lfl  (n  2,r.O I ,Ol).'j  m-nin,  but  thu  land 
n'v,-Tnir  fnT-c^lIeetian  fell  from  i:^J2fi,22y  to  £;12;i,407  (Rs.  :t2,<i2,2i>0- 
;  £2528  (1^.25.280)  were  remitted,  and  £3111 
,u  ,  1, —  ■■it  outriUkudiii}^.  Indian  tnitlvl  rupv«  prices  row]  from 
eeTeutj  to  tvrenty-four  and  a  half  pounda. 

In  1HC9-70,  the  rainfnit  of  32  l>7  iiii'In-M  was  abundant,  and  exevpt 
that.  Uie  hiU-  mins  filightly  damai^-ed  the  cotton  crop,  no  such 
favfiurable  harve.Ht  hud  been  eoen  for  years.  Public  beulth  was 
(,1-m-n.lly  pioti-  'I'ho  tillage  arw*  ro»v  from  2.U0.5O8  to  2,249,673 
■erea,  and  Ihe  laud  n-vcuiio  for  eolleetion  from  £255,247  to  £296,827 
(Ba.  28,52,470-Re.  ^'.',08,270)',;  £72  (B«.  720)  were  remitted,  and 
£m-WJ  (Rtt.  ri*ir>0)  Ic-ft  oil t.1  Minding^-  Indian  inillot  rupee  prices  fell 
Erom  tiveotj.fouraud  a  half  to  forty -fonr  pounds.       , 

In  lt!7U-71  the  rainfall  of  2953  inche^^  wii.1  Hliundaut,  llw  xeason 
btvounilild,  and  [nibliu  biullh  good.  The  tillage  area  rose  from 
2,249,"ir<l  to' 2,38.'i,*i05  acres,  and  tho  land  revenne  for  coUoction 
fn.n.  £2yt>,827  to  £303.062  (Rh.  20,08.270  -  Hj..  80,30,620);  £681 
llisi.  MU))  Here  n-miUH,  aud  i:>h^  (Us.  55!>0)  left  outstanding. 
Indian  millet  rupee  prices  rose  from  forty-four  to  thirty-seven 
pounds. 

In  IS7I<72  the  rainfall  at  Dhuliawas  only  1004 tnehea.  In  nomc 
parts  there  nas  a  complete  5iihira  of  crops,  and  relief  works  wore 
organised.  In  Nov etn bur  heavy  rain  (ell,  and  large  iuiportntions  ol 
gnun  tmiii  the  Oentrwl  Provinces.,  by  lowering;  tlio  price  of  Indian 
(iiitlet  from  Ihirly-seven  to  fifty  puundi,  prorcuted  anylhinff  like 
n  i'ii-pi-<^d  disirosa.  The  tillage  area  rose  from  2,385,005  to 
£,  acrea,    biii   ihe    land  revenue  for     collection    fell    from 

i  .    to   £265,1^1    («*■    31.1,30,020.  Rs.  26,51,2)0);    £37,621 

<Ka.    3,75,210)     were   rctnittwl,   and   £30,736   (K».   3,07,360) -^eft 
nutvtanding. 


Chapter' 

Land 

Admiuistrati^ 

tasTA 


mo'7u 


IS71.\ 


T.-Rooe  b'.twomtliaM<mdt&efigiiMrM-thanunnyii4r(lB684>)  drwlB 
ti..  ^i«tngr*|>fa  it  An*  Vt  t&o  tntufcr.  in  ISCSfiS.to  lIuiMiwdutrietaflUii^ 

wl    u .."LiYitic^ii  uf  MahgoMi,  NAitJipiaa,  and  (U|^u nitli  Ua  two  MbonlnnUe 

pprMr  iltviaioiu,  prtAs. 


IBombajr  Quet 


303 


DISTRICTS. 


iptw  Tni. 

L&nd 
iini&lstrstiOB. 

isaaon  KupurU. 


JS7S.7t. 


mt-7S. 


ms-77. 


W7-7S. 


Jn  187S-73,  the  rainfall  of  30'65  inche*  was  nbundant  wid 
nblc.     Kxci'pt  in  rill»t<i^  ulotif;  the  ti'traa  and  ilie  Tdnti,  wh 
much  injured  by    Qoodn,   the  harvest    was    eveiTwiiere  abuati 
I'ublic  hi-nUh  wa«  franornlly  good.     Tbcn-  "■ore  n  fi'w  cmm  ol'  cb 
and   thiiwKh   tinuiv   ^^f^l■n:■d   from   denjriie   fever,   few    diixt 
tillage  an^a  fell  from  ^,:j;('.l.8t0  lo  2,:}.S:),4U  acree,  while  tlie  lao 
revenue  for  colloction  r«>"i'  fnmi  t.2iV,,]2\u>tiQlfi-i'tlll».  2C,51,2l( 
Ra. 30,1 0,2^0):    £1701    (lU.    17,UiO)    were    remiued,  and   t 
(Bs.  30,(ilO)   left  ouutandiD^.     IndLati  millot  nipoa  prices  fell 
fifty  to  sixty  and  »  half  ]K)und4^ 

III  lS73~7-(,  ibe  rainfall  of  30'0-l  iuchca,  thonffh  above  the  avfi 
Cuaa  too  eariy  uid  was  broken  by  1od|;  t;trel<'!he8  of  fair  weatl 
The  Mnaon  vras  on  th»  wliolu  fair.  CinwaboppiTs  did  much  mi^cl: 
in  Ch&li§gBon  and  Dholia.  In  S4vda,  neither  wheat  nor  cot 
prospenxl  owin;;  to  cxcx^ssiro  rain.  The  tillage  area  fell  fr 
2,S83,4Hto  2,302,613  iicn-s,  and  I1m5  land  rpvuniii*  for  cullpcti 
from  £301,025  to  £i>'J8,l3!  (Ra.  30,10,250- Ks.  211,81,310)  ;  £1^ 

£«.  14,1201  were  rvmitlod,  and  £1706  {Ra.  I",0tt0jloft  owtjstanil 
dian    millet   riiix-e  \>nvM    fell   from  sixty  and    a   half  to  n 
tliree  and  a  half  pounds. 

lu  1874-75,  thu  rainfall  of  20(14  inches,  though   suHicicnt,  was 
awu-aMiiiahlo,  tt>o  heavy  in  Ihv  hufpnning  and  xeanty  towards  ihv  cl 
A  long  break,  with  very  hot  sun,  did  mueh  damnge  to  millets,  cot 
and  HewtDUin.     The  tilliigo  arra  ronv  from  2,302,643  to  2,37o.fi 
acres,  and  the  land  revenue  for  collection  fnim  £298,131  to  £2P9,1 
(Ra. 29,81,310. R>t.29,SI,7$0)  :£22SH  (I^i.  22,910)  were remiiied.ai 
Jt87*  (Re,  8740)  lell  outAtandiiig.     Indian  millet  rapco  priooe 
from  sixty-tbrpc  and  a  half  to  eiicty-one  pouitda. 

lu  ld75-7t>,  thu  niiiifidl  of  299  inches  waa  plentifal, and  in  pis 
oxooasive.  In  iRo  central  »iul><divi.tioai<,  the  early  cropx,  ('*peci 
cotton,  were  damaged.  Cholera  and  cattle  diaease  prevailed.  \ 
tillage  area  rosu  from  2,375,045  to  2,415,03S  acres,  and  tho  Ii 
revenue  for  collection  from  £29»,175  to  £302,090  (Ra.  20,91,71 
Bs.  30,20.900)  J  £789  (Rs.  7S90)  wero  remitted,  and  £iJJll  f  Rs.  ( 
luft  oatoianding.  Indian  millet  rupe«  pnoai  rose  from  sixty- 
to  forty. sevon  pounds. 

In  187(i-77,tb(M-aiuraI),whi(-halDhu]iawaeI3'14inGhee,  W8SI 
where  scanty,  and  in  some  places  almost  entirely  failed.     To  roli« 
the  diKtreKs  publiu  works  had  to  ho  opened,  and  it  was  only  by 
4ai^  im]>ortatiouii  of  grain  by  rail  thiit  scarcity  was  proventea  I 
■developing  into  famine.     The  tilli^e  area  roiio  from  2,4I5,(>38 
2,484,193   Bcree,   but   the  land   revenue   for    collection    fell 
JE302.090   to    £301,780     (R«.    30,20,'.KI0.Rs.    30,17,800)  i     £2U 

S 8.  21,290)  were  remitted,  and  £216  (Ra.  2160)  left  outslandir 
diau  Diillot   rupee  prices  rose  from  forty-Beven  to  twenty^jwi 
potiuda. 

In  1877-78,  though  veiy  late  of  setting  in  (Angusi  24),  the 
fall  wa»  abundant,  2o'  1 9  inches,  and  tho  harvest  teir.    Public  hoalt  _ 
wa«  good.     The  tillage  area  rose  from  2,484,193  to  2,648,638  aorea7 
aad  the   land   rovenuo   for  collection  from  £301,780  to  £503,801 
{R«.80,17,800-K8.  30.38,010);    £1110  (Ra.  11,100)  wcixs  rfimitkjd. 


SecMut.] 


iThAndesh. 


303 


uid  £23  (Rs.  230)  left  ontatanding.  Indian  millet  mpoe  prices  fell 
from  twenty-seven  to  twenty  •eight  and  a  half  pounds. 

In  1878-79,  the  rainfall  of  35-92  inches  was  excessive.  Too 
much  moistare  and  want  of  heat  damaged  the  early  crops,  and 
the  late  crops  suffered  from  rats  and  locusts.  Between  May  and 
October,  there  were  some  bad  outbreaks  of  cholera,  6000  out  of 
12,500  Beizures  proving  fatal.  The  tillage  area  rose  from  2,548,038 
to  2,603,073  acres,  and  the  land  reveuuo  for  collection  from 
£303,801  to £310,069  (Ra,  30,38,010-Rs.  31,00,690) ;  £163  (Rs.  1630) 
were  remitted,  and  £670  (Rs.  6700)  left  outstanding.  Indian  millet 
rupee  prices  fell  from  twenty -eight  and  a  haif  to  thirty-one  pounds. 

In  1879-80  the  rainfall  at  Dhnlia  was  20-71  inches.  The  seaaoa 
was  on  the  whole  favonrablo.  Pnblic  health  was  good.  The  tillage 
area  rose  from  2,603,073  to  2,759,793  acres,  and  tho  land  revenue 
for  collection  from  £310,060  to  i3l0,101(Rs.31,00,690.Rs.31,61,010); 
£252  (Rs.  2520)  were  remitted,  and  £11  [Rs.  110)  left  outstanding. 
Indian  millet  rnpee  prices  fell  from  thirty-one  to  thirty-four 
ponnds. 

The  following  shews  in  tabular  form  the  chief  yearly  statistics 
of  rainfall,  prices,  tillage,  and  land  revenue,  during  the  twenty-eight 
years  ending  1879-80: 

KhdadtiA  Sea»oa  .•Hatiiliea,  1S5J-1SS0. 


Land 

ludinu 

nioUL 

Rflln  U 
ULullu. 

Tlll.«« 
Ana, 

Itdvutme 
coJIccElon. 

RcmiHBlDnt 

Out- 
■tUldlDfO. 

millet 
Riip« 
price!. 

M 

Inchff. 

IdcIih. 

Acres. 

•r.. 

RlL 

Rs. 

Lba, 

lSSi-53 

Ift-.TO 

].in,-ja7 

in,n'.,3U 

I»,44U 

R1 

I1'4 

ISU-H 

lU'Ui 

l.lln,7>i5 

lN.i;,v'l 

1,I7,7i;T 

IflA 

KM 

15M-fii& 

suit 

I,^si;.«,14 

ai,rv.,:wi 

i':-HH 

•         12fl 

7H 

IK3-M 

14  20 

l.I!>l.>Ul 

l.'JH.ll" 

4,n:i,iiur. 

ai 

JSAe-ST 

i',  i'i 

1,nii.'<,.-'13 

jo.l-\ii3 

ia,"-^ 

"  flit 

;» 

lU7-llg 

:tv-j 

1.HJ.h:!J 

;ii,.-lii,i]7(i 

C-,il'7 

lil 

fW 

ISM-SO 

;;ice 

l,.'.74.':ja 

■.'I.IM.LIIS 

l«.M7.> 

VI 

to 

lutt^ 

.-.„. 

S4-:il 

l.";4,i"j) 

:r.',wj.:.7.i 

!1'.:,17U 

09 

48 

1M[M1 

W-fu 

1, !;■-,'.  .irj.i 

iL'.M.JMl 

i,:;a.«i« 

.11! 

TSBl-^l 

27  U 

l.'.l  l.LSil 

'^\-^J":' 

1 11,(1 1» 

"140 

M 

ues-os     ... 

I.I'M,  11^1 

2H,i.{,ur'', 

27.0'B 

u:s 

(H 

laus-M 

iiisi 

l.OM.SHO 

;s,ia.-74 

M.HUTi 

^ 

UIM-4S 

11  la 

s,.Tiit,iia 

S0,rl(l,i..-j.1 

nn.si.i   1 

(W 

42 

laeiJM 

IS -SI 

^,4.11,479 

«J,r.',B:« 

7.'.,«.-i:i 

.l:<4 

ss 

I8ai5-<7 

ii-iis 

■J.lTl.lW 

Ail.in.iill 

!ll,l•l.^   1 

f2\n 

42 

lM7<«g 

ii'-aa 

s.nifl.sie 

»;,Hi,yi"i 

ij,?,'.fl 

B.ii;i 

7U 

iMH-m 

ll'7'i 

XIH 1  .(IDS 

^:^.::4,«l'.4 

i::37a   ' 

31,111 

3't 

U«H-«a  (a)... 

]8e»-7o 

11-70 

:i,r'U.5ua 

i:!:;.i7n 

t^io 

nati 

■a\ 

SS07 

3,!4U,tl7S 

'.11,11.1,^74 

71H     1 

htm 

41 

1B70-II 

io-SI 

ia-:^s 

3, »■-,«« 

S(l.:i",(il>) 

.^^  1 .1 

.vmi 

37 

1S71-7S      ... 

1S-S8 

lo-ni 

s.HW.eto 

2fl,. -.1,^07 

3.;rr,»>i 

3,1)7,3.'J1 

W        "• 

l»7i-7a 

3ssa 

»0115 

a  i*i,4U 

Miilil.ilfl 

li.iiia 

HII/lll 

]nS'T4 

lati 

WliH 

i!,:«ij.iii« 

v:i,»i.3in 

U,l-'3 

17, OBI 

in4-7S      ... 

1311 

ami 

K,37.'i.UI5 

sa.i'i.T.j-.' 

a^,i>ii 

fi74il 

SI 

\t7i-7e      ... 

SitiO 

aMW 

V.ll'i.l-lS 

au.-.n.i'oii 

TSli:! 

WIO 

47 

1S76-77 

It  ID 

1311 

V,1IH,11« 

n<>,i;,--"2 

ai,:!"ll 

3161 

37 

i87".ra 

■13J2 

tB-io 

^,3411,  lyw 

:m,;i«,ii'"I 

ii,™"" 

■j'la 

2tl4 

1ST|>-7B 

«3-'ie 

si-m 

S.«n,u7a 

;ii,™siin 

li::il 

e>'riKi 

31 

ISTV-M) 

«1'17 

nr-i 

;ii.iii,"Ui 

a.'.  17 

]i:i 

34 

]si»«a  (N... 

S117 

so  .7 1 

3.  ;■"»,";(; 

:iii,Mi,Hls 

■-■ssT 

44.'iO 

34 

Chapter  Til] 

Land 
Acbniiditratic 

SeuDD  Report 

1S7S-79. 


1879-80. 


fa)    TtwdcotMlop  thtamnd  BubBequcnlvwirsareforliie  r"*™' KliSmionh  only.  ,      ...    , 

ft)    FlgrnSrSi  thl.  >«r  tadudTlhB  tour  Ki.lk  snb-diyi.lou.  which,  until  IDefrM,  formed  put  ol 
XUndMb. 


rVmlMv' 


luptw  IZ. 
Jnatiee. 


■>r  if  ho 


CHAPTER  IX. 

JUSTICE. 

Uhcrr    tbe    MnrAtli^t,  jhkIioo,    both   civW   and   triniinal, 
■dminiatorcci   by   lltp  rovenne  nffiiwra,   tbe  pritit,  (lie 
Mid  tilt)  Mr  iiuli/u^iir,  with  the  Fesjiwaorhia  luiui.iUT  .- 
j»iirt  of  Bpppal.     fu  oft'il  wWM't,  llm  offii-ors  wore  In 
panchayaU,  uf  from  five  to  fifty  u)i>mliui-!i,  lui-n  in  t 
lu  life  as  lhi>  pnrtivH  to  tbc  cam.',  or  nbl4>  to  fona  a  Ht-iiNitjji.' 
on  llu'  pninl  in  i|iiiMtiiin.     TIk!  ^<ifi7  first  trk-J  to  w?ltie  tin 
an  a  friend  of  the  parlioe.     If  he  ^led  be  coiled  lb«  coui 
itiqaired  into  the  tnollur  and  gi»'<i  (lu-ir  domiott.     If  tbu  ciin 
dill  not  nwdy  to  the  pdlil,  or  if  he  were  ntfunvd  n  coumi) 
diiia))pn)Tea  of  tbe  conncil'a  diNrtnion,  ho  weiii  tu  the  imi. 
tht-n  lo  tho  »<'r  suhhfildr.    The  !a.Ht  fiffifter  mU-d  in  ihe 
twf  the  pi'ilil,    with  the  additional   power  of  bi'iiig  nble  to  i 
defendant  either  to  snlimit   ti' tho  cunnol's  decixiou  or  {•■ 
the  complaiDutit.      Unless  for  aonie  grosii  injuHtim  or  sii^piciti; 

corruption,  tiio  §npcHor  milliority  would  not   reriiW  the  orig. 

dccwion,  oxoi-pl  on  tlie  promise  to  pay  u  l»rgo  snm  into  conrt.  1b. 
Bome  towna  tliere  was  un  officor  railed  ny(iy<WAuA  who  tri^l  oueM 
tjndorlhoPoi<li«V«anth«ritv.  Any nthvroathonsed  person  couI J  al^ 
conduct  no  investifFatiou,  the  d^oiaiou  lieing  Kuhjvct  to  i  ~< 
by  the  Pe^hwa.  Tbe  decision;;  of  llic  coarta  were  K^imi': 
out  by  povoratrtcnt  iind  Mnitiel iiiiest  left  U>  tho  plaiutifl,  mho  w 
aliywvd,  nndcr  tli9  iiameof  lakkata,  or  duumnjj-,  to  a>-v  what  uienn« 
choHe  t<i  compel  the  defendant  to  jwy.  Tiii'sc  means  varimj  from  aim 
dunning  to  plfu;iug  a  guitnl  orer  the  dofendiint,  koepiu^  him 
eating,  tying  bim  up  ueclc  nnd  heels,  or  setting  him  in  the  aun  witb 
honvy  stono  on  liid  bead.  When  gurcrnniDut  enforced  pnyment 
a  debt  it  took  very  much  the  sumo  ale{»  ax  the  iilaiDtilT,  or  it 
Brrungod  for  llu-  [wymenl  by  inKtidinctits,  or  it  nohl  the  dei>tor*a 
property  generally  gpnriiijr  his  boiiHe  and  taking  care  not  to  bring  him 
to  utier  ruin.  Detilurs  were  novor  kept  in  a  public  prison.  Tbu 
dvoro  somctimcM  nhnt  up  or  tortured  by  the  creditor  iit,  his  own  Iio 
^r  in  some  i>thcr  dwelling,  and  in  other  ea»o:<  were  made  toserv(<t 
creditor  till  the  amonnt  of  their  nominal  wages  equalled  tbe  debt. 
Tlio  cliicf  Kiibjeirts  of  litigation  wcro  hoiuulary  diaputea,  diriKion  o' 

Kroperty,  inberitance,  and  money  debts.     JLmong  traders,  houiut 
ttnKmptx  weru  »t*t  frcv,  hut  if  frand  wua  detected  full  payment  waa 
as  far  aa  possible  enforced. 

Criminal  jneticu,  et^)H- dally  in  the  time  of  the  lost  Peabwa,  w; 
imguhir  and  corrupt.    The  right  of  {lunisbing  wan  ill  dufmikl,  oi. 
wa«  exercised  by  each  officer  according  to  hia  indiiridual  jwwer  an 
intlnence.     Omi  fmiil  would  Hog,  fine,  and  put  in  tho  stocks,  whila. 
anothor  would  not  venture  even  to  impriiron.     Hie  power  of  lifi;  ijnd 
deiith  was  at  first  exercised  by  thowe  only  who  wer«  untruated   with 


KHANDESH. 


305 


\  Atfpaty'*,  mwliililti,  neai,  ami  by  great  military  cliiefa  in  Uiotr 

Dps   uid  attatcs.      In  the  latl<>r  dayn  of  Mur^thu  rule  capital 

were  exteadod  to  the  m-imlatdiir  and  the  »ar  rnhhcJiir,  who, 

rc-furaoM  to  higliLT  luilbunty.  <xhi1<1  ban;;  rebela  and  gaug 

ew,  and  in  disturbed  districta,  uulciw  tUey  ouiild   pay  for  their 

B,  Bhils,  simply  on  the  score  of  notoriety.     lu  oilier  caaca  tho 

vd   was  cxttinined,   and  if  then;   Mtomed   Gtron;;  ground  for 

a,   vma   flogged   to   make   biiu   coufejtit.      WitnoBses  were 

and  a  summary  of  their  evidence  and  the  statement  of 

were  taken  in  writing.     Except  in  cases  connected  with 

where  divinos,  shtUtria,  were  (lOiiiotimM  couMultcd,  there 

seem  to   have   been   no   reference   &>   lawit.     C'lMtoni  and, 

eiiediency  wero  the  only  rules.      To  a  groat  extent  the  nature  and 

thu  amount  of  pnnishmeut  dt^jx-nded  ou  tbe criminal's  caste.   Mm'der, 

markod   by   special   cruelty,   was  usually   atoned   by   fine. 

jhway  robbery  and  stato  otfoocee  wwre  generally  punished  with 

Nth,    by    elephant    trampling,    blowing    from  a  gun,  hanging, 

lin^,  cutting  to  pieces,  or  crashing  the  head  with  a  inallot. 

^onien  were  never  sentenced  to  deatli.      Bitthmana    worthy    of 

_      th,  whom  iho  fooling  for  their  castu  prevented  from  being  openly 

'lAain,  WL-nt  destroyed  by  poifton  or  by  unwholeaomo  food,  bread,  half 

Odt  and  Imlf  flour,  being  otlon  nsud.     In  less  extreme  cases  tho 

commoner  punishments  wore,  cutting  olT  an  arm  or  a  log,  audiibutting 

hill  fortsand  dungeoua  where  the  prisouerH  were  nft«n  left  U>  die 

noglcct  or  hunger.   Flogging  was  the  usual  means  for  discovering 

alen    property.     Uard  mooar,  cspociiiUy  in  building  furt«,  waa 

mmnioi^  but  liku  most  ignuminious  puni»bmttnts,  it  was  confined 

to  the  Ivwur  orders,     fine  and  confiaeatioii  wore  tho  most  usuiU 

seotencas.       They    were    often    inflicted    for    the  benefit  o£    the 

nviiittaldJir,  when  no  uffonoc  ha<l  been  eommittvd,  jLnd  they  often, 

th  in  murder  and   mtibery  cases,  took  the  plifee  of  death  when 

1  acciLiud  cijuld  pay  well  for  his  life.     Apart    from  disorders  and 

Bg  robberies,  almost  all  of  which  were  tlie  work  of  Dhils  and 

ter    lawless    triln^s,    olTcnooH  wore    not   particularly  nnmcrons. 

"XmoDg  Mnrilth^  the  commonest  crime  vbb  murder,  genenilly  tho 

result  of  jealousy  or  of  disputes  about  land  or  village  rank,' 

After   tho   Bntish   contpii-Ht  (1818),   'to   prevent  sudden    and 

sivo  cbnngus,*  Khitndeah  was,  till  IS27,  aaminUtered  under  tho 

of  the   Governor  in  Council.'      A   Collector   and   Political 

it  was  appoinl«d  to  Khitndcsh  subject  to  tho  Cooimissionor  at 

and  to  help  t)io  nuimlatdArs  to    admiuiater   civil  justice,' 

known  aa  amin»  or  superintondcnts  were  choa«u  (1822). 

some  exceptions  tho  Mar^thii  syNtoin  of  civil  jiuitioe  was  kept 

achangcd.     For  the  first  year  or  two,  owing  to  the  disturbed  and 

tserted  itfttlo  of  tho  district,  there  were  very  few  civi!  cases.     Mi^ny 

gut«3  were  settled  in  a  friendly  wfty  by  tho  ioSuenco  of  largo 

~  olderSj  and  tho  possowtion  of  an  order,  signed  and  sealed  by  toe 

or,  to  the  mnmlaUUr  to  inquire  into  the  case,  was  sufliciunt  to 


Chapt 
Justica 
Mvitha. 


OntUal, 

isa. 


>  Mr.  rar')>'n*t«<>o'*  Rtfort.  31Kh  Octobw  1819. 
<  ItvKubtiun  XSIX.  uf  1937,  Prcunblo. 


a  411-39 


DISTRICTS. 


ipt«r  IZ. 

[tutioo. 
Britkh. 


the  aui 


-  procnrea  wUlpnipnt.iif  tin' Oil  ''.■<  ilispiitc.     nimn^thetfa 

yoftrs  «tidinif  I  si  July  1S22,  fi:   _  lilK  were  regis  turt'd.     Ofl' 

2M   were  di-oidt-J  liy  couflriln,  panehayat«,  frwentj-fonr  by  i 
agnwiuoDt,  fifty>uiDLi  by  tliO  Collt-vUir,  miniliitiUn,  kdiJ  nin-'>'> 
thrw  rt'iii&iued  pvoding.     The  L-ooncii,  iMiMcAiiyflf,  .lyMi'in  Im 
*i  ixcoiniouM  Kiiine  the  time  of  Peshwa  M£dha'rr&r  11.(1  TT  i  - 
II  vian,  in  {'aplHiD  Rrig)^'  opitiion^  wdl   uil»ptc<l  to   s^run-  - 
cboap,  and  ready^rudraM.     uut  it  had  ibe  nLji'i 
nopowvr  Lv  force  members  to  sorve,  and  tberc  wu 
in  pL'i-Auhdiiig  them.* 

In    1827,   KtiAndc^   wax,    ifjili    oertaiu     vpnctal    etipuktHB^^ 
wbrought  uiidor  ifa«  rcrisi&d   rvn^ktioiiH.     SOiq^  villn^fTg  then 
intwere  Added  by  UegalationX  of  ISSfLAod  in   lU*}ti   the 

ruions  of  Killiiliii'l  nn<]  Varnognon,  codrnli;  Uis  Bi^nms! 
^u  180,  were  bmuf^ht  undrr  Uio  rcf^ln)  ions. 

In  1S27.  tli»  district  of  Khiindesb,   wiUi  a  Beiiior  --^  --•-"•  *- 
und  livo  Hitlwrdituitv  nntiro  judfirpfl  called  commisaico 
was),  for  judidHl  ijuriXBkO:',  mitdii  imrt  of  AIiiti<.-tIii;iL 
uiulfir  tlie  »<u{>erviHiiin  of  !!i&  Aliiueduiipar  Iti-ttri't  ■' 
iiumber  of  native  conimis.'^irjin.'rs  vrjiw 
tliu  total  dc'ciHifiHit  of  IIm;  w^vi-a  i.-"'!!! ;  i  i      .. 

1849,  Khimletib  bisriuun  a  HU^iarate  jiidioia!  ud  haai 

Kejiarate^l  the  present  time,  «onte limes  wi::.  „..u  ^..^mutimea  ■•••<i 
an  assiMMnt  imlgu.     1«   \^^^*>  ihvro  wuru  o'lght  cooita  und  tO,S 
(Ivt^tAtona.    The  enbortUnue  judges  werf  Iniowti  as  muHmfft,  «wL 
amiiw,  and  principalwiilai' amiH*,"  In  I860,  tbqg|yiTf  nint>  k)h 
mnd    11,295   doinrtionit.     In   1869,  thv  number  olRnie   wibord 
judu^   wiw   increoAed   to  eleven,  hit   in  tJio  same  year,   on 
transfer  of  M&lbgaou  »ndB4gUln  toN&sik,  waAit([itin  rudncedtuniue. 
In  1870,  there  were  in  all  eleven  conrts  and  2(I,t>o2  decisions.     Sit 
1870,  the  number  of  suiUi  baa  Btwidily  fallen.     In  1878,  the  noml 
of  coart«  wtM  reduced  to  t«D,  and  the  decieiioiui  f<dl  us  low  as  1 2,( 

The  presenfc  (18801  details  nrt>,  a  District  and  Kessious  JndiL  _ 
stationed  nt  Plinlia,  with  jnri«licliim  ovor  tbo  trhotb  diiitnci  ]  and 
nine  subardinalejudges  with  I  he  average  rhftrgwotll  "29  squan*  niik-« 
andof  114,2!>3«)iilKf  Of  (li"  sob-judgea,  one,  swfk>n<.-d  at  DhuJiii, 
has  jnriiidiction  over  the  Uhulia  »nd  Vinlol  sub-divieions ;  asccoud, 
at  Amalner,  kao  jurisdiction  over  the  Anialncr  mib-diviHion ;  n  third, 
«l^  l-^randol,  over  the  Erandol  sub-divifiiou ;  a  fourth,  at  Bhadguon^ 
•  over  the  Pachora  and  CbAlisgaon  Biib-d)vii;ionfl  ;  a  fifth,  at  Jalgao^^ 
over  the  Nasimbad  and  Jiinmpr  flnl>-'i  ti  sixth,  at  RhiiHival,  ' 

over  the  HhiudTai  sub-division  ;  a  nevi  i        i.    'I'inil,  over  tin-  S^ydi 
Bub-diviaiou;  an  eighth,  at  Shirpiir,  over  the  Shirpur  and  Chopi 
Biib'di'visiQnii ;  and  a  ninth,  at  Nnndurbftr,  over  the  Kandarbd 
'Piftipalner,  tShahiida,  and  Taloda  sult-divisioits.     Of  the  nin  eu 
iud^ia,  five,  those    at   Ohnlia,   BhusttraL  Jalgaon,  Anatner, 
Y&Tal  are  invested  vrilb  the  povrent  of  sltAlt  cause  court  jodges. 


>  Mr.  campling  Report,  90th  Aogun  182?,  pui.  207. 
*  B«suljitk>aXXlX.«()S3T. 


#> 


KflANDBSH. 


307 


BB-parteDecrai,1870-I87S. 


Gnlu. 

Uinrw] 

Poroeiit- 

Gi-PUM. 

»BT. 

H.sn 

18,111 

»»-i8 

,, 

U.ISB 

I7.1T» 

11*7 

". 

10,173 

I4.B3I 

Ti-i6 

Wf 

H.M4 

11. ■as 

70BS 

... 

K.iMS 

K.ttt 

eU'35 

M 

Il,9» 

10,723 

B7  3a 

Ekl».M3 

ID,  395 

m*;t 

EVlO.TN 

tKB 

(B-OS 

gj  n.uw 

IMa 

M07 

lBT.ei« 

iiT.aU 

?r« 

•ver&ge  distance  of  the  ChuUa  snb- judge's  conrt  from  its  8*z 
I  yillaffea  is  thirtr-eight  miles ;  of  the  Amalner  court  twenty- 
les;  of  the  Erondol  court  eighte^  miles  f^  of  the  Bhadgaou 
lirty-seTen  miles ;  of  the  Jalgaou  court  forty-two  miles  j  of 
osival  court  twenty-six  miles;  of  the  Tival  court  thirty-si« 
jf  the  Shirpur  conrt  fifty-seven  miles ;  and  of  the  N»ndurb&r 
rty-seren  miles. 

isive  of  suits  decided  by  the  fire  sab-jadget  in  the  exercise 
of  small   cause   court  powers,    the 
average    number    of  cases   settled 
dnang  the  lyne  years  ending  1878    ' - 
i8-'78,646.     Excej)t    in  1873,  when- 
there  was  a  considerable  increase^-),  m. 
the  number  of  suits  has  of  late  yeaft^'?*" 
steadily  fallen  from  26,632  in  1870  ^" 
to  10,765  in   1877.     Jn    1878  there 
was  a  slight  increase  to  12,088.  .  Of  - 
the  ^  whole    number    of     decisions 
during  tiie  nine  years  ending  1878, 
69'91  per  cent  have,  on  an  average, 
been  given  against  the  defendant  m 
nee.     The  proportion  of  cases  decided  in  this  way  was  in 
high  as  73-28  pa»  cent.     Since  1870,  except  in   1872,  this 
decisions  has  been  on  the  decrease,  a^  in  1878  had  fallen  to 
T  ipnt.     Of  contested  cases,  only  ^2*72  per  oent  have  during 
9  years  jpding  1S7S  besn  decided  for  the  defendant,  the 
onvaryi^from  U-60  in  18^0.to  10-00  in  1878.  In  166  or  1-37 
of  the  whole  number  of  suits  decided  in  1878,  tho  decree  waa 
i   by  putting  the  plaintiff  in  possession  of.the   immovable 
T  claimed.     This  class  of  cases  rose  from  180  out  of  26,632  in 
320  out  of  24,324  in  1873  ;  it  then  fell,  and  in  1878  stood 
a  166  out  of  12,038.     In  5209  or  43-27  per  cent  of  the  1878 
s,  decrees  for  money  due  were  executed  by  the  attachment  or       ' 
)roperty.     The  returns  for  attachments  and  saJes  of  movable 
aovable  property  show  an  increase  from  3487  attachments 
n   salea^ip  1870   to   7019  and  5722  in  1874.     Since  1874 
as  been  a  considerable  &11>  the  1878  figures  showing  3651 
enta  and  T&58  sales. 

g  the  nine  years  ending  1878,  the  number  of  decrees  executed 
.rrest  of  debtors  has  fallen  from  1790  in  1870  to  173  in  187^^ 
in  1873,  the  returns  show  a  steady  decrease.  The  following 
howa  that  dunng  the  same  nine  years  (1870-1878),  the 
of  civil  prisoners  has,  except  in  1877,  ranged  from  204 
Qi  the  234  prisoners  in  1878,  213  were  Hindus  and 
m4  Musalm^ua.     Of  their  occupation  no  details  are  availably 


Chapter  ZZ, 

J-UgtiM. 

CiTil  Sutlrtioa. 

IS70.1878. 


Debton. 


(Bombty  OueiM 


Instlca. 
Dditon. 


308 


DISTRICTS. 


Twfl. 

PaaMOM 

D^n. 

AnftUA- 

\ 

1 

Sr 

Ai 

K^HU- 

IMkis- 

r^ 

«!«■ 

frnpoiy. 

vm     .C 

tn 

tt 

• 

a 

MS 

tt 

n 

■an     _ 

»« 

n 

I 

■ 

IM 

n 

a 

IMS       w 

III 

n 

10 

u 

m 

■1 

V 

lan            . 

It* 

n 

u 

» 

WI 

* 

a 

UM 

311 

M 

■ 

M 

lU 

IS 

m 

US   :::   r 

•n 

ti 

• 

n 

IM 

u 

a 

IN 

M 

» 

M 

tM 

• 

» 

l»17       

w 

.  •"» 

>• 

U 

n 

T 

M 

W7«       

9* 

'     » 

tt 

1* 

M 

... 

"  1 

nio  following  sUtcmcnt  ithown  m  tabalftr  fonn  tho 
tliu  (Utttrict  civil  courtit  duriiig  the  nioe  years  cadiug  187 


wort 
8  J 


I 


UN... 

un.. 
latt.. 
ini... 


I«7*. 

mn.. 

IOT«.. 


■MM    ! 

B.tn    i 

■MM    a 


UJMt 
lO.TW 


I 


OOKTMRt. 


iMUa 


•Klaafi 


item  ~ 


■MtaiDK'''-  timnu*'! 


OR 


MM 


Tilts    registration    dupsrtmoul   epiploys    Hixtfen    Bnb-rcfristr 
thirt«on  of  them  epoctal  and  t)tn<o  Wad  hirhint  of   miUnlati' 
'[\u-y  nro  dt»lribut«a  ono  ai  vuoh  Kab-diviitipilnl  bc»d-<]uarters. 
luldition  bo  suporTiaibn  by  the  Cnlltxrlor  as  DiatrioUittf^Htrar,  ^ 
Bpiscinl  ttcnitUky  is,  under  thu  rontrul  of  ihii  IiisnocOTT  Uudoj 
Hc^ietnilion  and  Stjtiitps,  carried   on   hy  »   dinsiooal   inspe 
Afcurding  to  the  Hogistpation  Rtiport  fop  1878-79,  the  rt-jriNtnit 
receipts  for  thiit  jwir  auiuuotedto  J:17.>->  14*.  lli(.  (Rb.  17,."i.'i7-7 
ami  the  olmrffcs  to  X1238   I3«.  Qtl.   (Us.   12,38fi-14),  thua  loai 
•  (;re<3itlM»iai>foof  £5171*.  2rf.  (tts.  5l70-!)-4).     Of  7884,  the_ 
jiiii)it)i>r  of  i-ogisti-ationu,  thirtwii  wore  wills  und  W5  worei 
affi»c<ing    oiovahlo    and     7-'iCli    docuinonta    affwting    i 
)ir»|M'rty.     Of  thu  Uttvr  1387  were  optional  and  tilfOcompala 
regiHtmtiona.     Of  7r>60  docnmc&t«  rvlatitig  (o  immoviibto  pn>pe 
27&G  worn  d(M!<l»  of  sale,  »i.\ty-four  dt^Hi*  of  ^ft, 'lO??  niortf 
tlMds,    and    (Iffi)    iiiistx-llaneoiia.      lucluding    £2t)5,(r27    I8«. 
(Rs.  20,50,279-C),  the   mluA  of   iminovablo  pmperty   trauidur 
thu  total  vrttim  vt  pitiptTty  affected  by  regiutration  ainotmtdd ' 
£2KV;iy  14a.  (W.  (!U  2I,WJ,l;}7-i). 

'  Salt*  il««iila>l   by  Sabotdiiulc  Jiidgon   iu  tlic   csuMun  ot  niuQ  camw 
imwcn  nro  not  iudndod. 


khAndesu. 


30» 


t  prcMot  {1880}  forty-five  officers  simrc  tbo  ndministratioQ^f 
irinimal  justice.  Of  tUeso  ono  is  the  District  MiigijttmU-,  Huvon  una 
■lagistratee  of  the  first,  tweWe  of  the  second,  and  twotity-Gve  of 
tko  (liihl  clneu.  Of  first  cIms  mngistrates  four  nro  corooattted 
■ad  four  uncovennntod  civilians.  •  Except  the  UiKtrict  Magistrate, 
who  has  a  general  aupervidion  over  the  whole  district,  each  fint 
BlSM  mu^etmto  tms  nn  average  clinrge  of  I73t!  square  miles  and  a 

RBpulfttion  (if  171,friO  jsouls.  In  1879,  tbe  Uislrict  Miigistmto 
ecidod  thirteen  original  and  ei^ht  appeal  c»acs,  and  the  five  other 
first  clou  magtstnitos,  541  ori^jinal  nnd  forty-nine  appeal  cases. 
Except  the  husiir  or  hcad-i)tiitrCer  deputy  collector  who  hiw  cbargo 
of  the  treasury  department  only,  the  magistrates,  as  Collector  and 
ftsvistniit  or  depntj  collectors,  havurevrmuuchargeof  the  parte  of  the 
district  ill  which  th«y  oxorci.te  tnngisWrial  j»>wors.  Of  subordiiiuto 
maKiHtratea  of  the  secimd  and  third  claaaea,  there  are  thirty-seven, 
•U  of  them  natives  of  India  with  an  avorago  chaive  of  30!)  squaro 
zailes  and  a  {topulntion  of  SO.fiOl  »imh.  In  1879  they  decided  2999 
original  ca.sefl.  ~  Ceaidos  their  magisterial  duties,  these  otficem 
exerci-su  revenno  powers  as  nuimlatdArs,  mahilkaris,  and  liead  clerks 
of  miiuhktdfira  and  mi^ddkariH.  Uesides  the»e,  2810  hereditary 
police  paiUs,  who  also  do  revenne  work  and  receive  an  average 
yearly  allownnco  of  £1  10s.  4Ji^  (Els.  19-11),  are  cntmitted  with 
hpetty  inagUtcnal  powerg  under  the  Bomlwy  Village  Potico  Act 
|(VLII.  of  1867).  Of  the  whole  number  sorenty-sovon  can,  nnder 
Hecliou  15  of  tbc  Act,  fine  np  to  10*.  (Rs.  6)  and  imprison  for  forty- 
eight  houra.  The  otliorn,  under  section  14,  cannot  Guo,  and  caa 
I  imprison  for  twenty-four  hours  only. 

■  From  (lio  tahto  of  offencos  given  below,  it  will  be  seen  that 
Bdnring  the  five  yean)  ending  1878,  4453  or  one  offence   for  every 

230  of  tile  population  were,  on  an  aversgo,  committed.  Of  thcee 
thi>rc  Were,  on  an  avemgo,  thirteen  murders  and  attompta  to  oommit 
morder ;  live  culpable  hoinicido ;  eighteen  cases  of  grievoos  hurt  and 
hart  by  dangerous  Weapons;  twenty-two  cases  of  dacoity  and 
robboi^ ;  au^ftOQ  or  98  per  cant  of  t]>o  wholo  aunor  offenoea. 

Since  the  hegiuniug  of  British  role  the  chief  difficulty  in  keeping 
order  hun  been  the  Q]]i]a^  Notices  of  their  state  nnder  tho 
SfnnttluiM ;  of  (he  trnuble  and  di^iider  they  oituited  during  tJie  early 
years  of  British  rule;  of  the  foilure  of  the  first  attempts  to  bring 
tliom  to  order  by  force ;  of  tho  success  of  tho  subsequent  scheme  to 
turn  them  to  an  orderly  life  by  onlixting  them  in  a  spocial  oorp«  anct 
bringing  them  to  settle  aa  husbandmen ;  of  tbo  outbreaks  that  bav^ 
taken  plnco  from  time  to  time  i-incu  order  was  establiMlwd  ;  and  of 
tlie  poverty  and  deprcf^sion  of  many  of  tho  western  Bhils  from  want 
of  forethought  and  self-control,  and  from  their  inability  to  hold 
their  mvn  in  money  matters  with  tho  clever  Gujar  Kuiibis,  have  bfoo 
given  in  tho  '  History'  and  'Onpital'  chapters. 

■  Twenty  yoant  iiavo  parsed  since  the  last  serious  Bhil  risingm 
imder  Kajarsing  in  tho  north  and  under  Bhdgoji  \dik  in  the  south. 
Doriiitr  Huso  yciirs,  though  thoro  ha«  hcva  no  gi>nend  breach  of 
order,  xiii'i-a  have  fi-oni  time  to  time  been  mncn  discontent  and 
rosticj^-iUL'^.     In  ldti8,  iu  tho  B£gl(Ui sub^dirision  now  in  Nisik,tho 


Chapter  IX. 
JtuUo*. 

CriiaiDal 
JnMioo. 

ISSO. 


A 


CHmJnd 
THttM. 


iBomb«7< 


DISTRICTS. 


bapUrIX 
Jsitic*. 

TnbM. 


S-iMiK 


iotrodactioD  of  UiA  tmr^y  ralcf  -^ 'i-H  the  Taloo  cif  land,  r- 

moiHiylcailon  pre»ic>d  thi^ir  dot'  ^cf  thorn  to  friro  ap  il. 

boldiug^.    Tlio  rf!<utt  tnui  tbia  me  lUiiU,  k  ' 

oonumtud  inn?  i-<il) buries,   iu   mauy  cmtes  n 
IcndpTH*  houBCB.     OrdiT  wawt  not  rostorod  IDI    , 
PUjjliiTt  were  tri(.'<l  Bini  i.-oin-ii.-tt^l.      in  I'SGO,  tlii'  i.i' 
great  imrdshin  to  the  Biul.s,  anil  special  inaaaurea  had  to  bn  i 
for  thinr  .i^Uer.     In  1870,-  ttio  presgun)  of  Gtij«r   mooeyleE  ' 
thu   ivBMlsrD   diKlricts  niMiised  much  til   feeling,  and  only ' 
pertqp»l  intlueiiLt!  of  Klnjoi-  I'roliju  ths  Comuandaut  of 
bgma,  waa  a{(Mieral  neio^  prevcutod.  The  inonojr  relatif>n- 

AUeBfails  and  Iho  largijtiiiinr  liindlivldci'ii  wt-iv  tni)iiin>d    iu;,i,  Miit 
^oaijh  it  Wftsaot  thimi^lit  udviAalile  to  iulerferu  with    thr  ""rkinif^ 
of  th»  eiril  courtK,  tho  Gujars  ee^m  to  hiivi.''   fuU    that    ' 
rraulu  of  the  inquiry,  thoy  run  (ho  jitk  of  drinng  thiyt  __ 
to  i>xtrein<>s,  and  have    since   bLoivs  more  'forfaajcant-o    in  thi-ir 
dciJtngy.     In  tho  scnraiics  of  I87:J  and  18"''  '^'"  n^^  <ihow(}d  si^r.* 
of  diHquifl^i but  with  tho  vfTvr  of  wurk,  ut  <-d.      Diir.i  ^y 

the  last  two  years  (I87ci>7£t)  Kh&ndeah  h^  i  inun  ihii  e'Aai: 

robborivs  that  caue«d  so  much  loss  and  in  AhmoJuA^rv, 

Poena  lAd  S^tAni,  nnd  durin;!^  ttte  nMlyenrlW  ithiU  buv<>  remim     ' 

-qniflt,  though  hatU  KhaiidsBh  and  Ktbilc  hava  hoeu   wjtltout  t  i 
tiaiial  ^ard   of  regular  ti<oops.     Of  the  threo  Bhil  Axroucitv),  tfa 
'Wo^U-rii  A^'ucy  alone  surviTfM,  nnd  |t  rvmain.t  iu  numo  oaty,  i 
diitit^M  foniiiug  part  of  thoso  of  the  Difitriet  Superintendeitl  of  Folic 

•      Tlwugh   thoy   raroly   hand  togc^thar  (S*  commit   violent 
Tillage   Bhil R  are  Htill  much  siven  to  thofi,  nnd  Uiroughuut 
distt-ict  |be  'cnsbom  is  kept  ud  ofinnatcnng  bh«  lihiU  every  OTuoiiDj 
This  syfitem  caimot  be  carriMl  ont  in  the  cMo  of  hill  Bhils,  luri^t  < 
whom  livo  in  humlel^     The  duty  of  lookiuj^  after  the  hill  lihils 
in  gi-fTt'  t.  i>nIruMed  to  their  hen dBif<n,  ndik*,  many  of  whoi 

nro  in  r  t  hereditary  wllownnfc'S  for  kifping  urder  in  cei 

trncUof  [^oiiuii-y.     Of  Kajnruiug,  the  innt  of  the  cliicN  vvlinjio  tinrulj 
habile    led    thctn    to   open    robellion.    Major   I'robyn   giTQii, 
foil  owia^  iicconut.  ^  I ' 

Ka^reinf;  wiw  tho  horoditanr  chief  nrluiik  tjf  llio  Sinflwt'. 
in  north  KhiSmicih  wlicro  tho  Bomhay.JtgrA  rtiitJ  cTi'sitAff 
SiitTiudA  bills.  He  siiccei?dfJ  hist  fiithor  Gnui^nsiog,  who  for  v^'' 
ipisdeeda,  including  robbery,  wa.s  lniucpi>rt^d  fop  life.  At  the 
pf  his  fiither'a  removal  Kajaraing  was  a  youth.  WbeQ  old  enou^i  i 
un<k-rl(ikuthudHtiLv(itiiil  resiionHibilitiosof  thopost,  he  was,  in  tS3£ 
•made  warden,  rgkhfalilar,  of  the  Hindvu  pnifs.  As  he  grew  olde? 
ho  became  tbo  moRt  influontial  m  well  as  the  most  powerful  Bhil  eltioi 
in  Cbopda,  Shir))tir,  and  Hh&hddn.  lie  was  prcind  and  haughty, 
claSming  Ilnjput  blood,  and  bin  itiUnencewuA  due  to  fear  rutber  than 
to  any  nrndnoM  for  him  iw  a  tribal  loader.  In  1850,  Kajarsiug  was 
tried  for  ftssanlt  and  i»a(ialaught«r>  the  rcsolt  of  ovcr-ical  in 
dealing  with  some  BhiU  hu  bad  arrested  for  robbei^.  One  Hhil  die 
and  two  wore  much  injured  by  his  truutineut,  and  for  this  offence  1)^ 
wns  tieutonced  to  ton  years'  imprisonmeut.  HU  punishment 
reduced  by  the  Sadar  Court  to  (ivv  years'  impri«onmeul  with  ttvi 


KHANDESH. 


3ll 


rMgabi 


conSnomcnt.  Ou  lii^i  relwiso^ii  1836,  the  western  Bkil 
rucomincmli^ti  Knjiin<injf's  re^itoratiuii.liiii  tli^  propowil 
by  tha   Dia't  istrate.  ■  Id  t tie    "  -  ye^ 

■•iraUs, 


l857),KajarBiug  renerced ). 


ition.nnd  th<.-Dii-ii 


Dpiu^  to  socuru  thw  cbioCs i»iluoiic<5  va  tlieoiitbroak  of  thg  gmtiwy. 

utM.-<l  tlie  (tanclion  of  Govormuent,  aod  KaiarBingwaa  reatoww 

warJenship.     But  wliat  wan  id  tha  bono  of  the  father  abowed 

in  the  flcsli  of  tli«  sou,  nud  Hoon  Kfler  his  rvtum  to  ^nty  iu 

Sindva  patsfl,  Kajar&ing:  gathered  a  few  foUowei'H,  and' carried  '' 

■  the  S&t^da  hilU  a  coasiffDmcDt  of  SSO/HiO  (RL  8,00,000)  of 

Iver  belongiDg  to  nativu  murchaats,  which  lt*»  on  Ifc  way  hy  (fau 

Sindvn  puM  to  Indur.  •      '*■  « 

With  thi^  \arge  aani  at  bia  disposal,  numbers  oE,Arab!i, 
ilakranis,  and  other  mcrcvnaries  flockod  to  Kajarsiug's  standard, 
imd  in  »Bbi.ri  t Jim;  he-  uha  at  the  hwul  of  ft  nibble  fi.'rc<J  atrouf; 
etiougU  to  tempt  hitn  t<i  Ui^fpute  the  passage  of  a  ^iegtt  triii)  on  it-H 
wi>¥  to  D<--h\i.  h  was  at  one  time  thoaght  that  omi^Laries  from 
I>eiili  had  bi-oii  »cQt  to  Kajarsing.  Bo  tliix  a-s  it  may,  wVk  thu  hiffh 
mt<*ri  of  {xiy  Ue  was  able  to  offer,  and  the  difficulty  oL  bciugiug  a 

fof  troops  to  crush  him,  ndvonturort  from  all  side%  aod  many 
chiefs  with  their  fo!lowerj(,  joined  i^jnrsing,  and  tW  SHtpnda 
1  fniiu  tho  TApti  to  the  Narbada  were  pi  ablaze.  "Early  in  IH'iS}' 
iT  the  coinmaDd  of  Colono)  Evbub,  a  field  forcdi  vonsistin^  of  a 
ive  Infantry  lU-^riiiK^nt,  a  Mountain  Bjittory,  iLud  500  of  fl^. 
indc-h  Bhil  Corjis  wiil^ft  slniug  dctachuifiit  of  Poona  HoHBP^ 
h\vii  iu  Sliahada.  T^a  liilb  wert>  enterod  in  April,  abd  on  tho  ' 
,  at  Aluba  PAma  and  Datbdvdi.  KAjoraing  and  his  rebel  anny 
compli'toly  (lefvatvd,  Tho  Ar«>»  and  Mn^rdnis,  who.^re  thie 
dvf<.-ndorA  of  hiii  ponition,  suffered  eererely.  ItCajarsinQf  mad* 
pe,  and  with  a  few  Ithils,  reniniuud  a  fugitive  in  the  liiUa 
iDe  of  tho  suino  y«ir,  whpn,  m  coinmnn  wiUi  other  Bbilw,  ho 
pardontMl  and  r(^instat«d  warden  of  tho  Sindva  pa^a.~  During 
that  year  (Jnno  id57  to  Juno  18->S),  Kajarsinft'f  in  po:^eH.iiaD  of 
£80,UOy  ^Its.  {J,OtV"'U}>  l)i»l  b«en  a  king  among  the  Hhib.  lis  had 
Vow  to  n-turn  to  his  former  state  and  do  aa  betit  he  roald  with 
yt^arlJAllowaQce  of  nut  more  than  £150  (Rs.  1500).  He  aonn 
m^  very  small  balance  of  ready  money,  and  in  tho  course  of 
yunrs  fell  iiitu  d*bl.  The  ihonf^it  of  his  former  wealth  and 
tnfts-1,  and  (liB  raeHaoBeofcreditoni,  again  drore  himtoroboUion. 
in  Juno  18t30,'fiSniot  JE27,000  (Rs.  2,70,000)  of  troasuro  on  ita 
way  up  the  Sindva  pas»,  be  fled  to  the  billa.  No  time  wiw  allowed' 
f-ir  a  general  Bhil  rising',  even,  which. i>  doubtful,  had  the  Bhila 
iWished  to  join  him.  Purnnit  wii«  itt  once  b«?giin,  and  in  a  few  dayii 
njarniiig'it  ciiinp  in  the  Silpuda  hills  waa  aurprisedbVa  dotnchmeut 
tJie  Bhil  Corps  with  a  small  party  of  Poona  and  Polioo  Hqm' 
nnder  the  command  of  Lioutvnants  Atkinit  and  Probyo.  The  wholu 
of  Kajarsing'it  ounp  waa  taken  and  much  ti\!ii^iiru  recovered. 
Kaianung,  fleeing  with  a  few  mounted  followers,  was  h»cly  purxuctl, 
and  escaped  only  by  dismounting  and  jumping  down  a  precipice 
^^nto  a  thick  bamboo  wood  near  the  B&bakuvar  hill.  Darkness 
^Hpi4  hoary  rain  Klojiped  further  pursnit,  and  Kajarsing's  hemes, 
HStne  of  tuem  with  bags  of  rupees  on  the  saddles,  were  secured. 


Cbapteri 
Juftioti. 

Criminal 
Tribe*. 

SMk. 

Kaiartiiig, 
ISM-ISSO. 


npmlwyQi 


3U 


DISTRICTS. 


OiAptor  IZ. 
Jiutiov. 

rraninal 
TrihoL 


tatd  takon  to  camp.  K'AJKning  romainoil  in  tho  hflls  with  rwyJ 
fuUuwvnt.  n<;  mul  Uin  death  at  the  hMnin  of  &  Mnki^i,  vhOi.  ' 
u  few  constables,  waa  sent  to  attompt  his  arrcii. 

Beaides  boroditarj  chii<&  thuro  aic  aCill  aiiiuuj^  tlm  Bhili 
tfi  lEttd  in  ODj  time  of  dL-inrdiT. 


Wwc,  fonncrljf  Aiiais 


op. 


.    ^   Anaistaat  Superintsndont  of   I'oIic«  in 

givca  tlio  tnllpwJDg  accooatof  Tulift  Nftik,  a  ^^_'^  who  foor 
ago  {IS7(J},  after  st^tvural  terms  of  outJawrj',  was  finally  Dontc" 
'  tnusportut  iuu  UiT  life. 

About  nix  feet  high  and  of  an  actiTe  powerfnl  &ame,  TuUt,'^ 
years,  lived  qniutly  with  his  fnniily.     Itu  woa  knoiim  aa  bolil 
tuBttly,  a  hmvv  huutcir,   and   a   leader  among    ht»   tribcit-p 
Acoordin^  to  bis  own  story,  and  his  story  is  almost  oertaiuf 
it  was  lus  loTu    for  huntine  that  in  the  year  1867   )>'  'V.  .1 
bc^iollb;  of  hiit  troubles.     Uui  Htory  is  this :   "ATt^rt 
big  panther  for  many  days,  I  killed  him,  took  the  .■>».: 
OoTommont  troastiry   ut  rimpalner,  and  was  paid  £1   4s.  (fiaj 
Nosooncrliad  I  drawn  the  motu-y  Hutu  1  w:<  rr 

ecrvmnts  afking  for  a  share.     I  paid  G«.  (K  [.'Xt  i 

<ith*'rfl,  and  then  said  I  wonld  fjiva  no  moru.     Ouo  of  the  ma 
refusfid,  who  was  a  coiistublu,  ihruiUtiied  to  bring  inc  to 
bnt  I   was  not  one  who  oared  for  threats,  and  I  paid  him  not 
'JUciug  what  was  left  of  tho  reward  I  called  w>mo  of  my  friends  i 
feasted  thc-m.     Wt;  liad  a  goat  and  ploaty  of  Itniior,  and  after 
«  mmtic,  singing,  and  dancing.     Towu^s  utidntgtit  a  messaga 
from  the  polivo  that  thu  miitiic  muKt  stop  and  tho  party  break  o 
had  drunk   frwiy  ftiiJ  would  aot  listen,  ami  whon  the  police" 
to  break  npimr  party,  I  roainled  and  waii  taken  into  cusuxly. 
irioroing  1  was'started  to  some  village   whore   the  chief  coi 
was.     Two  constabli-'s  wuro  in   chai^  of  mo,  one   of  them  the 
whom  I  bad  refused  a   nliarc  of  mv  rewnnl.     All  tho  way  h« 
gibing  me,  saying, '  Ah  I  yon  wonld  not  give  me  arupee,  very 
wais  a  little,  you  will  have  to  go  ocrosa  the  sea.*     I  feared 
might,  and  watching  my  ch^ce,  1  ran  iiway." 

When  in  outlawry  Tulia'd^orat  crime  waa  gong  robbery  in 
day.     With  itome  seven  followor<,  Itimself  armed  with  a  matddc 
te  rode  on  a  pony  into  a  large  villager,  and  dismounting  at 
bouse  of  a  rich  trader,  marchoa  inside,  and  raising  his   nmtobl 
4o  the  moneylendtir's  head   and  blowing  the  mat<-li,  demanded  i 
<moncy.     Ilo  gut  much  ^{Niil  and   for  mouths  Uvod   without  an 
robbery.    Hut  lii>  wa.'i  greatly  ft'Jired,  and  there  were  manycampl 
of  his  forcing  women  in  the  wilder  roads. 

Next  year  {1868),Tnlia,  tinder  promise  that  he  should  be 
to  1^  frtNi  if  he  would  bnl  listen  to  reason,  agreed  to  moot  1 
I'robyn,  who  went  toSelb&ri  for  the  purpose.     Abont  eleven  o'olock,  j 
on  the  morning  after  Major  Probyn   arrived,  Tulia's  brother  camel 
»     and  Mkfrd  for  a  i»ittlrt  of  brnmly.     'IIh!   brandy  was  given,  and 
obeut  an  boor  Tulia  ap]H>3red  i^ith  some  eight  Bhils  all 

When  bo  came  near,  ho  thitiw  hiiuaolf  at  Major   Probyn's  feet , 

said  he  would  willingly  give  himwif  up  if  Major  Probyn  wouId,try  ■ 
him.    Major  Probyn  told  him  that  ho  hud  not  power  to  try  bim,  and  i 


E9AN0'bSQ. 


tl  ttuit  bo  would  go  with  liim  to  tiie  1>i!itrict  Ma^tral^ 
bis  bf.st  lo  liiire   hit*  Houteuco  itiixli;  ue   light  aa  possible, 
in  n'alia  would   not  agree.     Ho   eaid   '  Let  tlio  aahvlt  nund 
witnesses,  and  try  mo  himself,  aud  faang  me  on  the  troo 
are  sitting  under,  or  aead.  me  to   Dhiiliajtul.    I  am  ready  to 
baodcuffed   now,  but  I  will  not   go  bofore  nny  other  tiihiA.' 
liearing  that  this  oonld  not  l>u,  ho  suid  ho  would  take  tilt  next 
inK  to  thiuk  Uio  niatt«ro7or.  Meanwhile  he  iMkod  M»jor  Probyo 
^    _jl  him  go  and  ace  his  people    in  Pimpftlnor,  and  gire  him  a 
ote   thnt  ho  might  not  Iki  scizw  for  that  one  nif^ht.     Armed  with 
^\io  nuk^  Tultit  went  to  Pimpalnor,  gut  very  ilrtink,  nnd  witlking  into 
ft  cl<>lh-3«ller'8  Bhop,  threw  hia  goods   into  tke  street  and  let  hia 
^Unwers   scramble  (or  thorn.     In  the  morning  he  sent  a  message* 
Uiat  ho  would  not  giro  himiielf  up  and  wa«  going  back  to  tho  woods. 

A    party  of  police  waa  told  off  under  inspector  Hafbiuliv  to  hunt 

liim.     It  waa   diflictilt   to  gut  any  uowa  of   him.     Once  or  twice 

llu  was  Men  and  tire<l  at,  but  always  got  off.     He  wiu  belioTcd   to 

wear  a  chami  that  made  him  bullet-proof.     One  day  tlie  initpei^or 

went  alone  to  tho  house  of  tho  Virldiol  pdiU  to  ask  aftor  Tnlia. 

Tulia,  who  wax  hid  close  by,  heard  of  tbi»,  and  aurroiiiHling  tho 

hon-tt>,  made  the  inspector  prisoner.     Tho  inspector  protested  that 

lie  was  Tnlia'ii  host  friend  and  never  meant  to  harm  him.     But 

Tnlia  wonid  hare  none  of  thia.     'Yon  have  givou  me  much  trouble, 

mod  you  have  made  your  men  fire  on  me  more  than  once,  and  tried 

to  kill  mo,  and  you  ahnll  die ;  but  before  kilting  yon  I  will  take  yoa 

io  Pirapalncr  and  make  yon  give   aa  your  fimonil  fetutt,  nnd  then 

liring  yiju  back  and  kill  you.'     Ho  put  the   inspector  into  a  cart, 

ill  which  he  nnd  one  of  his  followerx  rode  with  drawn  swords,  and 

thos  thry  drove  to  thu  Pimpalner  liquor  ahon.     Uero  tlie  iuM))ector 

was  mafiti  n>  get   down,  go  into  the  liquor  snop,   and  drink.     The 

cap  passed  round,  nnd  uft<'r  a  time  Tnlia  uuthinkingly  liud  down 

sword,  nnd  raising   the   liqnorjar  took  a  long  pull.     Seeing 

ohauce    the   inspector   leaped  up,    and  getting    both    bauds 

in  Tolia's  hair,  pressed  hi;8  face  to  the  gronnd,  and  shouted 

.  tho  police.     One  or  t^A)  constables,  who  were  standing  oatttide 

j(wng  to  help  tho  inspector,  mahed  iff,  and  Tnlia  was  a  prisoner. 

Hui  mtui  tied  without  ruising  a  tingor  to  holp  him.      TuHa  was 

sentenced  to  seven  yeant'  impriitonmeDt.     On  nuiidiing  his  time,  ho 

got  a  watchman's  place  on  one  of  the  west  Khiindesh  roads,  and 

did  his  work  well,  until  a  complaint  of  mpu  was  bronght  against ' 

liim.     Then  he  again  Bed  and  was  'out'  for  cwme  months,    but 

did  not  rob.    AU  attempts  to  catch  b^  bad  failed,  when  one  day, 

na    &(ajor    Probyn   wa»  driving    along    thu   Sclb^   road,  Tnlia 

walked  out  of  a  buhkut  tree  into  the  middle  of  tiie  rood,  and  said  bo 

hod  oome  to  giro  himself  up.     lie  gob  into  Major  Probyn's  pony 

cwt,  was   driven  to  the  Magistrate's  camp,  convicted  of  rape,  and 

tt«nsported  for  life. 

Amba  and  Pondb&ris,  who,  with  the  Bhils,  were,  at  the  beginninff 

of  Bnfciah  rule,  the  tJiief  causefl  of  disorder   were  soon  disposed  of. 

The  power  of  tlio  Puiidhiris  hud  Iwen  brokun  by  the  British   in 

181%  In^forv  t)ii>ir  conquest  of  Kbandeah,  and  except  one  or  two 

S4I1— 40 


Qukptsrl 


Jostios. 

Criiainftl 
TribM. 


ISSI- 


PtmOdrit. 


tBomba;  Qatett««r, 


'  Chapter  IZ. 
Jtutloo. 

Criintual 
IVibM. 


Vta^rii. 


DISTKICTS. 


clttofs,  tlioy  ftftemardfi  gave  little  trouble^    The  Arab  merconari^^ 
wIh>,  »s  crafty  moneylenders  and  brave  soldioni,  had  risen  to  pow^f 
with  the  decay  of  ihu  Miuiith&ii,  ub  first  oFforud  a  fierve  ns^istane^' 
to  the  Britisli.     With  the  fall  of  Mi^Kigaou  (1818)  their  power  came 
to  on  end,  and  they  afterwards  disappeared  from  the  district',  either 
to  aeek  service  at.  ntUivo  (.»urt»,  ur  to  return  to  their  own  oooatt^. 
Since  the  ti«tHbtishm«nt  of  order  n^iitlier  Fendh^s  nor  Arabs  havo 
given  any  trouble. 

Among  tho  Icsaeottied  tribes,  Vaniitm,  Uioiigh  as  ncIaMmUdftnd 
orderly, arc,  tog^lbeir wandering haoits  aod occasional  fondnetisfor 
CAttlo-fltealitig  and  g^R  robbery,  to  a  small  exlcot  ander  special 
,  police  Hiirvcilli«ic«.  When  they  move  th«ir  cftravans,  Oiiuliii',  tJiey 
have  Co  gi.-t  a  polioe  pass  stating  the  name  of  their  leader,  the  pluco 
thoy  come  hxtm,  their  number,  their  businoss,  and  the  number  of 
theuF  oattib  and  woaptma,  lleaideis  these,  the  chief  criminal  tribes 
arv  the  Kaikidis,  MJ&ngs,  Pirdhis,  G&rndie,  Kolh^tifl,  HhAmliU,  and 
Vadare,  all  of  whom  como  from  the  south  Dcccan  and  Madras.  'fhfi^J 
are  baBkctinivkc-rA,  cattle-dealers,  day  labourers,  and  Ejomotimfl^^ 
boggora.  lliuKaikftdisandKolh&tisare  well  known  gang  robl)en«,tbe 
BhAmt^  are  noted  pick-pockets,  and  the  Vadars  are  gcueially  given 
to  boneebnwldng.  Budaks,  expert  housebreakers  &otn  nonhern 
India,  hnvo  lately  appeared  in  Kh^ndesli ;  but  HHoi*  and  Mi 
do  iM)t  yisit  tho  diatnct  so  much  an  formerly. 


Quo 

S»1>bt<ni». 


>in^^H 
near  fl^ 
i*onoa' 


folic* 


In  the  early  yean  of  British  mle  gang  robberies  were  com' 
From  eighc  to  for^  men  used  to  meet  in  the  bnahhuids 
village,  and  nftur  dii!<k  or  near  midnight,  with  their  faces  blat^oDOi 
and  their  hcada  hid  in  cloth  wtpppen,  anitod  with  clubs,  knives,  axe«^ 
swords,  and  gnns,  and  taking  with  them  ajeves  of  chillies,  (luautitidH 
of  the  prickly  gffkhru,  Tnbulus  laauginosnfi,  seed,  and  lighted  torc-Iioi^ 
naed  to  nish  into  tho  viliwgo  shouting  din .'  din  I  The  people, 
frightened  and  oonfnsod,  kept  to  their  Iiousm  and  mado  no  joint 
rOBistanoe.  Then  the  robbers,  after  fitrewing  the  doorway  with 
prickly  seed  to  keep  tho  pouplo  from  nmninj^  off  with  their  property, 
entered  some  honse,  ana  with  IhrcittH  of  torture  and  deatb,  forced 
the  master  of  tho  hooxc  to  give  up  his  hidden  tnjiasnro.  If  hu 
resisted  he  was  iKtntt^n  or  cut  by  knives,  op  tortured  by  having  a 
sieve  of  chillies  tied  to  his  face,  or  burning  wicks  held  to  his  arms 
And  legs.  Thus  thoy  wont  on,  from  one  house  to  another,  tmtil  tho 
villagers  and  police  came  in  strength,  when  they  had  to  retire.  To 
'  prevent  detection  they  always  cut  off  and  carried  with  them  the 
heads  of  any  of  their  party  who  were  killed,  or  so  badly  woimdod  as 
to  he  nnnbfe  to  escape.  Robberies  of  this  kind  are  now  rar«  and 
Boldotii  romiiin  nndelect^sd.  Among  tho  hij^her  classes  the  chief 
offences  are  breach  of  to-nst^  receiving  stolen  projicrty,  and  eriminal 
tqisappi-opriatiou.  Almost  all  goldsmiths  receive  and  moll  stolifD 
omiimontfl,  and  few  moneylimdi^rs  hesitate  to  take  stolen  property 
at  cheap  rates.  During  the  cold  months  petty  6eld  and  village 
granary  thefts  are  common.  But  the  district  u  free  from  agrartail 
crime. 

In  1878,  the  total  strength  of  the  district  or  regular  police  force 
wu  1722.    Of  these,  oudcr  the  District  Superintvtidvut,  IwoVure 


A 


DeecML) 


KHANDESH. 


81S 


asnataot  soperinteDdeota,  thrcn  subordioAb)  officora,  275  inforior 
'  mbonlisate    offioora,    and    eighty-three   monnlod  aod  1308   foot 

t  COIlfltBl>leK. 

The  oast  of  nuuDtuiciiig  Uiis  force  was,  for  the  SDperinteadaafc 
and  histwoaaaiataiitA,iilotolyearly6alury[>(£l898I2«.(K!t.  18,986); 
tor  the  throe  eabordioate  offioera,  OD  jearlj  tutlaruM  of  not  leas  ibikn 
£120  (Its.  1200),  BDd  the  275  inferior  sabordiiuite  offioera  on  yeaiiy 
fialarioa  of  Un  than  1120  {Ba  120O),  »  total  yearly  cost  of  Z69U 
'(Htt.  6V40);  and  for  the  eighty.thret!  mouufftd  and  13&8  fooG 
'cotttnhlos  ft  inim  of  £15,640  S«.  (lU  t,53.40j),  the  nvurngu  yoarly 
salary  btiing  £35  8«.  (K8.35i)  forLuwhmoantvd,  and  £9  10^.  (Hs.  95^ 
for  BOch  foot  constable.  BeaidoH  their  \t&y,  a  total  y<.>Ariy  cliiu^ 
of  £973  \St.  (R8.9739)  was  allowed  for  the  horiwa  aud  tnirelling 
eiwaiioftho  floporior  wfTioors;  £43*  IH*.  (Rs.  4349)  for  yearly 
and  tmveUing  allowance  of  tboir  establUhiaonta;  and  £733 
|6«.  {Ks.  73^9)  tar  continj^ncios  and  other  expeuses,  misitijf  tbo 
botal  yoarly  obarocK  to  £26,800  lit.  (Hn.  £,68,007).  Od  au  amti.  of 
10,1R2  sr|uare  mifea  and  a  popalatioQ  of  l,028,fjt2  ttouU,  these  fignrra 
givo  on©  man  for  every  6-9  aqnaro  milo«  and  597  aoala.  Tho  coet 
of  tlift  forcro  in  £2  I2«,  9.2.  (Ks.  20-13)  tho  sciuuax)  mile,  or  ^d. 
{4\  annas)  a  head  of  the  population. 

Of  tho  total  !tire»(i^h  of  1 722,  cxcluKiro  of  tho  SnporintoDdent  and 
osHtstant  aiiperin tendon ta,  eiRhty-eight,  twenty  of  ihi^tn  offifcrs  and 
~iity-oighi  men,  wcro,  in  1878,  employed  as  gnardti   at   district  or 

bnidinry  jails;  !I9(,  lifty.five  of  ihi^in  officurn  nnd  339  men,  wore 
I  1    as    gnarda  over  lock-ups  and  treasiirios  nr  im  escorts  to 

j<  i  and  treiwarc;  and   1321,   199  of  tbom  of^ccra  and  1022 

m,  on  other  duties.  Of  the  whole  namher,  oxcliLsivo  of  the 
aporintendont  and  his  two  atuiistunts,  8JiG  were  proridod  with 
firo-anns  and  833  with  Hwords  or  witli  swonln  and  biUomi ;  506, 
156  of  them  officers  andSoOmen^oonld  read  and  write,  and  eevcnty- 
ono  nioD  were  being  taught. 

Except  the  Soporintcndont  and  tho  two  assistant  imponnbondonts 
who  were  tliiropoons,  the  moiubont  of  the  police  furcc  woru  all 
nativos  of  India.  Of  theae,  ten  officers  and  thirteen  men  were 
Chrialiauit;  108  oHieers  and  549  men  woru  Mahammadana ; 
twenty-aix  officers  and  seventy  men  wero  Br^hmans ;  one  ofBoer 

d  two   men  wore  Kajpnts;  thirty-stx  offioorsand  157  men  wcro* 
'  h£a;  ninety-fivo  olllcen  nad  637  men  were  Hindas  of  olher  ' 
caaces  ;  one  officer  was  a  Pflrsi  and  another  a  Jain.    There  were 
«ixUM>n  vacancies. 

Of  260  pemnnH  aocnsed  of  beinoas  crimes,  aixty-nine  or  26  per  cent 
were  convicted.  Of  5927,  tho  total  number  of  porsonB  acctwed  of 
oriinM  of  all  sorts,  3903  or  05  per  oont  wore  convicted.  In  tho 
matter  of  tlie  recovery  o(  stolen  property,  of  £14,134  (Ra  1,41,340) 
alleged  to  have  been  acolen,  |£5905  (Us.  59,050)  or  4177  per  cent 
of  the  whole  amonnt  wcro  recovered.  Of  tho  six  dii>Lnctd<  of  the 
Ceutnit  Diriiiion,  Kli&ndosh  ranked  firel  as  regards  the  proportion 
of  cmiviclions  to  arrmts,  and  fifth  a«  regards  the  proportion  of 
the  amount  of  property  recovered  to  the  amount  stolon. 


Chaptwj 
JutUM 

OX 


WotUrb. 


_jtss 


Chtpttr  tZ. 
liutict. 

POilM. 

CHmt, 

ur4-m». 


The  following  tfthle  jrivea  the  chief  crime  and  polico  details  for 
tho  Bvo  yesin  ending  1878  :  ^M 

KUoJttk  Orimt  cmd  PtJks,  mt-UeT8.  ^^ 


Tmuk   ' 


•OlIlMlIC*.  ^ 


i*n... 
itn... 


1*Ht 


Oil  BUM  »J»  OwnCTW, 


or 


1M 


OoIliatiK  HootoUB. 


ti-n     s    u 

t*M      4     Li 
H'U      (  I    T 


«rf «   K    «l 


ISO 

« 


u    n-ft 


OrtmwBHnn. 


IS    IB 

»    II 


Ufut 


n-K 


ms-iw. 


Corrsapoading  deCaits  are  available  for  the  Gro  ytmrs  ending  1649^ 
JCMmImA  Orimt,  1346- JS4». 


ruM. 


UM  . 

U*t  ~ 

IMS  . 
1M| 

T«U1  . 


ill 


u 


i 


I*    M      IMt 


n 

lu 


\i 


mm 


■Mt 

MM 


SIM 

SIM 


M  it,»i;i(a»  1WM 


i 
I 


ant 


Mir 

UM 


MM 


»-M 


c    *. 

«.  *. 

Ml*    • 

ama  vi 

UM  14 

Mn  t« 

tfT    1 
>M    ft 

EM  It 

m  a 

nuu  B  ani  t 


P 


A  comparison  nf  tho  Iwo  !>Uitementii  showit  Lnt  little  differenooi 
the  comparaiire  amonnt  of  criiii«  in  the  two  periods,     in   the  f^ 
period  L'ndin^;   with  1849,  there  were  on  an  average  8236  crimei 
yonr,  or,  on  the  baait>  of  Uio   1840  ceiuitis,  oi>d   crime  to  cverjf] 
ItihabJtants.     In  the  second  period  ending   with    1878,   tlu  jf 


Cecun.) 


EDAm)Ksn. 


317 


h 


K 


avongfi  was  4458  crimes,  or,  on  the  baiiii  of  tho  1 872  cpnavtf'rme 
crime  to  every  230  iohabitauts.  Tbo  nmaber  of  dacoities  and 
robberies  has  fBlluo  troni  273  in  the  first  to  Iwunly  ia  tbu  fiocond 
period. 

The  chief  feature  of  th«  Klulndcith  police  in  the  Rliil  Corps.  This 
corns  wa«  raiMcd  under  the  order?  of  Mr.  Klpbin-itono,  the  Governor 
of  Bomlmy,  in  1825.  The  work  of  inducinfj  the  Bhila  to  enlist  waa 
JefC  in  the  hands  of  Liiiut^^nniit,  i^torwiirdn  Sir  Junies,  Oiitnim.  In  tho 
dutribiition  ^if  Khindeeb  into  three  Bhil  AKondea,  Lieutenant  Outrun 
WM  placed  in  chargo  of  the  noHh-«isb  districts.  At  first  the  men 
were  very  ehy  of  vnliHling.  A  b«ffin)iiiig*Viui  modo  n-ith  a  body 
guarddf  nine,  andina  few  ntoutbs  the  number  had  risen  tiiHtxty.  At 
the  c)o»e  of  the  season,  when  they  entered  Uiile^faon  cantonment, 
the  men  of  the  corps  wore  welcomed  08  foIlow-Holdient  by  Oatram'a 
Regiiiivot,  the  XXlII.  Native  Infantry.  Enli-itinent  then  bc<»un0 
popular,  and  in  1827  they  wereiaspect«^by  the  Brigadier,  and  foond 
efncient.  Not  longaftor  tboy  were  placed  in  charge  of  po»t«  fonnerly 
bold  by  regular  troops,  and  in  the  same  year  near  UarviU,  the; 
rmted  Subh&nia  N^k  and  hia  dangvrous  gang.  Their  etrcngtA 
waa   raiiwd   from   4O0   to   600  and  afterwarda  to  600;  their  lie«d> 

auu-Cora  were  established  at  DharanRSon,  and  the  niontbty  pay  o£ 
le  common  soldiers  was  fixed  at  10<,  (Rs.o)  with  2«.  (Ke.  1}  mora 
wh«n  on  outpost  duty.  In  1830  the  Bhil  Corps  did  good  service  by 
bringing  the  Bdng  chiefs  to  order;  in  I83I  they  were  employed 
with  Kuccesa  against  the  Tadvi  fihils  of  the  north-east ;  and  in  1832 
they  were  entrusted  with  the  charge  of  tlte  'di.ttrict  trtitucunos.  In 
18311,  ao  efBcient  were  they,  that  a  re'giment  of  tho  line  was  withdrawn 
from  Kh&ndesh,  Next  ywir  they  were  led  ugaiii.tt,  and  reduced  to 
order,  I'ratiijwing,  chief  of  the  D&ng  state  of  AAli ;  in  18(1  one 
detachment  was  sent  a^iintt  the  Anmednagur  and  another  ngninst 
tbo  tJnttlinpur  BtiiU;  and  iji  ISIS  they  suppressed  an  outbreak 
amon^  the  Tadvi  Bhils,  In  1S14,  whun  Sinuia's  officers  refused 
to  give  up  Y&val  and  Pfichont,  tbo  transfer  was  offcotod,  not  without 
some  lut>^,  by  the  aid  of  the  Bbil  Corps.  In  1846,  they  were 
Bgaio  in  the  west  ponishing  the  robol  chief  of  Chikhli,  and  in  1853, 
tboy  were  of  much  sen-ice  in  nutting  down  tho  survey  riota  at 
Erandol  and  H^vda.  During  the  1857  muliniat,  in  spite  of  Eba 
cuccess  of  Kaiarsing  in  the  north  and  of  the  Ahmodiiagar  Bhil 
Btulgoji  NAik  in  tho  foiith-wcat,  tho  Kh&ndi-sb  Bhil  Corps  reniain«d 
toya],  and  were  of  much  sorvico  in  supprcsaing  Kajarsing,  in 
disamiing  matinons  troopt*  at  Burbiupur,  in  guriaouing  Asirgod,' 
and  later  on,  in  guanlinK  the  northern  poets  againat  (he  soothward 
march  of  Tfitya  lopi's  rebel  force. 

8inoc  1859  tbu  Bhil  Corps  has  not  again  been  engaged  on  active 
service.     But  aince  the   withdrawal  of   the   regular   troops  'from 


Chaptw' 
Jnstios, 

Bliili 


*  Id  Jqm  IBAT,  Oipt.  Birch  witb  100  nt  the  Bbil  Curpt  muclwd  mi  BorhiiiMr 
vliorc  adatMhaNnit  ot  lOS  racti  u(  l^indin'i  cuntin^nut  uu  in  opcD  mntiny.  Thia 
■l|4*cIi>lDUt  WW  tliiunoil  aiul  IIh  Itodun  madu  jiruniMni.  On  ui<  Sth  Jutf.  f  apt. 
Blril  iMuiiig  liut  Aursad  wn*  to  bs  nUa«JM<t,  nxte  a  uighi  aiMch  Iroin  Bnrbitapur 
MnI  itaninuod  tlm  fort.    Major  S.  Wvk. 


(^mb«;  6K«ett«er, 


318 


raSTBICTS. 


.ptnIX 

UtiM. 
ICWpn 


JiOa. 


DHulia  (1874),  tho  strongtt  of  the  oorpB  h&s  boea  increwetl 
110  men,  and  duriii^  thu  piwt  your  {1879},  in  cootwqucuco  of  ilia 
nbsanco  of  Lroopii  from  M£le^»n,  the  charge  of  that  statioB  bu 
been  entmated  to  a  delachmont  of  tliu  Dhil  Corps. 

Tho  preHent  streoffth  of  the  Bhil  CorpH,  bostdes  twenty-nix  ciMmiit 
boys,  is  801,  inclndjng  111  oBIcora  and  600  invn.  Of  the  111 
offioors,  Mvcu  ore  nubliaJdn  drawing  a  monthly  salary  of  t'i  {Ra.  30) 
each ;  Heveu  are  jamadart  drawing  £2  if.  {Rn.  22)  ixm\i  ;  thirty-five 
haeoUiirt  druiviii{f  £1  8s.  (Hs.  U)  uach;  and  aiity-two  uiiik» 
drawing  £1  1*.  (Ita.  12)  each.  Tho  mon,  of  whom  throe  aro  buglora, 
are  divided  into  funr  clafl&M,  and  dniw  from  M«.tu£l  (Ue.T-Us.lO) 
Qftcli.  Bosidos  their  regular  pay,  tbs  commanding  «u6A«d(tr  has  a 
monthly  allowanco  of  £2  os.  (Ua.  Zq),  tho  hac*ildar  mujor  £1  (R«.  10), 
the  drill  JutvUdAr  10«.  (Ra.  o),  two  drill  uasUxn  St.  (Its.  4]  onoh, 
and  nine  pay  orderlies  10<t.  (Its.  5)  each,  thus  making  a  total 
monthly  ooat  of  £73$  16«.  (R»,  73a8).  Of  the  whole  numlxir  of 
offitrcru  and  men,  027  aro  Bhild,  chiolly  of  the  Tmlvi  class ;  tho  rout 
are  Ohrisiiana,  Mniialiudns,  [liijput»,  ALirdthiU,  Ui-&huuuia,  and  other 
Qindua.  The  average  height  of  tho  members  of  the  corps  tit  fivo 
feet  five  inuhoH.  In  colour  and  foattircs  the  Bhil«  vary  grontly. 
Soine  aro  dark  and  others  fair,  some  are  well-featnred  and  others 
ugly.  As  a  rule  they  are  strongly  built  and  wiry.  Their  drees  in  blno 
woollen  or  cotton  drill  (VxiLa  and  dark  turbans  and  trownera.  Thoy 
arc  mnplijyod  on  sDoh  police  diitivs  as  oscijrtinff  prisunors  and  treoaare, 
guarding  luc'k-ups,  and  on  night  ]uitr<)l.  Wlitm  gang  rtibl>urtCM  aru 
common,  they  streagtl|pn  the  regular,  and  form  special  police  prnta. 
Tboir  hoad-qn&rt(,-ra  aru  al  Dtftrnagaon,  and  Ihoy  have  a  strong 
dotaohmunt  at  Dhuli^  At  Ubarnngoon  choro  is  a  ho.i{>ila),  with,  in 
1879,  an  nverago  of  4'7  patients,  and  a  school  with  an  average 
attoidiiiice  of  vf-ii  pupils,  Tho  school,  though  not  managed  by  tho 
education  department,  is  yoorly  oxnminod  by  the  Kh&ndesh  deputy 
odnciuion  inspector.  Of  the  whole  nnmbor,  167,  thirty<one  officers 
and  1U6  men  can  read  and  writo  or  tfro  being  taught.  Tho  twenty- 
nix  rvcruit  Ik>2B  are  ohietly  the  sons  of  mon  bulongiug  Ui  tho  norps. 
Other  vacancies  are  filled  by  local  MusainuiDS,  laar&tbia,  and 
BriUimiuia. 

The  vilUge  police  consists  of  the  h«A<lman,  ptitil,  and  from  two  to 
cii^ht  villagv  Bnits  cHth-d  wati^hmcn,  j-igilfia,  who  are  paid  by  land 
g»«ntj<.  It  is  thfi  duty  of  tho  j»itil  U>  n'twrt  tho  occurrence  of  any 
opnio  within  his  limils  tn  the  ni>an«t  district  |M>liet>  otlStvr ;  u>  hold 
ioqttesta  in  cases  of  unmtural  and  sndden  deaths ;  to  keep  offenders 
in  custody ;  to  b«  proseut  at  overy  warch  made  by  tho  district  poHoe ; 
and  to  co-operate  with  them  in  overy  way.  The  nomination  and 
dismissal  of  the  police  jxitiV  and  watchmen  rest  with  Governmcnti 
and  Ihey  aro  under  the  direct  control  of  tho  Dintnct  Magistrate. 

Destdea  the  accommodation  provided  fur  nndor-triul  priii/^iicrs  afc 
the  licad-qtiartorB  of  each  sob-division  and  the  Uhu^livul  subordinate 
jail,  there  is  at  Dhnlin,  about  200  yards  to  the  west  of  the  town,  a 
district  criminal  jail  attached  to  tlio  Juilge's  court.  Built  id 
1827,  it  is  surronndod  by  a  high  wall,  and  has  two  divisions  a  froat 
and  a  back  section.     In  a  circlu  in  the  front  division  mm  thu  uialu 


i 

4 


I 

I 

4 


itSU. 


DeccuL  • 

KHANDESH.  .        319 

prisoners*  wards  with  tiled  roofs  and  inm-baired  windows.  To  Mie  ^  Chaptflr  I 
east  of  this  circle  are  three  female  warda,  and  to  the  weat  is  the  civil  *  JnaH|» 
jail.  Inside  the  main  gate  is  an  hospital  store-room.  In  the  rear 
division  there  are  eight  worksheda  and  twelve  solitary  cells.  The 
jail  is  managed  by  a  staff  twenty-nine  strong,  and  in  1879  had  an 
averacre  daily  total  of  436'd  prisoners.  The  prisoners  are  made  to 
work,  partly  beyond  prison  walla  in  two  gardens  on  the  bank  of  the 
Pdnjbra  and  in  a  fieM  two  miles  from  the  town,  and  partly  within 
prison  walls  in  the  jail  worksheds,  where  cotton-weaving,  carpet- 
making,  carpentry,  and  cane  work  are  carried  on.  The  garden 
prodnce  consists  of  country  and  European  vegetables,  and  the  field 
produce  of  jmri,  cotton,  and  seaainum.  Th^ total  cost  in  1879  w^ 
£2312  14«.{Rs.  23,127),  or  an  average  of  £5  6«.  (Re.  53)  to  each 
prisoner.  The  jail  has  been  notably  healthy,  the  average  death  rate 
.aoring  the  last  ten  years  being  only  1*4  per  cent  of  the  average 
■trength. 


[SoBtay  Qauttcer^ 


T6SUHld 
Aeeotnil 


CHAPTER  X. 

REVENUE    AND    FINANCE. 

Tirx  c«rlic«t  HTsilfthlo  dUtriol  balance  slioot  M  for  182-1^5. 
Tbuugli,  ninoe  then,  tiiauy  acoonut  clinnges  have  been  made,  the 
mSerent  itoms  can  in  most  CMOa  he  brought  nndcr  corrpHpuDdin); 
hcad»  i«  tho  forms  now  in  iiae.  Exclusive  of  i32,590  (R«.  8^5,9110), 
the  adjustment  on  accoant  of  olieuatcd  land,  the  total  transacUona 
entered  in  tlw  district  balance  Mhvct  for  187S-7d  amoanted,  nodcr 
receipts,  to  £-191,649  (Ks.  49,16,490)  agiiinst  £136,392  (Bs. 
13,63,920)  in  1824-25,  and  aader  charfreti,  to  £388,188  (Kb. 
88,81,880)'  against  £170,379  (K».  17,03,790).  Leaving  aside 
dvpBrtmentAl  tRiiM:u1Ifti)ix>ux  roooipta  and  payment*  id  return  for 
ftorrioM  reudennl,  siich  as  po«t  and  telegraph  rooeipts,  the  1878-79 
revenne  under  all  heads.  Imperial,  provincial,  local,  and  municipal, 
come  to  £460,045  (R».  4tf,06,4.'i0), or,  on  a  popolation  of  l,02s.O^12, 
ft  dwro  of  8x.  11)(i  (Its.  4-7-6)  tlie  head.  The  oorre^pondiog 
receipts  in  1824-25  tvmount<id  le  £13&^2  (Rh.  13,53,920),  which, 
iicconJing  to  that  year's  approximate  population  of  332,870  8onl«f 
gave  per  head  n  share  of  7«.  \d^  (Ra.  3-^-8). 

During  tho  fifty  ycara  botireen  tliodat«8of  tho  two  balance  sheets, 
the  folluwing  olxingea  have  token  place  under  tlio  chief  heada  of 
rcoeipts  and  charges. 

Land  rovonne  receipts,*  forming  67-75  per  oent  of  £460,615  (Hs. 
46,06,450)  the  entire  revenno  of  the  diatritrt,  have  ritten  from  £71^,513 
(Ra.  7,85,130)  in  1824-25  to  £311,717  (Rs.  31,17,170)  in  1878-79. 
The  incrcKTO  ■>  chioHy  dnc  to  tho  lurgo  unm  of  land  brought  tinder 
tillage,  and  to  additionat  leviea  reeomxred,  sinoe  1863,  from  alictmted 
lands,  except  those  held  by  villsgo  and  district  officers.  The  land 
revenue  charges  have  risen  fn>m  £29,151  to  £46,886  (Rs.  2,91,510- 
Bs.  4,68,860).  Thia  is  due  te  the  incroaae  in  the  number  and  solarieit 
cf  revenne  ofR^^ers. 

•  Stamps  in  a  new  head.    Tliel878-79rocciptaamoanted  to£39,7I8 
(Rs.  3,97,180),  and  the  oxponditurw  to  £1221  (Re.  12,210). 

Excise  receipts  havo  riBCO  from  t^iUO  (R«.  48,400)  to  £24,631 
(K«.  2,46,310),  and  the  expenditure  has  £allen  from  £91  (Ks.  910) 
to  ^13  (Rs.  130).  The  increaso  in  the  receipts  is  dne  to  the 
isttodnction  of  stridor  rules  and  to  the  increosod  n«o  of  spirits. 


^ 

A 


>  Thit  inehilw  cuk  nmritmiwi  to  otiiar  trfMurlo*.  unonnUsg  t»  £l96fiOlf  (Ri. 
18,50,000}. 

■  IiumI  rereoiiM  Sgnni  (or  tiztj-tiro  y«on  «udias  1879-80  u»  ffnn  ImIow,  pp. 
SSSuidSOS,  « 


4 


>ocaa.7 


KtlANDESa 


321 


For  IIm  saXe  of  European  And  imported  liquor  tViore  iur« 
eleven  sliopB,  tbree  in  Ohnlia,  one  in  CiiUiagaon,  five  in  BhusliT&l, 
and  two  in  Nnsiruliad.  LioenEHM  for  theaa  suop  iiro  renewed  From 
year  U\  year  on  payment  of  a  Eee  of  i&5  {Be.  50)  for  each  shop.  Tha 
riRht  of  Diakinj?  iind  »ellinff«ounlry  liqtiur  is  fumwil  from  yc«p  to 
year.  Up  to  IS&'J-GU  the  farms  were  sold  by  sub  •divisions,  since 
then  they  have  bwin  i*old  by  Kinglo  ahop*  or  by  group*  of  Hliops, 
The  bu-mer  ia  entitled  to  set  np  his  own  fltills  at  authorised  plaoea> 
and  to  soil  tho  ]iii>ior  uiodv  br  him  nt  certain  stithorisud  dhops. 
Usually,  both  the  still  and  the  shop  are  in  the  same  building.  The 
er  may  cfaiirgo  what'  pricu  Iio  pl«««m  for  tho  liquor  supplied 
to  hin  cuKtomora.  lu  different  parts  of  the  diatriet  the  prioo  of  iv" 
quart  bottlu  varies,  a<x'onIing  to  Htruueth,  from  4^d.  to  2s,  64. 
(onNiiii  3  -  lit.  It).  Nq  liquor  stronger  than  25'  under  pruuf  can 
be  sold  by  the  farmor.  Thw  ortlinary  liquor  is  considerably  below 
26"  nndor  proof,  and  ia  aometimisi  aa  low  us  76"  nndvr  proof.  Tho 
eoriy  realisations  from  tho  ^rms  average  about  £26,000  [Ra. 
,60.000). 

Tho  looal  liquor  is  mnde  solely  from  tnoAa^Baesift  Iatifo1iii,flowor8, 
of  which  tho  dislrict  fxrosUt  yii^ld  enough  to  MUpply  all  tho  stills.  The 
flowers  an  gathered  by  Bhils  and  are  bought  in  small  quantities  oa 
the  spot  by  au  agont  of  tho  liqoor  oontrnctor,  who,  when  a  large 
enough  :4toc1c  ha«  been  gathered,  sends  it  to  tho  atill.  A  good  doal 
of  iUicit   distilling  is  said  to  go  on  among  the  Bhila  for  home 

UBO. 

1*bere  are  scarcely  any  cocoa  or  date  palms  in  tho  dintrict; 
tbo  few  thuro  arc,  uro  tuppod  chiitfly  f<fr  tho  nsoof  bakers.  Peraona 
fB»  tap  a  fixed  Bomber  of  trees  on  payment  of  fiaes  which  vnry  ia 
dif^rant  placoe,  but  thoy  are  bound  to  svll  tlio  tofldy  to  one  of 
(he  liquor  fiinners,  who  in  iiun  sells  it  to  the  public.  The  yearly 
realisationa  from  t^apping  fowt  aromgo  only  £4  lOs.  (Ra.  45).  Tho 
tight  to  rotuil  auch  iutoxicaling  drugs  aa  bluxng,  ffanja,  aud  mdjunt, 
is  put  yearly  to  auction  by  shops.  The  average  yearly  income  ia 
£8^0  {Rg.  3900). 

The  following  statement  shows  the  variotioiis  in  czoiao  rovoDue 
dnring  the  last  forty-uinu  yaan  ; 


Cba; 

Bevenuoani 
Finance. 

Account  Hm4 


KAdadtA  £cir>M  tlnvBtu, 

tsx-st-maiB. 

Tua, 

Dotiun 

taunonD 

Bnunua 

tXHu  Uncr. 

Tsuk 

If 

1 

S 

i 

H 

1 

a 

1 

e 

s 

i 

1 

1 

I 

1 

i 

e 

« 

« 

c 

A 

1«1M1 

■» 

M« 

_^ 

... 

— 

... 

1 

BH 

m 

\\t» 

IMMl 

M 

saa 

'»- 

... 

— 

'.. 

a 

m 

M 

MO) 

ttfUt 

lU 

tia 

-^» 

... 

a 

_. 

m 

nsT 

IMMI 

til 

M.MO 

» 

1 

■a 

u 

4M 

(M 

ItjVTB 

UW.T1 

H 

l*,MI 

u 

l« 

•7 

n 

4» 

IfT 

mw 

Win* 

M 

t»,HO 

3 

I 

II 

w 

« 

na 

m 

tCIM 

■  411— tt 


TBombftr  Gue 


322 


DISTRICTS. 


erX. 

«Teiino  and 
Ffmnce. 

hM-imt  UMda. 

Law  ttMrt 

tin. 


Atmmmt 


■  Tifmsit  (Inty  r9<>npt«  BiBoant«d  in  1 S24-25  to  £1 4,772  (ReJ  ,47,7 
will  till-  t'\iH-n<iiluru  to  £604  (B».  0040).  Those  duties  have  m 
been  abolished. 

Lnw  nod  jtubice  recoipta,  chiefly  fiops,  bare  raon  fruin   £1fiS 
(Us.  15,520)  to  £1777  (Kd.  17,770),  and  lli«  expenditnre  from  £711" 
{Rk.  71,620)  to  £21,847  (Rs.  2,IM'0)-    Tfao  iuo-vwvd  cbarcva 
dao  U)  the  apixiiutmuiitofasepnrata  Jndge  for  Kti&ttdesh,  ana  to  i 
rise  in  the  aunilier  aud  pay  of  civil  and  magistorial  ofikfrs. 

Ki.Ptwis  i.H  a  uow  hvad.     The  1878-79  rMeinta  amoiiuted  to . 
(Ba.  88,000),  and  the  oxpendit«t«  to  £5227  {Rs.  52,270). 

Tim  fiilKiwiutf  tabic  vltdw.H,  oxcluHivo  uf  odtcial  nalaries,  tlieAmuiiDt 
*r(Hilmi<)  from  tli(<  diffprent  assvssed  tafts  levied  bvtweoti  I860  aud 
1879.     The   variety   <jf  iht^ir   rtUo8   and   incideacu    pr«vcuta    asjr 
mtisfoctory  comparuciD  of  reealts : 


TUB. 

OhIIbUiB. 

Tms. 

BMlteamt 

TMb. 

MNllMlaM. 

Iitatmt  Tta. 

«.    *. 

lU 

/■WMHTn, 

«.    *. 

Bl. 

£iwM>nu. 

C    (. 

Bi. 

IM»             „ 

W4»  1> 

I«,4M 

TMl    4 

ii.an  tt 
tatt  1 

I».*U 

HM-W 

BIM  U 

IMM 

iwroii       ... 

iKi-i»     .; 
\tn-a 

MIS    • 

n,*M  i» 

MM    S 
MM  11 

t».IM 

••(MB 

mtu 

(},*n 

fte 

Uitnut  rax. 

tMMa 

s;>  4 

M.nt 

iara-f» 

U.M1    » 

■JWI4 

AftdrtUioH, 


Cualom*  recei[>ta,  auiouutinR  in  1878-79  to  £2996  (Ra.  29,960). 
coiuist  of  Iho  Aitlo  jirocvedii  of  otiium  and  of  aadioQ  sales  of  the  right 
to  sell  opiam,  aud  of  lines  levied  and  cunliitcatioiis  made  under  the 
Opium  Act.  Liconiics  fur  tho  rotuil  salo  ofopiuin,  madat,  aixl  c/uindol^ 
■ru  put  to  aueiion  every  year.  Opium  rec[uired  for  sale  by  the 
licensees  should  bo  bought  from  the  Collector's  trviutiry,  wliich  is 
supplied  froDi  Bombiiy,  by  piircUascM made  on  iMduilfof  Uovernmetib 
by  the  Collector  of  Cuslomii.  About  1200  pounds  of  opium  are 
yearly  takon  by  the  liceneces. 

There  are  do  local  ttalt  works.  Salt  Jh  broueht  by  Vanifiri  carriers 
from  UaUjlr,  and  by  rail  from  stations  near  [ImDargaon,  Ghodbandur, 
Trombay,  M&tunga,  Pauvol,  and  Pen  in  lliiiia. 

The  1878-79  charges  of  £I0G3  (Ra.  10,030)  under  PoUtical 
Agencies,  oouaist  of  the  pay  and  allowimras  of  the  MHistant  political 
*  agent,  the  Bhil  Agent,  the  Oiing  Uiviiii,  aud  their  establisumcntti, 
and  of  yearly  prtwonta  to  the  D&ag  chiefs- 
Military  ehar^r^a  have,  on  account  of  tliu  renioral  of  troops,  fallen 
from  £!>2,272  to  12206  (R».  fl,22,720. Bs.  2^,0*10). 

Regislration  is  a  new  head.  The  187S-79  rc-cjiptn  amounted  to 
£l7o&  (R«.  17,590)  and  the  oxpenditure  to  £1200  (Its.  12,000).       * 

Education  is  also  a  nev  head.  The  1878-79  receipt*,  coiwUliiig  of 
foes,  amounted  to  £212  (Bs.  2120),  and  the  expenditnre  to  £1720 
{Hs.  17,200). 

Police  chargo*  have  risen  from  £8978  to  £29,838  {H«.  89,730- 
Km.  2,i^,380).  I'he  inereaae  i»  due  to  the  reorgaoisation  of  tbu 
departmctttv  ■     fl 


Omoul] 


KHlNDESH. 


323 


Transfer  receipts  IiaTe  riBeii  from  £34,864  to  £65,605  (Ra.  3,48,540- 
Bs.  6,56,050),  and  the  expenditure  from  £19,737  to  £226,802 
(Rs.  1,97.370-Ra.  22,68,020).  The  increased'receipts  are  due  chiefly 
to  receipts  on  account  of  local  funda,  to  remittances  from  other 
treaamTies,  and  to  the  amount  held  as  deposit  on  account  of  savings 
banks.  The  increased  charges  are  due  to  a  large  surplus  balance 
remitted  to  other  treasuries  and  to  the  expenditure  on  account  of 
local  fonds. 

In  the  following  balance  sheets,  the  iigures  shown  in  black  type 
on  both  sides  of  the  1878-79  balance  sheet  are  book  adjustments. 
On  the  receipt  side,  the  item  £32,590  {Ra.  §,25,900)  represents  the 
additional  revenue  the  dittrict  would  yield  had  none  of  its  land* 
been  given  away.  On  the  debit  side,  the  item  £9887  (Rs.  98,870) 
entered  under  'land  revenue'  is  the  rental  of  the  lands  granted 
to  village  headmen,  pdtils,  engaged  on  both  revenue  and  police 
daties,  and  to  the  village  watchmen,  jdglids.  The  item  £15,116 
(Bs.  1,51,160),  under  '  allowances  and  assignments,'  represents  the 
rental  of  the  lands  granted  to  district  hereditary  officers  and  other 
non-service  claimants;  the  item  £7587  (Hs.  75,870)  under  'police' 
represents  the  rental  of  the  lands  granted  to  Bhils  and  watchmen 
for  police  duty.  Cash  allowances,  on  the  other  hand,  are  treated 
as  actu^  charges  and  debited  to  the  different  head^s  of  account 
according  to  the  nature  of  the  allowances.  Thus  cash  grants  to 
villa^  headmen,  except  those  solely  engaged  on  police  duties 
and  the  village  watch,  are  included  in  £46,886  (Rs,  4,68,860),  the 
total  of  land  revenue  charges. 


Chapter  Z. 

Eerenaeutd 
Finises. 

Acconnt  Headi 
Trai^fen. 


BaUnoe  Sheat 


824 


DISTRICTS. 


«terZ. 

utiwiid 
junoa. 

iMSbMt, 
SS4-S5 
Md 
S7B-701 


(Bombay  OateHeei, 


Shdnduh  Bataitee  Shtet, 


■Hnn. 

Sicnm. 

am. 

1B2(-U. 

IS7a-7B- 

* 

A.— aopcrrlinl 
liyttMDiiUKtac. 

V 

B.-Maiufed  bj  I 
demrtnimtftl  \ 

■ 

nuiritf  iitmi... 

■ 

ImbA  nmiw...       .„        <.» 

Btunpi          

BieUs              

TnnlLtdaUca           

Law  lucijiuttei       ,„        ...       ...       ... 

Fomt             

AMMlfl  taiM           

HiBDllUWlIU 

lotcnst  do  •dnaoi,  louu,  ud  ureui . . . 

Total    ... 

Outoim         

riiblloiniAi„ 

WiliUiT         

Mint     

PoW     •       

Tdvniili       _       

ToUl    ... 

Kmlrtntlon  ...       „       

BdUCAtiOD ...         ...         . 

Pollco 

Mpdtc«l          

Jalli    ...        ._        

tfLweUuuKnu         

Tata]    .. 

Dspoalti  ud  repaTmaDta 

CMh  mnltUaeo  ■     

IVijbIoii  fonSreoelpta       ...       ... 

Lnal  (biuU  ...       , 

•am-.. 

Glmod  total    .. 

s.     >.  a. 

isfiia  1   I 

(SM  le  10 

ll.TTI  IB    0 
1U3  11    1 

ii«i*i«  11 

e.       r.  ,t. 

S11.T17     S  10 
13.590    E    1 
3P,VIH    1   10 
H.rSl  11     e 

1777     2     0 

tm»  1.^    J 

ISpWl     B    0 

M     1     It 

761    4     E 

1I)0,M3  11    1 

4I»,443  13     6 

lU    i  10 

lU     S    3 

tOM  14     1 

ID.IM     7    B 

438     4     3 

SllS    a    3 
S44  11     0 

tssii  e 

ie,ui  0  1 

TS  IB  11 

10  IS    T 

ir.-^  9   6 

SIS  17     fi 

la  0  0 

33     B     7 

eoi  in    9 
lm  14  11 

loa  IB  e 

sets   B   4 

estt  1  2 

M,«MUI    t 

33,MI     1     1 

ecoo   0   0 

10    3     « 
1T,1S4     3     3 

14,83*  IS  !• 

SE.COS     8     4 

lu.sn  i»  0 

4B1,S4»    T    4 
31.590   E    1 

DaeeuL] 


K-HANDESH. 


325 


UttM  and  1878-79. 


Cuman. 

HauL 

- 

laai-st. 

lera-TB. 

Xwidnmiiiia 

WWIM 

■ula 

n«iul(  dntloi,..       ^..      ... 

romrt 

AdmiiilstfftUoD 

Poiumi 

AUoiniiau  and  iMlgDnuiiiti 

nnddoi  to  OoTeniniQiit  mPADtv... 
Hhm  dataiUnaDt* 

Total   ... 
Total   ... 

Total   ... 

-*>•  Total   ... 

amid  Total   ... 

t.     •.  d. 

W.ltl  U    4 

81     «    » 

B0<    4    « 

ttn   B 11 
siio  11   » 

«8n  1  « 

mis  4 

£,        J.  <t. 

ixn   6  10 

18    «    1 

14,£38  18     0 
T«KI  la  11 
6827     6     6 
488     3  11 

loes  10  t 

0716  11  10 

U,1U   1  3 

»oo  I)  0 

1886  IS    B 

84    B     4 

«,178  10  11 

>0,860    ]     1 

KJOO   SU 

ObMoiw          

PabUo  woifca           

HUttuT          

luu 

POK 

TtkRi^       

fl>,3n  la  ? 
iisv'is  0 

10l«   0 

><,IS7     1     4 
t*M    S    » 

48^8     4     6 
817     8    S 

M.S17  11     1 

83,088    0    0 

Bca^itraUoD 

FollOB      „ 

Hfdia] 

Jtlli       

Prtntlng. 

OemeleriH       

M'tffBllMnitTTflt  ...          ...          ... 

770  18  11 

8»78"**B  11 

664  1«    0 
144(18    S 

48310    0 

isoo  r  T 

ITiO  18    9 

KMt  It    1 

7587   1   8 

180S  IT    8 

SMa  1 11 

19  18    E 

I<  It    0 

*84  11     1 

11,318    8    1 

8S,7tl     4    S      ' 

'Air7  1  8     ' 

OeiMtlta  rsttiTDed  ud  idinuiBaa  ind  [m 

Oaati  ramLtUnoH      d- 

iDMTMt  Dn  GoTsrnninit  — — irH'f 

18.78I  IB  11 

iHf». 

K.ess  14   0 

186.000    0    0 

an  10  7 

U.S18  IT    1 

• 

■* 

»,m  IB  11 

«8,S0S    1    8 

170,8T>    8     0 

888,188    a    7 

ax.m  6  1 

Chapter  X. 
Berenoaaiu 

lS3«-25 

and 
187»-7», 


'■^ 


(eombftr  Gu«tt««t 


DISTRICTS. 


tcrZ. 

HI  and 

laee. 


•Tlio  district  local  fno<ls  collected  bidoo  1863  to  promote  rnnd 
educatidu  aiid  »u|i(>ly  roiuls,  vnUer,  druiua,  rosl-liotiAeis,  diDiioiuariea, 
and  other  aaeful  oliJL-cta,  amouut«d  in  1873-7!)  to  a  total  sum  uf 
£28,653  fR«.  3,86,530j,  and  tlio  oxponditurelo  £2.'/,«87  ( Ba.  2.58,870). 
This  revouuo  i»  drawu  from  three  aoaroes,  a  special  oesa  of  une- 
•ixtcenth  in  addition  to  ItMordiiuiry  laud  (ax,  th<(  proceeds  of  certain 
snlKinlinuUi  local  funds,  and  soiuo  misoellaneous  iUMii-^  uf  rcvonno. 
The  special  land  oees,  of  whicli  two-thirds  »n:  set  apart  as  a  mad 
fund  aiid  tlio  rest  as  a  achool  fund,  j-ielded  in  1878'79  a  rvvcune  of 
£iy,904  (K»,  1,99,640).  Smaller  fnndB,  inoiudinff  a  toll  fund,  a 
eatUu  ixtund  fund,  n  fvrry  fund,  a  travolters'  bungnluw  fantl,  and  a 
echoo)  fee  fand,  yielded  £4925  (Rs.  49,250).  Interest  on  inrmtod 
luiidB  and  Guverunmul  and  nrivate  flubscrijitioiis  smonnted  to 
£23(^  (Ra.  23,030) ;  and  miscelianoons  receipts,  inclading  oertaiD 
ilema  of  land  ivvouuv,  lo  £1400  (Hs.  14,600).  This  revenae  k 
administered  hy  comiuitiees  panly  of  official  and  pcutly  of  prirate 
meiabera.  Bcsido«  the  diittriut  coininitUi]  conststiug  of  the  Collector, 
aasistaui  and  deputy  collectors,  the  execatiro  enginucr,  and  the 
education  inspector  aa  official  and  the  proprietor  of  an  alienated 
Tillagoaud  six  landhnldersnanou-otScial  incmbvrB, each  sub-division 
has  its  own  committee,  consisting  of  an  assistant  collector,  the 
m&nlatdar,  a  public  worka  ofliccr,  and  the  deputy  education 
inspector  ax  ofRcial  and  the  proprietor  of  an  alienated  viltngo  and 
throe  landholders  as  uon-oQicial  members.  Tho  sub -divisional 
oonunitteea  bring  their  rcquiromeutjt  iu  nuttlors  of  local  works  and 
odncation  to  tho  notice  of  tho  district  committ«c  which  prtipares 
the  yearly  budget. 

Fop  administratiro  purpoacs  'the  district  local  funds  are  divided 
into  two  scotiona,  the  one  set  apart  for  public  works  and  tho  other 
for  inatmctioD.  'The  rooaipts  and  disbuTBemoBts  during  the  year 
1876-79  were  as  follows : 

SlulitiUJi  total  FuittU,  1S78-7S. 
rcnuc  woaica 


Bacvn. 

BumMlniL 

BUUM*,  Id  AiaB  un      ... 

•mat _     - 

Vonka           -.        ... 

TovtUart*  banpJniM      — 

(UilttiAnil*         „      

CuitribuUoD*          ...       ^ 
atmbvmu          -       -        ... 

_  wn  u 

*UMa  IB 

lUS  w 

11* 

I    B 

nw  a 

MO    I 

imio 

BaUAIUinwaa      _ 

Xnnrti 

Baicin        ...                  

Ikdlralcrwgai     

MlMdluuno 

IWuMg,  aiK  llutti  itn .. 

IsMl    - 

vm  • 

Nil  11 

■aKi« 
m  f 

ITMM 

T*W    ... 

II.MSU 

)i,weu 

BDCCAXKSI. 


SWuta,  W  April  ttn       

0»»-IIIlM  ol  tbt  aBl  OMB 
acbMIfMfiiM         .        .^       .., 
OauHlbaUOn*  (OatTipwH 

DUa          (FrlnM)    ...        _ 
InuraM  «a  a«nnaKM  iMttUiM. 
Mlmnuwat...      ^ 

X.    1. 

taw  B 
nu  IT 
lau  T 

ItOI  11 

itt  « 

*7  to 
S)   0 

Hcbulebusit       ...  .    itf 
Hchdanliipt         <»        M 

Ditlo       (rti«ln) 

KlMolUimni 

BtiuM.  Slit  uuA  ur>...      ... 

•tttX    ... 

a.    t. 

na>  (t 
lot  t 
«<»  la 
l»  u 

UD  1* 

•u>  ■ 

Tsui    ,.. 

1^.111    0 

IM1I   0 

Deeean.] 


K-HlNDESH. 


327 


Since  1863,  tlie  following  local  fund  worka  bavo  been  carried 
onfc  at  a  cost  of  £208,876  9«.  (Ra.  20,88,764-8).  To  improve 
communication,  2216  milea  of  road,  with  one  fiying  and  twenty-three 
Btone  masonry  bridges  and  five  culvorts,  have  been  mado  and 
repaired,  and  the  road  sides  planted  with  trees.  To  improve  the 
water  supply,  475  new  wells  have  been  snnk  and  536  old  wells 
repaired ;  fifteen  now  ponds  made  and  twenty-eight  old  ponds 
repaired ;  and  thirty-five  springs,  thirty -eight  watercourses,  and  six 
dtuns,  bamlhfirds,  brought  into  use.  To  help  village  education, 
forty-one  new  schools  have  been  built  and  230  old  schools  repaired ; 
and  for  the  comfort  of  travellers,  188  rest-houses,  dharmashdlds,' 
and  sixteen  bungalows  have  been  built.  BSsidea  the  experimental 
Earm-house  at  Vadjai  near  Bbadgaon,  tbe  industrial  workshop  tX 
Dhulia,  and  tbe  cotton  market  at  Jalgaon,  142  village  offices, 
eighty  cattle  pounds,  and  three  dispensaries  have  been  built,  and 
109  village  ofiices  and  227  cattle  pounds  repaired. 

Under  the  provisions  of  tbe  Bombay  District  Municipal  Act  (Vl. 
of  1873),  there  were  in  all  eighteen  town  municipalities  in  the 
KhAndesh  district  in  1878-79,  each  administered  by  a  body  of 
commissioners  with  the  Collector  as  president,  and  the  assistant  or 
deputy  collector  in  charge  of  the  sub-division  as  vice-president.  At 
Mahe]i,  the  placo  of  the  yearly  ^r,  tbe  agricultural  exhibition 
and  tbe  horse  and  cattle  show,  the  raunicipality  is  only  temporary. 
The  district  municipal  revenue  in  1878-79  amounted  to  £14,010 
(Rs.  1,40,100),  of  which  £2677  (Ra.  26,770)  were  recovered  from 
octroi  duties,  £3537  (Rs.  35,370)  from  toll  and  wheel  and  other 
taxes,  and  £7796  (Rs.  77,960)  from  mi  seel  laneoua  sources. 

The  following  statement  gives  for  each  of  the  municipalities  the 
receipts,  charges,  and  incidence  of  taxation  during.the  year  ending 
31st  March  1879: 

KMtulah  iluHkipal  DttaiU,  1S7S-79. 


POPIV*- 

RicIirtB. 

Tollo 

KuL 

Date. 

TlOfl. 

Octroi, 

Hnn»e 

ftnf]      ARnan- 

Hlacel- 

T^ 

. 

Isi. 

Wlml  edum 

luioouft. 

lai. 

e 

t 

M 

£ 

fi 

£ 

Dhnrii      

tlOi  NoTr. 

IM».. 

It.tSS 

1J70 

5.'>7 

IHi 

316 

iOSO 

Anutuer 

13111  Oti.iber 

1803.., 

7.-";4 

SO 

t:i3 

133 

276 

BeUrid     ... 

Ulttu 

KCWt 

B3 

N 

It 

104 

rimlji 

[lilUl 

IS,!»A 

ti 

321 

IHO 

lU 

SiDdktimla 

lutlo 

4M1 

■il 

BS 

Fit 

II 

1S7 

JU(Oli.U  1 

Itit  Uaruti 

ISiil'!! 

nran 

W7 

il3 

iia 

t«ao 

7971, 

ErADLlnl     

HUl  JlllV 

ISIM... 

n.oji 

33 

111 

IJ8 

iM 

l>LaraDgaozi 

t)[ito 

ll.riHI 

it 

SOT 

... 

iti 

lea 

Sonjcir       

inth  f!n|lt. 

Men.. 

4A1B 

7 

ll3 

„. 

M 

111 

Nmn4iirb4r 

30tJL  JjiEinnry 

IMT  ., 

;n5 

sat 

124 

91 

s:a 

Tnloct*      

DlIM 

MO 

1-.1> 

110 

33 

3n3 

V*rHi«iKii> 

I4th  Aigput 

im,'.'. 

Ma; 

tl 

M 

14 

110 

CllO(«]»       

tth  [tvr. 

13.4% 

14 

3I» 

S3 

361 

BhAitj^oon 

UULAiiril 
IBiJTAiHil 

IBlW    . 

Ui5:i 

10 

IK 

76 

•  no 

Stiihi.la 

IfllW  ,. 

MU 

tau 

lal 

10 

300 

Pnkiihii  ... 

SLsl  Oetnhor 

liSi... 

WIIV 

ss 

M 

30 

l!l> 

Btalrpur    

Hulicjl      

nil  to 

... 

l»71 

11B 

1S7 

S3 

308 

Ifith  OutoUr 

1970.  . 

S»> 

!«; 

e 

lis 

lotm    ... 

wn 

IMI 

498 

1» 

Tite 

ii,aio 

ChaptwX 

Beveaoeand 
Pinaace. 

Local  Fand& 


Hnnicipalitui. 


'  The  Jalgauu  receipts  iiicluJe  a  \oaa  of  £G547  (Rh.  65,470). 


328 


(Bombay  Oawttoer, 


DISTRICTS. 


SupterX 

Bvenae  and 
finanM. 

ii]ucip>liti««. 


« 

Khdndtik  Mioiieipat  Details,  7S75-73— oontinued. 

CnjftOB*. 

HlHI 

Worka. 

iHOmia. 

Btaff. 

Bttatj. 

BmIUi. 

School- 
Ing, 

Ultnl- 

TotaL 

OrigtDil. 

Bapiln. 

« 

X 

« 

._« 

£ 

« 

« 

C 

£    >.   d. 

Dballa      

«a 

IM 

TM 

'  41 

Its 

ME 

ISE 

31  SO 

OSS 

AmilOR' 

n 

3 

H 

e 

IE 

u 

SG 

360 

a  0   > 

BaUvul     

u 

1 

Bl 

8 

8 

IM 

0    0    7 

PiiDlm       

•0 

7 

1ST 

"»T 

IBl 

30 

4sa 

0    0    3 

Blndkbtcta 

M 

1 

« 

"«> 

11 

s 

132 

0    0     1 

JnlgiHin     ... 

3ia 

«a 

«B2(fl) 

"e 

u 

164 

E!S 

7796 

0  s  10 

KnndDl     

18 

i 

187 

» 

IS 

M 

631 

a  0  s 

IHlUWlflOD 

u 

». 

IRS 

1 

'"» 

US 

■It 

»# 

0  0  10 

BoDfrtr      

30 

9G 

61 

Itw 

14 

361 

0    0     7 

l^diirl>ir 

86 

U 

WH 

"t 

13 

IS 

ISO 

0     1     D 

Tklodi       

N 

It 

U 

s 

11 

10 

S3 

1G3 

0  10 

Chc>p£     

IS 

ID 

£3 
U3 

1 

G 

S 

71 

316 

0  0  a 

DOS 

BbRdxJutn... 

n 

1 

131 

16 

4 

IT» 

0  0   s 

BhUiMi 

<B 

31 

los 

"s 

30 

s 

30S 

0    13 

Fnkiaba 

ST 

8 

ST 

1 

is 

10 

4 

144 

0   0  to 

fihJrpur     ... 

60 

M 

n* 

IG 

B 

BM 

0    0  11 

UtheJI      

«T 

10 

«4 

M 

D 

163 

0     10 

Total    ... 

IliK 

«7G 

9Ya 

i?r 

Ml 

1174 

Mil 

13,763 

(o)  £0608  (Bl  06,080)  at  thli  too  bomired  ind  ipmt  oa  the  Jalgaoa  ntar  work!. 

Beeidca  making  new  and  mending  old  roads,  wells,  drains  and 
culverts,  and  planting  and  watering  roadside  trees,  the  chief  worka 
carried  out  by  the  municipalitieB,  in  1878-79,  were  the  building  of  a 
market,  a  slaughter-honse,  and  public  latrines  at  Dhulia,  and  tho 
Mehrun  reservoir  at  Jalgaon,  for  which  and  other  Jalgaon  works  a 
loan  of  £6547  (Rs.  65,470)  was  sanctioned  by  Government,  Two 
other  schemes,  the  drainage  and  water  supply  of  Dhulia,  were  also 
under  consideration. 


CHAPTER    XI. 

INSTRUCTION. 

Is  187S-79  tliero  were  275  GoTemment  AchooU,  or  ono  school  for 
evpryll-5  intial)it*il  villaj^-s,  vritli  I  (,298  names  on  the  rolls  uad  an 
avvnifm  atn;ndauoe  <>i  lO.'J.'iO  i^ipils  or  2'22  .pi-r  cent  gf  ■491,376, 
the  vhoU  population  nuder  twenty  years  of  ago.  > 

Excluding  •cupcrint«udonco  charpjs,  the  wbolo  expondituro  on 
Bccoont  of  these  schools  amoniiwtl  lo  £9368  2*.  (Ra.  93,581),  of 
whi.h  X27<)0  8*.  (Eh.  27,004)  were  debitod  to  provmcial  and  £(HJS7 
Ue.  (ltd.  00,577)  to  local  and  othor  funds. 

Under  the  Director  of  Public  Instniotioa  and  the  edacatioa 
inspprtor  north-eastern  division,  the  schooling  of  the  district  waa, 
in  18(8<79,  condiictod  by  a  local  HtaS  532  ntrong.  Of  these  ono  wna 
a  deputy  inspector  with  goucral  cliargo  of  all  tho  ecbools  of  tho 
district,  drawing  a  yoarly  pay  of  £^0  (Rs.  240O) ;  ono  vim*  on 
amistMil  doptity  education  inspector  drawing  a  yearly  pay  of  £90 
(Rd.  90UJ ;  and  the  n»il  were  school  inostera  and  ossutaot  achooU 
masters  with  yearly  salarwfl  ranging  from  £6  lo  ISGO  (Bs.  CO  - 
B«.  30O0). 

Of  276,  t]io  n-holo  number  of  OoTommt^ut  and  aided  schools, 
in  25]  itar&lhi  was  tauj^lil,  in  four  Urdu,  in  Gft««n  Mar&tbi 
and  Urdu,  and  in  Sre  Knf;lish  and  Mantthi.  Gnu  of  ths  fire  was 
n  high  Mchuo),  touching  En^Hsti,  Uariithi,  and  SanslErit,  (o  tho 
Btanclard  ro<[uired  to  ]nu»  the  Uoiuhay  Unirorsity  entfanco  ttnt 
examination.  The  Dbulia  Training  School,  eatabtisnod  in  1878,  was 
cIomkI  at  tho«ud  of  February  1877. 

Beforo  the  o|)oning  of  Gi>vernmont  schoobi  onery  largo  Tillago 
had  a  jirivate  school  taught  by  a  Br^man.  Not  boinff  able  to 
compete  with  thuGovvrnmcnt  schools,  thui^-  private  instituLions  wcro, 
in  1875-70,  roduoud  to  forty-ono  with  an  attendance  of  920  boys. 
Threo  of  Lbem  receired  aa  encouragement  small  grants  from  local 
funds.  At  prusont  privato  schools,  with  an  Mtvudivuco  of  not  muro, 
tJiUQ  ton  or  twc-h'o  Iwyn,  aru  found  utily  in  smalt  villages  which 
bave  uo  (ioFonimont  school.  The  school  is  held  in  the  inaster'a 
boose  or  in  some  hired  building.  The  inoBter  is  paid  in  grwiu  and 
Mmotimes  in  monoy.  His  yearly  n^ceipta  formerly  raried  from 
£10  to  £15  (R&lOO-lts.  150);  they  now  rnngu  hotwoon  £5and 
£10  (Rs.  50-Ra.  lOO).  Eveiy  boy  on  out«ring,  and  when,  after 
mastering  tho  alphabet  and  thu  multiplication  table,  be  begins  to 
learn  to  road  and  writo  tho  running,  modi,  band,  gives  the  tnastor  a 
present  of  some  rice,  pulse,  wheat  flour,  a  cocoaiiut,  botolauts,  and 
•omo  money.     On  holidayM,  and  on  every  iifteenlh  day,  the  boya 

S've   thv  matter  mmK   money  and   grain.     On  marriaKO  wcjwioiis 
0  itlaator  also  geta  preseiita  from  the  boyit'  parents  in  ilie  shape  of 
money  or  some  arttclo  of  dross.     Boya  from  six  to  eight  years  old 
a  iIl-4S 


Cluiptcr  XL 
InstrnctioB, 

WB-79. 


Irritate 

Schooli. 


DIBTBICTS. 


-MOt- 


SolMek. 


Ii«ailpc«  Mid 


Md  write  Oe 


begm  to 


mad  write  uBinJ  bj  Owpwimft  dning  tt«  iMt  Sby-five  year*. 

lie  fii«t  fiiiiiiiMiirt  iiiianihi  ■iliiiiil  WIS  ooeaed  in  ibe  c»v  ol 

Ilbi&iBl82«,nd»HawdwHanMdtii1&»«tBnDdoL  I^im 

jrii  later,  n  1H6,  b  twbbcuIw  •oool  wa*  opaoad  bI  JfinuHir, 

Bjevafier,  in  1 847.  another  WBaofjened  at  SivdB.     Benreea 

^bmI    185tf  Uhr  wci€  aalj   thrm  fraah  acloob,  dim  at  BoUi 

OIK  al  JatewB,  and  cae  at  NaBdarUr.    Tbt  fitat  En^utb  ^ 

vaa  openM  at  DhaSa  in  ld&3.    In  I8S&-56,  Umtb  wen  ool/  aeraB^ 

Otwatiiincnt  Kboob,  aix  ot    umn    TmiBcalar  and  odq    AOglo- 

tafaacafar  wiib  7I&  Banea  m  Ifaa  roUa  aad  aa  amage  alleodiuioe 

ofdSSpapils.    la  186S-M,  Un  oamberc<«ebooia«Ba  increased  to 

111, with  S996  111  III!  II  on  tbe  roQa  and  an  aTerage  attendance  o[ 

6517  popilt-     NiaatT-BiBe  of  UteM  Kboob,  inclndi^  one  forgirU, 

were    reraaenlar,  derai  were  Ang^Temacnlar,  and  one  wbb  a_ 

hizh    sdml.    Id  1S75-76  tbcro    were  in  all    286  scfaooU 

1^170  BBinaa  oo  the  rolU  and  an  arerage  attendance  of  ii 

IM^ila.     280  of  tlwte  adioola,  including  Sre  fnr  giria  and 

tnioi^  aehoa),  were  remacDlar,  &n  were  Aogio^Temacnlar, : 

ooewBsa  b^^  sdwol.    In  1 878<79,  tfaere  wore  27-5  kcIknjIs  witli 

1 4i2d8  Hunaa  on  tb«  n>lU  anij  an  average  attendancti  of  1  Q,^V2  pupils, 

or  2*22  per  dent  of  491,376,  tlie  entire  population  of  the  district  of 

not  Bkora  than  tweotr  jreara'of  ^e.    A  comparison  with  the  Id&O 

retoma  pres  Cor  181%  an  increase  in  tbe  namlwr  of  »chool«  from 

sine  to  275,  whileof  491,376,  tbe  eotire  population  of  the  diMrict  of 

not  nwpe  than  twenty  jcars  of  age,  14,298  or  2-90  per  cont  were 

noder  iostroction  in  IS78.7d  compared  with  475  or  *09  per  cent  in 

1850-51. 

In  18G4  the  Gnt  girls*  school  was  opened  at  Dhulia.  In  the  next 
ten  years  the  nnmlier  of  girls'  K<-hoolB  had  risen  to  Sve,  with  282 
DAiuva  on  the  rolls  and  an  average  atKndance  of  210pnpi!a  (lS7a-7(>). 
Two  of  these  echooln,  in  Dhiiliii  and  Piirola,  thu  Intti;r  uuder 
B  certificated  mistress  from  the  Puoim  Nunival  School,  were 
Bpeciiilly  well  managed.  The  girls' school  in  RauiSlain  thoNundnrlMlr 
'  aub-dinsioi)  is  for  the  nee  of  MusoinidD  girls.  The  girht'  school  n( 
S£vda  waH  opeovd  in  1878.  At  prenent  (1878-70)  there  are  ia  all 
seven  girlx'  sahools,  with  390  names  on  the  rolls  and  an  average 
utt4;n(liLiico  of  289  pupils. 

The  1872  cenaos  retums  give,  for  the  two  cbief  races  ot  the 
district,  the  following  details  of  persons  able  to  read  and  write. 

Of  184,559,  the  total  Hindu  male  population  of  not  more  than 
twdre  yeore,  9387  or  5-08  per  cent ;  of  67,274  above  twelve  and  not 
more  than  twenty  years,  &4*>3  or  [itl  per  cent ;  and  of  237,596  over 
twenty  yeara,  19,958  or  85  per  c<»nt  were  iiWc  to  read  and  write 
or  were  being  tanght.  Of  171,6US,  the  total  Hindu  female 
population  of  not  more  thnn  twelve  years,  104  ;  of  70,502  dbore 
twelve  and  not  more  than  twenty  yeera,  fiheen;  and  of  21<},840 


'bec«Mi.] 


EHANDESH 


OTor  twenty  ycRrs,  oighlwD  wore  ubio  to  read  and  writo  or  wero 
buiiig  tuughU 

Of  1&,079,  the  total  MuEalm&n  malo  popuktioD  not  cxcve<ling 
twolvo  yoars,  658  or  I'S  per  c«nt ;  of  5722  abore  twelve  and  nut 
Oirer  tw<;nty  years,  800  or  6'2  per  ceut;  and  of  I9,80:J  ovvr  twenty 
years,  78'i  or  31'  percent  were  able  ty  n--ad  am!  write  or  wcro 
being  taught.  Of  Vi,l38,  tbu  totul  [etuald  MustUmAn  population 
of  not  more  than  twelve  yearn,  alsty-^;  of  5118  iilxivu  twelvo 
and  not  over  twenty  years,  eighteen;  and  of  I'J.Oll)  over  twenty 
feara,  tiixtooa  ivuru  able  to  ruud  and  writ«  or  wore  beiug  twi^hU 

Before    1855-5(i   tlioro   were   no  retums  wrangtng   Uie    pupilii. 


pupiU  bfl  Bate,  ISiS  aad  1877. 


EUS. 

xatM. 

PVroCM. 

im-N. 

FtrMBt, 

llHWi 

HIndiu   .- 

n 

■MT 

•on 
■on 

SI 

1-M 
■TO 

l')M 

ToUl    ^ 

iU« 

•va 

11.  at 

1-WI 

according  to  race 
and  religion. 
The  Dwrginal 
statement  shows 
that  of  t)ie  two 
chief  tliviflionii 
of  tho  people, 
the  Miualmiiua 
have  the  larger  prop<irtiou  uf  their  children  &t  xehoot. 

Of  1 1,208,  tho  total  nnmber  of  pnpils  in  Government  MchooU  at 
the  end  of  March  1879,  208*  or2o-7  jwr  cent  wcm  BrAhmana;  &32 
or  S72  per  cent  wore  writers,  492  of  them  Kahatrin  (R«jpiit«)  and 
40 K^yaatha ;  2370  or  16tt5  per  cent  were  tradeni  and  shrtpketipers, 
81  of  thoin  Lin«i>-at«,  ISO  Juins,  30->5  Viinis,  37  Bhiliiia,  one  'I'eli, 
and  71  T.imbi>Ii!*;  1890  or  30-77  per  oent  wec«  ooltivntors,  4118  of 
them  Kunbis  and  278  Malis ;  1886  or  13-22  per  cent  were  i-ntftmnon, 
6t*  of  Ihem  Sonilra,  190  ^aX&n,  lUi  Tv-ihiVrs,  Hi  Sbimpifl,  8S 
Kunibliiirs,  and  45C  othorn  ;  103  or  0*72  per  cent  were  lultonn-ra  and 
personal  serrunts,  35  of  them  Dhobiu,  10  Bhistis,  21  Bbois,  and  37 
others;  159  or  Til  per  cent  wore  deproswd  classes,  88  of  them 
Mh&ra,  2  Cbdmbbira,  and  110  Kolis;8l2  or  218  per  cent  wen> 
miscuUaneouM,  93  of  them  VanjiSris,  and  219  others;  113  orO  79  per 
cent  were  hilt  tritxi^,  lUI  of  them  Uhils ;  1 122  or  9-9<J  per  cent  were 


Muaaliudna,  o  of  tUura  Khoi^,  253  Memous,  409  Mnghahi,  127 
Bohoras,  024  Mi4n^,  2  ShniKhM,  one  Syod.and  one  Malik  ;  4  wcr« 
I'ltr^iH ;  4  were  Buui  innuilit ;  10  wun.i  Chrintiiins,  4  of  Ihom  native 
converts,  5  I'ortuguese,  and  one  a  Indo-European.  Of  low  claits 
boys,  the  Kolia  and  Bhils  aronllowei)  to  Hit  with  tho  others,  Kxcept* 
at  Vdval,  where  there  is  a  special  school  Cor  them,  Mhir  boys  sit  tn  * 
tho  veranda. 

Of  390,  the  total  number  of  girls  onroUdd  in  1878-79  in  the  seven 
girts*  schools,  305  or  78*2  per  cent  were  Uindas  ;  79  or  20'25  per 
cent  were  Miualmdna ;  luid  6  or  1*68  per  ouQt  came  under  tho  head 
•Others.' 

Tho  following  table,  prepared  from  special  returns  funiished  by 
the  Hilncation  I)i^|»irl.mi-nl,  Khows  in  dutail  the  uuiuber  of  schools 
and  pupils  with  their  cost  to  Qovvrmncnt : 


Chapter  ^ 
InstructioiL 

R«>d«tmaiid 

Writaw, 

iST-i 


Funildbv 
IS79 


School  Re 
18M.1S79.' 


Ck^tor  ZI. 

ZaftnoUoB. 

SAocJBMoni, 
18H-1B79. 


332 


'«1-BUI 


-w-mei 


•»M«I 


•ei-Bisi 


w^oei 


■K-SMI 


'fueisi 


wtwi 


wi-wei 


■fll-ftWI 


■M-tMI 


■OS-KBI 


-«i-eui 


■BS'MSI 


ei-Btsi 


■B»-59ei 


■WWBI 


DISTRICTS. 


^P 


S^      £|i 


^r 


|S  :§: 


-a*  s 


SSR 


- ^      Si  ^  i 


^iQ  :b    : 


a        ss*; 


S!      gg 


3?s 


:*  fI 


II 


;3     I    5    3 

^     if 

SS        5  1 

^?       1  I 


[Bombay  QtaMm, 


m-tiBi 


te-SMt 


-•Mm     n 


'U-«IBt 


s^    iis 


■»nn      <a    I  -.       S|5 


■»MM[ 


•ft:-«i»[      .« s  ■      sn 


■a-mi 


■K-WSI 


I 


•6  * 


3 


■M-MBI 


A   i 


SRS 


5:         112 


;»    .      fe 


S  i       S3 

^      is 


5S 

£2 


i^     HS' 


ill 


1 

%  s 


II 


AeceaiLl 


KHiNDESH. 


833 


■ei-siBi      •* 


i 


•M-«Wt 


■M-OTai 


■eL-9m      *»    : 


■3 


■8 


i 


■I 


3 


I 


■OMOSI         V 


■w»m 


wmsi 


'M-«et 


■«-Si8I 


'eKttti 


■W-M8I 


"ei-sm 


■Bfl-CflSI 


TB-S9BI 


«   "    J 


>«   S   i 


■iii-8:i[ 


-M-9WI 


■MWBt 


:C 


gg 


?ss 


:S- 


-a  i 


:S    ; 


3 


_  o 


Ill 

III 

I  3 


■RI-8W1 


"W^SMI 


■W-SSBl 


■ei-sai 


-8t-9»8l 


■M-«9t 


^   S    :  gli 


*t  s  • 


O  -   : 


■.s 


■ei-vm 


■whwei 


'M-gffli 


S  , 


■«i-s«t 


-fs-nei 


iM-jrast 


■ai-BiS! 


'M-9V8I       m 


.S; 


l8 


-n-3481         Ql      :§ 


'flt-SUI  W 


■wsoei      ■*  S 


1»-«MI 


gi= 


iS   : 


Ei  S|; 


D9  P-l 


:%   : 


3S5 


!=S      S 


3KS 


as- 


Sss 


,s  ; 


^s 

n 

n* 


51 


dtaptorZI 

lUtfUCUOtL 
School  BBtaiD 


iBmnhiff  Q<uetteer, 


iSdtocl*. 


sai 


DISTRICTS. 


A  comparuon  of  the  present  (1H78>79)  provkion  for  teaching  llia 
distnct  town  and  country  pdpulatiou  gtvoit  the  falluvriug  ruHu)t& 
In  the  town  of  Dliulw  there  were,  iu  1878-79,  five  »c1u>ols  imder 
(iuvornment  mana^meQl.  vrith,  out  of  &74  niunea  on  the  rolls,  an 
average  attvndiUKw  of  ■t24'7  pupils.  OF  tbmo  Mfaoola  one  was  a 
bigli  Kcbuul ;  three  were  Mar&tui  kUooU,  two  for  boya  and  one  for 
girU ;  and  one  was  an  Urdu  achoul.  Tim  average  yuarly  cost  of  uavh 
pupil  in  tho  luKh  school  was  £10  8«.  (lb.  lOi)  ;  in  the  other  scboolB 
the  coal  varied  from  l-l*.  7|<£.  to£5  2a.3(i.  (Rs.  7<w.5-XU.32  as.  lU). 
8iuC'0  1864,  four  pupils  a  year  have,  on  an  nTcragc,  passod  tho 
Cnivorsity  untraace  t«itt  oxamination  from  lb«  Dhulia  High  Schotd.' 
lA  addition  to  tbe  Govenuneat  scliooU,  there  was,  in  1S78>70,  tme 
private  school  in  tho  town  of  Dhalia,  with,  out  of  8o  namc-Ji  on  tho 
roIlK,  an  averitge  a1tim<!iuice  of  72'i  pupils.  In  tho  town  of  Chopda, 
tbere  were,  in  the  year  1878-79,  turee  achoola,  with,  oat  of  3o9 
names  on  tho  rolls,  an  avunigo  attendanoo  of  2<id'f(  pupils,  or  1*96 
pur  I'pnt  of  the  whole  population  of  the  town.  'I'he  average  yearly 
coat  for  each  pupil  varied  frxMn  11>.  Sd.  to  16s.  Hd.  (Bs.  5  ct^.  tO- 
B«.  8  OA  4).  In  the  town  of  Pdrola  tlivro  wore,  in  1878-79,  fonr 
schools,  with,  out  of  350  names  on  the  rolla,  an  average  attendance 
of  3l0'7  pupils  or  1*96  per  cent  of  the  population.  The  coet  for  each 
pupil  varied  from  12>.  3d.loBl  IS*.  (R«.  fl  a^.  2-Rs.  lOtu.  8).  In 
thu  town  of  I^EiduI  there  were  in  I878-7P,  three  Hcboola,  with,  out 
of  d46  names  on  tho  rolls,  an  »vora^  nitondanoo  of  246*2  pupils  or 
2'2  per  cent  of  tlic  whole  population  of  tho  ton-n.  The  coet  for  each 
pnpil  varied  from  14«.  10.1.  to  £1  l».  9d.  (K».  7  an.  7  -  Rs.  10  tu.  14). 
In  the  town  of  Dharangaon,  there  were,  in  1878-79,  four  schools, 
vith,  (int  of  360  names  on  the  rails,  an  average  attendance  of  26S'3 
popiis  or  2'4  per  ^;cut  of  the  whole  town  population.  Tho  cost  for 
e«Apupi!variedfrom7».Gd.io£I5*.lO(i.(R«.3rw.l2-Rs.  12a«.15). 

Exclnsive  of  ihe  five  towns  of  Dhtilia,  Chop<Ia,  Pitmli^  Emndol, 
and  Dhi^rangaon,  tho  district  of  Khtodeeh  vras,  in  1 87{^7 !),  provided 
with  25tl  schools,  or  on  an  averf^^e  uno  school  for  every  13 
iuhubilod  villages.  The  following  st^omeat  ahowa  the  distributioa 
of  these  schools  by  sub-diviaiona  : 


I 


A'Unrfrat  rOlaft  ScJioaU.  ISTS-T^. 

VUMfm 

"32: 

adioBi* 

Bos-BnruuM. 

rnvH 

ftenlL 

SchiKila. 

Ik^ 

auit, 

tt«TU 

14 
M 
It 
17 
IS 
10 

• 

IS 

UMt. 

AnklMr    _ 
n^m   —      _ 

CiMndt       ...       „ 
Dhulia        ...       _ 
Bwutot       ...       _ 
Jtinnw       ... 
nuitaiMr 

m 

SM 

Itl 

IU 

US 

m 
ivr 

IU 

>T.«M 
Sl.fU 

M.MO 

M 

n 
u 

T 
II 

U 
IT 

7 

1 
"i 

Kulmkad^       ... 
Metion    ... 

ifr'lliifc  ~        ~' 

tutvu    ...      _ 
rifM     ...     ^ 

iti 

M 
■n 

MS 
«DS 
Ut 
•M 
MS 

mil  a 
uut* 

M,MS 

'l 

Two  lithographed   weekly   Marithi    newspapers,   llio  Khdnd^ah 
Vatbhae    or   Khindosh    Glory,    and     the    An/dvart   or   Laud   ol 


*  Tlie  datnili  uu  :  IS«M.  I  ;  1865.  4  ;  jlSfiG,  3  ;  ISfi?.  3  :   IMS.  T  ■  IfUSa  I  -  IffiO.^  . 
ini.  6  >  IKS.  10 ;  IS73,  S;  1S7*,  3  i  IK5. 2;  im^l ie77.77i678|  3 ;  iw'sl  s!^     * 


DeceanJ  •  a  • 

KHANDESH.  •  335 

the  Aryds,  are  pnbltshed  in  Dhnlia.     The  first  is  of  tweire  years'  and        Cluptflr  X 
the  second  of  four  years'   standing.     Daring  the  laat  two  years  a       lutructlii 
third  weekly  paper,  the  Jalgaati  Samdchwr  or  Jalgaon  News,  has 
been  started  at  Jalgaon. 

Besides  the  Dhulia  Native  General  Library,  established  in  1863,  iMmiim. 

there  are  nine  reading  rooms,  at  Bhadgaon,  Bhns&val,  Erandol, 
Jimner,  Nandurb&r,  Nafiirabad,  P&rola,  Bdrer,  and  S^vda.  The 
Dholia  Library  was  bnilt  in  1871  at  the  joint  expense  of  the 
Municipality  and  of  Sbet  HanmantrtLm  Sherakd^,  a  wealthy  honker. 
There  are  1250  books,  English  and  vemacnlar,  on  the  shelves,  and 
thirteen  magazines  and  newspapers,  incladid^  the  two  Bombay  daily 
papers,  are  subscribed  for.  The  yearly  subscriptions  amount  to  £40 
(Rs.  400),  and  the  municipal  grant  to  £10  (Rs.  IttO), 


IBoimtey  Gai«tt«er. 


Oupter  XU. 

HMtltlL 

(Xtotio. 


Kmmm. 


iVsw. 


CHAPTER    XII. 

HEALTH'. 

_Tboc(ii!  different  part*  of  Khindoah  Tory  greatly  in  clinmt«, 
hot  wcatbor  ifl  K<'nor»lIy  the  Ueatthiest  and  tbo  cold  wcalliiT 
ualivallhiuftt  xeawiu.  Id  tbo  beeinciug  of  the  cold  weaiber  tlm  drvinn* 
of  tbe  jprouiKl  breeds  ranch  miUuna,  mid  Intor  on,  tho  ^roat  daily 
Bxtrenii<s  of  hit»t  nnd  wild  are  very  ti-ying.  Kxcopl  ilurinp  the  hot 
iQMUtbei,  Ibo  forwdt  and  brnBhwood-oovered  weatom  disirict«  tuv 
deadly  for  Europeans  and  mont  fovcriab  uud  unhealthy  for  natives. 

The  chief  diaotiscs  aro  fever,  guinoa  and  riivgworin,  etouo  in  tbo 
bladder,  Kj-phiiisj  affocttona  of  the  spleen,  and  somcciniosleiicoduf 
loprosy,  inyoetoma,  and  moltuBcum  fibroHnm. 

Since  the  boginninp  of  British  mlo  (1819)  tho  wost  of  Klidndc 
baa  been  famous  for  llio  severity  of  its  junglii  or  tnalarioug  fovor. 
Many  of  tho  early  detachmtmtjt  of  troops,  both  native  and 
ISuropean,  on  ihoir  way  to  and  from  SuntL  MufTorod  severely.  Tbo 
feror  wa»  almost  always  fataJ.  In  tho  few  cases  of  rocovory  the 
patient  was  nnfit  for  further  military  duty.  Especially  in  October  and 
November,  on  tho  surfnco  uf  wellt  nnti  ui-«rly  Htnf^itnt  rivers,  there 
formed  a  dark  »>abstanci:>  like  floating  oil,  probably  the  result  of 
docayinj;  leaves  and  otlier  vegetable  mnttor.  uoaidea  tii  tliin  oily  aoini, 
Uie  nnwholeaoueness  of  tho  wat«r  was  thought  to  be  duo  to  the 
presence  oftomo  poiaoaous  plant  and  to  the  aUtii'piog  of  hemp.  Tho 
fever  at  tho  close  of  the  rains  ^vas  bilious,  int^'miittvnt,  nnd 
remittent,  with  great  congeation  of  tlioaploqiciuKl  portal  circnintion. 
Later  iu  the  cold  season,  the  fever  assumed  tho  character  of  gnxtro- 
enteritis  and  bmnehitui,  and  as  the  brain  became  nfTecttMl,  changed 
into  a  t,vphoid  fever.  Of  late  yenrs,*  fri>m  tho  spread  of  tillage,  t)u> 
clearing  of  forei>t  and  brtuihwood,  the  building  of  welln,  imd  the 
generally  improved  state  of  tho  people,  fever  has  become  less 
common  and  deadly.  Still,  persons  new  to  the  climate,  visitingcertain 
parts  of  the  district  before  February  ivith^int  proper  cnre,  are  anre 
to  snfier.  Native  clerks  and  aervanta,  mons  exposed  than  their 
maston  to  the  influence  of  bad  drinking  water,  night  air,  and 
dews,  always  suffer  severely.  Intermittent  lever  or  ague  occnra 
all  over  tho  district,  but  in  severe  only  in  and  near  the  hills. 
From  February  to  June  the  hill  country  is  almo-'<t  free  from  iho 
disease.  In  the  plains  fovor,  from  want  of  cleanness  in  towns 
and  villagoa,  U  rather  oommou.  Rumittout  fovor  occurs  among; 
wayworn  and  ill  fed  travellers. 


t  Prom  mUvriala  nippljad  by  SurgiM»-M>>ior  O.  Bjunbridm, 
■  TnM.  Bom.  U»d.  sod  Thy*.  See.  IV,  W-  S9. 


Occcaa.) 


kUAndesu 


' 


Guinean'orm,  Filai-ia  mediueaais,  t9>  exoopt  iu  Uliulia  and  some 
other  places,  foiincl  nil  uvcr  tbu  district.  This  diM^tsc  clings  in  n 
remarkable  way  to  certain  plaoo.-t  ami  familiHH.  Th»  twntrGiii  of  U10 
diHr.uLto  ^Ctn  lol)o  Kt«p-W(.-llH  aud  ponda,  and  as  a  rule  persons  usin^f 
river  water  do  not  suffer.  Ih  Rome  plitces  c»(tlo  twffor  inim  »  dii>«nfio 
Cnllod  tlio  viruU,  liut  the  worm  is  oaly  a  apao  long  and  is  much  finer 
thao  gnineavortn.  It  cnnses  no  Bwell>Dg>  and  though  accomponiod 
with  loss  of  Uood  aud  nonHoqiiont  wfiakmwt,  Kvldom  iutcrfores  with 
she  Animal's  moreuioota.'  At  DUaraugaou,  whore  much  of  the  water 
is  taken  from  »n  open  dirty  pond,  Rnint'aworm  is  oftun  mot  with. 
Women  and  cbildrvn  !«cIdom  salfcr  frvun  thin  iliseasc.  A  flovore  and 
obstinato  form  of  riugworm  is  very  common.  ■ 

Caaos  of  stoop  in  the  bUddor,  or  vetdcle  calculaa,  are  not  uncommon. 
During  the  eight  yeant  oiiding  1876,  ISo  eases,  oxolaniro  of  about 
twenty  cases  of  urethral  calcnlaa,  were  treated,  most  of  iheaufferftra 
being  rhildrc-n  mid  i^ix  of  them  womon  of  iho  poorer  clasa.  Besides 
rovorty  and  expoHiire  no  apocific  oau»e  for  tlii.'<  diwiv**'  ram  Iw  trat-od. 
riid  p(:i)|)lo  boar  the  operation  well,  tho  mortality  being  only  2-16 
per  cent  among  tliotte  treated  by  the  lateral  iucisiou.  Crashing  tho 
stone  has  been  tried  bat  with  less  satisbctory  resnits. 

Syphilis  is  vommon  among  all  dasftea,  though  to  a  much  lOM 
extent  among  oouuiry  than  among  townapeopla  In  its  primary 
8tat>c  tho  dtaoose  is  not  much  seen  at  tho  ho<i|iitnht,  \mt  it«coiutitiitionid 
signs,  oft«n  ag^ruviitod  by  the  abuse  of  mercury,  are  very  common. 
Leucoderma,  tJiough  onusual,  ia  by  no  moans  rare. 

In  1871,  KhilndiMh  cont4Mnod  abogt  1400  tepcrn,*  of  whom  thw 
proportion  of  men  to  women  waa  as  five  to  one.  Among  ftUulrs  tbe 
differonco  is  remarkable.  Tho  dij*oaM  gonomlly  »))pc&rs  bviwoon 
thirty  and  forty,  the  tendency  in  men  being  to  a  later,  and  in  women 
to  an  earlier  (wriod.  The  chief  sufferers  nru  Kunbiti,  Mhjn, 
MuHalmAns,  Koli.s,  BhilK,MAli», Tolls,  Kaj[>ut9,  Dliangara,  Vtois,  and 
Br^hmans.  Cases  occur  that  show  that  the  disease  is  sometimes 
pAa.s<:d  from  father  to  »oa. 

Mycefxiui  iit  by  no  means  unnitnal,  as  many  as  twonty-firo  casM 
having  pi^eaeulod  tliemM)lvri»in  eight  years.  MoUnnoum  Bbro6um 
is  rather  uooommon ;  it  was  seen  in  two  well  marked  instanoos. 

Cholera  has  visited  Khindesh  at  intervnls  since  the  British  occu- 
pation. In  1817  and  1818,  Captain  Hng)j:>i  reported  that  tbe  troone« 
and  the  people  were  snfferiug  t«rribly  from  cnolora.  In  n  dctocn- 
ineali  of  500  soldiers  there  were  oiglity-foiir  deaths  in  a  few  days. 
In  1810  oholem  mged  daring  the  yiiiilv  fair  at  Dhidia  and  to  other 
places.  Ponnlous  towns  wero  deserted  and  there  wore  bars  that 
the  outhruAK  would  cause  a  sorious  loss  of  roTenue.  During  tbe 
year  ending  July  IK19,  11,-^21  dcatJis  from  cbolera  wore  reported. 
In  MarcJi  1820  *a  ahai-p  outbreak  in  RAnjangaon  cwukk!  eighty-seven 
deaths  iu  a  week.  In  May  1824  cholera  of  a  bad  type  appeared  in 
J&mner.     In  ten  or  twelve  days  there  were  102  htal  coaca  iu  J^mner 


Srj>i-i 


LepToty. 


UfMama. 


Lr 


■  bmh.  Oov.  sd.  sent  uc. 

*Ttuu.  U«iMidPbf*.SM.  XI.  N<wS«ri«a,  107-169. 
411-43 


338        ■  DISTEICTS*. 

tt  Uiwn  rtiiil  serciity-onn  in  tho  nriglilwurinf^  Tillnjro  nf  Vojluir  Biijnikh, 
lu  l**li<i  aud  I8^(»  cholei-a  itrovailf^l  tlintiighcut  tbo  district  frtitn 
March  to  IkvomWr,  and  tii  tho  latter  year  Ui  sucli  an  pxtuiit  that 
liNUt  uf  rovcniio  wna  fuitrod.  In  IH45  thuru  n-an  no  otitlirettk  tu  niul 
around  Efaiidn),  aud  in  IS46  ihn  UliU  C'>r]vt  liu^ii  at  Dhantii^>aoii 
suffered  rery  wvorely.  In  I8ii*  cbo(Pn»  w(w  ^jcnpriil  tlironjfhout  tlio 
district;  in  Nftndiirli^  of  eij^bty-ono  s^ijiiireA  lifly-ouc- pri)Vt>il  fnlal. 
In  l^-^O  tbe  disease  upyioniTs]  in  Ihn  villages  noiu-  Dliiili:i,  and  in 
Knuidol,  Siivdn  »tid  NaudurWr.  In  1851  there  waa  another  rarltor 
eovpru  Diithrc&k  in  aud  around  Dhnliii.  Eleven  vcun>  tnivr  (Ih<i2) 
thoni)  was  a  ncrious  oiiliireak.  From  ihv  2l'th  Feljmary  to  the  I8tli 
July,  of  iS&S  reported  casro,  19(54  pmv«d  tatal.  Aft<T  a  Kliort 
timv  it  broke  out  afrf^th  in  Chopda,  S&vda,  and  the  petty  <liviAioi)  of 
TAval.  During  the  hot  weather  nf  1801  (Mnrcb-July)  cltoUira  was 
again  prevalent,  ospectally  in  Jdnmer  where  utnoty-i<nn  casbli  were 
rcrportod.  lu  ISf>ri  tlio  dinctuo  watt  widct^prcad;  in  Uhiilia  iil'ino 
2ft0  cases  were  treated.  In  lSfi9  there  wim  iinolher nliarji outbi'  ' 
146  CBS«3  were  recorded  in  Dhiilia,  aud  llieit>  were  numerous  i 
inmuiiY»thcr|iartsespeciHliyiuKdla)>iidaud  theeaHtem  BuUlivi.^l  > 
lu  1872  there  wa»  a  rather  severtr  (iptdeuiif-,  nhout  fifty  fa**3  l->\  jii^' 
regiHtercd  at  Dbulia.  In  187(1  eholera  wa«  ^meral  aud  severe,  the 
outbreak  lasting  from  April  20th  to  An^^st  27th.  In  Dhulia  atono 
there  were  about  500  cases.  In  187tJ,  cholera  apiK-an^d  in  a  few 
villaeos  of  Bhu«lv»l.  lu  1877,  it  hroho  nut  fioi-oeljf  iu  ChiUis. 
and  tWoda,  there  being  nearly  17(K)  deaths.  In  Augusl  i 
Khiudush  siiffered  mrire  llmu  luiy  other  diHlriirt  from  iht.lci-a.  Of 
6676  cases,  e»t)fcially  in  i'lk-heni,  Shirpnr  and  SAvda,  iCtoH  proved 
fnttil.  In  I87i)  the  diMrict  wji«  free  from  ehoiera  til!  the  be;;inniu|f 
(il  July,  but  affcrwards  it  prevailed  to  8  cei-tain  extent  iu  f'^raudel, 
Dfaulia,  I'achora,  Chopda,  Shirpor  and  Ch&IiEgaon.  Uf  iiSO  casus 
1 36  proved  &ttaL      « 

During  tbo  het  months  of  1857  small-pox  ragcii  nil  nv«r  tho 
diHtrict.  In  the  town  of  Dhulia  alone  there  were  alumt  250  deittliM. 
From  August  1855  to  Jidy  I8.'nj,  1050  doatbs  froin  small-pox  wero 
registertsi  throughout  the  dii^trict.  Since  then  the  di^'teottu  neomK  to 
have  been  less  common  and  the  outbreaks  less  severe.  Durinjr  tho 
last  ton  or  fifteen  years  it  has  never  been  genei-ally  epidemic,  though 
MoIatc<l  outbreaks  of  moderate  aererily  linro  oceiirrwl. 

*     Cattle  disease,'  known  in  60incplace>iiui;)o;<KAn,  dnoluthetinddcn 

'  change  from  starvation  in  the  hot  season  to  full  feediug  during  llie 

rainy  mouths,  is  said  to  prevail  every  6vo  or  ton  yearn  tn  different 

rarts  of  tbo  district  and  to  destroy  newrly  two-lhirUs  uf  the  eiittlo. 
n  somi*  i>lni*eit  it  occurs  every  two  or  three  years.  The  disease  dnoa 
not  spread  lieyond  a  few  villages  in  any  otto  year,  but  theailHek!<  are 
very  violent,  about  seven-eighths  of  the  cases  (Having  fatal.  Tba 
foeees  got  thin,  watery,  and  ofifensive ;  iIm*  tongue  Ixvome.-s  rough  and 
flore,  and  a  sticky  tliiiil  passes  from  the  mouth  aud  eyes.  The  animal 
roftuoe  food  and  drink  and  sitx  or  lolli  in  water.  They  did  wit 
twenty<four  botirs,  passing  a  hirge  quantity  of  blood. 


KElNDESH. 


839 


fa  1879,  l)flsidi^s  the  Dbalia  and  Dbarangaon  oivll  hospitnls,  th«ro 
were  seven  dispcDHaries,  al  I'ltroU,  Ei-aodol,  Chopdu,  JiU;^»> 
Naii^Inrlmr,  S)iirgHir  nm)  iihiulgitoii.  Bxoti|>t<  tbi>«c  nt  Pdroln  aaJ 
ISrautlol.atl  thmii^ipeiiA.'irieHhavebeeaestabluihfMl  Hiiicti  I87d.  Darini; 
187;i,  )lty^bG  p-jrsons  couifianid  with  23,1!<j5  in  the  preVMjiut  yoiir, 
wuro  iniiitL'tl  in  thi-sr  liyxpiliJsaniiflistKrnsuric*.  Of  tlmwbnlo  nnmber 
Ouil'were  m^door  aitj  '2iH'.i  out<door  mtienU,  agaiuaL  7-M  iu<dour 
aud  22,521  otiUdgor  io  I87S.'  As  tlio  Beason  wna  fairly  bcaltby, 
the  iiicre&so  U  [>rul>;ibly  duu  tu  tbo  gntdiial  wunkcDiiig  of  tbu  fovliag 
acainat  Eumncau  mediciuoa.  With  the  exception  of  tbo  llliadgavn, 
Cfaopda  and  Nandarb^  dispuiuariei!,  all  are  {Rxividod  with  special 
building!*.  Tbu  toUl  sum  k[m;dI  in  obecSing  diacaw  umouuted 
daring  the  ;ear  to  £2M9  (Ko.  '2l,i\H}]. 

'I'be  Dbalia  civil  bospitaJ  was  eatabtiabed  in  \S2'j,  anJ  wai*  removed 
to  thv^ovi  militarjr  nospital  building  id  1874,  whpn  Uie  regular 
troops  wore  witlidnvwn  from  Klu'mdtab.  The  chief  diM(MU»  tn^ated 
ID  liiTy  were  fevers,  cholera,  diarrh<Ba,  auJ  dysentery.  I'lio  total 
fincalwr  of  in-pntionts  wim  471  a^^inst  72o  in  1878,  and  of 
uul-tMilit-iits,  208:)  agaiuAl,  2409  in  1378.  llie  tidl  in  ttio  niiniUT  of 
patients  in  said  to  have  been  due  to  the  freedom  from  malarious 
iiiver.  Of  til  innjor  opumtionif,  SO  woru  fur  xtono  in  the  bladder  niid 
one  waa  a  eaae  of  amputntton  at  tlie  Kliutilder  iniut.  Tbo  oosi  wan 
11038  ia».  1  Id.  {lU.  111,489.7-1}. 

The  Db»r»T>gaon  Bhii  Corp?  hospital  was  established  tu  18<^.  It 
JK  a  large  tniilding  able  to  bold  cigtitcea  bods  for  miilc  patients.  It 
is  not  open  to  the  pnbtic. 

Tile  r^rola  dispensary,  tJio  oldest  in  the  district,  was  establisboil  in 
184(9,  and  bos  a  building  in  good  rr^pair.  lu  1879  Lbu  ebinf  diwwws 
were  ague,  rbeutuatinm,  and  eye,  ear,  chest,  and  akin  ^Ifcvt  ions.  Tbo 
nambcr  treated  was  S'i'iS,  an  iucniase  of  230  over  the  previous  yoftr, 
and  the  ex{>euditurc  £141  1  Iji.  lOd.  (Kit.  I41«i1 1-8). 

The  Erandol  dispensary,  established  in  1872,  is  well  jiloced  and 
in  &ur  repnir.  In  1879  the  chief  disowvs  wcro  iiiiilunou.f  fevers, 
rlieunialisiti,  and  tLu.-Kt,  oaraud  skiu  di>)Liaiti5S.  Cliolem  and  hooping 
congh  also  prevailed  in  ihrf  town.  The  nnmber  ti-eated,  including 
three  in-{i!itientH,  vas  4076,  an  increa^  of  mono  than  7>'>0  over  tbo 
pruvi'.uj*  y.jir.     The  iMst  wa»  £103  Is.  6,1.  (iio.  1030.12-0). 

The  Cbopda  diipeusary  was  opened  inDecombsr  1875,  and  hasn<^ 
yet  u  building  of  itx  own.  In  1879  tb«  rfiiuf  discaaea  wore  fevent, 
rli^matic  affection!*,  cheat,  sComueb  and  bowel  complaints,  and  skin* 
sfFcetions.  Cholera  prevnikii  in  July  and  Augu.tt.  Tlio  nuinhut 
trealfd,  including  llfli-on  in -pat  ion  tH,  was  J41C.  The  cost  amounted 
to  £120  Is.  2d.  [Kb.  1200-0-4). 

The  JalgaoD  dtspL'near]',  known  also  as  the  SundurdtU  diapenaanr, 
was  opened  in  Kebrtmry  187t).  The  building  is  in  good  repair.  Id 
187d  the  chief  di^easea  were  fevers,  rlieumatism,  eyphilia,  and  cbcat. 


Chapter' 
Health. 
HoqiiUbaBit 


■liith«MT««i  dinmuHriM  14,322  |muwm  arm*  tn*twi  ia  I87«  1 17.44?  in  tST7 1 
Sl.m  ill  13:<1 ;  Md  24,010  a  ISIH. 


.riM. 


w. 


f  Bombay  OaxetUfor. 


DISTRICTS. 


bAvcl  and  Mkin  affections.  Thi.'  tiiiiiilwr  tronteO,  inoluding  tvcatj 
iii-|i.itieata,  auumiUn]  to  9W),  aa  lucreaae  of  U67  over  ibe  previous 
year.    The  cost  was  lUi>  ISt.  (lis.  445<,»)- 

He  Nandari)dlr  dispoDsary  was  opcnod  in  Aagaei  1876.  It  i* 
held  in  u  Hmall  litred  liotuo.  Id  1879  th«  chief  diseases  were  agae, 
and  cheet,  hWiu  nud  eye  nffcetiona.  The  namber  treatod  iru  22Sd 
or  845  more  than  in  luo  pivviouii  yiMr.  Tbu  cost  vros  £110  12«.  9(£ 
(R«.  I106-6-0). 

1*he  Sbirpur  dispoDsar;  was  opened  in  Jane  1876.  It  liaM  a 
mitt«blv  liired  buildjuR-in  th«  ocnlro  of  tlve  town.  In  1879  the  chipf 
dineasea  wcrongnc,  ulcere,  and  skin  nnd  eye  nffectionn.  The  unubvr 
ftvated,  ioclndiiif*  oinu  in-putiuntM,  wiu  2402  or  UO  let^ti  than  in  tlte 
prerioQS  yunr.     The  oottt  waa  £87  ISv.  4<1.  {Ra.  876-lU^). 

The  Bbadgaon  dispensary  was  opotied  in  Nortmiber  1870  nnd  haa 
not  yet  a  building  of  it»  uwn.  In  187fl  tbu  disoiiwn  wore  niahirioaii 
fevers,  cbuHt  and  »kiu  affecfioun,  dtarrlioai,  and  ulcers.  Tbe  namber 
treated,  incloding  two  in-pationta,  was  2171.  The  cost  was  £124 
2*.  (Its.  1241). 

Thefirst  vuix-inator  waa  appointed  in  (.>ct<»ber  1 84r>  at  the  sug^^tiou 
of  ibe  Cijlle<!t')r.  HU  Uoad-quartens  wore  at  Dbarimgaon,  Vaccination 
ill  Kbiudesb  meets  with  miicb  opposition.  'Vhv  [wopb)  of  the  wilder 
nortJi-wesl  staU-it  bold  it  in  horror.  Of  the  whole  popolation  only 
nbout  one-fourth  are  racciiutt^id.  In  1879-80,  the  work  of  vaccination 
was,  nndor  tbi)  supervision  of  the  Dapoty  Sanitary  Ooiumiititionor 
Northern  Oeocan  Division,  carried  on  by  Iweuty-tive  vaccinatorfi, 
with  yearly  eahiriea  varyiuR  (roni  E16  IC*.  to  £28  ICn.  {Its.  168- 
Rs.288).  Of  the  opomtor*  lwt>n[y-foiir  were  ilistributed  over  the 
rami  parts  of  th<;diiitriet,  and  (be  dutii-sof  the  tweiity-fifth  vaccinator 
were  oi>nfined  to  the  city  of  Dhnh'n.  The  total  number  of  opontioDs 
was  ^,262,  besides  025  re-Viu^ciu»tii>nii,  compared  witli  9&S2  primary 
vaccinationa  in  I8ti9>70. 

The  following  abstract  Bhows  tbo  aex,  religion,  and  nga  of  tbo 
persons  vaccinated : 

KiandtA  {'.utiaaUon  Dttuib,  lSe»-7i}amt  mOSO. 


FaMMB  VjKtnAtM. 

.  »»- 

Bn. 

aMWMa. 

ka%. 

* 

Molt. 

FtMule, 

Uladu. 

ttma- 

Bin. 

OUin* 

Vnim 

MMf 

Ttau. 

iKkM 

not 

avt 

IMI 

1 

w 

tun 

The  tot«]  cost  of  these  opemtious  in  1879-80  was  £tt27  I8*. 
(R.-f.  92"'.'),  or  about  7J((.  (6,1  munia)  for  eaeb  !(iuv«isitfu1  c*m.  Th« 
entire  cbarRW  was  inadn  of  the  following  items,  supervision  nnd 
inspection  £325  13*.  (lis.  32oG),.:^tablir<hment  £578  8*.  (Rb,  6784), 
anil  cuutingencioB  £23  18*.  (Uk.  23^).  Of  these  the  snper^-iKing  and 
inspecting  charges  wt;i«  wholly  met  Irom  ^ovincial  fuads^  whtUt 


DeccanO 


khAndesh. 


341 


£578  ds.  (Rs.  5783)  were  paid  by  the  local   funds  of  the   differdht 
sub-divisioiiB,  and  £24  (Ha.  240)  by  the  Dhulia  municipality. 

The  total  number  of  deaths  in  the  five  yeara  ending  1875,  as 
shown  in  the  Sanitary  Commisaioner'B  yearly  reports,  is  99,518  or 
an  average  yearly  mortality  of  19,904,  or,  according  to  the  1872 
census,  of  I '03  per  cant  of  the  whole  population.  Of  the  average 
Dumber  of  deaths,  13,128  or  65'96  per  cent  were  returned  as  due  to 
fevers,  2769  or  13-91  per  cent  to  bowel  complaints,  1828  or  919 
percent  to  cholera,  810  or  4'07  per  cent  to  small-pox,  and  1025  or 
5'15  per  cent  to  miscellaneoua  diseases.  Deaths  from  violence  or 
accidents  averaged  344  or  172  per  cent  of  the  average  mortality  of 
the  district.  During  the  same  period  the  number  of  births  wa* 
returned  at  89,898  souls,  47,685  of  them  males  and  42,213  females, 
or  an  average  yearly  birth-rate  of  17,980  souls,  or,  according  to  the 
1872  census,  1-7&  per  cent  of  the  whole  population  of  the  district. 

The  following  statement  shows  the  number  of  deaths  and  births 
in  the  fonr  years  ending  1879: 

KhdndtOt  DeaOu  and  Birthe,  1876-1879. 


Yl«>. 

Pnvn. 

Bowel 

pluloU. 

CboKn. 

SdiII- 
poi. 

[i^urtcL 

Other 
ttiuea. 

Total. 

Slnlia. 

]!■[«. 

F'enulta. 

Total. 

i«n  

isn  , 

IS7S    ... 
isTa   

U.SH 

X3,(ra 

14,896 

SOTO 

sob; 

tS3E 

Mil 

IfO* 

0077 

1M 

ites 

en* 

140 

M 

MM 

no 

S40 
1481 

tin 

SO.fill 

M,4G1 
18,803 

I1,24B 

ii,4as 

10,TS2 
13,478 

11,008 

iD,»«a 

14,0SS 

n,iG7 

IS.8M 
90, 374 

TotaJ    ... 

B;,7T2 

ia,3S3 

7038 

1hl% 

1140 

8314 

toi,»a 

18,001 

<3,E0a 

e2,i» 

The  figures  of  births  and  deaths  are  incorrect,  for  while  the 
population  of  the  district  is  increasing,  the  returns  show  a  birth  rate 
less  than  the  death  rate.  The  unsettled  character  of  a  large  section 
of  the  population  and  the  large  areas  onder  the  charge  of  village 
accountants  make  the  work  of  collecting  statistics  specially  difiScult. 


Chaptn  ZII. 
Health. 

Births  Mid 
Dutha, 


{^ombay  GuettMi: 


) 


Chapter  zm. 
Snl^diTiBioiiB. 


?x 


Area. 


A^oect. 


CUmaie. 


Water. 


ClIArTER    XIII. 

SUB-DIVISIONS'. 

Amalfl^,  000  of  tlio  moat  central  sub -divisions,  incTiidmg  tin 
petty  uiviBion,  ^n^i,  of  Panjta,  ia  bounded  oq  the  nortli  by  tiu 
Tiipti  Boparutiiig  it  fi-om  Sliirpur  and  (Jhopdu,  oa  the  east  by 
Ei-andol,  on  the  south  by  Piu;hora,  on  thu  west  by  Dhulia,  and  od 
iho  north-west  by  the  I'anjhrft  river  separatini^  it  from  Virdel.  Its 
areaia  520  square  miteaiit^  population,  according  to  the  1872  census, 
was  79,803  miils  oi'  150'9(i  to  the  af^aiii-c  mile;  and  in  1879-80  iU 
roalisablo  land  revenue  waa  i.25,845  (Ra.  2,58,to0),         - 

Of  the  total  area  of  029  H<iuaro  miles,  two  are  occupied  by  the 
lands  of  alienated  villages.  The  remainder,  according  to  ymreventu 
survey,  contains  275,9711  acres  or  8170  per  cent  of  araoie  land; 
43,555  acres  or  1290  per  cent  of  unarable  land;  5851  acres  or  r7-ipei 
cent  of  grass,  kuran ;  and  12,143  ivcrcs  or  3(iO  per  cent  of  rillagt 
sites,  roads,  rivera  and  streams.  From  tit* 275,979  acres  of  araUc 
land  17,066  are  to  be  taken  ou  accoubft  of  alienated  lands  in 
Government  villages.  Of  the  balance  of  258,013  acros,  the  aotnal 
area  of  arable  Government  land,  215,42Gacre8or8320  per  cent  wen 
in  1878-79  under  tillage. 

'  Most  of  Amaluer  is  flat.  T\&  north,  forming  part  of  the  TApt 
valley  with  its  charactenstic  rich  black  soil,  is  widely  tilled.  Ilii 
south,  broken  bj  a  low  chain  of  hills,  is  poor  and  rolling  with  mod 
^aste  land  covered  with  low  thorny  acmb  chiefly  khair  and  l-or. 

The  climate  is  healthy  and  the  temperature  more  even  thaii  it  i 
further  to  the  cost.  The  rainfall  varies  little  in  different  jiarts  ( 
the  Bub-division,  During  the  twelve  years  ending  1879-80  i 
averaged  27-37  inches. 

Especially  in  the  north  the  water  supply  is  good.  The  chief  riva 
is  the  ^E^  which  for  about  twenty  mdes  forms  the  north  boundarj 
With  i^^mbutaries  the  Bori  and  the  PAnjhra,  it  affords  an  uufailinj 
supply  of  water.  The  Bori,  running  froiti  south  to  north  throng 
^le  large  central  towntlP  Amalner,  fails  into  the  TApti  near  thi 
village  of  Vichkheda.  The  Paiulmii  watering  only  a  stnall  tract  alonf 
the  north-west  border,  joins  the  Tapti  near  the  village  of  Nimh 
By  the  help  of  masonry  dams  the  waters  of  both  the  Bori  and  thi 
Pdnjhra  are  used  for  irrigation.  Of  the  smaller  atreama  the  Cfaikhl 
is  the  moat  important,  flowing  parallel  to  the  Bori  and  joining  it  a 
tha^llage  of  Nimbhora.  Besides  these  rivers  and  streams,  ther 
were,  in  1879-80,  3237  working  wells  with  a  depth  of  from  iaa  t> 
ninety  feet. 

'  The  BBTvey  figure*  »ad  the  parsgrftpha  on  aspect,  olimato,  water,  and  aoil,  h 
contribDted  by  Mr,  J.  C.  Whitoombe  of  the  Kevenua  Saiiej.  The  other  detai] 
ve  chiefly  taken  from  Bombay  Government  Seleations,  New  Seriei,  IiXXD. 
XCIU.  and  XC\'II.  - 


Vccan.} 


n 


ktiAndesh. 


There  are  three  kindaof  soil,  hUok,  mA,  and  brown,  harad.  TAo 
Int-lc,  gimerolly  a  rich  moistflru-lioldiog  Iuriii,  rests  ou  a  very  deep 
fubnoi)  iiF  yollowiah  clay,  wiu.  I'liu  rod  in  of  tliroo  iiorts,  a  line 
mixed  alluvial  clay,  varying  in  colour  from  tlark  to  light  Iirown  and 
CoutJtiiiiiig  urgnnin  miiltcr ;  u  li^liC  ^rr<y  soil  found  near  villa^rea  and 
'hence  called  tlie  villajre- white,  iji'wn  wilij-Win  ;  and  n  yollow  river  biiak 
Wtl  leixcd  with  lime  nodules.  The  brown,  barad,  varyini;;  tvom  lijrlit 
ltr"«ii  to  groy,  is  Itglit  aiid  frinhio  and  coarito  or  gravolly.  Besides 
,  <imall  biffldy  productive  plots  of  au  alluvial  deposit  known  as 
. ....  or  kixtal  are  fvnnd  on  river  banks. 

la  1857-^8,  Uie  vurvey  aettlement  year,  ^1212  boldingx,  khaUit, 
were  recorded  with  an  average  area  of  21  "73  acres  and  an  avenwa 
rental  of  £2  8a.  ('i-/.  (Kti.  24-t>-3).  ICtpiivlly  divided  among  the 
nf^riculliinil  p>i)iul;4lion,  these  holdinc^  would  For  eaob  jinreoit 
represent  on  allotment  of  7-3i  acres  at  »  yearly  rent  of  16«,  5J(i. 
(B«.  8-3-8).  DistriIjHU-<l  nmonK  tbe  wholo  |N>t>Hlation  of  Uw  wib- 
(livtsirin^he  share  to  each  would  amount  to  tbree  acree,  and  the 
incidi-ii«8t  the  land-tax  to  6».  8}J.  (Rs.  3.5-9). 

In  1858,  at  the  time  of  settlement,  Amalner  contained  2+9 
5llHges,  with  a  total  surveyed  areivof  -^00,951  a<;rrs.'  Since  th« 
snrvey,  the  snb-divisio*  has  been  increaaed  from  219  u>  2751 
Bet  tied  Govonimont  viUfiges.'  The  Karvoj^meaaurementa  werxi 
bofiau  in  1854><>5  and  the  classifications  iSr1S'i&-56;  hoth  were 
finisbodin  l867-t>8.  Of  the  27.ii  trovomment  villapefl,' lORof  which 
arc  (1880)  undor  the  niimlatoiii-  of  Amalner  and  8Ui  nuder  the 
mah&lkari  of  Pirola,  193  wvro  wUlisl  in  I857.r>S,  thirty-eight  in 
1858-69,  six  in  I8«)2-C3,  nine  and  a  half  in  16G3-I>1,  twenty-oiglit  in 
186&-63,  and  one  in  1867-68. 

At  the  time  of  survey  (185S)  a  Hne  from  TAkarkteda  in  tho  cs«t 
t<i  Maudal  in  the  west,  diridrd  Amalner  into  two  noarly  aqiial  but 
V.    ■^'  "■  r  [MfcTlB.     Of  tho.ie  the  north  division,  witJi  on  aron  of 

1.  was  part  of  the  T&pti  valiey.  Its  soil  was  able  to  yield 

the  tiueni  ciops,  and  about  (iiJ,uOu  acres  or  forty  ptjr  oont  were  under 
tillj^^.  Til"  .t'lutli  division,  with  an  area  of  152,000  acrejt,  wiis  n 
much  lefts  rich  plain  of  rocky  waving  ground,  in  placea  badly 
watered,  thinly  [x-oplod,  and  withmuchb  rush  wood -co  verod  waate. 
Of  this  divininn  only  23,000  acres,  or  about  fifteen  per  cent,  were 
undur  tillage.  The  bulk  of  the  crops  in  the  north  division  belonged 
to  the  late,  and  in  tho  »oulh  division  to  the  early  harvest.    KxL-c)it 

I  Tlie  reo'inli  ihoovd  (ii  more  Ttlln|{«,  Bill  Uiuir  uUa  could  cot  be  toiuiA  auf 
UieiT  laniti  woni  nlincat  Mrtwnly  inoliulml  in  utbnr  vill^coi^  Anulnef  wm  (ISS6] 
eonipnnd  t>t  tlinw  pettr  divkioBt,  peld4,  Aiualiwr,  IWC^i-ihI  mad  Sliurri.  Thum  Iwiik 
bMWM part  nj Uic  Bntuh  domiiuaiui  in  1918  tbortly  an«rUie  Brititlb  took  ponmaion 
of  Hiks*"!-  At  that  UiDc  Ibty  ("rmwl  tlirM  dbtbivt  ■uWUvbdoM,  oKh  nv«rio<Aoil 
by  ■  ■Dlniliit'lir,  wlio  held  tlic  mvonni  rtl  tli«  oonativ  In  Umar  trom  the  Sutlitr  ifaro 
Sbaiikar  Muuvila.  more  guoonOly  known  a*  lUJa  BaUdor  of  KlitodcA  uid  ffigiv. 
In  1831.  *»onnftcrUiaiicMari<:ai  hi  tha  British  twrltory,  It  wm  found  DKmcoDvwuMt 
to  inoKiMO  ibo  UM  of  Ibo  lulv^ivitloca  by  InlBiBH  toMtbar  two  ar  moM  MHy 
diviaoua.  wMj.  Tkiu  Amalner,  TMngri  and  JdImI  ven  f<irased  into  om  Mb-divwion, 
BMd  in  iKl,  Jakd  wiu  bu'lad  to  Krtndol  uu)  BoUrkd  pnt  ia  its  pbo«.  Bom.  Qov. 
8d.  XVIV.  K««8eriM,aM. 

•  Thore  wore  UwdM  ow  Ogvamracot  rillagD  not  Mttled,  MhI  ao«  and  *  ball 
>li«iul«d  vUUgM  mUM  111  ises-GO. 

■  fur  MX  ot  UicM  hill  yokTly  •loUub  ve  not  arailAblB. 


Chapt«i  Zm 
8Ql>.diTiih«d 


&)iL 


Surety  , 


'/ 


i>BomtMiy  Ouettaer, 


nnom. 


844 


UISTRICTfi. 


m  the  extreme  south  tlie  Bob-divisioo  was  woll  w«t*red.  OT  i 
wholo  nnmlKT  of  rillaj^  2J8  liad  wcWn  imd  thirty-one  had 
vreMn,  ()!  20(i2,  the  total  number  ot  wcUs,  tifty-niuo  wont!  pubIM 
620  miB(>rvioeablc  and  338  ropair»blo.  Of  tliu  rcwt,  which  were  a] 
in  n»o,  5WVont<.rii  wire  more  i«id  1028  wore  \eeat  th»n  Eorty-fivo  feet 
deep.  The  1045  wells  used  for  iirigatioB  watered  an  arcs  of  1007 
acrca,  chiefly  chillies,  wheat,  and  gram.  Of  uight  duns  fotir  wem 
ont  of  rcjiair,  and  four  watered  an  area  of  \&86  acres.  Except  tho 
Atntiluer  dam,  which,  though  greatly  ncKloct«d,  was  ratlivr  a  largo 
work,  all  the  danu  worv  low  niaitouiy  walls,  thrown  octohs  the  beds 
of  rirora  to  obeck  and  tarn  the  atroam.  The  Amalnor  dutn, 
comniandiog  600  acr»)<;  watered  only  twenty  or  thirty.  It  was  in  a 
Jory  bad  state,  the  ailtand  mud  iMving  bcon  allowud  to  galhcr 
to  the  top  of  tho  wall.  Of  m  rivorK  the  T/ipii,  Hori  and  Piiujhra, 
and  a  HmaU  stream  named  the  Chikhli,  flowed  throughout  Uiu  yvar. 

The  market  towns  wore,  in  order  of  importauoo,  Amajoeri 
Botjlvad.  Bah^arnur,  Vfti^i  and  ShirsAla^  where  a  weekly  mart  waa 
he!3^  The  chief  articles  brought  for  sale  were  gmio,  coaree 
woollon  and  cotton  cloth,  spioes,  TUgotablee,  fruit,  and  somotluieit 
livu  alock,  bullockn,  bulMoes,  oowa,  sheep,  and  goala.  U<>rlir  and 
N^ffpnr  supplied  these  markets  with  rarioua  goods,  and  all  kinds  of 
olotD  met  widi  a  ready  sale.  Considorablo  quantilits  of  clarifiod 
batter,  tup,  were  aUo  imported  from  Berir.  Tho  local  native 
merchants  did  not  export.  Thvy  bought  from  tho  producers  and 
ro-sold  tri  the  agents  of  Bombay  native  merchants,  several  of  whom 
lived  in  Amalnur  and  uxportvd  to  Bombay  cotton,  linsoty],  coriander 
Bocd,  and  tUL  Yearly  ^ra  were  held  at  Anialner,  Mudivad  and 
Jaitpir. 

There  wore  thrto  linca  of  roadjt.  Tho  first  passed  through 
Anailner  from  IJhapmyaoB  to'~T^bi;'lia  ftod  Bombay.  The  second 
waa  a  bram^b  running  from  Amalner  to  BetfJTad  and  Yanid.  and 
joining  tho  Indor  roml  from  Bomlxiy.  The  third,  tiic_lu^hroiiid 
trom  Erandoi.  running  thnjugh  P&rola,  Dalvel,  Sabg;Bwhfai  and 
Mundhija  to  Dhuliit.  pauood  tliri^ugh  tJio  south  of  the  su'b-mviaion. 
The  two  last  roads  were  continnatioua  of  tlie  Bcrtr  bierliway  and 
^  the  traffic  coming  from  thot^e  parts  passed  along  them,  lite 
slaplo  uxporia  were  cotton,  liniiood,  fill,  a  little  indigo,  and 
conaudcr  soed.  The  imports  were  chieHy  RiUt,  dates,  tiugar,  iKitclnut, 
cocoaniittf,  apioos,  foreign  cloths  and  English  yarn.  There  were  no 
tSauufactares  of  any  oonaoqnence.  1'hc  only  fabrics  made  woro 
ihe  commonest  and  ooaisost  ootton  goods.  Kxoent  a  few  families  of 
dyers  and  weavers  in  tho  htrger  towns,  almost  all  the  people  were 
husbandmen. 

Tho  former  assessment  was  mo«t  uneven.  In  Betdvad  tbo  ratee 
wore  extremely  low  and  in  the  south  thoy  wore  very  oppressivo, 
whUe  io  several  places,  noighbouring  villagcti,  the  same  in  soil, 
climate  and  other  respects,  wore  assessed  at  the  most  varied  rates.* 


KHAKDESH 


Jtuler  the  snrvcy,  iu  accordauco  witli  their  Qfttiiral  pccnlinritiea,  tke 
TiUag^es  were  armn^fed  into  two  grou[xi,  nortJi  and  Bouth.  In  the  north 
tlio  niaximum  aero  ruto  For  dry  crop  land  vroB  fixed  nt  4t.  Gd, 
(l{ft.  2"!),  niid  for  loss  bTOumbly  situatod  vitingeit  At  4 «.  'iii.  (Ks.  2-2) ; 
iu  the  south  the  maximnin  di-y  crop  acre  rate  was  Sk.  0<i.  (Ks.  1-14), 
and  for  the  worst  pUecd  vjIIh^^s  Sa.  (Us.  1-S).  The  avru  ntv  ou 
landa  watorad  from  wcIIh  wim  lixud  ut  Gt.  (Ka.  3),  In  canal 
watered,  p^laathfil,  lands,  ou  account  of  the  scant;  and  unoertaia 
obamotiir  of  the  water  supply,  the  rates  were  lowcrod  from  IS*.  Gtt. 
(Ha.ti-12)  and  lOs.  (Ra.&)  a  ln>fka  to  ISt.Gd.  (U9.C-12)  and  IQt. 
(Its.  5)  an  aero,  a  roductiou  o£  twenty-five  per  cent. 

In  tour  Tillages,  Vtlghoda,  Vdgliri,  B&hla,  and  Karr^i,  tht:!  m-% 
ntes  canwid  an  increaae  in  the  Qovoroment  demand.  But  ou  the 
whole  there  was  a  marked  decrease  from  £15,016  to  £10,806 
{Rm.  I,o<),lti0-K.s.  1,08,000).  The  followiDg  tttutemuut  «how8  tlie 
uusncial  resulta  of  the  survey  settlement  in  Amalnor : 

Axutlmer  ScUltmtBt,  ISi7-SS. 


CUkH 


WX. 


■I(!l- 

TMW 


M 


man^ 


ouDeMitm, 


ua-tt 

UMM. 


UU-M. 


tSJM 

tLM* 
IMl 


n.««i 

MM* 

UJM 


i*»  i.ii.iM  t.nfm  wnj  \Mft* 


lasMi. 


Tn. 


itai 


CnUtt-      Am 
tlOH.       lUU. 


IU. 
>I,1M 

Ml«l 

1m« 


lUa-Pi 
a  1  1 

I    C    3 


M 
nunL 


k*. 

at.ir« 
«tl 


i»S», 


AnUc 


Actn. 

n.ni 

SKIM 


t.Mum  Miju  Mi'Mi 


KmM 


Annin- 


Aire  RU& 


Hul- 


K.  a.  p-V.  k.  p. 

1  s  ^(  4  ( 

I    0    E  1    ■   « 

on  1. 1  u  I 

«    I    I   I    S   I 


t    1    4 


An  oxamiuation  of  the  offecls  of  tho  surrey  mtos  introdnccd  into 
193  vJllitgiM  in  1857-58,  thirty-eight  in  18d8-S0,  and  twenty-eight 
in  IH<iJ>-00,  ^ves  tho  rollowing  renulta. 

In  th«  193  Govomment  Tillages'  aottlcd  in  1857-58,  the  fignroa  of 
the  setlleiHont  ynir,  compnrcd  with  ihosw  of  the  year  before,  show 
an  increase^  in  oocupiod  area  of  372!}  acres,  in  waste  of  57,088 
acres,  and  in  reinisHioDs  of  £233  (Its.  2330),  and  a  decreano 
in  coUoetiouti  of  £2102  (R.-«.  21,020).  A  comimriiton  of  the 
fignres  of  the  aettlement  year  with  tlie  average  of  tho  ten  preriooa 
yearn  abowit  an  incrcaso  in  oceupod  area  of  706^>  iicivit,  and  in 
waste  of  54,401  aeroi ;  and  a  decrease  in  rouiissiouH  of  £109 
(IU.1000},  and  in  colledions  of  £1127  (R«.  11,270).  During  tbo 
twenty|-oiio  year*  (1657-58  U)  1877-78)  of  survey  rates,  yearly 
remiaaions  have  bcengrantcd,  tlie largest  asms  being  £383  (Hs.  3830) 


>  The  (ItScTVDM  b«twMB  tba  nunber  ol  vtQ^ai  now  (ISS(4  ioclnded  ia  am  'iffV 
Moek  detailed  in  tltit  ckkptw  Mtit  tlurt  of  villugM  iiutudod  ill  th«  Kun«  litoA  at  llie 
Ifaiaof  BtttlcBHUitUdiM  toUietniMftTof  nlugwfroinano  •nb-diviaicn  to  kaothw 
lor  ailmiBiBlnaiTe  oanvaucoot. 

*  Th«  •{>f>uvDt  inerMtM  «r  dMrcM*  in  total »««,  in  tliii  Mid  <ith«(  mrt»y  fff^nptt 
u  due  to  th«  ioootnplcUiKBt  and  inaommer  of  tlie  retsnii  in  Ma  btJoro  ue 
tatiMiHtioo  of  Uio  wartty. 

'Ill-H 


Oiapt^ZIi: 
Svb-diTWou 

AlUUlKB- 

Snraif  Dttaiit 


Sinry  RetulU, 


m*. 


jm. 


346 


DISTHICTS. 


ia  18S7-^,  £&oS  {B«.  U«0)  in  1871-73,  wd  £251  (Bm-icV 
1S76.77.     A  c<nnpBiri«m  of  tbe  ftTengn  i4  the   twenij-ooe 
maeo  tB«  •arrer  MUisBwnt  witli  tbe  nrenoe  of  tlie  Um 
jrean  abowB  a  oeenaae  in  wite  of  14,154  mcrm    ttnd  in 
ol  £3M  (BI.9M0),  ukI  bh  tocnaH  io  DoenpM^  artn  nf  7~ 
ud   in  coBecliaM  of  tC288   (Bs.  63,380).      Io   the  i. 
OotoniBantTiUBgesMttlediii  18(6-69,  tlw6gnnB  of  the  aMtlrtiasI 
cimpwd  wkh  tbcae  of  tlw  yew  bcbin,  diow  mi  iocrrM*  d] 
il  KTTd  in  uccDpicd  KTCM  Kwl  of  £164  (Rb.  1540)   in   raniBafai ;,| 


KDd  ■  decnttM  of'  Gl&O  Km  in  mate  and  of  121 7  (It' 
coUcvtioos.  A  anajmiwoa  irf  tha  fignrm  of  Ui«M:LtU-inr: 
^tbe  aren^  of  Uie  toi  MpTkim  j««ni  akoma  &  ' 
acne  ia  wacts  and  of  £37  (Ba.  270)  in  reminnon- 
tn  oecnined  ana  of  4802  aovs,  and  in  collectioiu 
During  ttw  twenty  jvan  (ISUt-:^9  tu  1877-7'- 
ymrlr  renuMioai  hara  baaa  granted,  the  lar  ' 

(IU.I2,M0)  in  1860^1  and  £&7G  (Bm.  C.    . . -  ^ 

avvtwv  of  the  twentT  jean  uoce  the  eoTFey  aettlmutnt,  ' 

Willi  laeaTen^of  cw  too  pn;ri<niB  yours,  shows  an   ii.><ir..^  >J 
lSA'?3acraaiDocnpwdaiva  aoil  tl-^30(Ka.l5,300)  inooUectiaa; 
and  a  decrease  of  16,978  acres  in  waste  and  of  £1 18  {fU.  IT 
maiuinn*.     In  Uip  twenty-cisrht  Goreniment  vi!laf«w  m-" 
186&*6<>,  tlM>  fi^rf:t  uf  thf  aetueniont  year,  oompan" 
Um  yvar  lH>fon>,  show  an  increaae  in  occapopd  arva  of  1 
waate  of  11,404  acm,  is  remiuiona  of  £2^  (Ks.  .^::<j  m 

oolloolions  of  £530  (tU.  £^00).  A  oompamun  of  tlu.  :^^-..^  ui  tU 
M>ttlrin«>at  ytar  with  the  aTflcige  of  tlie  ten  prorious  jam  shows  u 
tncmwe  in  ooeuprd  ana  of  15,188  acres,  tn  wasto  of  9830  none,  b 
nnniamoDs  of  ^5  (K«.  2250),  and  in  i.-i>ll«ctionB  of  £897  (Ks.  8970). 
l>ii rinpr  the  thirteen  y»!«rt(186&-66  to  1877-78)  of  sarTeyna«a,jTaHy 
n<iiii->!ii.kiiii  have  been  granted,  the  largest  suns  being  £275  (Ra.  27o0) 
ii>  l-^65.ea  and  £460  (Ka.4600)  in  1871-72.  The  averego  of  the 
titinoen  nars  8tuc«  the  sorroy  setdempnt,  contrasted  with  tho 
av(>nig>f>  of  the  ten  previoos  years,  shows  an  increaae  in  occnjiipd  area 
of  14.434  arroa,  ta  waste  of  10,475  acres,  in  mniastons  of  £27 
{fU.  270),  and  in  collections  of  £792  (Rs.  7920). 

