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r^nrAx^vitiGin'TTirNNiRcri' 



, BEQUKST 

UNlVTiRSlTY ,.r MICHIGAN; 
t Ca-TCER.\L LIBRARY _, 



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^vViiUc, 



a^ 



h 



GAZETTEER 



or THI 



BOMBAY PRESIDENCY. 



lA^%%%%%%^^^%%^V%iV%%^NVWWfc% 



VOLUME XIV. 



^^^WV^Wt^ 



THA'NA. 



PLACES OF INTERES 



Under Qovemment Orders. 



Bombae 

PEraTKD AT THK 

GOVERNMENT CENTRAL PRESS. 
1882. 



485' 

■£,43 

v.H 



■T ■:. .' 



In preparing tiiis volume epecial help haa been receired from 
Mr. W. B. Mnlockj G. S., and Mr. A. Cnminej G. S., who supplied 
drafts of several important places and fnmiahed valuable additions 
and corrections. 

The chief interest of this volume is its original historical and 
antiquarian information. This has been obtained throngh the 
kindness of Mr. Mnlockj who, besides making a large collection 
of land-grant inscriptions, brought to notice several important 
places of antiquarian interest. The translations of the inscrip* 
tions and the description and illustration of the objects of anti- 
quarian interest are the work of Pandit Bhagv&nl&l Indrajij who 
paid special visits to many parts of the district and whose detailed 
accounts of the witiquities of Sop^Lra and of Fadan Hill, and 
readings of the sculptnrea at Eksar in S&lsette and at Atgaon 
near Sh^h&pnr are of nnnsual interest and v^ae. 

November 188S. 

JAMES M. GAMFBELL. 



THlNA. 



PLACES OF INTEREST 






• INTEREST 



MlM-lbdl 




. L'Bhi, north latitade 1 9" 28' and east longitude 72** 49', a tomi 

: port Id the Bossein snb-di vision, lies about t«ii miles north of 

«eLQ and 3^ miles west of Virilr station on tho Barofla railway 

. which it is joiqimI by a metalled road. Except ouo channel the 

iiiith of the bay ud Tvhich tho town slAuda ia closed by a reef, and 

bftv iii foU of ahoala and navigable only by boata and Bmall 

TboBg-h now of littJo conseqncnco Ag£«hi is probably an old 
timber trade and ship-builditig centre. In 1530, though poor 
b I'miding*, it had a rich timber trade, and bailt ships, aa good 
u Poria^eHe 8hi[»s, able tu make the voyage to Kurupe.' Tho 
tturn and 300 boata wore burnt by the Portuguese in 1530." The 
PcrtugDe^e probably obtained possossion of Agishi in 1533 after 
nisbhshiug thotr potror at Bassein. In 1535 Antonio do Porto, a 
" $c&D, bailt an orphanage for forty boys nnder the name of 
Senhora da Loz. In 1540, when it had a flonriahing trade/ 
ijarit force paMed throngh Ag&yht in retreat from Bassoin. 
iUtuf the pooplQ belonging to the orphanage fled. A few were 
tatbtf and, according to Portuguese a<;counts, refuaiug to 
•sfiaco liUm were locked in the orphanage and burnt. In 1670 

- liui is mcatioued as one of the European ports, a place of trade 
'' I iltijarat,^ and in 1615 as one of tho Portaguoso possessions 
' 1 I'to Serra do Boxion and Chaol." In the great hurricane of 
! - t boat is said to have been blown from the aea into a house 
■-i i'-j have killed a woman and child.' In 1634 some Mogbal 
nldnn from GujarAt destroyed a handsome Dominican monast'etj 
■oduany fine bnildings. In 1660 it is mentioned as a coast town,' 
■ul in 1750 as on<» Portuguese then .MaritLa.** When their 
T.«-P!gion of the Portuguese territory waa secore, the Mar^tbfis did 
1 ittarCare with the practice of tbe Chriatian religion. In 1760 



Chapter Zr7. 

Fl&c«BofInt«r«tt. 

Aoiam. 




' <r*lNu:(^'» Diractonr, 877. 
r<MiU>, ]V,MI. Mvntioii U nuda (ISM) of « graat mosqti* tmng coDTorbod 
'm t reaidcncr ftfr tli« vomiD^ndam, CoUvCffto d« Hooujiwnto* Ine«Uto>, V-2, 143, 
*0« fiwTVa. VII,. 217. »nd t'lrii j* Souzb in KvTr.VLSSI. Fvu ngtioei krorani] 
<«rMUoa o( A|^i in Mvcb 1531. Kctt, VL 9S3. 

. 'Iks rastoau umI town of Ainutii ve meutiotMid to h»re jrieldcd |ll'oDe«oao da 
aenmiMrtoi IiMtUtM. V-3, U3) £334 7«. (2H1.249/n/rn«) in 1536 ; £'261 III. (313,874 
A^<u» 13 l.TI? I £127 7'. I IS2.432 /'•''<») In 15.18 i £144 ll«, {17^870 /«/mm] in 
, U«i£166a«, att0.4U0/(drai) uiLMl:£i:9 lOa. [215.400 /ed«M| ialU3;nd 
OtU. mfiOa/edeatt b IM3. 
'Knl^Siirtt-i.AIuiwai. 13QL * P«yton in Huria, I. 1 AS. lie wnt««tbQici«o. 

k'lUdn* Jonmnl, V. 176. •O^br'i Atlu. V.20a 

'T)«ffnlluUr, Datcnptioa Hlttorictu* vt 0«Dg»phiqae D« Lladt, I. 407- 
> ]0«t— 1 



Aubm. 



CSmptac XTY. Anqactil da Perroo lotmd tlie Isaes full of pDOple Roiog to cfanrrJi 
»»-"" j/IatM lit. ** '"*'y fts IB » GhnsttftB eowatry} In 1837 AgAshi was the cliieE 
tuwn OD BaswtD UUod with a lsrgt> Cbruti»n and Hmdii popiiUt ioti, 
and a brisk, trade to Gujarat aod Bombaj in grain, gardeu pfvdace, 
and B&It. Very good Ssking boats and coasting oiim were built,' 

In ISdl, oC a total poDnlation d 6823, 51&3 were Hindas, 1500 
Christians, and I&& Uoaauniaa. Agfahi dmos a great tniile with 
Bombay in plantaiiift and Wtri laavea, tta dried plantains bL>:ing the 
best in tho Jtstnct. The sea-trade retoms far the five voars ending 
1879 «bow«d average •xporto worth £31.847 (Re. 3JB.-i70) and 
imports worth £d5«5 (118.85,650}. Exports varied from £21,043 
in 1S75 to £48,1S1 in 1879, and imports from £5661 in 1676 to 
£11,030 in 187d.» 

l*ho Christian church, which was bnilt after the destrucUpn 
of Nosa Sanhoia da Lux,' meaeoroa Earenty-fivQ foet luiif^ Ivf 
twi!iity-two broad and sistven hijE^h. It has a ricarage attached, tho 
vicftr drawing a montiilf salary of £1 9*. (Ha. 14^) from the British 
Gor^mment. There Is a school with soventeea papils who an 
taaE:Tit Pi^rtngue&o nwdingand writing, arithmetic, sdnging, Cbristian 
do^'trine, and music. The masb^ plays the violin in church. There 
is a targv temple uf Bhnv&ni^hanKar which was bailt in AJ). 1691 
(^hMk T(>13} by Shonkarji Kfshav Phadfce, and enjoTs a yearly 
Gortinuncnt ^unt of £5 (Ra. 50). Cloee to tho temple a a holy 
bathing pliux'', or fiVM, supposed to cure skin diseases.^ A stM-nnd 
tcuiplo uoUicatod to Uauum^D was built by the same Shankurji 
Kosha* and enjoys a yearly Government erant of Itu. {Via, B). 
There are two smaller temples, one of Vishnn and the other n 
Oanpati. The Jain temple, which is dedicated to PAraaiii.tb, was 
built about &ixty yaus ago by MotihU a V^ of Bombay. 

A'kurll. See Gorogaon. 

AUba'g is a small fort on the north bank of the Kclve or 
ortH'k ill Kclve village about throe mtU>e south of MAhtm. 
walls which are of solid masonry and twenty foot high endoM a i 
fifty-six feet square. The people say it was built by the Poi 
An old c«nuou Ues inside. 



A3iu«kXt». 



Axnbama'th or Amarna'th* is a small village about 
milos sontU-oast of KidyHii and about a mito west of the Ilala 
station ou^ the Poniiiduta railway. It gets its name &om a shrinal 



I Zeai Arwts. I. cccfixxrii. > VAup«ll in Tmiu. Bom. G«oc. Soo. VU. U 

•Thadrtubaro: 1873. p«IMrtBf5*.(>«[R>e. 46,430) iiBpocU£l0.8M(R*l.08,« 
in(L wMTtA *i'7,4.V> iCh. -.'.TJ.rHrti. tmpTrta £o«Wl (B*. fi<,«10) { 1877, en 
JS8.Sfl«(lU.2.S0,ll6Ojuu)..<ru4:7'JOl(lU.T2.blO|iin«vezporto£»,O35(Ri.3,(lici 
imports £ll.oau (Ra. I.IO.WD) t and ts;9. upotts £IS,IS1 (Rm. 4,Ht,810) imi 
flSSK (U». 79.S801. ■ *— I . r- / t 

* Pa CuiiIia'h Bammd. 164. 

* The mcrvuir vnu liiiilt in A.S. 1691 {Sbsk 1613) liy a rdfttiiui of A* 
Mirs.j in the .Souibarn Mftriths Ooantry, who wu curod bj Uu Wkt«ra. 

* Id \W''i tliv Ambarnith tomplv ww miaiitely •urvojod And iUniArntnd by Ur.< 
TiiiTy al tlw JuiuifiCji ftohool of Art*. The dnwiu^ ve iv{»iBt«d iu U» lodL 
AntiiiiaMy, m. 316. Muy of the dctaili io tb« text ve Ukui Irou tho fecooonkl 
tbfl t«u^ tbtn giv«a by Dr. BugtH. 



^^ 



tf^^ 



god Ambarn^th or Amhareshvar, aboat 1100 yards oast of the 
Tillage, ovor which about tho middle ot the eleventh conlury a very rich 
temple was built. Tho tumple which is fairly pretiorvcd, ia prettily 
tdaoed ou tha loft bank of a tribatory of tho Vdldh^n riror id a 
bollow shaded by old mango and tamarind trees. From the hollow 
ia which the touaplo stands iho ground risen ou all sidtw io bare 
nplundtj ovor which, about four luitos to tho southj hang the giant 
forms of Tavli and Malang<^. The dark ba^^alt of the toinplfl 
hasweathored black, except ^orae patches which arc grey with hchea 
or maty with dritjd mow. It is in tho imuiy-conien>d CbAlgkya or 
Hem&dpanti stylo, with out*ooruor domoa and oloso^fitting luortarlaes 
Atoms, carvod throoghoat with half life-sizeU human tiguroH and with 
bands of tracery and bclti of miutatnro elephants and musicians. 
The baflding, which is altogether about sixty feet long, ia in two 
parts. On tho oast ia a richly carved and ornamented tower and 
Bpire aboat &tty foct high, the spire nearly entire on the north bat 
{iulon on the sonth. To the west of the spire is the hall, or 
Hithhaimindap, about thirty-five feet high, with a domed ceutral rooC 
and throe domed porches on the north, the wost and tho aonthj oaoh 
porch supported by three pairs of richly can'ed pillars. 

Entering fn.)ra the west or main door, {^ a poivh about twelve feet 
square, approa*:hed by thrue niupfl and with three pairs of richly 
oarvod pillars about ten feet high and five feet roand, snpporting a 
roof domed outside but with a Hat inside ceiling richly carved in 
geometric dosigna. Tho armce between the socood and third pair of 
pillars is &llod witii a wall oC smooth drosscd stone and tho third 
nair of pillars is half built into tho wall. In the centre of the porch 
IB a somewhat broken boll, or nan^i, carved and omnmonted. 
Through a richly carved doorway the hall is entered by a lobby, 
abont six feet long by nine and a half broad, with waUs of plain 
dressed stone, except carved pilasters iu tho outor comers and a pair 
of richly oarvcd half-dotachea pillars at tho inner cod. The floor is 
paved with long slabs of dressed stone and tlio stone coilingia carved 
with beautifully cloar-out geometric tracory. The lobby leads to 
Iho hall, a square of twenty-two feet, paved liko tho lobby with long 
slabs of drosfMMl atone. Except the pair of rich half-dotoihed pillars 
at the mouths of eaeh of tho three lubbios and of the east lobby or 
veotibulo which loads to the shnnc, the walls are of plain dressed 
stone. On the inner face of the lintel over the pair of pillars at the 
entrance to tho north lobby is a Sanskrit mscription of tho elpyeatk 
century. 

The h^l coDsists of a oontral sqmire of thirteen feet, raised four 
inehoa above tho lovol of the rest nf tho floor and aorroundcd by au 
-WBle aboat foor feet broad. The ceiling of the aisles is very 
richly oa.rved with a frieze of sculptured 6gurcs in compartments. 
Over the frieze are a few mouldings, and above the mouldiogs is a 
deep cornico with two large floTnircd cavettoa reaching to within a 
foot of the architraves of the central columns. These central 
^gplnmns, which stand at tho four comers of the central square, are 
fciet high and vary in girth from ten foet at the base to five foot 

jut half way op. The entire shafts of all are richly carved with 
eery and human figures. They are iioarly square at the base and 



Chapter XtT. 
Plaeesof Intereet 

AMBABKiTtt. 



AmASXiTK. 



QuptsT XIV. change into ootafnms at a litUe above one-third o( their height. The 
Flwoflnttrirt. ^*P'"^ *'^ Tonnd and rwt on square plaMs, or abaci, Bunnonnted by 
square (iimrf colamns which end in the naoal bracket capit»la of 
the older Hindu works. At Grst siffht the pilLara seem tg raty Uttla 
in design, but examination slunrs that they are carved in pairs, the 
pair next the ahrino being- the richesL llieso four pillars support a 
dome about five feet deep from the out«r rim to the centre. Hcmod 
the outer rim of the dome is a fri<;ze of dancing figures, and, in^de o£ 
the frieze, are four narrowinjr tiers of outstanding jreometric traceiy, 
allbeautifnllTcarredandrisiugto thecentTt!of the dome. East from 
theoentraldometothefthrtneUifi ceiling is of stone slabs carved with 
imttgea and geometric patterns. In the east wall, on either Eide ui 
the pasaogo to the shrine, is an image nicbo, the jambs carved with 
elephants and tigers. The niche on the ri^t or soath aide has a 
defaced imago of Ganpati still an object of worship ; the left or 
north niche is empty. Each of the side walls of the vestibule or 
lobby that leads to the shrine baa a small empty rooess and over it a 
carved pediment. In the middle of the east or shrine wall is a 
door about nine fe«t high by foor broad, with an omaiDeatal 
thraahold nisod about a xoot above the level of the hall, the front 
carved with a much-worn belt of swans. The jambs have a neafi 
pilaster and the pediment above is ornamented with a double baad 
of figures, Shiv m the attitude of contemplation and Yogis below 
and elopibauts and lions above, and, over the elephants, a eomica with 
damaged figures. On either side of the door is a row of tbroe 
^nrea about two feet high, the central a male figure wearing 
a tiara and holding something in his left hand. Of the side figore* 
the two near the doorway are females, probably attendants, and the 
oater pair are males. Below the central maJe images are small 
female figures apparently intended for PArvati. 

Through the door nine rough irregular steps lead about thirteoD 
leet down into the tilirinc or gahhuru. The shrine is a paved 
ohambor thirteen feet square. The walls, which apparently wete 
originally of smooth close-fitting dressed stone, are now roughened 
by weather and probably by violence, llie north wall has traces 
of two cornicuti, one about four and a half the other about eight 
feet from tho ground. The walls rise plun rough and four square, 
till, about twenty feet from the fioor,the corners of the squarv art 
ont off as if at the begiDoing oF a dome, the comeni being marked by 
pillars of which traces remain at the north and south oornoni of the 
Met wall. There are alao traces of pillars in the north and south 
walb. About four feet above these comer stones tbe roof narrows 
into a circle about eight feet in diameter, which probably was the 
outer lip of the dome. Over the dome rose the spire which has fallen 
in, and in falling carried with it all trace of the dome except pari 
of the outer lip on the northern f-ido. 

In the c*^ntre of the floor of the shrine, surrounded by a cracked 
and very roughly cut case or shdiunkha, is a rounded piece of 
rough rook about two feet four inches in girth and rising aboat 
foor inches above the level of the floor. This stone is a natural or 
self-made Ji7ia. It is still worBhipped nnder the name of Amba- 
reslivarlSaBAdeT and is probably an early or pre-Brihman objedt 



^ 




thAna. 5 

wortihip, wliich hu been adopt'Cd into the Bntbmanic pantbeon 
a form of Mab&dev. The miaistraut is not a Brahman bnt 
le headman of the village of Ambamdth, a SouKoli by ca^to. 
He briiigB wntcr every day, swoops the ahrino floor and washes tho 
Ifod, offering him champn and rui flowers, and bet leaves.' Att 
night he lights a lamp in a amall stone oil-saocer. Once a year in 
Fflbruary-March (MAgh), on tho great Mahdahivralra day a fair is 
lield \o which about 2000 pilgrims come mostly from Kaly^Dj 
Badlapur, and the villages ronna. The pilgrims are chiefly BrAhmnufl, 
V^niii, and Marflthas. They brio^; beteluuts, rice, and cocoaoats, 
oficr them to tha grKl, and bow bi^fure him. Thoir money ufTerings, 
generally from £4 to £6 (Ra. 40-R8. 60), go to the ministrant, the 
village neatlman. On that great day eleven Konkanasth Brahuiiyia 
come from Kalyin for an hour and recite ruHrx prayers, for which 
they havQ a yearly (Jovornment endowment of £2^(Ils, 20). The 
crack in the sacred stone and its envelope haa been caused apparently 
by a blow, perhaps a trace of Musalman Kc-al.* 

From tho ling a small channel, which has been repairfxl with 
cement, leads to a hole in the centre of the north wall. The sqnare 
holes at each comer of the chamber were probably nscd for lamp 
pillars. In the Routh-ua,sl comer about five feet from the floor is a 
emallopening in tho wall, from which a pipe or channel, six inches 
"by fonr, runs with a slightly npward slope through the tower wall 
which is about 7i feet thick, to a stone trough which stands out 
from the wall uf the tower. The trough or basin is nearly round and 
about two feet long by six inches broad and eight inches deep. It 
is of the same age as the rest of the masonry of the tower, and 
seems to prove that tbe object of worship has always been deep 
below the level of the ground. The uso of this trough was to fill 
tbe shrine with water and drown the 'water-loving Mahddcv'in 
BfMfions of scanty rainfall. This practice also csplaius tho under- 
ffroQud masonry channel, which runs from the north wall to tha 
bank of the rirer.' The extreme plainness of the inner walls of tba 
shrine ia probably due to the fiu^t> that when the spire was in repair, 
tbe shrine was in almost total darknesa. 

The oatside of the temple may be most conveniently examined by 
going out by the north porch, taming to the left, and passing round 
by the west and south.* The base of the ball is a series of projecting 
and receding members with faces abont two and a half feet broad 
except at the north-west and suuth porches where tbe faces are 
about five foot broftd. Between the porches tho walla of the hall are 
cured in level bolls of tracery and smalt images, with, about seven 



Chapter 
Placas of Interest. 

AUBAasiTH. 



■ Uf 



■ OhampA Mifibeli* chftrnpaci c '^tt Cklotropi* gigMit«S ; Bf.l Xe\t^ martnoloa. 
*Tbe nniaUivv lUUii' of Devi in tbe north foca of the spiro, toe bull id the wevt 

~ I, mkI Mm Oanpttti in tba dsst w»U of iba ludl, ue unoDg tlio more notable ligiw 
>lolflBoe. 
The practice of drowains Shiy. ur hia local npivMotatirg^ in •oaaoni of aouty 
nuDf>ll fa Dol uucominon in the Konlcan. 

■ (>n Ui4! loft or wMt aida (A tlw north porch, oa tli« gimiDd, among a be»p of 
rnbl'uh, iaa ronnd corTedatona of which Mr. Terry ha* lui iotcrnting pbotoffrtpb, 
with tbfl name AtnkSbilo. It ia one of the rouaded not aUbs whieli on known u 
amalait* from thoir litwnen tomjmbaluborriM, 



Ifa 




iBombay GhMMI 



DISTRICTS. 

Chapter HT. loot from tbo groand, a rich band of honian fi^pures about half 
MOM oflntarfliL "'^^^ nio»t of them fii^ares of women apparently F^rvati and 

girls. The other bclu have rown of elephants aboat a foot hiffl^ ' 
AMBARNiTB. fij^ures of inuBiciaDs and dancers, si'ime of them indecant. Eir 

Eerhnps on tho roof oad in tho interior uf the upper story o( 
all dome, there is no trace of other than Shaiv decoration. 

Paasing round by the weet and south porches, tlie tower 
Hke the hftll in a series of projcctinf^ mmers with &kO0H 
two and a half fe«t broad and doublo that breadth lo thp centre 
of the sooth-eaal and north frunt^. In thc»e oeulrnt faces i 
of porohes, as in the correeponding parts uf the hall, uro 
niellos. The south and east nirhea ani empty. In tho north nli 
is a bearded three-h eade d m al e fi gure with a woinBn S(>ate'1 ■ 
liis left knee. Prom itV three ^eoSs ttiia figure ha« been supposo^ _ 
reproaent the Uiinlu triad, Bmhma, Vishnu and Shiv, hut it probnWj 
is only a throe-headed Malmder with Pilrvati. Five feet arNive f 
"Mahadov ia a titatue of Kfili in her terrible fonn, with t 
shrivelled body and drooping,' bmasta, her limbs bent, her 
broken off, a necklace of akulla hanging to her ttfvt, and n se 
twined round her neck and another round her waiat. Above 
on a level with the roof of the hall, in a Kniallor niche than at 
hoBO, is a second tliree:headod Shiv with Pirrati on hia 
Besides these most notable sculptares the whole fnoo of tho a 
O0Ter«d with belts of car^-ing. About four feet from the 
TtlDS a band of oarioiis horned bat-Uko faces. The next diurse 
filled with elephants' heads and Himdl human figures, with, in 
ftice of each outstanding corner, a figure in a niche samionnted by 
OYerhanging canopy. The next belt of carving ia a heary moaldi 
with a boss on each face; tho nost is plain; and then them i» 
small single figure on each face. The next conrse whiith is 
deepest and nohe«t, arc sciilpturea illui^trating !*cenca in tho liftj 
Bhiv and FArvnti, and Shiv's chief exploits in tho forms he haa 
difforent times assumed. All tbo withdrawn and anbordinal 
positions in this course are ii!li?<l with female figures, one of w 
on tho north, has her buck turned and her hair hanging in a lai 
ball. Another on the nortb-weet of the uhrine, exceedingly well 
and ou the whole well proportioned, is dumag«>d about tho feot. I& 
another part of this line is the fikeletoo form of Bhringi, the al tendant 
of Sliiv. Above this course the hori)'.ont«! menibt* i"s become smaller ; 
only the uext luus single figures ou each face. A little higher is tb« 
CDmice which is Kup[>i>rtoJ by the dwarf figuren so common at 
Ajanta. A curious belt of beautiful carving runs up each face of tiiu 
Bpira. 

At the Bouth-east corner of the spire about three feet from the 
ground is the stone trough or basinj already mentioned, thn^>ngh which 
water wa« poured to deluge tho god in seasoURof scanty min)\]l. At 
the foot of thti broad belt in the uorlL face of the spire is a cul>st<.ino 
cistem four feet deop, which, through a passage in tho wall about ten 
feet long, reccivoe the water n»ed in washing and deluging tlie gud. 
From the cistern, a covered drain lined with dressed stone two ■: 
a half feet broad by two deep runs about twenty yards north to 




thAn. 



Ajuunulm, 



ar-bank. Id tlie temple wall to tbe east of the north door is a Chapter XIV. 
II Bhriuo of plaiji dressed sk<m*, five feet )!quaro HD(1 six feet high, places oflntAreati 
tlixrr a>ii>iit (iirof. feet below tho level uf the ^lund. It is 
jrt'd without aCopa through ft doorway foar feet by thi-cc, with 
ibi; und Uutcl carved in tho stylo uf the vast of thu tum[j]e. la 
middle of the Hoor ie a roughly -pointed natural stone about four 
round at tho base and standing a foot from the floor. Like the 
> in the chit>£ shrinu it is surroundod by a case or fnunu about 
foot squaro. The joints of the stones in the walls of thitt shriuo 
marked by lines of white, a gray bchuu or moss which at a 
ice looks like cement. 

_ tho help of a ladder there ia little difficulty in climbing on 

roof of the nail, the bosses on the stouoA and the round honi-like 

at tho oomera of many of tho onn'ed slabs forming oxcoll^nt 

Dg points. The hall roof riseit in the centre iu the main dome 

on the north, west, and suuUi in the domes over tho three 

:heH. T& the enst^ separated from thu o^jntral dnmo by a passage 

jot two feot broad, rises tho very richly carved spire with itH top 

and the stones round the edge loose and shaky. 
The nxtf of the main dome of the hall rtsea in t-iors of drosfied Hjabfl 
irhtly roundod like l arge p ot-lidtt. A good deal of the omameob 
been broken and nesjr the top some of it is irregular, bare in 
)8cd pincos and richly cut in unsm-u comer?, as if tho domo hod 
I hni^hc'd wil,h stouuii taken from some older building. On the 
oast fooo of the roof of the dome, in the narrow pa^tsagc between it 
and the spire, a door on the left leads through a lobby about three 
yards long iul>i> a cimtral ntvm auven fuet by six mid about eight 
feet high." Tho ceiling of this room seems once to hare boon domed, 
but th(< ingide of the dome wa.i either never finished or it haa fallen 
and been replaced by a rough central stone and bits of broken 
carving. The supports of the roof are irregular. In the west side, 
opposite the doorway, is a defaced pillar apparently once ornamented 
and at the north and south are stones piled haphazard, aquare 
roughly-bcwu blocks, and fragments of carved colotuna.^ 

Itiiund the central chamber runs a low passage, about twenty yards 
long, two feet six inches broad, and two feet nine iuches high. 
Bosides this, throe possagee run from the central chamber to the 
domes above the porches. IHie f)a&s^i2a to the domes of the nortii 
and west porches aro open and in fair order ; tho passage to the 
eoath is in rnins. They are about three feet broad and uiuetcuu 
feet long, and in height fall from «ix fcut to about two feet. They 
h*! t^) small charabcre, about three feet high and three feet square, 
lined with rough masonry, much of it fallen from its place. Besides 
theee passages, an undergroond passage, three feet three inohee 

i ~— 

^■1 Tke w»ot of mortar, llie eroi»oorn«r «tyl« of th* doaed oeiting, tho (Maood w«tt 

^^bar, and tb« ti^wreaUy uuchaqgod pwtMo of the ttojiM iu tlw dorat roof, oogmBt 

^^Bt tbtB rough iBMonry mm tbe work fit die l>uil<lenof like tfimple uhl ttut thcoita 

&r carving tbat hare boeo rou|;lily worked in were IbIud from Boms oldot bnildin^. 

PcrlMpa the Buddhist mooutcty i>f Atol^lilia whieli ii muntioavd iu wntinKa la 

KanlwTi mvm 1 mmI M (4.1>. 300-300) stood od tbo nund site to tb* w«4t oftlke 

nBcliMiii& 



fBonlifty 



S 



DISTRICTS. 



lorintorut. 



broad aod two feet ten inches lugh, nua through a hole in dulvj 
of the central chsmber, twenty feet east to a window on thei 
wall of the shrine. 

The temple encIoBore, which ia roughened by heaps of stones i 
of them richly carrDtl, measures fifty yar^s from east to 
and thirty*tive yards from north to south. It has been eumnfiiif| 
by a wall, and in the east had a flight of four steps aboot kil 
yarda long on the river bank, About tifleen yards to the woirfl 
the t«BipTe are the ruins of two vory richly carved gat«w!> 
steps that lead to the raised ground beyond, and, in the xi 
comer, is a deroteo's cell of plain dressed stone nearly are. 
square and six high. 'J1ie raised ground to the west of the 
gateways seema to havo been enclosed by a wall of whic 
places, the ft^uudatioQ may bo traced. Opposite tho south iotl 
are the remains of a w&Il with a figure of Ganpati in a nidal 
About two yards to the west a door with carved jambs and pedii9Hl| 
leads to a pond twenty-six feet by twenty-four, surrounued b/ •] 
mined wall with elaborately car^'od grooptt of human figures. Totkj 
right, in a ftold boyond tho lino of tho enclosiug wall, is a circled 1 
carved stones. 

Across the rivulet, about a hundred yards to the oast, is an 
raasoury-lincd pond about twenty-soYon yards long l»y twentj 
broad, with a flight of long st«ps on the cut and south. Six 
carved with beautifnl geometric patterns, one on the east and fii 
the nurth, havo been built into tho base of the reservoir wall, 
pond ia niodorD, probably MarAtha, being built with mort*r. 
people say, the reservoir wai uiau^s work but the temple was 
work of spirits, dev9, aud was Enished in one night. 

On the inside of the lintel over the north door of tho hall is 
inscription of six lines, so worn that the whole of it ci>onot be 
As far as can be made out this inscription states that in A.D. U 
(S. 0d2)j during the reign of MahAuiaudaleahvar Mftmvdniriiu 
the royal priest aud three other officers built a temple of 
MahAmandalnshvar Chhittftrdjadev. This ChhittarAjadev was one > 
the Silhdra. dynasty (a.i>. 810-1240), the brother aud predcceasor' 
lUmrdnirAjadov. Perhaps by using the phrase ' A temple of Chhitt&J 
rAjadov' the builders meant that the merit of the work ahould 
counted to their late oiaster.' 



■ Th« tranaUtioD of Ui« iiucriptioD nina : ■ (In Ui«) Sbak Runvkt 982 U.jk 1040)1 
Fridiiy tli« ninth of tli« brieht half of Shti (tui). The UluatruKM king M"*HnnBiy1 
InhvftT Miiniviuiraja^ev, wliobMOlitained the liw great potira titleo, wliois thalotd 
of the ruler of great provinoeR, ia like DAnoilAr in killing his enemies thv domocnb 
KClTMig cage for •n))]>IittntA (to takt- *hnUer inl, illnatriciua b; theso and otfaf^r rnjM 
titlaa. Fur l)«artiig the tiiiriten vf thii kingiLam, thu great oouncillor ia tin illiistriooi 
{Vinta] paiya aod tbe gn-at mitiiator lIiu illiiRtrinuK Ntgumiya, uul the iioi;rvtwr 
and miiustvr for paoce ami uv the iUustmu* VaJiiiiJiuya, aad th« ffraai miiutter for 
pewM and war ta« UlBBtrioua JogeUaiya, and tliv linrt trcasarr cwBoer Padhi 8«o« 
HahAdoraiya, and the avctmil Ln-iuaury olTiocr the illuNtriona Bfulilaiya. Uudar tlia 
adnuniatraliua of Uioff* aod other tninistcra tb«i bcneticeot aad viatorioui ki&i * 
la flonriihing. The UlDatriom MsiiArAJa Guru NAbhata (i), Uie oecood Rajs 
theiUutriom X'ilaiida .Shiva, Bhak ShAkan ptmi vriayaka (TT), thf great dui 
diatnct, tbo iUuatrtona Tiaiva BAola, all thcaa together, (near) Ambanith 
(nine lottora loat) coMtTQ9t«d a tcmpU of Hit god of tbo nioai illuatitoaa Mi~ 



mmm^ 



BAMHil 






thIna 



'mbivli Cave* nlxnit Half a mile from tlic viltt^ of the sama Chapter XIT. 
e uoai- Jambrug anJ abuut sixtwn miles north-oust of Karjat', pljMj« oTlnterMt. 
hoi the hill fort of Xotaligud. ITie cave, , 



under oinl to the north 
lich is a Uuddlitst worlcj according to Dr. Wurgosa botweon u.c. 
k950 and A.n. 100, is cut in a long low hill in a curve in the bank 
yal ft branch of tho Ulhis. It ia approached hy a sloping rock| and 
^BBrlooks the river from a height ut abuut twenty fuob. 

^^It is a hall about forty-two feet, by thirty-nine and ten high with 

iutcwIIh ofieuiiig from each f)r its three nidea. Koond tlioso same 

I sidos runs a low mck-cut bench like the honeb in Kanheri Cave 

[V. A central and a right band doorway lead into a veranda, 

f-ono feet long by about Ave fcot ten inohus dccp^ ita oaven 

j}ported by fonrpiJIars, and, at tho ends, by three feet nine inohos 

retom wall. Except at tho central entrance, between each |>air 

Bad the end pillars and pilaaters, runs a low seat, backed 

parapet wall along the outer side. Of the outer faco of the 

onongh remains to show that it waA ornamented with foHtoona 

rosettes in the stylo of Ndsik Cave VI. Tho pillars are of tho 

10 palteni a.stho NiWik pillara, pot capitals topped by flat roughly 

ishcd plates. Tho Bhafts that spring from tho back of the stono 

E* — ch luivc no basca. The oential pair of pillars have eight-sided 
tta, tho remaining two nro sixteen-sided. Tho doorways have 
n Gttcd with modem carved doors with built basements, and 
lix cells at tho back aro somo built basements on which figures 
carved. Tho cave has been changed into a Hr&hnianic temple, 
and was lately used by a devotco tne smoke of whose 6re naa 
:kened the whole of the hall and tho veranda. Tho second 
ir of the veranda, to the left of tho entrance, hasa V61i inscription 
.one vertical line reading downwards. tSomo dim letters can also 
traced on each of the oautral pair of pillars. 

^mboli, a small village in SiUsette, about two miles north-west 
; Andbori station on the Bamda railway, has aCbrisdan population 
about 700 and an old well-kept churtU, dedicated to St. Blasiua, 
^ 100 foot long, twentj-fivo brond, and thirty high. Tho 
has a vicarage attached to tho church and draws LI 10«. 
i. 16) a month from Oovommeut. A school kept by parisli 
Contributions has an attendance of from twenty to thirty pupils. 

Icahrftr C3ihittarA}«iaPAtiLpam{l)re>itoroilb]r Bhi^lJ'^' (^mr. Boiu. Br. B.As. Sock 
XII . 331 ). A sofeGatloQ hu bow sdoptod in the text Momrding to wbieh tho lort 
two lifioa ran, ■ All tho»a together bail! « tcmpio of th« moat Ulutrioiu MahiiwiUMla. 
It'jihvu- OLhttlari)iuIer.' 

Tbo «UK^«sti^>D that ib« word tainjpr, thatisftMr, flUcdoaeofthi'giijwui thviiuvrip- 
tton, bugivoDnsa to tho viow that the ttAno on which tho writing ia nut, origiiuUiy 
bdonnrt to another baildlns anil wwi Ulcnn from it» niaoe and boUt into the preaeob 
lample. Tho worn st^ts of th« inncribed atose ana the inoo« of npain to otbar 
parta of the temple havo boeo bnogbt farward in aapport of thia ricw. 

In ipit* of theie ooniddcratioaB, tho facta thM there U no other inMription in tho 
feompla (tho lettcn' notiood hf Mr. Ternr on tbo tool Mieniiiig on a Moood examinatMn 
feow Duson'a inarkR), that Ifaia iaacrlpnon hoMa m> promiaeot a plao* And thai' Um 
E»nnDndin& lintela ar« notlcas won, aaera toabow that tlwiiuoijptiluiRtlBn to tha 
^^^^Biof tSe ptvKnt temple and that the atone haa been in tta preaent placo «ver 
^^■^P tonple WM built. It aconu doubtful whother the bcniplc nan boon ropAiT«d. 
^^HnBi been rcmired, thn regain wen almoat entirely confined to > rough propping 
^■^ fnude of the rooC of th« dome. 



Ambivu Oavs. 



Am sou. 




__ZIT. In 1S77 M. plot of gnod, m^kkf feet long bf twenty broad, was 

BMMtfLunwt. c*^!^'''^™*^ ■■ ■ bo^ng gnaitd. The Brihtiwriic catcs of Jogesli- 

vmri or Amboti (aj>. 600 •TOO), ot whicb detaiila ire ghrea oader 

JogoikTmri, liv in tfaa woodknda aboot two mila sooth-eut of 

GongaoB imSwaj ilaKiim. 

ArohBOtagfaMl ^>*"*^'"« in the TbAoa distnct an>, except 
n Hew Portagnen u»d Mnaalmfa, bIiboa all Hhida. Tho moit 
mtcMakCDf IVMteMM renaiM an ^ fortt and diordiM fti Basaeui, 
wd Bl Uwia&peahT«r» Obodfanadar, and other placee in S^sotte 
Tba ckM UnEalmiB wwi a e are Mqaw, tombs, and reserroirs m 
Bhiwndi and EaljAa. Th» ffindn xanaina are partly Baddhisl 
paitlr Brihtaanac *IW dnef Boddbast reaMns an gvr?« at Kanbori. 
KondiTM, and MAfitbaa in Sibefcic, at LonAd in Bhiwndi, and 
Koaddne and Amnirii id Karat. Tbd duel Bnihnuuiic 
ar« ca'Tva at Jo^csbTmri and Vandapeabrar in 'SiQwM« ; t«ai| 
at Ambamitb m Kalyilnr Xosid in Bhiwndi aad Atraon 
Sbibipor; and caTve on tbe island of Ele^^iantn tp Bombay Barbi 
and at Pnln Sontia in Morbid. Otber remains, eitbrr Buddhist 
Bi^mank-, are a rook-cot tonple at VdiUli in SbAfaApor; caret 
or erlls, at Indnu^ in THhiaxa, a* Jirdban in Bassein, at Dhik, 
Ganrlcamat, Halkhard and Kotaligadh in Kar^, and at Una in 
Panrcl. 
fnmt. Ama Ut Forti also cal led Jaan ra or TbQ,Ialand, at tho norib- 

west comer dose to the water^se^e of a smaU island of the satoe 
name,* commands the sontben and main entrance to tbe Voitarna 
tiTer, which is the moai e Kte o si r e iniM in the nortb Konkan, 
Tbe fort was described in 181S as an oblaqg sqnara of about 700 
hek deEaaded by mand towers, llw gonenl beighi of the works 
iDolading tbe parapet was about thirty teeL There was no ditch or 
oaUwork. Tbe body of tbe rampart was throaghoat of solid 
masonry and in f^ood conditioD, bat tbe parapet was of iufenur 
diraeations, and in many places, partiealariy near tho towers, was 
mach out of repair. The interior of the fort was ooTered with treefl 
and swampy. Among north Konkan ooast-fortB it ranked next to 
Bassein in siao and strength, and was enperior to Bassein in the 
nniform brt>adth ot its rampart top, or terrepleine, and its nnifom 
line o( defence. 

About 1630, the Portogneso foond AmAla a stranff fort in 
the bands oE tbe Gujarat Masalniftns with domes and Saracenits 
vohes. Tbeae wert> il^trojod by the Fortngneae and the place 
made over to a Portogneae gentleman of Bassein. wbobnilt an oblong 
sqoaro about 700 feet with a round tower and famiehed it with a 
goard of soldiers.' It was taken by the Marath^ about 1737, and, 
according to a Karilhi inscription over the northern gateway, was 
Tcbailt in the reign of BAjirAv I. in A-d. 1737 (tihak 1659), b; so 
arrhitect named mji TnUji. In 1781 the commandftnt refused tn 
yield to the British, until preparations were made for bombarding 



< Ttaia itUad wu known to tbe l^iitigaHB « C owt' IriwA ' llhs im V swa' 
* DkCnabs't Bmmui, IM. 



THiNA. 



11 



tort Erom Ag^tiiJ In J_8I7, whon it. finally camp under the 
itish, it WBB fur butne time guarded by a smaif detachment of 
>pe-* Ib 184J2 it was described as sarroundod by water and in 
good onltfr. Watvr yna plvui'dxii but tlmre wora uo other 
npplios. 

AnnUahastn-o temples, Trimtakeslivar's recoiving a yearly grant 
)in Go<remment'of £4 10«. (Rs. 45), and Bhavdni's rooeiving £9 2«. 
a. 01). There ia also a tomb of two Musalmdn Bainta, ShAhali and 

_ ^ >iiaU; with a yearly endowment of £b (Rs. 80) and a atone-Uoed 

fei^t-cemered pond and many wells. 

AsaVa Fort in MAhim, about five miles north*cftst of Pd.1g^har 
^jBulway statiou, stands on a hiU about 300 feet high and very steep 
~~-lly on tbo northern fride. Except below the fort tho hill ia 
ly well wooded. A long narrow saddlo-back joins it with 
high ridge of trap-hills, which atretching north and south, out 
M&him Hub-diviaiou iu two. Another abort saddle-back joins 
lirith one or two lower hilla to the west. Its position at tho 
^Tth point of the Mahira range gave Asira the command of the 
between the M^him ridge to the aouth and the Diih^nu 
Ige to the north.' It had uie special value of keeping open 
blltary communicationa between the great fortress of Asheri and 
'lim, Sirgaon, Cbincfaan, TirApur, and Ddhilnii. Below the fort 
tho large Tillage of MahAgaon, whoso numerooB hamlets show 

it wag once a place of importance.* 

In IH18 Captain Dickinson described As^va as a hill fort bet-ween 

and 700 feet high, whoiae top, five hundred feet long by about 

hundred and fifty broody was once inclosed with works of 

Jeh nothing remained but a low ruined rotainiog wall of looeo 

with here and there a dwarf parapet of the samo material. 

JttUe knoll within tbe fort showed traces of works, and three 

yielded excellent water. 

AsheriFortfODthetopof the greathill of Asheri (1689), lies in 

UAhim sub-division to tho north of Favli hill about twenty miles 

t-eaetof Mnhim. According to local tradition Aaheri was built 

'ftcertoin Bhoj lUja, and, about the hei^inning of tbe fourteonth 

lujy, was taken bnjm the ^aiks or Kulis by Bimb the ruler of 



Chapter XIT. 
PIuMoflntorest* 



Aairi FoBT. 



A^aiai Fort. 



PortDgaese took it in 155C and made it the head of 
•eight villages and six parishos. It was the key of their 
aioQs in north Thiina and sheltered from land attacks tho 
rice*yieldiug villugos of Baa^eiu. It was as a bridlo in tho 
Bkoaths of the neighbouring chiefs, the GhodhariU [Cfiaiidhart) 
the aorih<oaet, the Kolis in the east, and Malik, that is tho 



^Oftat Doff, 443. Mecanin of a Fu^A Officer, 321 ; Nfume's Eonkan, 102. 
'OtckisM^R ia NbIihv'* Knokax), 117. 

"Ob Um Kratbani point of thv Mihim ri<l({v ttaaiU Tiiululvidi uid alxiut th« 
tlM high ftJt of Kaldnig. 'Fhu irbola nim a uspawablo for carta and 
HMM bo have luMl much of a footiiAth Mrow it. In I8S1 a good ro«d wu 
nw lU (nahMd nut below KjUdrug. Mr. W. B. Mulock. C.8. 
* Mr. W. K Unlock, C.9. ■ Koimo'a Kooku, 23. 



12 



DISTRICTS. 



(Boubiijr 



XIV. 

loriMterest. 

Fort. 



Afamodaagar nlonsrcli, in the south-east. In tho forert 
base of tho hill vros a Koli settlemQut nused Varanipar, 
WM itnmgthened by a Portaguese atookade armed with 
ffDDB. The bill wm so steep that the Moeat was gvneraUj 
barefoot or with the help of ropes. On the way an there 
thirtoeo paaaoa, of which tho four chief woro known aa the Gale 
the Bvoning Ptusa, tho I'rabhu Pass, and tho Cow Pasa. The 
liiiu of approach waa thrui^h a pass ntunoil Salada whero 
stockatio and n KuU gnard. Boroad Sohidn a footpath ran 
a Tory qbttow and steep dome called tho poaa of Qood 
becooBe dub slip would dash tho climbor to }noce8. At the 
the defile the gate waa entered through a cavr ^m which a 
of seventy atepa led to the top of the rock where waa anothor 
gate ffuarded by four Portugese fauiiliea. Inside of thia 
aocond fortified duor annod with two folcona. Tlio top of the 
which waa 1600 paces longer than it was wide, was laj-gxj o 
givo room for breeding cattle, pigs, and sheep. It comm; 
view of tho country round and the sea coiild bo aeen in the farmt 
The rock was not fortified, bnt round the edge large atooea «« 
piltid ready to be hurled ou any attacking force. Da tho top 
twenty water cisterns and two reservoirs. The garriaon, 
waa chicBy composod of pardonod criminals^ nnmberod about 
tucluding women and children.* 

Tho Portuguese aet a high valne on Aaheri. The gfatea 
guarded by Portngncse families and no one could enter or quit I 
fort without the commandant's leave. The doors wcreishni at 
and the keys given to tho oommandant,whorotnmcd them to the | 
keeper at sunrise. The garrison waa always on the alert. A 
guard of 6fty archeni and Christian snldiers kept watch, bt 
torches of cane, which blazed tho Bercer tho more they wwc] 
moistened with water.' Tn 1A13, when redactions were macio in ot 
forts, Asheri and Manor were kt.*pt at their full strougth.' Tho fa 
seems to have been taken by tho Mu^huls about tho middlo of 
SDventconth century. It was regained by tho Portuguese in 1( 
bribing the Abyesinian comimmdaQt with a sum of £650 (Ka. 
Tho Poriuguose placed in it a garrison of sixty soldiers and bnilt 
church. In 1695 it is mentioned as an impr^nable castle on 
top of a hill entered by a crooked path cut out of the monni 
and defended by sovoml guards, who mi'^ht withstand an army 
rolling down stones.* In 1720 it is described as an inocceasA 
and most gigantic uattiml fort, with a phun on thu top hirge oiioagh^ 
for 15,000 moQ, and with paatu rage for cattle and provided withgrmi 



^In 1634 ibis detaile wuro, towilm the commuidant. ohaptAin ud 
filty-flre officora and wvaD^-6vo ChrUtioo Antam aiwI *nn.b««i«n, * ^_ 

nte4wefier, a PortuxnMC pohc« innpealAr, a hloedflr, tux iut«r|ir«ior. n wuhomuto, l_ 
ununinars, two arcmir*, and an uiubKUa boy. Tb« onmnundiuit's vtaff incladed I 
cl«rk, a fairier, a trnmpfltcer, and tbreo drununen. Chmn. do Tfi. lU. -2iM. 

* From KD accuoDt wriitoQ in 1634 in O Ohron. 'de Ti*. III. SS4, ami from Ouinn'w 
AUaji, V. SIJS. In jnrta o< Tfaim blackwiiod Inrchtm ar« itili daippwl tu biiubtai ' ~ ' 
Bjuim*. Mr. E. J. Bbdun. C. H. 

' Archivo Pvrtugnox OrionUJ Fan. III. ut, L p. 037- 

«Gamclli Cm«H in CliuichiU, IV. 190. 




tuAka. 



18 



. ud foontaioB. The paaaes throngh which alono the top «m1d 
mohed ware narrow crerioea Dpenud hy time aud aatare. 
Tiieir vralU were of black stoue joined with pieces of khair woodj a 
anoieut and admirablo work. Tho oscont waa by a flight 
cut in the rock. At the top of the stair was tho fortress 
' iron doors, and thon another very euutow staircaso lod to a 
jnd doof, thpoogh which the way lay to the top, where was a roond 
"and Twy old fort. To tho north-enst was a ruined tower without 
parement or doors and an open chnrch. Tho church and tho hoosea 
of the commandant and soldiers wore rained and neglected. It 
was garrwoned by 1 50 men and thi-ee corporals, who served more 
ht carrying the commandant's timber than as soldierB. About 1 737 
^mnAji Appa, by the capture of Mahimj cut oft commauicatlon 
^th Auien, and the fort seems to have soon after yielded to tho 
larttfaia. It was retakun by thu Portuguotw in 1738,' but again fell 
(he MarithAa, whn lu-ld it till 1817 when it seems to have been 
handed to tho British without roeistonco. 

la 1816 Captain Dickinson described the fort as aitnatod in 
{jreBt-oovered land on a hiti about 1000 feet high. Though easy at 
fir»t the latter part of the ascent was ver)' steep and difficult, up an 
altnciet per^ndicular stiurcase hewn out of the solid rock forty feet 
~^g'h, having at it.i top an iron door fixed horizontally. From this 
jr the ascout was no leas »teep and of equal hvight to a uecond 
Bway, tho brow of tho hill wiug built up on both sides to 
STcnt accoaa on cither flank. The only other works wore a 
circuhir enclosure one hundred feet lughcr, and, on the top 
hill, a dotochod oight-sided tower alao in ruius. Though 
twero ruinous, tho sntaml strength of the place was bo 
that a handfnl of men might hold it agninfit any oilds. 
bill top waa an open space of about half a mile, on which 
and near the circular enclosure wero three fine pouds aud a few huta 
lied liy tho garrison sepoys. In many places the soil was 
it. 

In 1S62 tho fort was in ruins. Wator was available but othor 

Bpplic'« hod to bo brought from a distance. A recent account 

tSsI) duscribos tho gate of tho inner fort as almost entirely in 

About 150 paces east of tho fort are remains of a six> 

laterito tower, and near it is a largo stono with a cro88> 

it IVirtuguese arms, and some Portuguoso writing.' There am 
In renorToiffi, eight outeiile and two losido the outer wall. Of 
the eight ootinde of the wall fire form a group to tho north-ooat 
' ihroo a group to tho west. One in each group is diy, tho 
. baTo generally about five foot of water. Tho two inside ponds. 



Chapter XIT. 

Places of interest \ 

Asuiat Fori. 



anct Dora BdAnUluU.340. 
[^"TliB mtiDfiia, 'Itioo o BXR n & dskbastiao [ Hurno (lOvmrADOR ]>*Ksni t cttdo 

ftn o ura ntA \ TUUXim hkhv^dav n«iit>orR | esta foict ku aMo uk 15 

»y 1w IniMUtOTt *B«igniB|t tbe mnt Scronu KJiij{ T>aQ SebtatlMa, biina 
r ct tM* vttte the ^leeray Don Luis D'AUuii<Io, the Hoosid tine, tliu 
WM cmnm&iulod tu )w bailt in ttta y«ar lA. ..' Bvbutiui ntigiMd From 
) 1578^ knd 1>na l.nia AthiuHn waa tvrictt in Inilw frncn Ifi68 Ui 1671, Mid fraro 
I IMI. The jw In th'? inaoriptiuu wai [irulwbly l&TSbofon lung SobMban'i 
. WM kaown in India. Dr. Ds Cunbo. 



Foaar. 



Paax. 



_ tSkf feel fii^ m at cat ataOB protecced by tow bterite 
vmlk. Om with rtafa k4de abiwk fin SkC of water, the other 
witknt itepe ■boos two «ad • kaH ieat. Bendei tbeee reserroin 
tfcem are t«o cieeaiu. Keftr ^« {ort ie a orilar whh c^wciogB 
far b^ and nnm for aboafc fiftan pHaou. 

A'UtOtttiii laiiia iiiiilli laal iirnMMjwi li i leilaiji atatum 
aadUasr^KasaCaBoUeaaqiia. DataSa are girea oader SbitL&par. 

BaltlrPg»dgtort, i i » i «wii ^yCTiiaJBaiitoy<qpano m a» n fti n g 
tabklaad, aiioot nx hiiailr«l teeft ahave Aa faan of the BahTAarn 
nd a Saw aiea ■arth eaal of Off Ittaa paea, lies aboot twootir-two 
■dee eMt oT HnMd and deaa to the nBuga of Uoroehi. The 
CoTt it a parpeadieakr rodt 100 ieeahi^ widi a vary narrow baae. 
^ 1818 the &9t forty Ewt oC aaoeot wen bj a wrj ateep ataircaae 
hewB oat of the rack. Abore the stainaie w«e a mas&iro woodea 
ladder liwaHj -aeT o a feet kng and baBeaed at the top wich an iraa 
dam.' Tlia aaeeat frou Ae top oi the ladder waa of mn almoet 
pemndiealar stairoaae Hke the ooe bdow, with a my difiicitlt 
and dam[iaiian tnp-door. Tha brt stood aboe with a deep ravioa 
ott atther side* the top of wliich was joined with the OBtetanding and 
'■■""■'p"> hr i Ti ia h nf the Sahndria smaMdiately on the rear. On 
the top of the hiD was a paoi aad soom plaoaa in the lock whibh 
mi^t a er ra aa dwellmga. Is the plaiii below ware aome baOdinga 
which wen oocnpledlqr the gactiaoa, and than weivalao two eprinM 
girinff a safiaaBt aanply of water. Fnm. the efta^iaeaa of the ro» 
aad Um aatnre of ne grooad at the lop, ereo withoot defensiTe 
wor^ the placo coald not be taken. In 1862 it was roinotui 
withont w3t€r or sappliea. 

Ballalgad Fort, is Achad Tillage ten mDes eaatol Umbargaon, 
stands doaefy snnmiaded with forest on a hill about 200 feet high. 
It ia a veiy amall j^aoa not mors than eighty fleet in area. Tbe fort 
gate is in mins. The works, incfaidiag a small paiapet, are aboat 
fifteen feet high and aeren thick. Inside is a low thatdhed 
building, which, with a ruined raserroir of bed water, takes ap 
almost the whole of tho interior. In 1863 the fort waa roinons 
with no water and no snppliea. 

Balvantgad Fort, on a hill sboat 1000 feet high^ in Vifaigaon 
Tillagy aboui iwenty-OTe miles north-east of Sh&hpar, stands over 
the KtsAra revising station. In old times it most have command- 
ed the Tal pass. The fort walls, which ara eight feet broad and 
from six to ten high, aro built of stone and mortar and are abont a 



* Tbi* hddar was ilMSroyd by Cif tain Dickiiuon in 
M KngiiiMr {9th Jumaiy 1818] Okptwa Dickimoa i 



ebiel 



I8)S. 



U ft Icttw to thfl 
Wh«a I WH M Uw 



(ort of BfnmAwt. inMlimtoe rvaohed m» tint Uw P«ihwa wHh tfacgrMtn pftrt 
of ba v»y wwim tm aoi^ogwtlwad. Ai Uw paitjr vbo kad btaa lenk ta ptman 
thia pteoe ud been oblina t« laka post bdmr, aad, m it wta iiimo«Ue to eonjecCme 
trhAt wen th«plu« of tha Fokbin, I took npoo ojrMlf to d wtro y the nuMiro 
laddor of wood SO feet in Wl^k wtiich (oraiad DIM part of Um aaGWDt to tbsfort, wLioh 
h aotfaiog mora Ibui the topof • very lugb Mid porpm^m^Mt rock, ud wUh mom 
iadiffwin implenunfa. all l coold pcwnue froM tba Bd^bonrini villa^M, I act 
people to muK to ootopUt« the (tcabbtioa of the reneunf pert of Ifao earent bclmr 
the ledder, copaiating of ui almost perpendieoW fli^tef nna hewn o«t of Um_ 
nxk mail)- 40 feet ia bd^ht ' Militarr Diary. 3U of 1618. p. 1128. 





Itonad. Within the walls, the foandations of a largo and of a 
ill house can h& traced. 

ta'ndra/ north latitade 19° 2' and cast lon^tado 72"^ 53', a 
nnnicipal town aud port with, in 1881, a nopnlahou of abont 15,000 
loals, ties between the Daroda railway and tbt; stM, in the soath<west 

Imor of tho island of Sfilsette nine tmle» north of Bomlny. Between 
b railway and the sea stretches a low belt of cocoa-palm gardens 
id rice Land, and to the south-west, B&ndra hill rises aboctt 150 
feet and with flat wooded creet, slopes gently south-west to the 
iX of tho plain, and again rises into a rocky knoll. 

le town begins at the end of tho Mahim canaoway which joins 
Isette to Bombay. There are two main roads one that turas to tho 
and keeps close to tho shore, the other that passing to tho north 
the east and north of the village. Turning to tho left, at 
: old banyan tree at tho end of the caoseway, the shore road passes 
la^h the market place. Behind lies tho municipal markot, and to 
right the bettor part of tho town with upper storied houses owned 
held by Native Christians, most of whom are in bnsineas la 
bmbay. itound the shore are lanes of huts most of them fishermen's 
and further on towards the hill the street joins the main hiU 
The other rood, starting from tho M^him causeway, passea 
«>a;^fa the middle of the town. On the right are the Bombay 
jmniiicipal slaughter house?, tho railway station, and a rest-house. 
■Llittto farther tho rood is cToased by the Ghodbandar road and from 
|Kro to the hill it is lined by well built houses, gonei-ally two 
stories high, and surrounded by gardens. Ht Joseph's convent on tho 
right and St. Stanislaus' orphanage on the left are thechiet buildings. 
Opposite St'. Stanislaus* Orphanage, at a cost of about £500 (Rs. 5000), 
a new local aud muuciptd fund road has lately been made to P^i, Gbui, 
and Di'mda. &(oat of tho lowlands close by are nsed for the growth 
of rice and vegetftbles. On the right the land rises towards P&Ii 
hill on which are several European houses. On the sea-shore is 
St. Andrew's oharch, and to tho right the village of Chimbai. Past 
the church the new Sea Beach road turns on the right to the seft, 
aud passes on to tho Point a distance o£ two miles from the Railway 
Station. Tho main road climbs the hill, and at abont one-third 
ot tbo way up, divides in two, one branch leading to the right into 
the lower rood and running round the west of the hill just abovo sea 
level, and the other branch winding to tho top of the bill. The 
ridge and tho rocVy and rather bare western slopo aro covered 
with hoaseta most of which have been built within tho last thirty years 
on plots of about one aero. 

The only bnildiogs of special interest are the English Charch 
and the Chapel of Our Lady of the Mount. The rood alon^ the 
Hdgo ends at this chapel, but pathways load down the hill aa 
for as the Point,' where are the remains of a Fortngneso Agoada 



Chapter ZIT. 
Places of Interut. 

BAintSA, 



1 Most ol Xbe B&adra account biM b»«D coatri bated by Mr. Bollook of Bdndra. 

■ Mtm 18S9 lh« pe^lc of Bladra lull w«r« in the hsbit of going to tfaa Point for 
thair ffloniitig Mid •v«n)ag walluL In 1869 tbeir right of way over Hr. BvTtnji 
JiJibliAi'a tuiu WM qawtionM, uid tb« diapate gave riM to unalt and ehmiiwl oMigw 




[BonlHqr Oanttetr, 



DISTRICTS. 



EUVXAA. 



WakrS^P^ 



IVfuhfiw. 



OteftarXIT. or blot^-boose wbJdi vens to hftve been built in 1040.* On tho 
flifM ■fTitmit inwioB <^ Sfisette bj tfae Hvith&s in 1737, ma Eoglisli garrison 
v^ aooi to boU tUs potif bat kbe pUce wms found aatcnablo tnd 
ODckr Ae adrieo of tha Bombaj GoTsnuneiit tt uma dcetroy ad. 

The preMot rants oC tbe tfab^p-Cre booaes on the hill van- from 
£4to£U(Bs.'IO-BB.120)a nuotfa. Of tbe wholo number nix oru 
OVDcd hf BaropsftBi* eleicn hj Pirab, aixXeen by natiro Christiana, 
ftnd two bj UoMfaaiaa. Of tbe preseat (1881) oocopMita fiftocn 
EEVopeoos, twelvs Fini% throe Bijtdas, and five Mtualmios. 