AddiD);  Io  the  figure*  of  those  three  main  blocks  the  details  of 
the  Trnmtuing  settled  GoTemnieat  rill^ee,  the  n-^uU  for  the  whole 
sub-diri-tiiin  ia,  oampariu?  the  average  returns  of  the  ten  yean 
'before  tfau  survey  Bad  of  tho  twen^-one  yean  sinoe  the  >rorv«y, 
V  m  f»ll  in  waste  oT  19,310  acres,  nod  in  reinis«(>ona  of  £500 
(Re.  50O0),  an  increase  in  occnpied  area  of  116,187  acres,  and 
in  oollpctitinH,  including  rwrennu  fn^ni  aniuablv  land,  of  £9124 
[Ks.  91,240)  or  6€'5  por  cent.  Again  coBipanng  the  arersge 
rottms  of  tho  ten  years  before  the   survey  and  the   returns  tor 

iin   unurablo  land,  an 
cent. 

Tho    Allowing  statenieBt  show*  tor  tho    settled   GoTemnient 
Tillages  the  olTccts  of  the  ftturey  settlenieol  daring  the  twcnty^no 
ending  1877-78; 


rqcunis  oi  the  ten  years  t>eioro  the  survey  i 
1877-78,  the  reftult  ia,  innluiliiig  revenue  frin 
increase  of  £12.116  (Ba  121,100)  or  883  per  a 


MUj 

^^^^^^^^ 

^H 

k 

HHANDESH.                            .         347 

^^^^H 

■ 

.^(■MiAMrAn^&Mft^  JSS5-i«7^.                                 • 

Chapter  XIU 



K 

Aflk. 

Oouxmaa. 

1      - 

Osciiiilcd. 

Ufi<A?upM. 

g 

AlULHBB. 

Taui. 

1 

1 

_' 

ta 

} 

j 

d 

1 

1 

§ 

1 

i 

m 

1 

1 

g 

1 

1 

< 

p 

1 

S 

1     5 

1 

1 

K 

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346 


DISTKICTS. 


m 


Xm.  •Acconlinp    to  the    1879-80   rctnniB,   the  apriculinral   stock  in 

kb-divinon*  Govcrumcnt  vi'llaffcs  nmoutitod   t*j  7120  plouglis,  5S22  carts,  21^23 

^  bulhxrka,  12,598  cows,  8412  bnffnioes,  99(i  horaw,  I3,&01  eLt-up  ud 

'*"*""■  goats,  and  424  aasea. 

Of  tko  215,426  acres  tmdur  tillAgcin  1878-79, grain cropsoccnpiod 
180,788  or  6071  per  oont,  72,486  of  them  under  Mjri,  PoiiifilljHia 
spicata ;  49/144  imdor  jvfirt.  Sorghum  volgitro  [  tt559  nnder  whrat, 
gahu,  Triticum  ie«ti\-um  ;  389  undor  rico,  hht'tt,  Orjiasiilivu;  and  10 
tinder  maize,  mot^,  Zca  tnaya.  PdIepb  occapied  li242  acres  or  4-29 
per  cent,  7138  of  them  ondur  kiilHh,  Didicboa  biflornft ;  17lO  nnder 
gram,  harbham,  Cicei^anetlciuii ;  2(15  under  lur,  Cajanu»  iudicus  j 
^6  undor  peas,  witdna,  Pisnm  MUivuin ;  -tO  under  T«iuf,  Phaseolus 
tnnngo;  and  tJiroe  under  mug,  Phaseolus  radiatufl.  Oilseeds 
ocvopiod  9433  acres  or  437  per  cvnt,  7237  of  tlicm  under  gringen; 
Bsed,  lit,  Sesamom  indicuui;  1S88  ander  lin-iood,  attki,  Linniu 
usiiatissininm ;  and  3oS  under  other  oileeeds,  Fibres  occupied 
61,626  aoroa  or  28'Sti  per  oont,  all  under  cotton,  hlpuf,  Ooesypium 
beriMceum.  Miscellaneous  crops  occupied  4-I3S  acres  or  2*00 
ami,  1420  of  them  undor  cbQlics,  mtrcAi,  Capsicum  firutcscens ; 
under iudigo,  yuli,  Indij^jfcrft  tinctoria;  107  under  t<il»i ceo,  tambdi, 
Nicotiaua  tabacum  ;  <J6  under  sugarcsno,  us,  Saeclianim  ofEcinarnm ; 
and  tho  remaining  2629  undor  vurtoud  v<^-t4kble«and  fruits. 

The  1875  populaiion  return  shows,  of  a  total  population  of  81,9Si_ 
fioulH,  76,131  or  02'91  per  cent  Uiudns;  5779  or  7'05  pur  cent 
MusalmfiDB;  and  26  or  0^)3  per  cent  Christiaiw.  The  details  of  thu 
Hindu  castes  arc: 3310  Hriihifianit,  prii-sts.  Government servsnta, and 
traden;  .02  Kidiatris,  writers;  23 tS  Vsinis,  52  Bhdtiiia,  60  Halv, 
and  4S  KaUls.tmdcrs  and  mcrchantx  ;  29,343  Kunbii,  3201  M&\i 
9Si  DukHliiinis,  30  Hutkars,  and  48  Bhanldia,  buabandnion  ;  191 
Sonitrs,  (fold  and  silver  smitJis;  1683  Sutilra,  cttrpeuli-ra;  197  LohArs, 
blacksmitha;  1281  8hinipi»>,  titilurs ;  222  KAeim,  copporemitlisi 
3-(o  Kumbiiitra,  potters;  54  Dhigvtlns,  uuldlem ;  98  iMnirh,  ccmenL 
mitkoi-M ;  205  HeldArs,  bnck1»jrcH-» ;  30  Ot^-is,  founders  ;  90  Unundiv 
mascms;  2002  Tolls,  oilpreesora;  1383  SiUis,  neavets;  597 
Rajtg.-iria,  djrei's;  305  Khatris,  weavers;  152  Gadris,  wool  weavers 
9  ratvvkars,  silk  workons;  335  hb&la,  bards;  290  Giira 
worshippers  of  Shiv;  1493  Nhdvis,  barbers;  334I)hobi)i,  wushei-nieu 
885  Dhanpars,  shepherds;  2152  Kolis,  560  Bhois,  fishers;  1131 
"RHJputjj  and  479  l^U^iii^,  mciitH^goni  aud  coUKtublw ;  35  Bilria, 
'  licU'l-leuf  sellers;  310  Khaugiirs,  labourers;  0155  BhiU,  2269 
Vanj^Hs,  aud  214  Gonds,  laoourvrs,  curriers,  and  hnsbandmen; 
1279  I'ltrdhin,  gftnie-siianms ;  969  CbfimbhArs  and  246  Dohoria, 
leatber-workere;  5955  Uhilrs  and  508  JMiingB,  viUage  SiarrautM; 
28  Kiiikiidis  and  17  BunuU),  baflkct-inakcrs ;  660  GosAvis,  $36 
(joudhlis,  197  Bb&nds,  119  fihU&vants,  86  U&ubhivs,  63  GopOs,  81 
Kolh^tis,  and  32  Joh^Js,  beggars. 


IBfS. 


SIS 


rsjj 


Shn^TaL  the  most 

division,  pel  a,  of  Edinbml, 

sepamtiog   il   from  Savda,  on  I  ho  north-eaul  by   Ihu  provinco'of 

Nimir,  on  the  oast  and  sonth-east  by  the  province  of  Berir,  Ofi  tiio 


easterly  sub-division  including  the  petty 
it,  is  bounded  on  (ho  north  by  the  T&pti 


'.r, 


J 


Dmgm.] 


K4lAm}ESU. 


ai9 


Boath  hv  iimner  sopamted  partly  1^  Uie  Sar  river,  and  on  thenost 
by  tlie  V&ffliur  rivor  iwparaliug  it  frota  Nitiiirnbnd.  Its  oroa  is  670 
eqnan^  iiiilOH.riOi!  of  lliotii  sui-vryoil  iu  detail ;  its  nopnlatian,  iiccordin^ 
to  tito  1872  CQU8U3,  was  8i,21&  souls  or  li?'?^'  to  the  Hcguaro  nule ; 
ond  itfl  rralisiiblo  fiiii.l  rvvonu«  in  1879-80  wna  £25,043  {Its.  2,5a,430). 
Of  506  sqaaro  ruilui;,  thu  arc»  aurroyod  iu  dotnil,  ton  nro  occupied 
hv  tluA  tftiiils  of  alieuat&il  villagCHf.  Tlie  romniuilcr,  nccording  to 
the  reTonne  aarv'oy  roturoB,  coutnins  28tf,80S  acres  or  81*11  percent 
of  nrablo  knd ;  M,567  «ores  or  lo'32  [)or  coot  of  uunmblc loud : 
and  1 2,700  acres  or  3'a7  per  cent  of  Tillage  8it«a,  roads,  rirers,  and 
Btrcntus.  From  the  288,808  acres  of  arable  laud,  27,974  acres  bavo 
to  lio  talccii  na  account  of  nlictmtot)  land*  i^  OovoninK'Ut  villagea. 
Of  tho  batanco  of  2C0,S3*  acres  the  actual  area  of  arable  Govern- 
ment luud,  171,810  ncrca  ortio'SO  per  coat  were,  in  1878-70,  andor 
tillage. 

To  tho  north-west  and  ajaggjlhe.  Tipti,  BhusSval  is  flat  and 
jnonotonoutt.  The  southM.'twt  streLcliing  luto  Bcr^r,  tlioiigb  fliit,  i* 
bere  and  tboro  brol^^tHjTBPlBg'WBTOfe,'  Bpeciftlly  ricli  alwng  the 
bnuks  of  tlio  Punm.  The  riMt  is  more  or  less  waving,  with 
Blj-aggUng  hiliockH  covered  with  loose  stones  and  boulders.  Aloug 
the  north-eart  boundary  rnna  a  bold  ranRe  of  bills.  The  anb-diviaion 
10  on  tho  wiiole  scaittily  wooded,  wiUioiit  tho  niungu  jjrovca  00 
abundant  in  other  snb-diviiiionti. 

Except  tho  tract  between  the  Purna  and  tho  hJUa  from  the  Snki 
to  tho  caatem  tminior.  wlnoli  t»  niint-tl  by  it«"iIuiKllT  yjimnie?  ilio 
snlb-Jinsion  is  foirly  healthy.  Tho  average  rain&l  during  the 
twch-e yeiuv  ending  1870  was  2(I-lI'inohes. 

There  is  plenty  of  snrface  water.  Bmidcs  tlie  TiJpti  Jn  the  north, 
tlie  chief  rivi-rs  are  its  tributaries  the  Puma  and  tKo  V'iigbur.  The 
Pnrau.  rnnuiug  wiiNt,  [larlly  fonns  tho  boiindai^'  iH^ivrtx-n  IthuMlval 
and  IJfRir  uud  falls  into  the  Tipti  near  Chdngdov,  and  the 
Viighur,  dividiug  the  eiib-dinsiou  from  Nanimbud,  joiiix  the  Tiipti 
near  the  village  of  Hhankheda  in  tho  extrcuio  norlh-wefit.  Of  the 
Kmiillcr  streams  tliat  Tlow  'throughout  the  year,  tho  chief  are  tho  Bar 
raniiing  nloiig  the  Kotitfa  houndai'}'  and  falling  into  tho  Viighur,  and 
tho  BhoffAvati  Howing  north  through  the  town  of  Vantugaon  and 
idling  into"  tho  T^pti  near  tho  vilhtge  of  I'ipri  Shekam.  Besides 
these  rivcrit  nud  ritreams,  there  were,  in  1870,  2209  working  wells 
■with  a  dcptb  of  from  twenty-two  to  sixty  feet.  ■ 

Of  the  two  kinds  of  black  soil,  tho  rich  allnvial  clay  found  norti) 
of  £dlabad  cannot  be  Rurpaicted.  In  the  eant  of  Kurhn  where  it 
gives  place  to  a  deep  black  loam,  it  yields  tho  finest  crops.  Tlio 
other  soils  are  mostly  mixed  red  and  brown.  In  tlio  uortb-ca»t  tho 
soil  i»  poor,  and  the  wasie  lands  are  generally  dry  and  rocky. 
Along  river  Imnks  are  small  alluvial  plots  called  dehti  or  hcvtal.' 

In  i864-C3,  tJio  year  of  settlement,  9C8S  holdings,  HaUlt,  were 
recorded  with  an  avemge  area  of  17-59  acres  and  on  average  rentnl 


■  B«imt«1  atl^mflU  to  n-cdaRlM  th 


CItapter  XIII 

Sub-divisions. 

Bui'si.vAi. 

■Ana, 


Atptei. 


BttO. 


A 


{Boating 


DISTRICTe. 


pwptvr^Xni. 
kiWiTiflioBt. 


7i. 


o^£2  &.  9K  (Ra.  20-6--i).     Eqn&ll;  dirided  among  the»gnciilt 
piipu]atio»,   t'heHO  holitings  would    for  each  person    repreaent 
ftllotmeiit  of  4-t!I   acrcK  at  a  >-Ciu-ly  rvDt  of  ria.Z^^d.   ^{«.  &•£- 
pHitributod  among  the  whole  populatkia  of  the  Hub-diTitiiott, 
share  to  each  would  nmoant  to  2*01  ncros  and  cbe  incidGiaoo  of 
IsDd  tax  Co  60.  Uid.  (Ka.  3.7-6). 

In  Bhus&val  sarve>j  maasnToments  were  begun  in  1802-68  1 
clauificMliouaiu  1S63-64;  both  were  fiaUhod  in  1869-70.  Of 
the  preeent  (1880)  nmnber  of  vilUges,  130  form  th«  Bul>>dit 
of  6nns<iva]  and  114  thu  pottjr  division  of  Edlabad.  Of  die  ll 
Bhnaival  Tillaffea,  one  alienated  viJIa^  hnti  uut  b«en  Kottlpd.  Of 
the  129  scttlea  Tillage^  123  are  Government  and  three  alienated. 
Of  ihoHe  eighteen  wore  witled  in  I8o0-t>0,  forty  in  ld(>3-6'l',  aeven^ 
in  IS64-65,  and  one  in  1870-71.  Of  the  Kdlabad  villages  HI  an 
Goremmeut  and  lliruw  nliimiitod.  Of  Ihcwo  throo  were  Hotiled 
18S4-55,  one  in  1856-56, 109  in  1861-65,  and  otw  in  1870-71. 

beic 


Indiu.  At  the  time  of  trsosfer  the  state  rerenne  was 
faurming.  Siooo  Idtil,  the  rux-vniiu  liUtory  nmbruom  two  p«ri(] 
The  firct  for  the  three  yeani  eudiug  18(i4,  when  the  aftaesamont 
rogulatod  on  che  preriiws  payments,  and  the  second  daring  which 
the  survey  rates  have  bt^ii  in  force.  For  tho  villagos  acquired 
before  the  year  1S6I,  the  revenue  hirtory,  since  they  cam*!  nnd«r 
Britinh  inanngcmvut,  also  embraces  two  periods,  the  first  from 
the  year  of  cossicin  to  the  inU-odufition  of  the  survey  swltlcmcnt, 
whfD  the  bigfioli  system  was  in  operation,  and  the  second  duriiig 
which  thu  siirve;[  ntivs  of  assessment  have  been  in  force. 

Inthel7S  Govvmmunt  villages' svttlcdin  18G-1-G.>,  the  fignroe  of 
the  settlement  year,  compared  with  those  of  the  year  before,  show 
an  increase  in  occapied  area  of  33,651  acn^s,  in  wimto  of  9660  acres, 
in  remtssioua  of  £I01>:)   (Ks.  40,9:»l},  and  in  collections  of  £396 
(Rs.  3!)6U).     A  compnrison  of  the  tigurc-s  of   the  KvUlemeiit  year 
witli  tlie  average  of  the  three  previous  years  shows  an  increase  in 
occupied  aroH  of  38,866  acros,  in  wasto  of  6270  acres,  in  remissions 
of  £t0S9   [R«i. -10,890),   and   in   collections  of  £12;J8  (Rs.  12,380] 
liuring  the  fonrtoen  years    (1864-65  to  1677-78)   of  survey   rat« 
yearly  remissiunft  have  been  granted,  the  liirgeat  sama  being  £412J 
(Aa.  41,280)   in  1861-65,  aud  £2186   (Rs.  21,860]   in  1871-72. 
Comparison  of  the  average  of  th©  fonrtoon  years  sinco  the  survej 
and  of  the  thrtw  years  hefopo  the  survey,  shows  that  the  occupied 
art-a  hiw   riwu   by  45,421    acres  and  the    wllections    by   £blti4 
{Ra.  61,640),  that  waste  has  fallen  by  2541  acres,  and   that  remis* 
nooB  have  incrCHMd  by  £448  (Rs.  4480). 

In  the  forty  Qorerament  villages  settlvd  in  1863-64,  the  Ggnres 
of  ihe  settlement  year,  cutuparwi  with  those  of  the  year  before,  show 
an  incrooM  in  oocnpied  . 


I  f^  alnsteeii  of  these  rilbgw  inforautMo  is  inoonpMfc 


Dmsul) 


RHANDESH. 


in  romiuioos  of  £\i2\  (Rs.  12,210),  nnd  in  oolIdoUoBa  of  £268 
(Rs.  2680).  A.  compKrison  ot  thu  fignreA  of  the  year  of  eottlomvnt 
Vith  the  avera^  of  tlie  len  previous  years  shovra  u  rise  of  7219 
mere*  in  ooonpittcl  uwa,  a  ihII  of  2675  wref  in  waste,  a  rise  of 
£975  (ilH.Or.W)  ia  remiwioiis, and  of  £025  (Rs.  9250)  in  oollcctiona. 
Stiring  the  fifteen  years  (18(W-U-4  to  1877-78)  o(  survey  rates, 
yearly  rcmiMioiM  have  boon  grantod,  tlie  largest  sums  being  £1265 
(Rs.  12.650)  in  1863-64  and  t24i  (Ha.  2450)  in  1 87 1-72.  Comparyxl 
■will)  Uji)  ton  previous  years,  the  arorago  of  tho  Ufl«en  years  of  the 
survey  rati--!!  iiIion-H  an  incriNMu  of  12,793  aci-es  in  occapiod  area 
&ad  of  £27<J«  (Re.  27,080)  in  collectio&s. 

Adfiiiig  to  tlw  figures  of  IhcsB  two  groups  the  details  for  Hjp 
remaining  settled  Oovenimeut  villages,  and  comparing  the  averago 
of  tho  thr«e  years  before  the  snrvey  and  of  tho  yoar»  siaoo  the 
■urvoy,  the  riwult*  show  a  riso  of  67,880  acres  of  occupied  laud  and 
»  ^11  of  12,081  acreii  of  waste,  remitisious  sliow  an  increa«o  of 
£188  (Rs.  1880),  and  collections,  including  revoinio  from  uuarable 
laud,  an  inorca«o  of  £9480  (Rs.  94,800)  or  659  per  cent.  Again 
comparing  the  average  of  the  three  years  bvfuro  survvy  with  the 
dotiiiU  f()r  1877-78,  tho  ruturuH,  including  revenue  from  uuarable 
land,  show  an  increase  in  collections  of  £^70  (Ba.  99,700)  or  69-3 
per  cent. 

The  following  BtatemoDt  shows  for  the  settled  Government  vilUiges 
the  effects  of  the  survey  settlement  during  the  twenty-four  j-eors 
ending  1877-78: 

Biviiral  Surety  RttulU.  18SS  ■187S, 


■ 


Tuu. 


mitt 

l*l4-lliU 

isn-n 


Utt»-U 
UMM 

l«t6-liTS 


ISN-UM 


0ccutil<4. 


tTnMqiqiHL 


3 
P 


Cotinnan, 


i 


Sivim  BUca  l.-S  OVnMjman  ViumH  tAnD  »  UM4>. 


Aerm. 

Uoa 

I  Ml 

MU 


AoFia. 

ActM. 

Acm. 

Aona. 

«». 

b. 

1U. 

a*. 

b. 

*to 

MM 

imi 

KM 

«70 

9ttt 

M 

M 

t:j 

MM 

liM 

IHH 

i» 

UK 

u 

U 

ail 

Ktl 

lt9I 

nao 

»I0 

MM 

» 

n 

Ml 

mt 

»1» 

iia; 

tti 

tISl 

4 

» 

«i 

«at 

JMt 

It 

tM6 

IKt 

*1 

a 

I  IBS 


Suivn  Block  II.— I  Oovauiun  Viuuoi  •nTua>  ot  lUIMt. 


m 

Ml 


u 

SU3 

W7 

IH 

M 

«aa 

1 

n 

14* 

4« 

lot 

is; 

MI 

H. 

... 

u 

eiT 

m 

IM 

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xn 

■ 

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<i 

MO 

10 

l« 

i< 

«<n 

... 

« 

«i 

»i 

>l» 

«14 

... 

• 

— 

Btl 

m 
tn 
ur 


Brain  lluca  III,— !■  <>jTBuiiint  Vuuabi  sKmiB  m  is)»4(l 


S71t 
M.I» 

U.M* 


lltt 

lo^ns 

KM 

ID, III 

17T 

ii.<a 

in 

ml 

M 

l»S 

iijaa 

U.M) 

«w> 

1<W 

tmo 

» 

m 

19 

IIT> 

»U8» 

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u 

KO 

» 

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>* 

,«. 

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uw 

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Him 

3) 

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1tl?« 

Id^H* 
U.*IO 


Cltapt«r : 
Bub-diTiai<»u. 

iSdrtity  fieulU, 


I^omlnj  Sa 


352 


DISTRICTS. 


BuraivAt. 
lAimy  JtnHfe*, 

I   ms-im. 


378-79. 


AbMiMi  fikm^  fonrib,  l«fd'iJ7£<-«aMuiit>Ml. 


IMa-UM 

iin-iii ... 


1«MI_ 


i»u-iaM 

uu.im 

UT7-Ta ... 


MTT.M  ... 


OorupiuL 


1 


Umcp^IdI. 


0MUL1UM. 


Ssavn  Dion  IV.— 10  OoituiciT  Tii.udn  annas  a  \Mi^L 


n.tes 

4J,I0T 
H.MW 


Acraa. 

1I,TM 


IIM 


M 


lU. 


Ba. 

m 


» 


•nm  BUWK  r.—iTI  Ocvwawxt  Vnuaw  rnno  a  IMMh 


lUuDS! 

aLi» 

Ill/Ml 


9i.ftMi  iM.Mt 


•i.tao 

•MM 


unjm 
«M1S 


UM«,    . 


l^HI  OCtlM 


TOMM 


sw'ijn.c* 


nj<u    (Hie 

M.%S  I    a(8  'IJt^M 


According  to  tho  187(1-80  retnriiB,  (he  ogricallural  stock  in 
Go'vorntnont  Tiltngc8iuD0u.nt«<]  to  '^891  plonghs,  4100  cart«j  24,114 
balloclcR,  19,05:3  cows,  10j&05  buSaloof),  801  kurBO«i,  18,041  tilieep 
and  goats,  aodM44  asaes. 

Of  tJio  171,810  acrca  nnder  tillsRO  in  1878-79,  f^in  crops 
occupied  100,258  noros  or  68-35  \m;t  cent,  G8,207  nf  thorn  under 
joiri,  Soi-ghiira  vnlparo ;  25,597  under  b^jri,  Fenicitlaria  tq}icata ; 
6108  under  whmt,  ynAu,  Tnlicuin  lustivitm  ;  219  imdor  ricc.bhi'it, 
Oryjia  aativa;  29  nndor  maise,  majcka,  Zea  maya  ;  and  37  under 
misoi'llftiKiiiiit  D(^roa)s.  Pulsest  occupiwl  8831  acre*  or  485 per  cont, 
6705  oflbcm  under  (iir,CaiauiiS)Qdicus;  1433  undiT gram, /uirtAnrvi, 
Cicor  urictiimm ;  121  nudt-r  mVid,  Phniftidlus  itiiingo ;  30  under 
kytlith,  Uolichoti  biflorus ;  1 6  under  niuo,  Phikseolna  radiatu.<t ;  and 
46  under  'olhors.*  Oilsofda  occupied  r263n<.'rc«,  or  4-22  pcroont^ 
i  3102  of  tbom  nndor  cpngf'lb'  *^^7  '<X  Scsiktnuin  indinim ;  3183 
under  lini^-cd,  al^i,  Linuia  uHiintiBsimnm ;  and  918  nndor  otber 
(»lsc«da.  t'ibres  occupied  52,880  acrea  or  30-78  per  cent,  all  under 
cotton,  hipua.  Goest-piutn  horlHiocuin.  Miscollanootm  crops  occupied 
3072  acrcK  or  I '79  per  cent,  1 109  of  ibom  under  chillips,  mtrcAt, 
Cnpaicum  fmtescens;  780  under  tobacco,  Umikilfni,  Nicotinna 
taMcum ;  1 7  undor  Bugarcan».  im,  Sncdtamm  officiiiaruiti ;  3  under 
indigo,  <iu/i,  Indi^fera  tinctoria;  nnd  tbc  remaining  1103  nnder 
T&rioua  vcgetablce  and  fntits. 

The  1875  popiolation  rutum  showa,  of  a  total  popalation  of  85,^7 
Bouls,  78,86y  or  92ir>  por  cent  Hindua;  5597  or  6&4  per  cent 


SJllANDESn 


niti»;  1117  or  1-30  per  cent  Cfartsttaoa;  and  4  P^r^. 
letailH  of  tbt!  Hindu  isuibMi  tiro :  '27'rO  Br£hintutK,  pritrKtii, 
loverumoDt  aerrauU,  «nd  traders ;  131  Kiva(»,  writ«-rt< ;  :i74o  V^aiii, 
BhilisH,  ami  15  KaldU,  tradcrtt  arid  merchantii  ;  '6\,Si7  Knnbis, 
£8  &UIi»,  128(1  l>i>k«h»nit<,  311  Uatkiirv,  2S)  Alkaris,  and  £;)2 
mkara,  huHliandmen  ;  11<>9  Sonire,  ^Id  and  nilver  fiuitlu;  8M 
Stitui'B.  carpcitbera ;  2^0  LohArs,  blacksmiths;  S'U  Shitnpis,  tailoraj 
239  Kii-^'irs,  co]>[)oniinilhii ;  677  Kumbh^rs,  pottont ;  19  ObigvAns, 
saddlent;  483  ikldiirfl,  bricklayers ;  90-1  Oumdin,  masona;-  102 
fit' Kanrats,  stone  dressers;  59  OtSris,  founders;  U'S?  TeIis,oilpre8aei»; 
S-i"  Hangdris,  dyers ;  32  Kliatris,  waavorsj  IW  Thiiknra,  bards  ; 
804  (iiiniVK,  tvorNhip|>orH  of  Sbiv;  9It9  XliAvi.s,  Imrlxtn*;  b'9t>  Dliobi^ 
waahcrroen;  'ZtHH  Dban^rs,shc-nl)erda,  and  19  tiavlifi,  milk  and  batter 
Bellore;  'V47S  Kolie,  and  371  Bhois,  fishers;  201t>  Ilajpat«,  and  423 
PordifNltiH,  mu<«Hi^ng«rH  and  conitubli-^ ;  5^0  Baris,  hulol-U^f  xollera ; 
22'J  Kh^tikii,  buiohers;  ]4tto  Vanjdriii,  huabandmen  and  carriers; 
641  Hhilx,  labourers;  4>S4  P&rdhis,  ^me-KDarers;  12o6  CbAmbh&rs, 
mdsa  IJiibdri-.,  lt»tb(i:r.worker«  J  G;}70  Mluir«»nd  773  U<iig»,rill»gw 
aervauu;  &,'>7  Oottivia,  Wi  KoUuUta,  103  M^bbAva,  122  HoUrs, 
S9  N'litbs,  and  17  VAeodevg.  beggar. 


Chftptar 
Snb-diTiaioiu 
BaraAVAL. 

WS. 


la'lJBgaon,  in  tlio  extremi!  Hontb  of  tho  diiilrict,  is  bounded  on  ^ 
the  iiortu  by  Dhiilia,  on  Ibe  nortb-easit  and  east  by  PAchora,  oa 
tho  HOHtb  oaaC  and  south  by  His  lli},'hnesa  the  Nizam's  territory, 
and  on  tlll^  sHiuLh-wttat  tuid  wiwt  by  tho  NiUik  sub-divistons  of 
N&nd^faon  and  M^le^aou.  lU  artia  is  COi  square  tnile:^,  476  of  them 
SDTveyed  in  dulnil  ;  its  population,  according  to  the  1872  cetisaa, 
was  44,:>fld  MouU  or  88-42  to  thu  sqiMru  mile  ;  and  in  16794I0  itD 
realisable  land  revenue  waa  £14,687  (Ha.  1,46,870). 

Of  47t)  sqiiaro  miles,  thu  area  surveyed  in  detail,  forty-six  are 
occnpiud  by  iho  lands  of  nlienatodviltagns.  Thu  remuiudur,  ucoonlin? 
to  tba  revenue  survey,  contains  210,546  acres  or  76*44  per  cent  of 
arable  land ;  41,70y  acre*  or  15'14  per  cent  of  unarable  laud ;  1454 
acre«iir0'53pvr<rentof  gnuw;  12,813  acres  or  4*65  per  oont  of  foruKt 
reserves ;  and  8929  acrtm  or  8'21  por  cent  of  rillago  sitcw,  roads,  and 
rivers.  From  the  210.546  acrt-a  of  arable  land,  0387  have  to  be 
taki-n  on  account  of  alienated  lottds  in  Government  villa^s.  Of 
the  balance  of  204,159  &er«8,  the  sctnal  area  of  arablv  Govvmmont 
land,  134,365  acres  or  65*76  per  cent  vere,  in  I878-79,  under  tillage. 

With  (ho  GJTMi  valloy  crossicg  from  west  to  oast  through  its 
northern  villagoH^niili«igaou  Htrutchvs  to  thu  foot  of  the  Siltin&la,* 
hills,  which  ranainir  eaat  and  woat  in  a  wall-like  line  separate 
Ehandcsh  from  the  Deccao  upland.  In  the  table-land  above  Chose 
billHtherearea  few  detached  CtuJlisfflon  villages.  EKotspting  the^w, 
the  whole  sub-division  la  a  broad  and  thickly  woode<l  valley,  with, 
in  the  south,  south. west,  and  north,  large  tracts  of  waste  with  rugged 
»ad  KUfoy  noil. 

Except  in  the  forest  and  brushwood  lands  to  (he  west  and 
along  llm  foot  of  the  S&tm^&s,  which  are  seldom  free  from  fi^vur, 
the  climate  is  fiiirly  bcjilthy.  During  the  twelre  years  ending 
18T9  tboaverago  rainfall  was  24'^  inchoa. 


laiuaauis. 


Ana. 


[Bomtujr  Oaz«tU<r, 


DISTRICTS. 


S&I-63. 


ass. 


"The  wftt«r  snpply,  oxcopt  in  the  Siltni^la  tablo-land,  is  sufficient 
The  cbiof  rivan*  wre  tbe  Ciirna  and  ita  tiibutariea  the  ^{gmr^  and 
llif  T^tur.  The  Gima,  Howiuj*  thronghonl  (ho  year,  enk-rs  from  ttu* 
north- west,  and  aSioT  u  »univwhM  winiliof^  cotinw  pMM^  i>ui  near:! 
thu  viUai^  of  Bah^.  Th4>  Iklanyild  touches  a  few  villa^a  in  |]n 
west  and  joiiis  the  Giroa  near  the  village  of  Pilkhod.  The  JJ^tor, 
rising  in  the  S4tm&lit«  >d  tho  Doutfa,  and  taking^  n  north -easterly 
course  by  tlio  towos  of  ClulliHgaou  and  V'Aghli,  croese*  tbe  easl«ra 
boundary  near  (he  village  of  Hisgona  Khurd.  'llie  Giroa  aad  (ho 
Titur  are  fed  in  their  court's  by  BcviTal  minor  streams.  Thc^fiiv  la 
the  only  river  that  wator*  th«  SlLtinAla  UblvIfUKJ.  Br-siiih*  theae 
q^d  thu  Jiimda  canals  which  are  used  only  to  a  amall  extent,  there 
were,  in  1879-80,  1902  working  welUwit^  a  depth  of  from  eightees 
to  tweaty-Hcven  fccC. 

HoNt  ol  the  Hub-diri-iion  Xwn  in  (he  KiiAmlcth  plain.  Bt-^inning 
oeAT  the  hills  with  hard  stony  soil  it  gradually  improves  norlbwiird* 
towmrda  the  Ginia.  'llio  eoil  is  mixed,  mach  of  it  towards  the 
Boath,  sonth-wust,  and  north,  being  hard  and  stony.  The  black  soil 
of  the  Oinui  valley,  though  Iwller  than  in  the  surroHndinff  parts,  i»| 
generally  faulir,  aa  it  rebta  on  a  subsoil  either  of  gravel  or  hard' 
sheet  rock,  llie  beet  Boil,  a  rich  brownish-black  mould,  known  as 
kdii  mun/oi,  fonnd  in  tbe  ^Itu&la  uptanda,  is  well  suited  to  oold 
wontlier  cropa.  But  the  country  sulTera  from  want  of  rain,  and  tha 
average  outtam  of  oropa  is  small.  It  ia  also  liable  to  severe 
dMtractive  hailatorms. 

In  18(12-63,  the  yi<»r  of  settlement,  4543  hotdingn,  hhdlae, 
recorded  with  an  average  urea^f  '23'34  acres  and  an  average  rental 
of  k3.  4jt.  8id.  (Ila.  22-5-U).  Kqiiully  divided  among  the  agriaUtnml 
population,  thede  holdings  would  for  each  p^Tsou  nipre»en(  aa 
allotment  of  ti'^6  acres  at  a  yearly  rent  of  lt>it.  ^t/.  (Kk.  8<0-l}. 
Distributed  among  the  whole  jwpiilation,  the  share  to  each  would 
amount  to  3'5t>  acrest,  and  the  incidence  of  the  land  tax  to  6a.  Did. 
(Ila.  3-6.li). 

In  Ch&lissaoti  the  enrvey  maamiTeiiHmts  were  began  in  1856>5 
and  finished  in  lSt}5-66,  and  the  claasificationii  were  begun  in 
1800-61  and  finished  in  1869-70.  Of  141,  the  present  (1H80)  number 
of  vitIng«K,  nine  alienated  villages  have  not  oeen  settled.  Of  (be 
remaining  1S2  villages,'  }24  ai-e  Govenimonl  and  eight  alienated. 
Of  these  112  were  settled  is  t862-(i3,  twelve  iu  ISti^-titi,  and  eighbi 
^n  1870-71.  ,' 

Noorly  all  (he  CbAlIsgaon  villogei*  were  at  ODe  time  snbject  to 
theNiMLnvHud  were  includml  Jii  tlie  diwlrJot  of  Paulalabad.  After 
theT7j5l&8  defeat  at  KJiarda  in  l7^.'i,  they  were  made  over  to  (ho 
Peshwa  and  remaiuednnder  him  till  (he  accession  of  Bnlish  rule 
in  T818.  At  Ihe  time  of  ct-uion  (bo  state  revi-nnu  was  realised  h 
farming.  I'he  nominal  ratex  were  uiodemte  avemglng  only  A».  8> 
(Ks,  2-i)  an  acre.     But  partly  from  irregular  esaciiuuM  and  partly 

Dm  tlu>  effect  of  Bhil  mitjU,  the  actual  Mate  of  the  people  wa 
depressed.     Ch&lisgaon  shared  with  the  k^  of  (be  district  i 


r 


"J 


KHiNDESH. 


S55 


lie  lofwea  caused  during  the  firet  fifteen   yeara   of  Britiah    mte, 

the  failure  o£  cropa  and  ihcu   by  tho  coltapso  of  gmin  prices. 

ad  the  famine  year  of  1832*^3  brought  to  light  »ach  »  want  of 

■oiiroeg   among  the  pooplo   that  tho  GoTornmeat   demand   was 

Inced  to  about  om<-h«lf,  fromau  arora^  ncru  nitv  of  about  4«. 

i.  2)   to  an  average  of  nearly  2c.   (Rti.  1).     Eren  thin  rodnclion 

found  not  to  be  enough,  and  before  ihe  introduction  of  the 

rey  (1863),    the  avemgo  rato  bad   Iwon   ro<lu<^  oousiderably 

elow  2s.  (Re.  I ).     These  ratea  were  verj  moderate,  aud  in  tho  ten 

before  1863  the  tillage  area  had  very  ffreatly  increased.     At 

<  same  time  tho  bulk  of  the  people  were  still  poor.* 

At  the  time  of  the  aurvey  (IStiS)  the  vrcstcm  Tillagea  and  thoe^ 
Mr  the  SitmfUa  hUla  had^  from  the  densenuos  of  the  (oreat,  a  bad 
ame  for  fover.  Including  Ch&tiagaon  with  its  2800  aoojs,  the 
sure  of  jwnulation  was  aoventy-aoren  to  tho  square  mile  of 
ole  land.  There  were  no  nuinufiu'turM  of  any  iuiporUnco  ;  tho 
ttlk  of  tha  people  were  hiiBbandmen.  The  dry  land  tillage  was 
aless,  aud  (Im  pt^nplo  idk-  itiid  laxy.  Though  manure  was  abundant, 
elds  were  someiimes  Iffi,  for  yi^ant  without  fKHiliKing,  and  crops 
I  (4tea  nearly  choked  with  weeds.  Millet,  the  staple  grain,  throve 
reo  ID  tho  poortHit  soils.  Id  the  villi^foa  near  the  Srituifita  hiila 
iBhilsniaae  much  by  gathering moin,Bati8ia1atifotia,aiid4T/uiroti, 
cbanaoia  latifolia,  and  the  white  sticky  gum  of  the  dhatda  tree, 
urn  wa«  only  one  unmctallod  high  road  leading  from  Nfadgaon 
(now  in  N&sik)  to  Chaliagaon  l)y  NAydongTi  and  TaTegaoo.  The 
railway  iu  great  uieii^ure  uiistroyod  it«  value  as  a  tmnk  roocT.' 

At  the  time  of  settlement  (18ti3)  Ch&liagaon  included  1G6  Tillages. 
Of  theae  141  were  Government  and  twenty-five  wholly  or  partially 
alirnatcd.  Of  tho  141  Govommcnt  villages  tho  <-!»«< ifiiiatioo  in 
eleven  vm  not  completed  by  February  1863.  The  remaining  130 
'Ulages  were  arranged  in  four  groups.  The  rillagee  best  placed 
itli  regard  to  markota,  the  uuirket  tiiwiiN,  and  a  few  Tillagea  iu  the 
cher  [airl  of  thoQinui  vallov,  formed  the  first  gTx>up  of  twenty-five 
gea  with  a  maximum  ciry  crop  acre  rate  of  |w.  (Ra.  2-8). 
lagee  leas  favourably  situated  than  the  above,  but  lying  along  the 
\a  of  tho  Girna  or  the  high  road  to  ChiUisgaon  and  the  smaller 
rket  towns,  formed  the  second  gronp  of  forty-four  villages  with 
^maximam  dry  crop  acre  rate  of  4*.  Qd.  (Eta.  2-4).  Village«  Iom 
ibly  situatod  tnan  those  of  the  second  group,  both  with  respe^ 
I  markets  and  climate,  formed  the  third  group  with  a  maximum  dry 
I  acre  rate  of  it.  (Ra.  2).  Tho  fourth  group  oorapHsod  thirty* 
ges.  Of  these,  for  the  tweoty-^ix  on  the  table.land  above  tho 
&tmti&s  which  were  badly  oS  for  water  and  were  &r  fHhi  any 
market,  a  maxiuom  dry  crop  acre  rate  of  Sa.  Od.  (R«.  1-12)  was 
fixed,  and  for  the  four*  village*  tyiog*  among  the  S£tm&la  hills, 
aoarly  deserted  and  esjMtsed  to  the  ravages  of  wild  animals,  the 
corresponding  maximum  waa  3a.  3d.  (Ha.  1-10).  Except  eighty* 
ttitw  acres  at  Pdtonda,  there  was  no  ohanuol-watered  land.     For 


Chapter" 

Sub-^vislc 

CniLiaOAe. 

isas. 


tnt^  SuniU, 
1863' 1S78. 


t^pmtey  OaaettMr, 


866 


DISTRICTS! 


well.watered  lands,  of  which  there  waa  %,  total  area  of  2009  aoreB, » 
njnTinrmm  acre  rate  of  &».  (Ba.  3)  vas  fixed. 

The  general  effect  of  theee  rates  itbb  an  mcresse  of  £220 
(Rb.  2200)  or  3}  per  cent  on  the  previona  aeseBsment.  Bnt  thia, 
from  the  email  amount  of  remission  £108  (B«.  1060)  that  had  been 
granted  daring  the  previouB  ten  years  and  from  the  advantage  it 
gained  from  the  presence  of  the  railway,  the  Bub-division  seemed 
well  able  to  bear.  The  following  statement  shows  the  financial 
result  of  the  snrrey  settlement  in  ChfUiagaon  : 

CUIif^tUTa  StUlemenL,  ISetSS. 


(xm. 


1  ... 

Ill  ... 

"•{ 

roui.. 


Fo: 


8nT«T. 


1BI»-1»  to 
1H|.«3. 


lan-M. 


tBSl.«l 


I     1 


i! 


I  ! 


ll,M0;i3.ESl  »,«« 

Mca  nn*    BMo 
411      iBi     ue 


I 

I 


I 


K.a>-\  I    1  0 

mim  0  11 

sat'  I    0  1 

»9    0    8  7 


ISO   s,"^aH  HT.rsi  itt.ss?  (W.Ms!  out 


I 

< 


Am  KM*. 


Bl       Bs.  IR.  >.  p.  Acm. '    Bi. 

1«,K2  I?,«na'  I     t    I    ll.WB   4C.4II6 

MI,M»;n.41!|  D  i:    I    7*,1(>9   (1,1)7 


S 
I 


B.   A.  p.  R.  >.  p. 

. 1    0  13  a  0 

0  U    «|1    4    0 


9CIB|  0  11     •    l»,»>4   30,lW  0     «  IMt    0    0 

Tit)    0  l(    «    U.(«7   33^18]  a  ID  II  1  It    « 

3M    0    B    »      tS!1       3W0    0    t    111  10    ( 


ei.tiie  <i  IS   8»is.>^»iB4,»i'  0  li 


In  the  108  Government  villages '  settled  in  1862-63,  the  figures  of 
the  settlement  year,  compared  with  thQse  of  the  year  before,  show 
an  increase  in  occapied  area  of  5660  acres,  in  waste  of  74,492 
acres,  in  remissions  of  £926  tRs.  9250),  and  in  collections  of  £79 
(Ra.  790) .  A  comparison  of  the  figures  of  the  settlement  year  with 
the  average  of  ^he  ten  previous  years  shows  an  increase  of  13,0S9 
acres  in  occnpied  area,  of  69,598  acres  in  waste,  of  £940  {Rs,  9400) 
in  remissions,  and  of  £835  (Hs.  8350)  in  collections.  During  the 
sixteen  years  (1862-63  to  1877-78)  since  the  survey,  yearly  remissions 
have  been  granted,  the  largest  sums  being  £1048  (Rs.  10,480)  in 
1862-63,  and  .42056  {Rs.20,560)  in  1871-72.  Compared  with  the 
average  of  the  ten  years  before  the  survey,  the  average  of  the  sixteen 
years  since  the  survey  shows  that  with  an  increase  of  48,742  acres 
in  occupied  area  and  of  £362  (Rs.  3620)  in  remissions,  the  collections 
have  more  than  doubled,  having  risen  from  £4075  to  £8495 
(Ra.40,750-RB.  84,950). 

*  Adding  to  the  figures  of  this  block  the  details  for  the  remaining 
•settled  Government  vilhges,  and  comparing  the  average  of  the  ten 
years  before  the' survey  and  of  the  years  since  the  survey,  the  results 
show  « rise  of  57,565  acres  in  oocnpied  area,  of  20,046  acres  in 
waste,  and  of  £420  {Rs,  4200)  in  remifleions.  The  collections, 
incjuding  £4  (Rs.  40)  from  uuarable  land  and  £21  (Ra.  210}  from 
the  lands  made  over  to  Government  by  the  indvuhira  of  four  alienated 
villages,  show  an  increase  of  £5045  (Rs.  50,450)  or  93-4  per  cent. 
Again  comparing  the  average  of  the  ten  years  before  the  survey  with 


'  Of  thcBB  twoare  deeertcd  and  have  do  oultivationi 


Dncul] 


khAndesh. 


357- 


&B  details  for  1877-78,  the  retumB  show,  including  £39  (Ba.  SOA) 
from  tbe  lands  made  over  to  GorernmeDt  by  the  indmddrs  of  four 
alienated  villages,  an  increase  of  £7114  (Bs.  71,140)  or  18L-7  per 
oeat. 

-  The  following  statement  shows  for  the  settled  Gkivemmeiit 
TillRgea  the  effects  of  the  survey  settlement  during  the  sixteen  yeara 
aiding  1877-78  : 

ChdUtgacn  Survey  RauUs,  1S63-187S. 


Yum. 


uai-M... 
tt«%ta  .. 

i«ei-  wn 
iin  IB ... 


au-M ... 

18M-  lara 
im-iB  ... 


liW-TO ... 
WD-)] ... 
INt- 1810 

ino-iDTS 

18I7-Ii  .., 


Alui. 


DccnplacL 


UniKcuplH]. 


CoLLKTiam. 


Sravn  Block  I.— 1M  Govhjiiiiiit  Viluob  nRUD  ur  IMj.«3. 


iqrs, 
«3,1I7I 

ii(i,;o3 


es.sa« 


1 91 .Tie 

0J,I4U 


AcrNL 

iS3.7ta 

18.s,iga 


two 

ll),l»3 


»8.tOJ 

4o,ora 

W.SST 


U73  1,01,120 


lU. 

Bi. 

Urn. 

43 

«« 

«T 

181 

IH 

SS 

m 

Mil 

M 

1 

11121 

Rb. 

4».I19 
W.IM 

(O.TSt 


Ton  j»r» 

brforD  nun'cy 
SfD47e  BUrvDv  „ 

isn-is 


Suavn  Block  It.— 11  OovnuniEiT  Viluob  imLiii  n  lau-M. 

11, «a 

M 

1S,098 

ISS 

g1,9IE 

ST 

11,836 

n 

i«.;gs 

u,t 

ll.iio 

9^31 

t»S8 

SSll 

lt,*M 

41 

Min 

407 

>3^J 

1076 

K.'JU 

tST 

»eoi 

s 

1S,UII 

lU 

iii,j7a 

tini 

Vaa 

SfO 

I1,II3S 

IV 

198 

1B.0S9 

<8I 

!  S.SIM 

1430 

M 

1&,M1 

16! 

H.esi 

14,3St 

Mil 

lt.4M 

ll.MO 


Bi'Evn  Ri.uci  IIL— 4  aonucfliHT  Villaob  nfLiD  [ir  |g7l>.Tl. 


4021 
Mil 
Mil 
M«V 


M,04S 
114. 4E1 
110,77; 


SK 

MB 


(1017 

flMO« 


4377 
B77I 

sni 

B»7 


S1,lBa 
147,nBS 


1114 

I4(« 
S*3U 
1S«1 


S953 
IMfil 

ieis 

1»4I 


ISI,3M 
07.001 
nT,42S 


1000 

10 
190 
17 


i;;s 

5470 
1M3 


40.18 

HIT 
4079 
SI  31 


it 


5.1.  BIT 
1.0S.544 
1,31.79:1 


17 
IT 

Ifl 

34 

u 


no 

IM7 

3017 


40U 

47.'^S 
BIW 


40 


iHI.D»» 
l.04,19« 
1,34,751 


According  to  the  1879-80  returns,  the  agricultuml  stock  in 
Q-overnment  villages  amounted  to  8090  ploughs,  2925  carts,  20,9S7 
bullocks,  16,484  cows,  4689  buffaloeB,  987,horaeB,  13,807  sheep  an^ 
goata,  and  196  asses. 

Of  the  134,265  acres  under  tillage  in  1878-79,  grain  crops  occupied 
83,202  or  61-97  per  cent,  54,923  of  them  under  bdjri,  Penicillaria 
spicata  ;  26,560  nuder  jvari,  Sorghum  vulgaro  ;  1542  undor  wheat, 
gahu,  Triticum  foativura  ;  105  under  rice,  hhit,  Oryza  sativa  ;  10  under 
maize,  makka,  Zea  mtiys;  and  two  under  stiva,  Panicum  miliaceum. 
Pulses  occupied  1867  acres  or  1-39  per  cent,  972  of  them  under 
gram,  karbkara,  Cicer  arietinum  ;  693  under  iH?»(/),DolichoBbiflorufl; 
194  under  tur,  Cajanus  indicns ;  and  eight  under  'others.'  Oilseeds 
Oflcnpied  17,209  acres  or   12-81    per  cent,   16,43y  of  them  under 


Chaptw  XII 

Sob-ditltlou 
OHiueoAov. 

issa-ms. 


Slock, 
W9-80. 


Crop*. 
1378-79. 


DISTEICTS. 


aMff. 


OrepK 
Wi-19, 


,  C^PIM. 


GSombsj 


gtn^ny  Med,  t»/,  Sosannnt  fndloom ;  072  nnder  Hoseed, 
LinaniusitatisHimojiiiaDd  708 imdflr other oilwedB.  Fihreai 
30,640  acroti  or  2282  per  cent,  30,15G  ot  them  under  cotion^ 
kAptut,  GosBypiiim  h*trba(wuB),  lui d  484  utidur  brown  Iwmp,  anbadi, 
Ilibbcua  caiuialiinu&.  Miiicellajaeoas  oropt)  occupied  1:I47  ucras  tt 
oni)  p«-oeDt,678oftbemuudercbiUiee,m*r;At,  Capsicum  fruteacena; 
291  itudcT  tambnkku,  Niootiana  tnbacnm ;  I  \b  uuilvr  «u^iircaoe,  nt, 
Sacobarum  officiuariun,  und  tho  romatuiug  203  under  Torioo* 
Tflgetables  and  traila. 

The  1875  ]xi[iubttion  rotum  sbowit,  of  n  total  population 
47,021  booIb,  43,761  or  9307  per  cent  Hindus;  3253  or  6-9!  pel 
cent  Mu>Milmilnfi  ;  and^  or  O'Ol  per  cent  Christians.  The  dvt^Is 
M  the  Htudu  (»Klua  urs:  1&1<3  finUitn.-u)S,  pri4»)t«,  Oovoranu'Dl 
aenrsnts,  and  tradera;  1479  KshftLm,  writem;  2174  \&nh,  129 
BhlltilU,  nod  14  Ilalv&iB,  traders  and  merchaata  ;  lo,7U8  Koobia, 
1318  Dakahaoie,  llt)7  M&Iis,  104  BhurAdin,  and  14  Bnokan, 
tiimfaapdmep;  69t  Sonilrs,  gold  and  iiilver  smitha;  rj4ri  SuULr^B 
carpflutera  ;  45  Lobirs,  blacksmiths ;  782  Sbimpis,  tailors ;  llsS^ 
KmArs>  coppersmiths  ;  2JJ2  Kumbhdre,  pottore  ;  34  DbigvlLtiE, 
ndd1«rs ;  74  LoniLris,  ccmont-makcrs  ;  352  Beldint,  bricklayvri* ;  40 
Ot^ria,  iouiklen;  1171  Tvlis,  oilpresacrs ;  808  Koatttis,  wnavera; 
95  Gadris,  wool  weavers;  72  Itan^^s,  dyers  ;  266  Thikura,  bard«j 
66  GuravK,  worshippers  of  Shir  ;  617  XhAris,  bwbvra; 
Dhobi.t,  washormou  ;  916  Dbangan*,  shepherds;  167  QavlLi,  mill 
and  butter  sellers;  1197  Kolis,  fisbere;  536  Rajputs,  and 
Pardvabis,  mMsengcn  and  conslnblva ;  14  KAmAtbia  and  11 
Akarmda&a,  laboarent ;  2822  BhJU,  luboun^rt ;  2147  Vanjiiris,  can-ien 
and  hushandmeQ ;  70  Pfirdbia,  game-fcnarers ;  775  Ch^bhdrs  and 
160  IKjhoris,  leather-workers;  4011  Hb&rs  and  602  M&nps,  village 
sen-ants;  12  Buruda,  baaket-makera ;  330  Gos&riit,  123  Uoadhlia, 
fliul  K,  M&uhUn,  beBTeara. J_ 

Chflm^"*-  l7>nff  ">  ''■0  ikortIi*«w(,  ia  boaqdfd  on  the  north  b;  uis 
Highness  Uolkat^  dominions,  on  the  east  by  SAvda,  on  tbu  south 
by  thv  Tipti  rirer  wtpamting  it  from  Naaintbad,  Erandol,  and 
Ajmalner,  and  on  the  west  by  Shirpur  separated  partly  by  the  Aner. 
Ita  aroft  i»  496  square  miles,  295  of  them  survvycil  in  dvtail ;  >  its 
population,  according  to  the  1872  census,  was  51,581  a«>ul.i  or  104 
to  the  square  mile,  and  in  1879-80  ita  realisable  land  reveoQe  was 
£16,603  (Bs.  1,66,030). 

Of  295  8t(uars  miles,  the  oroa  Kurrored  in  detail,  throe  are  occupied 
*t>y  the  buids  cf  alienated  Tillages.  The  remainder,  according  to  the 
revenue  survey,  contains  160,248  acres  or  85-78  per  cent  of  arable 
land;  19,155BCresor  IU'25percent  of  nnarable land  ;  and  7408 acres 
or  3*97  per  cent  of  village  sites,  roMls,  rjvurs,  and  streams.  From  tho 
160;248  acres  of  amblo  l4|d,  11,961  acres  have  to  be  taken  tat 
account  of  alienated  lands  in'Ooverument  villages.  Of  the  balaoc 
of  146,287  acres,  tbo  actual  area  of  arable  Government  land,  113,27' 
acres  or  76-38  per  cent  were,  in  1878-79,  under  tillage. 


'  Hm  BMurnfKl  portion  i«  of  «  wild  tnol,  coUad  tbo  PluuU  tarqf,  Ifiog  witliin 
the  SiUpadi*  sad  inhabilod  by  ■  wild  tribi  of  BUb. 


I 


d 


Decotn.] 


KfiANDESH. 


359 


;  Chop^  coneiBtH  of  two  rallejTS  formed  by  a  spar  of  tlie  SitpudAa 

nins  oljli'iiioly  from  east  to  went.     Tho  twuthcm  or  outer  valley 

tporl  of  Uio  rich  uorth  Tiipli  iilain  ami  f»lluw!<  tlin  crotmo  of  tfa«( 

ret.    The  northern  or  inner  valloy,  known  as  tlio  Dii&uU  lara/,  is  a 

oken   and  hilly  country,  coverod  with  donso  forest  and  infested 

wild  iK^iwttf. 

Betwe«n  March  and  J nly  the  climate  is  extremely  hot,  and  during 
October  and  Xovember  fever  and  ague  are  common  in  the  villages 
bordttrin^  cm  the  hills  and  along  tho  Anor  and  thu  Gnli.  At  other 
times  the  climate  of  the  southern  v»lley  is  heaitliy,  but  except  in  the 
hot  season,  the  northern  valley  is  extremelyjeverish.  During  the 
twelve  year*  ending  1879  tho  rainfall  nvcragod  28-70  inchc*.  * 

Tho  southern  or  T^pti  vaUoy  id  fairly  auppliwi  with  itnrfnoo  water, 
but  none  of  the  streams  are  suited  for  irrigation.  The  chief  rivera 
are  thu  TApti,  forming  the  soiilhora  boundary  for  thir(y*thrco  miles, 
snd  ilK  triliutariejt  thu  Anor  and  the  Guli.  Tlio  IKpt)  bornks  are  in 
places  not  less  than  100  feet  high.  They  consist  of  soft  shifting 
BUurial  deposit«.  Tho  Aner  and  the  Guli  cease  to  flow  in  the  hot 
season.  Tho  Aner,  ri:<ing  in  tho  &ltpndii<t  tn  the  north-east,  tnke« 
a  westerly  ooiSSeTbr  four  miles,  and  after  paasing  five  miles  to  tha 
south,  tarns  again  to  the  west,  and  windin<^through  tho  Dhnuli  Bin 
is  joined  by  tho  Ar  and  piuise«  into  8hir]>ur.  After  passing  wt-st 
Cor  a  few  miles  in  Shirpur  it  ^nin  turns  to  the  south,  and  for  tka 
reat  of  its  course  to  the  T4pti,  forms  the  boundary  between  Chopda  and 
Bfairpur.  The  Guli  nlao  rising  in  the  SatpudtLs,  winds  south  almost 
througti  the  oenire  ot  the  sub-division.  Bcnides  these  two,  nnmemus 
streams  from  tho  southern  spur  of  the  SAtpud^a  cross  the  outer 

r»rt-  of  tho  «ib-divi«ion  from  north  to  south.   Thero  were,  in  1879-80, 
Ifi-i  Winking  wells  with  a  depth  of  from  thirty  to  nihoty  feet. 

Of  the  tbrov  kinds  of  soil  black  is  the  commonoKts  It  is  a  rich 
alli4RaI  clay  resting  on  a  yellowish  subsoil.  The  other  varieties  are 
the  same  as  tho«e  fonnStin  Amalner. 

In  l^ofi-^*?,  the  year  of  settlement,  &2I7  holdings,  khiUas,  were 
recorded  with  an  average  area  of  l'J'46  acr<!s,  and  an  average  rental  of 
££  IS«.  I  \d.  {U»-  26-8-To).  Equally  dividnl  among  the  agricultural 
population,  these  hotdlng-t  woubl  for  each  jwrson  roprp«ent  an 
allotment  of  7-6*J  aci-ea  at  a  yearly  rent  of  £1  Ok.  loji.  (Ra.  10-7-2). 
]>tstributed  among  the  whole  population,  the  share  to  each  would 
BQiounI  to  2-94  acres,  and  tho  incidenoo  of  land  tax  to  8«.  ^cC 
(Ra.  4-0-2). 

In  Chopda,  moaanremente  were  begun  in  1652-53  and  classifications 
in  l8.Vt-^7  :  both  were  finiehe<l  in  18^-50.  Sincu  the  survey  the 
Btib-divisktn  has  been  reduced  from  158  to  124  settled  Government 
Tillages.  Of  147  the  present  (1880)  numbl^  of  villagee,  twenty,  three 
ptutigh-rnte  and  6(-vunt«en  dewrtud,  haw  not  been  settled,  Of  the 
127  settled  tillages,  tliree  are  alienated  and  the  rest  Govommoat.' 

Under  Maritha  rule,  Chopda  luipeacs  to  have  suffered  mnch 
more  brom  tho  depredatiomi  of  BhUs  and  Pendhiris,  than  tho 


'  Vvr  t«tatr.MveD  villj^^  iaforaruittMi  is  tnoomplctv. 


Chapter 
CaoPDA. 


soa 


HotiUngf, 


ibftf  OUtttOTT, 


,jb.tmU. 


mo 


DlSTaiCI^ 


M 


On 


ion 


ib-iPiiMM  C^  SivdK  MrliM^  faad  the  nnupctiryn 
uch  (Hiwailul  prcprirtigi  m  tba  Kimbalkar  awl  tUaiv 
thcMoeMMtt  o<  iIm  Britwli  m  I8ld-I9,  DDI7  &•< 
K*U»  had  «ms  kiii1«t  caluvwuua.  Belofv  tk*  ct- 
wsB  wmJiaai  by  iwwBf.  Afier  Um  oesnon  tfao  fri^AC': 
remimerl  la  bmm  uUtH  the  intiudacban  of  the  earrey  st-  .. .. 
ta  1856^7.  The  UfkcH  nice  anderwent  nrrisnn  at  dxQ&n 
periods,  uid  had  been  ooaadenblj  redacvd  by  the  time  the  re 
wtakiavBt  «ae  iatradwad  ia  ISaT.  Tim  Dlmuli  BAn  vr^i 
_tnKt,  waeexdttdcd  tioa  the  stnrtiy.  Great 
_  __  _k1  of  the  loag  Ou  Ur^  of  CboptU  iriui,  w' 
.  iatradoeed^  ia  a  state  of  nstart!.  Lai^  iract§  uf 
CDfered  with  a  won  or  teas  daoee  grcnvth  of  noiJirw'.Kxl,  "v 
the  aah-£visiaD,  eadosiBg  pstehes  ol  tilU-il  Isad  HumHindud  by 
Ibraidable  thora  feooes.  ocarcely  a  vitiui^!  was  without  a  large 
area  of  waste,  aad  in  some  viHagM  n«ar  the  hiltfi,  the  plonijli  bad 
not  been  seen  jbrhaps  lor  a  ecniiit^'.  Muttl  uf  tbi>  wasta  Ma\ 
was  as  ri^  aa  that  oader  ttUage.  Id  1857,  the  Collector  Hr. 
MsTwftetd  wrote:'  'A  mb-diTieion  in  vrbicb  the  popalation  hne  boen 
ahnost  deetmyed  by  anarchy  and  fnminc,  nml  to  irbicli  tlm  land 
is  attoqaaltr  aisd  orer-assew(^,  uiml  Lafce  very  lon^  to  recover, 
and  thoagb  the  area  under  cuItiTatioa  ia  nearly  foor  hundred 
cent  gmtvr  than  it  was  in  1817-lS,  Hlill  only  righLvvn 
cent  of  the  whole  arabla  land  is  now  nn^ler  tillage,  and  the  bulk 
the  popnlstioa  ia  very  depreased.  Al  the  same  time  it  has  ffreatly 
imprarra  daring  the  last  ten  years,  and  I  have  no  doabt  Uiat  in 
the  oonrM  ol  a  lew  years  the  «ab-divinua  will  become  exceedingly 
proaperou&'  The  fonr  royket-towna,  C'hopda|  Adityitd.  KiogaOB. 
sod  phApora.  yere  all  In  the  eaat,  and  in  tLe  rainy  seasfin  were 
TBiy  hard  to  reach  from  the  wefltcm  villages.  Tbcro  wcro  the  QBoal 
oonntry  maoofactarvs  cbivHy  for  home  use.  The  exports  wrra 
cotton,  tiiUiH-dii,  oil,  and  indi^,  other  produce  b^iK  ^^  a*rala 
oonsumed  within  the  sub-divimon.  SmnlT  UtA.  mftom.  bronght 
front  tbe  billet  by  VanjJrts,  found  their  way  aouth  of  the  Tdnti.  On 
the  whole  Irndir  vrn.4  vmaU.  Thi-ru  wrrr  nci  niadn  roads.  Tbe  fair 
WHOtber  track,  runoiuff  aloii^  the  centre  of  tbe  sub-diTiaitui  from 
Sfirda  and  YatoI  to  Chopda,  wwmed  to  meet  all  locnl  wante. 
£xocpl  a  fvH  solidly  bailt  brick  bouses  in  some  of  the  K-Hding 
yillsffes,  tbe  bulk  of  the  poople  lived  in  unbumi  brick  huts  eight  or 
ien  feet  high,  with  flat  mad  roofs  or  thinly  thatched  with  ouArse 
grass  and  with  little  inside  but  bare  walla  aud  floorfi.  Most  of  tho 
peojilc  wt-re  husbandmen,  many  of  them  Gujars,  that  is  OitjaMc 
Kuiibia,  a  sturdy,  bardworkiog,  rather  enterprising  class.  A  (nw  of 
them  were  wealthy,  bn^fae  state  of  tho  btdk  of  the  poopto  n-ae  less 
fiK.vountble  than  that  of  the  Dfigblxiuring  sub-divisions  of  Siivila  and 
Vival.  In  tho  survey  saporintendent^  opinion  liberal  reductions 
were  required. 

Ao  part  of  Cbopda  that  was  snrvuycd,  oootainod  nt<  the  time 
of  settlement  153  villages,  of  which  ninety-aix  were  inlinbited  and 
fifty.An'en  empty.      Of  tho  empty  villages,  the  landa  of  forty-one 


t  Bmb.  Oo«.  ScL  XOUL  SOO. 


KHANDESH. 


301 


were  partlj  tilled  hy  ttw  people  uf  unighbouring  rillag(^.  Port  of 
their  letada  waa  iu  oonaequence  divided  into  nuuiborii.  Tlie  reuiaioiDg 
BixU-cn  WOTw  utterly  untillod.  Tlii'ip  Itrnds  wpro  not  divided  into 
utimbunt  bul  iiukrlcod  off  by  a  transvcnte  aurvcy  round  their 
bouadarics.  During  18&6  the  area  undvr  tillage  was  39,787 
acro9,  and  tho  waste,  nearly  all  of  it  arable,  was  iyi!,ti&5,  or 
fif  nil  nroa  of  339  square  niilos  only  eighU'cu  per  cent  wore  under 
tillage.  Muoli  of  (he  waste  land  was  of  the  T«ry  Iwat  aoil.  Id 
no  part  of  Kh^ndesh  did  the  intnxluction  of  light  rates  promise 
bettor  rcsnil-s.  Tlio  surveyed  villiiKca  wore  arraDfjcd  in  three 
ffroups,  at-cording  to  their  di.ttaacu  from  Ihi^hilU  and  thvtr  frw-doiu 
DTom  foreiita  and  from  attacks  of  wild  licaaCs.  The  maximum 
dry  crop  rates  for  each  group  were  fixed  at  *«.  Hd.  (Ra.  2-4),  Ss,  9d. 
(Ua.  1-14).  and  2«.  ScL  (Be.  1-2)  the  noru.  Tliu  garden  cnlU^-ntion 
was  so  nninipurtaiit  as  ttoarcely  to  doitarvu  nolit?v.  What  theru 
vrtus,  was  watered  entirely  from  wells  most  of  them  of  great 
depth.  Only  thirly-fonr  wl<11s,  as  being  leas  Ihun  forty-five  feet 
deep,  were  Huhjfia  to  astto^tment.  They  wni«rod  an  arua  ol  111 
acres,  and  the  rat«  imposed  was  6«.  (Rs.  3}  the  acre. 

The  following  statement  shows  the  financial  result  of  the  Burrey 
scttluinvnt  in  Chupda : 


Cl>Ui. 

USB. 

POuua. 

8rmi»i, 

isnv  M ISU44. 

IU4.U. 

Juim- 
mtat, 
uUm. 

AnUh 

BMd. 

Am  tut. 

CWlBe- 
fhnt. 

AdM 
RMe. 

OallM- 
Umu. 

Annca. 

IfutniBm 

,1:  :: 

m.  ... 

tMal 

H 

M 

40 

Km. 

•IJB 
III* 

«    T    » 
t    1    ) 

1  nil 

M.ma 

l*.MS 

ant 

Ml 

ACMU 

M.tll 
tB,IM 

t,M.M> 
M,WT 

a.  a.  p, 
1   a  « 

I     0  It 

•    7    7 

R.  ■.  p. 
1    t    » 
t  I*    0 
1    1   • 

IM 

Jm 

M,(«a 

1   tio 

W.»S> 

m,vie 

lTi.t«l 

l.«:.VH 

1    *    t 

... 

- 

In  the  124  GovenuD«»t  Tillages  at  prosont  included  in  the  sub- 
divi-iion,  thii  figarea  of  the  setilemont  year,  compared  with  those  of 
the  year  before  it,  show  an  inrroa»o  in  occupied  area  of  3U32  acres, 
a  decreaev  in  waste  u(  4 1 ,249  acr<M,  a  de<;rease  in  romissiona  of  ££088 
(Ra.  50,880),  and  an  increase  in  t-olloctions  uf  £34.''.9  (Ra  34,590). 
A  comparison  of  the  fignrc*  of  the  •isltlenient  year  with  the  awrafv 
of  the  ton  prorions  years  fthoWA  au  increase  tii  occupied  are*  o^ 
14,558  and  a  decrwase  in  waste  of  43,773  acres.  As  regpirds  revenue 
there  is  a  full  in  remissions  of  i.453  (Ra,  4530)  and  m  collections 
of  tZH-i  (Rs,  a830).  During  the  twentj-two  years  {18jU-57  to 
1877-78)  sinoo  the  Mimiy,  vearly  reniissious  have  been  granted,  the 
largest  ^ums  being  £748  {6s.  7480)  in  1850-57,  11-106  (Rs,  14,060) 
in  1857-58,  £604  (Bs.  *H>«))  in  1860-01,  and  £1493  (R«.  14,980)  in 
1871-72.  Compared  wiUi  the  average  of  the  ten  ye«u-8  befoe  the 
survey,  Uio  average  of  the  twonty-twoyeara  sinoo  the  survey  Snowa 
au  iucreasQ  in  occupied  area  of  60,953  acres  and  in  collaations  of 
£4(132  (Rs.  61 ,320),  a  fall  in  WMt«  of  85,388  acroa  and  to  rIBussiona 
of*£9i4  (Rs-  9140). 
a  111-48 


Chapter 
Ssb-diviaioa 
Owri>A. 

Svrcry  Drtailt 
lSi7. 


tSB7-l87S. 


DeocaiLl 


K^iNDESn, 


Cluipt«r 
ISJS. 


» 


Kdysta,  vmtera ;  2022  V4ma,  ^y  Bhiiiiilfl,  31  KnWlii,  6  HhItiSw,  And 
b  Uhiii.tl)liun}(y«,  tmilora  and  merohauta ;  lu,2Cl  Kunbia,  2.Vi1*  Miili«, 
4IIS     DitlcKiiftuis,    122     Hntknrx,    IDS    Alkarie,   and   83   BhAridia, 

k  busbaudmea ;  6t)3  Sonira,   giild   aud  silver   aniitliN;   -iJ^3  SiitArSt 

iCMrpenUra;  236  Ijohurs,  bUckamitba ;  6dG  Sbimpis,  toilon ;  76 
K^^rs,  copperflioiths  ;  250  KHtnbhir*,  pottvrs  ;  35  Dhifip-^ju, 
eaddlera;  11  Loti^ia,  cement  makent ;  82  Bi.iUlitrii,  bricklgtvora; 
43  OtnrU,  founders ;  Ilfio  Telia,  oilpres«era  ;  407  Koabtta  aiicf  2S7 
Sdlis,  H'flrtVfirs ;  308  BimguriK,  dyctn ;  262  BhAtu,  tenia ;  148  Gurava, 
worshippers  of  Sliiv;  841  NhAvis,  barbers;  205  Dhobia,  waxhonnvn  ; 
1157  nhungars,  «hi;pliorda;  151  Gavlia,  milk  aod  batter  sellers; 
4648  Koli.-«,  iLnd  i>87  Blioifl,  fiahcrH;  268  Itajpiit«,  mossengers  an^ 
coaatablea  ;  131  Hixi*,  b«tel-lBaf  imllera  ;  187  Kluui^ini,  177 
Bhinitis.  miscelIaueoiiBWorker8;2745  Bbilaand  02  K^nad^, taboareni 
id  gmzim-K ;  2 131  Vunjdris,  CHrricre  and  liuaban<lntvii ;  369  Pnrdhia, 

^eame-anarom  ;  786  CMubh^rn  and  6t>  Dohom,  loatber-woi-kei-M ; 
8596  Mbdra  aod  447  M&DfjSi  vitlnf^o  aerr-anta;  2:3  Kaiktkdis,  basket- 
makont;  -181  Oosivis,  328  Qoodhlis,  176  MAabli&VM,  and  26  UoUra, 

^eggare. 

^^di&»  in  tlio  BOut-b  contro  of  tbo  diatrict,  ia  boanded  on  ihe  /V^  -JDiinu< 
SOrfln^^'irdel,  on  the  east  by  PiUihom  and  Amulnur,  dd  tbo  aouth-  v2-' 
hsast  by  Cbtiiagaon^  on  tbe  aoutb  and  s(>atb>weal  by  tbo  H&mV.  sub- 
divisionn  oi  KfAIoguou  and  Btigl&n,  and  on  the  weat  by  Pimpalner. 
Jl«  area  is  759  square  milea;  il«  pdpulutiun,  acoardinfF  to  tbo  1872 
censas,  66,929  aoula  or  88'18  to  tbe  square  mile ;  and  in  1879-80 
itx  roalisable  land  revenue  was  £16,978  (Ba.  1,69,780). 

* 

Of  tbe  total  area  of  759  sqnare  miles,  four  are  occapied  by  the 
landa  of  alionatod  villagois.  Tbe  romnindor,  aooorcyng  to  tbe 
rovontie  survey,  containa  345,520  acres  or  7148  per  cent  of  urublo 
land;  115,082  acrea or  23-81  percent  of  unarable land ;  8278  acres 
or  1*71  [wr  cent  of  griMus;  and  14,520  a^-rcs  or  3  por  c«ut  of  village 
Bit««,  ronda,  rivers,  and  atrvaina.  Fmui  tbe  315,520  acreo  of 
arable  land,  9375  acree  have  to  be  taken  on  ac«onnt  of  alienated 
landa  in  Gorernmvnt  villages.  Of  tbe  b«]aoce  of  336,1-45  ac-rvs,  the 
actual  area  of  arable  tiovpnimeut  land,  178,109  avrea  or  52'98  per 
cent  were,  in  1878-79,  under  tiilagc. 

Uost  of   the  sub-division  ia  broken  by  low  hills.     Of  tbo  ttrnp  A^ct. 

hill  chainB,  on«  itkirla  the  eastern  boundary,  one  crosses  tSc- 
sub-diviftion  from  tbe  south-west  to  the  north-east,  and  another  a 
smaller  one  runs  from  tbo  norlh'Wci't  towards  tbo  Houth-castaa  £sr 
as  the  town  of  Dtiulia.  Of  thovalleya  lying  between  these  chains,  tbe 
n<^iHboru  which  i&  tbe  largoi-  of  tbo  two  is  drained  by  tbo  Pdnibnt. 
and  tbo  southern  by  theBori.  Tbo  sub-division  is  well  wooded, 
and  ospcctiilly  in  \\w  Koutli-wesl,  nboundti  in  fine  mango  groroH,  wtth 
bore  and  there  large  stretches  of  well  tilled,  partly  irrigated  level 
ground. 

As  in  other  open  parts  of  the  district,  the  cUinato  is  gunorally 
healthy,  except  eater  tbe  rains,  when  fever  and  ague  prevaih  The 
raii^ail  during  tbe  twelve  years  aiding  1879  averaged  23'I6  inchea. 


{Bombitr  QftMttMT, 


Ipter  Xnt. 

i-diTuioas. 
Dmdua. 
roMr. 


Soil. 


304 


DISTBICA. 


•  Tlie  water  aapply,  cipociany  iu  the  sonUi,  is  Bcanty.     TbeP^ 
which  dnins  the  northfirn  valley  U  by  no  nitMiDs  a  large  river,  bntj 
itriiteain  the  western  hilb,  il)>  Kupply  i»  certain  and  Uet«  thmiigi 
th«  year.     Its  wstimt  n,w  ii»eil  fur  irrigAion  by  Uw  help  of  soiuh  V 
built  dttnuf.     Entanog  from  the  wcBt  n<7ar  ihv  village  of  Bbadftaa^ 
it  flows  earn  close  by  (ho  villngus  uf  Nnr  »nd  Kheda  and  the  town  of 
Dhulia,  and  thoa  |B6sing  tlio  chain  of  hilla  from  the  tH^rth-weid^,  i| 
Buddouly  tiinw  north  and  keeps  north  till  it  leavr*  tlw;  sub-divisioa* 
mmr  the  village  of  Saala.     The  Bon.  uHtli  its  tributary  the  Kaaaldi, 
draining  tho  soulli  vallny  runs  dry  befiiro  the  hot  season,  wid  fivet~ 
daring  the  rainy  months  ha«  very  liillo  water.     Tho  P*u  flows  alonj 
part  of  ilie  north-wosi  boundary  only.  -Th<!  two  chief  reaervoin 
one  in  tho  villugi;  Ijuidit  of  Cluudur,  and  the  other,  a  emallor  onej  ill 
Bholcar,  can  be  used  for  irrigation  in  good  sensoDH.     There  wtm^ 
In  1 879-80, 2666  workuig  wells  with  a  depth  of  from  tweuty-two 
forty  •eight  feet. 

I'he  prevailing  soil  is  red  and  near  tho  hills  is  poor.     A  blsck^ 
richer  soil,  genonUly  a  coanw  mould  mixed  with  small  lime  nodt 
and  Kumotimcs  gravel,  is  found  in  «omo  small  lowlying  tracts. 

-In  1862-(;;(,  the  year  of  aettlement,  67+7  holdings,  khdtas,  ««r 
recorded   with  nu  average  area  of  2425  acres  and  an  aver 
rental  of  €2  3».  ■ij-i.  (R«- 21-11-3}.     K<inally  .lividod  araoBg 
agncnltural    population,    these    holdiuga    would   for    each    persoB 
repreaent  an  allotment  of  G'76  iKrro»  nt  h  yearly  rent  of  I'i*-  l^d/ 
(Ks.  6-0-9).     Utatributed  among  the  whole  populalioa,  the  share  t< 
each  would  amount  to  2'63,  and  the  incidence  of  tlie  land  tax 
4i.8M.(Bs.  2-5-7). 

The  sub-divipiou  is  composed  of  two  distinct  valleya  sepanit 
by  u  loflj-  but  briiken  and  irrognlar  rango  SI  lulls  mnuin 
from  »outu-woai  to  nortli-eaat.  Sjmni  from  tiiia  range  stretch  f< 
some  distance  into  both  valleys,  and  wherever  this  barren  trii|>.rock 
comos  into  contuci  with  tho  soil,  it  impovurishc«  tlie  surrounding 
country.  The  soil  is  on  the  wh'i!o  iiiferinr,  ihougfa  by  no  means 
barren,  and  tlii^rv  are  a  few  patches  of  good  black  loam.  Tbi 
valleya  are  drained  by  two  rivert<,  the  PtUijhr%and  the  Bori;  tbi 
P4njlira,  a  perennial  stream,  had,  in  1863,  several  dams  in  fair 
IRIrking  ordvr  and  yielded  Government  a  good  return ;  tho  Bori 
contains  veiy  little  water  oven  during  the  rainy  season,  and  mna 
■flry  before  the  beginning  of  Iho  hot  weather.  K><iieoiaIly  in  the 
.  west  the  climato  is  feverish.  Kxdusivo  of  Dhulia  with  10,000 
souls,  tho  nub-divtwion  luid,  in  186<},  at  the  time  of  sitrvoy  seven 
eight  souls  to  tho  square  mile,  and  including  Dhnlia,  it 
102.  Tho  population  was  cbiolly  agricultural  ;  there  were  no 
manufactures  of  auy  importance.  Owing  greatly  to  Dhulia,  in 
which  much  trafHc  ceutvred,  then)  wore  many  substantial  farmers 
all  over  the  country. 

There  were  two  excellent  highroads.  The  chief  one,  the  ^Bombay 
Agra  road,  passed   through   the  centre  of   tbo  sub-divisi'on 
through   the 
throngfaoat. 


ans     J 
tbd^ 


ooo 

ity^ 
haj^ 


nud 
town   of  Dhulia.       It    w».s    metalled   and   bridge 
The  other  high  road  branched  from  thin  at  Jbodg.i  i 


4 


DeeeaiL) 


KfLiNDESU. 


365 


Niiaik,  and  raa  north-caat  Uipiflgfa  ft>rlty'?d  to  ^^''-g^-.  It  w&8 
metalled  bnt  only  purtiiUIy  bridgwdT  Scvcnd  oiLer  minor  hj^h  roads 
frurn  thv  tiiin-MuiKltng  sub^riaioDB  cunvorycd  on  Dliului  tu)  the 
centre  of  all  the  traffic  lUa^entered  KhAndetm.  At  the  beginning 
of  British  rule  thu  n-titi-Nvmcnt  was  very  bi^hlj'  pitcbod,  bat  »s  prices 
full,  it  wa«  repeitiedly  lowered  «p  to  \8i7-lS.  liaVt/vca  1847  luid 
1863,  except  in  lS.y2-53  the  graut  6f  a  special  ooncessiou  in  taking 
up  wsAtti  Knd,  no  chitngus  iutd  ht-cu  tuudv.  In  ihu  forty-four  years 
('i)diiig  I6GI-ti2  remissions  averaged  £21-4(118.  24-10),  and  in  the 
ten  years  ending  1861^2,  £149  (Rs.  WW).  Since  ISIH  tillage  had 
spread  from  16,002  ikcntx  to  67,619  ocros  or  ntoru  thnn  fourifold,  a 
nioro  rapid  iiicrinse  tliMl  had  taken  plnc^  tti  any  uther  port  ^f 
Kliiindeali. 

At  Ui'>  time  nfitettlemont  (1863)  Dliulia  oolitiiini.^  227  vilUges. 
Of  these  eisty-nine,  beloaging  to  the  tpyngir^^tty  diviBJon.  had  been 
settled  in  1661-62.  Of  the  loS  belonging  to  Dhnlia  prop«r,  fiv« 
weru  ftlrcody  settled  as  part  of  Alualner;  one  tras  an  alienated 
village  ;  and  in  thii'ty,  the  surrey  operations  were  not  finished.  The 
remaming  122  villages  worearrtiii^Hl  in  tliren  ^>aps.  Tvreuty-foiir 
roarlcf  t  (ovms,  or  villagee  near  market  tonas  or  ah>ng  the  baoka  of 
the  Panjhni,  formed  the  first  gpJup  with  a  maximtiin  dry  crop  ncro 
rate  of  W.  i>d.  yta.  2-6) .  Kixty»nine  villagas,  well  placed  with  regard 
U)  markets  bat  teas  favonred  than  the  first  in  climate  or  other 
respects,  and  also  villugea  lyHng  along  the  principal  high  roads  but 
at  some  diitiuiot!  from  markoto  aiiiitlir  market  towns  on  the  Bori, 
formed  the  luecond  group  with  a  uiasimum  dry  crop  acre  rate  of 
4s.  3d.  (Us.  2-2).  Twenty-nine  vUlqges  more  un^vounibly  situated 
thnn  tho  itrcond  ^oup  or  lying  in  tlie  Uon  valley,  and  thth^e  among 
the  rocky  rangeH  dividing  the  two  valleys,  formed  the  third  group 

ith  a  maximnm  dry  crop  aero  ratu  of  8".  9(f.  (lis.  1-H).  Clmmiel- 
Vr&tvred,  pdla^tKal,  land  amounted  to  1760  acres  and  brought  in  a 
revenue  of  £1644  (Hs.  16,440).  Well-wntered,  motasthal,  garden 
land  mcasiirad  2011  acrvs  and  was  wat«rud  from  4D6  wulls.  B«aide» 
these,  192  wells  in  good  order  were  not  assessed  as  they  had  not 
b««n  in  nse  for  more  than  fifteen  years.  For  this  description  of 
irrigated  land,  a  nwximutn  acre  lute  of  ttn.  (R«.  3)  was  propocsud. 

Thu  result  of  tho  new  rates  was  a  reduction  of  £202  [Rs.  2020Vur 
3}  per  cent  on  the  existing  ratea.  The  following  statement  shows 
the  chief  dtttatls :  ■ 


Chapter  XII 
Snb-divisioi 

DavuA. 
SurvtfDtbM 

ma. 


Cum. 


II... 
rn... 


SdIiI 


Foum. 


■Sift- 10  U 


IS        HU^ 


iw    ja.m 


9t. 


un 


IM1-4I. 


tos     lU 

tt.Ti)  v>,ta 


faw^ 


4l.Hf'»t.«H  P. Ml 


I 


lU 


1    ** 
I    •! 

D  131  1  MM 


■  «*)■«. 


AnM«.R«nUI. 


St.     a  I.tL  ACNL 
"     M.JT.. 


Aon  RU«. 

a 


I    11  •f,»t*«.T»>i   i  t,ut.ii/j;i,>uuj  11   • 


ILa. 
I  • 

1    t 

I  II 


366 


DISTRICA. 


f  Bombay  Oatett 


'lu    1817,    iwTeiity-fonr    JJhoIia  villages   were  placed  nndor  a 
mah&lkari  and  called  tlic  putty  ilivisiini  of  Sonj^ir.     In  I8<>1,  in  the 
g«Deral    roadjiivtment    of   ttuli-divinioDs,    Songir    loHt  twtiuEy-tiTe 
Tillages  and  gained  twenty  fresh  onea  more  coavenioatly  place 
witliF^fereDce  to  the  malialkari'a  lieMd-qiinrtvr»,  sw  tliHl  in  1862 
contaiDod  sixldk^e  rilUgvs,  oT  wbicli  one  was  atieaat«d.     la  186 
I  the   8()Hgir  nnl^  aeemed  l^have   made  little  progress  nnd 
British  rale.     At  the  boginoing  of  Brilish  nilo  an  arursgo 
ni.to  of  aboot.4A.  (Rk.  2)  wan  6zod  on  the  average  of  the  tva   h 
yeant  of  tjiff  Ptwliwa's  managemeDt.     This  in  the  fall  of  grain  price 
poored  too  heavY  and  the  rates  wem  gritdnally  lowurod  to  aboc 
<^v>finlf  c4  (bo  origiiial  amount.  «. 

In  apite  of  the  great  rednction  no  marked  spread  of  tillage  too) 
pUivo  (ill   184l>45  i^RQ  thvro  was  a  marked  riso  in  prious.    The 
imprtwomi'ni  laatixl  for^wo  years  only.     From  l8-iG--t7  (o  l80l-&tM 
the  tillage  area  increased  hv  only  itUUO  acres.     In  ISdi,  atUie  tinia| 
of  aettie meni  1  ^n gj r  wasWoot  elovon  mi]c«  brood  hikI   twiuiry-two 
long  with  10^964  acres  of  arable  aud  47,731  acres  of  unarable  land, 
or  a  total  area  of  235  aqoare  milee.     The 'soil  was  middling,  the  bus| 
.oHb  being  found  in  th^aat.     Bepeciall;  iu  the  north  and   (tout 
il  wjitflxidly  oti  for  water.     Of  916  wells,  22  were  public;  356, 
whi^  220  were  in  nae   aud  ISii  wei-a  not  in  use,  were  subject 
Msoninent ;  andw^S?   wore    Sfcts   from   asMwiuott    The  greater  ^ 
nnmbcr  had  a  subHiratum  of  rook.     BdjriHinia  tW  staple  crop'  and  ■■ 
formed  the  chief  food  of  the  poMtle.    Tais  ^aa  owing  to  the  poomeaa 
of^U  soil.     It  was  seldom  grown  in  irrigated  land,  i#it  was  not 
Bifloteutty  valuable  to  pay  tlio  extra  oxpuase.     8<>tigir  wna  wdl 
locked  with  cattlo.     Tbe  best  bullocks  were  brought  chiefly  from 
Ualwa,  Borar,  and  Nimir.     At  the  weekly  cattle  tnarketa  at  Songir 
daring  tho  min«,  200  or  300  head  of   cuttle  wore  l>roug1it  for  sale. 
A  pair  of  ^'ood  pluugh  biillncka  cost  from  t-Sto  £6  (Rs.  tlO-Bs.  60). 
Tho  impulation  was  chiotly  agricultural.*      As  in  many  otbor  parts 
of  Ka^deah,  the  liushandiocD  partud  with  the  produce  of   tlteir 


I 

Setiglr  Creju,  JSS$. 

« 

■* 

DitiCnv. 

OlMM. 

Croi*. 

ietm. 

Paemt. 

Cnt*. 

AflM. 

Pnomt 

fSi"     ::;    ::; 

XUUl         _       ... 

Oauia         

lmllf»        

OUMr  (mf 

TliUI      .. 

ia.<n: 

MI4 
MM 

STM 

in> 
iioa 
tat 

M 
M 
IS 
11 

* 
4 
1 

OhniiM     

WIMl           

ftto* 

BunimM 

M) 
K 

to 
n 

K 
■It 

■ 

tijaa 

luO 

T»ul 

TTD 

KJ'i 

1  Tbo  dctul*  vrvn  :  onployad  to  agHciLllnr*)  putmitBTtWS  :  natir*  iii«t«)uutta  »ni] 
pattT  tmlfn  1373  i  iimplafod  «■  m(iiuii]t«n  I0«4;  vilbjgtihtWran  8813;  <**(tiinMi 
3S2$  I  ■faniiMTil*  is;  ;  t«lid(nw  mciiiUcNiU  ISI ;  b«C|an  CM ;  nOng*  wnt«r«  mi 
eloriu  3S0,  muoeUuivtMM  m :  total  1^811.  * 


KHANDESn. 


^A  (Is  at  the  time  of  reaping  or  eran  while  the  grain  vras  standing. 
'liv  btiyors,  rnvrcbants  from  the  Urge  towns,  prp[orr(;<I  mnking 
beir  hftrgaiiia  heforo  tlio  groin  was  brought  U>  nmrket,  aa  in  tbia 
^^ly  they  made  greater  profit. 

I'ho  grcAt  BoTHbav-A^Ta  trunk  road,  metAllod  and  open  ut  all 
%iiAt»i  of  th»  yi!nr,  (>iL.ti<ij<l  tUnLHigli  l^  ovntrc  of  tT^^Jtrttj  division. 
Hut  since  the  opening  of  the  railway  to  ChAIia^faon,  much  of  tha 
trulBc  tbwt  uBcd  to  paaa  throagb  Songir  was  diverted  into  the  tnoro 
direct  ruiite  through  Jiilgnon  and  nEatlgaon  to  CfaAHsgaon.  Aa 
most  of  the  soil  waia  hard  and  roolcy,  the  ooniimm  country  maSs  were 
fiurlj-  gijQd  even  in  the  rainy  seaeoQ.  The  market  towns  were 
Bongir.  FJfthilodj  «nd  ChiiiftAna.  Of  thwo  8oBffif*wnt  of  impurtance? 
fts  the  chief  Itf lt|ng  jilaoe  for  Cray^^lflra  pftiAnitc^along  the  Atfia  and 
S^rat  roads  wlucn  met  at  Songir.  Two  huoSred  hmdloonu  for 
ooarso  CQ|ton  and  woolhn  cloths  were  constaAly  at  work,  and  tbcro 
was  a  omnderahle  n>nnu6tti(«iro  of  bnWtwork  au<i  country  carts. 
Thv  exports  were  ootton,  tUi,  indigj^  mS  cotton  ctotha,  and  the 
imports,  salt,  coooanats  and  spiws. 

The  ativto  of  the  hiiHhandTuen  varied  great^  in  tlilTeront  pnrt-i  of 
Sonjfir.  The  poor  soil  villages  were  all  bnt  deserted.  TheJ^ladc. 
Boil  rillagos  whioh  in  proportion  had  been  much  more  lightly 
fauced,  wore  in  touch  l)o^-r  state.  Of  the  Aixty-eiorht  Govorument 
^lUgee,  nine  wQre%urv-ey^  and  scttlM  when  they^formed  part  of 
uie  Amatner  sub-diviiiioik  For  the  remaining  fifly-nino,  survey 
operatjotis  wwv  bc<^uii  iu  l8.>5-56  ;  tlA  meMurotiiuDtM  Wen;  finisliod 
in  18dO>61  ;ffl3  thi'<-hi.->.iili(-Ji.tioii  wns begun  in  18S8-o9  and  6niah|d 
in  the  early  part  of  latliJ.  These  fifly-nine  villagoa  were  arTsngeE 
in  thrvu  groups ;  in  nine  either  market  towns  or  near  market  towns^* 
with  the  riclKwt  soil,  the  maximum  dry  crop  aero  rate  waa  fixed  at 
4«.  6d.  (Rs.  2>4] ;  in  thirty,  for  the  most  part  much  cut  by  rocky 
ranj^  and  ra^4ncs,  the  oorrespoading  rat€<a  were  4s.  (Rn.  2)  and  Sf. 
9d.  (Uh.  1-14);  and  in  the  rumsining  twenty,  with  p'lor  soil  and 
distant,  markets  it  was  3».3!/.(Ra.  1-10),  From  the  uncertain  rainfall 
irri^tton  from  wati^ir  channels  was  important.  In  1802  the  actual 
watered  ar«a  wiw  umiill,  but  it  might  in  future  be  much  iacreiued. 
The  surrey  auperinttiideni  ihouj^ht  that  tho  old  cii'p  rate  waa  more 
HuitAblo  than  the  Bsed  rate.  On  well-watered  landa  two  rates  we» 
iu  toTtxi,  8».  4<t.  (Rn.  4-2-8)  in  the  old  KundurbAr  villngm,  and 
7s.  &)</.  (Ka.  3-13-8)  tu  Uio  rv^tt.  Well  cultivation  waa  carried  oi» 
with  much  eagerness  and  diligence,  and  aa  the  chief  hope;  for  , 
impi-ovemvnt  lay  in  the  spread  of  irrigation,  the  rates  w«rc  reduced 
to  a  maximum  aero  rate  of  6s.  (Ba.  S). 

The  follswing  statement  gives  the  financial  results  of  the  Songir 
■ettlement : 


Chapter  XI 
Snb-divisioi 
Dbcua. 

S<a4jfir  Prifi 

JXt.     , 

U 


BptOTXin. 

SabdivicioDS. 

DHVtU. 

JMiiUm. 
jaat. 


DtlaiU. 


DISTRICTS. 

5m^  Srattmrmt  ISet-Ct. 


CLtK 


L 

n.  _jw 
m.  ~  » 

TMH... 


nMU^ 


^r 


f 


lom. 

uu 


11  .lU 


v,n3 


UtMl. 


t 


xftaLl  Bl  n.  «.  p 

IS^OIVIMIH  0  U  II 

n«i;  tOMi  out 


Ka. 

I1.13« 


a.tn'^u.sit;  I  I 


MU 


anvat. 


1MMI. 


MM 


lA.KI^Il.MS 
flIM 


U.I  10  J1.  Mi 


I 


AnUa 


:.  a.  pi  itrm. 

3  «|  la/X) 

a  11   *i  il,«H 

0  It   ol  4I.IM 


0  li   *MajU4 


These  rates  entailed  a  loss  of  £709  (Ra,  7S!)0)  or  about  twont^-tw 
per  cent  of  tho  wlioln  revvntio.  At  tho  Hfttno  time,  im  moro  Cha 
iiro-Lhirdtt  of  t)ie  arable  Area  WHS  wa.<<t«,  it  was  hopod  thiLt,  nitpoeiall; 
with  tho  increase  in  irri^tion,  the  resoorcea  of  the  sub-div'"" 
would  be  rapidly  dcrelopvd. 

In  Dliuliu  the  »iirvt'y  iiioiwuroments  drern  l>e^m  in  186 
luid  fiuiahfid  in  ISHG-ti",  and  the  cla&aitieattoDs  were  Iwguii  lu  18S 
and  fiuishedio  1869-70.  Tukin^  Dholia  as  it  now  (1880)  etao^ 
mcluding  Soogir,  of  its  189  riliit^-s  187  nni  OoTurunont  and  twn 
rflidiiiitud.  Of  the  (lovemmei^t  villngefl'  nine  were  a^lod  in  1857 
.£8,  thirty-five  in  1861-02,  and  U»  in  1862.aa.  Of  the  alieaatei 
villages,  one  was  settled  in  1868-69  and  ono  in  1870-71. 

In  tho  thirty-five  Gofomnient  villages  tiottled  in  1661-62,  tfai 
Ggnrvs  of  the  nelclernQnt  year,  compared  with  those  of  the  yeoj 
before,  aliow  an  increase  in  occupied  area  of  2903  acres,  in  vraste  oi 
23,3U  acres,  and  in  remissions  of  £1(15;  in  collections  there  is  i 
decroiiHe  of  £246  (Ks.  2460),  A  cxtmpamoa  of  the  fignrcs  of  th( 
sotilonient  year  with  the  uverago  of  tho  previous  ten  years  sbowi 
an  incrt-itao  in  occupied  ttrea  of  4678  aore^,  in  wtu<to  of  21,8)2  aoreSj 
in  remissions  of  £146  (Ra.  1460),  and  in  collections  of  £13  {Rb.  130) 
IJurinff  the  eevontcon  years  Kince  the  survey,  yearly  r^miiwion*  havt 
Jieen  j^iialcd,  1  ho  largest  sum  being  £1370  (It*.  13,760)  in  1871.72 
A  compariaon  of  the  average  of  the  seventeen  years  since  the  survey, 
with  the  average  of  the  ten  years  before  tho  survey,  show*  u 
increnao  iuocnipiod  art^a  of  10,915  acres,  in  ws*to  of  50Oi  acres,  it 
remii«i<m»vf£r.2  (Rs..'.20},and  in  coHectionflof  £1 144  (Hs.  11,440) 

In  the  143  Government  villages  xottled  in  1862.63,  the  Hgtirfis  OJ 
the  settlement  year,  compared  with  thosi'of  the  yeiir  Ix^fore,  show  •! 
increa.<tG  in  occupied  area  of  0307  acres,  in  woflte  of  03,814  acres,  vox. 
in  remiBeions  of  £662  (Ba.  6620) ;  in  collections  there  is  a  decroaat 
of  £23i  (EU.  2340).  A  comparison  of  the  figures  of  the  seUlemenl 
year  with  tliO  average  of  Ihe  previous  ten  years  shows  an  incraasc 
in  occupied  area  of  16,724  acres,  in  waste  of  89,449  acres,  ii 


*  For  two  rOUgM  the  detkilt  kre  incoinpleUi. 


A 


Teroiaaiotia  of  £505  (Its.  5450),  and  in  collections  of  £!>6I 
(11)1.11,810).  Durinj;  tho  sixtooD  years  since  tlia  survey,  yearly 
remi!<.tii)ii»  havD  heeu  gn\nU:<i,thii\wfmei»amK  being £8]0(Re.  8100) 
in  ISO^I-Ca  and  £.-J9y3  {lU.  ait.SSO)  m  1871-72.  A  compftriawi  of 
tiio  ikvoTOj^u  of  tliu  flixteun  yiiu^  uinoo  flu>  surruy,  with  thu  aviTaffe 
of  the  teu  yeam  bofuri)  ibo  nurvey,  sliowa  an  increase  io  ocvupiud 
atua  of  l>0,874  acrea,  in  waste  of  41,028  acres,  in  remissions  of  £106 
(Bo.  lOGO),  and  in  oolli-ctiona  of  i-HOS  (R«.  4-1,030). 

Adding  to  Chs  Bgnren  of  these  two  groups  of  GoTommont  villages 
Uie  details  of  tbo  roniaining  ninu  Hcttlud  Guvornmont  villages, 
tlie  result  for  tlie  whole  Hub-diviHion  is,  compariug  the  nvorogo 
rotnniH  of  the  ten  years  before  tlie  aorvoy  ufld  of  the  years  since  the 
Burvey,  an  incrwwu  in  occu])it-Hl  iin-a  oi  S.'),3!)0  iwn.'s,  in  wssto  of 
fiO,OI3  acres,  iu  reniitiaions  of  £174  (Ks.  1740),  and  in  collections, 
incltidtn^  revonuo  from  onarsblo  land,  an  incrcaao  of  £6093 
(KsL.  00,^:10)  ot67'-(  i>or  iscnt.  Again  ooni|iaring  tUo  averagi!  roLunis 
of  the  ton  years  before  the  survey  and  the  returns  for  IS/ 7-78,  the 
result  i.i,  including  rovonuo  from  uoaruble  land,  an  incnaso  in 
collections  of  £7tt07  (Ks.  76,t>70)  or  84-8  per  cent. 

The  following  st^ttomunt  shows  for  the  settled  GoTomment 
Tillages  the  effects  of  the  surrey  settlemant  during  the  twcnty-ouo 
yuors  ending  1877-78 : 


Chapter  xn 

Snb-diTuioai 
Dbcua. 

tm-ma. 


DM^  Starts  Atflb  tSSS-  1S7S. 


ru». 


iMT-im 

IHT-IITO 

wn-n- 


iMi-in« 
wn-n... 


ran-a.. 
WMl  - 
im-iMa     „ 

isai-ms     _ 
itnn ...     _■ 


hUtvi  minwj . 
Kattmnty 


A«u. 


0«ai|M. 


CaMtapif^. 


CttLUtmom, 


Total. 


XKvn  ■■■,<«  l.-*OoTmN»T  TliMAW  wmui  la  IW-Ml 


AcM. 

*n« 

MU 
TfTI 


MB 

m 


aim 

>ltl 
7T(S 


l«.ITt 

atu 


ABM. 
Il.ttt 

im 

j;u 
]i«i 


i< 
lot 
It 

IM 

in 


Ba. 

« 

l« 

M 
U 


n 
w 

s 

IM 


B«. 


ma 

MM 
*MM 

S4M 


Scnai  BU1M  II.-M  OonunmrViuMrM  unuw  m  Imi4C 


U.111 
tt.(M 
II.OM 

s;,oin 

t(L,NI 


WW 


(O.IM 


ll.«ll 

1T.01 


UUMl 
MjtIS 


MM 

m 


tlJM 

IMOl 
M.MS 


mi 

41* 


tit 

nt 

MI 
MS 


s 
» 

191 


UVTB 
IVM« 

h(i« 


Sirtvcr  Bucc  |[L— in  OOTHXwwr  Tiiuan  nnt«u  n  IJMMK 


ia«IM 
■«*.■» 


si.in 
m.UM 

IM4H 


MM 


fttM 
»M1 


Tt.m 

••.in 
tKau 

ii>,m 


ttjON 

Ltt^au 
lILSM 


._ 


n«.t» 
iMAn 

tlf.M« 
IM^Ml 
UIJU 


41  .Ml    ll^AU 

in^  tn^i 
jLS.rtT   iii«a 


tM,7W 
ICf.tll 


tin 

«I04 
MS) 
»I4 


»,M3 
■.(R.MI 


SMI  I  I.UiMO 


UM 

inn 
iw 


IM    eT.m 
<Tm  t.u.ifti 

KK  ll,"l,lMF 


U«3 
Itid 


«I 
Ul 

itm 


8970 


IWW 

■la 


C.ni 
M.Ma 

>.IIjM> 


1.(1  >T0 

.n.OM 


OcmbarOi 


C)utpt«r  xin. 
Sub  dtTuious. 

Crtfit. 


Pfephc, 

IS7i. 


370 


DISTRICTS. 


ase^MU 


»rt«.l 


AecnrJIing  to  tbo   187&-B0   retnrnB,  \\\a  ngTTcnltopftl  itook  in' 
Grtvflroment    villajjos   nmonnt«d   to    70iI7    plon^hB,    4797    cart«i 
21,375  biilKHikH,  18,:.2ycowa,  7100  buffiJow,  1020  hontos,  16, 
ebocp  and  gonts,  and  281  asac-«. 

Of  tho  178.109  acres  under  tilla^?©  in  1878-79,  gnia  CTfSp*\ 
txca\n(^\  108,040  or  firi7  [wr  <»>nt,  86,182  of  them  uiidor  hdjri,. 
I'enicillaria  spicata;  I21,0i8i  under  jvari.  Sorghum  Tnl^^oro;  §17' 
under  wliout,  <;aAu,  Trilicum  tcetivntu ;  5Jj2  nnder  rico,  bhal,  OrTZK 
BAtiva;  171  under  niAiiK,',  \iutieka,  7»«»  mnyB;  and  IIS  nndor 
miscellnno-oua  ooroals.  Pulses  occupied  11, WS  iwroA  or  6-oo  por 
«!nt,  10,718  of  thom  under  kilith,  Doliclios  bifloruit;  !>20  under' 
gram,  kftrhhar-i,  Ciwr'arictiniiiii;  .'J82  uuder  peas,  rafdim,  l^uni 
nlivuin ;  117  uuder  tur,  Cainnua  indicns;  and  two  under  muy, 
Phoseolua  radiatas.  Oilwodn  occnplwd  1&,520  acres  or  8'71  per 
ooni,  14,348  of  Diem  under  ^ng«ll>-  seed,  (i7,  Sesftmnn)  indicutn ; 
71  under  linseed,  alshi,  liinam  usitatiseimuni ;  and  HOI  uuder 
other  oilraods.  Fibres  occupied  38,%li  acres  or  21*87  per  cent,  sdl 
undor  cotton,  hiptu,  QoBsvpium  bi>rbai"<!Uiu.  MiitcullAnoodM  cropn 
occupied  3019  acres  or  ICJ  per  cent,  1476  of  them  under  I'hilliiM, 
nuVc/ii,  Cap«ifum  frutesccus ;  454  under  iudigo,  g'M,  Iiidigofer* 
tiactoria;  324  ander  sugarcane,  us,  Saccbarum  ofTiduaruui;  291 
□nder  tobacco,  t<tm}>'ik!tn,  Nii^ttiniiK  tabacum;  and  tha  reo 
474  under  various  vegetables  and  fruitu. 

The  1875  population  rotnm  sibowH  of  a  total  popnlation  of 
souls,  G'>,102  or  9M7  per  coniHinditM;  C21S  or  &('i6  por  cent 
MusalmtLnB ;  102  or  0-14  percent  Chrisiiaus;  and  Id  or  002  |>er 
cent  Pftrsis.  The  dvtaiU  nf  iha  Hindu  catitoM  aro  :  871")  Brdbma&s, 
priests,  Governmont  servants,  and  traders ;  52  Frabbiis,  wn'tora ; 
3603  V&Bw,  \90  Bb^tiAfl,  108  Bbadbbunids,  and  39  Ualv&is,  traders 
and  merchants ;  16,138  Kuubis,  40SO  M^s,  1 14  Hatkant,  husband- 
men; lloy  Sonirs,  ffold  and  inlvur  smiths;  614  Snliirs,  carpenters; 
S96  I^tUirR,  blitckomilbs;  iSSS  Sh>upi«,  tailors;  1037  Kisira, 
CopjJersinitbB  ;  oOo  Kumbbirs,  pott«rs  ;  288  Dhi^-tins ,  widdlers  ; 
128  Ijon/iriii,  Cumcnl-makoi"!! ;  108  Bcldlirs,  bricklayers;  1718 
Telia,  oilpreiiserB;  140  Sdlis,  weavers;  99  lianu&rin,  djcrs;  189 
(;llra^1^,  woi'shipfvra  of  Shiv;  98  RhAt*,  bnrds;  14-10  NbAvis, 
barbers ;  290  Dhubis,  waBhernien ;  i*9B  (iavlia,  milk  and  butter 
sellers ;  885  DhuugiiRi,  ohitphi^tntit ;  2009  TJhois,  Sshvrs ;  2180  Rnjputa 
and  }J09  Fardesbis,  messeuf^era  and  oonatables ;  304  Biris,  botol- 
K-lff  sollors ;  3009  BhilM  and  7oti  Kdnndfis,  labourvni  nnd  grazieni; 
4763  Vaajfiris,  carriers  and  busbaiidinen ;  182fi  CluLmUuLm, 
loiillicr-wiirkor.i ;  4863  MhArn  nnd  3081  Mrin;,'8,  villaj^  servants ;  34B 
Unruds,  basket-malcers  ;  125  Uhangiit,  sciivoiigurs  ;  4'JO  GoB&vis,  212 
JKolhiitis.  191  Gomlhlia,  and  41  Jobjiris,  beRgara. 


>f  71.™ 


Euraou  BjJUldpl,  one  of  the  central  s»b-4livi«ions,  is  bounded  ob 


corUi  by  ili«  Tiipli  HOparating it  from  Cbopda,  on  the  norlb-eaflt  and 
east  by  the  Giraa  separating  it  from  Naeirabad  and  P^hora,  on 
the  south  by  I^hora,  and  on  the  west  by  Amiihicr.  Its  awa  ia 
460  square  miles,  V>3  of  tbom  8ur\-oyod  in  detail ;  its  iHipuhition, 
according  to  tho  1872  census,  was  76,689  aools  or  173'8ti  to  t^a 
square  mile,  and  in  1879<80  its  realisable  Uuid  roronuo  vru  ' 
L-2ii/y75  (Us.  2,35,750).  ^ 


Smcul] 


^hAndesu 


Of  453  aqnare  mJlefl,  tliu  area  surrcyutl  in  dc^talt,  ono  is  <Kea^e& 
by  the  lundit  of  alioniitcd  villaf^a.  Tho  remainiler,  aeoordinj^  to 
tbe  rovenuo  survey,  contains  2t'2,25)i  acroa  or  83-tJS  per  ceut  of 
arublu  laud;  34,250  acres  or  11-»3  iiorvont  of  uuarablu  Iiuid  ;  2390 
ftcres  or  iySi  per  oeut  of  graaa  ;  and  10,1}lti  acrea  or  S'6G  per  cout 
of  Tillage  aites,  ronda,  riversj  aud  sti^amB.  Prom  tlio  242,250  acres 
of  arable  taud,  11,851  aorcu  liavotobo  Utlcvn  on  account  of  alivnatod 
lands  iu  Goveroment  vitl^es.  Of  the  balance  of  230,405  acres,  tho 
iicttiitl  urva  of  aralilo  Gorvrnmunt  land,  193^50  aurus  or  8<J'87  per 
ceut  were,  in  lS7d-79,  under  tiUago. 

Erandol  ia  much  liko  Amalner.  Tho  north  fornui  part  of  the 
rich  blitclt-»oil.XjtPli.^'^^^''y-     '^'"  W"trc  ia^njHiiiy  iilaiii,  and  Ijio 


Boutbi  croaaod  byTow  rangea  of  hi]|ti_aud  roc^y  ^ura.  baa  tracts  of 
wRHto  land  covorod  with  low  brushwood.  Moat  of  tho  Bub-diruiiou 
ia  beautifully  oovureil  by  largii  iniuigo  groT«9. 

Tho  cliiuAto  ia  gouorally  healthy.  Tho  rainfall  doriug  the  twelve 
yeanii  uuding  1879  averaged  2S'77  iaoh««. 

It  ia  well  supplied  with  surfaco  wator.  Besides  the  two  great 
rivors,  tJio  T^jrti  iiad  thoKirmi,  tliul  tliroughoiit  lliu  year  flow  along 
the  north  aSd  oaat  boundarif>a,  tho  Aniaui  a  foeder  of  the  (JiruA 
crofisys  tho  sub-division  fryin  south  to  nrtrlFi.  Hi.-iing  in  tho  south- 
east of  Amalner  near  the  village  of  Titvi,  it  eutfTH  fiiim  tho  Routh- 
woet,  and  Bowing  north-oast  passes  through  Kntndol,  and  turning 
north  and  north-wiMt  falls  into  tho  Gim*  nojir  tbo  villagw  of  Niiruo. 
Many  of  the  other  atraama  that  cross  the  aub-diviaton  have 
throughout  tho  yoar  vrnt«r  enough  to  moot  tfao  wants  of  tho  poopio 
and  of  iJteir  cattle.  Besidoa  rivers  aatistroanislhiTO  were,  in  1879-80, 
20f)l  working  wells  with  a  depth  of  almut  thirty-livo  feet. 

Exwpt  some  very  poor  tract*  near  tho  »outh-oast  hills,  th«  soil 
differs  little  from  the  Amalnur  soil. 


Chapt«r 
Sah-di 


Vd 


In  1853-^0,  tho  year  of  aettlomcnt,  8774  holdings,  khatdg,  vera 
recorded,  with  au  average  area  of  21*27  nora'*  and  an  avorago 
rental  of  £2  7s.  b\'i.  (Its.  23-11-8).  Equally  divided  among  the 
agricultural  popiiliicion,  these  huldings  would  for  each  porson 
represent  an  aUotmeut  of  7*78  acreis  at  a  yearly  rent  of  I7«.  4('i. 
(Re.  8-I0-I0).  Distributed  among  the  whole  population,  the  share 
to  each  would  amount  lu  threu  acrvs,  and  ihv  incidonco  of  tho  Ian<l 
tax  to  64.  8id.  [Rs.3.lt.$). 

Erandol  iu  I8o0,  at  tho  time  of  aettlenieut,  contained  227  villagea. 
Though  Nomo  of  the  vlilagos  have  bot-n  changed  siucc  tho  survey,* 
the  total  number  romaina  the  ttanio.  llio  tinrvey  mciwuniinonts 
were  begun  in  1854-55  and  finished  in  1862-63,  and  tho  claaaiScatiouJi 
worebvguniu  1857-58andfiuisbodiii  I809<70.  Of  22S,  tho  present 
f  1880)  number  of  viHagva,  oue,  au  alienated  village,  wa»  Hottlud  in 
1870-71 .  Of  tho  227  Government  villages,'  two  were  sottted  in 
1857-58,  191  in  1858-59,  throe  in  1859-00,  sixteen  in  1863-64,  throe 

186*'Gi,  and  twelve  iu  1805-tiC. 


Soil 


5iinvy  I>dalti 
lSi9. 


'  Por  two  TillagM  tlwdfitkU*  wc  inMnnplete. 


ffaaA^j  Ouet 


Blupt«r  Zm. 
SnbdiTitiOiiu. 

KDOU 


DisraicTS. 


urtli  I 

LthiJU 


•At  bho  timo  of  siirvoy,  Enuidul  uid  Aniala«r  wure  most  clos 
alike.     Id  Kmndol,  a»  in  Amalner,  the  be»t  m>!l  lay  in  tfao  uurt 
bIuiu?  the  banks  of  tiw  Titpti  and  Giroa.     Towanlii  th«   soathj 
gTScluKlly  giv-w  [xwrcr.     In  tliu  vM^ulli^nust,  tliougli  thvro  wns  : 
pnnmrliou  of  good  land,  there  were  widtj  stretches  of  unlilledgrai 
and  a  Ibtkq  an»  of  jfrasx  lund,  nnd  in  the   sonth-eut,   tho 
borTL-n  Uin>u)^h<tut,  euilud   iu  n  nutgo  of  low  rocky  hillit.     Wit£ 
tho  T&pti  on  the  north,  the  Girnn  on  the  cast,  and  varianB  ot 
etrcams,  Emitdol  wmn  well  walorod.     But  on  nonv  of  tho  riron 
elruiLiuH  were  there  any  irri^tion  works,  and  the  number  of  wc 
vaa  small.     During  1^57-58,  of  a  total  tillugo  area  of  97,757  tM7 
22,09(»  were  under  fc(>_/»»,  18,907  nnder  jt'if n,  IS.IOl  undnr  wh( 
16^22  andor  cotton,  11,927  undor  Hnsts^d,  5:^13  under  gram,  49J 
nndi-r  wusaiituni,  2770  utulor  coriander,  and  2S14  nndur  otlmr  crops. 
Tho  millets,  bdjii  and  j'tYiri,  wore  grown  for  home  coniiimiiition,  aud 
wheat,    ciitU>n,    liiiHOtid,  and   others    for    oxport.      Throughout  the 
Bull- division,  especially   near  the  town  of  Erandol,  mangoe!)  wero 
much  grown,  iMth  in  orcliards  and  scatt<.>red  singly  throngh  the 
fiolda.     During  the  dry  Reason  cousidontbln  tnffic  piuiMid  along  the 
Bomhay-Asirgad  road,  and  Bomo  other  tracks,  though  rough,  wero 
in  fair  order.     Wuukly  luarkvts  wero  hold  at  ttight  towns,  Brando), 
Dharangaon,  Cil'iuda,  Sonvad,  Axnalgaon,  Chkralkhoda,  NAnded, 
wid  EAsoda.     Especially  in  the  soath,  the  ll&heji  £air  was  a  sonroe   i 
of  profit  to  Ihv.-  cultivators.     At  ihu  townn  and  turgur  rillagoaUis   I 
weaving  of  turbans,  robos,  and  ooarso  cloths  supported  338  loonut,    , 
of  which  I'K)  werA  in  Dharangaon.     At  Bniudul  coarw  papor  WMU 
made,andatKit«odagood  cotton  cai>pet8,  aatranjit,  tbut  oominand^H 
B  ready  enlo  at  Mithftji  fair.     Dbanngnon,  tho  nMKl-qaartors  of  ta^ 
Bhil  Corps,  had  a  saw  ginning  factory  overlooked  by  a  FIurojM^ui) 
superint«indont.     Of  a  total  population  of  63,514  souls  or  14l)  to 
Bqtinru   niilo,  23,781   or  37'4-t  per  cent  were  hu^lxuidniun.     Of 
rest,  7382  wore  traders,  3981  wwivurs,  8186  other  craftsmen, 
20,184  f<.>lluwo<l  ntiKcellaneons  callingH. 

Forimsessment  purposes,  the  villages  were  divided  into  four  gronpa. 
The  host  vilhige*,  thorm  along  tho  bHtiks  of  the  Tfipti,  lay  north  o£ 
a  line  running  trom  Dahivad  on  tho  wbHtvrn  bordi^r  by  Nieh^na^ 
Tarda,  and  DoDgaon ;  tho  socand  group,  thoso  immediately  aonth 
of  tbitt  line,  inclnaed  neai-ly  tho  wholu  of  tho  cx^nlnkl  villngos  and 
thofle  to  the  east  along  the  banks  of  tho  Girna,  which  had  a  rich 
aj^il  and  the  oxcoptionally  good  market  of  Mithoji ;  tliu  third 
gronp  contained  villages  in  this  mrt  of  the  sub-division  whoa© 
COiiditionR  were  lees  favourable;  aud  tho  fourth  cla/^  ompriHod  all  iho 
poorer  and  more  borrvn  villi^m  in  tlie  vxtreme  Houth^eaat  and  south. 
woHt.  The  moximnut  dry  crop  acre  rates  iu  these  four  groups  were 
fixed  at  i*.  6d.  (Its.  2-i)  in  the  first,  4i.  \id.  (Rs.  2-2)  in  tho  si-cond, 
4«.*(]tH.  2)  in  Uio  third,  aud  3«.  Ocf.  (Rs.  l-U)  in  tho  fourUi.  In  tho 
whole  sub-division  there  were  only  2667  acres  of  irrigated  land. 
This  was  hU  wntorvd  from  wcIU,  and  nonu  of  it  yielded  more  thua 
the  common  garden  crops  and  vegi>tHb1oi<.  Wolls  of  more  Ihaa 
fortj'flTe  feet  deep  wore  exempted,  and  on  the  rest  a  maximum  ocro 
rato  of  6s.  (Bs.  S)  was  fixed.   The  cess  on  mango  tteas  was  i 


[M'ttU 


KaiNDEsn. 


In  n  lavgo  nnmbpr  of  v)1la£;e«  thaao  dry  crop  nkl«s  ^qnolise^  ratlltr 
thau  lowei^d  the  tf.M's'iriiciit,  in  a  preat  manv  tht-y  wore  mncli  the 
Riuno  ae  before,  and  in  a  few  they  van;  high«r.  The  twtal  reduction 
waa  Muly  £224o  (R«.  22,460)  or  1 3  per  cenL  The  leason  of  this  vtm 
that  in  maoy  vUlagoa  onlya  fow years hoforv  Ihesitrvvy  (]K'15-iH49), 
tJie  nittts  had  bften  oonaiderably  lowered.  The  people  were  aeomingly 
mtisfied  with  the  new  mt4.-s,  and  in  the  first  year,  partly  bwaiiso  of 
the  railway,  20,0U0  acres  of  wuto  Innd  wore  taknu  uji. 

The  following  statement  Bbows  Cor  each  of  the  four  groape  the 
effect  oE  the  introduction  of  the  new  survey  rotes  s 

Enuhlvl  Sftttfiiunl,  tSSS-S9.   ■ 


Cuw. 

VibUaB. 

FlUIR. 

^ 

BPim. 

CtiUnliou. 

IHDt, 

Ollllt. 

nmw. 

AcnBkth 

LW-W. 

usi-m. 

AMngv. 

Uul- 

IDDIII. 

1. ..      ... 

n 

IlL 

IV.  ...       _ 

TbMI 

H 

M 

•0 

n 

9m. 
1.W.4M 

ma 

M.XM 

UN 

Bl. 

IT.tfl 

b.a.r 

1     D    ■ 

«1S   3 

•  U   « 

b.  a-p. 

>  a  1 

a  0  1 
1 1«  i 

V!     j     Ul.ll* 

i.M49e>  i.ti).m 

I.IMH 

t^»» 

1    1    • 

- 

In  the  191  GoTemioent  viltageH  settled  in  1858>59,  thtf  figiiron  of 
the  settlouient  y«ar,  conijiared  with  tboBO  of  the  year  hefon;,  whow 
tin  increase  iu  occupied  urea  of  6982  acres,  in  waste  of  36,547 
ucrttK,  and  in  reinisaions  of  £528  (Rs.  5280);  and  n  (all  in 
colleotioDM  ot.e[S21  (Kh.  l-3,2l6),diiu partly  to  remissions  and  partly 
to  the  lowering  of  rates.  A  oomparieon  of  the  figure's  of  the 
eettleineut  yewr  with  the  average  of  the  ten  previons  years  shows 
an  increaito  in  occupied  area  of  2l',73(J  acres,  in  waste  of  25,845 
acres,  in  romisMionit  of  £23(1  {Its.  2300),  and  in  collections  of  £257 
(Ra.  2670).  Daring  the  (wonty  renirs  ,iint^  the  anrvey  rates,  yearly 
reniinsions  haro  been  granted,  the  la^gv»^t  saiuo  l)cing  £717 
(Its.  7170)  in  185S>5d,£968  (Its.  0680)  in  1859-60,  £870  (Ka.  8700) 
in  1860-Gl,  and  £497  (Rs.  4970)  iu  1871-72.  A  comparison  of  the 
average  of  the  twenty  years  since  the  survey  and  the  ten  years 
before  iho  snn-ev,  Hhuws  that  while  the  oociipied  area  lui.<i  increased  by 
S-t,tiS9  a«resand  thcooUecliouit  by£0599  (ka.  »5,9dU),  the  waste  has 
dfCreHiM.'d  by  :36,086  acree  and  the  remiseiouE  by  £31-1  (Km.  31-lOJ* 

Adding  lo  the  fignixie  of  this  gnjiip  of  191  Goverumeut  village* 
the  details  of  the  remaining  thiny-six  settled  Govemmont  villages, 
the  result  for  the  whole  sob-dirision  is,  coniuanug  the  average 
returns  of  the  t«n  years  before  tlio  survey  and  uu>  yaora  of  survey 
ratea,  an  increauie  in  occupied  area  of  101,533  acres,  a  fall  in  waste 
of  34.191  acres,  and  in  remissions  of  £324  (B«.  8240),  and  in 
collections,  including  rovonue  from  unaniblo  land,  an  iacreaso  of 
£818-1  (Ha.  81,810)  or  622  per  cent^  Again,  comparing  the  nvenigo 
n>luni8  of  the  ten  years  before  snrvey  and  the  returns  f(>r  1877-78, 
the  rettult  is  on  incrcoiiO  iu  coUvctious  of  £9&tii  (Bs.  9&,C'10)  or  72'7 
par  cuut^ 


L 


Chapter: 

Sab'dJvisiaw. 

m9. 


Snrvff  • 

isss-isrs. 


fi  n^lTT.vaMfc-  !■';     idVdVbhAk 


fSombajr 


374 


DISTEICTS. 


laptor  ZnL 
b-diTUiaaL 


*Tbo   foUuwing  ststemeat  hIiovb    for  the   Evttlcd    Govor 
TiILsgua  tli«  cBadM  of  tlie  uarvcj  wettlement   durb^f  the   tn 
jTBUs  ending  1S77-78 : 


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khAnoesh 


m 


Acc«n]ing  to  tfao  1879-80  reUirns,  tbc  agricultnir*l  stock  tn 
Gorcrnpient  viUjtgee  smoonted  to  61(!l  plotigba,  5620  carts,  ;^2,S:t3 
biill(<ckM,  1 1,505  cowa,  8348  bnfialow,  807  bonos,  1 1.GS&  sbeep  and 
goals,  and  640  aesea. 

Of  the  193,256  acres  under  tillapic  in  1S78-70,  grain  crops  occDpied 
120,.j3'j  or  62"87  por  cont,  03,879  of  Uituii  uad^ir  Jviri,  Sorghiim 
viilKsro  ;48,H3"  luider  bajri,  PeniciDaria  spicata  ;  7644  auder  whijat, 
r/nAu,  Triticuni  aMtiram  ;  167  nndvr  rtvo,  bluit,  Orj'au  sativa  ;  and 
ci^bt  under  maix«,  makka,  Zea  nukyii.  Pubi>!t  occupied  2982  acres  or 
I'ol  per  coot,  1530  of  tbem  nndor  ^mm./ioW'iliara,  Cicer  ftriotinum  ; 
862  tmdi-r  tur,  C»iiuitit(  indiniK  ;  42-j  undor  hutilh,  Ootichos  biHunis  ; 
104  under  uiiit{,  I'liascolua  mango  ;  30  ftiidor  mug,  Phtkseolua 
nuIintiM  ;  and  twtmty-two  midur  '  othoni.'  Oibccds  oocnpied  Q5S* 
acrea  or  3'38  p«r  cent,  3t'31  of  thom  under  gingeUy  iMX-d,  til, 
ticsamum  indicum,  2877  audor  linseed,  aUhi,  Linum  aaitatisHimnin  ; 
and  tweiity-lbroo  under  utlier  oiiKcvds.  Fibres  occnpiod  58,036 
acres  or  3049  per  cent,  all  under  cotton,  kuput,  <}o»srpimR 
h«rbuoinim.  MiscettancouM  crops  occupied  ■1260  acres  or  2'20  per 
cent,  70!  of  iliein  under  chillies,  mirchi,  Cnp^iciini  fnitciicens ;  494 
under  indigo,  ffuU,  Indigofcm  tinctona;278  under  tobacco,  fotntnifc/iu, 
KicritiaiiataliiK^uin  ;  2-t  uiuK-r&ugiu-cane,  titf,  Sacohanini  officinamm ; 
and  ibe  remaining  277:2  under  various  vegelablea  and  fruita. 

The  1S75  pupnlation  return  abows,  of  a  total  population  of  76,689 
lis,  68,3r>l  or  89iSper  dviit  Hindus;  8289  or  10-80  ]K'r  cent 
salnMLna ;  40  or  005  per  cent  Cbristians ;  and  9  or  O'Ol  per  oeut 
'flraia.  Ilio  details  of  the  Hindu  eiwlcji  are :  3837  BrilhinnnB,  priests, 
GovGmment  Berrants,  and  traders i  8  Prabhns,  writers;  191'1 
V&niH,  772  Bhittias,  257  Giiudhi«,  and  72  KaliUs,  traders  and 
merchants;  20,031  Kunbis,  4750  M^lis,  2266  Daksbanis,  and  S64 
Hnt.kunt,  bnel^andmen  ;  1418  SonArs,  gold  and  silver  smiths;  100-1 
Sut^lra.  carpentent;  478  l>ihara,  blacksmiths;  1212  Hhimpis,  tailors; 
552  Kii«ytr»,  cop|H>rsa)itls ;  -128  Kumbb&ra,  potters;  86  Dbigv&ns, 
saddlers;  31  Ijikbcnis,  lookers  of  laobungios;  65  Loiuiris,  cement- 
makers;  29  IteldlirR,  bricklayers;  323  Otttris,  fouudera;  149 
Pitthan'ntit,  Ktnnv  dresserH;  1622  Telia,  oilpresecrs ;  144-1  S&Iia, 
weavers ;  276  Kangiiri.-*,  dyew  ;  409  Ktmtris,  wtivvern,  130  Gadris, 
weol  wenvors  ;  394  KoslitiB,  weavers;  607  Bb&ts,  bards  ;  249  Goravs, 
worshippt-ntorshiv;  l(M>2  Nbitviit,  IwrV^rs ;  439  Dhubis, irashormen ; 
1802  Dbangars,  shepherds;  2372  KolU  and  T96  Bbois,  JiahorH ; 
21&0  llikj[ml«  and  750  Pardcshis,  messengers  and  conKtables  ;  160 
Khang&rs,  76  K£miUhifi,  20  IMngnts,  and  71  Kanj^ris,  miiu;el)nooous 
workers;  3o60  Hbils,  labourers  ;  1886  Vanjdrts,  carriers  and  husband- 
men  ;  578  P^rdhiit,  gume-^iiaren  ;  945  ChAinbliiirH  aud  214  Dohuris, 
leather-workers;  4^9  SJhJiTa  and  650  Mings,  village  servants;  35 
Kaikiidis,  Ixv^kcl-Riakem ;  3  BhungiD,  »aivengi-rs;  1176  Gos&vis, 
223  MiinbhdTs,  23  Gondhlis^'32  Job&is.  and  13  Kolbaia.  fawnmrt'. 

Ja^mnOTj  in  the  extreme  snutb-east  of  the  district,  is  bonnded 
on  theuorth  by  Naiinibiul  iitiil  nhtii>&val  separatetl  partly  by  the  Sor 
riviT,  on  the  cast  by  the  province  of  BerAr,  on  the  south  by  Uia 
Higlineit^  the  Niuiin'n  dotninionit,  nnd  on  tbo  west  by  Pticbom  and 
Nasirabad.     Its  area  is  525  square  milea,  G2I  of  Ibcm  Dorreyed  in 


Chapt«r  ZXn 
Sub-divisioiu. 

Crop*, 

ms-79: 


/Z\3iwm. 


'  Sab  diTijlaiu. 

Ana. 


Cfimrir. 


W-Utr. 


BM. 


S70 


DISTRICf!?. 


^BombAj  Oaseit 


returma, 

its   I'eitltabLij 


i 


BbUrf. 


detail;  ilM  popalfttioo,  nocoritin<T  to  tho  1872  ceoaas 
70^1  soulfl  or  131  to  the  aauiin,'  ntilo ;  and  in  1879-80 
Innd  rovpiino  was  419,20^  (Its.  1,1)2,080). 

Of  tho  521  sooaro  miles  snirve^'t'd  in  detafl,  BOTeuty-oijyht 
occnpiod  Ijy  tho  lAiids  of  alienatod  villitg<w,  Tbo  remnindvr,  iko 
iug  to  tho  roreime  aurvey  ruturns,  conlAiDH  218,003  i»cre»  or  77 

Er  cent  of  arable  land;  a8,:2(Jl  ncrc'g  or  I3'62  wv  cent  of  ana 
id ;  83*7 acTOs  or  296  por  cent  *>f  frrtuts ;  nud  /s,«7!i  »crv!>  or 
per  cent  oc«u(Hed  by  village  Bitt-K,  ruads,  rivers,  hikI  Htrcauin. 
the  218,003  acres  of  iimWo  land,  HG&i  acrcn  haw  tu  b«  uityu 
aooonnt  of  nlk-nated  lands  in  Oorenimeiit  rilla^^s.     Of  the  balnu,__ 
of  209,869  acna  tho  aAuuI  area  of  arable  Govoniinent  land,  162,909 
aoraa  or  77-80  per  cent  wore,  in  1878- 7il,  onder  tillage. 

Most  of  Jdmneriii  a  aaccessioii  of  nsea  and  dipa  with  8i 
whose  banks  are  fringed  with  babhul  groreB.     Towards  the  Oi 
and  sonth<east  the  plain  is  broken  by  low  stnggling  hilts   with 
more  or  less  covwred  with  young  teak  (roes. 

Tho  r.Uniate  is  on  the  wholo  healthy,  except  at  tlie  close  of  tho 
wliun  fever  nnd  ague  prevail.     The  rsin&U  during  the  twelve 
ending  1879  averaged  2i^35  inches. 

Tho  rivers  and  slrontns  alTord  a  plentiful  and  unfailing  fiupply 
wnter.    Tho  chief  rivtirw  ai-e  llie  Vigbiir.dmiiiinp  tho  woslem  pirtii 
and  its  tributaries,  the   KAg  in  the  poutre  and  the  Sur  in  tno 
These  and  some  of  the  litrger  Ktrei\inIot«,  Much  as  tho  Harki 
tJiB   Sonij,  rise  in  the    SAtnUiUla.     The  YAghnr  ent«n  from 
south  near  the  vUUge  of  Cliondheshviir,  atni  »,  during  a  win 
eounte  to   Utv   north-west,  joined    by  the  tionij  and  aomo   u 
streams  near  the  villago  of  Savntkhuda.     After  passing  Xori 
joined  ncttr  Ti^ovan  by  the  K&s,  nud  lastly  near  Sing^ut  on 
north  boDudary    by  the  Miu-.     Besides  rivers  and  streams  t 
Wore,  in  1879-80,  1960  working  wells  willi  a  depth  of  from  twea 
two  to  lhirt,y-live  feet. 

Tho  soil  is  generally  poor  most  of  it  rod.     Tlio  black  soil  in 
valloyH  in  a  grxid  lf>aiQ,  and  on  the  plateaus  there  is  a  rich  bro' 
black  mould  known  as  ('<i/i  munjtU, 

In  1863>S1  the  year  of  settlement,  GGSO  faoldingn,  kluitat, 
recorded  with  an  average  area  of  22*  19  acres  and  an  average 
of  £2  i$.  lOd.  (Ks.  22.6-8).     Eqnaliy   divided  among  tho  a^..^. 
tnral  population,  these  holdings  would  for  each  person   repmae: 
*  an  iiDoliuent  uf  6'0*lacre.4  at  a  yearlv  rent  of  11".  4j(l.  (lU.  5-11- 
Distributed  among  the  whole;  population,  the  share  to  each  woi 
auiouut  to  2'79  acreit,  aud  tho  incideucu  of  the  land  tax  to  6#.  7 
(Rs.  2-13). 

41ie  •Thinner  i<ub-divIsion  is  said  to  have  formerly  belonged  to  I 
Niirfm.  aud  the  larger  portion  of  it  to  *have  boen  hold  iu  tturanj. 
jd^ir  py_ff»ljp  KhAD,     Afber  tlie  battle  of  Kharda  in  the  Duci 
(1795)  it  was  ceded  to  th»  Pe>hwu.     The  Poshwa  made  over 
Shondnrni  mnh'H  with  otBG 


runt 


or  territory  in  part  payment  of  a  debt  to 


fiiudia.     Shondnrni  woh  aubwtfpiently  exchwngt.'d  for  ihe  Dalekliaq^j 
wki^o?^  adjoining  Sindia's  territory,  and  was  ^^ted  asjiiyir  bftatM 


Deccai.1 


khAndbsd 


Posliwa  to  ono  Palaakar  Dikahit.  tho  ancestor  of  the  pr^spnt  imini' 
ddrg.  Tiio  niiniuniiig  or  liirgi^r  portion  oi  tiiu  Duu-clivigioii  w»» 
Kmiited  by  tl»e  Peahwa  in  sara»jdm  jdgir  to  SftrdJr  Vitbal  Sadfohiv 
ViiUibtirliaf.  It  was  PMutnod  after  the  lapse  of  Gvo  years  and  givea 
to  JJardAr  Rtiv  pfale.  who  k«pt  it  natJI  the  British  fiocossJon  in 
1818-19. 

In  J^mner  the  anrvey  meaauremeata  wei«  begun  in  18d€-57  and 
finiflhfld  in  180S-CO,  and  the  clussifications  wore  be^n  in  1868-69 
and  finirihed  in  1869-70.  Of  197  tlio  [mrswat  (1880)  nmnWr  of 
(Hilars,  two  alieniUed  villages  have  uul  been  sattlod.  Of  the  1U<S 
Ki-ttled  villaffda,  172  are  GorerniucDt'  and  fVvonty-three  alienated. 
(K  t.hu  Govcirnmont  villaffus  Kixtwo  wort-  sclUcd  in  I859-G0,  150  in 
tS(ia-t>l,  avo  in  Vm^ij!},  aud  <>m>  in  1867-08.  Of  th<>  alieimted 
villages  ten  were  settled  in  18t(-t«6rj  and  thirteen  in  1870-71. 

Of  these  (TToups  that  of  160  GoTomment  Tillages  settled  in  1863- 
Ci  is  t.ht'  larf^Kt.  An  iixnniinatioii  of  Ihit  ofTeot  of  tho  !«urvi*y  ralcH 
inti-dduced  in  this  part  of  the  sub-division  gives  the  following 
results.  The  fi^iirra  of  tho  sotlk-mont  year,  compared  with  tboeo 
of  thi'  ywir  lii'torr,  show  an  im-n-aw  in  occnpit^d  area  of  17,267  nvres, 
in  waste  of  ay,804  acres,  in  remissioDB  of  £1603  (Rs.  16,030),  and 
in  colloctionBof  £618  (Its.  6180).  A  <.'ompari«on  of  the  Gffiirc^Kof  the 
settluiiicul  year  with  the  iivwrage  of  tho  previous  ton  years  shows 
an  iiicitMse  in  occupied  area  oi  20,511  acres,  in  waste  of  y7,40i 
acres,  in  reniiasions  of  £1620  (Ub.  16,200),  and  in  collections  of 
£1115  (Its.  11,150).  DarinR  the  fifteen  years  Binoo  the  survey, 
yearly  rpini-sHionK  hnvo  been  i^knti-d^lhu  largest  suiu  being  £1380 
(Rs.  16,800)  in  18011-04  the  settlement  year.  A  comparison  of 
the  average  of  the  tifteen  years  since  thu  survey  with  the  average 
of  the  ton  years  before,  shows  an  increase  in  occnpied  are* 
of  48,742  aeres,  in  waste  of  7^71  acres,  and  in  colleetions  of 
£!)Ol34  (Rs.  50,040),  and  a  decrease  in  remissions  of  £4  (Ra.  -40), 
Adding  to  Iho  tigureiFi  of  thi.f  gi-oup  tlio  dvlnils  of  tlbu  ruinnining 
twenty-two  settled  (iovemnient  villagos,  the  result  for  tJi«  wholo 
sub-division  is,  comparini^  the  average  returns  of  the  ten  years 
before  the  survey  and  of  the  years  since  the  survey,  an  luerease  in 
occupied  itroa  of  57,004  acres  and  in  wasto  of  11,221  iicre«;  n 
fall  in  remissions  of  £2  (Ra.  20) ;  and  in  colleclions,  including 
revenue  from  unarable  land,  an  incr»a»e  of  £5702  (Re.  57,02(^ 
or  55-4  per  ecnt.  Again,  comparing  the  average  returns  of  tho  ten 
years  befont  the  survi-y  and  the  returns  for  1877.78,  the  result  is 
an  increase  in  coUectiouB  of  £6632  (Rs.  65,320}  or  63-i  per  cent." 

The  following  statement  shows  for  \}k»  settled  Uovemment 
villages  of  tho  sub-divisiou  the  efri>cts  of  the  survey  8otUem«nt 
daring  the  niDet«6D  years  enf^iug  1877-78:  ■ 

*  For  three  vilUffta  tlM<  dtrtniU  Kre  iacomrtete. 

'Cominml  with  tliu  nrcngn  retanu  ot  tlia  ten  yon  iMfora.   tfao  ftfieota  ol  Ui8 

•nrvD^  M-lttoiieiit  in  tlio  tweotytlirev  aIionatc>l  rillB^iu  show  u  inDroua  ■■  th* 

i)cou]ii«il  una  of  tUUlS  acra,  in  ttiu  wailc  of  TTOS  ncn^i,  in  tlic  rcmiinoiM  tA  ST),  Mul 

ia  tfao  ouDnctmnB  bf  £91$  (Its.  9130).     Axain  oaniMring  Uie  avongo  retnttu  of  tte 

I    ten  ynn  Imforo  Rtrvny  anil  the  rat>griut  hir  l87T-i8,  the  rtntlt  U  au  iactUHi)  iu  Ih* 

I    ogltAtioua  u(  CIOOS  [0*.  tQ,0>3«i  M  fiS  ]ica  cent. 

I  11411—48 

^ ^ z: 


Chapter  zm. 

Snb-divldonB. 

Jam> 


Survejf 


SvrTfy  ffivuKt, 


rBonbay  Oaze11«er, 


itvrZIIL 

■dMiiou. 

fT  Arwfa, 


Meet, 

S79-id. 


Onp$, 


L 


478 


UISTBICTS. 

MmmtrSmnt^  Rtmtltt,  tano-lSTS. 


Tuu. 

AlU. 

1 

DBiiawwia. 

Umilinl.           1     riKRVT'ol' 

. 



4 

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1<m.Lm*. 

Amm. 

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w 

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■■. 

to.    ««. 

lb. 

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-  According    Ui  tLe    1879-80   ri'tiira*,   tlio  Ag;nculiiirnl   r^toelc 
Government    Tillagw    amotmtod    Ut  f>22l    plouffUfl,     4277 
28,672  hHll<)ck«,  20,600  oowsj  10,257  buifaloeH,  1242  borsea,   14; 
sboop  HDil  gi>nts,  and  4Sfi  aeaea. 

Of  tlie  162,009  acres  under  tillage  iu  1878-79,  (Train 
oecopie^  87,275  ncnm  or  53-57  per  cent,  67,230  of  them  uo 
jvarl,  Sorglimn  volRaro;  19,025  under  bajri,  Penicillaria  Ki>ica[a_ 
705  under  rit-e,  hhi'tl,  Orroft  aativa ;  2 10  under  wLcnt,  ^nfcti,  Tnticum 
n«tiTum;  82  undor  loaise,  maleka,  ISc«  inaysf  and  23  under  mrro, 
Panicum  miliacwim.  PwIum  ofcapiod  3466  acres  or  2-12  itc-r  wnt, 
2387  of  ibem  nndor  (ur,OsiaQus  indtcos ;  566  tind«r tufW ,  PhaMXilaB 
inungo;  3*0  under  kufith,  Dolichtm  billonis;  HI  under  fmua, 
harWiara,  Cker  arietinnm  ;  nine  nnder  mtuj,  PhaseoloB  radiaiaa ; 


KlUNDESH 


Chapter  ZI] 
Snbdiviiiini 

JiMKRM. 


aud  23  under 'otJiern.'  Oilscedn  oocapied  2030  acres  or  I'ttI  per 
cent,  2-'!70  of  tbom  untU'r  ;fiiif^]ljr  mwa,  til,  SiiMiiDtnn  indionm  ;  51 
nndor  liuseed,  ahhi,  Linntn  u«itati«»iii)um,  nod  209  under  oUior 
«iWc'd!<.  FihrwM  <>ccii)iiv<l  08,607  acres  or  42'l  1  per  ceut,  68,467 
of  tketu  uudor  cotton,  fr<iiftut,  GosHypinm  ht-rbiu'^ciim,  nad  140 
undcir  browu  hotnp,  amtdih,  HJbiiiC'its  c»niukl>iuiiH.  MiBc-ellauiK>u8 
cw>p.t  wcciipifd  931  iicrVM  or  0'57  per  cent,  274  of  tliom  under 
chillies,  mirc/ii.  Capsicum  frnteecens ;  270  under  tolnvco,  lambakku, 
MicoHnoft  tabaviim  ;  123  undiT  iadi^,  gutt,  Indij^ofcra  tiootona; 
14  und«T  migi^rcMiio,  m^,  8n(x?luiriim  iiflkiiutruui,  and  tbv  rcmaiaing 
26U  under  variouH  vegetables  and  fruits,        • 

The  1875  population  roturn  shows,  of  a  total  population  of 
73,0;J6  i<oul8,  l>7,502  or  92-42  por  cent  Hindus,  and  65:1 1  or  7-S8  per 
cent  MuHiilm^nx.  Tliu  dvUiil^  of  thv  Hiiidn  castes  are  :  180S 
Bnlhniaim,  priests,  Qovernuinnt  scrvauls,  and  traders ;  184"  VAnis,  98 
llalviiiH,  ami  42  KnliUct,  traders  and  mertrlianU;  27,ttli7  Kunbis, 
23-')0  Miilis,  1791  D»kK)mni»,  ^S9  HHtJ<iir.-<,aiid  18  Uiinkara,  husband* 
men;  1222  Son&re,  gold  and  silver  smiths  ;  SI  I  Siitrirs,  cnrp<>»tet9; 
629  [•nhlira,  bInvktnnitliB ;  853  Shimpix,  tiulors;  IS8  KiitAnt, 
CDpin-Diiuitlis;  460  Kuiiibhiii-K,  jMitters;  145  Dhi^v^ns,  saddleni; 
669  Boldirs,  bricklayers;  112  Pitharvats,  Btouo  dreiwen*;  »nd  53 
Ot&riH,  founders;  22O0  Telis,  oilprt'X'tt^ra ;  73  S^s,  and  Si 
KoHhtis,  woiiTi.^Ri ;  209  Ran^Hii,  d}-<u:K ;  &  I^atrekars,  silk-workorB; 
262  fruravs,  witi-iihippi-i-^  of  Shiv ;  '2Vl  Thiikunt,  villiuro  bards; 
I02S  Nli/ivis,  barbers  ;  451  Dhobis,  WHsbcnmtn  ;  2516  Dbangai-B, 
iiii<<)>li.Td<i ;  42  (inrli^.  milk  Bud  biittvr  stOU-rs  ;  2189  Kolis  and  6S0 
Bhois,  fiMhers ;  1 525  Rnjputs  and  1 692  HardMlii*.  mcsufngon!  and 
constables;  174  B&ria,  betel-leaf  sellers;  SI  tMngats,  labourers; 
1091  Bhils,  labourm-M;  780  Vmijiirii*,  carriers  and  husltandnicn; 
484  IMrdhis,  gainw-suantn*  ;  666  HiiimbharB  and  298  I)oh<)ns, 
l«ntber<workers  ;  5958  Mhiirs  and  793  )liln^,  vilbips  ser^-ants ;  237 
[thiiintAM,  thii^vcH ;  164  Knikitdiit.  bn-tki-l- makers ;  IS  Bhnnpis, 
8cavE>ut;ers;  181  i(>i>«^iiv)it,  169  (iuii<lUli.4,  107  Kolhiitis,  306  Munbliuvs, 
395  Jobaria,  and  362  Gopals,  beyRars. 

Nandnrba'r.  one  of  the  wcatom  Bufc.divij.ion«,  is  hounded  on  th«/&\  Vtium 


froplt, 

ms. 


% 


horl.li  hy  ilio  'I'tipti  scpariiting  it  from  T.nti)da  and  SliihAda.  on  tbo 
east  by  Vinlel,  on  tbi*  w.iith  and  fwrnlli-w.-st  by  Pimpidnur,  and  on 
the  west  by  Ilia  Highness  the  Giikwilr's  dominionw.  Its  area  is  67^ 
Mpuiro  mtlM>,  326  of  ibem  snrveyod  in  d«tai!.  Its  popnlntion, 
according  to  tbo  1872  wnsus,  was  -15,285  soids  or  67-2i*  lo  the 
sqnaru  milo,  and  in  1879-80  ila  roaliBablu  land  revenue  waa 
£14,925  {R«.  1,49,260). 

Of  325  squaro  milM,  tlio  area  surveyed  in  detail,  two  arc  occupied 
by  tbo  lands  of  alienated  vilfrtgo*.  The  remainder,  m-cordinu;  to  Cbe 
revenue  surToy,  oontBins  162,833  acres  or  78vVl.  p«r  cent  of  arable 
land;  21,208  acro8  or  10-23  per  oont  of  unumble  land;  480  acres 
or  0-23  per  oent  of  forest  rcKorvc* ;  and  22,809  acres  or  1 1  per  cent 
of  vilifttfe  sites,  roads,  rivers,  and  streams,  From  tbo  162,883 
acres  lA  aniblu  Innd,  l2,7i5acrM  liaro  to  bo  taken  on  account  of 
aliofiated  lands  in  Guvvmuieut  villages.     Of  the  balance  of  150,088 


©' 


^pterXm. 

tab-diniioiis. 


Climate. 


WaMr. 


Homv», 


meg. 


•  •  (Sotnbay  OmtattMr. 

880         •  DISTRICTS. 

mcnm,  the  actnal  area  of  ftmblo  Ooronnnoiit  land,  108,1 13  acrraoT 
'TO'OS  per  Ofnt  wow,  in  1878-70,  umior  tillnge. 

Tho  nnrth  iif  tliii  villi  •di%'iKioD  forms  port  (if  tlie  ridi  blsolc  wfl 
TApti  plftiii.  To  the  aouth  and  south-west  the  land  in  dirided  inti) 
Tiarrow  v-allera  by  spars  ninniiiK  in  nlnioffl  ptiralUd  lim-^s  Enioi  Uu 
Sitbyftdri  hills.  DcdofiiU.'  nnd  bant  of  inacH  iu  the  t^aat,  towards  th* 
west  tho  L»u:)iry  U  covered  with  thick  brashwood,  chibUy  of  (bt 
palmi,  Itutea  frundoen. 

CoiDparwd  with  the  vastern  Hiib-diviinunK  the  totnporstore  is  coet 
From  March  to  Oct^ilytr  it  ia  lieoltby.  Bat  during  tbo  rumaitung 
fivD  months  it  ia  highly  malarious.  Especially  in  the  west,  IM 
pt-oplu  niiffpr  niiu'b  from  fvTvr, tt^o,»tid  spWn.  DuriDgtlie  twdte 
yvmn  ciidtug  187'.)  the  rainfall  avenged  '2o'9'i  iiich&A. 

The  water  supply  ia  very  wanty.  The  cliiof  river  ia  t  Ju^m||ti 
which  flows  along  thu  ontiro  north  bouudary,  a  dintativo  of  forty>tw» 
niilffl.  Tliia  and  one  of  its  tributaries^  the  8hira  are  tlio  only  Htmau 
that  laat  throughout  the  year.  Other  streams,  also  trihutArios  of  tlw 
T&pti,  thouph  some  of  them  are  atv^  for  irrigation,  are  dry  durrcjf 
tho  grcalor  part  of  thf  yrtir.  lliu  chief  of  thiimare  the  .\mar&vati, 
the  I'Aiiilgiitiga,  the  Kanuki,  the  Sukar,  and  the  Ithad.  Uolilte 
tho  othern,  the  Amarriivati  does  not  join  the  Tipti  witliin  the  limit* 
of  Iho  sub-dirision.  Itininfr  in  tht;  ^ithyAdris  and  draining  the  smkU 
valter  on  the  eouth-eaat,  it  passee  into  the  neighbouring  Kub-diTi«iaii 
of  Virdel  near  the  vijlago  of  Moydn,  where  it  joiua  the  T£pli 
Tho  smaller  vtroams  iifiponr  from  thu  romnins  of  numorouit  dum^ 
bandhiiniif,  to  hare  been  iu  former  liniCM  niucli  uM;d  for  irriunfiiTa. 
ITiei-o  were,  in  18711-80,  248  working  wells  with  a  depth  u?  (njiu 
thirty  to  thirty-three  feet.  i 

Tho  prevailing  soil  is  a  rich  black  monld,  in  many  ways  like  ti« 
black  of  the  more  isisU-m  -fub-iitvisioti*.  Clii«'  to  iJie  T^pti  »  belt 
of  rich  soil  from  two  ti>  three  nii!e_i  broad  is  covered  with  n  lay«r 
of  fine  wind  ami  ginvol,  Jiaid  to  luivo  been  left  there  by  tho  ^rnai 
1829  flood.  Id  the  narrow  v»iley»i  to  the  south  and  soutli-weNL 
eKpedally  clow  to  the  hills,  the  noil  In  ]>ijur. 

In  1801-62,  the  year  of  sottJcment,  2447  boldingn,  khafaa,  vf^^ 
rworded,  with  an  average  area  of  29' lo  acres  and  an  average  t-onfj 
u[£44«.  lli<f.  (Rs.  42-7-7).  Equally diridedamonptheagrioulturtl 
pbpuliition,  thcH'  holdings  would  for  each  person  rt^present  n 
-uUiittnent  of  820  acres  at  a  yearly  rout  of  £1  4*.  Jrf,  (Kk.  12-0-4). 
Diatributed  among  the  whole  )>opulHlion,  tlio  Kliare  to  each  wonld 
amount  to  3'28  acres,  and  the  iueidence  of  the  land  tax  to  98.  2ii 
(Ba.  4-9-4). 

In  Nandnrh&r  flie  survey  meiwireinf>Dt«  wero  b^^in  in  18&4-5S 
and  Puii-hod  in  lK(>5-6ti,  ana  the  claaaificationft  were  beirun  in  1859 
and  liiiished in  18C9-70.  Of  2 1 8  the  present  ( 1 H80)  ntimberof  vil 
105,  ninety  Government  and  fifteen  alienated,  havo  not  Iwcn  aei 
Of  tho  ninoly  unwitllml  Government  Tillages  two  are  fanned,  m 
eiglity-aeven  plough  rate,  aulhanH,  and  one  bigha  rate,  h'ljhali  ; 
of  the  fifteen  nnsettlod  alienated  viiiHges,  too  are  plough  rate«nd 
five  Iri^ha  rate.     Of  the  113  settJed  vilhx;';-,  1 12  ;ire  (Sovernment 


khAndesh. 


tad  one  is  alienated.  Of  th««o  1 12  (jlov«rninoiit  villafj^a,'  fix  were 
Mittk-a  in  ISGO-IjI,  mnoty-threc  ia  1861-62,  six  in  1862-6;{,  three 
in  18^)5-66;  one  in  eacli  of  thu  three  years  ending  1870-71,  nod 
one  in  1872-7S.     Thu  nltoniiled  ril]ag«  wm  Mttk-i)  in  1870-71. 

Naodiirb^  *  came  into  llritioh  poBseafiion  in  1818.  Duriag  ibe 
first  cbreo  yeara  of  British  nile  no  clian}ft>  was  niado  iu  the 
land  tax.  In  1821-23  tliu  dry  crop  niUis  wvro  nt»od  from 
twunty-fivo  to  oTor  iiixLy  jier  cent,  and  altbaii^h  tlie  collections  that 
ywir  were  nearty  (wiual  to  the  demand,  in  the  next  year  (1822-23) 
Dot  only  did  tht*  tllliigv  an?a  fall,  hiit  the  nttv«  l)»d  to  lii*  lowurcd 
nearly  to  their  formt^r  jiitoh.  'I'heae  ratea  t*fiU  wcijtrliod  Uio  Imavily 
on  the  hitabauduu'n.  Tbongh  tillage  sti-adUy  spi-ead,  up  to  18^7-53 
the  iiuctuatioDB  of  rereuao  wur«  very  grt-at.,  and  tho  arora^ 
receipla  did  not  rise.  Rich  highly  atife^rtsed  lands  were  tliruwu  up 
and  tho  poorer  soila  brought  under  tillage.  To  put  a  stop  to  this, 
in  )S!)U-'iO  the  rates  wore  in  numy  villagers  roducc-tl  thirty  per  cent. 
As  immediate  riw  both  in  the  tillage  ares  and  iu  roix'ipla 
followed,  and  over  since  Nandurbdr  has  eteadilv  improved.  In 
1829-30, 1832-33, 1838-39, 18lt-4:.,  18-ir.-46,  18i8-l«),  1850-51,  and 
1856-56,  in  fou»c(|uence  of  failure  of  cropa,  liberal  rouiif(Kioii»  were 
granted.  Under  the  old  ratfs  the  povonno  rose  from  £2800 
{lla.  28,000)  ID  1818-19  to  £6503  (K»  65.030)  in  1860-61. 

At  the  tirao  of  Huryey  Nandurb&r  was  (1862)  bare  of  trees  and 
ill  supplied  with  water.  In  the  south  near  the  spurs  of  the  Sahylidri 
range,  the  soil  was  a  poor  black  yielding  the  uhcapi'st  crops  only. 
Towards  the  north,  wpo<-ialIy  near,  the  Tdnti,  th«  soil  wan  bettor, 
ri<^Ii  and  miii.tt,  iu  many  ways  like  the  deep  ola«k  mould  of  the  more 
eastern  lauds.  Much  of  this  was  injured  by  iNniig  mixed  with  river 
sauil,  and  the  bulk  of  it  was  only  middling,  its  ocL-aaional  fine  cn^p9 
being  due  to  the  climate  ntther  than  to  the  soil.  In  the  south, 
beaidea  by  the  p(x>mei<4  of  the  Hoil,  thu  valnv  of  the  land  waa 
lowvrvd  by  being  E»canied  with  deep  brushwood -clad  ravines, 
giving  cover  to  aerda  of  most  destructive  wild  bog.  Numeroua 
remains  of  dams  and  mined  woDs  showed  titat  XaDdnrbto  bad 
once  U-on  highly  tilled.  Of  sixty-nine  d&uLi,  only  nino  were  in 
nse  and  even  these  were  in  want  of  repair.  The  vrells,  willi 
rocky  bottoms  and  a  fcantr  uncertain  supply  of  (ntt«r,  had  never 
been  first  rate,  and  their  iinprovemeul  had  been  disconraged  by 
heavy  a«4eHt>iiM^ut  rates.  The  crops  were  almost  all  early,  Hdbu 
as  bdjri,  jiidrt,  udi^l,  tili,  and  cotton,  tho  staple  article  o& 
vimNninption  being  bojri.  The  lato  crops,  (romprlsing  wheat, 
linseed,  and  gram,  were  not  so  rich.  As  a  mie,  dry  crrjp  Ullage 
yielded  large  returns,  but  garden  cultivation  did  not  pay  w<-ll. 

The  local  stock,  though  til  for  field  work,  was  poor.    A  better  breed 

I  Of  tbcw,  (or  (oDT  villogH  full  vatrly  ilnfaHi  nr*  not  kvanable. 

>  TtiU  «iib-(liTiuoa  in  l:t70,  bf-]ui^;iKl  to  tbo  kinodum  «i  (iajarit  and  wm  intaded 
Mid  Uid  «-Ml«  by  Malik  RlJ^  Uia  timtint  if  ih»  Klilnilvtb  kingdom,  who  bowoTtr 
had  to  ntraC  I)«farB  tbo  Omjarlt  fiiriM*  iiiiiUr  MnufTur  Kh.'ili,  <liriu-i' PeruhU, 
IV.  2S3).  It  inilMe(|Dan1ty  tormnl  a  part  of  tlin  Mi^-hal  vcnpin! ;  nod  a^r  tbo  halUn 
otJvliuiLi,  17t>R.  jutuhl  litl->  tlic  IihiiiIh  i>(  ilir  MAmtliM.  Paryima  Nnndurhu 
licTont^l  ti>  Hnlkarand  III*  It.j<lvail  Mrii/af  jKirfiMu  Blitiii«r  to  tbn  Peahwa.  Both 
|iorlioiii  irctv  cwUd  to  Uie  Uritisb  iu  181S. 


Chapter  XnZ 
Sab-diTkioiia 

NAXPURBiS, 

Surm,  Detaill 


""7* 


'seg.. 


DISTRICTS. 


Cfaftptor  XIU. 


&inra  DttaiU, 

uses. 


of  cattle,  broaffht  by  Vonj^a  (roiD  MAtn-n  a&i)  BorAr,  found  a 
tuilo  itinonf;  tlie-monovod  clAtuic«.  The  jwiii^'s  w<sre  mi 
animala  tnf»t  of  tltom  tMloDgmg  to  wandtiriotr  tribea  aod  ased 
them  aa  bfiaata  of  burden.  Tho  scsaly  poputation,  not  mo^ 
figiily  to  iHu  Hqnnre  tnilo,  was  t-hk'tly  iff  ImxIunditivD  witi 
artUaiiit.  Aa  in  i)tlier  aorthom  siili-diviHionx  tberowere  man^ 
workinff,  intelli^Dt  and  woll-to-do  hnsbaDdmoQ,  Lev»  Ennbia 
coHtc,  lucnlly  knovm  hh  Guj»m.  The  oHior  htixbitnilmun  wore  bt 
off,  inoHt  of  tluini  M>  burdened  witb  debt  as  to  bn  unable  to  k 
even  th«ir  plough  bullocks.  One  oncourE^uf;;  point  was  the  jtet 
ment  of  many  Bhils  lu  u^fiil  farm  ijcrrantv  tindur  Chu 
Bfltidos  fair  countrr  trackn,  there  were  two  good 
Eroni  Dhnlia  to  Suist  through  Knndurbftr,  DondJicha? 
Songir,  tho  other  from  Tnlotla  to  Xiuidurbtir.  In  Nunilurl 
UauJila  and  Koparli,  the  threo  market  towna,  Iju^iut'tLt 
chiefly  confinMl  to  the  salo  of  coarse  cloths  and  other  uaimpoH 
locnl  inn  nil  fact  II  roM.  Cotton,  oilwrii,  iiud  frrain  wcro  import 
iteiuN  in  the  local  trade.  Several  Uombay  uierchaiitit  had  Ofge 
who  dealt  witli  the  buEbandmen  on  a  large  acale,  baying 
crops  as  soon  as  they  were  bronght  to  niiirkct.  Wheat  oiid  gn 
initcli  of  both  brouglit  from  biilt^pur,  left  Naiidurli^r  in  IkJ 
nnantiliea.  The  diiof  importa  were  saU,  cocoanuta,  and  spid 
Supplies  of  ^tin  for  homo  uiw  were  aliw  occasionally  lirou^ 
&oni  the  tK'ighboiiring  aub-divisiona.  The  crittoii  giK«Ii«  extKiri 
from  Naudiirbdr  onme  chtofly  from  lllnilpiir  now  in  virJ 
n  poor  RiiiiiU  villagti,  but  ko  thick  iflrenm  wiUi  roina  tJiii'~ 
aoomed  to  have  once  been  a  pladb  of  note.  It«  black  and  rod 
cotton  cloths  had  Ktill  a  good  name.  The  distilling  of  rota 
oil,  niied  aa  a  sount  and  ta  a  spuciSc  For  rhcumntiftm,  was  a 
indostrj.  lu  the  busy  seasgu,  in  Naudurb^  alone  moro 
atilia  were  at  work. 

In  18tll-62,Nandurb£rwBs  found  to  bo  too  large  a  charge 
mimlatd&r.  Of  \tn  316  villagGH,  eleven  woru  niado  oror 
Songir  petty  division,  nine  to  l*impaluer  in  the  imuth,  and 
moTV  with  pari  of  Dhulia  were  formed  into  a  separate  sub^iviaii 
styled  Virdel,  in  which  reviaod  asaeaamentw  wwu  inli-odutx^l  in  180 
In  1862,  tho  details  of  the  reroaining2I6  Tillages  showed  ninetu 
aticiiatod  ;  five  deiM:rted,  meacurud  by  a  boundary  survey  onl 
foKy-seven  ploQgli-rate,  autimndi,  moaAurvd  by  u  boundary  i^urvi 
only  ;  one  hiyhn  rate,  bi</hoti,  meaaured  by  a  boundary  .lanrei 
ujirty-vight  plough-rut«  and  deserted  villaeea  j  six  villag 
into  which  tlio  tiiirvcy  rato  of  i*.  9d.  (Its.  2-6)  the  acre  had  bej 
introduced  in  the  previous  year  [l8C0-tll),  and  100  iuto  which  tj 
tmrvey  was  still  to  bo  introdutwl.  Of  these  100,  seven  were  nnij 
clMitiBcation  and  four  wcro  not  ooinplutely  measured.  Tbd 
remained,  therefore,  eighty<nine  villages  to  whicb  tho  pro£ 
(1662)  aiiaeasmunt  rates  wore  to  bo  applied. 

The  proposals  of  the  survey  mipoi-intendont,  for   the   bk 
thoae  «ighty<nine  villa^,  were  with   fuw  exceptions  approved 
Government.   Under  this  arrangement,  which  on  the  wlmie  iuvolv^ 
a  dccreaJio  in  the   Guvcrumont    demand   of    £1780  (Ka.  17,8C 


lUPI 

ropoM 
>vedl 


KnAXDESH. 


the  eitfbty-mne  viUages  were  divided  into  Four  groups.'  Th«  ftnt 
grcKipuf  tn'euty>seroiirillag«:H  willi  »  good  diitAto,  ocvor  failing  und 
puru  I'lipti  wntor,  ricli  alluTuil  litack  noil  and  Msilf  reached  mnrket«, 
were  charged  a  maximum  dry  crop  acre  raW  of  6s.  (Rs.  2-8). 
Tho  Bocoiid  group  of  thirty-uino  Tillftg*^,  witlt  goi^d  climato  bu^ 
piiKm-HKtngotlu^rndrAutagiM  in  a  less  drjjfreo  chaa  the  firxt,  wore' 
charged  a  maximum  dry  crop  acTO  rate  of  is.  'Ad,  (Its.  2-2).  The 
third  group  of  nine  vdlagM,  neither  so  hcnllhy  uor  so  well  phiced 
with  rufrrwiK-o  to  markcCit  luid  general  tniflio,  werp  cluirgi-d  a 
tnaximam  dry  cmp  aore>rate  of  S».6d.  (Ka.  I-I2).  Tho  fourth  group 
coniained  fourteen  villages  placed  in  twodivisions,  one  of  eleven  and 
thvothcroflhrwe.  In  point  of  climnlc  and  situation  thccicvcn  vt)lag»3 
worn  iufu'rior  to  llic  firwt  ihroo  groiifw*  and  were  cut  off  from  llio  reat 
of  tho  sub-division  by  a  range  of  hills,  and  conseqnently  a  rate  of 
Sn.  A'i.  fits,  I -10)  was  tixt^l  for  thdin  ;  tho  throo  villages  in  tho  weKt, 
siirroiiudod  hy  forcjit  anil  tjrushwoml  and  oxpuHcd  to  injury  hy  wild 
animals,  were  charged  a  maximum  rote  of  2s.  9d.  {lie.  l-ti).  In  tJia 
eighty-nitie  villages,  of  113.221  iicruit  of  Uuvoi'unicnb  arable  land, 
only  tf8l  wure  asiteaiiahle  aa  ivell  watered,  taotaalhai,  liuid.  Of  a 
total  of  419  wells,  forty-eight  were  out  of  onler,  seventy-eight  bad 
been  long disuKod, and sixty-oHo  wtro  pulilii;  wel!«;  on  the  remaining 
2:t2,  tho  spoirial  gnrdeu  nrre  rates  were  reduced  from  88.  id. 
(Ra.  4-2-8)  to  on.  6d.  [Its..  2-12),  on  %-ilIages  near  market«,and  to  5s. 
(Bs.  2-S)  on  outlying  vilUgas. 

Jfa»daridr  Stlttfmaa.  ISSS-6t. 


Cum. 


II. 

m.... 


VMUIKB. 


AMA      R*L    .. 

Kta  Id.tM  WW 
M-H  UK  no 
ITM,    uin 


WMa. 


Ill 


AOTM. 


tut 


IK; 
SIM 
,«M 


m  t»,im  ».i]ijTj,(wn 


IK.MJ 


jlcn     Onllir. 

I  IP    t'lVIK 
I    s   si   1AI 
1    I    :i   II 


SraTwr. 


IMMI. 


moil. 


Am 
imU. 


AnMr. 


I  It  r  ! 

I  1 
0  14 
IMU  0   S 


lenBlth 


llMl>L.< 


Ri, 

•■■w 
tat 


Annsf:  „ 


Mkll- 


K.    ■.! 
1     9 
•  I& 
■  » 
0     I 

0  1» 


i 


(4)  TbtBA'tlrnvl  m-U  It*,  i*-  <»)  TIh  H'i'Usnol  nwU  ■•.1-1. 

An  exantittaUon  of  the  effect  of  tho  survey  rates  introduced  over 
the  greater  part  of  tho  sub-division  in  18t>l-G2,  giv«ti  tho  tollowiag 
resultti.     The  figures  *  of  Llio  ctettlemoab  year,  compared  with  those  o^ 


1  Tho  M8fct<r.iiinD  rillngM  ooutuned  1)3,231  tent  of  CoventnKat  naUe  bnd. 
01  thii.  ninpt  the  Insd  oultivatni  in  the  three  plough-niW  rillneeB  of  tlw  fonrtb 
nxmp  wb(«c  aita  oaa)A  wA  bo  Meortai)iB(l,  oaij  32JfiM  mtm  «*n  undM  cii)ti«M*on 
Ed  18nl>-GI.  Tbc  collcctioaa  {or  Out  jvw,  cxdiuivo  oJ  tho  Ihnw  TiUngoiL  ktaonnted 
tft£M«1  (It*.  6l.<ilO).  ConpHwd  with  thin.  th«  Mtitnated  roralU  of  tbo  Mioft 
mltivntioii  at  tbo«trv«y  ntM  tbow«  rodnetioii  of  abovt  C1700  ([(■.  17,000)  or 
S7  tw  cent.  Tki*  loM  waa  MCpootod  to  b*  mad*  up  'bg  tbo  caltiTation  ol  the  SO.OOQ 
ftcro*  (if  wuto  *nbL)  bad,  noarijr  Ibreo  tuwa  tho  aro*  vadoc  oultiratioo  in  1S60'6L 

■  Thcoo  fignroo  ore  f«r  ninoty'tbroo  of  the  112Goir«mm*ait  vQUgea  al  tho  pnamit 
(IS80^  Kuidurbir  mb-diTuioa.  lladifhnMGbatirMiiiiliMty-ttirooaiidQiKhtv-iiuiO, 
tkanumbor  of  Tit]B((M  alrcadjr  atatod  to  boinchidod  in  tbi*  hfotk,  n  due  to  diUjH 
ill  Tho  limits  □(  the  MibMiUvinoa. 


ChapUr  XZX 
Snb-diTiriooi 

NAyoFSKia,! 

SWwJiMaib 


■r-'Kft.  '♦mrt"^ 


[BombijQMatt 


384 


DISTRICTS. 


Chaptn  ZXH. 

SaMiTiiloiis. 

Atrvef  RtmiU, 


the  year  before,  show  an  increase  in  occupied  ftrea  of  4! 
acres  and  in  remissioas  of  £150  (Bb.  15O0),  and  a  decrease 
waste  of  65,419  acres  and  in  collections  of  £876  (Rb.  87f 
A  comparison  of  the  figures  of  the  year  of  settlement  with 
krerage  of  the  ten  previoas  years  shows  an  increase  in  occnp 
area  of  8344  acres  and  a  decrease  in  waste  of  67,666  aa 
As  regards  revenue  there  is  a  fall  in  remissions  of  £33  (Bs.  3 
and  an  increase  in  coUfctions  of  £87  (Rs.  670).  During 
seventeen  years  since  the  survey,  remissions  were  granted  in  twe 
years,  the  largest  sums  being  £269  (Rs.  2690)  in  1861-62  i 
£208  (Rs.  2080)  in  1871-72.  Compared  with  the  average  of 
tan  previous  years,  the  average  of  the  seventeen  years  since 
survey  shows  that  the  occupied  area  has  risen  by  30,237  acres  i 
the  collections  by  £2907  (Rs.  29,070),  waste  has  fallen  by  90,J 
acres,  and  remissions  by  £261  (Rs.  2610). 

As  regards  the  hill  and  forest  villages  excluded  from  detai 
survey  operations,  the  revenue  from  the  two  brmed,  ntui 
villages  during  the  ten  years  ending  1877-78  avera^ged  i 
(Rs,  140),  and  from  the  eighty-seven  plough-rate,  autbandi,  villa 
£943  (Rs.  94;i0). 

Adding  to  the  Rgaresof  the  main  block  of  93  villages  thedetoiU 
the  remaining  settled  Government  villages,  the  result  for  the  wl 
sub-division  is,  comparing  the  average  returns  of  the  ten  years  bel 
the  survey  and  of  the  eighteen  years  since  the  survey,  an  inert 
in  occupied  arta  of  31,484  acres  and  in  collections  of  £8! 
(Rb.  32,460),  and  a  decrease  in  y^asto  of  106,967  acres  and  in  ren 
siona  of  £335  (Rs,  3350).  Again  comparing  the  average  returns 
the  ten  years  before  survey  and  the  returns  for  1877-78,  the  ra 
is,  including  revenue  from  unarable  land  and  £1299  (Rs.  12,9 
from  the  two  leased  and  eighty-seven  plough-rate  villages,  an  iocn 
in  collections  of  £5639  (Rb.  56,390)  or  81-08  per  cent. 

Tho  following  statement  shows  for  the  settled  Govemm 
villages  the  efFecta  of  the  survey  settlement  during  the  eight 
years  ending  1877-78 : 

NandurMr  Siirvty  Sfiullt,  18G1  - 1878. 


• 

Area. 

s 

8 

COLLKTUMra. 

Occupied. 

Ujiocniplnl. 

s 
a 

1 

t 

1 

3 

1 

1 

D 

B 

1 

1 

m 

s 

t 

1 

l 

■ 

ScKvn  Bloci 

I.— S  Oortiimi 

mJVn, 

LAOIA  HV 

ITbID  IN  186D.ai. 

Acrc«- 

Atm. 

Aorai. 

Acrei. 

Acr«. 

Bl, 

lu. 

Bs. 

Ba. 

Ba. 

B 

1B»-M 

931  fi 

IH! 

1U9 

0773 

K133 

S3 

83se 

ISl 

T 

8 

isao-«i 

a»30 

lOSB 

467ft 

sn*; 

SMS 

158 

70M 

IM 

7 

7' 

iHM-ieeo 

3838 

1177 

40111 

IO.il  It 

tlUi 

P7I 

690! 

131 

IS 

s 

iBw-iS7a 

ttoi 

lOM 

67US 

sas 

5078 

iia 

Mil 

ft 

ifll 

7 

■l 

i»;i-J8  

MMO 

lUl 

fllOT 

US 

1101 

»31> 

3S 

IHS 

10 

K 

DeocMLl 


khAndesh. 


JfaTitbtrbdr  Bumey  Bautit,  1861  ■  I$7.?— continued. 


385 


Tiiu. 


19M.81.., 

is«i-ei... 

1861-1861 

ie«i-i878 
iai7-iB.,. 


lBai42.,. 

tsti-as... 
1831 -isei 

1802-1818 
1877-18... 


18*4-86  ., 

is««-e«... 
i8ss-iew 

1888-1878 
18T7-J8.., 


1887- «e .. 
i»6§  m  . 

IS^-1888 
1868-1^8 
187  MB  .. 


1888-68... 
18W-II)  .. 
1888-1381 
18W-1S;8 
181 7-7 J    . 


iftee-To... 

1S70-71 .  . 
ISeO  I87D 
1870  18T8 
1BI7-7B... 


1871-73... 
1873-73.  . 
IBei-!87t 
1878-1878 
18T7-78... 


Tan );»[« 

before  lurvey . 

Siiic«  lurvflv  ... 

—7-78 


18^7 


Aiiu. 


Occupied. 


I 


UnocciipLed . 


ODLLacnon. 


SoKim  Block  II.— 93  aoTUitMD#ViLUaB  ■ntiim  ■■  ISSl-M. 


Acrei. 

t«.D48 
3»,88S 
S0,4il8 

82,eog 

77,188 


Aorei 

AeTe«.     Acrei. 

Aerea. 

Bs. 

E*. 

Re 

Re. 

Bi. 

11. est 

17,174     101,171 

81,»1G 

1183 

70,848 

188 

11 

11, su 

81,7  Itj      88,718 

17,184 

188T 

80,8»8 

S£0 

39 

18,B7( 

43,374     IS3.418 

ei,«>4 

3011 

W1,74B 

M 

SI 

11.00! 

73,811  t   81,883 

18,1113 

418 

88.383 

408 

IIM 

88 

10,788 

97,847  1    47,844 

38,808 

iK 

37,864 

un 

1881 

n 

Ri. 

70,481 
81,718 
80,871 
e».e77 
8fl,fl0 


BdBTIT  BLSCI  Ill.—e  OOVIMMMIIR  VlIiUBB  IRtUD  111  IMl-St. 


14»« 
1181 

1113 
1881 

8181 


41* 

1M8 

10,708 

8888 

14 

447 

1788 

7714 

Ml  7 

81 

464 

1787 

11,108 

3088 

43 

414 

3888 

8fi3I 

2081 

11 

408 

8188 

8343 

3000 

1118    1 

8 

8*4 

lU 

884     i 

,„ 

1 

«41     ' 

1 

IH 

1 

1480     1 

11 

ntg 

801 

888 

888 

1481 


Sditit  Blooe  IV 3  OOTUHinun  Tilluu  urlu 

III  1888-88- 

111 

III 

1108 

1819 

89 

IHt 

KS 

3818 

not 

198 

388 

«8 

10 

78 

1181 

1T8I 

13 

1X4 

IH 

■498 

1105 

10 

97 

11 

188 

188 

M86 

1108 

101 

81 

388 

IS 

loe 

lOI 


BmvwT  Blooi  T,— I  0oviL<nn8>Tiu,Asi  nmiD  a  I88M9. 


1280 
3178 
1048 
1828 
1847 


3084 
!4» 

SOW 

140 
149 


8808 

aajT 

3114 
1877 
3098 


8394 

B8oa 

8488 
8880 
3831 


8800 
10.119 

8800 
10,119 
10,119 


480 

40 


783 
803 
461 

871 
980 


791 

801 
461 
1018 
107) 


BOEvR  BiACi  VI--1  QovBumm  Tillaoi  ■nn.iii  in  1S88-70. 


i 


626 

Ift 

826 
48 
48 


180 
888 

180 


13 

2 


18 
2 


BvnEV  Bum  VII.-~1  OoTitinKHT  Viu^aoe  ■tm.D  m  1370-71. 


«8S 
708 
883 
834 

878 


99 

106 
113 
106 
108 


781 

aia 

048 
138 
084 


SR7 
300 
893 
368 
398 


808 

88 
306 
101 
108 


00 
18 
7 


1108 
109B 

T73 
1064 

»9» 


14 
14 
10 


783 
1081 

1018 


StrxTir  Bloci  Till,— I  OoTMmuiT  TiLuei  ■■miD  D  1872-73- 


19 


88.313 
71,807 
38,113 


48 

«    • 

708 
1111 

0461 

1067 

48 

81 

888 

1311 

ini 

8481 

tog; 

1087 

10 

18,741 

63,0(B 

184.888 

103,881 

3908 

89,181 

t3,7M 

81.648 

77,691 

46,g!ia 

813 

99,001 

891 

12,441 

100,866 

80,W« 

48,711 

11 

1,10,488 

711 

184 

48 

1887 

71 

1848 

lot 

88.641 
l,03,<ISi 
I,I1,H4 


cauptw  zzi 

NAHDtraBiK. 
Sumo/ Benilu, 

isei-ms. 


B  lU-49 


ijfcmboy  0( 


sm 


DISTRICTS. 


kptn-  XXI2. 
ll*iaiiou. 


VAinuuo. 


Acconliujr    to   the   1879-80   retarn!),  tbo  nffriniltiiral    stock 
Qov«miuoQl  rillagea  amoimtod  lo  7151  plcio^lut,  Sti"!  V  cnrt»,  20,7' 
biitlockfl,  1 7.945  oonre,  61&8  bulMocs,  1000  hones,  74«7  shuop 

Of  the  108,113  acres  ttnder  tilla^  in  1878-79,  (in^iii 
occupied  71,730  or  G9\2  por  cotit,  3y,4l3  of  them  umlvr  ha 
Penicilluriu  it[ii<ti(ft ;  21,SVt  under  wheat, ;/«'»«,  Triticmu  a>.ttini 
11,40^  under /uart,  Sorghnm  nil^re;  5242  nnder  rico,  bhtit,  C 
Hativa;  1704  iindor  myi,  Eleusuio  coracatia;  1338  untlur  hari- 
kodrtt,  Pkispaluin  Dorohiciilotam  ;  243  under  lumzo,  maiUa,  7a^  nu; 
46  nnder  «tira,  PauicnRMniliaceani;  and  2477  under  mjaeellan 
ceKala.  Pulseif  occupied  11,716  acres  or  1083  pi^  nnt,  6i<?JI 
them  under  gn4iii,  AarAAnm,  Ci««r  iirictinum;  2997  iindfir  kuli> 
Doliohos  biflorus ;  1436  nader  (^r,  Cnjanna  indkus ;  ilB4  undi 
udid,  Phad^eoltu  mnngo;  45  under  lentils,  ma»ttr,  Ervum  kins  ; 
23  under  y>KMs,  tTii(ii*ia,  PUnni  sativum.  Oilsocds  oooupiod  10,501 
licreH  or  d'7l  per  cent,  7t)oO  o(  them  nuder  gingeliy  heed,  HI, 
S«samum  indicam ;  '.!2U7  under  linseed,  aUht,  Linum  nsitatissimuin ; 
and  444  under  other  oilsocds.  Fibres  occupii^d  0412  aonw  or  8'70 
per  cent,  9012  of  thorn  under  ootton,  I»ipui',  OoM^ium  berbiacouia, 
iiu<]  390  undi>r  brown  bemn,  amhtidi.  Hibiscus  cannsbinDB. 
Misoeltaneoua  rrops  occupied  1^40  acrea  or  l'6l  pvr  C(>nt,  1224 
of  them  under  chillier,  tnirclti.  Capsicum  frnlaoi-vuH ;  147  nndw 
(obocoo,  lamlxikhit,  Nicotiaua  taliaoiim  ;  5fi  under  indi^, 
Indigofera  tinrtona ;  and  the  remaining  323  under  various  Vi 
tables  nod  fruits. 

The  1S75  population  return  shown,  of  a  total  popnlntion  of  -i^;. 
bouIh,  43,074  or  9367  per  cent  Uindua,  and   2910  or  tiSS  per 
UnsalDULoa.     The  detuiU  of  the  Hindu  castes  are  :   1 435  Brtihraaos, 
priests,  Oovernmeut  :ierTautit,  and  tradura;  b02  Vanii',  21  Kal. 
and  3  BhadbhunjAs,  traders  and  nwrchaiitH  ;  C214  Kunhis, 
Hd>li»,  1653  Dakshanis,  and  33  mbars,  husbandmen  ;  589  So 
gold  and  silver  umiths;  262  Sut^n,  carpent«r8;  IS2  I<uhAra,  b' 
8nuth%  ;    220     Shimpis,   tailors;    69   R&n&nt,     mppersmiths  ; 
KumbbAra, potters  ;  47  Dhi^fvins, saddlers;  21  Beiaar«,  bricklaye; 
15   PAJharvats,    utone-dresaers;   l4    Otaris,   founders;  492  Tel 
oilpn'^sors ;   75  Sdlis  and  15  Khatris,  weavers;  28  Itaugiris,  dy 
137  (Juravs,  worshippers  of  Shiv  ;   107  BhfSla,  bards ;  480  Nh* 
barbers;  138  Dhobis,  waahermon ;  201    Dhanffaiti,  shephords; 
Eolis  and  263  Bhois,    tisheni ;  ]35:i   Raipiit«  and  211    Tardea 
numsvngers    and    constables;    10,371    Bhila  and   2812  Eon' 
labourers;  2058  Vaujfiris,  carriers  and  husbandmen;  406  Chiimbb 
leather-wiH'ken ;  1445  Mbitnt  and  69  Alilngs,  villago   uervaDts; 
Burud.!,  basket-makers;  117  GosAvis,  72  Oondblia,  24  Johirts, 
1 1  KolhAttfl,  be^fars. 


Wa^rftlig^,  one  of  the  Cdut-contrnl  sub-dirisioos,  ia  bmrnde 
on  t  bo  nortli  by  the  TApti  aeparatmg  it  from  Chnpda  and  Savda,  oa 
the  east  by  the  Vilghur  iK'parating  it  from  BhosAval,  on   tho  aow ' 
by  PAchora  and  JAmner,  and  on  tTio  west  by  the  Gima  separatn 
it  frmn  Knindol.    Itsaniais  319  sqnaro  mitw,  318  of  them  survej-j 
in  detail;  its  population  according  lo  the  1872  census  wa.*  60," 


or  189' 12  to  the  Hqunre  mile ;  and  iu   lH7d-80,  its  rcdlisablo  Innd 
Wveuuo  was  i.il,^b3  (Ka.  2,li(,530}. 

The  31S  squHTi)  niilwi  Borvoycd  in  dolail,  all  ui  them  Govenunent 
viUugii  lari<lK,  ix>utain«d,  according  Iu  tbo  rvvuntiv  earroy,  loti,U89 
acres  or  77'6i  per  ceut  of  aralile ;  32,l<lt)  ncnta  or  llj'78  per  asoi  of 
noarable ;  ^02  acrus  or  1  '47  per  cent  of  (frass ;  and  1 0,  408  ttorM 
or  &'l  I  piT  cunt  of  villaf^  sitva,  roadji,  rirertt,  tind  etroaina,  I-'tMii 
Ibe  168,080  iM-Tftft  fif  iimblt!  land,  12,7(!  1  ncrun  Imve  bo  be  taken  on 
aocoTUit  of  iilienat«d  landtt  iu  Uoverumeut  vilUigoti.  Of  tlw  Imlanra 
of  ]45,328acreB  the  actual  area  of  arable  Govornin«nl  laud,  1I9,0SI 
wort's  or  81  ■ftO  per  wnl  wvra,  in  lS'iii~7U,  tinder  tillage. 

On«  of  thft  richflwt  vf  tlic  Tipti  ralli^jr  sub-di virions,  Xasirabvd, 
like  Amalner  and  Erandol,  ia  a  rich  black  plain  in  th^  POflh  nnd 
Irilly  and  rolling  in  iho  Bouth.  The  billa  consist  of  spars  mnuing  into 
the  plain  fixnu  l&o  south  and  branching  iu  nil  directions,  iloflt  of 
the  aub>div>jiion  in  highly  tilU'^il.  Hut  fxwpl  iu  th«  north,  it  a  witfaont 
the  mango  grorea  wliich  are  so  (-ommrm  in  other  e^ub-dJviiiiont. 

Tho  cJimato  is  gpnernlly  honlthy,  as  ia  tho  ca«o  in  Krandol  and 
other  open  flub-<li  virion  a  nf  tbo  Ttlpti  valloy.  The  rainfall  daring 
(he  twelve  years  ending  187!)  averaged  iiO-i'Z  inches. 

The  supply  of  surfacv  wat«r  i«t  abtindant>  The  Ttpti.  the  tijrn'tr 
and  tbft  Y^yhnr.  all  perennial  strcanifl,  form  t)i«  north,  wegt,  and 
cast  bonndariea.  Itesidea  these,  there  ia  the  tUted  river  on  it«  wny 
from  Lhc  Boutbcm  billet  to  join  the  Gima.  None  of  tbpse  rivers  are 
luad  for  irrigation.  Thi-rc  wore,  in  1879-80,  1385  working  wells 
with  a  depth  of  tmni  ftirry  to  eighty  feet. 

The  rich  black  allurial  clay  fotind  in  this  sub-dirisioa  is  of  tho 
same  vtase  as  in  Amalnor  and  Enmdol,  but  nchvraiid  better.  In 
the  aoulh,  instead  of  gradually  growing  leiu  riuh,  it  pussua  almost 
at  once  into  a  poor  soil. 

In  18^!)-60,  tho  ycnr  nf  K^ttlcmonl,  C809  Holdings,  ikatda,  wei-e 
recorded  witli  au  average  area  <if  1700  acrea  and  an  averago  rvntal 
of  £2  IGir.  'Zld.  (Rs.  28.1-10).  Equally  divided  among  lh« 
ngricultumi  pci|Hilutioii,  th«M«  holdinga  wuubl  for  each  person 
ropreaent  an  allotaicnt  of  C'04  acreii  at  a  yoarly  n>nt  of  19i>.  Sid. 
(Rs.  9-10-5).  Distributed  among  the  whole  population,  the  ttharc  to 
vnch  would  amount  to  2*4]  aoros  and  thu  inoidcnoo  of  the  land  lax 
to  7*.  SJd.  (Kk.  3.13-7). 

Nasirabad  had,  at  the  time  of  surrey  (1860),  an  ar«a  of  350 
BiguMrc  mill's,  123  GoTcmmvut  villager,  and  a  populittitm  of  52,^8 
KouU.  Of  the  123  vilhigeH,  only  uimttv-three  were  iiihjiliited.  Foi» 
admiuistrstivc  purposes  they  were  Jiridud  into  two  grou{»,  the 
eiil)-divt»iwn  of  Nasirabnd  with  wixly-five,  and  the  petty  division  ol 
Kiinalda  with  twenty-eight  villageB.  Since  the  survey  tin?  sixe  of 
the  Bnb-dirisioo  haa,  for  administrative  convenience,  been  redgcod 
from  123  to  110  Govomm^nt  rillagm.  The  survey  raoasiirementa 
wi>rol>oguu  in  IS-jS-^lnnd  fmi-ihea  in1856-57,aDdUieolaMi6catiotts 
were    begun    in    1857.^   and  finished   iu  18o<J.60.     Of  the  110> 


■  Pat  two  ol  thw«  Tflbfw,  fuO  yeMlr  datiil*  an  pot  »T»!U1>1«, 

Tllln|[«  «M  BOtMltlod. 


Oaa  alieuattd 


CiiauM, 


StiL 


ffotdli 


itMaSU, 


»'**■ 


ueo. 


380 


UISXaiCTS. 


ftsR 


GoTernmcat  vilktffw,  eighty-nine  were  settled  id  1859<C0,  tfam 
1863-04.1111(1  ci^htfL-a  iu  1»tH-65. 

At  tlie  (tme  of  survey,  N'Mirnlmd   wms  the  riobrmt   Rub-dirinion 
KhtodMli.'      Kear  the  Ttlpti  Ju  the  nonb  tlie  sail  was  betu-r 
wen  in  tlio  comwponiling  landH  of  Ainalner  und  KrniidoL     Be;_ 

the  liiutltt  of  tlie  rich  Tipti  eoil,  wppciullv  lowardi>  ilie  oentro  of 

sab>diviaioD,  wherv  n  series  of  i-oeky  ridges  ran  in  irregular  lines 
to  Ihv  soGth-wpHt,  tlio country  was  aiievon  and  Iho  Eoil  poor.  Tfaoa^ 
in  till!  ridiiT  lundn  there  werr  iino  tnaiigw  grovi™,  it  wax  lena  ndl 
wooded  tkan  some  of  the  auighbouriitg  nob-diTisioni.  It  wan  boutnled 
on  thrre  sides  by  rivers  »ud  wa»  woU  eDpplJM)  with  water,  Tba 
eyeul  uf  rillngv  iu  the  north,  and  lh«  rocky  DNltirc  of  the  waM* 
Isiidfl  in  the  fM>ulh,  were  oofavonnible  for  cattle  breetltng.  1 
»wtnm»  »howpd  a  toral  of  40,900  head  or  26,0110  fewer  than 
Er&ndul.  The  draagbi  cattle  were  in  poor  cunditinn,  lu,  whane 
they  could  be  apared  frutn  field  work,  tbi-ir  servitcs  iv<-roin  de: 
at  Jalgaon.  Too  bulk  of  Iho  population  of  &2,d}}8  bohIa  wem 
busbaudiuen.  I'hougfa  much  had  be«n  done  in  tho  way  of  opening 
fair-weather  roads,  during  tbo  rainy  months  traffic  wa«  ut  n  fitandstiS. 
The  Ai(ir)|rad-M4legaon  road  that  cn>«ited  the  centre  of  the  eai 
division  was siiuply  n cU-ared  tmck.  Though  not  yet  (IStiu)  open* 
Intffic,  the  line  of  tbe  GreM  Indiau  Ponijunla  railway  bad  been 
across  the  sub-divisioa. 

In  aix  oonuti;  towns,  Kasirabad,  Jalgaon,  N^ndra,  A»ode,  K^nali 
and  Pimprila,  weekly  markets  were  h(^d.     Of  th(<M>  Jalgnon 
the  chiuf,  grcotly   increased  of    late   years,    thv   l»rg^>at  plavc  of 
trade  iu  Ktiiiudt^sh,  douliitg  with  Berdr  and  cxponing  cotloa,  Un 
and   titi  to   Uonibay.      About   880   hand    looms   were    eiiipio 
cbieUy  in  K&sirabaij  and  Jalgaon,  in  wearing  cheap  tnr 
common    cotton   cloth.     Tbo   staple   prodncta   were   millet 
cotton,  lintM-ed,  an<l  other  oiUecd)),  almost  all   of  which 
greatly  in  value  within  the  ten  years  ending  IS60.^ 


wan* 

Tha 

an  ^1 

'nuQ^H 


had 


*  •  Kawlist*  on  ttiia  liJo  of  Indut,  wlwtlwc  i»  GvJMtlt  Of  iu  Uie  Soalherri  Mn 
dislriot*.  hi<a  1  M«ii  h«ai'i«  cropa  '  Mr.  Kob«Ttaiitii  ttSnd  Klarch  ISSO  :  Bom. 
Sal-  XCIIl.  401.  'It  iianuiitcr  of  notu^igty  Ibat  tha  paopU  of  Kaaijabul  am 
|i*nitivBlT  Tor;  wdU  oB.  I  thiuk  that  tfap  top^ea  aroaltli  of  tta  ciiItlTab>ra  , 
NkanmbadafatUioradvuitaga  ovar  til*  Vii<Ulaab.>l)i-i>ian.'  Mr.  A.  B.  Gruit, 
1061.  <Utta  4S4. 

'  Tha  detoila  wer«  : 


TUM. 

FkniL 

Jldji  ol  IM>kn(Mi)-IOttba.) 

JAmataOiitan 
0»lt».) 

Wbau. 

nfMtd. 

LlnmL 

OdMmi. 

IIBI        -.       ..- 
!!»_.. 

IIH       

ISM       ... 

tMt       

ins     - 
Iter     ... 
W8      .„ 

UM      

.*w      ... 

Sk    ■.  p. 

■   to 

S  It    « 
•    0     0 

«   «   « 

11    D     0 

s  0  a 
u  0   0 
It  0   0 
It  0   0 
lilt   a 

Hi.    a,  p. 

19   a  0 
a   «   0 
a  0  a 
11  0  0 
IS  a  a 

S    0    0 

s  0  0 

•    0    0 
It    0   « 
l«     0    0 

H.   ■.  p. 
1  It    D 
til    0 

a  a  0 

It  l>   0 
It    0    0 

•  0    0 

ton 

•  0  a 

l>    0    0 
]«     0    0 

Rl    IL    p. 
BOO 

a   a  0 

0  0  0 

1  t     0 

a   0  a 
ID  0  a 
le   0   0 
It   0   a 
1}   0  a 
It   n  0 

mlvr  tho  furtner  MysUtm,  in  tW  beM  nortlic-m  viltagM,  oxcojit 
for  soiU  liabln  to  be  injunMl  by  flooding,  tlie  prerailiiig  acre  rat«« 
■wen  6a.  bid.  and  ba.  2,f.  (R».  2-0-!)  and  Bs.  1-15  a  bigha).  Thei-o 
w  notbing  to  ibow  tbitt  these  ralvii  wore  oxcuMtive.  The  Golds 
'ere  big^My  tilled,  aud  in  roany  of  Die  villages  the  bonaes  wore 
richly  and  handsomety  built.  In  the  poorer  »outbera  Tillages,  the 
pTuviiittn^  THto  viun  2jt.  Qd.  (Be.  1-4)  an  sere.  For  watered  land 
there  waB  thu  bigtier  acri^  chargit  of  7k,  8J<i.  (Rn.  •{-13*8). 

Under  the  new  settlement,  tlie  I2U  villages  were  arranged  into 
tiiree  gronpa,  Thu  first  group  of  tifty-two  villAgee,  marked  off  on 
£be  north  by  tbo  road  crossing  the  Girna  nt  NimbKhedu.  proceeding 
by  Jalgaou  Budrukb  to  NnAinihad,  and  Jalgoon  Khnrd  on  U^ 
Vi&ghur,  had  very  rich  boH  able  to  yield  the  be«l  crops.  For  t}>e«e 
maximum  dry  crop  acTo  rate  of  Qa.  (B«.  3)  was  fixed.  For  the 
•eoond  gnmp,  a)mpri-'<ing  twruty-fivi>  vUlftjfi-s  lying  ulong  th<i  hank* 
of  tlreGima,  Houtb  of  tbo  fort!  atNimbkhcda  Kbnru  and  immediately 
aoulli  of  tbc  road  which  marked  off  the  fintt  group,  togetb[<r  n-ith  a 
'  tmalt  group  of  villages  beyond  the  V^liur  to  the  weat,  un  acre  r»to 
of  4».  3d.  (Bs.  2-2)  was  fixed.  Ou  the  third  jfroup,  oompriitinK  the 
forty-six  remaining  villages,  twoaty-ono  of  which  were  uoiobabiteclf 
an  acre  rate  of  S».  6d.  (Ka.  1-12]  was  fixed. 

The  new  rates  on  the  second  and  third  groups  were  twenty.flre 
per  cent  below  the  old  ratos.  But  as  the  people  bad  for  aoreral 
years  been  rapidly  adding  to  the  area  of  their  holdings,  and  as  the 
waste  land  was  of  very  inferior  quality,  it  seemed  doabtiul  whether 
any  spread  of  tillage  conld  be  looked  for  except  with  the  gradnal 
[iocreaao  of  population.'  > 

1^10  irrigated  area  wna  small.  From  canals  only  aixty>eigbt  acre* 
were  watered,  three  from  a  masonry  dam  said  to  have  been  built 
in  1740,  and  sixty-five  partly  watfcrod  from  two  mud  dama  across 
a  small  stream  in  Mt-hrun  village.  In  the  three  acres  where  thft 
water  Gopply  was  abundant,  the  rate  was  raised  from  bs.  9^d. 
(Ks.  2-li-3)  the  bigha  to  lOs.  (Rs.  5)  the  aero.  In  the  sixty-firo 
acres,  where  the  supply  was  available  in  good  years  only,  the  acre 
rate  was  lowered  from  7<.  ^d.  (Re.  3-lS  8)  to  7«.  (Ra.  3-8). 
Only  1470  acres  were  watered  from  wells.  Nasirabad,  Jalgaon, 
Aaoda,  and  Bbitdli  had  each  more  tlian  100  aores,  hat  in  the 
flouth,  few  villages  bad  more  than  ten.  Garden  tillage  was  not 
popular.  It  Iroblod  the  labour  and  co«t,  and  did  not  nearly 
treble  the  profits.  Under  these  circnmstsnoee,  tbe  garden  rates 
were  fixed  at  ?«.  (Ra.  8>8)  the  acre  for  the  best  villagos  and  6a.* 
(Ka.  3)  for  those  in  the  south. 

The  result  of  the  new  rates  wtM  to  lower  the  Government  demand 
from  £17,489  (Rs.  1,74,890)  to  £14,417  (Us,  1,44,170),  or  about  17-56 
per  cent.  The  following  statement  shows  for  ttach  of  the  tbreo 
groups  tbe  spread  of  tillage  in  the  year  of  aettlement,  the  redaction 
in  the  Government  demand,  and  the  revenue  that  would  be  realised 
if  all  the  amble  waste  was  brought  under  tillage : 


>  Mr-  Dairidaoft.  »tli  Pebnunr  1M0 :  Bora.  Oo*.  M.  XCUI.  373  :  Mr.  Robertaon, 
33iA  iUtth  IWO :  ditto  4II> ;  Ur.  UaM£M,  SMk  Julj  I««0 :  <Utto  413. 


L_ 


Chapter: 
SnVdiTisiens. 


^'naxmi^'a^F—M 


CIXI 
dam. 

lAO. 

taili. 


mU*, 

(78. 


Oombar  0«HttMi, 


390 


DISTRICTS. 

KtuArahad  StUlemaU,  I8S9-eO. 


Fouls. 

SoftVET. 

Cum. 

IBie.lB  lo  IK8-ES. 

liU-M. 

I 

VELL441>.  . 

Oaiarn- 

i      IDKit 
'      ATM. 

OoUactloBL 

nitici. 

Coll»- 

Abhb- 

mmt, 

1«M-M, 

1                     1 

I. 
II. 
III. 

i    Acm. 

IS         te,;M 
ta         «i,na 

ll.Mt 
]a,979 

S9.W0 
I3.M6 
11, IM 

D*. 

i,gfi,ui 

1B.7W 

sa.oio 

R*. 

l,lfi.S81 
13, IM 

iG.ew 

R(.         Ba.  a.  p, 

MS.OM  '     s   a   1 
»«,7M         >    ■    t 
98,260        1  U   b  1 

Total    ... 

lis        ua.ng 

* 

»u,;;i   1  i.7«,3»i    i,M,i<N  1  £,i^,o«i  i       ...      ; 

ill, 

An  examination  of  the  changes  that  have  taken  place  in  the 
chief  survey  block  of  eighty-nine  villages  since  the  introduction  of 
the  anrvey  rates  (1859-60)  gives  the  following  results.  The  fignres 
of  the  settlement  year,  compared  with  those  of  the  year  before,  show 
an  increase  of  6218  acres  in  occnpied  area,  of  13,991  acres  in 
waste,  of  £920  (Ra.  9200)  in  remissions,  and  a  decrease  of  £1509 
(Rs.  15,090)  in  collectiona.  A  comparison  of  the  figures  of  the 
settlement  year  with  the  average  of  the  ten  previous  years  shows 
an  increase  of  17,512  acres  in  occupied  area,  of  4862  acres  in  waste, 
of  £437  (Rh.  4370)  in  remissions,  and  of  £835  (Rs.  8350)  in  collections. 
Daring  the  nineteen  years  since  the  survey,  yearly  remissions 
have  been  granted,  the  largest  sums  being  £1212  (Ra.  12,120)  in 
1859-60,  £4216  (Rs.  42,160)  in  1871-72,  and  £824  {Rs.  8240)  in 
1874-75.  A  comparison  of  the  average  of  the  nineteen  years  since 
the  survey,  with  the  ten  previous  years,  shows  a  decrease  in  waste 
of  21,522  acres,  and  in  remissions  of  £405  (Rs.  4050),  and  an 
increase  in  occupied  area  of  41,384  acres  and  in  collections  of  £3463 
(Rs.  84,630). 

Adding  to  the  figures  of  this  main  block  the  details  of  twenty-one 
Gtovemment  villages  since  settled,  theresult  for  the  whole  sob-division 
is,  comparing  the  average  returns  of  the  ten  years  before  the  survey 
and  of  the  nineteen  years  since  the  survey,  a  fall  in  waste  of 
21,340  acres,  and  in  remissions  of  £335  (Rs.  3350)  j  an  increase  in 
occupied  area  of  47,302  acres,  and  in  collections,  including 
revenue  from  unarable  land,  an  increase  of  £4516  (Rs.  45,160)  or 
29-3  per  cent.  Again  comparing  the  average  returns  of  the  ten  years 
before  the  survey  and  the  returns  for  1877-78,  the  result  is,  including 
^revenue  from  unarable  land,  fl,n  increase  of  £5483  (Rs.  54,830)  or 
35'5  per  cent. 

The  following  statement  shows  for  the  settled  Oovemment 
villages  the  effects  of  the  survey  settlement  during  the  nineteeayeei* 
en^ng  1877-78: 


khAndesh. 

^lutmiad  Surrrf  ffrJotU,  IS60-1STS. 


TUU. 


M* 


n.tu 
Ma,r«> 


aa*iin«T 

I-W-..        - 


Aatu. 


(taapM. 


OsBeaapM, 


Cbuacnnn. 


Snrar  >m)oi  L— n  Oonunmn  riuiM*  nnuD  n  iat»A 


itJUi  n.nt 
ii,4Nj  nun 


Am*. 

M,J10 

•i.t4a 

W.1M 


A(H» 
Rf.MO 


BrL        «*, 

I 

ll.ll  I  1.W.J6? 
flu  I.M.n* 

l*i,l,*I,«U 


IM 


lU  jiu. 

MT)|lOR 


I, An 

i.n.M 
l.«Mli 


■nm  HiAca  IL-*  OarmaBrr  nuutoB  rnnum  a  Ittt^t. 


ma 

ITS 

Mm 

in  I 

WW 

a 

H>T 

n 

■ 

tfM 

Rt 

nil 

*M« 

14)0 

•• 

««> 

M 

M 

■*!» 

l» 

»M« 

nvi 

«M« 

M 

MM 

M 

n 

mt 

*M 

na 

M« 

IWl 

« 

MM 

14 

111 

M 

ma 

SH 

SIM 

■»» 

m* 

< 

Ml* 

U 

1«S 

M 

mi 

MH 


Snvn  iLon  tn.— U  Ot/rnjoaur  Tiuum  urm»  in  IMMi. 


MM 

U,t»l 

7m« 


l«T 

nil 

101) 


ll.Wf  I   I  IDT 
I3.TM  I  II U 


1IB.M* 
IM.UT 


IOlMO 
ll.w) 


11^  I M  M.m 
tt,n]  lll.itt 
l1l,Mil  iM.ua 


KM 
MU 


4T.U3 
W.III 
II.4U 


IMM 
41  «t 

»M« 
4W) 


UMH 
W.IM 


«Mt 

411 

MM 

11 


MM 

4X0 
MT 


IMOI 

ll.WO 
M.»»>I 
XI,*U 


1,M,«1     IM 

ija,*tf  li;t 


1^*114  umtii 
Jtinit/A.ui 


LocordiDi;  to  thu  1^79-80  ri^tiiriiK,  tho  B^cnltuml  stock  in 
(romnivnt  Tillages  amonnted  to  3!t65  plaugks,  4196  cart*,  I6,4DA 
locks,  8666  OOV3,  6195  bitffaloos,  611  hones,  10,304  sheep  and 
bto,  and  807  asse*. 

>f  the  119,031  acres  under  tilisgia  in  1878-79,  gniio  qtom 
upie<l  72,i88  acres  or  60-08  per  pent,  36,-t27  of  them  under 
n.  Sorghum  vulgare ;  21,390  undor  Idjri,  Penicillaria  apirnta; 
131  under  wlioat,  ynliu,  Tritioum  iMliTnm;  308  tinder  rice,  hhal, 
rza  oatira;  and  37  nnder  maixe,  maJckit,  Zen  mays.  Pnhes' 
upied  2902  acres  or  244  per  cent,  1643  o(  them  under  gram, 
•bhara,  Cioer  ariotiniim  ;  1171  undor  tur,  Cajanu^  indicoa;  4'2 
lor  knlHh,  Doliclidft  biflorus ;  34  under  udiil,  Pfaaseolna  muDjro ; 
Be  under  mug,  Phaseolus  radiatus ;  and  9  under  '  oihe^.' 
seeds  occupied  6677  acreJor  5'6I  per  cent,  4043  of  them  under 
leed,  ahfit,  LtDum  (i.<itatiititim»m  ;  2013  utidcr  gincelljr  ei^ed,  HI, 
amum  indicum  ;  and  721  under  other  oiWed-t.  Fibr^  occupied 
[519  acTCB  or  26'72  per  cent,  30,592  of  them  nndor  cotton,  l\ipur, 
isypium  hcrboceum;  and  27  under  broirn  homp,  amt-<uli,  HibiMua 
nabinuB.  Misoellaneoua  cropa  oooapied  614.T  acn-n  or  .'i-lO  p«jr 
'  '16  of  tliein  under  Labtkceo,  .tamlMkhu,   Nicotiana  tabocnm ; 


Oupter^XIIt. 

Sab-dlTinoaa, 

Sumy  RhiJU, 
1/iCO .  la7S. 


ItJ^. 


ISomlMjrGi 


302 


DISTEICTS. 


Su  b-dinsioiu- 

NAOIkAtUO. 


463  DDdor  chillic*,  mirehi,  Capsicnm  butMoeiui ;  1S4  i,  < 
jftili,    lodigofcni    liuctoria;    two  under    Hnf^rcaoe,    ua. 
officinarai]],  aad  the  rem&iniiig  49S0  nnder  rnriotu    Tegfttt»blM| 
fniite. 

The  1)^75  populatiun  return  8how»,  of  a  tutal  populatioo  of  I 
sonU,  60,626   or  01-02  per  cent  Hindus;  i)945   or   &-92  jmr 
HoBaltoADs ;  30  or  (H)4  per  ccm  Christiaas;  khiI  5   Piirxis. 
dclaiU  of  the  Hinda  caatei  urc :  3205  Br^himos,  prioste,  Gorer 
Berrants,  uid  troderv;  29^2  V&ma,  M3  Bhitiils,  ]2d  Kaliils,) 
and    merchaotSi   23.959   Ktmbis,  2066   Mdtis,    36^  Boukiira, 
Alkuris,   hutibtJidmcn;  1206  Sonars,  ffuld  and   fii]vt>r  smitlui' 
Sutdrs,  carpeoters;  277  Loh^, blnckatuith* ;  1449  SItmipia,! 
433  Kumbhiirs,  poMers;    190   Timbate,  coppersonithH  ;  I.>2  E 
bnclcliiyera ;    74   Otdriii,    founddrs ;    112-1  Telis,   oilpri'ciM'ni] 
Ban^riB.  dyers;  907  Koahliit and  767  SAlui,  weavers ;  240 
villnfi^e  bards;   139  Gurars,   worsbippers  of  Shir;     I0i>'.»  >1 
barben  ;  474    Dliobis,  wiwbcrnien  j    1467  OhaDgnra,   Mbupbi 
lis  Qavlis,  milk    and    butu-r  Hollitnt;  4953   Kulia    nnd    .'iD?  I 
fishers ;  237  Rajputs,  messan^ens  and  oonstablo« ;    769  BtLris,  . 
laaf  mllvr*;  65  iMngatv,  labourers;  1429   Bhilct,  labourers; 
VanjMs,  carriers  and  linHhiiDdmvn ;    67    PArdbift,    g^me-n 
856  Clulmbhfirs  and  31  Dohorifl,  Imthoi^workurs ;  3760   Slbkin 
844  H&ngs,   rilUf^  sorvants ;    10  Kaikddia,   baskot-mikkors ;  oSt 
OoaiTiB.  272  MAubliArg,  and  35  Kolh^tie.  befflfars. 

fidOBA.  -^ilSllflli^  *""^  ^'  *-^^  Bouthcrn  anb-dirisrons  inclttdiag  tbe  ata 

divinoD,  peta,  of  Bbadgaon,  is  bounded  on  the  north  )>y  A  mftlwr. 
Erando],  and  Nanrabad ;  on  the  east  by  J&moer  and  Uitt  HichnM 
the  Nizdm's  dominions  ;  on  the  fioulb  by  theNiz&m'a  <toiiiiuioiu;u^ 
on  the  wE-iit  by  Ch&lisgnoii  and  Dhulia.  1|»  artw  is  535  Kqaar«  taSu, 
506  of  them  surveyed  in  detail ;  its  populution,  accordine  tn  f!ff 
1872  ccDi-us  rclarns,  was  84,«80  soiiU  or  189-96  to  tho  8qu.-i 
and  in  1879-SO  its  r«ili«uble  land  revenue  was  430,828  (Rs,  a,y..,.^., 
Of  506  square  niilee,  the  area  sorreyed  in  detail,  Svu  are  oocupM 
by  fchv  landn  of  nlienjit«<l  villages.  The  romaindor,  according  (o  ttri 
mreDin  survey  retorns,  contains  267,396  acres  or  6349  per  cex^dj 
arable  land;  -lO.iSI  iktos  or  12-56  per  cent  of  uuarable  hind;  am 
12,678  acres  or  3-9:1  per  cent  of  villa^  sit«s,  roads,  riv«rs,  and 
streams.  From  the  267.396  acres  of  anthk;  land,  10.911  ncres  ban 
t8  be  taken  on  account  of  alienated  lauda  iu  GovertttncDt  v-"-r  ■ 
-Of  tbvbalaiiceof  256,485  acres,  tbeactaal  area  of  arable  Gov< 
land,  21 2,.^05  acres  or  82'8ft  per  cent  were,  in  1878-79,  ander  uat^i 

^A^fKt.  Pachora    is    a    wide   fairly   wooded    valley    lyinj;   between  tlw 

SitraAlAs  to  tbo  sonth  and  low  ranges  of  hills  to  the  north. 

^knait.  Except  in  the  vilhiffea  lying  below  thp  Sitmiihls,  where,  owing  tt 

the  dense  brui-hwooa,  fever  and  ague  prevail  from  Novomber  M 
February,  the  climiklo  is  healthy.  The  average  rainfall  diirinic  tlw 
twelve  years  ending  1879  was  28-!)9  inches. 

Waitr.  It  is  &irly  well  supplied  with  surface  water. 

the  Ciima  entering  from   Chdlisgaon  in  the  west  ncnr  th' 


Arta, 


The  only  porennisl 
river  is  the  Uima  entenng  (rom   Uhdiisgaon  in  the  west  i 
village  of  Bahil.     In  its  north-easterly  course  it  is  joined 


e  It  IS  joinod  bv  *Llu 


koAmdesh. 

gBtur  and  llie  Hivm,  near  Gluirtia  Pitnpri  iind  Rondoslimr,  and 
jaaseti  out  of  tho  sub'Jivision  iiww  IJiiliigtwin.  ThtiJJjtjjr  is  fei]  ly 
^o  Oarnl,  nnd  thu  Hivm  by  the  Indra  which,  in  its  turn,  is  fed  by 
0a  BkEuU,  nil  of  tboDi  rising  in  the  S^lmiiliiM.  The»<^,  during 
du  greater  part  of  the  ywir,  uro  cither  dry  or  only  a  Horieii  of 
itotk^iAd  poolii.  Tho  Hori  only  touches  tho  boundaries  of  two 
rillageR  in  the  north-west.  There  were,  in  1879-80,  ISI  working 
Wolls  with  u  depth  of  from  twenty  to  forty  foot.  Irrigation  isi  hIm> 
bArritxl  on  by  niciait#  of  one  of  iJie  J^mda  ctLOals,  which  eoters  on  the 
West  near  tho  viliagn  of  Gnta  and  runs  for  fourteen  miles. 

The  provniling  soil  is  red.     Nwtr  tlio  hill.t  yi  lh«  »outh  and  north 
it  is  gi^n^^rally  h'glit  und  fritiblo.    The  block  is  coarse  and  mixed  witfi 
nodnlea.     In  the  basin  of  the  Girna  valley,  tho  black  sort  tbongh 
ia  poorer  than  that  of  the  Tipti  valley. 

'  In  13"it-t>5,  the  year  of  Metllcraent,  8980'  hriMJngv,  kJuUiig,  were 
rocordud  with  an  average  area  of  2<>'4]  acres  and  un  iiv«nig«!  rental 
if  ii  16*.  7ld.  {Rs.  28^5-3).  Equally  dividod  among  the  agriciil- 
hiral  popnlation,  tltc«u  hnldingrt  would  for  vsch  pi.-rBOn  represent 
■n  idl'itincnt  of  f>'8f>  acres  at  a  yearly  rent  of  16«.  2j(l.  (Ks.  8-l>I0), 
Distributed  among  the  whole  population,  tho  ehare  to  each  would 
Hoonnb  'to  3'OS  acres  and  th«  incidence  of  the  land  tax  to  89.  6ld. 
(Bs.  H-M. 

Of  the  three  paryama,  Loh;^,  Pitchora,  and  Utran,  contained  in 
the  Paehora  sub-dirinon,  Lob^ra  and  I'ltchora  formerly  belougnd 
to  the  Niwim  and  were  apqurnMi  by  the  I'eahwa  afn-r  the  Imt.tle  of 
KhiinliiiTi  Ijflu.  PAehora  and  Sangri,  apety  diviMon  of  l>>h»rft. 
were  made  oror  to  noHtar  miwrt  [wvyinont  of  a  debt.  In  If!lS-T9 
Bfbigri,  and  two  yours  lat*r  the  reiiiiuiiing  jWty  diWwion  of  Havidi 
in  [xdiiira,  and  i'tlehora  became  British  territory.  In  183!<-'}!l  all 
except  Saug\'i  were  given  back,  but  were  agitinn-eiiumed  in  1 S  tt- 15. 
Utran  tho  third  division,  Udoiiged  U>  Elolkar,  and  with  other 
territory  waa  coded  to  tho  Briti-tb  in  1818-19  by  the  treaty  of 
Uandesar. 

In  PAchora  the  snrvoy  mcnsaroments,  begun  in  IS-Vj-.^G,  wore 
finished  in  18G5-CI3,  nnd  the  clnwtilicationK,  begnn  in  18o8-I)!>,  wero 
Boished  in  I«(;9-70.  Of  228  tho  present  (1880)  nninber  of  ritlagesi, 
145  form  the  snb>diriflion  of  I'licbora,  and  eighly-three  the 
enbordinsto  petty  division  of  Bhndgaon.  Of  the  P^bora  vtllagt-s, 
108  Oovommcnt  and  two  alienated  villawa  wcru  settled  in  I84H.05 
and  thirty-Are  Government  villages  in  186&*66.  Of  the  Bhadgaon^ 
Tillages,  four  Govorntnent  villagccs  vrvn-.  settled  in  I862-fi.%  five 
Ooveramciit  villagvit  in  186i-6r>;  andKixty-ttix  Gt>vemment  and  one 
alienated  villagea  in  18t}G-6C;  the  remaining  acvon  ulivnatcd  villagw 
of  Bbadgaon  Save  not  beei^  settled.  , 

Of   the  throe  surrey  blocka,  thn^c  of   113  Government  villagOEt 

'settled  in1864.t}5andof  101  Government villag«« Mettled  in  1865-66 

are  tho  largeet'.     An  examination  of  the  effect  of  t)ie  survey  nitm 

introduced  in  them  givett  tho  following  nwnlt^.     For  the  group  of 


(%«pter: 
Sab'diTiai 

PiVHO 

iraf«r. 


Soil. 


/Toi 


m 


Aerary  MoOt. ' 


SiiTrrji  BetiUU, 

ises.  -  - 


'  tlfM  of  tfana  «-«r«  klxnatad. 


a  411-«0 


4BombR7< 


t. 


DisTBicrs. 

1 13  Qoremment  vilkj^,  the  fi)^rc«  of  ibe  Hettlement  year,  oomj 
with  ihofte  of  tho  jcjir  Ix-fore,  show  ao  incrcAse  in  the  occujnv 
of  30,072  acres,  in  the  waeto  u(  l(>,%U  ocrai,  in  iho  rdmissiou 
£4206  (Ra.  42,060),  and  in  the  colWtioDs  of  tUVia  (He.  16,; 
A  oiii^inHiion  of  the  BgnrM  of  the  sottlcmont  year  wich  the 
of  Dip  pruvitiKR  tea  jeara  shows  nn  incn-jum  in  tho  occupied  an*' 
42,214  acres,  in  the  waste  of  9998  aoren,  in  the  remJMitinis  of  W 
(Rs.  41,090),  UD«)  in  thn  oollectioDB  of  £2^78  (Eta.  28,780].     ~ 
the   fowrteen   y«re  (l8«4^o  to   1877-78)   of  anrvcy   mtea 
remisaionH  were  granted,  the  hirgi-«l  ituina  beini;  £-1^!^  (Its.  4^,3i 
in  1864-«K>  nn.i  139.>0,(ll».  39,&00)  iu   1871-72.     A  poinjwjrigtin 
t^e  nretneo  of  thf  fourteen  yeetrtt  of  the  enrrc-y  settlemeut  with 
aTprogr  of  the  t<?n  previous  years  shows  ttii  iucrunso  in  the  ocea 
aif«  o(  3S, 132  iiCTC«,  in  iW- WU9U' of  11,870  lu-rcs,  in   thi-  r(>niin 
of  £419  (R-«.  4190),  and  iu  tlto  oollecttons  of  Eil-IDl  (Hh.  r>4,910). 

For  the  other  Wge  gronp  of  101  Goveniinent  villageic  settled' 
1866-66,  the  figures  of  the  settlement  jear  compared  with  lh<is.t 
the  year  before,  Hhow  nn   incrosso  in  the  ocougiicil  area  of  2(.;:-f-l 
acres,  in  the  waste  of  15,t*;il    acres,  in  the  remiasiona   of   £46^ 
(Rt.  46,880),  and   in  the  collections   of  £1428    (Ite.   14,280).    A 
comparison  of  the  figures  of  the  settlement  year  with  the  avE^rage  of 
tlic  previous  tea  years  ahowa  an  increase  in  the  occapifttl  ar  - 
8S,0U7  acres,  in  the  waste  of  92 1 7  acres,  in  the  remissions  of    ', 
(Ra.  4T^920),  and  in  the  colleolionH  of  £2005  (Rs.  26,0.'>0).     Uuru:^ 
the   thirieen  years  (l8<J.'i-66   to  1877-78)    of  survey  rates   yeaHy 
remiwioDs  were  RTatitiv),  the  largest  sums  being  £4747   (Its.  4?,470) 
in  I9&b-m,  £1 181  (Rs.  11,840)  in  1867-08,  and  £120:1  (Ks.  12,030) 
in  1871-72.     A  coin]uiriiu>D  of  the  nremgo  of  the  thirteen  year!!  o( 
survey  settlement  wiib  the  avcmge  of  the  ten  yean  before  ahawa 
an  iucroAMt  in  the  occupied  area  of  !)1,065  acrett,  in  the  ^viute  of 
11,275  acn^a,  in  tho  remissioua  of  £512   (Ua.  5120),   and   io  dlH 
collectioufi  of  £49^2  (Rs.  40,320).  ^H 

Aildin>{  to  Ibc  lig»ire»  of  tbeiic  two  ffroiips  of  Government  villages 
the  details  of  the  remaining  four'  settled  Government  vill:if.f8,  the 
TfAuU  for  tlip  wholo  iiiih-diTisiou  is,  oompAririg  the  averiif^c  ntunia 
of  the  ten  years  befopo  the  survey  and  of  the  years  of  survt-v  mtes, 
an  iucroase  in  the  occupied  area  of  09,673  acrea,  in  tiie  wh«(o  uI 
24,004  ncro««,  in  the  n*miiwioiiM  of  £931  (Rs.  9310),  and  in  the 
ciilifL'tiontt,  iiicUidtiig  revenue  from  uuarable  land,  an  inn-euso  of 
^£11,774  (Rs.  1,17,740)  or  78-9  per  cent.  Again  comparing  the 
avenigo  returns  of  the  ten  years  before  survey  and  the  returns 
1877.<8,  the  result  iiii,  including  revenue  from  unarable  land, 
incrwase  of  £13,681  (Ra  1,36,810)  or  91/  per  cent. 

"Hie  following  statoniont  shows  for  the  settled  Goven 
villages  of  the  sab-division  the  ellectt^  of  the  surrey  Bottli 
during  the  sixteen  years  ending  1877-78 : 


'  Of  time  otM  baa  uo  cnltivBtion,  sad  for  one  tka  iuturitiatioti  ii  iiicoin{iI«t<b 


khAndesh. 


395 


' 

PifcAoru  Sureen  EaruU*,  18GS- 

Z57S. 

AKMi. 

o 

CdLLIcnOM. 

Owupind. 

UoocinipM. 

% 

i 

S 

Total. 

Tbuj. 

^ 

i 

^ 

i 

fl 

^J 

B 

• 

BS 

% 

6 

p 

4 

I 

J 

a 

$ 

B 

1 

n 

Ir 

S 

■5 

■* 

t- 

a    r    B    1 

a 

U 

■< 

LJ 

GUMTIT  BlAOK  I.— 'J  OUVIIRIIIIIIIT  VlLI^HH  sn-n.>Il  IK  leai-lB. 

Acrn. 

Acm 

Aprai. 

ACTH, 

Acna. 

Bl. 

Bs, 

R> 

Bi. 

«• 

K>. 

iMt-m 

IM 

ISA 

410 

MM 

7 

■   *o 

M 

isei-M 

lei 

l»I 

lOM 

IS7« 

8 

*1S7 

li7 

ItN-lMl 

IW 

4 

200 

313 

6217 

B 

1.17 

im 

iMi-ia» 

HI 

1* 

B70 

1701 

1083 

0 

3W 

B 

10 

UG 

IWI-78 

IM3-64 

8M 

»I 

Hal 

910 

IIM 

M 

ill 

114 

HUAYIT  BLOCI  11.-11:1  QOVIIXHBflTT  VlUMUB  aBTTLKb  IN  18IU-0S. 

Sa.S7» 

«0« 

BO  ,009 

1I.091     IK,S6B 

xwi    M.oaH 

MOB 

un 

[,oo,ig! 

ie9*-as 

1I1,S18 

;i&e 

iai,OTS 

3l^,iitl   1   itMi 

it.wir  i,oi',(t-iO 

asui 

■iia 

1.12,«80 

18W-!3fl* 

71, Ml' 

sas^ 

77,  sm 

ISfia     I33,M6 

^.'70   61.1UU 

ti7a 

iSU 

«i.seo 

isM-iara 

109.717 

727B 

llt,NA 

S0,6I1  1    Vi.Kii 

Bt>U<l1.1»,lUd 

(til 

4808 

iim 

1,61,743 

uii-ia 

UM-M 

IW.tH 

7«U6 

1894  *» 

Vi,aa«  1   93,Biti 

{m'l,B7,Mi 

1 

MttU 

^il 

1.00,234 

6cR¥Br  Block  Ui^ — lol  OovutukRXT  ViLLAOiB«BTTLn>  in  lHa&-M. 

BSfil^ 

wire 

72,022 

4IM 

111,401 

liflS      14,018 

K      IIBS 

ad 

76.434 

ldBS«t  ... 

Bfijna 

3810 

flS.lW 

I0,e30 

21, EM 

47,471      8S.I141 
lr-17l    «:f,3SI 

fO       13BG 

2II-M 

01, .SOS 

IBM-ltHia 

Sfi.S'iB 

seui 

SMIO 

iO.UIS 

l'J9,0!8 

2B  (  IMI 

7sa 

04,^11 

19«S-lif78 

W,«ll> 

3a71 

»o,asi 

^1,888 

JS,|i>tl 

Bll70'I.IO,tG<l 

330    ivea 

102^ 

1,14,700 

I87J-TS 

1H1,liKI 

3D1S 

it.iM 

14,1 09 

ai,113 

ISGl.  1,U,STS 

4      SbaB 

B68 

l,lB.3Ut 

T«a;«*n 

btlon  flnrray. 

1E7,U3 

10,137 

137,SS0 

jO,nn 

3nO,«l        9631 

1,4S.7W 

M 

S913 

2077 

1,4»,»1 

atnc-s  »ofT«y ., . 

IIU.BM 

11, M*, 

W7,3S3 

S.I,0<KI 

M,14a     13,131) 

3,M,n3* 

!(l 

SBOO 

61  lit 

3.ll<>.VM 

1877-78 

aitiTM 

11, He 

na.iin 

39,I9:> 

SI.SI3  1    iBai 

l,7i,91.'> 

4 

ll,l>41 

lOltl 

7,Sll,0[0 

According  to  the  1879-80  returns,  tho  farm  stock  in  Government 
villages  amounted  to  8648  ploughs,  5567  carts,  28,152  bullocks, 
16,682  cows,  9468  buffaloes,  1461  horses,  16,101  sheep  and  goats, 
and  335  aases. 

Of  the  212,505  acres  under  tillage  in  1878-79,  grain  crops 
oocnpied  121,190  or  57'03  per  cent,  60,796  of  them  under  jvdri, 
Borgnam  vulgare ;  50,423  under  bdjri,  Penicillarin  spicata ;  2952 
nnder  wheat,  gahu,  Triticam  Eestivum;  922  under  rice,  bhdt,  Oryza 
Bativa ;  and  97  under  maize,  maklca,  Zea  mays.  Pulses  occupied  3286 
acres  or  1 '54  per  cent,  1411  of  them  under  gram,  harbhara,  Cicer 
arietinnm;  1009  onder  tur,  Cajanus  indicus;  465  under  udti, 
Phasaolua  mango ;  359  under  kulitk,  Dolichos  biflorus ;  18  undez* 
mug,  Phaseolos  radiatua ;  and  24  under  '  othei^'.  Oilseeds  occupied 
9588  acres  or  4-51  per  cent,  7763  of  them  nnder  gingelly  seed,  tit, 
Sesamum  iadicum ;  1800  under  linseed,  aleki,  Linum  usitatissimum  ; 
and  25  under  other  oilaee^  Fibres  occupied  75,049  acres  or  3p'31 
per  cent,  74,942  of  them  under  cotton,  kdpttt,  Gossypium  herbacenm, 
and  107  under  brown  hemp,  ambddi,  Hibiscus  cannabinns. 
UiscellaneoQB  crops  occupied  3392  acres  or  159  per  cent,  1326  of 
them  under  chillies,  mvrcni,  Capsicum  frutesceus  ;  716  under  indigo, 
guK,  Indigofera  tinctona;  270  under  tobacco,  tambdkhu,  Nicotiana 
tal]^um ;  168  under  sugarcane,  7m,  Saccharum  officinarnm  a&d  the 
rematDing  912  under  various  vogotables  and  fruits. 


Chapter^ZU 
Sub-diTiiimi 

FiCHOBA. 

Survey  ResitU. 
186S.1S7S. 


Stod, 
1873-80. 


Cn-pi, 

1878-79. 


396 


DISTRICTS. 


iBb-diTisioBf. 

.     Fll-HOKJ. 

Pto/tU, 
U76. 


Tlio  187?)  ]inpu1atton  retiini  Jthows.  of  a  total  popnlatioD  of  SC^SMfl 
wmls,  77,t(i)li  or  '.»0i'3  per  cent  IlinduH;  77^0  or  9-04  p«r  Mll^<q{ 
Mnstilm&ns;  und  l(!  orO'OI  pcrccDtCbmCians.  The  dutails  <jf  tlw 
Hindu  i»stVM  lux*:  '>V270  Qrihraaii*,  priusts,  QoTerameot  wrvnnU, asd 
Inident;  106  KsbatrU,  wnters;  2A5S  \'&ah,  76  Bhiti&B,  21  lUnUi, 
78  Kalils,  and  8  Bhadblitinjiis,  tradei-a  and  morchants ;  27,751 
KuDbiH,  3673  Miilin,  0.^0  l>uk.-<}iBrii$,  i-iV  Bharadia,  and  83  Bunkan, 
Imsbaiidnieu;  IfiOy  Sunirw,  };old  imd  nJlvor  smiths;  1CM8  Satin, 
du-penters  ;  531  lx>hars,  blacksmiths;  iri78  Bbiinpiit,  toilors;  2i7 
Kiain,  copp»r«iiiilbs ;  aOlj  Kupibbi>n>,  putters ;  8-1  Dbigviins,  saddlen; 
18  LonariK,  (^cult;»t■u^ke^t ;  183  Bi^ldun,  bricklayers;  67  Otiris, 
Fqiindcrn ;  1787  Teba,  oOpreesera;  492  Koditia  and  137  SUti, 
weaven  j  433  ItangAris,  ujors ;  SI  Oadris,  wool  wwivera  ;  2 
Bfa&t«,  buda;  1&2  (luravK,  worabippcrs  of  Shir  ;  1219  N'hiii 
barbers;  59'.>  Dhubis,  nacbei-m«n ;  977  Dbangain,  iiheplii 
GavUs,  milk  and  butter  sellers ;  U>M  KoIi»  and  509  Bho . 
2989    Kajpiit*  und   2-184    PitriJoihis,    luossengerB  and    oous 

10^  AkarnutsAs,    118    OtiVHnlbaiM    and  25  DfLngats,  labt    

3050  Uhils,  labourers;  2621  VsmjAria,  carriers  and  bus  bund  men ; 
8o  P&rdhia,  g&mv-sDarcnt ;  1410  Chilmbb4rs  and  141  Doburii, 
Icwtlior-workcra ;  83  Buradsi,  baakvt-inakflrd ;  7318  J^fbiirs  and 
1U16  Mdn^>i,  rilla^  servants  ;  170  bb^mtAs,  thtuvL<«;43  KaikJdii, 
baskot-njakvnf ;  b  Blmiij^in,  N<-»veni^n9 ;  969  GosAvis,  111  Kof  ' 
194  Mtobbdva^  127  SbilAvauta.  aiid  91  HnbJrs.  tH-^-y^nt 

Pimpalnor.  lying  to  the  extreme  Moiitb-west  of  (he  district 
aESV^ERl^Siniy  below  tbu  8nhyji(Iris  and   including    tbo 
divisions,  ptlds,  of  Nav^piir  and  Niuiinptir,  ia  bouude^I  on   tb« 
west  by  His  Ui^hness  Ibo  GiikwAr'n  donunioos,  sejuimted     _ 
by  tho  TApti  and  partly  by  iU  tributary  lh«  Nesu  ;  on  tbw  north  h^ 
Naudurbdr ;  uti  llio  eaat  by  Vird«I  and  Dhulia ;  on  tht;  stmUi  by 
J^iitiiiia  sub-division  of  N^ik ;  and  on  the  west  by  Ilis  IligbncM 
(iiiikwar'a  dominions.     Its  area  ia  1203  square  inile8,  ^m  of  tl 
surveyed  in  detiiil;'  it*  population,  according  to  tb«  1872  ci^nstis.wu 
(iO,l2&   souU   or   ■17'98  to   the  scfuare  mile;   and   in    1879^  ju 
realisable  land  rcvontio  was  £11.834  (H».  1,18^40). 

Of  943  wpiaro  miten,  thi;  urea  surveved  io  detail,  fwir  aro  occdhI 
by  tiio  lands  of  alienated  villa^^a.  The  remainder,  according  tolfi 
revenue  sanrcy,  cx>ntainii  330,003  acrea  or  54'y2  per  cent  of  antM* 
lamd;  56,382  acres  or  9'38  per  cent  of  unaraMo  land;  1228  accei 
.  or  0-20  pw  CTsiit  of  grafw;  aiid  213,369  acres  or  85-50  por  cent 
of  villnKe  fiilos,  roads,  rivers,  andstreamtt.  From  tlie  330,0i>:J  hctm 
of  arttble  land,  7096  acres  bavo  to  be  taken  on  account  of  ulienai 
lands  in  tiovernmeiit  villageti.  Of  the  babince  of  322,967  acrea.j 
actual  area  of  arable  Government  land,  176,320  acres  or  i>4'59  I 
cent  wore,  io  1876-79,  under  tilbigo. 

Hie 
conttiflLti 


i 


le  moal.  roowntainona  of  the  KhiUidoeh  enb-divisions,  Piin' 
iaLi  of  two  distinct  portions,  the  plain  or  deth  and  the  bill 


'  Tha  MBiarTtyml  aret  clil'illy  coiwiiits  of  ttio    hilly  sad  forral    Twitiar|»  - 
popmhtion  ia  tpafM),  thecliiBAU  uiituMltliy,  uulth««9UBtt>-infMrt«d^  wiUt 


=?rF 


khAndesh. 


8»7 


Ibrtftifl^,  8opai-at«<:I  by  the  Sabyiulria.     Tho  ■i<th   or  essbem  part, 

Byingnbove   thu  SnliyAtlriM,  i»  crujiMtl   by  ul>rii[tt  itiounhiin  runges 

panmng  generally  Erom  w«al  to  east  ait<t  divided  by  vallov!!  of  ratyiug 

'breadth.     Tiio  umt  considemblg  rnngo  uro  iho  Solbiin  hills  which 

■  run  along  the  atmlhvrn   i>ouudttry.     1'he  hilU  nru  mustly  bnra  or 

covered  with  low  thorn  brushwood-     Almoet  all  the  arable  IaqiI  i.i  iu 

thu  Tulloyv,  which,  oxcvpt  soino  muogo  grovea  along  the  banks  of 

rivers,  are  raUicr  ban)  of  treesi.     Tho  weatcrn  or  ifci'ty  portion,  lying 

bolow  the  Sahyddris,  is  full  of  steep  hill  ranges  covei-ea  with  foreM, 

brolcuu  li«ro  and  there  by  tho  cneuul   tillugo  which  anrrouada  Bhil 

liainleta.     The  Sohy^ria  come  to  an  end  in.  the  nort  h-woi(l  corner  of 

^|his  §ub<diviaiou,  and  though  they  gradnally  fall  away  tuwardit  Jiho 

Tipti,  thoy  form  a  very  noticttablu  fuuturv  from  the  plain  lands  in 

^  eaat.     Tho  wkote  aiib>divisio»  i.H  more  or  losa  iiifostod  by  wild 


y 

Chapter  ZXn. 
Sub-divisiotit. 

FlMI-ALXEII, 


A^ttL 


</ 


The  climate  of  ibo  caatoni  portion  is  voir  anhcaltby,  and  tbajrost, 
•xoepl  in  tho  hot  weather,  is  noloriouaiy  fatal  to  Europeans  and  to 
nativeeof  tho  Doccan,  among  whom  there  id  a  proverb  that,  'To  a 
Br^man,  Nav^pur  is  woree  Uiau  tnuiHportation.'  Tho  natives, 
almost  all  Bhiis  and  Kokanis,  suffer  tuiich  h^>m  fever  and  ague  and 
from  c-ulargomcnt  of  tho  spleou.  The  average  nuufali  dnriiig  (ho 
twelve  years  ending  1879  was  25*-il  inches. 

Except  tho  villages  of  tho  Nizilmpor  petty  division,  iuaA<i/,  whore 
it  is  very  Kcarcu,  the  ttub-division  is  amply  provided  with  surfuco 
water.  Be.Hideri  the  Tdpti  and  its  tributary  thu  ^ua/x  which  form 
tho  northern  bonndary,  the  west^is  drained  by  four  rivL-rw,  tho 
ItHUK>'%'  <>  tributary  of  tho  n'a)iti,  and  tha^Buigaii,  the  ^juiiiii,  und 
tho  Hiiki,  tributariea  of  the  Nesa.  Of  theaetlto  Tfiptt,  tho  Neau,  the 
Itangva),  the  Raig&n,  and  tho  Snrpin,  afford  a  good  supply  of  water 
throughout  thu  year.  All  bat  the  Tdpti  ri^  in  tho  bahyadris  luid 
flow  from  south-east  to  norcb-weet.  The  rivers  in  Utu  ^gtara 
portion  are  the  Pitn^hm.  a  i>orenuiul  stream  affording  a  good  supply, 
and  itM  tributaHtis  the  Kiiti,  the  Itorai,  and  tho  Fdn.  Except  iho 
Pin  which  rises  in  tho  hills  near  Ilh^mer  fori,  all  h»ve  ihuir  sources 
in  the  i^ahyiU^is  and  How  from  west  to  cast.  The  Kiiu  joinm  tho 
Pdiijhm  a  few  milutt  oast  of  Sdkri  Hhitdiui,  and  tho  V&a  and  the 
Itorai  join  it  iu  Virdel.  The  rivers  are  largely  uaed  for  irrigation  by 
meana  of  masoni?  dams,  fratuU<tni<.  Besidos  rivera  and  streama, 
there  woru,  in  1870-80,  12'1^  working  wdls  with  a  depth  of  from 
twenty-two  to  forty  feet. 

Tho  prevailing  »oil  is  grey  or  light  yt-IIow. 
coarse  and  much  mixod  with  lime  nodules, 
only  in  tbo  Ddngs. 

Iu  ltiti"-tW,  the  year  of  wttlomcnt,  4180  holdings,  iWfoi*,  were 
recorded,  with  an  nrora^  area  nf  %i\h  acres  and  an  uvoroge  rental 
of  £2  2«.  OH-  (R»-  2UI3-I}.  Equally  divided  among  tho  agricul- 
toral  popnialion,  these  holdings  wonid  for  tyich  person  ropresont  an 
allotment  of  -I'Ho  acrw  nt  a  yoai-Iy  ront  of  o«.  Id.  (Rs.  4-4-8), 
l>LHlnbut«cl  among  the  whole  population,  the  share  to  each  would 
amount  to  2-60  acres  aod  tho  Incidonco  of  iho  land-tax  to  4d.  5d. 
tUs.  2-8-4), 


The  block  is  generally 
Rich  motild  la  found 


IBb. 


CInaata 


WoUr. 


S<A 


xsei-es. 


(Bntlnsr 


tOTinx. 


»anpin». 


DISTRICTS. 


Id  PitDfnlnvr  tbo  surrey  nioaMDreiiienU.  begun  in   1  SS9-flO, 
finiiclied  in  1868<69,  and  the  olaoBifictttions,  begim  in  18i>l'G2, 
fioisbediu  iHQQ-7(t.  Ot'i264,  theprBsciit(1880)DniDbt>ruf  villfit^>' 
form  tho  wib-division  of  l*iin[inliicr,  und  *ughlv-fw»r  tlio  siilK'niuais 
petty  di^iaion  of  Niunipur.     Of  tbo  I'iupalnvr  villages  oetoi^ 
live,    twelve    plough-rate    autbandi,   fiftj-live  {armed     tiMiir'a,  S 
d«sertod,   and   two  alivnat4.-(I    h»vo   not    Itoua    mttled.       Of    Ikf 
ranaininff    niitcty-fiTe,  two  arc  alienated  villafes',  itettlei),  one  il 
]eA8.69  and  the  other  in  IB70-71 ;  and  the  rest  QoTcrmtnent,  aelM 
ei(flity   in   18tJ><-(S9   and    thirteen   in    18<)ft-7l>.      Tho    tHp>  -    *   - 
Ntxtoipur  villiigi.li,  nil  o^  ihem  Government,  were  settled  in  / 

An  examination  of  the  effect  of  tho  survey  mt€«  introdacc- 
two  l»r{(vst  KTuups,  of  dghty>{otir  '  OcivOrnment  villages  hi-: 
18d7-0ti   and  of   eigh^  Government  villages  scttltd    in    ! 

S'ves  tbo  foUowiniif  results.  For  thu  first  gruup  thu  fi^ri,,,  , 
e  ■etUoment  year,  companKl  with  thoao  of  (he  year  before,  >4li  -v  I'l 
increase  in  the  occupied  area  of  10,400  acres,  in  the  waste  of  t,'j;iio 
«crw,aDd  in  the  remissions  of  £148  (Ba.  1480);  lud  a  ducn'on 
of  £1829  (Rs.  13,290)  in  the  c«lU-(-t.i(>U!t.  A  comparison  of  tte 
fi^orea  of  the  sdtlement  year  with  the  average  of  th«  provions  tun 
yean  sbows  an  increase  in  the  occupied  area  of  1 1  ,CA9  acres,  in  tho 
waste  of  02,301  acrc«,  and  in  the  ntmiMtiunH  of  £129  (Rm.  1290); 
and  A  decrmitn  in  the  ooUecttons  of  £l(KtI  (lU.  10,310).  Eintit 
lS6S-6d  and  1670-71,  during  the  ulovon  yMr*  (l867-i;6  to  1877-'B) 
of  aurvoy  mU's,  yearly  romi^^Mons  were  gmnt«d,  the  largest  sua 
being  £2S2  (Us.  2320)  in  1871-75.  Com|urod  with  tho  average  of 
tho  ten  yean  before,  the  avora((e  of  tho  eleven  ycjire  of  sorrey 
settlement  shows  un  increase  iu  thu  occupied  area  of  ljl,87l  acnM, 
in  the  waiil«of  A'i,^t)  aorcet,  and  in  the  remiesions  of  li-V)  (Ks.  400j  | 
and  a  decrease  in  the  collectiona  of  £5d&  (R«.  6550). 

For  the  second  group,  the  figure*  of  the  settlement  y«ar,  cnmpurvS 
vith  tliOKO  of  thu  yckr  t>ofore,  ahow  an  increase  in  the  occupied 
area  of  40,459  acres,  in  the  waste  of  42,504  acroa,  and  in  the 
temimions  of  £534  (Hs.  o340) ;  and  a  dccrvast!  in  the  oollectione  of 
£1493  (Rif.  14,930).  A  comparison  of  the  figures  of  the  settlement 
year  with  the  average  of  the  previous  ton  yours  shows  an  increaso 
in  the  occupied  area  of  41,747  scree,  iu  the  waste  of  41,607  acmv^iuul 
in  tho  remissions  of  £510  (Ite.  &I0O) ;  and  a  decrease  in  the  collecii»ns 
of  £730  (Ka.  7300).  Curing  tho  ton  ytnra  (1868-69  to  1877.78)  of 
'florrey  rates,  yearly  remisaionii  were  gmnt«d,  the  largest  anm  being 
J^36  (Rs.  5360)  in  1868-69.  Compared  with  the  average  of  th»  ten 
years  before,  tbo  nvontge  of  tho  ton  you's  of  tbo  snrvoy  sottlement 
shows  an  increase  in  the  occupied  oreA  of  47,405  acres,  in  tbo  waste 
of  85,818  acTvs,  and  in  the  remisaionB  of  £30  (Rs.  300) ;  und 
decrease  in  the  oollectioiu)  of  £3't5  (Ba.  34t0). 

Of  tho  soventy-five  bill  and  forest  nnttettled  villagos,  tho  tweira 
Govorumcnt  plough-rate  villages  yielded,  during  tba  t«n  yearn  ending 
1877-78,  an  average  yvarly  revenue  of  £155  (Rs.  1550),  and  the 
fifty-five  Government  faimed  villagOH,  £510  (Rs.  5110]. 


I  Of  thcM.  lot  oferao  TilUgM  (all  yMrlj-  details  ait  not  STatUUe. 


i 


khAnoesh. 


890 


(linp  to  ttio  figure*  of  lh«  two  groups  of  settled  Oovoninient 
>gtM  tlio  (lotAils  of  the  remaining;  thirteen  settled  Oovenunent 
■gci4,tlierefliilt  for  tW  whole  sulj-^livisioiiisrOoiiipariDgtiieavom^ 
IPDB  for  the  tcu  yount  bcf ore  the  siirv-Ky  •nd  of  thv  year*  of  survoy 
M,  an  increase  in  tho  occupied  area  of  S'(,'i:i5  acres,  in  the  waste 
^7,118  acres,  and  in  the  remifisionB  of  £70  (Rs.  70D),  and  in  the 
lections,  iacloding  rcrenuu  from  tinnrabtu  liuid,  a  docrciase  of 
is  (Rs.  S'I30)  or  it*3  per  cent.  On  the  other  hand,  the  wldiiion 
&e  t«n  years'  average  rovenne  from  the  anwttlcd  villages, 
ioges  the  decreoso  into  an  increaeo  of  £323  (Rs.  3230)  or  3-1  per 
t.  Again  oomparing  the  average  retanis  of  the  t«n  yeam 
ore  survey  with  the  retnrns  for  1877-78,  the  resnit  is,  indaitjug 
enne  Erom  nnarablo  land,  an  incroafte  in  thu  collections  of  £71 
L  710)  or  0-7  per  cent ;  and  including  also  £838  (Ha.  8280),  tlie 
'7-78  revenue  from  the  unseltleil  Governnient  villages,  a  total 
I  of  £899  (Ba.  89»0)  or  86  per  cent. 

Tho  following  Ktat«ment  sliows  for  tfao  aetUed  Govommcnt 
Bigea  tlie  effects  of  the  survey  setllemont  during  the  eleven  years 
[ing  1877-78 : 

PhnpalnfT  Sarvry  Rmmllt,  I9SS-1S7S. 


Tmu. 


■itn 

I 

-i»m 
■  Uls 
■»... 

I 

■vn 
■n... 


hmimBr 


Abu. 


OwoplftL 


UiHCDiiplad. 


Oouwnun. 


Sftm  Bmoi  L— M  OanMnvT  XatAmm  twmao  a  UtT-ML 


Acts.   Anm 


TT.tM 


41 » 

atu 

Mil 


Am*. 

VJM* 

n.n* 


DMM 


Asm. 
Milt 

iu.su 


te      n*. 

«i«    t»,ta 
1M«  I  »,tti 


u*,ii«|  im  I  n,*u 


B*. 

Hi. 

3» 

m 

V* 

11 

IH 

SI 

*t« 

Rl 

m 

lU 

M,TU 


Roim  Buo  n.  •-»  flomnnn  Viujna  innB  ■«  IMt4B. 


tf.OH 
M.TM 


MM 


IIU 

sue 


«.mi 
n.ta 


fl,H8 


n,wi,  ci),Me 


«4I 

MM 

UJBS 


$U4t 
Ml 


IS 

s 
n 

MS 


•IlkSM 


Scni'nrr  Bukb  m.-  ll  0«TSun>n  Vnuw>  ainuv  a  iUi-iO. 


MM 

Mil 

tut 
ia,ti> 


'» ... 


MjUW 
...;l«>ja( 


ga 

Ml 


ttn 

UM 


MM 
MM 

M<S 
1II,M 


MM 


tMt 


i9,«a 
u.om 


i4a,fli 


l»)^i    Mi,Mi 


MM 
MS 

am 


MO   i.nijot 
Mil      n^M 

l»4       (t>,*U 


III 


w 


atn 


tM,m 

I.Ol.AM 
IJBflM 


c 


C9iapt«r : 
Sab-divisi 

Barweg. 
mS-UJ9. 


.coording  to  the  1879-80  retnrns,  iIk-  fnnn  stock  in  Government 
tgM  amonnted  to  7305  ploughs,  31)49  mrta,  21,095  bullookn, 
i  oows,  6429  buffaloes,  1018  horsea,  16,127  sheep  and  goats,  and 


tS7*^. 


[Bombay 


400 


DISTRTCra 


■  xnL 

lob-diTiuou. 

PUfHUrUL 
Crept, 

WS-79. 


or  Uio    I76;J20  UKs   under  tillage'  In    1873.7!>,   ;^ 
oocapied  121,781  w  69-07  per  cent,  66,7.'>9   of  them  uin 
PcDTcillaria  lipicata  ;  22,^011  nnder   rice,  Unit,   Or^tui  satin; 
umltir  hfirik  or  kadm,   PnsgMiJum  Bcrolncnlatum ;  8(t20  tiiMia 
Elensiuc  coracuik;  6676  under   whi-tit,  yahu,   Tntiouin 
4088  under  rava,  Puucnm  milJaceniD  ;  tJ3U  uutU-r  _;'i->fn, 
Tvl^To ;  817  under   mniuce,  tnakkn,  Zen  mays ;   w^   ^577 
miaoclUTieoos  c»reMl9.     Fulsea  occutiied   19,(309  acres  ur  II 
eent,  12^23  of  them  under  kuliih,  I)oIiclios  biflorns  ;   3929 
gram,  harMara.  Ciccr  nrictinum  ;  1 729  nndin'  p-.-  * ' 

satirum ;  809  under  tuiid,   i*htut6o\aa  mongu ;   J 
mt^ur,  Ervuro   lena;    and   67  onder   'othera.*     Oil  uj-* 

25,167  acres  or  14'27  per  coat,  1-^,IOO  of  thmn  under  ;  .   h^ 

til,   Sf-SManm   indicuni,    and   91^77  uudvr  utliur   ctiUeedH.  't'-Ar^ 
occupied  8169  acres  or  4'63  per  c«nt,  8150  of  tliom   andef  c:-'A-i, 
kiipug,  GosByinvm  hevhttccam,  and  19  andor  brown   hi-mp,  om,'.!'.. 
IlibiacoK  Cttnnabiniis.     Misrellaiieoua  crops  oociipiod  IV):    : 
O'OO  per  cent,  634    of    them    nnder    tjutcamano,    ua.    > 
officinamm;  &8o  nndcr  chitlioH,  tnirrhi^   Ca)>sinim    f- 
ondcr  totxiccOi  tambdkhv,   Nioi>ti»iiii  titlwcuin,  oad   i 
290  under  rarioua  vegeiables  and  ^uits. 

The  1875  popolotioti  return    ahows,  nf  a   tntiil    popnlntiM)  A 
51,793  souls,  50,407  or  97-32  por  cent  Hindus ;  I3«|  Dr2tW)« 
cvnt  Mti.Hii]iiuinit;'i  Cliriittians;  and  one  PArai.     The   detuila  of  lb 
Hindu  oiute^  are:  1142  Jlr&hninna,  pricaU,  Oorcmmont  sei 
and  traders;  1315    Vltnis,  trndcra  and  merclianta;    12,lU+    Kdb' 
1800  SUlis,  H  BiUwirs,  hushtinihuon  ;  696  Sonirs,  g^iM   and  ail 
emilbs;    -108    Sutira,   carpenters;   117  Loh&rg,   blackamitha ; 
Ubimpis,  tailors;  91  K^rs,  ooppersmitha ;  182  Kninbbiirx,  poti 
11  OUiris,  fonndora ;  534  Tolis,  oilpreesera;   110   Kanjiarw,  dj.. 
48  S&lix,  *c«veri« ;  86  Gnravs,  worshippers  of  Sliiv;  GO  HliAta,  haHt| 
658  Nfaiviii,    tnrbors;     161  Dhobin,    wagliormiin  ;   494    Dba: 
ahe[Aerds;  363    Kolia  and  292    Bbois,    Rshers ;     186   P»rd__ 
tnccMngora   and  oonatablm ;    200   Goi-ardhans,  laboururs  ;    IK; 
Bfails  and  6416   Konkanis,  labourers ;  830   Vanjiiris,   (virriors   i 
huibandmoiij  523  ClijimhliSrs,  leather-workers  ;  5  BurudHaml  „ 
KaikAdia,    basVet-makers ;    1849   Mhdrs  and    187  MiId^,   villng* 
aervants  ;  445  Gosavia,  63  Shilivanta,  and  12  Johilris.  Wggara. 
km.  B^Tda.  in  the  norlh-ooet  of  KhtUidcMh,  including  tht) 

^visions  of  YAva)   and   Kitrcr,   in   bounded    on  the  north   by 
Highnesa  Uolkar's    dominions,    on  the  nortli-cast    and   vast 
Kim&r    in    tho  Central   Provinces  ;   on    the    south  hy  tlio 
separating  it  from  Naaimbod  and  BhuMSvnl ;  and  on  the  wm"- 
Cnopda.  Its  airea  ia  86C  square  miles,  474  of  them  sarvoyed  in  detail] 


iVopfc, 
IS7S. 


I  Tho  nnrorrertd  wm  mortlj  consuts  of  ■  wUd  l»*rt  o*  (wmtiy  lyine  ,itLin 
EUtpndA*,  hnovD  —  *f^  Vf\  t^ftp"      Tlic  Vli  vallur,  ttMchiiu  kboul  foon^ni  ■■»- 
whins  the  S4tpiidA».  cmairta  of  \  riih  blacl  uil  |iUia  brok«n%y  kuolk  Mid  dnind 

by  tti«  Suki  river,  •  (ii>mI  >tn«ni  wUioh.v-itli  "■— *  ■•' "—  -■ '-t  ih,-  tm  ijmi  iii 

pbiu.  •ffofd*  •  p«r«DiiMl  npjit;  of  w»Ict.   TTio  vulJey  m  Mid,  two  liundnod  tewa , 
to  h«TB  gonUlBtd  *  Uigt  popnUtiou  and  Mmiit;  vUUgM  of  which  P*l   tru 


u» 


KDANDESH. 


401 


>pulattou,  recording  to  the  1872  c«n>iUR  rctuniH,  was  124,619 
I  or  143-78  to  the  sqaare  mile;  audio  !87&<80  itfl  realisable  land 
iDO  was  i28.278  (Bs.  2,82,7^0). 

474  «qunrtt  milea  Bnrwycd  in  dutnil,  all  of  thptn  in 
Qment  villages,  contain,  according;  to  tlie  revenue  earrer, 
!^661  acres  or  iiiS7  per  cent  oi  arable  land ;  22,554  acre*  or  7'36 
Cont  of  unanblc  land ;  1251  acreit  or  0'4t  per  cent  nt  gnuts  ;  and 
i,d43  acres  or  7'^6  per  cent  of  village  sites,  roads,  rtrers,  and 
kms.  From  tbe  267,661  arrosof  nrnble  land,  29,866  acres  have 
>  be  takeD  on  account  of  alienated  lands  in  Government  villageii. 
}f  the  balance  of227,795acrea,  the  actual  area  of  arable  Government 
I  21 7,874  acres  or  9a  64  per  cont  won*,  in  1878-79,  nniler  tilla^. 

Ivda  U  a  TiTutl  woodad  unbroken  plain,  from  wliich  along  tbe 
b  tbo  Ritnadfa  riaa  in  b  wall-like  line.  It  is  highly  title>a  and 
i\j  peopled. 

Dgli  extremely  hot  from  Marcb  to  June,  the  climate  is  hwJ^liy. 
I  arerage  rainfall  during  the  twelve  years  ending  1879  was  23'41 
lea. 

fotirithitandiug   numeroun  streams  that,  at  short  distances  and 

parallel  to  each  other,  run  from  the   S^tpud^  to  the  TApti, 

sob-division  is  not  on  the  whalo  well  provided  with  water,     'rhe 

J  which  for  about  forty-eight  milea  forms  the  «oul)iom  boundary, 

e  only  important  river.    Ita  tributaries  the  Bhokar,  the  Suki^  tlie 

i,  the  llarki,  and  the  Manki,  have,  owing  to  the  poroas  nature 

e  sobaoiirtbe  cnrioaa  cbaracteristio  that  from  the  base  of  the 

to  about  ft  mit«  from  the  Tijfii  they  run  below  the  surface. 

their  s^mrcea  some  of  them  are  strong  streama,  and  tbu  wnt«r 

again  as  they  draw  near  the  TApti ;  but  in  the  tract  between, 

bods  arc  dry  during  the  hot  soaanii.     Thd  only  villages  with  a 

tiful  supply  of  watt-r  throughout  the  year  are  those  along  the 

>ti  and  the  Sulci.     Tbcr«  were,  in  1879-80,  6299  working  wells 

a  depth  of  from  forty  to  ouv  hundred  feet. 

I'be  prevailing  soil  is  a  black  alluvial  clay  from  four  to  five  feet 
deep,  resting  on  a  subsoil  of  soft  yellowish  clay,  mdi*.  This  blook 
soil  i»  boici  in  the  centre,  and  grows  poorer  towards  the  i^ver  on 
the  south  and  the  hills  ou  the  uorlh.  The  varietiea  of  red  nod 
brown,  barad,  are  tlio  same  as  in  Amalner. 

In  18o4-5&,  the  year  of  settlomont,  12,970  holdings,  hhilas,  ti^n 
recorded,  with  an  avt-ntgc  area  of  16-31  wires  nnd  an  average 
rental  of  £1  19ji.  6<i.  (lis.  19-12-0).  Squally  divided  among  the 
afpricnltaml  population,  these  holdings  wotild  for  each  person 
npTQBenl  an  allotment  of  4'29  norea  at  a  yearly  rent  of  Ida.  i^d. 


tbMi.  Ths  mnuM  «oD«i*l  of  %  w«ll  b«IH  atm*  wMiin<i.  ■  m«d  fort,  aim*  tw»- 
Mpricd  tmildina,  a  na«rroir  with  twilvs  outli-U,  the  Iuim  el  old  Mroot*  and  Mvoal 
Villa  and  fonauriai.  After  ita  ilfstrUoa,  lh«  rtlhj  wm  Um  rocon  of  a  bord«  ol 
mUian    knmrB  a«  Kama   Bhll's   ping    OiriBg^  to  ila  d»MUy     etinuU^   r«p«al«d 

{nitcfc^  a  few   funiliM  ui  Mttle     Tfao  oolonv  gradiiKllr  incNaacd  aoAmmptttd  tfll 
IffJI,  vli«a  then  waaspopalotioD  of  eSSaonUaMd  a  tuluesraaof  WXwacrn,   Sine* 
1672,  Ihe  •DUkuaat  hoa  wmmbM  deelinod.    Bnt  in  Mr.  roUtn'koiiiaion,  callirttiaii 
i^toa  tlnnlr  eaUUiak^  to  aUow  the  vatlcj  to  bpae  into  it*  bnntr  ilMsrt«d  aUte. 
a4U-Al 


Clupter : 
Stib-divitlona. 

SJLW*. 

Arta, 


Atpeet,] 


CMmaU. 


Vaur. 


aoo. 


I8S4 


teonbtjt 


UISTBICTS. 


IIIL 

tUTU4. 

inm   DrtalU. 


(R«.  &-3-I).     Di«tribi)t«<l  MmoDg   the   whnle   popalatioa,  Uw 
Ui  (Mck  would  amount  to  'il3  acres,  ftud  ihoinciJenoeof  tiw' 
to&fc  IH(R«- 2-9-3). 

S^Tda,  iucludiug    X&vti   and    HAver,  vrtm  the    lintt  put 
district  into  which  the  nHrvc;  ftettlt^munt  wait  tntmlai»d. 
were  bt-Kiin  in    1852Ji3  iiiid   6uis»i»d   in    ISbi-bb.     01 
divisiouK  which  Skvda  nrxv  im-lades,  Sdrda  proper  and  RAvrr 
part  of  the  territory  ni  ■  ■    to  tho   Poahwa   ! 

176'2.     Not  long  »it<!r  h  iiwa  prmented  S.i  

fBrnflj',  and  lHver  to  Hotkar.  uudor  whom  they  remamed, 

1818,    thpy  became  psrt  of  thu  British  (cirril-iiv       Vui.l    it. 

pkt'ty  divteixn    induilvd  in  KArda,  was   inl7^ 

whom  it  had  b€H*n  made  over  by  one  of  the  1 1— hwhb,  m  i>\ 

NimbiilkHr,  an  oHitxr  in  hin  twrrico,  iiuiUir  whom  it  reinmiu 

)83l,  it  laiised  to  tha    British.      In    I8«7  it  1^ 

but  «o  great  incouveuience  did  the  interlw'inp 

villa^^  ouiHe,  that  it  waa  reanmed  by  tlw  Gniiub  Uuvcrn 

1843-+*. 

Since  the  onrrey  many  changes  have  been  made  in  tht>  distri 
fyfthe  Sivda,  y«val,  and  Bawr  villagoe.  YAv«l,  wbirh  in  I 
was  a  soparato  Mub-diviMon,  now  (I860)  (oniw  a  flulxintl 
diriaiim  under  Sdvda,  and  the  total  number  of  settled  f  toveniM| 
village!!  nnder  8avda,  RAver,  and  Y&val,  ha^  )>c«u  raised  fnim  21  ( 
23i.  Of  3t).J.  the  present  (1880)  total  nwmWr  of  SAvda  vnUjiw, 
ninety-Hue  form  the  mimlatd&r's  diviiiioD ;  ei^thty-ooe  tho  HuboidiiuH 
division  of  Yfivul ;  and  133  the  aubordinste  divinoD  of  KArer.  0{  IM 
Savda  rillagf^,  all  of  them  belonging  to  Government,  seventy-acva 
were  denied  in  ISiii-Ho,  thii-twn  iu  l85'>-->6,  and  ono  in  Itf7;i-7i.  Of 
the  Yavftl  \iUaiffcs,  all  of  them  belonging  to  Gorerumi-nl.,  lifty-aiM 
were  eettled  in  18^i-55,  and  twenty-two  m  1866-57.  Of  rho  Riv«r 
Tillagw,  seventy-three,  throe  alienated  and  K«vonty  nntratx-iibtc  hO 
vilt(^l^8  have  not  been  Rurveyed;  the  romainiug  Hucty  GorerumoU 
Tillages  were  settled  in  1855-56.  Lying  togeuer  along  tho  bo^| 
bank  of  the  Tn[>li,  in  the  extreme  north-eiuil  oF  tho  district,  SivlM 
and  Y4val  closely  resemble  each  other.  At  the  time  of  the  sur^ev, 
from  the  TApti,  north  to  the  wall  of  the  Siitp^ida  hill«,  ihu  lands  'J 
tho  aub-division  stretched  a  well-wooiUHl  richly-tilled  plain  wjtlnyiH 
rocks  and  unbroken  by  hollows  or  lifiiiigs!  Closo  to  tno  T&pti  tbs 
socl  was  somewhat  shallow  and  poor.  Fnrtber  north  it  gradimlly 
jMmed  into  »  rich  alluvial  black  without  rock  or  gravel  to  a  .!>  i 
of  over  ninety  feet.  Nearer  the  SiltpudAtt,  changing  Brst  into  lir..»ii 
and  then  into  red,  it  again  became  poorer.  The  neamces  of  tbo 
SiUpudi.1  t7en<^mlly  ensured  a  plcntifnlsnpplyof  rain,  and  tho  people 
were  lieallby,  though  from  March  to  Juno  thu  Hiwt  was  intense.  Siv«U 
was  a  great  cattle  market  for  valuable' Niin&r  and  Borlir  snimaU 
M  well  as  for  local  produce,  and  there  were  threeoiher  well  attended 
marta,  Faispur,  YaviU,  and  Sflukli.  IHto  ooantry  waa  badly  off  ■ 
roads.  The  only  highway  was  a  forty  feet  wide  fair  weather  trtt« 
B  oontinnation  of  the  Hoshingabad  and  Asirgad  road.  Along  tfl 
in  tho  bur  Beoaon  large  quantities  of  opium,  cotton,  and  linsnfl 
passed  to  tlie  coast.    Uaoy  nun  in  tbc  liu-gur  villages  earned  mM 


khAndhsu. 


r  th«!ir  livmf^  «A  Cftmers,  travelliug  witb  a  carl  anil  (Nur  of  Iiullock.i 
Bhiwodi  iu  Tli&iia.  Thu  cliarKO  was  frum  i,l  Wn.  to  £1  Ha. 
..  I5>Kk.  17)  Mill!  r.Wn-  W1W  tnu  chuivcc  uf  a  ivturn  load.  But 
Ipeuially  boltiw  the  Sabyadris,  fruiu  w&iit  of  wiUurnad  (odder,  t,ho 
Itttle  euffercd  nororoly  and  often  died.  So  hard  and  rittky 
JU  Ibti  vniploymmit,  that  it  wiw  vxpitthH)  ttinl  «-itli  a  little 
Qcoura^moafc  ^idi  lighter  ratea  mont  uf  tbew:  caHition  would 
sadily  fipvc  up  cAirying  and  take  to  tillafra.  Almost  the  whule 
ab-divitiiin  wii-t  tii^bly  cuUivaU;d.'  Tbo  only  cxraption  was  the 
orth  iif  V^viil,  wbera,  beaidea  eleron  uu(.-Iaaiiifi«d  villajfus,  lh<?ni  wore 
0,UOi'  iioivs  of  arable  waste.  Moat  of  thvso  waste  lands  were  uf  li^ht 
[ril  wfll  auik'd  for  coUon,  fil,  bdjrl,  nad  jt^iii.  In  Y&val,  Ind^D 
lillet  vroit  th<!  cbiof  nrop  aad  id  S&vda,  fudiaii  millol  and  wlMlat 
!ero  grown  to  about  an  equal  ext«Dt>.  The  ritlagee  along  its  banka 
ere  well  i^upplitM]  with  wat«r  from  thi^  Twpti,  and  further  north, 
lough  rh»  nulln  were  deep,  they  yiuIdt^d  plentiful  Hupplti-if.  In 
rery  >>orl  of  tilla^  the  husbaadmon  usod  manure  freely,  and  from 
u  di^rnnud  from  ijpium  gard.n.t,  manure  usually  fotcned  about  a 
ipeo  a  oiirt.  The  Itiol  census  ffare  511,438  souls  for  SAr<)a  and 
2,S<.)4  for  Ydval,  or  a  total  of  91M-  i  ot  tiuimo  about  lOUO  famitten 
rer«  woarcrt,  bctwiieu  200  and  300  dye«,  and  th«  rost  hnsbaud- 
lOD.  In  spite  of  tbeir  skilfiil  tillage  the  cultirators,  though 
pparontly  belter  off  and  better  clotbpd  than  any  similar  class  in 
10  T>i«H'iv«,  wore  im  a  h<idy  juKt  as  deeply  indeblwl,  and  f(  seuiniid 
bat  tht^  owners  of  garden  lands,  gelling  i^redit  more  itadily  from 
he  money  tenilers,  were  much  more  deeply  involved  in  debt  than 
bo8«  who  hud  only  dry  crop  lieKU.  . 

Tn  1819,  tbu  year  aft«r  S^vda  came  into  British  pou«ssk>n, 
laptain  BHgga  arraoged  the  soil  into  classes,  fixing  for  the 
ni  class  a  tlepth  of  throo  feet  and  a  ratv  of  I0«.  Ikt.  an  acre 
Ra.  i  a  bi'jh'i).  Tlii»  classtfimtion  wa^  mugh  and  iuipiirfL's;!,  and 
o  large  an  area  was  included  in  the  first  class  that  much  land 
ras  thrown  ap.  Next  yuar,  in  oonrnxjnenM*  of  the  dc<^'rease  in 
nltivuti'in,  the  rate^  of  aurh  village  were  fix(«d  by  a  (rummittw, 
ON(rAatV,ofthevinage  headmen,  the ai»AmuU, and  hilt  agent,  ^uiBuuifa. 
rho  rates  th<is  tisccd,  except  in  suinocasM  where  reductions  were 
,ft«irwani»  gTiuit<><l,  remained  iu  force  till  (lie  introduction  of  tho 
eveuue  survey.  In  185-i  these  rates,  except  in  rare  caitiw,  went 
airiy  equal,  the  best  dry  crop  soils  in  most  viltages  payin^an 
iniforni  rent  uf  Rm.  r>|d.  an  ai^ro  (Ka.  2-6-9  a  bit/ha).  In  tW  i«urvcy 
vuperintendent's  opinion,  these  rates,  though  iu  force  for  a  iieri<'l 


'  note  Mb.4ivUiAiiii  w«ra  vory  w*n  enltivMcd  tad  the  pMV{«  WMW  la  b«Ww 
iMmauUiiotta  than  in  any  wtlur  Ml^liviaiiM  of  Kluaitab.  Th«  CoOtter  Uf, 
taaaH*U  »m  oI  uninon  tul  inac^  cnatso  ul  a  vary  few  yean  there  vcnU  fe«  no 
nsla  Isad  tell.  Tb*  nnly  diaxlvaiiU^  tbaaa  twA  mh-diiinoiu  Ubo«red  nndtr  waa 
h«!r  WiifC  aitaaUd  la  tii*  iwrih  of  IIm  Tip4i  which  all  produM  (or  Branlay,  coUoo. 
ioMvd,  aad  othwa,  had  to  ercaa.  Tba  nvar  Mnri  too  bmad  to  tw  bndfod,  coaU 
■Iv  b«  fnnln).  Bat  aiqproachta  of  dntabU  laatarJal  to  t^  (orcU  at  BoM'nJ,  «n  A* 
.ichroad  fmm  BomUy  to  Ontnl  laitia.  w«nU]uly  taon»aEar(*«am,  owiag  totha 
b«ishl  of  tbo  htmki  aad  tha  Ma4y  (oil  tlMv  war*  oompotad  U.  Soma  tOMnra  waa 
lecwary  to  >*)iev*  th«  aBcinBnDa  traflW  Irt-in  th*gT«M  incoBvcaicnco  to  whkfa  it 
wpoaed.    Boui- Gw.  IU«  R«c.-i6o(  16^  X.  S03I-3OZ2. 


Chapter  Zin. 

Sab-divisiou. 

8*  viu . 

sat. 


UBoml 


•ilH 


DISTRICTS. 


BpUrZXU. 

SJiVDA. 


of  foars,  bor«  bearily  on  ibe  oultintorx  wad   tvuro  mail 
by  tlw  grant  of  frte  remisjuoos  in  bad  vearM,  and  fn>m 
the    moneylenders  prareotoil   tho    nllitr  ni)DiliilaU"D 
cultivBior,   and  in  bad  m»«oii('   helped  bim  wiih    ^rainaod 
ndTwice*.     TKe  eflfecl  of  these  hig:h  rates  had  been  to 
to  the  beat  aoila.     For  wttlenioDt  parpoaws  liie  tifty.a 
Wlages  were  (1856),  ns  regards  tlioir  dry  crop   Unchi, 
orer  (our  clwaet  irilh  maximuin  acre  ratea  raryiu^  frota 
(Rs.l.8-Ka.  S-6).     As  neards  wat^r  rat««,  do  ceaa  wa«l_ 
Iftnda   watered  from    weJu    more   than   aixty    iwsi    de«p. 
-nsterod  from  wcIIh  of  less  than  aixty   feet  deep  paid  6*1 
^  acre  in  first  and  "socond  clan   Tiflagos,  nod    h*.    {Bi.| 
acre  tit  other  vUlagnt.    The  immediate  r«siilt  of  these  a^ — 
to  reduce  the   re?enDe   from   £12,2dB   (Ba.    1,22,950) J 
receiptoin  1852.53,  to  £8685  (Ra.  86,8Mt),  or  a  fall 
cent. 

The  f olldving  atstement  givea  the  ohaagea  in  dotail  i  j 

Sdcda  Sttthmud,  18S4-M- 


OUMl 

rokSM. 

«atJ4 

0cim«iM. 

■mm. 

takl 

isi»wu 
iHita. 

UfM*. 

IMMl 

«*«•>  1 

t   

11,    . 

PI  

nr.    - 
Toul   ... 

t 

M 

> 

Ik 
MM 

Bi. 
I.».»91 

a*. 

"Si 

»1 

M.*M 

1.*<IT 

n.«« 

The  eijfhty-throo  YdTal  Tillages  surveyed  betweteii  IJ 
1854  wera,  as  regnrdR  dry  crop  lands,  distributod  over  fiTe] 
with  maxiroam  acre  rates  ranging  betwMjii  2w.  6d. 
(Rs.  1-4-Rs.  2^).  As  runrds  gaJrden  cultivation, 
acre  mto  for  land  watered  from  wgIIb  less  than  ais 
wa»  6i.  (Us.  3)  for  villages  round  S^vda,  and  5».  (Bs.  2- 
▼illagoK.  Th«  immediate  result  of  the  new  rates  wa 
the  revenafi  from  £10,055  (Re.  1,00,550)  in  1852 -&J 
(Ra.  82,700),  or  a  fall  of  seventeen  per  cent.  The  bMi 
me&t  gives  ihe  changes  in  detail  : 


T. 


hkl 


To, 


■ 

■4 

t« 

M 


Tai 


CdlMliOB. 


■ndlMt    I 
UtIM. 


ismx 


U,IM 

IMl 
MM 


SMM 

sw; 

U,Mt 

1.0MM 


ltt»M. 

L. 


lU. 

IMW 
WW 


»>•>*■ 


BMMkl. 


ai. 

tUi4i 
aw 

tl.Bli 

w.Ton 


*»•«««. 


"^  *.. 


OS 

oiTi 


kbAi^desh. 


405 


R&ver  pottj  divittion,  survoyudbotwcen  I8£3  itnd  1856,  ties 
h«  PxtrcQiu  nortli  of  t1iL>  dmlrict,  aod  as  tbe  north  bonndaiy 
Ibinilfloh  was  not  then  &xe^3,  tbe  area  of  R&rer  cosld  not  be 
'ectlj'  ascertained  at  tlio  timo  of  Kurvi;j.  Tlic  «rca  Kurvuyud, 
U I  acres  or  180  aqoare  miles,  wan  supposed  to  contain  all  the 
t  likely  to  ho  hrouf^ht  nnder  tillage.  Toe  deserted  lands  of  Pil 
M  wore  entirely  It-ftout.  The  town  of  FAi,  of  which  in  1856 
«»  still  nrmaiiK'ii,  lay  ahout  aix  miles  from  the  opening  of  a  Talley 
ch,  dfHtrrU'd  since  the  beffiuning  of  the  eiphtoonth  century,  was 
several  years  the  hc»(l-i|iiart«rs  of  a  baud  of  robben  known  as 
Ita'sgang  (I  Sid).     At  Iht?  time  of  thesurvey  its  climate  was  deadly, 

it  waa  thought  that  if  the  brnehwood  were  clonred,  eottlsrs 
fat  be  ten3pt«d  to  try  and  brinf;  it  nnder  tiDfigc.  Krcept  cloHe 
W  the  hilts,  where  the  ground  wat<  slightly  uneven  and  con- 
irably  cut  by  small  ravines,  the  whole  sub-division  was  perfectly 
Especially  near  vilh^ros  it  wks  well  cloth<.-4)  with  mango  And 
arind  trees,  lu  tbe  north  ueiir  ih^  hilb  tho  soil  miui  somewhat 
t.  In  other  parta  it  was  a  fine  rich  vegetable  njonld  of  varying 
th.  Wells  wor<!  fnwand  the  gruat  depth  of  tho  water  prcvcntca 
{ation  being  practised  to  any  considerable  extent.  The  chief 
er  supply  was  the  Tipti,  and  some  of  it«  tribuUpioB  whose  banks 
0  thickly  lined  with  villngus.  'llie  only  irrigation  channel,  jioi, 
one  in  the  town  of  ll^ver  tltat  coniiiianded  an  area  of  3U 
w.  Prom  the  great  depth  at  which  water  wa«  found  msnv  of 
Tillages  were  without  wells  and  the  wlioU-  nnmWr  wjw  only  o38. 
iluwe  sixtoun  were  public,  171  nn8«rviceable,  twenty-nintt  repair- 
)^  and  422  in  use.  Tbongh  extaemely  hot  in  April,  May,  and 
Bf  the  climate  wiui  gt^noiHlly  healthy.  The  mnin  line  of  rood 
mgh  Bav(-r,  fwiin  UurhAnpur  to  SAvda,  crossed  the  T£pti  at 
&Ta],  and  passing  soath  joiued  the  made  road  to  Bombay,  The 
vt  depth  of  the-  Tnpti  bed  wa^  a  serious  dilliciilty  (u  the  traffic. 
<ry  year  niany  cartas  were  broken  and  many  bullocks  damaged, 

tbe  water  was  often  ht|^h  enough  to  harm  the  contents  of 
Cai^.  Of  market  towiw  tht^rc  wen;  thrw,  Kilvcr,  Aiupur,  and 
ulpani,  each  with  a  weekly  market.  Besides  articlea  of  local 
:e  and  other  necessaries  for  local  use,  cotton  and  linseed 
a  bought  by  wholesale  merchants  and  sent  in  large  quantities 
Bombay.  Paring  the  thirty-seven  years  ending  1851,  tlio 
Illation  of  River  rose  from  1^,075  to  22,278,  or  &i)  per  cent,  and 

hve  stock  from  15,806  to  25,8(2.<  Kxcopt  Rtivor,  the  head - 
rters,  DO  village  could  (1856)  boast  of  more  tlian  one  or  tw0 
itantial  brick  houses.  Tlic«!  were  gi-ncrally  owned  by  villa^ 
era  or  moneylcudon!-  Tlie  rest  of  the  people  livdd  in  most 
litive  mud  huts,  covered  in  the  case  of  the  middle  olasaes  with 

mud  roofs,  and  in  tt]f  case  of  tho  poorer  classes  with  Jbin 
ch.  According  to  the  ussi-ttant  superintendent  of  turvoy,  though 
)t,  uble>bodied,  and  intelligent,  tbe  bulk  of  tbe  people  were  nxiui, 
tns,  and  extremely  lazy.     The    women,  more  active  than  the 


Clutpter  XI 
SuMiv 
SivcA. 
JMmt, 


'bm  d[<tail>  w«ra,  *  rJM  in  baltoeks  and  baflblora  frooi  S145  in  161S  to  6045  in 
niKonud  coIvm  from  6147  to  SMS,  ia  iho-bulEalMe  from  3674  la  3703^  in 
ibvm  178toSSe,  sailiDaliMpEroniaMStoSSSa. 


40S 


oisTBicra 


ZIII.      tiMD,  IwcidM  tlieir  dinawilic  dirtfM, 


lUVM. 


llM&iU^  mai\ 


m  roKping  end  io  tm3aaff  tbe  prodoM  to  ■■!%>*      Tbe 

«m  mMO,  Mlhh,  and    brartleu,  biriag  Um  bulk 

at  ibair  matcj.  Mid  durRing  from  forty  tn  nx^  par 

Tho  monnylondora  *od  m  torn  of  Um)  ricbcf  biilden  wonU  be  %h» 

gikiocn  by  any  lowering  of  aaieiisineiif  rsies. 

Uf  wTsnty'iaght  Tiltsfces  foor  itliDiated  mam  ikH  ■arrayvd. 
tb*  •evBntT'four  Oorarninotit  viOiigQit  •eTetity>ciM>  wn«  tfaom^df 
niMaarod  Ity  the  chun  uul  otom  ateff.  Mid  three  wenr  pana^ 
wirraywl  j  the  site  of  LonAn,  a  doanrtod  TillBge  beUsTed  ta  km 
boon  MDOoff  the  hUla,.  eotdd  not  be  identiSwl.  For  porpcaH  4 
iu|M«iiient,  the  aovcnty-fimr  Oovemineat  riUagB  wire  grotfii 
into  fireoUMoswitbnuixuiiumBcrenitoaTiuyin^fnin4«.M.  U)3<.tf 
(Kk.  2-G  •  lU.  \'i).  The  Bnt  clus,  with  b  nuuinms)  diyenf 
Mre  rota  of  -Ij.  IM.  (Ra.  2-ti),  coiupriaod  the  larger  rilLi^  A 
hiwiu  whero  wiwkly  marlteta  wera  held.  The  seooml  cIbeb,  wiA  • 
matiuium  diy  cn>p  ncro  rate  o£  40.  6ii,  (Ba.  2^),  coatpriaedwuk 
TillAifM  01  «rm'o  oitlior  in  the  imioodiate  neigfabouHiood  of  llw 
tiiHrlii4  towim  or  on  the  hif(h  road  from  S&vdB  to  Barli&npur.  "H* 
third  clius,  with  a  masimnm  dry  crop  acrerattt  of  U.  (Its.  i^j,  inchiM 
IhiHi)  villiiffiM  lit  wliioh  thu  [irinoijuU  markets  were  Ims  acoMuiU*. 
The  fourth  cttuw,  with  a  masimum  dry  crop  acre  rate  oT  3* ,  " 
(fU.  1-1 -),  inc<lu<Uxl  riUB^w  rury  inoonTUniently  placed  with 
lo  ninrkc'la  or  bordvHiig  on  the  Hilpuda  hilbi.  The  Ofth  cla«j 
a  iiiaiimtim  dry  crop  acre  rate  of  2a.  Gd.  (Rs.  1-4),  inolndad 
villitcfoH  iM  in  a  greater  degree  were  liable  to  the  disadvantages^ 
Iho  [oiirth  K^^tip.  Hoet  of  theee,  lying  at  thu  foot  of  tho  Sit|i 
hilU,  wore  nninliabit«d  and  ouly  parljiilly  tilled  by  pexijiln  frmn 
nvlirbhoiirinff  villagiw.  The  soil  was  iuferior,  ooTered  with  t^ 
■tiititoil  briiiiliwooit,and  from  ita  wnntof  depth, incapable  of  ab: 
any  l«r)^i  (|UHiitily  of  wat«r.  11ie  arm  of  garden  tillage 
Wry  limited.  Land  nnder  well  irrigation  was  aaseesed  at  6a.  (I 
an  aere  in  Ttllairoii  in  tiie  first  and  second  cla«aM|  and  at  m.  (Ba. 
in  Uia  neat.  Welln  fmm  which  water  hud  to  be  lifted  to  n 
of  more  than  forty-five  feet  were  pxompted.  The  immediate 
of  the  new  rates  waa,  eompared  with  thu  averogu  of  tbe  five 
yean,  n  full  nf  £2*107  (Its.  2ll.!)7U). 

The  following  etatcuunl  ^ros  the  changes  in  detail  : 
Sdarr  Seltlaamt.  tSiS^. 


hedi 


Cum. 


I, 
u. 
in. 

IV. 

T. 


TrUl 


Vll, 


■ 

< 
I* 


ruuu- 


UWJO  . 


CaUKUoiift. 


1HI»  )f 

to 
ISHM. 


MI 


i.ia.):t       tr.^t 


t»»AH.    liMM. 


«irs 


lIsMi 

tan 

IM* 


C4.<M     M.llf 


Bonn. 


IBM-M 


Ra 


>W^( 


M,)t< 


KaaUl. 


inrnge. 


IMN 


Al'K] 


R.  ■•! 


KHANDESH. 


40? 


in  exfiminatkin  of  the  reitutta   of  tli«   »nrvey  in  Die  chief  blocks 
30  TilUk^Ps  settled  in    I854-&5  and  seventy  three  in  186»-&d, 
the  following  rvtitiltH. 

the  block  of  I3G  villain,  the  figurt^  uf  the  settlement  yeiur, 
ipared  with  thoso  of  the  year  before,  show  an  increase  in  the 
ied  areu  uf  41)tK)  acre*  ;  and  a  fall  in  the  wiwto  of  89,701  acnm, 
le  remLsriona  of  £2554  (lU.  25,640),  and  in  Lhe  isdiections  of 
<S  (Its.  t>4,630).  A  com))Brison  of  the  figures  of  the  settle- 
it  ytwr  with  the  arerikgu  of  tlin  previous  ten  yearn  shows  an 
e  in  the  occnjiied  area  of  72:14  aoroa,  and  ii  fall  iu  tliti  waitto 
l,IfH)  ac-res,  in  the  remiiisioufi  of  £2872  (]^.  28,720),  »nd  in  the 
lonn  ol  £1-U)ii  (Ra.  44,660).  Durinjf  the  twenty-four  yfuira 
<5&  to  1877-78)  since  tJie  inlroductiun  uf  survey  rates,  yearly 
ions  ImTo  been  ^rmnted.  the  laryfeet  sums  bein|r  £11,028 
1,10,280)  in  18.W.66,and£770(lfe  7700)  in  18150-61.  Compared 
the  average  of  the  ten  prerions  yeunt,  the  average  of  the 
ty-four  years  since  the  survey  settlement  shows  an  increase  io 
oc^'Hpicd  are*  of  44,2  W  acres ;  and  a  fi»ll  in  the  waste  of 
'6  acres,  in  the  remissions  of  £2590  (Re  25,900),  and  in  the 
ions  of  £1386  (Rs.  13,860).  In  the  block  of  seTenty-three 
,  the  Rgiin-s  of  the  settlement  your,  compare*!  with  tlniso  of 
year  before,  ahow  an  increase  in  the  occtipie<l  area  of  13,113 
and  in  the  remissions  of  £3769  (Rs.  87,850),  a  fi\\  in  the 
of  53.810  iwrns*  and  in  the  collections  of  £5569  (Rs.  65,690). 
CompariKon  of  the  figuro*  of  the  Settlement  year  with  the 
of  the  previous  tt-n  yearn  whowsi  an  inrri'iise  in  the  nccnpied 
of  15,03'.*  acrvs,  and  in  the  remissions  of  £3006  (Its.  30,U60), 
hi  the  wajtte  of  56,46'i  acres,  and  in  the  coIWtiou.-i  of  £4121 
41,210).  During  the  twciity-thn^  years  (I85r..&(>  to  1877-78) 
ttw  introduction  of  survey  rates,  yearly  remissions  have  been 
ited,  thv  largest  Munis  Wing  £3073  (Rs.  39,730)  in  1855-50 
£8576  (Ks.  3.'>,760)  in  1860-61.  U<>m)mrod  with  the  average  of 
ten  previous  years,  the  average  of  the  twenty-three  years  since 
lie  Burvey  scttlcmenl  shows  an  increa*G  in  tbo  occupied  urea  of 
27,243  an«sau(!  iu  the  n>IIcoti[>u.-<of  £-j02  {B«.  5020);aud  a  fall  in 
tbe  waste  of  67,787  acres  and  in  the  remiastona  of  £637  (Ra.  6870). 
Adding  to  the  lignrcs  of  these  two  groujis  the  details  of  Iho 
remaining  twenty-tfarce  auttled  Govemmont  \-illagrs,  tbo  rc«ull  fur 
the  whole  sub-cfivision  is,  comparing  tbe  average  retnma  of  ii^p 
ieo  yeara  bobre  the  sitrvey  with  those  of  the  years  of  survey  rates, 
■a  incream  in  tbe  o(;ciipiud  urea  of  70,572  acres ;  and  a  fall  in  the" 
waste  of  204,602  acres;  iu  tlie  remiasioiis  of  £3:135  (Its.  33,3.''>0) ; 
•od  in  tbe  collections,  including  revrauo  from  anarable  land,  a 
d«orcw6  of  £206  (Rs.  2060)  or  0-79  jwr  cent.  Compnring  tho 
average  retnma  of  the  teg  yearn  before  survey  with  the  rolurna 
for  18/7-78,  the  result  is,  including  revenue  from  unarable  land,  an 
incr«j«  of  £1762  (Rs.  17,626)  or  6-8  per  cent. 

The    following   statement   ahown    for    the  settled   Government 
villages'  the  effects  of  tbe  survey  settlement  during  the  twenty-four 
ears  ending  1877-78 : 

1  or  ibuM,  (or  ton  vlIlagM  (all  fcariy  4«tall*  «c  not  avaOsbla. 


Chapter] 

Sab-divulotis. 

SiVM. 
I9$S-U78. 


408 


Chapter  Xllt. 

Sab-diriidou. 

&irai.. 

ttU'U7». 


U79-S0. 


Crvp*, 


DISTRICTS. 

SArda  Smnrf  SftmB;  tSU- 1878. 


Yuar 


IHt-UM 

ivn-n 


IMt-UU 


IMMT 

UM-UW 

UM-MI 

ttn-n 


itn-n 

IRS-MK 


OnoM. 


lli\ 


CnetopM 


J 


BnrM  Bidta  L  -IN  Gffiaumn  TolMm  ■nrt.^  i 


■MnIi*.T»  U1.IM 
n>Mll9.l»  Ill^IOt 

ut,niBi,iioi:i».m 


ItSUt 


Ita. 
«,»«  >T.wi:  i.n.Tn 

tt,(»      t>IT!l.HM<     > 
«Mn  ^:.''!  i."Wo 


•caTn-  Dooi  11, — <3  O^nutmr  VnxmB  •am.BK 

UMO 

w» 

KTt* 

n.n9 

MJM 

leu 

■l,«« 

n 

tctot 

MM 

ii.mt 

ll.MI 

tUTi 

«ni 

asjH 

M 

MM 

««N 

Mw*M 

7M»e 

AWO 

MM 

«,;*«< 

m 

MM 

■ffl 

M.«M 

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IIM 

MM 

TUM 

IM 

•1,0m 

mi 

M.tN 

MO 

UAM 

" 

HAM 

» 

«n 


Bcim  Buxs  UL— n  OomDnan  Vuaadb  •nvhrnn  i»  i 


MU 

1M« 

MR 

i».«rT 

mM 

«aii 

m* 

DM 

10M4 

MM 

IIH 

IT* 

MW 

DIU 

t*u 

•K» 

li,MI 

«;<• 

l*M 

tn.U» 

IHtTt 

t*M 

u.iot 

«M 

mo 

w 

IMU 

• 

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>in 

MM 

ITjm 

svnn  BLOoi  IV4-1  Ootmiun  Viuina  inn^ 


Ml 

MO 


at 

m 
n 

M 
M 


on 

ID« 

in 

Till 


I 

■t 
■ 
S 


■IDMHUn*.    fV.Cil   U,»i<' TM.CWl    >],«N 
im-l>  -{ti>.an,u>.|Wii(.HI|   il.Mt 


in 
n 

lis 

H 

w 


MM* 

MJTS 


ITM    (      „ 
>"0      I         1 


am 

m 


tMitii  m 


Acoordingto  the  1879-80  rttnrnB,  the  tsrtu  bIocIc  in' 
viUages  amounted  to  7277  ploiiglw,  7716  carta,  30,771 
20,$/ 4  cows,  11,823  bufialoea,  830  horses,  20,&9K  itbeep 
lud  1084  Mse*. 


n^H 


OE  the  21 7,874acrea  under  tilla^  in  1878-79,  gTRio  i 
125,846  ficros  or  &7-76  per  cent,  75,fi2I  of  thnm 
Sorghum  viilg&ro  ;  87,967  under  iMijri,  Penicillaria  ^picaj 
noder  wheat,  gahu,  Triticnm  lestivuni  ;  29  under  maize),  nl 
nuajfs ;  36  iindtT  rioo,  hbdt,  Oryxa  aatira^  and  72  iindcT  tnia 
ceroalB.  Pulses  occnipicd  1 1,902  acres  or  5'46  p^-r  cenj 
thcin  undor  fur,  Cajauua  indicosi ;  189ft  under  in'atn,  karbh 
Knetinum  ;  111  under  kutith,  DolichoH  hitlorus  ;  94  nJ 
ratana,  Piauin  Batirum  ;  10  nndor  udid,  Phaaeolnn  mg 
39  onder  'others.'  OilseedB  occupied  18,925  acresor  8-6^ 
11,608  of  (hotn  under  ^ngell;  seed,  ^,  Sesftcnum  isdic 
under  linseed,  at<At,  Lmnm  usitotiaaitnara,   aud  LllSl        ' 


■'lai^M 


KHANDESH. 


409 


Fibres  ooonpted  5'i,-i21  acres  or  24*97  per  cent,  all  under 

an,  lapiu,  GosBypiuin  herbacenm.     Miaoollaneous  crops  occupied 

^  norcsorS'll  por  cbut,  1S41   of  tkom  nnder  ohiUios,  minhi, 

Dum   fratescens ;   1327   onder  tobnooo,  tantbikhu,  Kiootiaiia 

;  639   nnder  iadigo,  $^■''1,  Indigofera  tinctoria  ;   35  Duder 

au,  tig,  Saccharam  officioartim  ;    and  the    remaioing  3238 

rious  vegetables  aod  fmiU. 

1875   population   retorn   shows,  of  a    total    population    of 

ifOlS  souls,    110,252    or  88'5t    por  cent  Hindus;    14,258  or 

*45  per  cent  MuMlm&ns ;  and  9  Christians.     The  details  of  the 

idu  caates  are  :  4481  Br^tnans,  prieste,  GoTernotent  servants, 

tnders;  4  Shenvis,    wTit«rs;   3107    VtiniH,    136    Kniiils,    77 

IbbunjiU,   aud    10   Hnlvaiv,   traders  and    mi^rcbiuitit ;    !iO,^H 

tanhui,  4219  MAlis,  1338  Dakshanis,  420  Alkaria,  116  Hatkam, 

Bhamdis,  and  48  Bunkars,  hoBbandmen ;  1771  SotLd,rB,  ffold  and 

smiths  J  1315  Sut4lr«,  carptmters;  558  Lohirs,  blackHtniths ; 

)2   Sbitnpii),  tailont ;  417  Kis^.i,  cc^ipersmiths;  005  Kiimblutre, 

116   Dhigv&ns,  saddlers;  192  LonAris,  cement-nmkera  ; 

BcIdArs,  brioklavers;  57   OtiriK,    fonDdcrs;    1989   Telis,  oil- 

er<;  1576  Siilis  itnd  1246   Koshtia,   weayera;    1067  RangilHs, 

rs;  21   Gadris,  wool  weavers;  512  Bh&ts,  bards;   4d0  Gurars, 

shippers    of     Shiv;     1852     NhiviH,     bar)>er8  ;    621     Dhobis, 

cniten;   2238    Dtutn^ant,   shepherds;    7525    Kolts    and    509 

tiois,  tisheni;  lil97    Kajputa,    messengers   and  constables  ;  843 

ris,  botel-leaf  sellers ;  1U6  Dsnf^Us,  98  Khang&ni,  31  Sortis,  and 

AkarmlUb,  lubountrs ;    1052  Bhilit  and   73  Gonds,  labooror»; 

'  Vnnjiris,  carriers  and  hnsbandpien;  157  P&rdhis,  gane-saarorv; 

)6  Cb^bhirs,   leather.work«s ;  9023  Mbdrs  and   667   M^gs, 

)  servants;  37  Kaikidis,  basket-makers ;  S  Bbangis.  Bcarungers; 

Oos&vis,   200  Kolhiitis,  442    M&ubhi&rs,   and  18  ShiUrantM, 


Chapter! 
Ssb^vlBia 

SiTIU. 


^SP 


ms. 


81ltt'ha'd&,  one  of  the  north-wostern  sab-divistoaB,  is  bounded 
1m  tao  north  by  thu  Barvdni  Htut«,  on  the  eaat  hy  Sbinwr,  on  the 
south  by  the  Tiipti  Heparating  it  from  Nandnrbdr  and  Virdel,  and 
on  the  west  bv  Tsloda.  Its  area  is  490  sqtiare  miles,  353  of  them 
snrvcyod  in  detail;'  its  population,  according  to  the  1872cenBn8,  was 
46,228  M>ul8  or  04-3-t  to  tlie  aqnare  mile;  and  in  1879-80  its 
realisable  land  revenue  was  £21,461  (Rs.  2,14,610). 

Tho  353  square  miles  snrreyed  in  detail,  all  of  them  in  Government 
villages,  coutiuiitid  according  to  the  r«venue  survey  200,338  ncrea 
or  H8'72  per  cent  of  arable  land  ;  11,188  acres  op  4i*5  per  oeaV 
of  iiiiarablo  land ;  519  acres  or  023  per  cent  of  f^rass  ;  and  13,777 
acres  or  6'10  per  cent  of  villago  sites,  roads,  rivem,  and  stroams. 
From  the  20U,33S  acres  of  arable  land,  11,581  acreui  have  to  be 
taken  on  account  of  alimiatod  lands  in  Government  villages..  Of 
the  b^anoo  of  188,757  acroH,  tho  actocU  area  of  arable  Government 
laa^Hl^i'^^^'"^'^'"'^^''^^  per  cent  were,  in  1878-79,  under  tillage. 

iS"  the    north    the    Sfitpndls   throw    out  several   spurs  along 
tho  eastern  boundary  enclosing  one  of  the  richest  black  soil  plains 

'  Tho  nnmrrn-cil  ore*  ohiefly  consists  ot »  vild  tnet  ot  oonatry  Ij^iag  wiUuD  (lie 
'">iiU«.  iolulHtcd  bjr  Slula 

b4)1-S2 


AvtO., 


kpterZHL 

SobdiTUou. 


CVimott. 


Watir. 


Soa. 


410        ■  DISTRICTS. 

* 

in  Kfa^desh.    This  pluit  is  brolrea  bj  a  low  nuge  of  i 

Tho  climata  of  tbfe  open  portion  Ja  not  tmhaalthy,  bnt  the  ' 
lying  alcing  the  base  of  tlie  Siitjtud^  una  in   tho   thick 
foresta  are  moat  roalyioia.     Fersn  and  ipleon  disuoBcn  nrc  con 
Except  io  April  ao<l  May,  tho  aah-dimion  is  unsafe  for  Ec 
Tho  awngo  roiutall  during  the  twelve  jeara  coding'  187*J  vnta  23'T 
incbe*.  . 

Althaagh  the  sab-diriiiioa  po«w«UH  two  perennial  atreanu^  ik 
Ttoti  forming  the  sontfapm  boundary  for  a  disranco  of  tweuty-eerfl 
duIm  and    its    tributwy   the  Gomi.   it   U  on   tho  wbole    scaaltlj 


[ttoTided  with  surface  water^  The  Gomi  «ule»  from  the  noith 
east,  and  in  ilx  south-woftt-^rly  course  rassea  the  town  of  Sh^h&j 
and  joins  the  Tipti  near  Prakfaha.  By  tncans  of  a  tnaaonry  dan 
it  irrigates  tho  lands  of  ciglit  Tillages.  Th4<  G<iaii  ami  tta  tribotanO 
the  Umbri  and  tliu  ikutvi,  and  several  other  minor  aCnoams  witil 
wator  for  part  of  the  year  only,  have  all  of  ihetn  their  aoorcw  tl 
tbeSitpodis.  There  were,  in  lS7d-8l),  741  working  weDswitki 
depth  of  &ODI  tweoty<fiTo  to  sixty  fevt. 

Tho  provailing  black  aoilia  a  rich  loam  resting  on  a  yeUmrid 
subsoil. 

In  1663.G4,  the  year  of  oettlemciit,  4-i75  hotdiiigo,  khdtas,  wvr 
recorded,  with  an  nroiage  area  of  23''H  acrss  and  an  avi^mgo  mt> 
of  £4  2*,  Id.  (Ka.  41 '0-6).  Eqttally  dirided  anwDg  the  ftgricnltim 
)>opulntion,  tbc§e  holdings  would  for  e^ach  person  repreaent  a 
altoirDcnt  of  8-13  acres  at  n  ywnrty  rent  of  l\  Sn.  h^d.  (Kb.  14-d-B; 
Dixtri tinted  among  the  whole  pojiulntinn,  tlte  ftliare  to  each  wod 
amount  to  3'M  acres,  aud  the  incidence  of  the  land  tax  to  ISi 
4|<f.  (Rs.  6-3- 1). 

This  Eub-diviuion  in  1370  belonged  to  the  kingdom  of  Gniarii 
and  was  invaded  and  laid  waste  by  Malik  tJAJa  this  fopiuifr  of  th 
Khdndeah  kini^dom.  Ho  was  in  tnm  oasted  by  the  liuiarAt  forc«i 
comuiaudud  by  King  Mu»ffi>r  Shiih.  It  subsequently  formed  pu 
of  the  Moghal  empire,  and  paJtsed,  aft«r  the  battle  of  Kliard 
(1795),  into  tliB  puaiKMion  of  the  Peshwa,  by  whom  it  was  granta 
in  taranjtim  jayir  to  MalhArr^  Holkar.  It  remained  with  HoUu 
until  lS18j  when,  by  tho  treaty  of  Mtuidewtr,  with  otbi^r  t<'rrilor 
belonging  to  him,  lying  to  Iho  eouth  of  the  Sdtpuda  hilts,  it  wa 
^cedvd  lu  tho  British.  Undvr  tho  Mnhammadau  nilo  this  ml 
division  in  said  to  hare  been  iu  a  floumhing  condition,  and  til 
town  ofSu^jAyiur  to  have  been  the  headquartera  of  the  sub-divisioi 
to  whicii  it  gare  its  name.  At  SultAnpnr,  now  Jn  mipa  and  o&l 
inhabited  by  a  few  Bhils  and  Vauj4ris,  at  JAvnd  and  other  tiIIbm! 
are'oxteDsive  ruins  of  temples,  wells,  akd  'tombs,  which,  with  » 
Well  marked  eitea  of  numerous  deserted  villages,  show  thak  tli 
country  uiuit  at  one  time  hiire  had  a  large  and  flonrffibtn 
populaCioQ.  The  deciiue  probably  dial's  from  tb«  failure  in  Mughi 
power  in  tho  eighteenth  century.  Its  ruin  was  completed  bv  tb 
rayages  of  Hulkar'a  army  in_l&ft2  and  the  &iDiae  of  1803,  foUovvi 
the   incur^ionH  of  Bhila,  who  had  taken   to^tlie  ^tpndft  hill 


KHAKDBSa 


who,  as  well  fts    nwrandin;;  parties  of  Pendhiris   and  other 

tent,  ovcrrua   tlic  country.     Id   1818,  whvn  it  came  nQder 

role,  tbo  country  waa  nearly  empty;  tillwewas  aimoM  at  n 

ill ;  luitl   lliD   Btato   of  tho    low  people  who  remained  was 

IMralile. 

^  Id  Shfth^a,  tho  Eurrey  measurementa,  bejnm  in  1 95'i-&i,  and  the 

■iBcntinnit,  begun  in    1859-6I},  w<iro   botli  fitLiahe>d  in  I869-7I). 

202  the  present  (18801  numheB  of  villages,  forty-tMro,  thirteen 

j^h-ratp.  nine  deaertea,   nnd   twenty   alienated,  have  not   b«ea 

Of   tho  remaining  IfiO  villngcs,'  all  of  them  Government, 

Jftty-eiglit  were  settled  in  I8ij3.ft4,  forty-ejght  in  1866-66,  three 

1866^7,  and  t«renty-OD6  in  1869-70.  • 

[As  examination  of  tho  changes  that  have  taken  place  in  the 

lief  survey  hlockM  of  eighty-eiglit  rillagos  Acttlvd  in  1863-64,  and  of 

r-eight  settled  in  ISBS-GC,  gives  the  following  results.     In  the 

ick  of  cighty-oight  villages  tho  tigures  of  the  settlement  ye«r, 

ntmsted  with  those  of  the  yoar  l)efor(i  st^ttU^mtrnt,  show  an  increase 

the  occupied  area  of  -li>63  acres,  in  the  wa^te  of  9638  acres,  and 

the  remiasions  of  £1363   (Rs.  13,630);  and  a  deoease  in  the 

llections  of  JE310  (Rs.  StOO).     A  comparison  of  tho  fignrm  of  the 

^ttlemetit  year  with  the  average  of  the  ten  previous  years  shows 

increase  in  theoc^'npied  area  of  15,6 73  acres,  and  in  the  waste  of 

$7  iUTt9.   As  n^giirds  rovonuu  ihero  is  an  increoAP  in  tho  remissions 

£774  (Rs.  771"),   and  in  the  collectiona  of  £1730  (Ra.  17,300). 

J  the  fift*ton  yeara  ( 1 863-64  to  1877-78)  that  the  aorvey  ralea  of 

sment  havo  lH>en  in  force,  yearly  remissions  have  been  granted, 

largest  sums  being  £1518  (Rs.  f5,1^0)  in   1803-64  and  £1008 

10,080)   in   1871-72.     Compared  with  the  average  of  the  ten 

rious  years  the  average  of  the  fifteen  years  since  the  survey 

_  tliementshows  that  whilcihe  waste  has  decreased  by  14,713  acres 

and  remissiona  by  £547  (Ms.  5470),  the  occupied  area  has  increased 

by  28,426  acres  and  the  collections  by  £5046  (Rs.  60,450). 

In  the  block  of  forty-eight  villages,  the  fignres  of  the  settlement 
rear,  compared  with  those  of  the  year  before  settlement,  showan 
increase  in  the  occupied  area  of  8876  acres,  in  tho  waste  of  6050 
acres,  in  the  r)iniutsi«ns  of  £165  (Ra.  1660),  and  in  the  collectiona  of 
£78  (Rs.  780).  A  comparison  of  the  figures  of  tho  year  of  Hottlement 
with  the  average  of  the  ton  previous  yearn  shown  an  increase  in  the 
occupied  area  of  5778  acres,  in  the  waste  of  4723  acres,  in  the 
remissions  of  £240  (Rs.  2400).  and  in  the  collections  of  £169, 
( Rs.  1 690).  Dnring  tho  thirteen  years  (1 865-66  to  1 877-78)  of  aarvey 
rates  yearly  remissions  b.-we  been  granted,  the  Urgost  sams  being 
£317  (Rs.  3170)  in  1865-66,  £2.^9  (Ha.  2590)  in  1866-07,  £265 
(Rs.  2&&0)  in  1867-68.  and  £147  (Ra.  1470)  in  1868-69.  Compared 
with  the  average  of  the  ten  previous  yoant  tho  average  of  the  thirfeon 
years  of  the  survey  aetlloment  shows  thut  occupied  area  has  risen 
by  12.830  acres  ;  oollvclioDs  by  £784  (Ra.  7840) ;  remissions  by  £81 

'  Of  thoM  elcTca,  uvea  ot  the  lennKl   bincli  and  four  at  Uia  roirtli  u«  dnerted 
and  Imt*  bo  eulttroran.     Hiwt^  dsUil*  liar*  l>«oa  Uiuntor*  gtvui  (or  MS  riU>gM 
wk.    Of  Ui«M  li«,  for  M  UtfM  of  tiM  Uodt  Mttt«d  iB  1803-04  «id   twentj-di  «l 
yjtejteak  MtUed  in  I8S»4S,  iafonHtioa  » iacnnplrt*. 


Chapter' 

Sob-divisin 

SlAl 

Stirvt]/ 


1964-1S78. 


[|kimbt7  SntfiB, 


419 


DISTRICTS. 


UrXtlL 

diruuuu. 


'Un. 


(ft*.  SIP),  u>3  wMfaiby  ISlOacraa.    Of  Uis  forty-tm    tuwUkd 
Titlaff^s,  the  rereaoc  ol  the  tbirUwo  nlouglfrate  and  fnar  dwaHtJ  | 
rill>m  (luins  tbo  t«D  ytMra  <'ac]tagl877<78  ■vttrmgi!d£8  (Ba.8Q). 

AddttiB  to  ue  Seott*  of  tha  twu  lorgesi  annip*  tho  dstaili  d 
the  TvmaininK  tottkd  Goremment  villagM,  toe  n'lnlt  fur  thu  wWll 
•nb^nsiun  u, oompkring the aTeimgw  rotumaof  tiiuleayaan  bcfaRJ 
the  soTTDy  Bod  of  ibo  jMa  nf  survey  rat«s,  an  incrauto  id  the  oomipii| 
WM  of  46^8  mtm;  a  &1I  iq  the  waatc  of  5048  acms,  uia  ■] 
the  remianons  of  il63&  (B«.  G250) ;  aod  in  the  colluctioQa,  inc]iuiBc| 
zercone  from  naftnUe  laad  and  bum  Uio  thirtoun  ploug-h-nle  ual 
fonr  dflMa1«d  Tillage^  t^  incroue  of  £6202  (Bs.  62,020)  or4«-Rj 
ewt.  Agmia  coinparbg  tlui  »vcntge  ratornB  uf  tUortoo  years  bel 
nmrey  and  tlio  rotnnis  for  1877-78,  tho  regtult  u,  mclading  revesiuj 
from  unarable  land  and  &om  the  thirteen  plongh-mto  and  foon 
dtieort«d  rilUgoe,  ao  iacnaao  iu  tlio  ODUootiona  of  JtCS30  (B«.  68,3M)I 
or  M-4  per  oent.  I 

The  followinff  statement  shows  for  the  setUod  GoTcnwOnll 
TiHa^m  tbo  effect  of  the  nurey  aettlement  during  ihe  fifte«n  yvml 
ending  1877-78: 


IM-MH 

larr-n 


1MM» 
WU-MM 

iMi-iin 


UM'IKN 


isn-n 

Mbrxntirj 


Ill     I 


! 


j 


SnT*TItaoc«  L  ~M  n— ■  IMMT  Tmjaw  MflMli  a  Umc 


1 

7T..                     ,   "MT* 

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MlUt     MO   Ithlll 

Acn. 

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■MM 
w,tra 

ll.MI 

to 

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t 

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•nm  Bum  ai.-l  omauam  TiujMi  nnuD  or  IMMT.               | 

liot 
ant 

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« 
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IBM 
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m 

u 

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IM 

l» 

m 

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1130 

am 

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khAndbsh. 


418 


ll^ According  to  tho  1870-80  rotaniB,  tho  fftrm  «toclc  in  Govcnimfliit 
ss  arooimted  to  r>:}7i  {il(iugh.-t,  Mj-lS  carts,  ll>,-ll>l  IxjUocks, 
oorwsj  6308  boSaloea,  ISib  horaes,  51SI  sheep  aod  go&ts,  and 

Of  tlie  112,379    acrm    under  tillage    in   1878-79,  grain  cropa 

ijnod  80,293  acrea  or  71'44[>erceiit,d4',115of  them  under  wheat, 

u,  nViticum  (eetimm  ;  2^,374  under  hdjri,  Pvaicillaria  spicata  ; 

)91  Tkaderjniri,  Horirtiiini  Tulrare;  M'ZQ  under  r'ict!,l'hiU,OTyiA 

1V& ;    175   under   maize,   malxa,   Ze»    mays;  and    412   under 

ellftDfioua cereals.     PuWsoccnpied  10,465Hcri'aor9'3l  percent, 

I  of  tbem  under  gram,harbhaTa,  Cioer  aj-ietinura  ;  22  under  tvr, 

lus  indicii*|j  81i  under  kulith,  DoHchoti  bitlorus ;  ^113  nn^er 

,  Pliusculus  tnnu^  ;  13  under  peas,  fatatia,  Pisum  Gatirum  ; 

195  auder  oilior  pnliws.     Oilseeds  occupied  9938  acres  or  6-84 

'  cent,  6645  of  them  under  gingolly  seed,  tU,  Sesamnm  iitdicnm  ; 

oudor  liusoed,  alihi,   Linum   usitatbHimnm  ;  and  24  under 

Iher  oiI»eed.4.     Fibre*  occnpiod  9957  »cre»  or  8'86  per  wnt,  99S3 

tbem  under  cotttjn,  Icdpua,  OoRHypiam  herbaceam,  and  24  under 

h«mp,   amffidi,  UibiscuB  cannabinuM.     MiHcuIlanooaB  crops 

Oapied   1726  acros  or  1*53  pvr  cent,  330  of  them  under  tohaooo, 

i&oMh,  Niootiaua  tabooum  ;  329  under  chdlios,  mireki.  Capsicum 

itoscons;  186  under  indigo,  j^ufi,  Indigofera  tincU^riiv;  29  under 

BMicano,    tu,   Soeoharum    officinarum  ;  and   the  remaining  862 

nder  Tarioua  vej^tablea  and  fmita. 

The  1875  population  retnm  nhows,  of  a  total  population  of  41,133 

soiiN,  39,145  or  96ifl  per  cent  Hindus,  and  1988  or  4-83  per  cent 

Musalmtlns.     The  detJuU  of  iho  Hindu  catitea  are:  12^1   Itr&hmans, 

priests.   Government   nervants,  and  traders ;  5  Kshatris,  writers ; 

418   Vdnis,  95   Kalils,   7   Halviiis,   4    Bbadbhnnjia,   traders  and 

merchants ;  9826  Kuubis,  130O  Malis,  1556  Bnkshauis,  40  Bunkara, 

S6  Alkaris,  23  Hatkani,  husbandmen  ;  683  Sondnt,  gold  and   Htlver 

amirh«;  312    Sut^r«.    earpontcrsj  182    Lohirs,    blackamiths;  373 

Shkcnpia,  tailors;  16  Kili</in<,  ouppersmitba ;  163  KumbhAre,  potters; 

30  Dhi^&ns, saddlers;  40  Iteld^,  brickUjor8;571  Teli^,  oilpresson; 

286  S^,  weavors;  484  Ilangtlris,  dyers;  169  Guravs,  worahippen 

of  Shir;  84  fih^ta,  batds;  626  XhAris,  barbers;  343   Dhaoi^, 

•faepherds;   1458  Kolis  and  422  Bhoix,  fivhera ;  1673  Kajpuljt  and 

7S  tWdaihis,  messongvrsandconstublov;  29B&ns,  betel-linf  sellere; 

11,632  Bhils,  labourers;  1688  Vanjirts,  carriora and  husbandnon; 

96  I'lirdhia,  gamo-Hnarers ;    404   ChiUnblilirB,    Ieather-workers;"14 

Borads,    biuikct-makors ;    2110    Mhini  and     151     Mdngs,    village 

Mrvant«;  22  Bhangis,  scaTOngers;  297  Goeivis,  13-i  Mdnbli&vs,  and 

^7  8hilavan  t  s,  bejfgBffi. 


Chapter] 
Sub-dirisu 

SuiUiltA 

Ontpt, 


Shirpur.  ono  of  tho  nortb  central  sub-divisions,  is  bounded 
on  Uie  north  by  the  Bav&ni  state  and  His  Hifi^fanesit  Hol^mr's 
dominioua,  on  the  east  by  Cbopda,  on  the  aonth  by  the  Tipti 
neparating  it  from  Virdul,  and  on  tbe  west  by  SbiULfida.  It«  area 
is  < 62  square  miles,  249 of  them  surveyed  in  detail;'  its  population. 


u 


*  Tttt  foumntyti  Vt  ckiafly  oonajat*  n(  •  wild  w*il  hilly  trMt  of  oaanlrr  lyicE 
withio  tb«  KUpsdii,  ItDAwn  Mth«  Aiulwfnr^MWi,  with«au«td«»dly  elinkUkod 
Urn  iohatiituta  MMpt  UuU. 


I^ombny  Oa 


haVtwXIlX. 

ATM, 


Ctlmale, 


Wattr. 


8M, 


■VU 


DISTRICTS. 


Hpcording  tn  the.  1872  census,  wu  34,642  Boots  or'id'46  to  tbe 
ttqimre  mile,  and  in  1879-80  its  realJMhlu  Und  rorcnue  uniountod 
to  £13,626  (Rs.  1,35,260). 

The  249  ratiAn)  miii's  siirveyod  in  detail,  all  of  ihem  ._ 
GoTornment  villiige!i,  oontuned,  npcordinj?  to  the  reTonne  snnrey, 
138,059  acres  or  83-6<)  per  oont  of  arable  limd  ;  13,fiI3  ticn-it  or 
8"69  per  cent  of  unanible  land ;  and  12,122  acres  or  7*62  per  cent  of 
Tillage  sitos,  roods,  Hv<^nt,  and  .tttrcftmii.  From  tlie  1 33,039  acrM 
of  nrablo  land,  8865  acrea  have  to  be  taken  on  ac<;<>itnt  of  alionntd^ 
lauds  iu  Government  rillafi^s.  Of  the  balance  of  124.194 
the  actual  area  of  KHrrvyi-d  arablu  Gori'mmont  land,  87,63& 
oi*70'&C  per  cent  were,  in  1878<79,  under  tilla^.  » 

A  broken  range  of  tlie  Sjltpudaa  running  from  east  to  we^ 
divid«B  Sbirpur  into  two  porta  with  (!i!<tiiii:t  natural  fcatnri 
Tho  nortlieni  part  comnnBos  a  mid  ami  billy  country  full  of  wild 
beaata  and  spRrmlj-  pooplod  by  S\iil».  The  soutbero  is  an  nnbrokeD 
plwa  with  no  tn><>.s  except  near  %-illago  *iiP9.  Near  tho  banks  of 
tte  Tiipti  where  the  soil  is  rich  and  highly  tille<],  tbe  population  is 
dense,  but  near  tho  hilU  the  soil  graduallr  grows  poorer,  and 
both  peop1«  and  tiling  bcromo  scanty,  till  close  to  the  hiUs 
nothing  is  found  but  dense  foresta  tenanl«d  by  wild  boasts. 

Romraed  in  by  tho  S^tpudas  and  covprod  with  thick  forest,  the 
northern  portion  i-t  very  uubeallhy,  fnver  and  ague  being  at  all 
times  prevalent.  Mostof  the  south  is  healthy,  except  in  some  villages 
•long  the  Tapti  where  the  people  suffor  from  guiuonworm.  In 
April  and  May  the  heat  is  extreme.  The  average  rainfall  during 
tho  twelve  years  ending  1879  wa.-t  2204  inches. 

Although  tho  sHb-divisioD  has  Ihrcu  Btroams  that  run  throngh< 
the  year,  tho  Titpti.  forming  tbe  eouiheru  Imundary  for  twenty' 
miles,  and  its  tnbntarips  tho  Aner  and  the  Aninivati  i 
nnmcrous  other  streamlets  from  tho~SStpudtl9,  the  supply  of  surface 
water  is  on  tho  whole  scanty.  Tbe  two  Tiipii  tritnitnriv^  having 
thoir  Hourw>3  in  the  SfitpndAs,  enter  the  sub-division  from  the  north- 
east, and  after  taking  a  westerly  direction  for  some  distanco,  turn 
Bonlh  to  join  the  Tilpli.  The  Aran&vali,  passing  almost  through 
tho  centre  of  tho  suh^diviaion,  flows  oloso  by  tho  town  of  Shirpur 
and  joins  the  TApti  at  Uparpind.  Tbe  Aner  forms  for  some  distance 
tl\B  boandary  betwcvn  Sbirpur  and  Chopda,  and  falls  into  the 
Tnpti  near  P^Uda.  Iliere  are  but  few  wells.  In  1879-80  therfl 
"were  575  working  wells  with  a  depth  of  from  thirty  to  ninety  feet. 

The  prevailing  black  soil  U  a  rich  loam  resting  on  a  yellowish 
subsoil. 

In  1865.66,  tho  joar  of  settlement,  3500  holdings,  %Aa'M«,  were 
recorded  with  an  average  area  of  2088  fUiresand  an  averagft  rental 
of  £3  H.  lOJ-l.  (Rs.  30-15-1).  Eqiwlly  divided  among  the^p-icultund 
population,  these  holdings  would  for  each  person  reprcsont  an 
allotment  of  5'47  acrea  at  a  yearly  rent  of  16*.  2id.  (Rs.  8-1-8). 
I>istributod  among  tho  whole  popnlntioo,  the  share  to  each  would 
amount  to  2'69  ncrca,  and  the  incidence  of  the  land  tax  to  7«. 
lljd.  (Rfi.  3-1J-9). 


.od     I 


rin^ 
nn^^ 


• 


DwokB-l 


KHlNDESH. 


415 


This  mib-divijiion  was  in  1370  giyitediii  jagir  hv  Fir(i»  Tnt^hlik 
the  iimperwr  of  Dehii.  to  Miililc  Kitj*  foundar  ol  the  KhAnaeah 
kiuk.tlom.  After  the  battle  of  Khardn.  (1795)  it  became  part  of 
Holkar'a  posiwuions,  and  remnined  under  bim,  nntil,  in  1818, 
by  the  treaty  of  Maudosar  it  wiw  ocdod  to  th«  British.  Al  the 
time  of  the  introduction  of  British  rule,  the  people  were  dera«ssed 
having  sufTered  coDHidcrably  during  the  wars  botwoon  Holkftr 
and  Sindia,  as  wi^U  as  from  ihu.ravagos  of  hordes  of  Pendli&ii 
freebooters  ami  Bhils. 

The  sarvey  measureinentfl,  begun  in  1 856-57,  and  the  clastufications, 
begun  in  I8l33<(>4.  woro  finished  in  lS(il-65i  Of  16S  the  present 
{I8B0)  nuinljer  «f  rillages,  seventy-nintt,  sixty-eight  plough-rate, 
ten  tnghii  rate,  and  oue  aliouated,  have  not  been  settled.  Of  the 
remaining  104,  which  are  all  Governmoul,  seven  wore  Euttlnd  in 
I86ii-o7  and  uiiwty-wvcn  in  I865-(W.* 

An  oxaniinatiou  of  the  effect  of  the  survey  mten  introduced  in 
the  largest  block  of  ninety-seven  villages,  gives  the  following 
restiltR.  The  figuras  of  tho  Kettloment  yonr,  compared  vrith  those  m 
thevettriwfore,  xhowau  iucrrtaso  in  the  r)coupi<>d  art>a  of  1>*>,1>93  acres, 
in  the  waste  of  8Jo2  acres,  and  in  the  collections  of  £318  (Ks.  ai80)  j 
the  rcmis>iion8,  of  which  there  were  none  in  the  year  before  the 
Biirvtty,  ftmoiintod  in  the  settlement  yvftr  to£l8ll  (Rm.  18,110).  A 
comparison  of  lli»  figures  of  the  settlement  year  with  the  average 
of  the  ten  years  before  shows  an  increase  in  the  occupied  area  of 
8».ll>2  acnt»,  in  the  remiMions  of  £1&«2  (B«.  15.620).  and  in  the 
oolliMrtiotM  of  £24o2  (Rs.  24,020) ;  and  a  fall  in  the  wusto  of  7240 
acres.  Daring  tbe  thirteen  years  (1800-06  to  1877-78}  of  survey 
rates,  ye»-ly  remissions  have  been  granted,  the  largest  sums  being 
£1811  iRs.  IS.Uii)  in  18iw-06,  £-t477  (R.^.  34,770}  in  1871-72,  and 
£15fi  (lU.  1560)  in  187l)-77.  A  comjiarixon  of  the  average  of  the 
thirteen  years  of  survey  rates,  and  of  the  ten  years  before  the  survey 
nhowH  an  increase  in  the  occupied  area  of  43,539  ncrqs,  in  tho 
remissions  of  £187  (Hs.  1870).  and  in  the  collectioua  of  £4*85 
(Its.  44.850),  and  a  fall  in  the  waste  of  1  C,(!r>0  acres. 

Of  the  seventy-eight  UDsettled  Lilt  and  forest  Government  villages, 
thirty. fuur,  ihirty-two  pl"iigli-rat<>  and  two  biijlia  rato  villagea, 
yielded  an  average  yearly  revenuu  of  £06  (K«.  000)  during  the  ten 
years  ending  1S77-78. 

Adding  tu  the  figures  of  the  block  of  ninetj-sevon  viUikgi.'s  Ulto 
details  of  the  rc-maining  seven  sotllcd  Govvmment  villages,  the  result, 
for  the  whole  sub-division  is,  comparing  the  average  returns  of  the 
ten  years  before  ( ho  survey  and  of  the  years  of  survey  rates,  a  fall  in 
the  waate  of  1 7,7'H  acres  ;  an  increase  in  the  occupied  area  of  45,479 
acres,  and  in  the  remi-^xions  of  X1H5  (Rm.  1850) ;  in  the  collections, 
including  revenue  from  ifbarable  laud  and  from  hill  and  forvsb 
villages, iinincruase  of  £4811  (Rs.  48,110}  or  G7-21  percent.  Again 
oompenng  the  average  returns  of  tho  ten  years  before  survey  imd 
the  returns  for  1877-78,  the  result  ts  an  increase  in  the  coUeotions 
of  £5087  (lU.  66,87U)  or  7945  per  cent 


■Of  tlMa*,thrt*lttvaDOca|Uiniti««,aail  Coriiic lull y«>riy(lst«U(M« not awolsbb. 


ChaptsT , 
&ub-divlai«a 
SuiKPca. 
tlulor}. 


SuTtt]f  Zktaii 


Swritf  JTmhAs 


•      JLJ^Pmi 


\flaaibmj  QKMim, 


416 


DisrnicTs. 


rZXZL 

'  S<rmryJ^eMlt^ 


lie  following  stmtement  Bhows  for  tJie  wttled  QareniiMBt' 
vHUgea  uf  the  vab^rision  tho  uffvcts  oE  Uie  aarrey  aettlniuol 
donng  tb«  tireoty •two roan eadiag  1877-78: 


% 


AcconlicK  to  thu  1879-80  i^turn.t,  th«  (unn  fitock  in  Govursmeot 
villi>g«8  tuuounted  to  4105  ploughs,  2GJ>3  carta,  l<),t>9d  baUocks, 
11,478  vxvn,  32S5  buffaloes,   8i8  horses,  7863  sbeap  and  goats, 


\^  and  381  asses. 


Of  the  87,63$  acres  under  tillage  in  1878.79,BTaio  crops  occupied 
68,193  acres  or  66' -10  percent,  34,104  of  them  unaer^;^t,PeQiciUuu 
Bpicnta;  17,123  uiiduryixin,  Surffhum  valgaro;  6942  under  Trbest, 
>/uAii,  IVittcam  isstivum;  16  onaer  maize,  moU'a,  Zva  maya ;  and 
eight  nodor  rioo,  bhi'U,  Orysa  sitira.  Pulees  occnpied  3366  acres 
or  8'8G  per  cent,  2675  of  thcin  under  gram,  /•ArbAon*,  Cioer 
ftrifitinum  ;  305  undtir/tir,Caiaoasindicua;281  imduritrif/iiA, DoUdiM 
bifloruH  ;  aud  125  under  utJta,  Fhaeooloa  mango.  OiIn<.)bdit  occupied 
9639  acres  or  10-88  per  cent,  8256  of  Miem  under  gingelly 
'  tieeA.til,  Scsamimi  indicum  ;  I2G4  under  linscvd,  ahhi,  LinaBi 
n£itatt8!iinium  ;  and  19  under  other  oilfieeds.  Fibres  oecn^H 
15,6S3acres  or  17'78  per  cent,  all  under  cotton,  H/>if«,  Goesy]»m 
berhaccum.  Miacvllnoeou*  cro|M  occapied  934  acreis  or  I'UOper 
cent',  510  of  them  under  indigo,  guU^  ludigofera  tinctoria  ;  178 
under  tobacco,  iambakku,  Nicotiaiia  tabacum;  75  undor  chtlliov, 
mi'rrAi,  Ca[ii4iciiin  fnitOMCuns ;  3  under  sugarcoiie,  u«,  8acchanun 
oBicinarum,  and  the  remaining  168  under  varioos  vegetables  i 
fruits. 

The  1 875  population  return  fihows,  of  a  total  poputatioo  of ) 
sools,  31,737  or  94-5]  per  cent  Uindus,  and  1846  or  5-49  pwi 


KUANDESH. 


417 


{[imlttiiDS.  'fho  dutuils  of  the  tlindn  rastes  are  :  742  Br&lunans, 
sUt,  UoTemtnenl  aerrtuils,  nml  traJi;r» ;  1216  Vinis,  27  KnUla, 
ISUalr&ia,  traders  and  mercbaiiU;  ll/tlJO  Kunbia,  287  Miilis,i)6 
ri*,  lia«bini<Imuu ;  iU3  Sonftrs,  f!Y>ld  and  silver  smilha ;  249 
Sutfirs,  carjiemers ;  179  Sbini|>ix,  tHilorti ;  107  Kiimbbare,  pottcni; 
HS  Lohfti-s.  bUck^uuili8;52  Beldirs,  bricklayers;  16  Louiris,  cement- 
i-.iikiTJt;  13  Otirji",  fiimj(liir»;  295  Telia,  oilpr«ssere;  85  Rntij^ia, 
liiri-^  ;  11  Sjilis,  wi-avers  ;  IJIl  IthiiUt,  bnrdit;  40Quravis,  wornhippeni 
oi  .Sbiv;  4S6XlulTiB,  barbora;  139»Dhobia,  waahenuen;  56]  DbaD> 
giu-i<,  ^hupberdit ;  5  GavHo,  milk  und  butter  sellers;  2036  Eolis 
aud  hii'j  llhoia,  fiahera;  1870  KaipuU  aud  216  Pardosbijt,  mi'sineQ- 
gers  and  constables;  157  Bins,  betel-le^  sellers;  4091  Bbils, 
lat>i>ur(T8 ;  2291  Vnnjiirii>,  cnrricnt  nnd  husbunduun ;  263  PirdHu. 

fame>snarera ;  304  Cb&mbbdra,  leatbor-wurkt^ra ;  2771  Mb^H  and 
S6  Uitugs,  village  servants ;   304  Goadvis,  58  Mdnbh&va,  aud  11 
Jobiria,  iK-ggW. » 


Ch»pt«i^Zl 
Snb-divuw] 


O^do^g^  lying'  in  tbo  cxtremo  north-wpst  of  tho  district  and 
indndiDptbc  poity  states  of  Cbikbli  and  Ktitbi,  ia  bounded  on 
Uie  mirili  l>v  tbe  Nnrbiidit  Hvpamlitig  it  from  lUn  Hi<fbue88  the 
GtUkwar's  dominioua,  ou  ibe  norih-eaai  bj  llie  IWv&ui  state,  on 
the  eA«t  by  Sli^&da,  on  tbe  south  by  the  T&pti  se]>arating  it  from 
Nvndnrb&r,  aad  on  llie  west  by  tbo  »t»toa  of  S4>^biira  and  lidjtwplft. 
Ita  area  ia  1188  Moare  milea.  only  l28  of  which  are  surveyea  in 
delMl  i'  it«  p'jpulaticin,  avoording  to  tho  ltl72  vonMiiH,  wae  35,278 
Bon1« or  39-82  to  the Bquaro  milo;  and  ial679.80it»rcAlLS&bIo  land 
revenue  was  £7)14  (K.t.  71,140). 

Of  128  sqnare  miles,  tbe  area  euit^yed  in  detail,  five  are  occupied 
by  the  lantU  of  altvustftd  villogva.  The  rcmuinder,  according  to 
tbe  revenue  survey,  Dontsina  73.625  acres  or  93'49  per  cent  of 
arable  land  ;  Ut50  acres  or  247  per  cent  of  auarable  lund ;  aud  3170 
acrus  or  4'Oi  [>er  cent  '.if  village  idt«ii,  mada,  rivers,  and  tiln-aina. 
Fmm  tbe  73,625  acres  of  arable  land,  3892  acrea  have  to  bo  taken 
OD  aocotiDt  of  nliciiatvd  lunde  in  Gorcrumuub  TJIiagOK.  Of  tho 
Blanco  nf  CE>,733  acrea,  tbe  actual  area  of  aurvoyed  orabio 
Oovemment  land,  54,677  acroB  or  78*40  percent  were,  in  1878-79, 
nndor  tillage. 

Ak  in  SlifUitida,  the  moAt  striking  natural  featare  ia  tho  bold 
ontliuo  of  tbu  towering  SiitpudAs  streichiup  from  east  to  weat,  with, 
along  (heir  fiK>l,  ii  l»-lt  uf  tliii^k  forcat  infuslt^d  by  wild  boiists.  ffho 
rauge,  without  throwing  out  any  spurs,  rtaes  vory  abrnptly  aij^ 
lua  doso  to  tbe  T<Pti  and  almost  parBllel  with  it.  Tli"  country 
I  irildy  tl^a  ShfliAdaTwith  tncla  covered  by  palat,  Bntea  froadosa, 
id  khair,  Acacia  catecho. 

Where  the  land  is  tilled  and  open  tbo  c1iinat«  is  not  nnbealt^,  bnt 
in  th«  villikgos  along  tho*l>asr)  of  tbe  SAtpudjia  and  in  tho  west  it 
ie  extremely  fevenab,  and  except  during  April  and  May,  unsafe 
for  Kiiropeaiul    flSlarious  fever  and  spleen  diseases  aro  oommoa. 


jlf^wd., 


■TIm  antiumjtA  ana  rTilii^T  oopiflil*  «(  >  wild  trwt  oteoantr^r  lying  within  tli* 
ttiiiuUi,  Imovnt  M  th*  A^|gj^^||||^  d«Uil*  of  whkli  *ra  given  IhIow,  i>  121. 

■  4II-U 


[BonlMj 


(HMttMl, 


DISTRICTS. 


Stmtu  IMiuU. 


fvnwy  fftniKf, 


Tlie  AYnsgO  iBiofall  daring  the  twetve  rears  ending  1679  vraa  90-U 

Tfae  sootbern  orsunrered  poninn,  ibougli  mtenectcd  by  inimemii 
streams  risbg  in  tho  iiUpadia,  is  not  well  anpptied  n-ith  snrlioa 
wiitvr,  and  in  exceptkmHl  Hciutons  only  have  tbo  strcnnis  wktcr 
Uiroughout    (he  year.     The  two  poreuniul    rirera  aro  the.  Ti 


1 


formiuff  the  southern  bonodary  for  thirty  miles,  and  tho  Vajq 
which  joins  th«  TApli  npar  Bin-,  ThaJJAtOC  »'so  flown  ihr  ■'  ''. 
the  yc*r,  but  as  il.i  b&d  in  choked  with  decayed  TeffetaliU-  i 
the  wmter  a  unfit  for  nso.  Of  th<i  Bm&llcr  stretuns,  the  Vaki,  n^M 
in  tbo  SfEtpnd&s,  enloni  from  thu  nnrth-ivuit  fnrin  k^bnh^B,  ^M 
af^ra  winding  Konth-w*i'sicrly  coarse,  joiiw  llieTilpti  near  Uahiim^ 
In  (be  north,  (ho  Narbada  is  the  chief  river,  forming  the  northeni 
lioundiiry  (or  a  disCanco  uf  forty-eight  niilfeS.  Th«;re  ^Kvre,  in 
1879-SO,  135  working  welts  witli  a  depth  of  from  eight  to  Curty.§n 
feet. 

Th«  preniling  soil  is  of  thi>  same  quality  as  the  rich  Uackleui 
of  Shihida.  But  fnia  the  nider  Bhil  tillww.  it  does  not  yield  sack 
lozuriaot  crops. 

In  1863-64,  the  year  of  settlinnent,  1257  holding)!, 
recorded  with  an  arerage  area  of  24*97  acres  and  an  a« 
of  JE+  8».  jd.  (B».  44-0-8).     Equally  divided  among  (he  agncnV 
population,  tbese    boldiojip^  woold   for  c-ach  pcnwn   rcprecont' 
allotment  of  1241  acres  at  aycnrly  n-ut  of  £23<.  f>i<i.  (Rs.  21-1 
Distributed  among  the  whole  popnlHtiuii,  the  ithare  to  each  va 
amount  to  4*30  acres,  and  tbo  incidence  of  the  land  (ax  to  los, 
(Ra.  7-9-3). 

The  sarrevmeasorementa,  began  in  18.^3 -&4,  and  the  claesificatiaiu, 
begun  in  16^9.60,  were  finished  in  1869.70.  Of  301  tbo  prrtsost 
(1880)  namhurof  village,  218,  192  plyugh-raW,  fifteen  deser 
and  eleren  alienated,  ha-re  not  been  settled.  Of  the  rema 
eighty-two  Government'  and  one  alienated  villages,  thirty 
»-ttled  in  18&1-C4,  twenty-viglit  in  1865-06,  fifteea  Govet 
and  one  alipiuitcd  in  IS1S9.70,  and  nine  in  18iO-71, 

An  examination  of  the  effect  of  the  survey  rales,  introdnoed'1 
tbo  two  larg^^vt  blc>cks  of  thirty  villages  settled  io  l^<>3-64,  and  sA 
twenty.eight  settled  in  lS6if-t>6,  gives  the  following  results.  For 
the  firat  group  of  thirty  vilbges,  the  figures  of  the  sectlement  year, 
coiflpared  with  tho«e  of  the  year  before,  show  ao  increase  in  the 
cecupied  area  of  7Z5  acres,  in  (he  waotc  of  4939  seres,  and  in  tha 
remissions  of  £56  (Rs.  oOO) ;  and  a  foil  in  the  collectiooe  of  £121 
(Ra.  1210).  A  comparison  of  the  fignres  of  the  settlemeot  year 
with  the  average  cd  the  t«n  |)revii;iui  yvor*  shows  an  increase  in  tha 
occii^ed  area  of  2£43  acres,  in  the  m|gt«  of  2959  acres,  in  the 
remisaionaof  £57(Rs.&70),aQdin  theoolloctionsof  £304  (Rs.  8040). 
During  the  fifteen  years  (1863-64  to  1877-78)  of  survey  mte«,  yeoriy 
nnisstODS  hsve  been  granted,  the  largest  sum  being  £413  (Rs.  41S0) 
in  I863.U.     Compared  with  the  average  of  the  tea  yean  before  the 


■il^  - 


DeoeaiLl 


khAnd£sh. 


enrrey,  the  ATerage  of  the  fJEteen  Tears  of  the  Bnrvfly  rates  shows 
a  fall  in  the  remiaslotia  of  £277  (Ra.  2770) ;  and  aa  incivaeo  in  the 
occiipiod  area  of  bdV}  itcrc«,  in  the  waet«  of  &((  acres,  »u(l  in  tho 
coliectiooa  of  £  1 162  ( ll«.  1 1 ,620] . 

For  the  block  of  twentjr-ei^ht  villages,  the  figitroa  of  the 
fiettlvmcnt  j'car,  compRrod  with  thoee  of  the  year  before,  show 
a  fall  in  the  noate  of  6072  acrc«;  and  an  increase  in  tho  occupied 
area  of  3311  acres,  in  the  remi&atona  of  £.V>  {Ktt.  -t50),  and  in  the 
coIiectio&H  of  £220  (liH.  2200).  A'comp&risoa  of  the  tigoreit  of  the 
aettlement  year  with  thu  nron^  of  tho  ten  prvvious  years  sbowa  a 
foil  in  the  waste  of  7d6a  acres ;  and  an  increase  in  tho  occupied  area 
of  520o  acroH,  in  tho  remisfiiona  of  £ll5*(lts.  1160),  and  in  l|h« 
colloctious  of  £03i  (Rs.  &340).  During  tho  thirt«en  years  (1865^ 
to  1877-78)  of  survey  rat«8,  yearly  remiasioas  liaru  boon  grant- 
ed, tho  largest  suniH  bein^  £224  (Its.  224U)  in  1865-66,  £S9 
{RB.8!Kl)in  1871-72,  and  ilOt  (Rm.  1040)  in  1872-73.  Compared 
with  the  average  of  the  ten  years  before  the  aiirvoy,  the  avcrago  of 
the  yiitirs  of  surrey  rales  shows  an  increase  in  the  occapiea  area 
of  5824  acTCM  and  in  tho  cnllvctions  of  £739  (B«.  7390),  and  a 
fall  in  the  waste  of  824i  acres  and  in  the  remissions  of  £69 
(B».  690). 

Of  the  218  ttnecMlod  hill  and  formt  viUagon,  tho  average  yearly 
revenue  of  ibo  192  Ooveniincnt  pl'iugh-rato  villages,  during  (he  tea 
years  endio!*  1877-78.  amounied  to  £584  [Rs.  5840).  Of  the  elevetk 
ansettlcd  u1i(.-nat<Ml  villngt.-:!,  tho  lands  in  six  rillttgvs  havebw-n  made 
over  to  Qorerumenl)  who,  during  the  eight  years  ending  1877-78, 
received  from  them  an  average  yearly  revenne  of  £98  (Rs.  080).* 

Adding  to  the  6gnro8  of  tho  two  blocks  of  thirty  and  twenty- 
eight  rilla^-*  tlu'dolailKof  Uie  remaiaingtwenty-fouraeilled  Govern- 
ment villa^'es,  the<  reeult  for  the  whole  sub-divisioii  is,  cou)[>Hring  the 
the  average  returns  of  the  ton  ycors  Itcforo  the  «tin-ny  and  of  tlio 
years  of  survey  ratest,  a  fall  in  the  remissions  of  £326  (Ifs.  3260J ; 
and  an  increase  iu  the  occupied  area  of  13,991  acres;  id  the  waste 
of  eighteen  acres,  and  in  tho  collortion«,  including  rvvviiuo  from 
nnnmblc  land  and  from  unset tlod  hill  and  forest  plough-rate  (iovern- 
ment  villages,  and  from  lauds  in  six  oat  of  the  eleven  alienated 
villages,  an  increase  of  £2858  (Hw.  28,580)  or  88"  1  per  cent.  Again 
ooniparing  tho  average  returns  of  tJio  ten  years  before  the  survey 
and  the  returns  for  1877-78,  the  result  is,  including  rewnuu  frc^ 
nnarable  land,  £686  (Rs.  6860)  from  the  plougfa-tate  villages,  and 
£54f  (Bs.  580)  from  lands  in  the  six  alienated  villages,  an  increase  * 
in  the  collections  of  £2868  (Ra.  28,680)  or  884  per  cent. 

The  following  statement  shows  for  the  seiilftd  (lovernment  village* 
the  eSocts  of  the  survey  settlement  during  the  fifteen  years  enduiff 
1877-78 :  • 


Chaptsr 
Sub-di' 

Tjl       

tS6 4.1978. 


livi^u 


'  01  thaw  ail  vilUffM,  Uia  Ijuida  of  tvo  W«r«  meMurod.  cluanl  sod  Muntd  hj 
llM  lOTvcj'  dnpwlDMcit  in  1870-71,  and  u(  tkc  rsmaiaiD^  fonr  ia  lS71-7!^ 


420 


CbftpterXin. 
Svb-diTiakMU. 

Sttrrqr  Am&<, 


SUKi. 

im-so. 


Oojw, 

ms-70. 


DISTRICTS. 

TeMa  Smrw^  Strnkt.  tS^i-tSn. 


Si*n. 


OctntMl. 


UhcovM. 


1 


OPUjRMia. 


to«T*T  fcBCT  t  -MCofnnnrT  Tkixm  iiiiih  o  IMS-M 


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ts.Tot 

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1 

AcTordinK  to  tho  1870-80  rouirna,  lbt>  farm  stock  ia  Grtvi>riim«nl 
villugi'W  iuiiuniil»d  b>    UiOi)  gilntij^h^-,   1447   carts,    11,928  bullocki*. 
Kii'i  cowD,  1970  buffaloes,  'M'd  horses,  l-t&l  sheep  anil  goaU. 
226assM. 


Of  the  54,677  acres  umlor  tillflgc  in  1878-79,  grain  crops  occof 
4^,124  or  80-69  pw  cent,  12,80«  of  them  undi-r  hijn,  Ponicillari^ 
Bpicata  ;  13,991  under  wheat,  fjiAw,  Tritiotin)  mslirum  ;  99  H  undd 
"  jviiri,  Sorghum  viilgiini ;  207G  utidt-r  rioo,  hhai,  Orjrza  saliva  ;  l^f 
under  maize,  malAa,  Zea  piay«  ;  917  tiutlCT  tata,  Panicam  miliaoeomj 
550  under  harik  tyr  kottru,  Paapalum  scrobiouhitum  ;  and  2471 
ondor  mtsccllunoons  coroals.  Pulsus  oninpicd  6051  acres  orll'06poj 
cent,  ■i290  nf  thew  tindvr  grata,  hnrhl^ra,  Cicor  arietinum  ;  160( 
ander  iur,  Cajanns  indicus ;  and  158  under  udid,  PhasooluA  mungol 
Oilseeds  ooenpiod  39S7  acres  or  7-20  per  cent,  2520  of  thoin  unaei 

Elngully  soed,  (t7,  Sesamiun  itidioiim  ;  1404  under  lini^^cd,  altki 
iaum  asilalisfiimum ;  and  13  oudor  uthtrr  oiliMwds.  Fibre! 
occupied  104  acrwt  or0'19  per  cent,  7t>  of  ihem  under  coUuu.  iuj 
Gossypium  Itorbaceum,  and  28  under  brown  hemp,  ambddi,  Uibuoi 


khAndesh. 


cnDiiflI>iniM.  MiiioellanouB  oropt  oovrtijtioil  461  ncrm  or  0'S4  per 
coiit,  33  of  tbem  under  cbillifis,  tnirchi,  CApeictiin  rru(i.-»i'<^iis ;  24 
under  tobacco,  tntnbakhu,  Kicotiatta  inbacum  ;  7  uuder  Hugarcane, 
M,  SticoliiinitD  ofliiTiuarQm  ;  uad  Uio  rumjuuiug  392  nndor  varioua 
vi'gf  tnbl«fl  &nd  fruitft. 

The  1875  poptilation  rvtum  ehoirs,  of  a  tola!  population  of  30,151 
sonis,  29,771  mt  987'(  per'cunt  Hindus,  and  3S0  or  1-26  per  cent 
Musftlmdns.  Tbe  details  of  the  Jlindu  <-ti»u^s  itro  :  410  Briltmans, 
priests,  (rovemmout  servants,  and  traders ;  470  VAnia,  151  Kalils, 
15  HalWui;,  tnid«r«  and  merohnnts;  I2S0  Ktmtns,  &ii  MAMa,  -104 
Dikkahauis,  and  10  Bankars,  huflbondmen^  210  Sonfin*,  fiold  and 
ailver  smithai  60  SutArs,  carpenters;  136  Lohttrs, blackitmitliH  ;  i^i 
Hhimpis,  tail'irH ;  41  Kils^d,  oupporsmitli^  ;  77  Knmbli^rs,  polcera  ; 
28  Ulii^^nR,  Eaddlers;  20  Belditnt,  brieklayent;  and  30  OttLris, 
louuders;  144  Telis,  oilproBsePs  ;  llW  Sdlis,  wearorfi;  14  Kanf^n'it, 
dyers;  61  Ouriivs,  wor»hippor«  of  Sliivj  26  Bh^ta,  bards;  140 
Nli)lvi.4,  barbers  ;  38  Dbobiii,  waaliDnnon  ;  88  Dbau^nt,  tdiopherds; 
'iiiQ  Kolia  and  301  Bhoix,  tishors ;  1 J7  Rajputs,  and  128  Pardeshi*. 
mceHongvra  and  rouxlublc^s;  23,43o  Bhil«  and  334  Dh^ok^, 
labourers;  30  Tani^is,  carriers  and  husbaudmon ;  25  Cb&inbluirs, 
leather-workers ;  7  Burwde.  basket-makers;  296  Mb^s  and  46  Mtoca^ 
viHii^o  corvantH ;  15  Bhaugisj  ocurengert ;  175  QoaAviii,  78  Johilru, 
and  7  UoUra,  Iwggars, 

*,lfrB"^      ^'*'''  al'oat  fifty  mJlea  north-west  of  the  Sindya 


nupttr: 
Sab-dii 

T4 


JStS 


the  Bitpudiia  form  a  Htvop  niggod  barrier  between  the  T4pti  and  the 
Narbndit.  Wea^  of  IWanrnfl  they  brtrak  into  two  nuig««  of  hilts, 
which,  betweetf  their  north  and  Bbutb  hcea,  encjoae  an  irreofular 
table-land  about  HJxty  mik^it  li'Hg  and  from  tift«<en  to  thir^  broad. 
Thw,  the  Ak rfiui  iianjann,  in  bouudtid  on  the  north  by  tho  >farbada ; 
yn  iho  east  by  the  Barvaiij^ state  and  Turanm&l;  on  tlio  south  by 
the  old  piL'tty  diTiMon^  of  fjtilt&nwir  and  Kukarniunda.  and  the 
Mchvi'u'  HtittoH  uf  BhndATal  and  Wal ;  and  on  the  wcat  by  thu 
MeEvSTatote  of  KStTu!  In  1672  its  population  consisted  of  15,107 
souls,  lodgctl  in  3608  hoo^cui,  and  possossint;  9071  head  of  cattle ; 
itA  tillage  area  is  about  15,893  acres  and  jta  yearly  laud  rovunou 
amonnte  to  about  £610  (Rs.  6100).  Of  its  172  Tillageti,  156  are 
inhabited  and  scvontMn  are  deeerted.  Only  three  of  them  are 
utirvcytid. 

The  whole  sorfaco  is  mountainous,  the  height  turying  from  kfiOO 
to  2500  foot  above  the  plain.  The  hif^host  parts  are  the  north  anjj 
Kouth  ridges,  which  euctotie  a  sucoe.^itioQ  oF  pitralii'l  ranges  of  low 
lulls.  Between  tbe  hillsare  many  rich  valloysaud  ulIuluudH  Vi'iil4>rc4] 
by  unfailing  Htrrams.  The  lower  hilN  nrv  undulating,  and  the  soil, 
a  rich  dt.to<>iii{m)K^  iron-stone,  yields  abuudant  crops  of  mi^tlet  and 
other  graina.  The  bighfr  ranges  are  covered  to  their  stiflitniu 
with  thick  brushwood,  which,  be-aides  an  nnfaitiiig  snpitly  of  fuel 
and  timlKir,  fumishcH  many  valuable  drog^  and  dyes.  The  scenery 
is  varied  and  pictui-dsque.     The  vaUeya  and  plateaus  are  parcelled 


AKiOyt. 


k. 


*  frtm  mtsmla  «M|ifibBd  hf  itt.  .t.  FoUan,  C.S. 


'■    ■*• 


[Borabajr  0, 


Sub 


;apt«r  XUl. 

divisioiiB. 

AXRiitL 


AUh. 


Wa^. 


Sou. 


Climax 


423 


DISTKICTS. 


UMttitfj 

hftmnl 

L8   lire 
[  br&b. 

I 


I  faS 


into  fields,  divided   by  KtripA  of  gr^aa.     Most  Tillages  and 

are  surrouaded  by  mango  aud  moAa  groves.     The  riyer  banks   are 

always  gnwD,  the  landscape  is  broken  br  numb«rH  of  dntv  aiid  br&b' 

palma,  and  on  all  sides  tho  view  ia  boanaed  by  bmken  niggoij  hAi 

tops. 

Thn  most   niniarknble  Inll  is  Tiunnm^i.  abont  4000  feet 
OTerlotikiiig  Akraiii  from  tbe  cast.     On  llie  north-west  atandi*  ihol 
hill  of  Komal  and  on  the  west  Udful,  botli  of  them  steep,  rocky, ; 
hardtu  climb.     On  llii;  soiith-wcBt  Ihn  liirgc  liill  of  Aittainbha  toi 
over  tbti  nurroundint;  rangi^     Ntwr  K^lurda  ia  the  hill  ofOl 
while  BhuUI  and   BhoiJUl   are   the   moat  romarkable 
'I'li^inmAl.     Tbu  hills  arw  believed  to  ciuntaiu  veins  of  silver,  coppw,^ 
and  iron. 

Tho  wnter  snpply  ifi  abnndant.     It  ia  obtained  from  wells, 
and  stroamn,  and  during  the  hot  i>«ason  from  springs  imd 
dag  ia  river  beds.     Besides  the  Narbada,  which  farma  tbe  noi 
Imandary,  the  chief  rivers  are  the   UUe,  which,  after  crossing 
district  for  nboul  sixty  mile*,  falls  into  the  Nnrbnd*  noor  Bfit 
tbe  Utkhari,  a  large  rapid  stream,  which,  after  a  course  of  about 
mites  from  west  to  east,  falls  into  tho  TApti  near  Chikhli ;  iho  Jirl 
which  fiirnts  (Jio  boundary  Ixttweon  KhAiiiIoHh  »n<l  tho  Barviini  nte 
and  fails  into  the  Narbada  below  TuranmAI;  tho  Oogla.  rising 
the  south  slope  of  the  hills  near  Vakor,  and  after  a  course  of  thir 
niilee,  falling  iutn  tho  Ti'ipti  mrar    Kiikarmtinda  ;  nnd   tb(-    Hntti^ 
small  stream,    «-ith    fever-giving  nnwboleaome  water,  whi<:h    fa 
into  thu  l^Apti  jnitt'  abovo  Taloda.     Tho  Jomno,  the   Bbtuaoi,  tli^ 
Plbidhri,  and  the  Jira,  are  miuoT^  streams. 

Tbongfa  with  rich  alluvial  patches,  the  soil  ia  on  tbe  whole  ro( 
and  poor,  yielding  vttry  small  qiiantiticit  of  wheat  and  gram. 

As  tho  country  varies  from  1  (iOO  to  2.'!i00  fe«t  above  the  pli 
tlie  beat  is  at  all  times  moderate.      During  tlte   winter  mont 
tile  cold  is  svvero,  ice  sometimes   fonniug  in    wells  and  st 
During  the  munituon  the  fall  nf  ruin  is  exce4!<ive,  tbe  sun   is  oF 
bid,  and  the  earth  shrouded  in  mist. 

Unlike  the  ro»1  of  tho  Kh£nclcsb  S^tpud^s,  mncb  of  Alcr&ni 
with   an   aetive,  liardworking,  and  incnuwinif  popaltilign.' 
mostly  belong  to  tlie  two  tribes  of  V&rlia  ami  I'livrris.  of  whom 
P&vj&g,  who  aro  probably  of  [lart  RHjiMinffesc^n^aro  disiinguist 
from   tho   Virlts  and   other  Bhils  by  their  skill  as    hiubiuidi 
■phoagb   at   first   aby,   when   their  eonfidtinoi!  is  gained,  thej 
cheerful  and  talkative.     They  are  very  honest  and  hardworli 
and  the   fiillt-st  trust  may  be  placed   in  ihoir  w^inl.     Liku  mil 
mountaineers,  they  are  keenly  attached  to  their  billH  and  never  U 
them.    All   uro  huslmodmen,  many  of  l^em  with  large  herds 
cows  and  a  few  buffaloes,  gnstare  l>eiiig  abundant  along  tlie 
of  streams.     Tbe;  have  no  sheep  or  [Hga,  but  a  large  stock  of 
Htd  poultry. 

The  countiy  about  sevt'n  miles  rwund  Dhadgiion  i.*  as   fully 
highly  tilled  as  auv  part  of  Kti^desIT     Ttougn  the  whole  soil' 

'  Th«  amnber  wovM  mmhi  Io  h»n  Haea  Ittm  «WT  in  1M9  to  1!>,107  in  1871 


DMcan. 


khAndbsh. 


-123 


DCky  ati<]  iIitTo  H  hnnlly  ii  l<!Vol  pittcli  of  mure  lliau  n  JoKcn  acrcx, 

its  hanltvorking  l':ivr&fl,  botli  in  the  valleys  and  od  the  liiU  sloiws, 
wilb  cnrefut  woetlinff  and  luanaring,  r»itu!  oxcellvut  crops  of  millet 
RQ'l  som(!tim<.-<(  of  ludiiin  millvt,  wlieat.and  enun.  Since  1849,  cb« 
tilliijtt*  »rea  luw  spread  from  2lWl  to  more  tEao  16,000  a^^ree.  Tl»e 
cliie£  crops  sra  hijri,  jvirl,  nagli,  nnd  rico.  Oil  pliintA  nro  itcarcoly 
grown,  a»  tnoha  oil  in  uiit^d  for  cooking,  and  oil  for  buruine  i*  not  mttcb 
waDt«d  aa  the  people  peuerally  ro  to  bud  at  dusk  or  Bit  over  wood 
fires.  The  plough  U  most  siinplu  with  an  ircm  nhant  ikbout  a  Foot 
and  a  half  long.  I1ie  land  revi^nue  is  collected  t>otb  fn>ni  rorenoe 
Esrtners  and  from  tenant  proprietora.  AVbere  the  land  lb  not 
niea«nr(.-d,  tlto  plontfh  tay.  autltamti,  und  (ho  axa  ljt\.  lurhtyt, 
HyMlcinK  anj  in  vogue,  Fopuierly  the  piitiU  uned  to  note  Uic  number 
of  ploughs,  AMf«,  owned  by  nuEbandmen,  and  form  their  own 
cnlcalatioQS  u!t  to  the  un-Ji  titk-d ;  now  »  plough  is  irousidcml  tocqaa] 
aix^a  acrea.  Because  of  bia  aupei-ior  akill,  a  P&vra'a  plough  tax 
is  igr'fltq.  m.  whilo  a  VjtIj'h  is  8*.  jVls.  4).  The  axe  tax  is  based 
on  the  wood-iwh  ot  linJili  Bynlem  of  tillftge.  The  axe  tax  was,  in 
1869-70.  replacod  by  a  tftiesa-bv-Biiflit.  nozar  tmddx.  ayatem  which 
baa  proTe^l  uncertain  and  iiniwitTisfacbory. 

Frm  pMip8  lead  from  Kb^ndettb  into  Akr^ni.  The  mmt  us^d  is 
the  Wavaffon  paea.  an  easy  bnllock  and  horse  track,  leadiug  from 
Sh&h&dn.  The  others  aro  the  DotUiAbuva  pa»s,  on  the  road  from 
Dbadgaun  tn  Hiirat,  lit  for  foot  pasaengem  only ;  the  Obindwcli  Wf*t 
from  Kukarmunda  and  "Taloda,  a  sleep  and  dilHcnlt  track  hardly  Gt 
(or  horses ;  thn  Sm^p  iwpt.  from  tlic  KiithJ  stat*-,  though  somewhat 
difficult,  much  used  by  Vaajfiria  from .(i iijantt  and  lt.-lji)ipl»  ;  an<l  iho 
Knntip^nimas  on  the  Udopur  road,  rery  difficult  and  little  used. 

UartH  go  from  Taloila  to  the  foot  of  the  hiila  by  tlmie  cliief  rontes. 
From  Taloda  to  Dhadgaon,  by  IJorad  and  Kodvad  in  Shiiblida 
through  J&vda,  Navegnou,  M&mlvj,  Dfanvani,  and  Barvau,  this  road 
ia  tlie  best  and  ea.->ic»t ;,  by  liitmpur  Budhara  ajid  Alvan,  over  the 
Dboda  hil!  through  Itibhu  Cbinal-kua  and  Palkha  to  Dhadgaon, 
hardly  poiisnblo  exwpt  on  foot ;  anil  by  Rojova  <md  KovAr,  over  tho 
Ch&ndaeli  paas  through  Chiin(j!>eli,  ICakarpate,  (ianarya,  Kamod,  and 
Palkba.  VanjAHs  from  ShAhada  and  Gujarat  nso  tliese  pasaea, 
supplying  thn  poopU-  with  isalt  and  groc^'HiMt,  and  buying  tbetr 
surplus  field  and  forest  produce.  The  ex[Hirt  of  grain  from  Akn&ni 
is  oonsidenible.  There  is  also  a  largo  trade  in  chdroli,  Buchanania 
latifolia,  x<>«d,  nioAn  Uowertt,  boney,  be**'  wax,  Uic,  gumB,  nnd  reslb. 
In  1  Hii},  the  exports  were  estimated  at  upwards  of  £  I  WO  (Its.  1 4,000).  ■ 

Of  Akntni  history  litllo  is  known.  Thosnutli  jsiit,  hn  ftir  as 
Phadgaon.  waa  iwmiiially  included  in  tbi^  ^tuliiiminadim  kiugtlom 
of  KnAnjJgjh.  ^jjrth  oiPhaiTgaon.  as  Far  as  thi;  Narbada,  the 
country  seonia  to  liave  been  always  governed  by  local  chief;!.  After 
the  declioo  of  Mahammadaif  pi>wer  (1700).  the  district,  left  witliout 
any  rnlwr,  waa  seized  by  t^h^^  R^ga  of  phuahvai  beyond  the 
Narbada.'      On  his  death  Cli^vji'mui  Bnoc«edod  by  his  son   BAna 

'  Aooonliii^  Ui  anothtT  aoMunt,  Akrliii  wm  gnuitnl  to  PrrtJpwny  ttm  founilar  of 
the  nrcwnl  Kiiia>  family,  by  Aarapgnb^  nbo  is  Mid  to  tare  gtiren  bun  a  gnnt  fur  tba 
whoU  provinM  lac)a<lina  Taiixtt,  m  oon4iti«a  of  prot«ctins  SulUnnar  and  <Aha 
diairigU  >t  tb*  foot  «1  UmIuIU  (ran  Bhtl  atUoka. 


Chapt«r 
Bnb'divisioi 

AKain. 
Anvuiv, 


OalV 


Ipomtnj  Oust 


424 


DISTRICTS. 


iiipteT  XIII. 
Sab  dlTiaiims. 


QliminKing,  who  bnilt  tb6  AkriEni  lori  and  wtablishod  compai 
p«Aoe  ftOd  quiet.  Hie  eon  H ''^^p^^«ipf  raM  twonty<<'i<^lit  yi^rs.< 
Hu  liH'l  two  »i.'0»,  tUan  Biibii  who  died  iH^furo  hit)  fiitber,  and  RAtiai 
GuDuln  who  Hti<:cecdeJ  hia  falher  and  ruled  for  twelve  years, 
death,  withont  hoirf,  was  followed  by  ffpcat  durturtsinccJi,  aiid 
peopio  find  into  Udepiir,  RhiJBwiHg.  H<im  of  ilatvar  the  proi 
to  uie  wegt  of  Akrfai.  thi-u  ■■m-rt'eded,  built  tfi«  fort  of  Itoel 
DOW  in  ruins,  and  induced  the  people  who  had  tliii  ti)  n-tm 
thpir  boitieM.  Hhnui^in^  wnn  sucM-cilod  1>v  hia  aon  fibik^i  II 
H<'  fininlftrod  Janjitr  Ithil.  NAik  of  CbiKli,  below  the  hills 
Kliiihfida.  whose  eon  DiT&ji  SVtifc  to  avcngt^  his  falhwr'"  ili-alh  i 
a^fomy  iiitji  Akriini,  sii>|in«'d  the  fort  of  Ko«hiua],  anil  murdci 
K&na  Bbikiiii,  after    ho  had  ruled  for  about  fivo  joare.     Ic 

8equcnc«  of    this  outrago,  a  dotavhint'ut    of  th«  ^ ^ 

(wnt  sf^inHt  Div&ji  N^k,  tuok  pcMHcnnion  of  htti  cuuntiy  and 
for  about  a  year.  Anapdainp.  the  righlfnl  heir  to  AkMni,  a 
fifteen  years,  fled  to  Baroda,  and  Kandar  flhatdlir  a  follower  of 
GfiikwAr  impriMoiiril  lhi>  HAna'it  inotht^r  Kuvor  Iljii  and  iit.t  iiodt 
DalelKiDg,  and  seized  Itiimpur,  Akr&ni,  aud  Dhadgaoo.  lo  ISlfi 
Klaior  Jariline  rcleiutod  iho  two  prisoners,  and  Anandsing  rntanwd 
with  200  nicnx'iianoH  from  Baroda,  and  onjiating  1.^  ^anJurbllj 
Aralw,  Rueoe^^ed  in  recoyering  hia  possessions.  Unable  t«  pay  hifl 
troops  he  throw  himn^lf  on  the  morcy  of  Cnptaia  Brif^gv  tbo  Political 
Ag«ut,  who  mid  off  bia  men  and  occnnii-d  IJhuilgaoii  and  Aknini, 
I'he  young  rhief,  who  was  little  better  t  nan  an  idiot,  failed  to  pay  tha 
JCISW  (Rs.  18,000)  A<)vnn(vd  to  him,  and  Iho  raanageuiont  nf  hH 
mtuAe  waa  assumed  by  the  British  GoverDuient.  He  was  allowed  la 
keep  two  villages  and  the  title  of  RAna,  and  the  family  now  drswri 
a  yearly  ponaJon  of  £280  U>».  (Ibt.  2S*>S).  Thv  family  ninks  high 
and  has  intemaanied  with  the  GAikwArs  of  Baroda  and  the  Kjtna  o| 
Cbhota  Udepnr.  In  good  seasoas  tCe  total  revcaue  te  n&oat  £1 
f  Ba.  1 6.0001  ■ 


i 


Via  OIL. 
Area. 


Aipftt, 


a 


Vij|drf,  ono  of  llm  ccniral  siub-ilividioTis,  iKfwimdixl  on  the  ne 
by  the  TApti  separating  it  from  Shnlifida  and  Shirpnr,  on  the  east  b^ 
tnoPAiijhrasqiiiraliiig  il  from  Aninlnor,  on  the  south  by  Dhiilin,  anq 
on  the  west  by  Pimpalner  aud  Nandurbiir.  Its  area  in  &07  s<]uajr^ 
milOB  all  of  Ihom  Aiir\'i'yc-d  in  detail ;  its  populatiou,  according  to  tu 
1872  census,  waa  03,350  aoula  or  124'9^  to  the  flaitare  inilo  ;  and  iij 
1679-SO  its  realisable  land  revenue  was  £28,924  (Ba.  2,i)»,240). 

Of  507  souaro  miles,  the  total  area,  three  are  occupivil  by  t 
lands  of  alienated  Tillages.  The  remainder  ncoording  to 
revenne  survey  contains  268,435  aeroa  or  80'18  per  cent  of  arabl^ 
land ;  48,877  acrw  or  1 3'62  per  cent  of  nnarable  land;  2491  acres  cm 
0*77  per  cent  of  gra««;  and  17^03  acres  or  5*43  per  cent  uf  villagJ 
sites,  roads,  rivera,  aud  streama.  yrom  the  25^,435  acres  cj 
amble  land,  31,049  acres  have  to  bo  takun  on  account  of  alionatvj 
landa  in  Government  villagci*.  Of  the  balance  of  227,ii86  acres  thl 
actual  area  of  arable  Govomment  land,  185,865  acres  or  81'7it 
cent  wore,  in  1878-79,  under  tillage. 

As   in  Amalncr  and  Xandurbtir,    the  northern  portion  fo 
coutiDuattou  of  the  rich  black  Boil  Tiipti  plaJTi,  aud  the  south 


QeccAiL] 


« 

khAndesil 


425 


I 


for  the  moot  part  hilly  and  wsviDif,  with  large  tracU  of  waste  land 
aaed  for  grazing  cattle.  Tho  hilla  on  <ho  aowth-wcgt  enter  from 
PimpalncT,  and  after  tfarowitig  out  several  apora  on  oilber  sido, 
end  near  llio  viUacie  of  Cbimldiut.  On  the  soutb-eaat  there  are  a 
tew  Btrapiiflipg  hillocks  with  a  low  chniu  of  hilU  skirling  the 
boundar/.  Tho  sab>divii>ion  ia  thinly  jmiplod  aud  bk-ak,  willi  but 
fuw  inaogo  or  other  tre<!«. 

For  the  m-eater  part  of  the  year  the  climate  ia  healthr.  But 
from  Novemoerto  Fobmary,  t'spfviillly  lu  villagos  n<»r  tho  hiUa,  the 

St'oplo   BHffiir  from  f<!V«r   and  ag-ue.     The  arerage  yc«riy  rainfall 
ariug  the  twelve  years  ending  1870  was  19-52  indieH. 

Except  along  the  banks  of  tho  TApti  and  tho  Paujhra,  Vird^l 
18  poorly  supplied  with  siirfaAo  water.  Tho  two  chiof  rivons  are 
the  TApti  flowing  along  the  entire  north  boundary,  a  diHtance  of 
thirty-five  milea,  and  it-s  tributary  the  PAnjhra  flowing  along  the 
eastern  bonndary.  Tho  other  Tiipti  triljiiiiinc.t  ar«  tho  Bonii  and 
tho  Amrfivati  flowing  north  and  almost  paiallel  to  t>ach  other. 
The  Bffr^j.  joined  by  tho  V6,n  near  the  village  of  Ariv,  draina 
tho  centra,  and  flowing  pasl  tho  villages  of  ChimUina  and 
Sindkheda,  joins  the  Tdpli  near  the  rilkge  of  Sukvad.  Tho 
AnirAvati  drains  the  west  and  joins  the  T&pti  near  the  village  of 
TAvkheda.  Of  those  only  the  TApti  and  Uio  Piitijhra  flow  thrunghont 
the  year.  ThfrewcTW,  in  1879-80,2169  working  wells  with  a  depth 
of  from  thirty  to  ninety  feet.  A  email  area  is  irrigated  from  water 
channels. 

The  soilft  are  the  same  an  those  in  Anialner.  The  prevailing 
black  soil  is  a  rich  allarial  clay  gradually  growing  poorer  towards 
the  sonth,  and  nmr  the  hills  bevoming  light  and  frinblu. 

In  18Gl)-t>I,  the  year  uf  tH-ttlement,  7808  lioldings,  khUdx,  wore 
rornrtled  with  an  average  area  of  21*40  acres  nnd  an  average 
rental  of  £2  I5«.  li<i.  (Kb.  27-9-0).  Equally  divided  among  tae 
agricultnml  population,  those  )iolding»  would  for  each  porBon 
repnutent  an  nlbitinent  of  &79  acres  at  a  yearly  rent  oti7a.!>ld. 
(Rb.  8-lUIl].  Distributed  among  the  wholo  population,  tho  share 
to  ouch  would  amonnt  to  .3' 1 2  aoros,  and  tho  iooidenoo  of  tho  land 
tax  to  8*.  J'?.  (RM.4-0.a). 

Virdel,  formed  in  18t)),  included  at  the  time  of  flurrey  ninety- 
three  '  rillngOM,  of  which  sovvnty-six  were  inhabited  and 
aeventecn  detierted.  The  total  area  waA  293  square  miles  or  187,^9 
acres.  • 

Since  the  surrey,  the  subdivision  has  for  administrative  convenience 
been  increased  from  iuuoty>thr<!o  to  lOti  KOttied  Govemmont  villages. 
The  survey  meaAaromonts  of  lhe«o  Tillages,  begun  in  1853-64,  were 
finished  in  1866-67,  and  ihg  classificationa,  begun  in  18o8-59,  wore 
finished  in  1867-68.  Of  168  the  present  (1880)  number  of  villages, 
two,  which  arc  alienated,  wuresottlod  in  1868-69.    Of  the  remaining 


Chapter  XU: 

Sub  divinow 

VniDit. 


WaUf. 


iset 


'  Befon  tlie  fonnfttion  in  1841  of  tliia  now  lab-diriiion,  nf  tiio  93  villwM  79 
bdoiu^  to  NaodotlMtr  «id  U  to  DtiuIU  ;  vid  of  th*N  79,  27  bdooBod  to  Um 
nubnktiUr'a  di'Uioo.  while  tlM  rMnMning  fiftj-two  oonipoud  tlio  pita  M  Vjrd«l  £u 

thcdividuitiir  Kib'divUioiL 


II  411- 


■^'-*— '-™- 


I  ihaUk  sii'i< 

^  bnda  is  VoM  ««»  M«  eeaiiad  Id  prtiCDlar  sputa^ 
.  OTFT  tbc  wbofe  fw*  at  thm  oa^trr. 
la  18Sft-«0i,  of  130.136  •on  As  kAJ  vafclo  ww,  60.7!)!<  aenij 
or  leas  dan  cae  fcatf  «n«  aader  tiThgr      Of    tbe  anJ)!*!    wBsta 
S0,000  aera^  or  aki«t  flw-donl,  WW*  fiamd  IB  nUages  .  1«s| 

•oO.    The  aew  wHpm  p851)  Aowpj  »  pniwhrioD  <rf  lU 

tt*  nijiiarn  nSe^  •  iliiimij  cunaiigrihly  Wm  uab  t^  of  ild;  uf  tfca 
Mnosslr  aeUM  pwb  «( tbe  AOrid.     Alwiat  the  wLota  body  ol 

Iha  faufcs  of  the  Tifiti  had,  except  the  temponuy  nte«  introdnoed 
bjT  Mr.  VkosSeld  ia  1&53,  k  aisgle  acre  rate  of  m.  Od.  (Bs.  3-1  |U 
lif^}.  Thhtj-ecren  of  the  beat  rflUgva  bad  tb»  aoro  rato  <A 
6*.  Gd.  (B«.  2-12),  Ka  rilluM  paid  two  latea  of  3<.  1  il.  nnd  -Js.  6d. 

SL  1-9  aad  Ba.  1-4)  tbe  S^Ao,  aad  one,  DalvAda,  bad  four  nM 
thBaoperintcadeors  opinioa  these  rate*  «m«  too  high  and  twodeil 
,(o  liimt  tillag*  lo  the  oeet  soils.  In  the  poorvr  Tillages  the 
old  tatea  ««f«  kas  R>gii]«r.  Ax  a  rale,  is  aav  one  rillagv  then 
wrrc  not  more  than  twonUas  betwt^n  3*.  l\d.  and  2f.  Sd.  (K*.  14 
aod  Rs.  1.4)  the  hicha  ;  bat  aei^boDiia^  Tillafrs,  alike  in  soil  and 
other  [Mrtiiralar*,  had  tridcly  diac?ring  rates,  fa  the  rillagBS  newj 
aBd*amon^  lUe  tiiU  the  lorinor  mtoe  vre^  generally  execMiTU.  Tht 
surrey  saperiniendeni  anvaged  lh«  TilU^>8  iu  four  ^froops.  Ihi 
first  contained  the  forty-eiaht  richest  villages  on  which  a  iiuuciminn 
diy-crop  acre  lato  of  5«.  (Re.  2^)  was  fixed.     In  tbt;  spcuud  giuni 


■TiM  a<utk  ««•:  SiTda,  S4S;  Yi*»l.  IM ;  Nuinbadl  IU:   Bnadol,  IM] 

CWi>d*,lIfi;Aaahiv.lUiud  Virdal.lM. 


DmcsilI 


I 


427 


VUDBL. 


of  nin&t«en  nllagea,  close  to  the  sonth  of  tfao  first  {^roap,  tlie     Clutptor 

iiuiximum  acre  rato  was  i».  3d,  (Its,  2-2),  tlie  same  a»  for  Cbo  MKxmd      8«ii,««iainnB. 

cWs  viliit^^M  in  AiitiUntir.     In  ihv  third  cla^  of  thirteen  poor  xoiled 

viltftg:ci!,  further  Houth   noar  th«  IuIIn,  thu  ralv  fixod  wad  !j«.  6(J. 

{Rs.  1-12)  the  acre.     In  the  foorth   proup  of  ihirtwn  poor  soUed 

viiliigi-j(,  gitiutk-d  chiofly  uinong  llio  liills  and  exposed  u>  great  loHS 

&oin  herdu  ui  wild  Uog,  a  iiiaximiim   ucru  nito  of  3«.   (Ka.  1-8)  WM 

fixod.     The   ivbote  areta  of  garden  laud  wait  not  moro  than  1000 

ttcr&s.    There  wore  only  two  oubflilt  dams,  kacAa  bandhdrif,  one 

at    MIulI])ur    wat^TJng    njno  ucTi»,   aud   tho    other    at   V'adiliari 

occasiooally   n-atering  fourteen  axxea.     Throo  liiimlrod  and   sixty- 

oight  wells  of  less  than  forty-five  foot  deep,  w&leriug  an  anw  of  UW5 

acre«,  vierVf  in  liuii  of  ttiu  old  cms,  charged  a  mnximum  acre  raio 

of   Gs.  (Kb.  !)).      Tbs    immediate  reault  of  tho  .-iottloment    was    a 

redaction   in   the    Goverument    demand   from    £l[,SOd  lo    C9109 

(Ks.l, 18,050- IU.91,090)  or  a  &ill  of  22  par  cent. 

The  following  utatement  gives  tho  details  of  tho  changes  made : 


CU-. 

VlL- 

FoiUdii. 

Smnr. 

IEIB-1> 

to 

tSHMO. 

lut'ttL 

IIRIUI, 

Acnluia 

OaDw 

tiOM. 

AnUn. 

m^« 

Anbb 
mU*. 

Otllte- 
Uiuu. 

AivniB 

KuIdiiho 

f  Tim  ^. 

4* 
l> 
11 
» 

a*. 

MTt 
K3* 
SMI 

Acn*. 

ASBM. 

Via 

Harm. 

ll.KO 
I4.>l» 

M.tll 
l»,tlt>i 

Wll 
*    >IU 

-1.KT 

11.  un 

M.tU 
MM 

114    I 
1    0    i 
0   S    1 
0    T    • 

>   g    0 
■    I    0 
1  IX    D 

1     K     U 

n 

HjW 

UftlM 

•fclM 

mAtt 

uvm  n.Mi 

KU,tM 

I    >   > 

An  (.'xniiiiiiation  of  thu  effect  of  tho  surv(^y   niU-n  iiiln>diK>0(l  in 

^the  two  largest  blocka.  of  forty-five  Government  villages  settled  in 
Iy57-5H  and  of  ninety-three  Gorernmeut  villages  settled  in  1800-61, 
ftiv««  tli«  ftillowing  ristult«.  Tho  fignros  of  the  sotttemcut  year  for 
tbo  first  block  of  forty-five  villa^,  compared  with  those  of  the 
ycitf  bufure,  show  an  increase  in  the  occupieu  area  of  ?j6t>  acres,  in  the 

|wai*toof  &ld3Acre!«,  and  in  the  romissionx  of  £-312  [Hs.  3120);  and 
a  fall  in  the  colleccions  of  £619  (Rk.  6400).  A  oompariaou  of  tbo 
figures  of  tlio  settlemont  year  with  the  average  of  tbo  ton  proriotia 
years  ahows*  a  fall  in  tho  rvinisaions  of  JE20-i  (Ra.  2040) ;  and  on 
increase  in  the  occupied  orcA  of  2297  acres,  in  tbo  waste  of  3594 
acros,  and  in  the  eollectioaa  of  £209  (R8.2090).  Baring  the  twenty-' 
one  years  (iS67-68to  1877-78)  of  survey  rates,  yearly  remissions  were 
granted,  the  laiigeat  suma  being  £837  {Ks.  3370)  in  1857-58,  and  £8t>3 
j,R«.  3630)  in  18~60>61.  Compared  with  tbo  average  of  the  ten  ycnrs 
before  the  snrvey,  tho  avenge  of  the  twenty-one  years  of  sacvey 
r&toe  shows  an  increase  in  the  occupied  area  of  18,103  acres,  and  in 
the  oollectioas  of  £2440  (Rs.  24,400} ;  and  a  fall  in  the  wostoof  12,194 
acres,  and  in  tbo  remisaioas  of  £496  (Rs.  49G0). 

For  tho  second  block  of  ninety-three  villages,  tho  figures  of  the 
settlement  year,  compared  with  thoso  of  the  year  before,  show  an 
iocsease  in  tho  occupied  area  of  SOU  actw,  and  in  tbo  romisdiona  of 


Sumy  Raattct, 
tSSS-tS" — 


-_  iiliMl" 


rZXXL 


IBombKX  OuttlMt, 


DISTEICTS. 


ifA 


£413(R4.41S0);>adftbiB  m  O*  wMto  of  M,7«S  acres,  and  in tW 
raUedk^  of  £±U3  (B*.  33.«S0).  A  oonipkriiKm  uf  tho  fignruxJ 
dwwttlan^ttTearwiikAeBrasSB  uf  tfae  Uui  fKerioua  ^e&n  sbun 
as  iBcnaae  in  &•  OOTpJpJ  Ana  m  ld,TlM  acne,  and  in  cbo  coOeo- 
iaf£3«0(Ra.36OO):aDd  •  faD  m  Um  w«rte  ut  7I,h:^  ncrtt, 
■ad  n  tte  KMBwaa  of  £S>M  fBa.  SS40).  I>BnD9  Uio  eiffhiMij 
jckn  (lMO-61  «D  1877-78)  «{  mimy  late*,  ro^'lj'  reonaaioos  f 
bwo  n^tod.  tk»  lamak  ana  bang  £S1&  (Ba.  OlfiO)  in  \86 
■ad  4tfZ0  (Bi-  M.SOO)  n  IS71-73.  OofBjarad  with  the  arang^ci 
Iba  1^  yearn  baCova  tbe  mrrvjr  iho  BToraga  of  Uia  oi^tecii  yt 
of  aarT«7  lataa  ilxm  an  ianpaae  ia  the  oocapiad  ana  vt  4ti,' 
■OMb  aad  ia  the  ooOecfioaa  v(  <SS9S  (Be.  SS^PSO) ;  and  a  Ul  int 
imU  of  IM,17S  afxca.  aad  ia  the  leuuaaimia  of  £694  fBs.  094U). 

Addtag  to  the  faoivB  of  thaae  tmo  Uodca  the  detaila  of  (fan 
Kuauiag  tweaty-a^at  aaHled  niiiiiiiii  ■!  viUagee,  the  reauli  br 
the  whole  asb-dmaiott  u,  eoaacaeiay  tte  avenge  ratttnis  of  the  ten 
f«ars  Wfote  the  aorvejr  and  of  the  jmnatmmj  aav*,  a  fall  in  tk 
«Mteo{li7.417aa«a,«BdiathentBi»iaas  uf  £1204  (Ra.  12,0101  j 
■ad  aa  iacTBUFM  in  the  ooea{wed  area  of  79,:219  acrea,  and  is  tha 
eoOectkn^  inrfadtng  feveaae  Enm  nnarmble  land,  an  incroaae  of 
£8703  (Ba.  07,090)  or  43-<S  per  oeat.  Again  ooniparing  tha  arvngv 
ntons  of  the  ten  yean  beuta  sarva;  *nd  the  retarns  tor  1877-^, 
the  reealt  i^  inrtadiiMt  fcmuie  from  nnamble  land,  an  incraaae  in 
the  ecdkeliou  of  £8m  (Ba.  89.460)  or  58-3  per  cent, 

ThefoDowiagMateiaent  ahowa  for  the  settled  Qoronunent  tUUrs 
of  the  sab^rition  the  eSMts  of  the  sorr^  aetUamoDt  during  m 
twentj-one  jeets  ending  IStt-J^i; 


Tiu*. 


1 


t 

\ 

o 


\\ 


I 


Sntrr  Man  L-  u  normrwKa  VaLtam  maxma  a  ISR-M. 


lOUr 
HBU( 

UK-UM 


IMMl 


iMa-ara 
■sn-n 


1N»«1 


'Mi     3M*)      \iM» 
..^..     rn*,  M.Mf  .      VIU 


4Mn 

(LCI 


MM 

in 


<i.i» 
■MM 


tl7l 

i«n 


an 

an 
nt 
HI 


erant  gt«s  n.-«(  OOTMnnr  Tsumb  (brub  nr  iM»«i. 


U*.4M 


ajft 


a«i 

IMM 


M.9M 


a 


1«3> 

isn 


UKfn 
*Ma 


LJi;)M 

I 


(team  Bu«  nL-a  OonuBBi  Viuaua  nnua  ii  iMl-o^ 


u,aM    lor    t^xa 
n.iM    nil     u.fti 


SacouiJ 


KHANDESfl. 

FMel  Shtt^  SttidU,  M5ff-iOT«— oaaUaaed. 


429 


Tiua. 


IMMf 

um-M 

tKT-)M7 

uer-uti 
isn-ti 

baton  Runi«f' 
HMtiutinr,, 
WJTM 


Aau. 


OenpM. 


CiiocBuptaiL 


CtlUKTIdlt. 


AcMi. 

nt 

nt 

an 

1110 


BvBTST  BLKK  IT.  --t  OOmnogn  Viu,tai  wnuw  u  IMT'M. 


AOH 

734 

IMS 


in,Hi 

toi.sa 


(DM* 


Acs. 
Nil 

sui 


m.iM 

MM!* 


1100 


tiMM 

TIJM 


sn 

MM 

m 


UK.IIM 

eB,i<H 


i«.m 


NS 


B<. 


i,4>jn     I* 
1.19,  ml   fw 

t.JS.U]l|     113 


I 

u 

1) 


KM 
MI) 
lid 


Ita 
Ml 


tw 


According  to  the  187&-80  returns,  tlio  farm  stock  in  Uoverameot 
rillageM  amoiiiitwd  to  7527  plougki,  .'>008  carts,  19,(>&3 
bullocks,  13,315  oowa,  6563  buffaloes,  1292  horsesj  13,560  ebdep 
and  goata,  aud  G24aesos. 