A btan^ frotn iho bmul Tdtfr pq»a is broo^t M!roe8 the 
WI17 Ear Ui« use of tbs olMigblar bmna kod ^ nilway sUtion, 
OHTied an br M St. Andrairs obnreli. llw hooaea on the hill 
thair drinlciiiff mter from fioor irellsi of which the best ia 
Bacgira' welT. When tha wdU mn dry VehAr water is snj 
at U» n«« of is. (Re. 1) lor lOOO gaOona. Between the vilhige 
tlia njiinkj Btmtitm ts a largo reaenoir^ which was built by a 
Ibaalmin of Nanp4da. Its w»ter ia fit oolj for watering cattle 
for vaahing olotboB. 

Tho 1681 eenans retaroa give for BAndn mnnicipal limil 
popohitioD of 14,996 (males T80&, fiamaka 7191). Of tl 
7273 are Hindus, S470 N&tire Cfariatiaoe, 1907 Mnatlm/uis (1 
Buniia and 400 Shi^^» 493 Pitv», 74 ProteatAot Chrisi 
12 Jews, and 8 Anneoians.* Except a few Ooaaeae aerranta 
Enropeao hooseholds, the nativo Christiana are local converts whi 
forefathers were nado Christians by the Portogoese durinf^ 
atxteenth and seventeeth centuriea. They are chiefly of the Ki 
BhandAri and Kunbi castea. Uoat of tho nativo CbrtstianR 
under tho jurisdiction of the Arehfatahop of Goa who la nominafcod 
by the Portugneae goromment. But a considerable body, who 
aeparated in 1852, form the congrogation uf St. Peter's under 
the jurisdictioD of the Yicar Apostolic of Bombay. Among the 
Mnsalm&ns are some KhojAa and BorAhs, shopkeepers and traders ; 
of the rest about five handred, who are almost all immignknta 
Erom the Deccan, are employed in the Bombay mnnioipol alaaghter* 



tbi 



mj s cml wut in the nii m i»t<Ur^ Boart. Ulttnufedr, ia 1877. vnagDiantt* were 

fpT ukiag part of Mr. Byrtokji's U&d tor jnithe parpoM*. wheu Uut fpatknn 
gr»nt«d ft Atrip of Uod Uid g»*« m mm of motM^ to nuks ■ Coetp&th, 

■Bach of tb« itweriirtioa h remjuni tWs, *ESBaALTAB|TB|tBP8f)BW| 
LoroKiDosolxK pRisarslaiH. iMOl 

* The fDUovins uXAc gives th« dstsils lor eadi of the TiUagM wbSdi fatlla within 
B&odra miuucipAl Uinita ; 

Kntfm f^as«lHiM■. lau. 



Vnjuait. 


Hln#M. 


C)uMl«M. 


OUmN; 


IMiJ. 


BtadMHDl .. 


•M 


lao 


HE 


BOl 


BiMdn Pmmt 


tm 


»ii 


list 


ttSS 


HMdviA tM Kk^Mb ... 


US 


in 


Ml 


DM 


RUrwdBMfBoid » 


Ml 


us 


ur 


1»» 


Mil ^ 


SO 


>D« 





sao 


OhlBlMl HMtMI — 


SB 


Wt 


IT 


n« 


ir*ii .- 


IM 


v» 





BOB 


ntaitifiofiir,.. 


in 
nor 


7 


9 
M 


«1 
IMS 


rrjt 


U» 


tin 


1I.BN 



thAna. 



17 



I It'-- 1 



Uowing statomcnt gives tlio details of the passenger traiHo 
a Bjiadra and the different Bombay stations ; 

JBdtdra ffoiViwy PaMaigtr^. 1371 -1330. 



H to 


mi. 


tan. 


un. 


tS74. 


IBTt. 


IBT41 


1*77. 


1B». 


IBTfL 


ISM. 


W^ 


. 1 -. 


«BT 

■ 'no* 
(4. row 


t'.MO 
81.TCS 


»W4 

»,M0 


9786 


KM 

^t^ .1- ft 


MS 
«T,4HI 
:o.«ei 

ia,4«4 


atpis 

T0,14« 


94U 

ae.4is 
T*,;ia 

47.009 






MTU 


Ul& 


ins. 


1«4. 


W8. 


UW. 


MTT. 


im. 


W7*. 


laniL 




j;u 


S4'jiia 


4W 

IT.«0 

M.aii 


nst 

47^I« 
M,7I8 

U.00) 


ma 
u.tu 


tT4« 

«,8M 

tnALa 

SI.U] 

ai,f<i 


m 

a,is> 


IS, aw 


HOT 
S4.MI 

Tftwa 

I 


HIS 

M.iat 
lE.ose 

IU,817 



1^ >^ranted to the holdora of season tickets have 
■ '.( trips Erom 97^680 iu 1871 to 2-19,800 iu 



Popthi'^m. 



Tragi/: 



It of the I'arsis are o£ tho poorer class. Of the Chapter XIV. 
sr six familieH, iwo in Uandra proper, threo in Kh^r pjaeea oflnterMt 
id onn in Dinda, aro liqaor-solletfl. Two are tavern and lodging 
'-'■ppers, some are milwniy gaarda or fitters, and some worit in 
OS clerks or oomposit^irs. During the hot eeason about 
rt^' rich PAr^i familioa mcivo from Bombay to flAndra. Tho men 
liotu Bombay almost every day, sume of tbeui being merchants or 
aojikeepoTs and othora saloameu or clerka. 

lUndt-a i.* both a port and a railway station. Small conjtters fiad 
•canty hhelier from uortb-weet gales under Bdudra Point, bat in 
voft- ' 'h no ships should fthoal tinder five fathoms at day and 

^jerri -^ by night. The tidal riso is fifteen feet at spriugti and 

iecb at neaps.* 

I a retams for the five years ending 1878-79 show aTsrago 

vorth £2701 (R*. 27,010) and average import* worth £7802 

^ • ."■!•*■ Kxporls varied from £]JOt (Ks. 12.010) in lh74~75to 

Kh. l7,H;Jl>) m 18:8-70, and importji from £fiKi9 (Hs. 01,1300) 

1874-75 to £9540 (Rs. 05,400) in l875-7«." 

The railway retnrns show an increaao in paBsongor traffic from 
• T,IK) in Ln7:^ toHI6,6S4 in 1880, and a doclino in goods traffic 
' to 421 tou». 



'f^rlor** ftuttn|t rHrwtiit7, 373. 

ITW •ht»il> •m l«7*-T.'» <^<|r.rt» £1204 flU. 12.040). import* £6469 {IU. W,6«)) j 

ti.-tt. tiiiU rR. -Jil.HO), iinprta £ft.'i40 (Ra. iW.^ttJ ; IKje-T? export* 

|( CTnSO (K». ih.^fO) : I ST" 78 e!q«>rtB £2351 (Ra. 25.310), 

: l)^-;» eaport* £47H3 (Kb. 4i,830), itnporta t^^Bn 

'mwibn-pr trip« wn . ISTI. (>7.6$0 : 1872, DO.lSOi 16T3, 110.440)1874, 

iI»7Sp»;M»i1«7«, 212.W0II87" " '- " — " — 

l,M.«00 

9 IOIM-3 



1877. 206,040: I87S, S2!2.889 : lll79j 3IO,&eO; 



IBombty Oa«tt«er, 



DISTRICTS. 



SlauffAUr 
Hmittm, 



.Chapter XIV. Tbo chief industriea are the topping of palm treos, tbe distilling 

Flues of IntereBt. "' toddy spirits, tho growth of cocon-pniras and regetables, fisbing^ 

and the work of the Biindra elaughier-houBe. There is also eome 

"***' pottory making, indigo dyeiog, and cottoD weaving, the last almocft 

-^=*'*^* onished by the competition of mftchine-made cloth. The Tillngo 

of Kanpiiaa behind the railwny station, whose people were all Snnni 

Mnsalmans, was fortnerly very prosperouH wondng as tnany as 150 

hand looms. The villf^ is now almost deserted, but most of the 

people have found work at the Knrla milU. The people of D&nda 

are Hindu 6sbermen M-ho are said to bave come from Thai and 

AlibAg in KoUba. They are vi^rous wolUto-do men, qaito as 

fond of Itqaor as their Chnstian neighbours. 

The Bombay Manicipal Slaughter Ilonses support 150 familici 
of butchers. These shiiighber hounes stand at the north end of the 
Lady Jamsetji causeway on the site of the old Jesuit monastery of 
St. Anne's about 100 yards south-wesL of the Bdndra ruihvay station. 
They are three in number, one for beef and two for mntton.' The 
boildings, which were finished on the 18th February 1867,' at a cost of 
JE32,00d [Rs. 3,'.iO,000), were desi(ped by ilr. Ruesull Aitkeu, then 
Municipal Kngiuoer^and were builb by Mcsnrs. \Vt>11a and Glover. 
They arc nest, strong, and well suited for their work. They ore bcult 
of rubble masonry with facings of Porbaudar i'and-st'une with iron 
roofs ventilated from aboTO, and with floors of finely dressed boaalt 
sot in cement and well drained. Tho stock sheds, which lie on 
either side of the slaughter houses, are strong airy buildings 200 
feet long by thirty-five broad, with iron roofs, surroooded by stone 
walls and strong pallisades. 'ITie buildings are so arranged as to 
bo easily enlarged. BcsidoB the slaughter houses and lire stock 
sheds, there arc lines for tho /nirtiriiWdt or slaughterers> and otliora 
mnployed at the slaughter honse. There is also a covered space with 
standing ground for a week's supply of live stock, th&t i«, at least 
800 head of cattlo and 1 0,000 ishcep ; thera is also space for weekly 
and half-weekly markets, and ample convcnicnco for cattle and 
sheep to reach the slaughter house by rail, In deference to the 
Bindu feeling against the use of beef, care has been taken to 
separate tho mutton and the beef slaughter houses by a high wall* 
The floors of the houses are very carefully cleaned by water 
brought across tho causeway from tho Vehar main. Tho Uiest 
train, which has been discontinued since January 1^7!), used lo pass 
at the Bandra station through a siding which branched into two lines, 
tho west siding being for the live-stock and the east sidiug for the 
meat^ The space between the two sidings is filled by the mutton, 
beef, and Commissariat slaughter houses which are built on the line 
with their respective yards in the rear. The siding ran close along 



* TImm delaite h»e be«nprcpared by Mr. P. C. )li«rin*<SB|terint«n(lentof Markffla 
Ud RUo^tar-kotiav*, Bombky. One ai tli« •lAugbtvrbotiMa la r«al«il tuGoveromcnt 
for tha nu of ths Comminuiftt (lajxirtDiUil. 

* Tba fint maat ttain left BAndra at 3-SO a..h. and r«Hb«d tU Bori SsodM >t»tion 
irt 4-4$ A.M. fm tho mMning «l 20Ch FobroArT \MJ. 

* Tor th« Mmc reuott, in the m»t tnua triree pnMCDgM' tuw for the butobtrt Mtd 
thrir Mrvu)t« uieti Ui be plMod batwem tha bml and muttoo vau. 



.Cfi 




Kandha. 






curve on which the slaughter houset atand, so u to admit of Chapter XIT. 
leat being loaded into targe airy vans where it used to hang till 3-30 piacM oTliitwiit 
A.M. the time of starting for Uoinbay. By thia arrnni^mienr. the 
faeat reached Bombay within half aa hoar. Since January 1879 the 
meat trata haa been discootiuucd iu favuur of tho bullock can and 
rood sysieui. According to tho present armngement^, when the. 
CArcossca nta clenned and drea&ed, they are haired aud qaartered 
and hun^ in the bullock meat-vans. The rana, of which there aro 
tweuty-atx, loavo the »taugbtor house »l 12 p.h. with a Hnb-inspector 
in charge, and reach the Bombay markets at about 3<:$0 a.m.' 

The monthly average nmnbor of animals slaaghtcred is 3U5 
faufbilues, 2200 eowa and bullocks, and 31,81t> sheep and goats, The 
average monthly income of the.slaQghtcr hou8C'i>i.s£ftOd [FU.9960)and 
Hge monthly establishment charger* £7(i (Us. 760).^ Except 
Jowd have a nnest or muila of thoir own, the throats of all 
UQittla are cut by Muhammadan. priests. The priedt« are paid by the 
lersof the aoimals, aud their monthly earnings vary from £1 1U«. 
£2 (Its. 16- Rs. 20). Tho wivoa of the motfcoa dreesersj or 
litn:^, help their husbands, but this is not tho cafio with the vrivea 
beef droMers or of pritwts. The slaughter houses eupjwrt about 
150 families of priests and meat dressei*a, and count»oteu with them 
there are 471 master and working butchers, 386 of whom ore 
fuaolmiins, 73 Ilindua, 3 Portuguese CKriatians, and 2 Jews. They 
sell whuluaale and retail, and nearly all have from one to four 
sorvaotf. 

The homed cattio intended for butchers' meat come from the 
mkon, Deccan, Hnidarabod, Nasik, and KhAndesh. They are 
ought by MusalmiLa dealers who travel from fair to Bur, 
as they go till they have gathered lOO or more auiinals 
Uy cows. They theu make their way to Bombay b;^ road/ 
their arrival at Bjindra for Saturday when tho fair is held, 
jir trnu^actions are generally in cash. The sheep are gathered 
"in the .■'.uino way, aud, with tho addition of trujantt, from tho same 
ctisLrii'-t.H as tho cattle.* Cattle oi-Hving at the main ontrauco are 



' Tb« iB6«t la all the timP in cUnri;e of Um mtinivtp«l ADpci-iciUtudeat of markctx, 
Um doon iA the rsiia hrnu^ gnder hw tnck And key wilti >lu]>lioat>-: kryn at the 
|tflcr«qt RUkrkcta in Bomhay. The but«heTv' lervAnU trnwl wiUi U» v«ua ■i(liu(] 
■111 tlia ilhvvra. Titt iloon oi the v«iu vn opnwd by tho miinjcipat psona on 4«t7 
1 \\ut marktfii, ud nn proilucing ttw sUughter-buoM r«c«ipt8 the uutduuv' wrvuU 
\-e tlii-;r nutntfrra' meat lo tli«ir alAlla. 
TliH lEveuiMixUn-ivcd I'min tha folIcwingaoarcM iSlausbt^^r Tees £620 (Its. G201>, 
iukI wd foeKliug foca £302 <Ra. BO-IJ), r«nt from Guvurntotnt £2*1 (IU. 26G), 
B'udoth«n'Uoaiueffloa£-2.)(flB. !>4«),c)ttwlrenU£l3<lts. I.TJ), lAletrfblwod 
^ J (Ha. sot. uid imaodlanooiu Im* £1 »«. (Ka. 14). Tho moaUily MtAklJahiiieat ohaivH 
w cRw AMuAant anparfaricndeat au £1S (R4. IGO}, Mt6 cfttcle [nspoeeDr QO elS 
(Kk. tSU), two rab-iamoton 00 £3 ICM. (K*. S5| »t £1 10*. (lU. 15^ cub. thcM 
■WMeagm em £] 4«. (Ua. \2\ each, thirt^n Ubouren on £1 2«, (Ra. II) <»6b, one 
_ianpli^U<r£l{B*. ID), atie acMvtngifr £1 1>4. <Ra.l3K ooe mcAt-vwi aub-inspMltar £2 
a. 30), %xt6 twanty-ftnir mekt-vMi drivers ita ISa. [tU. 9) eaciL 
' CftUIc u« bcyogbb by road, &nd goftta &ih1 abeep botb bv rcMd And rail. 
> The OoMric alwap an all brouj^t by wl by aioall dMuiir*, Muaftltit^ina and a (ow 
indua. Ine KbindMh abeep fc^Denlly oonw by road, the doilen m poor, wotUn^ 
" suiiM vt tbcir own and wnDttiiiiM on bortuwod nooey. 




LBombay Qucttatr, 



20 



ChBptar XIV. 
flMOB of IctAreet. 

EiMIrBA. 



mSTHICTS. 



passed at oiico into tho large open space osed for the fairSj or hdhdf- 
Afier thoy hnvo been bouglit by tlio butchers they aro moved 
into the large t^tMnding or stock sheds on each side oE tlie ccutriJ 
roiwi. whorti they are fiUowed to cool boforo tn8[>ccti(>n. The 
municipwl inflpfctor's office is outaido tho shmgbtcr-housij fftOej 
and cattle are th«;ro daily inspected and passed for slaughtor before 
they are allowod to outer the tilaughter-housQ yard. The fairs in 
connection with tho slaughter house take place for horned cattle on 
S&turdaya from 8 to 12 a.m., and for she«^p and goats on Wednesdays 
and Snturdays fi-om 1 to 8 r.x. AnimaU are seldom left unsold. 
If unftold thoy are taken to the waste or grssii lauds nenr iiiiudn, 
and allowed ifj graze till tho next fiiir day.^ There are about 6Fty 
buyers of horned cuttle and about 100 buyvra of sheep and goats. 
During the rains there is a great falling oS in the supply of coira. 
If they were allowed, tho butchera would kill only buffaloes both 
for tha shippiug and for the public markets, as their hides uud fat 
yield them a gtwl return. Stiipchandlers prefer buSalo to cow- 
beef, as itdoc3 not cost more than 2d. n pound (12 lint, the mpoe), 
and they are sometinkos able to pass it off as ox>beef. But buffalo 
meat is so coarse and unpalatable, and so liiible to worms, that except 
the poorest classea no one ever knowingly eata it. 

The local consumption of meat is small, about twenty-6ve aueep 
and goats, and ouq cow or bullock a day. The consumers an 
Eoropcans, Parsis, MnsalmiuB, and some Hindnm, but most of 
it goes tu tho Koman Catholic schooU. The retail butchers at 
B&ndra are all .Muhiimmadans, and the general retail price for 
beef and mutton is from 3ri to 6d. (2-4 annas) and for goatiT 
flesh from 2d. to id. [1^-3 atiTio*) Iho pound. Tho hides and 
Bkins of slaughtered aiiimnlH aro Hold either by private contract or by 
auction to the highest bidder. Tho buyers aro European and native 
merchants, or Dh.iravi tanners. The horns and bones are gathered by 
a man appointed for the purpose and kept by him at Bdndra outside 
the town limits. They are yearly Huld lo Moine European firm for 
export to Europe ; the proceeds aro sot apart for the bonotit of tba 
mosque and the Muhainmadan poor.' The blood is bought by 
Messrs. Rogers and Co., of Bombay, who pay the Muniripnlity a 
yearly Num of £96 (Ra. 900). They boil tho blood and jiroporo it 
with charcoal tor a coffee planter in Ceylon. 

The refuse is gathered in largo masonry bins at each end of the 
slaughterhouse, and removed daily by a contractor who is paid £75 
(Us. 750) a year by the municipality. It is taken by bullock carta 



' Tbesvangfl price af k firat class boilnlo is £5 (Ito. M) tiodot tuctmd cIuBfanffiJo 
£2 10m. (Its. 'i.i) ; af tirat cImh onwa aui] Imllicki £1 H: (Ra. 17) luirl of acmni) vImm 
cowB >iu) iNilIockH i'l 6«. \U: 13) ) »( lint cIsm K<«ta 10*. (its. 5), »{ ■cccmd i'I.ua Imi. 
(Ita. 4), onil of third cIum &>. <lta. 3) ; of tirat dun ahuop &r. H. (Rs. 4-*i, of mmoi 
cIam ''<. ( lOi. 3-9). luid of Uiird clus Ao. (Bm. 241). 

* Tlie {imiea uf LiitlM, akiiia, Imcm;* wid homa mre : bnfTalo hid* Urge 11a. {Rm. T)t 
baflkld hidf riiaII la*. %t. (lU. G-IO) ; wvr and bullock ht<lo lju«« 6*. { ■(■■ 3). w 
W)d Uillook )iid« ninall 4'. (lU. 2). Goftt tkin Urvo St. «i. (lU. MS), goat ■kiu 
■maj] 2m. M. [Rv. 1-4). She«pskin l<i. (8 m.}. BaRalo homs an wlil at /rciin £8 
ICM. iKh. •J5)t4>£4 (Ha.-IOI the cwt. ; bouaa and wtbw lionu nlU. M. (14(M.),UmI 
f*t at £1 !>». (lU. 12-SJ Ibe awt. 



thAna- 



21 




near Audheri, autl used for manure ami for reclaimiag CfaApter 



ih-i 



JSt 



^6 



Bdndni mtinicipalih.', which wtw estahllshed m 1876, had in 
JU on income of £l5:iO(lU. 15,360) repreyentiug a taxation of 
{lis. 1-0-+) a hood. Thin income cliiofly i-omes from taxes on 
, boats, and rf>a<ls. During 18*0-81 the expetidituroaiuoiinteil 
l\ (Rtf. 8Ui)), of whicli £239 (Hj*. 2:i90) were spent on 
ftTetigin^, US* (Us. 840) on lighting, and £520 {R&. .5200) on 
The chief mnuioipal works are new markets in Bundru and 
Khir, rcprosentiug a cost of £410 (lU. 4101), and new ruuda 
imMjatinr; a c»stof £11(39 (Us. ll,(}90).> The Bdndra nmnicipal 
riot includes the followin>f villaj^eH which lie either together or 
tin half ft mile of cAoh other: Naupadn, Khar, PAIi, Viroda, 
imbfii, Katvadi, Mala, Shcrli Itajuu, Chui, and DSndo. Of 
pahlic nflici!H and institutions thero aru, hi-!=id»a the railway station, 
office, a dispensary, and seven schooU. The Sir K(iva»ji 
ighir Kcudymoney Uispeueary was fauudcd in 1651 at the 
of sereral influential inhahitantH of Sdlsotto. Suhfii^riptions 
'to hwire occn mil lilted as, in 1867, there was. a balance of 
>S0 (Rs. li*,207). In 187-t Government sanctioned a yearly 
int of £260 (Kb. 2»{H)) to jiay a medical officer and staff of 
•ervants. In 1877 Sir KAvasii Jahilnghir handed over £1000 
10,000) to Government who directed that the diiipou.sury 
Id be railed by hi» name. The attundanco in 1380-81 was 
in nat-patienta and fivo in-patients. One or two private 
iries an? also kept by Bombay practitioners, cliietly native 
IS. Most of their patients belong to the middle and upper 
and their fees viiry from la. to Gk. (Kh. 2- Rs. 3) a visit. Of 
«ohooU the Jesnits maintain the St. Stani^Iiins' Orphanage aud 
Joseph's Convent, the former with 235 boys and the Utter 
1 211 girls. The foUowing sclioots are iiliw kept by tbo native 
ristiaii cltrgy: a Diocesan School with an attenuanco of 170 
nhi, a Portuguese Cateehitiiu School at Shcrli with an uiiondanro 
>j and Sl Vincent's School at PAH with an attt-ndancc of -to. 
jre are also two Government Anglo-vemncnlar schools, one at 
B^ndra with 130 boys and 10 girls and one at D&ndii with 28 boys. 
elomontary edacutton of uative Christian children is fairly 
prided for, and as a rlile they do not attend the Government 
bouls. 

only oonsiderablo work in the neighbourhood is the I^y 
)tji Causeway which joins Rilndra with Mdhini. Tho following 
:n'|ition is engraved on a lahlet at Malum ; 

'Tliis causeway wrw commenced on the 8th of Pebrnary 1343 under 
' auspices of Lady Jamst'tji JijihhAi, who mnnilicentlv contributed 
Is it£ ccMt thu sum of £16,580 (Hs. l,55,SO0). It was 
Jgned by Liontenant Crawford and constructed by Captain 
bakshank,of tlie Bombay Eugineeni, and opened to the public on 



FImm of Interett. 




Objecta of 
lDt<ir««t. 



Binilm marlwt* war« biiilt rrom Local Vaxuiu in 1874 ftt a oo*t of £4^ 
, 4439>, Mid baa<l«d orv to tli« mnnicipalily who ob|vct«d tv pay tb« c«t ivm. 




[BomlM7 QautlMr, 



'Chtptor^XIV. 
Pla«et of Interest 

BiKOBA. 



VitureAt4. 



DISTRICTS. 



Ike 8tfa of April 1845, correaponding with thd 13th day of the 7ih 
itiuQtU of tihenshaee Yezti&mni ^RA. 1214, in tho preeoucu of ih» 
HoiiourablQ Sir George Arttiurj Bart., Goveruorj the membera of 
OuuDcil and priudpal iohabitAnts of Bombay. The total coat of 
construction was Ks. 2,03,843 and 5 pie$.' 

In 18&4, at the joint expense of thia Udf and Government, aroad 
from this causen^y was continued to the top of B&ndra hiU, wheio 
a small tablet records the gift. 

St. Andrew's Cliurch stands on the sea-shore on thesiieofachorch 
of the samo nauio, which was built in 1575 by the Rev. F. Manuel 
Gomes, the apostle of KtUsette, the snperior of the oollege of tha 
Holy Name at BoHsein. By 1588 Gomes had made 4000 couTerta 
and by 1501 the number bad risen to 6000. Up to 1620 St. Andrew'a 
was the only rhurch at Biiiulra. Then the Jesuit college of th« 
Invocation of St. Anne wa-s built close to the Inndinjr place on tha 
plot o£ ground now occupied by the Bombay Municipal elaughter- 
nousea. At first this vra* small with only two friara, but by I67i I'k 
had been enlarged till ' it was not inferior to or much unlik« an 
Engliah uuiversitj.'' The college was destroyed by the Uaratbis in 
1737. 

In the original St. Andrew^a church the door was at the west end 
and opened uu the sea-shore. The eutrunce to the present church, 
which was rebuilt in ISG4, is at the east end which presents the 
uaually quaintly ornamented face. The bare walls arc surmounted 
by a steep tiled roof with bell-towers at ouch side, and a figure of 
St. Andrew stands over the central door. The cross to the left of the 
door, on which the emblems of tho Pussiou aro carved in coloured 
relief, was brought in 1804 from tho ruina of St. Anne's college. 
Tho church was formerly anonclosed, butis now surrounded by hoaetn 
and by an ngly wall. It measures 121 feet long by twenty-eight high 
and twenty-four wide, and has ifSOO parishioners. The vicar baa » 
house ajid monthly allowunco from Qoverumont of £1 lOi?. [Rs. 15)- 
and an aaaistantwho ia also paid £1 lOs. (Ra. I5V There is a school 
where 125 boys are taught Latin and Portuguese, the ox]>eiise9 being 
met from fees and out of tho revenues of Mount Mary Cliapel. The 
worshippers are mostly Kunbisand Bhandftris. Tho Koli fishermen, 
who formerly belonged to the oongregation, have since 1852 atteiched 
themselves to the Jesuit church of 8t. Peter. At Easter time the 
diarch ceremoniee are conducted with much show. On tho day before 
Good Friday tb« aoone of tho Tjast Supper is enacted at the chapel of 
N. S. de Monte, and on Good Friday the cruciiiiion is ropresonted. 
in front of St. Andrew's with lights, the firing of guns, and other 
accompaniraenta in presence of a great number of people who fi)l.the 
large churchyard and the neighbouring roads. The image of the 
Lord is towered, placed in a hior, oarricd in procossiou roond the 
church, and entomoed in a sepulchre within tho building. On f aim 
Sunday the croas ia borne in proooaaiou with tho singing of hymns 
and Ltttiu psalma. 



■ Frysr'c New Acoomtt, 70. 



^ 



KonlCMi-1 



THANA. 



23 




(Hie cliapol of Xosta Senbora de Montt.', or Monnt Mnry as it ia 
Bimooly calle<3, the miMt famnaR church in SAlaette and the most 
dely re«pected by the Don-Christian iiibabitantfi, stands on the 
crest oF ItiUidra hill. Id appearaoueiidiffers little from uther native 
' Clin'fitian churchott. It aocmn to hare been bntlt a>>oat 1640 for the 
use of the ffsrrison of the Agoada, or blockhouse, with which it was 
coDriffcted oy a road of which traces remain. Acoordiag to the 
»1 Ftory it was destroyed by tho Mar/ltU^s in 173H and rebuilt 
fl7t>l. The famons statue of iho Virgiu wtw recovered from Ihe 
by a Bsberman, nndj after rcmaiDiog for a time in St. Andrew's 
arch, was restored to its fomicr position in 1761, and has since 
held in much veneration not only by Christiana but by 
indas, Masalm&Q6, and P&THis. The image "which is of lifc>aizd 
and of highly decorated wood, is set abore an altar embtasoned 
^nth thfi mcht grotesque f^lt cnr\-ini?. Kvery September there is a 
ir whu-b lasts fur serfral days and great numbers come from the 
intry round. Behind the chorch a long High! of handaome stono 
Spa loads down tho east slope of tho hill to the market. There is 
a small chapel at Mala which wa« built about twenty yeou^ ago 
the Rev. Gabriel de Silva. 

St. Joseph's Convent,' a large airy bailding within easy walk 

of the sea, ia the only ineiitution of ita kind in the Bombay 

idency. It is managed by seventeen nans of the Congregation 

tbe Daughters of the Cross and contains three distinct parts, the 

:ve&t, the boarding school, and the orphanage. The orphanage 

founded in 18GH whon thiriy-eight native girla were sent to 

from the Poona Orplmnnge. Before this it was called St, 

t's Home and snpjwrted some indigent men women and 

dren. The two cliaTities continued in the Mame house till 1874, 

len the nnmber of children had grown so large that separate 

tilutions had to be formed. After some time, the St. Viocent 

>mo wa5 remuviMl to Bmnhay whoro it ia known as the 8t. 

cent and St. Joseph Foundling Home. 

iTho BAndra building proving too small for the growing nnmber of 
Idren, fCUOO {lia. Cl»,UOO),of which Goveminont oontri'bnted 12283 
'.iU.^^yO), were solfscribed for a new convent and orphanage, and 
additional sum of tlOOO (Rs. 10,000) has since been collected to 
__ iplel^e the onb-hnnBen. Tho fonudations wore begun on St. 
Geurge's day 1877, the corner stone was laid on St. Anthony's 
day m tbe same year, and the convent waa occupied in June 
I lfi*8. The bnildingj which is 198 feet long by fifty broad and 
^Wty*eighf. high, faces the main road on itn s>onthem side. It is easily 
^Kown by tho long pointed chapel windows ou the first-floor. On the 
jfronnd-riooraro the clothes room, tlie refectory, and the school rooms. 
la the clothes room each orphan ha.s her compartment marked with a 
Dumber oirresponding to the number by which she is known in tha 
A sietor is in charge of the wearing apparel and BUperiutenda 



Chapter ZIT. 

Places of Interi 

BjtrirtiiA. 

Chirelm. 



St Jinwph'a 

Convent, 



I TlnflM detmiled ftccoonta of St. Joaepli'i ConvcJit, 9i Peer's Cfaurcb. ud St. 
WMUoiuia' Orphuukge have been obt&inM through tbt kiiuliwn at tba lUr. t'Uhsr 
" Boohoni, B,J., St. X*vier'> Colleger, Bombay. 



Cluip^r XIV- 
Flaceeoflnterett 

BilCDOA. 

St. Jo»tfih't 

CoHCtKt. 



(he needlework. Therefootory is a place of rest for the orphans wlio 
meet; there four tiinea a day and are feil od cuptv and nco, meat*, 
fi^b, vegetaUea and fruit, and bread and lea with buns ntid other 
oxUas 00 feast days. Twice a day, at, the principal tmsilH, a religiaaa 
bonk i» read alond, nnd on Sundays, Thnrsdays, and Feast Days, ih» 
childrvQ uru tilWwed to talk al table. In tlie convent ia a dispmaaij 
furni.shcd by Ciovi-rnment wiili nii'dicincs, which are di8]H!n6ed by a 
sister according lo the preacriiuions of a medical man who attenda 
almost every day. One sist^^r is set apart to look after sick 
childroQ. The firet floor has the chapel nnd rooms for nuns and 
children with a spnciouB veranda farni.shed with renelians. Holy 
Maa» is said daily in the chapel nt .six in the mnniing', the inmates of 
the coarent 200 in uamber forming tbe congreg»tioo. The chapel 
is also u»od for murniii>^ and evening prayei'^, rosary, and other 
devotions. The second floor consists of a dormitory muniog cbo 
entire length with accummodatiou for wore than a hundred children. 
Tho smallor childron ^leep in another part of the building'. 

Though children of all respectable caetes are received, must of 
the orphans are Portog-ueao and Earasiaos with a sprinkling of 
native converta. After bathing ia over, the morning \s demoted to 
l^sHons, und tho rest of the day to needlework. Instruction la 
catechism and eaured history Ls given thrico a week by a priest from 
St. Pot«r'a Church. After they have finished the fourth Govemmeai 
standard, mora of tho orphans' timo is given to house- work^ 
chiefly cooking, cutting drcKReXf and needlework. Bonidcs making 
tht-ir own clothes ilut <»rphans carry out orders for al! kinds c* 
needle-work both plain and fancy. Church vestmeuty and tloweni 
are also madu by the children and sold for their boueGt. During 
thoir play tirao tho elderly girls busy themselves in crocheting, 
lace-nmking, and knitting comforters or socks. Care is taken by the 
manHgers of the institution to provide suitable husbands for girls who 
are entirely dependent ou the convent. 

In a«ldition to tho orphiuis the convent has about fifty boarders alt 
BuTa«iaus or Portuguese. A wing of tho main building is sot apart 
for their uho, and in it they have their sleeping, study, nnd work- 
rooms, dinner-room, clothes-rtx>m, and bath-rooms. Besides the 
eight Qovernmeut i^taudaixls, these bourdorii may be taught at their 
own expense munic, singing, drawing, nnd French and (jenuan. 
They have their lessons, and they play and work apart from tha 
orpluins, and are constantly under the surveillance of tho sistenu 
Ono aiater has a room in each dormitory to bo at hand during tho 
night. 

Connected with the convent is a day school with an attendanc© of 
eixty pnpila who are taught the eight Qovemment standards alonff 
with tho boarders. They are divided into two classes, one or 
European, Eurasian, P^rsi and some respectable Portuguese children 
who study and associate with tho boarders, and the other of tho 
poorer class who learn with the orphans and have a separate class for 
needlework. 

In the boginniug of 187-t a Portuguoso and English day school 
waa opened in Lower ildhim and placed under the charge of tho 



1^^ 




u^hters (if tlid Crosa. During (ho first year two sisters used to 
every Dioromg aodrotarnin the afternooQ to Buudpii; but us 
w was found very iticjnvcnicnt durini; tbo rain!), a third sistor 
senb and a commntiity formed, the school taking the uamo of 
the CoDreot of the Sacred Hearts of Jesas and Mary. lu oonaectioa 
with the Dew convent at Mdhiin a boarding schoot was opened iu 
1875 for children fff Portuguese descent and for native ChfistiaaB. 

St. Peter's Church and St. Staai«laus' Orphanage are acoommo- 
dated in a building which was originally intended to be an 
orphanage for native children. It was taken in hand in 1852 wbon 
the Kdii Gshermon of B4ndra wont over to the jurisdiction of the 
Vicar Apostolic of Bombay. The bmlding> which is 100 feet long 
by s^Tuuty>iive broad, coDsists of a grouud-floor and upper stury 
with lb loft which can bo used as a sltHiping room. There are no 
partition walls in the hailding, but from each comer a room ia 
cut off for the teaching slaS. The building cost £6000 (IU. 60,000) 
and many additions have since been made. In 180? a second story 
was added and abovo that, at an e^ipenae of £716 (Ra. 7181), the 
middle part was raised to form an airy sleeping room for the 
orphanage boys. In 1875, £218 (Us. 2182) were spent in paving the 
■<di arch floor with stono, £ICK> (Ks. 1062) on a dining room, and 
7 (Rs, 275) ou a new kitchen. In 1877 a piece of a neighbouring 
6eld was bought for £I]-l(Ks. 1144). Till lH52tho poriahionors 
tued part of St. Andrew's congregation when about 12U0 EoUs 
d 100 Knubis came under the jurisdiction of the Vicar Apostolic. 
A. large number of the Kolis huve left their former occupation as 
fiihermen and tnken to now callings, some working aa carpenters, 
fitters and compoauders, and others as clerks and compositors. On 
Sundays and holidays there are two Masses in the morning with a 
Martltfai and [English sermon. In the evening religions instmotion 
in Man&thi is followed by service with t*o choirs, one of boys and 
the other of young men. On great festival days when alt are 
I ^car efal t<i be present, the congregation nnmbcrs between 1000 and 
HBOO souls. Ou every Sunday in Lent, and during the Holy Week 
Hjw Gospel story of the sufToringaof Chriet is shewn with the help 
of Btataes. The Corpns Christi procession posses from St. Petor^ 
through the village, praying and singing to the chapel of Our Lady 
ot the Mount. To the church is attached a free Portuguese school 
boys and girls with an attendance of fifty pupils. Catechism 
raarathi are taught to about 100 boys and girls, and Portuguese 
about the same number of children in two other places. 

^Thc St. Stanislaus' Orphflnago had ita beginning in Bombay in one 

the houf<es whurc tho St. Mary Institution now stands. Though 

Bindra building was completed in 1853, it was not occupied by 

orphaus till 1303. At present 236 boys study at the Orphanage, 

of whom 140 are day soholarB paying from 2s. to Gs. (Re. l>Rs. 3} 

onth. Besides orphans^ first and second class boarders, paying 

10«. and £1 (Ka. 15-Rs. 10) a month, are admitted, bnt the 

form only ono-fourth of tho wholo number, the remuniag 

---fourths being snpporn^d by private charity and by the Bishop. 

,e toachiug ttaH coosists of five Je«ait Fathers and five aeonlar 

1064—4 



Chapter XIT. 
Placet of IntarMt 

BlMbKA. 



St. P^ta*» 



St. SbntUliim^ 



WM 



mh 



a^sm 



d 



[BombAf OauUc«r, 



DISTRICTS. 



OupUr ZIV. masters, and Eoglish iastraction is givea up to the sixth Oovemmeut 
f Iami oyinterasL ^^i^dard. The orphans rise at half post five, and, after bathing', hear 
Maas. They attend clftssoa from nine to twelve in the morning and 
BiKDaA. from two to half post four ta the afternoon ; the rest of the day is left 

to study and play. They have three meals a day and a piece cif bread 
at half past four. Those who pay no fees have to help in keeping 
the church aed sacristy in order. Under the tiupcrrision of the 
Fathers the maintenance uf order and discipline is entruaiod to six 
head boye. 

Fiiriik mentions Bandor, perhaps Bindra. as a Konkan oont town 
in lJi05.* In l.'t32 it was burnt by the Portuguese.* After their 
power was eHtabtislied, the Portngiiese made Bdndra the head-qnarters 
of a ThAu&d^r who had charge of sixty-fire riUages of which 
thirteen were Christian. In \h50, it yielded a revenne o£ 15,680 
/edfos, and w&s given to one Antonio Pesoo for a quit-rent of £18 
f488 parddof).^ In 1620 there is a mention of two Jesuit farms at 
B&n<lra whose rents went to keejp up the Jesuit college at Afrra.* 
In 16-^9 Mandelfllo mentions the islands of Bandera and Bombay.' 
In 16G7 when Bombay m-os made over to the English, the JeAuil 
college at Bi^ndra claimed much land and variona rights in the 
island. As these were not acknowledged, they helped a disoiissed 
English officer to attack Bombay." A few years later (1675), 
Dr. Fryer gives the following acconnt of a visit to tbo Father 
Superior of the north : * It was not long before I was employed to 
wait on the Father Superior of the north, a learned man and Spaniard 
by nation, of the order uf the Jesoita. The President commanded 
his own baloon,' a barge of state of two and twenty oars, it> attend 
mo and one of the council, to compliment the Father on the island of 
Oanoroin parted from Hombaini by a stream half a mile broad : near 
our lauding plm'O stood a college, the bailding not inferior to nor 
much nnlike those of our uuiveraities, belonging to the Jesuits here, 
more commonly called I'aulistinos who five here very sumptaoualv, 
the greatest part of the isbund being thoira. Our entertainment was 
truly noble and becoming the gravity of the society. After I had 
done my duty, tbo Fathers accompanied us to the harge. Afore the 
college gate stood a largo cross thwacked full of youngtlacksgiugiug 
vespers ; the town is large, the honses tiled ; it i& called Bandora. At 
our department they gave us seven guns which they have plonted 
on the front of their collogu for tlieir own defence, besidos they are 
fitted with good store of small arms : following therein the advice 
ffiven bv a statesman to the king of Spain, about the Netherlands ; 
that if the society of the Ijoyolists were multiplied their convents 
might serve for castles. In the middle of the river we had a pleoaaat 
prospect on both sides, ou Bandora side the coliege, the town, the 
church of St. Andrew a mile be^-ond, and upon the hill that pointed 
to the sea the Aouada, blockhouse, and a church ; on the other side 
the Church of Maiim with other handsome buiidloga. Curiosity 



' KerrV Vnyn^m. VI. 8S. • Kot*. Voy»««, VI. 332. * Ool Jlonu. Tiwd. V-i, S16. 

* Conlftvft'* HiBboiT of Ihe jMuita, VI, a». * Voyages, '233, 

■ Bruoa'i Anadi, II. 212. 

' Bsloon it tl\e Uordthi bafyanv a etat« htrgt. Aadcnoa • WmIctd India, 78. 



^ 



md 




£ 






me a second tinio to visit tho island of Cauorein, hav'iBf^ ohtfiined 
ve for a longer stay, nor went I alone, some of the bt>st quality on 
the IzUnd being led by the same dcsira joining thoinsolvcs with 
Wo carried a train of scrvantSj horses and palenkeoua, which 
ferried over before ag; and we coming' soou after wore met 
>y the Frotpmity and conducted t-o the Fathers who detained uh till 
afternoon by a Htat4?ly banquet ahowing ue the civility of the chnrnh 
and college, diverting iis both with instrumental and vocal mnsic 
and very good wine. After which we werediamissed and four milM 
off Random were stopped by the kindness of the Padre Superior, 
whose mandate wherever we came caused them to send hiit rec(trttt;n 
(a term of congratitlatton, as we say, 'our service') with the prtventa 
the bent fmite and wines and whatever we wanted. Hero, not 
oming to any town, in a sweet air, stood a magnificent rami 
church ; in the way to which and indeed all np and duwu thin iaiand 
are pleasant aldcas, or country seata of the gentry, where they live 
like petty monarchs, all that is bom. on the groand being theirs, 
holding them in a perfect state of villainage, they being Lords 
paramount.'' 

In loss, at the time of Sidi K^ini's invasion of Bombay, 
ngtvn complains that the senior F^dre of Bdndr^ (Pandara) 
wrote to the Sidi to root out the Prot<>stanLs and gave him money and 
proviaions. The P&dre's chnrch income was said to be a pound of 
gold a day.' In I09i the Maskat Arabs descended on Bilndra and 
oilselte, and plundered viUajj^es and chnrrhos^ killed priests, and 
carried away 1400 captive*.' BAndra fort is meiitioued in IG95 by 
Gemelli Car'cri.* A little later (1700- 1?2U) it is described as a most 
n^picnous village on tho S6lsette coaat. The river was in the hands 
the English, but ite month was so pestered with rocks that no vessels 
any burden could outer. In 1720 the Bdndra priests disturbed 
Cbglish aC M^bim, stirring up the people to attack tliom. Buta 
' ""i-octed bomb killed Borae of the priests and the attempt was 
oned. In 1722 they were again troublesome to the English.* 
1737 tlie English sent men and munitions to help the Portuguese 
defend Bdndra against the Mar^thtLt. Bat as the town could 
be hold, the furti£catiomi were destroyed and the plaue 
abandoned. The Jesuit college or church of St. Anne, which stood 
on the site of the present slaughter houses, was destroyed, aa well as 
the church of Our Lady of the Mount known generally aa Mouot 
Mary." In 177-i Baudra came into British possession. 

Bindra never had much sea trade, but since the making of the 
Jamselji canseway what sea tnule it had has almost ceased. The 
ing of the railway caused a great increase of importance, and 
ring the time of Bombay's great prosperity (1860-1864) numbers 
to live in Bdndra. After this for some years the number oE 



Chapter XIV. 

Places of InterMt. 

Hialory. 




■ Kew Aceoont, 70>71. ■ Voywe to Sonb, 1M.1$7. 
> Hmniilinii'i H*w Acmiont, I. \m * ChuiduU, IV. 198. 

■ lUmiltoali Ktiw Aecoutit, I. I S3. 
Kurna'f KonkM, 82. In 1750TMToiithK)(T nntirM (Dcs. UaX. el Oeog. I. 411) 
►fftttaihocewtiro thamia* oi the Jmut Utimii. ol Biadc*. 



dupter XIV. nwtdonta fell off and Beveral housoB remnined emptj. Dtirinf^ the 
FlaoM oTintarMt. ^^^ ^'"' ?*•"* Biodi-a li&s agaiu risen in popularity- Almost all tho 
villa rosiJoiicoa ore Dccupiod, and bailding goea on steadily. 

BArauiRA. Ba'ngaDga, a rivf*r about four milea aouth-eut of TArtlpitr, has 

near it a dam, a large reBt-hooso and a lar^ reservoir, wliich wero 
bailt about 1828 by Vik^ji ISfehrji, vho in rotum was gruitod Ihu 
Tillage of ParniUi.' 

Bassein^ or Vasa'i, that is the sottlomentj* in nurth IiUitucld 
lO'^aO' and oast longitude 72*51", on the coast about thirty miles 
north of Bombay, on tho right or north bank of the Thlna creok, 
is a municipal town, tho head-quartera of a sub-division, and, 
according to tlie 1881 consul, had a population of 10,356 souk, 
6850 vi them Eiadus, 2623 Christiana. 835 Moaalm&ns, twonty-nina 
wild triliPHjfonrtoenPArsis, and dre Jew& Thehonsesof tho present 
town lie about half a mile inland and to the north of tho walls of the 
old fort. A good metalled road 4i miles lung leads to fiassciu Road 
station on tho Baroda railway. The Portogueso ruins, which ara 
nearly hid by palm groves and brushwood, stand about fifteen feet 
above high wukT level on a low flat plot of land, the south-weet point 
of tho rich and well-woodod tract, which, being cut off from the 
mainland by the Gokhirva or Sopara creek, was formerly known aa 
Bassein inland. OfT Ba^sein fort, about 100 yards from the shore, is 
a dangerous rock w^ich is risible only at low tide.' 
niMary. ^g BaBsein lies only six miles south of Sop4ra it can hardly 

havu btiMi a place of consequence bo long a8 Supiira (A.n. 1 100) 
remaineil a centre of trade.* A doubtful reference mokes Baasoin 
tho head of a district under the Devgiri YAdavs (1200?-1290). 
Ttiere is no cerUkin notice till 1 507, when Mabmud Begada of GuJojAt 
(14>59-1513] ifl said to Itare effected his designs against the towns of 
Basseiu and Bombay.^ A few yearo later Barbotia (1514) desonhea 
it under tho name Baxay, as a town of Moors and Gentiles, a good 
seaport bolonginff to tte king of GnjanSt. Much merchandise was 
excnanged, and there was a great movement of «liipping from all parts 
ond manv boats came from Malabar lodon with anicas, oocoa, and 
spices." In 1526 the Portuguese established a factory at Basseiu, ami 
in 1529 and again in 1531, in revenge for the hostility of tho GajariSb 
kings, laid waste the Bassoin coast.' In 1 532, to put a stop to tl 
raids and prevent the Portuguese from spreading fiirthur nortll 
Bah&dnr Sbab ordered Malik Tokau, Governor of Diu, to fortify 



1 Mr, R G. PiiUL Gov. Rq«. i:tKl of 1S29. Th« villiue ww granted u a inark 
ftpprobatidn of Mr. VikAji'H CDlcrpriM io raUing ft dam Uid «rc«tiDg otli«'r ancful >rark& 
Calt''cU>r V? (towniiiiwit, 17th A|iril ISSO. ,^^^^h 

* Thv MnsKlmins eiiU«d it Baui and tlui Porfe«{[ii«M Bai^Mgi. 

■ AasiBtiv&t Calle<:t<ir, ThAn* PilM, Genera] Ccmdttion, 1843-1853. 

* The meDtinn af Voaoa or Rawiinn id una of tho KAnlH:ri cure writinga 
MeordintC to Uie Ut«Bt tnuttlatiuua to Ira « mistake. Pojidit BhatfviUilil Inrtnju 

■ Bird ■ MirAI-i-Ahuuidi, 814, Thu uiic«rt«in nfereaee it Ja Jems' Eonkui, 81, 
<> StwiIvy'B Bkriiwah 68. 
' In IS29 Hoctor do Sylvoin. who bad been left with a foroe nf twcntv-two row 

to »et BgMnrt the piratM of the north, ent«rvd the BaMein nvor by nisnt. attacked 
town, and defeaiina th« Rujar^i gmtvral Ali ShAh i,Ai*.tiaA\, pluadvrEd imd but 
the pWe. Fjma io Scrr, VL SIO. 




_ THANA. 

^■SBein. A citadel wm bailt, Koth tbe creek and the sea sides 
l^pro strengthened with, nkmparts surroanded by a ditcli ftill of 
^aXt water, and Uio whole was garrisoned by a force of 15,000 
oavKlry and tnf&ntry. Against this new fort Nuno da Gunha> the 
Tortugneae GeoenJ, adranced with a fleet of ISO sail mauoed by 
4000 moo, half Europeans half Ckjonese. Boeing their strengtb 
Malik Tokan made overtaroa for peace. Bat Da Guoba's 
terms wore so bard that he was forced to refuse them. On 

e*'"'T the Portugnene landed a little to the north of the citadel, and 
Tan, led by Diogo do Sylreira and Manael de l^facedo, scaled 
ramparts, and, in spite of their amali nomber, dashed on the 
enemy and pat them to flight. l*ho Hnhammadans fle<l leaving 
largo stores of proviaiona and ammnnition, and the Portagaese 
secured the island with the loss of ooly two persona of mark and 
a few Boldiers. On acoonnt of ita noamesw to their new fort of 
Chaol, and bccaaso they could ill spare a garrison, the Portugoese 
razed the citadel to the ground, and retired to Ooa with 400 
captarud pTeoes of artillery.* 

Abont this time Roltiin BahAdar of Gujartit, prond of his sacoees in 
iDeooauaudinM&lwa,broughtoahin]seIf the wrath of the Emperor 
lynn. Both parties were anxious to gain the Portngneso as 
With this object BahMur, in 1533j agreed to code Basseia 
its depondoDciea to the Portuguese, gavt3 them the right of 
ring datics on the Rod Sea trado, and arranged that his vessels 
alu call at Bassein and take a Portague^e ]>a«aport.' In the 
jwing year the Emperor tried to tempt the Portugnose to 
alliance. But they continued firm friends to the king of 
kjarAt, and in reward were allowed to build a fortress at Din. 
The Portuguese established a factwy at Bassein, bat dlcTso little 
strengthen it, that in 16^^ on the advance of a body of 
fhals the commandant thought of abandoning the place. This 
opposed by Antonio Galvao, and the Moghnis, finding the 
rison ready to resist, withdrew without firing a shot. Shortly 
Nano da Cnnha tho Portugucao Viceroy amved, and dug the 
idations of a new citadel, honouring Galvao by asking him to lay 
corner stone of the fort. About tho same time certain Knsalmiln 
]ne8 were pulled down and in their place a cathedral of St. 
Joseph was bnilt. In ljj39 Baaaeiu was besieged by u GujanU force, 
but the attack waa repulsed.' Towards the close of tlio century 
[16S3) it is mentioned as one of tho places of moat tmdo in com and 
on the oout.* Aboat the same time (1586) it is said to have 




Chapter 
Places of Xntsnit 
Babsck. 



iCusbs's BwHin. 135 : BUdcu in C!burabUl^ 7(Vi«es, UL 6M. 
f tiM osptan of flMMia Ctaao&ui { 16U) wrote : 

Clwuri Ush Mirwt Cmtm thall ntr «a Msb, 
And Hu IrHnUe •* bla nnr naiM ; 
Bmtti, tlMoita w mmm fo jmHf, 
MnU jiald Ihr run* lo him Ihroagli tmoke kn) Stnie. 
I XH CtinliA'a BMoem, I.tS {ootAOte. 
. C^mha'i BMwin. 136. * Fui» in Bn^' P«ri«ht*, III. Bid. 

'lUlph Eltoh ia IImtu, I. 207. Is Gujuilt MuasUiUUi liMtoriea fiimeiii ia rookMi 
nf M Ode of the Eoropeon pom that paid tribata to the Gnjartt kiag (Bird'i Mlrit-i* 
Mtnanli. 129). Perhspa tAo tribute WW rovennc rmisod from Cnjuit imraksBts wlio 
IndM with &MMUI. 



30 ■^^■' DISTRICTS. 

ZTT. a trado in nee, corn, and timber for ship building, bat to be a Glthj 
it«rwt plwe compared with Dnman.' Abul Fazi (I'jfitJ) calla its Bossy, n 
city aiid uu (•mporiiiin like DamaD, SanjaQ, UAbim ood Tdrapur, all 
"' fire o£ tboin bcine in the posseesion of the Europeaos through tha 

^ negligonce of the Moghal officers.' Shortly after (1690) newj 

forti&catioDs were beg'aD and Buished about the cloa« of the century.* 
Tboy ava described bh a strong stone wall with eltivon bastions 
mounting ninety pieces of artillery tweuty-sercn of thorn broDse, anc' 
Boveuty mortars seren of tbeui brouxe. The fort was defended 
twenty-one ^nboata, each of them carrying from sixteoD to eif^hteea 
gnnt.* Basaein, though nover so busy a tmde centre as Cbaul, waa 
mmooa for its ship building, and had the advantage of being the 
head -quarters of a nch tract of country/ held by large Purtagaeie 
proprietors, whoso wealth and the retinue and the court of the 
CapUiia of the North greatly enriched the city." The spnce 
within tho walls wus kept entirely for the higher class of 
FortnguBse who tolerated no artisan or native among them. 
With straight streets, large squares, stately two^toried dwellings 
graoed with covered balconiea aud Urge windows, and many 
rich and magnificent churches, Basaein was next to Goa ihe 
largest and richest of the Portuguese scttlcntonts.^ Under the 
(j^eneral of tho Kortb, it was governed by a Captain, wtth^ 
an ostablishmont of sixteen messengorSj four torch-bearers, and I 
tSireo water and one umbrella carriers.^ With him, at least 
in the sovanteonth century, certain of tho chief townsmen 
Boem to have been associated as aldermen, reread/ore*, whom the 

g)venior called erery morning and consulted, all standing, ' the 
overnor though gouty not being allowed a chair.'* Next to liie 
Captain camo the factor on £f-ii (200,000 raw) a yoar^ with two 
clerke, two torch-beai-ers, and two mossengent Order was kept 
by a constable of the fort on £3 Qs. (38,920 rets) a year, with 
twelve bombardiers each paid !«. (3 tangat) a month i a chi«f 



» Osur PMdorickdSfO- I5M| in HaJtluyt. IL 3M. » 01*dwin'« Aia-i-Akb«ri, n. 

■DftCoitto, XIV. 65 ill Nainie'ftKunktui, M. 

* ChroouU ds TJMUuy, III. 250 ; D& Cunba'a B«M«io, 16. 

■Thviliitrict of Buscin itrvtchod sbuiit ton nul«8 north bo lti« rirer Agtcin^ 
•Mt ftbont twcntj-.fnnr mitc* Ut .-^tiMrim uiil Manonk and abcHtt forty iiuIm lootk to 
fikrsoj^ This wu (IivuIihI into the Saylaun of DuNein, tlie Kub* of Th&na, the tsla 
«t6AlMtt«, tha iftlflof (>i.nuijii,iha isla pf lt«ll^vr. tUe Bub-divicioa of Uanon, sod 
Uw sub-divUtun of Awerim. Du CunhK'i Bnuein, UO, 157. 

< Tbero waro mare than 100 Tuniliea of titt hi^hett in InJui ant) proverbially rioh. 
At the cloau of tho iiixt««utth century tho IjtdiM of » fftur ol th« Itij^hcat Buaoia 
fMnilimt shownl tbvtr woalth U)d public spirit by Bubacribiujj £IO,OOU (200.000 
xanpUiu) to build & uuiiDcry %t Ooi. Da Cunhs'a BMaeia. 246, 

' Me VtyoT [ll>74-7fi) and oilier kuthnritica quoted by I>it Cnnha, 140^ 141 
teligione baildinga it eontAined, bMtit«a tb« C»t>hadnl, fivt» ooarcDta, "^ ' 
ohurriiM, an orphuuigQ, nnd a hoRpital. Da ('iinhft'a ItnMeiD, 139, 

•The total oost MDOiuitwl to£U7 6*. {I>8i;.400 rri*). Thu tjotwls wen 
£128 14a (600,000 r«u), nAik Mi<t tiftocn pooos £3 2h. (14,400 m.>) ; fourtotfvh- 
£3 2* (14,400 m#), oil £ft fit (43,200 n-i.), cam«r» £3 2». (14,400 r*u). In lOW thor» 
wem on« pdit, eightooa peon*, four torch-bearera, thrw cnrrivn, odo doorkiMfwr, un« 
wfttchnun, aud «m tnuUtor. Tho total ymriy coet was £128 (M20 panUot), 
Da Caoha's BoBBcin, 218. At least in Ut«r tLtnM (1676) tho Captain was olwt^ 
cboeon from certain faiuilica. He bad a terei uf three yuan of office. Fryer's Nirw 
Account, 73. 

' f ry«r'v Hv^ Acconnt, 74 ; »id lasorption below, p. 40. 



1 




^ 




few 

oni 



Easuhx. 



coDstaT'le, thanditdr, on £43 (200,000 nr««] a ^-ear Uvmg outside of Cha.pt«r XIT. 

the wbLU in Upper Basseioj Ba^ain do Cima, with twenty coiiatablea piac«i oFlnterest. 

on 1<. 6d. {b tan/fag) a month, fonr mnaketeers on 2a. 'id. (7 tangae), a 

wrjreant, naik, on !«. iW. (2 pari/iio*), one private ot na/ar, a flurk 

with a surguaDt and four privates, a tnLDslator, a Farbha, a coapor, 

•zid a boatswain. Justice waa administered bj -a police magistrato, 

mttrinhc, on £21 lOx. (100,000 reu) with ten messengers; a 

judge, ouvidor, ou £21 lOj. (100,000 reu) with firo moasengoni ; and 

nn appellate judge, veJor, a doctor of laws, who heard appeals from all 

the jHdjres of the north coast.' Of miscellaneous oflicers there was 

a sea bailiff, alcaide do mar, on £2 10«. (L2j000 reU) i a customs 

%toirckecpor,atntoxan/efloBahniazen8,on L2 8«. (30^000 reis) making's 

odrocate on £1 13«. (20,(iOO Teis) ; an administrator of intestates on £3 

16r. (1S,0U0 m«J; a chief of the night watch on £5 8s. (25,200 

few); and a master builder on £3 16s. (18,000 rew). 

In the bep-inuinp of the noventeenth century (1607) Baseein whb a 
at place for ship-building and had a large trade in timber and 
nilding gtone, which was aa fine and hard as granite, and w»s nsed 
in all the Goa churches and palace».- In 1612 it was besieged by 
the Musalmfins but apparently without saccess.' 