Of  till)  185,865  iicrDS  nnder  tilhtgo  iu  1878.79,  grain  crops 
occupied  I21,lt7ftcre«or  65-18  per  cent,  86,88S  of  iHum  under  b&iri, 
Peaicillaru  apicata  ;  20,130  uuder^'rari.  Sorghum  vulgar«;  13,994 
under  wheat,  gahv,  Triticuui  aMtirum  ;  8ti  under  rice,  that,  Orjza 
KUtivA ;  40  undvr  maize,  makkti,  Zea  maya ;  aud  nine  under 
miacellaneoua  ccreala.  Pulses  occupfed  1 1,091  acres  or  5'96  per  cent, 
6731  of  them  under  kulith,  Doltchos  biflorus  ;  2060  under  gram, 
harbhara,  Cic4>r«rieliiiuru  ;  192  under /«r,Cajiiiiim  indicus  ;  47 under 
peaa,  vatana,  l^um  satiTum  ;  and  60  under  other  pulsea.  OilHoeda 
occupied  7358  ncros  or  4*22  per  cent,  5441  of  tlicm  ondor  giugolly 
need,  tit,  ^osamum  iudicnm  ;  1931  under  litiiieed,  aUhi,  Lmum 
usitatisfiimum  ;  aud  48(i  under  other  oilaeods.  Fibres  ocenpied  43,253 
acres  or  23'27  per  cwut,  all  uader  cotton,  kaput,  Gossypiuin 
lierbaceum.  MUoellaueous  crops  occupied  2516  acres  or  1'35  per 
cent,  789  of  thont  under  indigo,  guU,  Indigofora  tiuctorla ;  1 126 
under  chillies,  mirehi,  Cnpi^ieuin  fratcsceDs ;  280  under  tobaooo, 
tamhi'tkhxt,  Nicotiana  tnbncum  ;  4  under  tiugmroauo,  ut,  Soocbamm 
oSiciuarum  ;  and  the  remaining  317  under  Tariooa  vegetablo>#nd 
fmitB. 

The  1675  populi^iou  return  abowa,  of  a  total  population  of  66,834 
boqIh,  6i.4S3  or  S)(J-4S  per  cent  Ilindtis ;  2344  or  8'50  per  cent 
Mii»:ilniiiu^;  and  7  or  OOl  per  cent  PAmis.  The  detAilH  of  the 
Hindu  oastesi  are  ;  2216  BnLluuans,  pnestii,  QoremmenC  servaDt«, 
and  traders;  1371  VdQis,^0  KaUla,  traders  and  merchHuto;  t^,288 
Kunbiji,  4700  Mtiis,  552  Oakshunis,  197  Ilatkars,  buabandmon; 
1238  Sooiiiw,  gold  aud  stilver  sinitbit;  906  SutArs,  carpentera ;  1335 
Bhimpis,  tailors  ;  493  Lobars,  blacksmiths ;  328  Kumbnirt,  potters  ; 
120  Kdenrs,  coppersmiths ;  115  Lou£ri»,  com  cut- makers ;  72  Beldirs, 
bricklayers ;  65  OlAiis,  founders ;  40  Dhigrins,  suddk<rs ;  1532 
'A))is,  oilpreaaera ;  548  Rang&riSj  dj-ora ;  179  Uadna,  wool  wOaTors ; 


Chapter . 
Sub-divixioa 

VlRDU, 

IUS.1S7S,. 


W9-S0. 


Croat, 

mi-19 


•  [Bombay  OmMttoK, 

430  •  DISTRICTS. 

Ohl^tarZIIL     9  'SOis,  weavers j  649   BhAta,  bards;  163  OnravB,    wonhippen 

fl-vu^gi,—.       of  Shiv;   1212  Nli&m,  barben;   409   Dbobia,   washermen;  1122 

Dhangars,  shepherda;   3178   Kolia  and  722  Bhoia,  fishers;   6011 

vm»b.  Bajpats  and  462  Pardeshis,  messeiiferB  and  conetables ;  88  Sortaa, 

^^  labonrers ;   25  B&ris,    betel-leaf    sellerB  ;  8309   BMIb,    labonren ; 

681  FfirdbiB,  game-sn&ren ;  169  Vanj^nB,  carriers  and  hasbandraen  j 

1029  CMmbb^rs,  leather- workers ;  42  7 1  Mbitrs  and449  Mdo^,  village 

Bervants;  23  Kaik&dis,  basket-makers;   8  Bhangis,  acaveugers;  543 

MAnbh&Tfl,  436  Qoe&TiSj  146  Shil^ranta,  63  Gondhlis,  36  Joh&ris, 

and  25  HoUtb,  beggars. 


\ 


AtiAvAiv 


AXR 


CHAPTEtt   XIV. 

PLACES    OF    INTEREST'. 

AdaVad,  twelvo  lailw  east  of  Chopdn,  poor  and  with  only  4^55  Chapter' 
iiihnltitHJil^,  iiiatiy  of  them  Tadvi  RhiN,  vnut  oncc  n  placo  of  twmo  piacoa  oflntei 
oouaeqaenoe,  the  bead-quartei-n  of  a  aub-divimou.  The  site  of  ttie 
old  offices  is  now  occupied  by  a  eckool-liouse,  and  the  poopte 
aro  fast  curling  avmy  tlm  etkrtb  of  thu  ruined  fort  in  Uiu  contru 
of  the  town.  Among  its  objeotii  of  iiit«re<«l  arc  a  &no  old  Ktond 
and  mortar  stop  woli,  thirty  feet  by  twelve,  in  a  ruined  enclosure 
known  iM  thu  R<k1  Gardvn,  Lai  Biigh,  and  )>nilt  by  a  curtain 
Sbiimdia  (jujanUi.  To  the  north  of  Lhe  town  in  a  raoaque,  twenty 
feet  by  twolre,  of  stone  and  mortar  below  and  brick  and  mortar 
ftbovtf,  built,  according  to  a  Persian  writing  on  ono  of  Ihc  ntopn, 
is  1678  (I0S9  U.)-*  Three  milo«  to  the  uurtb-w«at  are  the  celebrated 
UnAbder  hot  springs." 

Akra'ni,  a  hill-fort-  in  the  Akrdni  petty  division  of  Taloda,  about 
oight^oQ  miles  norlh  of  Taloda,  was  deecnbod  in  1862  as  naturally 
strong,  but  with  very  few  defences  fotnaining.* 

Am&lner,  north  btitnde  21°  3'  east  longitude  7&°  )',  a  mnnicipa] 
town  till!  he'Ail-qtiart«r«  of  tho  Arnalncr  siib^iviition,  on  th«  Bori  rivor 
twenty^ne  uiilea  north  of  Dhulia  and  about  a  mile  eaat  of  the 
Bombay  and  A|n^  highroad,  contained,  in  IS72,  75t!4  inhahiinnts, 
and  in  187!)  yielded  a  total  municipal  incomo  of  £225  (Its.  2250). 
The  town  mainly  c4>ii4iHta  nf  thnw.!  slre<,'(,«  of  two  or  three  aloried 
houses,  many  of  them  with  handsome  wood  carvings,  vanning 
parnllol  with  the  nvor.  lliere  is  an  important  local  grain  trade, 
and  in  May  afiur,  lu«tiug  for  about  ihrou  wveks,  is  held  in  thu  bed 
of  (he  river  in  memory  of  8ak&r4ra  BtSva  a  Ilr^liinan  priest,  who 
lived  about  a  hundred  years  ago,  and  in  whose  honour  a  handaomo 
tentplo  has  Invn  built  in  tho  bod  of  th«  ntnnm.  About  80^00 
people  are  said  to  attend  the  fair,  and  tradoi-a  come  from  more  iha^ 
l()i>  miles.'  The  mdmlatdiir'B  office  and  tho  gehool  lu-c  the  only 
Govemmont  buildings. 

When  (1918)  the  British  took  Kh&ndesh,  Amalner  fort,  ono  of 
the  chief  po8t»  in   Khtodeah,   nominally  bold  for  the  Peshwa  by 


*Uo«toltfaH<lwi>teruieaBipaadfTOmMr.  PrOMrt^prlatedHrt  d(  Ar«h«olo)itctl 
Remklii*,  ud  [roB  niatcrwb  tupiiliol  bjMr.  J.  ^oIlW.CS. 

'  Suoh  of  tka  writing  M  «aii  M  tead  ruaa  :  I  aaked  for  ths  data   of  ....•-..  bis 

■iMtUtrMi klioTa.....  ..  'Skitb  Httif  (Ihv  i;i;Dti»  of  dllt«  v«rM«),  Ul  foUl| 

WM  th*  Ump  oS  the  bith.    Tbia  gi<rai  1060  lu,  that  i«  ISTd  a.Ix 

■  $M  kbon-,  p.  ii.  •  Gov.  lift  of  CiTil  Forts,  1862. 

*  Bow.  Oor.  JM.  XCIll.  2TS,  S7». 


Buaint. 


DISTKJCTS 


'WWn^  nf  hia  Arali 
lootden,  bo  gaxn  tbe 
to  ■amsder  it  to  ao  one,  a<il  tmia  lh« 
^rittij  ohiTed,  fa-  mSt^r  the  ehM  botl 
T  IB  Urn  good  gncM  of  hii  tnut«rp 
Hmw  afterward  ackntiwlL-flji 
.  W  viwed  to  baad  av*>r  the 
,  ttsy  waoU  Dok  aUov  Inm.  Alter 
itojwilaMttairMliMiMhiii  lwifaa<d,tt«y wwc. 
A  face  aaAcr  OelM^,B|id2aVB,  MiMmiiliim  ta 
I  footf  800  lahMtrj,  sad  S5u  nrfgUMr  bofw,  nuurb^d  iroui 
Mflegtcft.  8— on^A-to  vneoaditknal  mnvadtr  tb«  gUTieoo 
firtt  Rfswd.  Bat  &£>«  aU  ««f  of  eKiq»  Uacked,  &ft(ir 
d«l^^  tbej  laid  ihmr  saa  o«laida  of  tke  fbr^  and  adi 
iato  tlM  bed  o(  Ae  rinr  mn  wmi»  prianow.'  Tho 
f<  tb  nnina  aad  <tf  tfcsr  i  iiwai  ili  i  l   AH  JamidAr 


In  1818  tba  tort  wac  deaeribed  aa  200  but  aqoarv,  snirODnded 
OB  tki««  bd(w  b}r  Iba  town,  aad  oa  tb«  t^mrtb  waafat^l    1^ 
imr  Bon.    1\e  'aaQ  on  tbe  rmr  Mb  as  «ell  ma  %be  comer 
wcn  Imed  witkatoMu    TW  iinade,  filled  nnrly  to  tbo  fwt 
paiafM*.  ec^naaded  A*  town,  wlucb  «■•  intlHaed  br  an  « 
bigb  mJU  wbnw  rmr  bee  vaa  HkewiaB    lined  witb  stona. 
tbne  jiatea  and  tbe  traTwae  tbnwn  ool  to  eorvr  them  were 
oat    ^    repair.    Tba  place  waa   td  Hul*  importaaco  as   it 
oomBMwdca  bjr  a  UUoek  about  3M  janls  off.  un  Ibo  oppouto 
oC  tba  rirer.*     Rx<«pt  tbe  oM  &»t,  the  desbmakb'B  booaa  i 
oofy  remarkable  boiuing. 

Autttrli,  aboat  twelTo  miles  nortb  o(  Kdhbad  in  tbc  Bhi 
■ab-divisictt,  has  a  fine  weQ  peeserrvd  brick  and  mortar  w«n  nbont 
l&OTEars  old. 

AltjUlsaon«   aboat    six    mUea    aasfc  of  Edlabad, 
pietmndTiiii  V  and  mortar  temple  of  Amantingbhara,  130 i 
tbnrtcen. 

Baboleshvar,  about  three  mileaweet  of  the  Vihe)i 
station,  at  tbe  meeting  of  tbe  Babala  and  Gtnm,  baa  a  fine  < 
Uabider  temple. 

'  Balsa'ne.  foaM?««  mn«seaat  of  Ftmpafanr,  bae  a  veil  proMer 
seme  of  old  t«nple»  and  caTea.  Tin  ebief  temple,  of  tbefil^_ 
^ocallj  known  as  Henrfdranri,  tboogfa  anwll  t*  v^rj  graeefnl,  and 
iMlh  iitfide  and  oat  is  most  richly  carred  from  base  to  aninaiit. 
Ib  age  and  ttjUi  it  oloselj  irsemblra  the  late  Bribman  caves  at 
EloTH  (725  X.O.).  The  figures  arv  fairly  cnt  and  the  re«t  ol  tbe 
carrinff  is  minate  and  delicate.  The  |jlftck  stone  wallH  look  aa 
if  all  their  mortar  had  Ikvq  |:»cked  ool.  l)ut  as  in  other  Hemild- 
panti  temples,  the  stones  were  probably  carved  one  by  one  and  pnt 
together  wiibont  mortar.  In  front  of  the  temple  is  a  portico 
approached  by  six  step*.     Tbe  pillars  at  the  top  of  the  step*  ara  fivo 


'4 


JtoMiaJ 


KUANDBSH. 


tsa 


^ 


HnAvi 


?  — T 


Itnimi4 


foot  iipart  Mill  U»o  wliolo  jKirtioo  i«  twolve  feel  wide.  Tbc  iniiin-  bnll  Chapter 
of  tb«  t«iiiii|i^,  oigliit^ii  feet  ii4uarc  with  a  doorway  lU  iwcli  Muio,  ban  PIaoob  of  1 
.piUsrs  eaon  about  ten  feet  hi^h  and  two  and  it  Iiiilf  fwt  nquare  at 
tbo  base.  Each  pillar  has  for  it»  cupiuil  a  liiirizouud  tlat  crosa,  witb, 
nadur  tnuih  arm,  u  ohurub,  tli«  palniH  of  wboeo  bands  are  pruuvd 
togetber  a«  in  pray«r,  Thfi  figures  oro  remarkably  porfwt  and 
singularly  like  BJmilar  tijiarea  is  Eu^lLsli  cathcdnili*.  Some  of  tbe 
olluT  IciniileH  nnd  bnildiii^,  though  It>«s  striking,  are  very  beautiful. 
On  It  liiiu^l  in  uuw  u(  tboni  in  u  MartLlhi  or  tjiiunkrit  writing. 

Beta'vad,  au  old  irregularly  built  town,  with,  in  1872,  2774 
iuhabiianta  nnd  sevem!  large  but  neglected  old  limisof*,  lies  in  tbo 
Virdvi  eiib>diriaion  tweoty-foor  milcm  nurth>c«nt  of  Dlmlia.  At  Ino 
time  of  the  Hrititih  conquest  (1817),  a  Bnthnian  named  Daji  Gopd), 
wiih  about  ;J(Ki  folIowiTjt,  held  IMavad,  and  driving  out  tbo 
mttmlatdiir,  levied  contributions  from  the  country  round.  On  tho 
BurronifiT  i?i  Thdlner  be  loft  the  fort,  and  it  wu«  ([uietly  takeu 
bv  tlio  HHtiMli  troopt^'  Thu  town  wan  formerly  the  bead-quarters 
oi  the  old  revenue  diriition  of  Bet^vod,  and  baa  a  post  oiRco  and  a 
municipality,  with,  in  187!),  an  incomu  of  £123  (R»  I'itlO). 

Bhadgaon,  north  latitmlc  20'^  W  and  east  longitude  75''  12', 
ft  luuuitipal  town,  with,  in  1872,  Ololj  h>uIs,  the  heafl-qiuirtcrs  of  a 
potty  division  of  the  same  name  in  Pachora,  stands  on  tbe  (iirua 
tliirty>foiir  miles  south-east  of  Dhulia.  In  1879  tbe  municipal 
incomu  umountod  to  uWnt  £209  (Its.  2090). 

Tho  town  is  built  pfirtly  on  anJMlnml  fornii»d  by  two  brouoliee  of 
th«  Qirua,  tlio  south  of  which,  the*  dry  river,  tnki  ndta,  almost 
n«vcr  holds  any  water.  On  tho  further  bank  of  the  dry  river  \»  a 
niagiiifiount  mango  grave.  Tbe  lowurt>,  battlumvtitA,  and  four  main 
galea,  of  whia  wiut  onco  a  strong  town  wall,  ntill  remain.  According 
to  a  local  story,  a  very  famoaii  aeor,  rv/hi,  once  lived  at  the  mooting 
of  tho  dry  nadSowingrivora.  8o great  was  bis  nanm  for  piety  tImC 
ndigioust  Itnihmitn;*,  or  Bhuts,  gnlhorcd  round  him  from  till  Hides.  To 
supply  ihoir  wants  iniderx  and  othitrn  cjiiuu,  and  finally  a  town  arose, 
called  after  the  Bhats,  Itluttgaon  or  Itbadgaou.  At  tho  close  of  tho 
ffixtocnib  century,  when  KbAiidetih  was  annexed  by  the  Moghali),  « 
certain  BArnji  Pant  of  Bhadgaon,  who  had  done  good  sorvicu  at  the 
siege  of  Asirgnd.  wa*  rewarded  with  tho  TOVcrnmeut  of  Nasirabad, 
Erandijl^Jdmuerj^Balml,  lyid  Hhi»lgiuin.  Making  Ilia  native  plnw> 
tho  hrjid-iiuarlers  of  bis  cluirge,  RAmji  raised  it  to  great  pniH]H'rity. 
On  Kjiiiiji'M  death  his  wife  L&dkublU  carried  on  the  admin islnil ion, 
and  is  still  ri'iiieinlKtntl  as  having  slaughtered  'iOO  robber  Bhils 
on  the  Iwnks  of  tlui  dry  river,  hince  iw  transfer  to  the  British 
(1818),  the  only  remarkablo  ovent  is  the  great  flood  of  tho  I5tb 
Septoenbcr  1872  which  deati»yed  about  750  hoa»ca.  • 

Of  its  1 20G  hou<<c»  about  fifty  are  two.etoriod  and  ten  or  twelve  aru 
tded.  The  rest,  one-storied  nnd  flat  roofed,  are  partly  built  of  stone 
and  fire-baked  brick  and  mortar,  partly  of  mud,  unbaked  brick,au<I 
wnltlu  and  daub,     it^  trade,  of  tiltto  more   than   local   importanocj 


■  «D»-IU 


I  D'.m.  Dot.  S«1.  XCIIL  fli. 


y  OuMter. 


at 


nnsicis. 


wtid    yaltB.    TW« 
of    tbv  fUMta. 

b^'altigli  will, 

entraaae  gBt«,  tlw 

ibe  tnost  rraiarlablf 

Uf-RiinM]  -=-"--,. 

m»d  la  Iv 

Hed  HI  Uu;  iaih 

■go  br  oao  of  ife 

m  tlie  old  mill  f<  "^ 

aebool.     To  the  north    "' 

Tb  1Cfc*■^^'■^  GflTemnFirt 

tuai  tea  MtlcB  lt>  the  Dortli  - 

fay  •  rmiHrni    i:.ur> 


■pa^ 


.  m  »  XabUvv's  tanqib,  with  a  fligb 

ity  laafiag   to  tb»^  rirar,  ba3t  bgr  a  wcnUh;  moooT- 

r;  a  C^t  of  Moob  aHfs  IcMJing  ta  llw  nrer  iu«r  tlio  Pirou 

gata^  bnk  WTiaty  Twn  aco;  md  tki«*  teaiplfiB  of  Vitili&I  in  &» 

mm  toWD,  Md  «  to  BiUji  is  bonft  of  Ae  nlliee  office. 

0(  Mwtaw d*B  raoMaa*  tk»  eUsf  atw,  in  tha  bad  of  xhc  rinr 
Oataabtil  a  wMrior  aaated  Rr  ffhlMAhfn  aud  to  hnvo  bwa 
killed  M  battle ;  two  old  ■oeqaea  aortb  of  the  mud  fort ;  anil  in  ibe 
■Bikot  placp.  a  booae  with  a  tottb  bnb  t^  om  Tnrab  Ali  Sk&h. 


Wu^ie^KW  MJIet  »oaU»  M  J^rimpgr. «tre«ad  with  ruins  and oU 
•tio^    Tbe  town  i»  sarroonan)  by  a  looee  brok«a-down  wall. 


i  fwmdatie 
Oa  Ibe  a 


weeC  IS  a  gate  &aked  by  two  loood  lowers  wilb  twn  single 
flteae  pillen  abo«t  eiae  fet<  iagk  and  four  gate  poate,  one  of  them 
isitaplaoettbcoUwnlTiiw-ateoinedtatonce.  Tbe  old  at^Kin  palace, 
a  gorenunenloffica  in  tbe  nahwa'it  time.  ba>  two  -  gnt««. 

Ob  one  oftbeeegatee  bcarredan  animal,  Uke  an  Iti-r  n,  with 

a  circular  sbield  od  tbe  rigbt.  The  other  gateway  is  mtich  finer. 
At  either  end  is  aa  archway,  and  bctwieeB  the  arcbea  on  each  side 
of  tbe  roadway  is  a  raised  tetraee  between  fire  and  tux  (ift  hi^k 
On  each  terrace  stand  two  pillara  abonl  twclre  feet  high,  and  hehmd 
cafh  pillar  in  tbe  side  wall  is  a  mlaeter,  and  in  each  end  wall  in  a 
.  line  with  the  pillars  arc  other  puaslors.  Near  this  gatmcuy  is  a 
Hemidpanii,  or,  as  it  is  loc-ally  catlin),  a  Gavli  EUj  roiwrvoir,  aad 
not  br  from  il  a  mined  rouMiue. 

The  fort,  at  the  east  end  of  a  mjfged  tm>^tar  range  of  rooky 
hills,  is  divided  from  the  rp«t  of  the  range  by  so  artificia]  rhmin. 
The  natural  escarptnml  uf  the  fort  ihaf  overluoks  the  town  has  in 
places  been  strengihenod  br  inasAorv.  The  ascent  is  ruunda' 
and  easy,  though  tbe  hill  is  of  a  considerable  faiMKht.  The  en 
is  on  tbe  soatkem  ^e.  Inside  are  sereial  cislents  nf  gx>od  waioi  _ 
well  M  four  large  stone-rooms  hoUowod  out  of  the  rock.     Thefe 


Dhgml] 


KHANDESB. 


435 


arc  many  riimecl  gateways  and  gBte«,  and  nt-arly  niini^O  towers.' 
Sixty  years  ago  it  in  iwicl  to  hnre  been  sciwd  by  Kiile  Kii&a  a 
Musalm&n  r(^bd,  in  puniiiliing  n-lmm  iIh;  town  \n  said  to  have  been 
dedroyed.  A  remarkable  featm-e  in  the  fori  istbat  its  buddings  are 
moMMy  underground,  the  eacarpinent  being  honeycombed  with  cavea, 
Kunie  of  them  plain  and  sbapelcHSi  but  othoru  regular  buildings  with 
pillar-Eopporteil  roofs.  Of  thttws  caves,  locally  kiiowu  as  the  Gavli 
Itiija's  buuiWf,  iiome  seem  uf  gre^t  age  and  others  are  apparently 
niiich  more  uiodern.  All  the  important  cares  face  south-west, 
oud  are  nearly  on  one  level  likt-lboscof  Elnra.  The  rock  generallj 
overhangs  Ibc  dourvrays,  antl  auothcr  roijt  rising  in  front  Conns 
a  parapet.  The  fimt  net  of  three  caves  open  into  each  other.  7ho 
flours  are  deeply  covered  with  mud,  leaving  their  present  height 
about  twelve  feet..  The  middle  cave,  about  twenly-fotir  fcut  equaro, 
is  the  largest.  Tbe  partitieu  walls  arc  wry  thin,  mid  there  Sr  no 
earring.  But  tool  ntarkit  all  over  the  walln  nhow  that  tbe  caves  are 
artiiioiiil.  The  next  set  of  csveti,  also  three  in  nuniiier,  cionsista  of  a 
largo  irregularly -shaped  central  aud  two  side  caves  divided  by  rock 
partitions  tltrongb  b;)t.h  of  which  openings  hare  liet'umndo.  The  roof 
uf  thu  [iontnd  cavo  18  suppi.>rtud  by  three  rolumnif  of  nick  left  to 
Eierve  aa  pillars.  In  two  of  thette  pillan,  grooves,  one  in  each  pillar, 
have  been  cut  apparently  to  suppoi-t  lamps  or  a  screen.  Beyond  this 
eeoond  group  are  two  other  caves  neither  of  them  remarkable. 
Fifty  yurds  further  is  n  walcr  rave,  divided  by  a  wall  of  rrjck  fifteen 
inches  iluck  that  rines  to  williiu  t)in-e  Usil  of  live  root.  The  nioatb 
of  this  reeervoir  is,  by  two  stone  pillars,  divided  lengthwise  into 
three  parts.  The  next  group  of  tte-ee  caves  was  formerly  used  as 
tbe  fort  office.  Of  the«o  tltrco  caves  Ibv  first,  locally  suppoMid  to  be 
about  300  years  old,  is  di^idf^d  by  two  rows  of  rttgulurly  shaped 

SUtars,   with  piloatera  corresponding  to  tbem  in   the   walls.     The 
oorway  has  n  lintel  of  the  '  "    '   I'u  England   "shouldered," 


Chapter  Xn 
PlaCM  of  iat 

1  fort.' 


Thu  side   posts  are  liute<i 


iiil  iitid  moulded  about  Half 


way  down.  In  the  Butiug,  below  the  uiouldc<l  part,  are,  on  the 
left  side  of  the  doorway,  two  figures  about  fifteen  inches  high. 
They  seem  to  be  male  and  female,  and  are  locally  called  tbe  mace 
bcar«n,  chopdiirg.  Tliere  is  a  third  figure  on  the  right  doorpost. 
The  second  cave  is  in  very  good  prcsiTvation  and  is  used  to  live  in. 
Its  pillai-s  are  divided  into  successive  portions,  alternately  round 
and  s<{unru.  The  thinl  cave  is  like  the  other  two.  Beyond  CljieM 
three  <;«v«?s,  with  a  long  unrrow  opening,  is  u  grvKit  s<]inLro  hole  about 
twenty  foet  deep  and  somewhat  more  tliau  twenty  feet  long  and  broad^ 
said  to  have  been  used  as  a  dungeon,  'llirough  the  small  bole  at  the 
side  near  the  oftiL'e  food  is  said  to  have  boi>n  passed  to  the  prisoners. 
On  tbe  other  side  of  the  bill,  facing  uortb-oast,  in  an  unimportant 
cave,  and  in  the  same  side  facing  north  towards  Niiiiimpnr;  is  a 
whole  range  of  caves  said  lo  be  inaccessible. 

Bha  mor  Fort.    See  Bhdraer. 

Bhokri  Digar,  two  miles  east  of  RAvor,  has  n  well  pnwerved 
temple  of  Omki'uvsbvar,  with  a  writing  beariug  the  date  1 1'Jii,  or 


.1 


BiiAMEK  Feat 
BaoKKi 


[Bpnt»7 


DISTHICTS. 


U 


ZIV.      1277  xi».*      Then  uahD  on  tbu  Innkn  *•(  On-  [lbt>kar  a  mtwil  raat- 
f^lgiigg^  hMMe,  MuJ  U>  htXtt  bcoD  faoitt  Ity  Ahul^  Bai  Hi.lknr  fl.'tOUt. 

BbusanlfUiebnd-qtMrtenattlieBhii' ' 
iu  i872,Ct»iMDla,*9teodasinQBbnn)tl>vT. 
west  c^ the  ianction  of  Ibo  Nik]f})ur  ntid  Allftli»biii)  iiueH  ic 
Itftljan  PoDuuHiIa  KKilnr.     Bvfore  tbe  openioff  uf  the  mili\ . 
BbosiTiLl  was  e  small  viUa^re.     It  baa  stnou  bccumv  nn  impor 
centre,   with   bitgo    railiraj   w«>r|[ii   MiJ   a  ouuswlorablp    En 
onulation.     The  worhe  iijnxiNt  of  mnuiiiff  sbedaa&d  rojiairiQir  %d 
the  nilwaj'   district    bimnded   bj  Nam' 
Kbandwa.     Mlhe  12'XP,workiuen  whoeana! 

a  iviDth  iu  wages,  1(N)  mre  Bnrofmui*  or  EunKinii>,  'ilimntt  allni 
thom  rnf^nc-drirRnt  and  mevhanioi.  Tbe  rest  an.'  uutivmi,  70l>j ' 
ituta  Hindus,  200  Maaalmia-i,  and  200  Pinis  and  Portnguesa 
demand,  uccaEioiii>d  br  the  residcnco  of  ao  many  railway  emplc 
has  attroctod  »bo)>kt^^-pcr«  of  all  dc«(.Tiri(ii)ii«,  liut  their  busin 
cocfinttd  tti  ihi!  jtuppty  of  local  wauta.  llie  railway  coiiip»ny 
built  a  lumdaome  elation,  a  LarKe  locomotive  workutop,  and  Irac 
for  their  cmployeea.  Hovt  of  thewt  arc  baill  on  tho  oppositl 
of  tliu  line  from  the  vilhifre.  The  railway  M«ii>m  lic--«ina' 
two niile^i from  wtifrr the liut- liraucht^s to  Nij^par  aud  a  full  mile rrora' 
the  rirer.  The  water  supply  is  broa^ht  from  the  Tipti  by  means  of 
a  Bteam  pomp  and  pipus.  The  water  is  drivon  tip  to  a  Inrgo  tank  in 
tiu  gardt-n!  nuir  tbo  «utioQ,  B«t  on  the  top  «f  a  hand^onu*  two- 
storied  Imi  Id  in  ir,  the  lower  atorey  nsedasa  billiard  room  and  tho 
upper  as  a  railway  library.  Iu  front  of  the  tank  houae  is  a  hand- 
some fountain,  ncnr  which  tho*r»ilway  volunteer  band  pfays  once 
or  twico  n  week ;  and  outside  of  it,  in  ibe  railway  (^nrdi'nn,  is  a 
pariliuQ  wiih  a  bmrdcd  floor,  which  is  much  UEwd  h>r  dauctw.  AiL 
the  railway  premisee  ImVe  been  carefully  fenced  with  wire.  From  JM 
nt^h  side  of  the  line,  the  side  on  wbii:h  the  Goromment  offices  IBf 
an  dudcrbrideo  is  bfinx  ct>natructed  opposite  tlwt  rilia^-  ofRce  at 
the  town  end  of  the  THpti  rood,  partly  from  railway  and  finrtly 
from  local  fund*,  tbe  estimated  omt  b'rini?  £100  (Ra  1U(H)).  Oa 
the  .■<ame  side  aa  the  village  are  other  railway  bousea,  a  bo^tital, 
and  a  rest-houw.  Qardvus  have  be«t  laid  out  and  trw  ])lantin{; 
eiioiamgod  to  »ueli  au  extent  ilmt  BhnaAval,  foniierly  an  r»pco 
Seld,  ia  now  Domewhal  orererown  with  tnws.  The  villaf^'  has  never 
bo(^  very  healthy,  bat  of  Intft  with  greater  care  it  has  improv(»d. 
The  traffic  at  the  etalion  shows  a  Tery  tniy*)  incrcam  io 
paasraiacrs,  from  200,872  iu  1863  to  3GS»,775  in  1S78,  but  a  dei<nMM 
m  pfooilfi  from  -Wtd  lo  |;1j5  tons, 

A  lnru>.-  locnl  fnnd  rest-bouso  stands  outside  the  railway  gnteon  the 
rillnt^  nidt-  uf  thu  lini-,  und  opjxMito  it  is  n  small  hotel  for  the  ns« 
of  European  travellers.     Tu  the  north  uf  ^ho  line,  on  a  road  leadinff 

•  UtvwIk  :  Chuaani  VilUiat  B*1Iil  Mtyo  inaaiD  DhAliJi.  puvwo  Rippur,  t4lluk« 
Viiayiluntlur.  mniailar  IISTJ  Md  i«  lraad»tod.  "  Thu  •lutt  .^r  the  Isod't)  ftvt.  Vitilul 
BolUl  IUiv«,  at  ihm  rtti^ft  of  DhAloli  of  Rdjil|nir  in  Vijaj-dar>!,  (in  tlic)  '  IVrwtiM]  ' 
(you-!)  1190" 

'  A  rnvnl  osnaui)  (Smii  Jon*  1S90)ol  BIidMtJ  «ii1  tbo  noi^bcuriax  ^il»fte   M 

nilo-ny  nnpli>)(i4  living  iu  tlu  nilwaj'  Mnnoanm),  Ibc  total  popolalion  uauavtvlH 
rvlcr  10.000 


Doccmi.) 


KUAXDESU. 


437 


ntlieTiptijareaovernl  Government  buildiu^,  n  school -tmuM'  nii  tlia 
luft,  a  ■nimlBtddr's  oftico  with  Bliil  linc«  ImIiiimJ  it  on  ctie  riKiit;» 
r»iilw(iy  nin^istraU?'s  offia'  altiu.'bi:il  U>  t.l»>  jnil  wnll ;  tlic  »uli-jail ;  llie 
Bubi>rJiiial<.'  juii^'ti  i^iurl;  and  ilie  a-iHisUuit  oulU-ot ••■-'))  rt^sidcnce. 
Beeides  this  mtul,  carefully  plautcd  with  trees,  a  l»i-atich  of  vrhivk 
{MtMOS  from  betweeu  the  rnilwwy  doctor's  and  cngint'^r'a  bungalowif, 
there  aro  two  chioi  n>nd»  i»  tbo  Cowu  itwlf,  unmi^^d  Propcrt  Street 
and  Pollen  Htreot  botb  i;arcfullv  jplauted  with  trees.  Ibu  Uov(im- 
iniint'  U'lograjih  ofBce,  a  UrfTo  buildiog  on  tho  north  side  of  Hw 
mWvrny  lino,  Bt^ndu  at  tho  t-nd  of  a  ruad  branching  east  from  the 
TApti  rii>iv!  [Wist  iho  idd  hick-iip,  which  is  now  usod  «»  a  rosidutMze 
by  the  jailor.  I^ixci^pt  the  maia  statiou  roaS,  the  atreela  am  uiirrow 
and  irrt'jTular,  and  the  houEes  low  and  mean. 

Bra  hmanvel,  ten  milvs  wettl  of  Nix^mpur,  has  the  atotte  tomb 
of  a  UiikIu  uftcvtic,  aamUih,  mwea  fiHir  h)nj;  by  sorou  broad,  and  a 
stone  and  mortar  temple  ot  Devi  twenty-sovon  foot  lon^  by  liftucn 
bi-oad.     Both  tJie  tomb  and  tho  temple  are  in  good  ro|mir. 

Bodvad,  a  town  in  Bbasuval,  with,  in  1872,  oli'7  aonlii,  lies 
two  mili-s  (loiitb  of  tho  Nndgaon  railway  .tUitioii.  Tt  is  joined  to 
N&dgaon  by  a  maile  roiid,  and  htm  an  important  trwlo  in  cotton, 
liniwwd,  and  oilseed.  The  hoosoB  are  for  the  most  part  poor  and 
badly  built,  and  cbo  etreetH  narrow,  cr^wkod,  aod  dirty.  It  was  once  a 
place  ot  some  coRMcquouov,  bnt  ItA  only  ixmiains  arc  n  ruiiied  forti  old 
town  pvi'f'WAvs,  iuiil  an  old  reservoir. 

Byaval  Sa'klL    6'.«  Yfival. 

Clia'Usgaon,ihe  chief  town  of  tho  Chiilisgaon  siib-divtBion,witll,  in 
1872,  :i\H\  ■s'>iil:<,  Htandi!  on  tho  railway  Itiic  about  thirty  mtlea  SODth 
of  Dhiilia,  with  which  it  \»  connected  by  a  fine  partly  •bridged  road 
$hirty-six  miles  long.  Thongb  tho  town  is  of  no  great,  imporiamvij 
Irado  hns  incroaeod  sinoo  tlio  opuuing  of  the  rnilway,  tlia  return 
showing  In  go(>d»  it  rise  from  2705  tons  to  12,I<J4  in  IS78,  und  in 
poasongers  from  2D,'i25  to  42,120.  Few  traces  of  the  toMu  walls 
rvmain.  Tbu  old  fort,  formurly  used  as  the  nitimlatdar'a  oIKce,  ha.t 
fallen  into  complete  decay .'  A  now  oQioc  ham  boon  built  on  tho  railway 
aide  of  theUirnn.  Thi-re  i^i  aWi  a  ti-avollent'  bungnlowabout  aqaarter 
of  a  mile  fnmi  the  railway  station. 

Cha'ngdov,  in  Bhusaval  at  tho  mooting  of  the  Puma  and  Tdpti, 
nliout  (utir  miles  north-wuiit  of  Rdlabod,  has  a  well  preserved 
temple  of  Cliiingder.  In  the  Uom&iimiiti  atyle,  lOR  feet  miind  and 
120  high,  it  is  built  of  hupe  black  marble  blocks  fitted  one  on"Uie 
Olhor  without  mortar  or  other  cement.  On  either  sitle  of  the  entrauoo 
is  a  writing  in  bi'ilboilh  cbunu-ter,  but  no  worn  as  to  bu  unresdablo.' 

*  Id  \9fi2  it  WM  (Uscdbcd  lu  having  a  utmui  uatnrkl  tnutioo  aiud  beitig  luppUcd  w(lh 
•KtUr  ointemm.     Clor.  Llnoi  CiTil  P»rta,  I6«S. 

■  Oi  thM  UaltidaT,  Abnl  Ful  |pUi  l^a  (oUoiriiig  itory :  Tbcra  wm  a  bLit|il  mui 
whoolmjii  oniol  aluat  bim  on  image nl  Mahfattv,  tn  wliicli  b«n«ed  tniutj  dAily 
adnnttlnn.  lthi|>iM<i(Hl  lliat  tmloatit  atthiaplaec  D[ion  wliicli,  Iwinn  firoiitly  tlmtrawoil, 
bn  foraioil  uf  t\i>A  mi  ininip'  r<4«iiililiug  it.  which  bo  wotabippoil  aa  an  hail  Jonc  the 
nripiMil.  By  tlw  will  oltliw  AliiiiK^tJ  ih«  figure  of  auid  bMOMu  duiw,  anil  ilill  ivinaim. 
Nmt  lliis  («mpl«,  Abnl  VUI  uiuiitioiu  a  ajirintc  whicli,  bo  aaya  ihi.'  IltiiJui  litlievo  to 
b#  tbe  Uangoi.  Tbty  aaj:  tbnl  1^  the  {inwar  ofiiod  a  cvltniii  ilnroiii  muu  dhhI  to  fo 
KuDstanily  to  the  <>an;«a,  awl  rnliirn  tK*ia  Uic  Banif  dny.  I>iii^  nlglii  Uiv  river  (l>iii)(<« 
nppMivd  to  him  in  a  diwuD  aotl  hukI,  '  C<ant  [r«iB  all  Ihlii  liLx^nr.  for  I  will  xiirioK  iip 
b«A  in  yo'ir  celL'  Aeponlinaly  in  tlie  moniint^  thi'  HjiriiiK  n|>|H.iiicil,  aotl  ii  riiiiiiin|  tn 
tbia  da;,    tiliutwin'*  Ain  t-AlMri,  II.  53. 


BiiiUKAKva 


BodV 


CHiLUOAOfl 


[fifiH]ka7  OuetUer. 


438 


mSTBICTB. 


>ijj 
m^t 


melon 


On  tho  walb  are  many  figures  of  gCMls  and  heroes.     Thcru  is 
al  the  meeting  of  thv  rivvrH/  a  very  lioljr  "lirine  of  Muh&der 
a  stono  tcin[^e>  sixW  fecC  by  tliirly- three,  boUt  about  eighty 
B^  hy  Ahalya  B&i  llolkar.     The  upper  part  was  tlirown  down  in  I 
1837  flood,  Ihp  lower  i>art  nTmain«. 

ChfL'rtha'n,   about  twelve  i»ih>a  east  of   Edlabnd,  baa   a  we 
prvMTvod  HemUpanii  temple  of  MahiideT  said  to  be  70i>  yean 
It    muaaurea  about     thirty-four ,  foet     by     twenty-oight,    and 
sapported  by  twenty-four  pilliLn«,  and  on  tho  wnlla  ba^t   Hifurus 
peacocks  and  Mu-rota.*     It  basalaoa  Muaalin&u  Nhri[ie,(f(ir^A,in  : 
condition,  and  said  to  bg  about  500  years  old.     Cbartban   is   said  i 
hav^  onc«  bad  700  wells  and  to  hare  bci'n  a  large  thriving  Iowa. 

Cliailg&on,  a  small  village  of  tM)i  noi]l!>,  »vvt-n  miK-s  north-Wflsi 
oFCbo)Kla,  has,  aboota  mUeanda  half  to  the  uorth,  a  niiuecl  furt,  one 
of  the  Uavli  R&j  remains.  Standing  on  a  rising  ground,  it  cover* 
an  area  of  500  feet  square,  and  is  mtimatcd  to  hara  coat  £20,000 
(Bs.  2,00,000).  The  fori  plateau  h  renchvd  by  otops,  and  in  tb«  sida 
of  the  hill  areciatems,  some  of  them  of  carved  stone.  iDsidethe  lati 
are  a  saiut'p  tomb,  two  pixido,  and  four  reserraira. 

CHijtcBXBKi.        Obincbkbed.    Sf  Mitlieji. 

OicrtiA.  Chopda,  a  municipal  town,  with,  in  1B72,  a  population  of 

^^^  souln,  liie  bead-quarters  of  the  Chopda  Hulxdivisiun,  lies  tiftv-  ___ 

^K  milea  north-east  of  Dhulin.     Six  miles  from  the  meeting  of  tho  &iroa 

^^^^B  and  the  TApti,  and  on    the  high   ro*<l  of  comninnication   l>otwiH<n 

^^^H  cast    Kli&ude6b   and   the    coast,  Chopda  ts   pn>bably  a  ««ttk>i»ont 

^^^H  of  great  antiquity.     Its  mined   fort  shows  that  it  Vraa  a  place  of 

^^^^H  some   conMHiuoncv   under  carl^  Hindu    rulers.     In     160O    it  was 

^^^H  large  and  welt    peopled,    with   a  toiii|ile  of  Ilamt-shvar,  to  which 

^^^^1  Hindus   came    from     gi^at   distance^.*     About    fifty    years    latvr, 

^^^H  Tavemier  (lt>60)  mcnlions  it,' and  a  few  yean*  after  (1679),  when 

^^^H  plnndered  by  ShivAji,  it  is  »[Kikcn  of  us  a  great  mart.*     About  that 

^^^H  time  it  v*»  known  to  tlie  Musalm&na  aa  Hiistafabad    Chopda.*     In 

^^^^1  1 760  it  is  mentioned  as  baring  a  fantous  temple  of  Baincshvar.^    In 

^^^H  1820,  when  it  wnn  hiuided  over  by  Sindia,"it  was  the  head  of  a 

^^^H  sob-dirisiou,  surrounded  by  muntri-   much  corored  with  forest.'  In 

^^^^1  1837  it   was  restored  to  8india,  and  in   IS-ll   ncuin  received" by  tbu 

^^1  British.'*        ' 

^^^B  Chopda  has  a  large  trade  in  cotton  and  linseed.     The  town  has 

^^^H  thq.  offices  of   a   mimlatdar  and  a  chief  constable,  a  post  oSico,  a 

^^^H  di.tp(ins»rv,  and  three  schools.    The  munici{»lity,  estabhshod  in  1867, 

^^H  bat],  in  lb7i)-$0,  an  income  of  £3dO  (Bs.  OSOO). 

^^^^B  Traces  of  formor  wealth  remain  in  some  of  the  old  houses,  notably 

^^^H  iu  onu  with  a  richly  carved  hall  in  Navsilri  Ganj.     The  dwellings  in 

^^^^^m  *  Tkn  mmthig,  (^r*  Abut  FWI.  i*  beld  Mwrcd  byahc  Ilia^n,  ami  ralM  figanirdk 

^^^^H  lil«r«Uy  the  hrrt,  ittttt  u  the  looct  prwiiMM  ol  hdy  pla«aa.  Aiii'i-Attiiiri,  11.  S3. 

^^^^H  *  List  of  Anhfologiciil  RciDkiiu,  Xt.  It  aiaidtobalMiiltof  MuiMau-l  murtar.   If  »• 

^^^^P  ■  Ubilwin'*    AiB'i'Akbiii.  11.    03.     In   IC10  nnoli  DotiUanB  it  m  a  cnM  town. 

^^^  K«rr.  Vlll.  VSl  •  lUmi.  IL  3i2.  >  Onn* ■>  Hiatoncal  FkwnMBin,  M. 

^H  •  M>iilakbilNi4>Iub«b  ia  Elliot.  VII.  307.  ^^ 

^^^^^_^^^AdpilWw.  Bm.  Hit.  el  Gccv.  Sai.  1'liula,  I.  368.  ^J 

^^^^^^^^^^^^^Hllat'*  DMi-ripiioB  of  HindiuUn,  II.  ^M 

^^^^^^^^^^Km.  Spec.  Vill.  )>9l  i«  S«  kbuvf^  f.  2AT,  a6(h  ^M 


Decean.I 


KEANDKSH. 


439 


I 


the  suburbs  nro  poor,  moitt  of  tlioin  low  huls  tbnlchod  with  graas  and 
Wiga.  The  fort  siandu  io  the  mi<iil)e  of  ibe  toivti  cIohu  lo  the  oiaiii 
strt-ct,  and  contains  the  Bhil  lines  aud  the  mdmlntdiir'M  cinirt  luid  record 
Fooiii».  Tho  ouiirl  room  is  tnnch  out  of  repair,  and  the  foundations 
of  a  new  building  in  rhe  fort  liavc  boon  Uid.  A  polict)  station,  elidvdi, 
was  built  iu  1875.  Icstand^iin  the  uuiin  street,  a  twn-!ttoHud  bailding, 
the  upper  rooms  being  nsed  as  the  municipal  office.  In  the  same  street 
131  the  KchooUhoiise  to  which  an  nnpcr  storvy  has  lately  been  added. 
Facing  the  ntain  stroet  are  the  iioutiuit  of  Miinek  Shot  a  wealthy 
MArrddi,  and  of  hia  cousin,  two  of  the  most  i-emartcablt^  modora 
buildings  in  the  town.  They  are  four  stories  high,  and  much  of  the 
wood  work  ih  rtuldy  carvoil.  Here,  as  in  othur  Khiindiiab  towns,  many 
new  liooaes  arc  being  bnilt.  ' 

Besides  the  fort  are  several  masques,  cbief  among  which  is  tho 
Jlima  mosquv,  t}iirty-four  feet  by  forty-eight,  buitt,  it  is  said,  by 
Mir^n  Mulminmnd  Kh^n  {l'>20-\'}'So)  tliu  eighth  of  the  Firuki  kings. 
Among  the  other  mosques  are  the  Htuclc  Moji(|ue,  forty  fwt  by  forty- 
two,  said  to  have  been  built  by  Ditda  Miya  a  local  MuhamroadaTi  eninl. 
A  third  i»  Syliini  Sitheb'e  mosqae,  forty  feet  by  thirty,  said  to  har0 
been  buitt  by  Syluni  Silhub,  a  religious  durotco  who  lived  20D  years 
ago.  A  fourth  is  tJie  Skelchpurik  moAqne,  thirly-soTen  hvt  squaro, 
supposed  to  have  been  built  by  a  saint  named  Mir/in  Suaikh 
Mubnminad  Wiildgiih  Awliya,  Two  handsome  old  wells  deserve 
notice;  one  the  Saikolhitdia  well,  Bisty-rivo  feet  by  forty-fiTO,  is 
said  to  have  been  built  by  Jawha  Ilniiit  Dull,  whOiSe  di-mntMidHnt 
Amin  the  son  of  Shaikh  Bhikari  still  owns  it.  The  other,  in  tJio 
Seven  Palms  garden,  is  said  to  Iutd  been  built  by  a  landholder 
namc<l  Jiin  Ali  Khnn. 

Dehera  Fort    See  IMjdair. 

Dermal  Fort,  in  the  Pimpalncr  sub-dirtsinn  sixteen  miles  south- 
east of  Pimpaltier,  bad,  in  1^2,  a  strong  natural  position  but  very 
few  defoui'os.     The  water  supply  was  abundant.' 

Dhanora,  in  iho  XaTidtirbru-  8ul>-dtvision  about  Kixtocn  'miles 
north-cast  of  Nandurbitr,  hnti  a  fort  with  richly  can'cd  frugmeuts  of 
an  old  temjile  built  into  its  walls. 

DharangaODi  a  municijml  town  in  Kmtidol,  thirly-Bre  mile<!i 
north-east  of  Dhulia,  contained,  in  1872,  11,807  inhabitants,  and  iD 
IS79  had  a  municipnl  income  of  £438  (Ks.  4380).  • 

AtHu^timeof  iheMoghniconqnost  (1600)  Dharanguon  was  fitmops 
for  its  yi riyii/ and  fihiran  ttiulh.-s.*  During  tho  ftoventonnth  ctfutury, 
under  the  forms  Dongoiig,  IXirongou,  and  Dningoni,  it  is  several 
times  mentioned  as  a  trade  centre  of  considerable  imporlaoce.  Here, 
is  1C74.  tho  Enylisli  cstal^Hliod  a  factory.  The  following  year  ^Mareh 
1^76)  the  M>wii  WHS  pluHclered  by  Bhiviiji.'  And  four  years  Inter 
(ISTd),  Shivij^i,  joiningTiiB  forces  with  those  of  the  R^ju  of  Berir, 
againpluudi-red  DhsrangaoD,  then  one  of  the  moitt  flourishing  places  in 


Chapter 

Places  of  J 

C'aoe 


Dui.; 


OaUtAN 


.   ■  Gov.  Liat  of  Ciril  ForU,  1SR± 
■  Bmeo'*  AtauUm,  II.  30,?n. 


•  Uladiria'*  Ain-t-Akbwi,  tl.  SK. 


410 


DISTHIOTS. 


HUIK, 


Trade. 


IfajipterZIT.      llio  coantry.'    Bix  yean  later  (lOHiV),  Stinmblt^ji  Ktill  muru  aa 

AUnUJuU  Dharaogaon  sufFvrod  much  from  Bhil  raids,  aud  wug 
scoDO  of  uno  uf  tho  frigbtful  Hliil  luuHsacrce  by  whicli  thi>  M 
vainly  nttL-inploil  to  kis'|i  order.  U  naino  into  Brilinb  [wmsis- 
1816,' and  ln'ni,  from  1820  to  ItCIO,  Lieutouant,  afiorwanl;)  Sir 
Ontrani  buiued  himself  in  nuitin^  thu  Bhil  Corps.*  In  ISH 
American  plantent,  Mr.  Blount  of  Oomklipur  and  Air.  Simpson 
Madras,  woo  had  been  npi)oiDted*8apenntend(!iit&  of  ootton  u: 
menu,  «t<  up  liAw-gpns.  Nexf  year  (IM5)  a  ncrow  protia  wim 
bal  tbia  on  account  of  its  coHtlinpes  proved  a  faiiurc.  In  IB&O 
gnu,  nineteen  id  uumlwr,  wvru  bin-d  to  Monsrs.  Ritcht45  & 
and  Co.  of  Boiuliay,  who  had  entabtiitlu-d  an  ageucy,  imd  a  furthoc 
supply  uf  twenty-one  more  wert'  made  for  them.  In  ISfrt  tho  v  ' 
of  anperintendont  van  nbulialied,  and  only  a  email  establiahmi 
WM  kept  to  luku  cliarge  of  the  gins.  Of  thuHu  ninetoon  had 
•old,  »  fuw  faired  out,  and  fifty-nine  remained  ready  for  Ai* 
without  any  applicants.'  la  IS^b  Qorernment  estaltliahed 
factory  with  ninoty-lhruu  Mlw  fpas,  under  tho  nisua;t^ment  of 
Enropcnn  ovurswr;  mercbiutts  and  cidtivators  wore  charged 
(K«.  10)  H  muntb  for  tbe  hire  of  a  gin.  But  Ihn  <rx[>crin)ont  pro' 
costly,  and  after  a  time  was  friveu  up.  In  ISG'}  there  were  I 
^ns,  and  an  establiabnivnt  kvpt  at  a  yearly  cost  of  £144  (Ita.  lUO), 
an  outlay  not  nearly  oovered  by  the  income  rouIi«!d  front  tho  f^n:}.' 
There  is  a  considerable  cotton  and  oiUeed  trade  with  Jal^'aijo, 
the  railway  statdon  about  twenty  miles  to  tbe  east  wherti  many  uf 
the  Dhanutgaou  merchauts  hauo  agonts.  Formerly  Dhanitignou 
paper  and  cloth  wore  lieKl  in  iwtei'in.  At  preseut  the  mannfuctare 
of  pHjK-r  baa  ceased,  but  the  woarinjf  of  coante  cloth  still  gi 
emploj'ment  to  more  than  100  looms. 

There  is  little  remartablo  about  tho  town.     Many  of  the  bonses 
well   bnili  of  stone  and   inorfar,  but  tliu  stntets  arc  narrow       _ 
iiregular.  and  the  lanes  dirty  and  crooked.     There  iir<i<  two  lar^ 

gmda,  one  to  tho  north  of  the  town  and  another  to  tho  wc»l  near 
utram's  bangulow.  Hut  tlitisu  are  nsod  only  for  cattle  anil  for 
wuttbing  clothes,  and  the  town  isjtadly  off  for  drinking  water.  In 
the  bed^of  tho  struam  which  flows  through  the  town  are  the  remains 
of  soma  old  dams.  t 

ITie  only  Tvmarkable  building  is  Ontram't)  Bungalow,  with  a 
rt!o«;ptK>ii,  darbiir,  luill  forty  feet  by  tbirty-finir  and  Kixtttcn  high. 
The  walU  and  pillars  are  covered  with  exoelloni  poltsln-d  cement. 
The  building  is  now  used  by  tho  assistant  collector  and  tho 
OMistant  suporintttndeut  of  police.  Near  it  arv  tho  pesidenco  of 
tlip  Superintendent  of  police,  whose  head-qMartera  it  is,  the  old  ginning 
factory,  and  ona  or  two  European  hons«s  now  in  ruioa.    Id  tlie 

'  Omw'a  UiMorical  PiMjinontai  ^'     '"  '^93  tli«  Droncnn*  iuriurtinoiit  wu  10  004 

St«eu  broad  tdtia*.  ilKOOS  pi«eM  wTsr"R*,  had  100,000  IM.  ISfiOO  nni»)  of  tnmiMfB,  . 
.as,  357.  mm 

'  OrmcB  Ilistorioa]  ntgoiontt,    143.     Tbo  faoton  at  Dhuiiagaon  Iwd  bat  Il^| 

■Aruit  thiff.  lit.  «».  •  Mr.  J.  Pulkii.  aa         *  CmkI'i  CvU»D.8g>10(L 

■  B<an.  Gut.  Set.,  Svv  Sorim,  XCIII.  300. 


lare 

I 


ZiMoaiJ 


KI1ilNl>BSU. 


141 


^ 


centre  of  the  town  is  Uio  municipal  office,  an  ootagotutl  npper- 
fttoried  building.  A  new  achooUhoOBe  boa  lately  been  fuiishod  onuide 
gate  in  front  of  Outram's  bungiiloir.  Thuro  uro  ulso  some 
m<>!»|uos  and  larg»  old  native  buildings.  To  tho  iiorlli  of 
I  towii  are  the  Bhii  lines  wiih  acoommodatioD  for  200  familtea, 
_  b<l  nrovidctl  >vitb  »  Echool-honsc  and  iJispensary.  Tho  sohool  for 
'Bhil  Doya,  wbicli  «-»M  fint  o[K*ni>d  in  lS2i),liaaan  average  att«nd- 
aoca  of  forty-seven  pupils.  In  1880  it  waa  reported  to  be  in  a 
good  Mtat4>,  taoDffh  tno  boys  were  bnckward  in  gcoprtiphy,  dictation, 
explatuition,  and  recitalion.'  Thu  towi>-iit  proYiai;d  witli  »  ])uttt  ufHcu 
Bcd  foiu-  saIiouIh. 

Dhargaon  Fort,  i»  the  Taloda  gub-diviaion,  about  twenty  mi^ 
north  of  Taloda,  waa  in  lS(i2  lately  repaired  at  Goremment  espenae. 
WaUM*  and  supplies  were  procurable.  Tlie  fort  wa«  occujiicu  by  b 
party  of  thv  IJliil  Corpi!.* 

Dha'yata,  about  forty  miloH  nortfa-eaal  of  Dhulia,  at  present  of 
no  importance,  ia  an  old  settlement.  In  the  bojpnninp  of  the 
ROTOntconth  rcnlury  (1609)  it  waa  noticed  aa  a  gTi-wt  marlcut  for  drugs 
and  pititadot-s  or  culicoe-t.'  Al«)ut  fifty  vears  laler,  Tav<!rtiiop 
(1660)  mcnliona  it  as  the  nest  great  town  from  Nizitmpur,  encom- 
pAued  almost  round  with  a  river  in  the  midst  uf  ■  niot^t  dclicioas 
Roitntiy.  The  town  was  a  dirty  hole  witli  <]irty  pcopli*,  and  groat 
quantitiea  of  moha  liquor,  not  wkolcsomo  unless  well  burnt.* 

DhoUa,  north  latitude  21"  10'  and  eaat  longitade  TA*^  20',  the 
chief  town  of  the  diatrict  and  the  head-quaners  of  the  Dhulia  aub. 
divimn,  with,  in  lS7'2,  a  pofjalntiorf  of  12,489  kouIs,  Hi's  on  the 
•ontheni  bonk  uf  the  Pttnihm,  Diirty  niilex  north  <if-CbAii»gaon  tho 
"nearest  railway  atntioQ.  To  the  aor<h  is  the  river  IMnjhra,  to  the 
Houth  thu  Laliug  hills,  and  to  the  east  and  wv«t  a  ratlier  barrea 
rolling  plain.  The  town  and  its  itnlnirbs,  covering-  about  one 
square  mile,  lie  well  shaded  by  tree^  along  the  right  bank  of  tliA 
Paajhra.  Farthest  up  the  river  are  the  European  resideoces, 
mnt>t  of  them  with  gardens  and  welt  shaded  enclomres,  and 
to  the  south  an  open  plain  and  oxoroine  ground.  Fnrthi<r  oast  is 
new  Dhulia  with  regular  atreela  ^f  well  built  honsea  liniKl  with 
rows  of  trees,  and  beyond  the  new  town,  old  Dhulia  with  its  piud 
fort  and  quaintly  i^nnnx-d  houses  and  hovclo.  The  ik>n]l»y-Agm 
roail  iBiMHing  ihriiugh  the  m^w  town  crossea  (he  P^jhra  by  a  vigut 
stone  bridge.  Across  the  river  lies  Devpur,  a  hamlet  whoao'inAill 
fort  wax  purtly  swept  sway  by  the  1872  lluod.  I'liough  most  of* 
the  country  round  is  dull  and  barnm,  from  the  unrth  fiide  of  thu 
river,  with  the  bridge  as  a  foreground  and  the  Laling  hilla  in  the 
distance,  the  view  of  Dhulia,  with  its  temples  and  houses  rihing 
frora  amon^  trees,  and  girfr  with  gnrdenn,  waterod  Adds,  and  nnngo 
gntvcf,  is   rich  and  piclHr(t.squo.     Pleasant  during  lAe  cold  season, 


Chapter! 

Plaees  of  Intra 


Fov 


DlUYA 


Dhitl 


>  Collator,  20th  ^plciub«r  1830- 


r         <  HaihaiA  ia  Hsi 


*  Oov.  LM  at  Ci«U  rorta,  leSS. 

*  [UrtM,  I.  84. 


442 


lueBOflstoMt 

DMttU. 

Butufy. 


StMle 


DISTRICTS. 


tBombftj 


lAtnlia  ifi*  t«j  tijing  dnring  tbo  hoi  nomha,  aod   in   the 
tboogh  t«mpet«il  with  Houtb-west  winds,  the  air  U  hot  and  dtuc. 

Of    12,48!*,  the   total  (1872)   popalatios,    10,607  were   HinJ' 
17^2  MosalmAQs,  83  Cbristi&oa,  at>u  17  oltiun. 

From  it«  ncanie«8  to  tho  inaportapt  fort   of    Lalioy,  Dlii 
probably  n  vtrj  old settlemcDt.     Karly  inTEo 
(1629),  when  the  Delhi   Brupcrunt  wt-re 
order,  the  rillapie  of  '  Dbij!ij-«  pear 


inila^T 


Bcventconth 
bringing  KhA; 
lUaog'  is  mentionod 


place  wbcrv  Kb&ja  AVul-Ha&aa,  ShAh  Jahdn's  general,  |>4BBcd  tifi 
niay  seaaon.'     Is  the  ruin  that  fell  on  ibc  oountry  i^  Af 
iraB  ntterly  deserted .     In  thv   follnvriDg  year,    BtUiJii 
dspendant  of  ViLlhal  NaniitK  Vinchaf%ar,  repeopled  the  village, 
in  rvtnnt  received  from  the  Viochurkar  a  dcMxd  gracing  him  cv 
landa  and  privilcgPK.*     At  th«  nanu'  timv  thr  fort  WM  n.'{>Ain.*d  and 
tho  diviA^  known   as   Oanesh   Peth   built.      Being  aftorwanl* 
«Qtnut«d  wnh  the  entire  tnanagement  of  the  districts  of  Songir  and 
Laling,   Biliji   Balvant   Gxod   his  head-quart«ni  at   Dhnlia,    and 
continnod  Ut  cxiTcise  hiK  ftufliority  till,  in  1818,  tho  nonntry  paRsed 
to  the   Uriiihh.     In  1819,  Captain  Brigga  the  6rat  Potiticu  Ageid, 
probablv  for  its  ceoti^  position  and  becaase  it  wa«  on  tho  highr 
oetweeu  PoonaandllindustHn.inudp  Dbulia tlu; diKtrict  litimiquart 
The  town  wm  th<Mi  v<^ry  ttmall,  nhul  in  betwoon  tho  wat«r  cb 
and  tho  river,  and  without  a  single  workmnn  who  coald 
coounon  scrow.  klercbiintm  and  others  wore  inritod  from  Bnrhanp^n^ 
tnaeter   carpttntar*  "nd   !<milhs    woro  bronght  from    Bombay  ana 
&urat ;    A     residence    and    threo   offioM    wore    built ;  aixl   a  new 
fiobarb   known   as   Briggs'  P«th   was   founded.     The  ground  for 
the  new  town  wa«  granted  rent-free,  liberal  advances  wore  made 
to  traders  and  other*  to  onablo  ibpm  to  build,  and  fro«dum   from 
taxes  was  pr<^ified.*     Publie  bnildinga  gnulonlly  apmng    up,  old 
inhalntanta  retorned,  and  shopkeepers  ana  traders  from  alt  parts  of 
the  country  cnmo  and  settled.     No  special  indnstry  has  beon  started 
in  Dhnlia.     But  with  tlit^  tot^'  grifut   Kprcfld  of  tillage  and  growth 
of  populatiim  in  the  country  round,  its  trade  haa  steadily  increased. 
Except  ooorao  cloth  blankets,  lurbens,  and  jobes  manufactared  for 
loco)  nao,  tlw  first  three  by   the  people  oE-Ao  place  luid   tho  tart 
by  Musalm&ns  from  Allahabad,  uenare-t,  and  Lucknow,  i^hultn  has 
mannhctaros.     A  xteam  cotton  pseas  was  opened  in  1876 


no 


U^Bsrs.  Volkart  Brothers  of  Bombay.  H 

Dhiilin  is  divided  into  four  parts  :  the  old  town ;  the  old  tia«t'Oi}d 
soborb;   Ganesh    Suborb   outside    the    old   town;    and    Briggs' 


•  Baia  nui  h«at  dctul*  for  th«  fiv*  jyvit*  mititui  1870  have  baoasiiwn  abm^  pp.  14- tS. 
t  BUahili  JStma  ta  EUioTl  Hiatoty.  VIL  10. 

■  Hw  iImJ  abiMs  that  tbe  di«trk«  had  1n«b  ndaed,  Bnt  hy  rthO*  tai  Una  tgr 
a  funiu  i  thai  tha  (aw  JaliabitMrtB  had  fled  i  that  tbo  ooantrr  ronid  waa  overgronti 
with  ti(s*faw«xl  1  ad  that  BAllji  bad  cleared  IIm  tUduiU  and  bmnsbt  tnden  and 
haabandmon  to  M*tle,  had  hdped  tb«m  witb  noaaj  t«  build  bonaca,  had  calabUahcd 
■  mart,  aad  had  in  otber  rMpocU  made  tbc  toiia  hafaJtaUo.     Mr.  PolUa,  CS.  ' 

•  Tbc  immanilna  were,  aa  emmptioe  tar  firo  ynn  frotn  bauvi  tax ;  (S)  rcniarfoM 
t«r  the  mm»  pcnod  of  town  datm  cm  mporta  aad  Import* ;  and  (S)  rcot-fmi 
gtaat  cd  a  Unia  of  dry  crop  land  t«i  cicry  brick  aod  muttar  Iwmat  Wilt.  Mr. 
PWUa.  C.8. 


IteOCULl 


khAndesh. 


■US 


Bubarb  to  bbe  south  of  Uie  iowb.     Closelj  conncclMl  with  Dhulia 
roptir,  am  'the  Lines'  and  tho  hanilut  l<x:iUly  kuotvn  tm  rhe  .V(M/I(£t.' 


K 


eoldtoWDBtauda  uii  uneven  ground  townnls  the  itouth-east.&lopiDg 
towards  till- rivor  on  oiiOftidi!  uiid  rirarig  towards  tht-  fort  on  the  other. 
Thfi  tiouRtw,^ Imilt  in  i-hort  narrow  irroj^lar  1hdi.-«,  iirw  for  llic  moot  part 
inhabited  by  poor  husbandtuun,  v,-itb  (ho  oocaaioual  duc-lliug  of  n 
woU.to-dodeshpfindeornoh  M^'idi.  Lik^theold  tovm  the  «9st-«nd 
Duburb  is  moat  irregular.  It  was  formorly  kept  for  sbopkoepore,  bat 
uowooQlains  houses  beloQgitig  to  lAost  of  thiOowcr  cla»«v»,  riirdbis, 
Bhila,  LodhJs,  and  Sllulrs.  tinueslt  Suburb  still  contAins  man; 
rcspoi^t-ublo  i(hop«  and  on«  or  two  good  aabstaDtia)  houses  belon^io^ 
to  3Mr\'Mii»,  hut  the  greatec  part  of  thisMivision  ia  occupioa  by 
Bhois,  Musaltudus,  attd  I'urdt^shis.  BriggH*  •Suburb,  the  Dew  tcXu, 
hj  tar  thv  taoA  iioptiloHti  uud  rt^pootablo  dirisioii  of  the  city,  has 
Iwen  carvfully  lAid  out  iu  regular  lines,  uome  ruiming  pa^llel  with, 
aod  others  at  right  angles  to,  tbo  Agra  road.  It  in  Whnbited  by 
Government  servants,  MfirvAdilnidi'n<,MuMiilmiina,0iiJBr8,labo«rurit, 
tailnn,  lilackauiit  htt,  gi)kl.-<iiiilhH,  wi-iivta-s,  and  potters.'  The  weekly 
market  is  held  ja  the  middle  of  this  snbnrb,  and  eoparate  bye- 
titrcct«  hav«  iMmnol  apart  for  bnt<;hvrH  and  tliovo  who  follow  other 
olfonnive  trades,  lite  main  stn>et,  loading  from  llio  clock  tower  and 
numing  at  right  angles  to  the  Agra  road,  is  occupied  oa  both  aides. 


Chapter '. 
P1a«m  of  biteM 


*  Tlie  Slosldi,  mrp*atitA  (rom  Dliulu  prewr  by  tlw  Muti  itriani,  it  lb*  loe*]  nam* 
lorth*  *Mae  voDujiitd  bj  tlie  huiue*  aud  liuea  uf  tho  ilclAoliBiPUt  of  Pootu  Hon* 
■Utiouml  at  Dbniu.  ' 

*  The  hiMUH  in  tbe  old  tovn,  betoogiD^  gpoMnlly  to  tb«  poonr  duo,  am  -nrj 
tumble  iiwl  angaSv.  The  few  ri«^  li(«aw%r«  tinuUy  built  of  itona  mu)  nortw 
on  high  grounil,  on  rtruo^  plinth*  ni*odfniafaurtoeigbtfcot,wiUiBM((K-f>aupportod 
by  non  bcnnii  Mstiiig  on  woodMi  vMn  *ct  on  ituoe  imitra.  T&»  uttmicc  door, 
nmda  of  stroM  wood,  ia  readied  by  a  fl.>sbt  of  (tepi  cither  itAnilinit  onX  into  the  ttrv:^ 
«r  out  out  ortlic  pUotk.  Tho  vnnuidah  la  gonctnlly  ihoilcil  tiya  klaulin^  roof. 
The  door  <>p«M  into  the  dwolling  room,  tho  ctii«(  room  of  tho  h'liUc,  with,  on  oat  or 
iMh  ude%  alMpiiig  and  wokni^  rooma.  At  Uio  hack  of  tLia  rwim  a  door  onwiM 
into  the  Mvore,  Aa<A,  in  which  un  tli«  atcin!  room*  anil  th«  cattln  honM.  Tliia 
ia  th«  m>Bm  nsiul  form  of  a  vall-tonln  bn*huidniu>'a  hnuae.  Anothur  vttj  oammnR 
boiuw  built  of  bomt  hricka  lua  a  front  vcnuidah  and  an  viitrauM  door  loailiii( 
into  ■  HuaU  oUmib  rooni,  oftan  nacd  liy  ttid  owiiU'  fnr  Viuhiiivui  nr  fur  raci'ivliif 
(cimda.  llimiijA  tKi«  ia  aUUN  am*!!  loum  obi^fly  n««il  (ur  ixiukiug,  ami  from  Ui» 
cookini;  I  '  -,ir  opwv^HfUi*  b*cti  mom  nt  tW  hnuiu,  tuud  saa  al«*iptiig  ajiart- 
(Dan(, >.  ' KVia on vfBHc aldu.  A  laik  <lii<ir  uiuatly  louliintoayafd  in  vhiult 
ia  the  .  I  TKiMfl  iann  roaina  *iv  Itghi'iil  by  wiudnm,  or  nthcr  by  hulea  iiii 
tbe  ii'i  -  tliHia.  thv  buiuivi  u(  puor  t^ultlvaton.  uiually  built  oT 
ttanldu  I  purtad  ou  wuhIcd  ponta,  with  aloping  roof*  tlintched  wth 
coUon,  luT,  m  jmri  *:o>lki  aud  gnua.  Thoy  bAva  addom  mors  tli.-tn  utie  rcMNit,  but 
MfiteikJIy  la  caata  of  aickam,  parta  of  the  roora  aii^  oocanotuilly  Mrtiti-inKi  uff.         « 

■Thoujfli  iwikrly  built,  T*ry  few  of  tlietiDuaoainBrigga'Subuman  morotiian«a» 
•tomy  h^h.  Ifaarly  all  are  raiacd  on  pliothi  frc«n  two  to  *ii  (set  iXtm  tho  itivet. 
Tb«  boaua  of  tlia  higb«r  cImkb  are  of  thr««  parta,  the  front  oanaiatififl  of  a 
TMaudab,  Ota,  •omdinna  open  (canetimn  roofed,  and  a  roDciriog  loom  ;  thn  nilddlb 
a  good  aiiad  tootn,  ita  inner  part,  nMy^Aur,  uaod  «•  a  dfaing  roiun,  with  a  ilat  loo^ 
snpportCTl  OD  wocdea  plllan,  ligv^  %  bulea  iu  tho  roof  or  by  wiuJowa  opaniag 
inlother(vcptia(iraainiandUieba«fc,eon«itiiigof  th«dbiuit  or(iMw>,  (our  riirandaha 
(amug  inward*,  with,  in  th4i  middle,  on  open  ipKc  fjir  riLinwaUr.  -On  aaoh  •Ideoi  tlio 
noeption  mam  and  mtddl^j  boiiao  ore  atote  or  ixi<>liii^  roonw,  aud  oloa*  bwjda 
the  oookiag  room  la  tbo  iikil  K^aa.  Th«  lonia  (or  lyiiig-ui  nomiiin  ia  aaaallj  In  tbo 
ocTMer  acarcat  tttapors*.  Tli*  pooror  bouau*  have  wldom  morr  tbaa  tvu  roonia. 
At  th*  bach  of  almnat  avorr  bouau  1*  a  well.  Till  lately  th<ro  waa  n  iitr>in|i  foeliog 
against  bailding  bnoana  with  lw»  itorie*  or  with  tiled  roof*.  A  few  haro  latuly  ba«n 
boiH,  but  tlic  majodty  ar«  aiogle  atoried  and  Bat  roofwl. 


CBoanbar 


4-U 


DISTRICTS. 


ampler  XIV. 
,  PUoeeoflnterMt 


Uartxit. 


by  elotb    lUDMhanlH   and     awnotmuat  aelleni,   nad  htrther 
bWkeniiiliH,  §^1  demit  lis,  and  other  artisaua. 

Mttf^  Patti,  the  nnrt  of  thu  new  town  l\*iu)7  nearttst  tl 
town,  ninniiig  {mralfd  with  tlie  wsUirconrw,  i»  nccHpicd  by 
Un&UmaDa.  Kuubis,  bar lN>r8,  anil  wettvom.  Khiil  ur  Brilhtnan 
towlying  street  running  at  right  aogleH  to  Na^r  Patti  and 
with  the  Af^a  mid,  in  almost  oxcitiaivol;  (xx-iiptcd  bj  Br&iimai 
pl«KliT»,  (inveriinionl  Aervants,  vniton,  and  olbem.  lu  ihto 
thvro  lit  aUo  a  ilirccKtoried  titmpUi  «aon>d  to  R&m.  'Vbe  _ 
itself,  not  having  boon  miaed  like  tlie  A^^ra  ronid,  ■na  diirinfr 
rains  hittu  belter  (bau  the  bi-d  of  a  atn.'an).  >i'svgruhi,  iiiiothi 
difiei')!)  of  the  town  cbiofly  twoupiod  by  lli-iihiiuknti,  i»  cituated  clol 
to  tbe  rivnr  near  the  a«;liool-hQU»o.  It  ttulTenMl  severely  duri^ 
the  1872  flood.  The  Agra  road  is  chiefly  occupied  by  sbopkoepd 
and  MArridix.  Thu  bonnes  near  the  bridge  wore  wiuilunl  aw^ 
during  llio  1872  flood,  and  now  MhoiM  with  higher  nlinlhH  liave  tak^ 
their  place.  Itieae  shops  are  only  one  slurey  high  with  Oat  root 
hot  many  new  sbopa  are  now  (IH80)  being  built.  Up  to  ISTJ 
when  tbe  dut^tcbmont  of  Native  Infantry  wan  withdnvwn  fro( 
Dhuliii,  tliure  were  two  netit  uf  military  lines,  one  for  tbo  rwuti 
troop  and  the  other  for  the  Ithil  Corps.  Since  tS7^,  the  Bhil  Can 
aro  honsod  in  the  Native  In&ntry  lines,  and  tbc  old  Bhil  lines  iw 
been  allowed  to  (all  out  of  repair.  The  prcsi'nt  Ilhil  Corps  lioc 
four  rows  of  regularly  built  liontMs  well  ttbaded  with  »vennea  of  ni 
trees,  lie  to  the  south-west  of  the  town  between  the  jail  and  tlj 
hoKpittd.  To  the  north  of  the  lines,  between  Briggs'  Subarh  nnd  lU 
Moti  N&U,  Ue  the  jail,  the  fudge's  cjurt  house,  the  Colleccor^ 
effieos,  and  the  dwellings  of  European  ofBoers.  Ontlteleft  bank  < 
Iho  Moti  N^Ia  are  two  more  bungalows,  one  close  to  tbo  luimU 
known  iv*  thu  Moglai  and  the  other  lying  a  little  to  tbo  eonUi.  Tq 
Mogiti  tH  ail  im^ular  little  village  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mol 
Nala  at  its  meeting  with  tho  Pfiojhm.  It  is  occupied  by  men  \ 
the  Poena  Uorae,  with  their  wives,  familiee,  and  camp  follower) 
and  aiow  shopkeeiwrs  and  milkmen.  j 

The  camp  or  military  murkct,  gndar  fMuar,  lie«  along  both  eiil^ 
of  the  Agra  road  where  it  divide.-^  nriggt*  f^uhurb  and  !t|retoh( 
(rvm  Miinik  Chunk  to  the  P^iijhra  bridge.  Here  are  sulilj 
articlutt  of  daily  eon unrnpt ion,  groceries,  spices,  oonfecttonn,  •■ 
clolh  of  all'  dettcriptionn.  The  shops  arc  bmit  in  a  row  and  shinq 
.wiEb  tree-H.  Bttiiines^  hount  are  gimenilly  from  six  in  tlio  inomia 
to  ton,  and  nKaiu  from  two  to  six.  Some  shopo,  oMpecinlly  tlj 
gtiocepn'  anil  Kwoetrnent  aellcni',  remain  ojien  till  ten.  These  dealer 
tike  most  of  the  ftb'iplceepers,  lire  in  houses  tK-hind  their  shops  ax 
do  not  shot  their  sliops  and  go  homo  ax  is  usually  done  in  lurf 
towns.'      Besides  the  »attar  Idxdr,  a  d£ly   market  is   hold  uTei 


■  PVMii  etareti  tu  twcK«  tbn  Uko  thoir  MidiUy  mmI,  Umi  amok^    ilfen, 
Mulp  liU  about  Ivoor  ttm«.     In  tbe  aTMiliv  th*y  tak*  ili«irii)«»]  abowt  pigbt  ai 
tiMfi  kit  talking  *ith  tbini  (nmlt  or  faMity,  or  bit«utiig  to  Mrnga  till  ttn  wfaon  tb 
Wire. 


L. 


DeccMi.1 


kuAndesit. 


4-15 


bornin^  and  evening  in  M&nik  Chauk.  Here,  also,  every  Thms- 
diif,  a  weekly  ni»rkt,*t  ih  livid,  whvn  TCgntulilefi,  frail,  moIiiMtteB, 
Hvrei-I nie-iits,  eiLrlJti'Uware,  copper  nnd  bnuirt  |>oU,  and  eutlery,  on 
well  ad  cartloads  of  ff^iuii,  palee,  rice,  and  millet,  are  offoiTTd  for 
mle.  Here  ibu  local  mercbanU  hnvu  et»\h  for  tlic  i^iile  of  their 
stock,  and  (romkero  goods  brought  tK>i)i  It.imb«j'  iliruuyh  Miilvjnton 
ftre  spread  over  the  aurrounding  maiket  towns.  Tbo  transactions 
on  market  days  ara  said  to  average  from  £2000  to  £5000  (Ks.  20,OUO. 
B«.  30,000)  during  tkv  fwr  or  May  8ea«on,  nod  from  aliout  £^00 
to  £1000  (Ba. -'lOOO  -  Ks.  10,04)0)  in  the  rainy  months.  A  cattle 
market  ia  held  on  the  same  day,  and  htills,  horxcii,  hiifT»]i>t.-M,  ^hwp, 
and  cows  are  broiij^ht  for  sale  in  lar^ii  nuniRore.  Tlmre  is  cjiu-  shop 
for  country  liquor  and  two  for  Kuropean  liquore.  Opiom,  tj<iujit, 
bK&ng,  and  other  drugs  are  sold  by  licensed  ahopkecpers. 

The  municipality, eatahlished in  1860,  had,  in  I$79-80,  an  inoonic 
of  £2:io8  (!t».  23,o80).  Since  it«  *»ttablii.huiuut,  tbo  ohiof  public 
impnwemoiilii  tiavo  been  making  roads  and  drains,  andbuilainga 
bandsume  clock  towtT  which  cost  about  JtlJOO  (Kb.  fiOOO). 

Th«ro,  ftttj  two  hoApitala,  one  civil,  the  other  charitable  with 
dis]>eusarica  attached,  and  live  schools.  The  English  high  Kcbool 
ia  held  in  wliat  once  woe  the  travcllcnt'  bungaUiw.  lioside  it  ia 
the  veraaoilar  school,  n  Hpacioua  two-storied  building  finir^bcd 
in  1669.  Tltere  ia  a  native  general  library,  a  pi-etty  looking 
ocingonal  bnilding,  erected  at  the  EJime  time  hh  tlie  vernacular 
•cliDol.    Acrvss  n  little  stream  Iwd  vtuudH  Mo9.«r9.  Velkart  Urinhcrs' 

E>reas- house,  and  tJio  old  Ratig  Ikl^i^,  formerly  a  bungalow  itsed 
•J  European  residents  and  noV  occupied  by  tho  manager  in 
charge  of  the  [Hvsa.  Soatb  of  tkis,  just  outside  Brig^' Suburb, 
is  another  old  bungalow,  lately  bonght  bv  the  luanicipal 
committee  and  made  into  a  municipal  office.  Vext  door  to  tnis 
is  another  bungalow  formerly  the  residence  of  the  officer 
coin  man  ding  the  Pnnna  HorHeand  now  occupied  by  Pitnti#.  Further 
west  oomea  a  little  buugalow  at  present  OGcnpif>d  by  th**  aiuiislnut 
forest  officer.  Close  beaido  and  north  of  this  bungalow  ti»a  t)io 
gravoyurd.  This  native  giris*  school  is  in  Bn'ggs'  Suburb  oo  the 
Agra  road,  lliero  arc  wvernl  resl-housca,  some  for  general  use 
and  othiirH  reservi-d  for  HinduH  or  MnsalmitnR. 

The  (lovemment  offices  are  all  U>  tlie  west  of  Briggs'  Suburb 
between  it  and  the  Moti  Nitls.  On  leaving  the  town  and  paa^n^ 
bv  the  gniToj-nrd  on  tho  left,  tlic  first  group  of  buildings  is  ()^ 
Collector's  offices.  These  consist  of  seven  separate  buildings  fo^  the 
uso  of  the  different  eatablishmenta.  To  the  south  of  the  Collector'B 
offices,  on  the  otlior  side  of  an  open  plain,  fiUiiids  the  Judge's 
court,  a  subiiUkntiftl  buiMing,  with  the  jnil,  itumiuiided  by  a  Wgo 
high  wall,  attached  to  it.  *i{ehind  the  jail  and  tbo  Hhil  tines  Is  tlio 
civil  hospiUil,  a  sjincions  building.  Further  west  of  the  CV>ll»rtor'a 
offices  comes  the  old  opium  godown,  now  (1880)  the  Registralion  Office, 
(he  Erat  bon^ow  in  Dhulia  formerly  occupied  by  Capt«tn  Briggs. 
To  this  bnn^ow  SJr.  Boyd,  when  Collector  of  Kbindeah,  added 
all  upiKT  ttborey,  and  the  whole  is  now  occupied  by  tho  aMtstniit 
engineer.     Op|Kisito  Ihu  gate  of   this  bnngab-w    on  the  river  sido 


Chapter 
PUcea(rfl 


fiuiMiaiPr. 


IBombar  <3' 


446 


DISTBICTS. 


^AptBT  XIT.  is'tlio  local  funds  workahopr"  PAsaing'  along  the  road  from  tU 

L      fi  »^^_,  workshop  to  Uie  west  cornea  the  CoUector's  compound  and  bungaltm, 

DM  01  mtaran.  ^^^  lo  which  is  a  b«th-h<<ai»c.     Oiitnidu  tl«!  wtwu-rii  gale  of  llw 

!*■*'*'*■  Ccillector'soonipouiid.al  ibujunctionof  thejioti  Nilaand  the  PSmhia, 

BitOIhgi  Etandnnbunfruloouitn  faUin^  into  decay,  which  is  said  to  hawuws 
built  by  M  r.  Uoyd,  and  of  which  theru  i«  at  prvevnt  no  owner.     Sotith 

^^^^L  of  it,  surrounded  by  a  garden,  ta  a  buognlow  formerly  ucctipiod  liy 

^^^1  Dr.  Elliot,  and  a  little  to  tbe  east  of  it,  in  a  comer  of  the  Collectors 

^^^^1  comjKiuud,  stands  an  upper -titoritfd  building  formerly  uscdo^  a  moM 

^^^1  liane  by  natittt-  v^smoU.     Ou  the  uppottit«  side  of  thu  ruad  to 

^^^^1  Dr.  Elliot's  bungalow  and  on  the  edge  of  the  Moti  N^a  staad  the 

^^^^1  4tidge'a  and  another  ifJ>per-etori«d  hongalow.     Across  and  on  tha 

^^^H  w^t  of  the  Moti  N&la,  close  to  the  Mogl^,  Htaad  two  other  large 

^^^H  hungalowH.  Thaee,  with  the  old  qnarter-goard  uow  used  as  a  polios 

^^^H  hongalow  on  the  road  to  the  jail,  and  the  court-house,  compLeM 

^^^H  the  list  of  Kim)p(>au  residences.    Inside  tho  town  tbo  rnkmlaboiir's 

^^^H  office   and  tho  poUce  locb-np  are  the  only  public    bnildtn^  The 

^^^H  travellers'  buni^ow  stands  by  tho  Hide  of  the  Agra  road  in  Devpoe 

^^^^^^^  Tillage,  on  the  left  Imuk  of  the  Pitnjiin).     C1<mu  be^ido  it  Me«ais. 

^^^^Pm  Qadduoi  and  Company  of  Bombay  have  (1879)  erected  ft  new  preoa- 

^^^^r^  liooBe.     Of  the  old  Dhnlia  ton's  wall,  except  some  large  stones,  no 

^^^H  traces  remain.     The  site  of  the  fort  h  .ttill   marked  by  a  monnd  of 

^^^^1  white  esrth.     Like  the  wall,  the  fort  was  once  faced  with  fllrme  and 

^^^^1  brick,  and  some  of  tbo  largu  stonos  may  still  be  seen.'      Much  of 

^^^H  tho  mud  of  the  fort  was  carried   away   in   the   grx-at    1 672  (IS^fl 

^^^^1  September)  flood.     What  remains  is  being  used  by  tho  people  in^ 

^^^H  repairing  or  eulnrging-  their  houses.     No  remains  to  which   legends 

^^^H  arc  attached  occur  near  Dhulia.     A  stone  pillar  in  the  middle  of 

^^^^^  the  plain  in  front  of  the  jail,  like  some  of  tho  old  tombs  in  the 

^^^^K  M&legaon  churchyard,  is  the  only  monument  uf  interost.     It  is  said 

^^^y  to  be  tbo  tomb  of  un  officer  of  a   Madras   regiment,    but   the   tubluti 

^  which Iwlooged  to  it  has  been  carried  olf. 

^B"**"*-  There  are  few  religions  buildings.     On  the  left  of  the  Agra 

^1  near  _the   rcst-houM;    is  n  small   pretty  Vithobaa  temple,  with 

^B  cniiopy,  ckhairi,  very  neatly  carved  in  the  style  of  a  Jilulmminadl 

^^^^^^  oupoH.     Its  fotindatioD  nnd  outer  wall  were  ninch  injured  by  tl 

^^^^^b  1872  HtKiti.     Oil  the  other  i^ldo  of  the  road,  on  a  lower  level  th| 

^^^^^^^  the  bridge  and  aaved  by  it  iu  tbe  1872  flood,  stand  temples  of  Rl 

^^^V  auj^  Ganp«bi,  built    about  thirty    years  ago  by   Bbagoji   Niiik  a 

^^^H  wealthy   Van^Ari     Though   much   bidden   by  buildings  aud  trees 

^^^H  *on   the   Ohulia  side,  their   high   iiptres  are   seen   fur  miliw  from 

^^^H  BCroas  the  rirer.      The   temples  are  pninted   red,   blue,   yellow, 

^^^^P  atbd  gisen,  and  are  adorned  with  figures  of  animals.     In  the  old 

^^^H  town  iK  a  t«mpte  sacred  to  Ekvina  Devi,  an  ordimirv   two-storied 

^^^^K  jiouse  wiiha  sirongwoodcn  and  tiled  roof*    In  thenew  wwu  are  two 

^^^H  ^aio  temples  not  differing  in  appearance  from  ordinarT   dwellings. 

^^^H  On  tbe  Agra  road    to  the  south  of  the  school,   iu  the  centre  of 

^^^H  Briggs'  Suburb  is  a  temple  6acnd  baMAia,  knonn  locally  as  Palla 


KHANDESH. 


•447 


Ughi  Itdm,  and  ttH  to  hnvu  cot<t  £1000  (Rs.  -lO.OOS).  It  mts 
liOgna  twvnly  yurs  Ago  by  Nirityau  Q&va  Bmhmaeh&ri,  with  tlie 
help  of  Kliush^l  Diimodanlils,  a  wealthy  GujanU  V&m,  Is  llie 
Erout  ii  a  Toraudah  built  ou  a  plinth  of  carvud  stouu,  with  an 
i>|ipfr  storey  used  »fl  a  dmm-room,  luigur  leluina.  Iiwide  of  tho 
voriuidah  is  a  sqaaro,  cltauh,  sarrounded  b/  a  plinth  of  carved 
atone.  Opposite  th«  main  door  a  Bight  of  steps  lends  to  tlie  ibrine. 
Till)  tcmpio,  wh(wv  stono^  Imvc  Ihhjd  brouf^Ut  from  Nif^pur,  it  still 
uttfiuicibed.  Of  Muliiunma<liin  rt^AainR  tliero  is,  basidea  two  or  three 
of  less  impottence,  a  woU  built  old  mosqae  at  the  end  of  the  GttUBll 
Snburb. 

The  ch!vf  objects  of  intcroBt  iu  tb»  ucffo'iiboarliood  of  Dliulia^ 
bcaiden  Laliug  lull  irbich  is  separately  meniioned,  are,  at  AmbJda, 
twelve  mitea  to  the  oast,  a  stono  built  well  preserved  QeniSHpa^ti 
tomplo  of  Ehandt^i^v,  about  eight  foot  scinaro  ;  at  DhAdre,  about 
fourteen  miles  to  tlie  soatk,  a  Htone  built  twelve  foot  iiqnaro 
rained  HemAdpanti  t«mple  o£  HahAder ;  at  Nandala,  twenty  milun 
to  the  north,  a  Kodd  buill  twelve  feet  aqtiarv  ruined  temple  of 
Sfahlidi'v  ;  at  Sbirad,  fourteen  miles  to  the  sonth,  a  mined 
Uem&df«nti  temple  of  Devi  fifteen  foet  square,  and  a  ruined 
Hemddpanti  well  twelve  feet  square  ;  and  at  Viqch^ir  Budmk. 
fourtix^n  miles  to  tbv  sonth,  a  roinud  Hum^dpAuti  or  Gavli  R&\  well 
fifteen  feet  square. 

Dighi,  about  eight  mita!<  south  of  Kajgaoo  railway  flliitfen,  on  tho 
etml  biiuk  of  tho  river  GadAd,  has  a  somewhat  omamenteitl  stone  aud 
mortar  templu  of  Dovi.  The  shrinr,  nine  feet  square  by  eighteen 
liigb,  is  approached  by  three  vestibnles  or  hallB,  the  first  nino  feet 
aqnam  by  nfl«eD  high,  the  second  sixteen  and  n  half  feet  aqaaro 
by  twenty  high,  and  the  third  six  and  a  half  feet  by  five  and 
sixtoeu  high.  Since  tho  viilago  cnme  under  Brilinb  rule  a  yearly  fair 
formerly  held  on  Chaitra  nhtutdh  Pumirna  (March-AprilJ  fatft  been 
diitcoutiuuod. 

RdTfthatl.  the  chief  town  of  the  potty  division  of  Edlabad,  bad 
in  1872  a  population  of  24.58  souls,  1968  of  thorn  Hindia,  488 
Mosalmfina,  and  two  Christians.  At  tho  time  of  the  HMhni 
conquest  (1600),  it  was  a  fiood  town,  with  a  lake  always  full  of  water, 
and  ntnch  ronerntcd  by  the  Iliudns  as  tho  place  whei-o  R^js  Jesirai 
atoned  for  his  crimen.  The  Iwuk^  of  the  luke  were  highly  fuliiviited,' 
In  1750  it  waa  girt  with  pan  sUme  walU  and  streugtApiied  wi^  a 
very  old  fort,'  and  iu  1832  it  was  a  small  city  of  oOO  or  60O  houses 
trurrotuidMl  by  a  fairly  good  wall.*  Now  (1880)  tho  place  is  half  irf 
mins.  The  mahilkari's  ofilee  is  held  in  the  travellers'  bungalow 
outside  the  town,  cli.ise  to  tho  old  road  leading  from  Bodvad  to 
Burlulupur.  Jml  bil^jw  the  town  is  a  local- funS^^am  of  solid 
maaonry,  with  »  vooden  eluioo  gato  to  keep  in  otore  the  water  ot 
the  steeam.  Besides  some  fine  remains  of  old  residences  and  wells, 
rii«re  are  the  rains  of  ita  very  strong  double  fort,  built  it  is  said  by 


Chapter 
PUewof 


DtDI 


EDUMDi 


'  (ilodirin**  Aia-i-Akliari,  IL  S3. 

■  Ticffenthalor,  Rm.  Hi*,  et  0«og.  Sur.  I'lud*.  t  968. 

>  JMnnemont*!  Voyage  IHmt  lladc,  IU.  4S2. 


IBoinI»7  Ba 


^US 


mSTBICTS. 


BAAKDOk 


^aptiST  ZIV.      the  Mogiuua,  wbich  can  be  seen  tor  duIvb  cDinmandmg  the 
lof  intereeL  '^""^T  towards  Vsiangaoii  and  Bodvud. 

Brando),  n  niiiiucip*!  tnwD,    tlio  b«nd-{|iian<'n>  of  tho   Era 
i<ul>-divi.-<ioti,  vrilk,  in  1872,  a  popolatioD  of   11,071,  ftud  in  187 
a   total   Diaiiici|«l  rerenne  tk   £4da   (Rb.  4350],  rises,   with   bi 
battle tncnu^^  walla.  Cram  tbo   baok   nf  the  Anjui  rivor.     Beta 
with  Dliiiliii,  ulxjui  forty  mites  to  tbe  wfijit,  Eniutlol  in  coiiaectcd 
well  made  mods  wiib  DharaDj^aoii  ei^ht  miles  to  the  Dorth-wcat,  i 
with  the  Mhaeftvad  railway  stutil^n  vigbt  miles  to  the  Boutb^e: 
Od  tbo  DharaogiKia  nwd  i«  a  Holid  maituiay  1«Tol.crus*ilig  uver 
Anini  river. 

TboDgh  doabtlees  an  old  Bettlvmcnt,  tlw  onl^  reference  Ibat  has 
beoD  traced  to  Erundol  i«  that,  nnder  llie  QamiT  3iidal,  it  i^xin  l<j!iQ, 
nieutiimcd  lut  ooe  of  the  places  of  the  P^yingb^  of  Cliillisgaon  that 
were  Taraeed  by  Shivfiji'  Tb«  tnanuffkctnre  of  coarse  Datire  — ~ 
for  which  Bramlol  wm  onoc  famous,  i»  kept  up  to  a  small 
There  ia  abo  a  considerable  local  trade  in  cotton,  indigo,  nnd 
the  chief  market  being  JalfifaoD,  a  railway  station  eighl.  miles 
tbc  n'jrth'OABt.  Tho  dixponmrj-,  a  largo  ecbool-bonso,  and 
'  miiinbttiUr's  offioo,  are  all  xa  the  fort. 

The  most  remarkable  bailding  is,  in  the  centre  of  the  town, 
Pdndae'e  Kd'.r(i,arDinod  stone  maoEion.  It  forms  a  large  qnadmoglo, 
mrroonded  by  a  wiOl  a  great  part  of  which  bn«  a  sncceesiou 
windows  with  sione  lattice  work  of  various  imtUTii.'*.  Thi'  tcm 
at  one  end,  now  used  usaHnsalm^n  place  of  iiruyer,  wan  onoe 
centre  of  a  raised  eonndor,  which,  ns  shown  br  the  ruined  pillara, 
form«rly  tttretchcd  right  aiCT<»a  thiM  cud  u(  thu  quadrangle.  On 
either  side  of  the  central  shrine  are  arched  reoosMW  Burroandcd  by 
beaatiful  and  varied  scroll  vrork,  with  the  crescent  and  tutar  on  tho 
tops  of  each.  Above  one  arch  are  the  remains  of  a  beautiful  Persian 
iiwcription.  llio  cmitml  shrine  liaa  a  massive  Poof  of  great  bK>cks 
and  l>eaui3  of  stone  still  bearing  traces  of  red  and  yellow  coloui-ini^, 
the  whole  sapporiod  on  largo  stone  pillars  ornamented  with  flowers. 
Tho  wall  <if  till-  qundmiigle,  nirendy  falling  iu  rains,  is  coarse  carelem 
stone  and  mud  work.  The  whole  bnildiug  i»  a  eiirioos  mixture  of 
s^liM.  lliu  only  rlnte,  l^^O,  probably  marks  the  ycutr  when 
original  Hindu  buildings  weix)  clianged  and  added  to  by 
Munammadans.  The  only  other  object  of  special  interest  is  at 
crowing  of  the  two  rhicf  slTuot«,  a  gronp  of  graceful  nrchoa,  one 
each  street. 

«rr»,  Paizpur,  two     miles    west  of    Sfivda,    with,   in   1872,     RS 

souls,  7^(iO  of  them  Bindos  and  1 105  Mnsalmiins,  is  surrounded  by 
ahigh  mud  and  baked  bncJc  wall,  with  several  (inc  gateways.  Inside 
tto  wall  the  buildings  are  crowded,  the  .main  atrtiebt  are  vnx>kcd 
knd  narrow,  and  the  hmieos  high  and  tiled,  some  of  them  with  three 
or  four  storeys.  There  in  a.  tine  pulicu  sttttion  aud  a  big  native 
rest-bouae  now  used  as  a  schooUroom.     Tlie  town  is  stHI  famone  for 


gie. 

i 


>  Bid^Ui  KAva  iu  EOiot'*  Hatory.  VII.  16. 


DeOMB.) 


kuAndksd. 


44B 


its  dark  bine  and  red  dyes,  and  its  weekly  wood  mnrkot.  There  nre 
about  ibO  fatniiiea  of  dyvrs  at  Faixpur  who  dye  thread,  turluiUit,  and 
rtibcii,  and  sbtmp  cloth  of  all  kinds.  I/iko  the  tici^h)x>m-iiig  town 
of  S^rda,  Faizpnr  in  sarroauded  by  garden  land  wittfrcil  fmni  wells, 
and  babhul.  Acacia  arabica>  trees  fpvw  all  aboat  it  in  great  luxuriance. 
The  towu  ti>  alTfiady  orowdetl  and  many  hnts  have  been  raised  onlaide 
Ibe  old  walls.  l^'UBpur  it  one  of  the  chief  cotton  niorts,  and  gives 
tta  name  to  the  beet  variety  of  KhiindeHh  cotton. 

Farda'pur,  in  the  Niuim's  territory,  abofit  thirty  miles  80Uth>ea«t 
of  P4ehonv  milway  ftiUiitn,  about  four  inilcs  from  the  Aianta  paaa,  and 
close  to  the  eiiirance  of  the  valley  on  tbe  ngl\t  &ide  of  wliicli  are  tho 
Eamona  Ajanta  eaves,  iii  a  raid  die-sized  village,  with,  on  the  top  of^a 
riaing  ground,  a  large  and  luimWine  but  somewhat  mined  caravan- 
aemi.  In  an  one«  wpaee  to  the  Boatfa  of  the  village  staoda  tho 
travellers'  bnngalow  nsod  by  visitors  to  the  Ajanla  carea.  From 
ita  position  at  the  foot  of  the  Ajanta  paw,  one  of  the  chief  Unes  of 
oommunication  between  the  Deccaa  and  the  north,  Fardapnr  most 
be  a  settlement  of  great  ago.  But  except  in  1679,  wnen  it  U 
mcnltoned  aa  the  place  where  the  Moghnl  J^ni'rnl  KhAn  Jaliiii  was 
Htationed  to  intercept  the  Martthfls,'  and  in  17liO  when  it  waa 
npokea  of  aa  a  village  nt  the  fool  of  tho  Duccun  hills,*  no  notioos 
have  bvcn  traced. 

Fatehpur,  ten  miles  north  of  Sb^flda,  haa  a  ruined  fort,  with 
some  curions  wall  paintings. 

Ga'ndhli,  a  small  village  of  1053  seals  six  milea  north-CASt  of 
Amalner,  is  the  first  place  in  Kh^^esh  at  which  GujarAt  Shr^vak 
V&nia  settled.  Until,  in  1804,  il  was  pIiindertH]  and  it«  people 
scattered  by  a  Penilbiiri  leader  named  Ghudji  Uhonsla,  GAndhliwas  a 

Sroaperoos  town  with  150  Sbr&vak  T&oi  houaaa  and  a  respectable 
ain  temple. 

Ga'rkbed,  sis  mile*  north  of  Jitmnor,  has  an  undergronnd  temple 
of  IblalUUlov.  An  eighUooraered  building,  forty-seven  feet  l>y 
tweoty-foitr,  its  outer  comers  are  richly  CMired  with  figures  of  men 
and  women.  The  villagers  still  worship  the  Hiig.  But  the  building 
is  ill  ruiiM,  and  the  figurvt*  uro  6o  worn  as  to  be  imiotelligibli^ 

Hadta'la,  about  four  miles  south-west  of  I^dlabad  in  Bhnsival,- 
has  an  old  irrigation  lako  restored  daring  tho  diatreioi  of  1^70.  Of 
old  buildiugH  it  hn»  two  ruined  Heraadpaoti  Mah{(dev  temp'ea 
eighteen  foet  by  tturty-eight,  and  a  rained  mosqne. 

^"TTft'flPflBtj  B^ffMl"*  Pretty  generally  distributed  over 
Chindesh,  m  well  iw  in  Ahmedna^  and  the  Central  Dixhmq,  artt 
the  Mono  boilt  temples,  reaervoira,  and  welU,  locally  known  as 
Uem^panti,  or  in  Khttedcsh  as  Gavli  U&j.  Tbe  term  HemiUlpuati 
is  derived  from  HcmiidpafFt  or  Hom^ri,  the  minister,  maittri,  of 
B&mcluutdra  (1271)  the  YiMv  ruler  of  Devgiri.*    A  well  known 


Cbaptar 
Placet  of  iBterfl 
Paopub. 


FAjutixvm. 


FATun 


Oixit 


GAaXHBh, 


UADTi 


•  Hnntaktubu-l-hiUb  i»  RUiolV  Hhtoty,  VU.  MT. 

*  Ti«iff«i>thalM.  Rtm.  Ha.  *1  G«c«  Sir.  fladt,  L  ilCS. 

■  AtKor^iag  to  <uh  biual  tvceo'l  nanUdouit  wu  •  giwi  i  BKordins  (a  umihurha 
WM  ■  pli]-*iciui,  wlio  tituu^t  Inini  C'oyloa  tli*  ium  oI  U«Ii  iI>o  Afantlii  oatnot 

a  411-57 


450 


DISTRICTS. 


iHiDPAKtl 


|»pter  XZX.  writer,  {nni&Jri  was  also  a  xealmu  t«iiipl«  baililor,  and  proWbly 
b«  oTlntemt.  i''*'o^uc«i  some  cfaanse  id  ibo  »yle  <if  arclulccture.  Bui  the  term 
Ilt^mAdpant)  ban  long  loat  ita  mecial  moauinf^,  and  is  bow  app'  "* 
to  anv  old  sIodo  building.'  llie  luoal  KhiiniU^h  tvna  Garli 
probably  refers  to  tbo  Vadav  kiogM,'  wbn,  m  iu  KiilbiAwAr,  wonli 
aoem  to  bsvi-  hoea  cloutely  ooaii«cted  with  tbe  Altire  or  sbepbcnU, 
one  of  tbe  ebief  elenieuta  in  tbe  populattoD  of  Kh&Ddi.«lt.* 

Tbe   KbAndosh   list   vt  rcnmiim    gird*   a    tobil   of     thirty-nine 
IlemitdpaDti  building,  tbirty-oo^  of  ibem  temples,B)X  step  we iib, and 
two  stune-liued  reservoirs.    Some  of  them  may  be  of  )^eat«r  age,  buf 
moat  of  tbem  were  probably  built  I'itbrr  in  tfaw   Iwnlftb  ur   in  t 
tbirioooth  cvntory.     'HitAe  Hcitmi]))anti  buildings  are  all  of  bl< 
of  col  sloue  carefully  joined  and  put  topctbor  Kithout  iDortnr. 
some  the  stones  are  so  larj^  as  to  haw  giren  riiW  to  tbi-  xaying^  th: 
they  arc  tbe  work  of  ^auta.*     Tlie  wolbi  are  strouff,  plaiu,  aui 
aquare,  with  a  Bigbt  of  steps  running  down  eat-h  side.  Tbe  reserrot 
are  square,  eight  or  sixteen  tudod,  and  built  in  conniua,  each  con 
Mt  inU>  tlio  course  below  which  ban  a  raised  lodge  on  the  nutftr  e<l, 
to  prevent  the  upper  stone  from  slipping  forward.     Tbia  style  ia 
also  employed  in  some  of  tbe   tc^mplcs  as  at    SauVlieil  not   far  frotD 
Toka  in  Ahmi'iliiagnr.     Tbe  rempW  diKlicittod  tn  Khtv,  tbuuffb  o(t«i|H 
small,  are  sometimes  of  considerable  size.*  Standing  on  high  boseSjflH 
with  strongly  tmilt  mortorlnui  walU  of  bewn  stone,  with  tramerotis 
mouldings  and  (>fiou  :in  abundance  of  mythulogical  iioul[)(nrOt  tho, 
style  is  almost  certainly  an  outcrowth  of  the  Oujai^tt  Cb^loln 
Some  of  tbe  finest  spoeimens  are  found  in  Bentr.     In  tbe  liaidaru 
dijtlricts,  tli«  vurtic-al  bruLkit  in*  the  lines  of  the  walls  are  often 
offatobliqae  angles  which  giveagrc-iU  piay  of  light  and  xhado.     T 

ftllara  of  the  porch,  viandap,  have  also  sometimes  similar  iioctiu- 
Dstcad  of  the  usual  broken  liqaaru,  tbvy  are  formed,  as  if  two  or  mo: 
sqiiuru  pillnrK  oi  tbe  name  cizti  wore  placed  in  one  another,  nt  difTore: 
atiglea,  Ml  tluit  the  section  is  star-iihaiioil.     II10  spires  of  most 
them  are  destroyed,  but  one,  tbe  temple   of  Duuda  Qasappa 
Danibnl  in  Dbsrwiir  i^t still  nlmoKt  complete  and  is  exeoeding'ly  fine.* 

Hira'pur,     seven     railea  west  of   Cb£1i»gnon,   bait  a    niim 
Heuiji<ljtiiiiii  tonij>lu  of  MahAdeT,  fifty  feet  long  by  twenty-sev' 


I 


whlinir :  ic«onlins  to  >  tliinl  h*  wu  Ih*  Bliluittn  minurtdr  «£  a  Hnjftlinia  kuiii  1 
B4.llTurl»>lc«Ml<i.     IniL  Ai>t.  Vl.3«a 

I  Mr.  BurcoM'  An-li.  ft«i>.  III.  93.  tn  Uih  sutith  of  ladb  JakluLniUULryit  ia 
Viuiluly  cTnlitcd  witli  th«  buililiiijc  of  a|]  the  britvr  cUia  of  old  teniJi-*. 

*  Abhir  kiugs  are  iDCDliofMHl  M  l»tp  m  the  tveUUi  contury.  In  ui  iautniitiua  of 
Slnlin  tb«  YtUiac  ruler  'it  Devgiri,  tbo  fiurjara  hb6  U&Ut  kinyi  kni  ilractiljed  u 
liaTJubMti  bun  bled,  and  tlie  race  of  the  'hEioic  Abhir  king' uhaTla([  Wen  deitrond. 
ttr.  MU«r  LuMb  that  the  term  the  *  heroic  Abhir  king  refcn  U>  Nanimlia,  Uib 
BsIlilfYaiUv  of  Drlnaaudra,  a  purtion  of  u'hoM  ^tritorlc*  Siaha  U  said   to  bav^^ 

'  The  •tai7  tolil  at  them  that  vavh  wai  built  m  me  night  or  *  h«fat<f  *ivtrf  >ught,^| 
that  ia  one  a  day,  i*  alao  told  ol  early  nmiaiiu  in  Bcngiu  and  otbar  narU  of  India.^^ 
Bloehmanu  io  Lid.  Ant.  til.  344. 

*  Of  thirty-Ode  ll'iiiplM  pT«n  in  the  KhAndnh  lint,  tho  lu^t  uitMIUMBdnt  is 
fi(ty-fi>e  foul  by  twrrity-four,  anil  the  niiintlr-tt  eight  foct  Mjnaiv. 

'  Mr.  Bui|,fBa'  M8.  uolc.  See  ArcUiteoturc  of  Dbirttir  and  Uyson,  67,  aad 
o«nr*pandiiig  photogisph. 


khAndesu. 


4S1 


and  twfliro  IiikIj-     The  door  and  the  ei]?tit«en  pillars  are  to  a 
lin  uxicnt  uriiiiiiivnfu'!.     ThtTc  is  neither  Icgt-nd  nor  writing. 

Jalgaon,  a  town  in  the  Nmirubail   sub-divi»ion  on  the  reilway 
bne,  LI  ti£ty-tive  miles  north-ease  of  Dhiilin  luid  261  from  Bombay. 
Though  from  it^  siluation  probably  an  old  settlement,  Jalga.on  was, 
hvivJV  the   introiiucliun  ol  British  rule,  inferior  Iwth  to  the  U>wii 
of  Nadirabad  and  to  tbenei^bbouringvilla^iof  Mubrun,  Erom  which 
it  is  stDl  locally   known  as  Jal paoii v\l l- li ru n .     Under  the  British  itfl 
poititioii  on  tbw  liigb  roi'd  from  jVsir^jaJ  ki  Bombttf,  »nd   its  atutral 
Mtuation  among  the  local  inhrr.H  of  Nvri,  J&mti,   S^rda,  Faispur, 
Dharaocaon,  and  Krandol,  attracted   tradecs   and    weavers,    and 
b(.-foru  18(Kl,  it  could  boiut  of  tnore  than  4U0  handlooniM.     In  \869, 
when   the   railway  waA  opciit^I,   it    run)aini>d   for  some   time  the 
farniinua  and  rapidly  increased  in  iinportiuioo.     In  that  year  it  was 
said  til  \w  ouu  of  the  chief  towns  in   Nasirabad,  of  latd  greatly 
incriiwed,  extending  its  trsiilo  into  Borilr,  and  with  many  agtmcies 
of   Bombay  boQses  to  buy  cotton,  liuseetl,  and  s<'.*«inum.'      During 
the  American  war  (I86'2-1 865)  Jalgaon   became  the  great  cotton 
mart  of  Kh^nde^b.     Ginning  mills  an<l  full  and  half   prCKset*    were 
8t»ned.     In  the  revulsion  at  tbe  close  of  the  Atnericau  war,  Jalgaou 
anfiered  scroroly.     Many  local  merchants  were  mindd,  and  mills 
and  other  building!)  were  left  nnlini«hod.     SincQ  thvn  the  town  has 
been  slowly  but  steadily  recovering,  and  is  now  tho  eastern  capital 
of  Kh&udeab,  a  large  wealthy  town,  though  in  size  and  a[i]icnniiico 
tar  inferior  to  tho  cities  of  Gujarat.     Since  I8l3U  trade  hii»  grt^atly 
incr*ia*od,  sliowing  in  goods  a  rise  from  15,310  lu  18&8  to  47,003 
ns  in  1878,  and  in  pa&sengers  frofti  f>0,O~3  to  74,296.     During 
77  and  1878  two  now  cotton  pressea  and  a  large  BU«am  spinning 
weaving  mill   wore  oponed.'    'llio   Bombay  Bank  have  also 
,rted   a   branch,  and  send   an  agent    during   the   busy   Koasoo. 
ovembor-May).     Tho  population,  which  in  18"2  was  n'lurued  at 
'8,  has  within   the  butt  iayr   yvsm  inoreasod   by   more  than  a 
ibouaand.     The  new  suburb,  known  aa  Pollen  Feth,  baa  been  finiMhod 
and  laid  oat  in  regular  bnes  carefully  planted  with   trecjt.     'i'he 
main  road  lea«ls  through  tho  now  ninrkt't<  place  into  the  heart  of  tho 
town.     Tbe  market  place  has  been  laid  out  in  linea  and  carefully 
planted  with  trees,     A  new  school  baa  been  built  in  1879.      The 
mnniciiHilily  has  kImo  started  a  garden  on  the  aito  of  pari  of  the  old 
cotton  jiiarket,  and   planted   many  raru   iKid  valuable  traes.     Tlje 
dispensary  is  called    the  "Suudardia  Mulji  Diaponsary,"  the  late 
Mr.  Snndard&s  and  the  present  Messrs.  Aftiiji  Juitha  and  Company  ' 
of  tbe  Kh&ntlcah   spinning  and  weaving  tuiils   having  contributed 
largely  towards  its  contraction  and  subacribing  £l>0  (Kk.  GOO)  a 
year  for  its   maintenance.     Tho   town   ia  supplied    with  water   by 
means  of  iron  pipes  from  t^  Mehrun  lake,  two  miles  aouth  of  <the 
town,  a    mnniciual    ivork    finished   in    1878   at  a  cost   of  £78O0 
(Be.  76,000).    The  cotton  presses  and  milU  have  boeu  built  <m  ik 


FlMMoflnte 


*  Mr.  DaiSiboB.  Bom.  Got.  Set  XCia  3S7,3e8. 

■  Tlim  wmi  |1670)UirMliiUt>te»«>.  ono  largv  gittoiiiK  buinj,  uitl<m*  fmoiag 
aai^wmiuc  mill 


IBomltajrl 


UISTHICTS. 


J4UIAOX. 


{ ClupUr  ZIV.  pifurv  of  laud  within  a  quarter  of  a  mits  &din  tho  irtataoii, 
I  oTliterwt.  "^^liiiR  agaitut  building  now  booMM  ia  tut  diBappeariug,  Mid 
of  tho  iiKNil.  )<trikiiq;  vt  tbo  nuuiy  hundiiunii;  l>inldin^  ia  (he 
snhtirb  i»  a  Ihnw-sUirifd  dwelliug  built  b;  Uaji  joiiil  of  I'athri, 
HucomHful  Gnjar  Kunbi.  llio  {irinciiml  GoTcroincnt  au-l  ■  '  ';J 
building  aro  tbv  a««ialunl  [H>li<n)  KU{Wni)tvD>l<;nl'a  biiu. 
trareUora'  bunmdow  a  mbetantial  th^cbed  dwultiui;  Ituili  iu  1 
the  pcwt  ofBce,  toe  m&mtatdilr's  court,  a  uotire  resl.bouae,  »  sc! 
house,  the  di^tiKtiHary,  and  the  polit'O  KttUioo  and  mnnicipal  oflie^ 
The  hat«  of  Dukhuu  poKfi»,  hamdtn,  outaida  the  town  and 
of  the  railway  have  bees  carefully  placed  in  line,  liud 
procsBtioo  taken  to  (^rd  ngntuat  &rv.  A  good  rond  joioa  Jal, 
wTtb  tbo  nulway  ataliuti,  and  ibcre  ia  aJao  a  made  rutkd  Fi 
Diilos  to  tho  neJKbboanng  market  of  Kori  in  Jdmuer.  Oilior 
■re  much  nxjiiircd,  to  Dhitmnga'>D,  Chu|>da,  and  Fnizpur.  Tk 
uanioipnHtv,  Htartod  iu  I8ti7,  had,  in  1879-80,  an  inceinv  of  JCISSS 
(Ha.  IB^aO). 

JiMKw.  Ja'mner,  tho  chief  town  of  tho  Jdiuoor  Bab.diviaK>n,  wi 

lali,  &309  muU,  in  situiittKl  on  tho  K&g  river  about  sixty  miloii 
of  Dhulia.  Formevly  aurruuudod  with  walls  and  with  a  good  fi 
J&mner  was  n  plani  uf  aomu  con4o<iuuiic«.>  Some  good  6qull^(^•: 
booBcfi,  vKiM-ciitily  thi;  di-.-<Iiutukh'a  maaaion,  vada,  ehow  tbai  it 
ouco  sotue  rich  familiea.  Moat  of  tbom  bare  fallen  into  po' 
and  the  town,  without  trud«ornuuiufactare8,iaof  little  oonaeq^ 
Near  the  rirer  sate  is  a  temple  of  Vithoba,  and  opposite  it  is  aa 
nrebway  over  which  thoro  waa  formerly  a  draw  room,  now  uwd  u 
a  library.  Ueaidea  tb«  mninlatiUir's  and  chief  constable's  iMe^ 
bvld  iu  the  old  fort,  J^lmner  has  a  htrgu  Qovvmnient  acliool,  and 
one  GoTemmcnt  and  two  prirate  reat-honse*.  To  tbu  tiu^t  of 
town  is  a  largu  wuU  and  a  temple  to  lUm,  known  as  Bim  MaD< 
A  poet  of  tbu  Fooua  Uorao  &latioued  ut  Jiimnvr  have  thoir 
Otitaide  of  the  town. 

JivDA.  Ja'vdE,  ten  milon  north-west  of  SbfihlSida,  thoocrb  now  a  d< 

villasro  i.ivtT)frowii  with  bruKliwood,  aMRtll  to  1>p  tbi'  sito  of  a 
and  floiiriftliiujj  town.  Not  mauyyoam  ago  aomo  Buddhist  .-crulphin-s 
in  white  nutrblo,  upinu-uutly  of  the  name  period  and  style  of  art  aa 
the  Ajtuita  soilpturee,  were  found  iu  ibw  Eonwt  and  wnt  to  tha 
British  muscamj 

KAutixm.  JCalma'dtl,  about  two  miles  north-oaat  of  Nbivi  in  Sivda,  has  a 

mined  well,  tweuty-sov«n  fiVit  long  by  fiftoon  broad  and  serenteeu 
'  high.  It  i»  locally  said  to  have  bueii  bnill  under  the  Garli  lUj, 
About  aixty  years  ago  the  Nimbtllkar  carried  off  Home  of  the  gtouea 
bo  repair  Iiii*  fort  at  YilTa].  Since  then  it  ha«  fallen  oat  of 
and  dried  op. 

iCa'nalda,  fourteen  miles  nortli-wesl^of  XasiralMuj,  has  a  qi 
temple  of  curved   black  atone  on  the  bank  of  the  Gima  below  the 


aaeSP 
adfoiWi 

i 


qoAiuft  ' 


>  TicffBDilwUr  <lTnO}   *p«ka  of  it .-»  n  viUup  by  *  ■Uutm  wUh  a  wtUwt  (act  ta 
Dood  MpMT.    Bo*.  Hii.  ot.  Owg.  Sur.  I'lndo,  t  ft* 
»  Mr.  CiuwloyBoovwrli  MS. 


echAndesh. 


463 


riUftgo,  and  closo  beajde  it  a  Gos&i's  boaso.  In  the  centre  of  Aiis 
faoose  a  flight  of  itt«p«  liwds  to  a  dtjor.  luaide  of  the  door  are  a  few 
tnoro  atejis,  and  thou  a  big  hole,  iosido  of  which  are  a  lUjrieH  of  four 
cella  onu  within  the  other.  Tht^m  i»  nothing  rutnnrkablu  ahuut  tKc«e 
cells  ;thvy  uro  isimply  dug  out  of  soft  earth.  Their  dimeusiona 
ftrU|  tJiG  first  tive  fwt  by  U;n ;  the  second,  Heven  foet  by  four ;  tlio 
third  four  feet  by  three  and  a  hi]f ;  aad  thu  fourth  thnie  and  a  half 
feet  by  tUr<.i-, 

Eaaa'si,  foar  milus  from  Eaj^Eu>ii  railway  fltation  on  the  road 
to  BhadgaoQ,  ban  n  M&Dbh&T  temple  to  Kriahnan^tb.  A  domod 
buildiug  oi  stoiie,  brick,  and  limn,  tliu  tvniplu  i^  tivunty^one  feet 
aquan!  and  thirty-two  high,  and  said  t«  be  about  2O0  years  old. 
A  vestibule,  tahka  uutivtap,  has  been  receDtly  added  by  a  wunavr- 
ing  U^bh&v.  A  aniall  fair  a«itombLe«  yearly  on  Chaitra  akuddk 
JPurnima  (March-April.) 

Kanda'rif  two  miles  north-east  of  Bhtutiival,  has  a  half  minvd 
Hcmadpanti  temple  of  MahAdav  fiftoen  fe«t  by  twolro  luid  twenty 
high.  The  pillars  show  sigOiioE  great  ago.  Above  the  entrance  are 
figures  of  Uhiitroba  and  his  wife,  and  ou  either  side  are  representations 
of  Maniti  and  (>anpati. 

Kha'tgaOQ,  threemiles  northof  J^mner,  has  a  ruined  flem^panti 
temple  of  Mjihfekiv,  ttiiri>-^ovon  feet  by  thirty-two,  slauding  on 
rising  ground  in  the  middle  of  the  vithigu,  and  built  of  Tory  utxgo 
sqaare  blocks  of  solid  black  stone. 

Kanliera  E.<l.rt,  in  tho  Cb&lisgaon  sub-division,  eight  miles 
s(iiitli_.n  si  iif  Chiili.-«g;i«n,  has  uittrctng  nutnral  position.' 

Kukannimda,  north  latitnde  21°  SI',  east  longitude  7-1"  7', 
eight  iiiil(t.s  nouili-wwt  of  IWloda,  with  a  provent  population  of  1365 
souls,  was  a  well  known  oatpoBt  on  the  frontiera  or  KhAndeah  and 
the  RAjpipla  rtato.  im memScel^aflSl^li^T^ntSiTion'or^hjin deah 
(1^18),  a  iWachuient  undttr  Captain  Briggs  wiw  !(tati<^)Ticd  nt 
iColcarmunda  to  keep  in  «ubJBct.ion  the  disaffected  BhiU  of  that 
tibighbonrhood,*  and  soonafterit  was  made  the  hesd-qtiart«rs  of  the 
Kukanuuiidit  petty  division.  About  Ig.'ilj  thu  to¥m  wa«  found  to  be  so 
unhealthy  thai  the  outpost  had  to  be  withdrawn.*  A  Bhil  achool  wan 
MtnUiahed  to  ednoate>,  along  with  Bhils,  the  young  chiefs  of  the 
neighbouring  slut**,  and  by  1855,  roauyDiing  chiefs  or  thuir  sons 
were  being  edocaled  there.*  It  wan  doKrd  about  tho  year  of  the 
mutiny.  Knkarmunda  is  the  second  rillago  in  Taloda,  and  its  sHbee 
have  a  high  local  name  and  aro  largely  in  demand  in  I'alodu  an£ 
Akt^nL  The  only  object  of  intereiit  iaa  mined  brtok  and  mud  fort 
S40  (eot  square  and  about  five  hundred  years  old.^ 


Chapt«r: 

FU«noriat«n 


K*NiSL 


KakdAbl 


Kail 


KAKBtU] 


KimAKKVinuk. 


>  G«v.  Lilt,  of  CiiJI  Furts,  16^.  *  Bom.  (iov.  Sd.  XXVL  HfiL. 

■  Bon.  Got.  ScI.  XXIII.  3i>a  aOS. 

*  Bon,  OoT.  Sd.  XXIII.  I'.e.  177.  Rvwy  iniluoeiiMat  wm  o&ml  to  Mnd  tlMtr 
dhiUrta  to  vohool,  and  daring  Ihmr  iitl«ii>luioe  the  chitdrrn  were  mpportnl  bv 
GovonnMiit  with  «  mantlily  «!lowiui««  ol  it.  (Bcl  t-S).  Very  tew  puvuta  tuuK 
kdTmUM  ofthc  tcrnu.     Ditto  180.  19a 

'  In  is3S  CKpUic  Cliincs  fouiiil  Ui«  fort  in  niimi  kod  tbe  town  of  Kukkrmvadft 
nuTounded  by  a  bvdga     TIm  river  wm  knMFibeii  and  ISO  yanb  aido  ia  M^.  l<ut  • 

L quarter  mik  vjdo  in  tlia  nias.     Itinunry,  B9. 
L 


(Bombay  Ga 


iH 


DISTBICTS. 


■ftar  XI7.  Kurha'&khurd,  »  amnll  villftgo  of  1047  KMils,  lurv^a  iml(»  «ia 

1 4rfLiterc*t.  ^^^  "^  Mftljpji  wml  Imlf  whv  cm  I hv  mml  fn>m  !'Ac}i  ,. ih^rn, '. 

«D  old  Hcnuklpniili  tcni[>lL' of  Muhiiili^v,  a  many  '  t    bnilil} 

li-KHlDuiuKD.     eiglit^wn  feet  loug  Ity  tiftoen  widtf  and  fonrUwn   hiffh.     It  (xmUii^ 
a  iinj;,  and  nt  the  bock  a  Dovi.     Tbu  cninuiw  ih  throiififh  a  bnll  i 
Uia  noriii  Hide  which  in  rao«11y  iu  ruins.     Between  Uic  Imll  and 
ahriue  i.i  an   ima^  of   Oao)«ti.      Tbu  t«tnpIo  has  neit.biir  wnt 
nor  legend.     Abcnit  a  milo  luid  u  lialf  lo  ttiv  uuitl  of    Kortttid, 
TillagD  of  S4n^  ban  n  ccnuporatively  modern  tomplo  ijf  Ma 
Bttid  to  biLve  be<!u  built  b;  one  BAbamr  Vi«hTaii£tb  pAlU 
years  ago. 

■O'  Lalingi  n  minvd  furt  on  the  ton  oF  »  hill,  nix   miloa  aunll 

Dhnlia,  is  probably  a  place  of  oonaiuerable  age.     The   fiiot 
and  not  TbtlpBr  vmx  grunr<.<d  to  bis  oldetil  son,  would  so<^m  to  _ 
that  Lftlipg  waa  the  ohi<;f  tort'  of  Malik  R^ja  {I370-I:}9y),  thei 
of  Uie FdiruKi  IcinffB, andbere  in  I4!i7  iCa^ Khin  and  hia  non  Mi_ 
Adil  Khiln  were  lieaicged  by  the  IBabnumi-ggnoral  till  relievvd ' 
the  udvanMi  of  an  army  from  Gujarat.'     Enriy  in  thi'  i««rent«>e 
century  (1621>-ltl3l)  it  is  mora  tlian  once  tnentioned  in  con 
with  tne   movementa  of  the   Mpgfaal  troops   in   tbeir   cain| 
against  the  Duccon.'     In  1862  the  fort  is  monliuned  sa   stroni 
eitiiatcd,  but  nnth  Tery  few  defences  left.*     Besidea  the  fort 
aro,at  Laling,  twoamall  UemMpiinti  shrines,  each  eiffht  feol  nq 
one  in  bad  the  other  in  )nx>d  repair.     Them  is  also  a  ten  fc«t  sqi 
Hvmidpiaiiti  well  in  good  order. 

l-ixux.  La'sur,  eight  miles   narth-w9Bt  of  Cliopda,   formerly  n  toivii 

coniiidi-mb1u  inifKirtunce,  held  by  the  Thoke  family,  has  the  ruins 
onco  fomiidablw  fort  and  towered  j^nte  and  walls.      There  is  a 
pond  in  front  of  itie  Thoke's  mansion,  tiiilti,  and  ouli^ide  tlio 
cloaeto  the  old  suburb,  is  a  fine  well  with   Bights  of  atepst. 
the  well  are  the  remains  of  a  niosquo.     l*hc  village  is  now 
but    a    eollection   uf   mu<t  huts  and  irregularly  built  boasr« 
a  population  of  148!)  souls.     The  fort  was  di«ni;intled  by  the  Bri 
and  th(!  Thoke's  uiauiiion  was  burnt  down  a  few  years  ago 
history   of  the  Thoke  family  illustrates  the  stnte  of  Khjindi-sh 
the  beginning  ol  llio  prc'ti'cnt  century.    The  Karnitak  raert-e: 
onterloined   by   every   petty  proprietor,  had  made   themselves 


obnoxious,  that  GulaSr  KhAn  Thoke,  ihe  holder  of  the  strong  fort 
"LimiT,  enlisted  a  body  of  Arabs  to  oppose  them.  Unable  to  (!ootrol_ , 
qr  pay  his  Ambx,  ho  usod  to  let  them  loose  on  the  coantry  rounJfl 
nil  at  last  the  other  proprietors,  entering  inte  a  league  agaiust  hioH 
brilxid  his  Arabs  to  assaaainste  liim  in  Liinur  mid  his  eldest  son"' 
Ailiyilr  Khi4n  in  Chc^da.  A  second  son,  Alif  Khdn,  escaiiitig  fron^ 
Iilisur  took  refuge  with  Huritjirtir  Nitnbtilknr  of  Yivnl.  KetumijB 
to  LiSsur  with  some  Kam&tak  raereenarieS  lent  hjin  by  the  Nimbfil^ 
kar,  Alif  Khiu,  on  pretence   of  paying   tho   Ai-nhs   iheJr  nrroorSf 


■  Brisa'  F«ruhU,  IV.: 
•  E\m.  VIL  35.  103. 


*  Brii«'  rwittiU.  It.  43n  ;  IV.  2a£,S)Mi 

•  Oov.  iM%  Hi  CiviJ  t'ont.  


IHC% 


I>acc«n.l 


khAndesh. 


456 


euteri>d  ihe  Fort,  and  ifae  Kiu-niltiik  troops,  Hnizing  Uie  Arabs,  put 
tbotii  til  death.  Instead  >il  Iictrif;  in  posspssion  of  hii;  fort, 
Alif  Khiiii  fi)uiid  tliat  tho  Knmitak  tnwps  bad  orditrn  to  told  the 
fort  f6r  ihoir  master  the  Niinlmlknr.  Drivun  to  despair  Alif  KMn 
altit'd  hiiDHclf  with  the  BhiU  and  plundered  without  mrrt-y.  At 
liMt:  ih«  \i»ibillcnr  ngrixtl  to  givo  up  th«  fort  for  a  money  payuenl 
of  £1000  (Kb.  10,000).  Thisi  »iini  Captain  Brings  advanced  to 
the  Thoke  family  and  occupied  the  fort  with  Bntish  tniops. 
HuliNniiiii^iitly  a  iiK'inhor  of  t.ho  'Plffiko  family  wiia  appointed  keejier, 
rakhmUdr,  of  the  hilU  and  of  the  Bhirraiu  pa^ia,  and  the  family  now 
Borre  as  headmen  of  the  Tillage.  In  the  hills  to  the  nurlh  (if  l.iUiir 
in  an  old  eiiclowd  Uunpio  of  Nul^c^livar,  forty-five  ftWl  long  by  thirty- 
eight  broad.  Ou  one  of  the  welU  inj^ide  the  temple  is  a  writ£i^ 
apparently  in  Balhodh. 

Loha'ra,  »  hir^T  village  ten  niilett  eonth-eaat  of  Kffiheji,  with  a 
pupiiliitiun  of  iti77  «)uln,  wa.s  in  Akbar'n  time  I  ho  head  of  a  snb- 
divisioD,  mahdl,  with  a  yearly  revenue  of  t'lilGG  (217,965  tankha*). 
In  1818  Captain  Briggs  proposed  tliat  twelvo  Loh^a  villageu  cloaoly 
mixed  with  Britiiib  villager  should  be  obtainoi]  from  8iadia.  lit 
1820  an  agreement  was  made  to  this  effect,  and  the  twelve  villagoa 
were  taken  over  by  the  British  iu  the  same  year.  But  they  wero 
again  rt^-torad  to  Siudiit  in  iflit?,  and  not  recovered  till,  according 
to  the  terms  of  the  treaty  of  Gwilior,  Lohfira  was  again  made  ovur 
to  the  British,  thongh  Hc-tual  po^soHston  was  not  obtained  outil  after 
Unreal  opposition.  ()f  the  many  iiilerostiiig  rcmaitiB  of  its  former 
greatne^ii.  Loh&ra  has,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  to  the  Aiwth,  an 
old  temple  of  Tapeship-nr  Mah&devi  Built  for  the  mast  part  in 
Hemittljiiititi  style,  it  (■oiitain^iui  outer  hali,  tnhimmafulap,  eight  feet 
sonare  and  sixteen  high,  and  a  shrine  eight  feet  square  aad  eight 
high.  The  roof,  now  fallen  in,  whs  supported  on  eight-sided  stone 
pillars,  iMid  there  is  a  ourved  doorway  opening  to  the  east.  The 
temple  has  neither  legend  nor  inscription.  It  has  a  money  allowance 
of  £1  10«.  (Its.  lo)  and  Innil  yielding  a  yenrly  rental  of  Ua.  (Its.  4-8). 

Ua'hdji  or  CbinchkllOd,  a  small  village  tJireo  miles  north  of 
the  Miiheii  railway  KtutJon,  it  the  scene  of  the  chief  fairin  Kbi&mlesh. 
Mdlieji,  the  w;iHian  in  whocto  honour  the  fajr  is  held,  is  said  to  haro 
lived  abont  200  years  ago.  XTHoTi  Kunbi  ofHivri,  t^-n  miles  soottl- 
east  of  Jdmner,  ^he  BiifTcred  such  ill  treatment  at  the  hands  of  her  father 
andmother-in-Inw,  that  she  fled  from  lier  home  and  became  an  asc^c. 
Taught  by  a  holy  man  on  Turanmil  hill,  she  wandered  throngh 
the  ooiiutr}'  and  gained  eo  great  a  name  for  sanctity,  that  even  in' 
her  lifetime  vows  wore  paid  to  her.  At  la.it  Abe  settled  at  Chinchkhed, 
and  after  living  there  for  twelve  years,  buried  herself  alive. 
A  temple,  the  present  building,  a  rough  ittructuro  twenty-five  (eat 
by  uight^t>n  and  twcuty-eijfht  high,  was  raif»e<l,  and  a  yearly  fair 
established  on  the  fifleeatb  of  Po»h  Shuddh  (Janoary-rebruary). 
The  fair  is  said  to  owe  its  importance  to  the  successful  i^sue  of  a 
TOW  made  by  tho  hea«!  of  the  FovAr  honso.  The  number  of 
devoteai  increased,  and  traders,  finding  order  and  freedom  &x>m 
taxation,  fioeked  to  it  in  numbers.  Then  camo  the  nun  of  1^3,  and 
for  four  years  there  wnit  no  fair.     As  order  was  restored  thti  bustnecs 


Outptm-' 
nuMOfintttP 
LisDB. 


Mil 


CUptoXIT. 
ofI«t«mt. 


Uinlrc-ai. 


Mwfcxm. 

UniLPUK. 


[BomtMiy 


4M 


DISTRICTS. 


■3 


of  the  fair"  increased.  lo  1833  it  wm  Uiken  mitlf^  Govrrj 
niaua|^mi)Dt,  booth  atMwvre  allott4Kl  to  tlia  <l 
Ad  (irdvr  vnut  careful);  kept  uid  tba  roads  wer< 
Dumbers  agaiii  Bsaemblw).'  In  the  prospcroiw  years 
American  war  the  ^r  beounuagTval  pUcti  of  tnulu.  Ktir  i 
an  af^cnllural  ahow  waa  suocaaxfullv  lutld  at  the  time  lyi 
Bat  in  the  bad  jean  that  followed  the  cloae  of  tbo  Ame 
the  abow  pOTed  too  coatlj,  and  has  to  a  gT«at  as 
diaoontioDed.  Tb«'  railway,  abo,'tv  ensaring  an  easy  and' 
anpply  of  gooda  to  the  village  marxets,  to  some  uxtont  did{ 
with  tbe  need  of  a  bir.  In  the  thrw  yvan  ending  1873  ihd 
fell  from  £198^39  to  £102,008.  'I'bougii  wirli  atgoa  of  raoovttr] 
ledlained  small,  tUI,  in  1378,  they  rose  to  £210,002,  and  i^ 
there  wiu  a  farthi^  ndvnncu  to  £224,82ii,  cotnunrpd  with  an  a 
of  £153,197  daring  the  ten  previous  y<!ais.  The  following  aU^ 
girea  the  chief  details  : 


nu. 


ini  _ 

int  .. 

un  ... 

IBM  _. 


nerftao. 


a 

IMMl 

Mt.TIT 


Mid. 


a 

IM.Mi 
1M,»M 


OaMd. 


Tu«. 


a 

li,tM 

4isa 

M.Nt 


im 
un 

UTI 

un 


ab<^H 


Thu  Iniflic  at  tlio  IkUhoji  milway  etAtion  iibuws  a  fall  in  f^ocidq 
26,486  tADH  in   1SC8  to  24,&50^u   1878,  but  a   mo  in   pass^ 
Erom   304^  to  3775.     The  municipal    income  for  1870 
(Ks.1180). 

Ma'na'ptiri,  fourtoon  miles  nortb>weatof  TAval,  has  a 
and  a  half  to  i.iie  north,  at  the  extreme  end  of  a  piclnre^qae 

Sat  below  »  watorkJl  in  tho  Satpnda  hills,  a  purt-miuvd  tein 
&nibiU  twenty-two  foct  long  by  fifteen  broad.  Ilia  (lavU 
ruins,  of  which  the  only  traces  are  huge  bricka,  orerbani 
gorgu  in  which  the  temple  id  situatt-d. 

Manda'na,  about  t«n  milai  nortb'cast  of  Slulluidft. 
high  fori,  in  which  ia  a  singularly  well  carved  smaU  whil 
imago. 

Hehtme,  live  milra  north-west  of  Edtaliad,  has  a  well 
eight  feet  a^iuare  temple  of  llah&lev. 

Mbalpur,  a  Tillage  of  1887  souls  on  the  weatero  (rontj 
Virdel,  is  ao  thickly  strewn  with  rains  that  it  Kt'vin»  lo  luiTO 
been  a  place  of  importanty).  The  watvr  t»  well  »iiit49d  for  d 
and  tbe  place  has  still  a  name  for  its  black  and  red  cotton  clot 

SCba'sva,   two  milea  ooist   of  Pirol^   has,  on  the  a^M 

1837  M  briiiginit  laign  Bunibcn  ot  poo^e.    Md 

Tli«tniilU 


'  Thfl  f»lr  U  ilMcrlbKl  tn 
from  Ui«  MoMt  tunc  to  ni««t  Inluiil  lnil*n  uiil  vxnhMiiCC  B°°*^ 
on  [or  abmrt  *  moDlk.    Or.  Ckiu.  jpvc  VtU,  1*6. 

*Bcua.  Uov.  SeL  XCUt.  iSC  4T4. 


M 


KHANDEBH. 


oMer  hiiiMing,  a  modem  temple  dtKlimttd  to  JhinjAna  Doti, 
witb  a  four-handed  iiaa^  cut  in  white  atone.  To  Uie  ea«t,  cIoho 
tof^ther,  are  two  brick  and  mortar  lamp.pillara,  dipmaU,  each 
flixtoen  feot  round  and  tbirty>oDe  hiah.  These  piJlars  am  said  to 
be  of  the  Hame  a^  as  the  old  temple  of  Jhinjina  Don.  A  flmall 
Fair  asaeinblus  yearl;  in  tho  month  of  Chaiira  (April).  To  the  tii^rth 
of  the  k'lnplc  is  a  four-sided  sione  and  mortar  ouitt  pond  105  feet 

Spare  and  twenty-five  deei>,  iviih  a  Higlit  nf  wtrps  on  «ach  aido. 
Mut  150  feet  from  the  tE>mpla  to  the  south-east,  am  some  highly 
cured  and  ap])artntly  very  old  remains  of  a  baildiog  said  to  have 
limn  dodioittid  to  Turtci  Dori.  Thu  MhlUra  reservoir  i»  huJlt  closo 
to  thi8  village.'  " 

Mukhpat,  three  milea  south-east  of  Ki-andol,  has  an  irreguhw 
platean,  with  a  jiond  named  t'adm^laya,  on  whose  banks  are  temples 
of  Iklahidov,  Miruli,  and  Ganpsti. 

Nagar  Devla,  a  Wpe  villa^i  nhnnt  five  miles  oast  of  Eajgaoii 
elation,  ha's,  to  the  wi^st,  a  ruined  ilemddpanti  temple  of  Mah&dev 
Ot^hteoH  feet  long  by  eight  broad  and  ton  high.  With  a  doorway 
but  no  walls,  all  that  is  left  is  tlm  roof  of  large  phiin  Htones 
sopported  on  pillars.     It  has  no  writing  or  local  legend. 

Na'ndre,  three  miles  Hoath  of  Mfihcji,  has  a  FTem^dpanti  well, 
apparently  of  great  age,  measuring  uiiioty  feet  CotlTway!!  at  the 
level  of  the  ground,  and  with  steps  on  three  sides.  It  is  not  now 
used  and  is  falling  to  ruin. 

Nandnrba'r,  the  tic«d-quarten*of  the  Nandnrb^r  snb-diviston, 
one  oT'tllS' oldest  if  not  the  otde^it  town  in  Khiindexh,  is  sittiatod 
thirty-lwo  mik-tt  north-west  of  Dhulia. 

Under  the  name  Ntuidigara,  NandurbAr  is  supposed  to  be 
mentioned  in  a  Kanberi  cave  inscription  of  the  third  oenlury.* 
Ao(K4^ng  to  a  local  story  it  was  founded  by  Nand  Qavli,  and 
romaincdin  tbo  hanilsofbi.*  family  till  the  arrival  of  the  Musalmitns, 
whose  leader  Samin  Moin-ud-din  Chishti,  helped  by  the  saint  Syod 
S&dit  Pir,  commonly  known  as  Syod  Ala-nd-dju  Pir,  totally  defmtod 
the  Oavli  king.'  About  the  middle  of  the  fourleesth  century 
(IS42),  Nandurbltr  was  visited  by  Ibn  llitlula  who  mentions  it  as  a 
place  inhabited  by  Mar&th&B.*  In  1^70  NaudurbAr  aloug  with 
8ulf4npnr,  was  taken  Iiy  Malik  RAja  {I37i)- 1-^90),  the  first  Fiirulri 
ruler  of  (Cliiinde^ih  ;  bat  Sultiin  Muzaffinr  GniarAti  rapidly  march ing  ^ 
against  him,  Malik  R^ja  was  forced  to  retire  to TTi&lncr.*  In  1429 
the  chief  of  JalwAm,  a  fiigitivo  from  dlajarit,  having,  by  the  help 
of  Malik  Nasir,  got  tlie  oemmaiid  of  a  small  force  to  assist  him  in 
releasing  his  country,  employed  it  in  plundering  Nandurbiir.*     In 


Chapter  Xlt 
Plaoeioflnteri 


MoKnr-iK 


KlAAB 


NiKtti 


Naitdvi 


Hidor^ 


*  Lmmo,  bd.  ah.  it.  83. 
lirinca,  enfj>gUig  in  pet  loail  coofliet  witb  tba  Mat,  Wtraek 


'  For  ileUib  wo  sbav*,  p.  142. 

•  III  Uie  Iwttlo  the  Q»rU  ]iRii«a,     „  „   „     . 
offhii  h«ad.    TlietiowUewbody  eiwtiiiiiM  toMbt.aail  the  tlindii  wmjr  (oiMd  with 
a  panic  B»d.     Tba  tnmk  Uien  uiatobed  np  th*  fioiui  ami   Iwl  tlis  vietanaaa  "rnvf  to 
■  miigkbiMnng  hill,  when  th«  «utfa  opoDM  and  iwallowtil  it  Mr-  J.  PoUan,  (X  a. 

•  Yit]«'t  Cahay,  II.  4I&  '  Briun'  Tot^hU,  ]V.  383. 

•  Br)«B>'  Pcri^U.  IV,  S93. 

B4U-S8 


tB^bfty  Gaxettwr, 


458 


DISTRICTS. 


PMkOffidt. 


1*i30,  lut  lie  liad  proiniaed  wheo  in  confinemont  st  Asirgad,  Ne 
liir  and  i^nttJiupll^  wore  made  otot  to  Mut><irBk  KliAn  Fiimki 
Mabainiiiftd  ShAli  IH.  wlipn  ho  Ixicnine  king  o(  Gujiirtit..'  In 
tixiulilod  riute  tliut.  tolluwed  Miiliamiuad'adealJi  (loGU-fJiJ),  Js'audurl 
imdBuli^opDrwereutTadedaQdtakonbjChuugDx  Efatui  of  Gi 
Sbortly  after  they  wun;  oj^in  jjivuii  ujJ.  Hut  io  th«  amkiigt  _^ 
tnado  uy  Aktinntlwut  tbo  cIiKitiuf  llie  ceutury  the^e  duti-icUt  wq 
liikon  truin  KhfJodeiahaikd  »"|f^^  orflt- to  MAlwa.  The  AjB-i-Akl 
ineutions  the  district,  tirkdr,  of  Xandnrbir  lui  im-iisiiriny  '>lt,"j 
acres  (9oO.C4)i  f»'jlnU),aad  yioldJiifi  a  yenrly  revenue  of  £12^,'l{ 
(50,1  t>2^-j()  tlilivu).  It  WHS  very  rich  in  musk  melons  and  grapea.' 
The  transfer  to  JA&lva,  if  ever  carried  out,  Hcoma  to  hxve  lasted  a  few 
y^rs  only,  as  early  in  the  «'Vf  nice  nth  ceuturj'^^609),  NaudurlMr, 
IfM^rhert,  lA  tneiitioned, amoH(t;Kli:iodt--Kli  towns,  aa  dealing  ill  brass 
ware,  snitsof  armour,  berries,  dru^H^pintadoosorcnlioocs,  cotton,  yam, 
wool,  nnd  coarse  cloth.  In  ItilO  it  i*  nolin^d  a*  a  city  with  a  au^tlu 
nnd  fair  ]ii>iid  with  niany  toinba  and  ])lmsure> houses.  Kifty  ymrs 
later  Tavernier  desciibes  it  aa  enjoyintf  considerable  prosperity  aad 
renowDed  for  its  grapes  and  melons.*  In  IOCS  an  hnglish  faciory 
was  Mtnblislied  at  Nnndnrtiiir,  and  iu  1670,  as  it  proved  an  im]x>rtant 
tT»ling  centre,  the  Ahmedabad  factoiy  was  transferred  to  it,  and 
spcciioeos  of  iis  produce  wero  sent  to  England.*  In  1(>95  it  wu» 
■  larigD  t«>wD,  no  rich,  that  on  one  occasion,  withont  any  general 
pillage,  a  sum  of  £170,000  (Ra.  17,00,000)  waa  raised  from  the 
tiankera'  With  the  rest  of  Kh^ndi<sh  the  (own  BufTered  dun'nf^ 
thtt  diniHtt'ni  at  (hn  opening  of  the  MineU-mith  century.  Wbeu 
acquired  by  the  British  in  1 819*  it  was  more  thtiu  half  deserted.  In 
18^0  it  is  menlionod  as  formerly  of  great  importance,  enclosed  by 
thv  mins  of  a  wnll  two  milM  sqitaro,  oontuiuing  5O0  huuM-s  and 
yielding  a  yearly  revenue  of  £1200  (Its.  12,000).  Near  it  were 
the  remains  of  many  tombs  and  temples,  showing  former 
pro«pt>rity."  Under  tho  British,  from  the  oot  of  trade  eastwards  tu 
the  ruilnay,  NaudurbilrhaH  never  recovered  its  former  im{M>rtnace. 
I'he  leading  exports  are  cotton,  linseed,  wheat,  gram,  and  grass  oil ; 
lhi!  Kiiiliiig  impurU,  salt,  cocoanuts,  and  spices.  Thu  chief  locnl 
manufacture,  extracting  grass  or  ronfia  oil,  givc»  work  to  about  10U 
stills.  This  oil,  exported  chiefly  to  Surat,  with  a  ploasant  though 
Btrung  scent,  has  hi-va  long  known  ns  a  euro  for  rlicumatisra. 

•The  town  has  the  courts  oE  a   m&mlatd&r  and  a    subordinnto 

i'udgu,  a  school  house,  miJiiict[>al  buildings,  and  a  poot  «>t1i(«.     'I'he 
872  population  was  720>3,  and  in  1870-80  the  municipal  ineomc  was 
JW10(I{s.4100). 

Tho  object  of  most  interest  is  the  old   fort  now  need  as  tito 
m&^latdAr's  oSiue.    It  is  a  common  mud  etrnctiirc,  tiko  those  found  ia 


I  Srign'  Fcrubu,  11.  3IGv  *  Briga'  FvrtHliU,  (V.  310. 

>  OiiHrirlB'*  Am-i-Akb«rl.  H.  43,  32S^  «  Xtvomlw  in  Harru,  U.  US. 

>  ADdvrMD'i  Bn^iih  In  WmUfii  ladiu,  160.  *  EUk>t,  VH.  SlSi. 

'  A  dllMhinaDt  nadar  Major  JHnliuu  took  M«M4»Joti  of  hiui>lDrl>d(,  u  um  of 
OMuidoraUe  tlu  in  IS18.  IIUDlltoii'H  Dm.  of  Bind.  Il-  lOO-lOl :  Itoos.  Guv.  "-• 
XCIIl.  4T8. 

'  UjiUcUu'e  CeDtnJ  ladl*,  U.  COS. 


Docciui.1 


KHANDKSH 


many  Kh&tklMh  towns  only  xomowluit  Hrgtir  aQ<l  strongrr.  InHido 
Arc  two  irells,  and  uutaide,  on  the  weat,  are  tiie  reroains  of  ao  old 
toosqite  and  a  ruiuod  tonttr  with  a  Ponuan  inxcriptioo  to  the  uffocb 
that  it  was  rcipairod  iiboiit  stivcnty  ycam  ago.  To  tlw  uortJi  of  £he 
fort  ii«  the  Ji&ma  moscjne  utippoaed  to  hare  been  bnilt  with  the  stones 
nf  a  Uiodn  temple.  Before  it  arc  two  modern  brick  minarvte.  To 
t ho  west  of  the  fort  arc  two  nn>sr|Uc!<,  one  old  and  built  of  stone 
kiiowii  JLH  (III!  Diigdi  or  At«ne  iii<vi(|ue,  suppoaed  to  be  of  the  same 
Bge  an  the  J^nia  moBC)iie ;  the  other,  known  aa  the  lilakka  musqno, 
JB  of  a  more  recent  duU'.  0<il#idv  Ibtt  Uiwit,  to  thv  north-pa^t,  is  an 
old  xhrine  and  inos'iuif  with  itn  inacription  stating  that  it  was  built 
in  ttio  T«igii  of  dkliar  15»:)  (!)9]  II.).  Ou  the  Baodlaroad,  a  littl«  to 
the  woat  of  the  town,  is  a  very  old  niuitqiie  known  as  Awal  ObiUi'a 
mosque.  AnothiT  v\d  mmqw,  with  a  worn-owt  Foi'Miaii  inswription 
on  two  tomlKt,  lii-s  to  the  south  on  the  b&aka  of  the  F^jhra ;  on  thn 
opposite  aide  of  tho  river,  to  the  Hoiitfa  of  tbe  town,  is  a  plw,x>  of 

Erayer,  id^iih.  A  wall  ia  all  tlint  now  remains.  At  the  foot  of  the 
ill,  ou  the  north,  and  betwoen  tho  Ferisbta  tomb  and  the  west  of 
the  town  in  tho  quarter  whcru  the  Mu-salnians  Ktttl  lire,  is  a  groat 
MoMalmAn  burying  ground  with  numbers  of  tombs. 

Of  Hindu  buildings  the  chief  are,  two  sncrod  to  Bjim  near  tbe 
Government  rej?t-boiuo,andouo  to  Vitthal  in  the  Desitipura ilivixion 
of  tho  town.  Thwe  are  also  aoveral  old  ponds  of  which  the  chief 
are  two,  known  as  the  Lai  Taltiv  and  the  Chdmhkdr  Talne  to  tho 
north;  two,  the  Wajga  and  Demi  Tnlam  to  the  west ;  and  oou,  Iho 
Pit's  Tatav,  tho  biggejtt  of  all,  to  t^  south.  Of  private  dwellings 
the  hoiiKe  of  tbe  Sar  Des&i,  said  to  bo  400  years  old,  is  the  most 
in  t  creating. 

Na'ra'yanptU*,  about  fire  miles  west  of  Nandarbdr,  has  an  old 
fort  close  to  a  et-one  dam  on  tho  Sbivnad  river.  A  little  way  up  the 
strenm  iH  a  well  lined  with  curioiwly  carvod  stones,  whiuh,  with 
some  othera  that  have  been  left  lying  about,  are  anppoaed  to 
belong  to  a  tumplo  that  originally  stood  in  tbe  Narjlyanpur  fort. 

Nu^K&bftf')  formerly  tho  chief  town  of  the  Naairalnd  sub. 
divbtiou,  Rlatids  about  aiit  milea  oast  of  •lalgaon  and  two  south  of  tho 
BhMli  niilway  station.  In  1672  it  had  a  populntion  of  i>'Ml  souls, 
chiefly  cultivator! ami  poor  Musnlmrin«,  with  a  few  weiilthy  Hriihniaus 
and  moneylenders.  The  streets  are  long,  irrejcfular,  and  narrow, 
and  thoagn  there  are  many  largo  four-storied  hoii;<cs,  the  whole  looke. 
poor  and  neglected.  The  old  fort,  which  commands  a  Gno  riew  of 
the  country  round,  has,  aince  tho  remoral  of  tho  mimlatd&r's  offioo 
to  Jalgaon,  been  allowed  to  full  into  ruin.  Part  of  it  is  now  us>»d 
as  a  Goremiuent  acliool'house.  The  manobcturo  of  glass  bangles 
is  still  an  important  industry  supporting  about  200  houAos  of 
KaniAnt  or  Musalmiiu  iMingli-iunJcers.  There  are  several  old 
iiioaquea  in  the  iicighbourhood,  said  to  have  been  built  by  tlio 
MusaLmin  deahmukh  family  of  the  town. 

KMir»bB<!,  formerly  an  open  village,  locally  known  a*  §olJi'imbhora 
from  its  having  aiyteen  \-illajfea  under  it,  was,  lieloro  ilie 
British  conquest,  eevcrul  times  plundered  by  I  be  SAtmiUa  BkiUt.     In 


Chapter. 
Places  of  lab 

Fm. 


KiaXrtsrt 


[^^bay  I 


400 


/ 


iMPVB. 


DISTRICTS. 


XIV. 

iHof  Int«rMt 


oenjV 


I  tbo 

'J 


IfiOl  it  WM  plninlerctl  by  «  frcohooter  named  JnljB,  and  Mgoif*, 
bofore  ih«  great  fiiniiuo  of  1803,  by  one  ol  tho  Piwhwa's  offii 
After  this  uie  villaffe  wall  was  bnilt  by  one  of  Uie  I'urandharitt  to 
whom  tfao  towo  was  girva  in  gmut. 

Nasratpur,  a  mined  Tillage  about  twenty  mile*  west  of 
CliiliBgaoo,  is  said  to  hare  beon  fonndod  by  n  family  named  Khoja. 
It  has  the  romuins  of  stroog  walU,  handsoiuo  bnildingH,  UDd  water 
worltn.  • 

Nava'pur,  in  the  Pimpaloor  eub-diviaion,  about  Iwenty-fonr  mtlea 
(j^ast  df  NizAmpor  on  tho  main  roiid  between  the  Deccan  and  tho 
Guiaret  cuu»t,  i«  menlioned  in  ICfiO  as  a  groat  town  full  of  weavcra. 
It  Vaa  also  famous  for  its  rice,  which,  thouffh  sniallL-r  than  comoKin 
rico,  when  boiled  was  white  Msaow  and  »mc!lod  lik«  musk.  It  wna 
BToatly  nriiu-d  by  gnuideeii,  and  was  aont  in  presents  to  Pvniit.' 
In  1660  it  is  mentioned  as  a  email  city  iu  BlUigu&ti  (our  ttaya  tram 
Hxtnt,  famous  for  white,  lui^  and  nioo  looking  grapes,  and  for 
nincli  cotton.  In  many  places  were  angarcane  gardens  and  all  tbo 
growers  had  mills  and  famaces.  There  wcm  moontains  hard 
cross,  and  bouutiful  plains  wutvrvd  with  Htots  and  streams.* 

Nir,  a  t(iwn  wilb,  in  1872,  t>G22  inhabitant*,  stands  on 
P&njhra  fourteen  miles  west  of  Dhnlia.  Akbnr  mado  Nir  the  b< 
qnnrU^m  of  a  sub-diriiiion,maAul,  in  thu  NandurMr  district,  nrlmr, 
with  a  yearly  revenne  of  £1807  (7,22,760  ddm»).  Traoes  of  its 
former  consequeuL-o  are  seen  in  the  Muhammadao  tombs  tlwt  stiU 
lino  the  Miaiu  nuid  leading  into  thit  town.  T.jkv  tfao  neighbouring 
villages  it  suffered  macE  during  thu  Pdujlira  flood  in  1872.  Tho 
housos  in  Nir  aro  like  those  in  the  old  town  of  Dhnlia.  Most  of 
its  poople  aro  hiiMbaudmco  and  its  truilu  is  merely  total.  It  i 
{wovided  with  a  post  office. 

Niaa'mpiir,  the  head-quarters  of  a  petty  division,  about 
miles  uorth-euKt  of  Pimpalner,  was,  t»  ihe  bi'ginning  of  tlie 
seveuteentboemury  (1610), the  first  greut  town  between  Kurat  and 
^gra.'  Fragments  of  Ilem^oami  temples  show  that  before 
Kiusabn^  times  NixAmpur  wa«  u  ploeo  of  consequence.  The  only 
object  of  intorost  is  an  old  wall  preserved  stone  and  cement  Jain 
temple  serenty-five  feet  by  fifty-ninu,  dedicated  to  Pdrtusimtb  Iho 
twoQty-third  of  tho  Jain  saints. 

£Iizarde7,  in  forest  land  about  eight  miles  north  of  Chopds, 
baa  a  hot  Hpring.  Ki«ing  uppwrontly  in  the  bed  of  thu  Gavli,  the 
Vater  nsod  to  How  through  the  bead  of  a  cow,  fixed  iu  the  side  of  a 
six  feet  sniiara  cistorn  that  dates  from  pre-ilusalman  or  Garli  lUj 
times,  now  the  watur  triclElus  from  a  cleft  in  thu  rock,  u  lillle 
thu  sidu  of  this  cistern.     The  cistern  is  empty,  and  the  spring 


to^ 


>  Tavantierin  Huri*,  II.  SflS.' 

*Th*Tannt'iVnyagea,  V.  4!I,3I0.  Is  thiiMinaiMiy  odiorpMMgMTarcniier   . 
to  h*T«  biMTOwal  fiufn  TbHVcix-L 

■  Pinch  Ol  Hurn.  I.  SI-    Ip  lh«  y<ur  Mora  (IWO)  Sdhuk  M«nM  morria.  I.  9S) 
nier  (•'•it  m  Nahoa.  ■  (.bccmtk  exports  of  gnin, cotton,  wd  mol,  sod  wb«re 
gt««  in  gTMt  sbandutcn. 


']>Mcaa.l 


KHANDESH. 


Ml 


tost  its  virtae.  Thermomotor  roadings  ranrt  a  teniporaiare  of  100° 
at  sunrisu  and  103°  »t  noon.  ColonrlevKnnil  varlliy  m  tosU;,  Honlfftis 
lioe  luilctl  to  trace  in  the  water  aaj*  mediciuiil  jtrupertieti.' 

Pa'chora,  tho  liotul-qn&rtvn  of  thu  P&chom  Bub-division,  with, 

I  in  1872,  a  pciiiulRtion  di  2723  souls,  vtiuidj*  on   the  rnilw»y  lino 

]  thirly-five  inile»  3outJi>east  of  Dhulia  an<l  231  from  Bombay.     It  is 

»the  nearest  atation,  twentjT'fiTe  milea  from  tbe  Ajunta  cavos.     Except 

tho  tnicc*  of  a  wnll  and  the  old  fort  wlicru  the  mnmlatd^'s  oSiCfl 

i*  held,  tho^f^  in  noikinj^old  iu  FAchora.     A  good  well  shaded  road 

runs  betwt!«n  it  and  tho  railway  station,  and  it  has  a  travellers' 

bungalow  and  u  pout  ofhcv. 

Fa'dalsa,  on  high  ground  overlooking  the  plain,  iihoiit  Kix  mfieH 
south-west  of  SAvda.  has  a  toniplo  lo  Bliilol)a  eighly-five  feet  by 
eixty-six  and  fifteen  high.     It    is  i^aid  to  liavo  bwjn  built  about  100 

i  vears  ago   by  a  deroleo,  bltaijat,  numed  Krishna  whoso  gmndeon 

'  iceepa  it  iu  repair. 

B(jXa  ruined  town  in  the  V£l  lappa  in  SAvda.  on  a  table-Iaod 

jin  tbo   KAtpuda   lulU  fomU-en  miles  norlli-nvMl  of  RAver  is   said 

|t«   have  one©   boon   tho   chief  of  aeyeaty-thrco    TJIIagea.      It  is 

siud  to  hiivK  bcon  uhnndoni'd  aUiul  Iho  iK'ginni'ng  of  the  cighteonth 

I  century,  nnd  attlieintroductiuu  of  Hnlish  mln  waw  utterly  degolato  and 

liufi)at«d  with  wild  beasta.     In  l62l>SabAbdAr  NimbAlkar,  a  brothor 

'  of  tho  proprietor  of  YAvtd,  offered  to  re-poopl«  PAl  if  Government 

iftdvanoedhimasumuf  JE:2540(]i8.  2&,-t00).     But  Captain  Briggii  did 

not  advise  tiovemment  to  favour  the  proposal.     After  1620,  aereial 

I  attempts  were    mado  to  re-people,  tJie  place,    but  on  account  of 

lits  deadly  climate  and  of  the  m^iLgeit   of  wild  keaifta,  none  proved 

ttncoecwful.     At  last,  in   li^6f>.70,  Mr.  James,  C.S.,  induooa  some 

I  cultivators  to  scttio,  and  tliere  am   now  six  hundred  inhabitants, 

Exivpt  the  founder  of  the  colony,   Shiv  ChAraa  pAtil,  a  Pardeehi 

.  BrAhman  who  has  built  a  good  bouso,  repaired  a  few  old  wells  and 

brouffht  nearly  GOO  acres  under  tillage,  tho  people  are  very  poor, 

And  tne  village  is  little  more  than  s  collection  or  huts.   Tho  site  of 

the  old  town   soentH  to   bo  a  triangular  piece  of  ground,  about  s 

aquare  mile   iu  area,  enclosed  between  two  mountain  strains  and 

the  8nki  river. 

Trace*  remain  of  tho  wall  and  battlementa  of  the  old  tort  with 
ita  Banking  towvrs.  Aboot  two  bandrod  yards  east  of  thu  fort, 
I  in  what  seems  t4>  have  been  the  centre  of  the  main  street  of  ^faa 
'  town,  an  old  etono  moitqno  slandjt  inside  an  enclosure,  enterecl 
by  a  stately  arched  gateway  atrongtltened  by  brickwork  battle- 
ments. Ou  each  side  of  the  cnolosare  are  the  ruins  of  rooms,  and 
to  the  righiuf  the  mosque,  a  doorway  opeii.s  on  steps  that  leadtotho 
roof  of  theec  huildinga.  The  mosqoe,  of  black  stone  without  uetnenti 
meaeuivs  twonty-ncven  feet  square.  Thutigb  its  front  pillars  are 
isiioh  weatlwr*wom  and  Boma  of  the  blooJiut  have  beeo  displaced. 


Pii 


1  Tho  dotaib  in  gftia»  ia  tha  wUoa  btb  :  Uitii  •■>llil»  liy  ovaporatioi,  SI  "4 ; 
nraiuiic nstt«<,  3'3  ;  (ilieBUidin«i,S'4:liBM^  ni)a«ieliloriil«Maodiiiiii,8:  lulphBtM^ 
S^nUrmtcajktncoiiutritWfnoaeilMiiliiw^l-jei.  lirt  id  Anihwological  lUiMtn*,!?. 


IBomlMtf  I 


4CS 


DISTIUCTS. 


Viu 


Fifiou. 


ipter  XIV.  thu  main  bnildhig  is  well  preserved.  Boliind  iho  ino»qae,  a 
(o7later«lL  ''•'''"  notb-wetit,  stauds  a  cnrnvftnsiTai,  alxxit  200  feet  m\ 
njth  a  ^tGway  facing  wonl.  NoUiiiijr  n'mnius  but  th"  four 
uuil  Ibu  pliutlut  idiuwing  the  position  uf  lUc  (liiy<-ifut  ny^>m.t. 
iiig  from  tlio  uianuue  towards  tho  fort,  B  once  well  paved  road  l 
down  to  the  NA^qiri  funntniti,  a  litllv  vi«lvm  of  puru  wak>r  o' 
Bbsdow&d  by  a  grovo  of  wtdl  grown  trc«t«.  'I'lio  oisteru,  tifly 
by  thirty,  itt  i«iid  In  bo  fed  fn^ra  Jie  old  fort  well,  with  whicli  i 
joined  by  an  undergroimd  pii«o.  TTio  supply  of  wMur  is  largo,  tta 
uvurllow  paftaing  to  thu  river  tbruui^b  thirt^n'ii  iDuutli.t  <nit  in  ite 
cistorii'jf  «ide.  Under  a  banyau  tree  uverUmking  thiit  cint 
little  bungalow  haa  been  built  by  Mr,  J.  PoUfln>  with  a  flig! 
Bl«p8  leading  to  a  email  gurdtiu  lK'Hi<lti  lliu  cinturD.  Bivpa  of 
arg  Uie  only  tmcxM  of  private  bnildiuga. 

Pala'sda,  about  twenty  tniloB  north-west    of  Jalgson,  hai, 
lunall  bill  iic4ir  the  nioctiug  of  the  Girun  and  Titpti,u  well  pn 
templa  of  EUmoitbvar  seveJit«ci»  feet  by  fonrt«o&  and  twealy-oBB 
higb.* 

Pa'rola,  north  latitude  20°  56' and  ontit  loDgitndo75°  I4',a  hurg* 
Btrnggliiig  mnnicipal  town,  furntcrly  of  en  n  Hid  arable  importoiwQt 
Hituated  in  the  Amniueraub'diviMou  twenty-four  inilea east  of 
and  twenty-two  west  of  the  Hhaaivad  railway  station,  hud,  in  1 8' 
populntioQ  of  Vl;ZVo  souls,  and  in  187d-dO  a  municipal  reveu 
i383  (Ra.  8830). 

From  a  small  village  of  Bfty  bouses,  Pilrela  is  i;aid,  abont 
yvara  ugo,  u>  have  been  raised  be  the  poKition  of  a  wiUle<i  town  by 
itH  proprietor  l^riSttd^^v  D&modar.  At  the  beginning  of  Uritiso 
rule  (1818),  L&Ia  dUu  Jb^i&ikarrby  the  strength  of  his  fort 
hy  tbe  promise  of  tihikring  in  the  KpoiU  taken  by  his  meree 
Inuids,  induced  many  meix^hantu  to  settle  in  Pfirola.  The 
anoca  caused  in  tho  villages  round  and  an  attompt  to  aa 
Captain  Rrigg«,  brought  on  the  proprietor  iho  wmtli  of  the  B: 
(iorrrumenl,  and  tbongh  allowed  to  keep  his  estate,  he  was 
to  give  up  liif  f'lH.  (1^21),  Dcprivod  of  their  illegal  gains 
tmideni  gradually  loft  for  Uhnlia  and  other  inartit.  8till,  in  1837, 
Pirola  was  onu  of  tliv  largest  and  most  proKperoiis  towns  in  KhAn- 
desh  with  many  woavera  and  a  con-sidonible  tmdo.'  In  18-j7  the 
proprietors  wore  found  to  bo  dislo)'al,  and  their  estate  was  oonfia- 
CRtftd  and  the  ton's  rosumod.  Much  of  the  town  is  now  deaerted, 
^nd  though  tliu  hou-te-s  about  thu  fort  and  along  thu  in»do  roads 
appear  prosperous,  tbe  bulk  of  the  people  are  poor.  MoHt  of  the ' 
houses  have  tiled  roofs,  and  some  ore  two  or  even  three  stories  high. 
The  town  has  tbrcu  vernacular  schools. 

1%!  chief  trade  is  in  womeus'  robes,  .{ujr'^,  and  other  female ' 
intrments  for  which  tho  Piirola   weavers   lure  a  high  local  name. 
Of  late,  nndor  the  oompelition   of  HJndnsUni  goods,  the  deinand  , 
for  Ptirola  cloth  hna  greatly  fallen  and  many  of  (he   weavers  have 


1  Bam.  (Jov.  Bov.  Rm.  50  of  1823,  IH.ia?. 
>  Or.  C%rit.  Sp«u,  VUL  1S8L 


J7MMV 


B0CI1II.I 


KUANDESU. 


463 


ken  U)  IiiiMbiiiiilry.     Krom  Kovnmbcr  U>  June  tlioro  ia'a  consider*       Qiaptar 
tlo  tniili!  in  L-»tl]e,  cotUin,  am)  fn'i^in.  Plan*  of  lot 

The  chief  olijeot  «f  intereat  in  tlip  fort,  nitnnted  on  the  plnin.  bnilt  pjlaoLA. 

nut  loU  years  a^   {I7'i7)  liy  J^^hmUr  llari  Sadftwhiv  IMnirxUr.  /^ 

ia  Klill  uDii  ul  tltii  Cme^t  arehiUM^Iunii   r4-in»i>m  of  its  kind  in 
"   -U,    and    must    at   one    time  Iiave    beon  a  place  of  f(Teat 
Builti  of  stom-  and  loortar,  about  o25  Ivt  long  by  435 
i.  It.  in  Humiiiiidtril  hy  ii  mmit.widcnnd  touninlM  ihi>  «»at  into  & 
irvoir  with  aieiw  im  lliree  aides,  th«»«  on  the  west  beinj;  of  the 
dalo  as  the  fort,  and  those  on  thv  east  not  so  oM.     TIte 
.oewntffonnurly  prot^vtedbyadmwhridfri'of  rMftvniiind  large 
ing  Utvicrn.     liutid<!  the  fort  wore  ndditiunnl  foftifieaUanii,   vid 
lircjpriett^r's   mansion  was    very  strongly  built  of  atone  and 
irtar  with  a  square  opening  in  tbo  centre,  all  the  mat  being 
d   over,   not  tinlikw  Ilio  SliuuvAr  pnlnco  lit  Poona.'      After 
7  llie    jimprietor  naa    diiinosaeccsed    nitd   tliv  fort  dismantled, 
g  uoTC  romainB  except  the  walla  and  one   large  building,  tho 
part  of  which  in  <ioi;iipifld  by  Hie  mali/dkiiri  and  the  npper  by 
tnunicipal  oQice.     The  ditch,  said  at  one  time  in  hum  kept  full 
water  ul  the  year  round,  ia  now  dry  during  the  hot  weather. 
>t«ide  tho  town  are  sorcnkl  old  iiiowiuu:;,  and  not  tar  from   the 
ta  a  gnux-fu!  minaret,  like  those  on   the  KurhAnpRr  road.      To 
MUt  of  the  fort  iaaplain  shrine,  darg^ih,  called  luiilm  BAdahlih's, 
containing  Die  tombs  of  two  brothers   Itu&m  and  BddsliiUi. 
building  is  ihirly-one  foet  rtqiiaro  and  fifteen  high,  witha  small 
I  at  each   corner  of  tlie  roof  and  a  large  spire  in  the  centre, 
lower  part  of  the  building  is  of^lain  stone,  the  upper  of  ceraont- 
d   brick   nod  lime.      It  U  said   to   have  been   bnilt  by   (ho 
Ji^^liirddr  SadiUhir  lUmodar.     F>rt;ry  year  in  the  month  of 
(August)  a  three  days'  biir  is  held. 

Hindu  buildings  the  chief  are  a  tomple  of  carved  stone  to  Rim, 
nd  eacrcd  to  Maluldev,  and  a  third  to  Bhnv^ni.  1'he  Sv&mi's 
iple  at  PArola  ia  a  fine  stone  building  tneuty-foar  feet  sqnare, 
ih  a  brick  spire  highly  ornamenlod  with  cement  fibres,  tho 
>le  forty  fe<!t  high.  It  ia  said  u>  have  been  built  by  Trimbakr^T 
^hiv  Jiighirdiir.  Another  temple  to  JhapAtn  Bhavn,  alao 
uted  to  TriinbiikrAv  Sadtiahir,  contains  four.handed  images  of 
ipati  and  of  Devis,  and  an  elegant  highly  ornamented  canopy, 
Vt.  A  yearly  fair  is  held  in  Vaigh/ilJt  (ilay).  The  lempls  is 
;y-eight  fwtt  long  by  fifty-six  bmad,  and  orer  the  shrine  has 
spire  thirty-five  feet  high.  Like  the  Svdmi's  temple  tho  body  of 
be  building  is  of  stone  and  tho  spire  of  brick.  About  a  quarter  of 
I  mile  out  of  Panila  on  the  Dhiilia  road,  a  very  graceful  canopy, 
Malri,  nlone  below  and  brick  above,  tbirty-thi^ee  f  cut  high  and  tweivo 
!eel  nqnare  at  tho  base,  ctHhrincs  an  impression  of  tho  foot,  pvXvka, 
if  Girdhar  Sheth  Biiliiji  Ville. 

a  deserted  nUage,  about  ten  miles  eooth-wesi  of  Chilis- 
e  entrance  to  one  of  tbo  chief  paaaea  throagh  tiw  Stoailla 


SVagAhl 


Fin>i. 


iPombsy  Oatette«r, 


4C4 


DISTRICTS. 


apter  XIV. 
M  of  laterott. 
Patxa. 


fc. 


hi)lK,  is  probably  one  of  the  oldest  settlemeDta  in  Khfindesh.'  Tl 
chief  reniaiiia  are,  iu  the  glonlMiliind,  n  l«mple  of  Msh^ev,  vrith 
writing  or  logond,  aitd  of  which  ouly  the  voxtibolo,  tabha  m- 
rvtniuiuf.  Built  of  stoue  in  the  llamildpani  i  jitvle.  and  containioi 
in  [oirly  good  order,  Ibo  liny  aau  sacral  bull,  nnd  tho  imng«s 
Ganpati,  Ijakshmi  MdrAyan,  and  Pirviui,  tin?  tomplu  is  crowded 
pillunt  atipportod  uii  small  smne  e1ep)innt<<,  tike  thi>Aft  nt  llm  ' 
oavo  in  Blura  (725  a.d.).  The  ^tire  baildinf;  is  seventy-g 
long  thirty-six  brood  uQd  eightMMi  bighi  nnd  the  doora  and  pillai 
are  richly  carted.  A  stone  in  the  resiibule,  nahha  wiaiH'tp,  hemn 
Saajlcrit  inflcription  in  Bilbodh  character,  of  which  only  the 
11^  (1095  ghai^e)  \ias  been  rnad.  Another  temple  on  the  villi 
site,  llurty-nine  foot  long  eighteen  wide  imd  twelve  high,  i«  b 
in  plain  uncarved  Uemidpaoti  style.  There  is  no  writing  »nd  t 
only  imago  is,  above  the  outer  door,  a  small  naked  figure  in  the 
Attitude  of  conteui[>l»liou,  and  Ijiickvtl  by  n  mrved  cnnopy,  ehkaM, 
On  the  village  site  is  a  third  temple,  cimall  and  iu  ruiu.t,  vritb  only 
the  cell  in  fair  preservation.  The  whole  appears  to  hmre 
been  thirty-one  feot  long,  twonty-«ovon  bro»d,  and  10}  high. 
Tho  pau-t  still  in  fuir  preserrntiou  ia  16)  feet  long  by  six  bnnil. 
Gxoepl  that  above  the  door  is  a  damaged  image  of  (Sanpati 
the  bnildiug  ia  plain.  Of  it«  origin  no  inurription  or  le<^end  tuia 
been  found.  Haifa  mile  from  tho  village,  towards  llio  hill  on  lb 
opposite  or  eikit  bank  of  the  stream,  is  a  temple  of  Devi, 
flight  of  twenty-fire  steps,  leading  down  to  the  stream,  has  on  one 
aide  a  lump  jiillar,  dipmal,  one  much  older  than  the  other.  Thi 
building  i»  a  ciuadrangle,  surrouRded  by  tttone  and  cement  veran- 
dahs, olat,  with  a  rained  i-oof  and  shrine,  tn  the  shrine  arc  three 
cells  in  a  lino  and  a  smuller  cell  facing  tho  third  coll.  Two  of  thi 
threo  main  cells  hiive  Umja,  and  twu  hiivo  images  of  gwldettsei 
and  sacred  buUtt.  The  third  with  an  image  of  IXivi  is  the  onl 
one  still  worshipped.  The  small  cell  on  toe  left  haa  tax  image  t  , 
Yishnn.  In  the  v<.Mitilmlu  are  repreeen  tat  ions  of  the  Sheshasmiytt 
Dovi,  and  Lakshmi  ft^rdyan.  Tlie  cell.t  and  tho  \-eHtitmte  are 
bnilt  in  FT<-itiu<]paati  style  and  tho  ground  is  pavod.  The  building 
contains  thirty-live  |>tllaris  some  roimd  and  wime  fonr-oomered,  and 
aomn  of  them  with  new  stone  Kuppurtn.  Tho  pillars  and  d<H>rs  are 
to  some  extent  ornamented.  Tho  niine<l  waltn  have  in  places  been 
repaired  with  brick.  Tho  entire  luiilding  is  sixty-nine  feet  long, 
forly-fire  broad,  and  fourteen  high.  At  an  outer  oenior  of  the 
temple  ist  a  tstooo  with  a  Sanskrit  inscriptiou.  lit  the  vestibule  ia  a 
tomb  of  Kaahera  Svfai,  who  ia  mud  to  llave  brought  the  Devi  to 
the  pIaco''by  hia  prayors,     A  amall  yearly  fair  is  hold  in  March. 

On  the  bill  side,  half  u  mile  to  tho  eouth-eaat,  is  a  cave  known  as 
ShriogAr  Chanri.  cut  ont  of  tlie  tnip  rock  wfth  onvoi  ninira  verandah. 
The  cuvfl  haa  a  frontage  of  'lh{  feet  by  7)  and  8)  high,  and 
contains  five  ornamented  pillars.      Within  tho  door  ia  a  spaco  of 


1 1t  VI  intBtiwiBd  Inr  Bhiilmiclulrys  nndor  the  nunc  of  JiuIvitL 
Bhiaku'a  BraadMD  Cba3iEr«!E3iBrted  a  Milan,  tMolh.  toto»cli  hu 
woriw,    J<w.  R.  A.  8.  Kew  %akm.  L  AW.  •->-==»- 


na 

I 


COB.) 


khandesh. 


AG5 


ttightecQ  Cect  by  Dftcon  niui  lOJ  high,  ptais  aod  witli  no  nillara  or 
imai^it.  A  water  cistero  U  cut  in  the  rock  outside  of  tlio  cnvo. 
Near  the  Shriaciir  Chatiri,  and  hnlf  wajr  up  tliu  hill,  is u  second  mro 
called  the  Bitw  NliAni.  It  is  dividod  into  two  {larta,  an  outer  and 
ail  inner,  the  outer  measuring  twenty-one  feet  long  by  71  broad  and 
eight  bi.(;h,  and  thu  inner  twenty  by  fifteen  and  eight  high.  I'he 
roof  of  ouch  jwrt  Is  kept  «[>  by  two  plain  Hqnare  piilan*.  mtrtUjun, 
a  third  cave  on  the  wav  front<  the  Sita  Nbdni  to  theDevrs 
ttmiple,  consists  of  a  g&llery,  padatfuili,  and  an  iunvr  cave,  tbo 
former  twenty-ou«  foot  by  six,  tholatt«r  twunty-four  foot  by  I!li  with 
an  average  fa«ight  of  eight  feot.  Tba  gallery  haa  two  pillars,  and 
there  are  two  more  in  the  infdde,  all  to  some  extent  omamesfbd. 
Within  are  three  seated  figurce,  the  contro  ouu  in  an  attit^ide  of 
contemplation.  To  the  right  of  the  whole  group  ia  a  aniall  caW  live 
foot  Mtpiare,  and  lit  the  right  em!  of  the  gallery  is  another  cell  lOJ 
feet  E^uare,  and  at  the  left  end  a  water  eiatem.  The  cavo  bus 
neither  writing  nor  Icfflind . 

Fhsrka'nde,  six  miles  soutli^west  of  Grandol,  baa  a  moaqoe  bnilt 
about  150  years  ago  by  one  Chjlnd  Momin,  with  two  minarets  said 
to  be  f-:>  sonsilivo  that  when  one  ia  shaken  the  othor  moves.  In 
18;J7  it  is*  mi:'iitii)ui>«l  us  once  a  place  of  conaequonco,  Btill  baring 
some  good  MnsstniSu  buildings.' 

Pimpolgaon  Budrak,  about  six  miles  south-east  of  Varkheds, 
ID  I'^honi,  hik<  a  fine  old  temple  to  Uari  Hsrcsbvar   Mahudev, 

Phero  in  January  a  yearly  fair  ik  held.     The  temple  rovennea  are 
rawn  from  the  village  of  JaokhL'tls; 

Pimpalner,  with,  in  1872,  3972  inhabitants,  the  bead-quarters 
of  llui  I'tWpiilner  sub-dirisiou,  li«s  under  the  liilU  ou  the  river 
P&ijbm  about  forty  miles  west  of  Dhulia.  Except  several  line 
two-storied  bouses  in  the  main  Htrcet,  the  buildings  are  low  and 
moan.  Pimpaluer  is  probably  a  pIn«o  of  cousiduniblo  age.  It  is 
mentioned,  in  1630,  as  the  Hcene  of  the  doft>at  of  the  rebel  general 
Khdn  Jah^n.'  The  chief  trade  of  the  town  is  westward  with  the 
D^gs.  Itw)ha  or  gnuM  oil  is  sent  to  Snrat.  The  inward  tiado  in 
in  articles  wanted  for  local  use  only. 

On  the  river  bank  to  the  weitt  of  tho  town  stands  the  old  fort^ 
now  osed  as  the  mJmlatdftr's  office.  To  the  north  ia  a  very  old  and 
large  (omplo  to  R&m,  and  in  tho  woodland  to  tho  east  are  a 
reservoir  and  a  Mahitdev  U^uiplc  of  eousldenilile  age.  Besides  tho 
remains  in  Pimpalner  itself,  namberlesa  fiagmeats,  apparently 
of  the  itame  class  of  buildings  aa  tho  HemMpyntF  totnttlna,  are 
scattered  in  many  of  the  villages  «t  tho  foot  of  tho  liills  Muth 
of  the  P&njhra.  These  h-ogments  ore  generally  single  pijlani 
cnriou«ly  carved,  cvidentty  very  old,  and  often  bnilt  into  other 
buildings.  The  mo«t  conspicuous  is  in  u  village  about  five  miles 
aonth  of  Pimpalner.  There  is  also  a  Ueuiiidpanti  rovtervoir  at  the 
Tillage  of  Isora  six  miles  Dwth-weat  of  Ihi8dBa>  on  the  road  (o 
MAIpur. 


Chapter 
Places  of  Inttr 


h 


)  Or.  Chm.  Speo.  Till.  1S8. 

•  Bii.bUli  Htaut  ia  ISUat'i  UktMy,  VIL  IS.  17. 

a  4n-fi9 


PlUBKinW. 


PturAuuejl 

BCDllDS. 


PutPALSUt. 


lT7ni[|i'».^i  I  ■ 


[BqpilHiy 


400 


DISTUICTS. 


fUirAKKIlKUJ. 


XTT.  Pimparlthedat    ftiz    milea    Durili-i<4Uit  of  Bhadgano 

I  of  InUrwt.  ''''''^'"'"' "'&''.  tiaa  »  roinad  U'mple  of   I'areslintr  Miihfidt"v,   wil 
niinEd  tveorroir.     Thy  t«tnpk>,  built  of  "loiio,  brick,  nnd  mort 
uuiK]nuif(tiW  with  a  (IomuhI  n'(if  nine  fpoi  }>y  six  ami   Iwilvw 
Soutli  uf  iKe  t«iiiplu  the  {iimd,  huilt  of  stone  and  mortar,   Rixtjr 
by  forty-fivo  and  twelve  deep,  has  flights  of  Btone  Bt«pH  on  the  ds 
east,  and  south  sides.     Tfaou^li  in  hiul  mpnir,  it  in  tiiill  in  nse. 

Praka'sha,'  a  mimicipiil  towii^n  Hhitiuldii,  ffilli  8fti;>  iTihoIjitJ 
ouiil  in  IH79>8Q  ou  iurome  nf  CIU   (Uh-  ).'>S0),  lies  on  tho  Uiokl 
Tf&pti  at  its  tneoting  with  two  tributaries,  twonty-firc  miles 
west   uf  Dhnlia.     Alonfr  thu  pvor    biuik   are  many  fine    hue 
inlflibitMl  vliiofly  by  wnallby  (Tujor  Kunhia  and  Gnjnrflt  IlriUit 
and  scattered  here  and  there  many  temples  more  or  less 
Of  tlii'MO  the-  vhiot  arc :  Tu  tho  vast  of  tho  town,  on  tb<!  bnnks  of  i 
(lomi,  nu  old  teinpld  of  OawtamfghTar  MriuUit!v.  Mud  to  Uiw  bt. 
builL  by  one  of  tJio  Uolkars.     B?rery  twiqlw  years  on   the   eutruri 
of  tlio  plauot  Jupiter,  j^iiru,  into  tho  t-oncti'llalion  of  Ibo   Li< 
ginhtulh.  ft  fair  in  hold  in  honour  of  ihiit  Muli^luv.     Between 
rivers  lies  nnotbiT  fatnous  t4tniplu,  known  as  tkiugameiahTar  Msl 
dev,  so  Mnsalni^  in  i^tyle  tliat  it  looks  as  if  it  were  a  convei ' 
mosqno.     Thre^  gyiBJtpt  jpyniptkiiui.  two  in  the  !ilirinf>  aud  ono 
thu  vestibiilo,  statu  that  it   was  hiiilt  in   l7-ir>  [lt>G7  8Aii/>V-i'Ai^ 
On  till)  west  liett  a  temple  sacred  to  the  goddess   Ml&nKiimiri 
containing  her  ima^  with  eightoon  arms.     Next  is  a  temple  sa 
lo  Ki'diiresbvar  Muluidev,  witli,  un  tho  itoulli,  n  psTement  fifty-t 
feet  long  and   seventeen  broad.and  a  lamp-pillar  foTty>threo 
high.     A  flight  of  stone  steps,  160   feet  by  luty-five,  Iwids  tu 
rivur.     Tu  tho  north  lies  another  MabitdeT  temple,  Iiaviug  on 
gates  ft  tine  car\'ing  of  two  oU'phant«,  and  in  a  rcoess  on     ' 
an  illegible  iQRori|itio»  eontaimn^  the  date  174'2  (IGC-i  SI. 
A  stone  mosque,  built  by  one  Alain  Miya,   lies  to  tho  south  o( 
MAumVpuri  temple. 

Raikot  Fort,  alstj  called  tUrrDR,  in  th«  Pimpalnerfiob-divtsi^ 
about  twenty  miles  north-west  of  t*impa]nor,  haa  a  strong  nat 
]MMitiun.     lu  ltJ02  very  little  of  thu  defeDces  remained.* 

Ba'Jdair,  or  Dohera  Port,  in  the  Cbalispion  snI>.divisiou, 
about  fourteen  mik-s  suuth-west  of  CbAlisgaou,  i.t  naturally  very 
stcting.  It  is  merely  a  high  precipitous  monntain  possessing  oo 
worktt,  oxcvpt  such  as  luiTO  been  cons ti^cted  for  tho  defence  of  a 
^larrow  traversing  foot[»tli,  cut  through  the  rock  with  great  labour 
and  »ix;iirfd  by  gates.  The  entranoe  into  KAjduir  resembles  tbat 
of  the  fftme<l  Datdtabad,  except  that  it  is  open  at  the  top  instead 
of  being  altogether  ondorground.*     In  Igig,  above  tku  gatoa  and  all 


Raik&t  Fomt. 


K,Jl  jnhitt. 


Bt4^H 


■  Tha  njuna  U  aud  to  onaao  tnrn  Ihn  rwppcarsiiM,  prnUA,  <4  Urn  Ptyoatni.  • 
(e«(1ar  n(  (ha  Taptt,  purt  ot  vhoao  voar**  i«  widemraanaL 

*  Oovemmant  li>t  of  CivU  Fort*,  ISCS. 

*Tho|i«iH>^  iulo  DkoJuhaalconUlntMvenl  inn  gate*,  ftndtbv  motliod  pnipiiMd 
((«  UmIt  datwM  la  tha  i^illun  of  nmibiittiMa  mattM  haoptd  ImI>i*><1  Uiom  whm- 
over  tbey  ahikll  ba  tbrnatwad.     )liil  iii<tn|wndunl  of  tha  f^i^^^|^>  i»tu  u^r  U'ug 


D«ccaiLl 


KUi.ND£Sn. 


oIoD^  tbe  praoipice  wliich  commands  the  pussgo,  fltonM  wore  m\ed, 
whiuli  nIoDo  aSonied  tho  mentis  of  sufiUHont  ommitittoii.  Loop- 
1b>Ii!s  iinil  t<nibriu<tirB»  wiiro  tiliti'  cut  tiirituji^h  the  Holiil  rook,  1o  roku 
the  trftvi;r!*«  imixiitwively,  aud  tUo  fnrt  was  aboiKlitutly  watered.  lu 
spito  of  ita  great  strength,  and  thouf^h  it  had  a  year's  proTinoDs, 
it  WW  captured  by  a  dutachmuut  trndur  Litiulvuiiiit-CoKinot 
MacDuwoll.  Tho  garrisua  ivfutiing  to  taurrunder,  battorii-K  wvru 
orocted.  Tlieir  fire  was  so  effective  thai  the  ^rrison  offered  to 
KtiiTcndcir  if  they  reoeiyed  thoir  arrearii  of  pay.  Tho  iii<>8S(jngon 
wfru  told  that  iiothin^  mora  thna  their  prirato  pntjwrty,  nnd 
freedom  to  ^o  v.)ii:tv  they  oho«o,  could  !»  gmtit«d,  and  w«ro  sent 
bock  with  a  nwpiu.-  of  two  houra  to  opnaidor  the  tenus.  They  lyd 
■oarroly  gained  tlie  interior  of  the  fort,  when  it  waa  obBerved  to 
be  on  fin\  There  wore  fr^nent  oxphisions,  and  Ihusv  within,  in 
tho  ncrviitVKt  tvrror  and  ounftiition,  ciidearourcd  to  guiu  iIh^  oHl«ido. 
This  waa  i^fTectod  with  much  difiieiilty,  owing  to  tho  obHtrni-lioua 
of  the  passage  ;  which  ahortly  becaiiio  so  warm,  that  a  party  sent 
to  Koiju.'  it  waB  unable  to  ciidtire  tho  hwit,  Undt-r  cover  of  tho 
night  tho  gn-ntiT  jmrl  of  (In-  giirriaon  oscHi>pd.     Forty  wcr«  brought 

EriBOnera  aud  tieveu  found  alive  in  the  plaoe.  Tho  cause  of  the 
ro  WHS  never  found  out.  It  waH  probiibfy  <hw  to  tho  buratiug  ol 
Bome  ahvl)  that  for  a  timo  had  Iniu  (guiel.  Within  were  twelve 
pieces  of  ordniinct!  of  different  sizex,  and  some  t3<eaRure  was  found 
»iiiou>^  the  aHhes.' 

Ra'm    Tala'v,  or  Suna'bder,  hot  springa  are  ta  a  narrow 

Srge  formed  by  twolowprojectiugspursoitho  S^tpada hilla,  in  the 
opda  8ub<divifiion,  fonr  mileif  wust  of  Unnbdov  and  uvtdenUy 
mpplied  from  the  iuime  source.  In  the  woodlaud  two  milvH  from 
the  village  of  Vardi  close  to  Suniibdov,  aro  tracos  of  a  targ(>  wuir, 
ban'fh'ira,  of  unoommon  thickntim  and  strength,  wlitoh  as«il  to  dam 
tliL-  hot  wntiT  tnid  furiii  tho  lUUa  TaUir.  The  hot  natvi',  whivli  now 
wells  froia  the  ground  in  one  or  two  places,  is  ver)"  slightly  hnil^, 
abont  90^  Fahrenheit,  aud  seems  to  have  no  hoaling  power. 
1'ho  bricks  of  the  euilninkrucot  are  Tonr  Urge  and  strong,  idmut  a 
loot  and  a  half  long  and  from  two  to  four  incheit  thick.  It  is  stud 
that  a  Mnsaimin  in  the  pay  of  the  owner  of  the  tillage,  who  waa 
in  charge  of  Vardi,  uHed  the  bricks  in  building  a  stepwell.  Dnt 
from  the  day  the  wgll  wiw  opened,  a  ciirso  from  tlio  offondcHl  deity  o£ 
tlio  Mpring  fell  on  tho  villngerH.  'lliey  were  Htrlckon  nnth  guiiiua> 
Worm,  aud  tied  from  the  vilmgc.  After  a  timo  tJio  village  was  amin 
peopled,  and  the  bricks  were  used  in  building  a  TuUtge  offioe,  * 
cfuivilL  No  Kooncr  wka  the  office  finifthed  than  tlte  corse  returned. 
Fever  and  dysentery  broke  out,  and  in  two  years  the  rilhtge  wns 
oace  more  empty  and  has  never  since  boon  inhabited.  The  new 
village  of  Vardi  bus  out^tido  the  walls  of  the  old  village,  wbere'it  is 
believed  the  offender!  deity  of  tho  pond  still  angrily  guards  what 
are  left  of  his  ancient  bricks. 