Id IG18 BaKseiu suffered from a succession of disasters. First, it 
waa stricken by a terrible disease which few escaped though most 
recorercd. All the Jesuit fathers at the college sickened, but only 
father, Emanael Acosta, the Superior of the College, died. Beforo 
death he foretold that the city was about to be visited with a 
grievoiia punishment.. Scarcely was ho dead (May 15) when the sky 
clouded, tbuudiT burst, aud a mighty wind rose. Towards nightfall 
whirlivtod raided the waves so high that the people, half dead from 
ar, thought that their city would be swallowed up. Many provision 
boats, which were lying at anchor off the shore, were dJasbed to 
pioooa In the city and in the villnges houses were thrown down or 
mode unfit to live in. The monasteries and convents of the Fi-ancis- 
otns and Aumistinians were utterly ruined. Tho throe largest 
diurches tn toe city aud both the house and the church of tho 
~' inita were nnrooted and gaped in clefts almost past repair. 
othiDg was more hideous than the defltructiou of the paha 
iTes. Thousands of palms wore toru out by the routs, and some 
e wind lifted through tho air like feathers and carried great 
,i«tance8. The whole was like the rutn at the end of all things.* 



* V» CiidIm's BuMin, 3t8-321. 

■ Pynni de Livil. It. 22(1 iu Pa Cuohft't Bmmi{ii, l-IO. In 1505 th« comnuuidutt 
1 A*hen wu ordered to fumtih a gallejr evecy ym built at B«Moin (Arch. Port, 
ieat Kmc. III. pt. L p. 510). BdMeiOM-ciiildMemtobftvc ahftivil in the groat iMthar 
~ [sud m^nuijKtnra of atippani, far irhiuh, m far back aa tlie tenth cvnhiry (Macudi, 
Cainbay. Sanjin, and SopAra wen famous. One of tlui cLurcbc* U aald to 
wi iigilt by aman wbo had made a fortane in tho tlippar trad*. Heber'a 
K*TT»liv^ 11 IS)*. ' Do BarroB, Vll. 217. 

* C'»'l>nt'itHi<U)ryiif theJoait*, V!. 162. PAria-y-SuuuitPortngiMu Aiia,n!.} thua 
Mrr>l>i7« ttii^ stcnn : "Id Maj 1616, aix yctn ft[t«r th« •ntttntni.-ni oTthe Kogluh 
kSttfat, '« ifrjicrml and dinbolical itorm' occurred In thv uvighboitrhood of Bombaini. 

1 nt ltii.;alm no th« Inth cS that mouth and C4:>n(iniied with iiivh violance Ibai 

?h hid tb«RiMl«ei in eellarv. in continual dread latt th«ir dwelliaga abould b« 

with the earth ; and at 3 a.k. an earthquako d«troy«d many booMt. Th« 



[Bombay Ouatteer, 



^.i 



DISTRICTS. 



^twxrv. 

I of InteTftit. 



TUm storm wu followed by m oomploto & failure of raiiitliAt, 
iu a few moollu there wm so grave a scarcity that cbildron were 
openly solil liif.tlietr parents to Masaliniin brokers. The practice 
WM stopped bv tbi3 Joauite, partly by sariug from their own aoaDty 
allowaDcea partly by gifta from the rich. ^Mlea the foar of famine 
waa still msBsing, onlers went iasucd that all should moot in the 
church of the Jeeaits for prayer. One of the fnthers so rtiprored 
tfao pooplc for their sins that tbey threw tbumselves on tho frruand 
and tilled tho church with tbuir groaas. Their prayers were not 
unheard. The sky w&» soon covered with doads, and next day rain 
fell HO Irooly that the withered oropu revived.' 

Tho European travellers ot tho seventeenth contury describe 
Bassein aa a hsndHome well fortified town with a convenient 
barboor^ in a country growing much rice, poise, and other groius, oil, 
and oocoaoute.' The city wall wiui of stone three miles round wiih 
three gates, two main gateways ono to the east the other to the w^ed 
and a smaller fiortal U} the south, and uight bastions, sume of 
nnfinishtid. On the 8untliorBca-Biilo,wIii'rethorewa8little rink 
attack there was only a single wall. Tho garrison waa (1684) 2400 
strung. 40U Europeans, 200 Native Christians, and 180O sUtos.' The 
city was set apart for the liotter class of Christians, neither craftsmefl 
nor Hindus were allowed to live within the walls. It had wide 
straight gtreeta and good buildingps round a great square or market. 
The nobles lived in stately mansions, and there were six churrbeS} 
four convents, and two colleges, one belonging to the Fnmciacana 
the other to tho Jesuits. The Jesuit college bad fire etfuare 
cloisters with cells on two aidos, a spacieua refectory, a g^oodly 
charchj and a fine library of commentariea and works on histoty nna 
morabi.* Tho fauspitality of these monasteries waa fauousj and 
made public pbees of entertainment iinnecessaiy. 

In the decay of Portngneso power towards tho close of tka 
seventeenth wutury Baaaein suffered considerably. In 1074, BOO 
Arab pirates from Maskat lauded at Bassein, and, unopposed by the 
pauic-struck garrison> plundered all the churches outside of tho wallBf 
refraiuing from no cruelty or violation.' In the same year More 

sua wu ))n>U];ht into Uw dt^ by Um « ittd ; the wavw roared fcorfuIlT ; the top* nf 
the obnrcbn wtn blawn off, and imnenae abnua vnn driven ta vMt <li*UacM ; two 
tbouMBd penoD* wer» h illcd -, the tth diad in tlw pondit, luid mutt <i( the ulinrcbM* w 
tb« tomiMtit ndruiced, wora utt«r]y diutKiyod. Miuiy vimhU wm lost in tlw port, 
At Bomtwimrixty sail of timmIi. wjtb tb«Ir c&rs««t oiid •one of Umir onwt, fonndrnd,'' 
iUdna Jourul, V. I7A. 

I Cotdftn'sHialoryof IhnJcHiiU, V1.20(i. Iu 1623 Piottro dclU Valle (Via^i:^, III. 
ISl) noticed thkt many liuililingii worv in niina from thogmt liurriciiue uf a fvw y««ui 
btfor*, tuid In 1670 U^Uby (AU&it, V.'JH) a)KrAk*of ut owthqiukt!, whivh, in tlM 
be^iuinK of tb« wutury, hul avallowed nuiuy housM. ia the moid <d which noiM tod 
iiesn built. 

*3MUMid«Ulu'*Voy«{[a (161^8), 233; TlMvvU()t(IGG';), V. 249 : ad<1 Odlby'a AUm 
(ICO), V. 3U. Taverowr(162))natioc«tJuLt Ibc ladmnnwontuppedtliD Virgin Uarjr 
HM n r«pr«anuUtion of SitA, piiUiag off tbcir hLmi*, making nuny rerenmco^ ptittii 
oil into thn lamp, Mid cMtintf ni«n»y into the box. If the Portngueae bad atli 
tbvni tliey wnnld hitve anointed the inia|{» and otferfd it finite Uarria, IL 37flL 

> O Chmn do Tis. IIL 843 ; Da CunWi Bauuiii. 209. 

• Fn-erellSTStNew Aoconiit,74,"a; <kanclh Careri (1096) iuChnrchiU'i Voya 
IV. 191, quoted iu Da CDnhft'tBasaeio, 141. 

* Onoealiiatorical 



Aoconot, 73. 



Pragmoata* 40. Pryei' noticM theac Arab incuniuika. 




[rtSt 



lUSBRIN. 



i^it eetnblisliod liirasolf iu_Kalj'4u, and forced the Porlug\icsc to Chapter XIV. 
" ' '•- fourth of the Bassein rovcnuee.' Twoywmiliitor (lfi7(i), piacea oflntereati 

'icpd near fiasscin, «nd, in spite of 'aomo slondcr 
"tihtv, t.rtifiedaplace called Sibon (probably Saiwiu),* und!n 1090 
iu Munithits, though unsiiccessftilly, invested BiLBijoin.' Tho city 
which had for some time been suffering from tho dishonesty of ita 
Dvcmors, the im niorality of its oppe-r classes, the iiitcrfereuce of the 
' i^SSt ""'1 the ill Eeeliug shown to anconve rted nativoB,* wna abont 
stricken by a pestilonttal fovcr or plagwe, 'exactly like a bubo/ 
which, wntiiming at intervals for auverni years, robbed tbe city 
'' aboDt one-third of its pix-plo.^ In the boginning of the 
ijliteenth century the population was rotuniod at 60^499 souls, of 
whom £8,131 were Native Chriatians and 2'3(iH Europeans." About 
the same time it is described as a place of small trade and 
a hnrboar for small Tosacls. According to HnmiUon roost of its 
riche^s Uy bnried in tbe hands of laity country gentlemen, who 
loitered their days in cose, luxury and prido, without the least 
fioiute of their country's min.^ Inl72Sa Portngueso officer, sent 
)m Goa to examine the fortifications, found most of the outposta 
wretched statij ; tho foil^s and stoclcadoa ill-placed and in bod 
; the garrison short of their proper strength, and the few 
ra antaaght and undnlled, useless except as robbers.' 



*Ornu>'* HiittnncK) Pragmonli, 45; DaCtinh«'« Buarin, 143. 

• OrBic'B Hmtoncnl Prainniintii, 54, * Ormit'» Ilintoncsl Frwntenta, 143. 
In 1087 kinx E'Kitip II. ol 8|j«iti (1S56- 1503) complainod vt the dulionir«tv of the 

'idu whn let their forte full iniodimrpiur. b&Cuaha's Bamdo, 144. He suowrota 
i flffend^ra i^funrt jxibhc luorala HhoiiM be paniaheH (Ditta). The rBlMogtuoit 
nncanvrrted nativm wi;r« niMtt strtat. Xo li^illieii Diif/ht l>c ctii|iloycii OSM^ Ml k 
gnmm, and to aone mijjbt any frivniUliip or kintlncea bo bIiuwd. No iitfidcl cvuM 
Mrnin ■ iinMicoffioc, Midall.nverf Snn(V)'Aft«rmM>n,«cref'ircc<Itn attend a I«crtara 
liwapr)i!st.ur.i(tliry»tftulavray-, IumI t^imy kfiUL-iifrruin 4ii. boaboatl'. ll-3 langat), 
WOinb«'i IUm<'ui, 144. Acopnliiift to Uoei (1G03) the perwinition oF tfa* IVirtngnraa 
'*- nuuiy liinduB, Muulnutua and Pilnis leave their homoa aad live in tho 
] uf .Shih JahAn whoro they hftd liherbr of oonsdbocc. Ho aHda. * Betwoon 
td U&mati therv u-c fuw nativa oiiil ihe (fnatet |uu-t of the rilkwQ Uiida 
i.' Itst Canha'i Bsmein, 143. Of the inUirf«r«uc<< of thtt cler^ ifiunthna 
I, 'Th« church BUpcrinteads tbu OoDcral at the Nurth, tchicn nmkca hia 
oat both unmiiy anil |irccarioa».' Now Aoeotint,!. IHO. 
\i Cu-ffi in ( liurctull'H Voya^ea, IV. 101. This outhrcak, npp*r«ntiy tho 
U^agae, liiun ami mi'Ki, nwml fnr acriml yn&rii ov«r agritnt rati uf wi^tirm India. 
. AJimada^nU, whc-rv it lasted fiir wvtu or fi|{ht yt^ara, it« viiiit>ln miirkt were Bwetl- 
lop aa big na a grape or bAoann behind the mrv, undn- the amia and in tho (jToiD, 
—id ndnuM rciand the pupils «f Ute eytw. In 1G89 it bmlcn ont with ereat vinlenoo 
lti)lpnr 'all attanWI with it gav« up hopu, ' It had Ihwd in th« Deccan for 
trani Ye«re(Muatakha1>u-l LnMb : Elliut. VU. 337). Nvur Ooa iu 16»4 itaHaclc«d 
jIiAb Hofam's army and carried olT 50O men a day (Ormo'B Hiat. ¥n^. 143} ; ra^ed 
|Santforaixy4an(lGSI.lRlN)HI>vingt'iira Voyage t^ .Snrat, 'M~,\; rc<Iiiced (1690}tbe 
shay j^rrianD to 3fl Kuf{lt>>h stkldien <Bruc«'a Anuala, II L 94) ; was »» riolcnt rhat 
it nnt only took away all moan* of prepaiiog for a cood ond, but in a f«w hrjiira iu 
8>utt, Damau and Tliina, carried off whole cityfnis at people (Cbiirohill, IV, 161) ; 
and at T.ltu m .sind 11696) killed 80,000 aniiU (Ilamillon'* Now Ai^wiint, 1. 1S3|. 

• Da (■ni.l.ii ;, Ri->«in, 145. » llamiltou'a Ntw At-cotiut, I. IHO. 

• O Chmn, dn Ti*. I. 3!, 32. Of artillery BaaHOn had nirnty ni4««!a from Uireo 
to twenty-four poiuden 27 of Uiem broan. 70 mortara 7 of inem bronxe, and 
a prriaou i4 80 infantry and 12 artillery. In Bansein port were SI armed buata each 
Willi 16 to IS [n«c«a ol ordnanoe. Baaama, 909. In Miit« of tbia weakneai the Baiaein 

•rniM aaoniR to have inoi^aiwd till aa labe aa 17S». In 1686 it waa £6046 (Rs. aa,400>. 
1709 £^737 (Ra. Q7.37UI. in 1718 £l5,&30(tta. I,li6,380), and hi 1739 £4a,7UU 
U. 4.D7.UG0}. Da Cuulia'a )lAM»n, I4S. 




tQotnbftf Ouett«ir, 



Chapter ZIT. 

JPIbom oflntenat 



DISTRICTS. 



Rormd the city Uidb weakened and docnjred the Mar£tfafa wen 
gradually closing. In 17dH they Buized the smairfort o{ AnmU to 
the north of Bassein, vin^ s<)on after, by occupying tbo islands of 
TarsoTft and Dh6rftvi and the creeks between Basseiu and tIw 
mainland they completely isolated the city, tioa, distrossed liy 
the MariUliHj*, could !^end no help, and the Ktiglish at Bombay, for 
years annoyed by the hostility and treachery of the JesuiU <^ 
B&ndra, refused assistance. On the 17th February 1739 tho si^v 
o£ Cddsein wHfi begun, and, under Chimnilji i^pjiRj Bajiriv'a brothar, 
was proRAcd with n fikill, conrage, and perseverance which no other 
MarAlhft besieging force hau ever shown. In spite of the Iom of their 
couiiuandor, Sylvcirn <le Meiit7.i!K, the garrison dcfeiideil themsDlveB 
with tho highest courage and constancy. Among them theGoropeaai 
fought with the moat ugnal bravery, driving back attacks, and by 
midnight sallies harassing thu MaWttha Hues. Still the besiegtns 
massed closer, mine after mine was sprung, and in spite of a congtwrt 
fire from hand grenades, mnsketry and n)Ot-t»rs, the wall was breached 
under Sam Sebastian's tower,and,moanting on its rains, the Morithlto 

S lined a ixxtition from which they could not lie driven. The ffarriaoo, 
ockadea by Angria's fleet and short of food and of powder, with 
the flower of their officers and men dead or disabled, coold hold out 
no longer. On tho 16th May 1730 they offered to capitulate. Th« 
terms were hcmonrable. T))c garrison, auxiliariofl as well as reguhuSt 
were allowed to maruh out with tho hououns of war, and, to such 
of tho people as wished to leave, eight dnys wore given to gather 
their property. The loss of tho Portuguese was about f 00 ; that 
of the Munlth&e, in killed and wounded, about 12,000. Thus 
Baastnn fell as falls a stately tree never to .rise. No fight had 
been more glorious t^ the Portuguese; in none since thu days of 
Albuquerque had they cai-ned more uosulliod fame.' 

Under the Mantthns Basscin, with the name of Bajipnr or 
Biliiriv*8 city, continued a place of importance, tho head-qnartem 
of the governor of the country from tho Biiukot river to DanuuL* 
To restore a Hindu population grants of ront-froo land wero offered, 
and a tax wus lovtcd for the support of BrAhmaus who were brought 
to purify the Christians and muko tbom fit to take their place ia 
their old ciwtos.' 

In 1767 tho Dutch wished to establish a factory at flasBotn.* 
In 1774 tho town was takeu by the Britiah hut jmwu after was 
restored to the MarithAa.^ Six years later (1780) Goddard, leading^ 
fail* army by laud from Siirut, arrived ( November 13th) before Basaein* 
The forinaa was a regular p<jlygon without outworks, but so Btron^ 
aa to require reguhir approaches. On tho 28th Novombcr the 6r8$ 

' Bom. Qimr. Hev. IV. 71-87. 

■UftCnnhA'BBaMein, ]49. Ihi p9m»|l70l))«By«, 'BxooptOtnl harsseen BO tawD 
batt4sr plkced for trade. The fort, in vArlike hnndn, ooiiM offer k ■tTDDE rcsutaae*. 
It ia « raguUr hcutgnn. llie butMua ciu-ry niue gnu* od iMcb feco, uid ihoM in tlw 
inidclle have double (iicM. M&ny of tlif^curt.iiiiBiira jirot«cUd \fj aK|Der«b«etii]ii, ftud 
tliat uour the nxvt by aamftuy built vu Ui« mk Of tbe two gktea tfaa aovtli one ia 
oficii, tbe M«rAUiis n»y6 oondeinucd tfa« aouth-wnt K*^- "^^^ vklk might tnoonk 
forty cwiDon.' ZoDd Aveela, L ccolixxiv. 

* Da Cimba'a BiMcin, 149. • SUvcriptw, III. t07. • Mil), III. 606, 610. 




XookaiL] 



THANA. 



liiMory. 



^Kteiy of six F^ins nnci sis mortars wns opened at a ilistonca of d'Mi Chapter ZtV. 

I^wds, and on T>et"cm}KT 0th a scicoml battory of nine heavy guns aud pji^WB oFinterast. 
at the iamo time a battery of twenty mortal's were opened at 500 
yards. On the lOthj when a breach was nearly completed, a condi- 
tional offer of pnrrondcr was made bnt refused, and ne« morning the 
garriaon surrendered at discretion. On the British side the loss was 
BiuuII.' In 1733, under the terms of the trenty of Salh^i (March 
1782), Basscin waa rcst^ircd to the Manlthi'is.* At the close of 1802 
(Docemher 1 7th) BftjiriSv Peshwa, flying from YMhyantrav Hulkar, 
reached Bassein from Suvorudurg on the BatnAgiri coost. Ilero 
be WAS met by Colonel CIoso and Mr. Ktphinatono hta Assistant, and 
oo December 3Ut the Trea^ of JIassein was concluded.' To 
ea!!tirc the I'cshwi's safety a ncld^dotacliment was sent to Basseio, 
and to strengthen the passage from the mninland to HasKeiu ishind a 
oonsidorahle palm-tree atockade was built at Sopara.* The Peshwa 

^|Ured in Bo&dcin till the end of April." 

^pTnder the terms of the tronty of Poona (13th June 181 7), which 
^waa forced on the British by Bajirtiv'a intriguea and failure to 
supply his contingent of troops, Bassein with the rest of the north 
Konkan i>asi}ed to the British. In 1818, the distance between 
the main defences and the want of any sufficient ditch made the 
fort of no militai'y value. The ramparts were overgrowu with 
bnshos and scarcely a house was habitable. A small detachment 
of troqpB waa kept in it for some time.' In 1821 it watt described 
■e a considerable place surrounded by a regular furLiGmtion of 
nunparts and bastions, but witliout a glacis which from the marshy 
state of the surrounding country was not mttch wanted. A .imafl 
garrison was statiouod in one of tlie gates, under an English 
oondnctor of ordnance, and the place was kept locked. Within it 
was completely uninhabited.' In 182S Bishop Hcber fonnd it 
' perfectly uoinliabited, a melancholy display of ruined houses and 
diarchefl covered with a rank growth of trees and brotihwood. 
Bishop Heber describes the rtiinn as of mean architecture, but 
striking from their lofty proportions aud from the siognlarity of 
Christian and Guropcon ruins in Tudia.^ Tn 1830 an attempt waa 
made to revive induatry in Bassoin by starting a sugar factory, 
A mill was built, but the scheme failed from the death of llr. 
LtDgard the promotor. In 1837 Mr. Vaupell found Bassein the 
chief market town of a potty division with shops mostly held 
by Gujariwti Vanis and a few poor Musalmans." In 1838 Mrs. 
Fostans described it aa long forsaken with no inhabitants except a few 
fishermen aud hunters.'" Hinoe 1 838 Bassoin furl has remained almoatt 
ilesorted. In 1831 a travellers' bungalow waa built ut a cost of 



■ Mill. IV. »Q; Itinrntna.II. 101 ; Nalrne'a Kookm, 101. 

■ Gmit Ihiff, 437, in Noirno'ti Kuakiii, 103. 
I, EongBBioati Mid SuuuK V. 63 in Xuroc, 10& 
I XfUSuBMo't Bcport i» Nairue, 108. 

(Book 11603), pp. 33d-4t>3 it> Naimc. 108. 

'naon'n K«pcTt i{Uot«>.l iii Nau-Uv, 11& Sea almy IH CnnhaV Banwio, 2t0. 

Utoii*. G«Mttflor. 1. Iti. •Narrali-re, t\. 185, IW. 

'tnam. Bom. Quog. 8oc VIL ISSL >^ WaKbnu Indis, L 179. 




mysa 




^ 



kptor XIY. £107 (Rs. 1G72), and ia 1856 a road wu carried through the to 
I of Interest '^ '''^ )iui(liiig place. lu 1 B52 the rained charch of N.S. iln Vida wi 

turned into a sugar factory, »nd (or a time t ' ' : ,.q(] the wurkimni 

**""*"■ gave eouit) life to the ohl Iajwii. But tho fu> . ■ i not poy, and liM 

been closed, aod tho old city within tlw fort is aguD dceomte. 

In ISO-t a municipatity was cstabtiabod,^ indoding boaides t 
old fort and most of tUo mod«rn town which stand in the village 
of &(aluude, the survey villages of Dhanli, Sandore and Mntgsun, 
lud many fi;ardous and Belds between Bassvin and I'dpdi^ aboat a 
mile and a half to the east. TliougU the old city within tbo £ort 19 
daaolato, tho modem ninnicipal town is bnsy and prosperouit. 
In 188U-61 the municipal income, collected from octroi, hooae 
and tiriry taxes and tolU and markot fees, amonntoi] to £71 
(lis. 7i-il). Tho espondituro in the aamc year wa« £t!Oi ( Rs. 6637 
of which £117 wore spent on aoarong'uig, £40 on lighting, an< 
£77 on roada, 

TIio BftlvantrAy Hari NAik dis{M!nsary, aii3e*l by & Govet 
grant of £173 [lis. 1730), a rauuicipid gnuitoE £170 (Ha. 1700), at 
a local funds grant fif £tiO (Ra. UOO) waa u«tul)hHhed in 1872 in 
honso given hy Vn.ihvaotrAv Balvant Niiik,whoao Cither's namo 
dispensary bean>. There is an assistant sorgeou in charge, 
thoattondanco in lS80-dl was 1S,S2 i oat-patients and 43 io-patienta. 
There are six vernnculAr schools, the chief of which, with room 
for 150 pupilsj is held in a school-honse which was built in 137S at 
a cost of £560 (Ka. 5001). 

The mdmlatdAr's ofBoe, which is built on the standard plan, 
completed in 18011 at a cost of £3J>53 (Rs. 35,-j30). 
sabordinato judge's court is hold in wbat was formerly a pn^ 
dwelling. Closo to tho new school-house is a public gHrden 
which was granted to tho iniinieipnlity by Governuicat in 1877^H 
Opposite tliu garden stand tbe Kobcrtson vegetable and fm^H 
marketi, with on upjier story which is used as the mnnicipal^ 
office.' 

Bassein has a good landing placo and a cnstoro honse 
rotnrna for the five years oudiug 1878-70 show an avoiagc expo! 
trade of £JI,U4 (Ka. 5,M-,1U)) and an import trade of £:i2,52( 
(Ii.s. 2,2n,2(Kj). Kxpofta variwl from £20,710 (Rs. 2.07,100) ji 
187G-77 to £'>7,-i80 (Rs. 0,74,SO0) in I87o-76, and imporU froa 
£17,2^0 (Rs. 1,72,950) in 1876-77 to £33,5-17 (Its. 3,35,470) ii 
1S77-78.* Tho niilway returns show an incroiuie ui passougors froi 
86.173 in 1873 to 140,837 in 1880, and a fall in good* from D29i 
tons to 3278 tons. 
t<A«reVA There ore six modom C&thoUc ehorchee in and near Bassein. Tho 




1 Gov. »M. 521, IMh Marvh I8S4. I do*. R«>. !»», SSthFobnur? 1477. 

> Tha RurlMto an oftlkd after Hr. Judm Walkw HobertBon, CoUeetnirof lliAiUk 
18«T-I875. 

• Th« (tttUUs are : Exnorta, 1874.75 £78,004 (R*. 7,80,040], 1676-76 £97,4S0 
(Rs. fl.74.auOl, 1876-77 £20.7IO(IU. 2,07, Iftl), 1877-78 £aS,S88 (R«. 3,3S,680), 1878-7I» 
iirZ.OII? (He. -2.70.070) : lni|».rU 187175 C!&.-i2fl lK«. 1.92,230). mS-lii j;il).I7C 
(K*. l.lil.7tW). ia7t:-77 £13.293 (lU. l,72,»0), 1873-78 t33^1 (IUl 3,3A,4701, 



A 



riMk 




THANA. 



37 



, of Oar Blessed LaJy of Merc^, alwal two mfl&s north of the 
khtdAr's office, fans a congregation of 97-1. It was built by 
•abscripliuii auil laeiufuros muetv-6re fi.>ot long by &fieou 
sad Uiirteeti lugh. Tho vicar nan a huuso and draws a 
iOtiy stipend of £1 14*. (Ra. 17) from tho Portugueao govem- 
A. tuuaic master plays the yiolin iu church. The Dbauli 
about two miles north of Bassein, is dedicated to Our BlcsBod 
Kcmudius, and has a congregation of 3233. Il was 
Ml 1821 at a cost of £1860 (Us. 18,600). of which ±1800 
ffi& 1(!>,000) were colLoctcd by privuto subscriplion and t&) 
(Rfc. 600) wore grautod by Goverumont. It moflflurea 108 foet long 
[thirty-throe broad and twcnty-throo high. Tho vicar has ahouao 
a monthly Goverament etipoud of £1 95. (Rs. 14-8). There 
la parish school attended by about fifteen pupils. Tho AUnikpur 
' iHsh, four miles north-cast of Hasat-in, is dedicated to St. 3{icba«l 
Archangel, and tuia a cougregatioa of 800. It was re-built 
1851 at a coat oE £1600 (lie. 15,000) which was raifiod by 
nvato Bubsmption. It ia in gootl order and inctisnros 120 foot 
^ by tweaty-niue wide and uurty-sii high. The vicar haa a 
hooK and a monthly Govemmeut stipend of £1 Os. {Ha. 11-8). A 
mtudc montcr plays tho violin in chnrch; there ts no parish school. 
Tbe Sanduro church, throe miles north of Biutauin, ia dedicated 
to St. lliomas tho A])OBtle, and has a congregation of 1725. 
jTkc ado walls were bnilt in tlie aistconth centuiy, tho chapel in 
and the fronti-spiecc in 1853. The chapel measures twenty- 
I feet loDg by twouty broad and twenty high, and tho body of tho 
irch soTcuty't^ix feet long by thirty wido and twenty-five high. 
icar has a houso and ft monthly Guvemmcnt stipend of 
(Ba. 14-8). There ia also a vostry -keeper who gives religiona 
Lion, ami a mueic maator who playa tho viuuii iu church, 
no parish school. The Pdii churohf about thrco milca east 
tin, i& dtrtlicatcd to Our Blessed Lady tlio Mother of God, 
hae a oongrcgntiou of 900. It was built in 1840 at a cost of 
1500 (Rs. 15,000) and measaree seventy-five feet long by twenty- 
' broad and eighteen Iiigb. The vicar haa a hoaeoaud a montldy 
iment stipend of £1 9ir. (Ks. i4-b). There ia a mnsic master 
"•fco plays the violin in church and a pnrish school with aboot thirty 
— ^liL The PjLpdi church, about two miles north-east of Basseia, w 
tod to Oar Blessed Lady of Graco aud haa a coogregatton of 
■ I, U mooHurea about 102 foet long by forty-tivo high and 37 
I, and was bnilt in 18tl5 aba ooatof £1800 {Ra. 18,000) collected 
ivate aubscriptioD. The vicar bus a houae and a monthly 
it stipund of £1 9t. (Its. 14-8), There is a violin master 
a pariah eohool supixiried by Qovcrument and attended by 
gix papila. 

) are twomodcm Hindu temples inside the fort, one to Hunumiin 
to the sea gateway and tho other to Trivikriim. Trivikram'a 
Qpio enjoys a yearly Ouvemmeot allowance of £106 (Us. 1061). 
iHPB two trBvellurs' roB^boases built by Parsis, ono by Mr. Lavji 
ji Lakdaviilu iu 1780 and tho other by Mr. Diidabhai and 
jtrji IVstailii WVub'a in 1836. 
IdOO the iulc-rior of tho j'urt vraa leaaod (or thirty yean Iu 



Chapter^ XIV. 
FlAOMoflntsnst 

CkMrtkM. 



Itcmauuk 




(Bomb*; Oaiettett, 



ipter XIY. 
I of luterott. 

JUSIKIK. 



DISTRICTS. 



Mnjiir Littlowoocij wUoao widow now faolds tho loaao, her sod 
culLnttting tho fields inajde. Tho grant of this loaso has mndo tbs 
pruper preservatioQ of the roios altufiet impoaaible.' Except two 
opeuings fur ilic liuiiliag-ptikce ruml^ and ono or two breaches along 
the B6a face, tlto old city walls are in f&ir repair. Tlicy are aboaC 
one and a half miles roand, and in shape an irregular docagoOf 
bailb of HtoiiB from thirty to Lhirty-Bve feet high, and, except on 
tho wost whore they arc an ntnch ast fcirtj^Sre, not more than fiv« 
feet thick. At e&ch of the Urn cornem in a foar-sidt;d bastion/ and 
in the wbolo cii-cumforuDuo aro three eutrauces, two main double 

?iteway9, and a postern. Of the two main gateways tho Sea Uat& 
vria do Mar, with masftire t«ak doors cased with iron bars and 
Bpikea, is in good repair, but the woodwork of the Land Gate, Poria 
do Campo, is broken, 'llio postern behind tho cloisters of the 
Franciscan chnrch was thought uoaafe, and wae closed by the 
taation of Sam Sebastian. 

Within tho walls oro some fenc«d fiolds, and tho linos of some of 
the old streets may be ti-aced. With these exceptions the space u 
overgrown with palms and bm&hwood. On the land side ura few 
aigns of old buildings, but near the middle of the space aro tha 
rmns of the citadel or round central tower, and close togetheTj 
towards the sea, are the remains of six churches and other religioua 
buildings. Of those some aro perfect except that their n>o& 
have gone, of others only the towers arc left. The site of other* ia 
marked by broken pillars, porches, and cornices, and some aro 
ahapeless mounds of ruin. All are overgrown with grass, wall trees. 
and thick hanging fostoous of climbing plants. Of the abseaco ox 
ruins on tho laud side two explanations may be offered, that, as tho 
part most likely to saffer from a land attack, it was never bnilt 
bnt kept for the growth of grain, or that it was once peopled 
and fell to ruin during tho ravages of the plague at the close of the 
serontccuth century. 

Beginning from the sea.sido the first object of interest is the mansire 

double sea gateway with its well preaervod teak and iron doors, on 

one of which, partly hid by an iron bar, are the words ' The 20th 

November 1720.' Within the gate, on the left, is a small tomplo of 

Hauam&i. On the same side, the buUdiug with massive high tower 

and tree-covered walls is tho Cathedral, or Malriz, of Si. Josoph. 

Over the door these words are cnt in stone : 

' In the Tflar ISOl, wbsn the moit lUualrioua Br Dom 7t«i Aleixo d« M«n«M« »■■ 
Antfabiahqp PriiDAta ftQd tho Bcvd. Fodro OhIvao Perelra wm VIoat. thia Cftthadrftl 

WM rebuilt." 

The towered front and the siJe walls with arched doorways and 
laucut windowB axe in fair repair, but the roof is gone and the steps 



1 Ur. W. B. Mulock. C. S.. 24tb Janoory 18S2. 

' Tbeir nAinM an Xoau tionhon do* K«m«lioR, B«i4 Magos, S&m Thisgn, Smii 
Qoofalo, Hadri! <]« Deal, Sun Jo&o, EJepluuitr, Sam Pedru^ Smu PwiIo, muI Smb 
Setwrtjuk 

■ 'The PortngcM nuu. No AXso ui IQOI. SK-xoo abckbisfo piuuaz o tLLm 9h. Dom 
fnU AlBXO t>B MB?fX£IA, R VtOAIUO O FE PUBO QUMiM PkBUIU, SC BKruRMOa 
caru MATKU. \>h Canhft's Buoctn, 214. 




the tower are decayed. On a black oblong tombstono in the 
tncel, to the right, of the main alt«r, are these words : 



^ 



thl« iTsv* u« tranafomd tha bones o( Pedro a*tVBO, ft wnranl In tb* 
irho """"<[— ' mnd oolnrgad Uii« hnnpl*- H« diad at Oo« oa ttw 19Lh lC«n^ 



At the west eud of the ntire, a half-buricd tomb beara the name 
^Antonio do Almeida de Sampaio c Su.* The present building scoma 
stand on the site of the church of Sfc. Joseph, which waa boilt 
3646 by the Viceroy Uom JoJlo de Castro under the orders of 
Dom JoAo III. uf Portugal.' A plain arched posange between 
tho cathedral and n. private honne to the right is perhaps a relic of 
the dinlike the vivea o£ the old Basftein nobles had, to be stared at 
ou thtrii- way to church.^ 

Pacing* the sea, the open space at the end of the streett to the left 

cf the »ea Kate, is the great square or market. Kound it are the 

aains of what were once line buildings. One of the ehief of 

so was the State Honso, where in 1675 'the Goremor convorat«d 

nobles every morning upon oonsnltation, in which they all (<tood, 

a cbmr noL l)oing allowed the G-overnor though gouty, and whero 

towards eroning thoy met to game.'* Tho ruined doorway beyond 

the market belongs to the castle or round citadel. Ou either side 

the door wero two pillars of which only tho Corinthian capitals 

left. Above, are a Maltese cross, a coafc of arms, a sphere, and 

lia date 1606. Inside of the gate the whole space is strewed with 

lina. To the left, along a path choked with shrubs and fallen 

loQOB, are tho ruins of a bastion ^rith tho oldest inscription iu 

jin : 

' Ttifl flnt OADtoia wHo tmUi UiU fortreas wm OonU d* 8*, by oommand of 
Oovemor Nuao da Cunh& in th« 7«*ti> 1030-" 

These ruina arc said to have boeo older tlmn tho Portugnese, 

and to hare been tho ' place of residence of the Moors to whom it 

jeionged.'* Further back heaps of rubbish and one or two doored 

windowed walls are all that remain of tho palaces of tho 

sneral of the North and of the Captain of Jlassein.' A little 

jhind the gate of tho round citadel, and near the end of the 

"■tract thai leads f rum tho sea-gate along the wall, are the ruina uf 



Chapter XIT. 
Flacu of Interest) 

BAflUIH. 

Jtematiu. 



>Tli9 lAtip niaa.*PiTiitOALVAyi xsiirLni uocQriRuciTBrAvxrrB'X-TftAjtsuTA 
»T rxmVLX ixDox drsa ■itn:tr.tno. Omrr no.* IW MAnni akxo IfilK.' 
On CiuiIia'4 ILMsL'iii, '215. Thu kiuff *1towcil ibo Vic«K>y to support tlio vtciu- and 
waiktlinU, ft\ita n «uiii of £112 (3CH>U pardilin] fonuorly >[H.-iit (m MuKalniAn 
■inu. Id l&Si Lhc diurch stair wu & vknr, four cuuuus, two choir boya, a 
arcr. f<:nr singon. oaA oor plAyer. Tho yearly cost wu, for aat&blishtiiant 
'■■»); fi<r *<>niAniiiit, cloth, ynltn kav«>, and Howcra £2 5d. (60 
.rcaniUe«£3 7". (IW ;«inWojr). 
1 - itamcin, 246. • Pryer's New Account, 74. 

*ThEi rortu-uen mnK, 'Ho PKiuBiRocArmH qvk wDiricac atA roRrAi.BKA rot 

KBXIA DR :-,A Itm VASRMXt IK> OoVBBHAbOtl XrifO DA CtmilA ZRA DS IA36.' Dft 

Wb Itu»cin, 217. •IkKwni(l034)inOahix>n. (IeTt>. lU. m 

f* riTT:!in'R Ftui««iii, 3|8l Of theioJl thAt once atood luar tin C«pt(uii's paUca 
).'Ut B Mb «itb A wum writins tu be sc«o neAf ula trnvuUen* 
Ic of tliA fort. Tho writing runs, 'Paro da 8ilv» beiu Vicoro^ 
uu. inns ria Cunh* Cajitatn of th:a fortrcaa. ti*a city ol Bmeto. uoni Luis 
tiile, Fmticiaeo P«r«ira, .... aiul Alvant Coolbo caaaed tJua jail to bo built^ 
waa competed whilit Aadrv Satcma mta CaDtaln and Aotonio ToJca^ 
.... Alitmn<^R. The date (■ gone. It mtntliftveDoeD between 1(36 aad 1639. 
k'a llMaciu, 236. 




(Bombay QaaotUcr. 



DISTRICTa 



XIY. 
Plaeu of Intezttit 



n voiy larpo bnililintf Bnpposod to bo the hoiiso of ibo C^taiu or 
tho CoTirt of J iisticL', but muiv probably tlio Church and Couvenb of 
the AugUBtmiaDS. 

Tho portico, which is approochnd by a flight of 6vo deep stops, in 

Bupportcd by four pillars which divide the onl-rftoce into throo an;he8 

Itnding into tho vostibule. lu tho Uick^iand are the P ■ -.• 

royal HTinB aad BOmo worn doritcs. Two tn^^cribed wt" 

fallen, ono from the architrnve the other from tho tympanuin. T 

writing on tho architrave runs, 

* Tbia port*] waa btiiU durlniE the coveroaa&t of the Vtoetoy Dom Mlcoel do 
HoroDlu, Coaut of XiloharoR, and on u 8(. FmnoU Xavigr vrmM pl»ood •• poina 
oftheditr. TfaAlOihMAT 1631.>* 

The wriiiug on tho tympanum mos, 

'Whan OMp«r da XoUo da Miranda warn Oftptain of the titT. and 
Oaolbo da Sinrm. P«ro Forrcir*, &nd Jooo Bote Kuluwla uid otbar oSaen 
aldermen, tbiM port«l. wbloh took St. X»vtar wi Ua pfttron, wiu InUU in Uu 
163L" 

Kext to tho palace aro tho ruios of tho factory, the roeidenoe of 
the factor who was aocond in rank to tho Captain. Close by aro 
tho rains of a very large building apparently a granary. Sopr>- 
from tho palace of the General of the Xorth by the large ni 
space of the old paliice (^rduu, are the Church and QOKpttal nl 
I'ity. Tho Hospitial, which faces tho wall on tho river Bido, is a 
long maaaivo pile with a largo sqaaro conrtyard snrroundod by a 
bosiutiful cloistered arcado. llio church though small had a 
haudsomo front of finoly dressed stono and delicately wrought pillBra. 
Above tho door in a stone escutcheon with a Ininntifnl ATaltoso . 
in tho centTo, and, on cither aide, a dragon with a roll in its m 
Inaido tho church arc two tombstones, a large ono with the wurds, 
'The grave of Po. Cabral do Navais and of his son V. Hieronimr. T*rt 
Cabntl and his heirs." The other stone has only a few len : 
The Uaeseio hospitalj a very old iustitiition, wna eodoned by tnc 
Portngnofle govemmont 'n'ith a monthly allowance of £& 4«. (1-Kl 
pnrijaog) and a graot of .617 (79,200 rcis) to boy rice for tho 
riot far fTom the entmnoo of this church ia a modern Hindu : 
of Mah&dev. Parallel to this is the church of NoBsa Uenhoru 
Vida. It is one of the oldost churches in Basseln, and in IG06 
mentioned by GeraolH Careri as adorned with three good al 
Tho modem building in the navooE the church is the sugar refine 
which after a few years of ill snccesB was closed in 1874. In a 
grave opened «'heu di;rjfiu^ the foundations of the sugar refinery 
wore found tho bout^a uf a man and horse evidently buriot) together.* 



Tn a. 



' The Portagnew rona, ' OnvKSs-AJiDo o chado da \ninx o VicB-itiii dom Mto 

DK N»K(IMtA COKVS OB LlKtLABEa, SI FKt VSTK POlrtAL, KM O 41'At. KK l-OZ 
PADIMxniO D'iWTA CiDADI A SaV FfLASPISCO XAnKB. A DIM DE MaIO 1631. 

iTh« rartagncM nina, 'Skkdo capttao o'ista tnsADB Oastar dr Mbllo ob 
MniAMPA, s thrbaporu Ooktalo Oosuin Pt 8avA. Pkxo FiRamA, it Joao Bon 
Machado com (w maw omciAKi at roz k'bbtc (Postal!) A Sah Xaticb, qcb 

TOKAHAO rOB SKV FATUO. . . . KON0A5ItO DB 1631. 
* The Portti^idw iwi*, ' SsruLTUiu pr I'o,. rAniiAl. de Navaib b d« siu TO. 

p. HntlOXIMO po.. CARRALt »KV» RCBDICKUM. 1>A CuoWa BmmU), 226. 

•The Ictbfim Mv SA. 0*- L. H. KO. UO, R 

■ A CMC of burying a homo witb hia dcftd maater oMnuTod aa Uto w 1781 Bt Tren* 
in Gerotsny. The |>rMti«e t4 leadms htA ohurgor A(t«T ui otfictir'* Uer is probftl 
relic <i( tho old«t CTiBtttui. Sec Tylor^ Priiniti^-c CuHan,', I. 4^9. 



^ 



THAN'A. 



41 



L'o tba riKbt of the chnrcli of Nossa SBobura da Vida, tbe citapel 
lich irui latolj used on a sugar warohonae, is probabt; tho chorch 
id toooasUsry of the Hn«pilallen}, a poor and modem (1681) order 
which OBTOT roso to wealth or power ia BaH»eiii.* 

A little heyond, in front of the aqnare, are the minB of the 
irch aad Moaastery of the Jesuito. The church front is the 
idsomeHt niece of architectoru in Ba»ietn, It haa a noble aruh, 
)Inrans witJi fluted shafts and Corinthian capitals, and the 
jnoffram I.H.S, and a ci-oas sculpt-ured on the liutel and above 
he pillare. Attached to tho church arc the ruins of the college 
orcrgroim lAn'th climbiD? plants and wall irec», bat still firm and 
in good order The aat*« over the door (1636) most refer to 
jpaira. Tbe foundation of the Church and Monastery were laid 
1548 by Fr. Malchior Gonsalves, a close friend of 8t Xavier, 
whom the Jesuits had, in the year before, been established at 
_ Jassein. Between 157yaud 1588 jfreat numbers were converted, 
'and in tho laitor yoar uo fewer than 9101) Hindus were baptised 
Jn Bassein church. After 1560 thore wtLs a commissary of the 
iquisition at Baasein. Id the seventeenth century the Jeeoit 
^ were the finest in Bosseiu. Pietro della Vallo^ in passing 
the coast (March li}23)j^ snpped with the Jesuits from whom 
jived much courtesy. Fryer (IC75) speaks of a goodly 
larch, a spat^ioua refectory, and a college of polite stnicture, with 
ift square cloistorB and side celts abovo KtairH na woll aa below, 
the portico was a copy of Michael Angelo's picture of tho 
luiToctiou/ Twenty years later the church and the throo chapoU 
dodcribod as richly gilt. Thoir garden had some European 
lits, aniong them figs and grapes that ripened in December and 

:h.' 

In the OAvo of the church near the chancel atv two grave stono-s, oda 

ritb the Portuguese in»cription, ' The grave of Isabel de Agiiiar, 

widow lady^ the noble helper of this college. Died on tho 24111 

fcnoary 1591.'' Tho other runs, '^Tho grave of Dona Filipa da 

:a, a widow lady, the uoble helper of this chnrch to which she 

during her lifetime all !tho possessed, t^he died on tbe 20th 

nny 1628."' 

A little beyond the ruins of the Jesuit buddings is the Franciscan 

chtffcb of tho Invocation of Santo Antonio, the oldest and one of 

le lartfpat relijrious buildings in Bassein. The arched ceiling of 

cbiof rhai»el with elaborate niouldings is still fairly prcseiTod. 

The great arch near tbe chapel of the baptismal font ia in good 

lovj and the corridor round the cloiBtors on tliu four sidua of a 

loare courtyard is fairly preserved. Unlike mo^t Bassein 



Chaptar XIT. 

Places of I&lerMt 

BJtmsnt. 

.Mtmaim, 



n (\e^3) •» poor tlwt it cm mAinUm Iiui thnw friim. n«iDeni Cuwri in 
CbDrctull, IV. 193. 1 Vingui. IH. 131. 

» Fryer'i N>w Accmmt. 74. * Gfiiaelti Careri in Ctmrchill. IV. 19S. 

* The Portupu>*n nin», ' 8iUTLTim.i de Iaabel hK Aorun. nos* Virvt, iKSion 

Thi> L'orbi^iww in, ' SxrcrtTORA. dc do!<a Filifa d\ Fombca, nox* Virr* 
OKI BKMrRtTOKA PEHTA lOHWA, A gUKM tX IDA VIDA DtV tVVO QCAKTO TUHA 

'alkso a vurrx dr Julbo da ska t>B 1638. 



^m 'Tt 
^B'ai.k 



Gupt«r XIV. 
PUeat of iQUrwt. 

EuMtV. 

JbMHtiM. 




buildings^ tho Fmnciscnn chorch is oi dressed atooe, and 
boBolt in ite stAircaiiEis, archeSj wiodows, and duor poetu. One welK 
built stAircaM* in ntill in gooil order. There was a mooAstory m 
voll as a cburcli, and the rains of both can be b-aoed. Thie wae the 
centre church of the great miHsicmnry Fr. Antonio dn Porto, who, 
between 1530 and IMO, establiHlied many churcLvs ia Baasuin anil 
SAlseUe. About 1550, wht^n the JosuiU Rnt, appcaroii, tho power 
of the Franciscans was much reduced by disaeiiaiona and 
Among the tombstones in the nnre and chancol one has the woi 
' (Tho tomb of ) His Majeety'g Councillor, who died on the 24 

Aagust 1558, and of bin wifo Dona Luiaa ila Silva, and his heirs.'* lu 
early times the FranciAcana had much support from tho state, and 
even as late a« 1634 there were thirty FraociKcana while there were 
only fifteen Jeeuil^, ten Dominicans, and oighc Augustine. 

It wae here th»t St. Francis Xavier staid during hU three short 
fisita, one in 1544 and two in 15-18. In 1695 Ocmelli Carori 
noticed that, contrary to the custom of India, the chnroh had maoy 
chapels.' 

To tho right of the Franciscan rains, almost between them and 
those of the Jeenite, are the ruins of tho Dominican chnrch aud 
monastery bnilt in 1583 nnder the invocation of Sam Goa^lo. Of 
the church, the walls and tower and a little of the peaked roof near 
the (^hanc«l are still standing, and tho chief chapel with ita 
beautiful arch is in good order. On tho gospel side of the altar 
is the ruined tunib of tho patron, with a ucaruely legible epitaph. 
In 1695 it had throe well-adorned altars opposito the great gale' 
The monastery, which was once famous for ita dormitoiy, is now 
raiu. 

The road between the Dominican and Franciscan rQins and 
fort wall leads to the bastion of Sam Sebastian with the bloc 
pOBtero. Tho inscription stone lies neglected near the land gate 
It runs, 




' CurliiB th» ralon of th» mo«t bigh »nd meet mfglitr King Dom Joun el 
PortuAl. Uia thira of UUs namo, nod whom D. htoaao d« Horonlu, «>it of th« 
MatqiOb of TIUb H*«1. wu Vio0K>7, utd FnnQtaoo d» B^ Outeto of ttw (ott 
' ~ ' ' " > bMUoa, 1UBM4 Bim 8«bMtUii, wm buUt on Mm SSnd 



•ad oltr of B«9al. 



Godl 



■ Th« PortngoflM ia, * E [» qoxsklbo di rca uaoshhvx, Falkcit m 94 

AOMTO Dl 1598, ItnSOA MOUIKR, D05A LdIZA IiA&tLrA ESSUH BRnUROe.' Of oUm^ 

MtiUpbt Xhut* ore in me nf the Bido ohApdi to lh« left oI the bigh alUr, ' Hvra nab 
i>Oi)ft Pnuici*c& dp MirandA, vife of Maiioel d« Molu P«reira, louiidvr ol thii chsmL 
Mid ber dnaghb^r Onna Inn do M«lo and her grandAou LuU de Melo. Site died 
on the lOth NuvumlKr 1606.' Kuv the ooatn of the bKilding n Anothor, ' Tho 
,v« of FhiDA CiiatnAT d' Asni&r, vidov of Alraro do Lemoo, nay he be with 
Died on the 4th March of 96. Ia hen and hsr aouV In a (hint diA(wi 
a insoriptioa, ' Tlue gravo ttmie was plocod bjr Dwa 
v« of ber huibwtd, Antwtw Ttim do HetteaM. who 
died on the Sflth Ootobor I67& Thia graro mm bought fay Manool d« OsmUur 
Paraira and hia heir*. Our Futher' (joao hy ia, 'Thia oraTe belong to BalteMT 
Fniro da Camarat daughtAr of Duna Simoa Pniro. Didl on tho Int Novttnbv. 
1001.* In tho flnt chnpvl to lltvleftaf the moiti altar are the vanla, 'Onnol 
da Co«t»aadltiA heirs.' Da Cunba'a BaBMin, S3S-SM. 
' ChnrchiU, IV. 192. » Churclall, IV. 192. 

* Th« FiirbisaMO mna, ' KBiMAxno HO Mt/io ALTO a Mcrro Pooxnono Bin D, 
PR PnKTPOaL 9 DISTI MOHE, B B0rSB5AKira A IrDIA VICS-HM, I). ATOITM 



I 



Pra d6 



ight erf tfa 
Bcrredo 



OTOT the 





THlNA. 

It wu Uuroogh tfaia btution that the MarithfU forced tlteir way 
mto Che city in L739. A few yards £rom tbo baation U a modera 
English tomb with tbs wunls, ' Uure lies the body of ... . Darhun, 
wiSo of Andrew Durham, Surgeon, who departed this life in ... ' 

On the outer side of the wall leading from ihe poat«m are the 
ins of the pier. Inside of the wall a poasogo is said to ran to the 
r. But the air in bad and pufA out lights, and the passage has 
r been explored. 

On both aidoa of an old street, nearly parallol to the now highroad 

which leada along the middle of the fort to the sea gateway, are the 

remains of the nobles' mansions. Of the stately dweliingSf 'graced 

with covered balconies and large latticed or oyster-shelT windows," 

only fthapelese hcapn of brushwood-covorcd stono» and mortar remain. 

On the Mar&tha conquest mout of tbo rich familioii retired to Croa 

almost all have sinoe died out.' Tbo only trace of luxury is 

omaniental bath-room of hard cement studded with ahclls and 

of porcelain. Id this quarter of the town is an inacripCioa 

confused to bo translated.' ^I'ear these old mansions, in a 

overlooking the road, are tiie rains of the Augustin Chapel 

Noesa Senhora do Annuncinda. The front in doable arched, the 

ills and side windows of the chancel are well preserved, and parts 

of a vaulted roof with painted monldings remain.' 

Bela'pur Fort, on an island of the same name about a mile long 
and somowhat leas than a mile broad, commands the entrance to the 
Pftuvel river abont five miles west of Panvol. It was described by 
Captain Dickinson in 1818 as about 4U0 feet from north to south, 
anil divided midway, its breadth being about half its longth. Near 
Jhe north point, on a rising ground about seventy-five feet high and 
^Kpat 600 feet from the river, were the ruined remains of a battery, 
^Kii of which supported the roof of an old guard^room. On a 
^Bmewhat lower point of land, nearer the mouth oE the river, were 
The remains of auother battery like the first, supporting an old roof 
on either aide of which were the ruins of a breast work. Both 
batteries were under cover of tho fort guns. Except tho north 
way and two round towers on the south face, the fort works 
utterly minooa. The works, including wretched parapets from 
four feet wide, were nowhere more than eight foot thick and 
from six to twenty foet high. The facing or revetment of port 
of the works was destroyed by violent rain in 1818. Except a low 
hot and a low ruined well, whoso wator lasted only a tthurt time alter 
the rains, tho interior of tho fort showed notbing but ruins. The 



KoRohBa rtLBO DO MABgris de Villa Rkal, uwdo Frakciwo dk 8a cArtTAo 
timnx roRTALEU k uipade uh Bach, rvnvov vn Balvarti, raa mnu Sam 

SiSAjmAV, A01 SS UtA» DO H» DB FSVKHSIRO SKA 1AM AK^OS. 

> Piycr {16i:j), Kuw Account, 74. * Va Quoha'a BAaeciu, 149, SSL 

■ TIm f*ortagne«e words &rv, * Ekta» Camak 8 | Bar* BathAI» | kak Kataob 

Davu du tiuoM I R DO RvLAn. O I O Makbcoicak 

EUi OmI ... a I ... I ... I ... I 20 . . . I NlALTZUC I AILATtiBLB | ftS 
p. AD. I Akn UK M MHO | DIE CIO AOHSV | CAf FAlUCtift | MAAPOILUJlA- 




Has. . Rv Ano i>K 1 1017. Pok ma ; 
Omi ... a I . . . I . . . 

AD. I Akn UK M MHO 

_ VPOKDtl.rADIAO I . 

* Oa CunhAt BMMin, 247. 



Ckspter XIV. 

Plactii ollntereit. 

Barsuit. 



BsLiroB VOKU 



(Bombay QaxettMrJ 



•U 



DISTRICTS. 



lorinterett- 
Lri's FoBT. 



RDVK 




h&rboar, about Rfty-^v« feet from tbe fort, «B6 dofepded by & lo 
wall ruTiDiDg along the top d{ tlie river bank. In tbe vfhU were 
twd towors ihii bei t4>r placttd ofwhicb was about twcuCy feet btgh, 
aud fr<.>Di )t« heig^bt and capacity was a little fort ia itself. The 
bRtterj above veas cxcullcut aud ruoEud. A store room of tho samu 
mta anderneatli tho ground floor was Formerly used as a prison. 
Tlic enrloanrft was entoifd by a jyate aod had at one pnd a battery 
much like thu other two, aud like them commanded by Che fort 

ftbOTS. 

tTnder the Portuguese BeUpur isle was one of tbe ftCrVMi divia' 

Kubject to Baasoin the capital uf the nortb. It ioclnded L'anec 

with thiity vilhu^H, Caimnn with seventeen villagea^ and Saboyo 
witli seveuteen viilagcfl.' In 178! a llriti»b resident was stationed 
at Belapur and io 1817 (2drd Jane) it was taken cbarge of by 
Captain Charlea Gray.* 

Bliandup in Salsett«, fuur miles aoutfa-weat of Thtoa, with, ia 
IdSLf a population of 881 souls, has a railway station and a post 
ollice. The railway traffic returns show an increase in pasaengera 
from 28,088 in 1873 to 51,664 in 1880, and in gooda from 13ii (a 
14^) touts. It is the noareat railway station, about four miles, to 
Tuhi lake. Tho Kauhcri cares lie about two miles beyond Talsi, 
but the rood from Borivli station on the Baroda railway though &o( 
80 pretty in shorter aud easier. 

In 1803, oupaymont of a quit-rent, the Kiwi luftia Company granted 
tbe major part of Bhfindup and part8 of two other villages tu Mr. Luke 
Ashbumer, aldnrmaa of Bombay aud editor of tho Uombay Courior. 
In 1817 Mr. Asbbunicr sold tho oatatc, together wirh tho coniract 
for Bupplving Govemmeut mm, to his maimger Mr. Kilvasji Miinokii 
AebbunitT for a auui of £50,000 (Kb. 5,00.000).^ In 1832 machinery 
wo^ brought from Kngland to work the distillery aud in that Tear 
about 100,000 Mllons of mm are said to baro been supplied fa) 
Government.* In 1857 Qoverumenl stopped the mm coutraci, aod ' 
the distillery oeoaod to prosper and was closed in 1S78.' It wvaj 
reopened in 1870-80 bnt has again boon closed. 

Ne«r Bhandup is the Povai estate now a wilderaetn with mmfli] 
wells, conduits and ^vallH. About fifty yeara ago it waawell kno^ 
for ita oxperimental farm. In 1829 Mr. Frimji Kavisji, a ricb' 
Bombay merchant, bought the villages of Povai, Tii-audaj, Kopn, 
Saki, Paspolij and Tnng6vo formerly held by Dr. Bcott, a botanist 
and skilful gardener; and in 1833-34 added two villages Kanjur and 
VikhroU to the estate aud spent large sums in sinking welle and 



' Da Ciiubn'a BiMidn, 206. PuiMhuift n probnbly PAnval, C'oiniM ia Kh«im« 
eight miles nvrtli of BeUpnr, SalMjro U StubAbtU vIovq to Betapnr. Bdtpor i* 
B«rh«nBolAwKli»cutiooed(1570|MMiEan>i)«iUi Kooktin port. Bird'i Mii*t-i-AaBiMH. 
129. »Hr. W B. SluW.k. i;.S. 

* Mr, KliartliMtji Kivaiiji, tke prvacnt pi\>priot<n of tl)<; BliAndup mlate. f»y* 
0<rv«nimvnt a yewly quit-raut ot £333 144- (tte. 2337). 

*Mr. B.BP*t«L 

* Mr. Bull, in his Excise B«p»rt of lat October 1A69, wrote. 'The Bb&nrlnp 
dlAtillcry wM ftlartnl to napflf Eumimui trxKiM with rum. B«aide* to Oin tioiip^ a 
coDudcrabU quantiti of Uquor I'mBd iU Wftj tu Knobiiy.* 



^ 



I 



ttrodncing' exucics.' In 1837 tho villages were amveyed to him in 

fee fiimpli', ourdciKid iritli the clmrge of maintaining a posorvoir in 

tuncuu liuad, Bombay. Siqcq bis death (L80I) aud thedcathuf hia 

fe tho estate has been the subjecL of family disputes, and ia at 

sent managed by a receiver under the orders of the High Coart. 

A copper-pUt« found near Bhindupj about 1835, reoorda the 

mt by Chhittardiad«r SilhAra in A.D. 1026 (S. 948) of a field in 

village of Nonr, the modern Nanra, two miles nurth of 

Bhdndup. Other villages montionod in tho grant are Gomvnui, tho 

lodom CiovhaQj and Gorapavalli, perhaps an old aome of Bhdndup. 

~ :e boandary of the field to the north and east was a main road, or 

iya/'(i(/i<(, which apparently mn from Thina mach along the line 

tliy prcBtiut Boinbay-ThAna road," 

Bhavangad ia a mined foit 188 feet long by sovonty broad, 

ar Lhu viltagu of Khatali four miles south of KeWi Mahim. It is 

'ergrown with mango, jack and cashewnut trees, and has a lat^ 

ilc-cat hollow for storinjf grain and a ciatem with five feet of 

_ littr. In 1862 it had water and supplies, but the walls wore so 

rained thnt they added nothing to tho natural strength of the place. 

Bha'yndar in Sdlsettc, thirty miles north of Bombay and five 

euuth-east of Basseiu, with, in 1881, a population of IQUi, is a port 

and a station on the Buroda railway. Perhaps this rather than 

Bhiwntly is the origin of Binda^ Ptolemy's name for tho Basseio 

creek. The station traffic rt^tuniH show an increase in passengers 

ra 33,45."> in IS7;tt.j 47,226 in 1380, and in goods from 2627 lo 

,770 tr>ns. Nfost of tho salt from tho oxtenaivo Rai Mnrdha 

li-paos, about throe miles lo the west, is sent by rail Co northern 

and central India. 

The Chrifltian popnlatton of 5 10 has a chnrch dedicated to Our 

Iifldy of Nazareth. It was built by the Portuguese, raeasares 
01 feet by 52 and 20 hieh, and is in good repair. Formerly the 
ricst'a hoaso was in tho chapol, hut this was given up in 1866 and 
new house built for the vicar. The vicar draws £1 10«, (Ra, lb) 
month both from the British and the Goa governments. A mtiaie 
laster plays in the ehuri'h choir; ihcru is no parish school. 

Bbivgad or Bhimoad fort in Gaurkamat Tillage, three miles 
e&ni of Karjat, stands on a hill 500 or 600 feet high below the great 
■par of DbAk. The walls are ruinous and there are two or three 
water cisterns. 

Bhiwndi or BaiMOi, north latitude 10° 10' and east longitade 
J" 0', the chief town of tho Bhiwndi sob-division, with, in 1881, a 
>pulation of 13,837, lies between the Kamvari creek and the k^ra 
It is divided into two chiof portions^ each forming a separate 
irroy village, Bhiwndi proper and Niadmpiir, which may be roughly 
id to tie, the former to the west and the latter to the east of the 
Lendi creek which here raua into the Kamvari. The Kamvi&ri is tidal 



crci 



Chapter XIV. 
Places orintaract. 



Bravaiwao 
Fort. 



BaixHOAB) 



Bunrau) 



BatwxDt. 



! < Mr. Vaopell in Tiaa*. Boob Gw. Soa VtL 15?. D«taU> an gim nodu Pont. 
» Ind. Anf. V. T.7. 




[Bombftj- Ouetteer, 



for a mile abore (ho lon-n, where a dftm waa boilt in 1845-4<! by 
KAshib&i Garboli nf Bassnio nt a cost of from JtSOO to £600 
(Ra. 5000- [{«. OOOO), After ranning westward for aeren or eigbt 
milea the crook joins the largo Baasetn and Thdna creek at Kurne 
Deve. By the Agra road Khiwndi is thirty-two miles north-east oi. 
Bocobay and six north of Kalyiiii, the nearest railway atatioa.' 

OE tho whfde population, 8067 were Htndas, 5742 Mosalmios, 
and thirty-eight Pdrsia. The Mtwalmin population oonsinta chiefly 
of the part-foreign claas of Ktmkatii MuMalmaiii), who frooi the 
vigour of tho local rioo traUo aro moro proBporous than in any other 
town in the district. 

The chief iadnstnes are weaving, rice cleaning, and oil makinfr. 
and the ohiof articles of trado are rioo^ dried fish, cloth| graea, and 
wood. 

In 18C0 tho value of the Dhiwndi trade was estimatod at from 
£300,000 to £350,000 (Ra. 30,00,000-1*9. 35,00.000). Of this 
abont £260,000 ( Ra. 25,00,000) wont to Bombay, from £50,000 to 
£60.000 (R«. 6,00,0O0.R8. 6,00,000) to the Deccan. and £30,000 
to £40,000 (Rb. 3,00,000. Ks. 4,00.000) wero disposed of in the 
town and noighl>oimng villages. Besides local supplies of rice, 
wood, and salt worth from £100,000 to £110,000 (Rs. 10,00,000- 
Re. 1 1,00,000), the chief articles of traffic were oU, Unseed, and cotton 
from central India and tho Doccao. Tho throu^ traffic has almoBb 
entirely passed to the railway and mnch of tho local trade now 
finds its way to Bombay by Kalyto.' 

Bhiwndi creek is narrow and shallow in ports. In ordinary tidaa 
no boats of more than twenty tons and in spring tides of more than 
forty-two tons can reach tho town. Tho soa trado retnrDs for Cba 
five vcars ending 1878-79 show average exports worth £111,608 
(Rs. 11,16,080) and imports worth .€54,280 (Rs. 5,42,800). Eiporta 
varied from £101,200 (R.). 10,l:i,55O) in ]e77-7a to £108,840 
(Re. 10,88,400) in 1878-79, and imix.rtB fnm\ £47,574 (Ra. 4,75,740) 
in 1874-76 to £01,929 (Rs. 6,19,290) in la7s.7!>.' 

Its position on a navigable stream on the direct line of traffic 
throDgh tho Thai Pass must have ma<ln Bhiwnili an early centre of 
trade. The word is perhaps preserved in Binda, Ptolemys (150) 
name for the Bassein creek. 

In 1542, inatrcaty with tho Portugnoac the rulers of Ahmednagar 
engaged not to allow pirates to pass by Kalyan and Bhiwndi 
to BatiM>iu.* In 1570 Bniwndi is mentioned as a place of trade 



1 The Kwtd from RalyAn to Bbiwiuti hnt Ut«I; bran put in •zcaQont repur. 8nin« 
fiftMQortwMity luull txiiiy cArtahftTebwniniidowitM NUk pattora andiattoy 
euL BO from the Kono iL>rr>- to Bhiwndi id about tUU u hoar tb«y hare bwoa 
drive off the ol'l ballock cartjL Mr. W. B. Malock. C. S- 

* Ur. B. Lawrenoe, C 8. 

* Tho detaila an> : Kxporta, 1874-75 A)06,a«l {Ra. I0.63.61»). 1878-7fi £138.^ . 
tRa 13,8a,ff7U), 1876 77 £l03,fil5 (Eta. IU,a3,450), 1877-78 flOI^K (Ks. 10,12,550}. 
and ien$.70 £106,810 (Ba. 10.88,400): [miMrto. 1874-76 £47,574 (Ha. 4,7.-..740>, 
WB.76 £5I,IM(R«. MI.'CJi), 1876-77 £4R.813 <iU. 4,86,1301, 1877-78 £«1,8M 
(Ba. 6,I8.»I0}, and 1b78-79£<>l,929 (Ra. 6.l(>,»0>. 

* CoUcfao Fragin«Btoi luvditoa. V-S, 119. 



A^ 




TUANA. 

ith Gajarflt..! In lfl36 the Emperor ShAh i&h&n ceded the 
province of KaljrAu-Bhiwndi to Bij^por.' In 1690 tho lihiwadi 
Vaw^l), Mobtalur Kh&ii, wtiuHe fine tomb Btands on the edge of 
^le Shenfilo lake at Kalr&n, in mentioned na hftving rBTaged the 
>rtugTieBeterritorie9,'' aud in 1750, under the uame Bimbri, Bhiwndi 
uouced OB the bead of 463 Tillagits with a reveoao o£ £1UI^838 
li. 1U.18,;JS0).* In 1789, nccordinfic ^o Mardthi rccordn, the 
livndi sab-dirision yielded an e8tima,t^ yeariy revenue o( £24,177 

2,41,770).^ From 1817 when it passed into British hauda 

■nntil 1835,8 iiativy infaiitry regiment wbb kept at Bhiwndi, and 
Jrom 1636 until (ho reduction of the Veteran Battalion in 1860, a 
inaiderahle detachuienl of that corps ander the cuniinaud of a 
iropean officer was RtatioDed at Bhiwndi. The military camp lay 
< the east of the toTrn on somewhat rising ground which ia abill 
\j known a« tho ' Camp.* In 1837, during the Muharram 
siival, April 14th to 18th, a Bomcwhat aorioaa riot took place 
Etfcireen the Hiiidiis and Mnsalm^ns. The Uinda festival of K&m's 
rthday, or Rdmnnnni, fell on one of the Muharram days and the 
Mahammadaas gave out that they would allow no idol prooesaion. 
Bad blood was aroused and the Adihammadans, who were the 
stronger party, sacked several temples and beat several Hindus. 
The rioting was stopped on the iNlli April by the arri\'al of an 
nasifftant magistmtc with a small detaohraent of the Regiment of 
Nfltive Infantry then stationed at. Thina. Two hundred and fifty 
Mosalmdns were arrested, of whom forty were tried aud tweuty-ono 
convicted and sentenced to terms of imprisonment varying £rom 
one to ten years. Though there has been no breach of tho peace 
aince 1837, the ilt-feeliug between the two classes remains and during 
~~)0 Muharram special police arraugemonts are always required. 

The old military dispensaty is now the subordinate judge's 

furi. On the camping ground there are two European tombs and 

»veral more on the margin of tho big reservoir to the south of the 

that leads into the town. All are in good repair, but the 

icriptions are much worn.' The chief Musalmfin remains are a 
)mb in honour of 8I11II1 Hosain Kidori, a minister of king Ali 



Chapter XIV. 

Places of IntertiL 

Bbiwvdi. 



Bird's Mirit-i-Ahmkdi. 129. • Gnat Daff'i &UritUii,6& 

3 O Cbran. cl« Tw. II. 62 ; XunM*a Konkui, S7. 

* Ti«ffnrth^er, Dm. Ui«.«t Gecg. 1. 005. * WanDs'i History ot tlto Mftrdtbi*. 238. 

* Tlw ioHnptioD od tho Rritiah tomb ram, ' Sscrea to tho m&aarj of Oeorge, UiiMit 
aoaal liont. FTHntherlimdaf th«lBt BitMcy, 7th R^:t. N.I., who disd U fihiwndi 
on ih« 3l«t ttecetnber 1820, aged fi montlu.' AimUmt on ft tomb botwecn the 
UuwUdSii osmat«ry uid a raawoir •ostb of tfa« Kjdyin rmd rattt, ' SacnKl to tb« 
■neraocy of 0«tit Hy. Waterloo Prewott, Uto of tho N. V. BsttolioD, uad commanding 
ihia aUtioB, UUiwDiU. where he diod 3rd D«c«Dib«r ISSJ, t^d U yofti*. Born IStn 
Jnuti ISISl This tombie •raet«(l by hi* Eneodii m a niarii of e>t«ein and reapecL' 
A thtnl near thJa baa, 'UenilieUi tbe body of Cbarl«« ^tbit) Oanaway. aged 13 
amtha. obit Ctli Septmnber 162S. This umiile tomb ww wvetad by hit bwmvvd 
MTcala. " W'hoovcr eoAlI hainblc himacH ho ahall roooire mat entatea in heaTon.** ' 
Auotber ruaa, 'To tbc mamnr)' <tl CliarliM Auguetuii, the beluvL-d i^bild of Mr. and 
Mn. Aadiac, wbo diod at Bhitrndi on th« 25th Angnat 1850, n^d 2 yMn 9 moneha 
asd 10 day*. Aaothor rana. ' To the momory of Ht» laabal and Aaoaiiu Svaan, tbe 
btlorad ebildres of Ur. C. Andtns, Apothecary. The fonn«r died IStti Daotnbor ]8S7, 
a^ 1 1 montha, and the latter 2Sth October 1857, ftged 7 ycwv 7 mmiths and 1ft daya.' 




(Bombay 6u«ttaar 



DISTRICTS. 



Ch*pt«r XIT. 

PlUM of lDt«r«rt. 

Bannr&L 



AdilahAh of Bijdpiir, who died in I(J65 (lOTG a.h.).* The tomb wm 
roiniili'tvil in 1711 (1 125 A.B.) by Sh^ Uobiud's daughtvr'a g^nuMlsoa 
Sycd Katb>ad>diii Sajjadah Naabin. Beside tho tomb la m flu* 
roBcrvoir, and a short war soath a small but deep well of guod 
wat«r.' There are futir cuieF mosquesj Jdma, Kadgya, Dongarkar, 
and Bhusdrmnla all of the 8unni sect. BcaidM theao there are a 
Meman mosque and two Momia mosques, one for the Sunnis aad 
one for the Shi^. None of these mosques have any Govenuueol 
allowance. Bosidcs the tomb of Mokri, a Muaalinan saint to whom 
vows are paid in seasons of drought, there ia a large dargdh of 
Im&mBha All, with a y^early fair, urae, in May-June {VaUfiakh) 
ntt^ndod by about a thoasaod people. There are fifteen Hinds 
temp)e«, but none of any special size, age, or holtncsa.^ 

The GoTernment buildings are the sab.jndge'R conrb formed/ 
a military dist>en8ary, the mdmlatdar's office^ bnilt in 1 84-i on the 
aite of the PerfiwS'a palace one or two towers of which can still be 
traced, and a pablic workH rest-house off the Bombay-Agra road, 
400 yards cast of the town. Bhiwndi has altio a dispensary which 
was started in 1866, a post office, and one English, two Musalm^o, 
and three Mantthi schools. There is also a Muhammadaa coUt^ 
attt^uilod hy about 20 or 25 pupils, who are tanght Arabic and 
Persian. The college is support-cd from funds contribatcd br the 
Kuiikani MusalmAna of Bbiwudi, and one law doctor or maulvln 
employed ou a raonlhly salary of £3 (Ka. 30). Pupils whoso |)aroat» 
are poor receive money to m.>et the cost of food and clothing. Tbe 
town with its suburb of ^is&mpar was made a municipality on tin 
15th March 1B65. In I8S0-81 it had an inconm of £1403 
(Ha. 14,030), representing a taxation of 2*. OJd. (Re. 1-0-3) a head. 
The revenoe is obicfiy derived from taxes on tobacco and dried fish, 
tolls, and s house-tax. During 1880-81 tho expondituro amountsd 
to £1331 (Rs. 13,310), of which 1229 (Rs. 2290) were spent ott 



' Each boe of tbo t<nab hw a F«*Jwi veise. The north tctw tuu, ' Ood from N 
high iDformed os of the wowUrfal and utoDiahiug dAte. I'bia i^^ood pUcv Im A« 
graudfaUier of Kutb-ud.dln u like the bolf tMnpln mmt MKrod. ' Tuen wordagit e IIIO* 
tl»t i«, A.D. 1701. Tho owt verae ruus, " WIil-u the unrth wMadunwd by thia enpeb 
ol hia rewtvnoo, tlie beareni like a moth iinverDil round it to beooine iu bmitIdMi 
Kntb-nd-din ttiund the date nf iha &Ri%hi»a of tikis IxnMinf; in the wonia, '11m 
■on roooirM light fnun tliii ImsI of iIuihim. Thi* givei 112j, Ibkt is, a-V. 1711. 

Tho snuUi rerac nius, " Vi'v b*va hvunl tbo oamo of tbe Nt«r«d uupol*. utd wondoital 
■till ita date fnua iU i»me uid Kutb-otULin its maker thus : ' Dndiilosas and daroliaa 
are Its doon.'" This giiresI113, that is, a.d. 1599. Th« west retw niiu. " The cupi^ 
of thp S])iritua1 king when boilt on the earth, hesvuii concoaled it*^ fruiu ahjuna 
and thK aky Itneaitie niflasml. Ibi b«iiM«r Kiitl>-Dd.din hna found its •!>(« in tht 
wot<d*. ' Tb« dome gf itusuiBuuioitbrcn'litjbt in tho world.'" This ^rcs 111(1^.8., 
tlwtia. A.D. 1702. 

* Tho wetl has a Per«ian aitd a MarUhi inschntion. Tho Penian inscriptioa 
niiui, *In 1186 llijri .Synl Kutb-ud.dln Unbainniad Kh&n gave this well the noino o( 
milW well.' The Manithi runs, 'Sjrod Kutb-ud-din Muhaminad fUulB flabiblar 
built this iDtIk well in SMai IRM. the luune of the year being Nandan FasU 1 181 
(A.D. I76S). Ndik ]Ub«]o was tho mason. 

• One to Bliiuii-aliwar hoill by a Jawhir ohief with a ywtrly allowaauo oC £12 12». 
nU. ]Sfi);on* to lUm witli a jrwu-lj aUowaaoo of £1 14«. (Ro. 17>; ooe to Oopal 
Krishna btiUl by a BtAbmaii with 3U aorw of land i two to Ganpoti : two to IVri j 
one (o Viihoba; one to Kilkanth bmlt by Jirrlj a MArrAdi : one tu B^jt and muw 
■brine* to MkhAdor, MAniti, and ShiuUderi. 



THANA. 



49 



avenging, £199 (Ra. 1990) on roods, aotl £71 (Rb. 71 0) on lighting. caiaptcr_XIV. 
6 woior-supply 13 drawn {rom tho largo Vaddla reservoir about places of Interwt. 
1930^'anla tiordi-tveat uf ibu towu^fiftj-seven acres ia extent and with 
an estimated capacity of 24,77G,S20 cubic feet.' In 1851, at a cosb Bmwsoi. 

of £1600 (Rs. 16,000), of which £oOD (Rs. 5000) were raised locally 
and the rest granted by Government, the water was brought to the 
towD by a couduit of ordinary wheel tiles. It was diatributod in the 
town by four masonry cisterns. This supply was unsatisfactory 
and in I87;J-71 it was improved at a coat of £3G83 (Ra. 30.830), of 
which £loOO (Ks. 15,000) were bori-owed from Government under 
the Local Public Works Ivoan Act (XXIV. of 1871) on the security 
of the municipal revenue. This loan was supplemented by a local 
{and grant of £1130 (Hs. Il,800)jandthere8t was paid from municipal 
fnnds * The works carried out in 1873 were a masonry dam 213 feet 
U>Qg backi'd by a twenty-one feet deep clay puddle wall ; a Gettling 
reaervoir iwonty-Beven feet long by twonty-two feet six inches 
broad and Bfteen feet nine inchca deep wilh filteriug chambers 
containing liaud and charcoal ; a cast-iron sijc-incb main runuing 
6480 feet from the pwservoir to the town ; and nine masonry cisterna 
or dipping wclU, each sixteen feet long fifteen feet broad and 7^ 
deep, and two &tand-pipe8 iu diSvreut partii of tho town with tho 
necessary pipes and valves joining them with the main. These 
works provide an average daily snpply of ten gallons for tho whole 
populatinn, a quantity which has proved to be sufficient. Besides 
tho Vadftla reservoir, there ore five smaller ponds within municipal 
limits, Bbivale, Miralo, N^rale, Khakrslo, and one ne^r the mosque 
in Nizdmpur. Tho Miralo pond which is near the camp has hve 
Etoiiy steps lending' to the walcr, which are said to have been built 
by tiii-ee Bnihmans, Mckftl, Khand, and Qhole. One Sycd Shabba 
Ins brought water fi-om the Nilrale pond partly by an aqueduct and 

^mrtJy by piping set in murtar to the J&ma mosque cistern and to 

^Bb adjoiumg houses. 

^^Bhiwudi haaauanimal-homerorpdfijni/^/, abranobof thoBombay AKimal Jlomi. 
home. Tho yeariy number of animals, chioUy cattle and ponies, 
Txries from 300 to 1200, and the yearly cost is nbont £3600 
(Re. 36,000).* Healthy cattle and horses are used for hght work, 
chieHy bringing grass from lands near Bhiwudi which the managers 
' the home have rented. The feeble and worn are fed on hay and 

f and the sick, who are treated by a native farrier, get molasses 

and clarified butter.* The home is managed by a superintendent, or 



• Tb« VftHAl& Ukc ifl Mill Ia h«ve bc«o mule by a rich wonsnirlio livBd at KAmftChg»d 
imiWsoutii.wMt of BiiiwtKli. AcoorUiijj to » local itory ifaa lake refuMd tobuld 
Ull t]>B Mrth »piric »u utuiiMl by tbo Montic* of th« boidnwn'a dau^Ur* 
'. Fviring the tuno of fetliwa MiabavKv (174'1-1773) HBotieaw WHtrwnodfoc 
< ^'allAt> Wktff into lihinndi. 

' tint linHt tnnUiice id which an up-coimtry municitMiitv inad« uh o( 

'I'll fur Uorrum-iiiH on lira security ot miwisipal rereQuei. llx f. Birkbeck, 

Mr. Mikc-lAran, C.KL. rowivcd tho thanks oiGoT«nitnent (ot lUe uxunplo wB 

:inid{>»]ittc*, no'l (itr tho way in wbioh the work was carrtod ont. 

I th^re wera il^6 animalain the hoapital, 817 of them cows, 209 butlocka. 

74 lioraoB. 1 1 doga, S donkay*. i lowU, 4 kaiet, 2 peacock*, and od« 

: dotaOa an almoit the mme aa tboaa given below for thg CbemlniT aaimal. 

10. 

B iO(»i '- ; 



^Bombftj Oweitair, 




XIT. 

iariM«rwt 
BnwvM. 



&K0rAT0*D 



BouvLt. 



DISTRICTS. 

dofMa^ and rrom fifty to geveutj-fire seirsots. Almost the 
ocwt u borae by Gujarat Uinda merclianU of Bombaj. 

A copper-plate found in 1881 iritk the hodman of Bhcre, about 
ten mtlos north of Bhiwndi, records the mnt by Apar&jita Silhim 
ia X.V. 997 (S. 919) of the Tillage of HhiuUn, the modern Bhi^oe 
ten miles north-east of Bhiwodi. Other places tneationed in tb« 
gnnt we the village of Fadigsh, the modera Podgha on the Agi» 
load two miles north of Bliidine, and the riTer Kamilri, the modem 
Kambhftri a littlu to the east of Fadghs. The grant was made tD 
neet dio cost of the worship of Sarjalooiditya on the lUylaran coait, 
perhaps, as suggested by Kr. Mulock, a temple in the sacred Tillage 
of Looid aboQl six milos aonth-west of BhAdAne. 

At KAroli about a mile and a half soutb-wcst of Bhiwndi, io 
wooded rice lands are the remains of a temple of the Naked or 
Digambar, literally Air-clad, Jains. It is on a raised ttilo in a field 
dose to the road on the left. The remains are a heap of Atones 
oorered w ith grass and thorn-bnsli©*- Several finely carved blocks are 
ecattered about. One in the side-post of a door, another in the field 
aboat thirty yards to the east is the centre stone of a doniwl ct-iling 
With a irelUcarved lotus pendant, and by tho road lios a broken 
capital. Many of the stones have little images of a Jain saiui seated 
tike a Buddha. It in not a Buddha bcoaaao there is no shouldMN 
cloth ; it is not a ^liito-Clothcd or Shvetdmhar J&ln becaoae thers 
are no waistcloth folds between the legs. The earring is clear and 
goodj perhaps of the tenth or elorontb century. Id K^roti pond a 
httle to the east three flat dothee-beating slabs are said to belong 
to the temple, and large numbers of stones are said to havo been 
carried away for bou<« building within the last ten years. At 
KAmbe, about a mile north-weat of Bhiwndi, the small ruined 
fort wiUi two bastions, is ooe of a line of forts that goardod the 
border between Pnrtuguoee Basseinand Manitba Bhiwndi. Besidoa 
at Kflmbo tnoes of thoae forts occnrat the villages of tiaTe, Karbftd, 
and Pai. 

Bbopatgad Fort, in Karlot Tillage 1500 feet long and 300 
broad, stands on the top of a hill about 700 feet high, from twenty- 
five to thirty miles north of Mabuli and seven or eight Houth-weat of 
MokhAda. The fort is two miles from the foot of the hill. In 1818 
nothing remained of the works except a parapet "iJl of loose stones 
aloDg the 50utU.«a«it coroor ; a gateway between two oalstanding 
towers n-ithout parapet or breastwork ; and on a rising ground on the 
hilUtop a little tower from six to ten feet high and with a rampart 
about six and a half feet thick. Not far from the fort, near the 
main rond from Trimbak to Vada, are memorial stones, or paliyas, 
of tho same kind as those described in detail nnder Eksar and 
Sh&hApar.> 

Borivli in Sfisette, a station on tho Baroda railway about 
twonty-tn-o miles north of Bombay, has a rest-houoe and is a 
conronicut oantre for visiting several places of interest. The 



THANA. 



railway trft6Bc returos show aa iocrease in pAsseogers fipom 47,437 
in 1673 to &3,578 in 1880, and in goods from 799 to 1098 toss. 

Besides the Konlieri Caves which lie ap the Tulsi valley about 
a&v o mues to the east, there aro at Mandappshrar, or Mount Poaior, 
HBoat two miles north of Borjvli a notabin white Portngticso watch- 
Wfbrer, a set of Brahmauic cavea, perhaptt about 1000 years old, one 
of them specially interesting from having been used as a Catholic 
chapel, and, on the top of tho rock in which the caves are cut a 
large and very high-roofed Portugoese cathedral, lately repaired, and 
very large ruined baildiuga belonging to a college and monastery. 
In a mango orchard, at Kksar, in rich wooded country about a 
quarter of a mile south of Mandapeshvar and a mile north-west of 
Borivli are six great blocks of stone aboat eight feet high by three 
brood. They are memorial stones richly carred with belts of small 
figures, the record of sea and land Bghts probably of the eleventh 
and twelfth centuries. About hnlf a mile to the east of Borivli 
etnfion, close to the border lands of Pninsar and the deserted village 
of Miigdtlian, are some Buddhist rock*ciit cisterns, and some half 
onder^Tound IJuddbist caves. A few hundred yards to the east aro 
some Bnddliist tombs and the remains of a Buddhist monastery 
probably of the fifth and sixth centuries. At Akurli about two mi)e« 
to the south-east, in rugged bushland, rises a large mound oE blaok 
trap on tho top of which are somo quaint rough carviugn and PAH 
letters, perhaps 2000 years old. About two miles furthor south, in 
thickly wooded uplands, is the great Jogcsbvan cave, a Br&hmauic 
work probably of the seventh century. Tho railway can be joined 
At QoregBou station which is about tbree miles north-west of the 
Jogeshvari cavo.* 

'sill, two miles south of Ghodbandar on the Bandra mad, has 
fariatian population of eighty-four and a church dedicated to 
Jerome measuring fifty-two feet lung by seventeen broad and 
jbteen high. Not far off there is a chapel in ruins twenty-five 
feet long by twenty wide and twenty-four high. It seems bo have 
once fiirnicd part of a large church. 

Cathedral Rocka. See MALANoa&D. 

Chandori Fort, in Tamsoi village about ten mites north-east of 

vel,Btandauu thy top of a hill between the hill fortfl of Malanggad 
Peb. No Fort iti cations remain^ but theru are two cisterns and 
tho rnina of a few houses. 

taauk, a village of 968 people, twelve milBs sontb-east of Panvel 
the Poona road, lias a travellers* bungalow built about 1820 at a 
OMt of £20t) (Rs. 2007). There is also a school and police lines, 
nk is tho first stage on the Panvel-Poona road, and was the 
Hng point for MAthoriin before tho railway ran to Neral. On 
itch 10, 1 781, Ckauk was the scene of a severe skirmish between a 
body of British troops nnder Captain Maokay and a large force of 
Har^thia under Parashrim BhAn.' 




' Ikteil* of th«N obj«ct« of iatfreat kr» rami aodar Ekur, Mifiltuwi, Gan^aon 
Md JogMliTwi. ■ Orant DuITt MknlthA*, 444. 




CbaptsV Xrv. 
FIflMioflntQrMt. 

Boarrtj. 



Cijua. 



CATBEDSAr. Roan. 

CuAWDxai 
Fort. 



Chavb, 



[Bembftjr OmatttMr, 



S2 



DISTRICTS. 



Chembiir, a Tillage of 1691 people, lies on the north-wett «l 
Trombav island about serentocn miles soath-west of TbAoa god 
eight nortb-c»«t of Bombaj. Obembur 19 by some of tbe beec 
Cmmam. aHtliariiiei^ bolieveiitoboLbeSaimurofthe Arabwriteni (1)16-1137), 

tht* Sibor of KosmaA ludikoploastcB (5-{d), the Cb)>uiul& of tbo 
Kanhf ri cave iiiBcripliooa t300-600), the SymnlU of tho author of 
tho Pcriplus of thii Krvtbrieau sob {2\7), the SytuulU or Titualla of 
Ptyleuiy (160), and pe'rhapa the Periiiiula of Ph'ny (*•!>. '"). Bat 
both Piolem3r'» Syniulla and the Chemula of the Kaohcri mscriptioiu 
CQiae closer to Chevul^ the old form of Chanl at the moath of tirn 
Kandftliks rirer thirty mileis siiutb of Bombay, than to Cht?mbar,' 
and. while there ia no undoabted roEoronce to Chembur na a pbu» 
of trade, Chanl was a famous centre of coounerce uadcr tbe 
Bihmani and Ahmednagar kings and nuder the Portugmse 
(1347-17-10). The view that Symulla is Chaal, not Cheuibiir, it 
BtrengLhonod by the menltun by Pliuy and Ptolemy of a promontonr 
of iha same name as the mart. A^ late ns the clotnt uf the 8evi?nteonUi 
ceutur)' CUhuI gave its name, Chaut Point, to the Alibag or Bouth 
shore uf the Bombay harbour, one of tbe most notable headUutda en 
this part of the coaiit, but it is not easy to see vbut port of Tronibaj 
or SaUette could hare formed a leading landmark to sailors.' Again 
Baimur was a centre of foreign cotnn»erce at the same time as Th&aa, 
and Sibor and Symulla at the same time as Kalyan. Thia could 
hardly have been the ca-^e if Saimur and Symolla wore Chembur so 
dose to Th&na and Kaly4n, and so entiri-ly on the same line uf tra£o. 

Animal Homt, The only object of interest in the village is an animal-homej ■ 

branch from the central home id Bombay. It has on en ararage 
from 800 to l(tOO animals a year, cows, bullucks, ba£Ealoe&, hc«8«i, 
ponies, asses, deer, goats, pigs, does, monkeys, cats and hares ; and 
of bir^, parrots, fowls, geeeo, duck, pigeons, crows and peacQck&. 
Animals are hiken whether thoy ore healthy, maimed or docrepii. 
A few are sent because their masters are unable to maintain themj 
moet aro sent bctanso di.<iea!ie or old age has made them usqIcss. 
Ko charge is leried, but voluntary contribations are taken in grain, 
cash, or grass. Animals burn in the home bocome the profjorty 
of the home, and are used in carrying litter, in drawing yraia and 
gross carts, and in fetching water. This work is generally dooe 
by bullocks and he-bnffaloes, never by horsps. The ordinary daily 
allowance of fo<>J ia for a horse four pounds of gram and seveuteeti 
pounds of grasH; for a cow or bullock IJ pounds of pulse oraaed 
cotton with tfn pounds of rice straw ; for a buffalo three pounds of 
grain and thirteen pounds of grass or rice straw ; for an ass tbrad 



1 fhe iilwitifloatiun wroa niMla by PMidit Bliagv&ntAl ladraji. It baa Lhs nppofi 
of Dr. BuTgSBi nnil I'mf. Bhiudarkar. 

* The r»rRi Cbiivnl lit praaerveil in tho nuns of • anh-dlvisloa of WTtfal c«alM who 
hftvo inuvcd (rata CUmiI to Bombfty. m (.'hcmiUur SAlil wadChcwIttar Viim. It 
ftlw> appear) in tho t^nn Chovti bet«l ImvMi and p«rhap« in Chelnilic inyrmbulaBB. 
TbtMigti Cbctut'ur i* th« ordinarj official and loual •poUiag of the viUiga in TrumbajTi 
auoUior ■MlUng, Cbimud. vuiy cloM to tb« Kanken ChcniDl, It oaodb/ tha »wHimiiil 
of the aaftna] home. 

■Fryof (I07J*) talks of Bombay faoing Chaul, and nutioaathvsuU or koUow in tlw 
«h»re •trcit<hing from IWaavin to Chaul point. New Account. S3, 77- 



wim 




fe 



THlNA. 



53 



anda of grass and hall a pound of gnvi ; fur a pi^ the samo as (or a 
allock except that ih gets no rice straw ; for a goat half a pnuod 
of seed cotton or grana with tree leaves ; for a dog three -quarters 
of a poaad of boiled pulse and rice aad bread ; aod for a cat the 
eame as for a dog but less in quantity. Siek or diseased cows, 
baCTaloefl, bullooka or horsofi haro a mixed diet of millet flour, 
•ev(?a rupees weight of laoloiises aod three and a half rupees 
weight of clarit'iod butter. Plots of gnus land have Iteen taken for 
azing and gr&sa cutting, and hay and rice straw are bonght in 
rge quHutitioa and stacked. The total charges, umouDting to 
ilbout £2000 (Ra. 20,000) a year, are met from a fund raised by 
Hindu merchants in Bombay from a percentage charge on trade 
UMictions u]d from the iuteiestof fnnded capitnl. The home 
mana^d by trustees helped by a sub-committee with a manager 
,d a secretary who live in Bombay. Tho local staff consista of 
8upf<riutendoiit, or daroga, a clerk, messengers, grooms, and 
swoejiers. 

Chinchnit atownof 4.105 inhabitants, standa on the north bank 
of the Cbincbui-Tiirdpur crtek five or six miles wotst of the Vdngaon 
station (!U tho Barotla railway and eight miles south of D&hdnn. 
Chinohni is a very old town, theChechijnaof aNAsik cave inscription 
f tho first century.' lu 1S26 it had 500 hoases, a large market 
A a troTollers' biiu);alow.* A manicipality waa established in, 
ISCti and tibolished in 1874 as no commissioners could be found fit 
bo trusted with the mauagemeut of municipal affairs. There is a 
iponsary called the SAkarbAi Dispenwiry,, endowed by Mr, Dinsha 
Manpkji Petit of Bombay, who gave £1000 (Ka. 10,000) towards tho 
building. It isma,intained by a Government grant of £78 (Ks. 780) 
»ne(iiml sum from tho local funds. Tho attendance in 1880-81 
673ft out>patienta and twcnty-soven in-putients. A Mar&tht 
1 is held iu the old travellers' bungalow. 

Da'ha'nu, north latitude 1 9'' o8' and east longitude 72° 45', a fort 
aad tseaport, the head-quarterH of tho D&banu sub-diviijiou, lies 
Beronty-oigbt miles north of Bombay and about two miles n-ost of 
the Ofihanu Koad station on tlie Baroda railway, with which it has 
lately been connected by a good road. Off Nhore shoal groundis, 
.rly dry in parts, strotch frum two to six miles to the west and 
•bout thirty miles north an far as Daman. Within the outer 
fflj about fimr miles wc«t of the fort, small coasting craft find 

chonigo iu three ur fuur fathoms. The creek can bo entered 
ni high water onty.^ Tho 1881 census showed a population of 3525 
souls, 3215 of them Hindus, 286 MusalmAns, fifteen Piirsis, and 
nine Christians. Tho chief class of Hindus were the Dhandtiris 
OT pnlm-juice tappers, Tho tniffic at tbo D&hAuu railway station 
Bhowsan increase in passengers from 22,291 in 1873to37,3":Jin 1880, 

d a fall in go(Kis£i-oml5l4 to 1156 tons. The sea trade returns 



*- Trvinotions 8eK;on<l Onettt&l CongmDi, 337. 



» Clunra' Itinervy, IS. 



* It in )u^ witerun full nad i:liMii(« "f the mooD at I p.n, Th« tidolnM U fpftogi 
is ftbotit *J0 fc«t. T»yk>r'ti Sailing Directors, 371- In 1634 tbo nontb of tho river 
«M ctummI by ■ und buik. dry at t<yw tirte uid with from eight to luii* f«et (10.12 



Chapter ZIV. 
PImm of iBterut. 

CHEVBua. 



CaiKCHsi. 



VitUrv. 



by ■ unrl baok. dry i 
•ptuin) drnnght *t high wntT. Chron. do Ti». 111. lOS. 




JI7. 

)iJtUIU. 



[Boinlifty OftHltwr, 



fortlie five yem ending 187S-79 sbow svera^ exporta trortb 
£1-I,^:i0 (K». 1,45,2001, and import« worth £1701 (Ra. 17,010). 
Kxporta varied from £«7o9 (Its. 87,590) ia 1875-7(5 to £19,484 
(It*. l,i>4,840) in 1877-78, and imports from lliSG (Rs. I2,86l>) in 
1H7+-75 t,o£229U (Rs. 22,900) in 1875-76.* The traffic along the 
Boinbny-Sumt road and a lai'go timbor trado at Savto, six miles 
inland, foruioriy made DAb^nn a moro thriving and busier place 
than it now is. 

A manicipalitj was establiuUed ia 18d6' and abolished in 167S,'aa 
the funds were not large enough to carry out nspful improvements. 
Tho torra has the office of a m&mlatd^r, sub-judge, chief constable, 
sub-re^strar, a post and sea cmtorus office, and a school which ti 
held in thq old trnvollcrs' bungalow. ^ 

Dahanoka occurs iu one of the Nfaik cayo inftcriptions, as the ■ 
.name of a town and of a river on wbicFTTshava^At tho son-in-law of i 
Kahapin (a.d. 100) made a ferry.* Dahiinu is mentioned as passing 
bom Guiardt to the Portuguese under the treaty of Deoembar 
1&33.' In 1582 the garrison was attacked bj the Uoghals, 
hnt deeded itself Buccerisfully." In 1634 Hi&biinn is roeutiuned 
as celebrated for its itnage of Ko»sa Senhora des Augnstiu 
which had wrought many miracles. Ten paces from the shore 
was a round fortress with baHtiona about, thtrly-six feet high, 
including an upper atory. It was well supplied with ammunilion, 
and, besides an iron gun and a bronse six-ponuder, had foar 
falcons used for throwing two-poond stone balls. The garrison 
consisted of a captain with two Arab horses, several Portugnesd 
eoldiors, two corporals, and thirty messengers.' There were four 
Portuguese and fifty native Cbristian families well supplied with 
guns, lances, and swonh«.^ Id 1070 Ogilby mentions Dah&nu as a 
coast town." t^irly in the eighteenth century (1720) it is described 
by Hamilton as of little account for trade." In 1739 it was tuken 
by the Mar^thfU under ChimnAji Appa." It passed to the British 
iu 1817 under the terms of the treaty of Poona. In I82G it had 
600 houses, seven shops and a reservoir.^' 

Tho fort on tho north bank of the Diihttnn river ataliCtle distance 
from its mouth is of cut stone and well built, In 1818 tho works, 
which averagi»d alnmt thirty feet high and ten feet thick, wore in 
excellent order, defended by four casemated towers with rained 
terraces. Most of the interior was occupied by old terraced buildings 
all out of repair. There was not a single habitable dwelling witlun 
the fort, and a well iQtally ruined yielded a scanty supply of water. 
The fort gateway which was very strong and in good repair was 



1 Tb« detail! mn : Exporta, 1874.75 £17,2M. 1676-76 £8780, 1876-77 £18,965, 
1877-78 £19.-18*. 1878-79 £8809; Import., 1874-75 «1286, J87tt-7fi £2290, i87«-77 
£2128, 1877-78 £1S77, u>a Ifi78-79£UM. 

■ QtmininMntBMolation ISf of 'JOtL Jhuiut I84K. J 

* OovenuMiBt Ranlntion H~ of 18th Jannv^- 1878. 1 

* TnHU.8«o. Or. Cong. 328,337. 'DftCuntw'aBMmin, 137. « 0«Couto.XI. IBS. 
' Th« CapUin wu pkid £21 l(U. (100,000 nit) a y««r ; tho PortugueM oorpoiab 

At. id. {lStarbu)A moDtii i mm! t^« ouoiinoa loldiwi trom St. 9d (7 terfm) to !«. Iftf. 
16 Inrbu). 

* CUroQ. de Tis. IIL 199. * AdM. V. 30& JO N«w Aocouot, 1 . ISO. 
" Orut DaB'm Martthta, 240, S4l >■ ClanM' Iiiuniry, 18. 



tf. 





^COTered by a low round wall which stretcKed from tower to tower. Chapter XIV. 
Xn 1862 it was described as a strong fortress overgrown with puaei oflnterMt. 
smahwood and with a ruined well.* 




Daliivaii, a vilUge of 1239 people on the east bank of the V\hia 
half a mile north of Karjat, was tormsrly the head-quart era of a 
Rub-divisioD. There are two ov three large temples, ono of which a 
large hand&omo building dedicated to Yithoba, has the following 
inscription on a stono to the north of the temple : ' PArvatiblti 
Pimj^alkhare, Gotra Vashishtha, Sliak 1714' (a.d. 1792), ' Vaithdkh 
Shudiiha I3th Tuesday, son Bhik&ji, grandson Yisoba, resident of 
DahiTQli.' 

Danda. See KELvi.Miffrii. 

Dantivra, in the Mahim sub-dirision ten miles sonth of MAhim, 

a iimull ruined fori prububly built by the Portuguese. It has 

customs ofllce, with, during the firo years endiag 1878-79, 

'age exports worth £10,738 (Ba. 1,07,380) and average imports 

worth JE831 (Rs. 8310). Exports raried from £7661 (Rs. 67,510) 

1877-78 to £13,877 (Rs. 1,38,770) in 1875-76, and imports from 

(Rs. 2200) in 1875-76 to £1035 (Its. 16,350} iu 1877-78.« 

re is a largo rcat-houge with ix>oui for more tliau 100 trarellen, 

by Mr. Ardoshir Diidy of Bombay. 

Dba'k, a massive flat-topped spar ranoing west from the Sahy&dris 
five or six miles east of Karjat, has a village and some tillage on its 
top. From the nouth-eastenu-nd nearest the Sabytklris there rises a 
round hill 2898 feet high, croirned with a long fort wall. Ou the 
steep south-western face of this hill are some cavee most difficult of 
Boeess. 

Dba'ra'vi island, on the west of Sdlsettc at the mouth of tho 
BassL'in cri'ek, has, on a ridge of hill, the ruins of a largo 
rtuguese church an^ the remains of a fort. The church was 
ticed as a ruin by Anquctil du Perron in 1760. About twenty 
years later Dr. Hovfi dDscribcd the fort as situated on the higheat 
hill in the island, with only a front and a hind wall and no guns but 
only English colours. At the foot of the hill close to the river side 
• battery of eight guns had been raised since the last war (1774). 
Dh&r&vi has some curious and excellent quarries of basalt columns 
which are separated by the crowbar. Mucli of ihe Basseiu fort seems 
to have been built of this stnne, and this is prolmbly the Basaein stone 
of which many of the chief buildings in Goa arc made. The Dh&n&vi 
kill has many springs whose water was formerly used for irrigation 
by the Portuguese. The wator is now carried in pipes to the 
lUii-Mnrdha salt-works. 

Dheri, two miles south of Umbargson, then known as Darila or 
Dary, BOoms to have been a place of some importance in the sirteenth 
century. In 1583 whan they took it from tho Kolis, the Portuguese 






> Oov. List of Ciril Fort*. Iftfil 

■ Tb« det%iU »r«: Esporta. I874-7S £11.140 (Ra. 1.11.400). 1875-76 £13,877 
fBs- 1.38.770). IS-y" fl->.li5(R«. 1.2l,*fiO), 1877.78 £67fi! (Ra. 67,5IOt, 1878-79 
£07M|Ba. »7.!)fil>i ; tnipurt-, lB74-;5 <W9 {Rs. 4O30), 1876-7& £230 (Ra. »00). 
1876-77 £1030 {Ra. I0.m». 1877 7« £1635 (Its. l«.30O). LS79-79 £708 (Ri. 7M0). 




Dabitau. 



Dajwa. 



DaiK. 



Dulaivt. 



Dhcki. 




ipterXIV. 
:iaterMt 



DlQBiSBl. 



I DlHIKI. 



OOBOKI. 



n 



found a coDsidcrnble number of great stone and tiled houae. 
Under the name l>ftr)', Ogilby (IC70) mentions it as a town near t 
(sea.* Thf 18HI census shows n |>opiiUtion of 1372, of whom 12 
wore Uiniius chiefly Uublasj lOt) Tdr^iH, and ibix-e MusalmAna. 

Digha'shi ia a Tillage of 803 people on the Tllnsa river aboot 
twelve miles north of BLiwudi. A basalt dyko across the river is 
well suited for the foundation oE a masonr; dam.' 

Dindu in Phanso village thirteen miles north of UmbargaoBt 
is a Mnall ruined fort prubnblj built by the Portngue^ie. It via 
deacriljed in 1757 as under repair by the Maratlias, who found it 
difliciilt to protect the cwist fi-om pirates.* 

Dongri, in Sdlsette four mllca west of Bhilyudar station on th^j 
Baroda railway, with aChrietian population of 1240, basa Portugnei^^H 
church dwiicated to Our Lady of iJelem or Belhlefaem, in pood repw^^ 
measuring 72 feet long by 24 wide and 23 high. The vicar has a 
bouse and is p(ud by Goveninient £1 I0». (Rs, lb) a montli. Except 
that the priest teaches tbe catechism there is no Mhool. The church 
has a music mn.ster. In the chorcb garden are traces of wbnt s^cms 
to have Ix-en a college 82 feet long by 62 wide. On a bill about 
mile from the churcb are the ruins of a chapel and a house. 

Dugad, a prosperous village abont nine miles north of Bbiwndi, 
with, iu lc>^l, a population of o7o, is perhaps Ptolt-my's Dunga. Ic 
ia famous fur the defeat of the SlardtliAa by Colonel Hart !»;-y in 1 780. 
On the 8th December, hoariug that tbe Maratbds intended to thro 
troops into BaMseiu tben invested by General Ooddard, Col 
Hartley, with a force of about 2000 effective men, marched 
Titvala near Kalyitn, fifteen miles noi-th-wcH to Dugad. On 
lOth, the Mariicha gpueral, Itamcbaudra Gaue^b, with 20; 
horse and font, thrice ailackcd the Bombay division in front 
rear. On each occasion be was repulsed wirh liitte Io»s to t! 
British, though two of tbe slain. Lieutenants Drow and Coo 
were officera Kext day (December II) the attack was reno 
the well-served Marfitha artillery causing tho British a loss of 1 
men, of whom two. Lieutenants Cowan and Fierson, were offi^ 
During tho night Culont-I Hartley Blreagtbened with a breastwor! 
and guns two knolls which Covered his flanks. Next morning thd 
IdarAthas advanced in front and rear against the right of the two 
knolla, KSmchaudr'a leading a storming parly of Arab foot and 1000 
infantry under Signior Noronha a Portuguese officer, A thick 
morning fog helped It^mchandra to reach close to the piquet. Then 
the miet suddenly cltart-*! and the guns did inrprising execution. 
R&mchandra died fighting gallaully, Noronlia wnfi wounded, and tfa 
Mar&thAs, dii^pirited by the loss of their leaders, retired in hasi 
and with groat loss.' 

The villagers still find bullets in tbuir fields after tho 
heavy falls of rain at the break of the south' west monsoon. 
large tomb without inscription in tho village of AkloH, thre« miltss 



• Da Canto, I\. £S; ; XI. 346 ; Nkinie'i Konlun. 45. ' AUm. V. 3|^ 

> Mr, W. P. SiDoUir bi IdiL Aut. IV. «S. • Z«ad AveetA, 1. eeelixz. 

■ Gnut DdT* Mvlthte. 139. 



Mvmoriai ^tvm*. 



THANA. 

to the north, was probaljly raised in honour of Lieatcnanta Drew, Chapter XIT. 
Cooper, Cowan, tind Peirson. On tho Gtnntara tiill closo by aro tlio plaoei of Interest 
remaing of iiu oM fort and wat«r ciateme. 

Eksar, an aliennled Tillage of 701 acres, about a mile north- 
west of Borivli station on the Baroda railwa^Ti has in a mango 
orchard^ on the west bank of a Bue pond, a row of six Blaba of trap» 
four of tUem aboot ten feet hig'h by three broad, the fifth aboat aic 
feet high by three broad, and the sixth about four feet high by one 
broad. All, except ono which is broken, have choir tops carred into 
larffe funereal urns, with long heavy ears and hanging bows of ribbon, 
and above floating figures bringing chapleta and wreaths.' The 
&ces of the alabH are richly cut in from two to eight lovol belts of 
ring, tho figures in bold relief chiselled with much skill. They 
ptxiiijds or meaiorial stones and seem to hare been set iu front o£ 
> tonipio which Htood on the top of the pond bank, a sito aftorwarda 
by a Portuguese flfranary. Each stone reoorda tho prowess of 
le warrior either by land or by sea. In each case the utory 
_ins with tho lowest belt and works to tho top. Starting 
)m tho north, the first stone {10'x3'x6") has ita top carred in 
form of an nra and under it four belts of figures. Iu the 
rest belt, on the left, two horsemen armed with swords attack 
archer who falls dead, and on tho right' rises on a cloud, with 
dead warriors and attendants, to Shiv's heareu. Iu the 
>ihI belt on the right two swordsmen run away and leave an 
afaer who stands facing six men armed with spears and swords.' 
Iu the third belt the archer is struck from the left by a footman's 
spear, behind whom are two elephants carrying archers, and below 
three men with swords and shields. To the right the central figure 
is home to heaven iu a car along with other fignres, perhajw the 
men he has slain. Above, heavenly damsels lead him to ahiv's 
paradise. The fourth belt is in Kail^, Shir's paradiite. A man 
■ad a woman on the left come forward to worship a ling ; on the 
right is a groop of heavenly chori&ters one dancing, others singing, 
clashing cymbals, and playing the guitar. Above is the nm with 
its Soating \rreath-bearing figures. 

Stone II. (10' X S' X 6'), with a rounded urn top, has four belts of 
carving. In the centre of the lowest belt three dead figures lie on 
the gruuud. Above them is a larger dead figure, perhaps the same 
as one of the three. Over the three dead warriors three heavenly 
^msels dmp garlands of Bowers. On the right are twu figures 
moonfod on clfphaTits ; ono the chief, tho otber probably his miniator 
or general. The chief's elepb.int has rich housings, and a car with 
a hood to keep off the sun. The elephant seizes a man, tosses him 
in the air, and dashes him under foot. In the second bolt the 
centrsJ figure is a chief, with an attendant holding an umbrella orer 



CofnF«r«Pi)f1m(l7~4).OrieaUlM«nwira,L44S.\ViiUrc>c^o«rik«teb«oftJtiMdsb 
-visgs, tb«wuri(o( Mr. Joinei W>1m » Scntflh fULiatcr (]M)I). ftrein tbe poiwdoQ 
af Ur. CergsHOii. CM E . D.CL. ■ Right and left kra ruiton' right «ad l«ft. 

* TliB waiatclcTtb of thia central fionrs, and mutt othar waiatalotha in tbaao Monn, 
;• bdiind like a iftil. It rscall* ifi« remark in th« R«ja TsmoKiiu (114$) that th« 
km waiateloth ended Itlto a tlwsp'a Ull. Pacdit Bhogr&oUl fadnji 
8 IOM-8 



imm.- .J 




iBoiobaj Oaseit«er, 



DISTHICTS. 



Ghapter ZTf. 
Hum of latemt. 

EUAB. 



him, nnti another sorvaat with a bottle of perfume. On th« right a 
hors«iubn fights with the ctiiof. TKorc are fighting figures above 
and oue brukeu figure below. la the third belt, on the loft, nre 
three elephants one behind the other, the drivers with goada in 
their hands. A fignre in front fights with two bt-ardod swordsmen. 
Thecentrois confused. A chief with an uuihrella over hia head 
aeems to press on and drive back the elephant, wbioh ugiiin seema 
to advance, There is j^eat coofuaioa and fighting. Tho big 
earrings are notable in connection with the Arab traveller 
Sulaiman'a remark (850), that the king oE the Konkau was the 
ruler of the people with pierced ears.* In tho fourth belt the scene 
IB in Kailia. On the left is tSie dead warrior with angels dropping 
wreaths over him ; on the right aro hoaveQiy dancing girls ana 
masiciaas. At the top is the funereal um with side duating' figures 
bringing garlands. 

Stone III. (I0'x3' x6") has fonr belts of carving. In tho loweit 
belt five high-peaked vessels with masts and one bank of nine oan 
aside ad ranee to battle, the heada of the rowers showing above the 
gunwale and nrchers crowding a raised deck above. The last of 
the five is the chief's ship apparently with women at the prow. In 
the second belt four ships, probably part vf the fleet shown beloWj 
attack a ship and put it in great straits^ the crew falling or 
throwing themselves into the sea. Above tho carving in a worn 
unreadable writing in eleventh century letters. In the third belt 
on the left three men in heaven worship a ling ; on the ri^ht is a 
baud of heavenly minstrels. The fourth belt is cut in window. like 
panels. In tho centre arc defaced images of Sliiv and Tdrvati and 
other gods in the side panels. On the top is the usual long-cared 
fanereal ora. 

Stone IV. (!0'x3'x6') has eight belta oE carving and a broken 
top which lies on the ground. In the lowest belt eleven ships like 
those in the lost stone, with masts and one bank of oars, go to meet 
a ship crowded with troops armed with spears sod sojclds. In 
the second belt five vesaeU from the left meet a galley from the 
right, and seem to surround and disable it, tho crow falling or 
throwing themselves into the soa. On the strip of plain str>ne 
below is a line of woru unreadable letters probably of tho eleventh 
or twelfth century. In the third belt nine ships pa^ts along, 
probably the winning fleet on its way back. In the fotu^h belt the 
troops have lauded and march along. In the fifth belt the Iroope 
advance from tho loft and are met on the right by some loading 
person with fonr attendants. It is not easy to say whether thoeo are 
townsmen come oat to honour a victoriuuR army on its return, or a 
band of suppliants the people of a conquered country. In the sixth 
belt iu heaveii eight men on the left worship a cmitnil ling ; on the 
right is a band of heaveuly dancers and players. Id tho sevoath 
belt the central seated figure is either Shiv as an ascetic or « 
warrior chief in heaven. On the left are warriors and heavenly 



* ElUoV'f Hi>tor7, U 3L 



^ 




Eksar. 
UtmorM 6lo»tt. 






Eleprasti. 



»ideuB, and on the right players blowing tbe horn, sounding the Chapter XIY. 
var-Mliell, Bnd clashing oymbal;^. In the eighth or top belt ia a pieces of Intentt. 
shrine of Mahade^ in benven with severnJ panels. 

Stono V. (6" X 3' X 6") has four belts of carving. Id the lowest 
bolt ore six vessels with osnt and masta ; one with a poop is the chief's 
ship with the umbrella of stat« held ofer hltn. In tho second 
belt six ships from tho left and throe from the right meet in the 
contra with mnch confasion and distrcsa, fifforeB railing into the 
water. Over the central ship heavenly dameela float bringing 
airlands to drop on tho warriors. The third belt is in hearen. In 
the centre is a hn^, and on the right a warrior worships seated on 
a chair; bobind him are women w-ith water and other worship- 
vessels. On the right ia a band of lieavouly players. In the top belt 
the central tignro is a chief holding court in hoaren witli heavenly 
damsels saluting him. Tho chief and other side figures seem to more 
along in cara supported by animals, apparently with horse-like 
heads. Above is the ordinary funereal urn. 

Stono VI. (4'xl5''x6'0 has two belts of carving. In tho lower 
belt is a aoa fight and in the upper a warrior seated in heaven. 
Above is the usual heavy -eared fonereal orn. 

Elephanta or Gha'ra'puri,' an island in Bombay Harbonr 
about seven miles east of the Apollo Bandar and three miles south oE 
Pir P&\ in Trombay, has an area of aboat four miles at high water 
and about six miles at low water. The Hindu name, Ghiir^puri, is 
tbe name of a small village in the south of the island ; it is 

■ perhaps Giripuri or the hill city. Elephanta, tba European name, was 
given to tho island by tho Portuguoso in honour of a hngo rock-cut 

. elephant that stood on a knoll a little to the east of GhArApuri village. 

^^F ' Thin ftccoxint of tlra G]«phantii cftv««, with •om* ohtin|^ aik] additlooB mggvtMA 
^■bv Puiilit BlugvUiUI Inilrsji, bu booa nunly prvpanxt Troni Dr. Burmu' Elopliuita. 
^^na following ii a list of inodeni aoCicea &□(! KooontiU of the KUptunta cavm. 
OmvU d'Ort* (15341. CoUoquiM. 2iid Ed. {18721. 212; Dom JoAod« Cartro (!»»), 
I PliotMrn RotMmdaO«t» dft India, 45-S9i UiMohotfll jlSTdK I^iMOune of Voyimi 
(LoBdim, 1596). B4>VcI. SO: D>ogod« OutoOCOS). Ds Aaia, DccmIa Vrinut. liv. Hi. 
cap. II. (Ed. LifihoA. ITTKt, brat VII. SSH-Stil ; alao tntiiMlAM tn .lonmtl Kombny 
I Bnnch Royal Atiatic Society, I. 41 -4fi : Fryer (IfiiS), Skw Aci-ount »f Raal Iu>iu» 
•lul P«rMa,7Si <>'ringt«n(ICH9), Voyaar ti. Snmt. IM-ICI; Captiun I'yke (1712). 
Aocoirat vf a ciirioua Piii^iHla near Bombay, i-xtracUid (n<m \a» jonmal \<y A. Dalrypip1«. 
Ekj,. F.R.A.S., Arch'.:-jia, VH. :n:i-S;t2; Captain A. Rami[tan (1720), New 
Awnntof thrift 111 : I .,1. 241-242; OniH>< 1750), Voyage to tlia Gut ludiva. I. 59-62; 
I Ivaa (I7r>4), Voyaon from Rngland to Imlia, 41; AonniFttl do rerron [17tiO|, Zmd 
A'wU, Duoount Prclinuiiaire. 1. 419-423 ; Niebiibr (1764), Voyaj^ ea Arat>i«, II. 
SS'.'U: Porh<:9(1774), Ork-ntJilMciuoirs. t.423-43S. 441-448: Uunt«r (17^4) iu Ardtnw. 
logia. VII. 2Sli-i*lV>:Maci(«rilllTS3)in Arrh««ilrtgia. VIII. 270-277 ;<ioIdinKham (I7MJ 
in Aatatie ItwoaKkcs, IV. 409-417 i Vslcnlio't (1803) TravcTK. U. 199-200 ; MuordSIOl. 
I Hindu Panthti^n, <». 59, Bl-on, 241-249, 3,1i-a^«; Krokinn (iSlIt) in Truutactiona 
^^gahip UUnry Sucivtv, I. I9S-250: Mrs (Iraliam (ISI4;, Journal of a HeaidcDco in 
^^^B4d-ai; Asiatie Journal (181(1), II. ^46•54S i FiuC'lanDoo (1817). Joonial of a 
■^^■oeron India, 321 -322; :*ir\V. OiiMln'Il^ldl. Traveli in the Boat. I. 8l-da i 
' Holier^ (tS24t Narrative. II. 179- 183 ; Captain Hwil Hall (IM2t. Fimgmenta, III. IM- 
9SI t Vatgumoa (U'^l^;, Rovk-cut Teniiilo n( India, -Vl-iF.. and Junnial Royal Ainatic 
Sooiaty, VIII. 83-84; hr U'ilaoD, J<MiraaI BouiWv Branch Royal Aaiatio Society, 1(1. 
' put It. 41-42. IV. 341>342;ai)dCslcutURerMsw, 7(UI. l-2S;f>r. Steveiuon is JmirvAl 
' BonlmT BimncJi Royal Astatic Society. IV. 281 -27a; Lady Falkland (1857). Chow- 
Chaw. 1 IW.I14. 



IBombay Ouettetf, 



UiaTKlCTS. 



Oh^t«r ZTT. 
nwMoflstemt. 

GLEraAKTA. 

DoacripttDO. 