Chapter ' 

PUooBor: 


BAm  TaUt  I 
SintiMDsv. 


tuwl  ta  tlio  prcoiiubiticai  at  atoMca,  boim  of  whidi  oould  be  ftrotdMl  by  tka  aBMtuita. 
niiwbcr'a  Mxrtllia  War.  3IS. 
■ItUclier'o  Msj^tlu  War,  318-3S0. 


Uvu> 

WCBOU. 


FBonliar 


[TOBAK. 


lOMW. 


i 


DI8TUICT8. 


Baugaon,  &  small  rfllago  on  the  Titpti  six  mile*  from  S^rda  aoA 
tlirco  mile*  aboro  the  milway  briiJgo,  drk  a  prcttjr  Ijiiiigtilow  bmll^ 
in  183S,  by  Mr.  Finwoetl  ti»<'ii  CiillecU-r.  The  river  is  brow!  UM 
dwp,  uid  for  six  miles  strbtchcH  iu  an  uobrokcn  roach. 

Basulpura,  alraat  a  mile  from  KiTor,  with  which  it  is  ffon«mUj 
nainuU  by  tho  people,  vros  fonovrlv  ku  iniix>rtant  pTa<MS.  AX 
presfut  it  ooDtainB  I  bo  rvmaiiut  of  a  MuMlmflii  umnaion  sqiroandtti 
by  a  rained  fort  S3G  feet  loaa  h\  300  broad.  The  maiiskiD,  said  (• 
have  been  bailt  by  DiwAa  StUieb  the  proprietor  of  the  >-ill«(rp,  in  also 
in  rnius.'    His  dceconciante,  who  an)  still  nniotabiTv't  '^■•Cr 

tiou  by  the  puopio,  nr«  Mtid  to  l»e  Keltled  in  the  NiziUiJ  ry, 

Oyt!<id»  of  thv  fort  a  handBome  tomb,  said  to  have  been  raiwd  over 
tho  founder  of  the  rUlage,  is  still  reverod  both  by  Muaaliniits  osd 
llindns. 

Ba'TSd  Cbi&OhoII,  aViut  tn-elvo  miloM  Konlh  of  Rhnit^val,  has 
well  prosenred  IIomiUI[>aoli  stone  temples  to  Uah&der. 

Ba'ver,  with,   in  1872,  6558  inhabitants,  is  sittuUod  in  tbo 

Sivda  sob -division  on  tho  hipfhroad  from  Bnrhanpur.abont  fonrte^n 
nilos  cn»t  of  Buvihi  towa.  Two  miles  of  made  rood  carefnlly  bridged 
join  it  to  the  nearest  railiray  station. 

Ravaged  by  Yaahvantrtio  Holkar  in  I80S,  it  was  shortly  after 
•taken  by  SnrAji^  Kimb^lkar  and  heltl  W  him  till  its  transfer  to 
thoDntuiTiTin  1^8.  'niomrh  tho  jw-oplo  are  cliieily  agricoltDrists, 
tbo  dyoci  tnrlianii  and  robe;),  and  tho  gold  la^rc  of  Biver  are  bcid 
in  high  local  esteem.  The  main  street  Iradiufj  from  thv  market 
place  to  tho  fort  gate,  is,  like  the  Burhnnjuir  «ti-ii'l?i,  very 
pictuT««4no.  The  houH<^  nr«  nearly  all  tbreo-atoried  and  tiled,  ntatty 
of  them  with  richly  carved  wooden  fronts.  River  is  iibandaotly 
supplied  with  water.  Each  hooflo  has  its  well,  and  from  the 
N^gjiri  pool  closo  to  the  west  gate,  a  stream  rans  half  roimd  tho 
iowD.  The  fort,  now  used  as  the  tnah^lkari's  office,  has  no  fentnres 
of  special  intprest.  Abont  fifty  yards  from  tho  fort  a  p<x)I  called 
KoKtiikv  Kiiml,  twenty-two  fi^t  by  eighteen,  with  constant  siipplieB 
of  fresh  clear  water,  is  said  to  have  been  built  by  Ahalyit  B&i 
Holkar  (1800).  On  a  stouo*  of  tho  old  rt-itr-hoiuie,  now  used  nn  a 
market  ptnee,  is  nn  almost  illegible  Persian  inscription.  A  small 
rest-hoase  has  been  lately  built  at  f iie  fttJttion  and  on  the  high  road  a  ^ 
double  storied  ephool-house  was  6mshed  in  1870.  ■ 

Ba'yghar,  about  Kixtccn  miles  north-wost  of  Nandurb^,  thongh     ' 
•a  iiini-kot  tomi,  is  nearly  deoertcd,  and  the  fort  in  idmost    utterly 
rained.     Thero  is  a  small  vet  of  tvinplus  to  Mah&dev,  a  Uiup  itillar,  n 
small  rosorvoir,  and  an  aveuao  of  mango  trees,  none  of  them  old. 

Beagaon,  about  twenty  mile«  south-east  of  EdIalMul,  has  a 
min&d  leinpic  of  Mnh^ev  supposed  to  ^re  been  built  abont  ISQ 
yeaia  ago  by  one  Uiiynja  Bdi. 


I 


*    ■  In  1S30.  wtcn  ths  liilb  bad  lo  bo  hd'l  neniiial  Khiiii  Mia  KiU:  mhI  bla  Bhil  tauia 
a  tlutwliBiunl  ol  Rriliih  trix^m  wu  qnMtcred  In  Uil«  niBiiaiDii. 

*  TfciM  Hlvuu  liM  tiucu  (men  luuiuivtl  U>  u  niiil'i  tamV  iJoH  licadc  llic  nuikct.    < 


KHANDESn. 

Sa'jgaon,  a  Hmall  rillt^^  of  GfiO  aoals,  firo  miles  oortli-cast  of 
Pichora,  has  a  ttunpU'  to  Tuk^Mji  Deri.  Mn<]o  of  lirick  and  wood, 
it  is  said  to  luivo  been  built  wbout  20ft  ymn  ago  by  one  BfiUji 
Mon»ihv&r  Fandit,  a  p^tiL  A  suiall  fair  in  hold  oa  tbo  fiftwnth  of 
Miir-jiihirMh  (December -  Januapy). 

Sangameshvar,  on  tbo  Imnk  of  th«  Gad&d,  bolow  its  mooting 
with  tht' Annii^vati  four  luiloi*  wiMt  of  Kajguoik  rniln'sy  &lation,  hasa 
fiiio  i^nrtly  mined  Uem^panti  temple  oi  Mahidev.  Inside  of  a 
piiri-b,  twenty-four  feet  by  eight  and  ten  hi^h,  whtTe  is  the  sivcrod 
ball,  two  vostibuk-*-,  thv  oiili^r  Hii  foot  sqnuni  by  twelvu  high,  aad  ihe 
inner  SJ  font  by  GJ  and  fiflcon  high,  lend  to  ashriiioSt  foet  aqnare 
by  i^ovonleen  high.  The  doora  are  ornamented  and  the  roof 
supported  on  twenty-two  stone  pillars.  It  has  neither  writing 
nor  lejufcnd,  A  email  fair  is  held  on  tho  foart«outh  uf  Mdgh  ShHdilh 
(Jat)ui»rv  -  Fcbniiiry). 

Sa'vda,  with,  in  1872,  7552  inhithitantit,  Ktoiidx  surrounded  by 
irrigated  garden  land  in  tho  centre  of  Sfivda  sub-diviaion  two  mllee 
soutb-enst  of  Fai»pur.  A  good  motnllvd  ruad  three  miles  long, 
andiTtJikvn  U8  a  fnmine  work  and  completed  from  local  funds  at  a 
cost  of  upwards  of  £2800  (Ba.  28,000),  connects  the  town  with 
the  railway  station,  near  which  is  a  smnlt  rust-houeo  for  native 
travellers.  Its  strocls  arti  irrt-jjiilar,  and  iti*  hoiiNfM  tiled  and  mean 
looking.  Of  i(a  forinor  fortiticationa  tho  fiiightly  raiitiid  furt  and 
ruiiivd  gateway  are  all  that  remain.  The  only  building  iu  the 
old  fort  IS  nsed  as  the  m^mlatdir's  office.  Outsido  the  fort  gate 
is  the  6ovemmont  school-houso  nnij  a  native  Hbmry  lately  built  in 
memory  of  Keshavrito  (Jnmbhimio,  deiihiiiiikh  of  Stivda.  Shortly 
aftvr  (I7fi3)  its  transfer  from  the  NizAm  to  tho  PeMhwa,  Siivda  waa 
beatowod  on  Sirdiir  Itiistuh  wlio^^  dmifjlit^'r  the  Pcahwa  married, 
_and  seems  to  havo  remained  in  the  KAiitoh  family  till,  in  1818,  it  foil 
tho  British.     In  1852,  in  connection  with  the  introduction  of  tho 

Bvouuo  survey,  a  eerioaa  djet^irbanoo  took  plaoo  at  S&rda.  Prom 
10,000  to  15,000  amlcontontB  ^thered,  and  were  not  dispers&d 
till  a  detachment  of  troops  arrived  and  seiiiod  Rfty.aino  of  tho 
riugloadern.'  There  are  no  local  manafacturea,  but  a  ooDsidenible 
ie   in    cotton,   gram,   liosood,    wheat   and  other    grains,  and 

regetables.     At  its  weekly  cattlo  market  very  valuable  NimAr  and 
Borilr  animals  are  oft«n  offered  for  aalo. 

Sh^lxa/da.  the  chief  town  of  the  Sbih&da  aub-division,  wttlf;  in 
18727T)^2mhabitante,  and  in  1879-80  a  municipal  revenue  of  £324 
(Rs.  32iO),  lies  forty-eight  milea  north-woiit  of  Dhnlia.  Except 
one  main  stroet  of  large  tiled  houses  ruuntug  oa»t<  and  west,  tuo 
town  eon.'iiitta  of  lanea  of  the  poorer  class  of  hou.'k)^  of  burnt  and 
unburnt  brick  or  mod.  Tim  people  arc  chiefly  Gujar  Kuiibi^  nud 
the  largest  house  belong  to  Dhiiraindiie  ShambhodAs  a  Qujar&ti 
moneylender.  Its  only  trade  is  au  nnimnortoot  gisio  traffic. 
Except  the  old  fort  now  used  as  the  m&mlatditr'g  offioOj  there  are 
no  buildings  of  interest. 


Chaptn_xn 

Places  of  IstAi 

SllOAOH. 


Siv 


SiiAk. 


thu  Anib  ftftldu^Tit  tnado  an  titt.oinpt  to  rtKOvor  Sou^r,  but  wero 
gallant  If  repulsed  by  a  ])arty  of  260  nnciTe  cavalry,  ^vho  had  been 
placed  in  charfirc  by  Captain  BriggR,* 

Formerly  iho  cliivf  towu  of  a  mb-di vision,  Sonj^ir  was,  in  1820, 
incorporated  witii  Dliulia.  In  1847  Rovvutj'-four  Dbulia  villn^e« 
were  form«4  into  a  petty  diviaion,  and  a  mahilkari's  office 
ntabltahcd  at  Sort^ir.  In  ISttl  tlie  8oagir  villngee  wuru  ro- 
amtiif^-d,  and  finally,  in  18^8,  tho  mnhAlkari's  offico  ini»  alralished 
and  Snn^ir  was  inclodi-d  in  DIntliu.  ftloitt  of  the  hounea  of  the 
present  town  am  terraco-roofed  and  only  one  storey  higb.  Xbo 
town  is  uf  »uino  manufacturing;  importance,  with  skillod  wvrkunt  in 
br.inH  and  copper,  and  a  cousidortblu  mannfacturo  of  ooMB  wooljea 
blankets  and  cotton  olotb.  ^ 

The  fort,  a  atrip  of  300  yards  by  fiftv,  ia  partly  oonunanded  by  a 
bill  ivl^'ut  -too  yards  to  the  eouth.  Tbo  nortb  and  south  endtt  aro 
uf  nolii!  ina«onr^',  and  the  niUIs,  of  uncut  Mtioiiv,  aro,  vxcept  in  a 
few  places,  in  good  order.  Of  the  inner  buildinc:H  hardly  a  traco 
romains.*  Besides  the  fort  there  is  a  handsomv  old  reservoir  and  a 
Sdo  old  well     lu  1862  vury  littlu  of  the  dvfoncvs  remained.* 

Sulta'npur,  about  ton  inik-.-<  nijrl.ti  of  Sh^bfela,  is  a  ratncd  city, 
wiili  iui  i>fd  Eurt  and  walls  encloeiitig  about  a  squara  miio.  It« 
pi  M  '.nme  is  said  to  date  from  1306,  when  Malik  KAfur,  on  bia 
iv  ;■  '  I  n-!i|-:i-r  the  Dcccan,  stopped  h<.>ro  for  some  tunc*  l6 
c'  11!.'  ■:  I  .  ;  t  :  Gujiir(it,  till,  in  1370,  it  was  tnkcD  by  MaIikJR4ja 
nS7U-ia^Jl  Ehftlir^t  ^'^ki  kim/T.f  Kh«Tul.-sb.  MallV'x  boM  of 
it  did  not  taat  long.  Muz^far  the  Guiardt  kinjr  haatcnod  to 
rccoip-er  it,  and  Malik  Rdia  was  forced  to  abaodoiTit  and  retire  to 
TluUagrJ*  >- 

In  1417thoiointfor<:o8  of  Malik  Nasir  lA  KhiimUah  f  1400-14371 
ftnd  Gha«ni  Khfin  of  M^wa  inycst^  auttAopnr,  tmrrotired  on  tho 
drance  oj  ilie  Ctujarfa  army*    In   Iti^,  according  to  n  protniw 
aade  while  a  pnsonor,  >'  iid  III.  made  orcr  SuUdnpur  and 

iandnrlxlr  lij  Mulrfnik  K^  ikiof  KhanJiaii."     Under  Akbar 

[1600)  SultAnjiur  was  a  sub-di^isiuu,  par^ana,  ol" the  district,  giricir, 
'of  NaBurbar  or  Nandorbdr,  and  yielded  ayearly  revenue  of  £70,209 
(28,lli),749  dam*).'  The  local  8tor>'  of  the  destruction  of  Suftdnptir 
is  that  YaahTan^Ao,  the  groat  Holkar,  v«oa]>inf?  from  Poona  came 
ueiir  iSull^ptiV,  th«n  part  of  Hi<1]ciir'N  duininiun.-^,  and  forming  an 
allianoe  wiA  the  Bbib,  plnndered  snch   of  the  people  as  would 


Chapter 
Placee  of  Intel 


SoltjI 


^Tha  Anba  SOW  tttmig  atUi-kvd  Uio  tcwn  two  hour*  babn  lUrliraBk,  appUod 
■ling  UdilN*  to  tiMt  wall,  an-l  cliUinod  pmNMbin  of  pnrt  ct  tn«  tovn.  Tho 
Jt(l»  Mad  d  8S0  rnvD  nitnaM  to  tli*  dmtiimikh'*  houM.  whlla  >  kumU  gaari  <A 
* W«lva  mipnyt  thai  Ut«  ^t«e  "IMiv  fort  uid  fiivd  tha  jpuia  uo  Um  Anb*  bnncath. 
Still  the  Anln  prcned  un  until  Rljiu  (iikmin,  tli«  mimlatiUr,  Mcretl^r  deUchiid 
fifty  uf  III*  man  with  iuBtrui'tiuuii  to  erwy  ruund  tlio  hill  uo  Uia  oainila  of  tha 
tovn.aod  nuth  tuwanit  tbu  rilla«i-  ihoattcg  that  tlie  Eii^iah  trotipa  hnd  airivod. 
Thiidavioa  sucoeodHl.  The  Arab*  B«d  io  oonfMiaii  laaniig  twenty-otto  kiUcd  and 
forty  wunnded.     Hr.  J.  PoUuu,  C.& 

*  GaTwnnaiit  Lfat  of  Civil  Porta,  1S<8. 

*  IVnrian  Fkriibta,  11.  5t3 1  Brigg^  IT.  S8SL 
'  Brisgi'  Fcrithta,  IL  316. 


•  MiUUty  liuD.  Hop.  1»U. 

•  Brian*  Fariahta,  f .  366. 

•  Brigga'  Ftrahta.  IV.  S92. 
^  UUSiriala  Ain-i-Akban,  U.  SSti. 


i  Bombay ' 


472 


DISTRICTS. 


ftpterZIT.     Q<»  oclcnoff ledge  him  aa  their  king.    Among  thoso  who 

iiMM o7lntcr«st  alieRiance   was    T^trBTiwu^wrtT  Dea^.  tto  cbicf  nmn  t({  SuliAnpur 

Taking  up  bis  quftrUnn  at  Chikli.  a.  villago  about  six  niiios  weat  o 

SPLilatvu.         Sultinwor  whoae  Bfail  chiffftaiii  Jnyar  NAik  waa  his  friond,  Holkw 

sent  a  letter  to  Lakshraanrdv,  calling  on  him  to  pay  JESO  (Kk.  000) 

Lakshiuunr&T  replied  by  soofltug  at  Qolkur'n  cuvto  «u<]   taunting 

him   with   hid    iilogitimiito   birtb.     Hearing:  of  this   and  fcuriii| 

Hiilkar's  vengeance,  Krip^um  Dag&nini,  a  rich  bunker,  onw  of  th( 

hoadmcD  of  the  town,  went  to  Uolkar  and  offvtvd   him  the  Cribati 

of  150  (B*.  &00).     Satisfied  by  tlili  tliiit  bo  miKl't  i-eiy  on  a  partj 

Ha  SuitAnpar,  Uolkar,  willi   bin   Dhil  ally,  entered   the  town,  luu^ 

winning  over  the  garrison,  plundered  the  Deaii's  huDWf.     Then  Uh 

Btrtla  were  lot  loyw.  tbo   town  wa«  laid  wosU-'j  and  except  one  mai 

all  the  people  fled. 

The  slat*  of  the  town,  deserted  but  not  decayed,  and  with  ' 
marked  roads,  avenue;-,  and  gnrdens,  supports  the  (ruth 
etoiy.i  Bosideii  the  fort,  orij^nally  an  intrimte  Iniildin);  of  utitt 
Eoocd  irith  brick,  thora  are  tlin  remains  of  a  grmt  inosi^ue  Known  Al 
the  Jama  Matjid  of  no  particular  merit,  and  now,  like  the  othur  ruintt 
diemantlod  to  anpply  buil^n^mutcrials  for  the  neighbouring  villages 
Outside  of  the  town  is  a  mined  tfniple  of  MaliiSdev  built  hj 
Laksliinanniv  Dcs&i,  who,  aceortling  u>  the  Htory,  brought  ruin  oi 
SultJnpnr.  CVppoeito  tho  naual  camping  Ri-ound  is  a  small  wol 
TOvsi^rvod  tern  pi  o  built  by  Aluilya  BSi  ilolknr  qnocn  of  Indor  (1*^)01 
To  Ihe  east  of  the  town,  n  ganU'n,  from  250  to  300  yards  ^ijuaro,  i 
enclosed  by  a  three  feel  thit'k  brirk-faood  nnid  wall,  and  entered  b; 
a  striking  brick  gateway  thirty  ft^et  high.  From  this  gateway,  fo*': 
trees,  thorciiutinH  of  ujudm  arentie,  lead  to  the  middle  of  tlw  gurdon 
when!  four  ttmibittones  stand  on  ii  ruiHod  plinth  about  Gvu  foel  liigl 
and  four  Rtjuare,  onoe  paved  with  cut-sti>ne.  'i%e  most  interestiu{ 
rnin  is  the  mansion  of  LnkshmaiirfiT  Dea&i,  aaoa  a  large  handsom< 
house,  with  a  fiiio  woll  wntored  garden. 

Sunalsdcv  Hot  Springs.    &w  Rim  Taliv.  J 

Ta'kli  Budrulc,  nbout  three  mites  south-eaiitof  Kajgaon  milwaj 
station  in  I'achor.i,  'i ...  -.■>  m. !■■[;'  on  a  stone  plinth,  a  plain  tompl 
of  Mab^dov,  thivi;   ■  i  i  .i     ;]iu;r('  and  twclvw  high,  with  a  »>pin 

eight  feet  in  ht^iglil..     It  id  sitid  to  h.ive  ln;en  built  more  than  101 
yeare  ago  by  thw  Oiw»n  of  Biila  Bhik&ji  Uhitmdheri. 

TalQda.  with,  in  1872,  5U5  inhabitant,  the  houd-qimrtcrs  of  fh> 
Talodn  sub-division,  stands  nixtytwotDilotc  north-west  of  Dhntfal 
Except,  one  strcset  with  several  fine  houses  tho  town  is  irregular  am 
moan.  Besides  being  ibo  chief  timber  mart  in  Kb&ndesn,  TaUid; 
has  A  considerable  trade  in  gra.ss  oil,  rosha,  and  grain.  Its  cart< 
each  floating  about  £4  (Rs.  40),  are  tbo  beSt  in  the  district. 

Taloda  is  a  municipal  toxiii,  with,  in  187J-S0,  an  income  of  £20 
(R«.297rt).     It  has  amfimlatdir's  ofEoc,  a  fine  newly  built  Oofem 

>  Of  SuIUnpar  Capbun  Gudm  nitmin  ISSfi :  '  Tttc  r«tnft!iia  ut  Ihu  wad*,  t«wwi 
ftsd  buildings,  Bbow  markt  of  whkt  waa  ■  bamUomo  town  lo  lat«  na  1803.  the  (amjn 
yoai,  nh«D  Uw  whole  eoutlry  waa  ilepo{iiilatc<i.'    Itiacnrj',  90, 


SmtjlBDKY  Hot 
SmiNUK 

TiKU  B[TI>HVK. 


KHAKDE8H. 


^^^eot  ackool.aud  ft  post  office.     Cloao  to  the  town  is  the  f ort  descrioe J 
"  in  1862  a»  in  pruty  good  repair.' 

'  'fbd  oliii;f  FMinaiu.^  in  thv  ooontrv  round  Tidodn  ore  :  At  Aioladi  a 
'  Tillago  two  mileH  to  llie  eaat,  an  old  well  preaerved  briek  and  tnorttw 
Ititiipie  of  C.^aBkfi9ks^f  thirty  feot  by  twenty-four,  and  a  rained 
ttriiiple  of  Rf^kdosItTar  thirty  foot  by  twimty-fuur ;  at  ^shrairn,  four 
miles  to  the  aouth,  an  old  well  preserved  brick  and  morUir 
Horu&dmnti  temple  of  Mab&dev  fiftocn  feet  square ;  at  FolvSdi, 
Higlit  iniU-^  Ut  lfi«  6onth-wcBt,  an  old  ruined  brick  Rnd~mortar 
UaipAdpanti  twrnnle  of  MaUiidev  about  tifteeu  iovi  by  lliirU^m  luid  u 
bnlf  ;  at  Uatoda.lwo  miles  to  the  south-oaat,  a  mined  Uemadpaiitj 
|i)o  twenty-one  feet  by  sewn  and  a  half,  and  tJtrcu  tom^s, 
I  -'■■■'ulhi,  of  Hindu  Munt«,  «n«  tw«lvo  feot  square^  Uie  oUior  .-lixlova 
w  and  a.  half  by  fifteen,  and  a  third  thirteen  and  a  half  feet  square ; 
I  nt  MjUjQjtiaiia,  twelve  miles  distant,  an  old  well  preserveil  8toni<  and 
f  iL  liar  HemJUIpaotJ  tomplu  of  Di'ti  ;  and  «f  Munjin.  twolvu  miliM 
diHiimt,  an  old  ruiued  tttone  and  brick  fort  one  and  a  half  square 
miU's  in  area. 

Ta'masva'di,  up  the  Uori  rirer  ei^bt  tuih^i)  .i»uth  of  PArulo,  haa 
tlu'  ruinains  of  a  temple  of  Mah£dcv  said  to  /have  been  built  125  year* 
a^  by  Ritinji  Punt  Ap{iu,  a  tucnl  niiiinlnt4ir.  The  building,  twenty- 
foor  feot  by  eighteen,  is  of  st4>no,  brick  and  morlar.  The  vostibule, 
Mobha  mandap,  though  ruined,  him  atill  eighleeu  handsome  pillan, 
and  the  ijhriiH!  supports  a  twenty-five  feet  brick  and  mortar  spire 
highly  ornAinent^Hl  with  ftgurvs.  ' 

TaVla'i,  a  m-arly  dusort^d  rillagi^  two  miU'A  north  of  SultAnpur, 
hfta  an  old  step  well,  one  of  the  finest  in  KhindoHh,  Maid  to  iuixo  boen 
built  by  ono  Maheshvar  Bhat,  whose  sickle,  striking  againsta  atono, 
waa  turned  to  gold.  Thinking  nothing  of  th«  nUiim  Mulitrohvar  ran 
nomo  to  show  hia  aickle.  ilin  mother,  hearing  his  story,  camv  to 
the  place,  and  tanping  them  all  with  a  piece  of  iron,  found  which 
was  the  phili>>u)plior'4  stone.  Of  tho  wvnlth  tluit  ho  iMon  anuuised 
Maheshvar  spent  a  part  in  building  thin  well.  Kouud,  and  from 
twenty-fivo  to  thirty  feet  across  the  inner  tEAiaetet,  the  well  haa 
about  a  hundri'd  stoJMi,  some  of  the  lower  ones  always  under  water. 
The  stairs  eighteen  foot  wide,  uw,  by  broad  landing  plaoiMt,  broken 
into  flights  of  about  twelve  atejis  each.  Over  two  of  the  landing 
plncea  ri»o  high  mosqne-liko  domes,  and  at  three  places  in  the 
descent  tlie  tttairs  pass  through  arches  the  fir«t  of  one  sUimy,  ttte 
aecond  of  two  storeyjt,  and  tlw  third  of  three  storeys.  Thi-i  wurk, 
whieh  for  itH  sixe  has  a  sitaugely  grand  effect,  is  in  Dxceileul  repair  * 
and  deservea  to  h«  carefully  presurred. 

ThftlMF,'  the  firat  ca|>ital  of  tlie  FArpki  kiMg.  wiA,  in  1872, 
32HI  inhabitants,  standa  on  the  l^pti,  in  tlie  tihirpar  sab-diri^on, 
about  twenty-eight  mdes  n^rtb>eaat  of  Bhiilia. 

According  to  »  local  grant,  in  the  beginning  of  the  twelfth 
century  U28  (lOSO  nlmk),  whilo  the  oountry  for  twonty  milew  r<»und 
waa  ' witSont a  light,'  and  twenty^seTen  oi  its  forts  werecfoMrted, 
-^ " - 

■  Gav«niinant  Liit  a1  Civil  Fatu  IH62. 
•  '  ThiliMi  ji  |im1u|u  ftulsiiiy*  Tiktura  :  EIUol'i  Outofr.  1-  ^^■ 


ChBpt«r  ZI 

Places  ofIat< 

Tiioiu. 


TiMi 


T*vilt. 


Tuiuri 


[Bonbcy  OmmMott, 


474 


ttlCVf. 
)Bn  of  Intoreet 
TbjLuiol. 


DISTRICTS. 


Thilnpp  proapeted  nnder  JayAjj  and  GoT^i  of  the  Tele  mh-i 
of  Oavlis  or  Aliira.  At  t.hat  time,  DftnlfUrdo  iton  of  BdjirAo  _ 
Uaalatsbod  cftmo  to  jKMipIu  Kli^tdoitb,  und  finding  TUinor  fliiun'E>h- 
iof^,  tf8tlt))l tubed  JtiTiiji'ii  family  aa  licadrneD  of  the  town.'  Lale  in 
tbo  ^>aricenth  centary  I1370K  wh«n  ffiron^l,  f^),|yii  ri.-t.M.lS«K^ 
irr&ntod  Malik  Rijn  Fimki  an  ctttale  on  the  BOnth  border  of 
GnjuAt,  Malik  ohooe  lliihier  as  his  faead-qnarten.  In  tUe  following 
yi»r  (ISZIL  ■  defeated  by  the  OniafAtj  l^jimfj  Malik  wau  forced 
""    ■     rforL^    'On  his  deatli  i 


take    refnffe  in  Ttuilnur 


in  1899  Mitlik  I 


i 

Tbilnoy  to  tua  aecond  aon.     But  in  1417,  niththe^doFtbeSult&n  wr 

llAt  w«,  Nastr  KUnwe  elder  son  wroated  it  from  his  brother.*      In 

|4gg/niilnor  wan  invcst«(l  by  M«blliad , Bearoda  king  o(  qajarAt. 

ad  did  not  retire   till  nnrears  of 


dtt 

06  ^B 


whoao  army  laid  waato  the  district  aoi 

tnbnto  were  paid.'  In  1511,  Malimnd  Begada  granted  Th&luer 
with  about  one-half  of  Kli£ndw.b  to  Malik  HimAm-od-din,  a  no 
of  hiit  miirU  Hut  in  the  tM>xt  year,  HiHa^m  ud-din  wa«  miurdi 
and  Hilner  reatorod  to  KMndesh.'  In  IStiti  it  vae  the  aceue 
the  deteat  of  the  Khiindoah  king  Mirdn  Mubftmni»d_K]|An  by 
Chaagw jCii^n of  (jujimU.*  In  1(300, when  il pasHodto the  Etn{)«rur 
Akbar.  ITiAlner  ia  noticod  »»  being  of  great  strength  though  in  a 
plain.'  In  1660  TaTemier  meutioue  it  as  one  of  tha  ploora  of 
trade  on  tho  Surfit  and  Burhiinpur  lintt."  In_l7oQ,it  -mis  u  strong 
fort,  thooeatre  of  tlui^-tno  Utile  governments."  Shortly  after  it 
pnBHed  to  the  Peehwa,  and  was  by  niin  made  over-to  Uolkar, 
about  1800,  pledged  it  to  the  KimbAlkan;.  It  was  r«ooTBred  iai 
following  year  ntiil  ki'itt  by  the"'floll(iir  family,  till,  in  181)^,  iii 
tjie  terms  of  Ihu  Miiuiifsar  treirty,  it  was  uuulo  over  to  the  Brit  is 

As  Siodva,  a  place  nitb  a  modi  greater  name  for  strength, 
at  oDicc  fiumioderixl,  do  resistaucu  Woe  expected  at  Thdlucr. 
tbt  mptorc  proved  ODO  of  the  blootlicvt  incidental  in  tliv  ounqueal  of 
Kh^ndesh.  Blackergivea  the foUowiug dHailed  acoouuL'"  WheDm 
IS^^^ir  IlKnnaa  Hialop,  tho  British  goueral,  cttmo  to  take  powfeatuon, 
Int^ptn-iscin  began  hontilities  by  firing  matohlockx  at  lliu  )jnlauqcnn 
of  a  Mck  officer,  and  at  tlit;  Mtitio  lime  opened  lire  with  a  gun  on  tlio 
head  of  the-  baggage,  then  entering  tlie  plain.  A  loimnions  was 
sent  to  the  coinmaiidnDt,  nod  n  cluso  recunnaiKaneu  of  the  )^acu  wad 
made."     Tho  party  desccuded  into  tho  ravines  surrounding  the  forti 


<  Ur.  J.  Pnllan,  C.  S.     The  prcMitt  drcd  i*  a  taaiUni  mfj  M  Um  origuuJ  gniut. 
I      »  Brigci'  Piirinlilri.  IV.  2  3.  >  Briiup' VetttM*.  IV.  291. 

•  Rnvip'  Fvruhu.  I\'.  299.  Bird  iMirttt-l-ALaiMU.  Sti)  wy^  "  M»liiiiud  OoIyMi 
ta  tee  tKv  flirt. "  ^H 

>  Brign'  FcrtiliU.  IV.  MR.  *  Rrlegi-  PtrialiU.  IV.  SITia  H 

r  aiiSwn'i  A>F..i-Ak)«ri.  11.  M.  •  H*m>'  Voyum.  II.  3S3: 

•  JNtOathAlvr.  Km.  Hi-,  at  <;«>«:.  8ar.  Ilioks  1  368.  "  Muitk*  War.  SSa 
»Th«(ortu  ilcKTiIittl  Ju  w>lh  I'lin  *kl«  riiUift  out  ol  tka  TijaU,  lUid  iitm  throe 

othar  lidca  nuToiuidad  by  &  IkiU'iw  WRf ,  vatying  iu  vidth  frvm  100  to  ISO  jant*.  Tbc 
walViMM  UthalMnDht    of  akiat  uxty  (••( aboTii  tliu  haHaw,  nnd  the  intvriorl    * 
tha  •uuo  cUvBtton.     Tb*  anlj  willBpt  wm  on  Ui«  cMitora  aide,  ami  secwvd  hy  < 
MOMJUvo  gate*  comBiunJcatinf  M|htricale  tnvtna,  wboae  tDclcanrw 
mA^baadght  cf  ths  main  wall,     A,  vinding  ruup,  tatcrmwnMl  id  aoiaa  ; 
V^^PI^  afCBDdad   tbroush   tli«  gat*    lo  th«  tomplcuiB  of  the  nuDput. 
i^ffiity  hMlbwni  uoreiaod  to  iuak«  Ihapurt  aaatnrngM  peoaible.  gLppucnH; 


th«  idM~  Uwl  iho  pnfik  of  tha  raal  mdared  it  Bt^ort.  o.AwitbiUi'diiui  tlut  r' 
cl  a  ditch.     Blurfar'a  Uaritha  Wu,  3S9. 


kuAndesh. 


475 


and  from  them  ascended  into  tJiu   town,  driring  oat  li  siuhI)   party 

o£  the  vnemy.     As  it  was  KsccTtninijd  thnt  tlio  viiumy  bad   no  gamt 

'  on  th«  wti»Uira  bust,  wiioixi  liiero  wjia  wmer  ami  cuinp»Tativ«ly  clear 

j^roiiBd  ou  the  river  Iwuk,  General  Hjfiiop  resolved  to  encnnijj  tltcTQ, 

nod  attack  the  phicv  from  the  nortli-oasc  Angkv     Witli  this  object  two 

tivti  Mad  n  half  iucU  huwitxom  with  t«a  Hix-pounden,   tbo  only  guna 

in  the  camp,  were  moved  down  the  beds  of  the  ravineA.     Thuy  were 

tln^n   carried  to  poBitiona  in    tl|e  town,    when?  tba    bouBW  gave 

iulomlilu    cuvvr    to  buctories   which  opened  wjthlu  250  and    300 

jrurda  of  the  i)orfh-«HSt  angle   of  tho   fort.     In  a  few  houm,  during 

~  '.cb.  by  the  well  aimed  Bro  of  matchloctts  from  the  w^ls,  sovonil 

lattios  had  occurred,  the  enemy  wore    nearly  silenced ;  but  no 

j)Mgre«i   hitd   Iweo  mado  in  roducing  tlie  garrison,    who,  it  was 

thought,  would  E<arrendor  us  Koon  lut  nuy  serious  demonstrntion  was 

made  agaiuet  them.     Further  esamination  showed  that  the  outer  giito 

WM  in  a  ruinous  state,  and  promised  oovcr  in  traverses,  while  a 

commandiug  position  immedijittily  oppoHilo    to  it    ovorlookod  the 

nearest  defences.    For  these  reasons  ie  was  determined  to  attaclc  the 

gatea.     Two  guns  weru  opcnud  ua  the  Imvorves,  with  conaiderablo 

effect,  while  two  others  wci'e,  by  a  detour,  brougbt  to  a  position 

whence,  with  the  view  of  blowing  it  open,  they  might  easily   bo 

run   up  to  the  gate-     At  the  tuimo  timo  a  stontitng  party  '    was 

brooght  down  lo  the  mmv  pluoo.    IwlilTercnt   a^  ihii  vm'my  had 

rbo  been,  the  preparation  against    the  gate  did    not    fail  lo 

tta  thorn,  and  they  sent  oui  to  demand  terms  of  capitulation.     In 

reply   they   woro    told  that   unconditional   summdur  would   alone 

be  aocenled;  and  they  wore   invited  to  avail   thom3«)ve«  of  this 

offer  before  tbo  assanlts  on  tbegatoa  should  begin.     The  evening 

<rM   now   adviuicvd,    and    the  ouomy    probubly     trostod   to  the 

MtpproacHing  <liirkneas  for  an  opportunity  of  abandoning  the  place. 

To  prevent  this  the  guns  and  storming  party  wore  ordered  to  advance 

to  tlH>  giitv.     'lliis  was  done  without  loss.     It  wiut  found  that  it) 

conaeqaenoe  of  its  rainooa  »ute  thvrc  was  a  passage  for  single  6lefl 

'  »tween  the  wall  and  the  gate  frame ;  and  noopposition  being  offered 

am   within,  the  Ktoriniiig  pnrty,  followed  by  the  pionecrx,  entered, 

fchongfa  tediously,  withuiil  <]itCculty.  After  the  paASage  of  the  storming 

party,  endeavours  wei'e  used  lo  blow  open  the  enter  gate  that  Iho 

guns  might  bo  advanced  to  the  remamdvr.     Uul  before  that  was. 

effeotod,   the  xtonning  party  bad  pnissed  through    tbo  fa<>coRd  gaXo 

'~~pithout  opptMitiou.     At  the  thii-d  it  was  mot  by  tho  command&ut, 

namber  of  artificers  whom  ho  luul  O"  tht-  previoui^  eveuinfr 

forced  in.  Lieut,>ColoiiuIs  Conway  and  JUurray.with  several  QdiurN,hud 

entered  with  the  storming  party,  and  it  was  etill  doubtful  wbelhor 

rCvistanGO  would  ultimately  be  mode,  for  at  thi.t  time  theru  was  none. 

ITiey  accordingly  passed  IJiruugli  the  fourth  gate,  which,  as  well  as 

tbo  xeoond,  appeared  mi  much  out  of  repair    aa  to  be  iucapable  of 

being  ahnt ;  tint  at  the  fifth  or  last  ^e  thoy  were  vtopiwd  tbongh 

the  wickac  was  opened.     A  IiarmSHtv«r«atiou  about  the  terms  of 


L 


Thit  pHty  ooiufatod  ol  tbc  flMk  craniAiuo)  of  llu  Majoity'*  R'>]rAl   iicufa  utA  of 
tliSUadru  EnrOfwtn  Kt^^mcul  luitbc  M>Jo«  tinnloa  ij  tUc  lomiri  ci>r[>*.    BWkHr,  S30. 


Chapterll 
Placaoflnt 

Ttut 


--^ 


TBombay  Ouettnr, 


470 


DISTRICTS. 


IpterXIV. 

I  of  Interest 


aiirrcnJer  now  took  placu.  It  wiui  pnibntily  little  iutt'lligililo  imi 
the  circamfitanoea  of  noise  and  apprehension  vliiL-h  attended 
ColoDtd  Mntmy,  in  this  fltutoot  anocrtuinty,  ounclndiug  that  t 
was  an  urgont  ncoesiuty  for  extaliliithmt^  a  footing  »ach  an  wunl< 
Becore  event ua]  ancoesa  to  tbe  attack,  shonlc)  the  enemy  hold  out, 
rtit<-re<)  Ijy  the  wicket  with  Major  (lordon  and  tbmo  ^^rcnadien 
hill  refrniiiuil  frum  dnin'tii^  hitt  nwonl,  to  ibow  that  ho  luul 
intenliuu  of  breaking  the  parloji.  He  expected  to  be  followei 
by  ae  many  men  aa  should  bo  able  to  mniutAin  thomselveB  in 
ponfiiwd  situalioo  ;  but  four  or  firo  ponuas  only  bad  got  in,  wlirn 
enemy,  apprehending  the  consequencea,  attacked  moat  furionidy, 
aDd*iD  a  moment  laid  tbem  all  dead,  except  Colotivil  Murray,  wbo, 
covered  with  wound:*,  fell  townnU  the  wicket.  They  tlw-n  ntteinpted 
to  close  the  wicket,  but  their  efforts  were  rendered  iueffectoal  by  n 
KTOnadicr  who  thrust  his  muekct  into  the  ap^^rture,  while  Lien 
Colouvl  Miw-kintMKh  and  Citprain  MiK^'niitb  furtxsl  it  opun.  In 
slate  it  was  held  while  the  Captain  with  one  band  was 
Colonel  Murray  through  it,  and  warding  off  blown  with  his 
in  the  other.  A  fire  was  now  poured  in  through  the  wicket,  w 
cleared  the  gateway  sulHeiently  for  the  head  of  the  Htonuing 
under  Major  MactJregor  of  the  Uoyals,  to  enter ;  and  the  p, 
waa  carried  without  further  difficully,  but  at  llu-  i.'xpi>iim'  of 
officer's  life.'  Ah  kohu  u»  the  supporting  detuohment  could  opoa' 
th©  gate,  many  tiMopa  puured  in,  the  parrisou  wa,f  eliorlly  put  to  the 
aword,  and  the  commandant  was  haugv^  on  the  Dame  evening  to 
tree  on  the  flagsitafl  tower.*         , 

On  the  British   occupation   the  country   for  thirty   mileg   rontij 
w38_»_dwBrt.     Since  then,   though   the  neijflibourhoo^  kaa  much 
improved,  TbAlner  has  rumainvd  an  imtignifioaiit  pluco  WTth  mine 
wallii  aud  fort*  and  almost  no  trade.     Ueflidiais  the  tonibH  of  Maj 
MacGregorand  Captain   Gordon,  tho   chiof  objects  of  interest  aro 
ton   Mubammadau   duuiud  tomba  of  coniinou  country  black  etoni 
and  two  of  burnt  brick.    Of  the  whole  number,  one  is  eight-ocime: 
and  the   rest  are   suuani.*    Thoy  varyi  in  aizo  from  eleven  feet 
eleven  to  three  and  a  naif  feet  ntjuare.     Though  more  or  1o«i  ■' 
oatwaidly  and  with  the    inside   of  part  of  their  domes  destrojod,*! 
thvy  aro  in  guud  order,  three  of  them   fit  for  European  officers 
live  in.    The  eight-ooroered  tomb  has  some  Arabic  writing,  but  eo 


*  Two  tamha.  ncctsd  to  the  nwinorf  of  the  oSoen  killed,  bOM  tba 
■niariptbiii  \   Ko.  L  "  litre  lio  cditomlwd  th«  renajaa  «f  Mijor  B. 


1 

ich   m 
lei^H 


I.  !!.'■  Ito^ifcuU,  who  fell iuUieiuiaMiituul  >t«Tiniofl  of  tUarait  onltesinwl 
818."    Kb.   11.  "  Here  lie  entombad  tho  niiiBin*  of  Haiar  J.  aofdoa.  of  It.  M.' 


H. 

1918.' 

Royal  SooU.  who  fell  in  the  uuult  and  itonninguf  tiiu  lovtmi  tiio  37th  Fcbnuvy 

1818."  • 

*  Tbc  tueiny  loit  about  230  mon  killpd ;  the  Biitiah  Iom  wm  twoatf -nvo. 
BlMlcer,  333, 232.  AovonliDK  to  *  looal  *tory  souie  of  th«  gairiMiD  eaeapod  b^  loapiag 
inta)  the  rim  'iviii  thu  liattlouii^itx,  ititli  l>uDdl<«  of  jfdri  atalht  ia  uiieir  Mua.*  i 
MJinowhat  diffcrviiC  oixmudi,  wvuralf  bluiiuig  Sir  T.  Rialop  fur  haa^iUF  tlia 
cocnmaDduit,  iigivno  iu  thvtlnaiiiury  <il  Uiu  MarMba  and  P«aidbiri  Campatgn  llSS)), 
14.1- IM. 

'  OoTCTiinicut  Linlol  Uivil  Fort.,  HMW. 

•  The  mcMoreiuctiU  an:  I.  IVtIi/i  «    ll'.II'i  3.  Il'xil'i  4,  S'xe' ;  &  «'kI 
BkJi'x^';  T,  6'.6';  S.  11' 11';  9.  i -,*■ ;  !«,  Vof. 


DmouO 


khAndesh. 


477 


^ 


worn  aa  to  be  anreadutilo.  Aocording  tg  the  t(M«l  story  thoy  were 
built  by  a  Niiot.  lim  there  Beeins  litUe  reason  to  doDbt  that  they 
aru  tin;  lqmb«  ot  the  EArukLldiiga.  of  whom  fonr,  Malik  EUia  (liI96), 
Malik  "KSorTTISTTTMtflSTdil  Kliiin  (IHI),  uud  Mirdn  Uab&rik 
Khlio  (1457),  were  buried  id  Thdloer.' 

Tonda'pur,  a  vilkjire  with,  in  18?2,  1182  inhabitants,  and  at 
»ro«eut  littlv  morG  tliun  a  collectioD  of  hute,  in  the  Jimner  sub- 
diriaion  at  the  foot  of  the  84tjnillit  rangu  alwut  t4>n  inilvs  from  Ajanla, 
contains  the  remains  of  a  fine  old  fort,  and  an  old  black  stono 
HemadpAoti  pond  eighty-five  foot  square  and  twenly.fire  deen,  with 
lar^  flighla  of  inortarleo  »tep»  loading  to  the  water.  Tho  o&A  of 
the  pona  ia  thirteen  feel  aqoare,  and  in  each  comer  of  it  aru  auiall 
MiicK  ¥tr>nc  pyramids.  Beside  the  pond  is  a  small  lately  repaired 
llemndjiant i  Itunplu  9i  fevt  sqiiurv  and  IS^  high. 

Turkheda,  situated  on  tW  plain,  in  Sh&h&da, about  aixtcva  milm 
eoiith-east  of  Prakilalui,  i«  mcDtionod,  in  1826,  as  a  neat  lilllolowuoa 
the  higlin.)nil  rmin  Sumt  Ui  Mhow,  with  n  liu^e  ferry  boat  capable 
of  carrying  OTcr  2U0  peraooE.'  lo  1802  ita  fort  was  in  pretty  good 
repair,' 

UdhaU  Budruk,  on  the  T^pti,  six  miles   soath  of   S&rda,  Iuid 
well   pret-trrod   IcQipIo  of   Nitb    niuotwn    foot  by  fifteen  and 
twcnty-fuiir  hi^li. 

Udhali  Ehurd,  on  the  T&pti,  five  milos  sonth  of  Sttvda,  has  a 
half-niiued  temple  of  MnhMev  lw^ly<se7eu  feet  by  twenty-four. 

Una'bdOT,  a  village  three  miles  north  of  Adiivad  in  the  Ohopda 
nub-diviaion,  under  the  Satpudn  hilli*,  is  romiu-Icable  torn  hot  spring, 
whoee  walars,  iiiHiiing  from  a  aeemingly  aolJd  block  of  masonry 
forming  the  lower  part  of  a  Ilindu  temple,  flow  through  a  stono 
oondoit  fashioned  liko  a  cow's  hcttd,  and  are  collected  iu  a  twenty- 
five  feul  Rquitre  pond  surrounded  by  a  strong  r«d-brick  wall.* 
Within  the  encloanre,  close  to  the  edge  of  tho  pond,  is  a  rest-house 
now  under  repair,  and  two  jtmitll  Hindu  KhrincH,  and  out«do  the 
enclosure  tho  watvr  ia  collucted  in  a  cattle  trough  built  out  of  local 
funds  in  187V. 

Undirkhoda,  three  miles  sonth-wegt  of  Pirola,  has,  in  an  island 
on  ihd  Bon  river,  a  well  presorved  temule  of  Shri  Niigi<Arar 
Alahiidov,  said  to  have  been  buili  by  TrimbakrAT  Mftma  Pelhe,  \p 
whom  tho  I'eshwa  granted  the  village  about  120  years  ago. 
Snrrounded  by  a  wall  tscvculy>GTe  feet  on  each  sida,  with  flights  of 
et«ps  leading  to  the  rirer  and  omamenled  by  a  hunp-pitlar,  the 
temple,  forty  feet  by  Iwenly-fiTe,  eouaiftta  of  an  enter  luill,  a^porcb 
with  a  altered  bull,  and  aMirine.  The  hall  of  brick  and  lime'iuts  ft 
email  spire,  and  the  ahrine,  of  cat  etono  highly  omameoted  oa  tbe 
oatoide,  rises  in  a  many  cornered  forty  feel  high  spire. 


Chai 


Umut 


Dat 


*  Ptmu,  PmAU,  II.  143,  utBritfi'  F<wi>hta,  IV.  28S. 

>  Chuin'  lliiwnrj.  sa.  *  G<iT«nuunt  Liit  «f  Civil  Fort*,  16(3. 

'ilrtaili  ol  tk*  ^Tring  u*  glrra  at  p.  13. 


tBomharl 


476 


DISTRICTS. 


XIV. 

[lutarut. 


lAiK- 


VadgaOQ,  ten  a\i\em  oaat  of  Ed1»lm<l  in  Bbnai 
IlonL&dpanti  tcmptv  uf  MiUiidev  Uiirl^xjigtit  Cvcl  loug  bj- 
broM). 

Vadsson  Ambfl,  «n  unportaot  market  town  Bve  miles  bom 
Varkbeoa,  baa  a  niioeil  i<locu  Hem^rwuti  tomple  of  Mab^dt^v  fijiirt«>ea 
Sect  by  twelve.  Ilicru  iaatoo  a  well  prpwrvwl  Henuidpftnti  woll 
lar^  blocks  nf  plaiu  stooe,  with,  at  right  auglon  to  each  utJior,  tv 
fligblft  <'f  steps  mnetcen  foft  wide.* 

Va'ghli,  six  milvs  vast  of  Ch^i.^gaon,  hiw  throe  tcniplos,  ao 
ODe  to  Mudhai  Devi,  a  smaU  one  to  ita  right,  aod  a  KidubhiiT  tom[ 
Tbo  ohl  miut-d  t«mplo  to  Madhiii  D«vi,  ^nilt  oa  tho  river  bnak  iS~ 
Hedliidpanli  etyk',  fifiy-fivc  foi^t  by  tw(!nIy<Kiiir  am!  si'voiiteen  high, 
is  onclonuT  in  a  wallod  space  142  feot  by  I'ighly-four.  Though 
gODorally  plaiu,  the  doorway  and  Iweuty-fow  of  the  pilhim  have 
mate  sbgbb  omumont.  Within  in  a  rrprc»,-Dt«t)on  of  Bhaviiui. 
The  amalT  rained  tompiv  to  the  right,  eleven  fitvt  aquaro  and  9  \  high, 
eontaine  an  image.  The  MAobh^v  temple,  built  in  Mein^dpsnli 
elyle,  thirty-threo  feet  long  by  twenty-two  tmrnd  and  thirteen  high, 
with  ornamented  pillan  and  doiitway,  f(innorly  eontiiJiK'd  a  ling, 
and  ha»  Htill  ibt-  hmckhI  bu})  outride.  Three  large  H(<ini.i«  bear 
iltcgiblu  Santdtrit  inaeriptiona.  Koarthe  temple  is  a  well,  iuxido  ant 
on  Mwsh  side  of  which  ia  »  small  ciell.  lliu  l<^inplo  i»  unduubt 
verrold,  and  hiu  fnriho  lost  seven  generations  b«eu  in  thu pocHHtaai^ 
of  Uie  Mdnhhitv  aect. 

Va'Khod,  three  miles  iiorth-«ast  of  Savda,  has  a    mined  moeqii 
known   a«<  the  B'il.intitfa  Miwjid,   mnetet^u  Ivvt   long  by    eightc 
brgad  and  Iwi-uty-five  high. 

>  Valbhale,  six  mitea  eootli  of  Bbnaiirsl,  has  a  well  prvaorrl 
donie^l  imd  pillan-d  HymAdpaPti  tomple  of  Altilijidi.iv,  thirty-aevfi 
feet  long  by  tw.'nry-night  broa<l. 

YaraQgaon,  with,  in  I8r2, 4S37  sools,  and  in  1879'80a  mnoie 
income  of  fi^  (EU.  2380),  in  the  centreof  the  Bhua^valsub-dif 


waa  formerly  llto  hend-qnarters  of  a  mJtinlatdftr  and  a 
It  waa  banded  over  to  the  British  by  Sindia  in  1861. 
a  town     of    vouBidcrnble    imporlanvo,    it    baa  cleclt 


Hub-jndfi 

once  tho"* 

cslahliahment  of  BhiisilTal,  and  the  removal  to  it  of  th^m&mlatdfir'a 
office.  It  has  few  hotiws  of  any  important,  and  the  strcebi  are 
namwand  irrcgnlar.  Tlu;  villag<!  walU  and  gate<s  aio  still  standiug 
in  a  rained  alale.  'ilie  trade  of  Varangaon  in  purely  lo(»]  and 
confined  to  cotton,  oilseeda,  and  grain.  The  uio»t  remarkabl* 
religious  btiildfng  is  a  temple  to  R4im,  known  as  the  Itdrn  iJandir, 
aittiat«d  to  ibu  nuulh  of  tho  town  on  the  oppoette  bank  of  tlis 
stream,  and  »aid  to  have  I>een  built  by  Lakahinan  KatOi,  uuo  of  IImi 
FwdiAa's  iiiiimlatdin,  • 

Varkheda,  six  miles  eaai  of  Ptlcfaora,  with,  in  1S72,  a  popnl 
of  598  souls,  is  one  of  tbe  twelve  P&jioni  viUagea   which  we 
received  from  Sindia  in  1S2],  reMtored  to  him  in  1835,  and  banc 
iMkdi   in   1843.     On  the   occasion  of  the  last  transfer  the  villfl_ 
made  a  remarkable  rocistauce.     TlicRafpat  headman  shot  the  guteeT 
of  the  fort,  a  common  mad  fortificatiou  ca.-je<]  with  brii^k,  seAirnty^c^ 


Deocu.] 


khAndrsh. 


■179 


I 


teH  Bqiiftro  nnd  Iweniy-figlit  high,  refusod  Iti  tarrootler,  Bod  for 
a  loDK  time,  rcsolnlotyaQd  succetiafullf  witfairtoM]  a  dotAchineut  nf 
t'ho  lino,  with  n  cmiple  of  iiine-poundcrs  from  Miitegaon  and  the 
Bhil  CvrpM  uiidiT  Captain  Morris,  Tho  fort  wb«  not  taken  lit), 
after  along  and  obstisatt!  reraiatance>  the  natorgato  wiut  blown  open, 
tlio  hoiidman  MaoBArdni  was  shot  dead,  hia  sou  Beverely  wounded, 
and  Mxtocn  of  tho  attacking  forco  wuro  killed  or  woandod. 

Ta'ral,  or  Bya'val  Sa'kli,  «o  culled  bocncse  of  ite  ncamusts  to 
ttifl  lar^  market  village  of  Sdkli,  the  head-qoartera  of  a  pvtty  diri- 
eion,  with,  in  1872,  a  population  of  8Jji)<>  eonla,  stands  twelve  tnilea 
West  of  Snvda  and  nino  north-west  of  Bhns&val,  tlio  Qearost  railwuy 
stAtion.  It  furnivrly  lK'lo»({«d  to  Sindia,  and  wh«,  about  f788, 
granted  to  [t^  UluirNimb^kar  one  of  his  offiocra.  By  tin-  ]mymen( 
to  Kaehint?  Uolkar  of  £35,000  (Ra.  3,50,000),  the  Ninibalkara 
obtained  potutonsion  of  tho  nuighbooring  districts  of  HAver,  TluUntn-, 
and  Umoar,  and  oxtended  their  territoriett  for  milMt  round. 
SardjintT  NimbfLlkar,  eon  of  Rio  Dhir,  entertained  large  bodies  of 
troops  known  a»  Kanultitk  Sibandi^,  whiuh  ho  lent  to  nvighbouring 
nntprietors,  la  1821,  when  iu  the  possesaionofSurajiriiv  NimMlkar, 
it  was  handed  over  to  the  British  GoTerunKnit.  For  somo  time  Tirul 
was  the  punso  of  oouKidvrablo  uneasiness  and  diOionlly,  iis,in  ihehopo 
of  recovering  it,  Surdiirdv  Ninihdlkar  actively  aided  the  Bhils  and 
Pendb^is  in  their  raids  and  efforts  to  cause  disturbanoo.  In  1S37 
TAta)  was  restored  to  Sindia,  with  whom  it  remained  till  I&IS,  when 
it  wM  received  buck  by  the  BHtJHit  Uovcrnmeut  Y:i\ii)  waa  once 
famoQS  for  its  mannfootnre  of  coai;^  native  paperand  for  ita  indigo. 
A  little  pfiper  is  still  made  and  the  remains  of  indigo  vat«  cun  tie 
seen  near  the  town.  Alwnt  three  miles  onttiidti  on  the  road,  to 
Bhartival,  tlifn*  an^  al«i>  lhi>  roitmins  of  salt  pans.  Outside  the  fort 
arfrtwo  Goivernmont  schools,  and  betow,  inside  the  gate,  »t»ndK  the 
subordinate  judge's  conrt.  Inside  tlio  walla  the  town  ia  deserted 
in  parta,  and  gurdenn  luivo  taken  the  plaoe  of  honaes.  One  of  the 
best  gardens,  belonging  to  the  deshmukh,  has  a  large  numljcr  of 
betel  and  cocoa  jralms  and  a  garden  house  in  the  midst.  Uost  of 
tlie  houses  aro  tiled,  and  many  are  two  atoreya  high.  The  main 
ntreot  atr|^itf)i  irrogulariy  fmtn  the  mat  to  the  river  gate  on  the 
west,  and  pnrallel  with  it  mn  several  minor  lanes.  Tho  people  are 
chiefly  husbandmen  and  poor  MusalmiinH. 

Of  objects  of  interest  tho  chirf  If  a  fairly  utesorred  lurt.  ^6£ 
feet  long  by  228  bro«d  and  fifty  high.  It  was  built  hf  AplXq"*^ 
ma^of  Ooba  p*da  NimbAlkar ■  At  prwwnt  it  is  used  as  tho 
mali&lkari's  office.  Ihsido  are  two  buildings,  the  old  office,  and  a 
(wo>stoned  atrocture,  known  as  the  Ifim  fiocWi,  formerly  part  of  tho 
Nimb&lkar's  residence,*  From  the  top  of  the  A'm  Kachori,  and 
from  the  windows  of  ilie  lower  courts,  tie  view  up  the  river  Bo  tho 
hills  is  one  of  the  finest  in  KhAndcsh.  Near  the  town  is  a  mosqne. 
Mid,  opposite  the  fort,  en  tho  other  side  of  the  strram,  awiint'atomb 
of  Momo  renown.  Ontnide  tlie  east  gate,  on  the  ruad  to  S&vda,  are 
tho  clearly  marked  traces  of  largo  snburbs. 

•  Ta'val  Port    Set  Yfirol. 


Obaf 

PUenoflBti 

Vakkaiu 


VJtvJ 


TAvj^Jh 


iBomba;  6u«t 


480 


Chapter  Zr7. 
FUoes  of  Intneit 


DISTRICTS. 


Tbe  Ajaula  CaVMi'  in  north  Iacitnd4t20°  2$'  and  east  lon^t 
76°  12',  in"*  wTTSlonply  (flPD,  nboat  four  iiiiltifi  Di>rlh-wu»t  of  oni 
the  chief  pasaes  in  tho  AJRiila  or  ladbyidri  bills,  li«  st^i  i'  '' 
and  a  half  niil«  south-west  of  Fcirdipnr  the  ncareei  vi' 
aboat  thirty-four  miloa  south-uiwt  of  Pichoraj  tl»o  noiu-ti»t  riul\ 
■tatiou. 

From  Pard£pur  the  way  to  the  caves  lira,  for  aboat  a  mile,  boh 
wards  alonfr  the  wido  oppn  yalloy  of  the  Vighiir.  It  then  enter 
Kinullcr  valley  that  MtriktM  to  ibe*soDth>west  and  leada  nIoDg 
Tocin  bed  of  a  tttream,  aUo  called  V&ghur,  between  rangea  of  iti 
bnuawood-covered  hills  from  200  to  900  ftiet  high.  Aftor  ah 
two  ,milea  the  stroiiiii  l>ondH  sharply  to  tbi?  west,  and  .thown  to 
ri([ht,  a  ntcvp  bill  fa«o  aboat  S50  foot  high,  svroepin^  round  ii 
borsfr-idioe  curve,  witli  u  narrow  boll  of  ir«  rocky  fuco  cut  into  a  1 
of  low  fiat  pillar«d  care  moutha,  relieved  here  and  th«re  by  big] 
arched  frontx.  Beyond  the  lino  of  c»vea  the  ravine  ends  in  •  c 
about  200  feet  hif^b,  over  which,  with  neven  loapo,  tbe  laat  fr 
seventy  to  eighty  feet  bigli,  the  stream  falln  into  a  deep  dark  pc 
At  the  top  of  the  steep  bill-face  in  which  the  caves  are  cut,  atrotcii 
a  waving  plateau,  and  beyond  tbo  plateau,  the  hill  rises  gradua 
Bome  2w  or  300  fwl  to  the  level  of  tlie  Dec«an  plain.  On  Ibo  plat* 
are  a  few  remains  of  a  village,  known  as  Lendpur^  or  car«  toi| 
one©  uniiod  with  the  cave*  by  a  Dight  of  steps  that  run  downl 
Hcarj)  close  bestdv  the  cavea. 

This  eite,  lonvly  and  picturescpie,  and  at  tlie  Muio  lime  close  1 
maio  lint'  uf  traftic,  combtnf.ts  the  thrfc  leading  cbaracteriatii-HoFl 
eibm  chosen  by  the  biiildcra  of  iht  rock  iviiipIoK  of  Western  Indj: 

The  only  early  reference  that  haa  been  traced  to  the  Ajnnta  cai 
U  by  the  Chinese  pilgrim  Hiwen  Thaang  (642).  lie  did  nut  vi 
Ajauln.  Hut  when  nt  tTte  ctipital,  probably  BjJdAmi  in  hoi 
KaUdgi,  of  Palikosi  11.  king  of  Mahfir^btra,  bo  heairil  llint  on  \ 
eaatem  bordont  of  tbe  kingdom  a  convent  bad  in  nbl  times  bi 
built  in  a  dark  valley  in  a  i«ngo  of  hills,  with  tops  rising  one  abc 
the  other,  cJwinH  of  rock,  two  Htoried  peaks,  and  ecarped  crei 
T)ie  nused  buildings  and  deep  balls  of  this  nionaat«ry,  filtud  irj 
openings  in  tho  rock  and   were  Muppurted  (or  roofed)  by  the  Qp| 


,?> 


>  Atcoaata 
bMnpreiAnx! 
rfwcff  cdnnectwl 

tahoi  from  Mr.  Buji;«m'  KaUi  od  the  Buddhn  Roek   Toiiiplra  of  AiaaUi, 
lamarka  about  the  paintiniptromMr.  (iriffilhi'rrporta  (11^4-18791.     Thaiatrtulart 
haa  had  tlie  •iLvwiUge  ol  rcnaKm  &iid  uldition*  br  Jlr.  flrifliUiB. 

'  So  tlie  nmuiiii'L  ut  Pltiui  and  ChiliiiloT  m  lontb-wul  KliituJnh  am  in  wild  gl 
or  eomiiuiiiliiije  lull  oiilm  elnw  toTindiaa  ronto*  frcoi  tmrtii  to  miiitli,  nnal 
plotwixiu*  bilu  clotm  to  the  ^BEweitwiira  rout<«,  irt,  ou  'hi'  Thfrl  Ii""  fin:  yt 
cavM,  ou  th*  SJw  J""  *hc  llnruhfJuuiilnijiBil  caT««,  ftuil  on  tli«  f ar  pf  —  iNf  KJ 
BhAjnand  BjdJBraWnnicivc  and  the  Koodino,  .Uiulirn^.-,  ■■-:'  '.TntifTl*  i^»v'-«  bo 
tiw Sabj-Adrit.    A>.  in oOicr  KonkM jircop*.  RAiiliiiri,ih>'::  :.l  Kwcly.ianot 

Irv'in  Sufira,  KaJ^ln,  and  BbnniiSi  ;  El^haotA,  willi  ii>  <     ,    vtvu'  vl  Doiiii' 

WbnuT,  ■>  wiiliiii  ■latj;  ilutaDw  □(  Tbinn  uid  Kalyiii  ;  ntn)  Ku<la,  looking  acraH 
richly  WDodetl  U»j|iioi  creek,  win  almott  ccitaiiiljr  clwn  to  loma  trade  onitN, 
MoMtaUe  mcoitioiiiHl  by  Plolmiy  and  the  Pcripln*.     Ha  Um  Die  oavn*  ■■  Mxluld 
ChJfluD  art  botb  on  mdatg  Uuu  of  tntffle  bctweoii  tlin  Iluccan  aud  tliv  vuMt. 


Decean.) 


KHANDESa 


4S1 


port  of  the  hill.  Its  porches  and  two-storiod  towor  (or  Escsdt^J 
ntocxl  out  in  troat  oF  tb«  caves  aod  for^d  the  ravino.  I'bo  vouveat 
waa  bnili  by  Lo.ban  'O-tche-lo  (Arhat  Atchara).  The  monks'  quarters 
were  nbout  100  ftwt  hif^h  (above  the  HlrvAtn  ?}.  In  tbo  middle 
WM  a  normity  fe«(  Ktonu  nuitui^  of  Buddha,  nud  over  the  statue, 
hang^ioK  without  auy  apparent  support,  were  serea  atone  canopies 
about  three  feet  nmrt.  Kept  np,  it  was  said,  by  the  power  of  LohAn's 
pnyerm  Reend  the  munuatery  were  auulptured  stone  walls  iihowiug 
the  events  of  Jii-IaJ'sCratb£g:atft's)>  life  in  all  the  placea  wher« 
be  had  played  the  part  of  a  Buddbi^t  teacher ;  the  happy  omens 
that  injirkeil  bU  rise  to  t)ie  dignity  of  mint,  arhat ;  and  the  divine 
wonders  that  foUowod  his  entry  into  the  state  of  rest,  mrvaifa.  The 
artists'  chisel  bad  ^ven  tbemnll  with  the  miniitei-t  detail.  UutAde 
of  the  convent  mites,  te  the  left  uad  rijfbt,  were  stone  elenbunta, 
which  at  times  were  said  to  otter  frif^htful  cries  and  shake  the 
earth.* 

When  and  why  Ajanta  oonwd  to  bo  a  plaoo  of  pilgrimago  and 
a  settlement  of  ItaddhiMt  monks  is  not  known.  Iliwen  Tmanff's 
acQOtint  of  tbo  docny  of  the  Atnrat^Ui  monitstcfv,  near  the  month 
of  the  ^ri  sill  in,  is  proTiAlily  tnio  of  Ajanfa^  'The  bill  people,"  he 
writes, 'changed  their  feelings  and  did  not  ci<aao  to  show  their 
violence  and  anger.  TravoUere  no  longer  dared  to  go  to  the 
convent.  Thus  it  h»»  become  deserted,  and  neither  monks  nor 
novices  are  to  be  seen.' 

For  several  years  after  the  British  conquest  (Idl8)  the  cotintry 
ronnd  Aknla  was  most  wild  and  unsafe.  lo  IH19,  the  Madraa 
offiL-ent  who  tint  »aw  tlit-m,  found  iJie  cavea  nwst  difficult  of  access.* 
Five  years  later  (1824),  Lieut,  now  General  Sir,  Jamts  E.  Alexander, 
on  his  way  to  the  caves,  was  warned  by  an  olBcor  iu  ibn  Niuiin'a 
horse,  that  he  would  never  return,  that  if  be  escaped  the  tiger^' 
be  wonld  fall  a  victim  to  the  stonyhenrted  Rbils.  Near  the  [lath,' 
sevemi  caimx,  oovcrcil  with  rags,  marked  xpitts  where  travellers  bad 
been  killed,  and  in  one  of  the  caves  was  a  human  skeleton  and  foot- 
prints of  tigers,  jackals,  and  bears.*  Sinoethen  the  state  of  the  caves, 
and  of  the  mad  to  Ihn  caves,  has  iM>en  much  improved.  Between 
1819  and  1855,  the  Uite  Major  H.  Gill,  while  employed  by  the  Court 
of  Directors  in  copying  the  paintings,  cleared  away  much  nibbiith 
iMid  debris.  In  1874,  plans  wore  prepared  for  fitting  the  doors  and 
windows  uf  all  caves  containing  paintings  with  shutters,  but  these 
proposals  have  not  yet  been  carried  out.*  •  , 


■  TntUa*t«,ei)RMpoDdiagt«ttioChiiieM  Ju-Ui,  niMna'thiM  ci>dae'<S4iwk.  lalU 
tliu  nnd  igala  oom*),  'bo  who  hM  ei)ciie'mcci>n.tii>D;  to  utpKtatioa.'  f  BskI's  Fah-Hun, 
IK,  93,  note*).  BnrgMa  (Cbto  Tenkptei.  15)  hulilsthat  ihc  wuH  in«aiii  'irfaooune 
111  tho  iiuna  wsy  u  Hut  pimricff*  BoildliB.'  la  the  uiil«i  [vuoe  lUhAgkU),  h^  gi*aa 
•oat  wiM  gaot  ui  UlwnBaiuior,  snortsl.  i>  BaldL*. 

*SUd.  Jnlicoi  iSvta.  9iu.  kaOoot.  Occidcut,  U.  191.  avotoil  in  FargiuMm  uid 
Bnrtvu'  Ckvo  Tcraplca.  !&!.  Tho  Mcount  ia  cDobatd  aad  difficult  to  rcoidar,  ■*  tliM 
tMiMktar,  wid  prohilily  the  wtiter,  Uiought  that  tb«  monutcry  wai  a  liaiMiii|{  in  a 
namvir  raUey  or  natnriu  doft.  not  mva  «ot  in  a  hill  nil». 

L>  IliatoindaHireaThaans,  1S8,  qnotcil  iu  FtTSuawm'a  Ttm  noil  S«rp«Bt  Wordup, 
IM.        •  Tnuw.  Bom.  Lit-Soo.  Vl  SaO.  •Trwii.  R.  A.  A  ft.  862.  aWi 


Chapter 
FlaoMoflui 


iftvc* 


Mr.  BurgnM  {Q<r«a  ttia  bUowing  livt  of  nKwIum  noticon  ■iwl  »(«HtnM«t  tbc  Ajanta 
The  HmUm  oSoen*  ao;»ui>t  iei!>.  T.  b.  I.  i).  m.  MO  i  Lt..  dow  Oeaenl 


*  4II-6I 


AjakuI 
BefoTCaMa. 


i 


rBotnbaji 


4SS 


DISTRICTS. 


XIV. 
I  of  InterMt. 


Ilia  carnk  hn  cat  in  »  uhalbw  horuoBt&l  stntum  tif  lutnll 
damnged  by  intnuioDa  of  ^reen  Bhiov,  nnd  borldad  in  a  aofurl 
nliidifVeftlberinff  badly,  liaa  cuasod  nmajrof  tliei-olumnn  tij 
Rw&v.     Id  cuttiDf;  the  c«Tea  lou^  alloys  seem  first  iti   bnve 
dug  by  the  pick -MB  [  tbe  interveninR  walls,  except  w-hf-re    " 
wanted  (or  Bupport,  woro   next  hrolcoD   down;  itnd  thv  ait 
caves  smotithcd  by  nn   irnu  pimch,  from  a  point   to  a  quarti^i 
inch   at   the  cutting  end,  worked  with  aBommer    used   in 
band.'     Attonl  000  yards  long,  ntid  from  thirty  to  a   liiindivj 
above  the  stream,  Ibo  luw  of  caves  stretchra,  a  row  of  tw<<nt] 
Hat  pillared  mouasteriea  from  ten  to  fifteen  feet  big-ti,  b> 
the  contre  and  west  by  fine  chapelit,  whoso  front*,  at  ItMMkj 
htgti  as  the  monaelvriti',  are  formed  cither  of  a  lar^re  at 
or  are  two-Mtoried  with  horse -shoe  shaped  upper  wimlowa. 
twenty-nino  cavos  fivyftre  t<j oi pies . cAaftw'M.' and  tlu'Lt>at  mot 
viKdrt.*    Of   the    whole    aerti>«   fonr    U-mplc.'*    umi     twnntv-tl 
monasteries  are   accessible;    the    remaining   two    (XXVIIf. , 
XXIX  in  the  extreme  west)  are  hard  to  rv««o  and  are   unf 


Sit,  JunM  K,  AlaxMiUr'*  vhit  Is  IS&t,  T.  R.  A-  S.  H.  302 :  Mr.  Raipk-*  l. 
•  viMtb  1828,  Jour.  A*.  800.  Bme.  V.  AST-'WI  :Dr.J«lui  WiboB'aaomxuit  oil 
iu183S.  Juar.  Bora.  Sr.  Hoy.  At.Soe.  III.  put  II.TI-TS  1  LicDt  Bl>k«^r 
Bombar  Couritr  1839^  repnated  in  Davcripctcvi  ol  Mindn  Mid  A)*aU,  RvmtMV  \ 
fnm,  IM  i  Mr.  ¥iraiiot-»  F>f«-.  J.  R.  A.  S.  IMS  1  Dr.  J.  Klvir'*  j.,umJyJ 
Am  to  Boniloy,  lAM  ;  U»]ar  OiU'i  >Ut«o«mple  plKiti:«psp(n  of  .\j«nU  wid 
ISSS  ;  Dr.  Hhiu  l>i)i'a  IruuKTlpU  and  tnumlmlinu*  ot  iiiKriptiona.  J.  B 
V]|.  SS."!*;  Milarliiirallliwmtioiuof  ArchlUctumuidNkluTmllltiturj  in  Wj 
India,  lit*  ;  Ur.  Bur^ea'  Rock-tnit  ToniplM  ot  AjanM,  Ind.  AnI.  HI. : 
Notoa  oa  BMiddbk  Itoclc  T«rapliu  of    AJkitta,  tli*ir   l'Atntiiu,i  and  Scalji 
OnAtha' a«i9aiuit  of  th*  fraacoM,  Ind.  Aiit.  I.  Sfi4,  II.I5->.  nt.  10.  and  II 
RaJcnilraUl  Hitra'a  ■PorelgnBhi  in  AJanu  Pniiitiiupi.'  J.A..S.  It«i.  XI.\'IL  6u] 
Mr.  Ftnvoaton'a  ClioanM*  II,  tu  AjanU  V«inlioff^  J.  K.  A.  ,S,  Kdw  Scriun.  XL 

I  GiU^  AjaiiU  Phutoa.  fi.    thirgaaa'  A juiU  NutM.  S£.  Tlia  procon  w  boat  OunrB* 
XXIV.,  M»  untiaiiJiml  uave. 

*  Till*  dvrivM.ion  and  maauing  <rf  tho  won!  ehailtit  »tv  lUmbltal.    ntamral  Om 

ham  \uA<U  Ihnt,  aa  tha  won!  >•  ilcriired  Irom  (lie  riot  t\U  to  tliink.  it  iihcludefl  na 
elijfct  u(  «-iit«lii|>,  whrthora  lioilily  relic,  enoh  aa  a  boiin  c4r  lootli ;  a  ptnoml  ^ 
aion,  auch  *•  a  )hiw1  or  BiHlhi  In*  ;  ur  a  inonumciit,  lutsh  «•  a  attipn,  a  wIhmI.  dt  . 
iin»f«L  <lUiwhai  Ktiiiia,  lOIi),  1liirin°n  Ivc-kU  that  rAi'Iyi  KOiiiti  rrain  tlic  won! 
a  [luwtml  pile,  and  tunoc  incaQ*  a  iiionuiiwnl,  nr  alUr,  and  in  a  aoraoi'taiy  1 
tamuLa  vontatiiing  a  ni(«umoat  or  altAr.  (Cava  1'unnlaa  of  lu'lia,  174).  Ao 
to  Hardy  (Maunal  of  Bnddhinu.  SIT),  objcvu  of  fiudiUtUt  rtrrtmB*  1 
(Anirya^  nn  (Mount  of  tho  aatU(a<ti(iD  produced  in  the  raioda  ol  ttioM  ' 
Uiey  were  pK^rly  reganlod.  Colelnviike  {Anuua  Koaha,  in  voo*  rAoi^tl 
the  n-onl  an  altar,  adding,  in  a  note,  that  aome  tnlwpNt  it  aa  amoananaiir' 
cr  oinor  matenala  placed  in  honnur  of  a  decouwd  [«nciai.  WUaoa  |Saaakr(t  I 
in  voce)  oal!i  it  a  aacTdit  tree,  n  ulncc  cf  lacriilct  ur  religioiu  wuraJiip,  an  1  _ 
■HBHUDMit ;  vhilc  Tiimuur  (MaJtavanno,  Indr.i  in  vooo)  maltfv  it  an  nbjoot  Of  <l 
Aipk  wbetticr  an  iml^:n,  a  tree,  an  adlliot^  or  a  mountain.  It  ia  wortky  of  ootwi 
cftintanai  wen;  in  vititaiitu  bofoN  th*  linio  of  Sblkyaiiiuni,  aa  be  illracud  th« 
of  VaiMkli  lo  maintaiu.  rcipacl.  and  revamica  (A«ii<yiu,  keeping  up  tlte 
eoiltinin  withuut  dnniniitioin.     rnimnnr  in  Jour.  Bmib  B.  A.  8.  VD.  SMI, 

*  ^UfiL^"^  aioi]ia«t«ri«a  In  vbUh  the  BudiUuat  a«T«t«M  eptnt  tlie  raJny  1 
■tadylBCtbe  nctwl  book*  and  praetialBg  a  tempente  aaeetkum.    Tlio  rarlml 
Of  moaaatarr  Mem*  to  bavo  botn  one  or  uont  colb,  with  afront  tvmidali,  u* 
MMlatloiM  bad  or  lienoh  within.    Aftormrda  cantntl  aaaonibly   lialU  wera1 
iluoed,  and  oftCB  uaed  aa  aohool  nrama.     Care  Ttciplea  of  India,  IS,  I7A. 

*  For  eaay   local  nfentnce  thv  nvoa  am  nnmbernt.  iwl  accordinic  to  age  but  I 
insto  positiMi  from  tlie  eoat  weato-anl.     Ttie  vIdHt  (IfiO'SO  n.o  )  oavM  ate  ia'l 
OBntK  (VIII.  •Xm.l ;  th«  latot  (fi8&-ea»  are  at  tJie  end*,     rictaila  are  0T«n  hatj 


I>eCC4UL] 


/v/i 


(f 


KUANi>[^8H. 


483 


Temple,  or  cAo<<tfg.  caTett  (IX.  X.  XIX.  XXVI.  XXVll'.)  Vre  Ouptm  Xn 
about  twice  as  long  m  luey  are  either  wide  or  high,  and  hare  almoafi  placMof  XittM 
oln-ayfi  a  rounded  inocr  cud.  The  roofs  are  lofty  and  TaaUed. 
Some  of  them  (IX.  and  X.)  have  bcvn  rihbcd  with  wood,  whilo  in 
others  (XIX.  and  XXVI, )  the  atone  lias  been  cut  in  imitation  of 
wooden  ribs.  A  colonuudB  runs  round  each  dividing  the  rnvve  from 
Uiu  aisles  la  iho  oldest  speoimens  (l&0-SOe.c.),  tJIo  colutnn.-!  am 
plain  eiffht-sided  shafts,  without  basefi  or  capitals ;  the  more  uiodern 
pillnm  (525-650)  have  both  basH  and  capitals,  and  have  hij;bly 
ornamented  sliuft«.  Within  the  iiomicircular  i^iid  of  the  uavo  standi 
the  relic-abrine,  dd^hoba,  a  aolid  maiia  of  rock,  either  of  the  simple 
or  composite  pattern.'  The  front  of  the  cavo  ia  formed  by  a  wall 
or  Kcrecu  of  varying  height.  It  is  piorcod  by  thre«  doors,  or  Bna 
door  and  two  wiudowit,  the  larger  nud  oentriil  opening  formin)^  the 
entrance  to  the  nare,  and  tlie  two  smaller  ones  to  the  atBUa. 
KpvingiD^  from  the  top  of  this  screen  is  a  large  o]>en  nrcli,  with,  iw 
a  rule,  a  ^pan  uf  one-third  the  height  or  breadth  of  the  cave.  lu 
front  of  one  temple  cave  is  a  verandah,  and  in  front  of  another  ia 
n  pr>rtico,  both  nith  upper  tinritciw,  not  quite  mo  high  ui!  the  bottom 
of  the  grcut  ardi,  &om  which  springs  a  second  and  outer  arch 
somewhat  larger  than  tlie  inner  one,  and  having,  at  the  foot  of  it,  a 
purapot  wall  about  tliroo  fuet  high.  Thoso  terracea  may  {Mirhi^M 
h&Te  been  for  miutictaus. 

Monastery,  or  W&^n^gugs  are  usnally  square,  with  low  flat  roofaXL 
and  evils  at  the  eidos  and  ends.  They  are  supported  by  rows  of  \y 
pilln.rx,  oilhor  running  round  them  and  separating  the  central  hall 
trom  the  aiftlea,  or  diiipoBod  in  foilr  equi-diatanl  lines.  Opposite 
Uio  entran™  of  the  cave  is  the  snactuMry,  invariably  occupied  by  a 
Btftine  <>r5K«kyainuni  or  Gautanm,  tlie  last  Duddfta  of  the  present 
age?  The  ahrioe  is  usually  approached  through  an  antecnainber, 
in  front  of  which  aro  two  pillars  and  piliMt«rB  rnnning~pQi^1Iel  bo 
the  l>ack  of  the  cave,  in  which,  as  weU  aa  on  enub  Kide,  are  colts. 
All  the  monastory  caves  have  front  verandaha  with  chapela  or  cells 
at  the  en 48,  and  sinne  oonwist  of  a  verandah  only,  with  cells  opening 
from  the  back  uf  it.  Both  in  the  temples  and  nionnaterics  there 
seema,  at  first,  a  want  of  harm9ny  in  the  stA-le  of  the  pillars.  Closer 
examination  shews  a  certain  regularity  ot  system.  In  the  t«niple 
oares,  the  columiw,  over  against  ouc  aiiothur  on  each  side  of  the 


/ 


I  I^glujUijire  monaiacDU,  hoim  oat  of  tlis  Mlid  roek.  in  Uia  farm  «f  alUra  or  ralitf 
■ItKnai.  1'unionr  ileiivM  th«  Irani  (ram  MMa  a  rvlu:  uid  avihban  ■  sMkct ;  and  Prof. 
WiUun  (Ai.  Rca.  XVU.  6Ce)  wd  afUr  Um  RljoiidnlA]  .Milra  (Buddhit  Gaya,  £19) 
from  dtim  body  and  gofa  what  pt«M>rvM.  TIm  ninple  r«lia  ohriiuv  anppiMM  to  b* 
tb*  NKXW  uoMDt  foim.  eonusta  of  a  plain  cyHndrical  bM«  mpporting;  a  c«p«it  or 
doiM,  ([UMrtllyinaNttuuishenunibece,  aad BnrmotiDtod  by  a^qnftro  oqiita).  Jn  th* 
cotDDOiiUi  ■brioQ,  both  on  the  hAe  and  mipola.  at«  intnidn«od  aralptiaraa  of  Buddlia 
andbit'litciplo,  of  tinj  imagcaof  tbo  groat  temple  urindoir,  and  offrat.  Abovvtb* 
otallaJ,  thrM  >inall  nmbrvlU-like  canopiM  rue  our  or^r  tbo  otbor,  tba  uppcrmMt 
iiniUiijt  with  tho  roof  at  the  juDctioD  of  tho  ribbing  at  tba  end  g{  tbo  cava.  001^ 
AJanM  Pbotoa.  2. 

*  ShAkyamnoi,  that  it  the  aaoetic,  miui,  of  tb«  SUk^  djniaMy  of  RafilsvMta  ; 
OAUlama  1»  hia  famity  name.  Buddha,  frcvn  the  Suiaknt  loot  Awn  V>  hiMV,  iiwsns 
th«  MiliKhtmad  odo,  who  hu  gainod  tnlrfJU,  tb«  hll  knowledg*  thai  fret*  Ui«  aonl 
(fi^  tb*  Dood  of  obangn. 


U 


[Bombkjr ' 


an 


WHTKICTS. 


ipUr  XIV. 
iirflaWrHb 
<A>ru  0«vn. 

Sa«ti>t«rM  Mid 


Rlitorj. 


tMV«,  corT«Jlpi.>iid  in  urder,  and  in  tho  mouMler;  cnrtw,  m  i-«ck  Gu 
of  Lho  colonnftdes,  the  twu  (.-vuitrI  jiilUra  an  aJikL-.  Uu>n  tWie  to 
ibe  right  and  left  u(  tlie  ceJitral  pillars,  and  ••>  im  to  the 
pilUrM,  all  fiinr  of  which  are  occasionally  uf  one  pattern. 

Very  f«w  uf  the  mvos  soom  to  havo  l>H>n  oompletcly  finiili 
but  uf  all,  cxwpt  ontf,  rwry  |>ortion,  walls  cBilin^  ami  piOo^ 
seems  to  hav(^l>tfvn  painted.'  Ki:4>fpt  the  most  eii--'ti<m  of  tbACant 
whom  whiile  fn«tde  ia  covered  by  Wuuliful  and  TaneJ  d[>tugiu,  Ik* 
8CuIptiiT«fl  in  the  monastery  caVM,  uiale  and  fnmale  Bgxirvt  luJ 
beautiful  fret«  and  mtoIIb,  are  found  chiefly  ronnd  tLo  doorway*  not 
windows  and  alwnt  the  openiugs  of  the  Ntnctuariea.  In  thu  nuit 
nncit^iii  loniple  (."aves  the  sculpture  tv  coiifim'd  to  llio  fa^^nde  ;  in  ihe 
more  Hniderti  tcmph's*  il  (rovi-rs  tht>  walb  of  the  atislcs,  tlio  ooli 
and  entablatures  of  the  pillan,  and  the  relic  nhrinnfl. 

The  making  abd  adorQing  oF  Ibese  aive5t«  siippusod  to  hare ' 
for  about  lOOOyvars,  from  the  Hocond  cent^iry  before  to  thv  fightk. 
oenluryftft«rChriHi.  HisituHi-Nllv  the  cnvest  form  tmjQanps.  Kifl 
the  centre  of  the  rtjw,  where  the  line  droops  towards  tbe  river 
aro  the  five  oldest  cavoB  Vlll.  IX.  X.  XII.  and  XIII.,'  bailt  ni 
tho  Andhrabhntya  or  Shillakarni  kiiigK,  proluibly  in  the  aec 
and  Brut  crviit.iiric"  U-foro  Christ.  Cave  X.  aeenis  to  have  be(.>n  add 
to,  and  both  IX.  and  X.  to  have  bocn  adorned  with  puinlitt^  m 
nd  coDtury  after  Chri»l,'  A(t«r  thia  no  additiomt  aueni  t« 
leen  made  till  the  fonrth  oentory  or  even  later.  Prom  this  tii 
new  caves  woro  cut  in  rapid  Biicocftaion  ;  the  place  being  appnrut  ^^ 
in  ita  greati^t  glory  in  tlm  sixth  and  nnvonth  cent iiri (!!».*  AcL-nrdin^^ 
to  present  infomiation  tho  ordetin  age  of  tbe  ttecotid  grouii  of  ca.rrt 
is  XI.  XIV.  XV.  XVI.  XVII.  XVIII.  XIX.  and  XX.,  tho  but 
prnbiibly  itomu  time  in  the  latter  part  of  tho  sixth  century  ;  then,  |^y 
perhaps  before  XIX.  and  XX.,  Vi.  and  V]l.  ;nnd  last,  but  a]Iab<|^| 
tbe  same  age,  approximately  between  525  and  650  a.r,  the  five  ca^W 
(I.-V.)  to  the  oast  and  the  soven  (XX7.  -  X  X  V  Ml)  in  Iho  tvest. 

As  f»T  as  they  havo  yet  bi^n   tniimtntcd,  tbai||^£iji' '"!>>*> 
are  much  mutilated,  throw  little  light  on  the  history  of  the   c«i 
The earli^pt  iystj jjtion  i»HHpp<>Hv<1  tobeone  in  ftavn  X.  which 
to  the  gift  of  a  bonaedoor  by  Vibijihthiiiu^ni.  This  VAsishthipotra  j 
from  the  charact«r  of  tho  iil]A'ii>(>l.   i*-lit-vcd  to  be  the   Puliin 
V^sishthiputra  of  the  Nfaik  intM-riptious,  and  so  to  belong  to 
W'<tiud  w-nturv  A.D.*/  Tliere  is  another  very  old  fnigment  in 
same   nivo   which  has   not   been   trnnslated.*     Cave   XVI.   baa~ 
'mutilated  iuscriptjon  in   a  character  euppoaed  to  belong  to 


^^ 


■  GraitiMrtollhMc  t»>Btinii*  hMdtMppoMwL  Kow  (16781  in  half  Dm  nvesani 
nonduuiaof  [wuitin^.MKl  111  ouly  Uiiri««ava  tlfcre  any  (oiui<lanl)I«  rnnneMta. 
Bmna  AJulM^<>ta*,3.  "^ 

•The  DunibtBS Kivon in  tho  Uit  *r«  ia  thn aniw  of  poMtioo.  Tbe «iU»  p[  wra u. 
MlMMcsBlm.lJtumiBcd.Xni.  .xn,  X.IX.  vm. 

*  Ad  ioKTiiiliMi  ill  Onrf'X,  'Tlicxriftirf  a  oavu  ilow  *■"  YltflhUitW^'  Pi^tAbh 
twl-wgitq  VlMfllilhipatM  runmayi  ul  lli*  Nuik  ovm  uid  fGQin^So' lim  I   " 
tlM  Mccnd  (Wiiturf  \.  t>.     Bmrgtat'  HcUtk.  ec 

B  TcmpiM,  39h. 

•  T<«iplc»,  tin.  •  Diwjwe*  Xwi4«,  H, 


Im  *accnd  «iiturr  A.n.  Bnrg«aa' 
*  P«rgajHoa  »IM  Bvrgia*'  <>vo  1 
'  r<:vgiMM«  Mill  Burtin*'  C*tc  1 


600  A.i>.  '  It  details  the  prowi^sa  of  a  dynasty  o(  Viodfiyashakti  or 
VAt.-.'iivilui  kintrw.  who,  in  tb«  fifth  century,  ruled  Borfa-  iind  parte  ot 
the  Uemrul  Provinoes.*-'  Cayo  XVU.  has  an  inscriptuiii  with  tho 
DiiniO)! of  (ivechiofs"f  A^dmju^ii.  who  eeoiii  to  hRvt!  biran  Wal  rulers 
ot  the  sixth  century  but  \>\  whom  nothing  is  kuowu.'^  In  XXVI.  an 
insonption  rtx^TilH  the  mtvtcingo£  the  cave  by  Dery^ja  nnti  his 
fiithtir  ItharvirAja,  minisuirs  of  tho  Aehmaka  chief  aoJ  bo  coDueoted 
with  the  excavators  of  cuvo  X  VI L^yFroin  ilio  KCulptiiroa  no  diroct 
eridonoo  as  tu  iho  date  of  the  cawa  haa  been  drawn.  Tho  Kenoral 
ttylo  of  omaoient  is  anppos>ed  to  belong  to  (he  fifth  ana  Rixtli 
oenturies.^/^'he  eayUi:^^  puiiitinga  in  cuvos  IX.  tmd  X.  aw,  from 
their  close  rc^^-mblanoc  to  the  Orosaea  and  ornaments  in  the  Sjaphi 
aiul  Aiiinivati  tiipoii,  supposed  to  belong  to  the  second  oenturydfter 
Chrt»l.*/The  rest  of  the  paintings  are  believed  to  date  from  the 
fifth  and  sixth  centuries,  atid  if  a  propo«ed  tdontiGcotion  of  cortain 
Fitmian  nioturca  in  cave  I.  [17  and  20)  proves  correct,  some  of  them 
wer«  painted  as  late  as  the  reign  of  KflfffrH  ^^-  of  Persia,  or  i^oot 

tlie  close  of  tho  finrt  quarter  of  th»  aeveath  ocntury.* __^^_^ 

Thouph  they  farDi££ew  historic  facts,  the  cavo  omamonts  throw 
mnch  light  ou  life  in  India  between  the  third  and  eighth  centuries 
of  tho  Ofarlstian  era.  Mni<t  of  tho  sculptures  aro  religions  and 
nuiny  of  thatn  are  fanoifiil.  But  the  greater  uumbur  of  tho  pictures 
aro  drawn  &om  life,  and  though  the  treatment  of  the  lulhi,  the 
sea,  and  to  sonio  extent  the  housoti  is  conventional,  most  objects 
an>  paint«d  with  truth  iind  life,  and  show  !«ometliingof  the  manners 
itud  ntligiou  of,  at  least  the  upper  classea  of,  the  people  aaiong 
whom  tho  artists  lived.  • 


Clutpt«r  ZI1 
PlMMflf  iBtan 


In  almost  all  of  them  tho  oentrul  (ignro  i«  tho  pyinco  or  chief, 
tlio  older  pictures  (X.  150  ji.d.)  the  prince 


i«  tho  princQ  or  chiel 
iafftir'Trith  lonpn 
s  hairless  except  a 


lo 

"  narrow 
eyes,  thicli  lips,  and  heavy  ears,  the  face  hairless  except  a  slight 
mottstMhe.  this  head  covei-ed  with  n  thick  shock  of  hair  gathorod  in 
»  bonchon  tho  right  side.  The  body  ia  aoft  and  roundel  with 
littio  mnsclii,  and  ojcccpt  for  a  long  dye-corded  necklace,  a  hand- 
some ornament  on  the  upper  arm,  and  hoary  plain  wristlets,  is  bmq 
to  the  waist.  The  later  pictures  (300  •  G30  a.d.)  would  suent  to 
eontoia  chiefs  of  many  tribes.    Most  of  them  are  tawny,  but  there 


Lif«  tn  Indift, 
300 -TOO  *.l\. 


/ 
/ 


'  Tlic  kiagi  •Dtm  to  b«  etArlv  th«  umc  u  thoae  mcntioMd  in  tlio  Sfapl  eoppcr- 
nUt«  iJoBf.  A.  S-  Pea.  V.  7aS-73i).  Thei-  ni*  Vi^^l.r..i.»m  •iouTTDlf  *.»., 
PrsT>wei>»  I.,  UtCTMia.  yadlMMa  I.  f;nuuliic'n  of  OantMni  dKii|tkt«r  of  Dhavan^ 
tp«rh>|B  OM  of  the  II10»  "■■■(p  ^  NanriLr  :  Cuiiain^liajB'B  ArcA.  Snr.  Rcd.  Q.  ZWi, 
PrithirimiA,  BadnMou  IL,  Pni*arascii>  IL  aom  ol  nabhArati  Gupta  ilaaghtar  «f  the 
grmt  kiim  of  kinp  Shri  Devk  (iapta.  Tti«  itucniitiou  it  ^rcQ  in  Uio  >oo0nat  o( 
cara  XVL  Theu  an  pcrhapt  tha  Nl^  ehiafa,  who,  fmrn  frequicat  r«d«mc*a  in  Uia 
•oulptnrN  aad  paintiagi^  Mom  to  hat«  4one  mnoh  for  the  apnad  «f  Bu'Idliiani  and 
tlie  lupport  of  US  Ajanta  nouMtorT.    8m  below,  n  488  iiote  X.  • 

•  Th«  iiamea  are  DliritaTUlitriw  HariSAmba.  Kiiiitiptln  Sanri  fUmtia,  Uiwndm- 
gnpla.  ajid  i<luuiha.     TIib  inaoiiptiaD  u  girm  in  tfae  account  tA  avo  XVn. 

'  CavD  IX.  Iiaji  MulptoTM  bsloiuciiig  probably  to  tho  fifth  euitaiy :  tho  frillod 
hjudy-toBi  JM  n.  boleogB  to  tlio  fiftli  or  nxth  cvntui^  :  the  Baoddha  i.itany  in  IV. 
•h<hir*  BuA  it  it  late ;  and  the  strle  o4  OTvamaot  m  I.  XIA.  Util  .U,VL  i*  of  the 


•ixA  oentuiT.    Bniffcn'  Notta,  9.  43.  47.  SO,  8Jl 
BorgoM  Kotea.)*.  ■  FWani 


FWanaon  in  Jonr.  A.  S.  Now  Sorka.  XL  l&Si. 
*  Tb*  colour  w  M  dark«eed  «rith  mI,  t&at  it  i>  difficult  to  aay.    Tboaa  on  colaiau 
/mt, 


(Boiubaji 


lof  InMreft. 
ihiU  is  Indi*. 


ikfi. 


486 


DISTRICTS. 


nn>  aIko  pal©  (XVII.  50),  dark  clay  {I.  II),  raj  (I.  1 7),  and 
(XV'II.2,  7)  cUieAi.'  Allsoon  to  be  Indiiuifi,  witli  aujiplaaoft 
and  long  Blondnr  liinbv,  tha  face  ovitl  mid  hmrlewB.  tliti  vvd 
and  narrow,  tlu>  noaft  and  lips  heavr,  llie  ears  ulumsy,  and  It 
hair  fallinif  in  ringlete  ua  tho  tthnnluers.'  Thuy  nrv  s)* 
in^oonaUaiilioffM  itate  alUirs  and  dallying  inth  (.heii- 
uat  of  doora,  figTiiing,  hunting,  and  travelling  hy  land  attd 
ludoora,  except  a  loose  vrauttcloth  )K>and  round  ttiu  Iiips,  and 
orDamenta,  a  higli  jnwellod  tiara  wr  hands  ol  b««ds  im  tlic  l>ro 
loose  henvj  nockloce,  rich  armlete,  and  liglil  p]aiu  wristUrtj, 
body  is  bare.  Seated  on  cuidiioaa  or  thrones,  geocrally  with  tliHf 
wives  near  them  and  nurroundod  by  female  atteQdA.nr.s  and  uiIut 
woifion,  IJioy  hear  complainta,  reoeiTe  untljiutsadortt,  ^ivu  audieiM 
to  stranger§  or  morc^hnnts,  coneolt  their  minist«ra,  listou  to  n-inun 
and  muHiciiUiH,  fuudh:  their  wiTet>,  or  uro  nnointod  by  tliL>ir  wm 
Out  of  doors,  wearing  a  skull  cap  with  pendant  earHapa. 
appaj«ntly  a  tight-fittiiw  jaclci?i  and  trouBera,  or  atiadowftdlij 
nmbrolla  and  woaring  tus  orown,  tho  chi«^  lesuls  bis  arntr,  ridtDi 
driving  a  gnwt  white  elephant  (XVII,  46,  53J,  ahuvtiuir 
(XVII.  46),  and  bnrling  javelins  (XVII.  29),  or,  with  d<^,g« 
beaters,  starts  fora  door  or  lion  hunt  (XVII. 28),  or  puts  to  sea  (1 
OP  travuls  by  land  to  gain  a  devotee's  blesxing  (I.  S). 


>£^Ljrou1d  leen  to  b>  tbe  ooluur  of  tho  lotrtr  tribta.     Ody  <»o  duel  U 
(L  ITjrTlw  red  pM^il*  an  huidtnuJ*  IL  1.  2,4,  II.  I<i,  ITi  II. '.■2,  S6  :  XVII   ] 
(smcn  <XV[|.    1).   peaaaot*   IXVII.  Jl».   gnmnu  (XVIl.    4a\  uil'^v  (XVII.  i 
UUnduiUlXVII.  HhbuntMv  (XVII.  as),  ktid  mounUlncan  (XVII.  71.     Tbe  i 
pmiplo  «<  iMfiler  to  malt*  oat.     It  •eonu  doalitful  wbetliei  tlic  e^iout  naa  maaJ. 
gnau.    T)uM^«cai*cretnboi«M(I.  3;  II.  27,  aS)  aiul  gnoii  ■.•*tl!ni).  16)  im 
■agrND  man.     Amonn  uogrMn  kninaa  flgnre*  arc  two  chMJa(X^'I  I.  'J, 7).  a  noU*  i 
a  crown  (XVI.  3l,  a  pmoa  of  diitinctioa  rtccirinc  reTcrcooe  (11.  SL  ■  HilcllBr  |I. 
a  nil^  (XVII.  49),  ux  men  (1.  18 1 U.  S  :  XVII. T:  XVIL  19.  S4  i  XVI.  4),  two  n 
Mrraiita  (XVIL  n.  I.  17),  lix  woauai  |l.  18,  II.  ^.  XVII.  "6.  43),  and  Mitvt  i 
Mffvant*  (XVII.  £8,53,  II.  4).     TlMniai«al«o|[rMfU  domoiiad.  7)auil  KT**d  I 
with  horea*'  )i«Aid«  (1.7).    From  the  colour  bMiigOMit  fur  liMwn  aiMl  eattUMi  %  ._ 
inaii  H  may  parhajit  haro  hwn  maant  tot  a  blu«  or  rtMl  snv  ntlivr  tlinn  (or  ipvm, 

■  Araani  tho  chicta  ia  a  aiiccial   oiaaa.  wIk^    iMt  flilteriug  tfxu   (lio  utb«n>    in 
appaaranea,  in  make,  oc  imthna  way  or  wuvin^  the  hair  <a  dotlioa,  aiv  aJirayi  miukej 

Slmipg  awj *liMrh|nj'^  | niH7|iv el  tteaa one  to icTan cohra  hiowlii  (L  1,  3,  IS,  13 
S,  X\T..'UX.).    TLsyareaeoamiNHuod  ^'  Uioit  miiiliSgni'Tn.  90),  uid  b;  wi  vm  altil 
•tt«D(laiiU  II.  13,  13,  II.  S,  XIX.)  who  abo  clifl«r  from  other  wonMn  only  by  hav 
aauJi«  canopy,  which,  in  Ui«caHO(  tlia  women,  luwantj'ono  hood.     'Sjgf^ 
mraMntcd  aa  WDnhi|>piiij{  relie  abriBW  (I.|,  proUctiim  iinic«a  of  ShAyannt. 
4S.M).  Asd  upholdiai;  Itnddhaa'  lotu*  loata  IXVI.  6).    Oaa  ehUi  i*  teatodil 
ooUtalaanaka  (XVl.l,aDotharha««n»ketwb(lX.3),  and  aaa  ia  apparoitl^ 
*m«n  into  a  pod  |l.  S).    In  tho  Stoohi  top*  of  th«  fint  ooitory,  wkan  thjj> 
faltaiiPMy,  tlu>  nulla  wrpcnta  hare  only  fir*  htadi  and  tlui  f<anale  have  .  — , 
(IVm  Hd  iterpcttt  Wnnhip.  PUto.XXIV.).     At  Ainr.ivj,ii.  IIhi  bmd*  of  thewr 
wwN  mnltipliad  to  twenty-one  (DittJ,  Tiata  I.XXYI.).  ukI  hi  AloilSni  timaito  I 
10(M.     \^Tio  theaa  UtoajgWlc  were  haa  not  boon  taltloil.    Thuv  <Kour  finqiiDntly  i 
the  doqmvi  and  amM^  ^o  paialdngi   at  Ajaiita,  mhI  fcraorally  wkorovor  thoro   is  , 
BiiddhiaDk,I<t(p«nuy  Mlound.     Thvy  wotd  atmi  aAopMliy  the  JaiMand  Vaiahna^H 
but  tiMor  wjgia  ia    oertaialy   Bud.iliiit.   and  they   miiM  rqireatnt  aome  >^lui  ^^ 
Btaytt  «r  caurly  north  ini^a  pwvir,  who  were  tho  lint  to  ailopt  BuddlibM.     W    '*' 
tho  »«{>  tribea  in  SyUwt  and  Aaun  hava  aay  afltttity  with  Uiam  Iwyotul  Um  i 
not  cinar.    They  untjuuly  bdong  to  the  mrm  f*c«,  and  tlwti  luualitjr  b  lav 
tho  id«a  that  they  h*d  •omo  connexion  with  tbej 


bot  no  ravenaca'for  aerpent*  hna  Iwen  traoed  naoiiglha^niutaw 

PwniMon  in  Cave  Templtaot  India,  318.  lOnnpaNBhariMtStUM,  23-27,  Fern* 

Tn«  and  S«n>ttit  Wonhip,  and  Gantt««(  Central  Pirarinoe*.  l^UI.  ■  LXXII.} 


Dagcu.) 


khAxdesh. 


•187 


The  luHU&.f''  palaces,  tbongh  to  aoine  patent  con7<>nlinnaI, 
would  seem  to  hwvo  buvn  of  wood,  two  wton^yw  liiuli,  with  JlaJ« 
WaM.  kt  t)vn>niid..l  roofe  (TvTl.  2H,  ll.^'i'X\'U.  47).  The 
rooiuH  wei-e  divided  by  pillars  (I,  5).  The  uhipf  of  tlicm,  tho  Mtttte 
or  ntoeption  room,  hiid  ft  blue  cnshion,  a  stuffed  scat  with  cjuUted 
oorer  and  pilluw,  vr  a  four-footed  canopied  throne  with  lover  seats, 
a  low  dais  witli  a  high  back  (I.  18),  foot  stooln,  nod  fpittoons 
(rr.  13,  I.  16,  17),  and  a  floor  strt^wn  with  fiow«rs  and  leAves; 
next  came  the  ladies'  rooma  with  aofaa  (I.  I)  or  beds  like  the  modem 
oot  {XVI.  5) ;  finally  there  were  cooking  rooms  with  stone  itlaba 
and  rolling  pins,  dishes,  whUt  jiirs,  and  drinking  caps.  Tlo  opper 
storey  was  reached  by  a  stair  or  ladder  (1. 1);  and  had  windows, 
(I.  S)  with  sua  shades  (XVII.  II).  Where  the  roofs  woro  flat  tloy 
ytore  reached  by  a  ladder  (X\''il,  43),  wore  hnng  with  flags,  and  were 
used  tut  &  lounge  and  a  place  to  look  out  from  (XVII.  -13). 

Seated  on  a  chair'  on  her  husband's  right  (1. 11),  or  on  a 
ihion  near  him  (I.  ^6),  or  in  her  own  room  swipgipg  (II,  30)  or 
g  on  a  concb  (1.19),  the  chiolt'  wives,  even  more  than  their 
finsbands,  seem  to  belong  to  dilferent  tribes  or  eren  to  different 
reCM.  Somo  had  faoiM  of  great  beauty  almost  Ktiropean  in  colour 
and  expression.*  Bat  the  features  of  most  were  of  the  same  cast 
as  their  lords,  long  narrow  eyes  with  beary  lashes  and  arched  oyo. 
bruws,  beary  noso,  thick  lips,  and  ralhrr  clunuiy  curs.  The  HgorOj 
almost  always  expoi^kod,  had  full  dnep  breasts  and  olender  limbs, 
with  long  tapering  fingers  and  pMSted  nails.  The  hair  was  worn 
in  miity  wnyn.  IrVitb  Honi«  it  was  amooth  in  front,  bound  by  «  fillet 
across  the  lnow,  and  drawnback  in  a  knot  on  the  top  oF  tJiB  head. 
(1.  12);  others  wore  it  friat»l»d  and  with  small  front  ringlets  banging 
in  looso  curia  on  the  sbo<ilder3 ;  others  had  ^irow  and  boad  ornamenta. 
and  some  had  coi-onets  of  flowers.  The  drees  was  almoet  always  of 
the  thinnest  giMUHS  iw  fine  as  the  world-6kmcd  Dacca,  ito  transpitront 
that,  but  for  a  few  light  touches  across  the  thighs  and  for  tho 
waist  chain  that  held  it  up,  moat  of  the  figures  seem  naked.' 


ChaptWi 

Places  of  Intsn 

Ajamta  Catu 

Li  (a  Is  Istli*^ 


Ckf^fWh 


'  Tw  Urn  ^jjy^iy^i  Mriilniiirw  (41111  A.u.>.  the  tliun aro  stt«r •  VB17  «kguit  psttera. 
•strHnslyJK^"  Hi''   <li,ur-  luw  in   oip.     Almtwl  >lt  digaiUriM  m  tM  Ainartvatt 


Mudptaras  *it 
"nip  chief  iIt  II 
vr  tliri'iiu  Wi- 

bMn  tha  (»! 

■  SODI*  w.'i 

third  ««nlttr\ 

ShxhiuiUU  (Act  I 
bowt,  uiil  liunnK 
In>li«.  I[.  i;n). 


.4, 


III  m<i(Iini>:h«mKctiu 
ii^h  t-yi  lh«  utter  to 

I.. 


iihii^ainilrtii 

I  to  have  bci 


the  (rat  u(  th«  obaiT 

h«  utter  to  pirt  up  one  i!)g_ciijt.  vhkh  apMna  t«  ^va 

Fnguuoii'i  TtH  aDtl  Seipeiit  Wur»liiji,  17S. 

jHAiut.     Thtt  wiUioT  oS  tha  Periptiis  uatM**  tlut  in  the^ 

:;:M  IminUi'in*  iiirla  (cor  Ilia  liMainot  Ih*  kins  of  Broack 

'  :ti  the  •uUi  mmVary  Um  t^ift  KiUidit,  in  tha 

Varvn.  wonuoi  accoospanriail  tha  klaji  witJi 

);,>[iui«ln  'Ji  « lEii  iiiionr*.     (Mt*.  Mofuiiiig'*  Aociaul  lod  Msdiavd 


1 

L 


■  So,  in  thoBhytut  Ptnptlgflan.f.linilieMOQot  nt  torm,  th*  nyvn  p«H yJ  tbo 
bwty  »ocni»  lMik«xl.  but  in  tlic  •nvxutli  thnrc  arc  vary  MtMptlbl*  obmI*  or  fE«~  fold* 
or  croMua  of>  light  mualiii  wr>pp<-.r  iiniler  th«  tipil  bmat.  Proksbly  ui  upjiar 
nmiait  or  light  moiUn  wixtnm'  i*  intended  by  tha  tculntor,  who  for  tha  uk«  ol 
SimlMyina  tho  diffcNat  acckUcoa,  ci>IUr«.  uid  f  irdlat,  hM  jiurpMvljr  emitted  ila 
(old*  and  tntf**;.  (Cnnniiighain,  Bhuhut  Htcpa,  SI).  It  would  BMm,  aan  Xra. 
HaoDiog .  that  aoane  people  voire  no  cloilici  at  all  an  a  uMrk  ot  aattarlly,  and  oUan' 
wore  ven*  thin  cloChea  to  attiaet  ailoiiration.  A  piaoa  ot  vary  fine  aaun  eano  into 
the  handi  ot  a  Buddhist  nun  ol  looae  character,  who  wora  it  In  pohlie  and  fcrcod 
BnAdha  to  pan  tha  order  Ihat  no  raligiaua  wonuin  ihoutil  wear  *uch  thia  gajmwnta. 


(BatBb«j4 


488 


DISTBICTS. 


Ouipter  TTT. 

I  flf  IntflTMt. 
AtAXTA  C«Tn. 
lit*  Ib  lodi*. 

JAiMn. 


Next  ta  the  diief  anil  bia  wifo,  cbs  Itailin^  psrtoiu  wtfHi 
BOO  aod^minuiter  who  somi-tinK's  wore  tiaritw  sli^'i 
ilie  cbicrST  fti«*  •'•'P  J"'"  wure,  except  for  rlc^  ur  i 

bare  from  the  wiiist  npwarda.     Tlia  prinra  sal   It 
(1.  17),  presouted  Bowvn  tu  hii  futbor  (I.  10),  or  riMio  v,i 
p«<r  rc<«pi'ot  tu  »  ilevot«e  (I.  3).     In  Iko  ^auo   the    miniBter, 
m  Ham«  msofl  (11,  IS)    waa  fairor  llian  liw  chief,  «:■  1^ 

in  front  of  the  chivf  (1.  IC)  or  rodr  with  him  on  ti 

Of  tba  ooorticni  Moae  of   lUo  nwii  liad  fair  or  lUrk  liriiwn 

(I.  4)  [  iomoof  them  were,  except  for  jewoU,  nakoil  nbovt;  nia* 
and  others  wero  clad  from  hcmd  to  foot  witb  a  clotfa   roaat 
hoftd  and  tlie  wholo  body  co7ere<l  with  biua  or  Rruy  and 
nrtoenbt  omamentod  with  bcfoUb,  etara,  and  animals   (I.  1). 
Htdivfl  varied  enMtty  in  colour,  and,  like  the  priuceaaes,  WE»e 
in  rich  jewels^  and  thin,  almost  tnasporent  gnnm  robed. 

SvwMtt.  Men  and  women  yrTfcOjte  throngod  iHo  puliivc.     Tho  men  sei 

were  roddiah  and  jr^'een  (XVII.  5).  fair  haired,'  and  bbick  with  i 
nefpro-like  hair  (XVIL  18).    Many  of  thorn  wore  dwiu-fa.* 
geourally  bad  fewer  jowols  and  nioro  clolhiti]^  *'    "■    "■ 
Some,  tiHiinlly  tho  portent,  were  dotbed  fromli«i  1 1 
Otbors  bail  n  wliite  cloth  woimd  round   the  head,  a   wbiUt 
jacketaod  short  red  and  whik-  Htript^  dmwcru  (I.  &),  or  cloatil^ 
dIho  clothoB  and  high-crowned  hat,  (imyror  a  white  skull  ci! 
closely  fitting  coat.     Out  of  doors  they  bore  the   arahrella 
Btaiidard(I.6),heldhor8eM  (XVII.  43),  and  cArricd  bimdlea  n{j 
orIeavoaonapole(XVII.  87],   Indoors  they  anointed  the  ofaief  I, 
wHtcliodtho)!a(«n  (XVlI.4d),an3 carried  water  potson  theirshoal 
or  ditthcH  on  their  hcadti  (I.  5).     The  women  altondnnts  took 
prominent  place  in  the  indoor  itoentut  than  the  men.   They  vnriod  i 
in  colour  and  app(>anuio&     Some  wpr©  fair  (1,  1,3,4.,  Ifi,  I! 
13,  14;  XVII,  18,  Id,  28).  some  yellow  (11.  37],  tiomo  rod   (I. 
4,11,  ltJ,17;I1.22,  Sr,;  XVn.t'Oi  »"ino  green   (1.  r>.  XVU. 
aome  dark  (I,  1,  I.  4;   II,  1^,  XVII.   19),  and  some  wer« 
(1.8,11,16,17,11.22).    Tlie  hair  was  smooth,  bon^  tin  fillefa. 
or  covered  with  a  cloth  (I.  1,  11,  12,   11.38)^     "fliey  woto 
jewels  and   bad  generally  more,  or  at  least  more  apparent, 
than  their  mistresses.     Some  of  them  had  drcwwa  cut  and  se 
fit  tbo  body  and  cmbroidjU'tMl   (1,  I).     Others  woi-e  a  tw^|pB-| 


J 


Oretfine  mndim  iiPtv  conunoo  in  Iniliit  ia  much  later  tiiiMB.  Aunafaab  ivprinit 
U(il*iightw  loraboiriDS  bar  Blun  tliniuch  bordathta.  Slio  replied  tlwt  ah 
WMrldf  >«vDn  loboK,    (AndBnt  ud  UaduBval  IndU.  II.  3S91. 


>  TIm  Brihal   SuntuU  Un  dovn  Uib  bcjgkt  ol  (ho  chief*,  the  bttrX 


■ilaiftoT'*  tiknu. 


■  ThoU(b  tlie   AjKnU  imiiiliu^  Km  not  w  ricl)U'«t«ddod  vltli  jangln  h 
Uia  BhartiBl  •cnlplanvtbe  Brtut*  cTeiywbere  dlntuy  grokt  rukuMnRnraf 
mnonat  enunuatt.     Thi*  tatto  of  ih«  nciMt  IndtMUi  wm  noticed  by  tb«  Oreeksj 
''  In  ooatrut  to  thdr  [anlmony  in  other  Uling*.  thov  iDdolsc  in  nmuDcnL  ''St. 
Oeonsfhy,  XV.  I.  &4u  >  t)ao  wu  fur.btorilMl. 

*  Dwiwle.     itroMwiniily    draatod,    oftcii     ^pew   in   tlie    Amriv*li     •culp. 
iNtSSBSSTTnt  snd  Strpmt  Wony^,  m,  17l,l8EI,  l£9>-    Iniv  tUmiyui  ni*aU3 
dnrfi  u  wrvute  fa  tlie  paUcaa<4  kiDf«.     Wb«ai  Dsahratlu  •oughl  fur  EaikcTt 
bar  paboe, '  Hen  Ml  a  dwarf  ;  and  then  *  oroolifeiMk  m>i<l  lay  » tb«  *liaduw  oMJ 
wnvn  borne.'    (Mc*.  Hanning'a  Aacknt  ftnd  H«di«nl  lodia,  H.  7>.  M 


Cacoui.] 


KHANDESH. 


•tripet)^  Icircle  (I.  II),  or  ft  striped  blua  loincloth  and  Short  Wtle, 
{1,  IT),  or  a  flpworod  bodioe  with  liintw  taltood  or  dmpod  in 
tight-liU-ing  drawt-n*  (I.  lu),  or  a  dark  hodiow  with  white  flowen* 
(1.  IS),'  or  strr]>ed  lihie  and  Mack  petticoats  (It.  SS),  or  a  peaked 
head-dresB  and  a  eort  of  «iick  (SVil.  5).  Both  in  the  public  rooms 
ftnd  in  tliv  Iitdiuii'  rooma  tbo  wmnrn  altoudiiiilH  liuld  the  tly-flap  and 
the  timbrella  (I,  5),  presented  dixbea  of  flowers  (I.  5)  and  sweet- 
meate    (I.  II],    offered    Halvcra    (1.   4),   and   carrivd   wssuU    and 

[  d»op*ticks  (I.  I),  hold  bracelets  '(l.  8)   or  jewel  cjwkela   (I.  12) ; 

'  in  tho  ladiea'  rooms  they  poured  water  over  their  miBtresa'a  head, 
chafed  hor  feet  (1. 19,  XVII.  58),  carrJod  bags  (II.  22)  or  basons 
(Tl .  83),  or,  full}-  olothed  and  with  a  staff  iu  their  ImudH,  waU-bed  the 
gate  (L  19).  • 

In  (imai  of  war,  rtdtncf  on  an  elephant  and  auirouuded  by  horae 
kLMd  foot,  the  prince  led  his  atrmy,  wearing  his  crown,  shadowed  by 
^^■Btate  umbri-llit,  and  arindd  wilhabnw,  a  juvclin,  ora  sword  (XVII. 
»9,  43,  46).  In  the  early  picturea  (X.)  all  wert*  fool  ^diera  with 
thick  heavy  feiitiire:*,  hirgu  oars,  shock  hi-nil«  of  hair  either  bare 
or  tightly  wn»p[>ed  in  cloth,  and  Iwdiea  bare  to  the  waisi  exce|)t  for 
a  small  nockUi.'^u  uud  armlet.  They  were  armod  with  axes,  spears, 
and  Ktavi's.  Liitnr  on  (lOO-SOO),  iiome  of  llie  Koldior.n  were_shav£^, 
and  others  bearded,  with  long  curly  hair.  There  were  moanted 
troop*,  archers,  and  spoarsmcn  (AVil,  2-5,  -W),  and  foot  soldi  era, 
dressed  in  .tniiiU  or  striped  waiHtcIolhs,  with  lung  trains  and  with 
abnndant  hair  tied  by  a  ribbon.  Their  defensive  armonr  was  a  entail 
chcfkcrcd  shield  and  a  helmet.  Their  weapons  of  attack  wore 
straight  iuid  long  cnioked  NopaleaQiiwurdai.  ^pcunt,  bows  and  arrow* 
(I.  3,  14),  clubs,  and  the  dwcas  (XVII.  43,  46).  Some  of  them 
(I.  8)  carried  etundards  with  oral  discs  at  the  top*  of  Iho  shafts. 

Though  no  craftsipen  or  traders  are  represented,  the  women's 
droM  ami  ornaincutji  provu  that  fho  goldsmiths,  wonv^rs,  and 
embroiderer)  were  most  skilful  workitieu.'  The  uao  of  curt^  and 
shijM  shows  that  there  waa  some  trade  both  by  land  and  sea.'  Of 
tho  liusIiaiuliui.'H  ihi!  paintinga  tell  litlJo.*  Thoy  hiwl  horses,  cows, 
oxen,  anT*  goata,*  and  grew  ptantaina  (I.   19},   betelnota  fl.    18), 


*  Tha  hnaalB^s  Ajgor  little  frcm  tboM  of  tbt  pwwmt  dtv  (I.  10).    The  robw 
ef  tliB  fimat  gMwe,  truuif  orth<rni  fitSiy  ombratdvcd.     'flio  wbIi  waa  a>  ilolkttt«  m 
tbkictf  Uiawwrid-liuncil  Da.;ca  muiliiH  (t.  8|.  • 

*  ^jUUp  mmtiuiiHl  M  ilrairn  liy  nion  (XVI.  i)  i  nlPIHHi"*  "**  "'*''  ivpromtwi 


(II.  i 


Itliani  ■«  k  vctilpture  of  a  tiro'tiuratd  clnriat.  SDd  paiiitlap  of  Uit««  honw* 


yokad  «b«tMt,  Mill  «f  k  Um  <ar  oilli  fiiiir  {hc^U  iiiaiil*  (1.  <■  ^l'- AS).  SUjI, 
mjinnod  bf  whil«,  |[ra*n uiif  rail  iiki»iii.>il  Hiiton,iir«npnaciilAj  uilh  higti  [mikmnwir! 
anditcnti.  throe  mast*,  «uti  oilli  n  liifi  orktocn  Mil  and  an  nut.f  jiug  Jil>,  anil,  hisfain 
the  hull. thneobJoD)]  holcaai  iffuriiacs.  On«itlt«r  sJilaolthatwni, and  un  oaend* 
of  the  bow.  arc  out-rigged  uani  fv  iit««iiu|  IU.  SOy.  Oa«  ship  oarHM  pi»iw  oLoonl. 
and  otbcn  )mvc  numatod  homutiva  anil  aloptianta  tXVTI.  46).  Carta  arc  in«alio»d 
ia  tho  RiUoAyao.  wbon:  lUiaist  fcjlowt  lUin  with  ab!«  carpoitani,  di£|;iin^  and 
klioaren^  with  tartt^  braa'iing  throng  roclu,  bnildiog  bridn,  diminfl  mUa,  and 
■nnkingcaaala  Stupa  h«  tncntioncd  tn  thn  Rig-V«da  and  in  tbo  MahuiMiat.  Quia 
■wd  boat*  m  rppreatatnd  ui  the  IHiuhnt  jtcurptnnM  1300  u.c),  botii  «f  th«ai  Ilka 
i  btH  in  uiMi  at  tbo  iiracot  Jn>-.     (Bhaihn  Slupa,  ISi,  I2M. 

*CJno  oi.-ia  ii  nKciti<uicd  <U.  U|  w  likoa  Uboervt  or  pbaehinan  witli  •  &iauataoh«i 
*  L  3,  16,   XVII.  3.     la  ooe  painting  •  d«et  a  nfnMnMd  aa  baiag  ridiku  and  •■ 
miprlng  burdena. 
B41I-48 


raiaptn  ZIV. 
FluMoflnt 
AjAirtA  Ca4 
Ufa  in  Ind 

StnanU. 


faUieraj 


Cru/ltmem. 


IBoBb^l 


400 


DISTRICTS. 


mil  u 


Ih«pt«r  XIT.      DiangowOn,  «nJ  gr«n|Mi  or  cBiiard  uynltta  fXIT.K' 
"Ti  I— ^t  '"  8™**  ileinuid  u  (ifferiufCR  la  clutb  nad   i- 
oniKiUBOtB  for  wotDBn  nnd   n-Brriwit  (I.  5,  H,  Ji 
Aj*m*  Civw.       tburc    *rero    nva    Jwi-llur*,    rvllickin^  un-ncuri-    -.  . 
MO  Mft*^       tl-  *.  8),  "d  momiUineer*,   Kirfta*  cr   iliuU,  ruvi  ..i  atii,  »i«i 
■uv-iw*  lini«bed-ap   numswche,  Brmed  wtih  bowa  and  arruw«,  mad 

put  from  iImj  roclw  (I.  8j  11.2;  XVIL  7). 

Oat  of  doon  ibe  chief  Mnimmynl  wu    faantine-,  and 
listmiitig   to   iDDsictBOS  and   wut'ltiit^    dnacin^    ^x  ) 

oharmera.     Following   t)i«   red^Hlciuued  faDnur,   iii>  x 

wiurlit-re  went  on  Iwwnioback,    wilU  ■  irrrat  wmipauv  ni  dotfft, 
boiittTx,  anil  clephanU,  the  ImIum  crundut^  lu  wbcl-Ii'  fmm  Uie 
rod!  (XVII.  28).     IVy  huntgd  the  elephant  (XVII.   361,  iL, 
and  tiyw  (XVIL  38),  tha  wjld  oi  (I.),  and  tbg  Joor  (I.  XVU. 
Uuaio  BMtDi  to  bare  been  n  fnvounto  piMtiniit.      NVumen  tila; 
yuitar and  cynil>al«  (I.  1),  and  men  the  Huvs,  th^  dnip-  frV 
ainl  Uw  trampet  fl.  5.  II.  32).     Dancing  vomeo  tnm«<>d  not 
elbowH  and  dn-ased  much  aa  thsy  drrKx  iit>w,  in    f!  ,]|| 

rubiitt  (I.  3),  and  aii  thoy  atiU  do,  dark  liuU>naked   :.  ..n 

carried  about  oobraa  in  Bmal]  6at  haaketa,  and  made  Tlit-m  itund  j 
Bhoy  their  hoods  to  the  aonnd  of  tlie  wnall  dnini  (I.  !]).• 

Onlho  ry^ijfionof  •otnv,  at  least,  of  the  chiefs  and  rrilicts  tlw 
tlirow  laooli  n^ht.     All  are  BnddhJst.     Bat  th«  L-onLrnst   '    ' 
the  extreino  pltwniM^**  of  The  early,  and  the  lavitih  richn^ 
hUer  L-jiven,  sbuwn  that  tliP  oarlv  buiiderB  belonged  to    "  _ 
who  ri'vuronfC'd  n;!icii  and  niti:  nhriiiVH,  and  the  later 
the  Mah&y&naa,  who,  from  the  (purlh  century,  introduced  crviT 
idols,  Buddha*  paat  and  to  como^  llodhisuttviuij  and    tliudu 
and  guddenea.' 

I  Other  tfW|  w«ira»tnlwl  »n  Ihv  itixtofvi,  hodhi  or  pipat,  and  b*l.  Tbe  n>|: 
of  ouatMd  afiiflw  in  the  AiuiCa  u«vi»,  m  wall  u  is  tbc  Bh&rbut  t^tniiA, 
to  the  tbsatf  tbM  the  cUBtanl  tnso  ww  intiviliiml  iut"  India  bj'  Uio  flMlu.  . 
thi>  nbicot G«aictBl  ( Wiuucliuu  raniarkii  :  "Mj- id««itilioitiu«<-l  Ihw  frvE 
theMatiinn  siTnlphira*,  Iim  CMDcanlmtiKloB  tb«  enmail  Uiat  th*  trvo  wo* 
into  Imlia  by  tliu  t*«rtiiciuM.  Ido  uMdiimt*  tEsfartlkat  IW  I'urto, 
tli«  coitafil  uilti  Iu4is,  aa  I  ui  avani  llial  Um  K»tA  ludis  CuBrpasj  lni|Kii 
of  criniUtonoa  into  Ih*  (art  »(  Chnnir,  a*  If  li>  <Uu*lrat*  Um  |mv*rb  •Unit 
ocJu  to  NcwtMttii.  I  hai-s  now  tTBT«Uu>t  met  a  gTi«t  {aH  uf  India,  luid 
fcniDfl  such  «ilviiiii>v  and  mich  widely  dMUnt  Imda  nyrtvat  wllli  th«  wild 
■|)]il«,  that  1  (luiiicit  help  niapootiag  ibe  tMe  to  be  bidig^niut.  I  oan  Dow  appeal  U 
aae  at  IIm  bhatbut  acutptDrw  (ur  a  vraj  «x*ot  ttyr^watalion  a(  tlia  fmit  auif  leavt* 
o(  tha  ccitud  appJo.  |Bb:Lrlinc  Rtuja,  U).  The  natoM  <J  the  two  vaHrtiia  ii( 
ODK&nl  ftppliv  KHiiiiAal  and  ^iiniJiai,  are,  in  thtniwIvM,  alaiMt  (Don^  to  abnw 
Jietn  VDI7  rarif  timca  the  treoa  hav«  bniii  gmwii  ami  hoiiouTftl  by  the  Utadi 

'  Th#  wbiu>  aiul  blur  lotua  tm  npiKully  rejiiiMaiitvil  ll.  RbmI  S). 

■  IV'lli  blue  (1.  3)  nlid  »iK>tt<-<I  <1muU£\  II-  >''»)  >rv  tvprt*eiil«<i,    and  1       ' 
lannitila  .iibj«t  (1.  3.  XVII  -y^TW^^u).     I  I'u  dilliirmicc  Iwtwntn  the 
lh«loitg  liiliv  lif^r  iindl  itivHik  t'VVII.  :!»).    Otber  amlnal*  painted 
aoiil  aea  luomtflnt  (1.  4.  V.|    The  elephauta  and  bocsta.  tbo  Utter  lOtnetiMa 
twoittn,  arswwllp*iut«d.     Ouo •;iirD  {.XVIL  16)  haapictura  t>f  ramHideO.„ 
Binla  wote  ImM  a*  peu  <I.  IN,  .KVII   13),  «■<!  |>uuoi:U  arc  m-ri!  tlian  ••«<* 
(XVn.  7|.     The  whta  appoan  itol  •mlj-  m  Ihv  Nnn^  gnanliaB.  but  altn.  in 
it  ovenbadov* Snddba.    Itu  lUao tho«-u an aluckinj;  anni  rXVII.  4),  aivi  >■ 
bran  ulephMit.     Finally  it  appcnn  luicler  tli«  Influcnor  oi  the  MuikM.chaniiM' 
I.  III. 

'  l^gjUU  dxtttkinfiirtTaldBivni  tohavcbocna  iM>tnnoi>niniu«iainiuiiniaal.  K*3ui 
Penian  drinking  acenc  il.  2i>J,  there  ani  tcvcial  ({ruiim  ol  ruvelli:"'  '"wth  In  tbc 
ingt  aad  xnilptUM  (Xn7.  01.  '  FcrsuBon  and  Itnrsrae'  Ca^*  Ttmple*.  H 


Stccaii,] 


KHANDESH. 


491 


300- TOO  t-a. 


the  tiro  oldest  aKiiuut«ri<>e  (XTt.  »□<!  XIII.)  tliere'iR  no  object     CIiApt«r  zr 

iforahip.  and  the  relic  alu-iu*^,  daaK^a,  in  the  twooMest  tvmptee  plM«Bofbitai! 

'  and  X.)  ftro  nearly  or  entiit'ly  "plain.     Id  tfeel^r  (300 -O&O 

lemplea  {XIX.  an<I  XXV L)  thy  r^o  hox  is  etiUthe  object  ot      Aj*!<t*c*»m 

"ii(».     But   in  its  tiides  are  sculpturofl.  and  tfao  frtmt    he«  is 

copied  liy  a  fitfura  of  ShAltyaninni.'      lu  al)  tliftjajey  ukODSAWiy 

hvcs  (350-600)  the  Hlirim<  couiAins  a  large  statue  of  Shakyamuoi.' 

'(cept  ono  that  is  red  and  anolbei-  that  la  blue,  tbeso  statues  are 

one  coloured.*     All  are  seated  ftnd  some  uro  of  ocdoaital  Hue.    Id 

the  legs  are  crmwd  Tn  front,  the  itolea  turned  npj  and  in 

era  tlio  fc^ct  hang  Jown.     The  ttvoe  in  all  is  the  samo,  ~bairlesB 

th  thick  lips  and  heavy  iMturee    svttlcd  in  a  look  of  calm 

nooDCL'rn  ;  yenr  lonp  olnmsT  ears;   and  hair  dressed  in  crisp  cArU 

ith  a  t(iji.knot  coTered  in  one  case  (VIL)  by  a  high  tiara.     The 

■nils  blees,  ihc  right  hand  raised  ;  or  ttmch,  the  tip  of  the  left  little 

njfi'r  held  beiweeu  lh«  right  thumb  and  forefinper;   or  one  hand 

ids  a  llijwor  ot  the  npper  Uent  of  the  friar'a  »h('«t.     Tho  body 

tms  bare,  but  all  are  drapod  from  head  to  foot  in  a  rol>e  that  in 

GMcs  pa«Bea  mnnH  tho  t^wilr,  and  in  others  is  tliruvm  over 

iftaboBlderlTOTingthe  right  ^wildur  bare.*     The  wfaetil'and 

er  emblems  sliow  thai   the  image  in  all  the  shrines  is  that  ol 

ikyaiouui  ihu  last  Buddha  of  the  present  ag«.' 

■  Tho  iKun  in  XIX.  a  ■UBitiaa,  with  Win*  h*n)[)i»  dova,  with  kkirloM  rMh«r 
bMvr-lMtureil  fan,  anil  long  lian|^[ig  Bkrs.  Ttxi  )ii>ii  -i!  the  bead,  •MNteotljr  dratMd 
In  Uiort  oriap  curb,  ia  ntMri  on  the  tromi  into  h  kiint  <-r  kaoh.  Tbn  bcKly  mmns 
ban,  but  thaloidoil  uliirtj  ibow  that  the  vihdp  n  tyrwyl  t>y  a  mlw  that  hang*  lo  lh« 
•aklM.  The BtfUrD  iu  X.\  V I.  ii  icBtod.  with  ftv  t9HntHDg<m  aTidiln  ;  chDhuiU.th* 
right  one  ia  Wlivu  eS,  •onu  to  have  been  raisHl  in  (ronl  of  thu  chnil.  ExuAjit  tbat 
111*  •rta  mm  itownout,  the  f4ice  and  h<M>l  are  Uia  «waa  ■•  in  XiX..  anJ  like  it, 
tboi^  tho  body  Moua  bare,  it  h  cKrvirred  wHh  a  raba  that  ha^a  (a  the  ankloL 

'  lu  th«  oarlj  fMra  of  Duildhism  Um  BodU  traa,  tlia  dutOga.  and  Ibo  whed  of 
tha  law,  wwTB  tb«  pKnoipal  nhject*  ohowni  lor  ■doration.  Ia  none  at  the  nian* 
KDJptUTMl  aecnea  at  Bharhiit  and  Budkha  Oajs.  all  of  which  am  coDtcmlinnu?  wilfc 
lahoka(^SOHLi'.).  uw  tlum  aiic  iwireaaDtatko*  of  UwMKa  liinutU.  Even  in  tlM> 
maeh  laiar  aoulpturea  of  .Stecbi  (lOD  a,D.)  Ihtra  I*  no  imo^  cr  rcpinenutiaB  of 
Buddha,  and  th«  aole  objecta  of  nvareoM  ai«  ttofiiu,  wbccU,  uid  trrca.  But  it  ia 
cartaia  that  imago*  had  haon  lobrodacMl  aa  mtIt  aa  the  finrt  oootary  x-<^-  ■■  Buddha 
ia  portraypcl  on  ■onie  of  tha  cuin*  of  the  ]iwlo.Jlfeytliian  kiag  Kaniahka.  KicavMitma 
at  llalliun  hare  broofht  to  I^ht  niaay  Jain  and  Buddhttf  itmo  atata«  oi  Um  bbui 
oeatnry,  Uenend  CuaningbaM  ocoicmiIm  Ifcabtbo  prMtioe  a(  vorahipfiiag  tmogta 
of  Bnddha  wm  inttnducMiato  Indis  ffom  Uia  Paalla,  *b«f«  it  had  ao  d«nbt  beta 
OTigiaated  bj  the  aaniOtwek  popaJatioii  (Bbarhnl  Mtopa,  t07).  In  tfa«  Warttn  India 
ssvca.  liavMof  Buddba  ars  nut  f«nnd  carlMt  than  tbo  fourth  or  Bflh  oratarr- 
(BnMCM'  Oar«  Tonplaa.  ITS).  • 

*  Mr.  Griffith*  ii  utialiiMl   Itiat  iIm  Utkb  itatncn  of  Baddh«   wm  (iovbtmI  with   a 
laynr  «t  rbobam  and  won  pauiUtl, and  that  thinrMatoo  dona  wfthtb*  MulptutM  «!• 
tlH  llnitkad  cavn. 

*  Tim  avaiJabta  dotaila  nj  thran  fintra*  an  incormplcta  aad  tbo  acoonnt  gi*«>n  ia 
tba  t«it  inay  not  be  accurate.  ITi  nniniaa  mantiona  twalra  abrlnaa  with  autuaa  «f 
Bnddlia  (1.  II.  IV.  TI.  VIL  XI.  XV.  XVI.  XV|t.  XX.  XXI.  X.XII).  AllaM»]ipa- 
rently  iwat«d.  OnefaarcL)  iamtationod  aa  ocdeaaal,  oua  (XVI.)  aa  g%uti^  and 
<uw  lXV|l.)a»m«. 

■  N»il  tu  thetuotfirintof  SUkjnamuni  tho  whaelot  th«law  waa  Ifca  moat  aiicWaL 
•nklani  iif  Boddkiam.  IWhapa  it  «»  cirra  oU<r  than  tha  footprint,  for  whan  tfan 
idea  ot  aynlcJiani  was  lint  oonoMnd.  tht>  «liefJ.  a*  tfao  amblttn  of  raliatnn,  waa  Srat 
ohuaao  for  i«vre«anlatian  in  iton*.  It  oocare  pinfuiely  at  tUM^it.  Ithaitiut.  JIatbnra, 
and  Aiurimtli.  Imtfa  in  hai-relMdaail  in  the  aubd  lorm,  on  tha  topi  of  g«l««aya  and 
otbtv  ]ibcaa     Bud-lha  Gaya,  tS7. 

*  The  (iramuMa  cf  tht«<aiUMB  ia  ao»  Nonfood  tor  «itch  of  tbs  fignrM.  Bui  the 
rail!  ii  Utd  down  aad  ao  exaaptiaa  b  notieaiL 


rBambaj'  OaxttUtr, 


40S 


p!«XIV. 
I  of  Jnterwt 

litainladik. 

JUBtfem. 


i)lSTBICT8. 


B«sidm  Aie  objoct*  ot  worabip  in  tlie  temples  and  monasirn 
sbnaeB,  moctof  ike  finished  cavcre  nre  rirh  in»culjiiun^d  anil  [kuuM 
Buddhas.  Id  oho  painlinfr  (XVII.  7)  are  tbo  eight  earth-bon 
Buddbaa,  in  »nothor  (XXlI.)  are  seven  of  thu  oiRnt,'  and  id  urn 
sculpture  (IV.),  Padmapani,  the  Bodhiwitivm  of  Amitiililia  thofnurtl 
divine  Eladdha,  the  taino  who  ia  trappoflied  to  be  incarnate  in  tbi 
Dalai  banui  uf  Llulsa,  fornui  the  cuDlrai  f!|^r«  of  a  large  Rroup.  Ba 
the  hruurite  Buddha,  who  ban  ulwayv  iho  chief  tthiuD  and  vcrr  "tUl 
tha  wbole  of  thehoouvr,  in  Shakyimu&i  or  Gaotamailie  laiit  Baddb 
of  the  prosont  Mg«.  Both  in  tfao  scu1))tuiTs  and  iu  the  paiuiiu^f 
his  imagvti  are  endlc«s,  and  lht>  wliulu  Mtory  »f  hiw  li(«i  ii«  given  ore 
•ad  over  a^in.  He  is  Hlii^wn  sa  an  inbnt  nursed  by  bhi  itititli<> 
[BcAlpturv  U.)  and  held  in  Aeita's  arms  (XVI.  13);' as  a  boy  Kittln, 
withamufiical  instrument  (dil4o);  as  a  boy  iihooting  (XVI.  14)  ;  as 
youtb  mntiin);  un  death  (I.),  and  leaving  bia  wife  aud  child  to  bocont 
aaiucelic  (ditto);  very  oftt^u  ho  is  a  friar,  id  bumble  ^uiae  wiib  tfa 
friar'sabeet  and  ulms-bfiwl  (XVII. 30,SXVI.);  in  jxtsilions  of  I 
Burroiindcd  by  atleuiiants  (XVII.) ;  crowned  by  ihrti-  m 
(XVI,  7)  or  canopies  (XIX.),  with  n  glory  behind  his  head  i.iVI 
8) ;  worshippcil  by  fhifffi*  and  ladit-^t  ( XVII. ),c«thron«d  and  t-eachin. 
a  great  a.«*cnil)ly  (XVI.  12) ;  overcoiuioff  MiJra'a  t«mpt«tiuD  (XL  1 
aud  XXVI.) ;  and  finally  ent*ring  ni'rvapa  (XSVL). 

These  pictures  of  Shikyamuni  vary  iu  oolour.  Host  of  tbein  ai 
Ugltt,  but  nntoe  are  dark  and  a  few  are  yellow.  Several  of  tl 
figures  are  HtandiDfTt  bnt  mottt  are,  like  ihtf  iitatue»  in  tbo  shriDel 
sealedonthronpg  orU'tuncs.theleirB  either haupinp  or  crftsist?d  in  froi 
withnp-turiH'dtMilwt.  AllliavortieMunehairk'Ss  ftice,  ««.>lf-p(MiMMise 
and  without  care,  the  same  long  narrow  eyeL^,  heavy  dom>,  and  thic 
lipa,  and  apparently  verj-  large  c)uni8y  eara,'  the  hair  is  either  wofl 
ehort  and  crisp  with  a  small  lop-knot  or  central  knob,  or  with 
tian.*     The  hands  are  blessing  t^r  teaching,  or  they  are  laid   alot 


is KnkatMnda.  tlw  llm  B>i>lilh*o<  tl»«prDMait«e«L     Iiuiy«M*AjMt«Nat(a,Sl. 

*  4iilb  *'^  lo^LMi  Siinc.n,  «M  Um  m^  wbo  d*clai«4  from  tb*  marka  on  t 
pcncmar Sblliywaiini  Ui*i  h*  woald  bvonSw  «  aupNiiM  Ba<lillia.  Krxl  mnad  | 
babe  bii  anm  b*  woiuul,  and  oMl  h*  Mid,  <4two  oarMr*  .>!  (una  aw^ta,  in  oaen 
ycMB.  tbevbiU  inwhoca  Umm  dga*  an  toand.  iMbIi'*  Sumkrit  TvkU.  II.  W 
Fall  Biui(40Oac.)«ritai.  tliat  a  vwtt  Wa>  cneud  at  th»  plwa  nhwr*  A-i  {AM 
«alc«lattd  the  hotoaonn  of  tbo  r»yal  i>ruio&.      Beat  ■  Pah-Ulaa.  $& 

*  Id  tha  Towa  nt  anall  Buddha*  in  cave  U.  they  am  apparoutly  aan^hnl  tboan 
onl.knliu  i(  Me  aara  mn  hid,  and  aa  if  what  look  ifks  ^»n  v4m  Uia  «'lc  flaji* 
>  woollen  ahiill  cap,  Tlio  genml  opinioo  ia  that  tboy  an  aan,  iimt  pujvhi^t  liwi 
conaiilomd  a  inMh^crfgo^aunB.  Mr.  Burgoa  notaa  that  tbalabcaar^  '^t  Trmliy 
]oDu  M  il>Dj  »«m,  ai  tn  nJ  !iK-*t»d  link  b  taatwied  yi  tbo  lofaa  aa  la  etiU  'ioac  br  t 
KSnnltitUji"    Ind.  -■.  ■:""  '  *  ' 

*  jf  iidilheultlDri  .  iiitfcwthab«adiacorcrodwithae«iift>-»ig.of  wilbwu 
or  atabUy  hair.  Raipi.  m-r^v  >■>  laSS,  "Ranark  tbo  h«ad-dra^'^!T<k  ia  thii  a  wi* 
ouivbair?  All  tha  Blatiiaa.th«  carvail  fignna  of  Buddha,  baTaUiuia  Howfad  I  »a 
Firrt  «S)t*  wwc  nada  to  miraNint  balr,  and  Ibra  hair  waa  dnnwl  Ui  \m\  like  wij 
It  in  tba  tbapa  of  jtiai  WoUb  wig  and  row*  rf  curia  of  haif  all  ovar."  (J.  A. 8.  Bon.  V. 
UO).  TIh'  paiDt  ii  atiU  utttcttlod.  Sonic  think  that  tbo  h(*d  uvntinft  U  a  denta 
wmllen  cap  ;  otban  tbat  it  ia  ■  wig ;  nthnra  tbat  it  ia  wooltv  hair,  Uw  nrlioM  imu 
of  Buddhabaviag  baan  ia»d«  hj  a  wooUy-liairml  ludiaa  tribe  ;  othan  ibat  it  iai^ 


■t  itiaahji 


DeeeuLl 


KHAN'DESH. 


493 


ibe  lme«fl  with  uptumod  palms  (II.).  All  are  dressed  ia*n  rohe,  red, 
bine,  or  white,  worn  hanfpug  from  l.htt  nitrk  nr  throwa  across  tli6 
left  ahoolder.  Besides  ima^s  of  Buddfaas,  both  in  iiculplurea  aod 
picturofl,  relic  »hriuc«  oru  oftvu  shun-ii  tut  oh^vctit  of  worahij>. 

Ollii^r  Buddhist  di^itartes  to  whom  fliriue,  lliotigh  lower,  honoors 
seem  to  have  hcvii  paid,  were  Podmap^ni,  or  ATal ok it^byar,. 
^""JBg^lfWlhlfc  V!"\  Jf^'^P^^^^r'  Ucwidtfs  to  these  beinga,  hiRh 
retpect  is,  in  aome  of  ihe  more  modem  caves,  ahcwn  to  t.he  n]i|  ypji" 
ffods  Indra  and  his  wife  81iBolii,  iftid  to  Rubera  the  god  of  wonltb.' 
Of  othor  KU))erhuin.-iu  beings  there  are,  of  I  he  iingvlic  or  heavenly 
clas.4,  Kinnare,  Gaodharvs,  Ausar&s,  Vidjidka»,  and  Ynkshas, 
aod  of  tfai)  diabolic  or  hvllisb,  Mara,  K«il>,  and  Itdkshaaaa.*  There 
•re  atitn  Mxne  curintLtly  f]iiaint  uud  dn>]l  Utile  imps  most  of  t^em 
like  wieenect  old  men,  many  of  them  in  Persian  drea»,  with  the 
Pertiiau  love  for  the  flngoti.* 

tOf  MceticM  there  arc  many  reprtMuiitationit.     Most  of  Ihem  are 
Ldjjhiat^  but  BrAhman  and   Jain  devoteea  are  also  i>howa.      Of 

eurtjl.air.  •ooMillng  totlM  livand  tk*t«bai^lk]r«nwiilNMune»iiM««tic  tuxrut  uff 
Ih«  dowiuiE  tocka  vlth  B  •wiird.anil  Uut  liH  linir  atU'riruils  kqit  criip  aiid  curiy. 
(pBTgaMaiTa Tr«o and Snrpnt  fVfln)liI^  I£2.  1%!^  Ind.  Aut.  V.  39.  240,  IX.&3>.  T&t 
bob)  tliat  ^litUkjuiiBBi  ru  x  Kilutnyi,  um]  that  kiibv  Chratmi  boolii  |ilc«r«  Fok- 
Bttri,  XXXI1.)i«iiniunt  him  nilh  long  hair  uiil  tbu  JxpaBO**  (Inil.  Ant.  V.  340)  nritb 
lwcll-l-ru>!tt<l  k\it.  M*si  U>  allow  that  WM-tly  biLr  wa«  not  a  |iatw<nid  ((atun  of 
SbihyaiaaBi.  tSirthari  the  fact  that  tli*  Jain*,  wlxi  ilialikfi  BiuMba.  eivo  tbtir  aunti 
Ui9  laiiM  curly  liair  aiiil  heavy  nan,  tend*  to  aihovr  that  tliv  pnaUcv  ftMl  tti  tai^a  un 
BcaneoiutotD  tniDDiiia  to  lb«  aainta  uf  liotiiaiwta.  On  (he  uiiola.  jicrtupathe  llkoliOTt 
expluiitina  ii.  thnt  th?"H^nal  rcprtwutation  ot  tjiiiktmniini  wore  a  uoi>lli-ii  iikull'cap 
witb  loiij*  cor  Aip*.  \iki<  tho  cap  (lill  woniliy  cliililrcu.  by  old  icllji»tii  Rnttmnna, 
aad  by  lonia  ntioaua  b«esir*.  It  «e>-nu  jHaaibt^  that  tbe  early  Af^jhui  lialf><ln«k 
wadftrm  (•«■  laJ.  Aat.  1  \-  53,  anil  Ka^mwin  a  'IVm  and  ISnpcut  Wnnliigi,  V2i-  ISIJ 
diit  not  knoi«th«c«|i.  M»l  niut«>k  Um  n|irawBtativa  of  tliu  woolltoi  ikull-oliith  (<ira 
wig  «-  chap  csrU,  and  thn  car  (Up*  lor  b^^ing  aai*.  ani  that  th«  lain  BoildliHt  and 
Jaia  arti«U  ooeoml  tha  aarlv  (irvck  atatu«a.    fiSa  abova  p,  491.  footnata  9. 

>  £ulm|MB^gC^ayut«k]U,  apjinn  in  thna  aculplMnn  (VI.  XXO  XXVt.) 
aud  lol^HUmji  111.  T?nCVlI.  <);  )^^y|g^|pha  Uiana  poditlinc  (XVIl.  13); 
anil  Ij^ig^^inaae  painting  (XVn.  90). 

*  l^iif  iaaowewhrttair.  with  tiMalua  Barrow  waut  anil  thailrramy  meditAttrctooli 
of  ntuif  a  ondam  Uindn.  Bo  wear*  a  liigb  jcrello)  tian.  a  tacrud  aord,  aad  a 
atripod  waiatclatli  aod  hoUi  a  Uae  ttanderboh  in  fail  left  liand.  Hv  ■  iiiiiuiBluJ 
•Mnotiinea  Inr  binaatf.  in  otfaar  pla«(a  a*  aa  attendaat  or  bnii<-hinan  of  Raildha.  Ha 
appean  b  •txpuMia^  )I.  «,  L  8,  II.  4.  IF.  IT.  II.  SO,  .\l.  aii.I  |NTthapa  in  IX.) 
and  in  one  acnJoluro  (L),  a«il  pMhapaia  X.YI.  X.VII.  and  X-\V|.  t>hacy  ■■  darkt* 
thae  tndni,  with  a  tiara  a*  her  htoil.  and  wean  on  one  nceaaion  a  stripad  iTaia(> 
elollt,  and  oa  anotbcr  a  vwy  tliiu  causa  nraaont.  8h«  ^Ida  or  oIRn*  km-  lni|t«oid 
flowen.  Shacbi  ia  ahewii  in  twu  pidunad.  A  aoil  L  8), 


Chapter  XI 

FlMtiariBti 

Aikxra  Cati 

Ij(e  tn  lodl 

SM-TOOaj 


Kiibcta.  tba  Kixl  ol  naffh,  ia 

-.-  .  I  "1  mo  nnrtli,  KiiWra  ia  oft<n 

itMOMl  m  Buddhiit  Ifwk*  a*  na  attfii'lanl  >if  Ru<lillm  tU-nai  vjtb  Uio  uuardiati  ctiien 


twiea  aonlplurwl   (XIX.  and  X.XVI.i,     Ak  t)i«  ei''i''t'>') ' 


onlpturwl   (. 
pod  m  Buddl 


«f  theutlNT  thn*'|u.iitTrti.    Him  iisa|Ei'  >*  aauiiic  t'  '      '  >  rgwli  wtiKb  bow  ImJot* 

BaitdliBBa  he  uu'm  tlii-ir  l^uiiln.     rroin  ibti  Bli  .  luiu  it  n  plain  that  the 

paxwvrof  Knpira Yakb",  a* bu  ucalloil  in  tliv  Pill  1 ~.^'.  AuwtUliwwn  and  fnlly 

reoacaiaeil  in  the  tun*  ol  AtLiika  fllil)».c.h       Ha    wa*  proliably  nn*  of  tlio  oarly 
Hiadu  ileeucada  prinr  t.<  Itiu  riayl  K^ddbisn.    (lOiarhnt  Hinpa.  20-81).  * 

*  Kinuara,  or    iMavoaly  muucianii.   Live  hninan  heaila  and    InMa,  and  the  lalL 
(oatkna,  ami  b^t  cf  bird*.  He  mate  playa  ns  the  nitar.  the  femal*  on  aTlnl<al>  1 1  M 
Hw  Vidjidhara  and  Gandharva  aro  nalei.  ami   the   Apar^  female  ebin"'        '' 
Takaliaa  ai*aiaiad  witbawixdaft.  t).     0(  the  aiait  beinn,  llien.1  Mini  U  t' 
aaaaiUfafBttUliB.  (»ea babw.  XXVI.l.  KiUtaalliliisaniit  hag  In  Ilia  1«>'« 
(l.y.    Tb*  Klkahaaai  are  nften  rejirvaentd  in  M^iraV  tnin,  K.>>iliii«,  t  ' 
wnmea,  nd,  dark.  (ajr.  nr  white,  witb  fluwiuhair,  killing  niwi  and  (•-' 
mtraiUao-l  Ii1'>'hI  (XVIL  41.  43).     Biuept  ibo  Einnara  boiw  hatD  «lfigi. 
VTIkm  arc  luoud  cbxHr  in  tha  «aIUii(a  ol  L  ami  II. 


(DonibBji 


DISTRICTS. 


Chapter  ZIT. 
PlaeMDflnMrwL 

Ufainlndiik 
900-700  A-a. 


Bnddhisb  aerotoes  there  are  disciples  in  wltile,  Hlaadi: 
fold«d  hmada  boforD  their  Kt|M<rio>r»  (1. 3) ;  dprotMs,  BOine 
whh»-Hkiiiii9d,wTtbbsirlessorbeftrded  fooea  (1.18  Mid  I.  suiilpi 
with  tlu)  htttr  rolled  in  a  top-knot,  dremed  in  n  robe  UuU  oothi 
wink  body  bat  the  right  Hboulder,  wiutiouT  *i~>bh  tho  Klrua-bo 
the  paUacs  gsU**  ( I.  f>),  futiiag  in  a  cave  with  a  wntiv  jug  ( X  VI 
or  ID  n  huuM  with  the  nlms-lwwl  in  tliv  lap  sqiI  boidu  l-Iuv  dishtn 
niche  in  the  w&ll  (I.  5).  Iii  utliora  Uio  n^t-tic  tit  roJiwd  to  a  ptn 
of  hooour;  n  kiug  oomes  to  atk  bis  blessing  {I.  1),  r  p 
disnioUDt«  «nd  worships  him  (I.  3),  and  nobis  womeu  tutkv 
oHi-rings  (I.  6)  ;  fioBllj-  he  ut  rwiwil  to  «  statu  nf  urK'ry  and  I 
OD  tbe  clouds  (II.  4).  Tbe  BrAbmao  devoteea  «ro  dr<iitJtod  jp  i 
■haWf  dmwn  gvcr  thoir  loft  B^imldvnt  (AVIl.  18);  tme  of  thi 
C^red,  uit  rofui(4*it,  four  human  beudaou  a  italrvr  (L.  b).  The 
one  grviip  of  .Digambor  or  naked  Jaina  (XVIl.  33),  sonic  of 
hairtenaBd  without  vluthitig,  nnd  otliunt  with  linirand  clotbea. 

Of  diwliniTH  with  furt-ig^i  coHntriefl  there  are  tracea  in   four  a 


later  iTav*;«  (I.  II.  XVI.  and  XVII).     Some  o(  theso  tra^su 


D«- 


Nan 


liardlT   prove  b  connvclion   with  rnroifn"'!^.     Th«  blue 
Bworiu  and  the  robe  duaely  resembling  those  now  worn 
nnd  BurmiUi  (I.  I  and  3)>  may  bare  been  of  Iol-aI  make,  atid 
likvuesa  to  Eg>-ptiiin   (II.  2),    Japauese,  Eumpeaa,    and  Ohj 
faces  may  be  accidoatal.     Bat  there  seemB  no  doobt  tbnt  son 
Iho  figures   are  Atricwow  (XVIl.  4,   )S]    uud  oLbvrs    I'sraUW 
17,  20).     Thi.'  Africans  (XvlI.  18)  are  almost  all  ser^unls  or  sli 
and   arv  of  little  ^neral   intereeil.     But  one  of  the  pictures 
in    the    first    cave,   the  rocef^ios  of  a  foreign  embassy  by  a  fl 
king,  shows  by  the  fair  skin,   xhort   b«ard,  high  Kurd-like 
jacket, »nd  loag  rc>be,tbat  the  foreigi>ers  are  Persians.*    And  in  I 
otbtT  drinking  soenea  (20)  in  the  same  cave,  the  figures,  Iwth 
and  women,  are  also  Pcruan.     Mr.  Ferf^u^xon  luw  g'jvtn  a  rtp 
intereHi   to   lhr!tif   Persian  embassy  and   Persian    driukin)^  sc 
by  vuggcHliuff  that  the  embassy  Wfu  from  KhoBni  II.  (.'lOl . 
of  Persia  to   Pnlnkesi  II.  king  of  MahAntsbtrn,  who«e   cnpitu) 
probably  Bi(d6nii  in  KaUdgi,  and  in  whose  territory   Ajanta 
and  that  tho  drinking  xceiwa  are  c'opie«  by  native  artists  of  a ; 
of  tho  same  Khoam  II.  and  bis  ^mous  gneen  SliirJn.' 

Am  works  of  art  both  the  sculptnros  and  the  paintings  rat 
The  c«rly  n)onast«ries  (XII.  and  Xlll.)  have  little  miulpture, 
the'early  temples  (X.  and  IX.)  wore  at  first  plain,  though  a  good 
«f  sculpture  has  beea  addod  possibly  in  tho  fifth  centnty.  Tbv  \ 
oaTeo,  probably  mo«t  of  them  cut  in  the  sixth  oentary,  are  rio 


J 


'  Dr.  R*>cadr«Ul  Mttra  in  Jrnir.  R.  A.  S.  Bco.  X  LVUI.  68,  u»d  FcornMon  lo  B<i 
AJMitk  Kot«,  M.  Dr.  lUjendraUl  Uitn  rappon*  tEem  to  b«  fitktriMM  (dtUo). 

■  Thi«  picture  )(wni  t»  liar*  gnallv  Ukan  the  tuiojr  of  tlie  o»t«  utiil«n  ■• 
wimlnllj  briiui,  i"  (^■'■r  '<■»'  lorolu  oud  panels,  liUle  grnip*  <tf  d/inkuv 
i^OM  pMii—  faWi  ttwMiwnL,  »ud  rtoohiny  us  miHl  uMiocaU*  <Mr.  Onl 
lUpwt,  inXm.'  "BwiiU*  Ui**«,  MTcnl  other  rqir«Matat>uiM  we  Bcatioo* 
Ur,  Oiu&tlw  Slid  Mr.  BuritvM  m  Nnian.  Figum  id  Peniui  ilriBi  |I.  l»),  •  w 
b  »  Pemu  hMt  (tl.  M).  >  Poraiui  b*w(l.(ii«n  (U.  aO),  and  a  fully  ' 
Ggm  In  ■  Pcfwan  <»p  iH.  36).  In  XVlt.  4  and  4,  tbwe  ant  lignrM  i 
capiv  and  in  SVIl.  30  llidw  i*  a  d«ci<lMl  PcnUn. 


kiiAndesh. 


aciilptureil  trwerie!)  and  imaffee.  Annrng  th«6e  are  betta  8(  elsborRte 
and  beautiful  tracerr  more  like  what  would  now  l)u  vrarked  in  metal 
U)»nin  nUmn  (XIX.  XX.  XXI,  T.),  pnittystatueMeB  (XX.),  lively  and 
well  dniwu  elejiluinla  (I.),  epinUxl  buutJnif  MXines  (I.),  cliamtiiii;ly 
natural  humiin  figwri's  (X[.),  aud  beautifully  out  fiic««  (XXVI.), 
Kicli  im  Hiimt!  ot  the  srul](tur(!H  iirv,  tlio  |>aiutinf;rg  hold  a  niUL-li  higher 
place  as  worlts  of  art.'  Ahout  half  of  the  c»vc«  htkve  reiuaiua  of 
pniDtiiig',  und  mix  (fX.  X.  XV'l,  XVH,  II,  I.)  have  lareu  pictuma. 
The  work  probably  lasled  ovKr*Hovi>ral  centuries.  The  uldfttt 
paintings  (IX.  aiid  X.l  may  posiiibly  date  aH  far  luu^lc  ae  the  second 
wiitury  aflwv  ChriM.  But  most  (I.  II.  XVI.  and  XVII.)  prolwbly 
belong  10  tlift  sixth  <%nturr,  and  llinrc  ut  ono  ( L  1 7),  the  Persian 
embassy  picture,  apparently  about  tifty  yeara  later  than  tfas  rtst, 
wh<»5e  probwblf  dato  is  abgnt  tl30. 

To  re>c«iTo  the  paintings,  the  som«iirhiit  ronffb  sor&ce  of  Uie  wall 
Keem»  to  have  bwn  corcrwl  throe-(juartur«  of  nn  inch  deep  with  a 
layer  of  plitster  compoaed  of  fine  duxl,  in  some  instant^es, at  I(<u«t,  o{ 
powdered  brick  mixod  with  fibrw  and  rice  liuHka,  This  was  smoothed 
and  ourered  with  a  coatin;;  of  roiho  ground  eolonr  ou  which  tha 
desigaa  were  drawn  and  pttinted,'  Ueeidea  rtdiffioitit  subjects,  the 
psintin)ir<  are  full  of  st-vmiN  of  daily  lif«,  street  procoasiousi,  buying 
and  selling,  interiors  of  houaea^  marriafj^e  and  dvath  «cunes,  servants 
workinp,  muitiaiitiK  playing  and  dnneinp  girls  dancing,  elepliunt,  mm 
and  bull  fights,  balilo  and  hunting  »ceues.  To  a  certain  extent  the 
treatment  is  conventional.  Bnck-ltko  blockit  utand  for  bills  (I.  6), 
fantastic  riTcrs  and  seas  are  recognised  only  by  the  help  of  boats  and 
linhuH(l.'l),nndh(m»cwarorepr«t>'!Ulwd  by  a  Hat  lino  over  the  inmates' 
bes'Ia  (La).  But  conventional  ti-eatment  is  the  exception,  and  motit 
objects  arc  rcudvrcsl  with  »  fuithfulncss  and  oxacLuoss  that  show 


■  ThB  actcaunt  of  Iha  nIntfcuM  ilNn  in  iflid  irhm 
IIL  cut  tlitStanuit,  now  Sir,  J. 


Chapter  Xn 

Ptacw  of  Intert 

AiAKtA  Oatbi 

Alt  Valiu  at  < 


thtiy  <•«•«  ia  bir  pre. 
■Mvation  <T.  B.  !>.  K  IlLCWt  t  UMnMOBt,  now  Sir,  J.  AlaXiUiil«r^  notiis  of  tliMr 
lirijthlc>iUirim*jiiid«vardnwifi|tD  llCUi  Mr.  IUI[>ir«  (ISSft)  pntbmiaslio  tnbat* 
t<i  l)i«i[  n'^^'X  uitl  r«SiMinDnt  :  andth*  dctailnl  itiiwripliiui  ol  llifiin  )>y  Lieatunont 
Blii^'k<'\is39j  w(n> brought  br  Ur,  Per^iidn  tiitlin  tuitwuiittliu  Koyal  ^^ialictkictvtjr 
_lBr  IMS.  Tlw  ranDlt  u-u  ibat  ihc  Sooicty  pctilioneil  tlu  Court  <J  l>lr«cti>n  tlutt  tbv 
BMTunmijtbl  WlffOHirFrdBindtlic  ptUDlin|{s»>pioil.  TfaoC<>urt(^lU>  May  IS14)(lii«ot«d  ' 
'the  UmIhu  OavtratMiat  to  carry  nut  thitac  [iropcMaU,  ami  au  laotJIcDt  artiti,  Ui«  tkta 
Major.  tli«o CaiiMin.  R.CliU.  (i[Mi«U»d»*Rnny,waa  log fivo  or  niytan  (ItUV-lSGS) 
^njpifad  in  uufiyiiiK  Uio  trt^ootm.  About  thirty  pictuiu,  nianj'  nl  uiom  of  lat^a  ib», 
wnretn^ni  liuu:  ti>  tiifl'>  uiil  t>>  Londnii.  All  but  llvn  irereibeini  la  the  liuliBn  Court 
Ol  tba  Syiluiitiuii  C'[>iilnl  I'aliuw  and  iroro  lUatruj'ul  by  firo  in  the  latt«r  part  ofJ^Q. 
No  «opl<a  nr  pfaatogrofili*  luui  been  takoo,  anJ  oinpFtho  liv«  jiivtiim  that  ircn 
noicxhibittd  and  wmMKoaU  catgrarii)^  in  Mra.  8pcir'a  Aiici«al  Imlm.  notnoo  o^ 
Uajor  Gill'*  vofk  ivmaina.  To  mplaov  Uim  ton  a  vimtIv  ifnnl  of  £m>  waii,  in  I8>3, 
Muiirtioiiinl  by  the  GoTernmmit  of  liiilu,  aiid  (inuv  tnwi  Mr.  GciBltto.  tujiuriiitiindoiit 
irf  th«  Boiutiay  Sf hool  of  Art.  haii  •lurinn  Ibodry  weatlioraaaaoof,  villi  a  nainlwr  <■( 
School  cif  Art  tludvnia.  )>m«  c ri|{unl  ui  uom'ins   the  frcMOoi.     Atreaily   tbp    chjot 

Siattu^  ul  <*vva  1.    Tl.  aiiil    lA.    have  bean  oooipletcd  and  amt   lo   Ih*  ladi* 
lUniun  la  Kauniiigtuti.  •  ■       . 

*  "Cks  pilUn  bsiag  anwiothod  with  the  ohucl  iccm  to  havn  rvcoMiidiiiilTa  boavjr 
gtvunil  Matii^t.  CiMnileal  examinatino  bai  ibcwn  tbat  the  usdcrbycr  conaiMcd  of 
rad  ir«a-««tth  aud  clay  mixed  Kith  fin*  gritty  auid,  aome  tarbaaulo  □(  limn,  aad 
•buadancs  oit  Ttntahfc  ftbr«B.  TIm  udimt  layw  or  ground  wm  diiolfy  uUphat*  t4 
UiKO  anil  toia*  wBito  Sinty  msttor.  Of  tba  ooloiua  the  wlut*  Kemd  ckwhr  M^al« 
of  lima,  tlid  r«t*  wcra  hon  ied>>  tba  dull  graen  a  finely  powdMti]  gnfa  dlieata  «o«- 
(AlutaK  iron,  tito  hlnc  hod  all  the  obar»ot«riatMa  cinltn-mariaB.  Mr,  Qiiflltha  and 
Dr.  I.yoQ. 


tBomba;  Oi 


A96 


DISTRICTS. 


C!hapt«rZIV. 

PImm  of  Intereat 

A/AUT*  Cavu. 

Art  ValMof 


tho  iiuUiors  to  have  been  kepn  bdc)  prsctined  observers  tuid  masi 
tixooutiou.'      Tho  stntv  of  miml  in  which  thvM*  pttinfiuf^v  on'gi 
and  wen?  t'siHttiU^i,  niiiAl,  saij-n  Mr.  (irifliths,  Uavo  bet'ii  vi-ry 
to  tlint  wLirL  pro(li]ci>d  IbeuiLrly  Ilnlinii  pniii(ini;s '>f  thn  fonrt 
twnturv.     Tbprp  in  ihc  siiim'sliijli'  nlti-iitioii  Id  t ' 
snnu'  (TowiUiiy  yf  ilgun-ft,    ibc  wuiuf  want  of  ni  i 
thtt  Hiimo  re^rd  for  a  tmtbful  rather  than  forn  bniatital  n-ndonni 
of  a  Bubject.*  1 

Tbo  ]Aiut«ra,  Mr.  GritBtfaa  eodtinoes,  wre  atanta  is  execatioiu 
K^'en  ou  tho  walls  Bonio  of  tho  lines  dran'u  with  i>no  sweep  of  thi 
bmah  struck  me  iih  wry  windnrfiii  ;  but  wrhi-n  I  Wiiv  lung-  dflicat< 
carri.'»  tni«'<i  «ith  e<inal  predKiou  on  tJie  horixoufal  surface  of  ^ 
oeuinff,  their  skill  npjM-nn-d  to  mo  nothing  ]v9K  thnn  mimculons! 
For  ihp  piirjiiiN«H  of  an  education  no  Wlter  oxainiilott  could  M 
phkccd  before  an  Indian  art  Htndent.  The  art  lives.  FacoH  c|nt»tiiU| 
and  answer,  lauf^h  and  weep,  fondlv  uud  tlntUir,  limbis  morp  witl 
froifdoui  itnd  ^race,  (lowers  bloom,  birdii  tiobr,  and  beaxla  anring 
fight,  or  Tiatienlly  bear  barduns.'  Of  the  picture  of  the  '  Ityinif 
Princess,  (cjivc  XVI,),  Mr.  (Jriffithswiy",  for  jxithonund  .■«  ■ 
inid  Iho  uninLiiakable  way  of  tellinj^   its  story,  this  pietun'  , 

I  consider,  be  suriui^scd  in  tho  lunti^iry  of  art.  The  Floreoaiu 
could  have  giron  Wtter  drawing  and  the  Venetian  tMrtltruoloOT 
bnt  neither  could  have  glren  greater  expression.*  Again,  be  nyi 
in  tho  iHioullud  ceiling!),  natiirulutni  and  oonvenlionalii-in  are  ai 
lutmion)oiL4]y  combined  ns  to  call  forth  our  highmt  ndTniration 
For  doliwite  wdouritig,  varirty  in  design,  flow  of  line,  and  GlUnj 
of  apace,  they  are,  I  think,  uue^iallod.  Alchoiigh  every  panel  lu) 
been  thought  out,  niid  not  n  touch  in  one  is  caruIoitAly  given,  yal 
iho  whole  work  iK-ars  the  iniprennion  of  the  greatest  ease 
freedom  of  thought  as  well  as  of  execution."  lto»idt<K,  in  Ti 
grace  and  pnthoe,  some  of  the  puintiiigs  are  riob  in  bo 
with  droll  elves  climbing  flower  ^tema  and  teasmg  geosot 
quaint  shrivelled,  liquor-tasting  and  bquor-smelling  imptt  in  Pi 
hats  streamers   uod   sock.-<.*      Who    tue  piiintei-s  were  is  doub|: 

■  Tli<  artuti  DU^  h«n  got  Uiefr  tnlning,  wya  Mr.  Griflltlu,  tntn  ndh  I. 
M  iwed  to  b*  ImM  111  C«;lou  irh«u  relira  won  publicly  nxpntvil,  kmI  great  n^ 
«nikd  ia  ilreiiiairi:  raprMmtatimis  ofeventa  in  UndiUui'i  liU  illuatral«4by* 
and  cothunea.     Iml.  Aat.  III.  96.  >  Ditto,  ai.  •  TKtto.  77. 

•Jod.   Ant.  ill.  Z7.     (WipM*  Mr.   Ralph  11838).    Are  tliNM)  Minting*  i 
dune  M  Euruprana  oinlil  liavo  ei(icut«d  1     Id  the  vxprtwunii  of  ttie  oovaU 
^Mttaioly  they  am.  What  a  lutulv  [«Bial*  t  Yo.  the  Uit  oiic  >*  iluc<iv«r  MtHM  i 
thaawMtert.     Hero  tarniotbnr  hmrraly  Uea,     The  nun  iiliar  lurtr:  a  haa 
fellow.     YoQ  havn  liia  prolila  kakiw  tii  the  wtst.     liow  (af«v,  how  full  a(  arde. 
daair*.     Tlia  wimiui  baHJiutturswlliiT  lan>  to  him  and  li>oluwilli  Uiniil  ulUfBClio 
and    Ml(-a|ipruviiia  c>K|ii*try.       II   :■  «?(cvllviil.     Her*    ia    anntlior  In^uly  ;    »hif  id 
vntToaliofl.     Hm  liaad  n  tuniuil  tovanU  ■»□»  uur  abci-c.     laalicbimilscatinitwi 

ryor!  ShMneto  tlin  vlllauis  whuhav»4u*tn>T«d  t^MM  iNUntiun    J,  It.  A.  I 
i. am.  *  QaoMia  Bmgm'  N'oUo,  'JK 

*  -nuM    HIIMff  (liniT^    .n.  .^hU*.  U  a,M    .^iH-—  ^    .— ^    I 1    II         QU,„ 

and  droO iurorw Mcoiven  in  XVII.  St.  is  bu detail«d d»eri]>li<.iw of  tlio <tilhTMl 
palntinfla  Br.  Orim)iaMticM,<>(tne(dea.«iliiigi(n.  ISjfraolyaikd  boldly  iJMnt  ' 
with •  in«at  ploaaingefcct, panaU  <ll.  I),  ilimblv BpennMa* of  omamcoUl  ail (XXU 
and  XXVI.).adiiiin(il«  nodmon*,  Icait- tl-9)  that  ihowed  the  vliaW  powyr  _ 
dongiwra  and  tbMr  knowlod^  of  tlw  srowlh  vf  (dant* ;  foliaoD  nnxR  bMatitulIy  aad 
dvbnlrlr  dnw>(ll.  aSlidoircnUt.ls)  adinintUr  paiat«di  Uadi«f  g>Mc  (IL^ 


khAndesh 


The  ffmoe,  freedom,  «nd  truth  of  tho  uainfingH,  favour^  the  anggcs- 
tioQ  that  the  artitita  were,  or  belongiMl  to  a  school  whoso  futrndorts 
were,  Baktrian  Greeka,  and  the  ooinmoD  oocnrrenoe  of  llioGivek  fret 
M  im  ornKnH>Dt  (inpport«  this  view.  On  the  other  hand,  Uieir  int'mnto 
knowledge  of  native  life,  and  Ute  bIidoaI  iitt«r  alMoncu  of  foreign 
alloaioDB,  seem  to  shew  tliat  the  artists  were  natives  of  Indin.  On 
th»  whole  it  aeotas  prohable  that  they  wore  natives  of  India,  who 
belonged  to  one  of  the  many  schuolH  of  art  which  Hourished  among 
tho  Buddhists  in  their  timeet  of  prosperity,  and  of  which  the  foundem 
were  Yakahaa,  perhaps  Baktrian  Greeka,  and  Nigas,  who  were  an  art 
fraternity  in  Kit«hiiiir,  Hupposed  to  have  boon  under  the  special  charge 
of  the  sDake-god&'  Thosanieuesaof  dvUiil,  and  the  way  in  which, 
in  many  casc»,  a  story  runa  on  from  a  painting  and  is  taken  up  iu*the 
acidpuirc,  have  sntt^fied  Mr.  Griffiths  that  the  scalptore  and  painting 
are  the  wurk  ot  tho  Name  nrtists.' 


Chapter: 
PlACMoflntaia 

A3AK1A 


The  following  are  the  chief  <lehiila  of  tho  differeat  cares,  begin- 
ning from  the  east  and  working  west. 

Cnvu  I.  is  ouc  of  thu  latest  (-550),  finest,  andmoet  richly  ornamented 
monaateriett.  In  fn.tnt  of  l!i«  verandah  there  hiw  been  a  porch, 
aapported  by  two  advanced  culumna,  of  which  only  fragments  of 
tho  basics  and  elegant  capitals  reinaia.  At  each  end,  ontside  tho 
Tentndahj  there  is  n  room  whoso  open  front  is  supported  by  two 
pitlar»,  the  floors  being  mined  a  few  titopa  in  order  that  the  olaoerato 
entablature  of  the  facade  might  be  carried  round  tho  whole  front 
at  the  same  level.  The  room  on  the  east  opens  into  another,  nearly 
13)  fout  Mpiure,  and  all  hut  perfectly  dark  ;  that  on  the  loft  opens 
into  twn  others  somewhat  smaller.  Of  the  six  cohtmuH  and  two 
pilasters  of  tho  verandah,  the  ^ir  in  the  middle,  which  ongiitally 
fonood  part  of  the  porch,  haw,  tiko  nil  the  ot]ien<,  wquarc  bases  ana 
elaborately  cao'cd  bracket  capitals.     Above  the  bases,  they  are  hrnt 


Oiiv«l 


thovrnf!  moat  orafnl  obwravallon  ol  Ilia  hint*'  chanctcriitic  mottinaata ;  orttt*  (1. 161 
with  biiTiiw  olianctrrii'Uu*  miurkiibly  vol!  cxproweil ;  n  dnuon  KlnitntUy  doirionM 
■nil  ilrawD  (11  73).  wvll  ilrawii  ui<l  jps^-orul  buiiuu)  ilpim  (1, 8),  a  itanding  |Q|«n 
of  nnasaaJ  rrac«  (l.\.  3):  biii«itr«iiivlywull  itouxiMil  (11. 2),  onutnicntal  lioul-ilreM 
■dminUr  liniwii  (11.  'i),  aiJK'.'l*  wiUi  b**iitl(ul)y  roanJiKl  tamii  (II.  3).  (X-'CMlonaUy 
fault  it  lottad,  an  vxirviwiy  lit  ilrawn  Uguni  anil  wrvng  p«npwctiT«  |L  16),  and  dog* 
VMT  loiUy  ilraoii  fXVri.  fiO). 

1  Sunui  iBlcr«alir<u<tctatlBo4  Buddhist  art  in  Imlukarvgivwi  laTiraHAtli**  ;I57S'I608) 
IlictoT  0*  loJiau  BudrJliiBii  tnuwl>t«d  lijr  Mr.  W.  U  H««la]',  T5ai.  C.  H.  IikI  ^t. 
TV.  lOI-lOL  Tbcaaiuc  Valuliahulw«Dsup]>o«o>l  tobr  txuiooctcd  witlitboYu«l.«tiwi 
or  Indo-SkytiiHUii  who  ruled  in  north  aiul^wMt  India  about  thcbeoinaiaaaf  thai 
Chnrtiuicnt(IOas.c.-IO0jLD.).  tta  unliiun  ntMudao  banc*  of  i1«u|imU,  who 
aniuid  tohftT*  bdp«lkicgA>iic)kii<^»'-.!^ii.C-}uibiiUdia«t«ni[ilML  Tha  Nigas 
too  in  the  time  of  N^gAijuna  did  nuuiy  u-orka.  Both  the  YakdiM  sad  Hid  NigM 
had  miraeulona  poucr.  uid  t>ri>dDC«d  wnllpaiotian^  *acho»Mt  eopM  that  th«y  coold 
not  l«  known  from  the  tliiiiga  painted.  In  lima  Um  hnovrledjc  ranuhad  fram  attn  j 
and  Utn  on  iudividual  aitutaotnwnt  anxe,  bat  there  waa  no  fliod  aehooL  Atlm- 
wanU,  in  the  tloM  of  Uu  Buddbapakiiha,  Bimfcaalra  (Dunil«d  tfa*  U«dhyB<leah 
•ohoo)  ;  than,  i>  tha  tint*  of  Idng  Sila  Shrinoadhara,  a  MlrtMri  painted  like  a 
Yafcaha  and  rouiidcd  tho  Old  WMtvrn  aohooli  then  cane  a  Raual  or  Raatcan 
•chool  [  than  a  Nii>U«a«,  and  Anally  a  KtAmir  achohl.  Iii  the  ■ouih  wen  throe 
•rtiat*  of  gi«at  lasl^  Jaya  ParoJAva,  and  Vijaya.  Whoraooover  Boddhkia  <ama 
thor«w«n«kiltixlartkU;w)iar«thel)rihaBanrrtigioDBonriihad  thojrwsTO  pooriaad 
wberv  tha  MuliaxnnaadMii  niled  there  wore  non«. 

*  SoBimbuttainthottiMcJhinaBnddbapakaha  (oandad  the  Uadhyadeab  •ebool 
;  bo>(&  of  paintora  and  wulptoio.    lad.  Aat.  |v.  103. 
B  (11-63 


IBoBb«7 


468 


DISTKICTS. 


ClupterXIV. 
ICM  of  Intertit. 

V*rw  I. 


octanrooal,  tlien  there  is  a  belt  of  aixteen  faces,  ttbrfre  Utis  tbeyj 
flntoil  with  baodfl  of  beaotilhU;  sbUmnte  trucer;  up  U>  Uwf  tli 
comprsMed  ousbioo  bstwMa  two  fillets,  on  wliich  mate  tlui 
bkdm  nnder  th*  capital.  The  next  pilbnt  on  nither  aide 
■imitarly  rich  in  carviii^,  but  h&re  iuum*rer  b&adiof  txncarj 
the  upper  portion  of  the  fluting,  and  their  flutes  are  suiml, 
these  are  two  octagpnal  piJlara  with  lhr«o  bands  ut  traoerr 
them,  sapjMirtitiff  a  v«i7 dMpTaqmre,  rnrrod  fiuta  ntxlor  the  DnuJcM 
capital.  Tba  piln.tlvni  IwyDiiil  tlKao  hnro  ahi>rt,  lluUnl  Di<cks  wilk 
traoar<r  abore  ami  l>ulr>w  tbein,  more  like  what  would  uciw  b«  wariud 
in  m«oil  Lh&D  attempted  in  stone.  The  ceDtral^rampartmenl  io  each 
capital  has  its  own  group  of  human  figun^«.  Tno  win;^  of  til* 
braSiets  of  the  columns  are  ornMnontAd  with  cbarabn,  gandhaniu, 
nndu^wincU, and  the  central  panels  with  figures  of  Shi&tc>.>  '.r.i 

his  worshippers.     That  on  tha   sijth  pillar  is  sppannitly  a  J 

the  tcmpIntioD  of  Mum.  On  his  left  aro  two  womvn.  Ou  Itis  rigfal) 
a  man  is  shouting  at  >ShflkyiimuDi  with  a  bow,  luiolber  above  in  a 
peaked  cap  is  throning  «  stune  at  htm.'  This  cave  is  tb(>  onlv  om 
of  the  monasteries  that  has  a  sculptured  front.  The  entublotun  i* 
broken  over  the  porch  and  the  projecting  rooms  at  the  end.  Bu^  in 
order  that  it  might  run  round  in  parallel  linos,  an  luvhitrare  bat 
been  introduced  over  tuu^h  of  Che  mdo  chnpvN,  ornainvntod  with 
roprosentations  of  the  hone-shoe  temple  window,  each  om  ' 
figures.  The  architrave  all  along  the  front  is  sculptured."  ~ 
each  colamn  thetv  iku  uompartment  containing  humAn  fignree  onlyi 
at  tho  comers  are  terminal  ligures  apparuntiy  intondod  for  hi 
lions  or  rampant  goata,  ndrduhu,  and  the  remaiuiDg  spaces 
Ailed  principally  wiib  etepbantit  in  every  variety  of  attituae  aad 
with  great  spirit  and  correctness.  The  part  over  the  front  of 
porob  has  been  mostly  destroyed  when  the  pillars  gavewBy,bat 
afngment  lli»t  rcitmio^,  the  lower  frieKv  or  architrave  wems  to  ban 
been  fillod  with  groups  of  figurea,  poasibly  scenes  from  the  life  of 
Sbikyamuni.  The  left  side  is  carved  with  elephants  6ghtiiig,  and 
with  the  figure  of  a  rider  on  a  liou  at  the  corners.  Contiuuing  the 
esmo  number  along  the  fn>nt  to  the  loft,  there  are.  after  the  usaal 
comer  liou,  two  figures  besting  drums  and  one  playing  ouvome 
dnte,  fo11ow»d  br  others  with  Nep&lese  swords,  oblong  shields, 
figures  onhorseoaok,  one  blowiugalongtrumpet.tben  three  eli 


*    <  TboM  two  (OOM  Mcim  intended  to  t«pn*oat  the  •ttoiopta  oo  SbikjMiissi'a 

inad«  by  hti  liroUior'lD-law   Datdstt*.    lUnil}:'  hw  tlio  followiu  deUilsd  kcoub    

tlMM  att«mpU;'At  tltU  tiiDa  Devdsttsiviit  to  Ajust  king  of  Ri]sgah>  to  roqoMls 
bukd  of  ■kimil  uchu«  thut  UiM'  mi^t  lUy  Ilu'tdha.  Tba  uii(«hoaotliirt^-<»*  mora 
aiqwrt  tluB  ttiB  r«al  anrl  amt  tbam  to  th«  pnut.  DcTdatta  took  thair  chi«f  oa  nea 
aid^  and  told  him  tliat  bia  aontmliaiiui  vu  to  (lav  Bi^diUia  iii  ih«  hall  nf  tli«  nifaknta 
VUUf.  Barhr  aaxt  mnriitDg  Baddba  penxarti  Iho  chiiif  with  tha  r«sl,  wbo,  ba 
tbonght.  had  cooia  to  raoaSva  tho  bmalK  at  bia  toukinti.  Thf  cJitM  of  Uio  arcfaara 
eama  to  bim  and  ihot  an  anow  ;  bat  it  paaaad  in  a  contrary  dirtoUou  trMn  what 
ha  had  istandad  Thob  Buddha  luokad  toward*  bim  with  tlio  mm«  kiadnaaa  that  ha 
wroulit  toward  any  othar  being.  Tha  arckar,  orsnMtno  by  his  fMlinga.  went  to 
him  and  wonhippad  hint,  oonf»>log  that  whal  ha  had  ilano  waa  at  the  inalisatioa  of 
Devdatta.'  At  auothartiina  DoTdatta,  tram  tha  lop  of  th«  Gl)nliuta  rook,  by  tba 
help  oj  a  ■nachin*.  barWd  an  Imaianae  atona  at  BviUha.  bul  In  iti  tijOit  it  broke  into 
p*c«aa,  and  vnlj  a  (tagtncol  driKk  (ha  loot  ol  Iba  mk*-     Maoiid  d|  Buddhiun,  3SP. 


BmcuU 


khAndesh 


Bad  anotber  borse  with  their  ridera.  Tlie  next  to  the  Itift  ia  an  indoor 
scene,  a  chief  nud  his  wife  in  i^arriest  converse  with  tltreo  atteuduubf. 
Outsidu  u  «(widled  bureviH  being  led  out  towiirds  a  tree,  and  to  the  left 
R  liltle  figure,  carry ihk  &  bag  on  bin  back,  wallcM  towards  two  Sgurea 
Bitting  talking  under  foliage  with  biraa  in  it.  Beyond  theso  a  mate 
elephant  st^indit  facing  a  man  sitting  at  the  foot  of  a  tree  with  a  stick 
in  bis  hand,  llten  cuhicn  another  iu-door  scene  in  which  the  wife 
bas  her  arras  round  her  huHbaud'a  neck  and  twu  wonion  serrants 
stand  by.  Outside  are  four  eleftbant^,  the  first  butting  against  a 
troo :  the  next,  a  young  one,  following  its  dam,  who  ia  pinning  a  tiger 
to  the  ground ;  tba  fi^iurth  i»  behind,  and  bas  apparently  turned  tail. 
Then  come  two  buSaloes  at  strife,  a  man  beliind  each  urging  i(  on. 
To  the  left  are  two  more  human  fignrea  in  front  of  the  comei'lioB. 
This  band  is  contiuned  across  the  front  of  the  left  side  cbapel.  To 
tbuloft  of  the  corner  lion  nrofotirfigurCM,  a  woman,  a  man  with  a  slick 
or  anord,  another  with  a  shield,  and  a  figure  Hitting  on  the  ground. 
Toward  these  comes  Sh&kyamuni  in  his  chariot  with  twohoraeaandtho 
drirer.  Next  is  a  royal  Rgiiir;  on  a  m^Eit  in  a  gardi'u  under  a  tree,  while 
a  woman  playa  to  him  on  a  mnsicel  iustmnicnt,  and  another  waits  on 
him  behind.  A.  palm  tree  separates  this  from  the  next  MCeuv,  in 
which  Sh^kyamnni  is  driving  to  the  left,  and  pai^sing  a  plantain  tree, 
mcvts  an  aged  man  witb  a  staff.  Itchiud  him  is  ijh^kyamuni  in  his 
car,  and  before  the  car  are  some  men  parrying  a  duad  body  and  a 
woman  walking  by  it  wailing.'  The  rock  h  here  broken,  but  to  the 
left  there  is  a  royal  figure  seated  on  a  throne  with  attendants,  and 
a  horse  looking  in  at  him ;  beyond  is  a  man  walking,  and,  aftor 
another  defaced  piece,  a  horse  'mtli  an  uttondant  beside  it.  On 
the  right  of  the  porch  is  a  spirited  wild  ox  hunt.  On  the  front  of  the 
facade,  to  the  nght  of  it,  is  another  hunting  scone,  perhaps  of  deer ; 
the  first  horsomao  on  the  loft  is  spearing  one,  luid  ny  ihc  side  of  the 
next  runs  a  dog  or  leopard.  Behind  are  three  elephants  with  riders, 
followed  by  a  fat  ill  •pro  portioned  figure,  bearing  some  load  at  the 
ends  of  a  polo  over  liis  shoulder.  In  the  next  comparlmont  is  a 
domwtic  scene,  a  stout  squatting  figure  with  a  cnp  in  his  band, 
caressed  by  bis  wife,  behind  whom  stands  a  aerrnnt  with  a  flagon. 

To  the  right  of  this  is  an  out-duur  scone,  first  an  elephant,  befoT9 
irbom  a  man  sits  as  if  feeding  or  addrcMsing  it,  while  beyond  bim 
another  man  stands  with  a  HttLfT  in  his  left  hand.  A  woman  moves  to 
the  right  with  a  vessel  in  her  left  hand,  towards  a  man  who  ij()uata 
under  a  tree  addrtMsing  another  woman,  wbo  kncelii  before  him  in 
an  attitude  of  supplication.  Behind  ber  is  a  dwarf  with  a  bag  on  Iris 
back,  and  beside  it  a  man  leading  a  saddled  hono>  bebjna  which 
stands  another  man  holding  an  umbrella,  probably  the  attendants  of 


CbapUrXIl 
PlaMBflflntei 

Cave] 


1  Th«««ibi««patatiiigBwi)iut«ai(l«dtorMmMatlliSM«>)<.-«w'liK-)i  tDtlto  Sbilu-watml'* 
dkCKuing  ■  rvcjiue  Ufa.  The  foUoviw  U  tskw  from  Hardj'a Kvomit  fMuual  ot 
Baddhinn  lU.  1M>.  '  WbUit  livina  in  th«  fnll  ODjoyiaiuit  of  til  kind*  «a  plMnim, 
Biddiuithi  or  Shikramimi  commanded  hla  oliarioUar  l«  prtptn  hi*  hatlt*  charioC 
with  tcnii  Illy-white  honta.  Tho  jirtnM  len^  into  tha  vhuiot  ftrnl  Aitno  towuds 
a  gsrden  attended  by  a  gTMt  ratiaiio.  On  his  way  ho  »aw  a  docmpit  old  na^  wttb 
brokon  tooth.  Ui  Ucmbliag  lona  nippiwted   by  a  (UC     Some  noouu  l*t«r,  <ai  bk 

ay  totboganJiia.hi-  uwadeadbody.  Four  niontlmtaUr  tha  winMMWoa  thataiM 
i,  a  techiM  with  an  eiprMdoa  ot  sntek  iavanl  coatwiaiwirt. 


M» 


Dl  ST  III  UTS. 