Tbe island ia & range of trap hills aboat 500 feet liigh and one 
aud & LaU miWs long, cleft by & deep rarine that cToases it from 
uortli to south ahout the xuiddio of ita length. In the west tlio hill 
rise* gently from the sea, and, with waving ontline, stretches east 
BCToes the mviue gap, graduallj rising to uic extreme east, which, 
with a height of 5ti8 feet, is crowned by a small dome-tike knob tfaa 
rematua o£ a Baddbist buriaUmonnd. Except on the t)orth>«Mt 
and oast, the hill 8idos are covered with bmshwood ; in the hoUowi 
under the hill are cIuatorH of well-grown mangoes, tamarinds, and 
kaninj trees ; and orer the hillside and stanuing oat against the 
sky is a thick Bphukling of brab palms along the crvoi of the hilL 
Bolow is a belt of rice land with rows of trees and high prickly-peer 
hedges. In front is the foreshore of sand and mud, Bare and black 
except for a fringe of mangrove boshea There are tlire« smaU 
hamlets and lauding placea, 8het bandar in the nortli-west, Moreh 
bandar in the uorth-eosi, and GhitrApuri or RAj bandar in the sootb. 

Thongh it btks long lost almost all ita people and almost all it« 
liolineRs, KlephantA, perhaps from abont the third to about the 
tenth century, was the site uf a city and a place of religiona resort.' 
The Great Cave about half way up the north face of the western 
block of hiUfl is the chief object of interest. Besides the Uroat Cave 
there are, in the rice fields to the eatit of the northern or Shet 
bandar lauding place, brirk and stone foundations, broken pillars^ 
and two fine fallen stataes of Shir. Abont 200 yards to the south- 
east of the Great Care and almost on the same level, are two large 
much mined cares. On the crest of the hilt, above the Great Care, 
is a broken stone lion or griffin, probably originally one of the 
warders of the main entrance door to the Great Cave. Near the 
shore, to the south of the range between the two blocks of hitls, 
are the small village of Gharapuri, the dry bed of a pond. aD 
uninauribod stono with the ass-curse, the old landing-place, the ruios 
of o Portugneso watch-tower, the site of the huge rock -cot elephant 
that gave the island it« European name, and several large ling* 
sqnare below and conical above. 

Across the ravine crest, on the eastern hill, close on the right, ia 
a plain cave, and, on the left, about 200 yards further two small 
untinished cellH. Al>oiit 300 ynnU to the entit ia the dry bed of a 
pond and nndorground to the left three small rnck-cnt water 
oisterna tike thotie at Kanheri. A little further and higher, the 
estrerao eastern point of the hill is topped by the remains of a large 
brick Buddhist burial-moand with which the three cistoma are 
probably olosely cormeeted. The mound seems to have beea 
eiirroundeil by a heavy wall or rail of undressed trap boulders. To- 
the east a little below the top of the hill are the ruins of a Mah^deT 
temple, aud down the north-east ndt>e of the hill face there seem 
trocoa, though faint tpaces, of a winding roughly built footway. 
At the north-east foot of the hill is a roond brick&oed mound 



' The Bndd hilt nouni) And ctitemA Ar« of the third oantaiy or «vli«rj the town, 
if It t* Piiri. from the uxth to iha t«tith century, the Lion haaa o{ th« «xU> oeotiuy. 
uid the c«v«i o[ tlM Mventh or «igbth vcotnry. 



dfa 




i 



to 

It 

■biL 



p«rbape the remaius of aDOther Buddliiiit burial niouDd, and near it 
to tho right, ao old well, with modern facings, and, iu a field nearer 
the shore, a spirited old lion's head cut in stone through vhich 
water original Howod into tho well. From tho well, along most 
of tho north-east and east face, the lower slopes havo been 
carried away to fill the Bombay forcfehoro. Prom the well, about 
ball a mile south-east to the ruined wooden piors^ close to the 
Tillage of Mureh, the ground is strewn witli large old bricks and 
pieces of tile. The work of clearing the sorface soil is said to 
bsTe sbonii a notable nuntber of bailding sites and the remains 
of sumo temples. This must have been a place of religioaa 
importance, and may possibly bo Puri, tho unknown capital of the 
Maurya nud Silb^ra rulers of the North Kookan, from about the 
;h to the tenth century.* 

From the north-west shore a low stone pier nms out for aboot 150 
ards. Under liigh-tide mark tho pior consists of two rows of 
concroto blocks about six feet long laid about a foot apart, tho upper 
Itlocks coveiiug the space between the lower blocks and fastened to 
Ibcm by iron clamps. Above high-tide mark tho separate blocks 
beoome a causeway about seven feet high and six feet broad which 
runs to the edge of the shore. Then, with low side-walls, a paved way 
abont six feet broad crosses the flat belt of rice land witn only au 
oocaaional step, and then climbs the wooded slope in flights varying 
from three to thirteen steps. In the woods on either side several of 
tbe brab palms seem to rise out of the heart of large banyan trees. 
But the mlms are older than the banyan trees, and, in the rongb 
canvas-tdce sheaths of their branch ends, have given lodging and 
BupjKirt to bird-sown banyan seeds, which as they grew forced their 
roota to tho ground, and gaining a separate snat^nancQ and growing 
into trees, have covered the palm stem with their roots and branches. 

On tho shore about 100 yards east of the pier, under somo trees, 
.re the remains of a statue of Shiv and of another figure apparently 
Q attendant. The remains of old bricks and pieces of white stone 
eeem to show that this was the site of a small temple or shrine. 
About 200 yards further to tho south-cast, close to the hill-foot, 
difficult to find among thick brushwood^ is a well-carved five-headed 
image of Shiv. This also seems to be the site of an old temple. 

Ketuming to the approach to the Great Cave, at the top of the flight 
of steps, a terrace, aboot eighty yards long and forty hroatl, strctchee 
to the Bonth-east with a pavement abont eight feet brood that panes 
to tho front of the cave between two amall tile-roofed houses, the 
istodtan's dwelling on the right and the police guard-bouBo on the 
,ft. The open terrace, which is shaded ov large nim and banyan 
rees, commands a view of the well-wooded slope of the east Elephants 
bill and beyond in the north-east the Bel^pnr ranges. To the north, 
b«joud the brushwood'covered slope the bare rice fields and the 
maagrove-fringod shore, is a belt of bright sea about two miloii broad, 
and over the sea tbe baire but gracefully rounded hill of Trombay. 



Chapter ZIV. 
riacee of Interest. 

ELirBASTA. 

Dttseripboa. 



> Indian Aatituur. V. 70, 7S, 377 ; VU. IM ; TIU. 342 ; U. 41 



AjmUc B«s. 




[Bombftj OftMttair. 



XIV. 



rUcM of InUrut 
Qnut Cvc*. 




62 



DISTRICTS. 



To tLe wE«t are tbe rocks of Butcher's Island, and across » bro«d 
stretch of sea tbe lung low liae of Bombay. 

lo froDt of the cave an open wooden miiing oncIo«es an «ntnmc« 
passAge thirty-Btx jards loDg, broadeuiog from aioe yards at the 
railing to eighteeD yards at the cave steps. On either side^ a rockj 
bank rises to s rugged tree-friDged frout about forty feet hig'h, the 
Qpper twenty feet a bare rough scarp and the lower tneuty feet the 
cave mouth, with two pillars and two pilaaters about fifteen feet 
high, on a four feet high plinth. Over the front, across the wbol« 
bivodth of the cave mouth, ran an oare of rock about four feoi deep. 
At first view the inside of the care seems fuK of a confusing number 
of lines of plain massive pillars running at right angles, n-ith side 
aisles and iKirchcs leading to open courtyards. On the rigUt centre 
of the hull the lines of pillars are lirosen by a raised and walled 
shrine or chapel, and in tho south wall are dai-k recesses filled with 
gronpe of colossal figures. 

The caTO is most easily nndcrstood by looking at it as £omiiog 
two parts, a central hall about ninety feet square, and foUr aisles or 
veatibnles, each sixteen feet deep and fifty-four foot long. The aide 
walls of each atsle have recesses filled with groups of colossal fij^ures, 
And> except the west ai&le which is partly filled by the walled ^linno, 
die roofs are supported by two rows of two pillars and two pilasters, 
11)0 side aisles, like the north aisle, lead to open courts, and the 
south aisle leads to the recesses in one of which stands the might/ 
threc-hesdod bust, one of the finest pieces of sculpture in India. 
The central ball has, on the north and sooth, two outer rows each of 
four pillars and two pilasters, and, inside, in tho centre of the hall 
two rows of three pillars each, and to the right between tbe centre 
and the west aisle, the shrine or chapel which occupies the apace 
of four pillars or about ninety-fire feot round. 

Of tho original total of tweuty-six pillars and sixteen pilastora, 
eight of the pilUrs aro destroyed and others are mnch injured. 
As neither the floor nor the roof of the cave is level, the pillars 
vary in height from fifteen to seventeen feet They are strong and 
massive^ of oonsidenible elegance, and well suited to their positioa 
and use: With a general samooess there is some variety of size and 
ornament. All have a square shaft abi>ut three feet fonp inches 
each way, rising eight feet or nearly half the total height. The 
upper sixteen inches of this shaft is bound by a slightly raised 
bandage of tho same shape. The next two inches arc octagonal, and, 
in all Uie colnmns within tho square of the temple and in the west 
porch, on the shoulders thus formed, sit small figures of Ganesh or 
some other spirit. Above the shoulders is a bandseven inches broad, 
cut in thirty-two shallow fiutes, and above tho fluted band is an eight 
cornered belt about six luches broad. From this belt springs a thrae 
feet longflnted neck narrowing from three feet one inch to two feet 
nine inches, the flutes ending in ontstanding cusps under a thin- 
heeded torus, and over tlus a second lino of cosps stand on ' 
and curve outwards under a thin fillet. On the fillet rests 
squeezed cuuhion-shaped capital, one foot nine and a half inchce thu 
and standing out about sixteen inches from the face of tho pillar; 



.^ 







the middle bound by a narrow flat band wbicli breaks its siity-four Chairt«_XIV. 

flutes. Above is a rouDd neck, three inches deepj and then a squaro Places of Int«r6it 

plinth of the same width aa the ba8«, and abont eight incbes deep. EutroksrA. 

X'hislastaud the bradiet it supports are clear copies ot wooden GrMtCm. 

details. The bracket slopea upwards on ench side to the lintel 

Id a seriea of fanciful scrolls divided, or joined, by a band over thtjir 

middle. The lintels, which are imitations of wooden beams, mu 

generally from eaHt to wcsi across tlie caTe> the exceptions being 

the lintels over the cast and west entranceis and those joining the 

two inner pillars of the east portico, and the two pillars in front of 

fcho east face of the sbrino. Almost the only other architectural 

features are tho door side-posts^ and tho bases, onder the front and 

aides of the main cave and under some of the sculptured 

compart mente. 

The eculptores may be best examined by beginning with the ^^ Trmmii. 
groups in the south wall of thecentral hall. Then takiuj^ the groups 
in tho east aisle which form a pair, then those in the west aisle, and 
lastly those in the north aislo. Of the groups in the south wall 
~ .B most striking is the famous colossal three-headed bust that faces 
"the north entrance. It stands on a base about two feet nine inches 
high, in a recess ten and a half feet deep, exclaaive of two and a half 
feet the thickneas of the front pilasters. The opening between the 
pilasters is only fifteen and a half feet, but innide of them the recess 
broadeoB to twenty-one feet six inches. The bust represents Slav, 
vho is the leading character iu all uf the groups in the oarc. Tho front 
fac« is Shiv in the chamct^-r of Brahma tho creator, the east face 
(visitorV left) is Shiv in the character of Rudra the destroyer, and 
the west faco (visitor's right) is Shiv in tbo character of Vishnu the 
preserver. In tho comers of the opening, both in tho floor and in 
the lintel, are holes as if for door-posts, and in the floor is a groove 
as if for a screen or perhaps for a railing. 

Tho biutt is Bcvenloen feet ten inches high. At the level of the 
eyes the three heads moasnro twenty-two feet nine inches round; , 

and the greatest breadth, between the wrists of the two sido figures^ 
^is twenty-two feet. The middle face (Brahma'sJ is fuur feet four 
inches long, the east face (Rudra's) is about five feet, and the weeb 
£ace (Vishnu's) is four feet one inch. 

The expression of the heary-lipped central faco is mild and peace- 
fol. The breast is adorned with a necklace of large stones or pearls, 
and below it is a deep richly-wrought breast omamont, whoso lower 
border is festooned neriiaps with pearls. In his left hand Brahma 
holds a citron, an emnlem of the womb. The right hand is broken, 
bat tho rough piece of rock waa probably cut into the form of a 
roll of manuscript repreeonting the Vedas.' A thick ring encircles 
the wrist. The ears are slit and drawn down, a sign of a composed 
placid mind, Fmni each ear lianga a jt'welled ornament, that in 
the right car (visitor^s left) in the stylo known as the tiger-head 

■ Thin hnn<l w-u broken as curly u 1533. Dom Jo&ode Cwtro nnurkm, "The third 
hand IwitiU k i>uioted glolw (Uie citron) aad the lut baa beeD broIcM) so that it ia 
ttnpo»kibl«t« tWLkeout whalaymbbl he held.' Prim. Rot.djt CuUdjt lD<li«. 65-fttt. 




[Bombay Oaxeitar, 



DISTRICTS. 



ELxriiAN-rA. 
7Ar Trimyrti, 



kptftr XrV. earring or vyighra ^nJal, n lifer's head and forelegs holding 
laitai oFlnterest t^"** hanging garlands, aud that in the left ear (viaitor'a ri^dit) 
tho alligator or mitknr kundal earring, whiMte broki'u tail may still 
bo traced. Thebead-dreits consistD of the hair raiced \\i xhe jnta or 
dome-coil style, with on the top of the hair a royal tiara iu three 
pieces, one orer each car, and the richest in the centre in tho fame- 
face or kirtimiLkk style, most tastefully designed and most beaatifully 
carved. 

The face to the left or east is Shiv as Rndra or the dostroyer. 
The brow has au oral swclUug above the nose r^preaeoting a third 
eye The eyebrows are somewhat twisted and slightly depressed 
towards the nose. Tlie nose is Roman and the npper lip u 
covered with a moustache, the moath is slightly open with aa 
auomsed, perhaps b^n^r-intuxicated look, showing the tip of the 
tongue and perhaps a tnsk or long tooth.' The right hand in held in 
front of the breast, and ha smiles at a cobra which is coiled roaod 
his wrist and with outstretched hood looks him iu the (ace.* Rudra'a 
hair, like Brahma's, is rolled in theyifa Form, and he haa a similar 
but lower tiara over the hair. Aaiong bis ornament's are some of 
the peculiar symbols of 8hir, a human skull over the left temple; 
a lea! of the Glorioaa nuperba, (\f.) haUtldvi, (Sk.) Idngali, ; a branch 
apparently of the milk-bash ; twisted snakes iostead of hair, and, 
^g^ "P> ^ cobra erect with outHtretched hood. The back part of 
the head ornament seems uuBniahed. Behind the tiara the rock ts 
cub into a shallow recess, roughly divided into two narrow strips 
one lower than the other. 

Tho right or west face has generally been considered to be 
Shiv in the chara<rter of Vishnu, the prosorrer. holding a lotus flower 
in his right baud. The faco ia gentle and placid, much like and 
almost as foiniuino as most of the sculptures of Pdrrati. Tho hair 
Calls from under the head-dress in neatly curled ringlota like 
PArvati'g hair and like the hair on the fumalc side of Ardhanflri the 
half-man half-woman statue. The taetefully omameoted pcarl- 
festooned tiara, which is lower than that of theceutnil figure, is alao 
more like the female side of Ardhan&ri's head-dress than any bead- 
dresH among the sculptures. Ovvr tho temple is au ornamcat tike 
a largo lotus leaf, and, above tho loAf, near where the side and tho 
central head join, is a lotu.s flower. In front is a twig of Ui9 
Jonesia asokn, or aehok tree. From tho ear projects wbat was 
probably pan of a large jewel. On tho walls of the recess ara 
traces of the cement painted with water colours with which, 
aooording to Do Coato (1603), the whole cave was covered. Tha 



* It is IteliAvsd that Shiv'* third ojro. tJie jiulna tkak^u, or e^« of IcnowlaJgft, 
wisMioted OB ttio kiiob in th« broir ia k vcrtioal pontioo. Il u from tlii« Uurd 
•vt (bat Bt the end of titM fln u to Inint uid irut* ch« world. PuidJt Blugviiilil 
doatrta If tb« marit kt tb« wmer of the month ia a tu>k. 

* Tb« meanfa; of Rudm'i eipcHBion ia diaiiuUd. Mr. EnkiiM (Bom. lit 80c. 
Trena, III. 232, Now. Kd.) dstvcted tbe mariia of babitukl pMaion. C«pt. BmU 
Ban (Fragraaata, III. SS0-23ff) aaw no aigns of anf^er rather of mirth, m if he v«re 
nngiiB to Uw uak*. th* ootnan of th« month tanud np aod the cheeka dimpled 
aa u DT a nnllc. Ba^eaa (GlephantA. r>) oharactenaea tha ezpnaeioa ah a grim 
■nile. The dcMhptitiii u Lba t«xt ia Pandit Bhn^ilnUl'a. 



JL 



A 



THANA. 



k 



I 



bust iihonrs no sign of colonr. If they were coloured^ Brnhma. was 
white, BqiLtb black, and Visbnu rod. 

On each sido of iho Trimnrti recdsa is a pilaster with brokea 
giutrds or doorkeepers. The warder on the visitor's right, who 
is twelTB feet nino inches high, is less damaged than the other. 
Round the high cap is a double comoal of plates, pointed above, 
the lower plates being smaller and the upper rising from 
within thorn. Oa oach side between tho lower places is a crescent 
with a star between its tips. Behind the upper pUtes tho cap 
looks like a deep crimpled leaf, probably, as m the tiara of tho 
coatnd head, intended to represent rolls of twisted hair. The 
doorkeeper's ears are large, and a pendant from tho head-dress falls 
behind the head. Tho left arm leans on the head of a dwarf, and 
the hauginir central fingers o£ tho left hand «re held between the 
finger and tliumb of the right hand. Both arms are adorned with 
round bracelets. There was a necklace of round l»ead8 ; a band 
passed over the left shoulder behind the hands and round the right 
nip^ a girdle bound his middlo, and the ends of hiji robe hung by 
the ri^t side. The dwarf, who is one pf Shiv's yans or sprites, 
atands about seven feet high. His hair is close-cropped, ho wears 
a necklace, and a belt is folded across his stomach. Hts right hand 
is raised to his breast ; tho loft is broken aboro the olbow. 

Tho east doorkeeper, who is tliirteon feet six inches high, is 
moro defaced than the other. In 1766 tho fignro seems to have 
wanted only part of tho loft arm and right log with tho left foot; 
now little ri^iutLins except the head and shoulders.' The tiara is 
broader-topped than that on the other figure and every part of it is 
carved wiih minute care. In front of tho upper filiate is tho 
grotesqno &kmc-fiicc or ktrttmnkk; the lower plato is carved to 
represent a flower over jewels, and other flowers on each side, 
whilst tho band that oncircles tho brow consists of throe rows ot 
pearls or jewels from beneath which the hair crops out. Tho 
shell-like wrinkles of tho crown of the cap nro benntifolly worked, 
and from the cap on the left tho hair hsngs in separate ringlets. 
From the back stands out a fan-shaped frill Tiko a small Kli/.aboihaa 
roff." In the ears are heavy earrings, thot on tho visitor's right 
supported by a band parsing over the car. The lips are thick and 
' e hice placid, and round the neck the folds of a band pass behind 
e oar to the head-dress which it secures. Ho wears a necklace of 
round beads, a thick fillet falls as a festoon from his shoulders ; 
round the npper part of each arm be wears a bracelet in 
fonn of a snake twislwl fully twiL-o round, the ondn being left 
The right arm is bent just above tho head of the attendant 
i^rite or^an, and tlie hand appears to have been open upwards in 
front of the sido. Below the navol a string was knotted in front, 
«ud about ttic loins was a. girdle, with a robe passing from tho 
aght liip over tho left thigh, tho ends hanging at the side. The 




Chaptsr XIV. 
PUeea of Interest 

IHte rrimnrtl 



' Niabnlir'a Voyage ca AnbU, IT. SS, 
* Thiafntlin moro oImtIj.- ehowo in Uis fignrc wonltij^iog Shiv in the cocnpartincBl 
lo tti« west oi (lie Trimorn. 



■ I{K(-^ 




Ifiombftj OaaaUMT, 



DISTRICTS. 



XIT. 
PUoMflfXaterMt 



nni Pimli. 



snrito or yan on liU rigbt was about six Feet one inch high, and iha 
nght leg of the doorkeeper wa* advnuceU so m to aUtnit tht 
sprite's arm bt-biod it-, ito that hie left hand autl Icf; were Men 
botwt'UQ tlio Icffs of tbc doorkeeper. His rigbt band, wbich ia now 
broken, was laid on bis breast. His beaa-draw sooois to have 
been a tight fitting cap, with a circk< of three jewclsoTcr tb» brow, 
and three tags of cloth banging behind. A scarf passes arrosA his 
shoulders over the arm and falls on each side over bis thighs. 
He haa a band or loincloth| earrings, brsceleUi, and a uecklaue 
£rom which hangs a tortoise. He stands half erouohiiig; with 
outstanding eyes, thick li].'B, and looks up to the doorkeeper with an 
odd smilo and outtbra&t tongue. 

The compartiuent to the west or viaitor'a right of the Trinmrti 
is thirteen foot wide by seventeen feet one inch high^ with a Imms 
rising two feet six inches from the ftoor. Tlie I<«diiig figures arm 
6biT and P4rv&ti on his left. The figure of Shiv is sixt-een fe«t 
high, aud has four arms, of which tbo two to the left are broken. 
He baa a high ca]> with three-[x>iiit('d plates rising out of its band 
and a smallor plate in front of the band on the forehead. Betwpcn 
these is a crescent over each temple. From the crown rifles a enp 
or shell in which is a Biogular throe-headed female figure, with 
broken arms, probably representing the three sacred rirera Qang% 
Jamna, and Sarasvati.^ Bhiv wears ft necklace, the asiul open 
armluis, heav^- bract^Iets, and earrings. An ornamented girdle binds 
his waist, from under which hia garment hangs and is brought 
round the right side, and tied in a knot outside of the left tbigh. 
Over his left slioulder a sacred thread hangs in front of his 
right side and passes over his right arms. The bock right band 
holds a snake, tbo tail hanging upon the arm, while the body passes 
behind his bock and the cobru's expanded hood is raised outside 
his left shoulder. The front right hand which is damaged is raised 
as if to command attention. The back left hand, which is broken 
aboTO the wrist, appears to have passed across P&rvati's breas^ 
and with one of the fingers to have touched her nndor tbo chin; 
the other, which has but lately been broken, rested on the head ol 
a sprite who HeemB to stagger nnder it-e weight. This sprite, whose 
head in thickly covered with curly or matted hair, wtiara • 
waistbcit and a loincluth, ami holds a Hy-whisk in his left hand and 
a smidl cobra in his right. He carries a bundle on his back and haa a 
tortoise hanging from his neck. 

On Shiv's left stands PArvnti, aboat twelve feet four inches high, 
with a frontlot from under which the hair comes ont in small curls. 
The heud-drotis nt<es in tiers, and has n pointed plate in front, 
and behind the neck on the right side is a cushion, perhaps of hair. 
She wears heavy earrings of different shapes, several necklaces, 
broad annleta aud bracelets, a girdle with au omameated clasp. 



* The flkitga or GaiwQ* ia fabled to fiow (Votu Shir'f liKir, and tbc Uitm hwda 
probablj' ffprcMut tb« tbrve ciiivt itn-arM. the Guiga. Junuft, lud SnrMrati, whicb, 
aoconliug to Hindu ceogrApby. form at MlAitbad the u«ir*d tiH»tii>K o( Uta ihns 
pliut«d looki, Tripcm SatiglnK. 



iiB 



^ 






and hoary aDklotft. Her dreM comes over tlic right leg, the comer 
filing to tho ankle and tbeu [)ti8siQ|r over ihe left leg. and a loose 
robo haogs over hor right arm. With hor right hand hIui aooniB to 
tr>nch the fly-whidt in the sprifco's hand or leans on the bnndle on 
his b«ck ; her left hand is over the heud of a female sprite who wears 
la^e elliptical earrings, a hugu bock-knot of hair, richly carved 
nnkletn, and a robe of which the comor falls in front. Over her 
left shoulder shtj cArriea l^firvabi's dressing-case fasteaed by cords 
or strops. 

On Shtv^s right arc Brahnm and Tndra. Bmhma haa four hands, 

one of the riglit handx holding a lotus, the other touching his breast ; 

one of the loft hands appears to Uavo hold a nxl or rhe roll of the 

Vedas, and the other porhapa his sacrificial butter- vessel. His lotus 

neat is borne by fire swans. Close to his leftj Indra, on his 

ephant, holds np his left hand towards Shiv. On Pdrvati's left 

Vishnu, on his hidf-man half-bird carrier Gamd. His bock 

ight hand holds a mace or cUib, the front right hand is broken ; 

the front left hand rests on his knee, and the back left hand 

I bolds bis diHcnK. He wears armlets and a [ieckla<.'«, and his feet 

^rest in the Qarud'ft hands who has wig-Iiko hair, no moustaches, and 

^Bk cobra knotted round his neck. The llgures below Brahma on 

^^bbiv's right are much defaced. Next to him and in front is a male^ 

Hprobnbly the king who ordered tho making of tho cave. Ho wears a 

waistcloth and kneels on his right knoe with his arms crossed on 

his breast and a dagger or knife at his right side. Round his head 

is a bund with a large rosette or frill behind, and, from under tho 

band, tlio hair falls to his shoulders in three lines of ringlets.' 

Buhind him stands a female fly- whisk bearer with oaklets and 

wristlets, holding a flower in her left band raised towards her cheek. 

Behind her Js a t«Ilor woman with broad armlets and thick anklets, 

whuso bands and fiu;e are broken i and at the back of the tsUer 

, woman and above the (ly-whiak beurer is the bead of a figare with 

^■fanriy hair, holding in the left hand what may hare been an offoring. 

^Hlbove Brahma are cloads on which are six figures, tho largest a 

' male with high heod-dresa and double nocklace holding a long jar 

foil of (lowers to throw on Shiv. Immediately before and behind 

him are female figures. Nearer Shiv's head are two males, one of 

■^jbem a boarded ascetic ; and behind the rest is another male wjLh 

^K moastAche. Above Pirvati arc six figures, similarly disposed, all 

^■Jying or floating on clond.«, the f emalo behind the larger figure ■ 

^Bftving a hoary back-knot of hair and u richly carved belt. 

^H In the corresponding compaKmont to the vistto/a left or cnat of 
^Tho Trimiirti many fignres are groDpod round a gigantic four-armed 

half-male hnlf-femalB, represent tngArdhundri or Ardhanlinshvar, that 
I is the god who combines the active or manUko, that is Shiv, and the 
, passive or womanlike, that is Uma, principles in nature, ^^»is figure 

which is sixteen feet nine inches high loans to the right or male side, 



Ohivter XIV. 

Plaoaa of Interest. 
EuzroAjijA, 

SJm a»d PdrvaU. 



AntAaikiriAvar. 



' * Tlw tmily bair, th« frill, stiH iho howI-dreM worn b^ tbia ggura mk round only 
'turea ranging IhiIwcvm tlM foorUi umI tbo eighth oMitarios. Thcji ate 
in strle. Puidit BhaBi-SnUL 




[Bombftj Ouett«er, 



DISTRICTS. 



KLwraAXTA. 



bpt«r ZIV. and rests on tho bull, nan Ji, -with ono of its four arms. The head-dreca 
rUiiM irflntoroiL '* '^^ nsnal high (iam with two heavy folds falling to the ahoalrter 
on tho Ifft or ffiuttlo Bide. The right side has a crescent. On the left 
Bide tlio hair falls along the brow in a f<«ries of small uuatly inrrevl 
ringlets, while on the right there in a line of knobs along tho iinder 
edge of Ihecsp. The right ear ia drawn down and has only one ring, 
the left hus a jewel in tho upper part and a largo ring in the lobe. 
The girdle in drawn over the hips and is tied at the left side whom 
the ends hang down. Tlie male arms have twistod open armlet* 
and thick wriatletfi, that on tho front hand being knobbed as if wt 
with jewels ; the femnle arms have brood armlets and a long solid 
bracc-iot with thick jewelled rings at the ends. The bock pair of 
hands is in fair preservation, the right holds the cobra and baa 
a ring on the little finger ; the left liolds a niutal mirror and has 
rings on the middle and litllo Bngers. The front left hand which 
is broken. Beems to have hung down and held the lower part of 
tho godilfss'sroljo, which hangs in folds over both her amis. The 
front right arm rests with tho elbow on the hnrnp and the hand on 
the left horn of the bull. The head of the bnll. Shirks carrier, ia in 
fair order, the face being two feet seven inches long. 

The lower part of this gronp, which ia abont sixteen feel wide, 
is much damaged, owing partly to decay partly to violence. Th» 
figures on tho visitor's left are connected with Shtv and those on 
the right with Pitrvati. Besides the usual sprites or nttt^ndanta, 
they include some of the more notable Hindu deities. Opposite to 
the back left or FiLrvuti's arm (tho visitor's right), riding on bis 
carrier the eagle or Garud,' ia a four-armed Vishnu ; tho front left 
hand seems to have rented on his knee, the other is raised and hoMii 
his discus; both right hands are broken. Vishuu sits on tho 
ahonlders of Oarud, who holds him by the ankles. On Oomd's 
forehead is the Vaishnav sect mark, and his large outstretched 
left wing may be clearly traced. Below is a woman bearing a 
fly-wliisk. Her head-dross is carved with minute detail and has a 
rresoent on the left side, and ft back-kcot of hair docked with 
flowers. She has large earrings and a triple necklace. Bo-side her 
are two dwarft), and on her left is nnother woman whose robe falls 
over hor left arm, antl a sash or tielt, perhaps the edge of a jacket, 
crosses the breast from each slmulder to the opp<:«it« hip. She 
wears thick Yilini-like anklets, and carries in her left hand the 
dainty Pdrvali's drossing-ca&o. Between Grarud and tlio central 
figure ia the buRt of a woman holding a flower in her loft hand; 
above this are two cnrly-hairud ljgure», one of thetu Varan riding 
his alligator. Behind Vishnu are a man and a woman, and under 
them a dwarf standing on a cloud and holding a fly.whisk. 



' Gvud u balf^Acle haU-man, arntrrklljr nitb win^ and « bilked hnmsn r«oe. 
Htt ii tbv KMi of Kwhyiip Mid Vinata nnd yoonger bmlhorof Arana. ttir leglaaa 
rhario1e«r of the mh ud tb« penKinilk'aCiDii at dan-a. OKrud, wlic u of incomfnarabl* 
•wiftnvw Aitd bas cxquiBitcljr bcnutiful iiluouigc, morrkd a hc«attftil wotniui Duncd 
Kbuki. Ak Cljanid'« (nod «-«« iiiiAkc*. tbc TCrfivat tribo* fbarnl that but cb'ldren 
would c«t them un, uid w^imI Kar nKaitint bim. (iarad d«elroyfid »U tho aiuikea ucopi 
cioe cobra, wbkh b« worcru li netklavc. 



^^ 



Oo the riKht or Shiv sido of ArdhanAri (riaitor'a left), and on a 

level with Vishnu and Oarad are Indra aud Brahma. Brahma is 

I seat^ ou a lotus throou buroe hy five wild swans. Three of Ilia 

' four faces are viaiblo, tho fourth is hidden «a it faces bai-kwarda. 

I lie hm four hands, the bock riuht hand holding a lotus, tiio frtint 

rigbt hand brokon, the front loft hand with a sacrificial butter-pot 

I and the buck left hand with a broken ladle, or perhaps a roll of tho 

I Vedas. He is decked with earrings, two necklaces, bracelets, and 

a robe which passes over his left ahonlder and breoHt. In a receaa 

between Brahma and tlie uplifted right arm of Ardhandri is Indra 

riding on the heavenly elephant. In nia left hand is the thnnderboU 

and in hia right what may have been an elephant goad. Between 

Indra and Brahma is a figure, perhaps Kubera the ^od of weolthj 

holding a flower or a purse in his hand. Bolow Brahma is a largo 

high-cappc'J male figure, prol>ably KArtikeya with his spear or 

I ahakti. He has f?arring» which differ on either side, a necklace, 

^^rtnlels like those on the other male figures, bracelets, a girdle, and 

^K pendant from his cap hanging on his left shonlder. Between this 

^Hgure aud the bull is a woman with a fly-wbitik resting on her 

^Pbhonldcr, and behind her is a dwarf and another woman whose head 

""has been destroyed. In thr upper portion of tho compartment are 

thii-teen figures uf sprites uud attendants. Those to the visitor's left 

' are borne on clondt), and one of them has a dagger by his side. 

Behind him is a woman holding a round object in her left hand ; 

and behind her is an ascetic, perhaps a Siddha, very lean, with a long 

board, and an offering in his left hand ; loatly, behind the Siddha, is 

a small broken fonmlo figure. On the right is another ascetic with 

an offering in his hand And curionsly twisted hair. Two figures hold 

pnr(>broken garlands toacbing the bead of Ardhan&ri, and ou tho 

right are two larger nialo figures also holding wroatba of heavenly 

fiowors. 

Pawng east the much damaged group in the south wall of the 
east aiale or portico roproEwnts a scone between Shiv and PtLrvati who 
is in a net or mnaa. They are seated on tho holy bill of Kailiis and 
are botn adorned as in the nthtir sculptures. Shir's four arms ai-e 
all broken, as also 01*0 his crown and the disc or nimbus behind his 
heaiL His armlets ore of the usual spiral form with open ends, hia 
■acred thread lies across his shoulders, and part of his robe comes 
over his knees. Pi&rvati, her face turned slightly away, is seated at 
his left and weara a taKaet hanging between her broasts from a thick 
twi&ted necklace, the same as in the marriage group. Over the left 
arm, and ou the right tliish and leg her garmenta may still be traced. 

Kehind her right shoulder stands a female figure with a child 
tnuldle on her left hip, perhaps a nurse carrying Shir's sou 
ilrtikcya, who is also called Skonda and MahAsena the war-god. 
On Pflrvati's left stands a female attendant, and further off, * 
h^vger male figure who seemingly held hia right hand to his brtiaAt 
^Bia rested his left on the sido'Enot of his robe. Behind Shir's 
^Eght shculder is another female with a fly-whiak, and at his feet 
^^low headic<i5) his faithful follower Bhringi worn to a skeleton. 
Behind Bhringi stands a tell figure, with the usual high boad-dress, 
^^MTitigSi necklace, and robe covering his left arm to tho wrist, and 



Chapter XI F. 

Plac«R of Interest. 

Elbprivta. 

ArtiAandrMvdr. 



fttrnii in a Ptt 



(Bomlny Gaaotteor. 



DISTBICTS. 




imaPeL 



J7at<dn mdtr KaiUs, 



Chapter XIV. pamdnf^ andar his right. At his foot, in a noeBB behind the pilaster, 

PhbOMOflnUnst "tands n thrco-foot high dwurf, with his arms CTDBsed. Beneath, or 

^^^ iu front of the hill on which the chief fignre« rest, the sculpture h 

*''^*' so dcfnced that litUe can be made out. Under Pdjrati is the holy 

ball, and at his left shoolder a face with a wig nach as is elsewhere 

girim to Gftrud. Below the ball ate two auinial figures, pcrhapa 

monkeys. It is imposfiiblo to say how the left aide waa filled. The 

rock oror the heads of Shir and PAirati is oorrcd into patterns, 

irregular freta on an uoeren surface, representing the rocks of Kniiliw 

On clouda on either aide arc the ujsual heavenly spirits, perfaape 

Gandharras and Apsaraa, rejoicing and scattering Howers. Some of 

the wale figures have curly wigs and on each side is a skoleton-like 

Bsoetic, one of whom has a basket iu his left hand while he scatters 

fiowrrs with his right. On the roof is a stuall bit figaro^ which may 

be Ganenh, Shir's second aon. 

Crossing to the north of the portico is a companion group ia which 
Bhiv and Pdrvati again appear seated together in Kait^. Shir's 
brow-knob or third eye is clearly marked, his cap which is cleverly 
carved bears the creeceut uud has a disc behind it, and he has bu'ge 
hanging earrings. Ho had eight arms, all of which are more or loaa 
broken. Two of them rested on the heads of attendants, and in one 
of the back right hands he held the trident, the head o£ which 
remains. On his right sat P&rvati, with her feoe turned towards 
Shir, bat little except her trunk is left. On each side of the enmpart- 
mont is a largo ngnro somewhat tike the door-keepers ronna the 
chief Ixriff tthriiie, except thai they have kuobs on their brows, and 
that the fignre to the visitor's right has a skull prominently carved 
OD the fbretiead and snakes coming round from behind his left 
shoulder. The eame brow-knob occurs on the forehead of servants 
of Shir in other compartmcnta at Elophanta. To the left of ShiT 
are several figures all more or less defaced ; Bhir leans his hand on 
the head of one of them, and in front near bis foot is the familiar 
hollow-ribbed Bhringi. Ou Bhriugi'H left, and in front of the 
largo figure behind the pilaster, is the olcphout- headed Oancsh 
or fianapati.' Under the group is a back view of the ten-head«d 
B&rao, king of Ijauka or Ceylon. His tea heads are entirely brokon 
off and only a few of bis twenty arms can be traced. B^ide him 
there were perhaps some demons as at Elura. Above Sluv are 
nnmerous Bguruo, one almost a skeleton ; on his left is Vishnu on 
Garud, and in a reccan is a couched figure of Piirvati'K tiger. 

These two gronps in the eastern aisle illustrate the st^ry that onoe 
Fdrrati getting into a pet, turned her face away from Slur. While 
sho waa still angry, RilvaDjcbancingto pass near KailAa and enraged 

' The Panint have mora than oii« ibwy %o ttrplnin Iiutuh'« d^buit haad. 
AoconliDg^ to ooe aocoaut Quieah quArraUed with Vialuiu, aod wm muning ivbon 
Sbiv inlerpovcd tad cut ofl liU h««d. Thia tu tmngod Ourooli's motfaf r Pin'nti tUat 
■h« performed aaikeritiea to extranw thiit Lhay thnateaed to aiMot th« whol« atdar 
of heaven. The goda pnycA tJhiv to rcatore Pirvati her son. Bat OanMhe bead 
could ni>whi!r<r ho found, and in th&ir haabe it waa niplaoed by th*? hoad of an 
•lepbant tlio firat luiitnal Uiej dianced to maet. Anothar aooonnt wayi tbal wbint tho 
gnu were cuUcd to tee tba infwit deity, Sbani or SKt>.im, knowing th« bamofiil effaet 
of hia gtanc«, rcfns«d to took at the ciiilil, till Pilrvati. b^iag it Maainanlt, provoked 
hJin to cut bit eyes oo Uaaeah wfaoac bead was at once rodttced to wh«a. 



di^ 




thAna. 



71 



it should stop his pro^roes, clasped the Mil in hia armti and 

it. PAr%-ati felt the hill more, and rati for protection to 

it's arms, who, according to one utoiy, atomped iUvau uadcr hia 

foot, or, according to auocber siorj, bleaaeu him For stopping 

PtLrvati'a fit of ilUtomper. 

CroHsing the CAve towards the went aisia in the central shriuo or 
chapel, which fills a space equal to that eaclosod by four columns. U 
iaonterudby Eonrsidedoora, each approached by six steps, which raise 
the floor of the shrine eij^ht feet eij^ht inches above tho hall fluor. 
The eight giant doorkeepers, from JFourteen feet ten inches to fifteen 
feet two inches high, that stood guard at tha hIiIus of (inch door, are 
all damaged except the one on the cast side of the south door. This 
figure, who wears a somewhat peculiar head-dress, has a largo skull 
can-'ud above hisforohead^ the parted lips showing the teeth, a single 
bead necklace^ earrings, plain twisted armteta and thick wristlets. 
Ho rests on the right leg, and the knee of the left is a little bent. 
The right shoulder bangs down parallel to the body, and the upturned 
band, held oppusite the navel, strains under the weight of a niassivo 
globe. The left hand rests on th«'-' knot of the rohe on the outride of 
the loft thigh. The muscles of the tufi thigh and the knee-pau are 
particularly woU carved. The caltiess nushapely legs ore probably 
true to the local model. The keeper on the west side of the same 
door is much broken, but tho nock jewels, headodress, and armlots 
have been elaborately carved. Except tho face which is broken, the 
keeper on tho south side of the cast door is nearly whole. The tnrhan 
is high crowned ; the plates round t he head are smaller than on meet 
of the other figures ; tho earrings are largo ; tho end of the turban 
doth is ploitod into a circuhir frill behind the head, and tho sacrod 
thread is formed of twist«d strands of beads or pearls. The end 
of the robe which hangs by his left side is well carved. The keeper 
on the north side of tho same door ha« lost his logs and forearms, 
and is damaged about the nose. The hood is finely carved with a 
rich band round the brow, and rich Iotko platet> that rise from the 
brow and hide the turban except the fnlloa cod at tho back. The 
hair Culls from under the cap to the shoulders in four seta of neatly 
carved curls; the annlot on the left arm is browl, passing twice 
round, and jowetlcd at the ends and in the middle ; the right forearm 
him bceu raised ; and the sacred thread is of twisted strands of beads 
or pcarla 

On the east side of the north door is a similar figure with the 
-drtjss falling on the left side in fivo thin overlapping folds, 
keeper on the west Kido is less dofoood, and loons his left 
bow on tho head of a bushy-haired sprito. He has a ribbon 
round his waist, and a cobra comes over his rieht shoulder and 
miaes i(a head in front. The doorkeopor bos a Urge roond ear- 
ring in the right, and a smaller ring in the left ear. A thick mass, 
as of twisted cords, hangs on the right side of the head from the 
top of the cap, and on the left side is the frill. On tho cap arc two 
crescents. Behind the heed is a disc or shield ; and under the usual 
b^««d necklace is a breast ornament ; while the robe falls in olean-cot 
PSalds over the right hip and thigh. Both keepers on this sido 
P have their right hands raised. 




Chapter XITT. 
Places of IntsresL 

Elephahta. 

rfe Liny Chapf!. 



iBombay Sazetteer, 



Ouptet XIV. 
PUcMoritttereit 



Marriagr. t^Shiv 
«ad Pdrvati, 



DISTRICTS. 



The (igur« on the sooth side of tho wost door iaa a rerj elaborate 
boad-dress Beciirtxl hy a (oldeil tie round tW neclc ; he baa i 
crescent al>ovo each tcmplo ; a frill behind the bead ou Ihu left aide , 
and tbe top of the cap aod the heavy roll that: !«\U over on tiu 
right sido arc carved with open flowem and strands of cord or hats 
The breast omBTnent^ tbe Bacrod thread with its fa^leuiDg on On 
left hrcAflt, nnd tho broad jefrcUed waUtband that held op thi 
covering on tbe loins, have been wrought with much skill. Tha 
lower part of tho figure is gone. The lower part of the companion 
keeper, on the north side, with tbe sprite at his right aide is aisc 
entirely destroyed, llo baa a crescent over the rijifhttoniplej and m 
the left aide of tbe bend, and otherwise re&embles the last, tbougll 
the details are somewhat plainer. Theeo statueii are among uu 
beat pieces of carving in tbo cave. 

Tho doors into tbe shrine have plain side-posts with two plain band 
round them. Inside, both in tbo Quot and roof, are the aocketa 
door posts. Tbe chnmber in perfectly pUin inside. The cast stdi 
measures nineteen feet four inches, and tbe west twenty feet tm 
inches, the north meanuros nineteen feet three inubesj and tho Hontl 
eighteen feet four inches. In tho middle of tho room stands a ba« 
or altar nine feet nine inches square, moulded like tho base undei 
tho Triuiurti aud other sculptures, and about three feet hivh. h 
the centre is a Una, cut from a harder and closer grained ntonJ 
than the cavo rock. The lower end of tbo ling is two foot tci 
inches square, and ia fitted into a hole in the basa The uppe 
part is round, two feet leu inches in diameter, about throe leiQ 
nigh and rounded above. Tlio frame, or shdlunkha, is somewha 
hollowed to hold the water, oil. and butter poured ou it by thi 
worahippers, which were carried off by a broken spout on the nortl 
side. 

To the west of ihe ahn'no is the western aisle or portico, whicl 
atill haain tbo roof some traces of the ' beautiful mosaic workmnnsbi|] 
mentioned by Do Cuuto (ISOii). 

The gronp in the compartment in the south wall of this aisle o 
portico represents tbe marriage of Shivand Pilrvatij PArvati atnndini 
on Shiv's right, a position which a Hindu wife rarely holds exce{! 
on her wedding day. 

The group ia unfortunately greatly damaged. Of Slur'a fon 
handa only ue front left hand remains entire, and the whole of ht 
right leg ia gone. lie wears the uauaI tiara crowned by coils o 
hair, and behind the cap haa an oral ninibus-like disc. On lu 
right arm appears his sbouldercloth, and ho lias a band about hi 
waist which comen over his right hip and in knotted at his lof 
side, his left hand re&ts on the knot, while ihe ends hang loosel, 
down. Uis sacred thread hangs from hia loft shoolderi poasing i 
his right thigh and over his right arms. 

PArvati or Umn, who is eight feet siK inches high, is one of tbi 
best ])n)|)ortioued and most carefully carve<l figures in the cave. Ha 
hoad-dresa is lower than ShiVs hRad^dre^s, tho hair escapes in )itt1< 
curls from under abroad jewel]e<l fillet, and behind the head is a largi 
back-knot of hair. She wears heavy earrings and several necklace^ 
£rom one of which a string ends in front in a taijsel. Except fo 




EtBraAJtTJl. 

i/arriaae qf 3Uo 

and Pttrratl. 






I 



thAna. 



omftioeDts her bDd;r is bare aboTe tKe wnist. The robe that baogt Oh&pt«r X17. 
from her waist, is shown hy a Buries t>f slight depressions botweoa places oTiutWMt 
tho thighs. She slightly inclines her head, as if bashful, and is 
being pushed forwaril bj a larg« male figure, possibly her Eather 
Himalaya, who htys his right hand on her right shoulder while his 
left hand hchU a necklnoe of beads near her ear. Both her hands 
are broken. The ri^^ht wa% laid in Shiv's right, as it is to a stmitar 
sculpture at Elura. 

At Shir's left, crouching on his hams, is the mach-shatterod 
three-faced figure of Drahtnawho acted aa marriag^riest. Behind 
Brahma stands Vishnu with four hauds and a peculiar cylindrical 
cap fmm under which his hair appCRrs in abundant curln. In his 
front right hand he holds a luttis and in the back Ic£t hand the discus ; 
the other two hands are broken. On the extreme right stands a 
woman, who may be Mena the mother of PArvati. 

On Parvati's right stands a female fly-whiiak bearer with neck- 

es, pendant earrings, and holding' her robe in ber left hand, 
ohind her is a larger male iigore with a plain cap and hair curled 
~:ea barrister's wig. A large orest^nt behind his neck shows 
.im to be Chandra or the moou. Ho brings a great round pot, 
perhaps of nectar, for the marriage ceremony. Above Shir's head 
ia a male between two females, all with damaged beads, and abo70 
them two smaller figures. On the other sido are six more figureis, 
a male and two females below, and above two boarded ascetics, 
probably Siddhas, and Bhringi uest to Shir's head, with a small 
figora on the roof.' 

The main 6gure in the group at the north end of this aisle is Bhairar 
or perhaps Virbhadra, a terrible form which Shiv assumed on 
hearing from his first wife Sati that he was not asked to attend 
a sacrifice given by her father Daksba. In the Dumar cave at 
Elnra the figure of Bhairav or Virbhadra, which is the same as this 
Elephanta figitro, has lost only one arm. At his left is a seated 
Sail with her left hand on her bosom, terror-struck with the sudden 
change in Shii''s appearance. Beside Sati i^ afiy-wbisk bearer as in 
"""epliant*. 

I'bifi is one of the most remark^Ie aculptnrca in the cave. The 
^central figure, which is much domagcd below, stands about eleven 
andabalf feet high He is in the actof runniog, the left foot raised 
higher than the right. Ho wears a high much carved head-dress, 
with a rufT on the back, a skull and cobra over the forehca<l, and the 
cre.sccnt high on the right. The cxprofision of the face seems fierce 
and poflsioQate. The brow skiu is wrinklud in a frown over the eyes, 

c eyes are swollen, and the teeth are set showing a long hanging 

sk at the right ooruor of the mouth. Over the left shoulder and 
thigh hangs a roeary of human heads. He wears a waist- 



TheH floMmjt fignrw an hMTonty Ktt«ii(1ftnU. The buUcb U9 known h 
OkiKlharvki nr boAvonly o)ion«Uir«, Vidyiifliaru or fairies, and YAkstiu nr demigmla ; 
Lbo fenuW An Aiiufu, Vidyadh&ria, nn-l YAkihti, tht? word A[MarM Ining coumanljr 
as«d to iuoluio kU three cUnm. Tho Siddhu or bouvealy u< vlikx, ijl oT whom «r« 
iqaloa. si* bftUovad U lira m uud-Ali bdtwMa ihe canh and the ma. All of llun. 



Bhaircm, 



CbapUrXIV, 
PlftCeBofXu'torott. 

ithaira r 



DISTRICTS. 

liand, sume fuUs of which baiig ovor the rigjit hip. Both tbu logs 
and fire of the eight arms nre broken. Tfao fi-ont right and left 
hAuds were destroyed by tbt>P»ritigu«}Kv lu thesixteL'DtUccniturj,aud 
IhcoUuTs Jiave sufTered Biiieo.' All the nrms liavo broad uriiiuiieDta 
under the Bhoalder;) ami ronnd the Tmsts. Thn front rig-lit hand 
(vi^itor'ttleft) sccnjs tt* bavD hungdoirn and perhaps gmspod Ibubutt 
of the loni* spiMir thai piLt-ii's in rn.)rit of the du'st in iho visitor's ripht, 
when? it inip&led tho siaitll huQi&n figtirc vrbich now seems to hftog 
in the air. Tho siiiull Hgurt- has lut>t thv head, both arms nud oae of 
the legs, the other leg rosting on a jtroJDciiug ledgo of rock. Th« 
uecourl right hand holds a guardless swor'l ; the third is broken, it 
ongiiially hung down and huld a human fignre by the loft knee ai 
in the Uiinidr rnve at Klura, and as D>~iticed bv De Coato ttad bj 
Isicbiihr in lii* dr.iwing. The buck right haTiil is stretched up and 
held an vlfph.-iiit's skin aa a c-'inopr, from which in the li>fr comer 
bitiigtj tbedejtbant's bead with spiwiuMy well carved tuok atid trunk. 
'J'he fi-oni left baud which ia broken passed down probahljr to a 
Sail bt*low, who is gone but traces remain in front of the figure 
of the wunian with a Ujr-whisk ; tho second loft band has a s 
coilod ri\mid it and holds n bowl as if to catch the blood frtlliiig 
the itnpak'd human figure above ; the third hnnd rings a b'-Ol 
fnurUi iti stretched u]). holding tho elephant's hide na a t-uuopy 

Below, to tho speetfitor'a right, are aomo fragmonts of a male an3 
of two female forms. Above them, in a rece«a, are two Mcetica 
with a small figure in Ei-ont, and abovo it a fomala 6gure. On tho 
otbnr side beluw, there have been two dwarfs, and a third figura 
under Shiv. 

Above the screen, iu the controj ovor tho lioad of tho chief figwrB, 
is a pRculiar piece of carving, not unlike tho section of a very wida 
bottle with a carved groove in thu middle of it. A similar form 
appears in aomo of the other aculptures, bat not in so leading 
position rm this, where the figures on each side seem to be paying 
it reverence. It is suppo-sed to be the nivstic triliteml syllable nura 
or the lingo, but neither explanation is sntisfacLory. It is moL-b Ukft 
a Baddhist relic-shrine or dnghoUi with a heavy lee or nmb 
above. In front of the building is a corions curved hollow 
Perhaps it ie a Shaiv shrine, and the object of tho hollow cu 
line is to bring out the Umj which stands m the centre of the sh 
At the foot, on each aide, are two small prostrate figures. O 
back of each are two figures, apparently wor-" ^ Tb 

nearest the cenlral carving have uplifted chwpod . ;lio uex 
the visitor's left, holds n garland ; and that to the right bo 
hand before hi« forehead. Both of these, which are the 1 
figures in the gronp, have their hair elaborately di-ossod, and 
necklaces, annleti, and other cmamenta. Babiod each of 
laat ia a floating female figure. Iu front of this compariment 



Igure 

I 



)rerl 



ilda 



' JourTI 11 R- A. S.. I. «. 

* Tho oliiof [xunu of diffsnmca betwMd th« ElcphanU uid the Eluri Btuinn an,] 
tkat in Lku Klepbutta finre th« Mcon^l \ei\ buitl haldi » baurl And tho third • bsH 
111 tJiin The H<ond luutd bolda the sbkfl ot tb« apur aw the poiiit, »ud the ll 
li«ad liuldB tb« bo* I. 



H^fa 



^^^M 




thAva 

the &gQr« of AO el«p}innt and sotuo 
e&ig^ chat oncti graced tlie cciliugr. 
PoBsing to iho north or XDiiin entrance, in tho west recess, tlie 
left to one leai'iDjy th* cave, is a spiritc<I gromp of Shi* perforuudjf 
tho tdndav or wild rpligioas dauce. The recess is Con fwl nino 
uhes wide at the euti'diioc aud fully thirtt^toi fei3t umidL', and olevcn 
et two inches high. 'Iho group is r(iii»d on a low ba««. The 
ntral Shiv, which has been about t«a feet eight iaobes high aud 
igmally hud t^ii^ht )irm->f, svums irilhiii the )a.st uentui-^ to huvo 
'si its first rif^ht and ihird left hand. The 6i-fit right nrtn {>a»fted 
rosB the bodv and rustod od the left iide; the seoood was Llirown 
on t from tho body and iho foro-arm has bcon boni, perhaiM, so as to 
irinfif tho hand before the breast, hur it is broken off bt-low thoWbow ; 
e third arui is brokeu above tht* n-rigt; tht< fonrth whieli hnngs down 
,nd 18 broken bolow t!ic- blbow, probably hold the Uhatvniuj orclnb, 
nod the top of which a large cobra is iwined. The tirst twn arms 
OD the left side baoj^ do^fo aod are broken off near tho wrists ; ths 
ird, which ia also broken, ia bent np and probably strutchod towards 
'Arrati's (ace ; the fourth is raised abuve the ahoaldcr. The usual 
gh head-drosi) is secured by a chio strap, and is so d'.'licalety 
C<1 that, as Uo Couto says, it aoema to have boon painted ralher 
than cul' with tho chisel. Tho rig-ht thigh is bent upwards, but 
broken off near the knee, and the tcrt Xvfi is entirely gouo. The 
armlets have been elalK^rately wruuirbt, and ait-aiill Hh>irp audeloar, 
as ia also tho belt or ribbon round the watitt whoso end is fastened 
to tho skirt of the roba T" the left of Shiv {visitor's right) is a 
female figure, eiz foetuine inches hi;^h, probably Piirvati. Khe wears 
the samo pendant from tho necklace as ia tho marriage scene and 
sc'iiptnres, largo earring?, rich bracelets, and a girdlu with 
'ally carred drapery. Her breast and faco have beeu broken 
away. On her left has been aoother female figare, but only the 
breast and part of the arm are loft, Above P.irvati*8 right shoulder 
^. ia a flyiug female 6g«re. Over this ia Vishnu, with hie maoo in ono 
■■Boaiaioin^' hand and the shell in tho other, riding on the shoulders of 
^^parud which ha^j lo»t its hoitd. Ia front of Vishnu aijil over the loft 
^Kand of Shiv is a male figure between two f(>males, aud behind (hoso 
^Bta a fourth Bguro, of which tho face is Kone, holding purhapa a 
wat«r- vessel. Over PArvati'a left shonldor is Indra on hw elepbaot. 
Below, at Shiv'a right, ia the skeleton form of a much defaced 
Bhrjnpi, Bettido it ia a part-broken tabor with a fomnlo hgure 
■f . Aboro is K^tikeya with a high rap bearing a crescent 
.nil from tho right eye of which a anafci; ia crawling. In hia 
t hand ho holds Shiv's trideul which has hiat two of its prongs 
iTe the trident-bearer ia a f<iir1y entire and still worshipped 
, who holds in hia right hand a club and in his left a broken 
To tho left of the trident- boaror is the body of a woman 
wbo»e dress has been carefully and sharply cut oven to its edges on 
her thigh. Higher, on a fiat »eat, borne by five swans, is Brahma 
with three heads and four hands, in one of which he holds hia 
Bacrtficial botter-Teesol } the other hands are brokea.* Between 

> P* Ooa^ (If^bvf Bcfthna m h<ddifi£ft book to bii Mt \mxA. _,...^^ 



Chaptsr XIV, 
PUc«s of latenkt 

Kr,ci-n4%T«. 



I the 8 a 




terXIV. 
TUces of Intenit. 



or VAttrman^ja. 



hralimn and the bead of Skiv are three fignres, a male between two' 
f(!mali.-,s the inner one holding some object like a dish. BeKind 
Brahma are two figures, both prohablj iotended for 8hiv devotees 
or Bagee. The 6gure next to Brahma wears his hair coiled in the 
jat-a form on the t4^ of hia head. 

The group at the cast end of the north portico la Shiv as tha 
groat Yogi. In chamctcr and position, and in many of the 
surroundings, this 6gtire resemblos the fiffure of Buddha. 
Uofortiiuutely tho group is much defac'ed^ and inimy tlelaila an 
lost. Shiv has h»d only two artDS, both of which arc broken at the 
shoaldor. He is seated cross-legged oa a lotua-scat, and the palms 
of bis hands probably rested betwoon tho uptamod soles of tbo fast 
•8 in most images of Buddha and of Jain Tirthankara. Tho stalk 
of the lotns-seat is, like Bnddtia's lotas-seat, held by two X4iga 
figures, shown down to the waist. Shir's crown has been carred 
with wonderful dctnil. The front plate is minntely graTen and 
has three knobs at the top, the central knob round, and thd side 
ones probably damaged. High on the left side is the crescent; 
from tho bacK of tho head riiigleta fall on each shoulder ; and at the 
back is the circular frill which ha.<i been noticed on othor statues. 
Round the whole is a large auruole. The expression of the face, 
though marrod by a broken undcr-lin and a break under the left eye, 
is calm and unmoved, deep in thought with half-closed eyes. 

This figure represents Shiv doing peuauce, after the death of his 
first wifo Ucvi or Sati. Tho scene is laid in tho Him^yaSL 
Above are the heavenly minstrels ; below are attendants mostly 
seated among rocka; to the left of Shiv is a plaotain-treo wita 
three opon and one opening leaf; a snnQower bloesums under his 
left knee. On each side stands a female fly-wbi^k bearer, and behind 
each a smaller female figure, so defaced that it is difficult to fix more 
than parts of the outlino. Below, on each side of the plantain, 
sit two attendants, one with hut ankles crossed. On the opposite 
side sits another with a roaary of rtuirdki'hn, Elceocarpua gauitrus, 
berries. Over the plantain a facelesa Vishnu rides on a faceless 
Gorud, who has curly nair and wings atroaming like ostrich fcatheri. 
Above Vishnu is a figure on horseback perhaps the sun ; the bead of 
the horso is gone, but the hoof, saddle, saddle-cloth, girth^ and 
bridle are distinct. Behind this is an ascetic holding a rosary. 
Between the horseman and Shiv's head heavenly choristers float tn 
the clouds, the edges of tho robes over tho thighs of two fomale 
figures being careinlly carved. Behind is a fourth faceless &gare, 
probably the moon, »ppareutly holdiug a water-vessel. On the right 
aide of the head arc threo similar figures, a male between two 
females, the male carrying what looks like a shell. Next cornea 
a skeleton ascetic, behind whom is a broken-armed Brahma on bis 
Qsoal swans. The figure below Bralima is probably Indra, but hu 
elephant has disappeared. 

The only remaining parts of the main hall o£ the Great Cave are 
two oells at the ends of the bock oislo. They are a little above the 
leTel of the rest of the cave, and aro entered by two doors. Both 
are irregular ; that on the east is cight«6u feut oue inch by about 
fifteen feet nine inohea, the north and south sides differing by six 



^ 



^L 



lohea. The other is soventeen feot six inches &om north to south, 

vhile the south side measares foarteen («et ten inches and the north 
sixteen feet tiiree inches. Uotk are roaghljr hewn and were 

probably oaed ns store-rooms. 

The conrt-yardfl to the east and west of the Great Cave had 

separate entrances, which have boon blocked by earth and rubbisb 
cleared out of the hall and the coorta. From the eastern aislo or 
portico a neat flight of nine steps, ten feet ten inches wide, leads 
into a oonrt Cully fifty-five feet wide, whose separate entrance to 

' the north was, about thirty years ago, blocked by earth and stunoa 
thrown out from the court. The soath wall of the court is a temple 
with a well-preserved front. The roof of the Great Cave stands ont 
about seven feet beyond the line of pillars, and that of the smaller 
temple on the aonth has similarly ovcrhnng the front. The rest 
of the court has always boen open. The circle in the middle of 
the court, sixteen feet three inches in diameter and raised two or 
three inchofi above the rest of the floor, probably formed the pedestal 
of a nandi or bull. 

The cave in the south wall of the court is raised on a panelled 
basement about threo feet six inches high, which again stands on a 
low platform two feet four inches in height. The front is about 
fifty feet long and rises eighteen and a half feet from the platform. 
It was probably divided into Rve spaces by four columns and two 
demi-colurans. OE ihe columns the only traces are the frAgme&ts of 
a base and capital at the west end. These pillars were the same in 
■tylfi as those of the Groat Cave, their bases were three feet 
ftquare, and they were gormonnted by a plftin architrave of two 
fMoias, of which a small portion remains. On the original basement 
are three courses of hewn stone. 

On each side of the steps which lead to this temple is ft stone 
tiger or leogriff, sittingon its hind quarters, each with a raised fore- 
paw. The porti<x> of this temple measures fifr^-eight feet four inches 
by twenty -fonr feet two inches. At coch ond is a chamber, and at the 
back is a ting shrine, with a passage round it varying from eight 
feet four inches to eight foot nine inches in width. Five low steps 
and a threshold lead into the shrine which is thirteen feet ten inches 
wide and sixteen f«ct one inch deep. In the middle of the floor 
stands a low altnr, nino feet five inches squoi'O with a t^pont to the 
east. In the middle of the altar is set a ling two feet five inches in 
diameter, and of the same compact stone as the ling in the centre of 
the Great Cave. The shrine door, which has been of a tasteful 
pattern, is much damaged. Outside the two fasciua of the Jamba 
are two neat pilasters, over the capitals of which rnns a neat frieze, 
and round all a crenellated moulaing. At the bock of the portico, 
near the east end, is a gigantic statue or doorkeeper with two 
attendant demons. Ilie whole is much mined ; the principal figure 
haahsd four arms, and the demon on his right standi with his arms 
crossed, and has a knotted snake which twists round him and rears 
its hood under his elbow. Near the west ond is a similar statuo 
reaching nearly to the roof, with four arms and the usual swelling 
to mark the third eye ; he has moustaches and a Koman nose now 
damaged ; his hair is gathered in a dome of cotls, and in his left ear 



Chapter ZIT. 
Places of Intereit 

EUP^BAHTA. 

TAc Eatt Wbtff. 




-^-— -*- 



■*^"*"- ~- 



*^ - 



(Bam bay 



78 



DlffTRICTS. 



"ELBrnuTTk. 



i,H a tw:st<*(l snake. He leans the elbow oE bia (rout left hand on^ 
l>a)l titiK-tiil ou the huAil of the ilomoo ; the buck b.i.Dd is raised orer 
his suoulilor nad holds his robe; the front right baud is broken, and 
the bock rif^hc hand holds a suako ; aboTOj oa oaoh aide of bis bs 
is a fat flying cherub-like G^ore. 

i^t the west end of this portioo is & amoll chapel ten feet 
iuohes deep, by about tweui.r-Svd fo«t vnde. It has tfro ptlli 
mad two pilastera iii froai, nud the Quitr beiug one foot eleven met 
sbove the portico Boor, it. in ontored hj strps in front of tho ceoi 
opening. The pilliirs r> ■ >re ten feet •*( ■'□ heigl 

ibey are twu fett fnui . . no, aud o£ th' pe oa 

piUuv iu tho Great Cave, oxcepc that they havu luxtoji ti inckf 
in depth, and uo p&rt of their i.'j«pital8 is fluted. Oror the pilW 
runs lUi eutahlnturo two feet eleven iaches deep, consistiog of &\ 
bands of different breadths^ the central band whieh is oaa fa 
two inches deep having xunk paucls abont 11^ inches s<^aikra 
as much npart. Both the pilUrs are broken und the oortbera on^ 
is almoiit ^Hio. In thu opc^niiigft tniu thin cbupL-I Lhore baa 
a railing with a door, doubtJess in tho centre ; ihe mortt 
the entU of tlie bars are 6till visible iu thu bases and at the 
the square portions of tho pillars, &^ feci above tbe Soor. 

The inside of this chapel has been full of sculptnra, bat 
fignires are broken and covere<l with a crust of soot. At tbe 
end is a large iiuago of tianeah. A aqant Bgure on his right 
his hwLci on Gaiiesh's kneo, who lays liis hand on the figure's oc 
Another iigtire holds an offeiing', and has a cobra wound roui 
waist. Above are two dying figures, and tho usual throe on eoohl 
as in other sculptures. 

At the north end is a standing figure holding in his hand tt 
shaft of wLat was probably a trident. Hts left band rests oQ ■ 
defaced figuro, perhaps a demon. Thiri is doubtless Shir or 
8hulap4&nij the wii_d(]er of the ti-ideut. On bis right is a swau-borae 
Brahma. Behind him is a uiookcy-faced dwarf, and abore him 
three figures, two of them, a man and a woman, holding offering 
On tho left of Bhnlflpj^m is Vishna mounted on Garad, and holdii 
bis snace in one of his right bands while the other is open. 
one of his left bands he holds bis discos, and in tbe other his shell 
resting on the shoulder of Garud. A male figure below holds tho 
stalk of a lotus iu his left baud, much as Pudmap&oi js represented 
in Buddha sculpturos. Between him and Shir is & female attendant 
with a tly-whisk. 

The west wall is nearly 6Ued with a row of ten colossal figai 
standing oa a base about two foeb seven inohea high. Of the 
figures sovon, perhaps ei^ht, are female 6gnre3. The whole frieze 
is terribly defaced. Seveml of tho female lignres have auit-iilfs and 
aomo of Iheui carry ehlldrun, or have uhildreu standing boiiide them. 
At the north end. visitor's right, is the elephant- headed Gonj *" 
Next Ganpati is a much defaoed figaro, [wrbapa a aix>head< 
KArtikeya or war goil, tliroo of his heads facing tho visitor and tbr 
not shown as they look back. Next is a female figure with, behic 
her on her right, astaff surmounted by a trident. Close by the trideC 
is a second sign, perhaps au elephant, which seems to be the sign 




e second femalo fii^re. Noit in the baetjfronTK! ia a iiUff holdiiiff 
a swau, 8|jpiir€tully the sign oE the third female titfure. Then hchmii 
what ficoms a tiarud or tnan-ruU-are^ n^iparautlj' tlio si^u uf i>tie 
urlb fcnialo figun*. Tlieu cornea a peacock sipi nud » *if'li 
Oman ; then a ball and a Kixtfa woman ; then a tluck an<l a tierontb 
Oman ; then a defaced »igo and an eiiifhth wuniaa.' Orcr this 
ulpture U an architrave, two feet t«n luchea deep, of threo plain 
uiuljers, thu lywtT an«J uppor pryji'L-ting five inches from the line of 
the ct;ntnil baml. Tbu u|mi<t in iliviiltnl into six equal spaces by 
fivy ornaments ■with tivo ! I's at the emlei, and the lower is 

^divided by larger oruuiuL-ii, , ,y full spaces and two half spaces 

W^^ the ends. TbcKO oriianieuts aro ibo same as tht^ welUkuonn 
^Buddhiat w] ndotv -pattern, except that, instead of lattice work or a 
^Kuoiau head tboy contain a grutesquQ face called kirtimitkh or the 
^tftce of fame. The anuk frieze between the projectinj^ mombers keeps 
thogroond colours of the cheijner pstteniin whicli it wa-s painted. 

At the east eud of tht> portico i» another chApol, with two pillars 

an-I two pila&ters iu front, raised nbnve t\m floor of the touiple but 

orfectly plain inaiJe. It nioasorBs twenty-aerou foct st-ven inohofl 

ly elertn f<:ret seven inchf'H, and, as the iloor is sank a few inches 

low Ibo level of Uie plinth or Httip ou which the pillars stand, the 

ater that drops into it from the rock aliove remaisa during most of 

e dry season, 

raasinj^ U) the west thiMuj^h the Ureat Cave a U'W stops lead 

to another ooart, the fl(K»r uf which i^ oovorod with fallen rock 

id earth. Ou thi4 »ide also the roof of the Great Cave has pro* 

ct«d aoiao seven feet bevond the pillars of the portico, and tho 

of of ibo siuall cluipel on the west side has pi-ojt-cted flvt.* and a 

" ' ; tht' r(?st of tho coiii*fc, ahont nineteen fwt wijp, is open 

V. Th'-' ijld foIraDCe to the uorlb-west lias been blocked by 

Lh Liu>i -r <i: '.ukeu out <if the court. (>ii tho south wnti uf the 

urt a liii';^('vi-:cru runs under tho hill, the roof ftup|wirted by two 

u^jhly hewn sqiiuru pillars, Tht' cistern in now much TdJed witb 

rth and agruat part of tho rock in front hn? fallen in. Originally, 

the plan of tno:«t Buddhist cisttirnfi. it probably had only a sijnare 

■ \; nwir the e«u)t end Aco'jnlini^ to Ue Gooto it was 

.lOved to be bottoniltas. The water is cnul anil pleasant. 

The shrine on tho west side of the ecturt is entered llirough a 

ioo supported in frynt by two square [lillars and pilasters, now 

ken away, and approached by four or fivu st^-ps Iwforo thn central 

■ning. This porlim ih about tweniy-seven feet lo'ng, tbirtoon feet 

ren inches drep from tho front uf the platform, and ei;;;ht ivvl ten 

high, ll ■ :i ^Hiii dvj%\ of At the north 

agroupofli liidartothoHiMU III <.-^!s ut the Uurth 



CbapUr XIV. 
Phu«BofIiitarflst 

Kl-EPHAXTA. 



Tkt ITtK irintf. 



•1-1,„._ J—,,!. »J, 



.. ., tk„ ^/^j^.'f... II.,. .l:.-r..^ 



I -S Akghl, 

;.■,) l.y a 

ui tier cumcir, vrtiii:ii ■■ tiiir irnntr tM thr itjo 

Etf. Tliua Br.ihitil ItM llio Rvran, Vu«liiiAvi tl>'- ' rutt, 

iiiin thu [icMvcki Aindri tlio sluiituuit, YiriJti U>u L-ulTolu, 

u < ' ., in Uir KuUa cAVe tt Rlura &n<) in Xlim fiulridu »rn umt 
ktnlhjtrti in the NirJtn'* UainiitMn*. C'li* TcTTti|iIc« of In^liit, 43<*. 413. 




IBom1>a]r Oiiutt««r, 



DISTRICTS. 



Chapter XIV. 

FIiLc«flofInt«Te9t, 

Klcpjiaxta. 

T\e Wfil ff ing. 



iutttt-jf. 



eutrance of tbe Great Cave. la the centre is Shir, aaated u an 
ascetic OD a lotuH ihrone, upheld by two fat heary-wigged Ggnraa 
Bhnwri to tho waist Ninbuhr's drawing ropresents Shiv as reatisg 
hi:* left band on hii* thi^h, and having the right baud slightly raised. 
Tho £urc-iiriu8 aro now broken. To the right of Shiv is n figara 
flitting on hishccia and holding an oponiog plantain, and behind him 
is a bearded ascetic or sage. On tho left is n similar sitting 6gure, 
and abore is a Brahma with throe faces, and some other forms ; in 
the cloads are the usnnl Hying attendants four on each side. 

A door at the back of the portico leads into a /my ehrioe aboat 
ten fcot seven inchoa by nine feet sevcu inches. In the centre ti 
a Una conical above and below square with hves eighteen inches 
broad. It stands in a case or fhitunkha which is roughly cut on 
the Hoor. On each sido of the door is a warder with two demona 
at his feet and two fat Hying figures above his shoulders. To the 
south of this door is a groap of figures, among whom Shir appears 
with six arms aud the third eye in his forehead. His high orowa 
is ornamented with a crescent ; in tbtj front right band he holds 
a cobra ; in the second the club, as in the dancing Shiv ; the tMrd 
or outer arm is broken. la his front left hand ho holds his 
drcsB ; in tho second is some object now defaced, and the palm 
of the third is exposed. At his right is a plantain tree wiih a 
figure sitting on the ground, and above is Brahma on his swan- 
bomo lotus-seat. On Brahma's lc£t a male fignre rides a bull with 
a bell fastened to its neck, and betwoon this and Shiv's bead are 
two figures, one oi them a female holding a lly-whisk. Beside 
Shir's front left arm is a female figure with, a jewel on her forehead, 
and a neutly looped head-dress. Above her left shoulder is Indra 
on his elephant^ and behind him Vishna, with four arms, holds 
his discus in une of his left hands and rid"s on tha shoulders o( 
Garud, whoso brow is marked with the Vaishnav sent mark. In 
front of Garud'a wing is a small flying figure, and beneath iaa 
male Hgurc with a crescent in his hair. 

At the south end of this portico is the beginning of a small rud4 
chamber, rough and scarcely Isrgo enough to hold mora than oi 
person. 

There is no i ^ p f^i-jptin n in the cavos. It is hoped that the 
and name of tho bnildors may be learned from a ati)ne which 
taken to Europe about lotO by tho Portuguese Viceroy Dom 
JoAo de Castro, and which may still bo found iu Portugal, 
deciphered.' 

Besides the slorii's that they are the work of the Pilndars, 
of Sikandar that is Alosoudor the (xreat, tho Musalmiin P^dav or 



' Trmns- Boni. LII. Sua. (Boprint}, t. 270- It nru thouglit that s ttoav ownttnitd 
hy Marphy it) hi* TrAvols in Pgrttunl |IT9^) oi'^^lit turn out Ui ba th» ElophsBki 
fttone. But that atone has be«a laVely dsoipltarad by Pandit Hhagv&ntSl, anH h*.* 
bmn (oaml to rrter tu Soon&th in KAthiiwAr. not to IIIe|)hauta. Arclue<'l 
Survey, No. 9, lOt. Two itiKribcii cojiper. plate* wcm found id clearing «arth i 
uorth east ctirucr of the inland. TU«y ara believed to be uuw in Rni^laud tu tiM 
IMMML-aaion oi a Mr. Harold Smith, a contractor, whg toak thmn with tiun 
about l»6fi. The rnftntion of a Poratao iiucTi)>tion at the moath ot tlte cav* 
I MacD^il in Arvliwologia, \'IU. 279) wems b> be i mistake. Rrakina, T'atu. B. L. S. 
(Bcphat). I.22S. 




THAN A. 

ng Arthur,* De Coato mentions a lociil tradition that tho oivoa 
were cut hy a KfLnAra kin;^ nnniL'd Tlanni^iir, who.'^o JanjfliK'r Csha 
dedicAtei] herself to perpetual virginity aad lived oa tbo island 
for many years. B«siac8 tho caves, Bdadsur is Haid to hnvo bailt 
manj mnnsions on tbo island, and a beautiful palace at a city cnllod 
Sorljale. In support of this legend De Coato noticed, that when be 
irrote, old bricks aucl cut-stooes were found tu groat quautitios, 
probably the remamij that still give an interest to many parts of tho 
island.' 

> TbePAnHaTBftre tiieflf« brother heroM of the Mahibbirat, ViuUustfair, Bhim, 
ArjuD, Xakul, ikod l^hutev, who witb Uinr wi/a Prkawli von baoiihwl mkI (oroed 
to w»D(ler <yk-vr ImliA iot twdro VMT*. At Mch of thoir belting pbuJAS, tbod^h 
lh«y Btvppvd iMit one nig)it, th«y built a tcinpltf or cut a auile ofcavca. With 
tb« I'Aoiuvs to explain all tnc«« ot Bnddhiit huildingv, and Sbiv oa tb« mat muctitia 
ftnd king of ngbteoouMi to axpbln all tm«M of Baildbirt faitb suil feeliug, tli« 
reatorcf* of BnUutuniam MODred the oonplete forgfrttetuieu of their old ri\-aia and 
oiMiquerora. To Iho mople of the Konk*u the lunte of Oautkiua Buddh* ta aow aa 
■trftugB oa the nkinu M Fn. 

The tnulttraa about AI«uuder » meDtione'l by Pyke 0T12}, by Qroao (1731), 
and by ColdinghAta (1795). Alexuder's Djbo acnw* the Bnwcin cN«k. about two 
tnilat *hor« fJnodbandar, A)«xftadcr'a JIor*<! formerly oiw of tho aighta of Elepbanta, 
Riid AlaxABdor aa the builder of the Majidapeoli var cavea are Other iaataocea of Uie 
MoaKloiin pr»ctic» of trnnslaiing P&ad«T UiUi SiksudAr. 

* De Canto in J. R. fl. lU A. S., I. 10-44. Do Uonto notioeo thU the blaod wm 
koovn as Saotapur, a name uiturextiog (foib ita umilarity to Sandkbur, a p<irt 
nentionod by aawral Arabaad Eoropvan WTitera botwwn tho tmitb and Mixtvonth 
oeDturtM. The chief refcnaioea to Sudabar are Ma^utU (915) (Frairiva d'Or, I. 3U7 : 
Vnle'a Cathay, L ucli.). who DOtiooa that crooodilea weni fomid in tlio Iiaya of the 
Indian lea, mch aa tho hay of Sontlabora io tb« Indian kingilntn of B*Kbrah, 
apparently of tito Balharaha tbU i» the SilliAna {comparo Elliot, I. S3). Al 
luriai (I1&3) pla<H^ Sinila{Mir foiir day* from Broodi, an a large gnlf whtm ahipa 
ooat anchtir. It waa a ooinmureial ei^ witfa beantlful houaev awl ri«li markets 
(Jaubcrt'a Idrtei, 179). Idriai abo awcrib«s it aa foor days frju ThAna or 
Bana (Qliot'R Hintory. L 89). |{a^hida.dllto (1300) incittioiu a 8inil&hur [RIlloC, I. 
DS), the next town to whioli i> F&kiuir, apparently fioccanur Bi.-utli of HouAvar 
<Yal«'a C^athay. II. 4.^}. Abnd-lida (1320) baa a i^indipnr which he ia said to 
coultiw) with 9aujiu(Yuh> 'a Cathay. II. 444). Ibu Bntuta(1347) deaoi-tbca Siudibnr 
la three dayB frornCogha luidono day from HonnrfDittn. 4111). ChinUltur is muiiticin- 
oil ill tlio (.'Atalan tuap (1375) (Ditto, 444). A ICu«rn-:ii SiiiJAporappeara iu Ihe Muhit 
an Ar%t> work on tin navigation of tbo Indiia Uco^n (I5.*4), J, A. S. B). V. '2, 4<i4. 
ruial];^ there ta a Cintapur iu Liiuchuteo'a nap (1573) (Navigation dti Joan HukIii" 
dc Luuchot. 20), but ita position aonth of Dftbhol aoema to point to Jiut&nar 
(Bomlwy (lacetteur, X.»tl). Sir H. Viilfiiaaati«Rod(('jithay, 11, 444] Dut Sondabur 
and Ooa ore the aoiue. Hcroral of the reforeuoeii auit Hoa harhour aud dti not auit 
Bombay harlwar. Bat other notice* Mem to fit bettor witb aonio pboe in the 
Th&na coMt. Tliv uae of the doubla nante Kawwai-Saiuiabur in tho Mohit Monvi 
int to two SondAbure, and De Coutr/a name Kena to make it poaublo that 
iRrior Elopbanta woa one of the tft'o, Th« oriidnof DaCouto'a name Santapari 
bobly the holjf oity. Ita reaerablanoe to Sbouitpoir perbape exploioa why 
Dto'a DrlhiciM) intormaiita made Kkphanta the seat uf the Rroat Bdn. SonApar, 
an4>UH:r (^'ibiiai'^ W.irka, XII. 390) but tneoircct form uf the name of tho Muae 
«ity, prr>t)iably explains Do Coutii's atory of the ahower of gold. 

AucuritiU|{to the Uariranih, Bio the Aanr, tbo eldeatoT thehnndrvd aona of Bali, 
had a tboujaad anna and a capital called Shonitpor, or the eltr of blood. 8o 
high did Binotand in hia favciar that Shiv allowed him to be oaltud hia son, the 
youn^r bruilier of KArtikcyaj^ of war. B&n defoata aU biBcnemiea, and, wearied 
with idlomnn, pray* Shiv to hud him work for hia thntiwuid ami*. Bhiv promiaea 
a combat thai will Ia\ hi« powera and tulla liim that Die Tall u( Uie ataodiird frvro hij 
palaoa-roof ia tho sigu that war ia at hand. Soon after, among mauv other omeoi^ 
a harrioane and an ecbnao, the standard ia atmck by UghtniJig aou fall& Bin it 
delijjhted and orders a feast. 

OiM3 day Shiv »dA Pinrati, witli a baud of heavenly danisels and a conpsny of 
MgWi vero anioaing tbemKilvca on tho 1»nk of a river. Hm god waa aevn by tfaba 
the danghter of Bin, and full of admiration abe prayod PArvati hi grant her wtek 
a huband. PArvati promised and naid tiiat on a certain night ibe would sm her 




Chapter ZIT. 

FlAoeioriiit«r«it 

ELtriUITTA. 
/futory. 



^^ 



tBrnnbay Ouett« 



jOuptorZIT. 

VUoMafiiitereit- 

Bun-HAKTA. 

UMorf. 



82 



DISTRICTS. 



The Biy]& of the pillars ft&d tlw dow raembUnce to the Duum 
cave at Klura k'd Mr. FergUBsoa to ungn tbe boildiog of til 
Klepliantii cavps to tlie ei^blh century. I>r. Htevenson places tbe 
t>etweva tbe figbtb hiiiI twelfth ceutuheSj and Dr. Burgess 
the latter |«rt of the Ln^hth or tbe niath ceatury.' Pand 
BhB^4uLdl agrees with Mr. Fergnsacn in aaM^nuif^ tbe caxes 
About the midole of Ihe eighth ventury. As feuturea peculiur t 
tkis date be notioee, among archiieuturul dutailn, Ibe uuted pol 
ahaped capitals of tbe pillars. Among characteristic furnu 
sculpture, ht> notices, iu tbo maJe 5gure«, a proud Holdivrtili 
boariiig uud tlio practice of sotting tbe band jauatilj on the baogin 
waistband ; tbo sacred thread mode of braided ropea of poarb 
tbe CQrlcd hair falling in long ringlets over tbe neck, tbe tall tbrM 
pbhted crown, and tbo fonliko frill or rufT at tbe back of the bead, tii 
three last featnres being iidapt«l from SnsHanian models.' Tl 
cbaractenglic dttaiU in the ff^male iigun><a are the large round knot 
bair that shows a little over the Inu-U of tbo head, the row of form 
cluse-twiated curls that line the brow aii<] tetnples^ and the deltca 
acd snitablo shades of expressioo that appear in some of the faces. I 
Paodit Bhagv&ul&l's opuiiou these characteristics point to u dsi 
aligbtly later than the date of tbe Dasarat^r rave at Elara^ which 
known to have been built between 720 and 750. Thej are not fom 
in sculptures separated bj any considerable interval from U 
Dasavatar sculptures. Thoyare notably absent fraiQ Ambarntifa, 
good typical instance, whoae date is known to be 1U60. 



future hualwiid in « dream. On Ihe n!aht lumM Utks draftnM tihst tlia hod 
vieited hj-a warrior ofgrvnt IidbdIv. With Uic hdp of Uie fftitv C-luti'olckhK, or tl 
Pftiotcr. aliv *««■ iH)ririuUi uf bU Umous priACM, ami among thata tirnU di* htnv 
her HrcAin, Aniruddh cnuideou oi Kmhiu king of Dw&rk« is KitluAwir. Tb« fsf 
FAiuU-r goea to PwitrkA, linds AnJruddh unDSpit]r, full of a beaatiful pH ht 1 
•Ml) ui a divftia. Tbo fur>- UUs biiu ■!!« baa come bu take hin to hu UdjrlD' 
AuO bring! him imte to Imia's palatre. Thr^ nre marnwi in tbo Ofctullufv 
utominoiuoua ftyle, aiid n tew (Uyn pun quNtly. Thva tbe itory ■pmada tlist 
■tnoger baa taken ap kii quartvia in ikc princeaa'a palac«. BAn, beeide biniMU vt 
tage, aenda a hiuiil of mun to kill the ntruigtr. But Anintddb tncacbee tbo veapni 
D(it of tJii^ir huttJA aud drivco them ufT. Bin cuoio himaelf, and, after a n^ 
A^t, Aninidilh iit In-aten nnd Vi.innd. At Uwirka nen> comea that Auimddh la 
priaoiicr nt Shiniti'ur. KriNhiia xathm a {jreat annv, braaka throu^ all liarriai 
and forces hia war intn Shfinit|iur Itiii i-i ilcfcatcd an<t all hit anna cut ulT h 
t«ti. Ill apiU- of ma dofi-at arid hi» wuiiiidji Iklu remaina firm iu bi> tn»t iu Sbt 
Hodancva, mniiiMtl and wvuk b« liw is, hofurw the cod, suid, in ramr<l, is all<JW< 
loau to h«aveu aud beatuud«rof Sbir'a angrbi. EruhuanMuriu to Dwarka.an 
viUifreAtrcioitiiigB, allUaha's handnuidona are married to youac Yidars. LAticle 
Hatiranh, II. Ill2-2«i!. ^ 

1'be atory ir full iit tbo tnarvnlloos. SbonltpOT i> girt wiLb a wall of (irv, 
wanrion ti»u tbo olemMita aa WMiiona. and miOic thvir iuumeya ifaroajch the air I 
the h&ln of the iiugic of sa^fo orli^ tin- exertions ai beavenhr beanra. Xo detai 
sliow wlicje iShonitpur waa, how fv ur in what dircctioe lro«n Dvirka, whctb 
on the sea ur inland, Shuuitpurs are Dot QDcuminon- Then! >» uuo in ucirth IVnup 
nue on theConnuauditlcMMt, audoucoii Uu) GodArari (Laughtts' llariTnaah, IT. IK 
Its war with tbe diiof of DwArka (avoara the view thikt ^ii'a city was aotuuwhc 
in VVfidlem IndiiL 

Tlio atoiY of Uaha and Animddh ia tb^ aubject of a modern (ITth rcntnry) di 
naaedMaubtu-jkiiiniddb, ubivhiagivviiiii Wilttun'a Works. XU. 3dti-2fi9. Avoonli 
(oaliujarftti poeni of the soTontoeutii centuir, caJIviI Okli^haran or the al)dB4;ti 
of Obhii, Okha wns tho datightcrof PArvati Trhf>m lUn waa alltiwed Ui aili)i>l. Wh 
iho rarl £rew n{> H'm, finding that )u;r hualMUiil waa ilt'stinrd U) lie t\\v utuM of 1 
deatS, iin]iriioii«>l lier in u t'>wt.T uiidiir hi« paUcv. The rent of tlie itory ia mu 
tbe sane aa tbv nvo^ruitt in Diu llaih'auab. 

< burKM*' Ele|>liaut«, fi. * The .'^ataonian dyuut>- of Tenia, A.D. S30-G 



*^ '— 




^ 



XofiluO'] 



DISTRICTS. 



88 



As tbe uQlpiures are almost entirely coufiuod to tho repreaent*- 

i tion of sapcrnAtural beings, thoy liare little of the valac which 

ftftteches to tho Ajanto cavea fts illustrationa of tho atylo of dross 

Mid th« mft&ner o£ Hvio^ at the time to which thoy belong. Except 

ODe or two boarded riaKin and the muiiBdiched Ktidni, tlio facos 

I of tb<* m&Io figures are hairlaas. Soioe wear tho hair coiled iuto 

^Bhrgb dome in thu aooetic or jata style, others wear the hair 

^Btiwr cropped or in cloao ffig-like curtH. The chief hcad-droBS is 

^Hhe riclt royal tiara, much the sane in shape and details as the royal 

^fand-dresses paiuted in the Ajauta caves of the sixth and aevett 

cooturies, a trace of which BQrvivee in tho modern wedding' liara 

or hdtiiuf. None of tho fignres in shown with a modem ttirban. The 

giLurdian of the Trimtirti, the wor^hippiug figure in front of the 

op in the west side of the back aislo, and tho great statue of 

,T or Virbhadra in the gronp at the north end of the wcatorn 

^le have^ peonliar fanlike frill or rnfF at the back of their nooks. 

lo aeveral instances the waistclotb, or dhotnr, is tied in a bow on the 

figbt ihigh and nllowod to hang down the leg, and the siicred threod 

it nearicr and broader thui tho present slight string. In other 

mpeot« the dress of the mate figures is much tho same aa at 

Braaentk The very rich and hravy jcwollod nooklocos are much 

nke Ajanta necklaces of tho sixth and seventh centuries, and, as in 

Ajaat*. a large number oE the figures have their ear-lobcfl drawn down 

by heavy ornaments.' 

The female figures generally wear tho hair tied in a largo ball 
behind the head. None of them near tho bodice aud none draw 
the end of the robe over the shoulder; in other respeets tho robe 
is worn as it now is. None of the figures wear nosoringa and many 
wear girdles, bnt the ornaments of the ear, neck, arm, and ankle 

3>pBar to be the same as those now worn by the Hindu women o£ 
njar&t and tho Ronkan.' Among the weapons flhown are tho trident, 
tb« sword aud dagger, the discus, and the mace: among animals 
the tiger, clcrphant, eagle, alligator, bull, horse, tortoise and swan: 
and am ong plants and trees the lotus, plantain, a^htk, and milk-bnah. 
^^~" lUaneoQs articles are a looking glass, baskets, bowls, bells, 
> and water and battcr-pota. 

m new the walls and ceiling of the cares, and probably as 
Ajanta and Konheri the pillars and figures, were covered with a 

■ Tfa» KppwnuiQO of th« Mm of tnuiy of the 6gunM recalls the Arab tnvellor 
B jHsii B i i ■ faj&) rgnaric that iho Bulhwn, pnrhnpi rnther ^ilbsra, tho kbigott^e 



Chapter XIV. 
Places of Interest. 

BLirBAim. 




. WMUiRj>nttf-i.M>ribr men wlioharo Ihejr earapMrced. EUiot'H IliatAry, L 3. 
Hm pf»iitM:e i.f .Irtfmiii;^ ilown tho onr-lob«* nrnkiiw in thfl Booibaiy l'r«!»idcncy 
MMU aoHM Vftni«ru Mxl xmonic th« null bwd of devotees, wito are known u 
Kln|ifialw or «lil-«tr«. iDotAila of tkls HCt an given in Bombay GasMtecr. V. 
ttf. la IM3 th« KnglUh travellar Pitoh lutioed that tiieaan of the womeo of 
Otmp w«t« ao ■tnttohcl b; tb* weight ot tlioir earnqga that a man cooM pat tiuve 
t/H ^m ii»ir'T« ^rt'< tJ)» Mob in the loMa. HarrU* Voyane, I. 207. About 130 roan 
'VoMitLg toOmM (VoyaM tn tha Raat IrKUvs, I. 24K) nn the Uniatiir 
peoplo hwl thflir c«ni nanging alnioat to thrir ■lifinl<l<'ni. When 
tnr »ncm wwv hoi«H, a Spiral <lip of the biab-pelin liwf waa introdaeed aud 
m Ilk* hcte grew higgar. Wiwa the hole waa tnado ai bioH poaeible, tbey 
' ear with piKiiUnU h-nrv .■(... >.>.h to borat tho griatle. The Bame aatboe' 
the aamo [•rai-ti-'« m \l when thv wmnt^n of .lohiuina contidered 

lo bavo Uu nkr-lobc* i: > . <(c<l and wvijjfavi] d«WD. 
Tkaas. Vou. lit. Uov. (Bepriui); 1. Mi. 




[Bombay OucttMT, 



PUmc of Intarwt 



THANA. 



iXKiHnsrof paint*dcpmont.' Tho «ivt» probably continaed well cured 
fur uU thu uvertlirow uf Lhc Dvvgiri X^dare by AU-ud-diii Kliiljt 
(139&-I316] at tbo close of tbo Uurteenib century. At, the 
boginuing of tbe sixt««ntli rontury, perhftps during tho grfiaCer part 
of tlii;; fifteentb ccntary, Elephaota, withtberest o£ tbo Thana coast, 
WBA nominally under tbo Musalmao kings of Ahmedabad. They do 
ooti 8«em to hare tntoHfered irith the caves, whicb, when tbey 
puBod to tbe rortngueae in 1534, were tbe best of all tbe can 
temples, u big as a monastery, with cmicis and cistenu, and, alooe 
tbe walls, many scolptorefl of elephants, tigers, bamon bcinga, niu 
otbor cloTerly fignred images wen worth seeing.^ 

FivD years later Dom JoAo do Castro tboiigbt tbe caves so beantifnl 
tbtt tbi>y cDtild not be tbo work of hnman haoda. Even Apclles 
might iittve learned frora tbo proportion and symmetry of ibfl 
tignres.' On a second visit in 1550 Garcia d'Orta found tbo cavw 
mach damaged by caitle.* About thirty yeiirs later Linscboteo 
(1583-15*Ji3) described tbe Eirmhant Temple on the island of Peri 
aa the most famous temple in Weutem India. It was as largo oas 
monnatcry, and bud many pliU'Os and cisterns, fignree of elopbantflk 
1ion» and other aniinaU, and amazons cot with cxqniaite .^kill. Bt 
tbougbt Ihetu the worL uf tbe Cbiuese who bad lately traded to tbuM 
parts. AVboii ho wrote Ibey wore deaert«d and rained, only serving 
as a monnmcnt of tbe aplondoor of tbo Indians which was still gr«st 
in tbe inland parts.* At tbe beginning of tbe aeventeeuth century 
DeCoiito complains of the sculptures 'and indeed almost everything 
olso' being injured by the frobc of tbe soldiers.* In 1G73, Fryw 

> Ito C«aUi (lOeS) Bays tluit Uumgli tfae tiooo of Um inoaDtatB k of ■ gny eolosr, 
the whole body iovido. lbs pillun, tbe S^ns, tad vvervlbiDg obo, had f tj n aetlj r 
been oovumd wiUi a oMt of litofl mixed witb bitanMO &nd other conpoaitiooK. UlM 
tnule tJl« tomtito ■» hriglit tlwt it lookod rcrjr beauitifal. Not only <Iid tbo ftgiuiM leak 




rowM llw oontcBs, not Tor an/tfaing curious id ue deaign bat for tbe buuity jm 
frenhiMH of tfad ouJooriug (Vvva^, 1.62}. Rn>lno« (ISlS)RM<aiti<ma MTcnl coooeatrte 
fiinJua vritb wnw Bgurva io Uia roof uf tb« tjiuud vntmict). (Tnua. lioat. Lit Sac 
IfUtprint], t- SS6). In 1S3& kiiuiEbi of uiatau; wet* itill obeemUe, vkfeh Kcncd 
to MV« origiiuklty Iimd of » red colour, bat hM m idcu pUcea faded to a mtrple Una. 
|M«d. Jour. V. 17))- Many patcha ofcameut romain and colour may Mtill be trM*d 
cajwcuUyfliitberoofof tiMwutporttw of the tirfiatCaTsaad ia thu M^ctor Uilriks 
clianber of tlie dsbI wing. Souty aj aro tbo tracaa of oomaiit tutd culonw, De Coota'a 
atatauwMit and the enthnwaBro ci th>« Hral I'lirtm^iciie niutnni. o^m to >huvr that Mr. 
Oriffltba' thoTonghly informed and beautifully liuinlicd ' .4jaiit4 in th« Sixth Cvatnrr' 
la ■ cluM repiuK-nt ttmit of thv soft and varied hriUiaocy of the Great £lepiuau 
Care wbon it nosicil from the arcliitecbi' handa. 

* Garcia D'Orta, Colloqui^M iu Tnina. Bom, Lit, Sofi. lR«nnnt), I. 209, Garcia WM 
not certaiu whether thu toinpic wu (ho work of the<ieirtl, wno bad exurted aU bia akill 
in deceiving tbe healhftu, or the work of the Chineeo. 

W lion the Portagueee took the iftlaail, it woa rviiU-d to one Jolo Piraa Itir Uw 
annual quit-rent nt £4 (105 pfinlii<i*). It remained witb him till IMS, wheo H 
UMod to Manuel llchelln da SiWa, who agnin mailo it over to bit dan|tht«r Doaa 
KMa Maria Manuel d'Almadn. wbo wu iiiJtrri«<l to Lvpo do Mello Samnaio on Ibt 
ZSnd Auril 161 K. The dv»ii«udikrit« «f thialady were living in Raaaeinu laUaa 1S18. 

' Vi-iinciro llAteiro da Ctttia da India, 86. Ob marvelloos hacdilMMMl, be addk, 
truly it iiover eutercd the mind of man creo to plan aoch a vfork, roncb Waa tD entrv 
it U> cocDplelioo. ' CotliH)iiiim in Trans. Bom. IJU Soo. <Repriot>, I. Mfc 

* Nav-ifiatloti dt JeU Htij[hea da Linsrliut. 93. 

* JounuU fi. a R. A. »., 1. 42, 41. Da C'outo'a aixoant) one ol tb« oarlittt and 



^Z. 



Conkan.l 



THANjV. 



8fi 



Bpeais that the care wu de&oed by the PortagaeBe.* Pyke, in Chapter XIT. 
Placet) of Interest. 



ill ooe of Ui« beit cIewription€ of tiM e«v«t b siren in full : Thi* raou-kablc and 
Jendid iouxplc of Ekphanta is ntaated in » nuU iilaod ifaDut hali a Itaaaa in 
roamfcrcaoc which tBjIrka the Bombkjr rirer Jut wfa«D it ii about to enter ue sm 
from the northwanl. It is ao called, on account of a great stone dc[ilijtnt inth« 
■iland, which ia Men on eDtariDg tbe rivor, nod ii taid to uvb b«en boilt by a IliudD 
kinif diuiiimI Biiubiar, who bucaiiw oiutor of evcrytbtng from Um Gango* inwards. 
It is alfirmcd (ami so it appoan) that irainease Buma of monoy were expendM on this 
tciDpte, and thAt millioBB of workmen woro employed on it for mauy years. Tlio 
aitc of thin tcioplc strctclica front north CoBonth. It ia nearly open on all aidn, parti- 
cularly to the north, east, and west | the bock lies to the south. The body of tbe 
temple ia about cigh^ pacea lon^ and sixty broad. It is all hewn out of tbo soUd 
ivKk, and tbe Upper roof, whicli la the top of the roelc, is aupporteil by fifty pillan, 
wraiuht fWim Uie same moantain. which ara so arranged aa todivide the buly of the 
tmople iato eerea oarea, Kach of tboxe i>illan is twenty'two spans stiiuri?, nud fraia 
tlM mid<lle apwaida is ei^htaen bjmuis rouud. Th« (tone of the mountain where chiB 
temple has been arred u of a grey eolour. Bat the whole body inside, the pillars, 
the figares, aikd everything elac. was formerly ooverad with a coat of lime iiuxc<l with 
faibunttn and other conipoaatiunii, that made uw temple bright and very beaatifal, tho 
features and workmanship diowiujf very distinct, so that u^ther in sdvor nor in wax 
oonld snoh 6gnnM be cneravad with greater nicety, finenoaa. or psrfoctioa. 

On entering the temple to the nght ti^mt there iit a recew aixtooo and a half spana 
broad, and li7t«enaiMl a half hijfb. WiUiiu are many figures, that in the middle 
aavunteen spaos hjgb. with a tai^ and boautifal crown on we- bead, ao nicely made, 
that it appaarato hare bacn painted rather than oarrod in stone with the ckiaeL 
Tliifl fl^m hM» dttht hands and two leg^ ; one of the right hands hold* a acep t n ) with 
a R]iak» round itlike that of Mcrcnn. Ovsr tbe top of the seepttv there are three 
•mall idols of a cubit each ; one of the left hands inpuorU in its iingon thrM otbar 
idols of the same dse. To tbe left there is another largv idol with a oymitar, and 
te it another very largo one, with tbe body of a man and tho head of an «le|j)ant^ 
im wlwJi I think the island took ita namc^ In this idol they wonhip tho msmnry 
' an elepltaot, whom the UiDdnaoal) OmtftA of wham they r«Ute many fablee. Near 
lb idol, iasaes bom the rock a stone teat in which is svated a Bgan with one body 
id three heads, each of thmn hairing one hand except tbe middle oni^ which has two, 
id iD the left hand holds a book. To the left of this idol there is the figure of a 
i>iii«it tlin-c ^juu]« hisb, her left hand resting on the shoulder of another sonll 
|ere of a m oni.'uj, and the right hand twined rovnd another even smaller fiuurew 
nediately above this Ida] tli«c« is anothor mouDted apoa t^e h«id of on ele[>han^ 
. nuar this another on the neck of anotbsr idol. 
Two pocra from this recvw towards the south the temple begins to wi<Ivn elereo 
paooe towards the west, tbenoo to prooevd towards the siouth another elcren pnee% 
and mtums Si^n towards the woat eleven poMK. In this aialo thore ia. to tho right 
hand, a reecea hewn in the rock aoven and a half feet hi^h and alxte«n brood. In the 
middle of this recess is an idol tn a utttug posture, twelvo spans hi^ from the waist 
npwaids, with a very curious and b«aatiful crown. It has oigbt hands and two legs, 
md with one of iu right hands and anotlwr of the left aprtada aw the heoa n 
oui^y of the aame stooeL Above it in the air are many nule and female idols one 
cubit saob. In tho sooond Hglit hand it has a two-edged sword, ai>d in tlie third a 
■mall idol linnging l>y tbe Ic-jpu Tim FourUi riuht luuid with n [lart of tho ann haa 
been broken by thu froho of tlic soldiori of Die flo«t that visited tho ptace, Ht is nearly 
the caw with orcrytiiiuA visa. In tho svooad kft hand it haa n little bell, and across 
the ahouldcr a large ooDar of many little hnman hMda rtmiu tiwether, and all hewn 
I th« aaiae atone and ongravod on tho neck itself. In the uttni hand it haa a kettle 
itb a xnioll idol on it. Tlic fourth left hand, with t)t« ann, is broken. Oo both 
lies ol tJiU irlnl and ihroughnut this rcceea there are thirty small idols sUnding. 
few pace* rru:ii tliia T*ctM to tbe ri^it hand, which liea to the sontb, there is a 
{liar* room tan psx?M long and as many broad, h«n-n in thn mck, and an oonKtntctod 
I to admit of a p«non wukiog ail rtnind. It has a door ou eaeh side entered by a 
flif^t of fire stops. In the middle of the chapel ti a aqaare stone asst of twooty-four 
lans, whcnt tlwrv is a figure of an idol ao vcnr diahonest that wo forbear to name it. 
iia oallod by tlio Hindu bnir and is wonhimea with great superstition, and it is bald 
I saoh Bstitiintiou that the Kilnanse Hindus used to wear sueb figures about tfadr 
A Kaaareso kin^ of snund principles and justico abolishod this ahamefnl 
cm. These four gsb-n nf this bonK-. the anckets of which still exist, were ncrer 
except once in Uic year, on the day of jta ncatval festivity, to show iu what 
' Now Aoaouul, 73. 



Elki-bakta. 
liittory. 



^a^ 




Bonb&y Gantteer, 



DISTRICTS. 






1712, tooBd the ^ictanaM foddnng cattle io Uie caves in Uw 
rmioT Boaaon. He hnra that faUdj one of Uunr FidsJgos, to divert 
himadf irith the eAOf faftd fired ft great em into it witb 8evi>ral shot^ 
wbidi had broken eome of Uie|MlUt&* £i 1720 Hamtltoo foand the 
ieleod avriog only to Used Ttfrr* Groee (1750) describes the cavei 



•MtwD 
Tkbmmb 



twnifJMr' 



MbGdMffvb' 



At Mcb oitn&M ctf tbii houM Umn 

la tlM Mslfc ItMN ii koothor r t ewi witb i 
fcwMtaMoar iMi broad uid twttntjr-aix high. 
MM Ughi *^ '«*' bkndt and two lea, nd 



' mmU mm viA tbra* hnJ^ fov hMida Md two laf^ «ul 
I aO tfan PHWi hhI* an nai^ ««bar Mob. nvntbia totba weattbaniak 
ol aroJlMrt VMar, tb* baMooi «f wUch. Uke Iha fowtoina of A]fM> aad 
J ■ Hid aavflr to bsra beaa fDoad. 

B«* «»dB tb* WMtan Vkll, wkicb b lb«l of tba R|^t hand of the bodr til Utf 
taMku BatanuBgliaactttoaiieaaat tbarab sraeaaa rNy-ennonaly woriudf UNuteas 
bat DTOMd and aigbtaan loqg. £■ the aud«Ue than k an haw o n a w idol. wH« c nia aaJ 
1m aed • vary iNaatifal <Knn oa Iba baad, and OB botb adaa tbani are maay toia^ 
oTbm and viMtB aad aena on hOfacbacb. Tbaoc* tha pi^MU begina u extend 
fcowwrda Ut« «Mt, wbara tb«» ia aaoUwr Roaaa lik« tba otlnn, tron iMOMath wlucfa 
■MMi an idol front tba mat npwwda, nry lam, with five fiaoea la p rop orti o u to tb* 
body, with crowna on the beada^ aod twi<lv« haoda, witb vbii^ it mppotta a atOM 
anal, orer which that* ia anotber ■""""—■ idol, v-jtfa oaa faoa, mx bands aod two leM^ 
baviag ooaof tha ri^t basda 0*0- the neckol nwomaa, alaovefy Iwga stttitw ny 
Uiii, and on andi aid* of tba idol tban an otban of ocany tbe nna ati^ ii al ia «a 
Mm muim aMk ; and' in the body of tba new then an abmit n bondnd nton idnb af 
ttw ligBftt of men and wuneo. Ittweediqg theoca bawaHatha aantb, then it another 
noaai witb a siaat-tiks idol titting ia the middle of it with a erown on tbe bead, and 
wHh fou beadi aad two legs, having on aa«fa «d« a lafge idol, on* of tbo figan of a 
woman aad tba other of a maa, beatdea toaay other idoU. 

Hen aoda the aa at ern wall, which ia that of the left band of the papda. At iha 
■aJ of theae two ea ata nt and wea U m walla of the ygoda tbwe are thro* uucs nceaai^ 
That ia the auddla wfaiob Um aion to tlw iaterur ia tUr^ feet bnad am antaaa 
long. From tbe paTeneat of thia chml iaaooa a body from the waiaC vpwarda of aa 
eaanaona a aiae^ that it Gila tha wbak ramnin in length and breadth Of tbe neeaa 
It baa Uu«« large faoea, the mid<Ue on* looha to the north, tba aaoosd to tbe wvat* 
and tbe other to the caat. Each of thcae facea lus two hand^ and on tbe Doek two 
Urge neoUaeea, wnogfak witb ooaaideiaible perfeotion. Theae Agnna hare em Am 
heada thraa very baaattfnl crowaa. Hie middle oa», wliich ia Ugnr than tbe otboo^ 
holdi in one bud a large globe, aod wbat«rer it had in tbe rijoit band cannot ha 
diaoorervd, aa it ta def»o«a. The face on the right dde holdaln the risht band a 
OobcadioapeDo, andia tticloHa roao called Golfo, which are pmdnoed ia hm Ukea. 
At the cntranoe of this chapol tberoaretwo gtAnta stAndin^on each aide of an idol 
ten ■|Mn.t high. The aocoud reoeaa whieh ta to the right aido ta nineteea feet broad, 
•lai-en long, and thirty high aod haa ia tiie middle ofit au imnMoae idol with loar 
hawla and two le^, aa all the otbers, and a beantafnl crown on tbe beatL and abota it 
there ia aaothar of the fignro of a woman twenty apana high. Throaghont tba whole 
of thia groap then are many other amali idol*. To the right ride oif titia gnnip thata 
ia agate eeirao feet tii|^, and five aud a half broad, whioh conmnniaatea with a daffc 
aqwtfe chamber ton p*cee broad aad aa many long, aad then ia □ottdag in it> 
Turning tu tbo other aide of th« middle raoeaa there in another receaa twen^-threa 
feet long, and thirty broad, having in the mlddleannther idol twenty- two apana faigb, 
with foor baada, and atanding ujiod one leg oidv, with a boaniifill crown 00 the head, 
which reat* un that of a buU. Tbo oaoienta believed this idol tA have h«en half maa 
and half woman, because it haa only ouo breaat like the ani^imt Anaaooa. xad baa ia 
on* hand a Cob ra dL;OM»a Uo, and io tba other a lookiog-glaw. Ia tb» givop then 
an i»^^hanJMBH«i^^|^Bgi|l >ida of thu rccuaa then ia a gate alx apaia 
bigii and uvw|^^HHBM^^^^HH| with a men nearly aaiiat« and vary dark, 
where thara||^^^^^^^^^^BhtUM^|MLadiG«o M thia pagoda, whirJi 
b tajurad m^^^^^^^^^^^^mm^^^^^^ qwrcd fa a aUte 

th** » * "^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^RoaC beauUfnl Omfpt tha 
world. JjJH^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^WMvy pagoda, but. aa I 
lwi«llt«rlJ'^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^BInia*rh nuuty thtngi ' 

^Account, 1. 241. 



EoBkui.] 



TfllNA. 



87 



I 



EutrRAST4, 

Hittorf. 



vaterAoggod, According to him the figures were io a toloraUo Ch^gter XXT. 
Xb of prescrration, nntU tiio airivoJ of tbo Portii^c^u;, who vorc Placw <rf Iiitertat 
rat some paios to maini aud de^e them, evon briuging field ptot%a 
to tlio demolitiou of the images.* Du Perron (17(10), wboao accuaufc 
~ the caves ia very detailed, seems to have misuDderstood what ho 
ras told about the injury to the fignroa. Ite says the MaMthis 
red some pieces of caimoa to take oS the plaster with which 
'oriiiguoHe bad covered many of the figures; bat finding that 
.0 bas-rolipfn bt'gan tr> full vttb the pla^tter, they took to clearing 
the pUattT with a chitit'l* Niebuhr {170&) found the figuree much 
damned at the fout. Ho did not belicvo the mtBchief was doneby 
tbo Portugnose or by travellers ; it waa the effect of rain water which 
fell frum the roof of the temple and remained in it for a lou^ time.' 



do not oov exist ; I rcDoUect flodins a Mcos, vbicli ii net Bvaa now, open kII tliroitjh 
tlie frouC, &lMut forty fe«t long, and ftlong th« rock there wu mi el6Vftt«ii snaeo, of 
tiM length o( tho hCMwe, tike our ailn* botti iii brekjtb aad height, with mtaj 
lenurkAblo thin|;s on it. AinotiK thctn I r«ooll«ct hftving ranuu-k«d Mut story ■>( 
Qhmd PwipliAo with th« Bull, wid aii AngCil willi n drnwu iiwahl turning; nut from 
underaeatli « tree tiro very boaoliful Rgnrad uf a foui mju<l wainaii, both n&ked, aa Dm 
hoi* Scriptura repreMat* oor Gnt ancntora Adam >ii<l Kvt, 

^Vbeu th« PvrUigucN twk Bmwnu ud it* d«tMind«nck«, ibvy uroiit to tJili t«ai|il« 
and roinoVAd t tmauma itono aver tbo gate whteh had aa inaeriution uf largfs lut 
wull written eharactocs which wm MDt to th« king, after tho GoTomor of India 
bad iit vain eud«avour»<l to Had out any Hindu or \roar in the Mwt who cnald 
dxciphfr them. Kin^ Dom John III. also qumI all bis endeavours to th« sam* 
paqioae, but wiihvut cd'uct, and tfa« itooo tlini renuinvd thora, aud tli«r« It now at 

tTMMOt it. 

On the sida of the hill where the pi^foda rtanda, about two atonethrowB to the 
eaat, there b aauthirr iiagixla open in front, and tlio roof ta auppnttMl by inauy pill.-trs 
beaulif oily execiiwl, of which ordy two oow exist, and aro uinotevo spans bigli luid 
Iwc1r« thick. Tbia tconplo ia forty-thrau paweloDg aDdthirtcco witU, aadat«nM«ida 
ttmre in a snail room mont beavtifally worked. Tbero the; wi>»hlp the BoddeM 
J*«raini>ori (Panmeabviui). This pa^Jila, which ia now entirely deatroynd, waa the 
Bioat stapendooi work of its aice. 

In asether bill of tbta little ialaad, towards tb« nut m regards the great temple, 
nearly in the middle, there ia another temple whioh fomurly admitted or an mt'T'^t^ 
by a oato which luul a loarble porcJi very cunoualy execntod. This pegoda baa a 
lar^ hall and throo foonu. In the ftrst, to the right biuid, th«re is Dothin^ now 
Mt i the sooond has two iJuli seated io a laruie ■<juare scat. Ouo of tbuie idols, 
called Vethala rhenday {Vet&l Obandi), ban six himda aad one head aad was 
surntorted by two smaller idol* one oo each aklc 

Both this Ur^e sod the other staall templwt ore known from the wtitinge of t1>e 
Ilindns to have been the work of a KAnara king called BAntaar, wiw ordered 
tbdr oonetruetiofl, as well u of some famous ualaoea noar them whore be reiidod, ol 
which even in my tune there were anaie marKB, and tnan^ mine of cat stonee and 
large nnbumt bncks. Tbeas palaees or this cit>', which u aoiil to have been very 
beautifal, was catlvl dorbaU, and the hill wli»r« Uie Blwhant va^oda stamb^ 
Simpdeo. A danghter of the btng eaU».l Cqua. who dedieated benelt in this iilaita 
Co perpetnal virjginity. livod here for many years. The andenta eay that daring ttu> 
lime of kitQ Binisnr gnlii raiaod nocc for the snaoe of three houn at Kleithanto, and 
il was therafore called Kaiitapori or the Golden Ulaad. 1 ilo not r«lat« msay 
partiLiilan eoiuiect«d nilh the pagoda, aa they ani to nwny that they cannot wvU be 
parUcnUriacd, and will tire the reader.* 

■ Voyj^ Lu the Ks.tt Indtee, L t/SSi. Grose ta always rmdy to spread tidei s^mimI 
ih« Pi)rttiga««e. Tii-fTanllisIn', about the sanw time as uraaa, nuvdy m e nt i oa a 
Klo^iauta. Vme. Uiat.etGoofi. I. 410. 

■xeodAvtata, L eooexsti. This may he true of Maodapcahvar whieb was aaed 
as a chapel and school by Uie Portugucae who drow a Ihiek veil of cement over the 
Olit Mllltitiirrs. 




iBoiabij OazetiM 



DISTRICTS. 



ipter XIV. 

FlMMMoflntaresL 



In 173S Dr. IIoTt^.tho Polish traretler, found the fiffares in the cave 
miiub ruiooel by the otHeors of Adiuiml CorDisb'.s Uwt, bo much tbq 
tho greater part of tbem could hardly bo ilistiugQished.' Lo 
Vftk-ntia (ItiOS) did not find siguB of violenco; be thonght lb 
misohiof was caused by rain water. He notices that a wall bad bosi 
built across the eutraDce to keep out cattle. In 1813 Air. Krskii 
found the foot and lower parts of the figures ' extremoly rotten oni 
o«tea by the daiD[),' while tho uppor parts of tho bos-reliefa ^"^ 
Boffered a good deal from forco and injury rather than time. 
1825 Biabop Heher found the caves suffering from the i\nnna! rains 
a great number of tho pillara (nearly one-third of tbe vrbole) ba 
been naderminod by the accumulation of water in the cavoru, an 
the capitals of Bomo^ and parta of the ehafta of others, rem&infl 
BOBpended from the top like huge ataloctites, the baaes havja 
complotely mouldered away.^ In 1850 Dr. Wilxon noticed that tl 
work of decay was ia&t progresaing. lo 1 865 parts of the nosea 
two of the Trimurti faces were damaged, and^ about 1868, the he* 
wa» brokou off one of tho leogriffa or tigers at tho ontrance of tli 
oastorn wing. 

From the time of the Fortngnese oonqaest till within the I 
few years, F.lophaiita oeems to hare almost ceased to bo a Hind 
place of worship.' In 185i a Loh^na of Bombay, at a oost 
£1200 (B«. 12,000), built the llight of et«ps that loads from tli 
north shoro to tho Qreat Cave. Dr. Burgess mentions that on ShiV 
great day in February (Afa^h vulya l3th) a fair is held and the Vi 
in tho central shrino worshipped. Tho last fair (16th February It^ 
was Bttendod by about 900 pilgrims, half of whom entered the can 
and approached the iniAjres. The rest, unable or unwilling to p« 
tho entrance charge of Od. (4 as.), oontentod themselves with buwji 
to tho gods from the month of the cave. The pilgrims woi^ moat 
Mariith^s, Soniirs, KiaAn^ K^mAthis, and Bbandfiris from Bomba 
8&lsette, and Panvel. The officiating priest was a Bombay Gosi 
who woa helped by four Agris, dwcUoi-s on tho island. Besides tl 
worshippers from the neighbouring Manltha country there was a boi 



pnhablr CMUod by dimp. Tho braking of unu *&d imma tuMt ba tbe tvidt 
intcuttonal violaoco. 

' loan, 188. ' To prourvo the rest from future deatruct'ion, tbo 'chief ' of Km*"- 
■boiIk hon wvitkly & goiuA of eight aupo^a purpcuely to protect them fnvfD uijarv.' D 

* NArTOtivc, II. 182. Tho ilocAy or tlic |ull*n vraM yttibmbiy tnrtlj- iluii to &m^n 
thti rock. Enkinu rimiul that one of tho pilUn hod boen patched willi a aptiiit 
t«ak, probal>l;p ftt th« time whea the caw wma m«d«. 

■ Th« mFcmion aro soR)«vrb»t oontrodirtory. In I'fiO Onwe (Vojwn, I. 63) n 
'Th« praMntG«DtM* bare no voaorktion for ths place.' Hov^ (l78S)oii the oi 
hftnd remu-ka (Tours, 160] : ' TheOentooa hiAd thia jihux in ffnmt venantion ; Uu 
that oomu in pilgrimsfie from thw oootiiMmt ai'DrOAcli it with profoood tolenuuty ■ 
dMorum.' In 1705 Sir J Caniao (A*. R«a. iV. 407) wrote : 'Tbeniaiw tndfti 
of these cavea baviug bc«D fr«qu«itMt l>y Hindtu mk « plnco of wonhip, Uid ht tl 
period do wonhip ■■ ^lerfoniied at uiy of thf m. ' In 1813 Mr. Enkinv'e more mini 
knowledite (Bnu, Lit. Soo Ue^iut, I. '2S>H ahowed that tlio Ihuf in tho coat 
•hria* iraavtJll an ubjact of roltgiouB veneralion to theMtirc«,pnrtioaL*rly tnbwi 
mKneD, He ocouioaidljr mv it adorned with garlAiuls o( lluwen and oiL Biah 
Heber (1SS6) sotaoed very recent nuu-ka of red paint on one of tiie ihuj*. Plowors i 
oSlereil by tbe people of the iiJand, but no pilKnoui camti to it from u dittaacCi 
wen there uy BrthnukU atatiooed at tho shiinc. Narrative. It. tSS. 