^torZIT.  tb*  koMling^wtimui.    Anothar  •nail  ooroparttnnnt  to  tk*  tJ^B 

Itttblonst  ^^  rapTMirDlA  ft  otu«(  Mid  lus  wifo  wMmJ    t  -,    sttea^jH 

!  two  wotDoo  wrrmola.    The  tioxt  contains  six  h..-^  ^ •. ^.itani*, tki fafl 

ftt  Cavh.  ^,ipQ  gghtiiuf  «itd  tbe  next  dnigKtag  b  huge  BOukv  la  iLa  tnink ;  ImM 

W^}"  a   horaed   utm    ttfmunalM  tbe  front.    0<r*rr    this    ripbi    chaj^  <4 

^H  oontiaaattoD  b«giii8UiiMtal  wiib  tbo  bnmedlJon  in  front  u(  ngnnn 

^H  oaUle,totliorigkl  ofwbidbsretwofigurvsiKMkted,  Aod  tM-'jantltillfl 

^^^^  aeVQ  tbu  liend  of*  besnl«i  old  man.     Tbum,  onder  tixics,  an-  tw^^H 

^^^H  mni  vrUb  beards,  their  hair  ilotin  idUib  top>ktutt   style;  Iwlitnd^^l 

^^^H  is  a  tkiril  bo&il.     Oue  haa  a  bottle  and  beade  ttie  otbcr  ia  a  Tunnl  li*4 

^^^H  in  a   tripod  ktand.     Anuthur  Umrdod  awctic  u  laaving   tluso,  ■<V 

^^^B  tomotliing  like  a  oltib  in  bU  right   baud  Mid   a    beut   rod  BVaiH 

^^^H  lefi  §1toiil>l(>r.     Ill'  i*  moetuiff  a  man  wbo  i^ipcara  tu  address hii^^H 

^^^H  to  ibo  rif^Ut  ia  aootbor  with  on  uplifted  atrord  ma  if  abont  to^^| 

^^^B  ttiii  last.     To  thu  right  b  a  plantain  tree  and  a  aaddied  horse  1411 

^F^  a  nwa.     The  aeoijnd  oompartnenfc  is  a  mtall  io-duor  aoono  in  iwl 

^H  B  uuw  Mta  liBlsBinf;  to  a  ladf  attended  by  two  luoij  mirrant^    Us 

^H  but  comportmout  is  broken.  It  began  with  d  knooling  &giuv  oSotafl 

^^^^  aome  present  to  a  portly  man  »mt4)d.  1 

^^^H  Above  the  entablatnru  it  a  project iu^>aad,  cu-Ted  with  repreacokw 

^^^H  tioQB  of  the  Uiiiiplv  window,  each  containing  a  human  head ;  thon  cooM 

^^^H  a  Frii>xe,  onu>rm>nIt.-d  with  compartments  containing  men  and  wuma 

^^^B  atU-ndcd  t>y  uutid   Berrants.    ThetMi  aro  wparutod  by  spacea  ■■ 

^^^H  with  fi;;iir<.>ii  of  thu  sacred  ^ooso  in  Tarious  poaitiout,  with  tJie  4^H 

^^^H  «xtvndod  into  elaborate  flc»'iat«d  tracery  so  as  to  (ill  the  apuois.    ^^^| 

^^^H  this  frieae  id  a  lino  of  tigers'  houds,  then  a  toothed  fillec,  then  aaSH 

^^^H  with  a  Uutf  of  string  trnccry,  nunneniitvd  by  a  Ik-lt,  tronNunin^  honiu 

^^^H  beads  within  miniature  t«mple  a-indows,  laach  with  bair  drussed  liku  a 

^^^B  heavy  wig.  The  wings  of  the  brackctsof  (hecolumnsare  ornamsuted 

^^^H  with  cherubH,  and  thu  oontnil  ;)Hni?U  with  fignros  of  Sb&kyamuui  sal 

^^^^1  hiB  atl':?udants.     Tho  vcnuidnli  i.i  alxiut  nixly-four  fwt  long  by  'J  j  wills 

^^^^1  and  13)  high,  and  Iiiia  n  chauiU;r  at  each  end.     A  widu  door  ii 

^^^^1  tlio  coutre,  with  elaboralely  carved  jumba  and  entablature,  lettda  into 

^^^^B  the  great  hall,  and  thoro  are  smnlltT  doom  noar  vach  end  and  two 

^^^H  windows.     Tbe  nmtU  hall,  Mia,  in  nearly  Kixty-four  fu«t  sa^uare,  aod  ib 

^^^H  roof  in  HUppork'd  by  a  coloDuado   of  twenty   pillars,  leariag  an  ■il' 

^^^B  of  about  9^  feet  wide  all  round.     Thu  columnsare  about  &|  feet  ■ 

^^^H  but  themiddio  onvs  on  each  side  of  thu  tH^iiaru  uru  tij  foot  asi 

^^^H  Their  boMe  an;  alioul  2|  foot  squaro,  and,  with  thu  four  piliu<U>rs  id 

^^^H  couimit»tion  of  the  front  and  bavk  row,  are  moHlly  very  richly  carrttdJ 
^^^H  ,  Thu  front  of  llie  bnickets   iu  tho  Brst  row  of  ooloinoa  in  the  hall 

^^^^1  and  tbe  inner  aides  of  all  the  rest  aru  scolpturud  ;  the  inner  side 

^^^H  the  front  row  and  those  that  face  Uio  Kide  and  back  ttisles  havo  bei 

^^^H  painted  with  similar  figures.     Thu  wings  of  the  brackets  are  very  mt 

^^^H  alike.     Of  those  facing  the  front  ai^Ii;,  the  t^o  central  and  two  coriwri 

^^^B  pillars  have  homed   lione   with   riders;   the  oUior  two   pillars  have 

^^^P  elopliaDte  withtwo  riderson  cacli  of  those  that  facn  the  inner  area  of  the 

^^^H  haU;  tho  two  c«utral  onus  on  each  side  liave  a  cherub;  and  tho  nthors 

^^^H  n  hnmun  figure  coming  out  of  the  mouth  of  a  dragon,  excopt  that  the 

^^^^1  firsl  column  on  the  left  side  has  two  fat  ilguroson  each  wing,  and  the 

^^^^1  fourth  has  angels.     The  cttntnd  panels  are  more  vnriud.     In  the  two 

^^^^  middle  pillars  in  tbe  front  row  are  figures  worshipping  a  reli^.  glirino ; 


Ajavta  Cave*. 
C*nl. 


tho  pail-  ontnide  these,  is  A  Biuall  fot  Ggaro  andor  %n   arch  held      Ctiiipt«r  XtT 

>Q  the  months  of  two  dragons ;  in  th»  oomer  pair,  is  ShiilcyamuDi  pj^^ei  oTlnten 

<d  botwvvn  two  ityfl«p-botu«n ;   in  the  middle  araa  of  the  hall 

two  ci.-utf«l  coIantDa  on  the  right  h^d  hare,  in  this  positien,  four 

90  arranged  that  one  head  serrtM  for  auy  one  of  tno  four ;   the 

ta  of  thu  bnkoki.!U  on  oncb  udu  of  thuito  Iuivt<  vluphimt^  It^^hting. 

lo  loft  cenlml  pillar  on  tho  left  hand   has  a  chief,  hia  vite  and 

shild,   a  minister,   two  fljr-flap-beorers,  and  an  attendant,  perhaps 

>fauddhodana  and  Mah'ipmjiipRti'with  thu  infant  ShAkyamnni ;  and 

m  tho  ri^ht  hand  pilbir,  two  chief:*  Hent«d,  with  att«ndnntt)  tntiph  as 

B  the  two  chapeU  of  cave  11.     The  first  pillar  in  the  left  row  has  an 

ieht-ormed  fat  dwarf  actondod  bj^  two  others,  one  of  them  probably 

Xl^^  fif^n-;in  thv  fourth,   two  NAgu  chiefs  are  worelupprng  » 

■etio  Murino.     iu  the  hack  row,  Iho  two  ntntral  coluniiw  have  N»ga 

Igur&fl  with  Niga  maidens  worshipping  richly  decorated  ir«lio  shrines. 

fo  the  first  pillu*,  to  tho  left,  are  two  half  human  figures  with  a  lotns 

lower  butweon  them,  and  ou  Iho  fourth,  two  deer  with  the  wbool, 

Sh&kyaumni's  usual  emblem,  between  them. 

The  most  elabontto  descriptiou  would  oonvoy  bat  a  &int  idea  of 
Uio  rich  tniopry  and  sculpture  on  the  olinits  of  the  hack  row  of  pillars. 
Abore  the  base  they  are  ornamented  bv  m\-thological  dragons  or 
crocodiles,  wiahtrat^ ;  the  npper  part  of  t&e  shaft  is  encircled  by  a 
deep  belt  of  Uio  m<iitt<  elabonito  tntcorr,  in  which  aro  wrought  modal- 
lions  containing  lioman  figures ;  the  nicia  above  i»  supported  at  the 
etHpers  by  dwans.  Again,  on  the  left  aide,  on  the  corners  of  the  base* 
aro  tho  dragon  and  dwarf  together,  and  on  eight  facets  round  the 
oppur  part  of  the  columns  arc  painTof  rampant  ant«lopofl,  bridled  by 
garhuida  hold  in  the  mouths  of  grinning  taties  botwoeu  ouoh  pair. 
The  corner  pillars  have  three  brackets  each.  On  each  side  of  the 
cave  thoroare  fivu  monks'  cells,  and  in  tho  back  four,  two  on  each 
side  of  the  sihriuu.  In  the  middle  of  the  hack  are  two  pillara  with 
brackets  of  human  figures,  and  betwoen  these  is  a  passage  into  an 
antechamber,  about  ten  foot  by  nine,  liWIing  jnt^i  n  »liniio  about 
twenty  foot  Rtiuaro,  iu  which  i»  a  colosxal '  statue  of  Sbtikyamuni  with 
.figures  of  Indi-a  at  each  aide  as  supporters,  wearing  rich  tiana,  and 
their  hair  in  curls.  That  on  Shakyamani's  left  has  the  thunderbolt 
in  his  left  haiuL  The  whool  in  front  of  tho  throne  ia  set  odgowiso, 
I  a&  with  tho  Jaimut,  between  two  deer,  with  three  worshippera  oa 
SbAkyamuni's  left  and  five  on  hia  right,  bohind  the  deer,  ,   

The  whole  ciive  hnx  hvcnjjj^jjJMj^  hot  ni>«r  tho  (ioor  tlio  painting 
haa  eutin-iy  di^tappiairud.  TBiiiighrwithin  tho  last  fourteen  jmA, 
much  of  the  painting  baa  fallen  oS  or  been  de^ed,  there  are  still 
some  most  interesting  fragments,  most  of  which  havu  been  copied 
by  Jdajor  QiU  and  Mr.  Griffiths. 


I 


>  Tb«M  w«  MTMid  Botioa  <4  tlM<   Iwbol  that  SbUvanvui 
{  Baddha  1*  Mid  la  bare  baoB  twulro  aoil   auBaDtimts  wftitiw  oahMs  Ug;S"tMMiMl  «l 
bbm,  8M).    UU  aaDdalwDod  lUH,    nyi  Fah-Hiu  (Boat**  traawdko,  44),  was 
alMlMii  aMl  Iwonlj  fMt  lung.     Hardy  tvUi  a  »li>ry  of*  Brilman  (rjins  to 
i  BmMIm,  aDil  faOIuB  vnu  though  h«  broiisbt  tm  liainbooa  Mck  turty  tnibita 
|.    On  tkia  Bu<ldh»  miA  Iu  Ubi,  ' '  Btibmaa,  tf  f  □□  wcr<:  to  RII  Uio  who)*  cmoit 
b«  mnh  wUh  l^mbmm,  an-l  cmld  llnd  ■  way  <tf  raiitciiJnf;|  there  all  togcdier,  end  to 
\  OT«B  tUa  would  b*  too  abort  U>  rnvMorc  wif  bcaght."  (DiIIq), 


IBoailHf  < 


ao2 


DISTRICTS. 


ftfttf_Xr7.  B«giaiuotf  from  the  left  end  at  tlie  (ronC  aiale,  the   ^ 

H  at  liit«iwt  1»™  much  deitroTed.  bot  it  appettn  that  a  baud,  ubaaiBif.- 
decp  above  the  cell-door,  cat  off  tlte  upper  kcuub  from  tbxmei 
Bide,  which  uv  almost  ontirejy  gone,  czct>ftt   tiro   fenmJ« 
thfl  right,  BD  arm,  and  part  of  a  rvd-skiuaeu  Qgatv. 

I.     The  scene  above  the  door  can  still  bo  made  onL     Ifewi 
centre,  in  a  palace,  roprc«ont«d  bja  tlat  roof  uvor  tbt>  fi^funv'L 
U  a  NAga  chief  aoated  under  a  canopy  on  a  blut;  cuflliiun  ;  hiR 
i»  oTondisillowe^  by  a  Gre-hooded  ionkc,  and  tui  wife,  with  a 
inakff  hood  over  her  bead,  sits  almost  in  bin  lap,  drBased  in  „ 
risible  oalv  by  tho  richly  flowered  border  that  psasea  »cnm 
thighs.     lie  bolda  in  bis  right  hand  aoroe  preen  [ktI 

pomegranate,  while  hiA  left  rests  on  his  wife's  »-l,  A 

eervant,  in  b1u(%  with  many  plain  bracelet*,  chafes    ! 
feel.   On  licr  mialresa'a  left  a  rod-skinned  maid  servAr^i   _   .^„ 
A  Gdr^skinnod  maid  in  a   thin  cloie-Sttiiig   dn>&B,  marked   « 
flowered   pattern,   and  with   her   hair   in  a  whitn    napkin, 
forward  towariU  her  ina«lor  aad  mistresH  holding-  what  look 
chopsticks  in  her  right  band,  and  in  her  left  iMrrying  a 
Behind  her  is  a  dark  red-skinnod  woman,  and  another   who 
ronnd  to  the  right  at  a  person  of  dii>lincti»n  with  n  clotb  o 
bead,  drossud  in  a  blue  gray  or  gold  garment  oroanient«d 
acrulls,   stjirs,   swans,   ana    oxen  covering  bia  whole  person, 
enters  on  the  right,  as  if  for  an  interview.      A   woman,  beh: 
him,  loans  agaiuttt  a  pillar,  and  also  looks  at  him  while  ap^ 
claahing  a  pair  of  cymbaU.    Deyond  the  red-akiuned  woman 
man  looking  up   and  perhap§  ]na\'iQg  on   a  stringed  instrunn 
Among   these  women  thu  manner  of  dressing  the  hair  is 
and  fanciful.'     Some  bold  their  curly  looks  in  their  banda. 

At  the  chief's  right  band  sits  a  woman  servant,  and  behind  hia> 
stands  a  woman  with  a  fly.flap,  while  nn  old  man  enters  from  the 
left,  somewhat  stout,  and  witu  a  bald  or  shaven  head.  In  a  building 
behind  tbiN  man  is  seeu  a  Wldor  or  stair  and  a  person  going  uf. 
Outside  the  palace,  on  the  rif^ht,  a  fair  fitce  looks  round  a  pillitr, 
the  back  view  of  a  lady  richly  jt^wullod,  appears  above,  looking  oT«r 
her  right  shoulder  and  holdiug  a  wudu  in  bur  left  band, 
fragmuntfl  of  other  figures,   but   pnncipally  dressea,  connect 

with  the  right  comer,  wbere  a  lady  of  rank,  highly  jewelled,   

her  tjbow  daintily  on  a  pillow  and  looks  out  to  the  left.  Behind 
her  is  a  sofa,  or  tho  dre»fl  of  a  dancing  girl  or  »  maidB«rTiuiC.  The 
rtat  is  destroyed. 

Tho  polvcbromatie  docoiation  of  tho  architecture  is  fairly 
represented.  The  gonvml  colour  of  the  wall  is  green,  divided  by 
borizonta]  bands  of  red  6IIed  in  with  scroll  and  leaf  omiuuent  in 
gray.  "  lliese  bandn  are  further  omphasiMMl  by  a  border  on  eithCT 
side  of  the  fillot  and  head  ornanieut.  The  ahaftj;  of  tho  pillars  are 
divided  by  ornamental  bauds  into  three  distinct  divisions,  the  upper 


OTW 


1  Indiaa  wamvi.  Mys  M««uUienM  (MO  n.c),  liind  tai  bnid  witb  tbor  bsir  Uw 
laao(HisnMslb4Serthu»harat.Mc<!liadl«'iU««Mtb«i«s,  lU.  ^^ 


KHANDESEI. 

^d  lower  are  colouredt  em  if  mt«ndedto  reprxisent  mnrUe  or  granite,  dupter  ZI\ 
"while  the  middle  are  muttled  bluo.  llio  ceiling  is  bliii},«a  are  kIbo  pUcu  of  Istov 
"'■omu  of  th«  long  bottte-abaped  caps,  upon  which  are  ul&oed  cushion- 
^«hfti>ed  meinbors,  colonred  similar  to  the  upper  and  lower  divisions 
'of  the  shnfls.  Iniinudintolj  above  amlbehiud  the  chiof  in  a  partly 
opontid  ilwr.  The  way  of  wearing  ilie  waistcloth  luid  the  doo<in*tion 
id  fiilour  of  the  material  forming  it,  running  in  horizontal  bauds, 
mble,  in  a  ruuiarkiiblo  miinner,  a  similar  robe  worn  in  Nepal 
and  Burma  at  the  nreaent  day.  This  painting,  together  with  others, 
offurdfi  unmi&takable  evidence  of  the  oxitttence  of  made  druaaes, 
cat  and  sewn  to  fit  the  body,  and  ornamented  by  meana  of 
■broidwry, 

2.  Covering  a  (tortion  of  the  wall  to  the  right  of  tho  pilaster 
adjoining  the  la§t,  is  an  open  air  and  moontain  ywne.  Id  a  mountain 
cave  in  the  upper  left  comer  sit*  a  Butlidtia,  and  before  him  a  chief 
on  a  L'ushion,  who  makes  obuiMuice  tu  the  Buddha,  while  behind  him 
in  hiM  wife  and  a  rcd-skinued  attendant.  In  front  of  the  lady  at  tho 
chief's  left,  a  dwarf,  in  a  short  striped  kirtle,  brings  forward  a  greeo 
box,  and  in  front,  betwoen  the  ehief  and  Buddhn,  sits  a  woman 
holding  Iier  hand  to  her  hair.  To  the  right  of  this  group  a  rod 
man  ^eeiua  to  have  hold  of  a  great  snake,  while  fnriher  to  the  right, 
seven  men  pull  a  cord  ^t^^ned  to  the  snake's  teeth  or  tongue,  and 
two  others  stand  beside  them.  Before  the  man  gnisping  tho  body  of 
the  snake,  are  mx  oxen.  To  the  left,  and  below  the  chief,  a  man 
holds  something  in  his  hand,  and  still  further  to  the  left,  a  Ntiga 
chief  with  seven  snake-hoods,  leads  a  man,  like  the  one  holding  the 
snake,  to  the  wigo  of  a  pool  and  istAtns  enticing  hini  to  go  in  with 
him. 

3,  The  next  scene  stretches  from  between  the  first  and  second 
cell-doors,  but  above  their  lintels,  to  the  right  side  of  the  third.  A. 
chief  and  his  wife  nit  in  their  palaco,  and  before  them  are  two 
servants.  Behind  the  lady  is  a  maid  with  a  fly-flap,  and  behind  the 
chief  a  red-skinned  maid  ;  while  another  of  lighter  complexion  brings 
in  a  vessel  with  flowera.  In  the  verandah,  to  the  right,  are  three 
more  women,  one  apparentlv  bringing  news.  To  the  right  agnio, 
under  a  booth,  is  a  draped  aancing  woman,  itbowing  her  elbows  in 
the  approved  fashion.  Two  on  her  left  play  flutes.  One,  on  the 
other  side,  plays  on  two  largo  standing  drums.  Two  have  small 
cymbab,  and  one  stands  behind  to  the  left  looking  on,  while  tivfi  ara 
seated  in  front,  one  with  a  gaitar  the  other  with  a  long  drum  very 
narrow  in  the  middle.  To  the  right  is  the  convontionnl  giitvway,  odt 
of  which  the  chiof  passes  on  a  light  coloured  elephant ;  l^foro  him  is, 
perhapa,  his  minister  and  the  heir  on  horsebacK,  the  latter  with  an 
umbrella  borne  over  him.     A  green  and  a  chesnut  horse,  the  latt«r 

fmociog,  apjsear  in  the^rowd.  Tho  soldiers  of  the  retiniA  have 
ong  bluo  licp.iilcso.Hwordti,  HiighUy  crooked  and  broad  near  the 
point ;  one  has  a  shield,  aud  one  a  spear,  and  three  carry  standards 
with  oval  discs  at  the  top  of  the  shafts.  The  procession  seems  tO 
tnrn  round  to  its  left,  towards  thoupperpart  of  the  picture,  and  then 
back  to  the  toft,  where  a  devotee  sits,  with  a  blue  band  across  his 
^neea  for  support,  and  a  rosary  in  bis  hand.    The  horses  and 


DISTRICTS. 


upt«  XIT.      eleptiAot,  th%  latter  covered  with  ft  tiMr'ii  ■kin,  iifai*"''  ■>?■  '•■"• 
■MofXatvrwL  riK"t  nf  thn  picturn,  kud  the chipfiuS  fats  rotitma  •  ttj 

bofore  tho  <l«votc«  wbora  all  the  princijml  figurea  ru<.>w-u    [X'i'^ir 
be  identified.     The  bar  mftk^  proEoiuid  obeinnM  to  the  At 
at  whose  left  aide  ktr  two  blne-oolooted  daer  nod  a  Mwred 
A  man  in  whito,  porhajM  a  duoiple,  stMids  bebnid,aitd  two  __^ 
joiniMl  bandit,  below  and  Ix^foru  him.     lM»w  the  pnlaco  is  an  a 
chaiober,  in  whiab  a  woman  rollH  oat  BriniPtbiiif^  on  a  flat 
board,   with  aereral  diahee   bi-aide  her.    To  the  right   :i 
raiHinfichpr  right  bund,  aa  if  liiil«ning  to,  or  looking  ont  fur  bue 
while  in  bor  other  hand   Kbft  holdk  a  vewe).     Btil)  to  the 
third  woman.     Below  are  three  soldiers,  one  with  a  NepiteM 
DoeVith  n  bow  and  uuiverj  and  the  third  with  a  apear.     On 
right  Hide  of  the  oeU-<ioor  u-e  the  romftiiu  of,  perhaps,  another  i 
of  tbo  BCeno,  but  all  that  is  left  is  a  atriped  oonioa]   iilijnct,   posnt 
tbo  top  of  a  tODt. 

4.  Tbo  nest  scene  may  be  regarded  aa  beginning  abore  tla 
third  oell-door  and  sa^eiua  to  be  oonlinattd  Ui  the  back  tnlofier. 
Htarting  from  the  front,  or  left  hand  liide,  we  have  n  ehivt  '- 
in  hia  palace  and  in  front  of  him,  on  another  eeat,  bis  wife,  m  .'ui 
jewellea  and  with  a  striped  rubo  round  her  loirnt,  ia 
tAlliing  with  him.  Behind  him,  to  the  left,  is  a  very  fair  WQ 
and  behind  her  again  a  reddish  one,  both  with  fly.&apa.  In 
of  theao  a  lady,  with  jewels  and  a  kirtle,  talks  to  another, 
■arrant  beeide  them  aeema  to  listen.  At  the  chicCe  ri;^ht  fmit 
another  senrant.  Bi'jond  the  lady,  a  fair  woman,  with  K-mon-ahap 
eyoa,  «t«nds  with  a  fan  over  her 'shoo Id er,  and  a  seeond  listenii 
while,  looking  round  the  back  of  the  lady's  eeat,  a  third  stares  wii 
wide  open  eyee  and  grasps  the  cushion.  Behind  these,  to  i ' 
rigbt,  a  fourth  woman  listens  to  a  lifth  coming  in  at  Uie  door, 
by  the  gesture  of  1>ho  hands,  sooma  to  tell  aome  startling 
Out«ido  tbo  door,  the  chief,  with  the  umbrella  borne  over  him, 
niniater,  and  retinue,  go  out  on  horseback.  To  tbo  right  is 
■ea  shore,  and  those  who  roach  it  point  to  the  water,  and  look 
as  if  telling  the  chief  soinetliing.  On  the  oea  are  two  boats  ;  in  lb 
first  the  people  are  at  their  ease,  and  a  chief  aits  near  the  stem  aai 
an  umbrella.  The  other  boat  has  made  shipwreck,  for  the  wat 
with  fisbes  in  it,  is  flowing  across  it.  One  man  i«  in  the  wiUcr  wi 
terror  painted  on  hia  face,  apparently,  le^it  the  fLih  or  a  homi 
monster  and  sea  bull,  which  are  represented  in  front  of  tbo  luiitt, 
nboidd  swallow  him,  white  below  are  shells.  Another  man  in  tlie  boat 
raisaa  his  hand*  in  tlofpnir.'  On  thocxlremo  right,  beynud  the  se^ 
are  two  men  walking  behind  some  plantain  trees,  and  lower  down  is 
a  man  sitting  and  receiving  some  present  from  another.     Below  the 


•oJ 


I  The  lUiarhut  Stup«  (ilM  m.c.l    hu  s  utniUr  scnlpturc     It  RoraMnta  i 
•«a  monittor,   with  mouth  wiiU  ujjan  uid  k  torticalnrly  itiff  tad  dnaay  bnd,   t^ 
th«  »et  <■(  iiB^llowuig  >  bnat  irilta  its  ar«v  «/  thnw  moiL     A  wcMid  boat  U  tlrlrUi^ 
towAnli  Uis  tMno  l»U  Mwm  (amiiwt^  uriiUo  her  emw  oi  Ihrao  OMtt  havo  mivwi  aj 
rowing ia datpur.    Th«  wkwuvrough,  and  icvcrd  ■mallftihta  npixwr  )nTt'itf<ti 
mm  nMmvtaruu]  Ui*  tooond  liMt.     (Btmhnt  Stupn,  11K  Plat*  XXXtV.  ugun;  '.■). 


C^vat. 


KHANDBSH. 

• 

hU<r  portion  of  this  picture,  »  NAgift  diiof  «ita  in  an   irfleirior  and      Cbaptsr  XIV. 

our  puople  beside  hiro.     Oataide  ia  a  man,  apparenLly  in  deep  grivtf,  P1m«i  of  Intereel 

ppealing  to  another,  and  behind  Itimji  dnmon-monstm*  appeara  to       ,     vtACAvn. 

e  doing  doiwlly  hiu-m  to  a  ligiira  of  which  only  tho  foot  remains. 

totwv€a  the  third  and  fonrth  doors  on  this  wall  la  the  top  of  alargo 

■r,  with  at  leiist  four  pvopic  losidtv  ono  in  the  right  side  with  a 

iuh  tiJiro,  while  ouiitidi;,  to  the  right,  in  a  fly -flap- bearer,  and    two 

(tfaers  with  curly  hair,  one  of  theitl  wearing  a  high   tiara ;  then  fonr 

aoro  hpads,  two  of  wonion,  onv  VPry  fair ;  and  i^itill  to  tbo  right, 

wo  tnoro  looking  in  ihe  opposite  direction,  one  holding  au  umhralla 

ver    her  miatraas,  who  looks    dotro  towarda  two  smaller  h^a 

Blow. 

6.     Tho  n«xt  scene  la  on  the  back  wall     At  tho  left  end  of  it  a 

^f  in  hia  palace  la  aeated  on  a  square  lion  throne  with  a  high  carved 

■ck,  being  anointed.     A  green  woman  prosonta  him  with  a  disb  uf 

owerv,  and  behind  her  ftcanda  a  fly-fUp-beorer  and  another ;  whito 

wo  men  behind,  with  white  cloths  round  thoir  hair,    pciur  the  oil 

,pon  hitn  from  lurgv  round  raMw.     In  another  division  of  the  palace, 

ththo  left,  a  man  with  his  hair  in   a  whito  cloth  and  wnnring  a 

triped  waistclotb,  brings  in  a  large  water-pot  on  his  shoulder,  and 

nother  in  front  of  him,  with  u  white  kIucvihI  jacket  and  abort  red 

ml  white   atrijied  dr.iwers,  1e»UH  upon  a  Htick,  looking  towardu  thu 

hief.   Up  the  &t«pB,  in  front,  a  boy  passes  with  a  large  round  dixh 

HI  hia  hwd,   from  which  a  young  woman,  apparently  naked,  lifts 

nt  something:.     Beyond  her,  another  womao  with  striped  kirtle, 

alcea  a  plat«  of  flowere  to  the  chiefi     Behind  the  pillar,  sepamting 

he  apurtmonta,  a  grueu  woman  plioo  tho    fly-flap  over  t^e  chief. 

)u(^iuv  tliiH  second  apartment  four  beggars  atreleh  out  their  bands 

or  alma,  one  with  an  unibrella,  and  uiotber  with  the     top-knot 

lead-droHM.    Beyond  them  are  pluiitain  trevn.   To  the  left  is  another 

wilding  in   whicb   aita  a  devotee   with   hia  aliuD-l)owl  in  hia  lap, 

jxii  above  bim,  in  a  niche  of  the  wall,  are  somt'  i-nrthcnnure  Teasels. 

n  soother  sqiartmeut,  to  the  left,  lu'e  four  women  in  Ihiik  iriuixparent 

otiea  and  jewels.     One  kneels  aa  if  making  aomo  mark  on  the 

^oond ;  another  holds  a  buin  witb  some  offering  for  the  devot«e. 

To  tho  left,  in  a  tliird  apartment,  behind  theau  ladies,  a  chief  ia 

laated  with  aome  attendants;  bat  the  painting  is  too  much  defaced 

for  do9cription.     Below  the  firtit  part  of  this  scene  ia  an  interior 

in  which  a  man,  followed  by  his  wife  or  other  woman,  preaentt^in 

b  salrer,  four   human  bead.4  to  a  devotee,  not  a  Buddhist,  who  « 

leemingly  refuses  them ;  and  bo  the  right  he  is  shown  going  away. 

Other  people  look  on.      At   the   loft  end   uf  this   wall,   between 

the  last  oell-door  and  tbe  coriier,  ia  a  ptvtion  of  a  scene,  in  whicb, 

Erom  four  windows,  foor  women  and  one  man  look  on  some  ajgbt 

below,  now  entirely  dest^j-ed.     In  tbe  end  of  the  back  aisle  no 

(Kirtion  of  the  painting  ia  left. 

6.     To  tbe  ngbt  of  uumlwr  five,  and  lx<twoen  it  and  the  loft  side  of 

the  antechamber,  is  ainuunuiin  Koonr.iu  which  the  tali  oentral  figure 

Lt  perliapa  ghakra  or  Indra,  a  favoiuito  peraonago  withthe  Buddhist*. 

He  is  repreaented  as  somowhut  fair,  with  n  high  Jewelled  tiais,  a 

fAap  water-lily  in  bis  right  band,  and  wearing  the  Brdhmanic  iwcred 

>rd  made  of  string)*  of  pearla.      Alioul   his  loina   ia  a  striped 

a  411-M 


-        --ipi-H-.,  ,        T»q^__^^  Jlfc-jt-  -  ^'•H 


tBuabftrl 


M5TO01B. 


ahvnmm 


Stachi  mach  darluri 
to  Li>.  with  a  Boirwr  in 
Balwi^ii  the  tW4i  Bjifwittrii  tt 
Udb  (kites  uid  also   with  b 
M  the  odker  twt^  Had  haliiing ! 
Its'  m  two  genres,  cho  firs 
then  »  « nuM«<bearer.     Ab 
n •  aoBb^i^binUn^  iq>  tke  nink»,  anil  k' 

"    "  "*         ■  ^,1  1,.!.: 


i-,-.r 


bit  Wrgw  asd  of  Una  rulnnr, 
•  iluali,  »pfBnBtlr  pomrm^  som 
a  ka'kft  1m4,  «UU  a  sacotd  ctenb  lean:'      ; 
(te  ika  ecfaer  ads  are  a  waakmv,  mpprumt^  ■ . 
ft  rack,  sad  behind  ihna  a  ).< 
witb  hvaanbead  aijii 


pof  a  lKrd,lW  iBBb  nlariDg  im  a  guitnr. 

cTsUts,  vitkadoai  bebind   tbem.     A-  li 
tJe»  and  »» tbe  left  o<  thine,  a  pair  are  aeatcd  logt- thrr.  also  unl 
rock,  the  laih  i&  a  iraaiiian  iii  rob*  ^own  an);  b;  her  l" 
hoatADd  kwiaff  onr  Mr  i^ht  shuHlder.     Behind  ar< 
etoabiw^lha rooEB, and abov* art  n^fel^with  long'  MraipiiL  s-xvA 
aad  amSi  ckM^  floaciBg^  on  the  dgvds.    High  in  the  citrcuw  : 
it  ■  mtly  pataled  Son. 

7.     Ob  the  left  end  of  the  aatecbanl'^'-  '"  'I'l*  irprpsontationl 
8h&k}iimwi  braet  br  thr  emuaariesof  i^  [ara.     Tbisptc 

wlim  O0M{]«te,~GQM  tha  wlwia  'iA  wan  .>•  ibe  aiiU>cl 
the  oactuaty,  t«ehv  feet  iua«  ucbea  bj*  oight  fiwi  foor 
half ;  bM  otta  tool  fron  the  top  and  tlvee  fe«t  fire  ir 
botton  kkre  been  aatirdy  dtatrovrtl.     In  the  ceottv 
•■  a  laised  greea  da»,  ia  Shikrainaai,  Moat«d  inth  folded  iaa\ 
the  ri^thutd  drvtched  oat.    He  w€«n  bia  ilcnitcu's  rol 
■  gtonr  appcan  behind  his  h«*d,aboTV  which  fotia^  may  bo 
PCoImUjf  the  Bodhi  bw.     On  Sbilmuauni's   right    is   »   wonnui, 
probabi;  a  danghtw  of  MAra,   \mXt  leaning  agninnt    tho   daii^ 
whieb  bar  IcA  )uaA  rrats;  while  herr^t  is  Iwld  out  rer>-  oxpr 
•■  abe  addmm  fflikjamani.     Bobind  her,  and  a  liltlo  bigbri] 
a  looff  coHr-haired  warrior  in  a  striped  wanttrloth  and    a   d 
loOM^  tied  round  Ibe  neck  and  floating  in  the  air  behind  him. 
bis  right   hand  ia  a  lang  atraiffht  mrord,  while   his    left    i 
attached  U>  its  full  lenfftn,  and  the  hand  ia  bvnt  tiackat  rif^ht . 
■to  it.  as  if  in  the  act  of  waminj;  ShakTainuai.     Abo x'o  this  fij 
ia  a  demoD,  with  the  litilo  linf^'r  of  i^och  hand  thnut  wcill  into 
oomer«  of  the  mouth,  the  othi^r  fin^rera  drawing  down  the  e^elj 
not  unliki^  children's  efforts  at  making  '  Bo^ie  faces'.     On  its  hi 
ia  p^sTcbed  an  owl,  the  symbol  of  ilcstrupti-jo,  and  in  the  Jcmti 
ear  is  a  email  bluv  Iwll.     Behind  this  figurv  is  what  apneais  to 
5  tiger,  with  its   head  well    tlirown    back   and  ridden  by  a  figo 
dreaaed  in  a  bino  chcqncrcd  waiatcloth;  the  tipper  portion  of  t 
figure  is  destroyed.     N«xt  to  this  is  a  groon  figure  with  a  he 
head,  holding  %club  in  its  right  hand.     A  little  bohind  and  held 
is  K£li,  a  thm  gaunt  old  hng-like  figure  with  long  hanging  br 
and  well  developed  riba.     Her  li;ft  arm  is  extended  as  if  hurl 


leecut.T 


kbAndesb. 

* 
• 

efianoe  at  ShiUcyamnoi,  while  in  herrij^bt  hand  aha  hoM  'illy 

arred  hatchvt-shnpixl    instrument,    nnd  hns    a  tigor  -  <><vu 

«uini  luT  wi»i*t.  bh«  U  a  ver)-K«>il  representative  of  the  old  witch 
if  [Kipular  tradition.     In  Croat  of  lier  i*  the  figure  of  n  warrior,  wiUi 

)on^  straight  swon],  niuking  dcemjnrfu  efforlg  to  get  nl  Shiikyamuni. 
linictiy  below  hitu  ia  a  veiy  impiah- looking  face,  and  next  wo  tutro 

figure  with  »  pig's  hoad,  holding  ft  Urge  omaincntal  club.     Below 

■e  throe  figureti  in  a  b'no,  tfat:^  firift  iS  of  »  grwH  colonr,  nnd  is 
oniiBg  away  from  the  Iray,  possibly  under  the  oouvictiou  tliat 
urthcr  oflort  ii^  nsolcMi*.  while  tho  svcond,  cntort^ining  the  oppoHito 
pinion,  in  in  the  act  of  gathunng  all  hi»  Kiroiigth  to  hurl  » 
Rrelin  at  Shityamuni.  The  third,  with  curiously  formed head-diMS 
m  xkuU  and  what  appi.'nr  to  bu  bluu  fenthcrv,  is  ako  aiming  a 
BVeliu,  and  pointing  n-ith  the  finger  of  the  left  hand  to  SbiUcynmuni. 
mmodiatoly  below  thcso  figures  is  ono  of  a  bearded  warrior, 
lad  in  a  light-fitting  yellow  oonl,  under  which  is  a  blue  garment, 
rith  a  belt  in  which   he  carries  a  dagger.     A  sti-iped  blue  shawl 

tied  ronnd  the  nock.  On  the  loft  Hrm  ho  carriM  a  Urge  shield, 
nd  in  hi.-(  right  luttid  ho  flonnHhox  a  blue  acimi'tar.  A  wreath 
eooratea    hia   hair.     Xext  is    a  figure  represented  as  having  just 

iachsrgvd  an  arrow.     B«low  arc  two  figures  loo  iDdialiuct  to  be 

ea<*ri1>ed. 

Proceeding  to  the  groap  of  figorea  on  the  right  of  the  pictnra  : 
mmodiatoly  on  Sbiikyamuni's  loft  is  a  woman  holding  a  siiuilax 
tociition  to  the  one  on  thu  other  aide,  1>al  the  attitude  iit  more 
onstrained  and  less  graceful  and  natural.  Behind  her,  and  above 
n  tho  [licturH,  in  u  warrior  in  a  alTipod  and  chwjnoroil  waistcloth, 
rith  a  thin  baud  ronnd  the  waist,  a  kind  of  ahuwl  tiud  round  tho 
leck,  the  ends  of  which  float  behind.  Ho  is  aiming  a  blow  with  a 
lub  nt  Rliiikyiunniii.  Thuu,  bctwenn  him  and  SMkyamuni  oomea 
oother  large   '  bogie>face,'   with   huge   month,   tooth,   and  eyes. 

.bore  this  is  a  very  ghastly  looking  t»cn  with  a  blue  snako  i.<»ning 
rom  ilit  mouth.  Itritide  it  ia  a  figure  with  a  blao-striped  waist- 
iloth,  in  the  act  of  hurling  a  spear  at  Sh&kyamnnL  Next  to  it  is 
nother  fignro  with  n  pig's  hmd.  Inning  in  its  right hatld  a  straight 
wYtrd,  and  in  it»  left  a  small  circular  shield.  The  row  of  figures 
bore  is  very  indistinct,  but  portions  of  two  are  yisible,  one  groen, 
nd  the  olhor  uu  aninuU  with  Inrgo  open  mouth  luid  nli^opy  eye, 
imiUr  in  poaitioa  to  the  tiger  on  the  opposite  side.  On  tho  right, 
oidway  down  the  pictnre,  is  M4ra  richly  jewelled.  A  figure  to 
lis  loft  holds  over  him  tho  ennobling  umbrella,  while,  below,  a  dwarfr 

carrying  a  standard,  composed  partly  of  a  pouoook's  fcatfavr.  Tho 
>ther  part  i»  tmintoltigibio.  To  Milra'a  right,  and  looking  up  into 
list  faw,  is  »iiothi*r  dwarf,  significantly  dispUpngan  empty  quiver, 
jilra  is  in  the  act  of  miking  awny  from  Shitkyamimi,  and 'froin 
118  action  and  tho  vxprcKsion  of  his  face,  seems  to  be  giving  up  the 
on  test. 

Below  Sh^yamnni,  in  front,  aro  tho  women,  two  of  Ihem 
omiirkablo  for  a  rednndaacy  of  jewelry  and  a  scarcity  of  clothing, 
rhom  M&ra  bade  use  all  thoir  witvs  to  indnoo  SlnilAuunui  to  rolont 
nd  give  way  to  hit  paHdious.  In  obedience  to  their  lord's  command, 
bfiy  weut,  with  mincing  gait,  towards  tho  spot  where  the  sage  sat 


Chapter 
Pla«es  of  Int«r«s< 

AJiUtTaCaTB*. 

C*v«L 


DIETSIITn. 


A'^'i' 


Cran 
war  and 


■BHt  UpWUdt. 

ihnrCKM, 

»ith  their  i«A  tcj  <Hlh  Oeir  braa 

wiA  dair  bnata  aad  bi{w  b»rc  ^  uil 

bvh  witih  Ibsir  b—da   ton 

•aimly  .If.  —  -  •     ' 

lib  (4  «■  Kbna»4oar  we  Hro  Mmoi,  ■! 
Batli  ava  bid  ■bob^  tlw  mnoobi 
a  tfas  ■■Ml,  ilnoM  eertalnly  IiuIjs, 
door  ma^  be  MiB  Ub  tbandCTbolt  in 
Sfcadn  b;  U>  aid*.  He  u  npnma 
riagclmeiM^P 
ofUw&smmatKlflplii 
at  MTwal  stimodi  a(  p—rli  twif 
tkeiA  ■faualder.  Ha  hu  a  nuU  in 
doth  ro«id  the  kaiH  Md  np  far  •  jewelled  mtst-belt,  BOd  in 
li^t  knd  bebolda  »  alnw  i4  ftmnmi-  H«  bae  a  dnainT,  nedili 
■  Heiiiiii.  nd  ihm  geosuomSoae of  the  Bgne  diBen  IKU*  I 
lh«  ^B  lAROv-wwtod  Hiado  o(  die  iment  dq^.    To  tiw  Id 

fibarhi  — ith  -  l-rr  ~*  * 1-     Belcnr  ta  ■  Gttb  mule  dwarf  i 

opwaid  gKV^  heSSag  ia  ber  iwbt  bacd.  epiiareotl;,  »  bran 
On  tbe  aane  lerd,  to  ibo  right  of  the  large  tfpuv,  ia  a  fnigiiMB' 
another  dwarf.  At  the  top  left-baud  cereer  of  tbe  fiictore  ai 
nan  and  wonaB  ■  gated  on  a  platform,  well  gnmped  aod  oooipo 
the  giacafal  dettote  actk>a  ol  the  womaji  bang  remarlnbljr 
I  umiiHul  Or^  her  Umba  u  iliroini  a  gann*  ooverisg  wili 
Une  bolder  aa  JcHcale  m  testniv  as  tlie  world.&uoed  Dacca  mI 
of  Ott  present  dar.  Bceide  tbis  groap  are  Eragnenta  of  two  & 
and  to  tbe  rtgbt  art)  twn  fignrvs,  tnalo  nod  btmale }  tha  ri 
apperentlf .  b  in  the  act  of  aalatatton,  BDd  tbe  wnnan  ia  can] 
flown*.  Below  is  a  pcrtion  of  two  amall  roUiclnnff  figures.  C 
level  with  tbe  bead  ol  the  Urge  figure  to  the  loft  nrv  a  raao  ni 
woann  ataodiag  betiind  a  wbIL  Be  leaaa  on  his  left  hani)  tm 
top  of  tbe  waD,  with  tbe  right  ana  bent  and  with  the  hand  diror 
ntlention  to  the  targe  figw«,  while  she  peeps  oojljr  from  1  ' 
4iack  with  her  left  band  Rating  on  bis  sbonlder.  In  a  u.- 
are  two  bliu'  hird». 

The  pointiog  on  the  right  side  of  tbe  door  is  very  similar,  i 
differMMNW  of  detail.  In  it  i»  tbu  uppor  portion  of  Indra,  larger  I 
life,  with  an  elaborate  jewelled  h«au.dre>t  and  a  tH<ck1a<»  of  pe 
and  bin?  xtonv*.  The  Mt  arm  is  bent,  and  in  tbe  band  is  the  I 
thanderboll.  Below,  to  the  ri(fht,  is  his*  eoniwirt  Shachi,  retnaria 
well  drawn  and  tli-pictvd  in  a  moot  graceful  atiitudf,  hultling  dsun; 


I  A  ^taOnl  Moonal  it  given  iwdw  wra  XXVI. 


A 


kuAndesh. 

witii   both   hajids,  a  trftf  >  mado  either  of  rope  or  twisted  reeda,      dupter 

eonbiiuiiig  flowers,  of  which  one  i*  a  large  white  lotos  p«rLl)'  upon.  p;gc„  i^Intert 

She  ia  dreesed  ia  an  almost  transparent  robe.     Besido  hor  is  a  female 

dwarf,  who  tit  gwttn^  upnitrda,  with  aiuirtly  i<[>0Dod  mouth,  at  tho 

largu  fijfiire  of  ladra.     Uuugiu]^  from  her  left  hand  is  a  ciulcet 

reM^nibliuff  »□  inooasory.     Behind  this  f^oup  i»  th«  cottTentiooal 

Tt'ptv'HttnUition  of  the  ntotiiiL»in  intorM|M>iiti>il  with  fi>luig<>,  birds,  and 

figures  in  pairs.     In  the  right  hand  comer  a  man  and  woman  are 

MNtod,  tbo  man  pluyinj;  on  a  stringed  inHtramenb  and  thu  wosian 

on  cjmbala.     Below  are  two  figurox  of  ni<runt*ineers  behind  u  wall^ 

represKDted  as  if  listcninff-     'I'ho  one  with  hia  foot  resting  over  the 

tup  of  thu  wall,  holds  in  his  loft  hand  a  bow  and  two  arrows,  ^aud 

the  other  carries  a  amall  l)ag.     In  u  small  nivho  in  tho  wall,  just 

below,  art"  two  reddish  birds.     ()n  the  left  side,  nearly  on  a  level 

-with  tho  uppvr  two  of  those  fiji^ree,  slands  u  man,  to  whom  a  woman 

(^fferH  a  vessel  coniainiug  fittwers,  iiiid  high  up  ou  th«:  Koniti  xido  ia  a 

chornb  Heating  in  the  clouds  with  a  ressol  and  flowers  in  it. 

9.  On  tho  ri^bt  hand  wall  of  ibo  nntochatnbor  are  a  large 
DumlKir  of  painted  Shilcyamunia  with  the  glory  round  lh<*ir  hoads, 
tDostlf  seat«d,  bnt  some  standing  on  lotns  flowers,  the  leaves  and 
stntks  being  shewn  in  all  tho  spaces.  The  dolicnto  foliage,  which 
fills  the  upaoc.-t  between  tho  figures,  give«  tome  idea  of  the  power  of 
these  old  artists  as  designers,  and  also  of  their  knowledge  of  the 
growth  of  plants. 

10.  Between  the  front  of  the  anteohamber  nnd  tho  firet  coll-door 
to  the  right,  is  a  mountain  siyne  represented  in  lite  uttual 
coiiTOutional  style.  In  <tii;  centre  is  a  colossal  figure  of  a  chief  with 
richly  jewelled  tiara,  holding  a  flower  in  his  rivbt  hand  and  leaning 
hia  loft  on  tho  ehuuldor  oi  an  attendant,  whose  left  hand  passea 
thruugh  a  black  leather  strap  which  comes  over  hia  shoulder  and 
supports  a  long  straight  sword  at  his  back,  tho  ends  of  the  strap 
being  faelonod  by  a  buckle.  This  man  ba«  a  chain  about  hia  nock. 
B<Ouud  him  in  a  tali  female  figure,  perhaps  a  fly- flap-bearer,  and 
aboTo,  to  the  right,  is  part  of  a  eitling  fignre  with  bis  legs  crossed. 
At  ilie  nhiof's  right  si<ic  i»,  jicrhjiji!*,  th«  heir,  wenring  a  t'ltivn,  and 
bringing  forward  and  offering  a  trayful  of  ilowcrs.  Between  the 
cUef  and  hia  heir,  a  bald  head  ia  thrust  forward  from  behind, 
perhaps  that  uf  a  eunuch,  who  Is  richly  drei!»cd,  and  rcttits  his  chia 
upon  his  right  hand.  In  front  of  him,  and  to  the  left;,  are*  two 
lodicK  with  iroroncts  on  their  heads,  leaving  the  pmsesoe,  one,  with 
a  Lriiy  of  flowen;,  Ux^hing  wiHtfuily  back.  Special  interest  attached 
to  this  pictnre  from  the  fact  that  nearly  all  (ho  perNonal  ornaments 
are  in  very  good  jiresorvHtion,  and  are  moflt  admirably  drawn, 
•specially  tho  twist  given  to  the  string  of  pearls  on  the  oolossaf 
fi^re  and  those  roond*the  neck  of  the  woman  in  the  Icff  hand 
corniT,  and  the  chain  round  the  neck  of  the  figure  to  the  right, 
with  an  aecidenlal  hitch  in  it.  Many  of  the  bracelele  differ  liUJe  in 
design  from  those  now  worn,  and  the  while  wreaths  of  flowen  in 
tlie  hair  of  the  woman  are  similarly  worn  by  native  women  of  the 
present  day. 
•  11.     Over  tbo  two  oell-doors  in  this  back  wall   ia  a  large  soenc. 


(Bynbkjr  QutOM,] 


»0 


DlSTBICrS. 


XIT. 
■  •fill 

Mt>  ('Arab 


It  iiniiVi  nf  twtaOf-^  fcigawtwr  Igmn-    Towanl^  t 

id  Ac  pKXBiv,  o«ar  Ae  iceaed  alMDar,  alSiicf  Mt^  in  h 

witk  >  pOknr  of  Une  ud  Bold  kt  hk  Inck,  uid  Wus  rt.rii 

lonkiBf  OdHDtJj  ftt,  if  DC4    WM'Olciiiir  to.  a  ihaq   with  n  'r.r; 

wbdt  nMW  fnwi  *  baokpt  »-  tioail  • 

fnA  <rf  Ike  tome.    Brtwwc-  u-,  ....^.  — :  iJiu  tr^'V, 

t^amt  Ri4-«kiaiwd  nan,  perfak{a  ■  nunistor,  and  o- 

ihimliliii  M  «»■  m  umA  »ervuit^  prnhaMv  •  famu  i  ;   inuiud 

■BMlcr  n  MMidiV  finir,  aiid  to   Uie  n^ul  'if  lii'o  >*  sealnl 

rhinTt— ifr.  with  h^^ntir  bttiaff  oa  bcr  «b("  ~        l 

iwiing  oa  her  taiand  kiMe.  mdJ  anr  rigbt  r«i^ 

«^  «b*  kxila  w<i»THtlj  toward*  iIj 

tkne  mra  rtaaduw^ip  tnUi »  nrard,  mi 

Ian  lOitiil.  imr  kto  a  noosUdit*,  all  apparenily  lb-: 

eaavMaalioa.     latbelowr  Bsbt  hand  cnroBr  t^•■ 

ru  •baski't,  oat  of  wkxJiTuesaeaaktf,  to  wbi.  .ika. 

left,  bcbtad  the  cUef,  am  a  wonuui  with  a  tlv 
nora  IB  froDl,  a  wmoaa  weariag  a  hndico  an 
ncahittif  forward  a  Icnr.     Behind  arc  ■■  i  Uiii  ik> 

m  a  hQl  with  tnva.     To  ibc  left  <>f  n  lt  portio 

■CetM,  perhap*  aa  earlwr  part  of   thtt  siory.     in  a  {mUcu,  •* 
oo  a  staffed  seat  with  qnilt^  consr  and  pillnw,  the  blue  uudai 
whidi  aiv  Mtfa  brhiwl  him,  a   rather  daric  clay-coloured  chief 
his  riffht  band  i>o  hia  (jDe^n'a  knee,  who  is  avalud  on  n  ■'i-  -  '" 
hitn,  mod  to  whom  he  sp<«ks.     On  the  other  s^ido  is  a  r 
dwarf  in  atripod  blue  Icinclolh  or  c?'        '     'It*,  pres*.] 
cm  a  trar.     Behind  her  ia  a  wofcsL  _*  string* 

ber  hand,  and  behind  a  piUar  another  wonuut  in  m-aiod  ^'<ui( 
tbo  chief.     Out  of  door9,  to  tho  left,  i»  a  tall  whiuhii  and  a : 
bir*fllcinned  bay  to  whom  she  seems  to  beckon.     Thti  hi^ig'bt  of 
hose  of  Ibo  picture  from  tbo  floor  U  seven  fc«t  ten  inches. 

12.     Below   tbis   last  and  between  the  cell-doon  in  this 
is  a  TerjT  lively  in-door  scene.     The    two  prominent   fi^ires  to 
are  ii_N»]{a  chief,  on  tbe  left  with  the  fivo-hoodt^i  i«uuke  ot 
Bbadowiii^  his  bnul,  nod  on  the  right,  another  chief-like  peraoE 
Mttted  oil  a  Jarge  draped  omcli,  talking'  inten-slodly.     The  N(l_ 
chief  80Gm»  tu  be  spcnking  and  to  the  left  i»  a  fumnle  with  a  fl^'Hajii, 
Ilor  hair,  and  that  of  tbu  pnndpal  tif^res,  ia  bound  nnth   filtc 
Behind  the  Higa  chief  ia  a  dark  rvA  attendant  with  a   ntniigl 
Bword,  the  richly-jewelled  hilt  bold  up,  and  then  a  woman  boldiugj 
cAaaed  casket  in  her  left  hand  and  a  jowel  with  a  string  of 
ban^ng  from  it  in  her  right.     Next  t«>  her,  and  bcfaiiid  the  mice 
Kpcakcr,  in  a  man  with  blue  and  gold  flowered  robe,  and  au  Irani 
head-dress,  also  holding  a  aword  ivitb  blue  hilt.   At  the  NAga  chief's 
leftside  »its  n  woman  in  blue  and  white*  siriiK-d  kirtto,  the  fnee 
turtied  up  and  tbe  left  bund  stretched  forward  as  if  speaking  or 
calling  attention  to  something  ebo  baa  to  aaj.     Behind  the  otb  J 
chief  one  woman  iit  bonding  a  tray  of  flowere  to  auoiher,  and  9 
front  nf  the  second,  a  thinl  brings  in  another  flat  vessel   coveroB 
ivitb  flowers  and  leans  forward  ati  if  liMouing.     Behind  this  Ish 
atands  an  old  maiij  wry    fair  skinned,  with  wrinkled  brow  aifl 


KHij^DESH. 


CIl 


Iniir.     In  front,  on  the  left,  an  two  ladioH  sontod  and  lirtcning; 

inurcst,     Most  of  the  women  in  thia  picture  have  Ihoir  hiiir 

aginff  til  rin^ittl^.     Outiu'dv  bbo  doorwity,  to  the  left,  a  clitef  ia 

le  nw»y,  with  a  high  ttura  on  Ium  ^ntd  und  tlio  stntiy  uml»iella 

I  uTer  him,  and  witb  him  ifi  another  fi^re  with  a  largo  fiv«- 

I  nuko  canopy  i>v<*r  hi.i  lictui.    Iti-youd  them  nrw  two  elephants, 

^  _  iUi  a  rider  havinc  a  goad  in  hia  hand.     Part*  of  this  jncttin; 

'sdmirsblr  vxcciitw.     la  addition  to  the-  natural  ^^c«  and  ease 

which  lUie  i.4  standing,  thn  drawinK  of  tho  woniiiii  holding  tbo 

.  and  jewel  is  most  aolicatelv  and  tmly  rendered.    Sn  aUo  u 

drawing  of  Lh«  woman  »e«t«cfou  iha  g^round  in  iho  loft'  hand 

'flie  upward  gaix)  ant]  swoot  expre-ittiou  of  the  tnouth*  oro 

totifolty  given.     The  left  hand  of  Che  «uno  woman  is  drawn 

~]  gTvut  aiihlK'ty  and  tcndvmoiiK.     ThotitsA  of  tho  picture  is  six 

three  inches  by  thriw  feet  nine. 

3.  To  the  right  of  the  second  coU-door  is  a  picture  that  seeni4 
bloted  to  th*  Wl.  Tlie  dresses  are  very  nearly,  if  not  qmto  the 
kmo,  and  some  of  ibe  fif^rea  aeenk  to  be  identical.  Tt  b  atiiu  a 
lace  bcooc,  in  which  four  of  tho  i>«Ton  figum  havu  the  snake  hood 
rcT  lliair  hfiulf,  three  women,  with  one  hood  each,  and  ono  with 
Eve.  Their  hair  falls  in  rinRlets,  hold  back  in  some  cases  by  a  fillet. 
On  tbo  left  is  a  Nitga  chipf,  nud  Wnido  him  sits  another  without 
•Dske  faood^,  over  whoite  head  a  bear«r  holds  the  umbrella.  A  Xiign 
Bgure,  n-ith  a  singlo  hood  and  looeo  hair,  stands  a  little  behind  and 
seems  to  be  recei^-inga  long  straight  sword  of  state  from  a  woman, 
still  more  to  tbu  nglit>  whu  also  hay  a  Huaico  hood  and  long  ringlets. 
Before  hor,  and  either  kneeling  or  sitting  is  a  lady  of  nuik  luuking 
importaningly  at  tho  face  of  tho  chiof.  ochind  her  is  still  another 
JSigA  woman  and  in  front  of  hor  is  a  portion  of  nne  more.  Tho 
porch  behind,  with  the  partly  open  door,  is  a  very  fair  piece  of 
perepcctrre.  Tho  height  of  tho  boso  of  the  picturo  from  tho  floor  is 
fire  feet  twu  inches. 

14.  The  painting  on  the  right  wall  is  ho  destroyed  by  holes  made 
liy  bats  as  almost  to  defy  dcsiTiption.  Above,  between  the  second 
and  third  coll-door.i,  and  cut  off  from  the  next  portion  hy  a  whito 
gateway  is  a  large  scene  much  destroyed.  Above  are  eight 
vkiphaotfl.  In  front  Have  boon  numerous  i^oldiurs,  one  on  horseback, 
one  greoQ-.tki  lined,  drcmod  in  Blriped  waistclotJis  and  armed  with 
crooked  Nep&leae  swords.  Throe  Ggun>s  have  doep  c^lars 
d  their  nocks,  and  all  a<lvnnce  towards  die  left,  led  appanrntly 
a  demon.  In  front  of  them  are  fear  or  more  wild  elephants 
withooi  housings.  Then,  in  a  hill  scene,  Sbitkyamuni  is  seated  with 
hi*  feet  down,  two  men  stand  bi-foro  him  in  the  garb  of  b<^gars,  and 
behind  him,  a  diitciplo  or  lieggar  Htands  talking  to  a  man  in  white 
who  may  be  a  devotee,  and  who  offers  him  a  veeeel.  Beside  liim  is 
m  woman  also  in  whito. 

Id.  Over  the  first  cell-door  in  thia  right  wall,  a  fair^skionod  chief 
and  his  wife  sit  on  a  throne,  a  woman  appears  in  front,  maidservants 
behind,  and  to  tho  right,  in  a.  door,  two  piK>pIe  stand  looking  out. 
On  the  left  vido  is  another  door  from  wliieh  also  a  man  is  looking. 
7o  tho  left  of  this  are  b-agmoota   of  a   iscone  in  which  have  been 


C3iapt«r 
Places  of  latt 

C»va  t. 


TBmiimjt 


CIS 


DISTttlCTS. 


Ctapter  XrV, 


iOtl 


nnraerora  men  witli  ahoK  hair,  (ine  ^th  a  Dedtlaea  odi) 
anil  otui  wka  wean  a  wUiic  tthanl. 

16.  In  (faa  right  ond  vf  ^hu  frmil  ainle,  over  the   cell-tliHir, 
Urg«  fragmvDt  of  paiuUnff.     To  Uia  left  liU  a  eUiof  with 
hood  on  «  seat  covered  with  grtKU  cloth,  holdinff  one  hnnd 
if  addn.'viin);  the  nndicncc.     whind  him,  Ui  the  left,  a.  t&U  wrn 
wearing  »  kiri]t>  of  atniifd  stuff  like  OujarM  nW,  Irnn*  tt 
pilliu-.     At  her  loft  hanrt  Ts  a  roc[3uE^«kinn<>d  dwarf 
and  l>efore  ht-r,  Kil4  ainilhM-  wtmiao    wilh    »    "y-f  ■, 
Htrippd  wnistolotU,  and  h-ildinpf  tho  ioretingBr  iif  bitr  \ctt    b 
hirr  chin  ai  if  pleased,  while  she  looks  ap  towards  thi;  rig-ht 
horpand  bcffidv  this  chief*  footstool,  i«  nut  ^ilCtiun.     To 
and  on  a  lower  lerel  than  the  chief,  eits  n  nau,  jwrhapo  Itis 
with  whom  ho  koctos  to  bo  talking ;  while,  on  a  oreen  ct»h»i 
a  higher  level,   sita   tlu!   qucou,   in  tnint<[):i' 
neoklaoea   of   single  and    twisted   chains,   . 
round  her  loins.     Behind  her  Htandn  a  tall  t>H<ilj--(ln»vii 
with  a  8y-flap  in  her  right  hund,  and  cloth<>d  fnuTi  the  k.ins 
ksee  in  a  vertically  striped  stuff.     Behind,  and  i^en  ItDiwpeu  t 
is  a  &ir-Bkinned  woman,  with  very  simple  head-dress,  boMi 
vessel,  perKsps  a  milkmaid.     Behind  thitt,  and  beyond   the 
wife,  in  nitother  woman.     Over  the  mimHtt-r'N  h<wd  U  anotJicr-w 
witli  Solvers  in  her  left  hand,  and  a  bimd-fan  or  mirror  in  bur 
Beforo  thu  rhit'fs  wife  sit  a  very  short  man  ailA  wuninn,  proi 
servants,  the  woman  with  a  basket  or  bi>g  on  her  !ilii)u!d«r.      T 
right,  over  thfloell-door,  is  one  ol  tho  conventional  gatewayH 
a  lathee  window  in  the  ude  of  it  and  in  thn  n-^ott  of  it  a  »->•• 
on  the  top  of  which  is  a  rreen  halt  or  oop  ths  month  tun 
Beyond  this,  to  thu  right,  i»  a  pastond  scene  with  a  bt-ru  m  i^i 
of  different  colonrs,  two  cows  and  a  calf  green,  somu  lying,  fiiliuf^ 
standing,   moat  of  them   with  bells  on    iheir   nvek«,  thn    ho  ' 
characteristics   reinarkKbly   well   exprvs^ed.     Behind   theii»  » 
two  BTcen  dooions,  and  a  third  lignru,  at  if  about  to  carrj  them 
UacE  of  this  has  been  destrojed.    The  height  of  Ibu  base  of 
picture  from  the  floor  level  ia  nix  fi'^t  ten  inches. 

17.  The  painting  on  the  front  wallis  much  destroyed, 
the  window  on  the  right  and  tlie  central  Ahw  in  a  Inrgv 
differing  from  any  yot    described   by   its  infiriority  of  »iylo 
pecniiar    physiognomy    and  dress.     It  is   probably   fully    hal 
cf  ntnry  lat^r  than  the  rest. 

A  palo^kinned  prince  sits  on  a  cushion  placed  on  a  dais,  lii| 
than  usual,  with  a  semicircle  of  gn»on  over  the  middle  of  its 
and  having  a  gilt  border  with   little  ISgurct   on  c«<:h  si 
dragon  mouths  at  the  comers  of  the  bock.  •  The  ends  of  his 
Mart    are  most    carefnily  folded.      From    the    right   three 
bearded  men  in  Intnian  ooatume.  with  poakedcaps  and  oompli 
clothed,  approadi  him   in  cronchiug  lUtitudo ;  the  first  bearing  a 
iitring  of  pearls;  the  second  a  jug  or  bottle,  periuip«  irf  wine ;   i     " 
the  tWd  a  large  tray  filled  with  nrescnla.     Behind  the  third  nt« 
a&otber  figtira  near  Out  door  in  white  clothing,  prrhaps  the  port^P 
wjtfi  a  atick  in  liia  hmtd  and  >  dajgw  in  hi*  t>elt,  appataatlj  , 


41 


K  H  Andes  n. 


jU 


icing  to  nnotbor  Ir/iniaii  in  the  doorway^,  briugiBg  in   some 

saenC.      Behind  the  portor  in  aiiutlivr   for»iffiii!r   m   full   wbito 

jt,  wiUi  etockings,  curled  hair  and  peaked  cap,  holding  a 

wtl  in  liirt  hiiudtt,  aud  with  a  long  stniiglii  sword  at  his  back. 

ehind  the  throne  stand  an  attendanl  and  a  woman  with  a  tly>flan; 

'  the  righL  of  hur  a  riKidiHU  fair  6gnro  in  blue  clothes ;  and  liciniiu:i 

iiu,  one  ntUl   fairer,  with  a  rich  hiiad-dretbt  and  atripod  lointiloth, 

iin^  a  grc«n  sticl(.     In  front  of  him  is  a  stool,  broad  at  the 

er  aud  lower  ends;  and  to  iha  right  arc  a  rod  and  a  fair  man, 

latter  with  hin  arma  crossed  on  luB  l>rea«k  and   wearing  a  r«<l 

rbao.     In  front  of  faun  is  a  nddiflh- skinned  man,  faia  loft   hand 

hia  knee,  while  he  bends  forward,  and  holds  up  the  fingers  oE 

right  hand  aa  if  addresaing  Bome  information  to  the  priace. 

icibabiif  he  U  the  iutwpreLvr.     Bo^oad  him,  to  tho  right,  ara 

tier  two  figures,  one  naving  in  his  baud  a  dish,  perhaps  witli 

nib,  and  a  spi-ar  with  a  small  flag  attachud  to  it.     In  front  of  the 

Ir/inianit,  sit  three  royally  dreK^M-d   ftgurtiA,  pcrhii]>M   nieiiilxTS 

i  royal  family,  the  roddish  one  in  the  centre,  perham  the  heir. 

the  left  of  ttiuni  h  a  man  with  a  banket,  and  In   front  of  tho 

thrcine  a  womaasits  with  a  fly-flap,  and  beside  her  is  an  elegantly 

jbased  npittooa.     On  tho  left,  at  tliu  proper  right  nide  of  thethrono, 

HU  another  lady  with  rich  head-dress,  a  brcast-tMuid,   a  basket 

^isido  bur,  and  some  object  in  her  lap.     Behind  her  is  a  short  red 

woman  or  dwiu-f,  with  blue  tiarriug;!,  and  not  so  richly  dreflsed. 

Behind  these  two  again  is  a  tUrd  richly  dressed  young  woman  with 

bn.'iLtt-lnind  iil.w,  mid  looking  towards  the  prince.     Above  is  a  fourth 

with  a  dy.flap,  while  a  Afth   face  lijoks  over  the  back  of  the  throne 

on  the  prince's  riglit.     Outside  the  palace^  to  the  right,  an  Iranian, 

likt!  tho  onu  iteon  iu  the  door,  appoars  liieaking  to  a  green  man 

^itl>  a  stick  in  his  band.     Behind  are  two  horses,  and  in  front  of 

^nom  IV  soldier  with  a  sword.     The  floor  is  strewn  with  loaves  and 

%wera.     The  height  of  the  base  of  the  |Hctiire  from  the  floor  level 

is  eight  fi>ot  tire  iuchps.     'I'his  Il4giujDO|b|H8ff  '"  supposed  to  bare 

lieoiitHmt  by  Kb<»rii  ll.pf  PjffW^5yi-giyi  toPtiliktyi  tl.  (GOS-CIOJ 

of  XIahfiraslitra,  whoso  capilarvras  probably  at  Blidltini  in  sonth 

Kal^gi.     Tiihiirl,  tho  .VniVi  hiKtorian,  gives  clear  evidence  of  close 

flktiona  between  the  two  kiugii.     The  date  would  be  about  62o.* 
18.    In   a  similar  position,  OD  the  other  sido  of  the  door,  ia 
another  fragment,  prvibnbly  of  about  tlio  aame  age.     Above  the 
left  of  the  centre  of  the  pictnre,  a  chief,  with  a  bluu  and  white  bird* 


Chapter 
FlaceBOf  I] 


V)  Ur.  Fcrstuum,  J.  R.  A.  a  XL  lOIt. 

*  Fot  hinU  w«ni  roiy  conimon  ill  India  I>uUi  Iwrora  «i<1  titer  Iha  Itmaorthe  AjiUitA 
CavQ  HiotiitgR,  Tho  lUaiilykii  mcBtiuai  till!  pnrrut  aurvsmiiiK  ■»  >u>  hottiu  of  wini 
(Mn-Minning^aADcicDtuidModiKTal  India,  11.7);  tliu  MriTbclitialuti.  crToy  C*rL 
a  pJay  o*  the  third  century  »tt«r  Chriat.  il*««riix«  an  iiriary,  in  wlucli  tlw  liin-™  liUl 
tad  4M  in  conUrirt :  the  paiD]mr«l  parrot  creski  lik...  a  KrAhtnui  Pandit  stiil&d  with 
cnnb  and  rioc  ;  tho  taina  chatter*  u  gUbly  lu  >  oailir^v  '".ii-l  i^vi'i^  hi'r  iniitnaa'a 

frmuuiita to  her  tcUowtcrTutt* ;  wliiletho  <:ucku'),cT»Ritii(!>l  wiUi  jiiKjr  (mit,  vhuiai 
ie  a  rnitd-Mtriir -.  the  (lUtiili  fight :  Uic  parljidgva  cry  ;  tlie  (xiacock  Cana  th« 
Ucu  with  Ua  BeuLembluaned  toil  i  tli« iiiraii*,  Itlu  1>aU«  o( imxinlight,  rati  sboat 
pairx,  whOtt  Ue  bug-h«K«d  cnoM  stalk  ac«iM  tkn  MUrt.  llku  MUiiKtii  «•>  l^unl. 
(Mn.  Uaiuiinc's  Ancient UKlMtdinTal  India,  a  leS).  Kllidii(MOa.i>.  t),  inhu 
VmnuTvnilii,  nenUoni  Uw  (nrroil  cwupluaine  bom  him  wiry  bvww.  (Uatmnig'a 
"  .  II.  ini. 

l411-«5 


&u 


DisTHicra 


ia  bis  Iap,*nta  on  » ]o«  Adu,  wttii  a  bigh  back.     Bvbiiid  it 
the  iwvn  ui  tiro  mitonduila ;  Kiid  to  tho   ri>?bt,  •  womnn  6\' 
bt-tavr.      Ilelnw,  »  iUrk  cnrlv-bairMl  lof  brinipk  forvrKnl  a  jiitf. 
thb  li'ft,  in  Imut  of  tbi?  iiliMfare  (wn  wimien,  naa   wttb  it  rtiMnI 
Qukfit  an<l  h«r  kair  tied  in  a  cliigtum;  and,  nttinif  on   Ihci  Hii.f 
witli  lauuvd  arms  utd  looking  up,  is  a  child  in  whom  tke 
pcentt  to  ipettk.     In  tiaothi^r   U)ii)partmrat,  ta  tba  nfffat,  r 
coloared   man    with    jovr«Ilcil   buHj-drRXK,  and   a    gre««-8 
Doai|Mn>i>ti  with  a  Inog  noso,  botl»lot>k  at  IJia  ohi«f.* 

Onlvide,  to  ibr  rifffal,  u  a  fiijial  broo,  aod  hciyo&d  it,  in  fruut  oft" 
bnilding,  »  cbii;F,  [in>t>ably  thuiiania  as  in  tha Im(  pMii  <<f  thopicnn, 
with  »iri[K>d  drawvrs,  holda  tko  oord  of  oac  of  a  pair  nf  Malm 
which  h«  hon  placed   his  loK  foot.     IMnud  hiin,   un   bis   luft,  is  i 
tnau  in  whit«  clotlic*  wilb  a  rod  ia  fais  haad,  and  tbreo  figarM  I 
the  other  rnd  of  the  beani  look  UD  bniu  thv  douda. 

Td  the  left  of  tbo  chief  are  fire  women,  Uia  one  in  front  wMi  i 
child  hiwarda  which  the  chii'f  strutchuB  bis  hand  aa  if  tn  pal  iu 
Mtdv.  Th«  women  iwcni  toobject  tottua,ouc{ur,»ur>theruf  | 
Ooni)il(>iion  beatioft  Ihcir  brraeU.  Bebiud  theae  two  ia  otio  with  B~ 
TDTj' ruddy  com  lilt!  xidu  W(TariiigH  atripud  r»bii.  She  is  dimctisg 
aa  appealing  look  to  ibi?  }miic«,  her  right  haod  recta  on  bar  linart, 
and  the  left  b<dd«  by  one  lu-ni  tb«  obstreperous  child  b«low,  wbiM 
cries  arv  ultnkctiiig  Lbo  attention  of  the  woman  seatotl  in  fnoit, 
probabl;  his  mother.  Tho  gonend  pnao  of  thb  figure  is  ma 
gnw?pfti1  and  oatunil.     Beaide  Wr  i»  aealod  aaotbcr  woman  withj 

Enlheliv  uxpn-asion  of  face,  who  ia  holding  a  i^hild  on  her  lap 
oth  hnnds.  Behind  this  group  of  wotnen  rises  a  l>elWQnt  pall 
|Um1  a  giMup  of  large-Icared  foliage,  tha  young  olawtcrs  of  bruf 
leavea  conlrasling  ^rooreUy  wilh  tJio  older  green  ohl-m.  Behir 
Iho  !^.-aU-i>,  to  tb<.'  right  of  thu  jmnuo,  i*  k  ruddy  figu^  wiUi 
whilu  fkull  tap  aud  (.-Iuh?. fit  ting  white  ooat  and  waiKtband  arrnnf^ 
in  three  distinct  rolls.  Ho  is  saluting  tbu  prinoe  with  hitt  Hglj 
hand  and  mrrying  A  stA/f  in  tlio  left.  Overl»uki»g  a  wall,  behtu 
tfae  chief,  two  red-besrdod  devotees  wilb  tJnelr  hair  in  tbtt  top-kna 
atylo  HOem  to  i>[<c<ik  to  tho  prince.  Above  them  we  '  ^ 
two  standing  figures,  and  noxt.  is  one  eiliing  cros^lsgged,  ap 
iu  o<Jii vernation  with  two  Itgiuea,  likewiiw  euatvd  U>  the  right, 
of  whom  is  of  a  grcvnish  colour  itml  tho  other  is  ropivM'ntod  wr 
Ibv  poluia  of  his  bauds  brought  togcIhiT  in  front  ae  u  mark 
respect.  Those  figuros  are  iwiiti-d  upuu  rtM-tiuigular  btockx 
somo  uodisliuguixbable  nubstance.  This  Bocno  ia  probablv  inteodf 
to  represent  a  trial  by  ordeal.  Hiweo  Thsang  ootiocs  that  in  I 
ordvul  by  weight  thuy  set  the  sccnwd  in  onv  scolo  and  a  stuue  in 
other.    If  ike  man  outweighed  the  stonej  bo  was  deemod  inDc 


'  The  aoMM  in*y  be  intDadiil  to  nprMml  SfauddhMUus  uul  hia  bmi  SJddluUih*. 
Hia  yoiith  bdow  may  lio  Ifi'lillijlrthii  (thMi]^  not  <>u  tiii  lio«s«  KsBtak)  leftriag  kla 
Mher**  booso  to  became  a  ti'oluM,  and  tbo  granp  of  si^pn  evBUDf;  lorwM  tJ  wdIomib 
him  oad  wy  him  homage ;  whUd  the  torcinoat  mfty  be  eartyinn  »  rdlglQw  nbo  br 
ilrtJiK.  Tho  pekoock  in  hu  rcosooiui  plum^a  ni»  b*  liilmlctcd  to  typUy  the 
at  dna*  in  iDOtnui  with   the  liinpfe  uaiat'^'iiLil  ^nnuutit  U  tk> 


SiiUhl 


»^[W.  Mr-  OtiSuui'  Kvpurt,  m4. 


khandbsb. 


&I5 


contmry,  ho  w«s  pronunDood  emlty.    Thns  Eriabna  offerH  to 
hiniaolf  againrt  the  warriors  of  liia  mrmy,  ua<l  whoD  Muliaitiuiad 
weighed  by  the  aiif^la  against  a  tboosaDd  of  his  pooplo,   he 
twei^bod  liiem  uM.'" 

low  tho  tirst  scene  the  chief  iigMh  appears  togothor  with  tl|fi 

bi)y,  ttpiNuvDtly  ut  tho  hnfc  of  somo  deroteos,  where  an  old 

iven-headra  man  meets  hint,  while  )>vhind  Htaud  fivo  disciplot 

Tith  a  cloth  over  hia  left  abouMcr.     The  first  of  Lboae  holax  a 

voHaol,  and  with  tfati  othur  band  n^naU  to  tho  chiof  apparently 

p.     To  tho  ri^fht  of  these  arc  two  red-beardoil  dnvotMw  nuar  a 

tike  Olio  with  llowoni  tho  other  with  ffrass.     Pait  of  aDolfaer 

can  be  made  oot,  bat  tho  rvitt  to  tho  ri^bl  ik  miiub  destroyed. 

From  above  (ho  left  window  to  the  end  of  tho  front  aiidtf  ara 
a  of  soeww  that  werv  proliiibly  all  conniKtvd,  bnt  parta  of 
are  so  defaced  that  they  cannot  be  satiHhu:torily  mado  out. 
r  tho  window  is  a  fomalo  Rkuto,  pGrbajM  MayMevi 
.yaninni's  mother,  reclining  on  a  couch  and  looking  down 
irdii  a  maid  who  has  her  hand  on  tho  lady's  nocklaco  ait  if 
viiig  it.  Aootlior  to  the  ri(;ht  with  (lowoivd  bodioo  holds  a 
>p.  At  the  head  of  tha  ooucb  a  ^r  maid  servant  boldti  a 
wslcr-pot,  pourinff  its  contonts  on  her  roietifSH'  head,  as  doep 
ftr  to  the  right,  with  »  liliiv  and  wliito  loincloth  and  rich 
Beyond  the  conch  one  fully  ooverod  holds  a  stick  as  if 
tlofotioc.  To  tho  n^fat  of  all  and  a  litUo  lower,  in  the  doorway, 
is  anotber  servant  with  a  lat^  vessal  baring  a  upout  on  one  side 
of  it.  To  the  right  of  thin  again,  tho  same  lady  ia  seated  in  a  pnlaee, 
in  a  transparent  robu  with  »  i^lavo  at  hor  rigiil  hand,  with  iMinds  on 
lier  thigl^  either  ibo  rasult  of  Uittooing  or  tig)it- til  ting  <lriiwors. 
Two  women  stand  bohiod,  and  »  third,  a  fomulo  Kbivc,  covered,  sits 
talkiikg  with  btT.  t'urther  to  tho  right,  and  lower,  a  man  ia  seated, 
perhi^  an  astrologer,  his  person  covered  with  a  flowored  cloth, 
Apparently  nddnistiiuj;  thu  Imly.  IkOiiiid  him,  but  nearvr  to  her 
mistress,  is  avery  fair  woman  with  a  large  Sat  dish  or  tray,  on  which 
>re  some  objects  which  ahoBOomsabont  U>  offer  to  tho  man.  Buhiitd 
these,  to  tho  right,  a  uutniu  a  whitedrossoomeainby  thedoorwhiob 
divides  this  from  the  next  part  of  the  pictore.  Itolow  is  a  debuted 
bagment  with  two  liguro«  in  it.  Above,  ti>  tho  right,  i.-*  aiKithor 
epnode  in  which  the  lady  and  hej*  eunitcb  are  seated  together; 
while,  behind  tho  Indy,  another  woman  comes  in  holding  out  her 
hand,  her  lipx  apart  and  eyed  wide  open  aa  if  in  astonishment.  A 
pillar  of  tho  palace  aepamtes  this  from  what  follows.  Hore  a  large 
pieceof  piaster  out  of  the  centre,  hinders  a  satia&ictory  reading  (ff 
iho  picture.  On  the  left  is  a  balf-nalced  fly-flap  woman.  To  the 
|fabt  ia  the  head  and  hand  of  another  attendant  holding  a  rod,  both 

*  TAjiMvalk^  BTMoKba  Uut  th»  ordyl  In-  ttalas  U  for  wonm,  diEldnn,  aval 
I,  th«  bluM,  wo  laiM^  bilimaiui,  ana  tliuM  a(Uiet«4  with  iliaraa*.     Vlia  Mmmei, 


Chapter 
Plaoss  of  Inten 

AjtlTTA  OAVM 


having  boon  Blaoed  ia  >  •^•>  by  IboM  who  umlurctiuiil  Ui«  krt  oJ  witiitlit,  •faoald 
•Mm  tlio  fotloiring  pnyir :  "OioalMahow  tli«  tnilh  Mul  Ihm  niu  (mm KuapKMiai.  U 
[  b«  aa  evil.door.  tbrni  Imar  mt  down,  0  motlior !     U  1  Iw  puiw^  auny  nw  nponrd*. 

PijiuvaUya,  IL  t01<  llB,<i«otwd  tu  Mi«.  UAoslagW  Ai>«UntaMl  liMlwvd  India, 
306). 

■r 


IBMuliaf  OurttMt, 


DISTRICTS. 


ChftptM*  ZZV.      looking  tomnl*  a  flgnni  with  rich  pearl  norod  thread  now  d 
l^^^l^l^j^^  Rnliiiiil  brm  n  Urly,  perhaps  tbo  same  u  in  the  othnr  aoi^uo, 


CttnL 


forward  looking  up  to  (ho  left.  BojroDd  and  bvhind  ker| 
ntluodant  id  a  dark  Itodice  with  white  flowers,  alao  looiat  'm 
qfuae  direction  as  tho  &nit  trfu,  while  behind  and  lower,  at  tfao 
Kidfl  of  the  ludj,  arv  two  mora  M-rraiit*  w  while  olotlwM.  A  plasl 
naha  indicate*  the  open  air  on  tlie  right,  and  beyond  thiit  « 
female  lignreB  can  do  porlially  uiade  oat.  Ovur  this,  b-um 
window  to  within  ftightecu  iuchoa  of  thit  wall,  is  the  only 

cvilin^;  rr(*co  Icit  in  this  aiale.     It  contains  chiefly  fruit  aud 

in  stnall  ooinpartiiwnt«,  but  one  baa  two  Ggums  in  Pontias  dn<SE. 

Altlwtij^h  H  f^'itt  pcirLioa  of  this  ceiling  is  deHtnwed,  e_ 
remains  to  give  the  goncral  srranf^mont  of  iho  whole.     At 
eight  it  apiwan*  very  complicated,  but  after  a  littU*  jitady,   it 
bo  6e«n  how  simply  the  wholo  thing  is  arranRed.     Keeping  t 
idw  of  imildting  their  wooden  originals,  an  idea  which  pe 
everything  thny  did  at  Ajants,  the  UnddhLili),  in  dtwimting 
ceiling,  merely  adoptud  tbo  principal  dirisioDs  formed  by  the  se 
tiinb«TS  tu  one  of  their  WfMxIcii  fluoni.    In  fact,  tho  plan  of  tho  c* 
iit  nothing  more  than  the  plan  of  a  wooden-lk-or  taken  from  bvlo 
or,  to   pat  it  plainer,  if  another   floor  wer«  added  to  the  p 
cave,  tlie  timboni,  which  would  enter  into  the   con«iruction  of 
floor,  on  hioking  np  at  them  from  below,  would  be  repi^seuterl  Iry  the 
principal  bnos  on  tliia  ceiling.     Tiikiuff  one  nnil  of  tho  ceiling  aaJ 
redni-ing  it  to  its  simple  constructive  lines,  it  is  found   to  bo  made 
of  a  jiinn  of  four  columns,  wtlh  oounucting  girders.     Across  them 
run  joists  and  at  right  angles  to  these  again  are  Rmallcr  joists,    Tbm  \ 
spavu  is  tlins  divided  into  a  number  of  paneLt,   varying  in  ahapa  | 
«nd  filled  with  orunmuut.     Thii^  principle  of  division  is  carried  out ' 
in  every  p&inted  ceiling  that  remains  in  the  monaatoiy  carea,  oxcep^< 
that  in  XVII.  the  priucipal  arrangi^mont  ooneigta  of  circles.     Tbesu 
panels  are  rillixl  with  ornurnontA  of  auch  rurirty  and  ticaaty,  natar  i 
ralinm  and  conventionalism  so  harmoniously  combined,  an  to      **' 
&OT^h  the  highest  admiration.     For  dolicate  coloaring,  vane' 
Design,   flow   of  line,  and  filling  of  KpacM>,  they   arv  uitc<]iini 
Althougli  ever}'  piuKil  hiix  been  thonght  out,  and  not  a  touch  in 
is  carelessly  given,  the  whole  work  bf»nt  the  impression  of  ha' 
boon  done  with  the  greatest  uiuw  and  frcHniom  of  thought  as  well  aa  ^ 
of  exemtion.     The  ornament    in    the  smaller    squares  is  painted 
altetnately  on  a  black  and  red  ground.     The  ground   colour  was 
f  ntt  laid  in,  and  then  the  ornament  waa  painted  aolidly  over  this  in 
white.     It  wai«  further  developed  by  thin,  transparent  coloors  oa  "" 
the  white. 


On  three  of  the  pauelt*  of  this  coiling  is  a  drinking  sw^noolaPe 
Btbcoded  by  his  wife  and  soi-viiut».  In  i(«cimplost  version  the  si 
repreaenta  a  sofa  ptiKx-d  in  front  of  a  cloth-screen  and  covered  witt 
cushions  and  a  check -pat  tern  cnvffFlel,  and  on  it  are  seated  a  bi^, 
stout,  burty-lookiug  man  and  a  lady  by  his  side.  'The  man  is  m-hI^'hI 
vross'le^^d,  and  is  in  an  amatory  mood,  perhaps  soincwhHt  fuddled 
with  wine.  Ilis  toco  is  hei»vv  and  snuare,  and  ho  has  lx>tb  a  b«'ard 
and  roonslacha     He  woani  long  hair,  oovorod  by  a  thick  conical 


KHANDESH. 


'  with  ft  tnrbao,  or  a  fiar  hand  »roiind  it,  liko  tlie  Qilpiq  cap  of  Chkpt«r£ 
Central  Aflt&tic  races  of  the  present  day.  Od  Iiih  bodj  u  a  pi^w  cTlat 
gat  or  tuuio  ruacliiag  to  thb  knoo  und  triinmed  apporeotly  with 
atcb-vrork  decorationa;  koeo-liret-'olies  and  Htripcd  Btockiogn  ouin- 
Hete  his  drvta.  IIo  holds  a  cap  in  hiS  left  hand,  and  bofore  hjm, 
ihe  ^oand,  in  froot  of  the  »oftt,  is  u  covered  (ray.  Tho  lady 
side  faim  bi:^  a  ){owii  reaching  to  the  knee,  a  shell  jacket  (both 
^H  with  piitWi-work  Irimmings),  and  a  pair  of  striped  Htockings. 
*taa  a  sKoU-cap  on  her  head  jiud  oarriugH.  Hot  right  band  i» 
as  in  the  act  of  telling  fiomething  intoreeting  to  her  lord.  To 
right  of  the  man,  in  front  of  thu  »otii,  »taodis  a  tnaid  arrayed  ia 
long  flowing  gown,  which  leavea  only  the  tipa  of  her  sliix-a  visible, 
sd  holds  A  flagon,  shapod  like  a  sodawot^r  bottle,  with  a  ^ng 
ow  neck,  ready  to  ^CJ>l(^nil(h  tht-  cup  of  her  lord.  Ik-liind  tho 
resa  there  ia  a  sGOona  maid  wiUi  a  wide-moathod  covered  jar  in 
hanil.  Ill  t)w  second  voDtiun  tho  niiui  holds  tho  cap  in  his  right 
hand  and  a  etick  or  straight  sword  in  bis  left.  He  ha»  aim  an 
vl a boraloly -worked  belt,  and  the  trimmingsof  tho  coat  and  gowns  are 
of  different  natt«rn».  Thu  lady  leans  wilh  her  right  hand  on  tho 
shoulder  of  oer  lord,  and  by  herattitade  expresses  great  solicitude 
to  pi  cam)  him.  There  isalso  a  third  maJd,  squatting  in  front  and  ruuly 
to  serve  ediblea  from  the  covcrod  tray  beaide  her.  The  third  version 
even  moro  developed.  The  screen  behind  tho  sofa  is  adorned 
floral  dosigiis.  The  cout  of  the  liero  and  the  gown  of  hi.i 
and  also  that  of  her  inaid,  are  set  off  with  trinngular  striped 
nets  flying  from  tho  Iwick.  The  toattiros  of  the  Wly  arc  vivid 
life,  and  the  exprossionof  end^meut  on  her  face  ia  admirable. 
io  second  maid  holds  a  goblet,  instead  of  a  jar.  The  lady  has, 
instead  of  a  e»p,  a  fillet  round  her  h(^  with  an  aigrette  in  front;, 
and  the  maids  nimilar  fillets,  but  without  tho  jewel.  The  third 
ninid  is  replaced  by  two  boarded,  thick-li]>pod  negro-loolcing 
'fiervanUi,  who  arc  serring  out  dishes  from  the  covered  tray.  The 
stockings  in  the  last  two  versi<»ia  are  white.  In  two  amall  panels 
the  male  figure  is  reproduced  in  company  with  another  inalu,  two 
jovia)  companions,  engaged  in  pledging  their  bith  to  each  othav 
over  a  cnp  of  liquor.  The  striped  stockings  are  distiocily  soon  in 
these,  aa  al»o  a  pair  of  clieck- pattern  trouHcrs,  not  tstriped.' 
Dr.  lUjendraldl  Mitra,  from  whose  deacription  the  above  details  aro 
taken,  thinks  that  the  figures  are  Baktrian.  But  tho  Htreamors,  or 
banderoles,  are  I'crHian,  and  taken  in  conni>ct.ion  with  Iho  eiubessy 
pii-'.iin-,  it  secnis  pos&iblo  that  these  psne Is  have  boon  co|»eil  by  nativo 
arti-iu  from  a  piclun!  of  Kbosru  11.  and  hU  beantiful  wife  Shirin.*^ 

C^vo  n.  ta,  like  cave  I,  one  of  the  latest  and  richest  monasteries^  0>r«I 

It  is  eoiallor  and  somewhat  diffcrunt  in  tho  stylo  of  ita  front  columns. 
The  verandah,  401  foot  long,  is  Rupported  in  fi-ont  by  four  nilhira 
and  two  pitastcrs,  all  of  tie  s.-inie  style,  having  a  tortis  and  firlot  at 
the  base,  but  no  pliolli ;  to  abont  a  foarth  up  thoy  have  sixteen 
Sj   ahoru  they  have  thirty-two  Buttet  with  ixilta  of  elaborato 


>  J«ar.  Aa  Sac  Bun.  XLTII.  6S-n. 
'TnMM.  B.  A.8.II.  IJS.lTtt 


door  with 

I  wilh  S 

;^Dl&^ftflo««r:  kbore  tlu*,' 

wk  pun  at  Bt&adiitit 

fjabinB  tha  Son  the 

lift  i8*>*  ■"  ^^  odOtre  oomput* 

m  Am*  aeBfacn  of  florid  inoarj, 

•  m  at}1*  ly  tlH  •dbna*  and  wnpouated  by  « 

off  K  tree  aad  I«uuiig  on  « 


Ceek  seven  iwkc  widetn-  Imi/u^Ki  fcat  twr  indkM  dapp,  uid  il^ 
tmpfv^ted  hr  twebv  pibn  aiaKi3«r  to  tfaow  in  the  ImI  cava,  ibe 

kia^ljr  flVMBOBlad  bag  Uttae  jim  is  boot  of  Uw  maetmry. 

» pSkn  ate  wy  ^bSw  to  than  b  am  L    TliaaB  in  Ite  faomk 


imr,  aad  Os  «w«n]  par  b  As  taMk  nw,  faaiv  Gttlo  Utdwou-r^  with 
lb«r  araM  iiipaiUag'  the  ocaeia  of  the  aqawe  eap6>  The  ki-utnl 
'  ol  iiQlBn  ia  the  heck  aad  faoak  nm%  era  Iha  noheat  in  csnrii^ 
I  the  Bwea  oeea  have  Aatea  mniiBf  ia  spbala  up  two  boll*  «l 
^m  ahaft.  tW  brads«  ham  dMrafaa  on  the  pcojaotMms.  In  the 
cvalnl  |Mi>ih  of  the  biadeala^  in  the  bade  row,  noinben  uf  poiqile 
wonhip  a  TaKo  Aiiae ;  a  thote  a<  tfaa  r^t  aide  row  are  Hinglo  fat 
e^Biea  caDopied  hy  arc^ea  finitg  from  tha  moalbs  of  dntfOD-* ;  luid 
n  t^  leal  ate  •  &1  chief,  bu  wife,  and  niaids.  Tlie  pikatera  aro 
beeotifiiUj  oarrad.  In  •  bie  with  the  aide  aitlaa  in  iba  back  wall 
Ihaie  are  ehanber*  wiib  two  fdbn  sad  ^Aatare  in  their  froals.  la 
the  efaaubw  on  tbe  right,  or  «aat,  side  ^Hw  aaactaaijF,  are  scolp- 
tated  a  pair  of  pntljr  sittuig  Ggotea,  both  «ilh  rich  bttd-diesaM  i 
the  woBMB  holoa  a  child  oo  ber  kne^  appanoUj  anasiog  it  witb  a 
togr  hM  ia  her  right  band  ;  to  the  ri«ht  a^l  left  of  tlwu  an>  femalo 
sbTCa  with  Sjr-OafM,  wbOe  ooe  behind  bddaa  parrot  and  froit.  Udow 
aie  deren  anaU  6gana,  aoote  of  them  making'  nma  butt,  nthera 
wreatUng,  and  aoma  plajioff  on  mnMcal  instmmenta  for  tbe  c-liitd's 
amnaament.  This  isprobwoly  iutemU<d  to  n>present  tbo  iufoocv  of 
Shd^ainaiii  nuraed  ay  hia  mothor  who  Bits  by  bis  tatlior  ShudJbo- 
In  the  upper  comera  aro  rvproaontatioiia  of  a  holy  nsaa 


A 


kuAndesd. 


519 


b(M  Aaita)  fnvinfr  instni<^on.  Tn  a  corrospoiidin^  (otnpartm^nt 

other  eido  btw  two  fnt   main    Rgiircn  with    fiabonvtc  hwd- 

t!H,  neck  •chains,  and  ftmilets,  cme  holding  an  c^-Hhaped  object 

.  is  hand.     I'ho  fKllnd  back  to  th»  hmd-dnw  on  |)m<  n^^ht  bnud 

in  is  of  thr  otyle  iu  vogiie   >u  acnrpCureH  of  about  the  fifth  0r 

century  a.o.     Fcmalo  Blav(<«  with  lly^flapn  uland  on  vithcr  side, 

.  oborubs  with  larifit  vri^  B)ipenr  in  tlm   appor  oomera.     Below 

I  aeiuicirciilar  rfpresenrationB,  perhaps  in«ant  for  vegetablee. 

'  tliv  fronts  of  thuao  sido  chupulii,  in   tho   Imck  vnll,  nn)  alsiO 

^roaps,  the  ceatral  one  over  the  leA  chapel  having  s 

kchipf  and  hia  fiitnily.     Tin)  shrine  im  nbont  frinrt«oii  feet  by 

liuL  ovriii^  u<  ilto  care  beini;  only  eleven  feet  fire  inches 

it  is  very  ilark,  and  hidoIIs  etruiigly  of  b4it«.     RhakyafTmni 

aqtnts  in  tho  tt^uhing  pmttaro  with  the  witee)  mid  two  di'<-r  in  front, 
aad  behind  ibem,  toihe  rif;ht>iB  awoman  in  tho  attitudo  of  adoration 
Iwforo  a  male  with  along  object  liko  nn  onipty  bai; :  to  tbu  luft 
it  a  womoD  koeelinir  with  a  loug.twiated  object,  ana  behind  her  a 
knoelinK  malo  worshipper  round  his  hcnd.  Thu  right  fly-fkip-bourar 
it  richly  drexAod  wilh  n  tJam  and  a  glory  round  bis  head,  the  left 
Qi>e  is  Avalokiteshvara  who  has  tho  top-kaot  hc«d-dros«,  and  in  hia 
band  a  bottlc>i<>hn|)vd  olijiwt. 

angfa  much  decayed,  the  painlinga  have  suffcred  less  dnring 
Iiut  fi-w  ifoan  than  those  in  other  caws.     It  is  the  only   cave 
at  retains  any  painting  in  tho  shrine. 

1.  Much  of  the  richly  deconUod  verandah  ceilinc  etill  romaioB 
in  Aui^h  a  .lUite  tlutt  tliv  i>att*^rn  can  bo  itiadu  out.  SVIion  eulin;,  it 
gust  have  been  remarkably  bi>autiful  and  delicsto,  both  in  colour 
Idcsiifii-  Thoe[iuiidrili«  of  thucciitnilcouipiirlnK'ntniv  udmirahty 
aed,  tho  one  on  tho  K<ft  with  two  floating  Ggurea,  a  nutn  and  a 
>niun  ;  the  odo  on  tho  right  with  two  men  wrcntling,  tonninnting 
Ml  the  waist  in  conventional  scroll  work.  JiaJf  of  this  HpaudriJ 
is  drawn  in  red,  and  appears  to  have  boon  loft  iuconiplclo,  although 
iUi  diagonal  in  tn^-auil  in  a  niniiliir  way,  tialf  green  and  half  gray. 
Tho  diagonal  spaudril  to  the  floating  figures  is  eutintly  destroyed. 
Tbi'  wroatlis  of  leaves  iiud  flowurs  arc  adntitublo  specimens  of 
omamenial  art. 

8.  ThQ  tittle  that  romains  of  tho  painting  in  tho  verandah  is 
MUMigli  tp  flliow  that  it  was  of  a  very  high  order  as  regards  design, 
drawing,  and  colour.  Taking  into  considomtion  tho  fact  tha^^o 
whole  uf  the  vurandab  Li  e^iptMtcd  to  all  changes  of  weather,  bom 
the  extreme  moisture  of  tho  monsoon  to  the  inteuMi  dry  heat  of  tho' 
hot  svo-ton  with  itn  iicootnpanying  hot  winds,  it  ia  remarkablo  how 
well  the  colours  have  stood.  The  bines  are  ae  vivid  now  as  they 
won^  the  day  thoy  wore  put  on.  Tho  buck  wall  of  tliu  verandah  faaa 
anffored  much.  On  tho  .oxtrenie  left,  in  the  npper  coni«rr  un 
two  deified  devotees  on  clouds,  having  a  slightly  roadvrcaat  of  skin 
than  tho  oIluT  figures  in  Ihu  compoaiUon.  Both  ora  olsd  in  simple 
garments  nom  like  a  woman's  robe  thrown  over  the  left  shouldiir, 
OM  being  uf  a  green  stripcil  mntcriitl  nnd  the  other  gray.  The  hair 
'  .  gathered  into  a  tuft   at  the  back  of  the  head   wSh  B  few  tnwsCM 

■canting  gratefully  round  it.  Meitbvr  fignro  has  a  vcftigo  of  jowoliy. 


Chapter  Xn 

F1ae«aofInt«t 
Ajaicta  Cav) 


KUANDESH. 


&il 


litb  Sr-6apit  ttltvnd  him.     Tb  tliu  ri^Iit  are  tt  number  u(  men  carry- 

Q^A  palanquiii  or  bier  with  two  poles.      Boforeit  are  thruc  ftobliera, 

J  Wilh  n  very  loiij;  shield.     Id  fhmt,  n  light  CiOmirctl  mini  with  n 

Drd   pr(it>lnUi'8   hiitiHcH   bowiiniK  th&  pAlitiKiuiii  di-  «Ue   townrij<«  a 

?n  man  in  white  drnwers  in  front  of  it.  wbo,  with  a  rexldiob  oM 

a,  nro  npproacbing  a  large  dark-grucn  Iruv.     In  tho  right  corner 

tbe  room  tba   palanquin  is  afiiiin  sbotm  in  the   t(AVH,  plaoeiL  on 

te  ({round,  and  a  hidy  hiCh  )>(>:Aidg  it  aa  if  drowsv  or  doep  io  thought. 

To  tbe  left   three  people  are  lying  asleop,  and  a  fonrtb,  a  wonao, 

looks  out  of  the  palaDcjuin  in  astonish nioii I  or  t-tirror.     Above  thu 

pslauqnin,  to  the  right,  ■»  a  cbiM,  and  a  green  man  or  woman  sit« 

loohing  at  it,  whil»  it  li«a  by  the  aide  of  a  couventional  lake  full 

of  lotas  flowera  and  fFeese.     Below  is  a  Kaga  cbiof  with  fivo  liuu<lii 

&nd  a  Nikgn  maid  with  one  hood,  wtatvd  on  a  throne.     Behind  liim 

are  two  other  Niga  women  and  a  third  in  front  and  below  the  pond. 

Tlio  rest  is  destroyed. 

^^fc  6.  To  tbe  right  of  the  cell-door,  in  the  same  apartment,  cnn  be 
HSnc«d  an  ulrphaiit  and  a  horse.  On  the  right  band  wall  are  also 
A  few  tracns  of  painting ;  among  ibem  a  chief  on  bis  throne,  and 
fn  front,  a  figure  apparently  anointing  him.  Anolhor  holds  a 
mirror,  and  at  a  green  doorway  are  lrac<-B  of  a  Hgurtt  with  a  larga 
oblong  shield.  In  the  left  chapxl  are  itome  tmoe*  of  painting ;  eome 
oowB,  ofhoka  flowers,  and  parts  of  fignres  with  coneiderable  frag- 
ments of  two  long  painted  inscriptions  and  some  smaller  one*. 

7.  llio  ceilings  are  the  most  cnnplete  in  the  whole  xerioa,  and 
though  blackent'd  with  smoke,  coiflaiu  mnuy  very  intvrettting  pivcm 
of  floral  deoorationa,  X^ga  chiefs.  Hying  figures,  others  with  hnmaa 
and  animal  heads,  the  lower  extremities  ending  in  scrotUwork. 

8.  In  the  left  end  of  the  front  aiole,  on  the  right  of  thi-  wll-door, 
ie  a  small  scene.  A  pond  is  ttlivwn  covered  with  lutus  flowers  and 
geese.  On  the  brink  ait  a  chief  or  other  great  man  and  his  wife,  aud 
behind  her  to  the  right,  hangs  a  long  straight  sword  in  its  snd>bard 
and  a  small  shield  with  it.  In  Ihi-  Ixwk -ground  iinr  conventional 
hills.  On  the  left  side  of  the  oell-door  is  more  bill  weiiory,  iitid 
over  a  bill  on  the  left,  comes  a  man  with  a  aword.  To  the  rigbl  is 
atiolher  carrying  two  gc«.-M',  aud  below,  beside  a  pond,  are  (wo  geesa 
and  two  men  standing  iu  the  water,  tho  one  on  the  right  having  a 
aword  hung  by  a  strap  over  bia  left  ebontder ;  ho  is  n'[>rtiH«^twl 
as  lifting  wnlvr  in  his  right  hand  as  if  to  perforin  the  vow  of  oblation, 
tankalpa.  The  ol Iter,  probably  the  man  carrying  the  gceoe,  seemJ 
to  have  completed  his  vow  and  thrown  the  water  away. 

9.  Above  the  cell-Ooor  the  painting  is  much  destroyer),  but  has 
apparently  oonsistod  of  two  parts.  On  the  oxtromu  left  a  largo  gtHise 
M  whcwn  on  a  seat,  and  to  the  right  is  a  woman  wIiomi  he^^reas 
has  a  circular  frill  behind  from  which  hang  two  quilled  or  puffed  fods 
nr  bandi-'riiltitt.  AWvu  !.■•  a  giin-n  Jieiit»?>l  figure,  and  to  IM  right  nL9 
aiKiihiT  with  bill  haud^  joined,  whili'it  tliinl.  in  whili>  cb'thing,  stands 
^biud.    The  rest  of  the  piclnre  is  dectroyetl.    Brtwoen  Iwo  (HllarK  »f 

<  palace  xiands  A  man   in  wbit<-  clothing,  ri'stiug  ou  a  long  stick  or 
byrnboo,  with  a  slraighl  sword  by  his  left  xide ;  h«  ia  probably  a  porter, 
the   compartment  to  the   right,   a  chief  sita  on  either  aide,  thu 
a  411-GS 


Chap 
PUcaierint 

Car*  II 


IBignbBj  OauttMT. 


tptwXIV. 

W«f  Intorot. 

I* VTA  C*vn. 
CkntL 


mSTKICTS. 


one  on  tW  ri^lit  with  liiit   feol  on  &  low  fixtt^toul.  ami  In-sidt-  it 
disli  with  a  water  Ulv.  He  bolds  bit  handa  in  the  leacluD^  {><»Li 
B^iad  him  is  a  blae  pillow  and  the  ornamented  comer  of  the  ' 
of  the  BWt.    Tho  cliit?!  no  tltt;  Ml  has  a  li!>i)ilv  j«>wiitl<'il  titim 
otiiBr  jowolry  and  holds  up  bin  left  hand.     Iktlwix-n  ihem  two 
sit  on  ft  cuithion  who  nmy  be  tht-ir  ministers,  the  one  on  the 
holding  his  hand  up  as  if  in  thi.'  act  of  spmkin);.    Gtrhiiid  v^ch 
is  a  tty.flsp-b*.«r«r.    In  thuexironiiiloft  of  thi*  [nature  Ml  lw<i  wonn 
and  in  tho   haudn  of  onu  of  them  la  the  cliicE's  fiord.     Bi 
other  >nt  two  more  figures. 

10.  On  the  sido  of  the  pilastur  to  the   rifj:hl  of  this 
wonen.   one    with  »  cloth  across   her  bosom,  a   fiund   alHiut 
waiM,  and  a  flower  or  fruit  in  hor  left  band.     The  othu*  is  taller  luid 
has  a  fine  annk-t  and  a   wuisi-chain.     Ilor  thiff^ha  are  aptiarou 
cased  in  a  network  of  beads,  perhaps  the  piUlcm  of  a  fine  musitn  ro 

11.  On  the  front  of  the  pilaster  U  a  xmall  n&iuting  muchdeMlmj'Oi 
bat  enough  is  left  to  show  that  the  orifpnal  was  a  very  pract^fi 
oompoeition.     On  the  left  n  man,  in  a  waistclolh.  sits  croM-lv^^-d 
the  floor,  with  the  left   forearm  resting  on  the  knee,  cxkhuuii: 
•omethtng  in  hin  rifflit  liand.    The  pose  of  the  woman  oa  tJie  ri^, 
who  is  entirely  nude,  is  admirable.   From  tho  action  of  her  ri^l 
hand  she  appears  to  hv  slrvtching  a  huud,  but  from  tho  action 
tho  left  it  KoeniH  a^  if  the  material  were  rigid.' 

12.  Close  to  this,  the  lower  oumpartment  to  the  left  of  the 
of  tho  first  cell  in  thu  nislu  is  too  much  de«troycd  to  bo  inlellif^blu- 
Tho  figures  seem  to  be  mosllj  wjuion,  four  ore  in  frxMit,  and  ono  h: 
apparently  been   reaching  across  the  centre  of  the  picture. 
BooTe  was,  perhaps,  playing  a  triangular  shaped  instrument.     J 
above,  in  an  interior,  sito  a  man.  f>erhM)i^  »  chief,  on  a  cnsbiun, 
a  woman  rest  jng  her  left  limui  on  the  ground  is  talking  to  him. 
is  attonded  by  a  tly-Hitp-ijearor. 

13.  Above  tho  door  is  another  interior,  representing  tbrpo  aport- 
m«nt«  or  dtvisionji  of  a  hnll.  In  the  middle  is  a  chief,  on  a 
cushioned  seat  with  a  pillow  behind  him,  over  which  is  seen  the 
oomt^r  of  the  bock  ciu-i-etl  with  dngons ;  Iiehind  the  head  is  a  gt 
and  his  feet  rest  on  a  low  sUioi,  while  his  hands  are  in  the  t< 
posture.  In  the  side  compartments  are  ii  fair  tly-tlap-lieurer  in  I 
left,  ^d  a  dark  one  in  the  right.  In  front  of  wach  sit  two  mei 
in  the  soma  positions,  a  fair  one  on  the  inner  side  and  a  darker  on 
t^  outer,  the  darker  with  higher  tiaras  than  the  fairer  ones,  w~ 
may  be  their  ministers. 


I  Thil  ii  iwrlitnt  a  rcprcuintalicin  M  ihv  Utgh^vr  birth,  Jiitata,  o(  Bai 
Magiiiul«v.  ll>*  nif«r  ol  tHe  city  of  Miralu,  wm  1I>«  lint  mortal  wbtM  hair  taroMI 
ftV-  Tbta  did  Ml  lisppcn  uoul  ho  hod  n^i|plfld  Sd'J.OM)  ynn  t  Mid,  altboujil)  ti«  had 
54,000  jTttUB  ttlll  lo  liv«,  bowM«o»tm<k  by  tba  ilMUnfaattuwot  rimi'»  Ilia  thai  lie 
mida  orat  bii  kingrlDni  to  kw  atm  sad  b>i;Aoie  *a  uoeliu.  Ai  la  tbc  Illiartiot 
•Ciil]>tur<>,  whan  Iha  ilonr  is  lito  r«pr«wul*d,  tlia  kjug  roar  b*  racainiiiliig  U*  wbit« 
luurin  hi*  ri^tliuid  t  tlicothar  hand  rcatiDK,  uitdooui  theBhiirliBtwnlplor*.  uu 
litihtinw(HluibntKlup>,7&l.  .An  nttciiaiuii.  <».  tlic  right,  llwr*  ulsu.  lMKxlorx9.nI 
and  •iniit*  tlie  Kftja'a  atleutiou  to  •uuutl<ii>g  like  ■  liair.  Hliich  lir  lu>blit  Ul-wii  l*t_ 
(oMfiU^  llbj  tbumh. 


WWKI1    UVB  I 


Deecan.] 


KIlANDKSU 


H.  In  A  palkce,  above  lliv  liul,  «  ofai«f  sits  on  a  cRiiir  witb  bis 
ttct  tliiwu  ait'i  cro«tsed  on  a  footatool,  one  bauil  un  lt)»  knee,  thu 
Other  raist'd  a  little,  and  n  tiara  on  his  bead.  On  his  left  bis  wife 
eilA  in  u  similar  p^<iition  bat  |>rv^'<i>iite<l  (jturv  from  thi'  side.  A  woman 
at  hcrHtdc  rests  horvlbovr  on  her  knee  and  looks  towunU  tbu  chief, 
fiobtud  twitch  a  foirer  figure  attends  ati  fly- flap- bearer,  tbt;lrft  blind 
one  with  a  sect  mark  on  b*r  foreboad,  and  the  other  witb  a  Pemiim- 
like  cap  and  holding  some  objout  witb  V>tb  his  Itands.  Beside  him 
i*  a  ivoin»n  with  a  vessel  iu  her  l^fI  Imud.  In  front  sits  a  man,  like 
•  laboarerer  plou^bnian,  witba  mouatacbe,  apoakingto  tbecbief,  and 
beside  hi-.n  two  other§.  Boyond  the  pillar  a  man  stands  with  a 
foanryitt  bis  bnnd,l'K>kiii^  np  toa  tall  womnii  Wyond  the  next  piUar, 
and  laughing.  Sli>-  i»  drcxHod  like  a  lady  in  much  jewelry.  Bti^ond 
ber,  to  the  left,  ia  a  man  in  the  dre-is  usually  given  to  porters,  oud 
who  appi-ars  to  speak  with  her. 

16.  Ik^loff  and  between  Lho  doors  of  two  relU  is  another  scene. 
Near  ibi-  eeuire  Rtanda  a  noble  lady  holding  some  object  in  her 
right  hand.  Before  tier,to  the  left,  is  a  white  dressed  he^^nr,  perhaps 
Asita,  with  an  ntnbrcllaover  bishead,  into  whose  hands  she  bat  given 
an  infant.  Al  his  left  side  is  a  chief,  with  (lut-to&piHl  crown,  who 
seMna  to  listen  with  great  delight.  Behind  is  a  uy-flap-bi-nrer  also 
intently  listening.  In  the  door,  to  the  left,  ia  a  porter,  and  beyond 
the  door  is  anothor  figure  n-ith  a  beggar's  bead-arpigs,  but  ha  is  not 
in  wbito.  Dcbind  birn  are  a  roiui  and  woman,  and  Ik-Iow  two  people 
speaking  to  one  anotbor.  To  the  right  of  tliu  ehit^f  lady,  stands  her 
maid  leaning  forward,  and  before  ber  a  boy  or  pigmy.  Behind  the 
nuiil,  to  the  right',  sit^  a  man  with  a  very  large  head*dreK*  and 
perluip«  young  SbAkyaniuiii  before  him.  This  picture  ia  full  of  life. 
A  largo  piec<>  of  painting  below  seenm  aa  if  left  uuSnisbiMl,  with  tho 
figiirea  outlined  in  red. 

}G.  Over  the  coU-door  a  bcu'gar  holds  a  lotus  ficiwor  towards 
four  Buddhas,  and  between  the  duorn  of  the  second  and  third  colls 
are  eleven  lines  of  imagcfl  of  SbAkyamuni,  ten  in  each  row,  all  xefite^l 
on  lotuses  and  in  red  clothing.  The  last  line  aeema  to  have  been  oC 
a  different  colour  from  the  rest. 

1 7.  On  the  back  wnll,  between  the  left  chapel  and  the  auteebamberi 
a  )ar^  KMkyuinuui  ia  sealed  under  a  mango  trL>e,  with  an  Indra 
CD  1u3  right  and  a  Bodhisaltva  on  bis  left.  Uis  feet  rest  on  a  white 
iMos  ;  a  worshipper  is  below  a  iittlo  to  the  left.  Across  tho  t»p  are 
seven  Sbiikynmtinis  in  various  nttitude.",  each  on  a  lotus,  the  stales 
being  bronght  up  hxini  below.  <>n  each  side  of  the  sacred  troo  are 
two  8h/ikyiiuiunia,  the  one  pair  darker  than  the  other  aud  one  of  each 
pair  iu  the  same  attitude.  Below  these,  on  each  side,  were  two 
pairs  men',  now  nearly  obliterated.  Below,  ou  the  right  si^o,  is  a 
pale  colonrud  Sh^kyiunnni  M>atcd  cross-legged,  his  hands  iu  tho 
taschiug  attitude,  with  two  attendant  tty-dappent.  Below  ia  a 
pointed  inscription  in  letters  of  about  the  sixth  century..' 


Chi^ter 

PliMi  of  Inter 

AiAjivA  Cinj 

Caro  f  I. 


<  Tbe  iiwenption  h  rautlUUil.  A<  mu-botlt  w hj>*  benn  Inatbtdil  mna  .  Ilia 
^  the  'intifal  gift  of  tho  rav«ren<l  SbAkyK  IriM  IIaildluigu|<tii  liVtet«i«  w  tl,«  „^i 
<4  thii  let  that  bs  (ot  kll  beiii|{i 


&24 


D15TB1CT5. 


la.  The   mrf  m|  ifca  ■■liihiiiilBi  to  lb*    •farine  ia  besotifuilf 
droo<»t«d.    Tb  ilwiig ii  ■•  bmlj  and  bnUl;  p*mi-d,  and  wben  seen 
' ikn ooaditiaMm  wkncb it  was  jawnded  to  be  eeeo.  Uio  i 

_        Bt  ■  that  cJ   ooi 
bvotbBoadT^lMwidroga^atioadanMmeiit.  mth  iba 


excet 


of  tfce  (MtM  «sd  praciBBl  oba  wkick  fwkw  oiuk  ef  s  natur 


,o<lanbi,  of  tklata^aadaUMrBowere.     Tbefuarcurntin 
HC  anrfy  i»gptu6o—  of  ana  aiKjtker.    Tb«  two  binis,  iritli 
^oBiBt  rratti  ol  cmiTentioaal  acratta  ami  taila  of  tbs  aamu  characl 
aiT  *— ~**"**j  BsC  vitk,  botk  tmmi  and  painted.     Tb«  pieco  of 
ia  waO  dnvra  ta  Ae  povtioa  «{  pnri  «<  tba  end.    Tbs  walls 
cuwgcd  wilb  aaBUpaiBled  Icwoa  of  EbAkratnotu.     Atnn&g  those 
oa  lihe  rtitbl  knod  aiae  o<  ibe  nnae-dour  ant  fra^raenu  uf  a  painted 
Miffiplina,' 

19.  In  tbe  •bitDtf,  na  tbe  froal  wall,  tm  tbo  r^l  band  aidv 
tbo  door,  is  a  Bodhtaattra  ia  tba  dreaa  of  a  chief,  like  the  ri, 
hand  gafcBkw|»Ma  at  Bara.  aod  with  tara  Bale  aneodanta.  Od 
left  isAnkikilaabTaia  with  ajnj;  in  Us  left  bud  aDdadeerakio 
hit  IbR  ahoolder.  The  mAe  nlla  an  oorand  wiib  Sb^Ucjatmuus, 
in  three  liaea  oi  foor  each,  with  attendaBta  witbout  fl/^fiapa  and  oil 
with  glD<ie«.  Tb«  ruof,  which  is  twclre  feet  high,  is  also  painted. 
Aa  it  is  almuat  totaQr  dark,  it  is  nsMiiiaUv  to  infer  that  tbe  urifnnal 
aMBtbaTebeeaazecided  b;  meauauf  artificial  Light.  On  eDtcriog  lh« 
aaBCtaunr  with  a  Ugfat,  the  effect  prodnoad  ia  out?  uf  i^xtremo  richDesa, 
Iha  floatm^  fignna  in  the  apandrila  etandingcait  with  alartltn^  effect, 
neat  Sgvrm  arv  tirinpns  their  ffifta  of  Bowers  lo  prv-seni  to  the 
gigantic  ShUrauiuiu  btilow.  TW  wivatb  of  flowers  is  adtnirably 
paintad  and  the  baad  of  black  and  whit<i  with  ita  varied  eiiu[>lo 
omawent  is  a  meet  happy  idea,  giving  additional  Talne  to  tbe  rosX 
of  tbc  difa)^.  Tbi'  rrc  wvald  hatr  been  satiated  by  the  amount  of 
cdMir  wvre  it  Dut  far  tho  tvliof  it  dvriveid  from  tbe  imposition  of 
ibis  baud. 

20.  iia  ih«  back  wall  of  tbe  cave,  between  thi<  aut«clt»m{ker  and 
tight  side  chapol  has  bwa  a  large  Sgora  of  lodta  on  a  bill.  On  bis 
mt  waa  a  swwd^bcarer,  a  yellow  dwarf  at  bis  Coot,  and  throe  otbur 
attendants  on  his  left.  On  bis  right  were  a  woman  and  anotlwr 
figure.  AbuTc  tbL<m  is  a  wuniaii,  apparently  nearly  naked,  leaning 
to  the  left,  noil  still  abow  i»  ihv  arm  of  another  better  covered. 
On  t^  right  »ido  above  an  a  cbtrub  autl  an  angul  sailing  in  tbo  air 
townrxU  Indru's  h«ad.  ~ 


tdP 


*21.  iu  tbe  left  bock  cb^«l  on  tbo  l«ft  band  wall,  along  the 
from  left  tu  right,  are  two  pairs  uf  women  looking  down  from  two 
wiodonrs  upou  the  scone  below.  In  the  middle  ia  a  red  man  Boating 
ou  cluuJ»,  Bud  to  the  right  a  cherob  and  ai^ angel.  Below  are  three 
ix>tii|>nftiiiculs  uf  u  builditig.  On  the  left  sido  of  tho  middle  one, 
loauiog  against  Lha  dividing  pillar,  is  a  tall  woman  of  a  deep  olaj 


I  Aa  niMfc  M  ha*  l«ra  tnniluari  raoB  i  Th*  «haritaMa  Mii)ciifttkiii>  of  tbe  Shtk] 
BMddicuit  BlMdjuU  Dbftmuibtta.     M>t  Ui*  iD«ril  of  thii  to  Ui«  bum  at  MtMnn. 
Ill  MipraiiM  knovbdgc  to  raotber  md  fnUicr,  «mI  to  sU  beings      Dr.    BUn  lUji 
J«iir.  Bott.  Br.  Roy.  As.  Soe.  VIL  53-M. 


1 


J 


KUANDBSE. 


&25 


•lour,  vrilh  jvwollod  hiwd-dross  and  rich  Btriped  robe,  vpeftking  to 

fv>tn&lt)  on  hur  Ittfl.      Bu-hind  this  odo  ftguin  is  a  third  lady  ol 

Tike   roin[>)oxioii   with  th«  flrHl,  kulditi^  up  a  child  which  wean 

■Uickiii^,  and  who  seems  to  wish  to  ^  to  the  Srsl.     In  front  is  & 

fourth  pasHinff  to  tho  ri^ht  and  looking;  back  to  tho  first  lady,  la  the 

^  door  to  the  right   i»  thu  [M>rlt;r,  am)  in  u  door  fiu;iiig  him    i»  a  bald 

with  a  cloth  over  Iiis  ahouIderHaod  another  round  his  loins, 

a  white  coloured  disciple  carrying  a   bag   and   begging   from 

'  port«r.     Dcforu  thu  first  lady'in  tho  h-ft  com  port  mvnt,  arv  three 

Toiuvn  and  (our  children  or  dwarfn.     Tho  fitir  lady,  to  the  left, 

Jit  jewelry   in   her  hand,  the  Heoand  is  dark,  and  the  third  rod 

and  h'.ilda  a  flowor  tckscI.     The    lirHt  boy  has  a  viwsol  on  his  back 

held  by  a  string  owr  lii^  Hhonhler ;  thu  dark  ono  in  front  h-ilils  a 

long  dush  ;  the  fciirth  in  white  and  hiM  n  dark  sauih  na^.ting  iiv<;r  his 

L^ffaonlders  and  under  and  over  his  arms.     Uehind  all  stands  the 

Hporter  in  white  clothoa,  with  a  finger  of  his  left  hand  raised  and  tho 

^"fnlm  of  thu  right  hvld  out,  as  if  explaining. 

22.  On  the  right  sido  of  this  chant:!  the  same  tall  lady  teems  to 
reappoitr  in  Ihi;  left  side  of  tbe  central  compartment,  her  right  hand 
rained,  and  liie  left  acrou  tho  body.  Behind  her  ar«  four  women 
in  lin«,  two  of  them  beyond  the  pillar,  and  the  front  one  of  a  dark 
green  ramplexion.  The  next  two  are  fair ;  the  third  claspH  the  pillar ; 
and  the  fourth  is  nMldish,  nith  a  white  bodice.  In  front  of  the 
green  maid  is  another  ix^ddioh  maid  her  ponton  covered,  and  holding 
Dp  a  box;  and  behind  her  is  a  l>()y  or  dwarf.  Uefon*  tbe  fourth 
woman  is  auntbvr  dwarf  female  with  a  bag  in  her  hand ;  and  behind 
all, on  thu  right,  in  it  whit^vvested  porler  with  a  stick  in  his  hand, 
and  with  a  hmg  pointed  motuttacho.  On  tlieleftareawhiteandagroen 
woman,  and  in  front  a  red  and  a  green  female  dwarf.  In  the  hands 
of  the  luttor,  who  looks  back  towards  the  lady,  is  a  ftowortray.  To 
the  left  of  thcae  is  ■  man  dressed  in  light  ootutirMl  clothes,  who  is 
addressing  them.  Abore,  in  the  centre,  two  ladiea  and  a  boy  look 
from  a  window ;  to  the  right  is  a  cherub  and  an  angel ;  and  to  the 
^loft  a  paakcd  roof. 

^p    23.     The  ceiling  of  t]iis  smalt  chamber  is  painted  with  great  tast& 

^^The  general  arrangement  is  similar  to   the  cuatntt  area  in  all  the 

other  toots,  consisting  of  bands  between  concentric  circles  inscribed 

in  a  H((uan).     The  onu-rmost  band  is  composed  of  diamond-ahaped 

forma,  filled  in  wilh  grolc«que  beads.     The*©  forms  are  connected  by 

jewelled  bosses,  from  which  nuliates  floriated  work.     The  next  band 

IS  filled  in  with  conventional  foliage  most  beauUfally  and  delicately 

dmwn,  goldun  in  lone,  on  a  black  gronnd.     Then  comes  a  band 

with   a   procession  of  gveso,  the  interspNces  fitted  with  different 

coloured  flowers,  also  on  a  black  ground.     If  this  band  is  carefully 

examined  all  round,  it  wifl  be  seen  how  pleasingly  tho  flp#db  has 

bi'cn  ftlU'd,  how  vanod  is  tho  action  of  cacn  bird,  and  how  well  liBS 

bwn  reiidt-rt-ii  tlw  puculinr  chanictnristic  movements  of  the  gooeo^ 

f      This  band  alone  will  give  a  fair  notion  of  the  amount  of  obaetration 

Hrerjatrrd  before  a  result  so  admirable  could  have  been  attained.     In 

^  the  oontre  of  the  design  was  a  rosette,  tho  i<lca  taken  from  the  lotus. 

Taking  the  comens  of  the  sfjuare  diagonally,  tbe  trianguUir  spacM 


Cha; 
Flaceai 
Ajani 


[Bamtuy  GurttNT, 


52C 


iptor  XIT. 


DISTRICTS. 


Wdrlli 


of  tvo  are  filled  witli  gnitesqae  hondii  wttb  (frinniD;  boes, 
task»,  ttnd  twisted  buru.    Od  either  side  of  each  head  ia 
irurk,  *pmffiag  fruot  other  grotcsane  heads,  whii^h  biv  wt>U  wtirili 
etudy.     The  onuuDcnt  of  Uio  third  triangnlar  spaoe  i»  L\imf 
o{  a  bumao'budinl  cnnlure,  titra(wling'  with  a  ilmu^m,  both 
which  termioaie  in  fluriated  work.     I'he  colour  aiwj  drawing 
considemiflj   faded.      The   oroatnent   filling   the   foartb  apace      ^ 
sdmirabljr  deaigiied  and  (Itrwd,  comtisung  at  a  drajron   Btta<^lc(<(^ 
by  aaotbcr  mytbologival  asimai.  *  The  bodies   of  btrili  are   tiuil^ 
coTvrvd  by  acalea  and  they  eod  in  donated  work,  very  similar  to 
the  oonreatioiial   foliage  empluyi-d  to   irprvKcut   the  "»»»'' '"g  n^ 
heraldry  during  the  middle  sges.  ^H 

24.     In  the  fiirretipi'Ddins:  chapel,  to  the  ri^hl  of  the  shrine,  are- 
two  paioied  eccues,  in  which  tho  principal  figures  are  repreeODled 
ID  thi<  tame  light,  red  ocbry  linti»  dh  u  dark  gnxind,  ns  those  in 
chapel  jitst  described  :  perliaps  tbey  are  of  later  datts  Ihaa  tho  ot 
paiotiDgs.     On  the  left  side  are  five  female  figures  among  hiUa ; 
first,  on  the  left,  in  a  very  thin  drcvs,  atandn  jafL  bt-foro  a   plant 
tree;  the  socoad  and  third  have  corious  wrcuhir   hcnd-4rrMPfl,  Mia 
that  of  the  lady  sculptured  on  the  adjoining  back  wall  of  ()i«   nx^iin. 
The  fir^t  baa  a  bag,  the  second  a  cnskvt,  [icrhnps    eoutaining  relics, 
and  at  their  feet  Kit  four  small  figures  like  bo}>,  but  with  women's 
head-dro«*e*.     The  third  lady  has  some  small  object  in  Iier  li'ft 
hand.     The  foorih  wears  a  tiara  and  leads  by  the  baud  a  child 
canying  a  stick,  while  a  bigger  one  followa.     Abore  the  nictur 
on  the  li.'ft,  nrv  two  derotees  in  |he  clonds  with  their  hands  joinedj 
in  the  oeutre  is  a  oonrentiooal  care ;  and  on  the  right  aro  two  flj 
figures. 

2b.     Tlie  right  lide  of  the  Ti>oin  is  punted  in  the  same  stylo.     A. 
chief,  on  tlie  left,  sita  on  a  circular  mat,  and  a  tall  fiy-fiapp«r  with  a 
ronnd  head-dress  stands  on  his  left.     From  tho  right  two  ladies 
approach,  naked  to  tho  wniat,  tho  last  bearing  a  flowor-traj,  and 
behind  her  is  a  plantain  tree.      Between  the  tly.tlapper  and  tfaeeo  is 
a  man  carrying  a  bow  and  hastening  towards  the  chief,  wbile  he  looks 
round  and  speaks  to  tba  woman.     Below  stand*  another  fly>flAppen 
also  a  woman,  and  beside  ber  are  three  children,  one  earrving  som 
large  object.     On  the  Kft,  Ix-low  the  chief,  are  three  men,  one  bearini 
a  cock  or  other  bird.    Above,  on  the  right,  are  jairts  of  two  figures  i 
thoVlonde,  one  with  a  flower ;  and  on  the  left  a  Eat  figorv  lookin 
towards  the  sculpture  on  the  back  wall. 

2t>.  The  ceiling  of  this  small  room  is  an  ailinirnblc  specimen  <J 
omameutal  design,  ttipeciall^  the  four  spandrilw,  each  differentjj 
dosignod  with  a  monster  ending  in  tloriated  scrollet,  a  treatment 
chnmctertMtic  also  of  RomAn,  mediieval,  »nd  Txtaaifisance  art.  The 
Buddhists'  love  of  variety,  as  exemplified  in  thc««  spandril'i,  afford;* 
«  good  loaon  to  a  modem  omaincnlisl,  who  would  dq  satisfied  with 
designing  one  apandril  only,  and  filling  the  rest  by  stencilling 
or  some  other  meclianical  means.  Were  tlu-re  nothing  Ittft  of  the 
paintings  but  these  two  small  ceilings,  iLoy  would  be  enosgh  to 
show  the  very  high  state  to  which  decorative  art,  lx>th  in  design  and 
"cation,  bad  reached  during  the  age  of  Buddhism. 


■;uiitl 

.•turo^ 
ined^l 


I 


J 


KHANDESn. 


627 


27.  To  tho  right  of  the  back  pilaster,  in  the  right  aid«  aialo  of 
tbc  hall,  is  u  spottod  dwr  «t4iudiiig  on  the  odgB  of  a  conveDlionat 
river ;  luitl  agftiu,  in  the  rirer,  is  a  iniiii  luuigiiig  nvor  tho  ImicIc  of  the 
deer  who  is  carrying  him  across.  Above  this  th<>  painting  hi  too 
nitich  defied  to  he  made  out,  ext^cpt  that  another  deer  appearit.' 

38.  Tho  rvmaiDdor  of  this  wall  hoars  ono  of  tho  tnost  interoeting 
groupn  of  pictures  left  in  tho  mvett.  Below,  bctweon  tlio  second 
and  third  celUdoora,  is  a  chiefs  retinue.  He  goea  ont  on  a  largo 
elephant,  the  umhrplla  of  stato  over  his  head,  and  thp  goad  in 
his  hniid  ;  hohind  him  is  nn  attcnditiit  with  the  ily-llitp ;  at  hia 
side  goes  «  .-imiilliir  fiU-pliatit,  with  a  rider  now  de^ed ;  iitid  before 
it  walks  a  man  with  some  load  in  a  bag  on  his  hack.  In  froift  to 
tho  left  live  horsos,  two  of  them  f^rcen,  advance,  the  men  on  the 
gn-on  horMs liHikiug  Iniick  to  the  vhivf.  lliorc  arc  also  fourteen  men 
on  foot,  of  whom  eleven  seem  to  be  soldiers,  some  carrying  oblong 
shiolde,  and  throe  round  shields  with  a  great  grinning  Gorgon  face 
painted  on  the  front  of  taich.  Two  above,  on  tho  oxtreme  left, 
have  Rwords  in  acahhards ;  nine  others  have  Nep&l  Nwords,  but  very 
long ;  other  two  men  play  fltites ;  and  one  beats  a  drum. 

29.  Between  the  first  and  second  ooll-door*,  below,  ia 
>prcsentud,  with  a  conventionafism  ivorthv  of  the  ('liiueso,  a  river 
with  many  Bsh  and  shells  in  it.  A  boat  witn  three  masts,  a  jib  sail, 
and  an  oar  behind,  and  lillod   towards  the  stern  wnth  ten  earthen 

i'ars,  carries  a  man  in  it  with  long  hnir,  who  is  prsnng.  Id  the 
inivcii  behind,  the  Moon,  a  figure  with  a  crescent  behind  him,  is 
repreoeuted  as  coming  to  him,  followed  by  another  figure.  A  Xilga 
chief  and  hia  wife  in  the  water  seem  to  draw  the  boat  back ;  aud 
in  tho  water  below,  is  another  figure  n-ith  a  hiimun  hiful  and  long 
tail.  On  tlte  left,  on  the  shore,  to  which  the  boat  ia  going,  is  n 
Buddha  and  a  figure  worshipping  him. 

SO.  Above  the  third  coll-duor  a  lady  looks  from  a  balconv 
towards  tho  right.  Id  28,  to  the  left,  above  the  horseman,  a  chief, 
and  a  man  on  each  aide  of  him,  sit  on  a  eouch  lalking,  and  two  others 
sit  below,  oue  of  them  apparently  csplaining  something  to  the  chief 
before  whom  he  sits.  Iit-hiud  the  chief  stttnd  two  women,  one  with 
»  tlv.fiap,  and  a  third  on  the  exlreme  left  stands  lieliind  tho  seated 
man.  In  a  balcony,  to  the  right,  two  ladies  sit  lalking,  and  in  the 
court  below  is  a  horse;  on  tho  roof  of  tho  huJcnuy  is  ant^ber 
horso.  I'hi'  lior.ve  Hoems  to  Ih>  a  connecting  link  among  these 
pictures  and  appears  six  times.  In  a  pcilaco,  Mfi^in  to  the  right  and 
on  the  left  side  of  the  central  coil-door,  a  chief  sita  on  a  cushioned 
si-at  holding  a  (lower  in  hiit  right  hand.  Behind  biu  stand  four 
ladiei*,  one  h< 
robes,  and 

in  front  to  tho  left  i»  another  man  with  a  fillet  and  ni-ckliu;e ;   while 
a  third  comes  in  dressed  in  blue  blouse  and  Persian  head-dresa,  atKl 


£     »    IKJI^^'I        III       liin       IIUUI'       Uiau«4>  .^JVUIfU.        M.JU4      ItMUJU        ll/UT 

holding  a  flower  in  her  hand,  and  all  with  deep  braceleta, 
rich  jewelr^"^    On  the  chief'n  left  a  man  sits  belo*,  and 


Chapter  Z. 
Places  of  lab 

Ci>v«ll. 


■  Thia  in  pcrlia[«  mtknt  to  NprcMUt  one  at  iIm  t«B  (■««■  (liriliB  «f  BwiMbii.  Tha 
Blnuhct  SliijiH  1>M  ntvuIpliMviPkctibtd  villi  tli«  irocdtJfjjM  ^dtoix  yr  itmr  bulli. 
Bhuluit  Stu|i*,r>l, 


iBtmbaj  Qi 


SS« 


DISTRICTS. 


I  tbeu 
en  jfi| 

deM 


ZIT.      Bppuvntljr  wldreaaM  Ikf  cliief,  perlnps  respecting  tbc  honw  on 
oirXfttenct.  A^^  ^"  P**^  ^f*^  deMnbod,  a  chief  ur  f;Tvmt  inaa  and  prrhapil 
minister,  ami  raprcMrnted  sittinp  Miking  logctli«r.     Bviura  tbeu 
Mts  moMter  nwi  ap]Mr«nliy  nddreniiw  thm.     Two  women 
noted  in  front,  sed,  at  the  chief's  left,  Ibe  back  of  one  if<  txtrtm 
the  >pect&tor  ibowing  well  bow  ber  bair  i»  dienad.     fii^hind 
ehiof  ■!«  two  Women  ataading,  one  wi(b  a   %*flap,   uid   iuside  ' 
door,  to  tbe  Wi,  another  standa  laoklug  ftt  thi>  scenes.     Behind  thti 
man  who  aiu  before  the  two  principial  peraonages,  atands  nnntber  i^^ 
fillet,  jewelled  neokUee,  and  a  scnnty  dIoo  cloUi  about  i\u  loins,  ^H 
joet  bthind  bim,  the  bme  Uasdjt  on  tbe  roof  of  tbe  balcony  abBO^' 
meittiooed.      Above  this  two  men  sit  on  grase  or  on  a  green 
and  before  them  is  a  long  board  with  a  Inie  down  lht>  miildtw 
and  divided   into   twelve  aqtuuve    acroae,  twenty-uxir  iu  aU. 
the  riff  ht  of  the  board  Bome  grvat  man  ata  with  another  beyond  him. 
Right  in  front  a  woman  is  seated,  looking  towards  the  Grst  of  t]iq||L 
two.   A  apnoo  aboot  a  foot  wide,   with  rock  in  it,  ov«r  a  hci^| 
&cingthe  next,  diridea  this  from  tbe  following  palace  scene.     InlF 
Bome  important  peieoa^e  sits  on  a  low  seat  and  another  on  bis  right 
OD  a  cbintz-coTeied  coabion.      To  their  right  sits  a   Naga  chief 
and  speaks  to  tbe  man  on  the  seat,  while  llie  other  liAteos.     Two 
women  also  sit  behind  the  Ni^  chief  and  listen.     In  a  balcony, 
to  the  right,  and  a  little  abore,   nre  two  women  and  a  l>oy,  and  i^& 
window  below,  a  man  and  woman  are  seated.    To  tbe  right  of  '^M 
is  a  door,  in  front  of  which  ia  a  bortte  ridden  bv  a  man,  and  beyoflV 
the  horse  steps  lead  to  the  palaoe,  np  which  tlie  man  is  repreaented 
aa  having  ridden.     Below   tuo  iit-air,  and   to   tbe   right,   is  a   shed 
and  a  ladjr  swinging  bcntelf  in  it,  while  another,  or  tlio  Bame,  leans 
against  a  pillar  of  the  shed  and  speaks  to  a  roan  or  woman  who 
leads  a  horse  towards  her  from  tbu   left ;  tbe  horse  being  at  the 
upper  right  hand  side  of  the  second  oell-door.     A  little  to  tho  right 
oi  the  lady  in  the  swing,  on  some  raiaed  place,  ait  a  Nfiga  chief      '*' 
five  iinake  hoods  and  his  minister  with  three.     Tbe  chief  stret 
bis  right  hand  towards  four  Indie*,  who  addrees  him  from  (he 
while  the  minister  inclinea  his  bead  towards  tliem  an  if  pic 
Abore  the  awing,  alrelching  to  tho  roof  of  the  cave,  ia  a  sc«no 
which  sits  a  Nitga  chief  to  the  right  and  his  wife  on  his  right ;  a 
woman  stands  behind  each.     Two  men  ait  heFi<ru  the  chief  on  th«r 
left,*ODe  of  them  on  a  seat;  and  U}  the  right  are  aNAga  woman,  and 
J  Nitga  man  with  two  snake  hoods  ovor  his  bead.     (Xtside,  to  tbe 
rif(ht,  sit  other  two  men,  jnat  over  the  other  Naga  chief  and  his 
minister.     All  thoHC  attendants  sit  in  a  circle  round  tho  oi*iitral 
Niiga  chief  and  bia  wife. 

31.,To  the  right  of  the  lastaretwo  diKoiples  following  a  be^ 
Above  are  two  holy  men  flying  in  the  air.  A  man  nppnjachr 
worship  the  beggar  with  a  wator-pot  in  his  hand.  Behind  him 
two  otoeni  bearing  flower  traya,  and  with  them  stand  three  won 
all  paying  reverence  to  tho  beggar.  To  (he  right  of  this 
between  it  and  the  pilaster  is  a  building. 

32.  Below  tho  beggar  in   the  la.**!,  and  to  the  right  at  tho  M 
chief  and  bis  minister  in  the  one  before,  are  two  women  with 


'I 


KHANDESa 


amatcnuu,  od«  plairm?  od  large  cymbals,  one  on  Uie  much,  ou^      Cbftpt«r 
bloving  a  loDg  atraight  trumpet,  «no  ixiutiiig  admin  haag  by  a  piice> oTihUm 
oord  over  hU  sboaidera.     It  in  uut  clearwhat  the  tiflh,  who  ha«  a 
moaatocbe,  plays  upon.    Another  man,  kisbltieand  white  wautdoUi,       A**jre*C*v^ 

vtuulit  before  tlto  ant  twn  womoo.                                                 *  '^*°  ^H 

33.  Under  tho  preoediog  scenes,  etretehing  firom  the  first  to  the  ^M 
BBoond  cell-dour,  iii  a  iMirios  ot  piotarea  just  ovrr  tho  ship  in  29,  which  ^^^H 
•eem  intended  aa  repreaetitatiiiitM  «f  what  went  on  ontside  the  palaoo  ^^^^| 
walU,  whUe  what  baa  been  depicted  above  is  laid  within.  Under  the  ^^^| 
Sigt  chief  and  hi«  miniatcr  vs  the  ^rciit  door  of  a  pataoe  in  which  ^^^H 
fcwo  women  are  repr<!»enl4xl,  ih«  one  on  the  right  wearing  a  petii-  ^^^H 
coat  striped  bine  and  black,  and  holding  a  bason  in  her  hanch  at  ^^^| 
which  tliu  othvr  looks.  To  tha  left  of  the  dour,  and  a  titllu  lower,  ^^^H 
a  gr«at  tnan  and  hia  ooinpnuiijiw  adTnnoe  towiirdit  it,  hia  left  baud  ^^^H 
(aid  on  that  of  his  altondaut.  The  first,  near  the  door,  looks  back  ^^^^| 
and  t-arm-s  an  <>blon^  Mhield  and  tbu  usual  bliio  NopAlcKU  sword.  ^^^H 
Two  follow  close  Ixtbind  liiin,  one  nl^o  looking  back  towards  tJia  ^^^H 
big  man.  B«yond  these  stands  another,  also  looking  towards  him.  ^^^H 
Tbvn  comvs  tun  principal  personage  and  an  attendant  on  oitbor  ^^^H 
aide,  while  in  front  i*  a  ston'ant  with  blue  loinclotli  carrring  a  ^^^H 
loaded  tray.  Behind  follow  two  women,  one  with  a  striped  petti-  ^^^| 
ooat,  the  otbor  with  a  donble  fillet  ur  snood  in  her  hair.  An<I  in  ^^^H 
tlie  compartments  of  a  balcony  above  sit  lbrc«  figures,  perbapA  ^^^H 
mnncians.  To  the  left,  in  a  house,  two  women,  one  at  least  of  high  ^^^H 
mnk,  sit  talking,  while,  from  within,  a  lady  comm  witli  a  Uoap«d  ^^^H 
basoo,  and  in  front  of  bcr  aimtbor  dcKcrnds  iho  liteps  which  arejnst  ^^^H 
tti  the  hc«ls  of  the  great  man's  rcunuo  above  described.  To  the  ^^^| 
right  side  of  the  palace  door,  and  at  tho  edge  of  the  door  of  ^^^H 
the  first  oell,  is  auotner  bouse  in  which  ia  tuten  a  begg&r  on  a  seat.  ^^^H 
To  his  left  sits  another,  perhaps  bis  disciple.  Before  tho  first,  and  ^^^H 
to  the  left,  nrv  seven  men,  and  in  the  foreground  two  women,  all  ^^^H 
seated  with  their  bands  clasped,  lite  MOODd  uian  is  dbtiognished  ^^^H 
by  a  fdlet  in  his  hair  and  be  and  another  aft  od  blue  cushionv,  tho  ^^^H 
rest  on  the  gr'junil.  He  beggar  is  giving  them  a  sermon,  to  which  ^^^H 
all  listen  attentivoly.  On  the  right  of  the  fintt  eell^door  sit  a  ^^^H 
gr«at  man  and  bis  wife,  and  two  women  stand  behind  thoni,  one  ^^^H 
wich  a  fiy-flnp.  ^^^| 

34.  On  the  front  of  the  pilaxter  ba»  boon  a  tall  male  Sgnro  with  ^^^| 
bare  legx,  n  woman  on  hia  left  and  a  fat  dwarf  on  his  right.  ^^^H 

35.  On  the  end  of  the  front  aisle,  in  the  upper  left  conur,  At.  ^^^H 
chiuf  sits  in  his  palace,  holding  a  naked  vtmigbl  sword  across  in  ^^^H 
b<ont  of  him.  At  hia  left  kuc«Is  a  lady  and  bermaid,  tholndy  with  ^^^H 
rich  waiatbvtt>  Tbu  maid  leans  her  head  against  her  hand  as  if  la  ^^^H 
Bonow,  the  elbow  resting  on  her  knee.  Before  the  chief  to  the  ^^^H 
right  and  similt>rly  dreased,  another  kneeling  lady  lays  her  I^ds  ^^^H 
on  bis  feet,  and  tonches  the  ground  with  her  bead  ns  if  eameatly  ^^^H 

Eressing  some  n^uest.     Beyond  her,  a  red-skinned  lady  raises  bar  ^^^H 

ands  to  her  faco  as  if  salnting,  asking  pardon,  or  besooching  faroar.  ^^^H 

and  to  the  right,  a  man  in  wbit«>aud'bluo  striped  kirtle  goes  out  of  ^^^H 

tiia  palace.     Outside  a  tall  man  sUnds  with  n  rod  or  epoar  in  bis  ^^^H 

Uad  and  in  striped  waiscdotb.     Behind  bim  aits  a  woman  in  groen  ^^^| 

a  411-07  ^^H 


'Dkcmi.I 


ehAndbsu 


thfl  appor  member  of  Ihu  oontio&,  at  tho  extreme  right,  tiro  monkey  a 
toe  carvixl.  TU«  frieze  ia  onuuuented  by  five  motleLit  of  the  U'mple> 
window,  three  oontaioiDg  Buddhu,  und  the  end  ones,  pairs  of  liunuui 
ligunw.  At  the  upper  coruerti  of  the  duor  are  figurcfi  xomewhat 
lue  goaU  rampant  ucidk  each  other,  and  which  have  had  riders, 
but  they  are  brokon.  To  t)iu  right  of  the  door,  nnd  betweeu  it 
aud  the  itrchitnive  of  the  wiudow,  there  is  a  Iwge  compartmoat 
wnilptared  with  a  I'srtuty  of  figuree  at  the  side,  aud  in  the  middlo  a 
large  one  of  PaJmiioaiii.  the  B^tlhiKattva  of  Amtt&hha,  the  fourth 
Jfngdni  or  divine  Buddha,  the  same  who  is  snroosed  to  be  iuoamate 
in  tho  Dalai  Lima  of  Lh&aa;  both  arms  uni  tirokua,  but  the  Sguns 
of  Aniiti'tbha  Ruddlut  in  oa  his  forehead.  The  head  is  surrounded 
by  a  glory,  and  the  remaios  of  the  lotua  may  bo  traced  ou  his  left 
hand.  The  compartmenta. fonr  on  ewhi<id«.  rt^prc-senttheBauddha 
Litauy.  lliis  limy  ho  rvRardud  an  an  ovideiico  of  the  lato  ape  of 
this  cave  approacbiiig  to  tii<i^  of  the  Dh^vada  at~HIurH  and  cave 
VII.  at  Aiiraugabad.'  There  are  also  pit'ctsa  of  sculpture  verjr 
similar  In  iLi.t,  behiud  uiioof  the  relic  ubnueii  in  ilie  muiuutury  to  the 
right  of  the  temple,  and  in  some  of  the  BmaHer  caves  at  Kiuiheri, 
and  hero,  two  veraioDs  outside  the  faca<lu  of  cave  ^X VI.,  as  well 
as  a  painted  one  in  cnro  XVII.  Above  thisTa  a  small  horso-shoe- 
shaped  compartment  with  a  Buddha  sitting  inside. 


Chapter 

Flaees  of  Inter 

Ajajta  Civs 
Uv*J 


'  ^ibkilipktfr  (' tfaonuuufditaillord'  or  'theoompntiaiiat*  lard'l  Bodliiuttrd, 
» often  wsotioiitd  bj  tho  Cbbtow  pibriin*  Fah'Hiui  uul  Hivoi  TIik 


M  pr 
M 


it  rtgftnM 

_   .  .     lim   and  wiriour  o(  iubd,  and  KconJiti^y 

lavolcw  in  kU  <■■(■  «f  dMi^cr  uul  disUva.  He  ia  4pparnitl]r  idcntusl  wTu 
P^dmm||fi_(tbo  boMwr  of  tbc  lotua).  of  Ncpdjoo  mytliorosr,  uij  ia  alvo  kiMwa 
hf  tiM  UMiM  of  KuiuUi,  FadnutluutA.  Pvbnlkara,  lUnnliiptei.  KunilBbwU, 
KAnwUkm,  AiyATalolcitsaliTAnt,  AtyHvalakMhrknt.  anil  l»kauAlha.  uid  by  th* 
CKiuM«  M  Kwna-laini-tau.  K.«->n-tbAi-via  hnd  'IheUreit  Coiiituatli'iiat*  Kuuiyin.' 
Bu  womliip  had  ui  vu\y  origin  in  IndlL  He  i>  alvays  nt|jr<M«iWd  in  Indian 
•nlptaro*  holding  k  lotui  (bUk  ia  duo  hand,  with  an  nMnin|{  bnd,  and  goocrally 
wltlt  a  nuanx  or  iowol  in  tlia  otKor.  Ilia  hair  ia  abandW  ■"■ifiOU  In  riuglata  «a 
bb  ahonTJitni.  an  J~uii  hja  farthwKl  ia  >  onall  fi^iuaof  iVm  :i'i..  itaiUIha  Um  lord  oif 
BoUiTiti.  ur  tbu  \V«tem  tl4ppr  Laud,  and  wbo  ui  Li»  J'Mir:li  Dnyini  ltuddh«j 
oon«i]Miiidl<nE  to  Uaatanw  anong  tbc  Munoehi  iiuddhaa.  l'itiliii^[Uuu  I*  nprewntod 
a*  tha  moutal  aou  aod  «x«inti<r«  miiiUttr  of  AiniUbha.  Ui«  Utfliiy  W%^ '  '  HaiJ  I 
Gnat  Compawionale  AvalokitMhrara  Bodhiiottva.  Thou,  our  omntpottdt  sad 
•maiaeiaot  Avakdutnhvu^  who  baat  parfeetvd  wcmdatoun  nurit.  aadart  puwiaaail 
•f  gfA  manf,  a-bo.  ia  nrtno  «f  thine  nifliuta  povtc  and  wiad^nn,  art  mninfcatod 
thien^out  tM  ouvetM  (or  tbe  dofonoa  and  protootiaa  uf  oil  <m>tiin«,  and  irho 
loadoat  all  to  Ibo  atfaunoMfit  of  boandlen  «udam  and  Uacbt*t  iliutn  tb«  rolo  of  |t''i'*« 

■cot^Bca*.     Tbou  wbo  pit>toct«at  na  cwr  from  the  eviL  wsy>  o(  birth 

who  diapallou  tconbloa,  oviJ  diitawa  sad  ignoranen.  who,  by  thy  power  at  apiritu^ 
POTMptiau,  art  aUe  to  appear  ahraya  to  anavM  prayor,  cauaing  tliat  which  in  doutm 

to  be  broimht  about vo  ador«  and  wordiip  the* All  haO  t 

Oreat  Coinp*«wonat«  Padmapiliti  iiodbiaattva,  Mahiaattva !  Prvja  the  dvrouring 
Bfo,  merciful  one,  deliror  u  1  Frota  th*  OKird  vl  lb«  i-neeay.  siercifnl  oaa,  datircr 
oat  From  captirity  and  riaygTi  meraltil  ouu,  delirfv  iik  FtaffiL_lhiiiarMk; 
wmptuwiouato  turd,  deliror  na.  *  Fnim  ■"'■'  hflr"  ff"*  poiMaoua  and  frun  •anged 
ammaU,  Groat  CompaHioiuiU  Lout  deliver  a*.  IWn  iimm^  aad  dwiUt.  Gr«at 
OwniiMMonaU  Lord,  deliver  oa.  Hail :  PsdMapAai  Budhiaattva  t  Hail  !  AnilUl>h> 
Ihiddiia.'  Thia  aton*  Litaay  ia  repeated  olacirhen  in  tbv  uavm  of  \Vi»lMni  bu-lia.  tnit 
En  noinataiumyiulKIXaKaleor  botlcrexeontedthan  in  «ve  Vll.  at  AuTangaba>l 
In  oavc  11 1.  St  Elan  It  appnuv  nn  tfac  fwnt  wall  on  a  aiiiall  acJo.  ViWotdy  nn* 
■□ppJiut  ill  ■ruKli  caae,  without  tha  flnall  Qgum  of  I'adnuiptui  llyuiK  to  Itia  a;d  and 
Um  wboto  ■•  amoewhat  oUiterat«>d ;  and  in  a  cell  on  tbe  xnith  ai'Iu  of  earo  IV.  half 
^uottier  oupr  rvmaina.  It  alw  appear*  is  mora  than  one  ol  the  Kaahcri  oavna. 
BfiBtM'  Anbi  8ur.  Rvp.  lU.  73,70. 


rBoqbftjQi 


&82. 


DISTRICTS. 


Except  traces  of  %  stmll  Eraigmont  in  very  brillbnt  colour*  i 
tho  rCM>f  uf  Uto  ver&ndah  to  the  rigliC  of  the  ceutral  door, 
b  no  paiptJDtf  in  the  caro.  Portions  rrf  tbo  roof  ttini'lo  mppmr 
84  if  R  layer  of  Uto  rock  iutti  fallea  off  near  the  Erout,  and  the 
workmen  had  befraa  to  smooth  it  atfain  from  the  bock.  Jt  was 
Derer  Rnished.  Tho  antochambur  in  twuntj-4>nv  fcot  by  tbirtmn. 
On  ench  «ido  of  tbe  tibriae-duor  iaa  large  standing  SbtUnumuni,  and 
on  each  end  wall  of  tho  antechaiqjjer  are  two  similar  figures;  but, 
with  the  i-hrino  and  ocllx,  it  ti*  much  infested  with  baM.  Tba 
Sh^lci^amuni  in  the  iihrine  ia  in  the  nsu^  teaching  jmstore,  tbe  left 
hand  attendant  holding  a  lotus  in  his  left  hancl.  Tho  wheel  and 
deoi^aru  in  frrmt,  nnii  a  g>^'<>p  of  woTHhippera  are  gwlherwl  nl 
each  corner  of  ihe  throne.  The  hall  is  eiKiity-aeven  feet  sqoare, 
and  is  Mnppnrtod  hy  twcmty-eight  colantns,  toroo  fo«t  two  inches  to 
three  fe«t  three  inches  in  diameter,  of  the  same  Ktyle  as  in  the 
Teraodah,  plninj  and  without  the  elabomte  tracerr  in  naree  I.  and  II., 
but  with  a  doeii  architrave  over  ibcm,  »»  in  the  Ghatotkach  care, 
which  raises  the  roof  of  tiie  care  considerably.  The  Front  aiale  ia 
ninety-seTOO  feet  long  and  has  a  cell  at  each  end. 


Cave  V.  is  tbe  Wginningof  a  moniMt^ry,  the  vemndnh  of  which 
ia  45^  feet  by  eight  feet  eight  inches.  Of  the  four  pillars,  only  one 
is  nearly  fiiii»hi?d,  and  it  i«  of  tbe  same  style  as  those  of  the  last 
care,  only  shorter  and  with  a  square  ba-te.  The  door  hus  an 
architrave  round  it,  divided  into  six  compartments  on  each  aide,  and 
each  titled  by  a  pair  of  lilandiog  figures  in  various  attitudes.  In 
the  liaiol  are  nine  diviaionn,  thie  nnttml  one  with  a  Buddha  and 
attondants,  and  the  others  with  pairs  of  seated  fij^res.  'Pvo  very 
neat  coIonettf^H  sup^mrt  the  frimv  in  which  are  five  temple-window 
omainenta.  <>ut<(ide  is  a  roll-pattern  and  a  border  of  Ic-Avos.  At 
the  npper  oomers  these  are  earned  ontwards,  so  as  to  surround  a 
woman  standing  on  n  dtitton  under  foliage  of  tbe  athoka  and 
mango,  and  attended  by  a  owarf.  'I'be  left  window  is  also  richly 
carved,  but  scarcx^ly  any  progress  has  been  made  inside. 

CavbTL  Cave  VI.,  perhaps  one  of  the  latctt  in  the  twri4>«,  is  a  two-storied 

monairtcry.  From  tbe  lower  storey  the  whole  of  the  verandalTltas 
bllen  away.  The  outer  wall  is  panvtlc<)  under  the  four  1ar)n' windows 
which  light  a  hall,  fifty-tlirce  feet  (our  iocbes  wide  and  fifty-four 
feet  ton  inchoM  <)ee)>,  (lio  front  au<]  back  aisles  bein^  alxtnt  seventy- 
ono'^eei  Umg,  with  chambers  at  tbe  ends  of  each  eight  feet  by  ton. 
jbis  care  has  boon  used  a«  a  oook-room  and  is  much  mined.  The 
columns  aro  urr-Angud  in  four  rown  af  four  each,  sixteen  in  a]l, 
bat  only  seven  are  now  stajiding  with  four  thin  pilasters  in  theiines 
of  the  rows  on  each  wall.  Five  colnmns  have  fallen  within  the  last 
ftniyveam.  Between  the  pitaatera  are  thryo  ehambers  on  Doch  side, 
aach  tally  eight  feet  by  nine, and  all  with  nichea  in  thcirbock  walls. 
The  pitlarM  am  nbnul.  thirteen  feet  high  without  bases,  plain  octagons 
to  about  three-fourths  of  their  height,  aad  above  that  sixtoon-sided, 
with  a  cincture  under  a  sixtoon-sided  fillet  at  tbe  top;  imitation  beaina, 
two  or  three  inches  deep,  run  from  one  pillar  to  another.  The  colunms 
ia  front  of  the  antechamber  are  not  anUke  thoi«e  in  Iho  portioos  of 
cave  Vn.     The  ant«chumbcr  is  thirteen  feet  four  inches  deop,  nod 


DMCtBl 


KHAXDBSH 


tlu  BOnctnary  is  t«D  fpot  by  15^.   ThefiK^re  of  SbilcymntinJ,  wliicb  hsa 
Bpp&renilir  \>iHsa  paintvd  blnu,  in  i<«atv^  in  tliD  letichin^  attitude,  on 
»  pedeatsl  three  feet  high,  wiik  the  wbeel  aud  amall  deer  in  front  and 
•npport«d  »t  tbv  comers  bj  lions  :  th«  usual  nttvtidiuiU  are  wauting. 
It  ia  separate  from  the  back  vol],  alouf  th^  upper  part  of  which  is  a 
reoeee.     The  door  to  the  aanctuary  ia  alighily  arcbod  witli   dnigotta 
At  the  spring  of  the  nrch,  him]  a  NAga  figure  wilh  two  att«udaiit8 
imder  the  centre  of  it.     The  stair  iu  the  from  aisle,  Ivading  to  ibo 
npper  surey,  hiut  bocn  broken  away  b«low.     It  latidn  in  lli(-  verandah 
above.     This  veraitdah  ha»  been  itupportvil  by   four  columns  aad 
two  piUuriors,  of  which  only  one  remains.     Above  tho  stair  landing, 
many  nmnll  Buddluw  and  two  relic  shrinos  are  cur\-e<l  uu  the  walls. 
OiiUide  the  verandah  are  cbapeU  with  sculptured  Uuddhae.     Thero 
are  aUo  at  each  end  of  the  verandah  open  chamber*  with  carved 
pillani,  and  inoido  thu   chambers  arc  rooms,   onch  eleven   feet  by 
nine,     7'lie  hall  ta  fifty-three  fi>et   wide  by  fifty  feet  deep  aoA  l\\ 
bi^h,  Bupportvd  by  twelve  plain  eolnmns,  encloeingtho  asual  square 
area.     I'liu  pilliirs  have  e<|uaru  bnseii  and  octagonal  shafut,  changing 
to  square  under  the  bracket  capitals,  wbich  are  sculptured  with 
fignresofSh^kyamnni  in  small  recesses.     Oppo«it«  thvcuQtral  inter- 
space of  each  sido  and  at  thu  end  of  the  loft  aisle   are   chambers  or 
cnapeU  with  pillars  in  front,  each  leading  to  an  inner  cell.     There 
are  also  thriw  colts  on  each  side,  and  one  at  tho  end  nf  tlie  right 
aisle.     Over  the  chapol,  in  the  left  end  of  tho  front  ainlo,  the  frieze 
is  carved  with  elepbantu,  spiritedly  cut,  one  of  them  kilting  a  tiger. 
A  portion  of  the  right   ai^le  has  never  been  clciarcd  to  ibo  level 
of  the  floor.     'Ihv  auU-chiiinbur  ts  sixteen  feet  by  8).    The  plain 
octagon  pilUtrs  in  front  of  it  have  each  a  goat>rampant  brackoL 
This  room  has  tall  standing  Buddhas,   carved  in  roceMo*,  on  each 
aide  of  the  shrine-dour.     On  the  right  end  are  two  such  fignros 
with  a  group  of  worshippers  between ;  and  on  the  led  sido  is  one 
tall  Biiililhu  and  three  smaller  standing  and  thn^i  pqoatting  ones,  all 
in  recesseti.     'lliiB  cave  has  mon?  .x^-ulpturL-d  UuJdhae  than  any  other 
moiiaslory.     Many  of  Ihetn  are  standing.     On  the  btK^k  wall,  to  the 
left  of  the  antochainber,  is  another  standing  Ituddlia,  and  over  the 
left  chapel  seven  ^intUl  seated  ones  and  one  squatting.     The  chapel 
on  this  side  is  empty.     Ou  the  upper  part  of  the  loft  sido  wall  are 
fourteen  Buddhas,  mostly  seated,  and  outlines  of  three  relic  ahrineo. 
In  recesses  in  the  front  wall  aru   nino  Buddhas  of  various  sizes, 
ni4>«tly  on  lotuses  supported  by  N'^gas ;  iknd  along  tho  wall  h^^,  io 
the  riglit   aisle,  are  sixtoon  :<cated   Butldluts.     The  shrine  contajna 
tho   nsual  statue  of  Sliukyamuni  seated  in  the  tQucfaing  attitude. 
The  lions,  deer,  and  wheel  are  in  bas-ruliof.     The  usnal  attendants 
stand  on  oach  side  of  him ;  and  five  tall  standing  Buddhas  are  on 
each  side  wall,  beside«i«two  smaller  ones  above  ono  another ,on  each 
aide  of  the  door.     On  the  back  wall,  to  the  right  of  the  shrine,  are 
one  large  and  two  smaller  Buddhas,  and  thirteen  seated  ones  above. 
In  the  right  cluipel  is  a  Buddha  seated  on  a  lion  throne,  attended  by 
two  Bodhisattvae,)  witli  sognls  above  on  each  side.  On  tho  right  wall 

1  A  Bodhiuttva  JB  abniig  who  hu  vriTtil  •t*apM*>io  wwdoai,  l-odM,  tad  nt, 
•  lur  tliv  jjood  of  Dwa.  nmaiiut  a  uvalure,  tuffiw.    flu^  wwe  AvaloUtMliTar,  Mmn- 


Chapter 
PlacMoflntaK 

C«v.  VI. 


[Bof  tuj  Gi 


(34 


DisTRicra 


■a  nDKthKr  M'ftUx)  Buddhn  knil  art«QiJant,  uiifiiiiiib«d ;  on  the  V 
two  alauiiiu^'  Hiiiidliiut  of  difTfrvnl  liei^hls.     The  ctiapel  iu  tha  ci[    _ 
end  «>f  tho  front  niido  <;oi)l«iiiii  the  uviud  iinngv  and  attotxI&Dts,  and 
hiut  uver  iui  frutit  tlireo  toiudl  Jtuddkait  and  tire  ruliv  ithhiivK. 

TTie  few  fragmeoUt  of  raunling  nn  tho  back  wall  of  the  lower 
tHomy  ttod  in  tbo  nntir^MuiTH^r,  are  «o  smokod  that  oothing 
etM  bo  nuide  of  ihera,  escipt  tbut  s  larf^  palace  stieae  waa  on  tlio 
left  back  wall,  and  IndrH^liko  fi^ren  wirnt  nu  botb  Hides  of  ~ 
ehriDo-door.  Vhv  iipjier  »iorey  baa  been  painted,  but  tbo  pint 
haTe  nlino^it  entirely  disappwirwd.  Tbo  frool  of  the  chapel,  iu  tho 
right  end  of  the  front  atslv,  hiw  ktill  fTngiiivtit(<i  of  painting ;  ai 
inMidp,  tho  wn)U  bare  been  onrered  with  painted  BuddbaH. 
the  left  cltapel,  in  front,  on  each  eidu  of  the  oeU-door,  in  a 
Dmvidian  building,  a  monatitery,  ou  the  insido  of  th»  vorandah 
of  wbitih  ia  a  circular  ornament,  with  atringa  of  i>i>»rl.i  banging 
from  it,  and  tneidu  tho  looniMtvry  Ium  bi-en  a  seated  Buddha.  'Iliu 
fniein«Dt«  on  Iha  side  walla  have  beeu  Boribblud  over  by  tintiv^s 
and  are  acarcely  traceable.  Those  on  the  oataide  of  tbo  front  wall 
are  in  even  worse  condition.  The  pottom  can  be  made  out  on  parts 
of  the  ceiling. 


4 


I  TIL  Cato  YII.  itia  monniitery  somewhat  differing  in  type  from  any 

described.  In  front  of  tbo  vomndah  wer«>  two  ppychew.  each  Bnp|xi 
by  two  advancoil  ucl inforial  pillwrM  with  capitals  aoinuiv bat  like  thoal 
in  cavQ  11.  and  at  ijlephauta.  Tho  friexo  above  is  omamemod  with 
the  favoDrit«  tvmple* window  dtivicre.  The  verandah  moasnres  siKty- 
two  feot  Ion  inches  lon^,  by  tJitr^en  feet  aeveii  incb(,-H  wide,  and 
tliirteen  feet  six  incboe  high,  Tbare  iapoball^  but  ii!  the  back  wall 
are  four  colls  and  thv  anti^lutmbor  loading  to  the  shrine,  and  ni 
each  vn<1  of  lliv  vontudab  ai-e  rooms  at  ewtne  bright  abovo  tbe  floor 
with  two  pillHrH  iu  front,  each  room  opening  into  tbme  colls  about 
Hj  fei*t  souare.  Tbo  shrino  in  an  uTiv<]un1  four-stdud  room,  at  tho 
back  of  wnidi  ShAkyaniuni,  with  a  high  liiira  on  hiit  beail,  lo  seated 
» low  lion-chroue,  having  in  front  of  the  seat  two  lions  at  tlie  en 
and  two  antelopiTS  facing  each  other  with  a  t>iiinll  wh«<«1  botwi 
tbem.  Hilt  legs  are  crossed  under  him,  his  right  hand  ih  raiiwd  in 
tbe  blessing  posture,  and  his  loft  holds  his  robe.  From  Sehiud  tho 
imugu  a  dragon's  head  projects  on  each  nido  ;  there  ia  a  figured  halo 
behind  his  head,  and  much  carving  round  about  bim ;  a  nialv  ti 
tlap'bgarer  stands  on  cithor.  side  behind  tbo  dragon's  head;  and 
tbe  corners  abovii  their  beads,  are  Uuddbi.tt  cberuba.  Tho  proj' 
Li^  of  tho  lion  throne  if)  carried  round  the  sides,  and  carvud  in  fro: 
with  eight  seated  Biiddluw  on  «ach_8ide.  Upon  this  proiectic 
st«nd  throo  Biiddhaa  ou  each  side,  also  with  glories  behind  tbe: 
beads,  those  next  the  central  Buddha  aro  of  nni&llvr  stature,  but  tho 
other  two  aip  gigantic  Sgurtw,  each  holdiiJff  bis  loft  hand  to  hia 
breaat,  with  the  edge  of  hta  rdba  iu  it,  while  the  right  hanga  by  his 


Juahrf,  Sarui-iti,  &nd  U*>tr«y*.  Ho  BodhWttva  ytm  oricuiiJI)'  men  of  tmiaanl 
■tatv,  bnl,  under  tht  Ih1«t  *yitcm,  tliay  wnre  inrnginuy  bcinv.  UmIibhI  nniltr 
oMufn  fonw,  and  powMMd  d  o«Ula  dbtinut  Mlritatw.    Bwl^ lUi-Hiw,  10,  fo  — 


khandesq. 


iide  with  tlie  pnlin  tiiruwl  out.  Betw*>eu  itese  fipurMi  am  olbfr 
iinxll  (TCiAA-Ie^^gicrd  onofl.  'Vho  sides  of  the  antechamber  are  entirely 
covered  with  simill  Bmldlini*  wuIiJiTircd  in  rows  <rf  tiro  to  sovea  each, 
HJttin^  or  Htaniliiig  od  lotuitoH  aud  with  lotua  1o«ve«i  bctwevn  tb«ra. 
ITift  Mtalk  of  the  lowest  central  lotus  is  npb«ld  by  two  kneeliftg 
figoree  with  roral  hcnd-ilrvsHti!i  canopied  b;  n  nutiiy'lKiadi-<l  «uake. 
On  tb«  left  t§  a  Koeetiag  tijc^re  and  two  atanding  Uudilkaa,  and  oa 
the  rtffht  bohind  thv  suako,  i;<M  Buddha,  und  bvbim]  him  are  three 
wt»r>ilii|i(i«r!t  with  prMseniM.  Tbe'doiir  into  lUe  nftiioUiiti'V  Iiiwt  fonr 
Htandin^  aud  three  siitiu^  Bnddhaa  on  each  side,  carved  in  attemate 
compart inontH  of  thcarchitrnrv,  ii»d  ciffht  Hitting  ones  above  ;  at  the 
foot  of  the  a^l^hit^aTe  is  a  lion's  bead  nnd  pawii.  The  pilMt«r8 
ODtaide  the  architrave  are  supported  by  dwarfs,  and  dividetf  into 
tbroo  oomMrtniontH,  containing  a  standing  Buddha  in  the  lower 
and  cro&H*^ egged  ones  in  the  contpartmentii  above,  while,  over  the 
capitals,  a  feniale  figure  stands  under  folisf^'e  and  ou  a  dragon. 
Outside  this,  thr  wall  Lt  dividi^]  into  throo  nearly  square  oompftrt- 
mentji,  cnoh  ornamented  with  small  pilasters  at  the  Htdcut,  una  alt, 
except  the  two  upper  ones  on  the  nght,  having  cherubs  in  the 
comers  over  the  large  crojw-legged  Uuddb»a  which  (iccui)y  thorn. 
These  have  all  glories  behind  their  cnrly-haired  heads,  except  the 
upper  one  on  the  right,  which  has  the  protection  of  the  snake  with 
aevou  hoods. 

On  the  left  side  of  the  back  wall  is  a  rather  feint  painting.  A 
Buddha  is  rcprosentod  on  a  throtiv ;  on  the  right  side  sits  a  woman, 
on  thi.*  left  i*  aitotht^r  woman  with  a  nhit«  robt;  imd  purple  waisbclolh, 
a  third  with  striped  clothing,  and  some  other  figures  behind.  Over 
the  door,  to  tho  right,  can  be  tntood  thu  fvot  of  n  cherub.  On  tho 
right  side  i:t  a  still  larger  piece,  in  which  the  outlines  of  figures  ia 
Iwildiogt*  are  traceable.  On  the  ceiling  are  also  porta  of  the 
pattern.  -  — 

CavuVrri.  egPiOtitfal!  ftl4^t  monaatenes,  probably  dating  from  the 
Brat  cenTiii^  b.o.,  naiHost  tho  whole  of  it*  fcont-  ^NTiat  remains  of 
its  hal)  is  tbirly-two  foot  four  incheH  long,  by  about  )H;ventoen  feet 
doup,  and  tvu  fc«t  high.  It  ia  the  lowest  in  the  rock,  aud  waa 
formerly  choked  with  earth.  There  are  two  cells  at  each  end,  and 
two  on  each  side  of  thu  aut«<!l>ambcr  to  thu  shrino.  Tho  shrine  is 
ent«r«)d  by  a  low  dour,  and  contain*  only  a  low  stpne  bench  at  the 
back,  and  no  trace  of  an  image.  "» 

CaT*  IX.  is  •  amnll  tomple-cave  of  a  very  early  age,  probab^ 
dating  from  the  first  century  a.c.  It  is  forty-five  foot  deep  by 
twenty-two  feet  nine  inches  wi<lo  »n<J  twenty-throe  foot  two  inches 
high.  A  colonnado  nil  round  divides  the  nave  from  the  aiidtf!!,  and 
at  the  back  the  pillars  form  a  scmicircnlar  npso,  in  the  centre  of 
which  stands  the  rclic-snrine.  about  s«ven  feet  in  diameter ;  its  baaa 
is  a  plain  cylinder,  five  feet  high,  anpporting  a  dome  four  f&el  high 
by  abbafslx  feet  four  inches  in  diuroctor,  surmounted  by  »  square 
capital,  abont  1^  foi>t  high,  and  carved  on  the  aides  in  imitation  o( 
the  Buddhist  railing.  It  represents  a  relic  box,  and  ia  crowned  br 
a  projecting  lid,  a  sort  of  abacus  conai«ting  of  six  ph>iu  fillets,  eacn 
(cojecting  over  tiw  oae  belo*.    Tbia  mqiported  a  wooden  uubreUa 


Clia; 
PlacM  of  Int«n 
AjawtaCaVM 

ot*  va 


k 


Om^ 


CkhVL 


rBofltbtjr  QaMttotf, 
886  -         *  DISTBICTS. 


J 


ZXT.     IB  at  Kirie.  '  Bmdea  Ae  two  piDan  inside  t%e  entranoe,  wbich 
mtiSMtmtL  "f^^  below  and  abore  bat  octagooal  in  the  ml'l'llc,  tho  nare 

kweBtr-oae  plain  octftoa*!  coTumnti  wUhimt  tm^:  <ir  npiul,  tvn  foot 
"J^  tv*""  'w  ioebw  hiitfa,  an^ardng  jm  eawblatare  sir  fee*  e|gfat  inchoa 
^***  dfisp,  from  which  iho  raaluiil  roof  xpnngs,  and  wliicEliu  originally 

been  fittird  with  wuwien  ribii.  The  ajaleti  are  flat-ru<jfed.  aad  only 
ED  inch  higher  than  the  colamoa.  "i'fawe  aisles  are  lighted  by  a 
window  openinff  into  each.  Orer  the  Front  ai»iu  i»  Av  grwt  wiodow, 
one  of  tha  peeoliar  bunrea  of  a  tbraple^care.  It  ia  of  horae>ahoa 
form,  aboat  Il|  feet  high,  with  an  ionwardi,  about  9)  feet  biirh, 
JDBt  over  the  front  pGlan  of  thu  naro ;  outaidn  thin  ■»  tb^  targqrarch 
with  horiz'jntol  ribs,  of  which  fire  on  each  side  prajevl  id  the 
dir«(ftioii  of  the  centro,  and  olcrcn  above  in  a  Torticnl  diroctioo.  On 
the  sill  of  thi*  arch  in  a  terrace,  2^  feet  wide,  with  a  low  fmrapet  in 
front,  wrodgbt  in  the  Baddhist-rail  pattern.  Outaide  this  sg>un,  ia 
another  terrace  orer  the  porch,  ahiitit  ■?}  foot  wide,  and  atretcbiotf 
ocroas  the  whole  width  of  the  cave,  the  front  of  it  omatneul^d  wjib 
patteniB  of  the  window  as  it  most  hare  crif^inally  appeared,  with 
wooden  lattioo-work  in  the  arch.  At  each  end  of  thia,  on  the  wall,  at 
right  angli^  to  the  facade,  ia  sculptured  a  large  Baddha,  and  on  the 
projecting  rock  on  each  side  there  ia  a  gooa  deATof  sculpture,  bat 
all  of  a  tpnch  later  data  thaa  the  temple  itoelf,  and  possibly  of  the 
fifth  century.  The  porch  of  the  door  baa  partly  fallen  away.  It 
seema  to  have  had  a  cornice  abore,  supported  by  two  very  wooden- 
like  stmts,  similar  to  tboee  io  the  Bhija  temple-cave. 

Little  painting  remains  in  thiti  cave.  As  already  noted,  it  ts  of 
two  or  even  ot  thrt'O  pcriodB.  On  different  parts  of  the  walla  two 
lay gg  of  painting  can  Iw  dintinctly  tiaced.  The  fragments  copied  by 
Afr.  GrifBths,  andwfaicbheiiuppoBeHto  belong  to  the  earliest  portions 
of  (lie  decoration  of  tho  cavo,  appear  older  than  what  are  found 
eUewhcre,  bnt  they  arc  ccrtniDl}'  of  more  rcoont  date  than  the 
fragment  to  be  fir.tt  de«cTil>ed,  wluch  is  still  pretty  entire,  and  in 
wlwrh  the  dresses,  heavy  jewelry,  earrings,  necklaces,  bracelets, 
and  head-drosses  all  roost  cToarly  resemble-  the  style  trf  the  Sfacbi 
and  Amrivati  topes,  and  of  the  earliest  sculptures  discovered  ai 
Mathara.  EKw^pt  thn  fragments  in  cavo  X.,  thoy  are  different  from 
anything  else  left  in  these  caves,  and  )>robAbly  l>i>long  to  a  period 
not  later  than  the  time  of  Gautamipntra  II.  in  the  latter  half  of  (lu 
second  ocninry. 

1 .  ■  Over  the  left  or  west  window  of  the  cave,  on  the  inside  of 
fiont  wall,  is  this  early  piece  of  painting,  possibly  a  version  of  the 
legend  of  Sibi  Baja.'     In  tbis,  a  chief  is  represented  sitting  with 

*  ThajMaadu  tfa>t9ibilu<i^o(AriUia,whila  ttiinkjiu;  oT«r  th«  T*rloB*  aim*  b* 
h«ilgiTn>.  TftTiirflhr'hfa  rjn  itifl  niaMSfl  nn«»h wl  tor.  To  t***  ^lil'i  chunty,  ltiilr% 
thsrsUr  of  Ihflfnd*.  Uking  Uie  fpcai  «l  a  Itdlnd  old  maa,  aakacl  kini  luuivir  1iini«a* 
ef  bM^:^*.  Ruintf'l  l>y  nvfal  entotNUi^  (or  hupDjpcaouitiriajtkwij  tin  vyM  vm 
to  bemaa  >  Buil>lli«.  Ili*  Uu  ordavvd  both  hU  e-yeu  to  Im  |TBsk«d  obi  kail  a>v«a  to 
the  bomr.  Juui-  Cov.  Br.  Roy.  As  Sac.  tL  i, «.  Th«  N^iAUiint  Mcowilof  tUi 
ligvadu,  th>l  III*  goat  Imln  wid  Agni,  wudiiag  (« tfy  tha  pjetj  cl  the  ktug,  tbuijMd 
tb«naclvMh  tb*  oqb  ialo  a  hxwV  tlie  nUi«r  iato  s  pigeaa.  tW  pimoa,  kfnjd  of  tha 
luvk.  tookndafolntbakio^iUp.  Oa  tliia  tlie  hawk  wked  tlw  Bag  to  glvo  aptiM 
pigooB,  wd  DOt  coafimB'**  ■>>*  fsst  auoe  tat  pisty  bj  rabfaingahawkoT Ui  i 


loa 


IWW^ 


Deeean.} 


khAndesh. 


on«  foot  on  t]ic  grotinil  nnd  tho  oth^r  on  A  w*t,  woarin^  n  broad 
liMV-f  nwk-olmin  with  larfre  uliloii^  jfwi!l»  or  oWim  »lifi|M>il  ovur 
it,  tail's  oarrinmi,  aud  a  high  turbau  witli  »  knob  io  front,  such  as 
ia  iMKtn  oD  tho  heads  of  tho  moo  io  tlv  cnpilnl»  of  tho  colnmns  at 
Kwrlojuid  Ik-dM,  and  in  llio  sculpnir*-*  on  the  Leinplu  at  Mitoik  aifd 
the  Diouaaiery  <>t  (iautamiiMitra  1.  Od  hia  wrial  are  four  massive 
rinffH,  and  on  his  arm  is  a  Wko  bravolot.  'IVo  mua  ataD<l  Iwliind 
him,  one  ou  oithiit  sidu,  and  four  mor«  willi  a  woman  before  Cfa«m. 
In  the  ba<!k- ground,  to  the  loft,*  two  men  pome  in  with  tho  fai^h 
tnrhan'!  already  noticed,  one  of  thora  with  wry  liirgw  oblong  earrings, 
both  with  brditd  sikNh-likti  »ec-kIa<;os  nm  through  oUoug  jewels  or 
ditica,  and  hnavy  oliaji«d  braceleta  on  their  wrists,  and  with  long 
□arrow  vraistclotha.  Aboro  i»  »  flying  figiiro  aiinilarly  dn^-)!--W4l,  nnu 
p«rhn{Ht  inUitidv<l  for  Indrn.  Orer  the  lintul  of  tlie  window  are  the 
Deadii  of  two  Huddhae,  also  of  later  date,  and  partly  oorering  tho 
lower  edge  of  tho  picture  oboro.  To  the  left  of  this,  on  a  hill,  two 
muD  Hit  undor  uit  aslwk^  tree.  The  painting  over  the  door  in  of  more 
recent  dato. 

2.  Proceeding  along  the  left  wall  from  tho  front,  tho  lower 
portions  aro  tot4dly  p«f!od  oH  :  above  are  six  Buddhas  with  thrco 
nmbrellaa  vaoh,  ahowiug  Ihoir  mastery  over  the  throe  worlds.  Along 
the  rest  of  the  wall  beyond  thoso,  tho  pla!<tur  i»  loo  much  smoked 
to  make  anything  out,  vxoopt  some  lnu:i;»  of  buihiinga  and  among 
them  a  sort  of  temple.  Itelow,  the  wall  has  been  paint«d  in  a  later 
stylo  with  Buddhaa.  The  roof  haa  been  divided  into  a  double  row 
of  xquni'i-s  with  a  rosette  in  each.  On  the  pilltirs  are  relie-shriiius 
of  sittLDg  And  standing  Uuddhas. 

8.  On  the  back  wall  is  a  largo  econc,  all  that  romaina  of  the 
decnmtion  of  the  end  wall.  Ou  the  vxirumo  loft  ti  Kitdilhii  Nil.i  on 
a  hill  and  two  disciples  before  him,  whiles  third  fipnre  .ilanda  in  the 
l>iM:k ground.  At  his  rij^ht  is  a  liolllo  iind  bolow  a  figure  bonda 
forward,  pouring  aoniething  from  a  bottle  into  a  amitll  vctiMid.  To 
tho  right,  near  a  palace,  &  Buddha  stands  with  bis  alniH-bowl, 
fueing  the  left,  aud  tJireo  buggurs  one  with  bc-ard  itnd  top-knot 
bead-dresa,  and  a  young  beggar  before  him.  Behind  tliom,  a  bottle 
or  jug  with  narrow  ne(£  ia  hnng  in  a  sort  of  tripod.  A  man  ou 
a  ladder,  going  to  the  upper  floor  or  roof  of  tho  palace,  reoeirea  a 
pitcher  from  the  ^honldors  of  another  to  the  left,  and  a  third  is 
climbing  tho  ladder  to  the  right,  iii«)  with  a  pitcher.  To  tlie  night 
of  thi.i  (ttiinds  a  t»ll  Bodhti>»ttva  with  hia  right  hand  raisod,  and 
holding  a  bottle  iu  hiH  left  with  a  top-knut  head-dress,  a  deer  skit/ 
oror  his  left  shoulder,  and  a  white   waistoloth  round  hia  loins  bold 


Chapter 
Placwef  Inter 
A^AinA  OavM 
C-volX. 


food.  Aft»r  iiiiwli  argumttit  UifkiiuMid  to  the  hawk  that  ha  would  do  awthing 
liat  fiivn  nji  tlm  liinL  Th«  hairk  remiod  Ihnt  lfa«  ouiy  waj  ot  MTtng  tho  mnl  waa 
for  tbe  kin^f  In  ^ivu  au  muflh  uf  tho  fluahof  his  own  boiljraa  wovld  outweigh  th«  di>T«. 
H<Arintt  IliiH  lli'<  king.  cnUing  o5pnrt  of  hia  BtsA,  b«|^  to  baluwe  it  with  tbeilor«, 
but  the  T>ml  iilwani  oiitir«jgbod  him  thouch  he  wtnt  on  adding  iitl  hia  whole  Scab 
u-a*  <»h>iiHt4xi.  Ho  thoa  pUoed  hia  whole  bmly  in  tho  ocalM.  Satufiod  with  tbe 
trial,  tho  fcuds  diaeoTvred  Uicnwolrca,  and  de]urtml,  promiains  Silii  that  tda  nano 
vutiid  always  Ih)  faamu,  aad  that,  after  death,  lie  wottld  share  the  hafipinon  cl  Uho 
|udi.  (A]tn>|iarra,  CbaiAera  CXXX  and  CXXXi).  lUi.Uiiui.  IhcChiniHo  iiilgTini  uf 
tM  aiih  uBaliity.  tells  tide  amc  story  of  Bnddlia  hinioU.    Ikal'a  Foh-Uiau,  itS. 


I  Boubay  0: 


586 


DiSTBlCES. 


tATT* 


CAvn. 

IX. 


bead. 

rlnnd 


T  ZIT-      ui>  by  a  f^rofia  ribbon.     AboTp,  to  the  Hffht,  i*  a  whito  objt^ , 
ofliiteraBt-  '*tf""^  '^  siiiToundoil  wiUi  a  tiaUi  of  gU>vy.    To  ibe  right  is  a  I 

of  ShiUcyaiuuiii,  t<cated  on  a  rich  tlin>ue,  vrith  bis  teei  oo  •  IoI^m  jtT 
the  teschin^  attiiude,  and  b^-Iow  ( ho  throDO,  it  squuru  od  which  mu 
»n  inscription  of  which  onlv  yn  <{Aamui  can  be  read.  Biihiod  th«i 
UiruitD  two  richly  jewelled  attendAuta  hold  fly-flapa,  aad  ia  the 
foreground,  on  Ci^b&kjainiiDi's  right,  ts  a  fignro  in  to|>-kiii}(  bead, 
dreae  and  stripod  robo,  holding  n  v(>xsg1  iu  whtub  there  appear 
be  fiowoni,  while  a  garland  of  Bowera  IiaagB  frou  bis  finger.  JMi 
Bit  a  chief  with  a  aquaro  crown  and  his  wifo.  vorj*  pale,  pruba 
because  the  eoloar  lias  faded.  On  Slink jainuniV  left,  a  bepf,'Br, 
nquilini- nox- and  a  Uip-kmit  head-dress,  approaches  with  a  gHrlnii^ 
betfteen  his  hands  Ralnling.  In  front  sib  some  man  of  note  and 
hifl  wife  oxtremoly  well  drawn,  in  a  verj  gimonful  attitnde.  Tbe 
man  has  a  luusical  instrument  in  his  Up,  tbe  end  of  which  projc 
in  front  of  Sbtikyaniuni'a  robe  ;  and  closer  to  ShAkyamuniaud  tna 
in  the  foreground,  are  M^n  thi>  head  and  ahouldere  of  a  disciii 
looking  up  at  him.  Thi»  side  of  the  pictnre  xeeins  intenc 
to  represent  part  of  the  scene  as  in  a  cavo.  Stit!  to  the  right, 
relic-shrino  with  thrcv  nmbrullao  oyi!r  it,  nod  on  the  left  of  it 
man,  iM-anlfdand  with  a  decided  a^fiiUine  nottt*,  in  l.lio  drcas  of  aT' 
devotee,  holds  hb  cars  as  he  seems  fervently  to  pray  to  tbe  thriae. 
On  tbe  base  is  n  line  of  inscription. 

To  the  right  is  a  Bnddba, standing  on  a  loins,  with  a  glory  ronnd 
his  head,  from  which  tlaniE<  is  issuing,  and  an  umbrella  hnng  with 
strings  of  pearls;  hi«  right  hand  is  held  down  before  him  and  the 
palm  tnrn<>d  np,  while,  with  theleft,  hehotdKhiKroWt.  His  hairtw^ems 
abort  curly  and  crisp  like  a  negro's.  At  bis  foot  i«  a  unciil  beggar, 
and  behind,  a  part  of  tbe  striped  dross  of  the  umbrella-holder  ia 
seen.  In  tho  next  conip«irtment  a  Buddlia  n'nit  on  an  elaboral4'ly 
onmmented  Ihrone  with  tlie  glory  round  bis  head,  fai»  feet  on  a 
lotus,  the  stalk  of  it  held  by  two  small  N(iga  figures  with  snake 
tails.  Below  this  wa«  an  inNcriiilion  of  which  only  {pam)  mopat-aka 
can  be  made  onC.  Two  ricbly'dressed  figures  stand  bctdde  n 
Buddha,  tho  one  on  his  left  with  a  thunderbolt,  holding  fly-Haps.  On 
the  left  sit  acfaief  with  high  ^uanstopped  crown  and  ]M^rh»pe  bis 
wife.  Tho  king  is  looking  op  at  Bitddha  and  is  intent  on  all  ho  bna 
to  soy,  while  the  wife,  t.)  judge  hy  tbe  appealing  Imik  she  gives  him, 
app(4inc  to  place  more  faith  in  her  huHhantl.  Above  them  a  heavenly 
musician  sits  on,  or  flies  over,  a  ledge,  an<l  points  to  Bnddha.  Jmt 
•before  the  chief  is  a  disciple  or  boy  bowing  with  cloned  palms.  On 
ihcrightnbeggurMndhisdisciple,  or  perliaps  two  disciples,  kneel  and 
pay  respect.  The  younger  has  a  striped  scarf  over  his  left  ahouldcr, 
while  too  other  ia  clad  in  a  robe  tike  that  worn  by  tho  Buddha. 
Ftrtfcer  to  the  right,  other  two  figures,  riAly  dressed,  are  dcBtr-nycd. 
About  a  foot  bnmd  of  the  [witittng  to  tho  right  is  totally  desln^fd 
aud  then  oomes  another  fragment.  On  the  left  is  ^b&k}~amuni 
sitting,  his  feet  on  a  i>looI,  toaching,  and  below,  «n  inscription  of 
which  <lii!ia  and  saka  only  arc  legible.  To  the  riKht  in  n  fair 
standing  figuj'e,  with  jewelry,  thin  acarf,  and  waistcloth,  holding 
a  Rv-Sap;  and  three  small  figures  sit  before  Shiikyamuni,  makipg. 


1 


kbAndesh. 


presents.  The  une  on  tbe  left  is  pKsentiug  a  flowtr,  lliv  one  ip 
lli«  miildlu  in  giviiiff  wniiclliing  mom  Hnb«tuutinl,  wliiln  llie  one 
behind  bfta  tb«  hsncU  in  the  atLiUidv  ut  yr&ynr.  To  the  left  in  k 
tall  standing  Shikymmuni,  and  two  little  be^^^ars  ait  bi^furu  him, 
towMxlit  wh<K«ii  h»ids  ho  strutiihiw  his  rif^ht  haiid.  The  attitude  at 
the  Htnnding  HbAkynmiiRi  i»  very  graoefu).  With  tlie  right  htwd 
oxtendpd,  npon  the  palm  of  which  mn  be  traced  tbo  omblcm  of  the 
wht^vl,  with  ibe  Infl  .<iiip)xiriiiif^  ii  pnrtion  oF  the  nilH>,  lui  oi-namontal 
glory  b«fhiud  the  head,  and  staiidmg  on  the  lotun,  be  is  rwciving  or 
addressing  two  cbildren  who  bavu  como  wit-h  tlieir  ofTuring^  lo  pay 
him  hcimag«.  On  tfau  right  in  »  fragment  of  a  figure,  probnuly 
a  fly-flap- bearer.  Ou  the  right  of  this,  a  little  to  the  foreground,  in 
another  fragment  of  a  child  which  balnncva  thu  oompoHitioif  by 
tollyiog  with  tbc  one  on  tho  oxtromo  luft.  Ov«r  th«  two  tignroB  of 
Sh^kyamani  can  ba  traced  portions  of  the  ennobling  umbrolla. 
On  the  right  wall  scarcely  a  trace  of  painting  remains. 

4.  On  the  Iriforiiim  to  the  right  of  thu  relic-Hbrine  ia  a  large 
piece,  bat  until  it  is  varniehed,  nothing  can  be  made  out  excopfc 
umhrclliLs  and  if>m6  tall  figutv^.  Furthor  fi>rwurd  arv  mont  yellow 
Baddhas  nitting  and  atandiug  with  attendaals  and  under  ambroUaH. 

5.  On  the  front  wall,  to  the  right  side  of  the  door,  the  old  puintioi 
has  boon  coTonod  by  *  lator  Coating,  which  htw  jiiirtly  peeled  of 
butaoat  to  leare  neithijr  the  earlior  nor  the  later  picture  intelligibli). 