BLRTBAlrrA. 



The Sw»wl Ctr*. 




^Th( 



of G'tijar&l ViSnis who broQgfat a GajarAt Brlhman as their priest. Chapter XI7. 

The images worshipped wore the three-faced boat, the UngM, and p^acM ofLaterett 

almost all Btatites of Uaaoeh or Ctaupati. Tbo favouKte part of the 

cave IB the east yfing, where a pool of water od the Boor of the eastern 

recess or chapel is believed to be sent from the Ganges in honour of 

Shir's great day. Several of the figures, especially Ibe two stataes 

of Gauetth, Ju the curioua Matrika chamber in the wohI wall of the 

same cave are alflo wor<ihipped. The worship consists of poaring 

water over the images, bumiog incense before them, offering hel, 

Aigio mannelos, leavtui te the hti^e, and Buiearing Gaapati aad some 

other figures with rodlead. The total Dumber of visitors to the 

caves in 1880-81 was u400. 

About a quarter of a mile to the south-east of the Great Cave, 
and at about the same level, is a second excavation. It fncen 
east-north-east, and, including the i^bajpel at tbo uorth end, Iiaa 
oxtrcmo length of about 101)^ feet. The front ia 8o complotoly 
jed, the ontranco so filled with earth and stones, and the 
so hurt b^ water, that it is hard to say what it originally 
kod like. The iront was nearly eighty fet^t long, and must hjive 
in supported by a number of columns with two dcmJ-columns at 
the ends, of which latter some frugmeuta remain. Inside, the 
portico stretched five feet further to the south, giving a total length 
I eighty-five feet with a depth of about thirty-five feet. At the 
rth end of this is a chapel raised a few feet above the level o£ 
_ je portico supported iu front ))y four eight-oornercd columns and 
two aemi-columna abont two feet nine inches in diameter, slightly 
tApering upwards, and with capitals much like those in the Great 
Cave. Of these pillars two are entirely gone. The chapel, which is 
perfwtly plaiu, is about thir^-nino feet deep by twemy-two broad, 
and like most other rooms at Etcphanta is of irregular shape. At 
tbe back of the portico are three cbambens : that to the uorth is 
about fiftoon foot nine inches wide by sixteen feet five iochos deep, 
and has generally several inches of water. The aonthcm chamber 
is like the northern one. The central chamber is twenty feet nine 
j^nches wide in front and twenty-two feet at the back, by twonty-ono 
I one inch deep on the left and twenty-two foot four inches on 
e right. AlMut thro« feet from the back wall stands an altar, 
Ten feet four inches square, with the water channel, praiuilika, to 
o north; the ling has disappeared. At the entrance to this 
rine is the only sculpture in the cave. The door is five feet 
)ur inches wide, aud the architrave uod iambs measure about 6ve 
Bet ten inchoaj the inner members art* like thoflQ round the door 
of the shrine in the east wiug of the Great Oave, and in the fourth 
oavc; outride these is a leaf moulding all round, and then a thick 
toTDs. Most of the sculpture over the door haa fallen ; but at the 
,ead of the jambs two figures of animals act as brackets. On the 
ieze above are somo figures. Those in the centre are not easily 
made out, then oomes a long alligator with a fantastic tail, then a 
boy holding back the upper lip of a second alligator, and ac each 
end a fat figure. Outside the jambs on each side stood a lofty door- 
ke^ior orar whose shouldei-s are (wo tiying figures, a malo and a 
i 1064-13 



, toi 

■ mi 



[Bombay Ouett«er, 



DISTRICTS. 



Bliphaxta. 
h« Tliiril Cave. 



Cbapt«r ZIV. feuiula As the raiD water has do escape thia cave bu of late goM 
PUcu oflDt«rest. "^pi*ily ^^ "^in. *»*3 *^o doorkeepers are mere fragmenta. 

A. little to ibe south of the last cnve is another Btill more broken, 
with a portico of uooertain breadth and about fifty f«et two inched 
lung. At each end thero seemti tu have been a uhapul or room 
with pillai-a io front. The north chapel is fifteen feet seven iDchiMi 
deep, with u cell at the back, wbo»e meau ditueDsioaa are fourteen 
feet deep by sixteen feel four inches wide, and a aecond on the 
west aide measuring thirtcou fet;t six inchc<i in front and fourteen 
feel nine inches at the back, witb a mean depth of 16^ fuel. The 
eooth chftfiel iatwcnty-one £t^et one inch b; Ofteou foet eleven inches, 
and has a cell at the back roensiiring fifteen feet ten inches by 
Bixteuu feet Buveu iuches, but ulmoat tilled with earth. A piluster 
and portion of a pillar in front of this chapel show that they were 
octa^nal and of the same style os those in the laat cave. 

Tbts cave has, h'ke the last, sufTered from water lodging in it. The 
door in tho centre of the back of the portico, leading' into the shrine 
is speciiilly ilainaged. It is four feet nine inches wide and of the 
same pattern aa the others with largw warders at eacb side, leaning 
on dwarfit, and with two flying (igui-ea over the head of each. Ttie 
jamb and architrave measure two foct throe inches in breadth, and 
the doorkeepers and demons on each side occupy five feet more. 

The shrine is a plain room, nineteen feet ten inches deep by 
eighteen feet ten inches wide, with a low altar six feet eleven inches 
square, containing & ling six feet eleven iuches in circnmfercnce or 
twenty-three inchea in diameter. On each side is a cell, uboal 
fifteen feet square, opening from the portico by doors which have 

S rejecting pilastcra and ornamental pediments. Though much 
estroyed enough remains to show that their chief decoration waa 
the favourite Buddhist horsH-uhno (^ruament. Some distance to tho 
south of this caveia a large roughly-hewn cavern more like aciaiom 
than a temple. The entrance is almost choked with earth.' 

Above these caves, at the end of a thickly wooded spur that roos 
north from the irnvin range, a little to the west of the Great Care, 
is a rock-carved tiger which is worshippe<l as Vagheshvari or 
the Tiger Godde&s. It statuls about two feet high and is one fooi 
nine inches across the hams. Round the neck is a collar. The head 
is nearly perfect and the figure is preserved though the rock is 
split in Horeral places. It is niuch like thetigeror Hon guards on 
the ate[)S to tho east wing of the tireat Cave, and, in Or. Burgeas' 
opinion, is probably one of the two warders of tho north or main 
entrance of the Great Cave whose pedestals may stil! be traced. 
Dr. Wilson notices that this tiger is mentioned in the tweiity-nioth 
chapter of the first section of tho Stihtjiulri Khand of the Skanda 
Purdna, it probably is the origin of Simpdeo, or Singhdev, De Coato'a 
name for the hill in which the Great Cave is cut.* 

Looking south from the crest of the hill, beyond the rocky and 
brushwood-oovcrcd hill-aidtvi, the ravine that divides the islaud 



Rrmaim. 



, 2G. 



^ BamM' Klct-hanln. __. 
»S« Barges- ElophuiU. 2R t K«kiii» in Tiaoi. Bom. Lit. 8o«. (RMirial), 1. M6t 
ftn<I Dc Covto in Jour. B. B. R. A. 8. 1, iS, 





EUUBAXT*. 

Btmatnt, 



aas into a plain, bare of troea aud carved iuto rice fields, Cliapter XIT- 
Banked to the west ami east by rocky brasUwood and palm-coTCrod yi^^^ o7liit«ro«t 
^ridges. About fifty yards west of tbo village of GfaflrSpuri, close 
U) tilt) village woU and on the Bouth baak of a small pond, ia 
a Urge Unrj rotiod al>ove arid square below, [t measnreo three 
feet of which the lower one foot ten inchea is a sqiiaro with 
CaceH ten inches acrofSj and the top in a cone atmut two foot 
ton inches ronnd. Tho present small pond is near the cemtro of h 
larger pond, of which the north shore and part of the south shore . 
can l)c clearly traood. The pillar just described originally stood on 
the north iunk of tho big pond wncro are many traces of bricks. 
In a deld about twenty yards furtber north, lately dug out of the 
earth, is a square block of dree&ed eitouo about three feet aeren 
inches high and with faces one foot five inches broad. At tho top 
comers of the east £ace are carved a suu and moon, and, below a 
plain belt about a foot broad, is the ass corse. The rest of the 
pillar is plain and has no iraoo of writing. AJiniit 100 yards 
west of the sun and moon stone are tho neck and hump, about 
two feet long, of a broken bull. In the west of tbe island, from 
the pond round to near the Shetbaiular hamlet, there are said to 
bo no remains. Bnt in Shetbandar, under an old tree, in a large 
ling, and, in and round tho village are many traces of dressed white 
trap and old bricks. 

In the south of the island, abont a qnarter of a mile east of 
the sun and moon stone, on a plateau about 100 feet up the west 
hoe of the oast spar, is another ting, a cone rising from a sqaara base-. 
Tho measDromeuts are S' 4" high of which I' '2' are round and 1' 9' 
square, On the way up the luliside and on the plateau are traces of 
bricks, and what Boetn, thongh they may be natural, to be built 
mounds of rough trap boulders. A correspnnding ])iatt;BU runs round 
tiie east face of the west spnr. Abuut lOO yards eattt of the pond, 
near the foot of the east spnr, in tho village of Gh4rdpuri a hamlet of 
twenty thatohod wattle and danb houses, chiefly of Agri rice-growers 
and a few fighem.' Near the headman's house was found a fragment 
of a small well carved and graceful figure ofa woman suckling a t^iby.' 
The child and tho mother's arms are nnharmed, but her Iiead and all 
below the waist are gone. She wears four plain bracelets, and the 
ends of a shawl or upper robo hanging in front of her shoulders are 
cut with much skill. Close to the village, on a monnd near the 
•bore, are the ruined walls of a Portuguese watch-tower.' On rising 

> About Ute inlubitaDt* of the ulaiul in 1790 Mr. 0«l4titishuB rvmarlu i 'A ant 
▼illace OMT the landing plftce oontwu all iU tul»t4taiit«, who, inolauvo of women 
aadwiklTOQ, numbco' «bck0t anehundrdd. Tbedr anooatan, luring beeo lffltiro[>«rly 
trtated by the Portagnwe, Htd from tb« onpamt« ialand of SAlartt* hither cultivaliDK 
rim ksd r«uiog gp*tl for tb«ir atipport. In the wme humble road do Ui«y continue, 
Tbo iihudem faave oo'bMtsi tney cut wood from the ftdjotning LJUa which tho 
parvhaM>ni rcmorp in braiU of thwr own ; thwjr srn nndvr onr profpcUon, ind pay 
•bout £>} (Rs, 500) Muually to thv (•wcmmont ; tbo attrploi rcvaiitM; famuliea thoir 
■toiple olotbing. . , .' Aa. R«a. IV. 412. 

* Tbia piece of Mnit|)tufc is now in tbe mnMon of the Bombay Brunch of ih« 
RnfKl Aaiatio Bnptotjr. 

* Tbia tower was built to deftrtiil ihc iaUnd agaJml [iifat«*. Wltni i>iniui bo«ta lay 
In wailing, a Am wu hoiitcd to warn rortnguiaa vc»aeU. I>r. C Daliinhain Tiaaa. 
BiKD. Lit 8oc (lUpriatr, 1. 2;a 



IBomlKLy OtMUMi, 



DISTRICTS. 



Chapter Z2T. 
PlftOM of lAt«r«ft. 



gfoand aboat ISO janli onitt o( the watch-tower is the aiie oE Um 
rocV-<nit elephant, fruiu which the Fortagacse christened thti Jetaad 
Elophanta, and whoao r(>mnins are now heaped on the right cDtranoe 
i<) the Vii^Ufria Gardens in Bombay. Tliis etephaot wa« uut out d 
on iHolHtf'd trap boulder and ini'asured altont thirteen ftM't long, 
sevvii fwt four iiich>''8 high, eight ffel broad, aiid about twrentj* fwt 
in girth, lu loog tail reached the grouud aod th« bcU^ wm 
sumwrted by a maBsiTo pillur of nick. It originally carricHl on its 
bnekasmaU elephant alkoiit four aud a half fe<^t long and about OM 
Uhii bniad. Thrtmgb the bruahwood it might easily be taktm fur ft 
living niitiual.* 

AIk'uI fifty yards to the cast nf the site of the elephant are the 
reuutiod i>f a dwelling, which waa built about I8<14 fur the engiaeec 
in obargD of Lbo rlearing and ciurying to Bombay uf the lower 
aIope« uf the eoatem ridge. Id these works a large part of the bill 
woB curried away and a bare buulder-struwu flat baa been left. Tba 



■ Okrdft P'Orta (1534) colls Uie itluid th« MukI of the Hcpluuit, 1jnt dom not 
ninlir luiy dutinct mention <rf tha e]«|>HABt Dom JoAo tie CnsCro (l^tt) iKitK^rdl^ 
•V>tiv rle|ihaiit in ttw wt»t. htolihp in cfilour, «ue. »nrl featairt*. I^nx^lmtcD {iStm 
(]<>M not iiiititn it. D« Cunto (1603) incritiuiu it a* tlie in%*' atoiw clniihiuit whkt 

STO ibi iiKiuc to the ikbuid. rryerite75) onlla it > 'mooMniMelejituiit rutootrf 
oHiun ro«k bmrin^ ■ yoiing oDft na iulwck.' Oviii{;tca(tA80) Doliou 'th* Matw 
«l an «)«|>iiutt u(it in »t/inc in «iua1 propoitiDnt ta ant of thone OT««L»r«« in Itia htU 
jnvwth.* Ii' w<>rkiiiaiij<lii|> tiv calla iMlmirabte . lu 1712 CapUiu Pjikfl nuwl* * 
drAwlttg f^ tliv clciiliAiit ehuwiitg « fiaiin nosrljr aaki^ kb tb« ii«ck. la ITflt 
llMiiiltuti fuuml it M) like a livini Miinwl ttmt «t « diMftoott of SOO yarda a sharp mjm 
mi||;til lie •leceiveii. Fifty yiMtraliiLcr (I75U) Du Pernifi dcMcribod the tiWphaiil want 
Itic HiiHi, i;Dt o«t of Irlaelt luck, aiid aupnraotly caiTyiim a youn^; i>nv on iU haek. 
(Zcdd AvMta, I. c<>ccxvtji ) In l7((4Ni«babr noticed tJiat H wma oplit and liknly lo 
Fall m pti^cu I VuvaM. 11.33). U wa« utcntiotwd by TorbM about 1774 and ben yaare 
litl«( waa daMrrilwd br Dr. HnnKtr ■« twelve feet lonj; and oight high, tb* tmiA 
jiTctty wvll cat <u)d rotlod in a anire ; the leg* ahapeloM mMaea out of (iroporliM 
too Ur^v- A many toil raachvd t<i th» UTtmad and th« hind part of the body 
waa iiipfNtrtod hy a mllar {Arctuvologia, VIL 2(f7). It b in«nfcinnei| by Itoldiughaia 
{I70>'il 'm »> cilcpnant nf btiuk abmo Urge aa life.' lu 1813 Mr. RniktiM uJ 
Ckptaia BmhI HaU duicrilMxl it aa nunrly iutiiI|i4uk(1, thoiigti at a di*Caitc« itM 
throtuk Itniahirood it might eaaily Iw mMtakvn for a real elv|>liMit. Ita taiglk 
from ui« boMl to tbo root of tbo tau waa ihirt«n (e«t two inohei and it* ll«igkl ak 
Lbo head wren feet four incbea ; eiraamfcronco at the hei^t of the sboakl*!* 
tbirty-livi: hel live inulm, drcumfvreuoe roaiul the fiiur I«k* thirty-two foot ; bnadtk 
o( tji9 l>«ck eight foot i girth of Uio body twenty ft«t ; len^ of U>e leu five feet 
mt incbca ; ciroumfvpuncc uf tlio loga from mx feat three iaobaa to aevcn ie«t aeviB 
InchM ; length nl the aijp]i(>rt«r two fe«t two inobea ; longtb of the toil Mnen fe«t 
nine inchuH ; leujjth uf tbc trunk aewu feet ton iuohea and ranatnH nf thv right tuak 
odcvon inches. la 8«ptvnib«r 1814 the haad and nwkdfoppedoffl anilaliuiUvart*! iii« 
bA>ly annk to Out cnrth iHaltV Pratfmanta, III. 1S8). lu 1825 Btshoii Ucbr'r Inund it 
'uiiich dilA)iidkU'd Iiytbu vt'i-Ather. In \S35 Uit; tniidc and head worn uppMatcil bvm 
the body, niid Uy tmikeu and pronlntU: oil llw {:n>und (Miulnw Jixirna). V. nit). 
In Irt^d It WM a «hapelw8 man of rook. In 1863 an attotopt waa nado to novo it to 
Kufland, hut, while lifting it, thu chains of thecnvooavo way. the rock got brokcni 
auTwhftt mnaiiiivl wite retnovcMl in IA<>4 to the r^bt hand entnnre of tb« Victoria 
Oaril«iti» at Byi-ulia, where it hvm iin aliiioat ahapeloaa maaa uf rook, lhou([b the rollod 
trunk is diftlinetly riiiitde. Tbc aniall olephaiiton it* back is invntionvd by Pty«r 
fhlTfiland l^yk* ll7l'J| who«c drawing ( Arohwalogia, Vlt. 333} nhowa thu trunk 
and buakau It ia noltotnl by Un Perron lu I7fl0. Four yoara lat«r it appear* to h*v» 
been iniiob dofaoe<l, an (17(M) Ni«rbuhr doKribcii the largo elephant aa baling un Ha 
baek sumvUuua wbivh ^K" '"i^ *" much wum that tt wm impowiblo to mako out what 
ft waa. I>r. Huntvr (17K4) found B'.'oiethiog on tfiu back but with no traom of having 
beeii a onuill rlr[iUiint In )HI4 Mr. I'>«kinv Hiid Captain bnail Hall uannt«xl tbo 
hark o( till' itlcpluuil and fiHind ilutinct marks <>( four jwwa, ehowin^ that th« uiunn] 
WM fonr fot't nven incbee hni^ by nno foot two U)cb«e broad. 



^^ 



gg 




ill building with vaaltod roof was used to store tho ^inpowder 

uired for blnsting. Soinowhere on tho wost face of Uie eastern 

Id'gc of hills, near the lop of the ravine where the hilU draw clooe 

together, there used to stand a horec, bko tho elcphaot carved out of 

a block of trap. Dr. Fryer (1675) calb it ' the effigies of an horso 

atnck lip to the belly iu the earth.' Ovingion (l(>i*0) describea il 

more fully, though pi-obably less accnrately as ' so lively, with such 

a oulour and carriage, and the shape finished with that cxactncsa 

that tnanj haro ^icicd it at a distance a living animal rather 

than only a bare representation.' In 1712 Captain Pyke calls it 

AU^xander^K Horse and gives a drawing of it, astiSzekm-Iike animal 

the belly and legs not cut out of the rock. Hamilton (1 720) thought 

L it not so well tdiapedastheelephauL It seeuis to havu dibappeared 

^Buring tho next fifty years, as neither Du Perron (1760) uorNiobuhr 

P^1764) notices it. In 1813 Mr. Erskinc searched for the horse but 

found no trace.' 

AcroBS the crest of the ravine from the Great Cave, in the west 

face of the eastern hill about a hundred feet above the level of tho 

Great Cavo, is a large hall known as Sit&b^i's temple. The portico 

^^18 four pillars and two pilasters eight feet five inohfis hi^ and abont 

^■hree feet aqnaro at tho base. The style of monlding is like that 

^^ftbo columns in the othor cavos, but tho proportions somewhat 

differ. They are square to a, height of four feel 6^ inches from 

' the step on which they stand, a fillet of 1( inches is octagonal, and 

N above this they are sixteen-sided with the exception of a thin 
browning niunibur of 1^ iucbes which m sf)uare. 
Inside is a plain hall scvoncy-throo feet six inches long, and 
twenty-seven feet four inches wide at tho north end and twenty-five 
feet seven inches at the south, and eleven feet high. From the back 
wall three rooms open, the central room a shriue and the side roomti 
mbers for priests. The north chamlier which has a very neat 
loor is iu good repair, except that one jamb haa fallen away owing 
to a flaw in the rock. The entrance is two feet eleven inches wide 
by six feet five inches high, and is approached by two steps of eight 
inohes high and a threshold of four inchet). Kuund the jambs is an 
architravo 4| inches wide with a simple moulding, and then a band 
6i inchesbroad, with a neatly wToaght crenellated ornament reacbin 
to within gnu ft.K>t 0^ inches of the step. The inside is plain 
about twelve foot seven inches equaro. 

Tho door of tho central shrine has noat pilasters and a fricxe, Tho 
entrauce is seven feet eleven inches high and three foet 11^ inches 
wide. IJctides tho threshold of four inches and a stop ol 74 inchee, 
it has in front a semicircular low step two inches iu height, at tho 
ends of which hav« been the heads of two lions. The shrine has a 
mean depth ui loj feet by lojf feet wide. Twenty inches from 
the wall, to which it is partially attached, is an altar four foot five 
inches by throe foet five iucbes and three feet four inches in height, 
neatly moulded, and standing on a low platform a few inohea in 
hoight and seven feet 2^ inches by eight feet 10^ incbea. It has 



Chapter ZIT. 

Flaoet of Inteieit 

EucraASTA. 



hing 

and 



The Fourth Cars, 



Tnuu. Bom. Lit. Sw. lH<i(iriat], L 226. 



fBombay QuetUi 



■DISTKICTS. 



ELiriUirTA. 
Tb« PirarUi Oive. 



AnatMc, 



ChftpUr XIV. a WRtor groove or prandlika t« tho north, &nd in the floor below 
PJMM oftnterart. ciatom onu auJ a half feut squnre and oue foot tlecp. From dot 
to south, along tho wutreof thu top slab, rnns a hi>lu t.>i(;ht«cn inch 
toDg, b; eight inches broad and 3} deep, in which Uio objwt 
worship, probably an image of PArvati, wna set. Tho suuth rwi 
nhich Hko tbo north room is perftHttl; plain, is abuut nine f 
Uigh, 14-9 fwt long, and Wi broad. 

At tho bogianiug of the seventeenth century De Goato deaoribi 
this cave 88 having a beautiful gat€ with a porch of axqnisitc 
wrought marble. There were tvo idols in a lorffo Sffnare seat, a 
of them, VoUUchandij with six anus and one head was supported \ 
two small side idols.* 

Passing along the fo/ce of tho oostem hill about a hundred 
fifty yards to the north of SiUibiU's cave in a small exeavatJo 
little mure than the beginning of what was porhB|ia iutonded C 
throe cells. The veranda which is much filled with ennh is twen 
foet long and six deep. The three 8<iuare openings in the buck 
are about four feet sqnare and fire high. The whole is perfect 
plain. They arc nrooHbly BnLhmaoic about tho same time 
Sit&biii's temple. The work seema to have been stopped becaoie 
a flaw in the rook. Passing about 100 yards up the hill to tho 
there is on the right tho drjr bod of a pond about forty yanis 
diameter. Tlie bankii are thickly wooded and on the west bank 
what seema an artificial heap of large boulders. About fifty yan 
to the left are three oiatoms cut in tho rock with rounded moutl 
about three feet across. In the cistern most to the south the wat< 
is fresh and is still used. They are apparently Buddhist, being mot 
like many of tho small cisterns at Kanheri. 

Close to the east end of the KIcphanta hiU-top is a bank of tn 
boaldurs about four yards broad. This is known as the fort, or kill 
which according to the local story was built by Shiv4ji but nev 
fini^ed.' There seem to be no signs of fortification, only a roug 
ring of boulders enclosing a space of about 200 yards in diamet4 
round the dome-shaped hill-tup. About twelve yards beyond Ui 
bank of boolders tho ground rises in a steep domo^ about forty fet 
High and Borenty-six foot measured along the sorfooe of the don 
from tho base to the crown. Tho sides of tho dome are covorod wil 
half -burnt bricks most of them nine inches long by six broad 
two deep, but some said to be larger, thirteen by eight and two 
a half. Uany lie in fragments with their &u:e8 exposed. Bui 
places tho masonry is fresh enon^ to show that the bricka were U 
edgeways, only the two-inch backs appearing on the surface. Tl 
top of the dome is roughly round and abuut twenty-five feet i 
diameter. In tho centre is a wmall hole partly filled by a surve 
cairn of rongh stones. This briok domo seems to bo a Iluddhi 
atvpa or bunal mound, and the encircling line of boulders lb 
remains of a Buddhist rail. The ground is too thick with brual 
wood to show either tho form of the rail or the shape of the encloaur 



* BnrgaM' KkphMiU. 7B. 
■ lo 168S Sunbbiii, SluvAii'i Ma. tbreatwiod tn totUiy Eleplumts. Onuo'i Hii 
Fwg.Ul. ^ 




Elsivakta. 
Remaiiu. 



Til An A. 



Tiutoad of the broad bnnk oi stones in the west, the foaodation oE Chupter XIV. 
tlie wall seema ia places te have beea eoly about four foot broad, and pi^jM oflDterett. 
OD the east Bide there ib a gap uf about eighteen yards. Aa f or aa 
CoqM be made ont from a hurried cxammatiuti the enclosed spaoe ia 
cornered rather than round. 

The niuund commands a beautifally broken view of eea^ marsh- 
lands, wood-hmd, and hill. To the cast lie the prettily wooded Hog 
jUand, witlt the curions skeleton ribs of its huge Lift, low aalt^ 
ifcrahea bebiud, and, in the distance, the Pcrsik hille, tUo jagged 
ercat of Sifalanggad, and the lung line uF the Sahy^dris. To the south 
are the two peaks of KaranJA, and, bnyond a narrow line of sea, 
the wooded crest of Kankeshvar and the S^gurgad hilts in Alibd^. 
To the west are the low prettily shaped Butcher's lalaud, and, beyona 
ft broad stretch of water, the long level of Botobay. Two mtlea to 
the north, across a channel gay with white aaila, rise the bare 
gracefully rounded Blopos of Tronibay. 

Passing throug'h the eastern gap in the rail and along the north- 
east face of the bill, about sixty yards from the line of the rail and 
somewhat lowor^ is a small wooded plateau with marks of rongh 
foundations, and, near a hole which has been dug for treasure, are 
the fragments of a stone aboot 3^ feet by 2], with a centra! hole 
apparently fur a limj about one foot square and three inches deep. 
The Urge number of rongh boulders strewn about the plateau suggests 
that they have beeu bri>ught b\>m the gap in the east side oE the rail. 
Passing douii the uorth-eaBt front ef the hill tliere are, at intervalB, 
what seem t-o be sites of rest-chambers and bontdor-pavcd banks. 
As all the stones are rough bonlders and tbe hill side is mnch hidden 
by brushwood, it is dithcult to say whether the arrangement of 
Bbones is natural or artificial. But, in placosi neexly to the foot of 
the hill, rcmninfl nf pared slopes can bo traced, and seem to mark the 
line of a built {Muthway that led from the east gate of the railing to 
the shore. 

Visitors, who arc preased for time, had bettor go down this 
north spur, and, after looking at the traces of old buildings in 
the Tillage of Moreh, return along the shore to the Shutbaudar 
pier, noticing, by the way, the broken statues and other remains 
of which details are given later on. Visitors who are not pressed 
for time can have a ploaeaol walk, with beautiful island views and 
tho sight of some intoreating remains, by going back from the 
barial-moond to the ravine near tho Great Cave, and, passing down 
tbti ravine to the south., see the old Ungt and tho sna and moon 
boundary stone near the pond, the old Portuguese watch-tower, 
and the nto of the elephant of which details have already bi«n 
given. Ahout half a mile east of the site of the elephant, along 
^o shore, under a cliff whose lower spurs have been taken to 
raise the Etphinstone foreshore in Bombay, lies a ronffh trap 
boulder about Bve feet liigh and tweoty-aiz feet rouuo. In a 
panel (2'4'xr5')j in the north btcc uC thit boulder, is a much 
worn female 6gure with fonr hands. As tho stone lies at present 
the figure is opside down. It seems to end in or to stand on an 
animal, perhaps a buflulo. On tho right of tho main 6gure is a 
smaller standing figure with a trident in his right hand. Abonl a 



ChtptwXlT. 
of laterMt 



[Bombay Oaxettce, 



06 



DISTUICT8. 



qtiart«r of a mile fnrther, & block ffn^ of dressed trap staodi 
alxjut three feet four iochi?a uul uE the groaod, roand abun 
and sqtuirc bctuw, with a plain curved line nmuing^ romid ibt 
foot or the upper cone. A little further, between the belt n( 
rico iprouud imd tho hill foot, aro stuall moQQds with bricks 
And oonldcrBt that seetD* tbotigh this is doubtful, to be roughly 
built About half a mile further, in the sand of the sea k&oNi, 
stands a ting four feot six inchoa high, of nhlch the lowor thret 
feet ore square with fAcos one foot three inches broad, aod the «ne 
foot six inches at the top is conei-ahaped, four feet eight ineha 
round at the foot and four feet round at the top «'hich ia sligliiij 
broken. Along this part of the shore, which vtaa notafTocted by tho 
Bombay deanngs, are many small mounds with bricks. Beyond. 
for about half a mile^ the lowemlopes of the bill bare beeu deanHl 
by the Bombay Port Trust. Most of tho earth that w«b taken 
from this part of the island was full of old bricks and tiles tai 
dreusud blocks of whiut trap. Comiug from tho soutb the fir*l 
traces of old buildings aro fi'agmcnts of large bricks. Next then 
are several old wella dry and nearly filled with earth, one of brirfa 
about seven feet in diameter, another, about fifty yards ourth, 
about three feet nine inches across, lined with dreiiaed stones ucatl^ 
fitted without mortar in rings about nix inches deep. Fnr(b43 
north, near the top of the old piers, aro several more wells cut 
in the rock. About 100 yards to the north, at the root uf abnb 
palm, are tho foundations of a mas^ivo brick wall built:- withoat 
mortar. The shore here forms a small bay with a beach of hard 
dry Band which was a good harbour for i^mall craft before the picn 
broke the soonr of the tide. On tho north bank, in tho north-east 
corner of the island, lies the village of Moreh with some fine mango 
trees and rich garden land. Most of tho house walls arc built of 
old bricks and dressed white trap. About fifty yanis to the ooHt of 
the village, in a group of mangoes, is tho top of a buried ling, nu» 
foot high and about four feet ton inches round. The whole of ib« 
ground between tho village and the hiU ia covore<i with bricks, 
pieoc6 of roof tiles, and potsherds. In a hole on the left, which 
seems to mark tho site of a temple, were found bricks covered with 
deep blue enamel, ajar full of roughly cut crystal Ix'adii, a box said 
to have contained coins and jewelii, and two inscribed copper-pUtea.' 
The remaiuB show that this has been a place of sanctity both for 
Buddhists and Brdbmana, and the combination of the uames 
Ghinipiiri (also called lUjbandar or the royal landing-place) 
and Moreh Bugeests that it may be the site of Puri the unknown 
BQo-oofu^t capitjd of tho Muiiryaii rulers of the Konkon in the 
seventh centnry." About a, quarter of a mile north-west of the site 
of the temple, at the foot of the uorth-eoat spur, is an old well 
whose parapet walls have been lately renewed. A few yards to the 



' Tb« matfiriftli for tlib nccount of tho Moteh ivauiui have boett mppUod hj Mx, 
O«oive Omwbon, EogiiiMr of the Port Trait. 

* Tlut Pari WM a fioaat town appoan from litw 11 of thv Chilukra insoripticoi 
(A.o. 684) kt Aihols wImn ' rori tb« Rodaeu of Uio fortunca of Ui» WMt«ni Ooaao' 
■a Dotioad u luirtng baw btaitfii'd ' I7 boodrwUof nhips.' Ind. Ant. V. 70. 72. 



^ 




EutPHAItTA. 






•rtli, behind a higli cactus he<lgej i» h stone tiger's head carved Cluipter XIT. 
with macb spirit, about two feet long, foarteca inches high, sad pjju^B oflnterMt. 
teen incheB broad. The months which has Berri>d as & water- 
annel, is sercn and a half inchfts in diameter. The head was dng 
t o£ the old well close by about fifteen years ago. Thoogh fresh 
18 carved ia the old Hindu i^tylo, perhaps of the sixth or ueventh 
oontury. About fifty yards to the went of the well, at the end of the 
north spur of the main hill, is a mound whose top, about fifteen yeani 
ago, was levelled as a site lor a dwelling for the European in charge 
of the earth clearings. The sides of this moundj which is roughly 
ftboat 170 yards round the base and about fifty feet high, are faced 
with bricks and slabs of dressed white trap. The sides rise iu a 
steep dome and the whole has much the appearant-o of a large 
Buddhist ttiipa or barial mound. From this mound the belt of rioe 
laud aud brushwood, that stretches about half a mile west to the 
hotbandar pier, ia in many places strewn with old mortarless bricks, 
flocks of dressed white trap, and fragments of figures. Besides the 
broken statues of Shiv noted io the introduction, there is, close to 
the shore, about fifty yards west of the site of the European dwelling, 
a mound strewn with bricks. To the north of this mound between 
it and tho sea, an old round brick well waa seArched for treasure 
about thirty years ago, and the lieach it* still red with fragments of 
bricks. About a quarter of a mile to the south, at the foot of the 
hill, among rocky brushwood -covered mounds ia tho bi-okeu five- 
beaded bbiv mentioned in the introduction. Tho heads and the 
tiaras are well cat and in fair repair, but the nosoa are broken. The 
figure measorfs fonr feet from the top of the tiara to the thigh and 
one foot two inches across the chest. Ilo wears a strap round his 
loft shoulder, a sacred thread made of ropes of pearls hanging 
below tbc waist, and n rich waifttbAnd. A broken ling case lies 
close by, and about ten yards to the north is a dressed stone with two 
feet which seems tho pedestal of tho image. Many hrickR lie about. 
About 100 yards north-west, close to the shore, arc tho waists and 
thighs of two broken statues with clearly carved waistcloths. 
The larger figure, which stands firmly in tho ground, measures two 
foot seven inches from the knoo to tho ribs. About sixty yards 
west, along the shore, is the upper part of a male figure (referred to in 
^^be introduction) with a handsome tiara. The statuo measures three 
^■ect from the tup of tho tiara to the nnvel and one foot three inches 
^Kcross the chest. Tho hair falls in loose well cut ringlets, and there 
^pe a clear-carved rosary. Close by is a small broken figuru much like 
Shiv's sprites or ffans. On the ground are the foundations of a brick 
wall and some drCMed blocks of white trap. About fifty yards to 
the south-west aro old foumUtions with dressed blocks of white trap 

Kad big bricks (13"x "'x2*). From the dam of a rice field, abont 
irenty yards east of the Sbetbaudar landing pier, stand ont two 
locks of dressed trap, about four feet high and two feet square ak 
I the base aud the top broken, Several other blocks of trap that 
Buem to have been dressed show alittle above the soil. In the fields 
to the west of the landing pier, in houBe walls in Sbetbandar village, 
•nd in mounds at the foot of the hills are remains of old bricks and 
^^ressed blocks of white trap. 



[Bombay OuetUer 



DISTRICTS. 



Chapter XIV. 
Plaou of Interest. 

fORTS. 



UjlllltBniOAD 



Forts, of wliicli tlioro are about fiFty>three, may be divided into 
tliree groupe, twenty coast forts, twenty-four inland forts, and nind 
Sftliyiidn forta. Of tho twenty cooat forts fniirare in the iMhAnu 
9ub'diri<tinn, ab D^hiinn, DJndii, Sanj^n, and UmbargAon ; seven ard 
in the MAbim t>ub-di virion, at Alibag, Bbavangad, Oinlivra, Mihioi, 
P&nkot^ Sirgaou, atid Tiirajiur; tbree are in the Basscinsub-diTision, 
at Amdla, Baasoin, and Kharb&o ; 6vo arc in SiL1s«tto, at Belnpar, 
Dh&rAvi, Penik, Tli&uft, aod YursAvu; aud one, Kaly&u, ia lo tbe 
Kalyitn sub-divinion. Of the tweuiy-four inland forta, five aro in the 
Ddhina sab-division, at BnlliUgnd, Gambhirgad, Indragad^ Kanheri, 
and SegvaL ; six are in the Mabim sub-division, at Asiva, Asberi, 
Kaldrag, Manor, Takmuk, and Tandulvadi ; one, Koj, is tn Vada; 
two are in tbe tiassein sub-diviaion, at Jivdhan, and Kamaodrag ; 
one, Gumtara, is in Bhin-ndi; two are in the ShAbilpur 3ubi.4ivisioa, 
at Bhuiiittgad, uud Miihuli; one, Malanggod, is iu Kalyia; three 
aro in the Pauvol stib -division, at Chanderi, KaniiUa or Fuoiwl 
Hill, and Pcb or Vikatgnd ; andtbrcc arc in the Karjat sub-dirtsint, 
at MAiiilcgftd, Prabnl.and VisbAlgad. Of the nin e Sabywdri fort«,oM>, 
Balvantg-.i.d, is in Shabdpiir; four are Tn tbe Uarb6d sub-divisioD, 
at Bahirugad, G^irakhgad, Naldrug, and Sidgad ; and foar are in the 
Karjat Bub-division, at Bhivgad, Dhak, Kotaligad.and Tiingt. Moat 
of tbc-sc fortH were built either by the Musaluidue or tbe Pi>rtugnese 
(1300-1600), wcro repaired by Shivdtii about tho middle of the 
seventeenth century, and were either taken by tho British in 1774 or 
handed over to them iu 1817. Wliou taken by the British they were 
in a state of dieronair. For twenty years not a day's labour or ■ 
rupee's wage bad been spent on tbem, tbo defences were neglected, 
and in many placos tho water had grown bad. Except a few of chA 
coast forta, which were thonglit to give the people a feeling of security, 
tho hill forts were useless, aufficleat to hold out against a native 
enemy but nntenablo against Europeans. The coast forts were left 
uutouehod, but tiie inner works nf the inland bill forts wore as for 
as possible destroyed. For a tirae dotnchments of troops held 
Rassein, Am&^la, and TArdpur, and the Sabyidri fortresses oC 
Ourakbgad, Kotali^ad, and Sidgad, but before long all were 
abandoned. MiLJnr Dickinson, who iu 1817 wosdcputodto ex& 
the fort-9, has left interesting accounts of many of them.^ 

Funnel Hill. See Kaem-Sla. 

Gambhirgad Fort, in Vyabali village twenty-two miles ea-it of 
DahAnu, has the ruias of works- chiefly on tho more accessible porta 
of the hill. Tho hill, though very narrow and small-topped, is 2270 

tUilituy Dibit. 3U of 1818. PV- 1079-1I8O. Of the fmn o< rock tlut hw hvoand 
tbe ButkiaK of m niany hill forte. Cniitun N«wbold {3. R. A. S. IX. Sft)girM tiM 
following OMcriptian : *Iu tbo p(-*kfl thntbrcAk themciiiotAnyof the trftp regioti tfat 
aliKi-p kngtsa of th« atfip* or t«rrsoM o[t«u weu- Rwaj ».ai lokv* tlw mooatuii'i boe 
on* bold tm-mi frotn wua to •ttiumit. Wfasu this ii tho caw th« mDonUin wtU bt 
groCTAlly found oompowd of wny([dalold 'nitbout Anjr intontrAtiflM bfcn of hkrd 
DualL AJtcnuting xlopes Ritd sonrpa are produL-ed by lAyera of Bniyed*loid 
coming between Uyoin ul comnad hautt. The wnrKdAloid qaickly l)r«aV> iip, 
lenving a Blope ollwi ■ pretty belt uf forait treci. The bftmlt rvtcaiii* unLrokcn 
riaiiig majeaticfllly (rvm the wood below, tt ia this vucotanon of alops aod KMli that 
in«k<M iiuUtod hilU aach fnrmidsblc iwtura) dof«ac«8, Th« deep rsviiiiM IbU aman 
th* huftlt afford ttroog and a*h cluknti«lii of Mcav, and naervoin ar« auilr «vl on 
iht tobnUr nunnul*. 





GArRX^KAT. 



OnoDUVDAI. 



t bigU, aQtl ba£ a base whioh Ih uuiiy miles ruuud. fn 1818 all Chapter ZIV. 
at reniaioed of the forttficaticms was, on the brow of the lijll, a low pi---- (rfintarflat 
tainiog wall of loose BtODes, about 120 feet loug-, without parapet 
r defeace and with a bamboo gate in tlio toiddla Tbu huui for the 
arrison were near this gateway. Wator had to bo broaght from a 
■stance from a cistorn near the top of tho hill, lu 1862 the fort wti« 
in ruius. It had water bat no snppUes. 

Oaurka'mat, four miles oast of Karjat, has a Bmall hilt fort witb 
•ereral rock-cat water cisteniiii. The masonry of tho fort and the 
ruins of an old temple below arc in tho pro-Musaltuau or HomiLdpanti 
Btyle> 

^B Qhodbandar, a snuall riliags and port in SaUette, with, in 18S1, 

^^ population of 601, stands on the loft bank of tho Basfteiu creok about 

r ten mik'B north-west of TMna and ei'ghtoon by a mptolled road north 

of Itflndra, It has a sea-cnstoma office, and, dui-tog the five yeara 

ending 1879-80, had averago exporta worth £^8,86^I (Rs. 8,88.530) 

and imports worth £;1877 (R3. 38.770). Exports varied from £2+,249 

"R«. 2.i2,490) in 1874-75 to £135,717 C^'*. 13,57,170) in 1877-78, 

d iiiipyrts from £1540 (Rs. I5,400)iu 1878-79 to £G420 (Rs. 64,200) 

1875-73.' Ghodbandar haa been nupposcd to bo Pbilemy'n 

ippokura. But GbodogaoD in Kol&ba, wbit-h stands on odo of th« 

eccan trade routos and liko Ptolemy's HipiK>kumlios to the south 

of Simulla or Cbaul,is perhaps a bettor idcntilication. Ghodbandar, 

then under the Portuguese, is noticed in 1672 as successfully 

resisting an attack by Shivdjt.' In lG7o Fryer calls it Grebondcl 

and describos it as a large neat built town of Martin Alfonso's, 

and at top of all his Tionso, fort and chnrch, of as stately 

architecture as India can afford, be being' the richest Son on thii« 

sido Goa.* la 1095 it is described as a bill whose bIojhis wore 

covered with houses and on whose top was tho pabioo of the lord of 

the village^ In April 1737 the Mar^th^ took Ghodbandar and put 

e Portuguese garrison to the sword." Fifty years later, liovij tho 

'olish traveller described it as a strong fort at the river eutrance, 

bioh had been neglected by the Marath^^ during their possession 

E the island and suffered to decay by the Bombay (juvernmunt as 

it did not bring any immediate incomo. The village had tiOO 

famiUes chiefly nshora. The rirer was full of alligators J 



• Mr. W. F. RinoUir. C 8, 
iTh«d«<UU« u«:E>purta. tfi?4-7fi EU.U^ (R«. 2.42,400). 1875-76 £lS.1,Ji2li 

{R». I:i,Sj.2M). I&78-77 £127.4.17 (Its. 12,74.570), 1877-78 £133.717 (R*. lS.57,t70), 
1878-79 £33.317 (Rf.»..^i;0): Importt. 1874-7^ £*i5-2 lR». 30.5201. 1875-7K t6*S0 
lM/2001. 1876-77 £4134 IR>. 41,3401, 1877-78 £3648 (lis. 3fi^481)». I87»-7» *I54U 
i. 15,400). ' (Jniot Ihiff, 113. 

' K«w Au«ount, 74. Fr>-nr %dAt, • Hera we uo Iwid-locked by th« nt which » 
jlsd to be iDAOo bv Alex&ndcr.' AlexAOiier or SikAndkr, tbo king Arthur of the 
tuahnAiu. ia prohBbi7, m *t KlephuttA, « UahUDiwuUa tr»uktion of tbo Uiodu 
Pindav. Frrur'a gut, or [mnMco, « iMwlt dyke that mna Morly mtom the creek 
ftbmit two miW above GbudbaaaAr ta atJU known to tba people aa the PAurlAT'a Wall 
r. 0. L. Oib*OD). Ohodb&udar imru to be Uie place which fttge* dmoribed aath* 
ina of ■monuroent whkh ihowed the Umits oi Alexw)dar'« ounquuata. Qooted in 
^cnthkler'a Uesoriptioo Uiatoriqne et Ocogiaphiqtie d« I'lade, 1. 410. 

* r.MaallJ n*r«n in Cbiirchill, IV. 100. • Bombay Quurterly ttAricw, IH. 273. 
■ llovi'fl Toora. 14. 



h 



^ms^ss^ 



ria 



[Bombay OoMUMri 



DISTRICTS. 



Quoiim:iijaii. 



Ohipter Znr. The chief object of intereot is the Collector's resiilenoe en » 
PUoas Qflaterost "^J*^^ '"'°^' abont n quartor o( a mile aooih-wesi o£ the laoding 
pUce. It is reached by a broad flighc o£ stone steps, and oommands 
a bcnntihil vicvr. To the east the Basaain creek winds among 

f>icture«qae ranfires of fureat-olod hills, aad to the west, acniss • 
Ut o£ rice fit^Ms aud aalt-marfth, are tho palm fi^vos of Basson 
and the sea beyond. Tho bi>ildiug is large aud hand^ncne, nearly ia 
the form of a chnrch wil.h a uave leading tu a circular chaucel 
covered irilh a high cnpola or dome nnd snrroanded bv a rerand^ 
Tho whole is arched with stone and very strong/ It was s 
Portugaesc church dedicnted to St, Jobn.^ Acoording^ to tho loc^ 
tale, its <}ome aud some other Saracenic features are dao to thg 
power o£ a Mosalm^ saiut who Itee buried near and who all tut 
aucoeeded in turning the church into a mosque.' Oa aaotfaar 
hill a couple of hnndrcd yards west of the house are the remains 
of the l*ortu(ruese fort, and below it are the ruins of the 
cloister of a. largo monastery. There are two Eng-lish tombs 
without inscriptions and a third with an iDScription near the foot of 
the staircase.* The rest-house on the shore, close to the landiDg 
plaoe, has uccommodatioo for over Bfty travellers. It was boilt is 
1628 by Mr. Navroii Jamsctii Vidia, the Pdrsi head boat-bnildw 
of Bombay.' Another rcst-nouso at Ghodbandar was bnilt hf 
Kunimui Raumal, the same who made the steps leading to tbf 
Qrcat Cave at E^ophautn. 

QaoLTAD. Gholvadf" eight miles north of DAhinn, with.io 1881 , a popolaiioa 

of I I3(5j is a station on the BartKla railway with post and Ms- 

customs offices. The station traffic returns show an increase in 

passengers from 5898 in 1 873 to 09-i9 in 1880, and a fall in goods from 
91 2 to 522 tons. TIio sea trade rouims show, for the three years eudtug 
1878-79, aTcrago exports north £1870 and average iiDpoi-ts worth 
£202. Exports ranod from £S9Q (Ra. 8990) in 1876.77 to £3102 
(Bs. 31,020) in 1878-79, and importsfrom £122 (Ra. 1220) in 1878-79 
to £290 (Re- 2900) in 187fi-77.' 



* HelMT'LloamsI. II. 188. In 18^ when DiAop HvUr vnoitml ObodlMUidiir, tb« 
bouM WM noed M mn occuiimiil r««uleuc>«.' ol tfa« Goveruor ol Buinbay. 

* Tbe buildiDn ol Ghodbandwwfi mtid (1803) bo iuclodQS Vattagumt fart ml 
Bkaiuat«fy, sad a luge cbaivh tkdicstod b> .Si. Jobo. IUcImkI'* && AoeoaUi U 
iWHtte : Naimc, 60. In 1859 tho Cullector. Mr. Mnrgiui, reported Out tbn btuhUiig 
did not KfffCMj to haw b««n naed u n cbaroh nnw tbe islutd omih isto fintiu 
pc— a w toa ia 1774-5. Aecoidtng w Ur. Morgui ths oauwof itidiMSCMa ehar^ 
VM the d«cr«ftae in tli« Rninwt Othotic eanimnnltr. wIm Id ltt.19 nambored a^ 
fortjr-tivc aotilt wid were unabk to Kuitpiirta priett. Tho bwilding -w— ■■yttHM 
witn dcMin uid winiinws uid othvrwm remirod is 1823, C'ulltctur'a Rveordx, !$U. 

» Or. ChriB. Spec. X. SS8. 

* Tbc tandi iwan tbt iHstipSioa, ' 8Mir«d to eh« nemory of Cathwnia EKn, 
iafsat dMiditar «f dpt P. Bsanderwn. Ifith llcgimeDt, BomlMy Nittarc luikAtrj. 
wbo il«nmd thu lib 13th Cktobar ISM, amd tfana nuuotha and t«u daya. 

* Mr. II. B. Tntel. 

* In 3760 Da Poroa notioM GholTad si tbe bMd of a district. Zond AvMtt, 
I. eMlsxix. 

' [>iYviotu to 1676>77 Qholi-ad wm iodudcd nndnr IJtnbarciWD. Tbt* dvtailt Im 
tli<! lhrr« vMn«)dnfil679 mn-. Exporta, ]S76-77««W <Ra.8MW), 1677-7g t\9» 
<U>. )R,080). I878-7»^IM|Ra.Sl,O0Ot : Inparti, ]876-77 £390 IBs. 3000), 1S7T 70 
*JM (R., I940», 16T8-7fl £122 (lU. 12301. 




n 



Oorai, ID SAlaette, about fivo miles west of Borivli station on the 
oda railway, with a Chnartiaa populacion of 973, has a chnrob 
.■ateil to the Huly Magi. It was huilt by subscription in 1810, 
18 wruDty-five feet loog. twonty-four broad and twenty^ona hiph^ 
Ktid is in good repair. About a mile to the north are the minsofan 
old Portuguese chni-ch seventy-two feet long, twenty-floren broad, 
and 221 hig^h. A Portagaese and a Mariithi school are BU[^orted 
by local funds. 

O-orakhgad^ abont twelve miles soxith-eiist of Mnrb&d and a 
uplo of miles from Sidgad, a sheer rock aboat 400 feet high, stands 
out fi-om the Sahyiidris at the foot of the Aupa or Khopoli pass. In 
1818 it bad two forts an upper and a lowor. Aft«r a difficult aecent 
ofahout 100 feet, in places aloug the brink of a preci])ice, stood a 
gateway with an nnderj^ound spiral etaJrcase behind it. At the top 
of the ataircftso was a second gatoway, and above were some water 
cist-ems und hut8. From this a second steep and dangerous ascent 
of about 100 feet ended in a narrow terrace from ten to Qft«on Eaefc 
wide, with some large cisterns and caves nsefnl for stores or dwellings, 
nmniog under a knob of rock about 100 feet high. The top wa« 
T&achod by a very oarrow and difficult staircase Uown out of the rock. 
This upper fort vs*as, in Captain Wckinson's opinion, safe orainst any 
native power and could scarcely bo taken by surprise. In 1862 it 
was niinons with scanty water and no eupplies. Close by is 
"Machhindragod an abrupt rock like Qorakhgad. These rocks are 
notable from the railway near Neral station. 

The caves and cisterns noticed by Captain Dickinson are the 
remains of aa early religions Bettloment. At different heights and 
at irregular distances are many small groups of caves moat of them 
dwellings much liko many of tbe Kanheri excavations. They have 
TorandiU, seats, and square hewn pillars. The water in the cisterns 
is cool aud abundant. 

Goregaon, iu Sdlsette about eighteen mites north of Bombay, is 
a fttation on the Baroda railway. Tbe traffic retanu tthow no goods 
bat an iucKttse iu passengers from 29,(>30 in iH73 io 46JS5 m 1880. 
Near Gorogaon are some interesting early Uindu remains. Abont 
a milo to the aonth-east, on the wuy to the Jogoshvart cavee, are 
carved stones which seem to belong to a temple of the twelfth 
century, and, near Akurii, about three luiles to the north-east, in 
the direction of the Kanheri caves, is tbe Padan rook on whose 
bald head are earrings and writings, perhaps between tbe first and 
tbe fifth cuutury A.D., apparently an odd mixture of Buddhist and 
BrAhuuin ttymbola. 

About a mile sonth-east of tbe village in the outer face of the back 
wall of the Goregaon temple is a spirited lion's head, aud a few yards 
off a fine well apparently of old dressed stones. These atcmes were 
brought from a ruined temple on the river bank, about a quarter of a 
mile north of their present site, in ground thicklv overgrown with 
brnsfawood and with a tail notable Tiipif tree. Under a big banian 
tree, overgrown by its roots, is the capital of a pillar and a yestod 
6gnrB apparently of fUiairav. CIom to tbe large P*p<*it sbnat fifty 

rde contli<6aBtj in a tbora thicket, is an old brokan bull with bell 



Chapter XIY. 

Places of Interest 

OOSAL 



OoiuKUSiJI. 



GORSOACt. 



K 



rBomliaj GautUar, 



DISTRICTS. 



Chapter ZIT. 

PImm of Interest 



Padaik. 



neclc1ac«, and near it a moand apporontly witli remaina of old brickti 
Id an opea field about forty yarda to the south is an anfiniahod 
(jaDpati. 

About thrco miles north-east of Gorcgaon station, in a umaH 
wooden temple within the Unds of tho deserted village of Akurli, 
is an image of Dovi, kaown as K^reangU Devi. This imago is said 
to havo been found at the bottom of a pond about thirty yoara ago, 
and wa« set up and provided with a temple by a largu Uiodu bod- 
owner )Ir. Bhiin Kasul. A few years ago (1375) a childloss Uiuda 
TDado a vuw io tho goddo^it and in due conrae his wife had a soo. 
Since then a yearly fair haa boon held on M&gh fullmoon (Jannary- 
Fcbmary). It in attondod by about 1000 Uiudus, besidea bocm 
Masalminsand PjtrRiB. 

In tho forest and brushwood lands, abont 500 yards east of this 
temple risos a great dome of black trap known as the pttdan. From 
tho WQst it risDS with a gentle bush-corerod slopo to a bare flat top, 
and ends er^tward in a inhoi-r cliff about 200 feet high. Tho hill lies 
Gve or six miles west of Kanhcri, and the black cleft in which ths 
Kanfaeri cav(>s are cut, and above^ the patch of brushwood, that 
~ marks the site of one of the old burial monnds, can be clearly seen. 
The country between rises in long slopes, the upper slopes coTer«d 
with teak and other timber, the lower thick with a forest of brab 
palms. The name pwlan is probably modern Mor&thi and means a 
i-esting. place for cattle, which, in the rainy months, are snid to leave 
tho wet lowlands and come to rest on the smooth dry hill-top. 

Two local storiea explain the sanctity of tho hill. According to 
one sccount, a supematnral cow, which lived on the hill-topand 
hated tho sight of man, was once pursued nnd disappeared into tbd 
rock through a smiill bole, under a gnarled old tamarind tree, at the 
north-west side of the hill top. The holo looks arti6cial as if tbe 
mouth of a ruined sbriue or cell. Kttthkaris sometimes eater io 
search of porcupine qoills and are said to be able to crawl for some 
distance. According to tho other story, the hill is called UomAoha 
Dongar from a holy woman who lived on the top and offered herwlf 
as a fire sacrifice. That it was a holy placo and a dwelling of ragn 
appears from some of tho inscriptions which mention the name* of 
SAgea and speak of ploasiire grounds, drdneu. There is a pond lo 
the west of the hill, which is said to hare been lined with dressed 
stones and may have been connected with tho bill by a flight of 
steps. Of the steps no trace remains. 

Going np from the north, there are, on the top, near the north 
end and along the west crest, remains of dressed stones and o{ 
foundations or retaining walls. In difforont parl.s of the bare smooth 
top are carved tracings of feet : Two pairs of cow*s feet (3'), two 
pairs of calPa feot (2 ") close by, four toelesa foot (one pair 10' X o', 
the other 8" x 4") said to be the feet of a man and of a woman, two 
large sised feet with marked toes (IT x 5"), and some distance off 
the prints of a child's feet. There are also the Baddhi^t wheel 
9" in diameter, a Buddhist tridont V (T across, two conch shells 
(one 1 ' 8" X &', the other 8" x 5"), a round looking-glnss with a handle 
(rCxO"), two jugs (one S'x*", the other lO'xS*) and a 
water pot (r2'"x9 ). Near several oE those carvings short writi; 



riUita 





kve been rnt. There nro t welTe writin ga all undated, bnt from' 
form of the letters eetiuwted to vai-y between the first and 
[th ceuturies a d. Hear the two largo homau fuotprintH is 
group of seven short writings. One of thesej iu lettew of about 
the lirat ceotarjr, runs: ' The sage Masala ;' a second, ot' about the 
same age, * The footstep (seat) of Naodi j' a third and fourth, in 
letters of about the second or third century, reads ' Musaladittta ' 
the same name as the first ; a fifth, of about the sa.me age, is ' Tko 
stt'p iif mnia; and a sixth, aUo of the sixsond or third century, * Ja 
(Ji ?) rdaandhfldftttA, probably tho name of a sago.' The seventh 
iDDCriptiou is (he formula of the northern Buddhists, ' The object of 
those (ilio Adt-Huddhos) who for the sake of reUgion came into the 
world (boforohim, that is before Gautama) the Tath&gata (that 
he who Came as they came, nnmely Gautama] has explained ; 
hat they forbad tho great Shmmana (that is Gautama) tolls as 
Hows :' Tho letters are of about the sixth centuiy and are written 
the Bouthern style of that centui^.' Besides this group there 
four scattered inscriptions iu tetters whose forms seem to be 
about the first century. Ono of these is ' Tho wostcm ptoasure- 
unds of the ViLs&Ica monntain ;' the second, opposite to the first, 
w 'Aud ihu eastern ploosure-g rounds of Kosikaya (Sk. Eau|fikt(}-a] / 
the third itt ' Biimhachdri (Sk. Brahmnch&ri) Vi (Ma?) kara did 
the farmers ;' and the fourth is ' The mountain, the residence 
{ monks all around.' ' 
The top of the rock ia about S50 feet long by I3U broad. At 
e aonth edge of the crest are the remains or a retaining wall aod 
broken pieces of dressed stone, which seem to mark the site of small 
Buddhist shrines or lemplea There are said to be no caves in the 
east face of the hill, but this side was not oxamtned. 

Gorotl, a mile north of (he Vaitarua in Vdda, near the south spur 
.if Koi hill, is a village of 1 28 houses chieily of husbandmen. It was 
probably from this town that Ptolemy took the name Gaoris for the 
Vaitama river.* 

' TliM* iiuKriptiam uv oontributed by Pandit Bhogrinlil iBdniji. Th* Srat 
ir»ari|ition raattb : * SadAamiuala ' probably for * Siilhamatitla,' (Sk.) 'SiMhanttata ;' 
the Hcoad Xandt paam, (Sk.) Kamtipadam ; oud tho 6itb ' RAma Hamo,' (.Sk.) 
Sdmwikramai- Tbu n*t u« u in the text. 