Cli*pt«T: 
Phuiu  of  Intel 
Ajxkt*  Cava 
Cava  IX. 


Cave  X.  is  the  oldest  temple-caTB,  probably  dating  from  the  aecond 
century  b.c  Li^e  the  Bhija  one,  it  possibly  had  at  firat  a  wooden 
front,  now  eutimly  goiie,  and  lalur,  probably  tho  lowur  half  was  of 
bri<i.  Tlic  cavu  mi^murt-.i  t'lrty-one  feet  ono  iueb  wide,  about  05  J 
feet  deep,  and  tbirly-sis  feet  high.  I'he  inner  end  of  the  c»vo,  am 
woU  iw  of  tho  oolonoado  tlutt  Hiirroundit  the  nare,  ia  aemicircular, 
the  namb»-  of  columns  in  the  latter  being  thirty-nine  plain  octagons, 
two  more  than  in  the  groat  temple  nl  K^lo,  but.  many  of  them 
are  broken.  They  are  fourteen  feet  high,  and  over  them  rises  a  plain 
ontoblatnro,  9}  feet  deep,  firum  which  springH  the  arched  roof  nsing 
12^  foot  more,  with  a  span  of  abont  23|  fvt4.  As  at  Uh^ja,  K&rle, 
Bedsa,  and  Koud^ne,  tb<;  tt>of  hna  been  ribh<:d  with  wood.  i1ie  aisles 
ore  about  six  feet  wide,  with  half-archoH  roofs  ribbed  in  the  rock. 
Tho  rulic  shrine  ie  perfectly  plain,  with  a  base,  or  lower  drom,  IK) 
feet  in  diameter ;  tbo  dome  is  rather  more  than  a  half  sphere,  ana 
supports  the  uanal  capital,  oonsiating  of  an  imitation  box,  colored 
by  a  series  of  thin  square  slabs,  each  projo<:tiHg  a  little  over  th< 
one  below  it.  An  iiutcrJDtion  ou  tJie  right  aide  of  the  groat  arc' 
read*:  "The  gift  of  a  cave  door  or  front  by  Vishisbthipatra." ' 
If  it  waa  certain  thai  this  v»»  the  Vythiahtbipntra  Pulumavi  of  the 
Nfaik  caves,  it  might  at^once  be  referre^'to  the  Srst  halt  of  the 
aecond  century  a.d.  The  alphabet  is  ({uito  as  old,  but  the  toAns  of 
the  inscription  leave  tho  date  of  tlio  cave  doubtful.     Wh&i  does  it 


CmX. 


1  VAihiihthtpiibm  numaa  Uia  nn  cf  tlia  TiabHUha  qaaoD.  Soma  •ehelaf*  hftr* 
tbouj{ht  Ifast  Uiia  mention  of  Ui«  moth«r^  aune  u  •  tnn  of  pol]r»nitry.  Bnt  ll 
M*at  n4her  b>  hkvo  bonn  <tna  to  pAygtmy,  Tha  cutom  aumviB  mtqmjf  th«  RjijpatB, 
»li>w  uliinft'  Bonsan  kMiwn  l>j  llic  inr.tii<;r'ii  lunilj  »une,a*Uin  wnMlltvSuunkinl 
I'f  tlie  (KihiUni.     Dr.  UuUcr  in  CoBuinghasi'*  BkKmut  8tapa>  (20. 


[Bontbar  Gaiettatr, 


MO 


DISTRICTS. 


iapt«rZIV. 
M  of  laterest. 

tWTA  CUrB. 

CkrvX. 


mean  T     DiiT  Vishishthipntmtwf^R  tlio  tamplo  aai  ilifr  onl  and  n 
tbp  frnntt  or  does  it  not  rathor  iniiily  that  he  addfMi  a  uftw  Cmut 
On  rli*i  n  of  tbe  front,  Mr.  unrffOM  found  that  &  thin 

had  hi-'  i.illv  liifi  Lh(.>ntv«acbiiiff  perbftpi  nn  \iigh  im  thonprt 

of  tho  l^niat  arch,  and  that  this  bad  appiirontly  ffiren  v&f,  aud 
vnill,  of  inimoDso  bricks  of  odininibki  colour  and  toxtnro,  sot< 
tiera  of  which  Klill  ruiuain  in  their  place,  bad  hneu  inserted, 
may  hsvo  lieen  the  caro  front  giren  by  V^hishthiputm.     Then 
dale  uf  the  «uvo  iliwU  muKt  be  tbfovn  bm^k  a  consldcmhlo  pan 
to  the  ai^  of  Ub^ja,  Kond&ne,  and  Pitalkhora,  th&t  is  to  about  ti 
Booond  c<<ntiiry  it.c. 

Tjio  Trhcdo  of  Ihv  (mve  baa  been  |uiint<;d  ;  purts  of  it  mom  thd 
ooDo.     Forty  years  aRo  tber^  wore  some  tine  piocea  on  the  sic 
walli),  of  which  fow   fnigitioiiti^   roiniiin,  all  having  boon  scribble 
over  by  natives.     The  fnignient«  that  were  vinililo  on  thit  ^ig^ 
hand  wall,  vrim  twenty  ytiarH  affo,  oonaistod  principally  of  eli'pfaanti 
among  which  was  alorgu  whtt4)  one  with  pink  suots,  and  ouo  wit' 
BJs   tnaks.'     To    the   right    was  a  building  with  peacockn.     11 
fil^rva  were  mostly  in  oatline,  bnt  the  diswing  was  slrikintjily  hcAi 
luid  Iniu :  on  tho  Irft  wa«  u  proc-u»8ton  of  men,   Home  on  foot, 
on  horseback  vnriouiily  armed,  some  with  balberts  and  diflferentl; 
droHse^i,  and  behind  were  groapa  of  women :  bnt  all  have  bi 
defaced  by   native   visitor*   within  Iho  Iiwt    twenty   yours.      The 
paintings  between  the  ribs  of  the  roofs  in  the  aisles  an;  principally 
of  Bnddhas,  nnd  are    mnch    mora  modem.     There  are   al&o  twii 
inftcriptionN,  in  one  caito  at  leaitt  pntnted  over  thn  older  work  on  tho 
walls,  but  tho   characters  are  fit  muob  later  date  than  thofle  ii£ 
Vt«Hhi.i|itbipiilra  on  thu  front  and  one  painted  inscription  to  be  noticei 
below.     These  pnintingH  nro  of  the  earliest  [terind,  the  dn'-saoH  of 
chief  figures  belong  to  the  age  of  the  ^^makaniia.  and  can  ha: 
bo  attnbotod  to  a  later  date  than  tfao  latt«r  kivlf  of  tho  «voodi 
oontnry  a.i>.     On  the  left  wall  aro  two  drawings  of  gatewaya.  vu 
closely  like  thoae  at  SAnehi.     A  little  in  front  of  one  otthem  aro-" 
five  or  nix  hittd-droi^Kett  of  the  age  of  .Sltiitakamiand  many  very  well 
drawn  faoea.     Still  nearer  the  front  aro  ttoldiertt  with  bowa  and 
batth'  nxvu.     Tho  BodkidrHtna  or  sacred  tree  is  also  painted  wit! 
otTeringa  hangingfrom  itand  ptHiplo  wiin<hipping  ih     The*  [Mtinlin 
between  the  ribs  of  tho  roof  of  the  aialea  ana  aome  inscriptio: 
pn  a  white  ground  paint4>d  over  ihu  lower  and  older  portions 
of  liilor  date.     Still  nearer  the  front  ia  a  piece  of  very  old  writing. 
It  runs,  IJfiaifavata  yatipuva  iltrva  para\/ati  puti«at/at}i,  but  has  Dot 

{'et  bMm  tranalated.  This,  combined  with  tho  inscription  on  tho 
eft  aide  of  tb«  gratt  arch  in  similar  old  ohiinwU-r!',  isceinx  to  point 
to  the  second  century  a..p.,  as  the  date  of  these  paintinga,  evidently 
the  oldest  in  the  cares,  the  drosses  Bgrooivg  with  those  in  tho  * 
other  fragment  of  about  the  some  age  in  aare  IX. 


e  "^^ 

rthB 

rd« 


*  Tbo  punting  a  too  [rMnaontiiry  far  «ort»in  >d«Btiflcatia«i.  It  pvolmUy  nipftwmt 
the  Icgon^  thM.  ulim  BtiitJlia  mu  thu  ux-tuikctl  king  o!  the  ckt-Iiiuita.  ad  tv/. 
tiuiitcr  emiat  niul.  dUguiain^  liliiimitf  aa  a  dovotco.  watiRvd  tor  lii*  j-fcy.     Sceinu  i 

^rxat  the  kirg  of  tho  vicphiuit*  t«ini  out  hi*  «ix  liukii  Mid  pw^oiited  Umoi  to 
noter.    Julii;u's  Ilivoa  Thauig,  II.  380. 


KHANDESn. 


fiftTo  XI..  probalily  of  tho  fonrth  ct-ntary  or  later,  is*  a  moiiast«ry 
liigli  in  tbe  rock  to  tho  wert  of  H.  Tii»  ytfrnndftli  in  supported  in 
front  by  foar  ptuiu  octagonal  colamaa  with  bracket  capitals  and 
B(|uan>  ba»t>K,  raut^i]  on  u  pauoUod  bu^c  or  paretpvt  similar  bo  what 
OK-urs  in  one  of  the  inonnaieriefl  at  K^le  and  elseivlicro.  The 
roof  also  projects  cousiderably  io  {font  of  the  pillars,  and  baa  been 
very  clattornloly  paintvd  wilii  Howvrs,  binls,  and  gixmiotric 
r  pnttema.  The  vorandab  ha§  a  cell  at  cither  end :  that  on  the  rieht 
FcntoHu^  by  bho  Kidu  of  thv  hall,  whilst  tho  ond  wall  itsolf  ia 
ftculptun^l  in  lliroit  c<»ui])iirt)ii(-ut.-<,  tvrn  with  Mmted  Biiddluis. 
attendants  and  worshippers,  and  one  with  a  atandinf^  Buddha  with 
fly-fli>p  Ix-nriT  and  altondant.  Tfao  door  is  plainer  than  in  other 
nioniwtcriv,*,  and  tbfl  windows  aro  onoh  diridtm  bv  two  pillarif  into 
three  openings.  The  hall  is  thirty-seven  feec  wide  by  twenty>eight 
dcpp  and  ten  high,  and  is  supported  by  four  octagonal  colomos  o£ 
rulhi;r  cltiniKy  and  primitive  style,  which  leads  Mr.  FvivuasoD  to 
think  tbisoneof  the  earliest  esamplea  of  the  intrciduntionof  pillanin 
monasteries.  There  is  a  sort  of  seat  along  the  right  side  of  the  cave, 
Hiicli  ax  (H'curs  so  frci{uontly  in  the  older  caves,  there  an)  thrvo  ooUft 
on  tho  left  side,  and  in  the  back,  two  to  tho  left  and  one  to  the  right, 
of  tho  sanctuary.  'Hio  Minctuary  opens  from  the  oavo,  and  is  about 
twelve  feet  wide  by  ly  j  deep,  with  the  statue  of  Sb^kyamuni  separate 
from  tho  back  wall  and  aoat«d  on  a  liou  throne,  with  two  well  cat 
deer  on  each  «id«  of  th«  wheel,  and  lions  behind  them.  Thero  aro 
no  attendant  Uy-flap-bcarerA,  but  above  are  dying  Bgnres  or  chernbs. 
In  front  of  tho  image  is  a  charminRly  natural  figure  of  a  man 
kneeling  in  adoration,  or  holdin^^an  alin.s-bowl,  tho  face  sod  bauds 
nuforiunately  damaged.  lliLi  waa,  perhaps,  intended  to  nwresenb 
the  excavator  of  tho  cavo.  On  the  left  of  tho  sanctaary,  high  np  in 
the  wall  and  soaroelj  visible,  a  hole  opens  into  a  secret  cell. 

Except  in  the  verandah,  tho  riiii^''"fj'  is  almost  entirely 
gone.  On  tlio  ruof  of  the  vcrandali  and  on  i!io  envtw  ontfiido  the 
pillars,  mnch  of  the  painting,  of  geometric  pattern,  ia  atill  tolerably 
entire.  Tho  back  wall  of  the  verandah  ha^  been  spoilt  by  some 
modem  devotee,  who  baa  covered  tlie  paintings  with  rude  tridonta 
and  other  objects.  On  the  left  end  has  been  atall  standing  Buddha 
on  a  blnish-tHaek  ground,  his  robe  hold  in  his  left  hand,  and  light 
flashing  round  hiiu.  Above  the  loft  window  arc  two  i<itting  figures 
of  Baddba  with  Hy-dap-bearera ;  then  a  pointed  bracket  fignra 
iijiholding  H  paintod  cross-bcctm  omamcntvd  m  goomotrio  poftemB. 
On  a  bill,  by  tbe  side  of  tbe  door,  is  an  Indra  holding  aon»  watgr 
flowers  in  his  left  hand,  above  are  heavenly  mnsieians,  cberabs, 
and  sainta.  On  the  right  of  the  door  has  been  a  .tinulur  fignre, 
more  destroyed.  Over  the  right  window  is  a  fat  bracket  figure, 
and  MIX  Buddlut^.  Thi%cuvo  ha.«  been  all  painted  inaide,  bpt  is  ao 
macb  destroyed  that  no  scene  can  be  made  out.  Much  seems  to 
have  been  pictures  of  Bnddhas  and  Bodhisattvas. 

Of  theJ^ftjadiaUttea  (VllI.IX.X.XlI.andXni.).  probably 
the  oldeat  ia  tbe  beggar's  room,  No.  A.Ul'.,  though  Mr.  Fcrgusson 
regnrdn  No.  Xll^as  earlier.  Bolli  are  withont  pillars,  and  in  tlio, 
^ells  of  both  aro  tho  atonc-couches  or  boils,  charaotoristic  of  most 


Chap^ 

PlacMoflntA 

AftKVA  (Uf. 
CavBj 


J 


M2 


DISTRICTS. 


|Boml»7  Ottsetteer; 


IotXIT. 

■  oflBtentt. 


va,Yt}»  (lag  before  the  end  of  the  second  century  A.IX    The  {routs  i 
ti-jtfa  hare  faltun  awny,  but  they  jirvbnlily  kiul  vvr»iitUiis  with  pilli 
Tbo  hall  of  No.  XIU.  is  oiilj  liU  feet  wide  by  16^  dtie)>u»i)  M>v»a^ 
feet  bt^b,  and  it  baa  seren  oelig,  tnroe  in  thu  left  dde  sou  two  ia  : ' 
_bac1c  and  right  eidcM. 

[Xfl-  Cnvp  XII.  ban  a  ball,  about  36)  feet  aquare,  with  four  celU* 

eacb  of  the  three  inner  sides,  oloron  of  toom  vrtth  double  be 
hariug  raised  sloiic-piHown.  Tbdre  are  bolt-i*  in  tbo  sill*  and  lintols 
of  the  doonraya  for  pivot  hinges,  and  otbors  in  the  jatnbit  for 
faatoningH.  Over  thoci-ll-dtxirv,  tbu  tippiv  portions  of  the  walla  are 
onumtnitod  with  csnoj>ie~^,  rtvpreseuling  ibo  t<miplc*window,  with 
otbeiy  in  the  interspaces  :  the  right  side  wall  baa  two  small  oanopiM 
in  ea^b  intoml  and  a  gmduat^d  pj-mniiilnl  ornament  above  and 
i>up|)r>rt«,  or  jambs,  below  each  small  teniplo-arch.  Below  these  ■« 
a  string  coune  wron^t  witb  the  finddhist  rail  pattern,  m  in  the 
old  monastery  oftTe  XV.  at  Nfaiik  and  Btt  Ddayagiri.  Indeed,  aa 
Mr,  Pcrgnsaon  remarks,  ibis  cava  resemblos  itic  liiittir  in  almost 
every  respect.  There  is  a  short  iniscripiion,  in  three  lines,  to  the  left 
of  one  of  the  o<dl-doon  in  tbo  bock  wall. 

iXIV,  Cave  XIV.,   probably   dating  from  the  fifth  or  aixth  centuiy, 

is  JDst  above  XIlL,  and  is  roiM'hud  by  n  rough  ascent  over  the  rode 
from  XII,  The  vunuidah  ta  sixty-three  U-v.i  long  by  ulnvun  foutone 
toch  wide  and  nioe  feel  l^^t  ^th  fix  pillars  and  two  pitasierit  in 
front  of  it.    Tbo  pjllarn  differ  from  other  Ajanta  pilinra,  buing  8<jnare 

Eiers,  divided  by  two  sJigblly-sank  fluted  bands  about  eleven  Inches 
road.  The  bcdy  of  the  i-apilal  i^  vase-shaped,  with  a  flat  inverted 
shield  on  each  side  and  n  pliiin  abncQs  above.  Into  the  cave,  which 
has  never  Iwen  nearly  finished,  there  is  a  vtfvy  nv4tt  cvntml  door 
and  two  side  ones  with  two  windows.  It  was  intended  to  lie  sixty-<in« 
feet  wide  by  25^  deep,  with  a  row  of  six  colnmns  and  two  pila«teift 
running  along  tJic  middle,  bat  only  the  front  half  han  boon  partially 
finished. 
LCavaXV.  C&ve  XV.  iaBmontt»ttoTy>fewyard«boyoadXIV.   The  verandah  is 

about  thirty  feet  lung  io&iJe  by  6}  feet  wide,  and  ba4l  two  ooluninsand 
two  pilasiers.  Tho  front  ha»  fallon  away.  A  fragment  of  one  pilbir, 
lying  in  the  verandah,  shows  that  they  luid  u  t<L>rus  and  fillet  at 
the  base,  above  which  they  woro  octagonal,  changing  ui  »ixt««D  sides, 
and  Ihencc  to  thirty-two  flutes,  llio  architrave  of  the  door  is  plain, 
but  Ih^  pilasters  beyond  it  are  similar  to  thoae  in  othor  caws.  On 
the  upper  member  of  the  troiso  are  four  birds  carved  in  low  relief. 
The  hall  inside  has  no  columns,  and  iit  nearly  square,  thirty-four 
feet  each  way  by  ten  feet  two  inches  high.  It  Iiaa  four  o^s  on 
each  sidi-  and  one  at  each  ondof  the  veraudnh;  the  antechamber  has 
two  plain  pilasters  in  frout  and  twocolumiia  with  square  bases,  then 
octagoaal,  and  sixteen-sided  shafte, retorui^,  through  the  ootagoo, 
to  square  bead.-t.  Tbu  shrine  contains  StLuoage  of  ShAysmoni, 
with  the  feel  turned  up  on  a  lion  throne,  himng  only  the  wheel  and 
lious.  It  stands  against  the  wall,  without  altendantn,  but  with 
miall  flying  cherubs  above.  In  the  hall,  to  tbo  left  of  the  ante- 
viambor,  arc  two  pieces  of  carving,  representing  a  Buddha  ao^ 
attendants.     The  roof  of  the  antecbaotber  has  a  feagmcnt  of  p»intin( 


kiiAnukkii. 


543 


Care  XVI.  is  another  monaRteiy,  and  on«  of  the  moJIt  clo^nnt  in 
ita  srchitcwtnru,  U»  Terandah,  siity-fiv©  feet  long  by  Ivn  feet 
sight  JDcliiTH  vriilo,  had  nix  pliun  ocUtgona]  pillars  with  bracket 
■{HbJn  nad  ti^'o  pilasters,  of  which  ail,  except  oti«,  »r«  gv>i)o.  Tho 
Okre  has  a  central  and  two  ^ido  diwre  with  windows  betwct-u.  The 
pilaBttTFi,  wH  Mtdb  «i(Io  of  th«  nriiK-ijail  dyur,  f%tv  Humionntt'd  by  foinalo 
Ji^iireH  standing  on  the  beads  of  dragons.  Tho  front  aisle  i»  longer 
^tbaa  the  cav»,  nipwiiiriiig  si-TL^iity-foiir  feet ;  while  tlie  body  of  the 
ill  in  KJxty-iiir  feet  three  iiiche«^ng,  hy  Bixty-fivo  tt-ct  threw  inches 
pp,  and  fiftoeo  feet  three  iochea  high,  support«d  hy  twenty 
agonal  shaftv.  Ilio  middlepuir  in  thefront  and  back  rows  have 
inare  ho^OK,  and  change  first  to  ftight  and  then  U>  sixUt-w  sided 
F^hafta,  with  square  heads  and  bracket  capitals.  The  rauf  6f  tliu 
front  aisle  is  cut  in  imitation  of  beams  and  rafters,  the  ends  of  the 
bcHmS  being  iiiip))ort<^  hy  snudi  fat  figunvi  aa  brackets,  in  the  two 
central  caws  single,  in  the  others  by  twos,  and  in  one  or  two  br 
male  and  feinniB  figun-M  of  bt-avcnly  minstrals.  There  are  six  cells 
in  each  itide,  two  in  the  back  wall  and  one  in  cacli  cud  of  thu 
LTeraodah.  The  shrino  is  entered  direct  from  tho  hall  and  has  a 
nberon  oach  Hldosopamted  from  it  by  a  screen  of  two  pillars 
'n»d  pilastura.  The  gigantic  Shikyamuni  sita  with  Iho  feet  down  and 
the  hands  in  the  tctnching  ponitiou.  There  is  a  passage  round 
be  image;  and,  on  each  side,  oc1«tf>)niil  pUIiirs  Bcrc«n  off  side 
^bialea.  enten-d  by  small  doors  from  the  hall,  and  further  lighted  by 
small  sqnare  windows  near  tho  roof. 

At  the  left  end  of  the  front  of  this  cave  is  an  ii^criution  of  ahonfc 
twcnty-wvirn  lines,  nnfortunaUdy  •mutihil«>d,  but  partially  l^mnslated 
by  Dr.  Khdu  Daji.  It  mentiuns  Viudhyrishaktj,  and  six  or  seren 
other  kings  of  tlui  'Vjftkdudy^dynHKty,  whu are  believed  to  have  ruled 
BerAr  Rnij,  t*"'^  o^D^^^tral  Provinces  in  the  fifth  and  Mxth 
centurio^'  i'he  style  of  the  alphabet  and  of  the  architoctnre  of  the 
caves  seem  to  point  to  aboul  &00  A. p. 


Chapter  XT 

Planes  of  lata] 

Ajamta  C*v1 
Cave 


^/ 


'iSil 


'  The  tnutlaliiTD  rena :  Havinj;  lint  ahiM  (fhutiUia  who  Is  rtfnowRMl)  In  thk 
world  for  the  rvmoTal  of  tb«  intvi'iM  Irre  ot  miwry  of  the  thrm  w«rrtJa  (ahoat  atM 
Ictton  loctK  I  •b»II  relate  ttie  gtaatiagj  <t  Uia  kins  (o;  kinjp). 

ViU'lbjiuakt)  (flouruiiail),  whoae  ptiwcr  sxtcnclHl  ovur  tti»  tcrfS  snct  (tmv«  t)'— 
even  h^  tfaa  ugry  n«*w  (aliaut  t«ii  lettcn  loat]  pruwoa  !a  prvtmllnu  aiul  libtniity 
tho  twioe-boTN,  iuiwtriona  ui  tho  wctid. 

Id  jirowMi  onmMrablo  to  Punutdar  (loitnO  uiil  ttpondni  (fubnn),  cBtiiad*b7  iIib 
niwtit  o(  hia  aim  <aticnit  Uiiitoan  IvtMn  \oA)  *aa  tli«  lion  of  tb«  ViLlauka  riMM. 

Trovd  aa  a  lino who  has  ««lipaed  the  ton  \rj  Uin  ^grogation  of  (hatil«9n> 

(about  fourteen  lotteta  lotrt),  boa  macla  cneiuiia,  aa<l  akilfnl  tn  dwcntaion  (Rttant  four 
lott«n  loM), 

Hiai who  eoBanerod  enomiM  wlio  hw  Mtformed  tii«  dotiw  efmsn  and 

Idan oumU  tlia  greatoat  effivt  rsgaidiny  nontoriMii  daada 

VidVatka  (alnnt  foui  Iclton  ]fftt\.  Bit  f««t,  a  lotmt,  kionl  by  the  lays  of  t^  )ew«b 
a*t  in  tho  cn)ima  of  kiuga.     ^ 

"nYnUft"'  -  •  -  -  ll>i>)  ann  WM,  ai  the  atu>*a  nya  aw  protMTto  th«  erpaailiiiit  ttmU 

lotiia (alH^nt  (ourMto  lottura  t<«t),  whoae   army   waa   oxDnlwnl  to  fpivom 

(lonaiiUh ;)— to  bin  wm  bom  a  tan.  «rba  compierBd  all  nriaioa. 

maMM.  Ut«  chlof  of  kiBiit (6Te  Utton  l<«t)  [adoraMl  T)  tlia cartli  by  DKarma 

tmlBla  (aknit  fl<«  lotUn  teat)  vm  Uw  king'*  win,   oxcollmt  (pmnmi),  iinwerfii^ 

(Abont  four  lettcn  IiiMI Hiaaoa  ....  (abont  fourtwa  lattraa  Inat)  t«ign  m 

fnvanwsna who  whoa  cipht  ytaraoM  gov«ni«il  tho  hlag'to'"  vbU, 


IBeubay  Oasett 


DISTRICTS. 


jCbaptorXTT. 
lol'Iiitorwt. 
JUtTA  Catbu 
OtvaXVL 


A  Btftir  lwH«  duwu  Irom  tli#  fmiit  of  this  ravo,  niid  timis  to 
Icfl   iuU>  n  <;liaml>or  on  llie  back  wall  of  which  was  found  a  MJ 
chief  aoated,  like  ViHhiiu   in  tbu   left  end   of  thti   vorajitlnb  ut 
grvni  cuvu  at    UiidAmi,  upim   Uie  (Xiil.t  of  thtt  tiuitku  whtwtt    he 
otnopy  bis   bi^h    tiat-toppocf  tiara.     A  door  loads  out  from 
front   of   thiH   room   tbinkod  oolindo   by  two   vK-phnnls  iu   reli 
porlutiM  Hiwun  Thuaug's  roaring  and  earth-ahakiug  animals. 


"0) 


BI««Mi(vain  rtoMl«**eti lortlPaimiiiM  ill lliii  mmlil.  i«liimiliii«iillfiil  »«]i 
(aboMt  UitM  l«4t«ia  iMt)  U|9*  (iBtR  IHx  Irttcn  kat)  cutk,  lor  Uw  Ul«'k  | 

Bilk .  . ,  (abont  Minn  l*tten  loat) . .  .  Uio  rMort  ol  good  i|nilitir«  ....  Hliia 

la  UiVworid  t«aa)  QH|i£|Mi prrM Im  .  .  .  .  whum  hraMl  wjm 

and  wkwcrfHl,  uid  (to  him !)  irhoue  tfjtt  w  like  the  lotiu LtAnpi. 

*     (Atxail  niodcMi  Inltcn  IntJ kftennwda,  b«  vho  nMmU<<i]  Uio  al«t>h 

.  (at  Ibo  eubt  <|iMrten),  txiulMitor,  bnnihU  ....  a  favourite  {c4  tlin  kluf !) , 
Initator  of  the  coadtiot,  iodtatractiblc. 

(AboMt  ninetMii  Ml«ri  lo«t)  Kaactitt* . . .  (one  letter  iMt)  nlMt,  poaoiuliif  a  mil 
indmod  bo  tbe  weU-beins  of  the  poopK   for  tke  kapfiy  anil  nxcalli'n* 

at (fniir  lott«si  lo*t) over  kiail  •■  a  moMor,  and  oaally  ».. 

frUad,  Hemmbed. 

JAboat  twf n9.atie  letter*  loat)  .....  hjr  • ({our  letter*  Inat)  Ibo 
ng  at  p(tte<v  eatraited  \u»  a&tn  (to  lu«  nuniiterl),  and,  Ibough  accaMon 
•el  widioot  raitnlBt,  obkndaiMd  all  onjiniiMBt.    Thca  mooMdod  tiw  auu  (a 

tonrtaea  lotlen  loetl Aara (toiir  letter*  loat)  fl<Arfr«  bblaa . , 

■  liiainiiiiaeailiiii  alnry  were  like  thoa*  dlSiri;  be^  Kuntal,  ATanti,  Kaliag,  I 
TWkni.  lAi.  AfpiUira  ffungBcrpdJI 

(AImuI  niDuteen  bitter*  loat)  .V  •  ■  . .  ogr '"' '""'t'^*"  ^'inlitie*- 

(AIkiuI  niiin  letter*  loal]  ■ bjr  hi>  (nultin*  qualitia,  tbo  *nn  of  llaati  BboJ, 

eabbntod  In  thw  world,  bMamo  tbo  minulfir  of  th«t  king,  tiie  whole  earth. 

lAbnat  tweo^  tetter*  kat) wlioae  mind   wu  flrDi>  eouragooiui,   wbo    . 

cadowcd  irtth  bbermUtj-,   meri^y,  cbuitf,  wai  derotod  to  mligiim  and  govoTBad  I 

eoantrjr  »i^  jnitko (waa  aomniDded  nich)  the  nf  of  tfoij,  laooy,  i 

IP>od  qualitic*. 

(About  aix  lotUra  Inot)  Shaba  {aboDt  tkvcn  letter*  bat)  made  the  srMtcal  iitertam 
of  iMirlt  (about  throe  lellen  dqI  made  out  «!aul}r}  (about  aii  letten  loat)— b«— at  the 
tin)*  root* (wi^ifci!)  aiado  oriaoua Ufe,  age,  wealth,  and  ha|i|iiaigM. 

(Weeds  altofcMber  o(  Mrentoon  lctt«t*  not  well  made  out  but  evyriitly  ibwuh^ 
(or  the  bmefit  of  m»tliar  and  father,  oatabliihod  the  bnuae  (<avu  Tl  (alKiat  Iwelvo 
letter*  loat) ruifAn'il,  la  tbo  Kroat  hill  oocn^dod  by  1tliu]a;[unilra. 

(About  alx   l«tt«Ta  loMl-pd— (about  ten  later*   kut)   Ibe   ((Kit   o>i-eiod    with 

cnvMr*.  ftc- window*  (three   lottera  lo*t| Vltlilvodika  {two  luttera  hat) 

JmiiHipnimadfiat/ka the  arranxnmonl  of  pleaainu  |<iUai*. 

(About  •even  Icttec*  loat)  cold  (ti>elTo  letter*  liMt|  TaiaHuinuti  (aliout  ni  letten 
biat}  deU^tful  (about  aerem  latteta  loit)  (coatahiiagT)  the  graat  plaoe  of  i«Bt,  «l^nw^ 
pnlaeiL 

(About  fira  letter*  hat)  ramanrfja  (about  fifteen  leUar*  loal>— ray*  (about  thica 
letter*  ln«C)  whore  there  i*  an  opportunity.of  enjoying  extrama  haii}iineM. 

(AIA>tttthr<K>l«t1«r*lc*t)thoaia(nifiMBoeo(k)ng^>  tiaUcaa..  .  tbe  car* □(  Uandata 

(about  tumty  lalten  Ual)— a*  wi*be>l~|abaat  foar  tatenloal) oatbonnat 

iMautidit  uiount^n).     lAbuat  foni  laltor*  l<«t)  br  ma  madeT  Videha  (about  **xt«ua 

lettataloat)  whoM  birtiuiaua  a'aa whoaaniinilily  waa  expaaded  by  jileaainf 

(an«r<^  and  whtaa  niind  waa  ixit  tmokeil, 

(About  three  lettata  loat}  Lay*  labtorpCion)  th«  jdory  ot  the  (nrenu  ot  cfcitOi  of  pida 
(about  dgbtoen  leUcra  loat) . , .  .  ,bj  droumaUiicua  naa,  Varaha  Dei-,  bavins  enjoyvil 
the  nlowurea  o(  kinpi. 

(Aboft  (our  Utt«r*  liat)  the  fpnod  Sugata  the  wcD  iloiTcd  dowl,  body  olkiiakn 
(about  als  letton  loat)  di>im*HioB^-^-a»  loa^  m  by  the  bright  laya,  d>  knu  oaubb 
the  inner  ball  to  he  umiL  ^ 

(About  ton  letter*  Io«t)—tbe  three  Jfrwda  (one  letter  loat)  (throe  letter*  aol  _, 
Bade  out)-  the  iiunintain  rab>rlad  to  by  tba  ([r«at,  and  wluae  top  ia  ooenplad  I 
oavc*  o(  tariuoi  kiada. 

(Aboul  ben  lettera  kat)  (may]  the  world  abo<«it«r,  (rean  th«  daatruettaa  of  edh 
and  iadtvidual  evib.  the  jablaaa,  (eariaaa,  tKBoahil,  and  astdlunt  abudo^    Dr.  Bhiu 
IMji  in  Jour.  Ikmi,  Bi,  Boy.  At.  Sou  VU.  H-es. 


<t  kiiokn 


Decean.! 


JOUKDESH. 


MS 


An  the  wriN  rif  tl)i«  eave  are  covered  witb  frjg«|^Jrpprc«Mitiiig 
ioenes  from  Iho  life  of  Sb^kyamuiii  or  from  llio  Iitgeiniif  nf  siiints, 
and  the  roofa  aud  pillars  hav«  ttralKj»i|(io»  Hiid  ornaments,  gciieraUy 
of  RToat  beauty  of  outline,  ItciglitoifiiJ  by  the  most  harmonioiis 
colouring.  Miicli  w  now  destroyed.  The  roof  of  tho  verandah  wu 
pninted  in  squiu^i  and  circular  compnrttnonl^s,  and  in  the  hall  the 
aides  of  the  columns  wcro  paJnlod  with  Kovrvrs  and  BcroUa. 

! .  In  tho  vt'mndali  a  fragioei^t  of  the  ceiling  decoration  reninius 
protty  enlirv.     It  in  of  much  merit. 

2.  Od  the  architrave,  over  the  hraoket  of  one  of  tlio  front  pillars 
of  the  renuidali,  is  a  Ggare  of  a  beggar  slt^eping  and  a  wild  Ix^aHt 
licking  his  foot,  while  a  horse  stands  behind  him.  To  the  right 
IK  iitxithi.'ir  Ix^gging  fnnr  st-alcii  and  two  mon  iK-foro  him,  whilu  a. 
wild  bea.it  omeit  in  from  tho  right.  Over  another  lintckut  aro  two 
begging  fi'iars,  a  woiuau,  and  some  other  figar«ei. 

3.  On  tho  toft  ond  of  the  bnck  wnll  of  the  voraudah  ia  a  pie<!fl 
of  paiuiiug.  Above,  a  Eluddha  t>itA  oil  n  Ijironc^,  in  bluibb  robe 
much  dcracod  ;  on  bia  left  arc  fragments  of  tlirt*  figures 
wearing  crovmH,  ono  with  a  gnHiii  skin;  ou  the  other  ia  aoiua 
gruat  person  and  a  numl>er  of  women  benring  gifts.  Below  is 
another  Uuddha  ntanding  and  fMqng  the  right,  m  front  of  a  green 
niche,  over  which  is  the  umbrtdla,  Td^iho  left  are  four  figures 
wearing  crowns,  Hud  bohiml  -''-ru,  (•ight«Dn  others,  one  fairer  and 
larger  tliiiu  tho  rust,  all  rii^l.  j  woIUhI.  To  the  right  of  Buddha 
are  Koine  six  top- knot* wearing  orange^skinned  atteiiuants,  one  with 
a  glory  and  one  with  a  fly-flap.  Slill  to  the  right,  are  6re  tuiudler 
fignres,  and  above  a  green  mao,  while  in  the  back-grtmiid  ia  a 
defaced  figure  as  of  Garuda,  with  a  snake  in  hia  Irnnd.  The  fignres 
in  this  lower  portion  seem  dX\  to  bo  presented  against  a  luurk-ground 
of  clouds.  Above  tho  side  door  t»  a  flgnro  like  a  Buddha  in  the 
cloads. 

■I.  In  tho  left  end  of  the  front  aiele  ia  a  very  curiouft  pieco  of 
painting)  tho  interest  of  which  wteins  to  oentro  in  a  child,  held  by 
the  bauds  and  feet  by  a  mau  and  woman,  while  a  thin)  ecems  about 
to  cut  it  io  two  with  a  sword.  Above,  two  rungt^s  of  hills  nra 
represented  in  the  usual  fashion,  and  between  them  a  river.  Ilelow, 
oar  the  right  hand  sidu,  is  a  country  cart  drawn  by  men;  above, 
DU  the  hill,  is  a  man  weaHng  a  Peraian  cap  who  sm:iii8  to  We  in 
grief !  a  green  man  stands  near  carrying  a  man  up  the  hilL  Still 
higher,  tno  man  in  the  Persian  cap  sits  with  two  otbora  paying 
respect  to  n  small  red  figure  on  a  rock,  who  holds  the  little  finger 
of  his  left  luod  with  the  right  and  addresses  them.  Beside,  or  to 
Iho  loft  of  the  three,  stands  a  grcou  man  with  long  streaming  hair, 
and  behind  him  in  a  figure  with  a  sword.  Tho  baok-grotfbd  of 
plantain  trees  marks  a  woodland  scene. 

5.  To  the  right  of  tho  pilaster  is  the  painting  of  the  'DjHng 
Frinoeaa.'  For  pathos  and  sentiment  and  the  unmistakable  way  of 
telling  lis  story  tlii))  picture  cannot,  says  ^tr.  Griffiths,  bo  xurpaxsod 
in  tho  hiatiiry  of  art.  The  Florentine  could  have  put  better  drnw- 
iflg,  and  the  Venetiiiu  heller  colour,  but  ueilWr  vtiuld  hnre  tbrowu 
viM—m 


Chapter ' 
Places  of  Intel 

Csve  XVL 


&4C 


JXV. 

pw  of  lutsmt 

I  Ckw  XVI. 


»' 


DISTRICTS. 


IBcmbty 


'I* 


ifiTfttcr  exjjfcsaion  into  it.     The  (lyinp  wonmn  with  ilroopinjf  hi 
h!iIf-cli~Hw?<l  eypH,  and   lan^^id  tiiubiE,  rpclint's  on  »  hcil,  thv    liko 
which  timy  Kt  foimd  in  nnj  nittivo  hoaso  ot  thv  present  day. 
is  Icadcrly  8U)>]Kir1(td   by  &  {|>mHle  attendant,  whjUt  another,  w: 
eager  gaxe,  ia  looking  into  bar  fac«,  and  holding  the  sick  wotu&D'a 
arm  aa  if  in  the  net  of  feeling  her  palao.    Thu  dxpro»sion  on 
face  is  ODD  of  drop  anxiety  aa  sho  seoms  to  roalixe  how  nana 
will  Iw  uxttiict  in  thv  one  iiho  lorcii.     Another  maid   behind  U   m 
attfiudauce  with  a  ^n,  whilo  twQ*men  on  the  left  arc  looking  oa 
with  an    eipreaaion  of  profound  grief.     Below  aru  wnKtd   on 
floor  otbiT  rt'lKtiona,   who   appear  to   have  given  up    hojie,  ami 
have  ln'gun  llinir  darx  of  monnuDg,  for  one  woman  baa  buried  her 
taenia  her  hands  and  is  apparently  weeping  bitterly. 

6.  AboTctht'  Dying  Frinww  in  a  largo  palace  or  monnatftty. 
it,  near  theniiddle,  isaBnddha,  inhiitwhitti  r()i>e  witli  liia  bei 
bowl  in  hi&  hand,  and  again  ho  appears  in  the  doorway  to  the  le; 
To  the  right  of  tho  first  a  number  of  uoggin;:;  friars  look  out  of  the  d 
Again,  to  the  right  and  U>)ow,  n  Kiiddhu  Ktnnda  holding  out  h' 
!>e^ing  dieih,  andat  hift  fe«l  a  chief  kiteels  and  niakea  obdaauce. 
Behind,  to  the  left,  are  other  sitting  figures.  Above,  on  the  right,  a 
figure  with  IV'i-sian  cap,  on  horBeback,euter8  a  gate;  one  with  11  simil: 
c^,  and  one  withotit,  are  bcyoml  tt.  Farther  on,  to  the  loft,  re.a[ 
the  (tame  figure  and  the  hor»e  neigliiag,  and  a  nian  with  them  ha' 
a  atripcd  wsiatcloth,  while  three  figures  in  caps  appear  outside  am 
foarth  holds  another  horse.  Below  is  a  man  with  a  crooked  swo: 
and  another  with  a  Pcnfian  cap  following  him.  A  piece  of  the 
plaatfir  has  disappeared  below  thif,  and  lower  «till  a  chief  ia  shown 
and  two  or  throe  fignrea,  one  with  a  long  straight  sword.  Between 
the  first  and  i^econd  coil-doors  has  been  a  monasti^ry  with  a  Huddba 
in  the  centre  of  it,  and  women  in  tlio  tsidu  dtvi.'tion.i.  One  of  them 
wears  the  transparent  garbof  nobility.  Near  the  roof,  to  the  right, 
are  angels,  and  to  the  right  is  a  hill  on  which  are  two  monks  talking 
and  a  third  tiitling  by.  Bolow  this  the  plaster  ha^  fallen  off,  but  to 
the  right  is  a  monastery.  On  the  left  aide  of  it  situ  a  Buddha  or  some 
monk,  and  in  the  foreground  another  with  a  look  of  wonder.  In 
fnint  a  man  U  sealed,  iippiireiilly  in  dcep-gricf,  while  another  H(an<)ii 
behind  him.  In  tho  monastery  ou  the  left  stands  a  begging  friar, 
and  behind  him  a  bald-headed  monk  sits  in  distrees.  In  the  right 
side  at  other  two,  and  two  stand  Whind  thcin.  In  a  niche  in  the 
wall  abo\'0,  two  juga  are  shown. 

7.  To  the  right,  over  the  third  cell-door,  are  fonr  Buddhas,  each 
with  thrc«  nmbrellaa  and  underneath  arc  three  niintcd  Sanskrit 
inscriptions,  Abovo  are  sown  more  Buddliaa,  and  a  short  painted 
inscription.  a 

8.  Beyond  tho  fourth  cell-door  a  Buddha  sits  on  a  lion  throne,  tho 
lions  almost  |nctures  of  Ajwytyn  bylls.     Hik  feet  are  on  a  lotus,  the 
stalk  of  it  supported  by  Higa  chic^     Hia  attendants  also  stand 
lotoses. 


I 


0.     On  the  left  end  of   the  back  wall  ii  a  ximilar   figure   wi 
Lokeuthvura  on  his  left,  and  a  begging  friar  witJi  a  garland  on  hfc 


ZteoooB.! 


khAndbsh. 


647 


fuhl^  M  nUaitJaaU.    To  Uie  right,  near  the  cell-door,  are  &  ntuuber 
or  Bitfchi^  flgnrc-t. 

10.  Betwovn  the  wll-door  luitl  the  naUicliamtwr  is  ft  lar^  boodo 
with  fivu  ulophauui  nbuvo,  itutl  uthers,l)eluw,  ridden  by  cbiufs  with 
gmai  retiDttea,  the  uttvndauta  with  inDsical  inBtrumeuts,  aad  soldiers 
with  louff  blue  curved  aworda.  Otie  ligaro  below  on  a  horse  haa  the 
statu  unibn^llu  i-arriod  over  his  hoad. 

11.  On  the  uthvr  tdldo  of  tlu^  aiitediiutiber  Iiur  beoii  a  siinilur 
sueoo  with  liKuraH  baring  bows,  spears,  swords,  and  shields,  two  of 
the  Itttter  with  huge  "  bogie  "  faces  on  thvir  fronte.  To  tho  right 
a  uiimber  of  women  follow  bosriug  faiM  and  ve«sol)i. 

l'<!.  Between  the  doors  of  tbu  fiivt  and  second  ooUti  on  thi#sid« 
hn»  Ijoeti  a  gnmd  soeno,  tu  which  an  enthroned  Beddlia  t«a<'JioM  n 
gnNit  tuHotnbly,  all  wouring  tiaras,  perhaps  gods  iu  heaven.  The 
picture  is  inucb  defaced. 

13.  Between  the  third  nud  fourth  dooR>  in  th»  .lido  aislu  is  the 
famous  BwHio  of  tho  viiiit  nf  Amiiu  ti>  the  infant  ShiUcj'ainuni.  fn  n 
palauo  n  Briihninn  is  seated,  and  in  front  a  boy,  ]>orhups  i:?h&kyaniuni, 
ailii  on  a  stool  with  a  board  in  bia  hands,  above  hi,t  tivad  w  a  cage 
of  birds,  and  a  guitar,  and  round  bim  nit  three  others  witli  bouraa. 
To  tho  )oft,  Attitft  is  0Ciat«il  holding  the  infant  Sh&kyamuui  in  his 
handt  and  Iwforo  bira  are  the  chud's  father  and  mother,  and  a 
dinciple  in  the  foreground. 

14.  Botow  the  last  is  Sb^tcyamnni  shooting  and  other  boys  sitting 
behind  him,  while  Ids  Lcacbor  Hit«  »  little  to  the  rights'  To  the  left 
w^mo  boys  ait  bogotber.  Altove,  lo  the  right,  is  tho  seeno  in  the 
bedroom,  when  ShAkyamuui  loft  bis  wife  and  infant  son  to  bcoomo 
a  monk.  


Chapter' 

Place*  of  Int« 

AjAitr*  C*y% 

CstvXVI. 


Cave  Xy^I..  known  as  tho  Zodiac  Cftve  from  a  ctrcidar  painting  at 
tlio  It^ft  end  of  llio  vnnunUkh,  itt  another  fine  monastery  cavo  similar 
to  the  last  and  apparently  executed  about  the  same  time. 

Outride,  to  the  left,  over  a  L-isturn  and  uudor  tho  inscription,  is  a 
triple  compartment  of  sculptun^.  In  the  centre  Sluikynmuni  nquats 
under  an  ornainoutal  itrcb,  with  angeht  above,  and  a  wbocl,  deer,  and 
lions  below.  On  eiicb  side  is  a  Buddha  standing  on  a  lotun  with 
worshippers  below.  At  the  right  end,  opposite  this,  several  rows 
of  Mouatting  Buddhas  bare  beon  scnlptiiri'd  on  tbo  n>vk,  a  pii-co  of 
wbicli  biM  brolcon  and  fnllen  away,  leaving  a  higher  portion  to 
slide  down.  A  stair  leads  down  from  tbo  front  of  tho  cave  an^ 
mux.!  h.ivo  descended  to  tbo  striiiin.  The  verandah  has  been 
supported  by  six  plain  octagonal  columns  with  bracket  capitals  and 
neat  basee  resembling  the  Attic  base,  but  without  it«  lower  bonia. 
Tho  hall  is  witerod  by  a^ntrul  door,  resembling  tliat  in  XYI,,  with 


Cn*: 


1  Th*  stdiT  nten«d  to  U  probnbly  ttii* :  "  Tb*  royal  prinon,  vhrji  ha  wm  AHmb 
je*n  olit,  oofitrad«d  witb  *I1  Ui«  tiMkyM  in  ktiiWtic  sportH,  He  draw  >  bow  uid 
wttli  oat  amw  piwoad  Mv«n  K(il<len  wuM^  Mid  with  utntlmr  Kven  iron  hlockt, 
Thvfle  uTOm  pMaiag  through  tlw  tMwM*  wtot  tii  a  Miulh-nul  ilircctioQ  anil  atuck 
in  tho  «*rth  :  (rom  Uiew  «pota  two  lounlaina  of  water  jtmhed."  Bcal'i  Pahi-Han, 
9S. 


IBomtiaT  QaMtteif, 


IntOTMt 

Caw. 
;viL 


DISTUICTS. 


ft  row  of  pointed  fiuddluu)  over  it,  ctud  by  Iwo  Hido  doont.  lib 
further  lif^))l»<l  liy  two  wiiMlowx.  lliui  itpiulliHitit  in  itii  f*^^  ^^'^ 
fay  nixty-twu  fo«t  deep  and  thtrteeu  feet  Iiigli,  i(c>  roof  beio^  snp- 
porlL'd  hy  ivn-my  octsffDoal  pillars,  all  plaJii,  oxcepl  the  two  m  too 
middle  of  tho  front  sua  back  row»,  which  Iturc  t-ignaro  Uiscof,  sliaftti 
portly  octs^tud  uud  iMtrtly  )»x(4^*U't>i<l(^il  uiid  inoru  uniiumMited. 
I'be  (tntecbauiber  i»  small  m'th  two  pillont  in  front,  bat  tbe  tibriiM! 
is  17)  feet  wide  hy  twenty  deep,  and  in  front  of  the  great  imaff* 
there  ataud  on  tlio  floor  two  fi^orw,  onvholdiug  tlio  b«t^'n^  friars 
altOB-bonl,  tbe  olber  <lanin^il.  IlieK  are  n1m>  two  attomlants 
on  eaob  xido  of  tlit?  Ituddlui  mid  two  fiy-Qap  beorere.  Besides  tho 
two  in  itic  verandah,  tbia  cave  contains  sixtoon  ccIIe.  M  tho 
right  end  of  tho  vvrandBh  there  is  ainnull  liolu  in  ihv  Hoor  into  a 
finocivtMH  of  wat^r,  the  t^ntnince  tu  wbii-b  is  uu  a  fiighl  of  atens 
between  tbiscav«  and  XVI.  An  iDacriDUon  at  tbe  loft  end  of  tho 
verandah,  ouUido,  givos  tbo  name^'^cnain  princes  of  ^Vabniokn, 
DhritBrA»htni,  his  Ron  Hnri  Siinlw.  his  huh  Kiduliplilu  Saun  S^uba, 
Upi'iidmgiiiiia,  itnd  hU  aon  Sk/u^ha.  Tlicy  may  have  been  local 
chiefs  of  the  aisib  centary.     Nothing  is  known  of  them.* 


I  ThatraBaUUiw«ltK*iincRpdi>(ils:(T><>>«tMMbwl>  OI)cdMBistotkollani,H 

groat  lo«il  111  lb*  tfcrM  Viilyft*  (KaniUlu  ooUoctloB»)  whew  Bcut  cturiuMa  kct  u  tli» 

B*ft  til  ViliArM,  thttr  iiiulltia*  miui  muiM*  aro  ilotcnIiviL    Tko  kin^  vliu  h*>  obtained 
[9  and  hj  (two  Mton  liwt)  tlio  nmlirolU  is  bolj,  and  hail  a  >on  awnwl  DhriUriahtra, 
■rbu  hwl  W  wUla  lunhraUii. 

tTwo  iHtm*  lurt)  thW  kinii'H  •»■>  whuM  couiilccuulOT  wa*  beaalifnl  likv  tlic  tutu* 
«ad  th«  nkuuu,  WH  H»ri  Stml-a— hi»»ono<  vpoUoM  woalth  «w  luliitipala  SMii 
Sd>mlia.  • 

tFunr  totlvra  lu«t|  wm  UptBiliaggpta.  vnj  fssiOD*  tad  iUiatriniu.  Afterwwda 
hi*  ■on  mil  kauwD  aa  SkAulia^ 

(Six  kttcra  Lost)  loT  wKniriDtt  taine  in  the  world  (two  letttn  UsI)  Vaai,  —  Um 
kiiii;  *  HI"  oolclntad  ia  tho  wuiU.  wm  king  Kilapaw. 

lAliout  tire  tfttvn  VM)ol  tUiiatrimw  fame  raaHic  cikliiattd  SkAchd.  After  hin^ 
tlic  in>--mt»r  »l  tho  brij^tnni  of  the  kinu'i  boiily  uul  nwe  waa  KriJipadAia. 

(AlMut  UK  Iott«rs  loat)  (the  kin);'*)  ilauj^t<'r  nuncd  AffibJduUidtiC  wImnk  dreM 
waa  white  aa  tho  ny  of  tlie  «ionn.  with  oouBtciiuice  like  the  Inll  nanan,  and  wtiuaa 
pvculior  (■manunta  wgrc  huniility  and  pluty  ww  Ihn  nifclj. 

(About  Wi^en  letter*  l(«t|  llho  ntiwuiUnif  won!*  ii->t  wvll  made  out)  (oac  Inttat 
lo*l)in  bi*li(an  oipaoitod  like  tbe  k>tu*  | JmhiI  fifo letter* leal)  (thrm  tytUblat) (J 
beautifnl  form. 

t^omparnblo  to  IPiadTDDiua)  a  (Cupi.l)  ami  Kiiiilia  (w<Tfi}  Uio  twn  auiia— the  lint 
wa*  ilntiaoil  to  nils  tho  aarUi,  lli»  wiooil  (lind)  the  naiiin  liavi  liAmlia. 

I  About  twelve  leltan  lost)  Aamahn  (one  letter  lual)  ite  (one  lotl«r  l<«t)  apfiaaMit 
hoaulifol  lika  the  wia  and  nnwiiiT 

(Abaut  eleven  letten  kat)  Uaniva  (o^nt  four  lotion  lnat)|iaitani1arlyoultJvnlnl 
the  frtiindahip  (ana  letter  loat)  l*ra)u>>-o  alwaya  conducted  th«niHtvw  wttk  uaaiiiiuity 
1^  hupjaamK  (tho  twn  brotlicr*). 

(About  alavon  lotten  lr«l)  |tbt™  lyllabliit)  wIiim«  niinbtlinwnt  wa«  (M!VHi*n,prwlaocd 
from  ttamat  aetiniii.  Viiua  MidaIi  !  (rcifnnliiiK  Uiii  yaiingor  brcthin  !)  (abcnit  Urn* 
•yllabiM  not  well  nwdc  aiit)  whn  hna  piuitMl  (Ilii<lilha  !) 

(About  tm  lotton  Inat)  oonrnge,  narcy  (lu'o  l.'t.U'm  load),  tlie  (ehiot)  king.  Ilia 
iniliiat(!r  with  tlie  sppollatitiu  Anitjra,  itftAi  wonlt  iitirluml  tti«  gn»l  tree  of  nwrit. 

YAWh  leu  letter*  lout)  •Irt  [lO-.ut  two  lutt«n  Itwl)  «i  (wtiiu  toltcn  loat)  pAna 
(uBc  I'^tter  Iiwtl  attdiucd  (treat  Icnmiiiu  unit  eicrciMU  clmtity,  tnutvy,  ha)>]iindi^ 
friendship,  tuiviveuea^  bravery,  nnd  wt^uiii. 

(About  ttnJve  letter*  bat)  ho  well  oopiiud  Ihi  pure  condovt  of  Ifemtt)  Ungi 
witli  aiill  inirtr  Ktiona. 

|Tw«]vo  lolten  lo*t)  ICba)  Rira  (foor  lottaia  nut  well  nudo  out)  id  tbo  mmm 
way  the  Innthcrhood  of  mrnnlicanti  waa  (auud  tncriBaaed. 

|AI"-ut  cluTen  Irttera  loatl  ya  ^oiio  luUur  lost)  ft&kahin  T)  Loving  (tha 
MuixlK-.uitii)  01  faia  auuiv  full  of  contjiataBin,  by  inuant  of  gilu  cf  uioaey  left.  • 


1 

KHAKDESH 


1.  Tho  Bo-oallcd  gjjSl£f '  '"  ^^  '^'^  ^"^  "^  ^^^  TorftDdali,  soemn 
to  beaomesortof  re»roc«etitation  ofllio  world.'  Had  Lhero  been 
nine  divieions,  it  might  have  bcoo  iuterproted  na  tJio  niae  dinaions 
of  Janibndn)Ki,  but  thoro  aru  oiily  ci^lit.  Tho  iikrioas  vmyv  in 
vrliiirh  tlio  pt'rwtit  in  wicli  aro  ciigiigfri  m-om  to  indicnto  difTvreut 
ii<t]M>cia  uf  worldly  lifo,  tho  wheot  of  lifo  or  furtuno.  In  one  U  n 
niau  aloDQ,  in  auother  aro  animals  with  men,  in  a  third  are  vessels, 
dishes,  and  tools,  in  olhcrHnro  hnildineH  and  streets.  Tho  rim  of  tho 
whtxil  i«  dividtxl  into  «ixt4!ou  coiiifwrUneut«,  nu:h  ooutsininif  symbols, 
and  is  npheld  by  two  long  greou  nnuBi  with  bmcolct». 

2.  To  tho  left,  on  tho  samo  wall,  aro  tvo  bullocks  led  by  a  man, 
a.  woman  carrying  some  object  on  a  board  on  her  head,  ant^  two 
ru(Uskirinud  men,  one  with  a  polo  over  his  tihoulder.  These  ore  a 
cuutionatioQ  of  No.  3  beneath.  Below  U  •  begginv  friar,  seated  in 
s  cave,  wit  It  ft  water-pot  in  front  and  a  dead  body  athis  feet.  Relew 
this  is  a  greLig-skjDUod  cbiof  and  attendants  mnch  defaced,  but  with 
tlio  nnntu  Stunthk(v{ra,  virittva  tiiidor  his  eont.  On  tho  right  i»  a 
boc^iuBT  friar  with  a  jug  on  a  atand,  talking  Co  a  laio  Hoated 
before  uim. 

S.  To  tho  loft,  on  the  return  of  the  wnll  nbctro,  n  largo  orange- 
coloured  »uake  eneirt^lcfl  an  arca  with  men,  buildiugfi,  and  trees  in 
it.  Tbo  eeeno  extends  to  the  edgo  of  tbo  largo  circle  on  the  end 
wall. 

4,     Relow  the  liwt   is   painted  tho   T.itany  of  A\-Alukite«hrara, 


Cha|it«r^ZI1 
naeeeof  Int«i 

Ckvo 


onfurtanately  all  bnl  obliterated.     Avnlukitesvara  holds  tho  palm 


[.Hany 
lukitesv 


{About  Iwrfr*  letttn  lost}  makon  InitiuiCAnoouHly  Atbdmsmt  of 

thu  low  luicl  meiiUttitm  of  SuvMbij-a  (Bvildli*},   wd  rtnlltJM  iliMfipMroil  fnon  tbo 
worltl. 

(Aboat  cloven  letter*  l«t|  inba  (mvbii  not  wall  doctpboroill  liy  llio  wntvr  o(  gtotjr, 
white  n*  tbo  ntyi  of  tlic  moon,  to  bcautifloil  tha  wbolo  worlil. 

[About  lixtoon  letters  brt)  nwern  (two  lattm  lout)  nAHf«^n.j|nV  a.  luuoii  among  plot 
kinK".  (b«  bcocfnetor  of  )iii  aiibjoeta  ;  whibt  |>n>U'^<iiit<  Unt  r-Vrlli. 

(About  duvcii  IiTttenlutt)  wanderfnl  kocomuliilii^i  of  in^rrii  (twu  lottor*  lost)  (mm 
wliom  lliu  lUwn  of  onuuiteiital  f^fU  tA  tlio  Hrtb  of  btU[)u  uul  VUium— |o  the 
clpliulit  o(  thu  BinuiitoiMan. 

(Abmit  olitvou  loUnra  Iimk)  (IIitoo  nyllabloa  not  irdi  imdu  oat)  the  aonadtng  (aboat 
■ix  lottvni  lo«l)  <ttinMi  hjIUMm)  by  tliu  jcmU  (tour  Isttun  lort)  *1  the  (uiaiiSDr«bl«> 
foot  of  Ills  Salija  (nuuiibun). 

(About  eleven  letlora  lost)  Uw  Blnpcndoiu  Chnitj*  of  Mmiirijs  (Baddlu),  lhi> 
inoDiilitlik  j«w»l.  » 

(Abmt  ton  letlen  loit)  haviox  gWon  pluiity.  cnuitrnutoil  ■  Cliiulya  \at*,  cUficntt 
even  to  bp  hna^Mil  by  liltia  mnub  (throo  li-llrn  not  wall  matlu  odI). 

(About  Xw^rt  lotten  loct)— 9<  — ooovfltor  of  bmuliful  (a  pinov)  «wo<jl,  light,  ekd, 
cold,  &nd  piBntifnl  wsl«r.  n  maKnilicont  t>Iaco  of  na/U. 

(About  lourtMD  Inltun  lost)  il«lightfiil  in  everr  way,  at  tbo  eitromity  of  the  htU, 
towardi  the  w«t.  conatmoM  tho  gnat  Gajidluknti  (uavo). 

(About  cluvL'ii  l«ttar«  loat(  wbcw  ■oticoia  are  directed  tou-arii  good  ;  tar  Aa 
attunmviit   ol  tbo  meditation  of  Hunindraaltha  (Buddha)  in  thu  viirld  «aay  all 
,  wi*tii<d'f<-ir  nenlth  be. 

(Abuut  fourteen  lctt«n  loot)  nn—hvmb)Dbvhnn(nuy)  tbo  Mandana(t«nu^to)aolaiu 
ai  ibe  lua  dwtroyi  darkooii  by  it*  rati  lend  lo  the  dawn  ot  good  na  th^  WlBtM 
1  Conipirb  Ralph  (J^r.  "Ben.  A.  S.V,  2,  aS9i  :  ThJa  todiac'  aa  tkw  tall  ifc  \ 


s 


eUborate^     Why  they  call  it  lodi&c.  I  know  not.     There  m  in  one  iiart  a  buU  md  in 
.  anolher  aoalo*.     Wo  mwt  get  a  Udder  to  we  it  deatty.     It  might  nare  been  called 

tho  ■htcld  ol  Achillea  H  irctl  m  sodiae. Thoandiac  i*  incoMptoto. 

I  think  aboint  a  tliinl  of  it '»  waatikg,  and  tin  Inwor  par<t  of  the  cirolc  C'>ii)d  &*vor 
Hkve  bMB  <q«pl«b>,  (or  it  MBit  have  been  ever  tbii  doer  of  the  ccU.     • 


xry. 

MMoflBterait 
LfA-XTi  Caw. 

Cftvu  xvn. 


has  a 


D18TUICT8. 


of  his  right  'hand  forward,  sod  has  a  botUe  with  oral   body  uid  I 
nnrrow   nock  in  hia  left.     Of  tlu;  uval  cunipiirtinenb  at   uwui  sidfl  i 
only  n   few   am  bt>  purliatly  nmde  out:   tlio    D|i)M'r   ono   on   the  ' 
luft  roprvitetitct  i^  rojpiiK  tirp  and  a  lignre  fleeio)^  from  it  U>  Arnloki- 
Uiafanm,  nod  the  next  aeoma  to  hare  been  Ubaraui,  KAli.  or  Deatb.    i 
ptmuing  hor  victim.     Ou  the  right,  thu  n[i|ter  picture  contaioed  the 
Uolutw  tfav  vnumy  frutn  whicli  dulivcmiico  wim  nocighl ;    tliu  next 
ft  IKTI  I  *"**  ^^*'  third  au  infuriated  elephaat.'  ^b 

S.  Od  the  back  wall  of  the  vertbidab  at  the  extreme  left  md^^H 
a  ^oung  chief  untod ;  atid  hi^  wife  on  bis  right,  and  another  won^n 
with  only  a  irhitu  and  bluu  pvttMxmi  and  rich  pusri  nockbw.'v.  Bolow 
is  u  wuiiuLU  with  a  dUb  and  before  the  chief  a  red-t(kiuuvd  tnaa 
telling  a  stoir ;  bebiud  is  another  red  man  Ju  a  white  cnt(. 
Iist«nmg,  as  if  ho  werv  the  M)K-iikcr's  partner.  In  frunt  of  him 
is  a  green  duui  with  a  stick,  facing  niund  to  a  begging  friar, 
who,  with  BIX  olhera,  two  with  square  umbrellafl  and  ime  with  fair 
linir,  scorn  to  wait  for  something.  One,  older  than  the  rest,  has  a 
fttick.  AboTu  tlicM!  last  are  tiro  nica  on  iwntii,  one  rts],  |)robnb 
a  hooaeholdcr,  and  thu  rvMt  iK^ggiug  friars,  one  white-skinned 
hia  hair  in  the  t<>p-kuut  stylo.  Uofore  them  are  dishes,  and 
email  and  ono  liirgo  cup  near  each,  with  tluwvrs;  and,  on  tbu  Iv 
one  vessel  set  abovu  another  with  tlowor^  iu  it.  IVo  women  \tntnt 
fiowen  in  vases.  On  tlio  left  a  man  comes  in  bearing  a  pote  with 
water-vessels.  To  the  right  of  tbo  woman  is  a  gruenish  man,  dressed 
in  striped  garment,  holding  a  white  diuli,  and  in  front  of  him 
another  oUo  with  a  di«h,  nerving  the  begging  friarB.  To  the  left 
are  two  b^gors,  one  has  bnt  oai  eye,  then  a  third  t«d  oa^-e^wd 
fellow,  andnest  two  women,  oao  iu  a  sort  of  eack,  a  [)eukod  head- 
drvBMi  and  very  fair;  tho  other  with  a  jiu-ket,  aiiil  a  i-bild  ou  hi-r 
hip.  Above  her  is  anothor  bcuriiig  itomething  like  a  ebield  with  a 
Cnnge,  and  ou  hor  right  a  fair  hgoro.  All  seem  to  be  begging. 
In  the  foregronnd  is  a  man  on  a  pinkish  horse  and  another  about  to 
mount.  To  the  right  of  the  latter  hunio  is  a  man  with  n  baeon  and 
two  in  front  of  biin  b<.-^iiig. 

0.  Ovor  tbu  right  jamb  of  the  side  door  and  extending  over  the 
wiuiiow  is  another  Hcetic.  In  u  pnluoo,  over  tho  window,  a  bro 
skinned  chief  treats  his  ^r  wife,  in  gauKy  robe,  to  some  sherl 
A  Foraian  Borvant,  in  green,  with  an  elegant  cbiret  jog,  en' 
with  vwine.  A  little  red  dwarf  holds  a  spittoon  and  ani 
Kpittoou  is  »t  tho  chiLTit  side.  Ik-biud,  a  servant  brings  s<jme  diet^ 
of  other  objdct.  On  the  K^ft,  two  womcu  look  from  a  wiudow,  and 
on  the  right  two  others  and  a  man  stand  in  the  verandah.  On  each 
Bide  of  the  pnluco  are  M  trees.  Leariug  tho  palace  on  the  left,  is 
a  lady  of  distinction,  with  a  woman  currying  an  umbrollu  over  hor 
head,  smd  behind  them  a  servant :  beside  th9  ladv  and  holding  bor  by 
the  hand,  is  a  reddish  bandmaid,  diatbguisbed  ny  her  full  dress  in 
blue  and  wliite;  then  a  hir  roan  boarin^a  bow  and  some  bulky  objuet^H 
Bahind  him  are  two  women,  tbo  red  one  with  a  dish  of   flower^H 


n-  tb« 
irown^ 
lerb^l 
ente^l 


1  For  AvalolutMhrM  anil  hi*  Lt*ny  ••«  above,  evt*  IV, 


,--» 


.\ 


Oeecu.1 


KOANDESH. 


nnd  then  thu  brown  clitt-F  with  nn  ambroUa  cArriecI  ovar  Lis  lieuj. 
Ill  till)  rurw^rcmud  Iwo  womttn,  tht^ir  liuiiil»  now  f(»nf,  stAud  near 
the  gatevraj*,  outside  of  vrliicb  ta  tbe  porter,  B««id<;  tbo  gate  »  u 
pUntaiD  troe.  , 

7.  To  ibo  right  of  tbo  window  is  some  mountain  scene,  tn 
Front  wu  »  giK»iitic  grt^oa-akinned  chief  witb  magiiifi<»^nt  bead- 
drew),  now  nearly  ^ao.  Ne»r  tjie  roof  i»  an  tukoka  truo,  nnd  in  front 
of  it  a  pea-fowl  with  white  wings,  ^hm  beak  and  breast,  and  gnvii  tail. 
Bvforo  it  JH  perhups  a  wat«r-ntnncl,  wbicb  a  monkoy  approaches 
from  behind  anuthor  a»Kaka  trM  with  tho  biidn  srarculy  burst. 
Above  are  two  heavenly  minatrela  with  human  busts  and  bird^ 
feet  and  taila  ;  ono  with  cymbals,  and  the  other  with  nome  vther 
instrnmont.  To  tho  left,  on  bluo  clouds,  is  a  fair  cherub  with  a 
banket  over  hin  shoubU-r,  nntl  three  cok-slinl  dnmsols,  one  with 
cjnnbals  and  another  with  a  Hute,  Aoin,  and  two  atl«n<luntti  one  witJi 
B  Bopt  of  harp,  vina,  thu  ("thor  with  a  sword  and  crown.  Below  is  a 
rod  pair  of  kinltoji  or  mouutaiueora.  The  rest  is  dostniyed.  On 
tlio  extreme  right  two  comical  little  Bpriles,  Ouhyakaa,  sit  on  a 
rock. 

8.  \\y  tho  edge  of  tho  door  are  Dome  fragments  of  painting. 
On  the  frieze  of  tho  door  are  eight  Buddhaa,  tlie  seventh,  Shtikya- 
muni,  nnder  a  pi^l  tree,  luid  tho  oighth,  Maitreya  or  Uipankara 
Buddha,  with  a  high  tiara. 

9.  On  the  lintel  are  eight  oompnrtmonts,  oacb  containing  a  pair 
of  flgurei<,  treating  each  other  to  lirjuor,  the  women  mostly  rwhler 
tluui  the  men.     'Irio  door  posts  have  been  painted  in  neat  patterns. 

10.  On  the  nght  of  tho  door  above  are  some  cherubs,  aiid  below 
tbum  is  a  begging  friar.  To  the  right  is  a  moontaia  scene  witli  a 
largo  royal,  orange-coloured  ligure  in  front,  and  above,  to  tho  rights 
an  angel  and  two  cherubs  with  remarkable  head-dresBos.  Below, 
perhaps  in  a  cave, ure  two hoavoaly  Hiinittrelit.  Under  the  angel  nro 
two  blue  i>eia<fowls,  and  under  the  pea-fowls  a  Bliil  or  bowman 
crouching  lorward  ;  lower  still  are  the  heads  of  two  figures, 

11.  Over  the  two  windows  to  tho  right  ia  painted  a  story.  First, 
over  the  left  window,  is  king  Bimbi^ra'  seated  in  his  palace,  with  a 
pillow  behind  him  and  his  wivcii  and  one  handmaid  on  his  right ;  on 
bis  left  is  a  begging  friar  or  bis  minister.  In  a  Hoor  below  are  three 
women  and  a  man,  and  to  tho  right  is  the  door  and  porter.  lit  the 
oonrt  are  w>inc  men  sitting,  and  three  horses  and  an  elephant  loo|t 
out  uf  the  stables.  Then  comes  a  doorway  and  tho  market  place  in 
which  are  scon  womon  looking  out  of  wiiiilow«  with  sunshades  over 


Chaip 
Placet  of  Inter 


1  Bimbiiln  WBa  kiiue  «t  tjagwlkt  of  wliieh  RAjngrJha  «M  Um  «>pllalT  AfUc 
BlAiKlouing  hU  hOBMi  SULyaaxitii  v«el  to  tovnnl  Imlv  ptnonm  to  •oeh  iiutnivtion. 
DUkppointad  iritli  kII  of  th«si.  Iiu  took  lit*  Aboil*  dd  a  little  hill  aeax  Riiagrlhk,  oUod 
Ptuiuvik  uhI  prDOured  Ki*  foud  by  boggmK  i"  ^^  '^^7-  ""  f  ■wtk,  gfoA  Xofika, 
uul  hannit'*  8ari>,  attnuitod  tho  attoition  of  evaiy  one  who  mw  him.  Mid  ami  kiag 
BInibiiAr*  pud  hnn  »  riiit  aad  pronised  to  reodrc  Un  m  kii  tator,  ahonlil  th« 
youthful  hnrait  «<r«r  >oi]BJre  th«  kMwMge  he  •oagbt  It  wu  in  Ite  sistMBtJi 
year  of  the  mga  at  thia  king  tint  SUkyanuiii,  tiMti  in  bia  thirty-fifth  yosr,  bMsaie 
A%u(l<lh>(53G«.c.> 


rBomtuy  Oil 


552 


DISTRICTS. 


_xxv. 

oflBterMt. 

m  xvn. 


lAXtA 


tlwin.  Two'horws  go  townHs  llid  jwlaco,  and,  botween  them] 
light -coluorfd  ulepluitit,  pryceeding  from  the  palace,  sebMW  a  bfir^it 
fnar  in  liis  tnink.  'ITien,  overtlioaepontl  ffiDdiiiv,tbnsamiti!lit)iitii 
kneela  at  the  feet  of  8hakfAi9iuii  &i>d  Iuk  'liMcinK^,  [tcrlmpH 
orS&ripatm,'  both  wilh  uliii8<boivl>i.  Many  men  in  ihe  markot-ol 
looking  on  witti  iutereitt,  and  Iwn  behind  Sb&kyamutu  aru  Suui^ 
from  ike  elephant. 

12.     On  th«  oud  wall  iit  VaihAm  hill.'      Shikyniimni  i»  throned  in 
front  and  many  chicfii  two  of  them  dtaiingoiahed  hy  the  riolinc 
of    their    jewelry.     On    clouds    aro   saiutfl  with    top-knoi    hea 
dimsw.      Tbu  Btory  itt   wull  known  in  the  Itfo  of  Sn^yainnm^ 
eonq^iun  with  R^jagriha. 

18.     In  the  ri^ht  iamb  of  the  last  window  is  Manjug))0»h«,'  or 
MimiJlthA  iM  hv  is  ciilltMl  in  Ncjuil,  with  a  jng  in  hia  lint  hand.     The 
OTftl,  reaembiing  a  glory   round   liiio,  is   the   n'prev«ntatioo   of   tbo 
stonD  cut  away  in  forming  a  carved  intagi^     He  ia  the  diadplu  q^ 
Ulatvyondraontha,   and,  at  the   present  day,  his  car  in  drawn  aft^| 
MalsyendranAtlia's  iii  prooi>»t.'*i«iii*  in  Nnpnl.  ^\ 

14.  In  the  firet  of  the  two  windows  is  a  Buddha  on  the  left  jamb 
with  hiB  alms-bowt.  On  the  other  is  also  a  Buddha  (debcod)  and  an 
attoodant. 

15.  Tho  ceiling  of  the  verandah,  i^opiiMl  by  Major  Gill,  is  no* 
the  India  Moseum  at  Kensington.     In  the  centre,  six   figures 
sis  anns  between  them,  and   had  perhaps   only  two  feet,  bnt 
middle  p«^)rt*oD  of  the  painting  is  gone; 

16.  The  roofflof  the  aisles  ore  tolerably  entire,  bnt  tiie  oolonr 
has  boon  so  damaged  by  amolto  that  only  the  dtviigns  mn  Iw  iitada 
out.  Tho  roof  of  the  centmt  area  ia  in  a  airailajr  nonditioo.  It 
differ:*  rn)in  tho  other  roofs  by  having  a  very  large  portioa  of  tbo 
area  fiUeii  by  oonoentrio  circles,  deo-imtod  in  vanous  jsitUTiw, 
and  a  broad  square  border  outside,  filled  with  anintal  and  oth^^ 
figures,  among  which  a  cock<fight  and  a  rani>fight  are  pronunenti^f 

1 7.  The  pillars  »l»o  bavo  been  painted,  and  large  portions  of  the 
docoralions  on  them  can  bo  iua<lc  out,  and  are  very  interesting. 
Tho  tigureat  uf  lious  and  grotesque  boinga,  on  tho  bases  of  some  of 
ibom,  aro  oiuqoe. 


4 


.  iAduiiI*,  iwphaw  o(  Bndiiha  ftud  tbo  great  oompcwer  ot  Suirod,  mw  the  vomnd 
fia4illu«t  jatftkroli.  Stripuln  v-u  oud  td  the  Inding  diwMnlca  of  Bnddla,  tfaa 
iwirawnUtlvu  of  nauiuletc  wiBiIam.  A  d«tul<d  kcciMiit  oi  NUipaln  ia  givca  ia 
Bi»r«  Fal>-Haii,  CO,  aote  5. 

>  V'aililnt  wot  uno  of  Uiu  live  hiOfl  wliicb  inmiunilod  tho  old  city  of  RliagrilH. 
Tlip  otlip™  wont  VmrUiH.  Vrisluililia,  Biibiuiri,  uidGiiaitrakaL.  Tboy  w «t  [irasewl 
BuiMil  Kuklirdgiri,  Vipulaj^iri,  lUtni^ri,  Udajratpri,  Aid  SoiMgih,  BmI'r  FMb.lliaa, 
119,  note  r 


N«pUmc  and  TliilHjtoiH. 
tmli*od  tii«  |)eop1u, 


He  la  uid   to 


■emi-hiitoiM   olisracter    dcoficd  by 

piVl, 


tl» 

uid 


ia  uid  to  have  dndned  tiie  nliey  at  NnxVl, 
whut  KAiliyapa  i*  uid  to  h»ve  done  for  Kiukoifr  {Uuniaiifla 
I^Otnsof  GOod'LaV,  505}.  By  tlio  ChJncmi  bo  it  RpdMn  of  "u  •  taaubar  of  tho 
hlghtvt  lUj^t  of  doctriDo  found  in  th«  Uihiyua  or  Groat  Tohiulo,  uid  tlw  founder 
of  •  wliool  called  '  th*t  of  the  Oau  Nntnra.'  which  affiinted  that  nil  croftluro*  poMca 
th«  una  iMtim  of  BoddLa."    IBonl'^Fnhniiui.Ca  noti- I).  ^ 


M 


KtlANDKSlI. 


\S.  In  the  loft  «ud  of  thu  front  mhIoi  and  loft  sidi  of  the  cell 
door,  it>  Ik  Braao  In  n  |»laoe.  Tow&nlft  the  right  isido  uf  tlte  pictnro  a 
crowued  chief  aittt,  holding  a  eheathc-d  sword  mtih  bia  left  hand,  u»d 
apparentljr  ahuut  to  draw  it  with  tho  right.  Rvhiud  him  ataud  two 
wt)iueu,  the  fint  witli  u  fly-flap,  Ihw  itecuud,  darker  in  complexion, 
and  with  a  royal  bead'dreas.  Before  the  chief,  on  the  left,  uud 
verf  close  to  him,  Btands  a  man  drf««vd  tut  a  Brahman  friar,  with  a 
whittt  Hheei  orvr  htif  loft  Khntildrr,  a  haro  head,  a  eiuall  ring  in 
his  ear,  and  a  small  motislache.  He  appears  to  lean  with  hit  left 
elbow  on  the  ehiiif's  ttoat,  and  holds  thv  uthor  hum!  to  hi^  chin.  Ilia 
sduIm  are  remarkably  lontr.  Behind  hiui  with  curly  hair,  is  a  hinok 
servant  who  might  pass  for  a  negro,  carrj'ing  some  object  on  his 
back,  hidden  by  the  loop  of  the  fn'^ouiug  which  comes  orer  hi^eft 
ahoulder.  In  hi^  c»r<  are  long  nurringa,  and  in  bii«  left  hitiid  }»  a. 
Bort  of  foil  or  wand.  Ue  is  naked  to  the  waist  and  wears  striped 
short  drawon.  8iill  to  the  left  stands  another  chief.  Behind  him 
an  attendant,  with  Rmall  mouirtacfae,  appeara  to  bn  carrying  itomo 
object,  and  behind,  in  the  door,  ia  a  portor.  To  the  right  of  the 
chief  is  HOen  a  fly-Rap,  and  tho  head  of  a  lady  with  roynl  heud-drosa. 
Above,  on  the  eavoH  of  the  roof,  U  a  bird,  and,  ou  a  frieze  a  litlhi 
higher,  au  elephant  fight'.  Over  tliis,  from  a  window,  six  ladies 
I(H)k  out,  tine  apfiarviilly  in  grief,  who  points  dowmvardis.  Over 
this  again  ia  an  inscription  in  red  paint  but  not  original.  Below 
all  this  are  to  bo  traced  tho  crowns  and  part  of  tho  beads  of  two 
})or:iona,  one  of  whom  has  a  giory,  and,  like  tjhiv,  a  third  eye  in  his 
forehead,  bnt  honicontal. 

19.  On  the  right  side  of  tho  celK  ahoiit  tlie  level  of  tho  top  of  the 
door,  a  chief  hili,  n  dark  wctmau  iK'hiiid  him  liotd.f  the  fly-Hap,  and 
behind  her,  to  the  left,  another  holds  the  umbrella.  To  the  right 
flit  four  men,  pwltf  uud  rvd-skinnod,  and  one  grcwn  with  moustavhcs 
and  with  a  bloe  watur  lily,  and  nnothor  red  one  behind  more  richly 
drosaed.  The  one  to  the  right  ia  clothed  to  the  neck,  wears 
atockiug?,  and  sirems  to  eponk  to  tho  chief.  Behind  him  a  fair 
maid  servant  brinjfa  a  tray  of  flowers,  and  beyond  her  ia  ^  green 
servant.  To  the  ripht  is  another  green  servant  with  a  fly-flap.  To  the 
right,  and  u  litilo  lower,  aro  two  geeiie  on  fk-uii,  and,  im  the  return  of 
the  pilaster,  are  some  ttovon  gvofic,  while  tower  still  a  man  carries  two 
in  his  hands.  Dnder  the  chief,  to  the  left,  is  mountain  scenery 
with  plant-s  in  flower  and  a  lake  with  wat^r  fluwera  and  gtH»o  in  it. 
Above  i«  more  painting,  tolerably  entire.  • 

20.  On  the  front  of  the  pilast«r  a  Bnddhn  is  reprosent«d  soutedf 
in  a  red  robe,  with  a  glory  round  his  hoad  and  two  Lokeahvarus  om 
fly-flap-bearera  by  liim. 

21.  On  the  loft  of  the  first  cell-door,  in  tho  toft  aisle,  a  lady  sits 
on  a  large  seat  with  a  tiuiH  on  hor  head,  and  on  her  left,  behiml  the 
seat,  stands  aantttimianl.  On  the  retnrn  of  the  pilaster,  to  ihe  left, 
18  another  woman  seated,  not  so  richly  dressed,  and  behind  hor,  a 
third  stands  looking  towHi'dH  the  left.  Uelnw  the  fir^t  part  of  this 
is  a  lake  with  loCua  flowera,  and  beside  it  are  men  and  a  woman. 

22.  In  a  painting,  to  thv  right  of  tho  first  cell-door  and  etretching 
tivthe  nest,  in  a  lady  who  »eems  to  hjivc  entered  fmm  n  door  on  tho 


Chapter 
Plac6B  of  lBt«n 
Ajasta  Cxrtt. 


lB«mba7  0***' 


DISTRICTS. 


bfflEI 


•  XTT.      Itift.     To  Ih^riffht  is  a  chief  staiHliiifi:  with  an  Btt^ndsat  boliind 
hoM oFlDloitst.  ^^°^t  '*•  "'*'  rifjli'i  are  ^wo  clu'Wroo,  oae  of  whom  (hi'  rhiuf  takrn 


ftMXTA  CAVM. 

iXVU. 


by  Ibo  band.  Abuve  aru  twu  nifo,  one  porhapsft  !<u|i]iUant,  and  to 
the  b'fl,  a  round  object,  bat  ^hethor  a  shield  or  a  round  rnn  i*!  not 
very  clear.     To  the  ripbl  Htitnd  twu  mwi  tiilkm(j;,  ono  "f  1 1  'S 

BnihtnaD.     IMiinil  Uiirin  are  tivn  hor§es,  and  still  t.i  t)ii'    i  a^ 

three  men,  ono  with  a  epott«d  baj;  at  fats  side,  and  below  arc  soma 
fragiii«Dt«  o{  otbOT  figiirv*. 

23.  Ber.iroen  the  second  and  ttlird  cell-doora  are  two  borsea  and 
ft  man  leading  them.  To  (ho  foro^itiud  to  the  ri^ht  are  two  persons 
of  distinction  wb<)  rocut  nii  oldish  man,  with  a  rowiry,  coming  {rom  a 
rool^  hill.  Til  the  Hfi^ht  of  him  are  the  beoda  of  two  more  horses. 
Lower  and  to  tbo  nKht  a  fig'iirc  itHa  nnder  a  roof,  or  perhaps  in  a 
care,  with  a  trou  or  bash  to  th«  right  of  it,  and  below  are  koioc 
figures  not  easily  made  out. 

24.  BetwovD  the  third  and  funrth  cell-doors  are  a  eeries  of  : 
in  which  an  old  man,  bald  on  thi-  furehiiid,  with  prominviil 
and  ftquare  ambrella  in  his  hand,  apparently  begsing,  appear 
least  four  timca.  First,  to  the  right  of  the  nppor  ball  of  the  tl 
cell-door,  fau  scents  to  enter  from  the  Ivft  au<l  lo  address  a  woall 
maa,  by  whom  sits  his  wifo.  looking  round  at  the  man.  Behind 
auolher  man  and  further  to  tbo  right,  the  porter.  Lowor  and 
the  right  tlio  beggar  appeara  again  with  abag  iMid  jug  on  hi;*  back, 
before  a  figure,  dressed  as  a  chief,  with  an  atleudaut  seated  at  hui 
foot,  while  a  girl  looki*  at  the  oid  man  from  the  left.  Lower  again 
and  to  the  left  a  man  is  ropres^tvd  giving  him  a  water  jtu*.  At 
the  upper  right  hand,  in  a  palace,  a  chief  richly  jewelled,  Hit«  vrilM 
a  By-Dap>buar«r  behind  bim  and  oaotber  attendant  bring^f 
forn-anl  a  vessel,  while  the  man  appears  again  on  tbo  left  bcggii^^ 
on  the  extreme  right  sits  a  lady,  while  a  child  rests  against  the 
obioPa  cushion.  BcJnw,  a  richly- jewelled  man  sits  to  the  left  of  a 
green  oni;,  and  to  the  right  is  a  third. 

25.  la  the  end  of  the  b«ick  aisle,  above  the  cell-door,  are  many 
horses,  with  riders  at  the  gallop  and  Bome  archers  among  tbem, 
bnt  the  painting  is  so  blackened  as  not  to  bo  easily  made  out. 
Below  on  the  left  side  of  the  cell-door,  a  wild  man,  bit*  hair  on  end, 
hearea  a  large  stono  at  a  great  monkey  lyiog  asleep.  To  tbo  left, 
Another  man,  or  pt-rhaps  the  »ame,  appears  »»  if  aoont  to  seize  n 
monicey  who  sits  looking  ninnd,  with  «  liirgo  stone  beside  bim,'  Ta 
tho  left  is  a  tree  and  a  de«;r  and  other  aniinnU  beyond  it.  Beneath 
the  sleeping  monkey  is  anothor,  stretching  up  hijt  hands  and  a  man 
near  him.  And  from  the  loft  another  large  monkey  advancea  with 
a  man  behind  him.  h| 

26.  On  the  hack  wall,  from  the  come^  to  tbo  door  of  the  flP 
cell,  iS  a  pretty  large  pii-co  uf  wall  painting.  In  the  upjx^r  rigl^ 
corner  a  man  of  some  note  eits  under  «  canopy  with  his  wife 


>  In  tliD  misrhat  aoutiitiiitv  ore  similtr  mDukoy  Keno.  Id  odb  ■  nuB 
brp'ttoan  at  a  monkvy  whu  clupn  hini  by  tha  hfe> ;  in  Kncthcr  >  moalMy 
iar«p[r  If  tl  ttco,  tmm  aniKOwliDcliiigi  tohwhMk,    (Rliarhut  8tiipt,  100), 


]>»CC«B.I 


ehAndesb. 


riRht,  while  «oother  greeaiab  I«mal«  to  the  left,  wittf  hor  hair  in  a 
fillet.  Koomtt  to  HpMk  carnwstly  lo  him.  Anotla-r  iwoinB  to  bo 
appraachinp  in  front  ftud  holding  up  her  hniids  in  a«tonisliineBt  or 
terror.  B^thiud  her  is  a  greon  wutujiu,  aiid  a  man,  wiUi  a  woinaa 
J)«fui'e  him,  who  holds  tvro  ubjwitti  like  tht'  heads  of  two  crocodileit, 
perhaps  musical  iustruraents.  To  the  left  a  rod  tmui,  bald,  and  with 
a  cirtAv  ou  the  side  of  his  heud,looks  buck  excitedlj',  and,  in  front  of 
tiin,  a  woman  pn-sonU)  hor  jninvd  palms  to  th«  loft^  while  she  looks 
to  the  right.  Still  to  the  loft  ai*  two  men,  one  with  a  mace  in  hia 
hand.     Near  th©  left  wall  at«  Ibo  faces  of  two  other  figuTM. 

27.  Below  the  last,  to  tli«  left,  is  a  palace  in  which  sits  a  chief 
with  two  women  Mfranta  and  iu  front  of  him  two  men,  to  whBm  ho 
«ccms  to  Im)  tulkins.  Below  ho  is  again  rvprotvated  sitting  under 
a  roof  with  soreraT  women  evrraot«.  From  the  gate  on  the  left,  a 
horae  goes  oat  (the  rider  now  destroyed),  and  beyond  it  is  another 
horsemftn.  Above,  an  elephant  lea%'o«  t,ho  phIhco,  tho  rider  holding' 
a  goad  in  his  hand,  while  four  soldiers  march  forward  with  shielda 
and  sw'ird:«,  tho  two  in  front  apparently  turning  away  from  the 
spectator,  and  a  chief  upon  un  elepliuut  i.i  meeting  them.  Above 
this  the  painting,  though  lur\j  entire^  is  too  much  blackened  by 
smoke  to  be  mmie  much  of. 

28.  Between  the  first  and  second  oell-doors  on  the  back  wall  is 
a  large  and  lively  scone.  On  the  upper  left  side,  a  chief  sits  on  his 
throne  in  a  pnlHoe,  behind  him  is  a  green  fly-fiap-bean-r  and 
another  reddish  female,  and  bcatide  her  a  fair  tnaJd  itorrant.  In 
front  of  the  chief,  ou  a  stool,  sita  a  red-skinned  man,  without 
jewelry  aod  with  a  clotli  over  hia  loft  shoulder,  and  bohind  him, 
to  the  luft,  stand  ton  men  dreiised  like  Brdhman  beggars.  In 
front  of  them  are  two  men,  one  carrying  some  object  ana  dressed 
in  full  whitu  garmenls,  a»  portors  usually  aro ;  tho  other  ix  perhaps 
a  soldier  of  the  body-gunrd.  The  man  before  the  chief  neems  to 
look  back  and  speak  to  them.  Above  the  heads  of  the  beggars  a 
number  of  horses  look  from  stablu  windows.  Below,  in  another 
apartment,  a  rod  man  on  (he  left  seieos  another  by  the  waistband, 
who  in  turn  seixos  the  next  to  the  left  and  knocks  him  down.  A 
fonrth  Inms  round  on  the  second,  and  to  the  left  three  mors 
struggle.  Below  this  is  a  great  party ,  Tho  chief  liax  come  out  of 
the  gate  on  the  right,  on  horaeluck,  with  tho  umbrella  ovet  him, 
and  uis  minister  riding  behind.  A  doxcn  men  with  itpears  in  their 
bands  advance  in  front ;  two  more  have  swoi-ds  and  shields,  tJti 
dogs.  To  the  left  is  a  forest  and  hills,  and  in  the  hills  an 
deer,  who  run  before  tho  hnnt»mon,  and  two  tigers  crouch  in  their 
lairs.  The  chief  seems  to  have  gone  in  front  after  the  doer. 
Above,  tothe  left,  a  ma^slceps  in  the  forest  with  his  weapon  be«ide« 
bim,  while  a  tigvr  or  lion  liolcs  his  fi^^t.  A  tittle  above  a  man  sita 
with  his  sword  at  bis  side  and  his  hor^  nt  bis  left,  while  a  lion 
appears  in  front  of  him.  Probably  he  is  the  chief  of  the  hunting 
scene.  Still  higher,  a  great  party  of  horses,  elephau's,  nnd  spcarmon, 
proceed  to  the  right  towards  a  acene  where  thig»  are  displayed  and 
^omea  sit  on  the  top  of  the  palace  to  see  the  hunt,  while  beyond 


Chapttf ' 
Places  of  Intel 
Ajakta  Catbi 

tiro  ', 


iSaUB-^'--"--  . 


puptcT  xnr. 
tofXntontt 

iXVIL 


1 


them  in  the  Vackgrouud,  a  hags  Una  pwoes.     Tbu  wbulu  pnibably 
rpprcspDtA  tfai!  legend  of  8iah>  or  Siha.' 

29.     To  the  right  of  the  aPcimd  cell-door,  aud  betW(>PD  it 
th«   anIecbamWr,    tin<ltT  a    booth,    sits  a    chi-f,    on    whns" 
t^O  men  pom-  vesseU  of  imtcr.     On  liin  right  a  woman,  with  a 
in  hor  left  hand,  offers  him  a  flower,  and  turee  other  fifrorcs 
bdow   to   the   \tttt.     In  a   bouse   to  tho  right  are  ttcvcn  fit 
apparently  of  different  ttgea ;  tbe  bifj^st  hoa  HOme  object 
hands  and   the  sniaiiefit  two    arrSws,  or    aomothing  like 
Below  thi»,  on  thi'  li>ft,  a|fp<wr  two  men  on  <'^1i>^hHTi(!>,  and  aaof 
with     Tory    marked     features    rides    wilb    an     iimljrena     came 
bchii^  bini,  with  aoothtT  horsemao  following.      Ek'low  are  »bont] 
dozen    Boldiera    with   siwnm,    Miit^ldo,    and    Hvrord^,  iiU    iip^xu-eul 
attacking  n  tall  crowoea  chief  who  aeenui  to  come  ont  ot  a    palace" 
and  who  iei  throwing  a  jnTt-Un  iit  tbotn  and  seenu  to  havB  kilh^d  two. 

SO.     On  the  left  end  of  the  aiitochambvr,  bolow,  a  Buddha  nitH  in 
the  tniddio  in  the  beaching  posture;  two  celestial  8y -flap- bearers 
by  bi^  vidi;;  uud  almvcnre  tbo  iisaal  ongeloon  clouds bringingguri     <  <i  - 
On  the  right  aide  sit  alK>ut  itixtM'R  frtant,  all  barubeadei)  and  dresafl 
alike.     Above  them  are  three  boreca,  on  one  of  which  is  a  man  ^P 
Iranian  droH«  with  jwikked  cap,  jorkin,  and  trouser* ;  and,  in  tho 
background  behind  liteiir-,  in  an  elephant  oti  wbtcb  sito  a  great 
with  her  children  and  serrnnt  behind  her,  all  making  obeisauoe 
the  Buddba.     At  I  be  Bu<ldlia'»  fwt  two  chiefs  sit  making  profo 
obeinnnco-     On  tbe  U-f(  sidf,  itniuiig  n  crowd  of  notabli;-*, 
chief,  ot  youUifii!  appearance,  aiu  jn  a  ciuiliion,  making  liii*  obeia 
To  tbe  right  and  behind  him  are  two  with  smaller  croirns,  tho 
to  tlio  right  al»o  on  a  cushion.     I'o  the  left  is  another  with  a  small 
erown,  and,  beyond  him.  a  decidedly  Persian  jwmniiage,  with  bigb 
peaked  can,  shore  black  beard,  and  long  bair;  while  iu  front  of  him 
a  jowelleu  chieftain  in  wat^'d.     To  tho  left-are  fonr  hontemen,  one 
bearded  and  ecimpli'tely  clothed,  prolmbly  a  servant   of  the  prince 
or  chief.     Behind  the  whole  group  arc  two  more  SnKvaniiiuKanil  two 
horses,  the  riders  on  which   have  the  8awMininn  ilrivti  and  peaked 
oapn.      Above   are   two   elepbaatd,   on   one    of    which    is   a   man 
bareheaded,  and  with  llie  HuManion  ribljona,  or  ban<lerolcfM,  at  the 
Uack  of  his  neck,  while,  behind  him,  a  cur ioua- looking  attendant 
makes  obeisance.     On  iha  other  elephant  are   several   SmiMuiiaD 
peopb,  all  engngwl  in  the  same  way,  while   three  [tennants  am 
carried   over   their   beads   and   three  spears  in  front,  with  f--  ' 
fitached  to  them.   In  the  background  beyond  this  elephant,  m. 
foir  Sassanian  carries  an   umbrella.     Mr.  Fergnsaou  considers  that 


^ 


■  Tba'ataiy  b  thn*  toU  in  tlie  MahtvanM  f44«iS)-  Ho  king  of  Vane*  1  _  _. 
AMighter  oudoiI  SoprAdari  who  e1>vp*d  with  th«  duaf  <■(  a  cukvau.  Tbo  ctiiaf  ami  hii 
party  «r«r« •oomkltcr attacked  bf  Alba  wbaturriiKl  tJupriilavi  olf  (aiI  lianlixl  (ur 
WKiipturt.  Incontieodimetheborflawni,  Sinhofa&lia.  Mvl  a daujilitor,  8luhaaiviU. 
nniua  &CT  irnv  n?  thi^r  aacapad  iirith  theif  mothnr.  nml  iLv  iMin.  aiKiii  aUor,  l)«|Mi  to 
^T,ll«  tliaouuatn'.  Tlie  kins  offarMl  a  largQ  ra*ard  toany  ucto  niio  virald  hill  tlM 
lion,  anid  Siuliatiitnii,  oAimt  uio  witli  of  hi*  iiii)tli«r,  Moaptod  the  otftt.  Wlvca  tli« 
lion  «a«  him.  it  [■wnwTaa  him  with  delight  iwd  ha  MOa  d««tn>]Pod  it.  For^nwon 
and  BurgMa'  Cava  TMBploa,  313.  t 


De«cui.l 


KIUKUESIL 


this  Hcene  reprt>8eots  fitOwratn  Gsur's  (420-440)  om\ta&y  Ui  tfao  king 
o(  Malwa.' 

31.  fn  tlio  sam«  above  Lhu  liwt,  Utidilliii  »tauda  aurrounded  by 
four  saints  and  two  Bodhi&AtlTas.       • 

82.  Oa  llio  loft  of  Ihosbrinuduor,  Mtaodit  AColoKSnl  Buddha  willi 
bis  alms-bowl  in  bin  band,  whiit^  to  tliv  left,  in  a  doorway,  is  a  lady 
witb  a  Japanese-like  couutenance,  pushing  forw-ttrd  a  cbild  t<^  put 
alms  ill  Buddltu'x  bowl.     In  a  wyidow  iibovu  iit  n  wator  pot. 

S3.  The  ri^bt  end  of  tbo  antecbaniber  ia  paJDted  with  standing; 
and  sitting  Bnddha«.  The  lowvr  portion  is  di-strcyotl,  nxoepi  a 
fraciiifut  at  vivch  und.  Wliat  rviimiiiii  at  iho  H^bl  ^ide  is  veipr 
cunouH,  representiufi^  a  umuber  of  Diganiliara,  or  sky-clad,  tiiat  is 
naked,  Jaiu  friars,  helping  forward  an  old  fut  frinr,  and  carrjing  tbo 
ioaeeta'  buKoin.  Most  of  tbom  iiro  shavvn-hvui.lod  and  iilark  naked. 
One  or  two  wbo  wear  ibvir  bair  an:  clothed.  On  tbe  extreme  left  is 
an  elephant  and  a  hor»e  with  two  men. 

34.  Tbc  upper  uortion  of  the  walls  of  the  back  and  Niden  of  tbo 
care  are  so  smoketi,  that  it  is  almost  impossible  to  make  anything 
of  tbem.  On  th<r  Iihiwk  of  thv  two  pillars  and  pilastijrtt  of  thu  anto- 
chambei'  are  figures  of  much  weinl  dnilleir.  'ITiat  on  the  right 
pilaster  is  a  large  face,  with  a  heavy  wig  and  a  monse  or  rat  in  tbo 
ear  fur  a  jewel,  the  neckbuw  boars  u  crab  as  a  pendant,  and  a 
hideona  hoe  on  tbo  belly  lutH  a  anako  in  ila  ear.  The  nillara  of  tbo 
ftntecbamber  have  two  similar  ogre  figures  each  on  their  baeiM. 

SS.  To  tho  right  of  tho  antocbambcr,  (ho  pointing  if*  inostly 
peeled  oQ,  but  the  lower  margin  ot  it  ahows  several  auLall  animals, 
and,  above,  is  tho  (op  of  a  palace  with  three  domos,  eaob  with  a  high 
pinmu^lo  and  jilend»r  ajiinMt  at  tlte  coi'ui.'ra,  the  lialuxtrade  having 
temple-window  ornaments.  Above  this,  to  tbo  right,  a  dark  man  is 
prei'i.nitiiig  g(iim<^  wbito  objeirt  to  a  nxl -skinned  man  wlto  ia  oeut^d. 
Further  to  the  right  are  two  men  on  horseback  and  others  on  foot, 
a  largo  dog,  and  other  figuroa.  Then,  nearly  over  tho  sn-cond 
ix-U-door,  is  a  pool,  and  a  man,  appai-ently  riding  a  deer,  which 
again  anpeara  below  with  a  burden.  Still  to  the  right  ia  another 
pool  witn  birds  and  fishes. 

86.  Between  the  (ndl-doore  is  a  bkrgo  piotnru.  On  tho  left,  below, 
ia  a  chief  or>ming  out  of  a  gate  on  hors«back,  with  a  serraut  behind 
carrying  the  umbrella,  and  four  others,  two  with  swords  ai^  iine 
with  a  spear,  and  another  horseman  beyond,  Tbey  seem  to  pursue 
a  largo  light-coloured  elephant  without  any  housings.  In  froirt, 
thi\'e  spt-arNmcn  run  at  full  speed  for  the  foreat  to  tlie  right,  where 
two  elephanta  aeom  to  have  aetsed  the  first  wild  elephant  by  the  teg. 
To  tho  loft  again,  bulow,  tbo  v^pbant  ruahcai  oft,  poisaed  by  iho 
chief,  while  in  front  arsVwo  men  on  horseback.  • 


Ch^rt«r< 

Plaoei  of  IntMt 

Ajauta  Oati 

CavaXli 


t  8oa  Bargcw' AianU  Jlotw,  90.  Bahrtat  V.  (4ao.440>  of  Pcnk  csJM  Gar  or 
the  Wild  An,  ia  niJ  to  luvo  oohid  to  IniJia  io  March  i4  alUo*  aaJiiBt  the  Skjrtliini 
triba  of  Eotlialitva  ur  Wliitv  Umiii.  bikI  to  hav«  ooiuiBelBil  huDwll  ia  morru^  wiUi 
the  lunm  of  the  kin;;  ot  KnaftuL  ^r,  ai'oonliiM  U>  aooitliar  venlvn,  witli  tbo  Milwa 
4|iiMt)'.     AViUocd  in  Aa.  B«.  IX.  147- IW :  rnuKpit  AnI.  I.  343. 


tBontay 


55a 


DlSTEUCTS. 


37.     AboVto,  on  the  left  of  tbd  but  KOne,  A  chief  »  eeated  odJ 
thri^ne,  and  bohiiid  bim  xt&ad  thrvo  women,  onu  witb  k  flv-Hnp. 
Uie  right  nni  two  irther  women  ;  and  a.  man  Bit«  in  fninl  tin    m   itf 
Ti>  thii  right  u^n,  tho  chiuf  ^(iiftnd*  willt  n  number  of  aiUmt 
round  bim.  nnd  in  tlio  do<ir  lo  tbti  rif^ht  is  a  porter.     Out^ido 
elophunt,  nnd  beliind  it   two  tamo  uqps,   housod  and  muutitud 
iho  tbivo  speUBmea  bosidv   tb«m ;   in  tbn  door  to  Uie  rigbt 
•ort  of  trougb  on  whu»bi,  and  a  lar^  veaae)  which  Iwu  men 
he  taking  to  food  the  elephant.      Outriido  &  mAo  curivs  two  biii 
of  grass  nr  leaves  on  a  p^lu. 

S8.  On  tbu  riglit  aide  uf  tbe  aooond  colUiloor  is  the  bead 
bone  ou  wbicb  a  man  is  approaching  a  duroteo  in  a 
B«low,  the  hoffiO  i»  again  »ecD,  and  the  uulu  kneeling  before 
devotoo,  tf>  whom  another,  in  whito  clothee,  brings  a  dc^  body  witli 
top-knot  head-drvn:*  and  nxl  luinolotb.  Below  again,  by  a  hill,  il 
man,  in  tbu  name  devotee  dresa,  is  carrying  a  man  and  womna  Uj 
8calp9  hung  at  tbe  ends  of  a  pole.  | 

39.  In  the  backai8ln,on  the  loft  mde  of  the  cxdUdour,  in  a  forestj 
is  a  monkey  and  an  ox.  Below,  the  monkey  it  again  paiut«d  witU 
on  the  back  of  the  ox  his  hands  on  its  eyes-  ; 

40.  On  the  front  of  the  XmcV  pilaMtvr  biu  been  a  female  stani: 
figure  in  a  panel,  and  below  and  above  are  banda  of  Tarioiis  tj 
^der  the  nrackel  is  another  pioco  of  pointing  now  stained 
diaooloured. 

41.  AlwiTo 'm  the  side  of  th")  pilaster,  facing  the  front   of'1 
CSTO,  is  a  red  ft^mnle  demon   tlyiag  in  the  clouds   and   holding    & 
man  over  hor  Hlumliler  by  tho  atiklo.     Bolow  is  another,  of  *rhit«' 
oolonr,  with  long  tiuka,  large  eyes,  and  diibevollod  hair ;'  bel 
her  is  a  third  darker  demon  also  Hying,  and  a  fourth  to  the  left.  ] 

42.  Bolow  the  last  is  a  tail  single  standing  man  of  a  dnsl 
complexion,  nobly  jewelled  with   a    rich    waist -cluiin  holding  an 
short  Htriped  drawers,  and  with  a  flower  in  bis  right  band. 

48.  Owr  tbe  fourth  wU-door  in  the  atslu  is  a  largo  buildins 
palace.  In  the  left  of  the  three  coinparimentft  into  wbicb 
divided  are  iltrixj  womon,  two  sluoding,  one  of  them  in  rich  dr 
and  one  sitting.  In  the  centnd  anartntent  n  reddish  demon 
stands  with  a  dagger  in  hor  hand,  in  front  a  white  on<-  sits  with 
a  cbi^d  in  her  lap,  and  on  uncb  side  sii^  n  green  woman.  Tbo»e  four ' 
Kwni  to  ho  the  same  figures  as  are  rtbown  on  the  side  of  the  pilaster  ] 
m-tl.  In  the  third  apartment  tbe  white  demon  luus  a  cup  and  iaj 
drinking  from  it,  whilo  two  dark  females  stand  behind.  Uelow  this,. 
a  red  female  demon,  her  hair  streaming  Imckwards,  and  vnih,  in  her 
right  bund,  Komotbing  which  aeems  to  De  falling  off,  perhups  flesh,, 
and  a. white  aomjuininn,  are  shown  flytu^  upwards.  To  tbo  lofl, 
•  over  tho  ooll-door,  are  two  horrid  white  feiiiiilii  demons,  each  wi[h  a 
top,  a  rod  and  a  striiwl  one,  held  in  their  long  claws  and  tfaoir  hair 
streaming  upwards,  the  front  one  Uiykitig  l>a«k.  They  seem  lo  pass 
over  a  hill.  To  tbe  right,  below  the  reil  demon,  a  man  is  springing' 
forward  as  if  to  strike  at  hor,  wbilo  sho  points  her  finger  at  him. 
Above  and  beside  her  arc  some  birds,  one  Calling  lowaids  tbe  band 


wiut«i 

m 

luB^ 


A 


DMHtM.) 


KEANDESH. 


of  the  man.  On  tbe  R«te  to  tho  left,  a  long-necked  MH  »iu  on  the 
roof,  and  insklv  aiiolhvr  )>iril  {xwIch  a»  if  ut  food.  The  man  joHt 
montiunod  uppeara  to  be  on  the  roof  of  a  bnitdin^,  to  which  ho  has 
rwtfhod  bv  means  of  u  laddor,  eccn  a  !i(tlp  to  the  right,  leadinff 
iawu  to  llio  area  below,  and  boaide  which  a  man  vritli  a  lont^  sword 
ippeani  and  nrolmbly  is  mountin^f.  In  the  palace  below  in  an  empty 
throne.  To  tJie  right  of  thi>  thnmu  a  woman  sit«  in  rich  clothing,  and 
to  tho  rigltl  (L  man  alno  richly  dressed  sittt  on  a  SMit :  both  scorn 
to  be  in  grief.  About  half  a  doatem  persons  sit  behind  tlieso,  one,  full; 
dreeaed  and  holdinj;  a  rod  may  bo  tho  porter,  and  oni>  has  a  ewora 
Md  shiold.  Til  Lh(!  right  of  the  gateway  already  mi.-ntioiii>d,  amants 
seated,  richly  iewoUod.  Behind  the  tirst,  Ihreesoldiers  ^tand,  two  witli 
flttaiglit  BworoB  and  oblong  shivldH  choipicrcd  in  difffrent  paftoms 
appari'ntly  bent  over  and  green  on  the  inner-sitle:<,  the  middle 
■oldier  with  the  crooked  Kcpalese  weapon.  To  the  right  a  head 
only  is  left.  Behind  tho  iwldii^rK  uro  two  borsos,  and  a  red-skinned 
nan  Htand^  holding  them.  Below  this  a  jewelled  figure  kiIm,  and 
behind,  to  the  right,  a  rod  man.  In  front  sitA  another  figure  holding 
up  hi.-i  left  hand  oa  if  speaking,  perhaps  about  the  man  and  demon 
to  the  left.  A.  soldier  with  u  sword  in  bis  hand,  standing  on  his 
right,  look"  up  in  ttutt  direction.  To  the  right  sii^  a  man  with  a 
•tring  of  peai'ls,  looking  also  to  the  left.  Further  to  the  right 
stana  three  more  soldiers  with  chequered  shields,  Nepalose  sworda, 
»nd  small  waistclotha,  with  long  trains  and  abundant  luur  tied  with 
a  ribbon. 

44.  Abore,  and  to  the  right  of  the  building  containing  the 
demons,  were  two  llgnrcs  seated  eft  a  throne  with  nre  othora  on  the 
(pvund  in  front  facing  them.  Below  these  are  two  aoldiers  talking 
together  and  others  standing  by. 

4b.  Above  (be  celt-door  the  plaster  is  a  good  deal  destroyed. 
A  polaee  has  been  rcprcHonted,  and  n  banner  with  throe  pennauta 
from  it  on  Die  left.  To  the  right  a  chief  on  hiit  elephant,  with  tlio 
drirer  on  its  neck  and  an  attendant  behind,  are  passing  to  the  right, 
BefcHV  him  go  sonic  snWieni,  two  with  long  spears.  Below,  to  tho 
right  ifl  a  horrie,  and  in  from  of  it  is  a  «oat  under  which  is  a  huniikn 
f»eef  and  to  the  right  Bome  royal  pentonage  with  the  nmbrx^Ua 
carried  over  his  hood.     Still  to  the  right,  in  a  dwelling,  a  man  richly 

i'owulled  sitx  on  a  Koat,  and  in  fn>nt  of  him  an  old  man  ttiund.-i 
eaning  upon  a  stick,  dressed  in  the  complete  clothing  of  a  jorter. 
To  the  right  of  this  the  painting  is  blackened  by  smoke,  bnt  a  main 
part,  of  this  piotui-u  comes  in  just  below,  where  a  man  in  rich  atripad 
orees  holds  two  borsee,  while  in  front  of  ihcm  stands  a  man 
supplicating  tlio  swtted  one  above.  The  suppliant  Li  in  a  rich  and 
variegated  dress,  with  a  splendid  dark  coloured  scarf  falling  over  hia 
right  shoulder;  ho  ia  •ither  slightly  buJd  or  htut  a  flower  .on  his 
luLir,  and  weant  a  long  fltmigbt  sword.  To  the  right  iH  another  leas 
riehly  dressed,  also  with  a  sword,  and  in  the  attitaSe  of  supnlication. 
Another  km-eln  behind,  and  then  another  stpiaro  pieco  naa  been 
cut  out  of  tlie  plaster  iuNt  above.  Kive  more  soldiers  stand  to  the 
right,  in  front  of  tho  horses,  some  also  in  variegated  dre«e<,  and 
Jieyond  (he  horses  is  seen  a  head.  It  may  be  that  tfaia  ia  aotae 
^~  lutation  to  a  chief  oonnecled  with  the  pictu'e  below. 


^Wput 


Chapter  UT 
Places  of  Inters 
Ajaxtx  Cavb. 
OsvoXVU. 


[Bombft7  OaiittMT,! 


S60 


DISTBICTSl 


ioriiit«rMt 

C>r«XVU. 


BJMM| 


46.  Ill  tlRi  lower  iMirtimi  of  tlm  great  picture,  lK>twti>u 
doors  of  llie  ws-imil  imd  iliirJ  cells,  on  the  extrt-tno  left,  a  c; 
■Iuu]ow<}il  hv  an  umbnilla,  nLitrin^;  Itix  crowu,  itml  oti  libt 
white  elephant,  cvnivtt  from  ■  giKwwuy,  lif-du(^  about  wiib  bj 
■0Ri«  Ixwriiiff  peunauu.  A  light  coloured  elephant  is  on  hia 
and  a  roddiHU  one  on  bin  ri^bt,  and  vnch  ndur  ban  a  i<l»eaf  uf  a 
bj^  tbe  Sank  of  bin  vli-pKitat.  Six  uoldient  wiih  awnrd  and  fttiie 
icarcb  along»ii]«!.  Below,  four  moiintod  Eoldion  arr  eocn  in  ij 
boat,  witli  upears,  and  in  front  of.  them,  to  ibf  riphc,  are  Kgnuj 
represented  tbo  tbnw  HrphautM  also  iu  ItnaiH,  witli  their  riderji,  al^ 
wilb  iiiiibntllas  an  Iwfore,  but  enjfaped  in  l^ntllo.  The  fhief  has  jnat 
ahot  his  arrow,  and  otherx  in  the  bauk^ound  frcin  amouff  the  »)X'nr^ 
and  Mtandardi<,  arv  throwing  ttpeara  and  tbe  disciis.  8on)e  liaru 
landed  and  are  preEsing  the  balllu  from  the  shore.  Tb«  ent>micaj 
irbo  bare  long  flowing-  fair  hair  and  foir  skiuM,  char^  with^  ' 
ispear;  tber  are  all  female  demons.  One  breaksa  spear  and  O' 
charge.  Below,  Hoinu  of  them  realixin^  bow  nno<)iial  the  ay 
i«,  an,- «uppliciilii4(  thw  vbitif.  AImito  are  pyramidal  hilU. 
the  right  side  of  this  picture  is  a  chief  enthroned,  and  two 
poorin^  on  him  the  water  of  imflallntiou,  aMi^hrka.  Hia  eyes 
a  Htouy  ghtre,  tinliko  most  others,  perhaps  they  were  ori 
pnt  iu  with  gold  leaf  or  other  material  ovor  the  white  paint  w 
alonn  is  now  loft.  To  thv  right  and  loft  mm  liy-flaji^boaroni ; 
in  front,  to  Iho  left,  are  three  men  with  cymbals  and  two 
drums ;  on  the  right,  ono  standi  with  clothing  over  his  arm, 
besidu  him,  and  two  more  with  drums.  Tbe  whole  pro 
represents  the  landinif  and  coronation  of  Vijaya  in  Ceylon.' 

47.  Above  tbe  cell  door,  almoAt  the  only  figure  that  «an 
made  oot,  is  a  whtt«  demon  seated,  her  legs  apart,  and  appai 
wiloep  with  B  cup  in  her  hand.  To  th^>  right  8it«  another, 
bettide  her  a  red-dkinned  man,  part  of  whoiie  entnulK  ttbo  haa 
out  and  ia  devouring.  Still  to  the  right,  are  a  third  and  fourth  de: 
both  with  long  crooked  kuire)!,  tho  lowur  one  holding  n  mnn 
the  throat,  about  to  run  tbo  knifu  into  him.  IMow  Lt  a  fifth,  holdingj 
the  crooked  knife  in  her  HRht  hand,  over  the  body  of  a  mani 
whose  t)ri-«flt  ban  been  »lit  opt-n,  while  with  the  left  she  quaffs  a  cup 
of  blood.  To  the  right  is  a  house  ivilh  a  pyramidal  roof  in  whicn 
ait  a  man  and  hia  wife,  the  man  with  a  cup  in  his  hand.  Below 
this  last,  most  of  the  plaster  for  some  distance  in  dcutroycd, 
on  a  ^fragment  that  is  left,  are  portions  of  the  heads  of  two 
dmwn  richly  jewelled  Itkdiua. 

48.  At  the  bottom  of  the  panel,  between  Iho  doors  of  the 
oad  second  colls,  are  painted  two  hoata.  each  with  three  loasi 


<  Mo.  HHialng^  ^i«Dt  and  Hcdlvral  India,  L  30!!.  Aomntlu  to  tlw  legemlfl 
TijajS  fiiahala  w0nt<S«3  ■.OloUmuland  ofCoyloo  wilb*  taraa  fotlowuii; ;  tliaJ 
RiluhMi*  or  faiBala  dciinoai  iuliaUtiug  it  ovtivatird  them  hj  tWr  tliu-;iia.  but 
SiabalawanMd la  mdniMDWitpMloDit  wonderful  liuTM.  lUcollwitMl  mi  vmy,  gara 
mck  KMila  a  m»tlie  verse,  maodn,  anil  iwIutukI.  fallio^  npoii  tho  dsuoiiB  with' 
a«al  tuipetuusity,  ho  tat^r  iviit«l  tliom,  aom*  tiMlafl  Um  mUoiI  uid  ot]i«n  Iwing 
>!n>«D«cl  lu  tlia  M»-  H*  ikMrcycd  Iticlr  lowu  aiut  Mt^iUahtr)  bimaelf  ■■  kins  is  tbS 
inlantl,  ti>  whiohbf  gkvoUitniunaorSlBlial*.  FUMwaoa  and  Boi|;«m' Cbtv  Tmi 
111  India,  319,  note  1.  (Coni]iaivB««l'*Falk>Uian,  31 1  ganly'a  Manwl  iXBudilbiMn,  i 


rg 


Decoui.] 


tlio  nen.  In  Nor^ral  pliKK>fl  krcjiieoei  of  cora];a  large  Eith  itintront 
of  tho  li^ft  hand  boat,  and  below  it  JHastili  lart^rone.  In  the  right 
hand  l>ont,  the  left  mast  is  finish(<<]  off  viith  n  tridout.  Beyond  it  is 
n  man  holding  a  rope  from  tho  uthrnlxMit  and  appHrcntly  about   to 

fct  iu.  RciiidA  him  iit  the  hoad  of  anea  monitor,  Koraevrhut  like*  a 
oar.  To  the  ri^ht  of  it  ia  sees,  over  the  boat,  anothor  man's  hoad, 
and  still  to  the  ngkt,  a  third,  while  further  behind  are  other  two 
and  n  (^rwn.tltinHfd  man  holdinff  the  prow  of  the  left  hiind  lioat  a3 
if  pui^hjug  it  baok.  Iti  it  in  Aoi»n  a  hiff  n^d-skinnod  man,  h^ilding  up 
his  handu,  and  to  the  l«ft,  a  fair  oneTioldinp  a  pole,  but  whoihcr  to 
push  oS  the  boat,  or  one  of  two  red  men  in  tho  watur  iu  front  of  it,  is 
not  clc<ar.  Onv  oiF  thetw  comee  out  of  t.)io  mouth  of  a  <lragon.  Another 
red-skinned  one  is  in  iho  water  bubind,  juM  in  front  of  lli«  largest 
fiflh.     Below  him  in  another  wltit« -skinned  person  near  some  ahruba. 

49.  To  the  riffhl  of  the  roof  of  the  house,  above  47,  are  five 
women,  one  Ktanding  with  a  child  in  hor  unnH,  whilo  thoj-  mostly 
look  towards  a  man  t)>nug  to  the  left.  There  are  fibres  8V«l«d 
aboTo,  mu«tly  rcd-skiunt-d,  but  too  much  emokod  to  be  made  out 
withoQl  careful  duHting  and  vanii-sliing. 

60,  To  the  rJRht  of  4(1,  in  an  interior,  sit  a  great  mau  pAloskinned 
with  a  ruddy  wife,  their  hair  in  fillets;  thu  wife  offers  him  a  cup, 
while  bin  cloth  is  carried  rouud  thv  right  knco  to  give  him  supporL 
In  the  next  apartment  to  tlio  right,  a  similar  or  the  same  pair  are 
seated,  nhe  paaaing  Iter  hand  acruas  in  front  of  him  and  up  by  his 
right  ear.  Below  the  left  part,  a  female  demon,  with  boar  tnslu 
hut  otherwise  comely  and  richly  •jewelled,  with  a  targe  chipion 
tied  with  n  ribbon,  uleep  on  a  bed.  At  lior  head  is  ptrHinps  a 
caahet.  In  front  of  her  lega,  sits  a  man  with  but  little  clolhinff^ 
and  beyond  her  a  lady  stands  with  n  Tooitcl  or  ctuket  in  her  hand) 
nerliiips  <!iirrying  it  off,  her  liuKlmnd  holding  out  his  hand  for  it 
In  front  of  the  bedstead  sits  another  woman.  To  the  right  of  these, 
and  just  owr  the  cell-door,  a  woman  in  green  bodice  and  striped  robe 
seems  to  bo  swinging  herself  on  a  ladder. 

61,  On  the  upper  pan  of  the  from  of  the  pilaster  are  a  lady 
and  two  maid  eerrants,  one  with  fly-flap  and  the  other  with  a  tray 
OQ  which  ia  a  clasekally  formod  casket  and  other  toilet  articles. 

52.     B«low  51  is  a  chief  with  two  servants  and  a  dwarf. 

hS.  The  upper  portion  of  the  front  aiwle,  to  the  left  of  tli9  cell 
door,  represents  a  chief  and  his  retinue  coming  from  the  hills. 
Tho  ehief  ridus  an  elephant,  himself  driTiag  it.  A  nmn  in 
green,  carrying  the  umbrella  over  him,  ts  armed  with  sword  and 
dagger,  and  prerenied  from  falling  by  a  rope  betened  to  the 
seat  and  passed  round  his  woi^t.  On  oacb  sido,  also  on  elephants, 
ride  persons  of  di.-ttinctio*.  Banners  of  various  devices  on  tpe«rs 
before  and  follow  him,  and  nbore  la  a  drum  in  the  clouds,  beaten 
y  some  cherub.  Two  horses  precede,  and  two  soldiers,  one  beating 
a  drum  and  the  other  with  a  spear  who  seoms  to  bo  shouting.  By 
the  side  of  tho  chief  are  two  more,  one  with  a  shield  and  sword,  and 
one  with  a  spear  and  shield,  and  behind  them  is  a  man  carrying  a  pole. 
Ob  the  extreme  right  is  a  sm«ll  hill,  and  above  are  some  figures, 
■  411-71 


Chapter. 

Places  of  XqM 

AjANtt  (Uvi 

Cava  XVII, 


JUastta  CjITM. 
Cvn  XVII. 


DISTRICT?. 

Chftptor  XIV.      Over  the  celidixn*  is  a  gHlcwnjr.     Undn*  ft  cuiopjr,  to  the  n{_ 
aflatorMt  *  *™''"  cloth  fringv,  a  nnnibcr  nf  Iw^gxn  come  in  -,  odi<  has  i 
umhrylla  over  lii*  ntiooldor,  wid  all  pwn  totbc  lof(y  woocloQ  ( 
'i'o  it  they  MHMU  to  have  come  begfj^f^,  luiil  bufore  it  »  maa  j 
wbman  have  sat  dumi,  each  mtli  a  Btoall  black  dish  io   wbich 
•Min  to  huTo  received  Homo  alio*  from  r  man  who  comos    frotn^ 
bonss  with  an  earthen  resmi  in  bia  Uanda.     Behind  bint  it  a 
wotn&a  also  with  u  vesBol  in  Iter  Ipft  hand.     Id  front  a  b^gi 

•nd  drinks  oot  of  a  black  bowl  or  dfth  ;  and,  to  the  right,  a  man  i 

in  with  n  largo  optu  veoul  on  hi«  sbonldor.     To  tho  right   oi  thea^ 
ia  a  htll.  I 

Ml  Below,  on  the  left  of  Hie  cell-door  and  oo  the  rotnm  oi 
the  pilastpr,  we  have  the  story  of  prince  Shibi.  On  the  pilaateii 
under  a  tnx-,  nit  two  royal-like  iwrsona,  both  with  crowns  and  mud 
jewelry,  the  one  on  the  right  a  little  nbove,  and  Shibi  on  the  left 
Below  ig  a  pond  and  lotus  flowers,  and  behind  a  hill.  On  the  end 
wall,  princo  Shibi  is  seated  on  a  ttiruuo  his  nnmfl  written  below  himi 
To  tLo  right  ait  two  young  men  with  je^'elrr,  one  appartmtl] 
npcakingand  the  other  with  bis  haada  joined.  Below  »its  a  man 
with  a  jewelled  hc^-dress  resting  on  one  hand  and  looking  ofj 
excited^.  Behind  him.  to  tht*  right,  a  man  xtanda  with  a  disb,  «■ 
the  extreme  right  ia  an  olephnnt,  and  in  the  back-ground  nre  twq 
att«ndnntjt.  Before  the  primw  in  the  fore-f^roand  is  a  rv^l  nitondanb 
and  behind  him,  to  lh«  right,  ia  e&m  the  head  of  a  richly  jeweliad 
lady  and  the  hiU  of  the  state  (twon),  and  at  hi»  left  siis  perhaps,  ~ 
prince's  wife.  Abore,  a  royal  figfire  comes  flying  witb  high 
sod  the  name  Indra  writt4-n  at  the  aide  of  it,  and  again  a  head  | 
bis  is  shown  on  tho  left  of  thu  princosB.  Conlinoing  the  atoi 
tho  right  of  tho  coll-dixjr,  ht  tie  prince  on  his  tbrono,  rcaf 
agbinfit  H  pillow,  with  hit  right  hand  on  the  front  of  the  neat,  and 
the  left  upon  bia  eye,  and  beneath  is  written  '  Shibi  Itjja.'  Td 
the  ri^ht  sits  a  lady  with  biT  left  hand  on  hor  brcaet,  and  her 
hand  miood  a»  if  forbidding  sumething  and  looking  ext-ilrdly  nc 
(o  tJie  left.  Behind  her  a  woman  presses  a  cloth  to  her  faco  i  __ 
wocpiiig.     On  tho  loft  of  the  prince  sits    a   man    in    rich  drea,! 

erbaps  Sbivaka  a  servant  of  king  .Shibi,  with  a  fillet  about  bis  bair,< 
»king  ill  pleased  and  apparently  speaking  to  the  prince.  B<>hind 
him  an  old  man  like  a  beggar,  witn  Indm  written  on  bis  waist, 
Dtaodtt  addrefhing  or  Mking  Roroething  of  the  prince.  Itebind 
an  ox  and  a  borae.' 

&6.  (>Q  the  front  wall,  between  the  end  of  the  Front  aiKleanJ 
firflt  window,  is  a  scene  in  good  preservation,  in  wbich  most  of 
fignresare  clothed  from  hvnd  to  foot.  Agreatman,  on  theostremflj 
left,  with  an  umbrella  orer  his  head,  ((oea  hnnting  on  boiCM 
baok,'witlia  maw  W-fore  him  also  on  horseback,  carrymg  a  bowj 
and  his  hair  in  a  fillet.  To  the  right  the  Gritt  rider  has  alii;li 
places  bia  band  in  tbat  of  ant^ier  whom  he  uM>4>ta, 
horBokoeper  holds  tho  honte,  and  ia  Ihe  fore-ground,  a  rod 


1 


I  PrioM  ^il>i'i  ttnry  la  girMi  ahoi'i^  p.  ft3$  lootnM*- 


nligbbed  and 
I,  while  th^ 

1 


I>eocftB.] 


KUAXDESfl 


«o  (all;  clothed,  puiitu  to  b  doer  on  the  right,  aad  nJbthor  behind 
it  I  above,  to  tJio  right,  ft  Hon  or  tigor  is  seen  in  ita  dea.  Above  all 
is  schii'f,  on  n  (aII  white  bone,  with  aii  umbrella  over  his  head  aod 
quiver  hj  hii<  thigh,  and  betund  biiu  two  elephante,  while  in  the 
back-ground  to  the  right  are  three  more  horses  luid  n'durs,  nnd  la 
the  fare-ground,  to  the  right,  sewn  Rttcndnnts,  three  of  them  with 
sworda,  one  going  by  tho  hor»e,  one  with  bow  &nd  quiver,  one 
carrying  a  pole  ana  one  playing  some  fife  or  wind  instrument ;  they 
are  attended  by  several  dogs,  tery  badly  drawn.  In  the  oxtromo 
right,  on  a  groat  car,  is  a  door. 

50.  Between  the  windows  are  some  fragments,  among  which  may 
be  made  out  an  archer  drawing  his  bow  with  his  quiror  at  hia  Ijack ; 
some  figures  aboro  ;anda  rolic  shrine  near  tho  coiling.  On  a  tree, 
above  tho  second  window  from  tho  und,  aro  a  number  of  birds  and 
aonie  d«er.  Between  this  laat  window  and  the  door,  a  good  deal  at 
painting  remains.  To  the  extreme  right,  in  a  palace,  a  chief  sits,  te 
tho  left  is  hi.t  wifv,  aud  Indiind  stand  three  mnids  and  in  front  sit 
two  men.  Qu  the  left  a  Br&hman  <^  beggar,  without  jewels,  aits  on 
a  stool.  A  woman  stands  in  tho  door  and  looks  out  towards  a  mail 
who  knoels  in  frontof  the  stepA  and  talks  to  hor.  To  the  loft  is  a  chief 
with  tiara  and  umbrella,  and  with  him  the  num  who  was  kneeling 
at  the  door  and  attendante.  They  approach  the  door  of  another 
bouse,  in  which  is  a  spotted  deer  and  a  man  who  speaks  to  tho  chief. 
To  the  K-ft  is  a  kitclion  in  which  lies  a  large  spottod  (U^er,  and  one 
man  Nits  looking  at  it,  wiih  two  standing  behind  him,  whiln  onepaahes 
a  stick  into  a  tire  on  which  are  several  large  pott.  Above,  between 
the  two  buildings,  is  a  canopy  in  which  is  a  seat  and  a  chief  seated 
beside  it,  with  sovgral  attendants. 

&7.  Below,  much  haa  been  pared  off,  tnii  bo  the  left,  noar  a  hill, 
a  horseman  is  seen  and  another  figure  before  him,  while  in  the 
back'grouad,  monkeys  arc  amusing  thcimselves  in  front  of  the  roof 
of  a  gateway.  Farther  to  Ihu  left  in  a  horse's  head  and  tliat  of  a 
man  with  a  peculiar  peaked  head-dross  and  umbrella.  Still  to  the 
left  is  mountain  scenery  and  several  deer  with  young  onea,  soma 
standing,  some  lying. 

58.  Ou  the  loft  of  the  entrance  is  an  interior  scene,  in  which 
»  chief,  without  jewels,  a])peftrs  on  tho  left,  scatinl  on  a  long  couch 
with  two  pillows  behind  bim,  and  with  him,  hi«  young  wife  wearing 
a  kirtle  whom  ho  supports  on  his  lap.  Just  beyond,  a  womad',  her 
hair  done  up  in  a  lop-knot  nnd  with  r  receding  forehead  and  long 
nose,  speaks  to  the  chief;  tuid  close  by  is  a  handmaid  chafing  or 
rubbing  the  lady's  foot.  Behind  her,  to  the  right,  sits  n  maid 
with  a  breast-band.  Behind  tho  chief  a  woman  stands  with  a. 
net'klace  and  a  fly-flop^  beside  her  is  one  with  a  feiithcr-f»n  ;  and 
next  to  her  a  bald-headed  eunuch  in  full  while  dress.  Cto  the 
right  a  man  in  white  clothing  brings  in  a  basket  with  sonietbfng  in 
it,  and  in  the  back-giryund  another  shaTon-beaded  man  witJb  a  rod 
talks  to  the  ennnch. 

69.  Below,  the  plaster  is  much  broken,  but  there  has  been  a 
pond  with  lotus  flowers,  and  elephants  breaking  off  the  flowers. 
To  the  right  is  a  high  mountain  ^rich  trees,  up  which    a  man  and 


Chapter! 
Flaoe9pflQter< 

A/AITTA  Oiva 
CkveX^ 


_3- 


[Baabaj< 


«•« 


DiaTKICTS. 


wvoAO  u«  tiialu^  Ike  dbo  with  a  wmmd  is  hu 
bow  AnduTOwin  bnlMiul.  Th«  wonuia  resU  her  left 
shuolikr,  sod  M  drtMwl  in  the  UunnaM  KaoK  with  a  wms 
of  i«wcll;  Mmlatt,  and  lierjttir  dona  wita  fiowen.  In  Ennit  «( 
Ukid  i«  a  otuokey  and  %kne  tiy-imfiptn.  Bdow,  kkdc  wild  aainul 
baa  sprung  oo  Uie  back  of  as  aWpbani.  Abore,  in  a  vary  largs 
white  ^^ihant  witboot  buiwii^.  In  fmot  uf  it  are  two  nm 
witb  rnwds  in  tbeir  waistbands  and  bows  :  ooe  look*  roand  nt  tte 
rtlphliit.  and  tbe  olber  tttakea  obwuuw  lo  il.  Wnrtc,  to  tbt*  left, 
Are  otber  depbanta  and  a  nmn  wbo  hma  gt*  up  iu  tbe  cxiruer  af  tli( 
cbiePs  mutnoo,  and  iopfcing  in,  aeeixi^  u>  aay  soinetbitig. 

fiO.  Abut*  ibe  window  are  two  figures  in  white.  Between  tfai 
witwtnr  and  side  door  tbe  whulw  of  tbe  planttfr  is  tuo  Riacb  ilatnageii 
to  make  snjihiDe  oat  except  a  latge  bg^t-coloared  bone. 

Gl.     Between  tbe  window  «nd    the    left  end  of  the  aiBtp,  aj 

elephant   kneeJs,'   and  bevond  it  is  a  figure  like*  a  BatMha^    witl 

another  to  the  right,  end  ^r  to  the  left.     Below  in  n  moimtaiD  nnc 

fire  mra  in  tbe  {ofetrrpuud.     Ilie  whole  of  the  pittiu-^  have  beet 

Hinted  with  emr  variety  of  deyice;  tnaiiT  of  them  might,  witht 

I  care,  be  copied.    . 

I XVUL  Care  XVIII.   is  merHy  a  porch.  ninet«>cn    rr«t   funr   inchea  bj 

eight  feet  too  incbcv,  with  two  pillarfi,  apparently  intended  as  pari 
of  a  pasaage  into  the  next  cave,  and  poesibly  also  to  oorer  a  watei 
cistern, 
kve  XIX.  Cave  XIX.  is  the  third  of  tho  tcnipltf  cam,  ftnd  difTiYs  only  ii 

it*  details  fW>oi  IX  and  X.     It  i^  t  wi-nty-foor   fcdt    wide  '>y  forty- 
six  feet  lon^  and  tweuty-four  feel  fuur  iuche-t  high.     Unlike  IX 
and  X.  which  &re  almost   perfectly  plain,  this  a  etnboralely   carrec 
throughout.     Bc«itU-£  tho  two  In  front,  the  nare  baa  fifteen  columiu 
rlevfti  ffvt  hijfh.     'Ilivse  pilUn  are  «qimru  at  the  baeo,  which  ii 
two  feet  seven  inchea  high,  with  Buall  figures  ou  the  oomer»i  then  th«^ 
have  an  ootagonal  belt,  abont  n  foot  broad,  above  which  ihi- 
circwlnr,  and  Iian  two  hells  of  clabomte  tracer)-,  the   interva!.- 
in  Bome  cases  plain  and  in  uthcm  Dated  with  iK'riK^tiilicalar  or  spira 
finles ;  above  the  ^haft  is  a  deeo  torus  of  lilt^ht  projection  betweei 
(wo  filleiA,  wrought  with  n  loiil-pnttem,   and  over  this   acrnia,  is  I 
eqnare  tile,  supporting  a  bracket  apitnl  richly  BcalptQred   with  t 
Bud^ba  in  the  centre  and   elephants  or  rampiuit  goats,  with  tw« 
ridprs  orfiyingfignres,  oD  the  bracket  wings.    nuMirt-hitnivo! 
oiftwn  plain  narrow  fascitui.     The  whole  entabUiurei^  tiv(;fi-< 
and  ihft  fri^-Jw,  oct'iipying  exactly  the  same  position  as  the  U-ilorinn 
iQ  a  CbriauaQ  church,   is    divided  into  compartments    by  rkl 


*  Xhp  •oam  ia  th«  Uxt  m  w«d  u  In  nutnbnr  1 1  aHmr*  petktft  ivpcfMnta  Ui 
•hpbttt  i^lliun.  wbo.  Xboag'b  Mai  t«  cmab  HUky«a>«ai.  m  ttcviag  kk  volM 
r»ttr«BMd  kin.  AcoanliDg  to  Bnif  (Uuiul  of  Boddhia,  331)  Dm-dktU  th 
brolker-ls-taw  o(  fOkikninDai,  fintliiigtlut  twoof  bUkltemptstotidi*  SUkyunwni^ 
Ue  b>d  biltd.  rMcJnd  U  lei  looae  aa  exo««diasly  ll«rco  IM  aruel  sb^huit  OUaM 
KiU^in-    Though  wwund  ol  tlw  sttMipM  opou  hi*  lifo,  SbikvuBoiti   »aut  lo  thi 

Skcc,  uul   when  tlw  infnriatsd  «lc«b«iit  wmc  up,  ha   nlkil  out.      Oii    h«ariai 
bAkynrauni'i  roiw^  th«  rkpbxtt  Vnkcfl  lomrd*  hun,  »aA,  afipracfaing  hira  ia  |^ 
(•atlnl  mannen  did  kiai  ravcrcoiM. 


A 


DtMftlLl 


liRiidii  of  Brabeaqae  ;  in  tho  comperlnieDta  are  figures  of  Baddha 
alt«mat«ly  Hitting  cross-legged  uid  standing.  Thu  roof  risos  eight 
fent  fuur  inches  over  tJiia,  while  ilie  width  oi  the  luiTe  i»  onlj  twelra 
fe«t  two  inches,  so  that  the  arch  is  Uigber  than  A  semicircle,  and  i« 
ribbud  in  stone;  Iwtwomi  tho  foot  of  evwy  fourth  und  fifth  rib  tJiet^ia 
cured  &  tigcHa  head.  The  relic  ahrinv  i»  compo«i(e.  It  hiut  n  low 
pedestal,  on  the  front  of  which  stand  two  demi-colonma,  aopponiog 
ftn  arch  contAining  a  rt-lief  figure  of  Shitkyamuni ;  on  the  tinder 
part  uf  the  frit,  ur  oajiitul  uUbvo  tho  donH?,  there  in  ulito  a  Hinall 
sculpture  of  Sh&kyamuni,  and  over  th»  four  filletn  of  Uie  capital  are 
three  nnibrollas,  in  stono,  one  above  another,  each  upheld  on  four 
stdeB  by  sniall  figures.  These  may  be  sj'mboUc  of  Sh&kj-amuni  thu 
bourer  of  tJte  triple  canopy,  tlio  canopy  of  the  huavcnly  liost,  tha 
cautipy  uf  laorlals,  and  the  canopy  of  etvmal  frcuduiii,  or  they  ara 
typicEd  of  the  heavens  of  tho  oe)e.^tial  Bodhisattma  and  Uuddlias. 
The  roof  of  thu  aisles  tx  flat,  and  has  been  paint«d,  chietly  wltb 
oraiunnnlnl  tlower  scrolls,  Buddha*,  and  relic  shrinos  ;  and  ou  the 
walU  there  have  boenpaiDtinga  of  Buddha  generally  with  atlendauta. 
the  nppur  two  rows  sitting,  and  the  third  mostly  standing,  ail  with 
glories  behind  thv  headit. 

There  is  hut  one  entrance  to  this  cave.  The  whole  ia  in 
excellent  preservation,  aa  is  also  tho  front.  The  porch  and  whole 
front  of  tho  vava  are  covered  with  the  most  elabuntto  and  beautiful 
carving.  Outride  to  tho  left,  and  at  rifrht  anglua  to  the  front  of 
Uie  cave,  ia  a  aculpture  roprom-nling  a  Niign  prince,  sitting  under 
the  expanded  hoods  of  a  aevea-headed  cobra  and  liia  wifo  with  a 
single  liood.  To  the  loft  6tand^a  woman  fly.flap-bearcr,  also  with 
a  single  snuke  hood.  This  prubabiy  rvprosents  auoio  royal  patroQ 
of  Buddhiam,  perhapa  some  X^ga  prince.  On  the  other  side  ia  a 
porch  with  two  pillars  and  pilaawrs  in  front,  which,  Mr.  Fergusaon 
supponos,  wa»  a  place  of  rt'st  for  pilgrims.  It  has  a  room  at  each  end 
ftbout  ten  faet  by  eight  feet  four  inrhoa.  The  capitals  of  the  pillars 
in  front  of  it  are  nchly  wrought  with  bunches  of  mangofs  at  tho 
cornors,  and  of  gra}ws  or  custard-appio  in  the  mi<ldle  of  tho 
cHpitala.  On  tJio  right  of  the  main  entninoe  is  «  wmlpture  of  a 
Buddha,  with  his  almit-bowl,  and  a  woman  puslitng  her  htile  boy 
forward  to  not  something  into  it.  This  is  fhe  same,  scene  as  is 
painted  on  tne  left  of  the  ahrine-door  of  cave  XVIl.  On  each  aide 
of  the  great  arch  is  a  large  figure  in  rich  hvad<dreits;  that^on  the 
left  is  Ktibera,  th(f  god  of  wealth,  a  great  favourite  with  the 
Buddhists.  The  figure  on  the  right  is  very  nearly  th©  xasie. 
Many  Buddhas,  sitting  or  standing,  occupy  oomportmenia  in  the 
facade  and  at  thu  Kides  of  it.  Over  tha  whole  facade  of  this 
temple  projects  n  hold  and  carefullr  carved  cornice,  broken  only  tX 
tho  left  end  by  a  heavy  mass  of  rock  having  given  way.  In  front  haa 
been  an  unclosed  court  thirty-threw  fwt  wide  by  thirty  feet  dwep,  but 
the  left  sitUi  of  it  has  nearly  diiwippeared.  The  stylo  "f  ornament 
on  iht)  pillars  and  olher  pana  of  this  cave  so  strongly  resembles  tliat 
of  cave  1.^  aa  to  make  it  probable  that  the  two  caves  wore  cxcovnled 
about  the  same  age,  about  the  middle  or  end  of  the  sixth  century, 
,  This  cnro  Contains  many  p*intc<l  Biiddhaa  in  tbe  aiale«,  and  a  few 
others  with  figures  of  relic  shrines  still  n>main  in  the  roof.   The  roof 


Chapter. 
Places  of  Xnt«ri 

AMUT^CAVn 

Cava  XIX. 


KHANDESH. 


667 


sofflta  of  the  braokot«  aro  deoorated  with  two  b&nds  of  bnck>rod 
with,  flowers  i»  white  and  browa.  On  tho  roof  of  the  central  ball 
R  portion  of  painting  is  left,  but  Hcaroely  more  tbau  tlie  pattern 
the  colours  having  peoled  off  or  f&ded.  On  the  left  wall  are  a  few 
figmvs  of  »  Buddhn,  and  to  tbu  left  of  thom  two  very  fair  fvinlile 
figures.  Probably  tlio  wallii  of  lliiit  cave  were  never  all  pai&t«d ; 
portiooB  of  amoot^  plaster  r«iiiaiD  apparently  never  toocbea  hj  the 
brash. 

Cava  XXn.  is  a  vety  *tPBj[ 
■BTenth  century,  about  16)  feet  square  and  nine  feet  higb,  with 


OiapteiXn 
Pl«OMofIat«r 

AjANTACMfl 


very   arogjT  monastery,   also  of  the   sixth  or 


foar  unfitiishud  cells,  no  window,  a  very  pretty  door,  and  a  narrow 
Torandab,  of  which  both  tbo  pillars  are  brokon.  Th«  saivtuorY 
opens  direct  from  tl>e  cave,  and  contitina  an  imago  of  ShAkjamuni, 
with  ita  feet  on  tbeloto-s  the  Buddhist  emblem  of  creative  power. 
On  the  front  of  the  sent  is  the  wbeeli  the  sign  or  cognisance  of 
ShAkyamani  with  two  small  doer  and  worKliiH]»orn  on  «M!h  aide.  The 
fly-Hap-bearer  on  tbo  loft  is  Padmaptlni  the  Oodliisattva  of  Amit^bha 
the  fotirth  of  the  divine  or  'ibnydni  Btiddhas,'  and  on  tbe  right  ia 
another  attendant  with  cuHed  hair,  perhaps  Indrs.  On  tbu  rigbt> 
below  the  painting  and  tnacriptiou!-,  is  a  sculpture  of  Sb&kyamoni 
squatted  on  tho  lotwi  with  fly-t)iip-bi:'nn<r$,  and,  above  his  head, 
two  little  ftpirits  holding  a  crown.  On  the  other  side  of  the  nhrine 
a  pair  of  atandinR  6gnres  are  roughly  blocked  ont. 

Tho  chief  paintings  arc,  a  fragment  on  tho  roof  at  each  end  of 
tho  back  wall,  on  the  right  sido  a  piece  on  tho  back  wall,  and 
a  little  on  the  right  aide  tvall  i^ear  the  back,  with  three  fignres 
of  &  Bnddba  on  the  lower  portion  of  it.  On  the  upper  part  of  the 
wall,  on  the  right  side  of  tho  nhrinu,  are  «ev»n  painted  Baddhaa 
each  under  bin  Ikxlhi  Iroe.     Their  namea  are  painted  beneath  them, 

Vipaabyi,  Sbikhi,  V'islivabhu, Kaoakamuni.  Kashyapa. 

SnaKyamuni,  and  Maitreira.  Tho  mitsing  name  la  KrakafaMna»j 
or  itlajcuRanaa,  the  ini  Buddha  of  t£o  present  sg*.  I'bo  buddiiists 
believe  that  the  world  is  do.itroyed  and  renewed  at  the  end  of 
immensely  long  ages,  or  kalpat,  and  (hat  each  ago  has  one  or 
mom  Buddha.-^  [n  the  ago  beforo  last,  V'ipnshyi  was  the 
Buddha;  in  the  biat  Shikhi  and  Vicihvabhu;  and  iu  tho  present, 
Kraknteanda,  Ksnakamuni,  K&shyapa.  and  Shikyamuni  or 
Gautama,  havo  already  appeared,  while  Arya  Maitroya  is  to  come 
five  thousand  years  uftvr  bhakya.  Ttiese  are  alao  known*  as  the 
mamighya  or  earth-born  Huddhas.  Below  these  names  are  painted 
the  following  words :    "  The  charitable  gift  of  Sli^ya  Bbiksfan 

May  tho  merit  of  thin be  to  father  and 

mother  and  to  alt  beings endowed  with  beauty  and  good 

fortune,  good  qnalities  aad  organs,  the  bright protectors  of 

light thus  becoiff^  plca^^ing  ^l  the  oye." 


C*v* 


Cave  XXIII.  ifl  another  twvtvc-pillared  monastery  (&25>650), fifty 
feet  five  iacbes  wide  by  fifty-one  feet  eight  inch«e  deep  and  twelve 


CanXXnl 


'Th* 


TE^  *ra  tail  wenUrnSunMorXSi  ^ildli*  uid 


....    37' prndsord  >    Bodhmltva,    Sinuuttblikdnh 


Vklnptni, 


KaANDEsn. 


feet  two  inoluM  dwp,  tlicro  is  a  stone  pnrapot  or  ecreeo,  3J  fe«t      Cbapte' 

high,  corred  in  front  with  small  HuiMha*.     Tim  oul#r  nrcli  is  UJ  placM (rflateri 

f«et   hiRli,  aod  tho   inner  arch  from  the   top  of   the   soreea   only 

eight  fot't  ti^u   incbott.     Tho  wLolo  faeado  ouUido  the  great  nrch, 

•nd   thft  projecting  ttide^vntlla^  at  th©  ends  of  tho    Ixilcouy,  han 

been  divided  into  compartments  of  various  sixes,  Hculptur^  with 

BoddhMi.     Ou  iwcb  side  the  grent  arch  is  a  soated  figure  of  Knbera, 

pod  iif  wealth,  and  Wyoiid  it,  in  a  projecting  alcoro,  is  >  dtoncliiig 

Budillia.     On  the  upper   parts  ^f  the  cud   walla   of  this  t«rraoa 

there  is,  on  (-trh  side,  a  ngure  of  Btiddhastending  with  his  robe 

falling  from  tbo  loft  shoulder  to  the  an k lei  leaving  the  right  shoulder 

bnro:lheKe  ligurea  are  about  Hixteoo   foot  high.     Undw  lho,ouo 

on  the   left  is  an  .^gsoj^^  in  two  linen,    a   dedication  by  ths 

Sh&kya  friar  Bhadntit^GanSkara.     It  reads:  Heyadharmo'jnm  Shdkya 

hbiktkorhUadanUa      gun-ikarafi/a     yaHatra      punt/nm     iadbhavattt 

mdliipitaram      paiTairi'jama      li7ra,      giircafiUcAhifnb       antitlata 

dnt/dwivaptaiia.     This  moans,  "The  charitable  gift  of  the  Shdkya 

mendicant  Bbadanta  Gtiniiknni.   Muy  the  merit  of  ihi!)   bo  to  father 

and  mother  (andolher  mc-mbers  of  the  family?),  and  to  all  Wings 

for  BQpreme  knowledeo.' ^ Another  inacription.  on  the  left  of  the 

front  of  tho  cavo,  notss  tha  making  of  the  riiro   by  Bha^'virija,  th« 

minister  of   Aflbmakantja,    and  hin   ^oii    DoTftniju.     Tr.  hnx    Ixwn 

tranafitented  aoow  by  Fandit  Bhagvinlfl'  1  ndraji.' 


■  T>r.  Bdiu  Difi  ia  Jnor.  Bmii.  Br.  R.  A.  S.  Til.  M. 

■'I'lir  t nunlatiiiB  raat  (Anxionn  for  bdiI)  l^trnt  upon  tho  oMd  of  lb*  irorlil    

(4  leltora  iutt) »  dour  iif  gan^i  tind  brioMr  M  hitpi^naM,  th*  nwal  •i««tl«Bt, 

tiut  lord  of  Muala,  who  la  nahuiami  by  tha  tnroo  atMu*,  who  ia  th*  •onre*  aftU 
qnalitio«k  wbooo  slnryi*  the  puro  tig)n  nl  iltvp  pity. 

H«  wbo  WW  ruiccil  traia  iho  rounda  nf  dnatbi  (trUMmiKrationli  obbiinod  tb» 
•t>to  of  [rwi|o<u  trala  dacay  and  of  IntBuntolily  kitd  bainf  of  (mfIom  luiod  mlrnil 
eternal  hajipioM*  and  •loelwncti  whicli  itiU  niakA  >•(  tha  worldi  a  city  of  x>*m«. 

To  kim  who  it  friiitful,  plentiful,  and  utrnnjt,  iK»nihii>  and  ptaiM  ar*  bvoomtng ; 
toliiai  the  ntCnal  a  ii«][l»  fluw«r  l«>d»  to  Ui«  attaiumsiil  of  the  tixiit  knuwa  aa 
beavon  and  Iikawduma. 

For  this  rewon.  in  tbla  vnrld,  Ibe  r«Monabl«  Iwlag.  intmtl  on  doiug  good,  oumht 
to  fty  d«ep  derotioa  to  th«  TatliA^ta*,  who  arv  <t!*tiiiznitbml  tor  piaMOwotuijr 
annbatM,  who  aliow  deep  pity  for  mankind,  and  wbuw  faoarta  are  full  of  t«ndef 
■oivy. 

TlMffMla.lUbtt  t>iai*wry,ara  nM  glotiMUi  Shanbfau.  by  a  oario,  bad  fctiejroa 
uiiuttd  by  fri^dt  ;  Krithii.i  at*'),  being  Babjecb  to  ftnotlur.  Ml  •  pr«>-  to  dcatb. 
Tlicrcfi3ro  Ihr  Sux*tw>  ulUrrly  free  from  fuar,  are  gloriona. 

Even  the  gratctul  and  g>'>i>il  Mani.  who  wu  the  ohinf  of  thee1d«a«,  vhoprop^adcd 
tha  institatfa,  and  wh«  ar«J|  diicjurjcd  tlio  aevaral  dcti**  of  bnman  lif»,  cauted  to 
be  c«aMtmcl«<l  ■  mouittjUa  abode  of  the  Lord. 

It  ia  beeotnius  in  Boilhintlvat.  vlio  are  rich  and  who  nre  anxiona  both  fof 
worldly  ftnd  tor  SmX  Hid  eternal  happineta,  (hat  tbay  ahould  Ant  psrfonn  glodooa 
dooda. 

(It  !■  laid  thit).  ni  loiiDaa  ita  Eante  hat*  in  lliia  world,  lo  long  doci  the  *pirit 
enjoy  d'^light  in  hcnt-coi,  therefore  ^orioua  woiki,  fit  to  lait  >a  long  aa  tho  laii  aod 
the  luooc.  abo'iJi)  lio  made  in  manBtaiaa.  * 

For  tbo  ipititiial  bcoeilt  of  BhaiTirlja,  the  miuttw  of  tbe  rety  g^onoaa 
Aahniaknrtjn,  whoae  ([oiidhMrt«dn««i  ha*  bem  bIiob-u  in  varioni  live* :  who  h 
flinr,'  JpSiini,  "f  si""^  iBlolleet.  fmiupntly  l-jartied  in  tho  tkmtrioM  of  tin  Ach&iyaa 
and  ofth*  Sum  aod  jUunu ;  who  knova  jimiile  thoroiiglily  ;  who  ia  the  patnMi  o4 
the  keataua  fnUowen  of  the  vcrr  compuii'iiuto  .Saniiuit«bh«lr>  lBu<l<tha]i  who 
it  of  good  ipcKfa  and  of  fivat  qualitin  ;  uho  ia  tlic  inȣ?  irf  humility;  who  ia 
Noownod  in  the  wntM for  giwd  dtvdd  :  thia  great  mbiiUr  of  thu  kmjt,  Kh<>  gota 
wgtka  of  immonM  labour,  wluoh  inay  be  exantcd  by  tfven,  [vrfnrmoil  by  mild 
moaaareai,  anrl  like  him  hia  aan,  the  «t»vor  Denrija,   »V^   altar  lu>  ftJMir'a  doatb. 


D««ctit.l 


K^NDE^H. 


of  the  riTer  Hirnqp^vsti  (probably  th«   G»udak)  that  the  Illusitrioun      CbftptarSi 
of  tilt)  Age,  liU  face  (urumi  to  Uie  uortb,  eolrrud   nirt<ii9<].     Wliero  piacoaaflnta 
Bnbbadni,  long  after,  obtained    the    taw,  and    wbi-re,   for   seren 
days,   tlu^y  adored    in  his   golden   QolGn   the    llluHlrious   of   the 
Age  ;  wliere  tho  bero  tbat  bi^ra  the  diamond  sceptre  (Vajrapdai) 
let  go  the  golden    pettilo;    »nd    ivhurti    tho  vif^ht   kings  divided 
the  relics,    in     all    these    places    they     e!tt.-t)>lislied    tnonufiteriea 
which  exist  to  this  day."'      At  the  bead  and  foot  of  llio  figure  are 
troM,  and  under  (be  treo  at  the  fSot,  stands  Ananda,  the  relative  and 
attendant  gf  SliAtcyninuni.     Thiit  iiguTm  hrns  uUo  ite  face  turnetl  to  the 
north.     "  In  a  great   chapel    ereetvd  at    Kueiiiam,"    ssys  ilinen 
'llisaug   (a.i>.  64U)  ia  a    "representation    o£  the  mrr&^a    of    the 
Tatbtigntn.     Ilia  tace  ia  tamed  to  tbe  north,  and  hath  the  aj^cur- 
KDoe  of  one  slumbering."     Above  tbe  large  statne  are  several  very 
odd  tigureH,  perhaps  tbo  fpinttt  who  made  the  air  ring  with  celea- 
tin!   music,  and  acatreiwl   flowers  and  inceng«.     Among  them  is 
perhiipH  Indra,  the  piince  of  tho  thirty-two  spirits  of  'IVayiMtrinsha*, 
on  hja  elejihant.     In  front  of  tho  ocmch  are  several  other  fignroa, 
disciples   showing  their  grief  at  Sfadkyamuiii'it  dcpurture,  and  a 
worshipper  with  a  flower  in  bia  hand  and  some  offerings  on  n  tray.*^ 
Farther  along  the  wnll,  lieyoud  a  figure  of  Sitkraronni  p^fifh^ag 
botwcon  two  ntfondanis,  aBodhiBmttva  on  tbo  loft  and  perhaps 
ftidmapAni  on  the  right,  in  a  large  and  beautifnl  pie>co  of  eculjiture, 
the  trial  of  Buildba  by  M&ra.     To  tbe  left  a  prince,   IMm,  Htands 
vitli  what  appears  Uj  be  a  bow  and  arrow  in  his  hands  and  protectod 
by   an  umbrella,   and   before  hijn,  some  sitting,  others  dancing, 
are  a  mimbcr  of  women,  hiit  daughters  'I'aiiha,   Rati,  and  Itasga, 
vith  riehly-adornud  head-dresses.     A  woman  beata   three  drums, 
two  of  which  stand  on  end  which  f}iv  beats  ivith  one  band,  and 
the  other  lies  ou  it«  Hide  while  she   almost  aita  oo  it  and  beats  it 
with  tJio  other  hand.     &I&ra  sics  at  tbo  right  side,  dinappointod 
at  hifl  failore.     Bereral  of  the  faces   are  boantifally  cut     AbOTo, 
Hira's  demon  forces  attack  the   great  asootio   sitting  ander  thus 

'  K««  hona  kl,  c1i«plar  XXIV.  BmI^  truiaUtiuu  is  ■  little  diO«ront  from  tM«t 
To  th«  north  of  tbiii  tovn,  on  tho  )>bo*  «hora  tlia  world- bonouR<l  ItndalM  lying 
V  tl>«  BiJ*  u'  ib*  UirsnyAvsti  rivar,  with  Ua  b«ad  to  tho  north,  tui  >  ttil  ti**  w 
«itliur  utlo  of  him  ont«ra£  nirnfra ;  alto  in  tho  plftoe  ichire  SubhMlra  iTMOanvfrlvd,  th« 
very  lut  «f  sU  hk  ditdpUs :  >ba  wh«ra  tor  mvou  0*yi  they  pud  r«T««nca  to  the 
world- honoured  Baddha.lynigbhiaKoUan coffin  iabnwh«ro  VsJnpdBl  thny  down 
luj  golden  aiMM,  And  where  tEo  eight  kingn  ilividwl  lint  Tolie*  ;  in  eooti  of  tbo  nbovo 
pLkcei  (ow«n  b«To  boui  niicd  and  monuurtoa  liuilt.  Fub-HiAn,  M. 

*  During  tbo  hut  twolre  huLm  of  hii  jonmey  to  Kuiinu^  Ituddha  w*h  »u  iivak  »M 
«aSeria$  that  bo  bad  to  r««t  tw«nt]r-6(«  tunos,  Al  Iwt  iu  t)io  uirdi'ii  ul  idt  ttvct, 
b«  »4id, '  I  un  wnuy,  I  wiib  to  be  down  ;  set  a  roiiili  l:wtu  i^vii  twi,  nil  trees  witb 
tbo  head  towud*  tbo  aortb.'  Aftor  the  couch  hul  hwa  HOt,  lie  Uy  duwn  with 
hft  b«iJ  to  tho  north  Uid  nanr  mh  adun.  tlo  bad  tnll  puuouioo  of  bin  «)(»«■,, 
*ni1,  e^rljr  ia  tbo  loontiof.  Mliod  tho  pnoKa  H  tbeco  wvre  uuy  doelrieoa  tbo* 
did  nut  Hghtiv  nnd^taud.  As  tbo  gricota  Rfnaincd  lilent.  Buddha  Mid,  'I; 
pi  to  Kirvikna ;  1  Imve  wllh  ynu  my  oromaiicea  :  tbe  olomeDl*  of  tbo  Omaiaeicat. 
wiD  Boa*  away  i  tho  thrvc  s«io*  *  ill  rwiuain.  Haring  tbna  apoken  hf  oeaaed  to  ckiat. 
(Banlj'a  Haami  of  Buddhiwn.  U3-347I.  Tbe  «abi(cC  of  Bnddha-a  death  waa  «  ' 
Mmnte  one  with  early  BuddbiHt  a-iti»U,  and  oocnn  Tepeatodly  oa  tbe  tuf«  of 
Bfatod  Sgareo  of  tb«  CTiDtrnipUdv<^  ttudilhaa.  In  tho  Ant  and  awood  contnrj  tbo 
arUrixifMoropreKiite'l  ShukyaDiuni'Hil<Mtb»loii{{withfa!a  htftb  aiul  othar  <o«n«a. 

D    fioddliH  (iaya  has  a  nsudl  fourtoan  ioch  tnprewatatiw)  o(  tbo  aceoe^  and  tit*  BaddUab 

I    Mvo»*t  Etnra|4O0-5UO^D.)al)orep[nentit. 


DfeoRa.) 


KHiifDESa. 


dayojiriri  rock.    W1i«d  he  mw  hb  \30Aj  still  Rloriunf  as  the  orb  of 

SDti.  he  writbod  like  n   xtrlckoo  Himke,  nod  thotight  within  himself, 

will  caUBo  *  thick  nun  to  full  »ad  deotroj  liim    bj-    tho  farco    of  tlui 

ir.'     Bjr  luN  grtnt  [xiwi^r,  M4nt  gaJhnrLtl  a  bundreil  thtintand  clqtid», 

id  iprMul    Ui  iha  ten  ronurs  of   heaven  the  noise  of  a  tlinndcnitwm  ; 

_  handrcMl  lij^htninpt  plAvod,    rain-drop^   f^Il   like  pnLalrebs    10    late, 

ulougliin^  the  oarili  and  BWf^piiig  awiij-  li-oes.     When  the  storm  drew  it«ar 

It    did   not    not   even  tliP  lirm  of  fShafcj-nmnni'B  roljr ;  it  nifreahed  him 

like  a  nhowcr  of  wntvr  liliL%  dt(^  bim  rtivorcnoc,  sitil  p(wu!:(!d   hy.     hlin> 

looked  to  wti  into  wlutt   ocean  ibo  foicu  of  the  torrent  hcd  a<n-cpi  him. 

When  he  kuw  the  faco  of  the  |)rince,  ahiuinK  Uk«  a  full  niooit,  bo  nhook 

like  a  Ronded  ele|>h»ut,  and  thought,  '  I  will  now  crash  him  to  piccv*.' 

Thruugli  the  cky  he  hurled  a  hundred  thoosaod  baming  hilla,  twenty 

or  thirty  miles  in  sii«.     WbRU  tbe^  came  near  tbo  prince,  1^  lift  power 

of  hi§  oWlienm  to  the  precept^  tbo  blading  rocks  were  tumod  to  gamnda 

And  wroalbod  tbcmselvcx  round  Iiitn,  like  lui  offering  of  Rowers. 

WhcD  Milm  Naw  that  lie  ouuld  not  reach  iho  prinoe,  ho  criod  in 
wrath  to  bla  armj.  '  AU  of  you  seixe  Sb&kyamuni.  T)ierf(!  him,  cat  him, 
break  him  to  piece*,  grind  him  to  powder,  doslroy  iiis  di-.tiro  to  bncomo 
Bi^dha.  do  not  lot  him  escape'  Mounting  bis  olophnnt  Girimekbala, 
he  bntndichod  bis  discu*  on  overy  KJde,  apjiroachiHl  I  hn  prince,  aod  hurled 
it  at  him.  Bot,  through  thu  nrini.-v'ti  gnat  lut'rit,  thu  di^Mis  rose,  and 
i^l  in  Ihs  air  like  a  dry  leal,  and  hun^  in  npknduur  o\-(^r  liix  bead  tiko  • 
canopy  of  flower*.  Wh«n  MAra  saw  that  he  could  nut  nhake  the  prince, 
he  went  in  fninlothim,  buming  with  anger  like  the  fire  ut  the  end  of  the 
world,  and,  Tolling  bia  red  eyes,  took  hts  thoueaud  weapons  iota  him 
thoiuand  bauds,  and  brandishing  tlicm  before  tbc  prince,  said,  *  I  will 
take  tbee  by  thy  two  legs,  and  hurl  thee  iol')  the  next  world;  begone 
ffotu  my  throne.'  Notwithntandiftg  thin  rtcm  command,  tlie  priuee  bad 
no  fear,  flo  annwcrrd  with  a  Hmilv,  speaking  in  n  swoet  voice  from  his 
lotus-like  month, '  Sinful  HAn !  to  gain  this  throne  I  bare  practisod 
religious  duties  for  ages  and  a^ee,  I  aiu  tbe  rightful  owner  of  this 
^m  throne.  Uow  canst  thou  possess  it,  who  hast  never  done  a  single  duty  P* 
^B  ^Vben  be  said  this,  M&ra,  ra^ng  like  an  oil-fed  fire,  ropti^,  '  I  have 
^^^  ffivni  ii>or«  in  aim*  than  thou  baitt  given ;  1  havo  dono  more  duties.' 
r  llio  princo  asked,  '  Where  are  your  witncwca  t '  Jiim  stretched  bts 
I  thousand  arms  towanU  his  army,  and  said,  '  Here  are  my  witnesses!' 

I  Tho  warrion  sbonted,  'We  are  nitnesses  !' lifting   their  hands  at  the 

I  same  time,  and  the  sound  was  enough  to  cleave  the  eattb,  it  was  like 

I  the  row  of  the  sea.  .M4ru  went  on :  '  Prince  Shdkvainuoi,  so  great  an 
^K  «nnv  has  become  witness  that  I  liave  jierformed  my  rehgiuus  duty  i 
^^y  proanee  a  single  wilncss  that  you  bare  fuIlillL-d  jmirs.'  '  Your  witnesses, 
replied  the  prince,  '  arv  alive  and  partial ;  mine  nn  not  aliA  and  are 
impartial.*  Like  lightning  luuuchi-d  tvoai  a  rewl  cloud,  bo  Etre((!hed 
foi-th  liLH  band  from  his  robe  towards  tbe  i>arlh  ;  and  the  csirth  gave 
forlb  a  hundred  thousand  sounds,  like  the  striking  of  a  worldnlde  drum 
withaatiok  the  sise  of  tbc  mck  ilahu-MiTU.  Then  tbe  en rtb  opened, 
billows  ef  fire  buret  from  tln^  13ii  hnUs^  nuil   tbc  army  of  Mini  fled  with 

freat  noise.  liko  WVfet  chased  by  tho  wind,  eacb  to  hia  tiwn  placet 
browing  away  their  jewels,  their  weapunn,  and  their  garmvuta,  and 
covering  tlteir  fac<-!t  with  their  luiuda,  williout  looking  at  iheir  leader, 
they  fled  in  fear.  The  elepliaut  Girimekhala  fell  on  hin  knocs,  trembled, 
threw  Uiira  from  his  bauk,  curled  bin  trnuk  ucd  thm«t  tbe  end  into 
hia  raontb,  jiut  his  tail  between  his  legs,  prowled  fiercfly,  and  without 
,  looking  at  hia  master,  fled.  When  Mira  fell  to  the  ground,  berrft  of 
hie  thousand  weapons,  he  cried,  '  Oh,  prince  Shakyamoni,  I  perceive  that 


Chaptw: 

Places  of  iBti 

AjA!rrA  C*i 


OueUsar 


DISTRICTS- 


art  |)uwprNil,  and  tUt  thoa  ut  glonom ;  thou  hut  fulfilled   tb* 

ttflntaraat.  *^*^J  dnfwa  ;  I  will   prwUim  thy  rovngo  to  tbo  world  ;  I  will  uroclaim 

tkj  poner;  fnrgiTei.    fr^ivivv!^     C*llin)^  thi*  Hireo  tjniM  bo   fled    Ii>  hi* 

^  Uath.      own  world,  and  ubiuDid  io  look  ^  bis  HitruduiU,  l*jr  down  and  liid  hi* 

kXXn.        hoo# 

WtivD  T«nh»,  lUli.  and  Ran^  tbn  dasK^toni  of  iUm,  Imuw  Utat 
rljoir  father  b»d  Tiini«bcd,  thoy  lookiil  witU  llieip  iltvtiui  eywg  to  nm 
it'hithrr  hu  had  gone;  himI  wbi-n  thry  liad  fotmd  Um  placr  uf  nia  ntrvat, 
Ihvy  Wfnt  to  him  iD  th<>  Knap|)ing  of  a  ^go*,  and  aski'd  whj-  ho  wan  no  ' 
md.  Hv  told  them  liUi  fpint  nnd  ihcj  com^rlMl  biu.  uving  tbat  iJiej  ' 
wunM  orercoma  tbc  princi'.  Mira  replied  tUal  ihcir  Attvm|i|ji  woald  be 
rain.  Sut  they  Boid  that  no  boiti^  conid  wiUutand  their  wiles  t-vcn  for 
a  niomcyt.  Cb&opiiig  tbemaelt-H  into  six  hnndrad  U«iitilul  uaidiiis  of 
difleivul  QgMi  nioBi  nantotily  tbey  approa£li«d  tbe  princp,  prainL-d  bis 
Ninaty.  and  Mkod  <Khj  bo  moiaincsl  ondcr  Uw  trtv.  Had  be  no  ijuevn, 
or  bad  ho  imurritlU-d  with  livr,  or  wm  it  to  meet  Home  one  whom  be  tored 
that  he  bad  coinc  tu  thin  H|Mit  ?  BhikyBiontii  wax  nntDErmd.  Tanha 
pniliied  his  txiiiiity,  and  fiiittvrMt  bun  ;  and,  wben  this  was  to  no  jmrpose, 
nbe  rt-inindnl  bini  thnl  at  other  timea  be  had  nuuf^bt  thvenjnyincaitaf 
what  be  now  ivfiiiwd.  Stjll  Shakyoinuat  did  not  ev«a  Imk  at.  bi'a 
t«uiii(eni,  and,  after  they  Imd  long  %-aiiily  lri«u  to  oreroome  bim.  tboj 
fledA 

■  XXVIL  Cnvc  XXVII.  (525-650)  is  the  last   accewible  inonnatorr.     The 

fn^nl  IK  bmkcu  Rvaj~,  and  a  lioge  fra^metit  of  rock  Uem  beforu  the 
cavp,  wbich  is  about  43|  feet  wido  itnd  tbirty-ono  deep,  withoat 
pillars.  It  liiM  D<^viT  btH-n  flnitihc<l,  and  thu  antouhuinb^r  to  the 
Kliriue  ia  only  blocked  out.  'I'bere  are  tliree  cell»  in  tlir  left  !«idp,  two 
in  tl>e  back,  and  one  io  thi'  portiou  Of  the  left  side  that  n-iiutiiw. 

pXXVllI.  Cave  XXVIII.  is  the    bopinning  of  a    temple,  high  upon   tliB 

flcai'p  betwocn  XXI.  and  XXII.     Liltlo  morv  than  ttis  lop  of  tbo 
grcut  nroh  of  tliu  window  luut  bi>en  «oinplet«i). 
iXXIX.  Cnrc  XXIX.  ia  the  vemndnh  of  a  monaahrj  boyom)  XXVII., 

snf^i'ted  by  ais  rough-hewn  pillars  and  two  pi)ast«^;  XXyHI-  ia 
very  difficult  of  acccsa,  and  XXIX.  Ja  JitBCCCTaiblfl. 


toAb.  AsJrgad   Fort,*  in   i}ortb  IntilndA  21"  3C'  nnd  ciast  lonffitade 

"iV  -O',  t.ii  im  iBi)late'l  bill  iu  the  HAlpada  range  about  900  (wt  from 
the  plain  and  23lHi  feet  abovi'  soi*  level,  stntiils  about  sevi^n  niiloa  to 
tlie  west  of  tbo  Cliliii<tiii  Htalion  of  tlio  Untitt  Itidiau  HeoinHula  Rail* 
way,  twelve  miles  north  t-ti»t  of  Uurbiupur,  and  ivrenlv  nine  loilea 
Koulli-wttllt  of  Klmndw.i  tbelteadquartaraof  tlipNiwfiroistriet  of  tho 
Onbitl  FroTiuceii.  All  the  way  from  Cbandiii  the  road  ruiiH  tbroiigfa 
thick  brnshwood  and  forest,  'fhere  are  niany  viocyai-ds  at  the  foot 
of  the  hill  and  there  is  e^coDcnt  shooting  in  tne  coaotiy  ronnd.  I'ho 
eliniato  is  healthy  nnd  ngrooabl^;  the  nights  nre  alwTtya  cofl ;  and 
the  approximate  mean  icmpenilare  ia  77°  or  4'  lower  th»u  in  tha 
Nimir  plain.  Tlio  town  of  Asirgad,  with  one  good  street  or  h&xir 
uidapopolatiou  iul822af  SOU^souls,  lies  to  tbo  wcHt  of  the  bill  imd 

1  Rardy'n  MMtnal  «f  ButliDiim,  171  -179. 

^Tbi*  aeoaatA  ii  cliic6v  coiBptlod  Imn  Ui«  loint  nyort  of  Uent.-Cataiivl  A.  B. 
DawB04>.  B.A^  uid  Major  J.  Bills.  R.E..  jated  lOtk  UctoUr  1873  ui-l  Imn  tli* 
Oattal  Pmvlnoo  (iMcttar.     Livul.  ■Colonel  B.   RyUieU,  lli«  «unitiui>UDt  ol  tlie  toil. 


4 

4 


I        SOI 


U  in  part  embmcoJ  liy  the  M&laig«<l  oniworlr,  pHrrionlarfy  towarda 
tta  (futowwy,  whit-b  aWnda  at  tUe  osirume  conwr  of  a  deep  ravine, 
witb  tvro  toni^ueH  of  M^laifTatl  rutiDin^  to  iho  right  hdcI  left.  To  tb« 
west  the  apnroachw  am  uxtnrmul/  iltiTittilt  Uirjtigh  drcukdful  nirijics 
ruid  over  hills  thickly  ooTored  wiUi  forcet.' 

Thn  fort,  which  comnuuidB  a  beantiful  view  of  the  Tapti,  is  abont 
eleven  hundred  yards  lon^  from  east  to  vrcut  and  eix  hundred  broad 
from  north  to  south,  and  hiut  i^u  urua  of  not  iiioro  than  Hixty  scre«. 
Bonnd  the  foot  of  the  fort  nail  h  a  bluff  precipice,  from  eighty  to 
120  fuel  higli,  acarped  so  aa  to  leave  only  two  pathways,  one  at  the 
n<)rth-wi»t  angle  near  the  grand  gateway,  and  tlie  other  at  the 
south-eaatem  bastion.  • 

The  defences  of  the  fort  are  three  walled  lines  one  within  the 
otheir :  the  miuD  dufoncOi  a  faiissebraye  or  mound  outside  of  the 

mpart,  and  outworks.  Tho  uuiin  defiMico  is  a  rough  irregular 
luaaonry  wall,  of  an  average  height  of  fourteen  fui^t,  following 
closely  the  c-dgu  of  tho  high  scarped  rock  which  crowna  tho  hilL 
AtY)T(>ry  outstanding  corner  iii  a  round  towor  once  armed  with 
largo  swivel  guns.  The  rocky  scarp  has  an  aremgie  lioight 
of  frooi  eighty  to  120  fc«t.,  and,  except  at  two  pointa,*  is 
unbroken,  and  may,  CHpoeially  along  tho  oant  and  the  south)  be 
ooiuidcred  impregnable.  The  lowest  portions  range  from  the  main 
gateway  to  a  salient  tower  at  the  north-west  angle.  The  main 
entrance  is  very  intricate.  It  consists  of  several  gateways  all 
more  or  loss  flanking  wncb  other,  luid  on  cithiT  sido  built  into  the 
high  scarp  rock.  The  walls,  oloK  to  the  umin  i.'titninoo,  have  been 
slightly  shaken,  and  those  of  the  flagstaff  tower  at  the  north- 
west  angle  »ru  still  more  damngud.  The  salient  tower  at  the 
north-eaat  comer  has  been  completely  broached,  and  for  some 
distance  beyond,  the  walls  are  in  bad  repair.  Much  knocked  about 
by  the  British  attack  in  1819,  the  salients  and  their  flanking 
defoncoa  hare  since  boon  greatly  dnniaged  by  the  growth  of  targe 
trees  in  Che  walling  and  scarps,  and  by  exposui-e  to  ibu  woathvr. 
■The  second  line  of  defence  is  in  two  portions.  The  longer  and  more 
importAnt  livs  in  front  of  tho  main  gateway  and  stretches  from 
tho  Bonth  end  of  the  west  face  to  hidfway  along  tho  northaide. 
Standing  close  in  front  of  the  st«t^p  M-arp  thiit  lino  of  defence 
commands  all  other  places,  and  is  well  snited  both  for  attack  and 
defence.  Tho  sooond  portion  of  tho  fa»s»<^)>mye,  smatlor  and 
thrown  in  front  of  the  south-east  angle,  proiecU  and  covers  tl^o 
eastern  entrance  through  the  seven  gates,  tdtdarvdja.    The  tlwd 


Chapter' 
Places  ef  Int< 

AxnuMBh 


D^/VlKM. 


I  In  161(1  the  nriiMdaiid  fyccla  wcrehmnatalbjthouwacUof  tifpen,  kiiilbsv«U«r« 
'dom  moved  uioqit  in  luge  bodjoa.  Soaroolr  ft  day  pMtol  in  wliich  «oiae  u(  tli« 
>pla  were  nat  onicd  aSby  ti|^ni.  Mwitba  Mid  PoniDkiri  (^ainpa^  (181!^.  314. 
.bout  ton  y«>is  ktor  (IS3S)  llaniiltoii  (GuoettMr,  M)  nolicca  tho  t^r* uu)  MVM 
I  (Uriag  M  to  ento  lh<  lover  fort  uul  vtrry  oB  mmo  of  Iha  pirrtwn. 
*  Tho  two  ptdnti  arc.  the  h«iid  ot  ■  ttirrow  rtnp  nnsa  which  maa  into  llio 
north -oMt  kogla  ol  tbofoti,  where  ■  ■troDgriiD  chamMr,  oraw*nut*,cAuMtJia)M*iI 
ol  tha  tavi&e.  ■tr«agtl)on«l  in  A«tit  by  n  wall  that  Iona«Aj  ftdihtA  tha  hi«h  •einn. 
The  icoond  tooak  in  the  line  of  cliffi  ii  at  the  MiBth.cut  aiit[l(^  wlMf*  ft  higi  wall  n» 
lata  huitt  irith  an  eUboTftte  UTAiigeiueiit  o(  g>tea  to  alloir  ot  connunkiciatiait  trlUi  a 
hntt  ^Dtaida  monad,  or  laiiucbrftjra,  Jftid  oat  ia  front. 


Aiitiui«i>. 


^hAndesh. 

the  BtasM  reservoirs  the  Astamba  Is  in  the  extromo  MUth-CMt,  and     duiiller 

two,  the  GaDga  and  Jamno,  are  within  liie  scarped  rock  on  a  level  pigjgj  oflnter 

witli    till.!  fittt^M^bnkyo.     Tfao   fort   hu  uuiqj  othor  sttuiU  poade,  one 

iu  the  Houth  not  Imldiug  watiir,  ani^  itev«rnl  ainall  ones  HC»tU;rv4 

over  the  hill,  four  of    them   in   the  fauasebraye  now   filled   with 

rubhiHb,  liuif  two  or  three  in  (ho  outer  dufont'oB.   Tlio  Miimu  reservoir 

was,  iu  1876,  formed  from  two  i«!tervoir«,  (he  BAuii  and  tbe  M&mni 

whioh  wore  formeriy  separated  by  a  stone  wall.     Of  these  the  Bdnji 

had  an  nvvragv  depth  of  11-4  foct,  nn  »raa  of  22,005  square  fiwt, 

and  a  camcitv  of  249,380  cubic   feet;   and  the  Mima  an  average 

depth    of  l'i''2{  feet,  an  area  of  63,787   square  foet,  and  a  capacity 

of  d()5,;i  19  cobic  feet  or  5,658,631  jE^lIonit.     The  Snickar  reservoir  is 

divided  into  two  part^  oni>  with*AP  avcragie  depth  of  I2'll  feet,  aa 

arua  of   11,9-11   ^lunrO  foet,  aniT  a  capacity  of  154,228  cubic  feot  of 

96-l,237  gallons;  the  other,  with  a  depth  of  four  feet,  an  urea  of  25,118 

aqoare  fee(,and  acMttcity  of  100,172  cubi«  foetor  027,9SO  gallons. 

The  Sopoy  reservoir  naa  an  averaRC  depth  of  12'5  feet,  an  area  of 

54,022  s^unro  foot,  and  a  capacity  of  ii7iVll3  cubic  fet-t  or  4,iy5,08l 

gallcfis.     Of  tbeae  rcaervoira  the  Sakkar  alone  gives  good  drinking 

water.'     At  the  north  end  of  the  Sakkar  roHervoir  in  a  well  about 

thirty  feet  deep,  with  atone  AbeoH  circling  down  its  sides,  and  leading 

tfl  a  vaulted  chamber.    The  well  is  probably  older  than  the  reservoir, 

and  was  flooded  when  the  causeway  was  built  batweon  the  Sakkar 

and  the  Sepoy  rosur voire. 

Except  Ndvra  Devi  about  3o0(f^ards  to  the  weat,  no  hill  or  high 
ground  oomraanda  the  fort;  and  Ndvi-a  Devi  matters  little  as  it  is 
only  about  thirty  feet  in  its  highciA  point  of  commftDd,  and  itc  sides 
ant  so  steep  that,  within  three  thousand  yards,  the  ground  is  fully 
oommandod  not  only  by  the  fort  hill  but  even  by  tbe  faussebraye  in 
front.  The  next  highetit  hill,  Moghal  Topi,  at  the  south-e««t  corner, 
has,  except  two  i^nSs,  ita  entire  water.ihed  fillly  commanded  by  the 
fort  and  fanssebraye.  The  two  peaks,  which  are  about  4A0  yards 
from  the  «onUi-wist  saliont,  though  they  owrlook  the  hiuasobmye, 
are,  in  turn,  comtiuindcd  by  the  forL  Opposite  the  salient,  at  the 
aontb-west  angle,  in  the  third  highest  hill,  whose  watershed  is  slightly 
higher  than  the  spur  on  which  the  outer  defence  works  are  built. 
Ttwaa  on  thia  hill  that,  in  1819,  the  English  constructed  batteries  to 
breach  the  walls  of  the  outer  defence.  About  2000  yards  from  the 
north-east  salient,  stands  a  hill  affording  an  excellent  powition  for 
batteries ;  but  it  is  compant lively  low  and  i»  commanded  By  the 
north-east  salient  and  by  tho  whole  of  the  westem  fnco.  , 

Tht-  mrliost  mention  of  Asirgad  i»  in  tbe  MahAbhfirat  as  a  place 
of  worship  of  AslivntthiimB,  who  is  still  revered  by  Elindiis  as  (ha 
guardtiui  deity  of  the  hill.  According  to  local  tradition,  Asirgnd 
was,  from  about  1000  *.c.,  the  hoad-qnarteia  of  a  Rajputa  cluef. 


Bili 


Uittorg. 


■  "  Tlwra  an  ao  iprinp  of  n,Ua  in  t)i«  rorlnw ;  twl  tb*r«  tan  two  or  tbraa 
immaua  itaemArw,  in  wSiicli  niiawat«r  i*  gsttwnxl  and  (todr«d  from  jtu  to  year,  aoil 
kntplf  mSoca  tiw  th«  wsnl*  of  titv  gurriiniD.  la  IK*  dwelliog  ul  tiich  oflic*T  of 
importanoe  tlur«b»MpM-*l4r«»rTV<>ir,  cnnUioinv*  nMoieat  ■uppl;  of  waUr  (or 
Ml  houBhold."  Slisikb  UUfatU'e  AkUar  Ntiiut  (tSot)  in  Ellk>t'i  Hutoir,  VI.  IMl 
■     «t4n-73 


iBomtaj 


&78 


DISTaiCTi* 


oTInMtot 


LaIot   in    fUhiut  pwtry,  Tunlnrp&l,   n  Cbnhiln,   is    < 
cuHi|tii>riu}{  Amr  kml  GolkonilK,  anil  pl&utiti^  luf  g»r: 
couotry.'      Fn«ii  him  ttn>  f"rl  Mteoui  to  Iwvu   luma  i«lii.-u   I'y 
Tikfi,  ft  hnuiirli  .if  lh(-  I'anii&r^llajpata,  and  bold  tijr  them   fnim 
li^^^uiiig  uf  the  ninth  to  tho  oluse  nf  tba  Innlh  ivntanr.      Set 
tiniiM,  dorinj;  thi<ito  two  hiimlrc*!   )ri«re,  tUc  'Tok  fnun 
is  nMmlaoniHl  by  the  Itajpat  poet  Cuauil,  a*  fifflitinff  for  lli 
ot  Cliitod  Kgiuntit  tho  MHsnlmiins.     In  lOi^  ttiu  (on  wna   laKcu 
Ishtpil  tilt)    foamirr  of  thu    Hiini».'       IsIitpAl'it    great    vnuuL 
Hamir  and  Qaml>)iir,  nn>  eumlli'd  ninong  tho  ■■»«>  liuudrea  imd 
gruat  ravgala  of  I'rilbnri^j  the  (Thoh^n  niW  of  Ajniir.      At  t1 
of  th<<  thirtrcntli  cvntury  (1395),  Aln-ud-din   Khilji,  r< 
his  r*d  into  th(!  Doccao,  look  A^iiviul,  and  except}.:.       it 
whose  desoondaoLs  wore  aft«rWBrds  tne   HujAs  (if   Hnmnti,    pat 
tho  Hmt«   t<t   tba   nwonl.     Iiat«r  on  Iho  tort  H^in  [in»»od  oat  I 
Mnhamniadan  hands  and  rontaiDed  under  a  Hindn  chief,  till,  at  i 
oloBs  of  the  fonrtfvtilh  centnry  (I3{K>],  it  h-ah  tn-tu-h<.<roiit<ly  tAt 
Naair  Khin  Fiiruki  thoM^c.mdof  thu  Musnlmiiii  nilc«rx  i.<f  Kh4i: 
Tho    Ffiniki*   gTcnlly   uln'iiplhcmil  Asirdnii,   tho  lower    furt, 
Milaign*!,'  Wing  entirL-ly  the  work  of  Ailil  Khin  I.  fI457-l.1( 
flfth  of  thp  dynasty.     Oaring  tho  whole  of  thp  Fitriiki  nile  Ann 
remained  ihcir  chii^f  »tronffh<)ld.*     In  1>^t»2  Pir  Muhammad    Kl 
tho  ffiivemornf  Mdlwa,  maae  an  Da<iaoceHfuI  attempt  to  capture 
nor  did  the  Dmiwror  Aicbar  aticcoed  in  taking  it  (1600)  ontil  aft 
probmctcd  tiegu  of  v1«v6a  monthir^ 


■  Tod**  B«jpatitu.  n.  M«L  •  Tod'i  RajpaUak,  II.  430. 

*  Poriihta'a  (IV.  S8G-7}  MOMiat  of  iko  captnra  m  givea  ahova  in  tha  ttubvy 
okaptar  (Mt).  'rh«  atwy  km  Imm  (Cmi.  Pmv.  Um.  tt)  mppowd  lo  W  punJy 
Iqgniilacy.  But  tlMOfh  Ihu  atnw  of  th*  chMJ.  Am  Ui»  Ablr,  nwv  hm  takan  b 
hfonil*.  thcce  M«nu  »•  Mt0ii.-i>ul  nmm<a  to  ilmbt  th«  Kuun  b«li  *i  the  Mary  UiM 
nrnku  tomti  Aairgdl  is  lh«  liaada  of  a  ViaUv  or  Aliir  ctiM  and  took  it  (rrmi  I 
bj  tnsaolwry. 

'0(  thU  liwur  fort  Ilia  Akiiar  X&cia  (1003)  tajt  t  "  Briow  Dio  matn    tort. 
atitl  on  aa  alnvitteil  >|ioL,  ia  aiiolhcr  fort  callvl  Uilgad,  •hioh alao  k  vary  atniBit. 
ramianauii  «itli  Ui«  fortma,  it  acMna  at  llie  bottam  ol  tba  uartli ;  emiparvil  yriik 
tlio  kut(w4  o(  tho  itmunil,  it  loolu  half-way  to  th«  aky.     HiU  iMnof  th*   nwfc, 
aiilrancmt  o(  tho  warli.gmili^atiiliiiil  l>or*  takon  to  rtrmglMn  it  witbpuiaan4ii" 
hnplanwDta.    Bolow  Uim  wm  aii  iiihalij(«il   plaof  oallM  loJUdfi  a*  lariN  ■«  a  i 
BlfiM'a  llbKwr.  VI.  I4f>. 

*  C«ntTal  I'Vovinco  Oantteer.  9.  *  Elliot'a  Hictory,  V.  ZT5. 
'  At  (lid  lime  of  lu  tajituro  lif  Akbojr  tiM  foK  wan  oniwlilorxl  oaa  at  ikr 

«f  tlio  vurld.     Rli   KalutdoT  Uxlwk  anil  Kar*lw|t,  aciit  \iv  Akboj  to  oImom  i 
tor  Ifae  tmiolioa  uil  UiKiim|:«nont,  mport^id  llial  tliey  liwl  nnm  imb  anck  a  1 
111  any  uounlry.     Howuvor  lon^  an  amif   mulil  jirtot  tho  litg*,  nollkitiu  t 
•StnATitiaanr  (dmI  tortaae  of  the  aaipvtm  conM  cfl«ot  ila  eanturti.    Old  BMdli._^„ 
IMO  who  kail  tr»**tlod  intodiataulMoiU.niitn  whuhadamii  th*lorlraneeof  Irlai 
TiiRtB,  of  IttiiiL  nf  Kurope,  and  of  th«  *h<>It<  h.it>italil«  vr>rrlil.  bad  nan*  biihcld  1 
«>|B>1  of  lliii.     Itabwdona  tiig;h  lAniDg  hitl  irilh  tbr«- aiiiaJW  fortifiod  hilla 
it,  hka  ^  halo  noad  (h»  tnoini.     Tho  ratnnoc  aod  oalirta  w«i«  difimilt  to  di 
Ko  oikcr  hill  oonunaodail  <t.  and  thv  afiprruoh  waa  «ivcrcd  l>y  brnthwood  and  no  I 
tt«oa.     In  tho  walla,  whLvb  wan  of  ^oat  tbkknvH,  chamlitm  aod  moisa  ircva  I  _ 
toTlhauflUar*  at  tba  artillery,  wticn^  dnring  ^t  tumoia,  tfa«T«Mild  tir*  in  •.■omfa 
and  keen  np  a  Qfaof  cantioo  aiid  madietrj.     All  the  tima  tba  oountr;  had  bnta  I 
by  the  uynaaty,  oach  priau*,  *•  hi>  (ucoMdod,  did  bia  biat  tn  kiwptbc  plam  bi  nt 
to  add  to  ita  urvngtb.  t  (<>  ilwroan  ita  atom,  man  afixvialiy  ila  atorca  of  arlill 
Th«  terenuM  of  aevani  diatrict*  vere  apcdtlly  amii^cd  to  keep  ^P  tho  i 
artilloi;,  ao  OM  Um  offinn  had  iDdcfnideiit  aouicoa  for  aiaintaui>i>K  Ua  ■ 


^ 


Deccan.] 


lANDHSH 


WIkti  Akfmr  arrived  at  tJjniD,  with  iJio  I'nlontioH  ot  onnqnerinp 
the  Dercait,  hu  ox[>oct<xl  tlutt,  like  )its  Calbor  U&ja  AJi,  t^b&dar 
woald  ffive  litH^oervicea  to  the  immrial  army.  But  as  Babiidnr 
sknwod  hirawlf  unwilling  to  help,  Alcbar  sont  Miriiti  8ndr-i-Jak»D  to 
6iid  out  the  exiicL  otaUt  ofaflairM  in  Khiudeeh.  Ou  leaniing  that 
Bahidtir  was  keenly  hnatite  to  tlie  Mof^hals,  Akbar  fcotil  ordora  to 
Shiiikh  F«rid  Bokhdri  to odvaiice  against  Asirgiid  williHcuiiHidarablo 
forcn,  and  oilhor  to  bring  Bnbtuliir,  if  ho  provod  tractable,  or  to 
iorost  the  tort  aud  rvduce  it  witit  all  {XMAible  speed. 

Tho  Moghal  army,  whicb  bad  meannhile  boon  joinwl  by  Shaikh 
Abu-1-Piixl,  i^nonmpud  fuur  niilo4  (rum  Asirgnd,  nud  Bahadur  (ttinn 
dowa  fnJm  the  fi)rt  to  intiol  Ihtt  (^oinmaiidurti.  Every  argument  was 
Hft»d  to  bring  him  to  submit  to  (ho  emperor,  but  m  vain.  Whoa 
all  hopv  of  ilnhadur'fl  eubmissiou  was  giron  up,  Fdrid  closod  tliu 
roada  to  tliu  fortrnii^  dug  tronuhi^i,  luid  slatioued  tOOO  lionaO  on  the 
Burb&npur  road  to  cut  off  communication.  The  preparatioos  were 
Conipl<!to<l,  but  tliu  Uoghalti  failixl  to  mnko  any  impression  on  tho 
fortwsB.  One  day  ati  Abu-I-Pasl  was  inHpecting  some  of  hia 
IruDoht-s,  one  of  the  besieged,  who  bad  deserted  to  Akbar's  camp, 
offortMl  Ki  jtfaiiw  him  u  path  ap  to  tbn  mdl  of  (1h>  Mnlai  fori.  Hulf- 
way  np  the  mountain,  to  the  weat  and  ntightiy  to  the  north,  wera 
two  renowned  outworks,  called  the  MAlai  and  Aiitarmt^lai,  which 
had  to  bo  liikon  bcforo  Asir  itself  oould  bo  rowclu-il,  tind  Iwtwt^-n 
the  north-woiil  and  north  thoro  was  another  unfiniah&d  bastion 
called  Chuuah  Milai,  a  portion  of  its  wall  not  6nished.  From 
cast  to  ftouth-wMt  were  hilltt,  ,and  in  the  south  wiu  a  high 
inountaiu  calliHl  Korhiali.  A  hill  in  the  HOnth-wost,  called  S^pun, 
was  occupied  by  the  imperial  forces.  Abu-I-Faxl  chose  a  detachment 
to  follow  him.  Ginng  orders  to  tho  offioer  commiuiding  thu 
trench  to  watch  for  tlw  itoiind  of  tho  trumpets  and  bugler,  when 
be  was  to  hasten  to  hia  assistance  with  ladders,  lie  wont  with  his 
chosen  body  of  men  to  mount  Sftpiui,  uttd  Kont  unotlier  dotachmeiit 
nndor  Qara  along  the  path  that  ha<l  been  pointed  out  to  him.  They 
advanced,  broke  open  one  of  the  gatee  of  the  M&liu  fort,  and  soundod 
the  bnglo.  1'ho  besieged  rose  to  oppose  them,  but  Aha-I-Faiil 
hastened  to  )xin  mun,  and  joined  them  at  break  of  day  when  the 
beaieged  withdrew  in  confrixion  to  Aair.  On  the  same  day  other 
dotnchmuDt«  of  the  army  occupied  Chuuah  Millaiand  mount  Korhiah.' 
Disheartenod  by  these  losses,  and  crippled  by  an  epidemic  amouK 
hia    troops,    Bidutdnr  Khda  sarrandered.*     Akbar   held  a   gmnd 


Chapter 

PlaoMoflntvn 
Abukiao. 


It  H-si  Impoadbk  to  ooncdr*  a  ■troawg  fortraa,  or  uQ«  non  smplf  MppUvd  with 
Utillcry.  wMlikc  (toros.  Mid  joMviaiofw.  Wuro  th*  (ortnt*  pUc«il  upon  land 
firound.  ita  re(laq(iaa  woold  bMinmlt  i  but  ■ii''h  h  hlD.  >uab  k  vtU  •KtoitNUdrtitM^ 
und  such  urtillorT,  w«mi  not  ta  bo  found  in  uiy  riuo  [ibn  on  Uia  facQ  ot  tlw  Mrth, 
Akbax  Ninu  <!«»)  ia  ElKot.  VI  138.  I3!l.  BibAdur  had  mltectod  t,  rvry  Ut^ 
Diuiib«r  of  nwa  t«  nnuoit  the  fort.  Aoconting  to  the  Akbar  Xliaa  tJi4  population 
in  th«  fortron  waa  law  that  of  a  oitj't  for  it  v*i  full  of  aton  uf  oveiy  kind.  Mttir 
thti  miiT«iider  (he  inhabilanta  came  ont,  aad  there  waia  oontiinoua  throng  nighk 
Mid  day  for  a  week.     Etlint,  VI.  1«X 

'  The  Akb>r  Xima  montiooa  a  lortia  roade  by  tha  ckrriMm  which  eo«t  tamy  of 
yioni  their  livca  a^id  the  hill  of  Korhiah.     BUiot,  VL  14i. 

*  Blodimaon'a  Aia-i-Akbari,  L  xxiii. 
• 


680 


■  ■rXnterwt 


mSTRICTgi 


r  Bom  bay 


Dsrbir,  -mhibi  tiie  keys  of  tlie  Eartma  wnre  gfran  Dp. 
Khiin  mu  Mnt  aa  a  prisoner  to  Uwulior.' 

This  in  tbe  MnAtlmii)  vrmion  of  tb?  siege.     ' 

pDjbnbly  WPropiU-d  (1670)    Iroftt  Portugnpao  sourcio, =.  f: 

in  neveral  impoHaDt  partioulura.     Ai  Ae  comiDp  of  Aklmr,  td 
baring  conqoered  tbu  kinf^lom  of  Docoan,  kintr  Mir&n   (Bi 
dewrtod  the  v\\y  uf  Brampour,  and  fled  wiih  all  tlie  intinbitanlA 
tht'ir   goods  to  the  fort   Syr,   so    tliat  Akbar  ttot  Diithin)^  bnt 
(tinpty  citjf  and  therefore  wont  from  ibrmv  t*"  .Syr  writh  oti  nnnjr 
aoy,W)0  awD.     Ttiis  fiirirMS  waa  plentifull/  stored  for  maiiT 
vrit^    wood,   coru,  and  other  proriaionB  for  stxtj    tboaaaad 
and  XT^a  forti&pd  with  threo  tnonsand  piwcea  of  ordtumco^     In' 
fort  wuro,   )n'sid(*A  kin^  Mir^,  aeren  other  heroic  nrinces,  w1 
thouuili  of   thu  Muhammmlao  reliffioo,  yet  enipluycd    Poriiif^na 
who  uaving  tb«  «otu  conduct  of  thim  wmt,  fortiGcd  (hi-  fort  widi 
\vm  care  than  art;  no   thai  thn  Mughal's  lultour,  thouj;;b  ha 
bc6io({M)  i\w    foil  with  two  hnndrcd  thoniiand  men,  wiw  all  in  niv 
for   ihtf  Wcif'gcd,   by  the  oonrenivot  sitoation  of  tbu  f^rt, 
ooDtinral  discharj^Dg  of  great  guns,  and   pnident  managenuint 
affairs,  prevented  him  taking  the  s^me   by  Btorni.     When    Alt' 
Baw  that  it  waa  imposnible  to  oonquor  the  nur*  bjr  forco,  h«  reiwl' 


■  Akbar  KliMin  MUot,  VL  ISS-IM.  FgnahU'i  Mouunt  diirfn  liltl«  bom  Ika 
tlbav^  Ha  uy*,  '  \Vh*n  prino*  Muri<l  MireadwO  io  tlia  kiwii  of  >i>i:'liI'Tir.  Dinill 
Uinw  ■u<eo»d»il  bbn.     B«udur  KUii  antbor  Moit  oanddlMm  on  hi-  Imih 

nor  ooDgTstMlktlnua  on  hitMccaioB  to  thvvoaiBkMtd  of  the  (oron  in  i  .  u  ii 

ciutanilry  ;  •nd  wli«ll  Akbar  Ptddi&h,  ■  f«w  jt*n  lailtrwKrAa  atriii-ii  «  MAodn, 
with  thp  •vowml  Intmitiuu  of  imrailitig  ttw  Doocaa,  BaMdnr  Kkin,  iiwtcwL  of  MloptMf 
tha  iKilioy  of  hit  falh*'  !d  nsl ring  on  tli«  honour  of  Akbar  and  ^ing  vitb  mi  tmug 
to  eo-operatv  with  him,  (hut  LimieK  in  the  (col  of  Aair,  and  began  pr*|>arat)aaa  k 
witkiUiKl  n  Mosc.  To  thit  end  bo  Invited  into  the  place  Gftcvn  tliooaaBil  pawcM 
indpiliog  InbourvT*.  artiaana,  and  ihopkocpera.  and  I11l«d  it  vttk  honoa  awl  rattlo.  in 
order  that  thojr  roight  rerve  for  work,  and  crfotwall)  for  food  and  othvr  (mrpaM*. 
WliBB  AklMT  board  of  th<a«  proeoMliiiga,  bo  aeut  onWa  t«  KbUn  KbaiMii,  ajid  to 
nrtno*  Mnill  Mirza,  to  ocmlioii*  the  aiego  et  Abmedna^M',  wkili  be  hiaistlf  miirGbed 
to  th*  •onth  atid occvuiod  fiaAinpiU',  lMvnigoo«o(  bra  ^aral*  to  boaiMv  Anrgwd. 
T%e  bUwkadft  o4  Ibiii  tort  oootuitMd  for  a  lensth  of  tun«  till  the  airfri»  tillh  bvcaio* 
fetid ,  and  an  opiilstnlc  tlirtiwtr  ragod,  tauani  bf  Uia  numbN'  o(  caltlo  n  Iiich  dailjr 
diwl.  At  Ihia  titno  a  r^iwrt  waa  aprod,  a&d  goneraUjr  botiaied  in  tbf  gaTriaan, 
tbat  Akbar  had  the  {lawar  of  rmhiomg  (urta  by  the  art  ol  necronuiucVt  and  tkM 
mas<daii«  acoompnoiuii  him  (or  tbM  purpDM<.  BahAdnr  Khta,  beltavwa  that  hia 
miMiTtunaa  anno  from  thit  fuiMir.  (oak  no  atepa  to  omiDleniot  tbo«ril*  by  wbicli 
h«  wiuMarroundwl.  Ha  noithw  gate  onlen  for  tlw  removal  of  tke  dead  fatlle, 
the  tatabluhnienl  nf  lioopttala,  nor  for  nndinc  ovi  Ufdcu  pfriiDi,  Itll  at  tuoicUi 
CDlilicr*.  worn  out,  beouna  emrtitm  mi  ontj,  and  the  Motihida  ■lomitd  i 
can-ind  Uiv  lowir  fort  «alled  MOlaiMd.  Nothine  eunld  oiccrI  the  iufatnatiua 
Bahl'titr  Kbin.  wbu,  Ihoujfh  ho  \tA  a  tan  yaara^  atoM  oS  gnio  and  an  aoomo' 
ani'iiinl  of  nioii^,  keptihe  troojiain  arTearai  and  tb(|y,  M«i>wiK>pnM(.t«t  of  roilr 
ntolTadto  aciM  hliii  and  deliver  him  i->  Ahliar,  Bn(i>ro  thii  project  waa  can 
bt«  affect,  Bahidnr  Kh^  diacovncd  tbn  p!<-t,  anil  cnnawlted  bi*  odlcor*,  wbo 
■i!T«<>il  (I  w"  too  Ut«  ti.  iliink  of  a  renocly.  Tlio  |i(»iileiice  tagaftvith  great  f 
tho  troopa  veif  complotirlv  iixhau«t«d,  and  notlung  ntniiiiicd  but  to  open  ncg 
(or  (h+  (UTToiider  ol  th«  (nrt,  iin  conditioD  tbat  Ilic  live*  of  tho  garriaon  ... 
■pOLrcl  aud  that  thry  ihouM  iiiAnliont  with  tboir  ptpjintf.  Tboteiiini  v-ttvi 
to,  with  tbe  eiceptiaii  of  i(>«  laat  pcopofitioD  regardiuK  llio  Kktn'g  private  pi 
whioh  all  fell  into  the  king's  handii :  and  Bahadur  Kli.tn.  the  laal  of  the 
binn,  buiableJ  himKlf  Wore  the  Ihmie  of  Akhir  PidKhih  in  tbe  year  ItOS 
(1^  a.p.l  1  vhile  the  imfvegnabl*  (ortma  of  A>ir,  vitb  tnu  yeara'  proviaiona 
ronntlaaa  tfeaaurea,  f«jl  into  tho    hands  of  the  «oD<|iion)r.      Brigga'   forhhta. 


Pmcu.] 


knANDESU 


|o  try.  what  ho  ooold  in  by  policy ;  whoroforo  ho  endeavonred  to 
attain  kia  coda  by  money  and  preseutA,  and  deninxl  bo  vtiti<r  into 
confuronce  wilh  kin^f  Miriim,  HW<mrin){  by  his  heuil,  lh«  ^jTiittcHt 
oath  imuginablo,  iJiat  immediately  a^or  hi)  hud  spokou  nilh  hioi  he 
should  return  in  safety  tathe  fort  -again.  Minin  boing  dtmbffol 
vrhst  iniifht  be  thv  ovont  of  this  buiuncss,  entered  into  counsel  vriih 
hi»  uflicvnt  about  it  ;  whi^re  Iho  A'byit.-tinian  commanders  and  the 
eeven  priucea,  jud^jied  it  alio^ther  iuconvi-uieiit  (or  Itini  to  go  nab 
.o£  the  castle  ;  but  uthf^rH,  wb»  noro  enticed  thereto  by  bribery, 
. Reined  to  bo  quitu  of  anotlior  opinion ;  whoHO  advice  he  following, 
irtiut  out  of  thd  tort,  having  upon  him  a  garment  in  fashion  of  a 
cloak,  which  reached  down  to  his  kneeB,  aa  a  t^icimony  of  faia 
Babmtssioo.  Coming  to  tlio  great  Moghal,  whom  he  foand^itting 
like  an  imago,  yet  with  a  smiling  oouutctnancv,  hu  bid  him  welcome 
three  timeH ;  upon  which  Mirjn  appniaching  ncuror  to  biin,  buwvd 
down  his  head,  wbou  oiio  of  the  M^o^'hal  princes  taking  hold  of 
him,  throw  liim  ou  the  ground ;  to  which  rudu  nffront  it  was  judged 
Akbar  cooHented,  notwithalAnding  hu  seemingly  repruhvnd^MJ  nim 
for^is  nBhoeea,  and  mildly  perauadt-d  Miriin  to  send  letters  to 
the  watches  which  guarded  the  ontward  waUs.  Aher  which  Mir&n 
required  liberty  to  rotum  to  the  cuxtlu,  but  Akbar  not  regarding  his 
oatn,  would  not  permit  him  to  go  Ixu-k  again.  The  Abyssinian 
Rov«nior  wita  no  aooner  informed  of  wb&t  had  passed,  but  he  sent 
uiH  son  with  a  letter  to  the  Moghal ;  in  which  he  taxed  him  with 
utjuatice,  for  detaining  MiMn  contrary  to  his  oath,  advising  him  to 
lut  him  return  p<^«ceab)y  according  to  hix  promise.  The  Moghal 
beruby  understanding  that  the  (whole  m&iutgement  of  alfitirs  was 
left  to  the  direction  of  this  AhyKKiniau,  thought  if  he  oould  but 
Dormpt  him,  the  place  might  be  easily  Kubduod ;  wherefore  he  asked 
(ho  lion  if  hist  fother  would  not  come  thiUier  in  cane  nhould  king 
Miiin  command  him.  To  which  the  yonth  boldly  replied  that  his 
fother  was  no  such  person  as  ho  took  him  for;  neilhor  would  he 
leave  the  rastle  to  oome  and  consult  with  him,  that  he  muHt  in  voia 
expect  to  obtain  the  fort  with  his  father's  consent;  and  if  he  would 
not  release  Mir&n,  yet  there  should  not  long  want  a  suocessor. 
Which  oontidciit  answer  so  incensed  Akbar,  that  he  causod  the 
young  man  immediately  to  bo  stabbed,  which  when  hia  bthor  hod 
notice  of,  be  prespntly  »ent  the  Moghal  word  that  ho  would  beg  of 
the  goda  never  to  )>ehoId  the  face  of  auch  a  porfidiouK prince;  and 
aftvrward«  taking  his  easb  in  h\»  hand,  he  went  amongst  the 
»oldiers,and  thus bospake  them;  'Oh brothers!  the  winterapproacluH 
which  win  drive  the  Moghal  from  Iho  siege,  and  to  avoid  their  utter 
ruin,  force  them  all  to  rL'tire  home,  Xone  but  God  shall  evor  b« 
able  to  conquer  this  place,  unless  the  inhitbrtiinls  thereof  will 
Burrendur  the  same ;  tj^refore  resolve  valiantly  to  defend  the  same' 
Having  ended  thiaBpecch,hewenl  and  strangled  himsclfimmMiately, 
Afl<T  his  decease,  thoinhabilantti,  defending  the  place  for  some  time, 
kept  the  Moghul  continually  emjJoyed ;  who,  alter  be  had  aaed  all 
||ttKiMibkt  mc--»n«  in  vain,  having  no  groat  giuts  at  hand  wherewith  to 
Foatter  down  the  walls,  at  lit»t  resolved  l"  try  if  he  oould  purchase 
the  inhabitants  to  a  surrender  by  great  anms  of  money;  which  to 
'accomplish,  he  sent  to  the  governors  very  eonaiderable  presontis  o( 


Chapter 
Flaeea  of  Intel 

ASIBOUh 


m 


i 


tli»  DoRcau,  croitMed  the  Norbada  with  12,000  men^  and  oUtainod 
ABirffad  by  a  bribe.'  In  1 730  Asirgad  poaeed  into  the  bautU  tif 
BAjiniij  PL-nhwa,  and  uightcnm  foare  latvr  it  Wim  ItuDdod  over  ta 
MohtUliiji  8ii]<li<ik.*  About  Lkis  time  one  of  the  offioors  wiUi  Qen»nd 
Guddard's  force  deaCribes  it  us  havi^R  a  garrisoa  of  1500  men,  and 
biHi])f  HO  strong  that  thu  conimiindiint  vrna  indupondsat  aad  bid 
duGance  tu  all  his  iiui^libi)urA.'  lii  1803,  Rhf»rtly  after  tho  iMttIc  'if 
Asaaye,  it  was  taken,  irith  Itttio  roBiatanco,  from  DaulatMo  Sindia  by 
a  detach  mo  nt  of  Geneml  AVulle^Juy'it  army  under  Colonel  Steretuon. 
On  the  Doncluiu'on  uf  peace,  in  the  aame  year,  it  waa  again  mado 
orcr  to  Sindia. 

On  thu  12th  February  1819,  tu*  itx  commandant  Jasrantnlo  Ur 
was  l>eli«ve(i  to  luivu  given  shelter  Ui  Appa  S4bib,  the  iift-rnlor 
of  K^gpur,  and  to  the  Kunoua  Pendhiiri  chief  C'hitu,  Sir  John 
Malcolm's  force,  conBistinir  of  HorM  Artillury,  tlu*  Third  Cavalry, 
and  the  Gmt  liuttHlion  <>(  Bombav  Native  Infantry  marohvd  ngainst 
AATgad.  Ho  encamped  within  firo  thousand  rarda  of  the  fort  and 
remaim^d  thcr^t,  till,  on  being  joinoi]  by  thu  Bombay  Brigade  and 
the  •battering  giins  which  had  been  left  in  tho  rtwr,  ho  moved  to 
a  poflition  north-west  of  the  fort.  About  this  time,  Lieut.-Ueoeral 
Smith  wiix  engaged  in  cloning  thn  paiM«a  north  of  Asirgad,  with  a 
view  to  intercept  the  eacapo  of  fugitive  I'endh&ris  anpposud  to  bo 
oonoealod  in  th«  fore«ta  near  tho  uirt,  if  not  within  its  walla.  In 
the  connte  of  Lhuxo  opcntiontt  ho  raado  a  march  of  thirty-fire  miloa 
and  was  on  the  point  of  taking  Chitu  prisoner,  when  hiM  party 
disperaod ;  Appa  S^ib  likewise  narrowly  escaped.* 

While  trying  to  persuade  fiif  John  llalcolm  that  ho  meant  to 
surrftudur,  it  was  known  tliat  JasvanCrdo  lAr,  the  oomnuuiditot  of 
the  fort,  was  making  active  prcpaiatJona  for  defence.  Accorxtingly, 
as  soon  a»  rcinf orcemcuU  amvi.-<l  from  J^Iiin,  MlVlvgaon,  and  N%pur, 
on  attack  wiut  plmuiftl.  Tlio  forces  set  apart  for  the  attack  on  tho 
town  were  ordered  to  meet  at  midnight  on  the  17th  of  March, 
and  bo  mow  a  short  time  aft'.TWnrd't.  Tho  column  of  attack, 
commandod  by  Colonel  Friuur  of  the  Koyal  Scots,  consulted  of  fire 
companies  of  that  regiment,  the  flank  companii's  of  fits  Majesty's 
30Ui  and  67th  Foot,  and  of  thu  Madras  Huro])uau  Hvgiment, 
fire  com[«niii8  of  the  first  battalion  of  the  12th  &Tadnut  Xativo 
In^try,  and  a  detail  of  Sappers  and  Minerg.  Tho  reserve,  under 
Major  Dulrytnplu  of  Ilis  Majesty's  30th,  WM  componed  of  t)y.i  com- 
panii-s  of  that  rogiiiwut  not  employed  in  the  cotnmn  of  attaok,  unu 
company  of  the  King's  ()7ih,  one  of  the  Afadraa  Enropean  UeL<-imoal, 
and  ntno  companies  of  Native  Infantry  from  the  firKt  battalion  of 
the  7th  Regiment,  tho  first  battalion  of  the  12th  and  tho  second 
battalion  of  the  I7ih,  with  deteohmonts  tram  the  2nd  and  7th 


PlaoMi 


>  EUidt,  Vlt.  4W.  'Orwt  Dair.SOe.  ■  A«M>aiit  of  B«ml>»  <1781).  388. 

•  Thii  Meiu  lU-iubtfiil.  C>f>Uio  Itbok«r  (Memoir  nf  tb*  Miiriilu  Wan,  I8I7-I8I0. 
491)Hyi:  "  Appk  Anhih  vaa  ovrtaiD);  not  ia  tli*  tort  wlicn  it  •untadw*'!  i  Uil 
it  ii  Joahtlsl  whothnr  li«inia«vm-(rfmitt«)l."  Ob  tb*  otlior  buxl,  t^  wnM  of  Uio 
MuAihiiftiia  l'iiwlhAriCaBMi^(iei9>My»'Jwvuitrto  Ltr.  ona  u  Ibc  Monniler. 
iloaudtbai  Ajw*84tiibluulb«M  IB  Uw  tort  >t  all -.biitw*  bait  >"c4i  brttorMiltiuritj' 
.friini  tlM  vriiknM  irf  winM  of  tlH  Btrtocacnt.  «icl  it  •ppifwd  *^  Am  S«il>  ly^j 
wn«p»d  inm  the  fart  ihovt  Um  days  Iwluw  we  got  imwiwwn  tt  xt,-    aU 


BM 


DISTKIC'TS 


/ 


1  Bombay  0 


<uctiM|y 


«■)■ 


XIV.      M»drM   Natiw  C»Tiiiry,   luid  fnur   Horw    Artfllonr    gniu.    The 

I  of  IntcrMt,  Bttackhiff  e«]iimn  adranced  aloDg  &  stream  bod   runninEf  paraUelln 
ibn   miilfl  tiu   the  Mnitb    side,   till,   an-ivi[ 
dkttuice  of  the  town,  tkcy  madn  ft  ru«li  for  ! 

iD^Knimi;  it.  The  reserve  iu  loe  meAtttiiui',  m  ti»i  [i«trtiRa,  uucunied 
poiDl4  in  the  etrvain  by  which  tho  coIdiuq  uf  ut(M.'k  tuid  ndrutcti, 
and  in  another  atrnim  that  nui  pandlvl  to  It  cmfficieutly  uw  to 
allow  of  tbcir  rendering  supfMirt.  Kir  Jultii  Malcolm  Itml  I 
dirret«d  to  distract  the  onL>iny'B  atteutiou  by  oporutioRs  on 
northern  side,  and  ihv  duty  waa  p<irf<jninvd  by  a  force  c-ompmwd] 
the  3rd  Cavnln',  tlio  second  bottalkm  of  tlu;  Oth  Regimuot  M 
Is'ativv  Infaulry,  and  tbo  firat  Uoltalioti  of  the  I  Ith,  tho 
baltaHuD  of  the  8th  Regiment  of  Itouibuy  Xativo  lufitutry, 
liowitirro,  nnd  two  UorM*  Artillery  guns.  Tliv  town  was  car 
Vvry  (■x[ioditioDt<ly  and  n-ith  liinall  Iohk,  the  troops  finding  imtacda 
oorcr  in  the  b  tret' ts.  Id  tho  courso  of  tliD  day  n  battery  fori 
Ijfihl  howilKvnt  waa  completed  in  the  town  and  din^ctdd  affainsti 
litwi-r  fort.  On  t)teni>{ht  of  the  l!>th  March  the  enemT  swdfl 
Bally  upon  one  of  the  Brili»h  piM>t«  which  wnsconMdvrnblyadTn 
Init  wvro  aooD  ivpulned.  In  the  coarse  of  the  Mine  night  a  I  __ 
of  night  hravy  ^uns  waa  cotnplot«d.  On  the  20tb  at  daybrask  iti 
firo  openi'd,  and  by  tho  evening  Imd  eni»!tc<l  a  formidable  breach  in 
the  luwvr  fori,  bcxidLrs  iuflicting  serious  injury  on  some  of  the  upper 
werin.  On  that  ifveniu^  thv  t>uvmy  mado  another  salty  tuto  tba 
towD  and  gninod  the  main  stre«t.  They  wera  reuulsoO,  bat  soocen, 
woa nccumpaniod  br  the  Ions  of  Colonel  Fniser  woo  Ml  in  the  oHi 
rallying  hi*  nivn.  6u  the  morning j)f  the  2Ut  an  accidetiud  cxplo&ti 
in  tho  rear  of  tho  brraching  battery  proved  fatal  to  two  nativu  olB 
ami  about  a  liundrod  men.  The  difiastvr  did  not  cxlond  to 
baltcrr,  which  oonttoued  firing  with  good  effect,  [n  the  afternc 
a  iDortor  batleiy  was  oomplelMl,  and  some  ^hi-lia  vrrrc  thrown  fr 
it.  For  MiTi-rnl  days  little  occurred  except  tht!  uns^tiun,  on  the  ni( 
of  tJio  'itlh,  of  another  battery  three  hundred  and  tifty  yardtt  to 
left  of  tho  breaching  battery.  Two  other  buttoriee  were  subsequent 
en'oleil,  one  on  the  Koiiib  ntdo  to  breach  tlio  lower  fori  in  a  seooi 

[iluce,  the  other  designed  to  silence  a  large  gtm  on  the  ut^rth- 
>iMtiou  of  the  upper  fort.' 

On  tho  2'Mii   two  batteries  were  eonatracted  for  an   attack 
tht  east   iiide  of  tho  fori.     On  the  foljowinf^   morning  tho  er 
abandi^i'd  the  lower  fort,  which  Wbm  immedtntwly  occupied  by  t 
Itritixh  troitpK.    The  luilteries  wliich  had  been  solely  dirvctodagait 
the  luwiir  fort  were  now  disarmed,  nnd  tbo  guns  romoved  from  tl 
town  into  tho  place  which  their  fire  had  rednce<l.     In  the  sitaat 
which  had  been  ^iukmI,  the  firing  wainat  thenpper  fort  waa  npoi^dily 
reanmed  (rem  various  baltcrios,  aioM  by  o^ers  below.    This  con 
tinned  tor  several  days,  and  so  many  shot  nad  been  fired  that] 
doSciency  began  (o  bo  foared,  and  a  reward  was  offered  by 


1  Thiigun  tsiiMiltohkTelwoncutatBnrlili^vr,  aadtobxrvliMathrawaorarl 
baltlenMBU  allor  tfaa  n*ft,  aiut  wM  u  meul.     A  *tM>»-ikot,  nid  la  htr*  twIoM 
la  it,  (D«BMna  31  Inrbu  in  iliunctcr,  uid  woichi  >ho«t  4fi0  puuaik.     'I'he  g^ 
woulil  tlioraroralM  tcdmickUTalMO-poanildr.    Tbia  i*  only  butt  Uid hm o(  tta  vna^ 
Bi^lpar  gui  etM  at  Abmcdaisar  iu  A.i>.  IM9.    Centntl  Pivriace  Oacetteer,  12:         ir« 


J 


Dmcul] 


iW 


NDESH 


AUKOUi. 

UilAOrf, 


\tvwv^n  for  briugiii^  bnck  to  tba  camp  the  sliot  previousljr  «z-      Ctaaptor 

ptniilnd.     Tbis  expodiont  etimuUtod  the  accirily  of  ihc  oimpfolloff-  pimmb  of  inten 

•re wid sncceediT^  in  produdngan  abtindAtit<  .itipply.     Tlio  <){X!nitians 

of  ths  sioge   woru  vigMnwHiy   piir»iii«l    till  Llie  otb  of  April,  wl^ca 

Jonviiiitriio  L&r  axnreHiied  a  wittb   bo  negotiate.     Soniu  inte^(^oll^ta 

took   place,   but  tae  effort*  of  tlie   beeiegcni  so    tiir  from  beiug 

sbKkoiifd   vrvro  incnnwcd.     On  tlio  6th  Janvantrio  L&r  repaired  to 

General  Dovetou'a  bi'jid>r|uarlA;rj(  (n  endeavour  to  procure   tcrain, 

hut  ID  »aiD,  and  on  tlie  morning  of  the  9ib,  ii   Hnli^h  piirty  took 

poSBesaion  of  tho  upper  fort,  Ibo  ^rriaoD  (ivwoending  intji  the  town 

■ad  grounding    their  nrntchlockt   in    a  scjuare   of  Uriiitih   troops 

formed  for  tliejr  rocnpLioii.  ^ 

The  enemy  lost  forty-thrw"  killed  and  ninety-fiTe  wounded,  and  tho 
British  eluvoD  Ijuropean  offieoni,  four  Dative  officers,  and  uinvly-five 
Kiirt>[K!Uii  aiul  two  hiiodrrJ  tiud  thirteou  nntivv  nOD-^ommisKioned 
rank  ami  lite  kilK^il  mid  woumled.  The  hill  of  Asirgad  closed  the 
Manitha  campai^  of  Ifjl8-I9.  Since  then  the  fort  ba»  rcmainod 
undifturbod  in  lirilish  hands.  During  the  1857-68  mutiiiies,  U«pUua 
Birch  held  it  witli  a  party  of  the  Bbil  Corps.  It  is  generally 
garrifloniM]  by  a  wiog  of  ufttive  infantry  ana  two  oompuuiv«  of 
EluTOpeanB.     Except  the  old  guns  there  is  no  artiiloiy. 

The  only  oTiJccIh  of  interest  are  a  mosqno,  IkiiIi  in  the  reign  of 
8h&h  ilahin  {l<(27-IOJ^8),a  largo  gun,  and  several  ioacriplions.  The 
mosqne,  with  two  elegant  niiuareto  but  no  cupolas,  i»  now  naod  as  a 
Enropean  barrack.  Its  buildiDfir '»  commemorated  by  an  inscription 
near  tho  large  ^.^st•^Toi^.  Two  inacnpttoDs  date  during  Auran^xoVii 
reign.  One,  on  tbo  »oulh-wft*t  gato,  ns^ords  the  transfer  of  the  fort 
to  Aurangee^  in  1660.  The  other  inscription  in  on  the  largo  gun  on 
the  south-west  bastion.  This  piece,  a  magnificent  specimen  of  nativo 
gun-naitling,  was  undo  at  Btirhnnpnr  in  16ti'3.  The  gun  metal  appears 
to  contain  a  Tery  largu  proportion  of  copper.  'Ute  casting  haa  been 
made  on  a  hollow  iron  cor©  welded  in  ribands,  which  now  forms 
the  bore  of  the  piece'  It  w  elaborately  omamonted  in  relief  with 
Persian  itiinTipEioris  and  scroll  work  bcgiiinin^r  from  tho  ninztlo.' 
A  breoeh-loading  wall  piece,  alao  found  iti  tho  fort  aud  of  abont  one 
]><>und  calibre,  has  been  removed  to  the  Khandwa  public  garden.  The 
br(!tvh-l<^ading  apparatus  appears  to  bave  been  on  the  simple  plan 
of  a  detachable  clniuiWr  infruduccd  into  a  slot  in  the  side  of  the 
gun,  and  kept  in  position  by  a  wedgv  or  Imll.  An  imtrriptiou  shows 
that  it  was  placed  tu  the  fort  by  Ali  Sh&h  F4ruki  in  IdSU.  . 

"^ . —  -  — ^ . , . . —^ . 

<  ThoprixjpAliliiiMuikiMof  tli«)[uiiBre,]BngthfrommtuBE](!  tobretch.  tvelve  r«et 
■iaeinckM;  Imgtii  (rvnu  numlw  to  trannwiu,  leven  feet  tbraeinctiea: girth  kt  bcvceh, 
oight  fort  Ivo  kiij  k  Irnlf  inchm  t  jirth  in  ftnnt  of  trnniuaii,  MX  («et  aix  inebca  i 
girth  at  Biituln,  five  r««t  Mr«i«iiiche*idiMU«t4ra<  bore,  sight  sad  kkkUiachaiL  Tli* 
calibre  ia  *niii«nrliBt  iMsn'  ami  the  lau[lli  ooDWilarMilf  artMt  Uun  tkow  of  tit* 
Bniuii  aiitj-Hijihl  ponBclm,     lu  vdgbtuiofiui  Maaot  lie  (mm  thiii  aavaa  toau. 

•  The  iiurri|i(i->Di  run  :  (1|  •'  ^Vheo  the  tpulu  of  noirow  fly  froiii  na,  life  Uarea  tlM 
biidy.  I*  ti^ff  txiU  oil  tbe  vorid  whon  IUbiui  imie  fnini  tliu  Anrjr  tun*  ;"  (21  Aurang- 
Mb  I  Mil,  with  hit  full  tilla."Ab«il  Mnjcsffar  Mi>1ii>mUiii  Molianuiuul  .^unui^ieb. 
SUh  OkiK  ;"  (3)  made  at  Burklnptir  in  the  )-<M'  1074  AH.  tl^63  a.i>->  ;  t*t  "the 
gon  *  Mnik  Kailiata '  t«ntir  of  ttie  ooaatrj ;  <5|  "  iii  thi-  rula  ul  iluhanntid  Roiatn 
Ai«bi°  (6}   "a  ball  ot  thirty-fire  Wkiv  and  twelve  M«r«  »r  powder,  Sltlli  JiliUi 

rtH-7« 


Awati 


io&Qlry  woro  to  follow  bnt  wore  still  encAinpod  sii^  miloa  oS  near  Chapter  ZI1 
AsMve.  To  prereiil  tli*;ir  Mmpo  Wt:tli'«1vy^(li;t«riiiiiHxI  M  ouoo  to  FUoMoflatafl 
litlack.  The  baggage  waa  loft  in  cbargo  of  the  rear  gfuard,  wonl 
was  sent  to  Coionol  StuvoDson  to  Jiaaten  to  bia  sapport,  and  the 
troops  wpri)  ordered  to  advance.* 

Thn  marcli  was  novore  and  waa  n»t  over  till  noon.  On  rcnohing 
the  place  named  by  hia  spies,  Welleslej,  who  was  iu  adrance 
recoQDoitriD<?  with  tile  piqdeta,  found  that  his  spies  bad  deceived 
him,  and  tlial,  with  a  force  df  little  more  than  5000  men,  he  waa 
face  to  faoe  with  the  battle  arm;  of  Uio  whole  Marsha  army,*  holding' 
a  well  clioften  position  of  much  natural  stretiglh  iu  the  delta 
between  the  Kaitna  and  the  Ju&b,  whose  waters  joined  about  throe 
milos  below  the  village  of  Assaye.  Behind  the  deep  rocky  led  of 
the  Kititna,  their  linu  stretched  from  five  to  «even  miles,  vnth 
8O,O0U  of  Sindia'a  cavalry  massed  on  tho  right,  and  the  infantry  on 
the  oontre  and  left,  protected  by  over  lOO  {Heoce  of  canuon. 

Witlti-Mlity'x  fin^l  plan  was  to  attack  the  Manitha  right.  But  in 
the  narrower  delta  to  their  left,  thfl  Mariltba  cavalry  could  not  net 
fretAly,  and  to  their  left  too  were  tho  Hardtha  infentry  and  artillery 
whoso  dufeat  was  more  likely  to  be  effectual  than  a  defeat  of  cavalry. 
For  thene  reiMone,  whon,  about  noon,  tho  troops  came  ap,  tboy 
iA>re  marched  U>  the  left  of  tho  Manitiia  line,  and  under  thu 
protection  of  the  Britiiih  and  the  Petdtwa'ti  and  Mraor  caralry, 
orossod  tho  Kaitna  at  the  unguarded  ford  of  Pipalgaon.  The 
Peahwn's  and  Mysor  cavalry  remained  on  thu  right  bank  of  th« 
Kaitna  to  hold  the  enemiex'  horse  id  ch«%k.  Thvy  had  little  or  no 
sbaro  iu  the  conflict.  The  force*that  crossed  the  Kaitna  was  not 
more  tba»  45O0  strong.  It  incladed  a  detachment  of  Madras 
•ud  a  small  delail  of  Bombay  Artillery,  tho  19th  Light  Dragoons 
and  tbe  4lb,  bib,  and  7lh  Madras*  Native  Cavalry,  and 
tho  74th  and  78th  Uighlandera  and  six  battalions  of  Madms 
fJepoyH.'  Nearly  three  bours  were  spent  iu  crossing  tho  stream. 
On  the  left  hank,  the  troops,  forming  under  a  furioun  weli-<lireotod 
and  doatmctive  fire  of  grape  aud  cliaiii  shot,  with  their  left  on  the 
Kaitna  and  their  right  towards  the  Juah,  were  arranged  in  three 
lines,  two  infantry  lines  in  front  and  tbe  cavalry,  as  a  reeervo, 
behind.  To  meet  this  change  in  thu  order  of  battle,  ibu  Marlitha 
in&kotrr,  with  an  eaae  that  said  muoh  for  the  discipline  enforced 
by  thoir  European  commanders,  preseetod  a  new  front,  o(fo  line 
ncing  tho  Britiith  troops  with  its  right  on  tho  Kniina  aud  ita 
left  on  the  forttticd  villnge  of  Aiwaye,  and  the  second  line,  at  right 
angles  to  the  first,  also  with  its  left  reating  on  Assaye.  Against  toia 
front,  so  thick-set  with  guns  as  to  be  one  vast  battery,  the  British 
line  advanced  under  a  rapid,  tnrions,  and  deadly  cannonade.  The 
British  guns  opened  Ore,  bat  were  almost  at  once  silenead ;   Uie- 


•  Grant  Duff  «ann<lan  (Hintotr  <4  tbe  MaiiUrfi^  67%,  Bd.  tS7S|  this  Unmot  « 
tbtf  «f  Kmt  pnulenxQ  ukI  dogwwa  foMOicM  oo  ■  T«a)iirkaUa  ilisowuawirf  of  lli« 
•liuacter  ol  UiB  nMgav. 

*  8iiidi*>ti»ddal4VBiii«<l  toaUMkwbcniMhBMdtlMtStoTBiiMdIiuItwmMaelicdL 
Haxwctl'a  WalliJigtaii,  t.  141. 

■  Tha  twtMlMU  VM*.  c«)«  <a<li  of  tiio  Snd,  4th,  8th,  and  lODi,  ud  two  baUalkuw  <il 
*tbe  13th  BtgiivtaUL    Grut  Duff,  Sfi. 


sbif  Oaxfttttr, 


US 


OrSTBICTS.* 


DfUMmt. 


Kt*. 


ganatm  dropped,  ftnd  the  ca4tle  fell  killed  nod  wonoded.   LoiT 
ui*  pina,  Gouenil  Wi-lloalpT  ordered  an  advancB  nt  this  point  of 
bayonet,     'nw  maia  body  of  his  troops,  rbarifiiifr  the  Mar&tlia  rig 
fnrfcd  and  ca|rtiu-ed  the  finit  •liuo  of  fninn,  uikI  ^wfcpinf?  ao, 
apite  of  tlie  fiercest  reuslBtin?,  captured  llie  aeciod  litiP,  rtm)  thi 
.inroing    bactc,    oomplplelT    rooted   a   body    of    the    •  '  rKn,^ 

[feifn^intr  deatli,  as  the  find   charge  nrvpt  over  thum,  1j     . 
tiu'ir   fptit,   iteu!«d,  and  opeaed   on   the  Brituh  soine  of  the 
cnpltin.-d  gaa».. 

Oh  tbe  right  sncress  was  mora  donbtfnl.     Under  a  mutakix 
ordera  the  7ith  IlighlAtidttr*  wcrr  led  too  close  to  tbo  fortified  riila 
of  Am^ve.      Pushinv  fonrard  M:ro«  a  spBC«  swopt   by  (Hl-  eaeiajt 
fire,  tlii7tnr»fiOI  l>7  oDxens,  cine  ooii))«nT  of  oDe  officer  utid  tiflymral 
b<-iiig  reduced  to  foor  r»Dlc  and  file,     tbarging  on,  in  Dpitt  of  tlirir| 
]na»,  Ihp  fimt  lino  of  gans  was  takc-n.     TJii^n  (he  second  baliecj 
ipetM>d,  and  unable  t^i  Htand  JU  (iro,  lltv  7'llh   U-gan   to   giro  najr- 
^vwiuff   their  dinorder  a  cload  of  Msr^llm  llortte  stole    n»nnd   Ikn 
BncloBiircB  of  AftHATe,  and  fell  on  their  half  brokoo  renks.      At  ^hk 
moment  Colonel  hlaxwell  cbargrd  with  his  cavalry,  evury  officer  and 
liiii'i        '       /as  if  on  hi*  arm  ulonf  rictoij  hung.     IXiwn  west] 
tli«  by  hiuidreds,  and  unchecked  brlhe  etorn)   of  grnjw^ 

atiil  iiiii>iki-ii-v,  iho  cavalrrcnt  thrsu^fh  Sindia  a  lino.  ITip  74th  and 
0<<<  li;;ht  inliintry  rallied,  rirfiirmi-'l,  pnubcd  boldly  forward,  and. 
iVnitixirtfd  by  the  second  Hue,  completed  the  eueiuv'n  disorder, 
(ln«i»K  ihpin,  with  heavy  loss,  aerosa  the  ,ta£h.  llie  frirlifiud 
villngn  uf  Asanvfl  wna  still  nntaken,  Against  it  General  Welii^ley 
In  person  led  tlie  7Hth,  carried  the  guns,  and  etonn«l  tho  village  «t 
Uiu  pf'inl  of  the  Iiitjonet.  The  tMitiU*  was  not  yet  won.  A  iHrong 
iluun  of  Ilu<  enetny,  (hat  had   been  nulv  partly  eogn^cd,  mllicd 

id  iwmwed  I  ho  Rght.  Maxwell's  Mvairy  n-foruied,  dashed  on  the 
half  rallind  tmopH.and  utterly  routed  tliem,  but  not  without  tlie  loss 
of  thn  chirnlnniM  Dritiab  (cadcr. 

It  wna  now  sunnet.  t'ighling  had  laitted  for  six  lionrs  and  lbs 
haltlti  liod  rnued  for  thn-*.  At  noon  n  body  of  leea  than  5UO0  men. 
WMtriod  by  a  l<<ng  Kullry  march,  had  attacked  n  strongly  poetcd  well 
truliii'd  army  nbonl  ten  times  ita  mimber.  At  Miimeet  tlmr  ^<itt  arm}' 
WHS  riiuli'd,  tU'intf  in  broken  ecnllered  bodies,  leaving  t>ehiml  them 
their  nlnruH  nn<l  guns.  Never  was  iNittlo  fontfht  under  more 
di'Hiierftte  firi-uriiKtiinees ;  never  wiia  victory  moro  thnroughly  won. 

'Jlio  VH'tory  wan  drarly  bought.  Of  the  4hOO  Britiitli  trooiM,  428 
wvni  killed  and  1138  wounded.'  General  Wellesley,  ever  in  tha 
tltiek  of  thit  fiRht,  had  two  horses  shot  under  him,  hts  orderly  waa 
killed  by  bia  side,  aud  hardly  one  of  faia  staff  eacapod  nnwonoded.*  i 


>  Til*  flnTM  *M  frvax  UUl'i  Hiatal?.  TL  367. 

*  Tlia  tMaib  ol  the  Bhtub  Ima  vcn  :  uaoog  Enrawsn*,  on*  MA  officer.  aiKJ 
Mptaini,  MVta  ■iibsllcnu^  nine  Kijcotita,  141  ntnk  and  Els,  mkI  S7  bns«a  klllnl  ;* 
thrvD  fioM  nffiOKr*.  ui  cspUiu*.  iweoty  Hib»II«ni(,  thirty-thrM  MrjesaU,  wk 
drunisisre,  au'l  M.1  ruik  and  lilo.  luid  ihn»  hoMca  woamlM  i  saiaDC  nstiv«*.  Ilvs 
nMrdin,  tbtvc  jnmiUdrA,  HiirUca  haiilititrt.  3H  nnk  siul  SU,  sad  SSS  horw*  ktlM  i 
anil  tHdvonAAnUni,  cisUcnianufi/itrj,  thirty -nine  Aar<Mdn\  1138  rank  and  fll«,  aod 
■iiT*si)'-Bve    honM  woiiadM  ;  Slid    •ightne  isuk    wul    lUc  mMing.    WdUutcoi'i 


DeccuL) 


KHANDESH. 


580 


The  Maritha  loss  waa  not  lurniratolf  known.     It  nH*  Mtimatetl  nt       0>*T 
2000  slaiu  and  abont  60011  woiind«<).'     tiivveu  otands  of  colours  and  Pbwaaof  Xati 
niticty-vig'lit  pit-cox,   tuanv  of  them  of  fine  ordnance,  were  taken,  ^M 

Tbu  victorr  drove  from  toe  Doccao^  liuetile  precl&tory  arnij',  and  ^| 

denlroved  the  tnititary  rp^oiirceit  and  effectual I7  checked  the  greed, 
pride,  and  anibiiion  of  lli«  Mar^tha  cbiefa.* 

Bnrlia[nDur,  north  latitnde  21°  18',  east  longitnde  70*  20',  in 
the  tffl^MHWct  of  the  Contqd  Provinces,  about  forty  miles  south 
of  Khasdwa  and  forty  nortli-«iuit  of  BhiuMlTa],  lies  in  a  rich  plain, 
on  the  rifjrbt  liunk  of  ihe  Tinti,  a)>out  two  miles  from  tho  LAI  tUjfh 
station  of  the  Oriut  Indian  Peninsula  Railway.  The  town  is  about 
firo  and  a  half  miles  round  and  covers  an  area  ofonean^a  half 
square  milpa.  It  i»  unrrounded  by  u  wc«k  brick  mmpurt,  with 
numerous  batttions  and  nine  gateways,  built,  in  1731,  by  NikAiu  A»aE 
Jah.' 

BiirhiiMpur,  for  200  years  tho  capital  of  the  F^ruki  kings  of 
Khftudbsh,  was  foundtxl,  about  MOO,  bv  Niuir  Kti^o  F&ruki  and 
called  aftor  tho  famons  Shaikh  BurMn-ud-din  of  Dauintabnd. 
During  the«e  200  veara,  though  it  was  more  than  once  sackeil*  and 
waa  never  a  handsoms  city,  it  was  a  grt-at  centre  of  trade  and 
maoo^ture.  At  the  time  of  its  transfer  to  Akbar(lCOO),  Burhiinpnr 
was  a  largo  city  with  many  gardens,  inhabited  by  penple  of  all 
natiiiitfi,  nud  abounding  with  craftfimen.  In  the  summer  the  town 
W11.H  covered  with  dust,  and  dnrini:^  tho  rains  tho  streets  were  full  of 
mud  and  stones.*  After  Hit  uipluru  by  the  Mu^hnls,  it  remained 
the  hfad-qutirters  of  lhi>  Deccan* provinces,  till,  in  1635,  tho  sout  of 
guvenimt^nt  wa«  moved  to  Gurka,  afterwards  called  Auraugabod. 
The  early  Moghal  govomora  s«©m  to  have  done  little  for  the  city. 
In  Itil-i,  when  SirThomns  Roo  viititod  it,  cx<x'pt  tho  prince's  house, 
all  tlu-  pla««  was  mud  cottages,*  In  lOfiS,  twonty-lhrwt  yrars  after 
the  Iniiisfer  of  the  headquarters  to  Gurka,  l^vernier  found  it  a  gr«at 
city  very  much  rained,  the  houses  mostly  thatched  with  straw. 
Thero  was  a  grwit  cnstio  iu  (he  midst  of  tin.?  city  where  tho  governor 
lived.  A  protJigious  tiuantity  of  very  clear  and  white  ralicnt 
waa  made  and  sent  to  Persia,  Turkey,  Mnsoovy,  Poland,  Amhia, 
Grand  Cairo,  and  other  pliK-e«,     Mo  province  in  all  the  Intlies  more 


^twn; 


*  Tliimiton^  Brttuh  Iixliii,  111.  330,  ^VMlSOOkillrxl  wKia  rut  nnmbtr  won»d«cl. 

*  01  the  (vtiiitiict  K-i  tlie  tr-Kipii  Ocoanil  Wvllv>lfy  vcvir,  *  I  nonol  write  iu  koo 
ronic  Icnna  of  tlia  c^Diiiiat  uf  tli»  trooiM.    Tliey  ulvnacwl  iu  the  b«at  order  and  with 

tbie  greatoM  «teiidiiiMB  miider  a  moat  aoUiucrive  fire,  aguntt  a  body  oit  Jnfantty  Itr 
nip»rior  in  numtwn,  who  siipuuvd  detamiiiied  to  conUoid  witli  tboni  to  tiM  iMl^ 
and  vho  view  drivon  (rom  ibeir  gun*  only  by  the  b><ciiict,  and  nr>lwiUi(taiidinf  Um 
aninlKn   of  thu  envmir '■  oayalrj'  and  tho  tepoatod  dttnotiitratioa*  tbc^  npda  nl  an 

tootioo  1«  efaatse.  tb«y  w^b  k«pt  at  a  diitanoo  liy  tbi*  inlaatrT.'    (mqi  AjMVtt 

IU.  S^.  laOS :%«.  Sm.  B«c  !»of  la03.111. 

*  Central  Provinoe  QsMttwr.  ISS. 

*  In  I43T  it  ra*  taken  br  Ala-ud-din  lUhmani'i  dopatr  Malik -ul-TnJtr ;  in  1982 
It  waa  talion  and  lacked  by  Pir  Mnh*iiinuul  KhU,  tna  ffovgraor  of  Miloa ;  and  in 
IMS  by  Sy*i  Mnrtaia  tho  eavomor  of  BorAr.  Brlgsa'  Ftritlita.  I V.  2M,  Xflt ;  Obot. 
V.  S7S  , 

•OUdwin'*  Ain.i-Aklian.  11.  »Z. 

*  FiakntOB'*  Voyage*  and  Tmral*,  VUI.  s. 


BoBtny  QsxettMr.'^ 


DISTRICTS^ 


tpterZIT. 

■  aflatowt. 

ImmisnTB. 


abowkded  m  coHob.*    Aboat  1060  tfav  Fronob  t- 
tmllB  it  tbe  diiof  town  uf  thrcv  nrhir*  luid  103  j' 
seooaUy   £l,t{&&,0(Kt  (B<.  l^SMOOO).*     Six   ynra'  luvr    (iflfli 
Tbevmot  d«*cribes  it  m  a  grcaLcity  on  Terr  anerun  ground,  wi 
mrfow  Btreetd,  aoma  so  low  tut  thpy  looki>il  lika  dicdm.     T 
loiUM  were  not  boantifol.     Alnwut   u1  of  thorn  wcra   iuiid< 
but  tbo  differonl  obluon  of  tkcir  tiled  roofs,  and  the  f^rcea  oi}^ 
tbirk-plftnted  trees  tiadftpleaBaat effect*  Aliontlbe^imetimt)  (1  ~ 
the  people  are  desmbed  u '  rcry  aSible  wnJ  cotirii.»iu»,  p^trhaps 
ooarening  with  the  Dobilily  hj  whom  example  many  of  the  rtil{ 
won  very  much  drilised.'* 

A&e|  eecapiBff  sacking  from  Shiriji,  both  id  I67'1  nnd  in  167P, 
BnrhAiipnr  wa!>,  m  1685,  taken  by  SamMiiji  am)  pInuikTvd  of  mi   '~ 
imparty  anil  mbcx.*     In   1709  a  demand  for  Inliuto  was  made 
n  MaitfuB  woman  named   IVbibAi,  who,  not  ^ettiuir  a  eatifi^ctorT' 
answer  from  the  jforonior,  marched  towards  Burhniipur  with  tomr 
or  fire  tbotuand  men.     llie  eoTomor,  in  conturopt  of  vtliat  a  wumaa 
oonld  do,  oollected  a  small  force  of  eight  or  nioB  thnusand  bupc 
Talaib&i  detached  a  part  of  her  army  to  invest  Uarlutnpur,  and  vii ' 
the  remainder  dpfeatcd  the  goromor  and  took  muny  uf  the  nobi 
priaoncnt.     She  laid  Hiogu  to  the  fort  fur  viglitwn  days  and  made 
grtnl  eDdesTOon  to  take  tli6  city.     .Many  of  iho  oaptire  nobles  had 
to  porchase  their  freedom  by  large  ransomA,  and  t&e  mv^e  was  not 
raised  until  Syo<l  Ruslam  Kbiin  camo  from  Ber^  sad  pat  tlio  men; 
to  flight.*     In  1712  tlivrc  was  a  grent  battle  betwiocn  DAnd  KM 
gOTvnior  of  Oujarnt  nnd  Amir-ul-umra,  gorvmor  of  the  Ucc^an,  in 
which  IHud  Kli^  waa  def<.-alfd  and  killed.'      In  1 720  Asaf  Jii 
Niz^m-ul-Mulk.  govorpor  of  ilalwa  invsdod  the  Doccan,  crossed 
Karbadawilh  12,000  men,  won  Asirgsd  by  u  bribe,  took  IlurliAnjiiir, 
deCBatod  DilaMtr  KhAn  whi>  Irii-^t  to  win  il  back,  and  umdn  it   h: 
IiMd-qnarters  till  his  death  in  17-Wi,  BtroDfrt honing  it  with  a  brick 
wall  and  embellishing  it  with  scvoral   splendid   praycr-ploccs  an' 
palaces.'     In    1728   ono-fonrth  of  the-  buildings  of  the  city 
OMtroyed  by  heavy  rain  and  a  flood  on  the  Tinli.*     In   1701), 
tbe  battle  of  Udgir,  the  city  was  ceded  by  the  ^i^&m  to  the  Posh 
and  in  177S  it  wuetnuiKfvrredby  tbuPcsbwa  bo  Sindia.     In  Jannaiy 
1770    Cioueral    Qoddard's   forco    found  the   poople  hoxpilable  aiid 
.  kindly,  and  the  town  well  supplied  with  provisions  and  carts.     In 
180U  Ce^onel  StovcnHon  took  it  witlumt  opposition;  but  in  the  ne. 
year,  nnder  lb«  tvrms  of  the   treaty   of   Sirji    Anjangaon,   it 
reatored   to   8iudia.     In    1810   it   was  dopopnlat^id,  and  tba 


aryW 
tomr^ 


iTawaierta  nania,  IT.  XSS.  Of^lbj  (IITTO),  MaipiIl4g(n>«Ui«a«oniinbof  otbcr 
Mvanlwstfc  MBtury  tntTallam,  dMnilraa  it*  ■tr*«li>  m  TpT  ntnov  wilh  mdilfarcaC 
|iU>(lMitne'4ioa*e*.  lie  a»ticn  the  guilrai  of  Kliin  Khiftn  with  delightfal  oprtaig^ 
mi  ka  elanhADt  in  the  rivar  nuM  curiniuly  c«rr«d  and  wnvafaniMd  bjr  tbo  Baoiuu. 
Atlu,  V.  237.  Accofliag  to  Tlicrmot  (V'uyagoc,  V.  ilSfJgm  el«ii)unt  WM  hen 
<nit  of  the  rook  by  ordor  oliiliah  J>liin  t<iai>«Bin«inorat«Bptn3ai»l  tMtwM  killed  ia 
ui  elephant  Subt.  Tbo  OentiUa,'  bvwJils.  '  have  oovercdit  with«ott>araatlH>y  oovar 
their  titiiipka? 

'  Bcmior'a  Lettcn.  BomUy  «i1ilion.  III.  1 78.  •  TboTenot,  V.  2U, 

•(iMnLDoE  147.       •  Elliot,  Vn.429,»n.lVlir. 30,31. 
>  Uaam'  Itui«nry,  47.  •  Elliot,  VIII.  36. 


•  <V>»>r'*  AUm.  V.  237. 
'  Klbot,  VL  452,  453. 


I 


BuKiUxm 


Citt 


ww«  not  pTMticaMe  except  wiUi  a  gnard  that  mff^ht  altnnsb  be  Cliapt«T '. 
called  an  army.'  In  1816  every  rillagfi  in  its  ndghbonrlwod  was  ^UoMoflntai 
in  mintt,  owing  U>  t)io  uncviiNin;^  inrnrHioiut  of  tliu  BhiU  und 
Pondhiria,  and  in  1849  il  was  tifo  ac«n«  of  a  (Itfoperatc  and 
aanffuiuarv  aSra;  between  Mukanmiadana  and  Umdua.  In  •Hme 
18&7  Captain  Bircb,  with  lUO  men  of  tliv  Ithil  corpo,  innrchvd  on 
BnrhfUipiir  and  dimrmo'I  a  nititinous  dct«(-liuir>il  of  Kindia'x  mntin- 
fpytit.  In  ISOO-fil  it  waa  uwlod  to  the  Uritish  by  Sindia,  and  )iaa 
BJuco  formed  part  of  the  distriA  of  Xini^r  in  thv  Coutral  I'rurincva, 

Bnrfafiupur  is  now  uno  of  the  larg«xt  and  buit-built  citim  in  tho 
Dsccan.  Must  uf  tho  hoiunt  arc  of  brtok,  and  many  an)  throe 
■toriMhiffh  wit hneat  wooden frontaaudtilod  roofs.     TbonandHonieat 

Erti  of  tbe  city  are  the  large  ntarkut  olave  and  a  Elrect  raJicd  tba 
ij  fi&xiT,  Thu  town  i»  tho  hoitd-au»rlur»  of  an  MeictAnt 
«'«ttimiitxioncr  and  a  Kub-oui lector,  and  Itas  a  pottt  office  and  a 
travollera'  bungalow.  Thouf^b  for  some  dislanoe  roosd  Burh^pur 
tbe  conntry  is  strewn  with  th«  rains  of  Mnsalmiln  tombfl,  moeqnee, 
an4  chapels,  thcro  aro  fuw  huildingH  of  archiioctural  intorcKt-.  OE 
iho  Piruki  works,  there  remain  a  pair  of  rude  uushapuiv  nunaretn 
in  Uie  citadel  or  Ji-'ulthih  Killa,  an  old  prayer-place,  tdga,  to  the 
north  of  the  town,  said  to  b»To  lM>vn  built  by  Adil  Kh^n  Fiiruki 
(14-'i7-l503) ;  th«t^>mliN  of  thiM  pHinx?  and  of  Nomo  of  hin MU<-ce8Mon(, 
in  fair  ord«r.  corious  thouu;b  not  beauliful ;  ai»l  the  handsoRMt  and 
well  preserved  Jama  Masjid,  bnilt  daring  the  reign  of  Ali  Khto 
Faruki  (I576'l&9<!),  a  fino  pilo  of  pircaltar  graystoDO  mnaonry,  with 
a  lonjf  front  supported  on  low  yvlios,  with  octagonal  uiinam  and  k 
grand  terrace  and  reservoir  in  front,'  The  Moglial  remains  are  the 
Ldl  Killa,  or  rod  fort,  bnilt  by  Akbar.*  Though  much  ruined,  it 
bas  halls  omlH-lliNhcd  with  whilo  marble,  ganlotiJ',  pleiMnre  grotinds, 
nndothor  n'li(-»i)f  imi>erialmaguifiivni»?.  Other  Mo^|hal  rvinainaaro 
tbe  Ahu  Khnna  or  deernark  on  the  south  of  tbe  TApti  and  many  small 
tombs  and  mo«qiM>s.  The  only  tomb  of  morit  is  the  tomb  of  Shfih 
Nnwiuc  Kliiin  (1030),  8oo  of  tbo  famous  Abd-ul-Kahim  Khaniini,  a 
ikoldier  of  fortune,  who  married  hia  dangfator  to  Shtlb  Jabin,  and 
afterwards  led  tbe  life  of  a  recluso  at  B^iibpur.  The  tomb  was 
built  during  his  lifetime.  Aboat>  a  mile  to  ths  nqrtb  is  a  level  spot 
mllo<l  thu  llaulat  Maidaii  or  rioh  park.  Darinj^liD  lime  of  tho 
FfLrukta  this  waa  a  palaoe  whoao  grounds  spn^ad  nvar  several  acres,, 
and  a  part  of  it  was  nsed  to  exercise  and  train  the  king's  cbargers.* 
Tho  Lnl  Big,  two  miles  north  of  tho  town,  one  of  tbo  oU\  Mnsaltn^ 
ploa-ture  places,  is  kopt  in  good  order  and  a»ed  as  a  public  gardent 

In    1870   Ilurltfitipur    contained   8O0()    maoonry    honses    and  a         Ptfuhtiim., 
population  of  34,137  souls,  many  of  them  gold  and  silver  tbread- 

>  8iT  J.  Mickiutorti  :  Ulf.  U.  «T.  • 

*  Onlnil  PimiMM  Gwuttmr,  126 :  HanUtuii'a  G*a:tt«*f,  909. 

*  TiMivcnot  (IfieSlaotioca  Uiia  mrtle  witli  inilU  cd^fatsrai  to  IwButy  fort  t>jfft<t 
■tnogthnwd  ftt  istarnda  witb  grekt  toircn  abunt  Uftirtr  apaooa  in  diuiutcr.  Tlic 
«liirf  gat«  lay  bctvecs  two  great  towcni,  and  tnaido  I^d  caitle  wm  Um  falaooa. 
Tovagc*.  V.  211 

'Femfaia  ([V.  2191   aayi  thnt   AHii   KUn  [.    (lUT.IMS)  wm  barM  mu  th* 
palace  of  tlio  DaaUt  MaiiUn.     Whvn  C»l.  Kriioci  viulcd  B«iUDpnr  In  1831,  li«  [oond 
'  tile  kins'a  tomb  liid  in  »  wiUeniMi  of  iH.mogmiatca,  uunUnl  apj>I<«.  nod  giiMttm. 


(BantajOHrttHr, 


592 


OISTttlCTS.. 


Xiv.     tmlnire  and  wwron,'     Onti  of  Uw  m 


i 


■rvB. 


r    Civn. 


u  settled  in  Sarst.     Tbt-y  owu  alKiul,  i'lUU  uf  liii'  in'f\  biiiiw«  in  tie 
citjr,  and  bavo  ft  con»idorablv  ^ndc  in  miuliut,  fioworttd  silk^ 
bniaid«a. 

Under  Uie  Hogfaab,  Boriiiapur  was  plentifully  ^applied  with 
by  a  sjftcm  of  Tvry  elcitfal  works.     Eight  Kt-tN  <if  wutur  work* 
kIUUk-  (mct^in  ihoneigfabourlirioiL     'IVuuf  LbeM-  wen;  i-huunel 
oS  fmm  running  b<«aina,  partly   Qn<Ier  and    partly  above 
The  channeU  of  both  am  now  doatroyod,  but  the  dam  ua  tho 
rircr,  xoulh  of  th«  city,  still  foi-ioH  a  fine  Hb«(il  of  wator. 
Temainiu^    six    contuted  of   a  ountber  of   wells,    joini.'d     hy    sa 
tnider^hintid  ^rHllery,  and  so  anailffed  as  to  i-stch  the  drainage  bnm 
tb« DAighbounoff  hilU  towarda  th«  ccntm  of  the  valU<y.     Thesopplj' 
is  carried  in  a  inasouiy  \n])u  to  Ute  city.     Otic  hoI  tif  pipits,  oallou 
the  Phuia  BanJhdra,  supplied   the  palace  and  the  ivutre  of  thi 
city,    and   »tiU  eapplies  the  (greater  part   of  the  Iowa.     Anoths 
called  Tirkbuti  was  madv  for  tbo  LiU    BM^h.     B'^th   tbmo 
coDstracted  about  IK-IO.     Three  more,  made  between  1 69l>  and  171< 
go  to  the  loim  of  Itabidurnur,  a  eubarb   built  by  Babddur   K 
Fiiniki  (1596-  Io9!>).     Tbo  last  of  the  nix  snpplit>«  a  palace  bmlt  \ij 
H&o  Kiilnn,  nilrr  of  Harnuti,  fur  lukmu  timo  uovvmor  ol  Bitrhanpttr  ta 
the  reigii  of  JnluUi^fir  [1607-1627).     All  the  undergrijund  cbanD«U 
are,  at  abort  intervals,  fumished  with  tall  hollow  raaaaiiry  oolotnna 
which  riso  to  the  level  of  the  water  at  the  eonrce  of  the  works,  and 
form  a  marked  ftwture  in  the  ptuin  round  Burbinpnr.    Thoy  acuni 
have  been  inaufaoles  to  give  ncce^s  to  itilt  traps. 
Tli(<  flhiitr>tl|«^|^  r^una  throe  miles  south  of  Kh^desfa  limits 
in  a  gorge  near  tbu  Tiltage  ofiJinjdla  about  eleven  miles  wost 
Aianla  and  «i»t«CB  wnth^west  6f  Pdchora,  coosi-nt  of  two  Buddhl: 
excavations,  a  larger  and  it  smaller  cave.   Tboy  were  drat  brfiugbk 
notice  by  Captain  Bose,  and  described  by  Surgeon  W.  H.  Bradl 
in  1853.* 

The  larger  uionn-itery  cK^^ely  resemblea  AjantatOveB  N't.  ■ 
It  is  a  twentv-pillared  hall,  with  tJio  'front   aisle  somewluiL 
than  the  width  ot  tbe  cave,  the  oomor  and  the  two  middle   pi 
on  each  side  being  of  one  pattern,  square  bftseii  changing  intoec 
•  gon,  sixteea-sided,  and   then  thirty-two^flutos.  reiurniug  thros 
Uie  sixt£<m  and  eighl-sidcd   fornts  to  the  square  under  the 
bmcket  capitals.     Tbu  remnining  two  pillars  on  each  side    have 
ocfiu^uniil  KhivflM,  vrjnare  heads,  and   brs('ket.'<.     Tbore  are  pilasters 
on  the  side  walls  in  line  with  the  front  am!   back  rows  of  pillar^ 
those  behind  being  richly  carved,  and  the  front  left  side  one  bearinol 
a  figuro  of  Buddha  with  the  Bauddba  creed  wytten  over  it  in  rath^* 


>  Aooonling  to  tba  IMS  CSDaDa,   tiM  BiiBil>«r  of  pi^rioitB  enga^«d  in   wiM.Jn« 
BDil  citoth-wtitving  wxa :  wi»-dnwar«  HOI  :    nxtti<u<<n  41 1  :   ■puioori  -i(  gatd  t' 
112;ii]k.<pinn«ri  45;   ctoOi-djtfm  4&T:  ■rMwrx  nf  gold  thAukd,   3^;  uid 
WMre»,  I13T.    Central  Provinc«  G«Mtt««r,  128-130. 

•  Jmu.  Bom.  B.  E.  A  a  V.  117. 


CB  Andes  H. 


Vi 


Ily  formud  ohArMtara'  Tu  thu  middle  of  the  Sack  wall  ia  an 
eduunbor  with  two  nill&n  in  front,  and  beliind  it  ix  tlii?  shrioe 
tainiag  m  fignre  of  ShttyMniuii  with  bin  legvt  douhleil  undur  bim, 
1  lua  hand*  id  tho  toachin^  posture,  witb  gi^utic  flf-ilap-baai^rit, 
Kod  Ufrals  on  cloaiU.  In  fruut  of  tb>j  tbr<juu  is  the  tifiiiti  n-lioul,  oa 
each  (lidp  of  which  an>  couchaul  ilnur,  luul  bobiud  tbom,  on  eithor 
side,  sltq  two  koooling  figures  iu  eutira  r«liof  aiid  fonr  others  in  half 
nliof  from  iho  thruntf. 

Is  the  Imok  wkU,  oo  each  mob  of  the  ahrine,  tnS  in  the  middle  of 
each  aifio  wall  is  a  chapel  with  two  plbw  in  front,  and  three  of  tba 
viiapuU  with  inner  colis?  There  an^  also  four  c«lla  in  tfa»  right  aide 
mill  nix  in  the  l^ft.  Iu  Uie  oxt«iii«iou  i>f  the  front  aisle  to  tliy  right 
there  ia»  relio^hrine  iu  half  raliaf,  aod  on  the  other  two  walls  of 
tbs  mno  ncoM,  nrv  a  uuuibor  of  ataadittg  and  Bquattin^  Buddhaa 
out  into  thu  wall,  and  powibly  of  I fttwr~dato  than  Ian  rait  of  iho  cafo. 
In  tho  front  wall  aro  three  doors,  a  central  one  and  two  »t  the 
radsj  and  two  nindowB,  tho  oMitml  ^oor  carrgd  in  the  sl^Ie  oC 
miMt  of  lbQ_^oora  in  the  orw  at  Ajanta,  but  at  tho  npper  pomora 
tho  female  figures  stand  on  boars  luatead  of  alUgatorB,  and  tlie 
windows  and  side  doon  arc  trmamontod  wHb  tho  nomo-8ho«  aroli 
oontaiaing  fignrm  of  Baddha,  witb  globular  forms  on  the  Guiala. 
At  the  ends  of  the  Tcraodah  are  two  small  chapela.  aooh  witb  two 
pUlarBj  between  pilartBiw  jnroort  ing  tht-ir  fronta,  flimilsr  to  tJioso 
la  tho  ohanuU  of  caret  XXlV.  and  XXV.  al  Ajanta.  Oo  tlK>  biu:k 
wail  of  utv  YwmnAdi  at  the  north  eod,  is  an  inscriplJon  of  tho 
Ashmaka  chiefs'  mueh  dofanxj^  but  origiuaMir  ^nfHrmUl  well 
ti)rmvA  lot  tors,  ww;b  line  cuntaiuiug  one  vrrsu.  The  wbolo  front  of 
the  verandah  is  ruined,  not  a  vestige  of  a  pillar  being  bift.  Ilia 
eecood  was  a  email  oave,  the  front  snf^wrtod  hy  two  pillars  and 
(wo  ptioiitcrs,  but  now  almoiit  ontirol;  deotroyvd,  the  bracket  of  one 
piUnr  and  pilaster  only  rcmaioiug.  In  the  middle  oompiirtmeDt 
of  the  bracket  of  the  pillar,  is  a  n>pres>unlatiuD  of  four  dt-cr  witli  one 
comnup  huud  as  in  caTo  I.  at  Ajanta. 


PUoefloflnttt 
OitATonuni 


<  TheBwddhKnedn,  Yr  illurTmii  Ma  prnJUtara  krim  ImMb  Tatki^o  hfatmdal 
taUi  tlm  <fo  mtroMa  mim  nltli  JUahAtiraimima.  Ut.  Mill  tnnalatiM  it.  '  Hi*  i* 
tlie  «*M»ttve  nnirn!  of  U)v  unitii»i>rtiivrilori(>ut<lut*M-  Th«eMii«(iftbf«eTatl>%*U 
Imm Sedsnd.  And  th»  opp'iniiii.'  priti.'i[>lu  d  lha«,  Ui«  Matutobraniana,  Iim  Ut*ir>M 
dacisivd.'  Ur,  lludgsju  uyn  llut  IUih  uoiifonjna  of  (alUi  can  W  npwUd  ^  Klmiwt 
vmy  mini,  wonwn,  sad  (ihil'IoItbel<*u>liUuit>ll1iRtKbatiii>ii<luih(ica|illaJut  Nepal. 
Hit  teWMbriMn  of  tl»«  fonunU  is  i  '  'Rio  cuim,  at  muca.  of  all  KDlloxt  vxiit«iKc  ia 
the  rtmattla  vorid.  the  TaUutKata  luu  oxplunod.  The  gttot  Shramaca  baa 
likewiM  Mpteined  tlio  oanav  or  eaiuai  of  tbc  oeaatton  at  M  aanb  exhtlmoo.  (Jour. 
B.  A.  S.  No,  30,  March  1S3A).  Hanly'a  Manimlaf  Buddhicm.  lOtS  noM.  TIim  staiuta 
apptaisatUiobtgitiiiriiKaiwlandotnuByaftbeatclkiaxdinizrtiJRiiJilhiitbooki.  Itwa* 
f«iDad  as  a  mlab  taken  fTiiiu  a  mik  aliria*  at  SaroiUi  OMtr Bviuuoi,  on  will  a«  iia  an  imaga 
or  Buddha  found  nt  Tirlint,  Ind  on  nuny  a  Budilhut  mooufliant  in  ntliar  puia  (4 
India.  The  Dafblc  tai-^  at  Kanfcwi  hia  the  atama  iiucnb*d  od  Mai  tiniinicMiiti 
FiwMaoB  •n3"Burg«mWTTOipTija,  aw). 

■Tho  kwcdoni  of  Alfciofcta  '*  inonttonod  by  Piniiii  and  In  lli«  Vjuihiikiuhita. 
Joar.  Bon.fi.  R.  A.  S.TII.  Bll  In  tho  iJaiAaSurairoiiarlU  the  Aihinaka  chmf  ia 
•pak«a  of  u  a  n>-iich><i>ur  ol  VularUka  or  Btdar,  ••  th*  oTtr-lord  oT  tiic  Kmhan.  as 
fomnntinj;  emnitin  at  Ilidar.  a*  tho  »llv  nl  a  (urett  print*  BfalamTariiM,  ai  fldhtiug 
tba  Kdar  ohief  on  thu  bank*  of  tlio  Nailiada.  and  fioalljr  ai  ntooncding  to  tbc  fii-lar 
tbron*     Wilaon'*  Woilu.  IV.  277,  ^1- 


(Soubi^  OcHttatf, 


694    ,  •  DISTBICTS; 


Ohtptar  ZIV.  BindTa  ,?jy^  <^°  ^^^  north  eide  of  the  Sindra  V^f^t  ^  ^ 

Imm  irfXntamt.  ^'gfaP^sa  MoRarH  dominiooB  twenty  milea  north  of  xhflner.  is  a 
strong  fort,  mosb  of  it  bnilt  of  fine  cut  stone  and  moiiar.  It  haa 
SnvTA  Fort.  ^^jjg  ronnd  towers,  one  at  each  ^gle,  as  well  as  one  in  the  centre  of 
each  face.  It  has  four  gateways,  outside  of  which  there  are  strong  mud 
outworks.  On  the  north-east  and  south  faces  there  is  a  iry  ditch  of 
no  great  size.  The  town  inside  the  walls  has  a  mud  fort  in  its  centre. 
The  grand  entranoe  on  the  south  consists  of  a  very  stroDg*  gateway 
flanked  bj  two  large  round  towers,  with  a  commandiog  terrace 
and  curtain  running  between.  It  has  also  wide  ramparts  all  round 
the  fort,  and  several  guns  of  different  sizes.  It  has  one  or  two  large 
reservoirs,  and  is  well  provided  with  water.  In  1818  when,  in 
accordance  with  article  vL  of  the  treaty  of  Mandesar,  the  commandant 
was  summoned  to  surrender,  the  garrison  turned  out  without 
opposition  and  the  British  flag  was  hoisted.  It  was  at  that  time 
considered  a  much  stronger  fort  than  Th&lner.^  In  1826  it  was  is 
good  repair.'  Some  time  before  1862,  it  was  restored  to  Holkar  on 
condition  of  his  building  a  bridge  over  the  Gobi  river.'  * 


>  BlMker'i  Muitlu  War,  228.  ■  Uilituy  Inipeotioii  Beport  (ISSS). 

■  Thomton'i  Ouetteer,  903.  The  climate  ii  veiy  deadly.  The  2nd  battalion  of 
Uie  14th  Native  Iiifanb^,  thrown  into  the  [ortaa  a  garriaon  Mter  it*  nurender  in  1818, 
loat  nearly  half  itimen  in  aii  months  (Uarfttha  and  Pendlulri  Campaign  Snmman, 
(1819),  142) ;  and  Captain  Clnnea,  writing  seven  yean  later,  obeervea  tliBt  the  jnn^s, 
in  the  middle  of  which  Sindva  is  litnated,  haii  proved  lo  unhealthy  to  Bnropeana,  that 
between  Angait  and  December  they  ahould  travd  by  any  other  ronte.     Itmanry,  49^ 


STATES. 


zr^- 


STATES'. 


Dwcriiitioa 


\y>   tho  wnt   and   north-west  of  tlw   diiilrict   the   Collector,   as  fttlAM 

I'oliticul  Agent,  imd  tfae  SuperinteDdsnt  of  Police,  u  oasiataat  yx^  iUir«i 
political  a^nt,  haxe  cbarffoof  three  ffyapa ot  wittT  fa^-uidapeBdMtt 
iU«t4M,  the  D4ng«,  the  "MobviG,  and  Bttrginn.  A  few  of  the 
beadi  oftEcM  states  are  Kanbia  or  KoUa,  but  ^inost  all  ore  Bhila 
who  clftim  0  p&rt-Bajput  orifpD.  At  th«  bcgiuoinR  of  British  rule 
tbep  w«i«  robbon  and  luountJUD  freebooters,  and  tnoogh  order  haa 
DOW  be&n  establiahed  for  many  years,  after  the  first  sotUomont, 
troops  bad  tnort!  thuu  onoe  to  be  Hont  to  supprQsa  ontbreaks.  Tho 
ooontrj  ia  ao  diRicult  to  get  at,  and  during  the  greater  part  of  tba 
TQiu'  ao  tutbealthy,  that  it  ia  seldom  viait^  by  Earopciui  ofTKera. 
Tha  poo|de  aru  poor,  uR8killr>d,  avcnw  from  reguW  work,  and 
•xoeBsiTely  fond  of  Hpirite.  Except  that  order  is  maintainod  the 
ooontrv  has  changed  little  under  British  manage tnont.  Thu  iiifomuttiOD 
regarding  it  ia  ineagrn  and  unovrtain. 

"ntfl.  Jij^ngAf  or  hill  lands,  lio  between  20^  22'  and  21°  5'  twrth 
latitude  undTS'  2$'  and  73°  52'  cost  longitude.  With  an  oxlremo 
length  from  north  to  south  of  fifty-two  and  a  breadth  from  oaat  to 
went  of  twenty -eiftht  noilea,  they  have  an  area  of  about  800  aqnaro 
inilea,ancfltim»te(i  popiihitionof  about  23,000 aoula, and  an  estimated 
groas  yearly  revenue  of  about  £2300  (Hs.  23,000). 

Tho  IMng  country  ia  bounded  on  the  north-west  by  tho  Rewa 
Kiiatha  state  of  Vaantvi,  on  tho  north-cn«t  and  cast  by  tho  ditttriota 
of  Khindeah  and  Ninik  and  the  Sahy&dri  hills,  on  the  aouth  by 
Peint  in  Nisik  and  tho  SnigAna  state,  and  on  the  west  by  the 
Chikhli  anb-diriaion  of  Sarat  and  the  Gaikwih-  diHtricl  uf  Untilpur. 

Tho  country  is  distribnted  over  the  following  fifteea  anb»diTi»ioiu : 
(1)  AuuUrt;  (2)  Avchiir  ;  (3)  Chinchli  ;  (4)  DorbhartJ ;  (&)*DdcUiO; 
(S)«hirvi ;  (7)  Jh^ri  Gh&rkbadi ;  (8)  Kekat  KitdupAda;  (9)  Ki^i ; 
jlO)  PalAgvihir;  (U)  Pimriidevi;  (12)  Pimpri ;  (18)  Shivb&ra; 
(14)  Vidhiran ;  and  (16)  Vwamo.  These  diriaions  aro  ruled  by 
separate  chiefa,  who  are  independent  of  eoofa  other  except  in  warfare, 
when,  with  a  following  of  armed  men,  all  aro  bound  bo  t^illow  the 
Qb&rri  atandard.* 


BaDn^AifM. 


Sab-DirUo 


*  Th*  m«obd(  at  tbe  KblndBA  rtatM  Iwa  baM  CMnBlUd  from  BranW  Oovcntnwat 
S«Uctkm  XXVI.  NowSoiM  (ISM),  frma  tlw  KUndwhCoUixiUir'i Report  (ISfiZ),  aad 
front  |Mp«n  uriUta  by  Uaalcuot  J.  B.  GiUw,  R.B.,  Majw  J.  UacBoc,  Mud  Ur. 
W.  Riuaunr,  C.d. 

■  Tbo  efiblt  ul  Ufainl.  DaiUurti,  Anil*,  Pimpri.  ud  Vitorua,  dum  th«  title  of 
nt^,  thf  rM  u«  c*l]«d  Ndib^ 


to  BtraDgors,  dwdlv>  Onlj  from  the  beginnmf^  of  March  to  tho  end 
of  May  cui  they  do  iafoly  vidited.  In  thvuv  nionUut  Lhouffh  the 
days  are  intensely  hot,  the  nights  are  cool.  The  prerniling  diseases 
aro  foroBt  and  inbermiltont  leTers/eulnr^mcnt  of  the  t^plMrn  and 
liver,  and  «niatl-pox.  CI aineHWorm  is  unknown.  Tho  rainfnll  is 
be&ry  and  the  extrr^mon  of  heat  and  cold  are  great.  But  neither  rain 
Dor  temperatare  rotuma  are  arailablo. 

The  chief  trees  arc  teak,  iSy,  Tcctona  gmodis.  Teak  is  now 
foond  only  in  tho  valleys  in  tho  interior,  aa  tho  rich  allaTial  Pimpri 
rapine*,  accefiHiblo  to  carts  from  the  wvsl,  hnvo  been  cleared  of  their 
b»k.  niackwood,  situ,  Dalborgia  sissoo,  is  found  in  largo  qoantitiea 
■a  the  norlh-cast,  th«  stems  growing  to  abont  eighteen  in'lies  in 
diameter.  Khandol,  Sterculia  nrena,  is  fonnd  in  the  valleys,  the 
soft  white  wood  being  largely  nsod  for  making  platters.  £U,  /Gglo 
marinelofl,  has  three  foliate  leavcsj  eiablcmutic  of  the  Hindu 
Trinity,  and  a  large  globular  fniit  used  in  dysentery.  Turan, 
Zizyphtis  rugoea,  has  a  floshy  mawkish-tastod  whito  frait  much  eetoo 
bylhe  peojilo.  ifoAo,  Bassia  latifolia,  of  two  kinds, a  rod  audit 
green  leaved,  both  foond  in  RTeat  numbers  in  the  DJng  forests  and 
•boTO  the  SahyAdris  near  Pimpalncr,  jHoIds  a  strong  timber  used 
in  hoiue  building,  tlowem  from  which  the  favourite  spirit  is  distilled, 
and  seeds  that  yield  a  useful  oil.  Khair,  Acarta  catechu,  fonnd 
everywhoro    in    Uic  forests   yiolds    tho   kath,  or   Terra  japonic*. 


States. 
DjL<« 


r 


so  much  eatou  with  betel  leaves.  Jack,  phanas,  Artocarpus 
integrifolia>  found  in  the  west,  yields  a  useful  and  omamenttd 
timbtrr  and  a  fniit  that  eometim^  weighs  fifteen  or  twenty  ponndi. 
Oauotchouc,  or  India  rubber,  is  formed  from  tho  sap  discharged 
from  scars  in  the  bark.  Palas,  Botes  frondosa,  whose  crimson 
musses  of  Sower  brighten  tho  hill  sides  in  Fobrnary  and  March, 
gives  an  excellent  timber,  hark  valued  in  tanning,  leaves  useful  for 
plates,  and  flowers  thai  yield  a  yellow  dye.  DAopdu,  Anogeissus 
latifolia,  with  white  bark  and  wood  yiolds  a  veiy  strong  white gom. 
Sitittda,  I'timiimiiia  argnna,  has  a  smooth  bark  and  dark  wood. 
Bdvttl,  Acacia  arabica,  jrielda  a  strong  tough  wood  and  a  bark  nsod 
in  taaning.  Ti\-af,  Dulbcrgia  ujaincnsis,  yields  a  tough  pliable  wood 
nsed  for  oartf,  Kliitfls,  and  nlougha.  Pitnpri,  Hibiscus  populueoides, 
yields  nsefnl  timber,  seeds  valued  in  medicine,  and  one  of  tho 
j^mboj  gum  reeint.  Lindo,  Molia  azadirachtn,  yiult^s  good 
Umber  and  gum,  leaves  valued  as  a  dressing  for  wounds  and  strains, 
and  Roi-ds  whose  oil  is  nsod  both  in  medicine  and  for  buruiQg. 
Bdca,  Cassia  fistula,  with  largo  fragrant  yellow  Howcr-clust«ra, 
yields  a  bark  valued  in  tanning,  and  loaves  and  seeds  used  in 
medicine.  Herda,  Tenninalia  chebula,  yiotds  a  gum  and  a  frost 
osed  in  blackeniug ^leather.  Aela,  Phyllunthus  ombltijt,  with 
grecnieh  yellow  flowers,  jrieids  serviceable  timber,  medicinal  bark, 
and  a  fruit,  tho  embhc  myrobalan,  osod  as  a  pickle  and  proeorve, 
and  in  tanning.  Champa,  Uichelia  chompoca,  with  fragrant 
flowers,  has  a  medicinal  bark.  Setga  yields  a  pore  oil  valuable  to 
watchmakers  and  gunsmiths.  Bor,  Zisyphus  jujuba,  yields  hoildinr 
timber  and  fruit,  and  a  root-  and  bm'E  nsed  in  medicine.  Vaa, 
Picus  indica,    j^i'mpu/,   Ficus    religioaa,   and  jdmbudo,   Sysyginia 


Ttms, 


L 


rBanbAr  OamUmt, 


eta>tei. 


Poi-Mt 


Populfttion. 


900 


DISTBICTS.- 


junbnliio*,  are  toaai  ererywhaee ;  aad  dm,  Hangittm   itwiiua. 
e&iu(k,  Taiii&riiuluB  indira,  nc-ar  vill^v  sitas.     Boudeb  lJu>s«^ 
an    tbc  wild    dnte,    hhajuri,    Pbama    tyiroatin.    Id  the 
MiConir,  BomlttX  maUbnJicatit  j    panydm,   KrythriiiA    icMUiTn. 
wood  Qsed   in   msldnfr  sword  alieatlis;  haray,  PonAmia  ^! 
Irumfn,  CararaarboTM;  bhend^l,  LonkDUitubMulor;  Aeifii,  N 
oordifolia ;  gal.  Gardenia  dametorani ;  ton^umi,  Djo^ijtm  »xi 
•omt,  BiCTonia  qandnlocnlHris ;  «fru,  Albizzia  leubek ;    U 
OardeomlDoidv;  ghevmi,  Graellna  arbwcni ;  x>inii,  Bambnm  s 
IhMar,    Cardia   niixa ;    pder,    Picas    cordifnits ;    nmbar, 
glomer^a,   common  noar  stnmms ;   and  karrawi,  Carian 
oonaam  on  tlio  tops  of  bills  and  aowng  tltu  SahyfidriN. 

The  Ding  forests  caver  an  aroa  of  about  lOOO  square  ttu\v-», 
in  timber,  vfpvcially  in  teak,  they  rank  aecond  among  weat 
forcRtM,  inferior  to  those  of  KAnarn  only.  They  aru  cooTeii 
sitoated  and  aoi^ly  Gawit,  K^tbiiwir,  aiid  RAj|iut4aa,  wit! 
kiDda  ol  Umbor.  In  1879  the  acdlin^  price  of  Btandiog  t«ak 
frtim  £1  ^.  to  9t.  (H.'..  m  -  Ka.  H)  the  hhandi  of  12)  cnbic 
felling,  lopping,  and  carrying  cltargea  being  borne  by  the  buyer. 
1842  the  forests  wero  Icnsed  by  the  diiefsto  Goremment  for  ai: 
yoars  on  a  yoarly  payment  of  £1123  (K4.  11,230).  Botwoen 
And  1847,  dbiefly  iu  the  Am^a  and  V^uma  Dinga,  lhim>MLiid«  ot 
the  beat  teak  treea  wore  felled  and  stealthily  exported  by  the  people 
of  B<(gUa  a»d  Diadori  in  N^ailc  The  DimloH  [K.-ople  covered  tlie 
timber  by  pasBas  in  the  name  of  tlie  Sur^uH  deBkinokh,  and  tiw 
Biglac  poop)*  onder  poswa  from  the  Sunit  agency,  granl«d 
tlio  repreaeatation  thai  the  timber  wan  old  and  cut  iM^fore 
beginuing  of  the  Government  farm.  Iu  1801  renewed  leases 
drawn  np,  giving  Govcramotit,  so  long  ua  it  pieasea,  the 
at  a  fixed  ront,  to  pTotoct>  cnt,  plant,  sow,  or  dispoM  of  l_ 
timber  in  the  foraeta ;  to  collect  all  forest  revenue ;  to  levy  any 
it  thinks  proper ;  to  allow  the  chiefs  as  much  timlx'r  as  is 
for  hofue-boMding ;  and  to  clear  any  pari  of  the  torvnt  au<l  give  It 
for  tillJt)^),  aettting  the  rent  and  cauamg  the  revenne  to  be  paid  Ui 
the  cbipfs. 

Oatllo  and  poultry  are  iwsed  but  neitber  goats  nor  aheep. 
aninmts  are  found  m  large  numbers,  but  the  country  ia  too  dtffij 
and  nitboaltby  for  Rncoeasful  shootiDg.  llio  chief  wild  animaU  an  i 
the  Tiger,  r(i</h,  Felin  tigria ;  the  Panther,  ehUaJi,  FeJis  pbntu  ;  the  j 
basr,  rtncAA,  Ursn8labiatas;the«(ini6ar,  Btwaarintntvlui;  the  Spotted  | 
DecTf  chital,  Axis  macnlatiu  ;  the  Boar,  ttukar,  Bua  indioas ;  the  1 
Four  Honied  AntclojWi  hftfkar,  Totruocroa  quHdricomu ;  and  the  j 
Bison,  Ganrus  ganveaa.  Tigers  are  few,  amall,  and  difiicalt  to 
get,  as.,  the  Bbiln  worship  tbe  tiger  and  dislike  hunting  or 
to  hunt  it.  Boars  aro  foond  in  Urge  numU^r-t,  but  owing 
difflcnlt  natnro  of  tbo  oounlry  and  the  long  distanoea  tiiey 
tbey  are  not  easily  mailced  down. 

fHio  popnlation  of  the  Dings  waa,  in   1870,  retomed  ni  22,83f> ' 
soala    chiefly   E!hibjL_Ktit>)'>8j    Koukanis^  VArlis,    K^WwdUw,   and 


4 


with  stnngy  limba 


and  pot- 


icalt    to  I 

r  torn 

'3 


ar«  ugly,  wont, : 

pot-bdliee,  wearing  v«fj  little 


ai«r  misi*rii>>J»  Tonking 
von  little  ol*>'-'"nB  eitcwpr, 


DMcaa.1 


^ai.ND£SQ. 


001 


iMMT  tliu  liLTg^^  plain  villngoa.  Rroiy  mui  cacriea  a  siokk-shaped 
knife  f&at«aed  to  a  BlHng  tied  roand  bi«  vraiat.  Tboir  coDe-xhuped 
hats  haTo  wnttlod  walis  and  roofs  thatched  with  btmdies  of  bay. 
They  sapplomnut  tU«  auauty  cropA  o/  coarao  rice  rdiI  n-igli  by  £nut 
and  the  prodnoe  uf  their  bowa  and  arrnwa.  Thiiy  ar«  exoeasivV-ly 
toad  o(  moha  spiriltt,  and,  from  thvir  scanty  food  and  dirty 
inteoimrato  habitit,  aru  Tory  subject  to  lung  and  chvst  oomplamta 
and  alcin  diaeoses.  Ab  a  role  they  aro  extrameiy  ahy  and  timid 
bat  oivi)  and  ubbf^v.  Thoj  are  only  half  settled.  A  death,  an 
oatbreak  of  catU«  aiaeaae,  or  thu  ru|>utod  working  of  a  wiU!li, 
is  enough  lo  drive  them  from  their  huts.  BHitg  are  rarely  inut 
except  in  tiio  n^lintius  of  the  chiofii.  They  are  Qgly  aod  stauted, 
very  black,  «ild,  and  atmoHt  nnkod.  Living  like  ihv  KuAbts  in 
conw-shaped  hats  made  of  trots  boiigliB,  Ihoy  bum  them  on  tho 
sligbu^t  mishap,  and  seldom  Btay  in  one  place  for  more  than  a 
fortoifiht.  'I'hey  fi>ed  on  all  surta  uf  vermin  and  garbage,  eating, 
without  srniplo,  tats,  monkeys,  crows,  and  ovon  cows.  Thoiigh 
Domiiially  Himlu.t  they  know  very  little  of  the  Br&huian  religion, 
andf  unless  he  is  a  bt-ggiir,  hold  a  Brtiiman  in  no  particular  respect. 
Haniim^n,  tbu  monkey-god,  is  occasionally  aeen  in  their  Ttlhigoii. 
Bnt  tbirit  cliiif  objocts  of  worship  aro  the  bonndary  god  simaria 
<Uc,  tho  snake  god,  and  the  tignr  god  ri'^'i  dt^r,  in  wliom  they  say 
tho  «onU  of  ttieir  ancestors  become  incarnate.  They  believe  in 
amena  and  grrattly  dread  tho  power  of  witches  and  of  the  evil  oye. 
Though  hopelessly  ignorant,  hucy,  and  drtinkm,  thoy  are  hoiimt  and 
ffratelul.  Conridoring  thomsetvee  members  of  the  chief's  bniily  tbey 
Dflbl  all  labour,  except  ticUl  woi*,  a  dogradntion.  Thoy  neither 
work  as  w<x>d-cutter8  nor  pilfer  wo<id.  But  during  th«  rains  (hey 
meet  near  Kunbi  villagoa  and  him  themselves  as  field  labourers 
recei^-inff  payment  in  gmin.  Polygamy,  th'ingli  allowed,  is  pmvtMod 
by  the  cniefa  only,  some  of  whom  have  a  dozen  wires.  They  speak 
»  mixture  of  Qujiirditi,  HindastAni.and  Manithi,  of  which  Gujnrtlti 
ia  the  chief  element.  Except  tliat  they  an;  more  industrious,  makin|f 
bamboo  iMuiket^  and  mata,  the  VArlis  aro  mneh  the  same  as  the 
Bhilfl.  The  ChodbjU  aro  cultivator*.  K^TPOflli**!  like  Itliils  in 
appearanoo  and  language  but  dirtier  and  fouler  feeders,  take  their 
Dome  from  and  live  by  tho  manaEocturo  of  catechu.  They  are  said 
to  marry  with  Bhib.  Besides  them  resident  tribes,  VaiijAris,  Ixrfh 
Hindu  and  Mosalm&u,  pass  tbrough  the  country  in  tho  iair 
KOiuun,  grazing  their  cuttle  and  exchanging  salt  for  gruid.  In 
1872  there  were  289  inhabited  and  S39  deserted  villages.  Sinc( 
1872,  through  the  migratory  habits  of  the  people,  mivural  of  the 
inhabited  villngcA  have  been  deserted,  and  .several  of  tho  dt-scrtcd 
villages  peopled. 

Block  alluvial  soil  is  f^nnd  in  the  valleys  and  lowlands,  i^id  rod 
•oil  in  the  uplands.  Tho  V^uma  and  Amiihi  D&nga  contain  tho 
HWiiiUiiil  arable  area.  The  people  move  their  villages  with  great, 
^■dinms,  and,  chnoMing  frvsh  patches  of  forvet,  clear  them  for  tjluga, 
Sboh  deamaces  aro  found  scatt«n!d  over  tJie  forests,  on  the  tops  and 
allows  of  hills,  and  on  the  level  lands  in  valleys.  Cultivation  in  carrtod 
on  partly  by  digging,  partly  by  rudo  ploughing,  and  portly  by  wood 
a  411-76 


8t_ 

Djlxaa 


Qtn 


DISTKICTS.. 


(BualMvOa 


SUtM. 


i^inc  I 


r«t>!Ul- 


Bat(l<. 


Hsnufsotitni. 


uib,  iFu/i',  lillug*.     The  chief  ctoth  nn>  r- ' 

I'/iiit    Or^xa  Hatira,  koilra  P8a|Milum  sei  mi,    von    Pt 

niUAOOUin,  hijri  I'cniciUam  eptcata,  udid  i'iiMaoluK  muugu, 
ffJbana  Ciccr  arii'Linuiii,  unci   tur  Cajmntut   jwliciu.      In  the 
XiibgK    wheat  is  k''<>*°>  ^"^  ">  qaiuQtiua  bo  Btnall    Uut,   fori 
QoTeiniQcnt  o«UibTi»hincnt  wnd  forovt  Uboarerv,  >ii]>plit3S  liav49  to 
brought  from  BilimonaDd  Chikkli  in    SorsL     Aiuong 
potMoes,  locnlly  known  aa  bkui  kand,  grow  to  a  gn)»t  aiso,  muij  i 
tbem  {rom  uiglit  to  tun  [lOUDdN.        • 

Tlio  ciilliralon  belong  to  tlio  Kuulij,  Virii,  Cliodbra,  asJ  Kout 
tribes.     Of   these   tlie    Konkauis,    said  to   bo   Knubui   from 
Konkao,  are  hardy  and  thrifty.     Wboo  tho  crops  (ail,  tbu   pDO[ 
live  on*  woha  bcrriiMi  and  ou  such  eatable  roota  aa  baidiirkola,  t 
karii  kuTiil,  rdjiilu  kand,  and  vaj  katut.* 

Ititmbooa  and  timbor  iiro  bartor«d  for  grain  and  othur  ocoWMorisi- 
Money  ia  scare*.     The  fuw  coinii  in  circulaiiou  either  belong 
the  SakiMdi  cnrrency  or  are  Uritish  rupees  paid   to  the  clue&  1 
GoTwnineDt.     ITieee  go  to  the  Pitni  liquor  svllvrs,  Ui  tbn  Vanj^ 
and    to  the  cfaiofN'   evn-anta.     Among  thvniaelrea   the  peoplo 
gnuQ  as  the  mediom  of  exchaoge, 

Exce^  a  fon^at  rood,  tbirly-BUten  milos  long,  froip  V4eb«i  on  ' 
west  toTitnkliintila  about  twelve  niilcx  from  the  foot  nf  the  Kh^dl 
pass,  there  are  no  roads  practicable  fur  wheeled  carriages.     Th< 
are  two  tiijnhur  drayii-  ono  running  cwtt  from   the  Kakarda  "Hi 
ulKiut  Bfteen  miles  up  the  i'uma  valley,  and  a  second  i-uuniug  aon^ 
east  from  Vighti  sbonl  the  samc^  diiitonco  up  the  lioui.hpru  bn 
of  th«  Ambika.     There  ia  a  track   fn>m  Tjinklijittdn  to  Vnraa 
Pimpalner  in  Kh&ade&h.     These  three  roads  are  practicable  for  mi 
lightly-laden  carta-     I'ho  rotft  of  tho  routra  to  Kniiidesh  and  N^ailt 
arc  imnussablu  for  carts  of  any  kind.     I'he  other  iiml>i?r  dmgs,  on 
tlie  Itepulnn  pass,  go  into  Khdndssti  by  Molbor,  and,  ovor  the  Kanct 
and  Chip  paasca  into  NfoJk  oa  to  Uitgud.     Bevides  tltc-Mu  there  i 
some  country  cross  roads  for  foot  passengers. 

Except  in  timber  there  is  tittlo  trade.  Formerly  largo  teak  : 
tanach  treoei  were  felled,  and  itiiunre  logs  of  from  five  to  ton  ool 
feet  were  cat  from  thoir  hiwrts,  and,  by  a  pair  of  bultocka,  uiwily 
carried  up  the  passes  into  KliAndtsb  and  N&sik.  AfCorvrards,  when 
the  N/i!iik  and  iCb&ndesh  road  was  made,  the  export  was  confined  to 
dead  timber.*  From  the  lower  or  waitern  D^ngs  large  quantities  td 
jjamboos  are  sent  west  to  the  Burat  district  and  the  O&ikwAr's 
territories.  Tlw  only  trndcrs  who  deal  withtbo  pwoplc,  orcVanjiria 
who  bring  a  little  coarso  outton  nioth,  cheap  jewelry,  beaila,  earth 
pota,  andaaltv  and  fixing  Ihnir  value  at  more  than  two  hundred 
o«it  above  co«t  price,  are  paid  in  grain. 

The  only  mannfacturo  is  catochn,  kath.  .  Tho  heart  wood  of 
khair  tn>e  is  cut  iuto  chips  about  an  iuch  square  and  aa  thick 
piece  of  cardl)oard.     The  pieoM  are   boilvd  in   pots   by  woa 


<  UnkM  i>f«|»red  ia  a  pocBliw  wny  tlie  last  U  poi*«wu». 


jchAndesh. 


603 


CKcli  woinSD  having  Iwfyrc  her  two  nyvta  of  aJx  pipkiiCi,  Pach  holding 
about  a  (loart  of  water.  lu  um>  of  these.  tJie  chips  are  boilod  and 
the  liqaia  is  tbon  pottrod  into  two  Isr^^r  pottt  pliice<l  in  th«  conlre, 
wbiira  il  is  kept  builiuK  Ut  Rxhiiui^t  fho  auperDanuH  waler.  At  the 
end  of  the  day  the  li(|aid  ia  the  jars  is  poarcd  into  »  woodon  trouj^h, 
and  Etniinod  by  dipping  n  piuco  of  blaiikul  into  it  and  tugiicezinff 
the  hiauket  into  the  trough.  1'ho  liquid  is  then  allowed  to  stand, 
and  tbrow  down  asodiroent,  which  whoii  dry  i»  l^tA.  'Vhert  an 
f«Trml  laiih  inanu facto rioA ;  and  tbero  is  stipposed  to  be  some  seorai 
in  i)ie  prooaas.  The  people  omployod  in  cnlocbu -making  are  called 
Knihodijia.     I'hv  wliolu  proit^K^t  in  uxunaged  by  their  womeo. 

ITie  D^ng  obieftains  are  Bbilawho  claim  n  strntn  of  Raj txit blood.' 


^eso  ohiofs  formerly  owed  oboUionco  to  tlio  (ihdrvi  yhiyi-  who,  in 
eommou  with  the  ^^1t,  puid  tribute  to  the  deslimnkh  cJ,  jltdher.  At 
the    lioginning   of  fii'itish    mle   these  chiefs    were  almost   entirely 


indepi-niloDl,  aud.as  iiiollior])&rt«of  Khi>ndi'«h,  )uid  biN>n  t rented  aa 
uutlitwd  mid  puni^ihod  with  morciicM  cruoity.*  Under  the  British, 
^tn.ngdotachoientawere  posted  at  Mulbni*,  nhiywl,  ,l*|,fufiJjRBTr  wd 
V.  w».  Forced  to  keep  the  peocv  in  thoM  parts,  Uto  Bhib  took  to 
j>iuiiilenng  in  tlic  Giikwltr's  territory  on  which  tbey  had  certain 
ref-enno  claims.  To  repress  the  disorders  which  the  Gaikwiir  was 
unable  to  cb«ck,  the  Brilisb,  in  I825jguarant<^iil  the  Rhiltt'clainiHon 
the  GiikwAr  country,  and,  three  yean  later,  settled  a  dispurodjlemand 
from  certuin  Baglan  and  Piropalner  TJlUigea.  In  1S4^,  the  British 
Govcrutnout,  on  paying  u  yearly  sura  of  XTi2'3  {R».  11,230),  enlcrod 
into  an  arrangement  with  the  chiefs  fur  a  iiixteeu  years'  lease  of  the 
l(-atc  forests  of  44(1  Tillages.  Some  years  later,  the  oppression  of  the 
d«nhttiukb  ol  Mulbcr  cnuscd  a  ecrionx disturbduoo.  To  prvv«nt  another 
outbreak  the  Britivb  Govei-nment  arranged  to  dedoct  the  tribute  due 
to  tbodushniukh  from  the  sum  yearly  paid  for  the  h-Qscof  the(ore!il«, 
and  to  ]iay  the  amount  to  tho  diwnn,  the  de-ihiuukh'^  represeutativeL 
Except  their  dues  to  the  deahmnkti  the  Dang  chiefs  pay  no  tribubo 
(fither  tii  thit  BrJliHli  Oovornmunt  or  to  any  other  ruler.  The 
Colipclor  of  KhAndeab,  who  is  the  P<^litical  Agent,  visite  the  country 
ouce  a  j-uivr,  und  hMe  a  darbdr  at  which  tlio  chiefs  receive  their 
yearly  stiiwnda  and  other  preitenta.  The  chieb  are  given  to 
excessive  drinklDg.  Some  of  them  are  so  poor  as  to  have  uo  proper 
clotliest,  and  iiro  so  deeply  Munk  in  debt,  that,  on  their  roiiim  Erom  tho 
darhar,  tbey  are  besieged  on  the  road  by  tbeir  creditors  and,  forced 
to  pay  tho  greater  part  of  their  cash  allowances. 

Tbero  is  no  regular  system  of  land  revenoe.  The  aaseaamont 
ntos  dc|>end  not  on  the  area  tilled,  but  on  the  number  of  ploughs 
oaed.  The  plough  tux  in  levied  HumctiineH  in  grain  and  sometimes 
in  cash ;  when  taken  in  cash  tho  general  rate  is  Wf.  (Rs.  5)  a  plough. 

Formerly  both  criTniiAl  charges  and  civil  cUsputoe  were  settied  by 
the  chiefs.  The  process  was  of  the  rongbeat,  and  fining  was  the  usual 
mMinsof  punishment.  In  capital  offonous,  except  witcliea  who  were 
bnmt  alive,  the  prisoners  wero  generally  shot  to  death  by  arrowa. 


Djucds. 


i 


nktwy. 


■  IwLAut.  V.337. 


)  B>Mt.Gov.8«l.XXV'L  105. 


HMlth. 


'  Bali-nivMniM 


At  pmenfc,  thtfctbiefa  setilo  petty  civil  &Dd  criminal  onaeg, 
oifooden  by  s  (mo  !□  callln  or  in  vioavj.  No  cini  cases  oaofi : 
trial  bef'jt-e  tho  Folitic&l  Agent  or  lits  aMtstnnt,  but  wlum  tbcM 
officers  are  on  tour,  th^  diepoqp  of  diapotee  and  differenoea  hi  n 
roti^  nod  ready  way.  Honunx  crimw  ar«  reporhid  to  tlie  diw£u,nr 
GoTprnmcnt  agent.  Afi«r  inquiry,  tho  diwAn  snbmiu  tho  cMC  to  the 
P<*litical  Agmt,  who,  with  tho  powpre  of  n  SosaionB  ioAgv,  deddft 
wb«thortbcc«NC  should  oomeon  for  trial,  and  if  Ko  whvthor  it  fihaold 
be  tried  by  bimwlf  or  by  tfae  usUtant  n>Utical  agent  who  )uw  tbf 
powers  of  an  Msistant  aowioBS  judev.  'rho  usual  onmea  are  rounbtr, 
noting,  hurt,  gricTons  hnrt,  cheating,  and  Mmstlmos  iargerj. 
Sentcntvs  of  death,  tranBportation  for  lifo,  and  impriHOUinuDt  (cr 
fonrtoAn  yvan  nod  upwnnu  arc  poMiod  subjoct  to  too  couflnuatioo 
of  GoTerament.  Aa  theie  u  no  jail  or  lork>up  in  tlio  Dinpi, 
prisoners  are  oonfiood  in  the  contnu  jail  at  DhnUa.  Though  tbej 
employ  no  rogolar  nolicu,  the  chiof-t,  through  tlu^ir porsonal  foRowers, 
kelp  the  Khtindean  aathontic«  in  tmcking  and  M-miring  offendNX. 
A  f  ow  rhioCs  have  sumll  bodies  of  meHsengore  and  nioiiuttxl  attondanU, 
»rm«d  with  old  nittty  matchluclcs  and  KwurdR,  and  a  oonsider&ble 
unuber  of  llhil  followen  eacii  of  whom  brings  from  thirty  to  H 
bowmen. 

Tho  catimatod  gross  yoarly  reronoo  of  tho  D&nga,  ptirtly  from 

plough -tax,  partly  from  tfae  aale  of  forcut  prmluoe,  bnl  rhicfly  fi . 

the  lease  of  the  forpgt«  to  OoTemmont>  amounts  to  21988(Ra.ld,H30}. 
There  is  nu  oxciwi  rcvonuo,  tho  chiefs  having  leased  their  e 
right;*  to  Government  along  with  their  forests.  Then)  i«  no  k 
Evon  tho  chieb  are  ignorant  and  \mtaiight.  In  the  whole  oou 
there  are  not  more  than  a  doMii  imIoIIx  who  can  road  or  write. 
There  is  no  diimensary.  The  prevailing  diswwieB  are  fevi-r,  ajnn', 
oulargt>mput  of  uiv  Bplcon  and  liror,  and  small-pox.  From  June 
to  Ftfbnuiiy  the  climalo  is  dead  I  y  to  ttlraiigi^nt  both  ttiiiivo))  and 
BnropeasB.  lire  Government  vaccinator  occasionally  visits  tite 
country.  l>iit  thu  pvopio  have  a  strong  dislifco  to  vaccination.  No 
rogistralion  of  births  and  deaths  has  been  attempted. 

AmAia,  with  an  area  of  200  wnnro  miles,  a  populatk>n  of  about 
47,w||. eoniit.  and  an  estimated grottK  yearly  rvronuv  of  £300  (Tt«.300O), 
is  Donndod  on  tho  north  by  SovaryfiehibSri  and  J&man  Ih^r,  on 
the  CMt  by  Diland,  Il^hotegluit,  and  Dnimnndar,  on  the  sooth  by 
Jfimdv  and  Vasnrna  L>ing,  and  on  the  weat  by  PalAsrihir  and 
I^mpri.  Tho  present  chief  Ratnnsing  Unsn^ing,  a  Bhil  thirty-fivo 
yearn  old,  livfes  at  Modal.  The  family  follows  Umj  rulo  of 
primogeniture ;  it  has  no  patent  allowing  adoption.  Avcbab.  with 
an  area  of  eight  square  miles,  a  poptilation  of  280  sonls,  and  an 
estimated  gross  yearly  revenne  of  £17  (Rs.  170),  is  bounded  on  the 
north  by  Biiurp&da,  on  the  east  by  Gariufti  and  Zorinida,  on  thi? 
south  by  Chmchlip&la,  and  on  tho  west  by  Vaiigar  Obori.  The- 
proseut  chief  Budia  liadal,  a  Bhil  thirtv-aeven  years  old,.  Uvea 
Avchar.  Thu  family  follows  the  rule  of  primogvnitnrc  ;  it  tins 
potent  allowing  adoption.  •  CitnicJiU,  with  an  area  of  twenty-two 
sqnare  miles  and  a  popnintion  of  HOO  sonls,  has  an  estimated  gross 
yiiirly  rovunuv  of  £72  (lU.  720).     It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by. 


mifl 

,830)7 
excuBj 
chc^ 
lunl^^ 


I 


] 


KHANDESa 


K*dntal,  on  the  east  bv  the  Babolna  pass,  on  tbe  •sooth  by  Oant 
anil  Kotya  Dnngmr,  uiil  on  tho  Trust  bj  Mo^rApaila.  The  prenent 
chief  Jivtt  BIi&v&d,  a  Ulii),  livea  at_lduiinid.  rh«  bmity  follows 
Uiu  rule  of  pnmog«<nittiTV  ;  fCGw  no  patent  ftUowina;  ailopUim. 
DhwUtti,  with  lui  Mva  of  1 70  K|a*M«  idiIm,  a  pmulataoo  of  abouk 
90vOm«u1b,  uid  on  Mtimaud  RTx>aB  vearlv  reT«noQof  £870  (Rs.  3700), 
in  bounded  on  the  north  Br  Sftvnrkhal  and  Kfu-raudia  &tal,  on 
Uio  viut  by  Koknr  and  Kolhar,  on  ttio  soutli  by  Bibalp&da  and 
fiorlduui,  and  on  tbe  west  by  •ViBtlhale  and  Patvohr.  Tho  prweat 
chief  NaUin  Anktisb,  n  Bhil  thirty-ono  yean  of  age,  IJTes  at  Uga. 
Thu  fnmily  follows  tho  mle  of  primoffanitnre  j  it  Ens  no  patont 
allowing  adoptinii.  Dgnai.  with  a  popnlatlon  of  115  aouls,  has  an 
eitiinat«d  groHa  yearly  rornnue  of  JEO  (R«.  DO),  Tbo  uroaeAt  chief 
Maharbir  v'fahi,  a  Kiinbi  twenty-one  yearn  old,  liv«-jtat  Klmtarhidari. 
Thu  family  follows  the  rule  of  primogeniture  ;  it  bas  uo  patent 
•llowini;  adoption.  QjUUa*  witl>  "O  ■^■'Cn  of  300  square  >nil«s,  an 
Mtimated  population  of  8250  souls,  and  an  eatiinat«o  gross  yearly 
ranmne  of  £500  (R«.  50OO),  is  bounded  on  tbe  north  by  Sajupnda, 
Ttgdamnnd  Kupi^rliaud.du  theeaet  by  Kolnnd  K«ghiit,  on  toesonth 
by  Obikhli  and  I'aUsvihir,  sod  on  the  wc^i  by  Kehkanlar  and 
Kalia  Bnchib&ri.  JorAvtir,  who  tucof«ded  his  father  Silpat,  died 
cluldlvDs.  The  snccoHaion  was  dispntcd  by  bi^i  two  brotben  wlio,  iiftor 
some  time,  agreed  to  waive  their  clainiB  in  favour  of  tlu-ir  uncle 
Udi>aing,  who,  on  his  death,  wim  succovdod  byhis  bod  Kcralsing. 
Darisin^  th<*  elder  of  Jor&var's  two  brothers,  wounding  two  men  in 
a  prirato  qoam:],  was  for  xoino  tirav  imprisoned  in  the  ThAoa  and 
Bnrat  jnils,  and  was  afterwards  confine*!  in  tbo  lunutio  iisylnm  at 
CoUImi  in  Bombay.  From  CoUba  ho  escaped,  entered  the  U&ug«t 
put  Kondoing  to  dtnlh,  thruw  off  hit  alfi^gisnoe  to  th«  British 
OuTermneut,  and,  aBsembling  a  band  of  followers,  plondered  the 
villages  of  tbe  neigh l>on ring  chiefs.  A  Ixidy  of  troopti  was  sent  against 
him,  which  co-<»pvnit4iig  with  other  Bhil  li^erti,  atUwkedaudourried 
lits  chief  stronghold.  After  eluding  pursuit  for  a  long  time,  Dariaing 
at  last  gavo  himself  up  to  iho  Political  Agunt.  His  brothers  Ropder 
and  Dolat,  and  one  rK^vji  Kuuvar,  who  were  disturbing  the  peace  o( 
Vttsuma,  were  alao  apprehended.  The  murdered  chief  Keraltting 
wns  Moccwrdt^d  liy  hi;*  koii  Fuloviug,  who  waa  taught  to  read  and  writ« 
Uar&tbi  at  DLulia.  lie  was  an  habitual  drtinkard  and  a  great 
oppressor  of  his  people.  Dying  in  1^77,  he  was  socooedod  by  his 
son  Nathu,  a  youlh  (1879)  of  twenty-one.  In  1879  Clupat*Kunvar, 
ODD  of  tbo  relations  of  tbo  chief,  caused  some  trouble  and  ubeontod 
bimiwlf  from  tbo  durbftr  at  AuifUa.  Kecurity  has  been  l^on  foriiia 
future  good  conduct.  Tbo  diief,  who  is  a.  Kunbi  by  caste,  lives 
at  Kotamb,  nnd  ninnugos  his  own  albirs.  The  family  follows 
lltn  rule  of  priitiogetitture ;  it  has  no  patent  allowing  udoptioo. 
J<  -'jmATii,  mtb*a  populatioa  of  2 10  bouIb,  has  an  estimated 

gi  I  ly  n."fenii«  of  £5  {K«.  50).    The  prcsm(  chief  Cfa&nibbiiTa 

Beshuia,  a  Ithil  thirty-two  yG«ra  old,  Utob  at  UarkhadJ.  The  houly 
follows  the  rule  of  fR-imogeaJture ;  it  has  oo  patent  allowing 
adoption.  KETAK-KAnrr.U'A,  with  a  popnlatiou  of  100  souls,  baa 
an  oHtiraaled  fffoan  yearly  revenue  ot  £1S  (Rn- 160).  Tbe  pi««vnt 
chief  Muhipitt  Bonds,  a  Bhil  thlrty-ODO  yean  old,  lirva  at  Eadapdda. 


8tst«K 


^ 


CUtA 


JUrti 


Kttak-K 


rBotnbaj  0*s<tt 


fPtny^ldiitti. 


fihichdra. 


606 


DISTRICT^ 


The  famiiy  fi>Mowa  tlie  rnlo  of  primogeniture ;  it  has  no  Tmiaat 
ulloRin^  adoption.  Kmu.  with  a  population  of  815  souls,  bss  an 
e«titnal«d  gTx>M  ymirly  revcnuo  tif  £19  {Rs,  4ft0).  Tlitt  prestrnt 
chuit  UamioK  uilfdatr,  a  Bljfl  fort;-«igbt  yeara  old,  lives  U 
Kiili.  The  amilv  follows  too  nile  ot  primogomtnre  ;  it  haa  no 
patent  nltovring  ndnption.  pALxan^l^.  with  a.  populntioo  of  S'" 
■onils,  haa  an  estimated  fH'OHa  yearly  P0Tena«  of  12^  (Ra.  240) ,  T 
tn'esent  chiof  Nnvas  Jvriyu,  a  Bhil  f!fty-ono  years  oh),  Ijtos 
Kuk^nadi.  The  family  follewe  the>nile  of  primogeniture ;  it 
no  patent  allowing  adoption.  Puu^^^yi,  with  n  population  of  1 
booIr,  Km  an  entitmitcd  frroH»  yearly  raven ue  of  i,l  1  (Ka.  i  lii.)  " 
prcsest  chief  K^jlia  Dudkiys,  a  Bhil  §ixty<Hix  yean  old,  lives 
nmpUMevi  Tbu  family  follovra  tlio  rule  of  primogeoitiiro ;  it 
CO  patent  allowing  adoption.  Pmm,  willi  an  area  of  100  aqnara 
miles,  a  population  of  4045  soula,  and  an  estimated  gross  yearly 
revcnnc  of  £312  (Ka.  3120],  is  houndod  on  the  norih  hy  Sadmal 
and  Kbjital  Mssoli,  on  Ibo  eaet  by  Chikhli  and  Pal&m-ihir,  on 
aoutb  by  the  Kalam  hill,  tiod  on  tho  wont  by  Sadardc-v-  and 
Zuria  river.  I'he  preaont  chief  Niluhilia  'IVimbnlc,  a  Uhil  ih: 
years  old,  lives  at  riiu{)ri.  The  ^mily  follows  the  ndu 
primogvnittiro  ;  it  h»«  no  pntmnt  allowiag  itdopiton.  Shtv 
witJi  a  popolation  of  250  sotUs,  has  an  estimated  sTOsa  yea: 
revenue  of  £43  (Ua.  430).  The  pivsonl  chief  Dharma  Bidal,  a  Bbit 
aixty-ono  yonrs  old,  lives  at  Shivbdra  a  ratlier  pronperoos  village. 
The  fitmily  follows  tho  rale  of  primogeniture;  it  has  no  patent 
allowing  adoption.  VAP{f^»/tW-  with  a  population  of  110  eoula, 
an  OHtiinstcd  groM  yearly  ryvt-muwof  £21  (R*.  240),  The  prewj 
chief  Lakshnian  Rima.  a  ilbil  thirty-two  yoara  old,  livee  at  Sheyji 
The  family  follows  tho  rulu  of  primogoniturw ;  it  hna  no  pate: 
allowing  mioplton.  VasDBSa,  witn  an  aroa  of  200  square  milea,  a 
population  of  4510  souls,  and  a  gross  estimated  jMirfy  rcvonno  i>f 
£230  (Ila.  2300),  is  hoiintlud  on  tbu  north  by  tho  f^upik  hills,  on  the 
east  hy  MiUesaon  and  C'bipgbdt,  on  tliu  aoutb  by  Devdungar  in 
Surg^a,  and  on  the  woat  by  Chinch  and  Ambilpara.  Tho  proiwnt 
chii-f  YaHbvantniv  Lakidituau,  a  Bhil  twenty-two  yoan  old,  lives  at 
Bardhnud.  The  ^mily  follows  the  rule  of  primogeniture ;  it  has  no 
pon'Ql  allowiny  adoytinn. 

The  JEfibsa's,*    including  tbe  lands  of  the  aix  petty  etatos   of 


»ot 

ttB0 


i;tulthH,  ItawtiAli.  KAthi,  Singpur,  NiH,  and  Navalpur,  Utat  in  tho 
oxtremoVoat  of  Kh^ndeaU,  partly  among  the  western  extremities  of 
the  Satpudaa  and  partly  ou  the  low  ground  below  tho  hills.  It  Has  an 
veliniated  gross  yearly  nir^-nue  of  about  of  £5000  (R«.60,O0O)  and 
a  population  of  about  7OO0  soula.  The  whole  is  broken  and  wild, 
and  more  or  less  covorwl  wltt  forests.  TJi«  land  is  welljwatenKl 
cODtainins    six    mouutsiu    streams,   the   Pamradi,  the  Kodli,  the 


)  Ot  tbeodBaeJtiiawordin<%iwtjUr.  H.  U.  RnnUwritn:  *I  wonldiknircmenif  or 
nukvdt  From  tho  Sintkrit  "i»A.  a  atmep,  a  word  i.tiU  OMit  In  the  MarUhi  m*nMa-wdiU 
(MMk-nUoA)  a  ihccptKD.and  id  tho;>briLfi!nKjAa-yHifr>i.*hM^iab,  nwdaladniidalaa 
or  DulkKq).  Tho  word  mtkrru  u,  1  imnlc,  n  relia  of  ui  aid  diruion  of  th«  oonalry  into 
noflM&ya-idia  ot  yr^iaa,  tlia  nuii*sqnart«n,utd  nutha-tdta,  the  tt1iMp-i)Dai1«n,  tk« 
ontlfing  «iul  BuliUod  tTMks.' 


Deeeaa.] 


kiiAndksu. 


007 


Prodncta. 
Population. 


Agricnltora, 

Tndh 
Land. 

Jnitico, 


Superti,    the   Gangli,  tho  Vnrkarii,   nud  tho   Dov^  all  of  which,  Stetei. 

ranning  throuj^huut   the  yotir,  rixu  iu  tho  Sdtpudfis,  anil  pasHinK  Muvis. 

throosh  the  Cliikhli  and  KAthi  ututcs,  How  aotiio  iutii  thn  Tiipti  and 
some  mto  the  Narbada.  The  clininto  in  cxtrcniely  uiiht'iilthy,  axvept 
io  May  most  dan^oruud  Ui  HtrutifforS.  The  jirevniliiig  discosvs'are 
ferer,  agoe,  malari)^,  siuall-pox,  aud  cliulcni. 

Though  inferior  to  tho  iJangn  lioth  iu  ttizo  and  qualitv,  tho  forests 
are  rich  in  timber,  and  yield  wax,  honey,  and  vtnhuiia  nowcrs.  The 
peoplo  are  generally  BhUg^wlio,  having  some  Itaipiit  blood,  are 
more  tnrbalent  and  warlike  tliau  the  Daug  Bhils  nmi  much  superior 
to  them  in  strength  and  intelligence.  Ah  the  supply  of  grain  does 
not  meet  the  local  demand,  tho  people  oke  ont  a  living  on  fruits, 
roots,  and  other  forest  produce.  Tliey  work  chiefly  as  woodfcutters. 
All  over  the  states  there  is  great  deal  of  rich  black  soil.  i3ut 
only  scattered  patches  close  to  tho  villages  are  tilled.  Tho  crops  are 
rice  b)Mi  Oryza  sntiva,  ndi/li  Eleuaiiic  comcana,  hdjri  Penicillaria 
spicata,  jvdri  Sorghum  vulgare,  udid  Phaseolus  mungo,  and  bnrli 
^spalum  scrobieulatum.  Tilhige  is  carried  on  partly  Tiy  the  plough 
antl  partly  by  wood-a.sh  tillage,  locally  called  javili  Tho  only  trade 
is  in  timber  which  suppliea  tho  Khandesh  markets  of  Nandurbilr 
and  Taloda.  Tho  laud  revenue  is  derived  from  a  ])Iough  and  an  axe 
tax,  each  plough  paying  from  lOo.  to  12a.  (Us.  5-Rs.  G)  and  each 
axe  from  4«.  to  tw.  (Ks.  2 -Us.  3). 

Civil  and  criminal  justice  aro  regulated  by  rules  framed  under 
Act  XI  of  184t).  Under  thcKC  rules,  in  the adniiniHtration  of  criminal 
jnatico,  tho  judicial  powers  of  the  Agent  are  limited  to  tine  and 
imprisonment,  wimple  and  rigorofis,  for  livo  years,  all  severe  sentences 
being  subject  to  the  con  firm  iition  of  tho  High  Court.  In  the 
executive  criminal  branch  tho  Political  Agent  exorcises  tho  powers 
of  a  first  class  intigisti'ute.  Tho  assistant  political  agent  has  the 
jodicial  powers  of  an  assistant  sessions  judge,  all  appeals  from  his 
aeciaions  lying  to  the  Agent's  .court.  The  Udng  diwilu,  who  is 
in  charge  of  the  Mehvita  states,  infiuires  into  all  reported  eases  of 
theft  and  other  petty  offences,  and  hia  proceedings  iire  submitted  to 
the  Political  Agent  or  liis  assistant.  Tho  chiefs  settle  potty  cases, 
each  in  his  own  estate,  punishing  by  fine  and  whipping.  There  is 
no  regular  police,  but  the  chiefs  keep  up  small  bodies  of  from  ten  to 
fifteen  irregular  troops,  nihninlin,  who  collect  the  revenue,  attend  on 
the  chiefs,  and,  under  tho  Khtiridedi  Superintendent  of  Poli^ce,  keep 
order  on  the  frontier,  nud  in-rform  other  police  duties.  Besides 
these  irregulars,  a  considerable  imniber  of  Bhil  headmen,  ndiks,  are, 
if  called  by  tlieir  chiefs,  each  bound  to  bring  from  thirty  to  fifty 
bowmen. 

The  only  school  is  in  Kilthi,  Most  of  the  chiefs  can  read  and 
write  Mardihj  and  OijarAti.  There  is  no  dispensary.  fl"he  pre- 
vailing diseases  are  ague,  fever,  malaria,  enlargement  of  the  spleen 
and  liver,  and  cholera.  * 

The  follomng  is  the  available  information  regarding  the  Mehvfls 
fltatea  : 

Chikhli,  lying  between  the  Narbada  and  the  T^pti,  is  bounded  on    j  .    CWttfi. 
■    tiie  iiorthby  Gawhdli,  on  the  east  by  the  Kuknminnda  petty  division 


Xiutnictioii* 
HMlth. 


[Bomb&7  Ouat 


008 


mSTIUCTSj 


$ 


i 


of  Kh&adosh,  VD  tlie  ttoath  bj  Um  T&pti,  and  oo  the  west 
S^b&ra.  The  counlr;,  flat  and. densely  eorerpA  with  Unrefit-r  u 
watered  by  the  I^rrwli,  the  Kudli,  the  Dev,  the  Haperti,  thv  GanglJ, 
nnil  tho  Viu-kam  riwn,  wbioh,  fh>wing  rII  tho  year  round  from  the 
SitfmtliB,  pass  south-west  into  the  Tfipti.  The  climntD  is  extremely 
bad  ovoa  to  the  natives,  and  for  uiitsidcrs  is  atJe  only  in  May.  T^Uti 
cbiuf  divoaMM  liK  fuver  and  ague,  uualUpox,  and  cbolom.  The  fore^f 
which  arc  under  Government  conservancy,  yield,  boxidea  timbe^ 
moAtida  flowers,  wux.  h«uuy,  and  o/uiroli  nnts.  The  population, 
BluU  of  t  ho  Vartra^  V al  vi .  Q^'nt.  jfa^i^E^^mj^.  is  L>«timatcd  at 
460  souls.  Near  the  Tipti  the  soil  ia  good,  vieldtng  jviri  Sorghnm 
Tnlgaro,  hajri  PeoicUlona  spkala,  na^ti  Bleumne  coracana,  and 
barti  Fthpaiuin  MTobionlatam.  There  is  no  irrij^ation.  Two  rooffb 
nnmade  beaten  troeka,  formerly  aaed  by  carte,  run,  the  oito  from  near 
Kukurmnnda  to  Stu^  one  mile  from  Chikhli,  the  othur  fmm  Knkar. 
mnnda  tbroQgh  C^khli  to  (iawhfili  and  JSltghfaa.  The  anc«etoi%, 
oftho  Chilihli  ciiot  oriRinnlly  held  land»  from  Yi^piplii.  Jiv». 
founder  of  tlio  family,  iHkiti^  adrnntage  of  the  turbuleul  Lii: 
established  his  power  over  the  Korrounding  durtrict.  Hts  lands  i 
stated  of  oigfatT-toor  RAipipla  yillageB.  and  lie  levied  blaoltmiul  in 
aurrotmdiDg  ouanti7>  imposed  ft  tnDut«  on  several  landholders,  and 
oollec-tod  ti^U  frompaasen^r^rsftud  traders.  In  181 8,  Captain Brigiga 
pi«nted  Jiva  a  yearly  ponsmn  of  l^tUO  (Ra.  3000),  and  undortotik  tti 
collect  for  him  the  tolls  and  other  dutivs  by  maiotaining  at  bis  expense 
a  force  of  cloven  hor^  and  forty  foot.  Jira's  son  KuvAr  VosJiTa  ont«red 
Government  service  and  undertook  to  protect  the  country  fn:)m  the 
Quighbonring  BhiU.  Thia  atate  of  t^iinga  lasted  till,  in  1H46.  Ruvar 
VasAra robeUed  against  GoverumcntaDii  wiiHinipri<K>n«d]  His  stato 
was  attached  and  managed  by  the  Collector  of  Khkndesh  forthe  benefit 
of  hia  son  RAmsJny,  to  whom  it  was  handed  ovor  in  1354,  As  EUmaing 
proved  unfit  to  superintend  the  poHoo,  the  allowance  made  to  his 
grandfather  for  foot  and  horse  was  taken  away.  In  1872  lUmsing 
waaimplicntod  inaca80o[dacoity,aiHl,in  1874,  nis  state  was  attached 
and  himttelf  deported  to  Uaidarabad  in  &md,  where  a  monthly 
allowance  of  £10  (K«-  100)  is  ^ven  to  him.  During  the  abaeooe 
of  the  chief  the  state  iit  man^^f^d  by  tbo  iut»iHtaiit  jxilitical  agent,  who 
lua  under  him  a  dork  on  a  monthly  ptiy  of  £il  (lU.  ^0)  and  two 
moBaongers.  Itamsing,  who  wati  tnnght  in  tbo  Poona  College,  knows 
GnjanUi,  MarAthi,  and  a  little  Knglisb.  He  has  no  cJUldrao;  hia 
family  hMds  no  patent  allowing  adoption,  and  In  point  of  succession 
follows  tbo  rule  of  pnmogenitonh  In  1879  thu  total  state  revenue 
am'ountiMl  to  ntiS  (K«.2C80)  of  which  £132  (Rs.  1320)  wer« 
derived  fi-ora  laud,  IVZQ  (R«.  1260)  £rom  oxciae,  and  £10  (Rs.  100) 
from  mis(vlliinrc>iis!*'uirces.  The  Blato  has  about  ,£1500  (Ke.  15,000) 
to  its  credit  of  which  £1000  (R«.  10,000)  have  been  inToatod 
QovemmtJDt  paper.  * 

G*WBit|,  with  an  estimated  popniation  of  500  sonla  and  a 
j<earW  revenue  of  £2200  (Rs.  22,0O0),  is  bounded  on  tho  nori       .^ 
the  Kftthi  and  RAjpipla  territories,  on  the  east  by  the  Kuknnnanda 
and  Taloda  sub.divisious  of  Khindeeb,  on  the  south  by  tho  Chikhli 
atato,  and  on  tho  west  1™  the  Rewa  Kfatba  statu  o(_S%bfira,     Tbo 
ooontJ^  is  ooraiwied  of  a  numljer  of  irregular  Toresl-clad 


iO.UllUJ 

aatod  ui 


billa^ 


DmmilI 


.KUANDKSM. 


COSl 


The  climate  in  iiiilii'ikUliy,  llii.'  x-liicf  ilisca-'cn  lioiii;*  fever,  nmlarin, 
sm&ll'pox,  forest  fi'vcr,  nml  iIinliTii.  lli-siiliM  tvik  iiml  bamboos, 
the  forest  products  ure  mnhmhi  (luni'i-j,  limii'V,  iinil  wax.  Pi'cs  of 
2a.  \\d.  (Re.  I-l)  fmin  Hhils,  iiti<l  fiMiii  iU.  t..  111;*.  (1^.  :t-K«-i>) 
from  Qujiiri)  mill  niliciw,  aiv  I'-vii'ii  nii  rvi'ty  carfliiiiil  iif  timber. 
The  heavK'Ht  fi-e'i;*  f"r  teak  ]nili'siiii  whiili  IiM.  (Hm.  5}  a  cart  is 
charged.  There  in  iid  tVe  un  lin^womi.  In  1S78  the  ljml>er 
reveiiue  wiw  estimat-'d  :ii  fjnoil  (its.  2'),i'ini).  'I'lii;  soil  is  «touy, 
yielding  nA-jU  Klfusim-  onM(*iiti:i,  /"i///  I'fuii'illariit  spioata,  jviiri 
Sorghum  vnl^^ire,  aiid  Unrti  I'a-<]iuliiiu  siTciIjiciiliittim.  There  is 
no  irrigation.  A  fair  weiitliiT  larl  trai-k  riuia  from  Taloda 
into  Gujarat  b_v  fJawUiHi  mid  I'ltl  miiv  Sriy^biinv.  Timber  is 
exported  and  t(<dil  in  tliu  T;i1oda  iiiarki-t.  'I'liu  anecvstors  of  tho 
chief,  belonging  to  the  V.ilvi  triln;  of  HKiK.  were  originally 
fendatoriea  of  Uajpipla  luid  an'  said  to  liavo  bet-ii  ruined  on  its 
Bobveraion  by  tlio  (iiiikwiir  (I7(>:i- lHi:().  In  IHIS  the  ebicf.  Nana,  , 
collected  a  band  of  adventurers,  iind  h;id  in  bis  piiy  a  targe  body 
at  irregular  troops.  C'aptiiiiL  Uriff^rs,  when  lie  made  arrangements 
with  the  Mohvas  eliief?^,  granted  bim  a  yearly  allowanCQ  of  £'iO 
(Rs.  300)  on  condition  of  iiis  perfurmiiig  police  duties.  Under  nu 
arrangcmcut  inad<r  by  Mr,  Witlnutrliliy,  Niina  also  received  from 
Baroda  tho  Songiul  kmitt  nllowanee  of  £80  (i/t.  (^Rs.  1000  bAbii- 
ghdhi).  Nana  was  suceoeiled  by  his  sou  Ktlti^a,  during  whose 
minority  the  estate  was  maunfred  by  his  nnele  Devji.  KAtiya  died 
io  1878,  ami  was  snoceeded  by  his  young  son  Sanipsing,  during 
frhoHO  minority,  tho  wtiite  is,  .nudcr  the  immediate  supervision  of 
the  assistant  ]iolitieal  n<rent,  nianaged  by  bis  unelu  llauiji.  The 
family  has  no  pateut  allnwing  iL<loption.  In  point  of  succession  it 
follows  the  rule  of  primojreiiiture.  The  chief  keeps  from  ton  to 
fifteen  irregular  troops. 

KaViu,  with  a  ]>iv)bahle  area  of  ;iO0  sipiari^  iniles,  an  estimated 
population  of  .">|J(il)_souls,  and  a  gross  yearly  rcvemie  of  about  £:2000 
(Rs-  2(t,00U),  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Rewa  Kiiutha  territory  "' 
of  Chhota  Uilepiu',  on  the  cast  by  Aknini'  in  Khnndesli,  on 
the  south  by  the  petty  states  i.f  Singpnr  and  Chikhli,  and  on  tho 
west  by  tjawluili  and  the  Hewa  K;intha  state  of  Knjpipla.  On  ait 
sides  very  iliiiieult  of  :u;eess,  Katlii  is  a  succcfsiiin  of  narrow  valleys 
separated  by  ridiri's  til"  lofly,  iri-eu'ular,  and  furest-elad  hilts.  The 
only  river  is  the  l)ev,  wliicli,  risiny:  in  tho  Siitpudaa,  flAws  north- 
west into  t!ie  Niii'hinla,  Tlie  i*liinate  is  safe  for  srran<;ers  only  from 
the  middle  of  April  ti>  the  cud  of  May,  The  chief  diseases  ai-o 
forest,  fever,  fever  and  airue,  small -pox.  spleen  alfeel  ions,  and  cholera. 
The  foivsr  piijilin-ts  iiri- limber,  jim/m(i/'(  fiowei's,  lionev,  aud  wax. 
The  peo)ile  are  il'yils  of  ihe  ilHtvaria.  Favra.  Vtirli.  aud  Parvj 
tribes  who  s]ie;tk  a  mixeil  liialei't  closely  resembling  GujarAti. 
Besides  these  tliere  are  Musnliuiins,  who,  in  the  fever  season  after 
the  rains,  move  tn  Nandurbar.  In  lowlying  villages  the  soil  is  * 
good,yieIdingrie<' W'f/  IVy/.a  sativa,  barli  Pas^wdum  serobiculatum, 
and  lo^ii'  I'hasenlus  mango.  There  are  two  rout<>s  practicable  for 
bnltoeks  and  liorses,  one  from  Kiikarmiinda  across  the  Imli  pass, 
and    the    ol her    frijiii     nba(lL';ioii   in    tlie     Akrani    snli-ilivi'<iiiTi    of 


MiHvis. 

OairWi. 


EChiindesb        'I'lie  imlv 


rfs  fr 


ICrithi  are  riee.   wood,    i-bnified 


I  Bombay  Oautteeri 


Statfi. 

MmiTAs. 

Kdibi 


Bmffpur. 


mi. 


(ilM 


DISTUICTS. 


butter,  fiarfi  PaSpalum  scrohiculatuin,  tidid  Phaaeclus  mungo,  an<l- 
myrobalans.  lu  1818  Captain  Bripga  ^franted  the  cliief  a  yearly 
allowance  of  £D  14».  {lia.  37),  and  rocogniscd  him  as  a  depeodant  of 
the  phief  of  BiidAval '  to  whoi»  be  paid  a  yearly  tribute  of  £3  4s. 
(Ha  32).  On  tho  acquisition  of  Khiiidefih,  to  keep  the  turbulent 
Bhils  in  order,  the  British  Government  placed*a  detachment  at 
Kukurmuuda.     A  few  years  later  Lakehinau  Parvi,  the  K&thi  chief, 

Slundered  tho  surrounding  country,  and  a  force  under  Captain 
jgby,  marching  against  him,  burnt  down  his  chief  village. 
Lakshmanniug  was  succeeded  by  bis  son  Umed,  and  he  by  his  son 
Batu,  tho  present  chief.  A  Bhil  by  caate,  forty -seven  years  old, 
and  able^to  read  and  write  Gujanlti,  ho  lives  at  K6thi,  and  pays 
Government  a  yearly  tribute  of  il3  G«.  (Rs.  133).  He  has  no  patenb 
allowing  adoption,  and  in  point  of  succession  his  family  follows  the 
rule  of  primogeniture. 

SiKQPUR,  with  an  estimated  population  of  400  souls,  and,  in  1879, 
a  revenue  of  about  £240  (lis.  2400),  is  a  plain  conn  try  entirely 
covered  by  thick  forest.  The  climate  is  unhealthy,  the  chief  disease 
being  fever  and  ague,  amall-pox,  forest  fever,  and  cholera.  Besides 
timber,  the  forests  yield  mahiida  dowers,  wax,  and  honey.  Tho  soil 
is  good,  but,  except  near  villages,  is  little  cultivated.  There  is  no 
irrigation.  There  are  two  cartroads,  one  of  fourteen  miles  from 
Nil  and  tho  other  of  104  miles  from  Kukiirmunda.  In  1818 
Captain  Briggs  acknowledged  tho  chief,  Bhikna  Pfirvi,  as  a 
dependant  on  tho  Budaval  chief,  through  whom  he  was  granted  a 
yearly  present  of  £20  (Rs.  200).  Bbikua  was  succeeded  by  his  sou 
Guiuia,  and  he  by  his  son  Bapn,  a  minor.  During  Bapu's  minority 
the  state  in  under  tho  immediate  charge  of  the  assistant  political 
agent.  The  youug  chief  and  Jiis  brothers  aie  being  educated  in  the 
Government  school  at  Tuloda.  The  chief  is  a  .Bhil-Jiy  caste,  and 
Singpur  is  hia  place  of  residence.  The  family  holds  no  patent 
allowing  adoption.  In  point  of  succession  it  follows  the  rule  of 
priraoguniturc. 

Nij,,  with  an  estimated  population  oE  300  souls  and  a  yearly 
income  oE  about  £110  (Us.  1100),  is  l)ounded  on  the  north  and 
south  by  the  Talnda  siib-divJHion  of  Khandesh,  and  on  the  east  and 
west  by  the  lauds  of  Gawbali  and  Biidjivnl.  From  its  position,  in 
the  ceutr^  of  ftrests,  the  climate  is  uuteaUhy,  the  chief  diseases 
being  ague,  fever,  colic,  spleen  and  liver  affections,  and  occasional 
ouibseaks  of  small-ixix  and  cholera.  The  soil  is  middling,  and 
eicopt  close  to  villitge  wites,  tJierc  i.s  no  irrigation. 


iB-.l_8 
debt. 

attftchti), 

est.itf  lji]iae[l  to  fJovcniment, 


my,  by  Iii9  bi'iithcr  Unnpntainij.  A  man  i>1  UciiHUclied  <iaii]t9,  i;ai]i)MBmg  tell  into 
;.  oi>ijresBt(l  hia  peojili!  niiii  "iia  misjh  uifii  of  conniving  at  rubberioa  in  the 
liliuurLUg  BriliaL  tenilnrioB.  In  I8l>  ,1io_itm  roniinvd  to  Phu)i!i,  his  estato 
chcil,  and  a  mdinteiinnce  provii1c<I~fa,niiin.      lie  iIIliI  clilidlcM    iu   1654^    and   his 

t-A   (..i.aarT    tn   f^ n i- ni.1l m ^ h t  * 


D»cu.1 


KHANDKSfi. 


(HI 


Thcrt'aro  Iw.icarl  iiMck-i.iirii'  Iri'iii  limljiviiljllit'  I'tlitT  fmirli't'ii  miles 
fraiu  Uuwliiili.  Tltc  N:il  fiimily  wcii-  fi-iuItitoruM  lo  tho  lliuidviil  i-liiof 
to  wliMin  iln-y  ]i!ii<I  a  yinily  tiilmti'.  hi  li>lt*  Ca|>t!iin  UrigfTS 
recoijiiist'il  tlio  Niii  I'liirf  wiih  iii-i  li\i'  vill;i^'i's  iis  a  ilrpciidiuil  oii 
Budaval,  tniaraiiti-oil  liif  k">iti  l«  wliiili  he  "as  entitled,  bill  of  wliicli 
the  Full t kit  1  Al'uiiJ  made  ilie  cilliriinii,  mid  friuiited  him  a  yearly 
•liowanco  of  tin  (!{■*.  J00|  wliiili  vr-.vs.  in  llsMf,  reduced  to  £10 
(Bs.  IW).  Ill  \i*7~  Kiinii  IVirvi,  the  ehief,  died  ;indwHn  succeeded 
by  bin  nun  Lii^bkari,  a  iiiitior  ui  tijirteeii.  Dunns'  hirt  uiiuority  the 
Stat«  hoa  heoii  iiiatia<;ecl  hy  his  iiiielo  'i'ania  The  young  chief  and 
bis  brother  ure  beiii).'  raii<;lu  a!  the  KiikuruniiidH  school.  The 
family  who  live  at  \  .'iirliiipiiui  has  iii>  jiatent  nlhiwiiiL;  adoption.  In 
point  of  siiceoMsiuii  they  fujlnw  the  rule  of  i»nMiiiL.i'niture. 

NavalI'LIE,  with  an  esiinialed  jiopulatioii  of  fifty  souls  all  of  them 
Bbils  of  the  I'alc.iH  trilw.  and  a  trrows  yearly  itiemno  of  i77  (Rs.  77U), 
is  enclosed  by  tnetemt'ines  of  Nal,  .Siujrpur,  aud  UndAval,  The  clinmto 
is  unhealthy,  the  (in'vailiujj  discH.sfs  beiiijj  nfrne,  fever,  splceu,  aud 
liver  affections.  The  soil  is  stony,  iind,  except  in  inohitod  spotti,  few 
crops  are  raised.  There  iin^  two  tart  traeks,  one  from  Budaval  and  a 
Hecond  from  liawlulli.  The  aiiceKtors  of  the  chief  received  this  state 
from  Budlival.  lu  lS:t2,oii  the  ileath  of  the  chief  liilytn,  who  acted 
u  a  conatablo  in  ilie  Nanduvbai-  .Mehvasi  police,  the  state  was 
attached  ami  maiia<red  by  the  Khiiiidesh  Collectov  till  ]8o3,  when 
it  wan  handed  over  to  Kiivera.  Kiivcni  was  euereeded  by  his  sou 
Laabkari,  and  he,  in  ls7t>,  by  his  son  I'hnlsin^,  n  minor  of  ten.  The 
state  is  inauaged  by  his  nnele.^  Tho  family  residing  at  Navalpur 
baa  no  pitent  utlunriii^  adoption,  lu  [toint  of  snccciision  it  follows 
the  rule  of  jivimi'igeniture. 

Sl^rsft'im,  iu  tho  sonih-wi'st  corner  of  Khandcsh,  has  nn  area  of 
360^quaru  >mles,ii  pupuiiition  of  t*±0o  inliabiiauts, nndan  estimated 
gross  yearly  revenue  of  .(.ll'iO  (Ks.  11,500).  It  is  bounded  on  tho 
north  by  the  Diiiii,'s,  on  thi^  east  by  the  Sahyi'tdri  hills  partly  in 
NAaik  partly  in  Kliiiiidesh,  on  the  south  by  I'eiut  in  NiLsik,  and 
on  the  wost  by  Bansda  and  J>hariiinpur  in  Surat.  I.iko  the  Dangs, 
it  is  full  of  spurs  of  hills  and  waving  uplands  onee  covered  with 
dense  forest,  now  partly  ch'iiivd  aud  stripped  of  most  of  their 
Taluablo  timhi>r.  There  is  onlv  one  mountain  stream,  which,  rising 
in  the  SaHyiidris,  flows  west.  Kxeejii  in  the  months  of  April  and  May, 
the  climate  is  very  unhealthy  both  to  Kunijieans  and  nativoS  ;  and 
even  iu  thoso  months  the  water  is  very  scarce  aud  bad,  Tb^ 
prevailing  diseases  are  ague,  fever,  colic,  aud  spleen. 

The  chief  forest  ti-eos  are,  teak  S'l;/ Tec toua  grandis,  blackwood 
aisu  Dttlbcrgia  sissoo,  Ich'.ur  Aoacia  catechu,  aud  tirim  Dalbergia 
ujainonsis.  The  teak  is  ^nottcl,  gnarled,  anil  stunted,  much  Mifenor 
toDdngteak.  Other  forest  products  are  fruit,  gums,  houey,  lac, 
and  tree  roots. 

There  wore,   according  to  the  187:!   census,  tiOOt  inhabitants    of 
whom  4390  were  males  and  -^701  fenuilos.     Most   of  thera  are  Bhila 
and  almost  all  are  very  poor. 
,   The  soil  chiefly  cori.iists  of  a  hiosc  rich  black  loam,  which,  though 


States. 

Mehvak. 

Jidl 


SaviitjiHr, 


41'RUAN*, 


1'riHluvtl. 

Tlir«i)jr. 


Deocui. 


KliAN'DllSlI. 


t;]:t 


tliu  twu  bniiiclii's  iVM-  sii  IultIi  iluil  (.luvi'muK'nt  hiul  tn  iuturfcre. 
An  ioiniiry  sli-iwcil  tluit  Min-.-iiTiiv  tin-  Limi  uf  tlifVotiu^r  bruuclt 
was  til  lilanic.  lit' i^:is  fur  sium'  lime  |ilai'i'(l  iiiidi'i'  mirveillaucej 
but  ill  lt!l:i.  I'll  t'liniisliLii'.'  si-curiiv  fur  iiis  t'litiirt-  jjmid  ciiudurt,  he 
was  allxu'i't]  In  iviiini  til  Ills  rsiiiti'.  .In  lf>'>  I,  VsiHlivaiilnii)  iliod  nud 
WHS  siii'i-i'i'ili'il  )i\  \i'\<  ri>ii?.iri  I'avirjiv.  'I'lii'  ([iioslKui  as  to  wliifh 
was  the  sviii.'T  hi-iiAtlt  wii.-;  jiu'iiiii  iMisfil.  It  wjis  di'i^ideil  iu  favour 
of  itaviniv  wlin  \v;ih  irivcii  tin-  cliiof  (iiiWcr,  wliiK'  JEoramiv  the 
head  of  tliu  ymij^T  liriinvli  w;h  tn  curpy  on  thv  state  uffair.i  iu 
concert  willi  Kaviriiv,  .'kinl  oiiji'vaTi  (-(iital  slinit.'  in  tlii>  state  revenue. 
KaviMv  wiis  fiK'L'cfdi'd  )>y  liissnu  Sliauktirniv,  the  prL'scut  dcshmukh. 

On  MiiriiiTiiv's  ili-aili  }iis  lirutii'li  was  rcpi'esi'iitcd  by  his  son 
BhdsknrrAv.  JIc  wiim  wvak-luadi'd  and  eHwily  led  astrny  by  his 
adviscTH,  w\in  induced  liini  tu  defy  the  authority  of  his  cousin.  In  1873, 
he  died  leaving  tliree  sous  uiidei'  the  guard! an i^hip  uf  his  widuw 
Salubai. 

In  1877,  in  enuseijuenee  uf  the  ih-shmukh's  highhandedness,  a 
serious  (juan-el  ti'iik  phxe  }ji<twei>ii  hitu  and  the  guardian  widow 
SAubtti.  Tlie  diiviin,  whn  was  unahh>  to  nuina.u^  thing's  pi'opcrly, 
was  for  a  time  ivtimved,  and  the  dispute  was  jjeneefully  settled.  The 
present  (1«7li)  deshninkli,  ShinikiipriiVj  _a  Kojj.by  e^gto  and  thirty 
years  old,  maun u'es  his  dwu  aRaii's,  with  the  hel])  uf  his  diwfin,  who  acta 
under  the  orders  and  insiriRtiotis  of  the  Khiiudesh  Political  Agent, 
He  lives  at  Hiir-fiina  wlicrt'  are  the  eouit  treasury  and  prison; 
while  SaliiK'ii,  liis  eonsiu's  widuw,  lives  nt  a  village  two  miles 
distant.  Thiveof  hersous  are  being  taught  in  the  vernucidar  school 
at  Dhnlia.  The  deshitmkli  lilies  not  jwiy  tribute  either  to  the 
British  G<iveriinu'iit  or  to  any  other  state.  The  chief's  title  is 
a  misnonuT  nud  is  jrrauteil  by  eourtesy  only,  thu  fano'ly  really 
being  hereditary  deshiaakhs  of  the  llatffiid  dirisiou_of  Uiiglau  in 
N&sik.'  Tlu-y  di>  nut  hi<ld  a  patent  allovviug  adoption,  and  iu 
matters  of  siicei-ssidu,  foJIuw  ibe  rule  of  pnnuigeuiture. 

The  laud  ivvenne  of  the  sl;ile  is  niised  on  the  plough,  aiitbaniU, 
system,  twu  bullocks  re] irrseutiiiir  one  i>Ioagh.  As  thei-e  are  no  carts, 
every  bulloek  wln'Sf  nei'k  slinws  nnirks  of  wear  ia  consiidei'cd  a 
plough  bullock  and  i>  iis.-e7.s1-d  accordingly.  No  account  is  taken  of 
the  amount  of  lain!  tilled  liy  each  ]ilonj,'h  or  of  the  nature  of  the 
crop  raised.  In  each  village  not  more  than  one-fourth  or  one-fifth 
of  the  whole  ])ijpnlati<iii  pay  rent.  , 

Civil  disputes  and  petty  olTences  are,  according  to  custom,  settled 
by  the  deshmukh  with  the  help  nf  the  diwau.  Criminal  chrftgea 
are  tried  wiihoLit  uny  reirular  pi'oeed ure  1  ir  tlxed rules,  aud  offenders 
punished  by  line  "r  w!iippin;j.  Serious  eases  are  referred  to  the 
Political  Agent.  The  one  >rchoul  in  the  ])laco  is  often  closed  for 
want  of  pupils.  * 

There  is  no  dis))eusary.  The  i)revailing  diseases  are  ague,  fever, 
spleen,  small-pox,  and  colic.  The  people  object  to  vaccination, 
believing  thut  small-pox  is  a  scourge  sent  by  their  deity. 


StateB. 

SrSOiNA- 

Uittory. 


Uod. 


J  uitice, 

luatruction 
Ucalth. 


\i ^    T>  ri\   r  .......  .II- 1  ..f  I ^.f I.  T.-K-  tet  (  4..  'r^^,^^^^.i 


INDEX. 


> 

A. 


:  :  a  BnLhmu)  ■ub-ilivigion,  52. 
int  Books :  195. 
ad  :  pl»te  ut  intorest,  255,  «1. 
On:battlLM.f  il«03|,2,-i3. 
Ehanl.^  Flmki  (I43T'I50:1),245. 
S3lin  II. :  tuniki  (1510-l.i20),  246- 
tUm:  tradcra,  (il. 
[iei:Bhil  Tl82.-)l,2.'i8,  SCO. 
altnre     3ti    SO. 

Biftmngp  ceromrtBy   fiO. 
ai  :  iliulLi't,  :)!),  42-45. 

:  a  Hindu  tril*.  3S,  78,  240  anil  note  4. 
a  Cares  :    20K  ;    ix-sitiim.    early    retercncea, 

lUtaiJ''  ttriijtii'x.  iii'itiaiitGrieB,  suulptures  and 

tings,  liiatf.ry  4S0  484   Jif,.  iiiIiidia(200-T00 

I,  ■chills,  liiPiiseii,  mininU'ra,  ecrvants,  aoUliere, 

anicih,    luislpiiiuinitii,    aniiisfiiipiita,    religion, 

gnurx,   art  valnu  u[  jiaiutings,  48,1-493  ;  cave 

riliti'NS,  4117-5115.  • 

a&B?.S  ■  ciiltivntiirs.  (i9. 

li  ;      fiireat,     IS) ;    [wtty    divisiou,    poaition, 

dai'ii'-,  aiiiH^ct,  hills,  water,  climate,  people, 

■,  niii.|«,  history,  421  -424  ;  furt,  431. 

■liuii  iija.ldor,  24,  la,  ^-^ii. 

Oder  ;  Sir  .Tallica,  4S1. 

[S  ;  iiiadiler  j^niwurs,  69. 

I :  Bt.ito,  Ii04. 

ler  ■■  8ul)-diviiiii)ii,  iHiundariea,  area,  aspect, 

tie,    wntL-i',  Will,  hohlings,   sun'uy   details, 

ly  rtaults,  atimk,  crupe,  ixs'ple,  2,  342-348) 

I,  431. 

li  :  hiY.w-n  hemp,  lr.3,  l(S, 

f"i-L-=t  rc«i:rvo,  20. 

abhrityas;  "U  kiiig»(lOO  a.c.-3i>0A.D.), 

ml  iiit<:S,464. 

,1b  :  .hiincatic,  2S  ;  wilil,  30. 

:  troo,  24. 

jioa  ■•  tcni]Je  at,  4,12.    ^ 

po  :  32. 

,i  :  place  of  interest,  432. 

tree,  23. 

I  :  waj.te,  It  ;  land,  137. 

:  124,255,256,313. 

1. 

:  tree,  28. 


Asa :  Ahir  chief  (1400),  243,  244, 

Aahta  :  batUa  of  (1818),  255, 

Ashmata  ;  Hindu  rnlera(600A.D,),  485,593and 
not«  2. 

AshvattluLina  :  worship  of,  238. 
Asirgad :  fort,   38,238,   24I,  242,  244,  M8,  2S8. 
2.-13,  074-686.         • 

Aspect :  2,  342,  349,  353,  369,  363.  387,  392, 396. 

401,409,414,417,421,434. 
Aaaare  :  batOe  of  (1803),  253,  58^ 
Attirs  :  perfume  makers,  125. 
AurangKeb    (■jnju-n.r  (1658-1707),  2B0,  261, 
Avalokiteahvar  :  See  Padmapini. 
Avchar    sute,  604, 
AtU  ;  tree,  2a 


B&bars  :  cultivators,  69. 
fi&bhnl :  tree,  24. 

Bihra ;  tree,  24. 

Bighbias     Muaaliminfrnitorew,  127. 

Baiidarpur  •■  toH-n,  247  2fl!  note  2. 

BabAdurkhan  :  Fiiniki  iSiW-isBS),  247. 

Bahmani  ;  ruling  .iyaasty    13.jt     243. 

BaharimGoT    Persian  lijng  (420-440),  637, 

iEahuleahTar  :^«iDpIe  at,  432. 

Baliam    tree,  25. 

BattrianB    pictures  of,  494  and  note  1,  6I7, 

Balance  Sheet  ■■  323-325. 

Balfi&ne  :  place  of  interest,  432. 

Bambooe :  24. 

Bangles  :  manufacture  uf  glasa,  234. 
B&ndhirtle :  weln,  w. 
Banahi^  wheat  variety,  150. 
fiarbetS  :  clasa  of  birds,  35.> 

Barda  and  Actors  ;  76. 

fi&ris  :  traders,  G2.  79. 

Barvis  :  iihil  aorcerprs,  86  note  3. 

Bardis ;  a  Bhil  trib^  83,  102. 

Basava  :  (1150)  Linglyat  founder,  57,  61. 

Basseitt  :  treaty  of  {Isdil,  253.  ^ 

B&TCll&S  :  labourers,  79. 

Bear :  31. 

BeBfarB:i22-I24. 

Belida  =  tree.  24. 

Bel :  tree,  24. 


INDEX. 


Oottan;  r»rietiM,  improvement  fl  831 -1880},  153- 
162;  export,  220-222;  hand-Bpimuuguid  veaving 
of,  228. 

Cows  r  28. 

CraftB:  223-237. 

Craftnnen  :7.0-75.      •  , 

Craft  Onilds  ■■  237. 

Cnminal  Tribes :  309-^14. 

Crops :  137,  149-170. 

Cackoos:  36. 

Cncamben:  172.  . 

CuItiTaton :  136, 197. 

Car^Hair:  theories  about  ShAkyamuni's,  492 
note  4. 

Corrency:  106. 

Ctutard  apple  ■■  400  and  note  I. 

(hutoms  :  receipU  and  eip«itditQie,  322. 

0. 

l>ajt8lUUUfl  :  cnltiratora,  69. 

IKUei  :  cultiratorH,  69. 

Di^  :  foreat,  21  ;  «lat«a,  697 -606. 

Siagchis  :  D^g  Bhtb,  103. 

DAnpaisa  :  248  note  5. 

Hod  Ehia  :  F&mki  (ld03-15I0),  24C 

Deer :  32. 

Sehera  ■■  Sm  lujdair. 

Sopresaed  Castoa  ■■  115-122. 

Der1>haTti :  state,  606.  ' 

Bannal  ■■  ion,  439. 

Desliaath  :  a  Bc&hmon  eub-di vision,  51. 
Dsrdatta  ■■  Shaky amuni'n  brother-in-law,  49S  note, 

560  note. 
Dermogra  ■■  forest  reserve,  21. 
DemLkha  :  a  BnUunim  8ub-diviBion,  62. 
Ptn^fnuTi  :  tree,  2S. 

Dhamni ;  eart,  145. 

DluuigarB  '  shepherds,  7S  ;  blanket  wearers,  235. 

Dhanora :  fort,  439. 

Dharaugaon  :  ploceof  interest,  251,  251,  269,439. 

Shargaon ;  fort,  44i. 

Ohaniikot  =  Andhrabhritya  capital,  238. 

Shivda  ■■  26. 

Dh&yata  :  place  of  interest,  248,  441. 
Dhigrdjia :  saddlere,  74. 
Bhobis :  washermen,  77. 
1      Ktndi  :  tree,  25. 

Dhnlia:    sub-division,  b^ndaries,   area,   aspect, 
climate,  water,  soil,  holdinga,    survey    details, 
■nrvey  results,  stock,  crops,  people,  2,  363-370; 
town,  position,  population,  history,  snb -divisions, 
markets,   municipality,  buildings,  fort,  temples, 
441-447. 
Dlmldboyis  ■■  >  Muialm^n  class,  120. 
*     Dighi  :  place  of  interest,  447. 
•    B  111—78 


DiseaeeB :  3tO. 

Diaordera  :  Bhil (1804), 2S4;(18I8- 1827),  S57 

DiapenBAriea :  339|,  451. 

DoiikeTS :  20. 

Dore  Gojars  :  cnltivators,  e7> 

Donpifl  :  a  Bhil  tribe,  102. 

Dadhe  :  state,  605. 

Darg&deri  :  famine  (1393-1407),  244  note. 

Dying  Friitceaa  :  picture  of  the,  496,  546. 

Dyeing  :  process  of,  229. 

E. 

Earth  ants  =  152. 

Eartliqiiake :  13. 

Edlabad  :  place  of  interest,  248,  447. 

Edacatdon  :  receipts  and  cxpenditun,  322 ; 

and  village,  334. 
Elephants :  29.  '    , 

Erandi  ■■  castor-plant,  153. 
Erandol :  sub-division,  boundaries,  area,  ■ 

climate,    water,   soil,   holding   survey  d 

survey  results,  stock,  crops,  people,  2, 371 

town,  44S. 
Europeans :  128, 
Ezchai^e  fiills :  varieties  of,  192, 
Excise  :  receipts  and  expenditure,  320-321. 
Exports:  220-223. 

P. 

Factory :  spinning  and  weaving,  231, 451  j  gii 
232  ;  English,  439,  458. 

Pairs  :  217,  431,  447,  453,  455,  4G3.  466,  469, 

Faizpni ;  place  of  interest,  262,  448. 

Falcons  ■  34. 

Fallows :  148. 

Famines :  40,  1S2,  190,  243,  249, 253. 

Faatftil  ;  a  bird,  36. 

Fardipnr  :  place  of  interest,  449. 

Farm  :  Government  model,  178,  181. 

Farmil^  System  :  Mar&tha  revenue  (1604), 

FArnki  ■■  dynasty  (1370-1600),  243-247. 

PatehpuT  r  fort,  H9. 

Ferries :  7, 211. 

Fever :  336.  . 

Field  tools  ■■  143. 

Field  Operationa :  146-147. 

Fish :  37. 

Fishers  ■■  79.     , 

Floods :  9. 

Flowers  =  177.  ^ 

Forests  :  history,  demarcation,  Mttleraetit 
description,  ticket  system,  tribes,  labour,  G 
timber  trade,    minor  produce,  10-23;  r 
and  expenditure,  338. 
Fowls :  29. 


'  ( 


INDEX. 


m 

MX  Kfaridis :  cultivaton,  61.  • 

i&Tda  :  plus  of  mteniBt,  453. 
Jbil :  nurriBge  ceremony,  B6. 

Jbixi  aiutrkhadi :  »t»te,  603. 

Jhia :  tree,  25. 

JTiagara  ;  See  DhigvAub 

JuUb^  :  See  Uomnia.  ' 

Justice  :  Moritha  (y^^,  British  (1316-1880), 
8Ot-306;  civil  at*tiBtioB,  debtors,  ragiatratioa, 
offeooei  (1874-1878},  criniiQal  tribes,  gang  lob- 
beries,  307-314;  police,  cost,  dispos^,  working, 
orinw,  Bbil  Corps,  village  police,  jails,  314-319, 
603,613. 

JUT&rdi  :  foreat  reserve,  20. 

K. 

E&chhls  :  gardeners,  74. 

EKdUa  :  MuwAi&n  brioklajen,  126. 

KadTS  Qqjari  ;  cultivators,  67. 

Sahin  :  fishers,  79. 

Kl«JB.Tgillg;BbilNiili(lS33- 1860),  262,310. 

lUjab&i  :  a.  goddess,  SI,  53. 

IDdunb :  tree,  25. 

KaUlB  ■■  traders,  62. 

Xalm&dn  :  place  of  Intereat,   4G2, 

XiLOndia  ■■  drovers,  105. 

Xdaialda  :  place  of  interest,  452, 

Ean&Bi  :  temple  at,  453. 

Kandiri  :  temple  at,  453. 

SBni&T  :  limestono,  16.  ' 

Kanhera :  fort,  453. 

Earn  :  tree,   25. 

Kinphatds  :  beggars,  124, 

KipdiB  •■  beggars,  123. 

Karbd4&a  ■■  a  Brdhnum  sub-division,  6% 

ISiaist  ■■  coppertumths,  74.  224. 

K&thars :  traders,  59. 

Utkaris  :  catechu-n^ers,  25. 

KitsdTar  :  tree,  25. 

E&ta  :  wheat  variet;,  150. 

X&thi  :  slate,  609. 

Kijats  ■■  a  Hiodu  tribe,  65, 

Kekat  E&diip&da :  state,  603. 

Khair  ;  tree,  26. 

Xhand^  ■■  people,  l  note  2,  38  note  3. 

Ehanderdr  nktibMe  ■■  Maritha  freebooter  (1670), 

251. 
Ebar&dis  =  See  Dhigvlns. 
Ehdtgaon  :  temple  at,  453J* 
KhAtltlB  :  mutton  butchers,  126,  235. 
EhOBTU  IL :  Persian  king  (591.628),  485,491,  S13. 
Kbnrdu  :  tree,  26. 

Kingfisher :  34. 

Einsars  :  heavooly  tnusiciiuis,  493  and  note  3. 
,  Eirkee :  battle  of  (1817).  254. 


Eilll :  sUtq  60& 

Eolh&tiB :  tumblers,  123. 

Eolis  :  fflhen,  79  ;  Bhirti.  lOG. 

Eonkanis  =  a  wandering  tribe,  105. 

Eonkaaaatha :  SeeChi^vans. 

Xondali :  See  Gondali. 

EoBhtiB  !  waavem,  76:  * 

EhBlma :  Andhrabhritya  king  (200  a.O.),23S 

EBhatris:  54. 

Eabera  =  god,  493  and  note  2. 

SuinTmillLda  :  place  of  interest,  256,  453. 

EunbUn :  potters,  74, 144,  226. 

EnmbbdreB  ■■  coltivaton,  68. 

Eunbia :  cultivators,  39,  62-67,  138,  SOD. 

Enukari  Vsl&njv  '  traders,  59. 

ElUlda '  a  weed,  146  note. 

EnrbUkhuTd :  temple  at,  454. 

Enstunb  =  tree,  26. 


LaboBiera ;  79,  198. 

Labour  '  mortgage  of,  199. 

LabbdJia :  a  Vuij&ri  anb-diviaion,  108, 113. 

Lac  :  manufacture  of,  233, 

L&ds  :  traders,  59  ;  Vanjdris,  112. 

T.itdjijtV>.tj> :  traders,  57-58. 

Ltikher&B  :  lac-ware  makers,  74,  234 

I^^IJTig  :  forest,  20  ;  fort,  244,  245,  256,  4M. 

Libngba  :  a  Vauj&ri  snb.division,  107,  113. 

Language :  42-45, 70,  96,  lie. 

Xiand  ■■  investments    in,   mortgage    of,    106 
revenue,  289,  303,  320. 

Land  Administration  •■  staff  (1S80),  m) 
siouat  ofBcers,  village  officers,  Tillage  ser 
264.265 ;  revenue  history,  early  Hindu,  Mi 
Haritha,  266-271  1  British  numagemeDt,  | 
1880),  condition  (181S),  divisions,  here< 
officers,  village  staff,  landholders  (1818),  rt 
settlement  (1821),  results  (1818-1828),  n 
system (lS28),condition(1828- 1333),  (1838- 
(1845-1852),Bummary(L818.1852),Biirveypr< 
(1851),  Captain  Wingate's  report  (1B52), 
tics  (1852),  survif  ordered  (lS62),siu'v^  pi 
(1852.1870),  survey  results  (185S-1S7B),  d« 
ment  (1846-1880),  272 'COS. 

L&SOr  :  place  of  interest,  267,  4S4. 

L^ta  Sesh  =  (150-1300],  67  note. 

iMriSi&a  ■■  traders,  62. 

Law  and  Joativ :  receipts  and  ezpeuditon 

Leatber  :  manufaotme  of.  286. 

Leather  Workers :  114.  ^ 

Leprosy  =  337. 
Libraries  =  335. 
Idinutone  :  patch  of,  12, 
Lime  :  mauufucture  of,  225. 


6^ 


INDEX, 


Lingiyati :  tnden,  £6,  61.  • 

Luueed:  152. 

Liquor:  Molu,  227 ;  abopa,  liceDce*,  fuming  Rjrtem, 
toddy,  321, 

LociUtS  :  1S2. 

XiOC&l  ftmdfl  :  coDuaitteea.  rec«iptt  and  expendi- 

tare,  worki,  326-327. 
IfOdhifl :  cnltJT&tora,  70. 
Z«llin  i  place  of  intereet,  455. 
ZioUn  J  li]»ckMnith»,  73,  224. 
Loniria :  wnieiit-iiiakeTs,  75,  225,  229  note. 
Losdirifl  :  cultivaton,  63. 
Lonil :  cultivftton.  6S. 

Lynx :  31. 

M. 

Xaltilkari  :  petty-divisioDol  officer,  265. 

lUhqji  :  place  of  igtefCst,  456. 

H&hidpoi :  battle  of  (1617),  264. 

XAlL&yana  :  later  BuddhiBts,  491. 

Xahmnd:  Begad*  (1459-1511).  243. 

Kaitr&yaiua  :  a  Br^maii  sab-divigion,  52, 

Kolcolm  :  Sir  John,  294, 5S3. 

V&legaon  ■■  aiega  of  (181S),  255. 

Xftlika  :  a  Mnaalmin  clas^  127, 

XdJil  :  gardeiierB,  69, 

Kalik  Ambar  :  revenue  Byatem  of  (1S20),   266, 

367  note, 
Kalilc  EifoT  :  Ala-ud-diD's  general  (1300],  242. 

HalikNaaii  iFtraki  (1399-1437),  244,454, 
Malik  lUya:  Fimki  (1370-1399),  243,  454. 
Kdmlatd&r  :  revenue  officer   (1818),  268  ;  (1880), 

265. 
Hin&pnri :  village,  104,  456. 
H&naaiiripa  :  ChfUnkya  ruler  (390  A. j>, },  240  note  3, 
Hinbh&Ta  :  religiouB  beggacB,  122. 
Uandijui :  fort,  456. 
Kandesar  :  treaty  of  (1817),  254,  594. 
Hango  ■  t^ee,  26. 

mugs  :  a  depreesed  caste,  119. 

Kanidri  '■  See  Shiihgan. 

Haun&ctorers ;  <5-7i;.  , 

HaDltn  :  14d- 

Ura  •■  Bnddhitt  evil  ipigt,  492, 672. 

Kardtha:   mle  (1T60-1S1S),  252-254;  revenue 

iyitem,  268-271  ;  Jnatice  ayatem,  304-S05. 
Haf  tlttUla  :  ctJtivatora,  68. 
iarkati  ■■  21?- 

Carriage  :  Reve  Gnjar,  64-66  ;  Syi,  88-90. 
tarti :  timber  22. 
Urridia  :  traders,  56,  59-61,  194. 
[iitbnre  :  *  VanjUd  Bub-diviaion,  108,  113. 
latliT&dia  ■■  »  Bhil  tribe,  102. 
[auUa  '  A  Mosatmin  class,  127. 
Eaoryaa:  early  rulera  {31S-178  B.C.),  239  note  1. 


UArebiM  ■■  a  Bhinribe,  101. 
Kehnm :  lake,  11. 
Uehnne  :  tempU  at,  456. 
KelOIIB:  172. 

Khilpar  :  place  of  interest.  456. 
Khfby  :  acavGOgen,  115-119. 
Mhaara:  lake,  11,  1*2;  place  of  iotereat,  456- 
Kill :  angarcaae,  144, 169  jfcpinning  and  wcavi 
23J. 

Millets  :  Indian  and  spiked,  149. 
Minerals :  16. 

Mirs  :  Muealmin  actors.  128. 

Mir4n  Adil  KMb  :  F4niki(H37-1441),  245. 
Mirin  KabiLrik  :  F4niki{i44i-i457),  245. 
Xirin  Mnhammad  I. :  Fimki  (isso- 1535),  24t 
Miidn  Mubanunad  11, :  Faniki  (1566-1576),  a 

Modus  :  flhoemakera,  IH,  236. 

Moghala  :  Klidndcsh  rulers  (1600-W60),  248-25 

Moha  :  BttBBia  latifolia,  23,  26,  31,  153,  227. 

Moban  :  tree,  26. 

Moka  ;  tree,  26.  , 

Monm^ .'  Muaalmdn  cunverta,  126. 

MoaeylenderB :  106,  200. 

MoBquea  ■.  439,  459, 465,  472. 

Mot :  water-lift,  145. 

Movements :  134-135. 

Mubirik  :  Kbiiji  (1320),  242. 

MabtlrikEhiu  ;  FSniki  (1535-1566),  246. 

Mohammad  :  TugUik  (1325-1351),  242. 

Mnkbpat  ■■  place  of  intereat,  457, 

Mnkti:Iake,  11,  140. 

Molt&ni  :  B  Moaabnitn  class,  127. 

Ximicipalitiei :  327. 

Knsalm&iu  :   124-128;  rulers  (1205-1760),  24: 

252  ;  readera  and  writets,  33], 
Miutard :  l5a 
Mntiny:  (1857),  262. 
Movilad :  Indian-bom  Araba,  134, 255. 
Mnz&fari  :  a  coin,  247. 
Mycetoma :  337. 
Myrobalans  ■■  23. 

N. 

Niga :  kings,  486  and  note  2. 

Nagar  Devla  :  temple  at,  467. 

Vagar  Patti  :  DhuUa  aubarb,  444. 

Nab^  :  a  Bha  tribe.  94,  258. 

Nabap&n  :  sab  ruler  (78  B.C),  239. 

Niikridis  =  a  Mcaaliaan  class,  128. 

Nil  :  state,  610. 

NAlbandS  ■■  Musalm&ii  farriers,  126. 

NinaFadnavis  :  government  of  (1763- 1800),  27< 

Nina  ■■  'ree,  26. 

Nindie :  well  at,  437. 

Hingar :  i>lough,  143. 


INDEX. 


VaadtU'b&r :  nib-diviiioD,liouDdaTiei,u«i,  upect, 
olunate,  water,  wil,  holOingB,  survey  detail*, 
•uriey  reaulU,  itouk,  crope,  people,  2,  379-386; 
town,  9,248,  255,  437. 

Hir&ranpar  :  pUce  of  iiit«r«it,  459. 

HarlwdA  :  river,  9.  *  i 

HuurBbad  :  sub-iliTiBion,  1>niini{arioa,  ares,  upect, 
climati!,  n-ator,  *)»,  holilings,  eun-ey  (letai)s, 
tarvey  reaulU,  stock,  crops,  people,  2,  38fi-392  ; 
tawn,  459. 

HMratpor  :  place  of  iutorcat,  460.    ' 

Bitbfl  :  iKggan,  I'J3. 

Hftralpor:  atato,  en. 

VavipOT  ;  forcBt,  2)  ;  town,  23£,  460. 

Hevis  :  trodcra,  .'i8. 

VewBpapers :  3Si. 

HMril  :  l>ar])cn,  77. 

Sightijara :  M. 

NijhardeT  :  hot  spring  at,  1.1, 4i;i. 

KknmbliaTILnflis  :  rulun  (1000- 1216),  241. 

HHTa  :  Iii'tion  niillut  variety,  149. 

Himb  ■■  tree,  26. 

Kir  ■  place  nf  interest,  460. 

HildMa  =  MusalriLlii  Bhila,  103. 

Rirmali  :  Imlian  millet  variety,  149. 

Vil&mpar  ;  pla™  of  interest,  248.  460. 

Hiaim'iil'Salk :  Uoghai  chief  (1720),  252. 
O. 

Offancea:  (IS74-1873).  .tie. 

Ogilby  :  gL'OgrapliDr  (1070),  230  note  4j  580. 
(U-pressing :  22s. 
OU  Seeda  :  l.>2-133 ;  ciport  of,  222. 
Oniona :  l7i* 

OlT&lS  :   trwlcrs,  5!!. 

Otiria  :  euiCiUem,  75. 

Oatram ;  t^ir  Jiunes,  30,  2jS,  259, 317. 

Oattnm  ;  crop,  148. 

Owls:  34. 

p. 

Pftchora  :  Bub -division,  bounitoriea,  area,  aspect, 
climat*:,  Wftttr,  soil,  holiliiigB,  survey  detnila, 
■nrrey  results,  stofk,  crops,  people,  2,  392-396  ; 
town,  461. 

Padmap&ni  :  Bodhisattva,  493  ;  litany  of,  531  and 
note. 

f  Ualaa  ■■  pWc  of  intiTcst,  461. 

Faithan:  old  town  (250  B.C.-2J0  4.  D,),238  and 
iiDteG. 

n^lUla  :  cuUirntors,  08. 
til :  ruins  at,  400  note  1,  401. 
palaa  ■■  tree,  as. 
fal&ada  ■■  temple  nt,  462. 
I    SkUsTiliir  :  ataU'.  006. 


Piligara  '  beredituy  ludbolden, ! 

Pim1%lT  :  Med  drill,  144. 

P^  :  forest  reMrre,  20. 

P^ohila  ■■  corpenten,  73. 

P&ndhli  :  white  soil,  138. 

Pingira :  tree,  2&     . 

PiLngull :  beggars,  123. 

P&DJhia:  river.S;  waterwrnrka,  14 

Pantliera :  30. 

Paper  :  roaoufaeture  of,  237, 440^  V, 

Pirdhia  ■■  hunters,  113. 

P&rola  :  town,  liiBtt)i7,  fort,  temple 

Piraia :  128. 

Parriria ;  musical  MhUm,  122. 
Paaaea  :  SahyAdfj,  S4tpuda,  and   I 

210. 
P&thanraU  ■  stone'drosserB,  7S^ 
PitUi  :  village  headmen,  365,  273. 

Pitna  ■■  forest,  20 ;  place  of  intereati 
Pitphalla  :  oeas,  140  note. 
Patvekara ;  weavera,  76. 
P&TT&a  :  a  Bhil  tribe,  3,  4,  95.100. 

Peddlers  ■■  318. 

Pendh&ria  :  labonren  and  tatxtni 
313. 

PeripluB  :  (247  A-D.),  206. 

Ptumibanda  :  See  TtkArta. 

Fhark&nde  '  place  of  interert,  46S. 

PhyUitee  ;  Ptolemy's  (160  A.l>,),  38 

F^eona:  30. 

Pimpal  :  tree,  26. 

Pimpalgaon  BodmJc :  temple  at,  * 

FuDpalner  :  sub-division,  boimdarii 
water,  soil,  holdings,  aarrey  d 
result*,  stock,  crops,  people,  2,  3 
465. 

Pimparkheda  :  place  or  interest,  4 

Pimplidevi ;  state,  606. 

Pimpri :  atato,  606. 

Pit  Hohammad  Kbio :  Moghal  cl 

Pivla  Potda :  wheat  variety,  15a 

Plantain ;  I7G-  • 

Flongh  :  siio  of,  137. 

Police  '  itaS,  cost,  dispcatJ,  working 

Pouda^u- 

Poppy :  167. 

Popalia  '  cattle  disease,  338. 

PopnlatiOU  :  introduction,  longuagi 
(1872),  Bnb-di visions,  sex,  infirmitii 
occupation,  38-49;  race,  villagi 
50-131 ;  readers  and  writen,  330, 

Port  ■■  212. 

Potato:  171  ;  oweot,  170. 

PottOTy:225. 

PpkV<.b1ib  .  nlaee  nf  iniiBTBEt.  4fifi. 


j^ 


INDEX. 


PrCMBS  :  ■Mun  Mtton,  33S,  MS,  M6,  Al. 
__r(l7S«.IS7!i),  202.  , 

ibTII  t  U>i<»  O.,  ao,  »1I.  312.  813. 

_  t :  ^'hilakya  r<Un'<4BS  i.Di.1, 911  BOto  1. 

j  IX.:  ChAlukyii  nkrtmo  AJ>.).  4M. 

[dJB  >  Itobmy'*  (ISO  A.i>.l,  3S  nutu  i. 

s. 

badisb .  171. 
BaikOt  r  (I'rt,  469. 
ailway :  310. 

:  14. 

jft  All  EMn  :  PiniU  (IS7<-1N<).  S<7* 
jdair :  (on,  4^ 

Ipnta :  oUtintan  and  htimiAn,  70.  T>- 
lll«T  :  Yi>l«T  chief  (1300).  342.     ^ 

:  wuidumni.  IW. 

TaliT :  plK*  ■■(  JDtoiMt,  467. 
:  plMc  ol^BWrert,  4SS. 
^        I  dyew,  7«. 
.Ubii  I  |(4dd«w,  01. 
IvaU  :  Sec  Abliir. 
iTOti  '  iliklcct*,  G3. 
_  _ijnirt :  pi*"*  "*  iat"rc»t,  *ai 
ItbodS  t  c1.w(i  (800  A-Kj.  341. 
lUlia :  "t^ry  o(  tlw  p-Mik.  12  n"t»  *■ 
ttwA  ChinchoU  '  tami'lo  »t.  4«S. 
i«r  -  !>«">■  divWoB.  •nrrey  11866),  •EttlnnMit, 
4l>5.0ito»ii.3*9.S55,«8. 
IW  :  'ort,  409. 

_„;ration  ■  30S;  rewptaMidexpcnditure,  322. 

iligiou  ^00,67.  W-*M- 
isctreii  lortel.  tS-M. 
tt.h0IUM   219. 

Guian  ■■  cidtiv«to™.  63-66. 

jM  Syitem:  Mogh.1.  (laio-ioso),  2Ms 
Vlilrithiu,  (17G0-1B13).  aSS-272- 
:  in). 

Worm !  SS7. 
:.ur«j(lSS!.>),3«I. 
■B,dS-3n,G02. 
^  Sit  Tiwrnwi  (1618).  B*». 

ihaB  '■  *'">•  "^ 

,_.  :  Sir  Hugh.  263. 

iQJa :  tonn  ol  wrc«Up,  SI. 
■aaiman^  8*l»  rul«r  (I6Q  *.d.),  8*0. 
S. 

ladoU^ltw".  27' 
Iftfflower  -.  153.  IM- 


SigkrdTipi  :  ■  BiAttxn  mlMlinuM. 

Bih  t  rulnr*  (iti  a.Ol).  339  md  onto  4, 

Skhridru :  bUk  9. 

Sxikolgors  ;  Mn—lmto  annawan, 

S^Kaon  ■■  p^Me  ol  intwoit,  4B9. 

S&lai  •t««,  2T.  • 

SlUis  -  wtmnn,  li,  S20, 2H. 

Salt :  »3T.  83!.  • 

SambMji :  U*riUu  tliUf  (1686),  3SI. 

San  1  BcnntMy  bctnp,  t43L 

BiigaiPMJifar :  untia  at,  MSi 

SdtmiUs ;  liiiit.  S. 

SdtpQdii .  luUt.  4 1  lonHta.  19. 

Satrap :  Sec  SAh. 

Sanndad  =  27. 

S&Tda  :  lornit,  IB ;  anb-dlviiion,  bonadafwJ 
M|H)cl,  etinah^    wtttr,   tnil,     bolduqpi, 
dvtailB,    mrvay   miilU,    itock,  Vroia, 
•i,  M0.W9 ;  town.  XBl,  46!).  ~ 

8«boola:  330-330. 

8«B«U:  (ta3S.IS;S).  806-308. 

8«iTaata :  p«noul,  77 1  vUUe«,  SW. 

S««kmiim:  192. 

SllihUa :  labxlJiriMni,  bowKlariiN,  UDa, 
oUaiAtc,  valM,  wfl,  bolditigi,  bistury.   Mtnm 
dctuK   lurrey  iwulta,  stock,  <i«im,  |i<j 
409-413;  k>*m,486L 

Sh&chi :  Indta'a  wifo,  49S. 

Shill  Jahill :  llGSJt-  I6W),  24Sl 

Shiha :  UarlUia  cbkf  (I70SK  351. 

Shakynmtut :  ***  aad  nutu  3. 4!)9  noti^  mj 

ShankaUer  i  YdtteT  mUr  (1312).  245L 

SUtaT&bana :  8m  Andhrabhritys. 

Sheep  i  ?o. 

StleUidir  ^  Maritha  [wUy-diviiioDBl  oOoov 
271.  ' 

g]ie^;a011 :  plan:  ol  int«reBt.  470. 

ShfftbO  •■  ^o^  Kunkori  VaUnK 

Shendanil  ••  I'lac"  '^  iin««t.  47ft 

Sllibi  -  logvnct  ot  king.  334  and  uo4«, 

Sbikdrii !  huiiKra.  70. 

Shimpia  :  Uiliin,  73. 

Shin^l :  tree.  ^- 

Shiprak"    Aivdhtabhritya    foundw,    (300 
2^  and  Dutu  I. 

Shirlah !  tr«.  27.  , 

gJlirpnr :  fonnt,  l!>!iul».diiri»J"n,boulid«in»<l 
acpocl.    cKniflU',    »*ler,  aoU.  buUiiiiia,  hirf 
■arii-uy    iloUils,    lui^ey    r«snlu,    »t*«]i,   «V0|>| 
people,  2.  413-417  1  t'>wii.  470. 

Shisbcars  :  a  Moaalmtu  ctaM,  136, 

ShivMrft' •*»»«.««■ 
flhopkwpera ;  vilUgo.  218. 
Silk  ;  attcmpta  to  r")*,  isa 
Siinal :  *n*.  27- 


INDEX. 


iti :  niarringe  ceremony,  fes, 
heda  :  plnce  of  interest,  24S,  470. 
a  •-  fi>n ,  25C.  504. 
Tjr  :  "tate,  lilO. 

Injangaoa  ■■  treaty  of  (1804),  253,  S90. 
-poi  ;  338.        "  ■ 

11,  138. 

B  :  );<it<!!iniit)iB,  n. 
;  i'avni  ninmage,  98  note  C. 
r :    LTops    and   revenno   Bettlement   (1862), 
3r.S;t«ft-n,  470. 

4dev  :  NikuiiilihavnnBha  ruler  (1206),  241. 
,t:1«ttle"f  (1597),  S*7. 
r  ;  Sir  Kraiik,  2^2. 
:  hill,  (i. 

luliiiinistrativc  (18S0),  264. 
IS  :  ruu^ipts  and  expenditure,  320. 
:   137.    • 
:  ilisciue,  337. 
Cutting :  225. 

dinate    Judges  -   jarisdictioa    and     haad- 
tcrs  .if.  .tOfi. 
;  mnimfactiiru  of,  226, 
cane-  vnriutiL-a,  gro»-th,  167-169, 
ipnr  ;  placo  of  interest,  244,  246,  255,  259, 

dev  :  Sec  Rim  Taliv, 

ikh  :  tiiarnayt'  ceremony,  66. 

rAo  ;  NiiiilKllkar  (1320),  257,  479, 

aa  :  xtiitK,  fill -613. 

1  :  f.-iriKiiiterB,  72,  127. 

»WS  :  ■■». 

meat :  22G. 
lis :  3.V. 

T. 

li:  I'tolomy'B  [150  A.  D.),  38  noto  4,   239 

If. 

I  :  .Miiaalmin  Bhila,  104,  128,  259,  2G0. 

:  oU  uity   (250  n.f.-250  a.d,),  206,  238  and 

6,  240. 

la  :  Cliiilukyi  ruler  (970),  241, 
tls  :  A  MuBulm.'ln  chaa,  127. 
Budmk  :  turn  [lie  at,  472. 
K.ij[mt  rulers  (800-1200),  241  and aote7, 

i;torcat,  19  ;  Bub-diviaion,  boundorias,  area, 

:t,  cliin.itc,    water,   soil,   holdings,   survey 

Ib,    survey   results,  ^tock,   cropi,    people, 

7-4-21  ;  town,  472. 

ind  :  tree,  27. 

IV&di  :  temple  at,  473. 

its  :  coppGrsmithB,  127,  224. 

)liB^t>etel-<c'le™.  62, 

Hg  :  le.-ither,  236, 

:  river,  6  }  forest,  21. 


Tatllj^ta  :  meaning  of  the  Una,  4S1  note  1. 

Wtyajopi:  (1858),  262. 

TavernieT  :  traveller  (1660),  250  note  4,  438,  441, 

689. 
TaTlii :  stop-well  at,  473. 
Taxes  ■■  awMsed,  322,  . 
Teak :  27. 
Telegntph :  213. 

Telia  ■■  oilmen,  75. 

Temperatnre  ■■  15. 

Ttaiknri  -.  See  Bhita. 

ThAlMT  ■■  plaee  of  interest,  248, 2S5,  478-477. 

Thennot :  traveller  (1666),  250  note  4,  690  and 

note  2. 
Thread  :  gold  an8  nlver,  23& 
Tigers  ■■  30., 
Tilavadi ;  tree,  Z7. 
TiloUa  :  cnltivaton,  08.     ■ 
Timber :  trade,  22  ;  export  of,  S23. 
Tivas  :  tree,  2S. 
Tobacco  :16S-166- 
Tod&r  Hal  1  revenue'sytrtem  of  (1S30>I590),  S59, 

266. 
Tond&pnr  =  place  of  interect,  477- 
Trade  =  <300  a.D.  -  1S40),  213-215 ;  raUmy  (1888. 

IS78),  21G-216. 
Traders -66 -62, 194. 
Transpnma  :  forest  reserve,  20. 
Trees  :  23-28  ;  fruit,  176-177,  599. 
Tolia  N&ik  :  unmly  Bbil  ohief  (1867-1876),  81S. 

313. 
ToranmU :  hill,  4,  238. 
Tnrkheda  :  place  of  interest,  477. 
Tnrmeric :  See  Halad. 

u, 

Udhali  Badrok  :  temple  at,  477. 
Udhali  Ehnrd ;  temple  at,  477. 
TTmbar  =  tree,  28. 

Un&bdeT :  place  of  interest,  12,  477- 
TTndirkheda  =  place  of  interest,  477. 
TInsetlled  Tribes :  79-114. 
Upris :  tenanta-aVwill,  266. 
TJaliaTad&t  ■  wcond  Sth  ruler,  239  note  7. 

Vaccination ;  3*^ 

Vad  :  banyan  tree,  24. 

Vadars  ■■  wanderers,  114, 

Vadgaon  *.  temple  at,  478. 

Vadgaon  Amba  =  pl»c«  cf  interest,  47i 

VadLdran  •■  state,  606.  * 

Vadla  :  bet  erpring,  13. 

Vigbli  :  temples  at,  478. 

V&gliod  :  moaqne  at,  478. 

Taibhale  :  temple  at,  478.