' Tbe lett«r» run, ' i'tdA'trnimtlhetu pratltai:iilhtlu*U*tidit TtilAii'jnl'ih^avadatUiAdH- 
^tt yo nlr<yiUfi tmmv-uli MnhiLtkratmin.' Tliia is ft littlfl ioconvct in ita spelling, 
ifJuirmiMl •htnld be Jbarmrta, h<<it«(f»kiin abijuli) bo hctantaSAn, xad J/aAdMravaita 
•bouM b« MalM^hrainaita. Thia lormulii is whtt«n at the end at many Baddtttiit 
lioolu. aud ia rvpeated *■ » apcll or nairfm by the Nepibtae Ilnddhiata whco tbey 
offvr Iriod rioe to Buddha af t«r wvrabip. It ia oft«a found tntow iinago* of Buddha 
Later tbaa the fifth century. 

Tba formula ia •liffarantly iat«fprot«d. Soma tako it as an independent rone ; 
oUicn, M in tho t£Xt, tako it to be tbe first of two veivea, Uw olbor v«n« giving 
what i« f'lrbiddeo). 

' T)io iint insoriptian read* : ' Pnmtnta f'dvfnwt drdmn rtparlfo' fSk.) ' Pantlamra 

TctMli'iiya <Xf4maK apcrOJrifttUi ;' the aecond. JToWJtayttia who (iMwo eJia. (.Sk.) 

kikrijiLrt/a udayafi ardmtukeha ; the third, ' Ban\J%Afliari Vi (Ma y) Knrdhi 

fm)bU.o K'Uo, (Sk I BrahnuttMri ^'i' (Ma ?) Karaik Kutvmbikn Kritah;' 

loonh, Pntaiv al^nnto tiithaviuati (Sk.t Parvattil>kyii«lah tiiidAatOMtiA, 
^* AponmunAd mlnilatdir, annidentof (loreh, rernemben Otn^h being tha rtation 
~ Um pMhwa'a Subbedtr, when, in 18)7, th« Britiah t<x>k over the North Konkan. 
lie -Subbv^lAr had Uw Eorta of Aah«ri, Munbhiraail, Koi, and Takniak under hia 
ohargQ. The «M offieo at Ooreb waa sold hv tb« Britiah GorerucDent aud the ti^ad- 
qtUkfUn moved to Vtda. Mr, W. B. MolocV, (X8. 



Chapter XIV. 
Plaees of Interest. 

GOMtOAOX. 

Pa4ait. 



^^h 



M 




OoRin. 



■fi'ml 




[Bombay OaMttMr, 



DISTRICTS. 



Chapter XIV. 
Flaoea of Int«r«st. 



GrXTABA 

Foar. 



Qmi, 



Golsundef Rboat ten railos south of I'aitTel, baa a teni]>le of 
Sitldhiii^livar nu the west l»iiik of th» Vcf^&rati river. Tho temple 
ia suit! to have beoD built by Ramdji MahfUlcv one of the Pesbwa's 
govomon*. The original etoue dome aod roof are said to have been 
too boavy and to hove boca roplacod with a cement roof b; BAjtrsv 
Peshwa, Kvery year on the great Skivrdtri, in Janaary-February 
(Udghvadija 13th), abont 1000 perHona Tint the shrine and from 
£100 to £120 {Ka. 1000-Ks. 1200) worth of goods are auld. Th« 
sbrine enjoys s yearly Governinent pnmt of £5 10*. (Rs. 55). 
About fifteen years ago larg<? naml>i>rs of Hindna 6oc)cod to GulsnDdB» 
aa tbo Btoi7 got abroad that the idol had uttered sounds like tb« 
roaring of a b'on. Round the templo is a rest-bouaa with the 
inscription * At tbo feet of Siddbeshvar (the offering of) Mahler 
8ut Baji Karmarkar/ Closo by is a mean brick and wood temi^ 
of [ioJcBbmi-Xdrayan, built by Auand Kfishindth Joshi in A.IX 1867 
(SAofc 1739). On the east bank of the Ve^avatij in Rararo village^ 
ia a stone temple of Rimeshvar with broad Btone stops leading to 
tbo water's edge. It wua built by SadAsbir Alaukesbvar in 1836 
(5Anib 1758) and haj} a reRt'boHftR attiicbed. A few hundred yarda 
iDlaad Btanda a remarkably fine boose built by Ragho MalbtLr 
Kulkamij Diw&n of Hoddshiv MAnke^hvar. It is said to have coat 
£20,000 (Ra. 2,00,000). Hugo stono buttrossos support the fonr 
comera of the building, but the upper story ia of brick and 
mortar. Tho whole is in bad repair. Between the villagos of 
Cbavne and Ladivli, a mile below OnlsundOj a atone dam crosaea 
theVeg&Tati, bearing date a.d. 1^04 {Shak 1726). It in from six 
to eigbt feet broad and was built by Uabider sut B£]i Karmarkar. 
Above tbo dam tbo rivor forms a beautiful reach two miles long, m 
mile above and a mile below Qulsundo. Fine mango, jack, and 
other fruit trees give thick shade aad make tbts an excdloal 
camping grouud. 

Gumtara Fort, in Bhiwudi on a kill 19^9 feet bigk, about 
fifteen milus soulk of Takmak and closo to tho villago of Dogad, 
is a placfl of groat natural strength. In ltJI8,ofthooutworks which 
once enclosed tho only accessible part of the bill, in many places 
nothing remained but a low wall little better than a heap of stones. 
About the gateway, at tho head of a very steep and narrow 
watercourse, 100 het from tho top of the hill, were the reoiains of 
fortifications. The water supply was from soven oistema cut in 
the rock near the gateway. 

Giinj, abont tea mites aonth.west of Viida, has on the west bank 
of a poud, close to the village, the ruins of a temple of Amba, which 
is said to have fallen about a hundred years ago. Abont half a 
mile from the village, a little way up BhArgavram hill, st.-iuda a 
temple of Bh^rgarr&m tbo sixth incarnation of Vishnn. Of its age 
there isnorocord; the villagers say it was built about 400 yews 
ago. Tho builder was probably one of the Kob chiefs of JawtUEr 
fi-om whom the temple holds a grant of 50^ acres of land. Ths 
temple is strongly built with neatly cub stonos sot in mortar. 
There are four doors with images of Ganpati over two of them- 
The ball measares twenty.two feet by eighteen and the ahriuu nine 



THABfA. 



105 



t by six. The image ol the god is the figara oCa man iu bos-roliof 
cohits ]oag by four broad. 

by, iu the pru-ttt« or inam village of Kati, is a temple of 



fCl 



jreahvari lately (1 880) rebuilt by the proprietor. It moannms 
□ty-four cnbits long by sixteen broad aod has an oiidowmeDt 
4tf{ acres of laad. To the aorth of the tomple is a small ciHtorn 
led the Hh.-i^irathi Ktiad with an un^iiHug supply of water, 
nj 19 said to have been the original site of the Vajribai tomple, 
ich, after its dejitructioo by the Portugaese, was removed to 
adiivli, in Bhiwndi, five miles south. 

Halkhurd, oii^lit mileit south of Karjat, ha^, in an overhanging 

ecnrp Dot far from the villiige, a plaiu monastery cave twelve foot 

eleven, siirrouadod by cells. One rell on the left of the entranoe 

been turned into a ahrinc of Bhairav, and» within living 

raory, the front wall of the cave baa been thrown down. It is 

,d to have boruo an iuseriptiou.' 

HoglslAnd,'^ with a popolation of 676 souls, lies in the Bombay 
bonr about ten miles eu^t of the Apollo pier. The rock is ohiafly 
_. ik basalt which appears not only in veins and dykes, but forma 
« hit^hest raOiSAOs of the island, and oven presents little headlands 
towards the harbour' The Hindus have two namea for the island, 
vdovi and Nbivo. The Portuguese callod it Ilha do Patocaa, or 
ter-mclon island, a name which appears in Fryer's (1680) 
Put^hoes.* It was ceded to the Giiglish by the treaty' of S^bai 
(1782).' 

The" chief object of iat«ro8t on the island is the Hydraulic Lift 
Graving Dock. Before the SuezCanalwasopcncd. the yearly military 
reliufa between England nnd India were carried by Qve troopships, 
of which two worked on the Knropean aide and three on the Indian 
^wle of the isthmus of Suez. A special dock was required for the 
^Kr»e trou]whips duing duty on the ludian side, as the depth of water 
^ovor the sill of the Bombay graving dock could admit them only at 
exceptional ly high tides. 

About 18(S(}.G7 a committee wua appointed to advise on the 

best form of dock. After visiting some of the most important 

f^raviug docks in England they recommended a CInrk's ilydrauHo 

Lift like one th«m in use at the Victuria Docks on the Thames. A 

Clark's Ijift lar^ enrmgh for an Indian troopahip was oixlored, 

Kdwin Clark, Mom.fust.C.E., being the vugiueer, tiud Messrs. 

lersuu and Murgatroyd of St-ixikport and Liverpool, the 

tractors. An engineer aent from England to choose a site 

on the north shore ol Hog Islandj about eight miles cast 



Chapter ZIT. 
Places of Interest 



Halkbord. 



Eoo laLAKn. 



//Wrrlilfic 



f Mr. W. F. SiDobur in Ind. Aut V. SIOl 

I !htu-Athi DAnw for the uUnd ie Nliivo. It KOts its Ku^luh attat becMiaa 



I be 



ilu-ithi DAnw lor tnouUnd le Muvo. U vots it 

re tL»t thipa naed K> ba bogged, thAb tR Ud tax ono sills sad aenjttd, 
Hoikca lioiinlM. » Jour. Bom. Br Roy. A». Soc. VI. 169. 

Da CuiiIlii'* lluMtn, SlU : Krjdr'a N«w Acooant, ^2, ft!. It iwcma to h* 
iUon'i (17201 8«l<ni){Cj 'about B liM^tM (roni EluphkuU and alTurdiug uotliiii^ 
ftrawavHl.' N4W Accouut, L 342. 
', Naireu'a Konkui. ItKt. ' OontribaUtl by Mr. P. B. fttaaUnn, C.G. 



[Bombiiy Oftzetteer, 



DisrniGTS. 



Chapter^ XIV. 
Placet otIut«re«t 

irnmlK Lift. 



of M^gHODf where there is deep water closo to the shore. Whether 
this site is tho best that could have been chosen ia a matter of 
opiaion. There U oo doubt that the distauce of Hog Island from 
Bumbsy has, ID a groat measure, led to the [vactical abaodoaiDeab 
oE tho dock. 

Moat Ki^ving docks consist of a basin into whioh a ship is Soated 
daring high water. The galea are thu'n ulosod and the water dJs- 
charged eitbcr by gravitation as the tide ebbs, or by painpiog. 
As the water siuks, the ship is shored by timber against the sidas 
of the basio. The Hydraulic Lift QmTing Dook is on a different plnn. 
Instead of the water being removed from tho aides of the ship, the 
ship is lifted out of the water. 

The Hog fslaud Lift consists of two rows of hollow caat-iroa 
oolumns, SIX feet six inches in diameter, sank to a solid foandatioa 
at depths varyiug from fifty to seventy feet below high water level. 
The two rows of colurana are eighty-eight feet apart, and, in eadi 
row, the eighteen oolnmns are eighteen feet apart at the centre 
and twenty-Eotir feet apart at the ends. Inside of oaeh 
column a jKur uf hydmiilic presses and rams, fourteeu inches in 
diameter and having a .stroke of thirty-fonr feet, rest on a bed. of 
Portland cement concrete. To the top of the rams, flat iron chaiAs 
are fastened by strong iron cross-headsj and, at tho lower oadi 
of the chains, wrought-ipon girders atreteh under water across the 
lift from one row of oolnmns to the other. These girders are of 
the Wurron girder type twelve feet deep and of great strength 
There are thus eighteen pttirs of girders forming a sort of grid 
between the two rows of columns. The rams are worked bj 
hydi*aulic prosaure from two pairs of powerful steam pumpiog- 
engines placed in an engine honae on shore, the water being 
SDpplied to tho purap.s from an overhead tank and carried in pipes 
from the pumps to the rams under a pressare of 17 cwts. the 
eqnare incli. The pipes are laid along a gangway eighttfon Ee^ 
wjde and 200 feet long, supported on cast-iron colnmns two feet three 
inches in diametr-r, which forms a passage betwoen tbe lift and 
the workshops on tho shore. At the outer end of the gangway is 
a valve honse, with an ingenious arrangement of valves, whereby (UM 
man can with ease shut o? or apply pressare to the presses sad 
rams at any part of the lift. These valves are further dirided into 
three groups in such a manner that in lifting a ship, should the 
ireight be uneven and the rams not ho working at the same rats, 
one man can by mauipulatiag the valves bring the whole to one 
level. 

Attached to the lift is a pontoon, or tray of wi'ought iron, eighty- 
four feet wide and 3tj0 feet long, with sides nine feet deep. Ttus 
trav is made of longitudinal and tmnsvorso wroaght-iron girdora 
and plating, and is divided into bays or cbambers by longitudinal 
and transverse bulk heads. At bho bottom of each chamber is 
large valve which allows water to pass out or in. When a ship 
to bo docked, the pontoon i.s brought iut* po-sition between tho rows 
of columns and over tbe transverse Warren girders which are raised 
into position to receive it; the valves of the pontoou are upeiii;d 



iaao 




Hog LiLAND. 



id it is qaietly lowered into the water. When the pontoon is Chapter XIV. 
9ep ononf^h tho ship is brouj;ht: orer it, and, the prraduro lieinff Places of Intereat. 
Imirted into the pr&iaes, the pontoon is rsiaeil until the keel oi 
le ship bears against the keel blocks pt>0Ttous1y arranged along 
contra of the pontoon. Sliding bilge blocks, with which the 
>ntoon ia also fitted, are then drawn up by chains leading on to the 
""pide platforms of the lift, and the ahip being safely berthed on the 
pontiirtn the whole ia lifted out of the water. Ar soon as tho 
ship and pontoon are clear of the water, any additional ahonngthat 
is nuceitHary is put in, the pontoon valves are closed, and the whole 
lowered. This time the pontoon floats with tho ship on it, and as 
it does not draw more than six feet, it may bo towed to any 
convenient shallow basin. Tho lift is ready for another pontoon 
^nd another ship. Tho timo spont in actual lifting ia abont twenty 
linntes, and for the whole operation not more than an honr and a 
half. With two pontoons in readiness there would be no difficulty 
lifting and docking two ships on one tide. 

To help the working of ships and of tho pontoon in and ontof the 
"t, powerful capstans hare beon set on largo cast-iron cylinders, 
renty-two feet iu diameter and illlod witb concrete, two being at 
le west ontrancQ and one between tho lift and tho shore. A atoam 
Stan has also been provided at the shore end of the gangway, 
and snatch-heads and bcllards on the platforms ou tho outer aides 
of the rows of columns. 

The work was begun in 1S69, but, owing to delay in receipt of 
material, it was not in full swing until November 1870. It was 
completed iu September 1872, and was taken over by a committee 
appointed by Governmout on the 12th September 1872. On this 
occ^ion the resident engineer and contractors were ansious to prove 
the usefulness of the work by lifting a ship. Government ordered 
the turret ship Magdola to bo hold in readiness, but it was afCorwarda 
fearpd that, if lifted out of the water, the MagdaU might be 
fitrained by the weight of her armour plating. As no vessel was 
availabtef the strength of tho lift< was tested by raising the pontoon 
full of water, a weight of 8100 tons or 62 per cent tnore than the 
weight uf the hoariest (roopship. 

The cost of tho lift with pontoon and other apparatus is supposed 
to have been about £300,000 (Rs. 30.00,000). Tho cMct figures 
are not available, as nearly the whole amount was paid in England 
by the Secretary of State. The work in India was supervised by 
tr. J. Slaiidfieid, C.E., resident engineer, Mr. F. B. Moolaranj C.E., 
ling tho contractors' ag^ent, and Lionteoant, now Captain, 
[aydon, K.E., executive engineer, ropreseatiog the Qovermneut of 
I Bombay. 

By the opening of the Suez Canal the nooessity for docking 

^roopshipa in India ceased. For the same reason, ships of the 

[crcantito Mariuo which were formerly docted in Bombay have 

leir repairs done in England. On thisncconnt, and, because of its 

Usesnce from Bombay, the Hog Island Lift has be«u little used. 

'ben it has bean used the ma<3iiuory has worked well. 

HomgaOD villagOj nine miles cast of Karjat and just bolow the amgAoti. 




iBombay Gazettc«r, 



DISTRICTS 



CfaapUr XIT. 

Flues of lDt«rMt 



IrdrAuad 
FOKT. 



JiHKRCTO. 



KuBor Pas!i, has, for the conveniencxj of trftvellers up and down tte 
p»3S, a liandi^otnc atonp-Hnffl rcsf-rvoir huilt at ft cost of £7500 
{Its. 7j,(>00) by the widow of SadAshiv ChimnAji, a member of tbe 
Fesliwa'a family. On Uie edge ai the reeerroir aro two small 

temples.'' 

Indrogad Fort, iu Kammbcli Tillago, aboot fiftoen miles north 
oE Umbiirffaon, ou o woodwl hill from two to three hondred feet 
high, staudtj near the Honth bank otthe Kahi rirer about two inilec 
from tho aea const. To the east and west of the fort tho Uill is 
very stoep, but in 1818 the forwjt rnme near enongh in pIiK-en to 
cover an attMckiog force. It is also commanded by & dc-tacbed bill 
iibnut 400 yards to the south-caat, 

Tho fort is very small not more than 180 feet by 120. In 1818 it 
had round towers for defence, tho works being about twenty feet 
bi<>-h and ten thick. The body of the rampart waa in good 
repair, but the panipet was nnly four fLt>t thielE and out of oraer. 
The fort had two entrftncoa, both protected by a strong wall loww 
than the works with which it was conuectod. Within the (urt war* 
two tolerable bnildinga for stores and barracks and two miucd 
reservoirs. Underneath the fortifications were alwut nineteen oeUi 
of difforont siees. In 1802 the fort was minous. Indragud wat 
taken in 1780 by Lieut. Welnh of Greneral Goddartl'a army, tha 
brilliant captor of Pamera and Bagr/idft in sonth Kurat,^ The oelli 
are the reuiaius of an old relig'ious settlement'. They are said to he 
plain without fij^rcs or inscriptioDB^ but hare not yet beea properly 
examined. 

Jambrug in Karjnt, five milee east of K1lAJ(^1u^, hna a small 
ca7p in (111? north faw of Reran or NAth Patdr, the spur up which 
the iJor incline passes. It is now sacred to Gambhiruftth. 

From Jambmf^, a hill path leads to a rough rocky ledge, backed 
by at) overhanging scarp, which \» hollowed into a c-ave whose sloping 
Toof fiooms to be partly uaturah The terrace in front of tbe cave 
looks down a dinip glen with rocky side ridges and upper grass 
slopes sprinkled with trees. Further down strctchf* a plat<'art with 
large trees and open glades uf white or light green ; below the 
plateau lies a deep-green forest, brightened by tho sear teavee of 
the wild plantain, and aome yellow pakira, tavara, and khaudoU^* 
Onwards the valley opens into rice landsj with a sprinkliDg oE trees, 
and Eringed by grassy upliuids which rise into the Dnpno spnr, with 
the higher ranges of Mitlioriin, Praba!, and False Fnnnol behind. 

In firont of the cave> supported ou four wooden pillars, i^ a rude 
sloping roof rooghly thatched with wild plantain loaves. At ilie 
entrance, cut in two stones, are small images of VAghdoT as wmtinoli, 
and a rough M.-4Tut.i is carved on one of tho wooden pillars of Uin 
porch. Inside of the ontmnce is a rough cavo sixteen feet deep, 
twelve feet 6ve at tho broadest, and the roof sloping from eight feet 



> Mr W. B. Mtilock, C. S. ■ Onut I>urH UuAtlMa, 4S5. 

* PitAir Cicoi (mrdili^liB ; mtmr Bonbiix nuiUhnrjcum -. Ihaad^tt Stcreaii^ 



^ 



^ 




siAan.l 



TUANA. 



lOd 



|re at the outside to fonr foot eight at tho back wall. On tho loft 
of the care, loaaing agoinst the buck w&ll, are two shelves 
ihliii^ a niiinbor of small goils very ruilely cut aud Knicared with 
llunn.* Through a breftk in the left wall ia a rock-cut cistern 
1 boM>i twQ or three iv*tt of water throughout the year. Along 
10 right wall is a rough wuoden beuch, and, near it, tba small stone 
}mb of Bomo formor aAcetic. On a sholf, against the baok wall, are 
ro conch shelU, a small stone mug, atid the vessels used in the 
ship of the god.* In the centre of tho back wall is a hole one 
H)t eight inches high and one foot four iucliea broad. This [ornis 
ontranca to a second rock-cnt chamber of an irrognlar ahapo 
it twelve and a half feet at the broadest and about iive feet high. 
Ill the back wall of this second cavej an opening, one foot square^ 
sads into the nhrine of the god Gambhirndth, six feet broad, 7^ long, 
id throe feet four inches high. At the hack is the image of the 
1, a roagh hutnan bust with two hands, out in the same atone aa 
rock and abont nine inches high. In from of the image^ a lamp 
jurns every Sunday from eis in the morning till noon. According 
tho local story, CramhhirDiith's real shrine is ou the top of Dh&k 
ill about six mites to the north-east. But, aa the Dhdk shrine 
)uld he reached only by a ladder, a new imago was made about 
3ven generations ago and set np in the present cave. Connected 
ith this (ihrine is a monastery, math, at the vill^e of Choohi alrout 
re milos from Karjat. The head of the monastery is a KAnpliati 
slit-ear asceticL Ho employs a Brfihman, a NAgar from Limltdi 
Kithi&wiir, on £4 (Ks. 40) a year with food and drink, who 
viait* the cave evenr Sunday and performs the worship of tho god 
hting a lamp and giving htm a dinner of rice and milk." Under 
le Brdbmau is a Thakur servant who cleans tho cave, fetches wotor^ 
id smears tho minor godn with rodlead. On Sundays Kunbia, 
}on^ and Lohdrs, chieny from the villages round come to worship. 
Gombhimiith has two great yearly festivals on Dhadrapad full- 
moon (August-Septomber) and at Dasra (Heptember-Octobfir). 
Ou thotw days all who bave made rows bring a goat, have its 
treat cat by a Musalmaa outside of the temple, and bave part of 
in Qesh burnt in a smivll hole in the floor of the outer cave. I^rt 
tho victim ij* offered to the bead of the monaatery who gives a 
(ionor genttrully to aboat tifty of the pilgrims. 

On the way back, to the right of the top of the ateps, cut in tho 
ink, is a rough lifelike bas-relief of a Klinphati GosAt playing 
10 viohof tJ»na. The bas-relief is about four feet high and has 



Chapter XIV. 
Places of Intereit. 



' Tbc (IcUiIk u«, nn tb» lowar abeU mort to tb« left, a mrnaXX ron^h rton* •lopbnnt 

^nut thtwe iuoliea high, » ttono coocll, > lin;}, two foutpiiotfl, * Lion and ■ ball cix 

t\if \iTnn hy tbrw high. On the npper shcif, on tho left, are a foot huh Owipad, a 

-tiiuh Maniti, and & faor-inch tndvut, lw» footpruitit, and s kdaU OunbhunAth 

_ U]«n with ndlnO, and.oti Ihe right, h Hiniti. 

^ Tbeaa Mv, n iiMNinwMlver Ff^H/j»(rti, ■unsU plstt«r ou th« top of « pillar fttw> 
ti iocMiM. ■ bnM boll, and a four dbhea. 

* (h rinadmy foreDona the DnLhtnan eooka a Urgs pot of rke, dtvidw Imtoi of 
hfl wild plantain into d«hbteD |noo«i. lay* a heap of rioe on aadh piece of l«*f, 
poun a lilllc milk over finrh allmrann- nf ric^, and lajv tfa«rn Wniv itia ^oda, fiftoan 
MiaTM griiiig iD«ido (ur (•amiihiniitb. and four bgiug otvidvil aaoiui lh« nuiUH' f^otU. 



^ 




[Bombaj OiMtw 



Chapter XIT. 
FUoH of Interest 

Jail. 



famkx Hill, 



JodtMHVJkKl 

Cats. 



DISTRICTS. 



bnoeletB, earriogi, and necklaop. nod a tiars-like heoddnsa. Bi 
watches an image of Bhairoba which is cat in & recesa in lb 
rock. 

Jha'i, abont ten miles south of SanjiiD^ is said to havo once \ai 
200 Fiirai booses of which outy livo are left. Tt faa« two roiafd 
BtoDe towers of sUonce which can bo aeoa (rooa Vevji nulwaf 
station aboQt two milos to the north. The iine and vor; sii7 
rost-honse in Bordi, one mile mnth of Jluti, waa bailt in 1833 I7 
Pcstanji Kharshedji Kllma of Bombay. 

Jlvdll&Zi Hill, in Bassein, about a milo oast of tbo Vintx ataticn 
on the Baroda railway, has on its top rains of fortiticfttiDos risiU* 
from the railway, and within the fortifications some very old-looldiig 
caves and cisteroa eaid to be the work of the Fdndnvs.* Thronghivd 
the fair season people, especially barren women from the sarroaadiug 
TiUaKoa, go to the caves to make oBeriugs to an tuvisiblo deity, wko 
is b^iered to hare fled from a ntche in one of the cav^a at the Conci 
of a ^Ih&r Offmngfl of bctclnats are thrown into a hole in the niche 
in which the uflondcd dcily is believed to lire.' 

JogeshTari" or Amboli Cave, in S^sette, abont two and s 
half miles south-east of Goregaon station on the Baroda railway, is i 
Tery large, once richly ornamented, now decayed Brdhmaiuo tonpil 
of the eighth centary. Ic is cut in alow domeof crumbling volcaoie 
breccia in the waving palm>coTorcd nplanda that rifie between 
the outer bolt of rice tieldu and tho central Veh4r hills. The rock 
lies within the limits of Amboli rillago from which tho cave wu 
formerly known as the Amboli Cave. 

About throo-qnartera of a mile south from the Gon^aon ststioa 
along the Bombay high road, a good cart tract turns to the «ait 
Ou the left, soon i5ter leaving the bi^h road, in the oncloeore 
of Goregaon temple, are some Bn&hmaDio stones, probably of Lbe 
eleventh or twelfth century, which have been brongfai from a ruroed 
t«mple, of which intere«tiQg traces remain in a tbick thorn brake 
about 300 yards to the north. Boyoud Goregacn temple the road 
leaveti the rice fields and crosses about two muos of prettily wooded 
waving uplands. The low rounded rock in which the cavo is cot a 
covered with grass and thorn bushes. It might bo easily ]mjised 
nnnoticed but for a whitewashed lamp pillar and a large pond to the 
vest of the entrance. 

From tho lamp pillar a plain nx^k-ciit passage, about eight feet 
broad and fifty long, leads to an open court much ruined, perhaps 
unfinished, and with some remains of carving. From this court sir 
stops lead down to a portico (20 foet by 18 and about 20 high) 
through a door once riciily carved. The walls of the portico, and the 



< Mr. W. B. Klulock, C. S. ■ Mr. Rimdto IU«hU> Uodi. 

■Tbe Jag«ahran okva U doscribMl by Du Parroa (1740), Zeod Areata, 
ccobLxxviii-eocxa. ; Hunter (I7M). Arobwologim Vlt 296.390 jutd Skit (ISOA 
Ttmiu. BoiD. Lit. 800. (Repriat), I. 44-47. tht Perron Rp«alu of a ' femaU iitgaar 
orcr the ocntnl sltM*. Bat bis dntwiu; ii moro like the preMat rair of footorinti 
thkD tlie oaM ot a tiny. He ciuTwd on » sin*U ball xtioat a foot loni{ wbiufa wm 
bUU wonhi^ed ood covered witb oil. 




»*U» o( its two end recesses, were once covered with figures. But 
the cmmbliDg rock bod the low damp site of the ctivo have rotUid 
•waj almost all traces of carviug. At tfao eada of the portico were 
two richly omatnented chambers (about 18 K 12 x 10 high) separated 
fVom the boily uf the porch by two pillars and two pilasters. These 
pillars have wasted away to the quaintest skeletous with rough 
rlEBcrew-like ridges of liarder stone, like the wreaths roand the 
otice pillar at RosUd Chapel. The large figure in the right 
her seems to have boon Shiv in the form of a seated Buddlia-liko 
and below there is a trace of a aide figure perhaps the givor 
' t re. The figure io the left chamber seems to have beeu 
-J the wild tdadav. la the middle o£ the back wall of 
) nortico ia a highly ornameoted door with the reinainH of large 
raera on either aide, and, in other parts, with traces of dclioata 
earring. 

The oentml door opens on an immonao hull about nicety feet 
aqoikre and ten feet high, bat dark and damp and the 6oor deep in 
mad aud slime. About seventeen feet from the side walls, a equuro 
oordoD of ivrotd^ oaahion-c apitaUed pil lars, six on each aide, divides 
the dkvc into four aisfes and a central hall about fiEty feet square, 
tho middtt* of the central hall is a rock-cut shrine about twenty- 
feet squaru with an entrance door iu the centre of each face, 
ithin the ahrinc, on a low Edtor, under a rough wooden canopy 
with four corner pillars about four feet high adorned with riuKel aud 
ooloarod paper, is a stone about a foot sriuarc, apparontly modern, 
whose surface are cut a pair of feet. I'ho ooat outer faco of tho 
ne is covered with figares of Shiv's attendants or gaiis. Tho 
rtb wall of tho hall is blank with no outlet. The south wall of 
ball b piercei! with a central door, two pillared windows aud 
two aido doorways, The doors open on a veranda, sixteen feet 
bn»d and about 120 feet long, whose outer eave is supported on 
a n>w of ten pitlari^ and two piiaAters in the Elopbauta stylo. On 
the capitals are stmts, carved with a female figure and a dwar& 
Iteadiiig under foliage, aa io the great Bddtlmi cave. The face of 
back wall of tho veranda, though much rotted, has remains of 
leh ouring round tho central door. Beyond tho voranda is an 
p9ti fx>nrt ffurroundcd by ruined aud water^logged cells. On a 
irmpet at the east end of the veranda is a worn writing, iu eighth 
aeatury Sanskric, of which ni ko ro is all that remaina. A little to 
tiio right, at the east end of the court-yard, a curious winding 
passage leads, on the right, to a shriue with a largo carved image of 
Ifealiinnrgiri. The east door of tho great hall opens on a large 
vetttbule or porch. The inner wall of this porch, that is tho outer 
buw of the east wall of the main cave, is covered with figures. On 
••ch sid» of the door is a giant warder and many images of gana 
or ft* 'I of Shiv. Above tho door is a seated Shiv worshipped 

by it - Tho group on the right is Shiv aod Pirvati ; that on 
left is Shiv's wuddiug. The porch ur vestibule ia about thirty 
long. It has a central hall, about twonty.throo feet broad and 
b feet high, and side verandas sixteeo feet broad, separated, 
the coatial hall, by a row of four pillars and two pilasters, 
tho oQlcr faco of tho oast wall uf tho porch is Shiv dancing tho 



~--" 



Chapter XIT. 
Flaoesoflntereit. 

Cavx. 



U10 








joomrtau 
Cavi. 



KA1.UIIUI0M. 



iLDinte. 



DISTRICTS. 

Chapter XIV. tandaVf and, above the door, is a cell aaiil to be encored fruin ths 
YUuM oTlnterait *^P "^ ''^^ rock. Acrosa an open court, about forty-aeTen fopt long, 
is an outer [lorch, in form like the iuuer porch, a oeninil h»11 (^about 
S'.i feet by 18) witb eide rowa of four pillars and two piluiiters, audi 
behind tbe pillurs, aisles about tweiro feet broad. The l«cfc wall of 
the north aisle ia carved in groups of figareSjgoddeeaes andGanpati 
Oatside of tbe porch, a rock-cut pns-sago, about nine feet broad« 
rises by about Uurty steps to tbe level of the top of the rock. 

Noxt to tbe KailiU at Elura this id the largest known cave in 
India. Its length from east to west j j ^t O foot, or ioeluding tha 
two rock -cut passages 320 feot; and its brondth, tnclnding' tbe long 

Cage in tbe south, is 200 feet.* iiccording to Dr. Bur^^MS it 
the spociiil arcbiteotural interest of showing almost no traoo 
of the nrmngduionts of a Buddhist nionasterj'. Tls large pnrticos 
and courts point to the devcU-ipiuGiit of the stylo that jipivar^ in 
tbe built temples of Aiubtiruiitb near KnlyAu (lOGO), of I'attan 
Bomudtb in south Kdthij^wdr (lldd), and of the Abu tempIcA (n 
north Gujaritt (1197-1247). If the Dumflr care atTGInra wm cut 
in the first quarter of tbe eighth century, and the great Elophonta 
cave very soon after, thin Jugesbvari cave probably dates from the 
lattor half of the eighth century.' 

Kalatnbhom is a Bossein TiUago, on the right bank of Uu 
Tiinsa, about eighteen miles easL of M:liiikpur. In the villagQ| 
lying on the ground, is a hirge atono twelve feet long, throe feet 
broad, and about a foot thick. It is covered with nine-inch Sgurea 
in high relief, arranged in a number of level rows or panels. The 
stone is probably a pdliyn or memorial stpne. One of the inscrilied 
stones in the Collector's gnrdeu at Th^oa was brought tram 
Kalambhom. It inooHuros three foot sovou inches lung by one foot 
eight inches brood. At the top are the sun and moon ; below ta m 
inscription of six linos, and, below tbe inscription, is thi- ' : I 
aaa-ourso with three hues of two letters each on its left. T)k> 1. 
are Devandgari, carelessly engraved, and the langaagu SannkriL 
The inscription has no date. It records, in the reign of Che 
SilLAra kieg AparAditya, probably ApartUlitya II. (a.d. 1187), the 
grant, to one Vor^rayapati, of a garden (?) in the vilUge of Kiui^rj 
apparently Kanher about eight miles west of Kalambhom. 

Kaldurg is u ruined struu^'huld 1-A7 feet high'* in tho villages 
of V';Lrltuti! imd Xavli^ eight miles north-east of MAhim. In 1962, 
though the defences were almost- entirely ruined, it was deemed 
advisable to destroy tbe water supply in case the place ujight r 
into tho bonds of robbers or outlaws.^ Its grand rock ovei 
the Chahod pass, which baa lately been opened at a cost of tmw 



» C»vi> T«inplfl|. 475. " 

* Cav« Teinplai, 436. Mr. BhuvintU ignestlut the ElnptiaiitB And Jn^etlil 
c»T«B toe of Abmit.tlM Mine Age. Hat, from th« chnncter of tliu pillar* naA thm kv 
tnr>, h^ vrimlil |*laau Jiijjiuliriiri licfure, iii>t aflfir, EtepKvibk U* couidflni UmI 
the iiiKription tn the aoatii v«nuid» in eighth century Santltrft U latsr tkiui tiio 
bvildtna of tho caw. 

* Tftflor'a S&iUng Dincttfiy, 371. *OurMiun«Dt Ual of Civil Forta, 1362. 



tu.l 

THAkA. 113 

L. 18,000), aod is a couaptouous object from the Pilghar railway Chapter ZIT. 
»tioD foor miles to the north-east. Place. oflntewit. 

Kalya'n, north latitude 19''14' and east longifeade 7^*12', the ohief KAtriir 

iwn and port intho Kaljtin sub-division, lioa at the jaoctioa of the 
lorth-etiat and south-east lines of the Peninnula railway thirty- 
iree miloe north-oast' of Bombay. It stands prettily on tho outer 
ottst side of a deep bond in the UlhAs river. The fort mound, 
rhich is notable from tho railway about a mile to the west of Kalyau 
atioD, has a fine view north up the river with a background of low 
lis, west aIoD0' the Uth^ valley groon with trees and i^att-swAmp 
ishes.to the tine of the Perfiik hills, and, to the aonth across the 
of KalyAn and a broad level Htretch of rice lands to the 
^resqiie mg-ged crests of Malanggnd, Tdvli, and Chanderi. 
some open tilled lands and f^ardena dotted with shops and 
the town stretches from the railway station about two miles 
!irUi-west to the bank of the creek. Most of it is thickly peopled 
narrow streets lined with good two-storied honses. It is a boay 
>speroa8 town and much is done to keep it cleau and tidy. 

The 1881 census returns show a population of 12,767, of whom 

>0& were Uindue, 2533 Musialmaus, 249 PArsis, 63 Christiana, and 

Jews. Tho bulk of the Hindus are Kunbis aud Maratb&s. Most 

the Parsis, some of whom are old settlers, aro well-to-do, living 

Uquor-coDtractors, rice and cocoanut dealers, and two or three as 

"tnoneylouders. 

Kalyan liaa a large rico-hnsking trade which is carried on by about 
200 Mnsatmnns, a few Pdrsti^, and »omo Hardthiis. The uubuskod 
nee is brought from Karjat, Sh^h^pur, Murhdd, and Ralyiln. After 
being ground by women in the orciinary stone handmill, the outer 
husks are removed by winnowing, and the rice passed through a sieve 
and broken and uncteaned grains picked out. To remove the inner 
hnsk the rice is then put in wooden mortars, like hns^o (>f7g cups, 
and pounded with iron-bound pestles. This pounding is called sad. 
Tho cheapest nee which is pounded once for about half an hour is 
called eksddi, medium rice pounded twice for an hoar is called 
dttsddi, and the dearest rice, which is pounded & third time or for 
about an hour and a half, is called kalhai. After each pounding 
the grain is winnowed and tho broken grains picked oat. Rice 
cleaning gives work to about 2000 persons, of whom about half are 
women. Most of the clonnod rice goes to Bombay. 

There is a considerable trade in salt which comes from R4i- 
Uurdha, Bassein, and Uran, and is sent to the Deccan, some on 
bullock-back but most by rail. The salt dealers arc Mnsalmdns. 
Threu or four Meman MusalmiiDs bring dried fish from Bassein 
and Uttau-Gorai in Sillsctte by boat, and send it to the Doccan, some 
of it on bullock-back but most of it by rail. Largo quantities of 
myrobfttana come by pack bollocks from Poona and Ahmadnagar 
by the Kueur, Bhimii^lmiikar, Xtlna, and MiLlsej passes, aud are sent 
by boat to Bombay. Two Hindu merchants do a large business in 
tobacco which is brought from Cambay for local use. 

The railway returns show a rise in passengers from 294,509 in 
1B70 to 894,976 in 1880, and a (all in goods &om 37,485 tons in 



IBombaf QutttMl 



\U 



DISTaiCTS. 



OiAptcr Zir. 1870 to a,] 77 iu ISdO. Tb« full in goodft ii due to salt Uaog Mt 
riinn nTriitiriiT *''^"' BhAyudaroo the BarodArMlway direct to up-coauiry MatHK 
In IHBO the Kftlf^o costomB bouse retaniA showed impuruvoilL 
K*nAi» £ia0,392 aod exports worth £115,027. The chief import* ww 

salt and ouuniry liquor, mtid tho leading export waa rice.' 1^ 
corresponding returns for the five yi^n ending 187S-79 shw 
•xpgrU averagitig £167,149 and imiKJrts avemging £144,61!- 
Enrarts varied fruui £U<),7!J4 iu 1870-^7 to £201,091 in 1874-7^ 
and imports from £.M,bi& in 1878-79 to £184,516 in 1877-7i' 
The road now being made to the MiUe) pasi is expected to aU 
oonsiderably to the tnule of Kal;4n. 

Tbe town ha« a suh-jndge't court, a post office, a fli'mwijl 
and a district bungalow recently faailt. ll is also the beadUpBrti^ 
atation of the chief revL'nae and police oBioers of the sub-'- 
There are fire schiioU, four for bojri and one for girla. i... ,._ 
bu been a monicipal town since 18o3. In 1880-81 , tl had an iooovi 
of £1110 (Rd. 11.100) equal to a taxation of !«. ^d. (14 oa) a hod, 
drawn chieflj from octroi, hoase lax, tolls, and mnrlcet foes. Donii| 
the umu year the oxpenditurv wan £1187 (Its. 11,870), W- 
fRs. 3o79) ou roads, £30U {Rs. 3000) on scavengiug, and l\& 
{llg. 1630) on lighting. The EokmiuiUu dispensary, eallod riMr 
Lad> Mangaldis NathvibbfU, ia a handsome building n mile Cna 
tlio town out very notable to railway travellers. The di&peaiaiy 
building cost Sir MangaldfLs £5000 (Rs. 50,000), and the inatitatioi 
bae bran endowed by him with a fui-ther sum of £2000 (Ra. 20,000^ 
It is in charge of an assistant: surgeon, and, in 1880-31, had n 
mttondance cF 5634 out-pationts and 49 in-paticutfl. 

Before the MasalmAus took Kalyin, the aito of the town, whkb 
waa called Navanagar, lay to the east of the railway atatioa, a littla 
beyond thy new district bungalow. The present town occupies tha 
lauds <.if Kaly4u village. It has cluvca chief wards, BangalpiA 
fihoiriida, Telangpura, ChAmbh&rvdda, M^ngvdda, KumbhAnrlda, 
MlUiviUla, Kiiajtr^H, Bhusar Moholla, EColivAda, and Konkani Bazir. 
There are tive metalltHl roads and nineteen lanes with a total lengtli 
of about six miles. There \e a good ferry over the Ulb^ to Koai 
on the opposite bank. From Kone an excellent metalled road raas 
five miles to BLiwudi. During the past year seventeen puuy carta, 
of the Nriaik pattern, have been run, and as they do the five miles ia 
little more than half an hour they have almost entirely tokea the 
phce of the old bullock carts. 



■ Tba iteUib are 1 Importa, mU £1(»,I6(I (Ra. I0,5l,660t, ooantr; liqnor £t3.$IS 
(IU. 1,86, lfiO),<lH«d6kh £8294 (fiU. 82,940), oocowiuU £3139 (tti. 31,3im>, u-i UnM 
£777 IB*. 2770). (Kb«r ■nulW imports wcr« iptCM, papor, Ronr, ilym, Traib, 
vvgtitMet, oil, wid mfltab. Oeoxporto tfa«obia( vera: Bios £105.Ss;j (IU. 10,53,2501. 
briclu u>d tilM £4-203 ttU. 43,030), gnm £2$a2 (Ra. 92,320), huSnid rice £1417 
|IU. 14,470), Kiewoud £976 (Ra 9760), and moAa aowen £M3 {R« 9430). OUmc 
soialkr «Ki)orta w«ra mill «toQU, dyoft, wheat, aad wood. 

STbg dvtana an: Bsporta, 1^4-75 £S04,0i>l (fU. 20.40.910). 1E)'&-7fi £I5V.01« 
(Ra. I&».ie0). 1876-77 £l40.7M(Ra. 14.97.840). 1877-78 £!S1.IW (Ra. ia.ll,WV^ 
187a-?fi £178,660 (Ra. 17.86,600): ImportB. IK74-76£1&3,8{I? 4K«. I5,:)S,930), I87&-7A 
£lCT.«g (lU I«.76.(M0) IB7».n £153.531 (Ra. I5,»,3J0), 1877-78 HMfiK 
(B«.18,4S,1«», Mid 1878-79 £43.538 (Ra. 6,35,280). 



thAna. 



lis 



KaltjUt. 



In the towD aodsuburbare 2 100 houses, of which 212 unmamatd Chapter XXV. 
cloBs, 278 as second, Ji7t) na third, 38fi us fourth, and 1148 a* puow oTlaWwit. 
In the baxdr is the maniciiml vegotable market, which wns 
It iu 1B74 at a cost of £764 (Rs. 7610) and bringu in a yearly 
mo of £50 (Rs. 500} in £ces. 

There ere ;J53 wells and etfrht small reservoirs,' of which eight/ 

and three reeervoiri! hold water throughout the year. The 

t«r of most of the welLs and reservoirs in brackish and impure, 

_,d is littlu used except for watering caUle and washing clothes. 

Imost the whole supply of drinkin^^ water comes from the 8hen&la 

' e about a qaarter of a milo to the east of the town. This lake, 

ich corers about twenty-four acrex and varies in depth from 

U) fonrteen feet, has its sides liuud throughout wiUi basalt 

AocordiDg to the local story the pool has long been aaored, 

masonry belongs to Musalm^u times (a.d. 1506).' On the 

,t bonk is the handsome tomb of Mohatabar Kbtln, at the soutb- 

t corner is tbe large black or Kili Mosque, uud, close by, i» the 

mb oE an ascetic named SafaajAnand. On the west bank are four 

)lee one to Bimeshvar, one to Ganpaii, and two to Rdmji. From 

west bank between the Hlaok Muhouo and the Hindu temples a 

nry tunnel, said to be large enough tor a man to walk upright in, 

iiea tbe water sixty yards to fourciiitorus, or wsasaa. The furthest 

largest cistom is nineteen feet squaro atid twenty deep. From 

side of the cistom opposite the tunnel throe nine-inch 

earthenware pipes, placed one below the other about three feel apart, 

carrjr the wuter to three deep wells, one in KorabhfirvAda, one in 

M^liviida, and one opposite the house of Sar-subhtKUr RnmAji 

Mahler Bbiralkar, wbo is believed to have made the water woru 

when governor of tlie mirth Konkao under the Peshwiis (17(iO-t772). 

Prom Hain^ji'a well the water pa^tses to a Urge brick re«ervoir 190 

feet by IdO, with a flight of stone !it«ps on the west side that leads 

twenty foet down to the water leveL 

Under the Mu-salmiins the city of Kaly&n was surrounded by a 
stone wall begun by Nawab Mohntabar Kh&n. the minister of Sb^h 
Jab^n (IG28-I6o8), and comnleted in a.d. 1694 (a.h. 1106)* during 

' the reign of Anmngxeb, It had eleven towers and four gates, ajid 
enclosed an area uf serenty acres. At the north-east comer of this 
area, on high ground on the river bank, was a Fort nearly cut off 

I from the city by a miiuraJ hollow, and, latterly, by a semicircubkr 
stone wull enclosing a space about 200 feet lung by a little less in 

^^reodth.* In tbe north-weet comer of the fort, on a mound aboni 

* Th^ an BluUla our the fi>rt ; Julhtr, HAhatni and Rojftle on the north : 
OAnd««Mr ou tba ouup ra«d ; Oivinje on tha luutb ; biuI LnodAle Micl UbtwlAJn in the 
town. 

* TltB wnM i* tnMd to ■ bird ealled rt«n, whose fmUierB aboae lik« gold sfUr 
Inthing in tb* pool. 

* Tb« ioKirintion is loat li ran, ' Os tha oompUltoo of thut funoua town wsll Ifao 
mvmatfCfr of Qod Mid : "It «na « ahaltor lor Uio wurld." Thii give* the dato «.H. 

II«J^(A.B. 1«M). 

wall ma bttill by Shiviji'* mndaoD .Sh4hn U7(M-I749) (rom s qa*nr tn 
bod to iho wmA <4 lh« ciUdal n>oan<l. There w«i * fine fort m eftTly 
below p, ISa 



Fvrlificativnt, 



[Bombay <Hntt«R. 



116 



UISTttlCTS. 






Ch*pt«r ZIT. thirty feet above the level of the old wall; wore a Mu^m^ t<»iik 
FUoMOflatwert, prayer pUoe, and other boildiDga. 

In the city wall, which waa 2123 jardalong, there were four gsU 
andelerou towors, four of which were large and the rent anuUI. Of 
the four main towers odo was io the north -east corner, anQCher inllN 
middle of tbo east wall, the third in th<^ aouth-east comer^ and t^ 
fourth close to the landinj^ place- Of the foar ffatea the Adhiir gat^ 
called after the rillai^ of Adhllr about half a mile to the north, wai 
Dc»r the middle uf llie north wall ; the Ganeah Kato, about 400ynfii 
dittantj waa nf>ar the middle of the east wall ;' the PanTol f^te, abou 
700 Tarda distant, wa-s netir the middle of ibe sooth wall ; and tk« 
Bandar or wlmrf gate, about 330 yards distant, was iQ tbo coatro oEttif 
west wall. Tho hollow between the fort and the town waa 8«parat«d 
from the creelc at each end by abelt of slightly raised gronno. TV 
wall oF the fort ran along the top of tho inner bank of tbo ditch, aa<l, 
Qoar the north end, bad a gateway known as the Delhi or KilUdis 
Durvajn, which was entered by a path that crossed the ditch aiovf 
the top of the north side of the town wait. Inside o£ the fort then 
was » inw Ill-It of ^pttind, about the same level as the top of the ditch, 
with a shallow pond not far from the Delhi gate. In tiie north. west 
comer the fort rose iu a email Rat-topped mound about thirty fe«t 
high. On tbo top of tho mound, on the west crest which overhangs snd 
is about lOOfect above the river, is the Prayer Wall or Idga, sirty-fbor 
feet long, ihirteeu high, and seven thick, and near the east crest of the 
mound a moaqne, twenty-two fe«t long, twenty-two high, and twcntj 
broad. About thirtj yards from the moaque is a round cat atooe 
well uf groat depth, eleven feet in diameter, with a wall two fast 
seven inches thick at the top. Under tho Mar^this (1760-1772), 
a new gate about 160 feet to the south of the Qsuesh gate, wa« opeDad 
near the munsiou uf Rawfiji iSfahjldev Bhivalkar, the Peaiiwa') 
governor. In the citadel tho Manithits built a small wooden temple 
of Durgidcvi hohind the mosque, and called the fort Dargndi Kills 
in honour of the goddess, a name which it still boars. Thojr also 
changed the Jima mosque into (Uinji's temple. At the beginning d 
British rale (1818) the town wall was in repair. The fort, which was 
not commanded by any other ground and was nearly iosalarj meaanred 
220 feet iu length by somewhat lu9s in breadth. The general height 
of the works on the outside was twenty-two feet by about eleven 
broad. There was a wretched dwarf parapet wall, little better than 
a heap of loose stones, and round towers partly in ruiu with facing 
cr revetmentj in too bad repair to last long. The gate was perhaps 
tho best part of the fort. It was well protected by outsLAndiog 
works, and its roof and a galtei^ behind furnished quarters for the 
guard. There were two fair buildings in the fort and a templfL* 

Under the English the ea^t aud south towu walla were pulled 
down in 1865, and a road was run along their line. The west wall 
and the fort wall ■vrcro taken to build the Kalyin and ThAna pidrs 



' Th« OMMih g»to if ftho eallad Jalela D>rvAj«, w it vw burnt hf tho EnglUh is 
^m finl caropugn (1700). Until bMr. every Zfum (Soptemlwr- October) tl)« 
HtDOiM •ubacribod for a boAtto and cat ll la piecM in hoooiir of Devi, bnryins rU 
b««i dotf i9 thfl OMiwh gate. ' t*pUin DickinMn. 



Baku. 



THlNA. 



117 



a dwelling for the cnatotnB' inspertor in ifao west of the 
ftlyin fort. At present there are, on the mound at the north-west 
}rn«r uf the fort, the prayur-jjlace and thu inusquu-toiuplp, which has 
' to bo A place of worship, sinco 1876 whon the ima^ of the 
Idtiss vras stolen. There ia the customa ofiicer's dwelling ft little 
lower on the Eonth faoo, and, near the mosque- temple, the well dry 
and partly filled with earth ond stones. Below there are no baiidings. 
The- gate to the north-east is almost the only trace of the fort wall. 
~^ho ditch, which is about tweaty feet deep and thirty-three feet 
^road, dries op in May. It is separated at the two eiida frou the 
reek by a belt of higher gronnd. Abont twenty-two yards to the 
)ath of the fort gate, the creek is crossed by a wait aboat ten feet 
kigh and eight broad. This wall is part of the outer or town wall 
rhich begins near the Delhi gate, and, after crossing the creek, runs 
kboDt lOUO fuet east ap to the Adhfir gate. This part of the wall is 
well preserved. It is of rt^uigh stone masonry lined with rough 
iment abont ten feet high and eight feet broad, of which the two 
iter feet are taken up by a paraput wall about four feet high 
irierced fur muskets. At the edgo of the ditch is a small tower and 
lere are the ruins of another tower at the north-east comer, 
from the north-east tower the line runs 130 yards south to where 
10 oast or Ganoiih gate used to staud : from the Gauc^h gate 
LI 6 ynrda fnrihcr to an old tower, the shell still fairly complete 
'measuring twenty-eight feet in diameter and twenty high, and 
from the tower sixty yards to Ramdii IJhivalkar's gato, whose 
mannion is a little inside. From this gate the line runs 200 
janls to the site of another tower, and from it about I'lO yards 
further to a tower whoae foundations remain. Here the line 
tnms flonth, and, passing the sites of three towers, mns abont 330 
yards to the Panvel {fate. From the Panrel gate, passiug the site 
of anotlier lower, the liue runa about lUU yards to a tower iu the 
Bonth-we^st comer who.<» foundations remain. From here, pasaing 
a white Christian tomb, it ruos about 40O yards to the Bandar 
gate, near which, about ten yards to tlie north, is a mined tower 
with a broken wall about 6to feet high. Along the west of the town 
is a landiug-place of stone step^, built by private subscriptiona 
about 1870, from the stones of tho fort wall and the west city wall. 
:The large white Christian tomb, close to the landing-place, ia 
itbont an inscription. It is said to have borne the date 1795, 
nd is believed to have been raised in honour of Captain Richard 
'ampbellj who held the fort of Kaly^n against the Mar^hda in 1 7S0. 
Somewhere across the river the Portuguese, in the sixteenth 
century, built a bastion called Belgrado or tianta Cruz, to prevent 
the AluKalmAns from passing into Siilsette. In 1634 this bastion 
was described as a wall and a platform, which at high tide looked 
like an island having two iron and one brass falcons, garrisoned by 
eight soldiers and one bonil>ardier all paid from Basaem.^ Mention 
IB made of a Portuguese church to N. S. do Egypto on the creek 
new Koty&n, but no trace of it remains.^ 



Chapter ZIT. 

Plaua of Interest. 
ExltAk. 



at> 



■ O'Chnn. d« Tts. III. 2M. The (iUcoq n-u » gun cMrryins a ImU of /our poinKti. 
> t*» Cnnh*'* B*Mcin, 1S3. 




Clupter XIV. 
Hmm of IntffTMt 

K*LTiV. 




DISTRICTS. 

Of thirty-one Hindu tomplei in KuIyAo, ooa is Jain aod Uiiny 
BrfUuDmnia Of lUe tbirt^ Urnliinaniu teukpltw, tlirea aru dodiattMi 
io SbiT, eleven to Vishnu, and sixuxju to litcai or o&rly dntin.'. 
None of those temples date Croni before the ftirival of the Mai«lmaii 
(ISOO). Of the whole namber sixteen were bnilt under the PeafawAi, 
and filtoon eince the introdnclim of British rale. Of & fMrij 
endowment " " ~ 

the itate and 
BitQohandre' 

the nulmlatdar's office^ and Deri's and Tririkram's on the etatiitt 
nmd.> 

Of Mnsalnfln remains there are the Shcn^le lake, said to haw 
beeubuilt in 1605, the tomb of MnhaUbAr Khan the ministerof fihA 
Jah&D, who wa« sent in disgrace to KaljAn when (165H) Aumnga^ 
usurped hia father's thr<^ine, and twelve mosqaes of which seven an 
in ase and five are in rains.' Of theee bnildings the moot 
intoresting are Mohatabar Kbdn's tomb on the east bank oftlw 
Bfaonile lake with the inscription ' Knter Heaven,' which gives 1108^ 
that is A.D. 1t>94<, and on the 8<>ttth-ireftt corner of the Mtme lab 
the graceful Kih Maajid or Btsck Mosque with the inscription, 'The 
resntt of the liberality of Sycd/ which gives 1054, that is aj>. IdtS. 



' Among the tooiplai to locad aad oarlr deitiH m BnlD 0*ap>ti, five Io Den. twt 
nf than to 8hrtU<levi or the aiik&l]-]M>x goddcM, two to Vithobi, one fco MSnu, wd 
nw to SahiijAiiaod. 

'TlwtliirtytfinipWiuKftlyin arc, ShriMahilakahmi'B built b^r Pimpalkhur, wi^t 
jMrij- ftllowAim nf its. 29 : IVivikruna bnilt by Mobanilole, with n jravly bIIovmm 
of Kh. 37 ; Hhn IUmji> bnilt b>- Kirlnkor, endowed with 3011 tarn of luid mmmmi 
Kl Ra. 30.13-0, of wbich Ra. 4-10-0 ia i»aid Mqm^r«nt; KikhimhTcabvsr'* aU 
K ycftrly &lIawMice of JU. 31 : Ganpkti'a buUl bv LcU, with a ywrly aUowaBM at 
lU. 35 i ftnolbw tcDtpk) of Oanpati built by OtritKU. enilowed wilb 9U men* of h»i 
e<lM Ka. I4.I44, of which Bn. 1.1441 >>J>*>d m quit>rBtit ; Mot^ThikaHvir^ 



bnilt br Joahia, with » yMrlj-^aJlowaooo of Ha. 3S in oadi aod 4}{aoncB in Uai 
3 at 



Ra. 17-9-0, of which Bs. 2-3-0 ia paid aa (itnt-rant : Stddbaaavmr'a boilt by 
Mofaandolc, wjtli nyearly allowuice of Ra. IS t HAraeahvan-'a bath by RamAji MAfaida* 
UbivAlkar, witJi a yoarly allowance of Ra. &7 in oaah and Ifgtba of ao mct* in Imat 
aaoeaaod at Ka. 6-I-4, uf which l*J im. aranaidna qnit-rwit ; Ganpati'a t«nple bni]t tnr 
BnoiAJi Mahidar BUivvUiar, with a TMrly allowtuico of Ra. 9 ; Sahajimud'a bout 
lijr Luabntn Shotli MnmlnikiLr. «DdowM«7tb ) (tha of au acre of Inntf aaiifulat 11 
«■«■, tt which nntt pi/ i» paid aa qnit-not ; HAruti'B tanple boilt by Phadnia, wilk 
aa allowance uf Ra. 4 iu caab aitd 3|1 acna of land -rii r* aL Ril 12-4.S, of vhiofe 



B«L 1.9>0 ia paid u qnit-reut ; Grtrado^i'i tviiipl« built in the tiino of the PcahwJiL 
with B yearly allowance of Ra. 10 in cash and f'tha of an acn of land aaaeaMn 
at Ka. S-i-^ of which 7 <u. arc paid aa <)iut-nnit ; I.Ak«hini NArAyan TbAkardvai^ 
balongiiiN to and biiilt liy Vitnia, haa no allowance ; tlie Slvkir'a tompl« nf Vitboba 
baa no B]lo<ranc« ; Lalulimi N4r^;aa*a built by PAtankar haa no allowanc* ( the SobAi^ 
Th&kuidr&r haa no allawane* : the KUAr'a ThAlrarAvar baa ao allowaaoe } Bingi^ 
ThakurdTAr, boittby Sidd«ahvar ViaAyak Pimpalkbara, haa no aUowaaee i Kirfcink 
Uannati, built by th« Kirkirva, haa no allowance^ Data's temple, built bgr 
Dpalaa. haa no aUawaaoe; Kirkiie's Tb&kurdvAr, bnilt l>y tb« Kirkire», baa do 
allowanoo : two Rtaiit^ tvnn>Ic«, onv bnilt by Muni Rivs and tlia otbor by 
UopAtdAa BAva, have no BUAwante : ShitlAdi'vi near MArnti'B temp]«. boilt 1^ 
pomo. haa BO allowanoa ; Jari Mari'a t«iup)e built by the townapeopto, haa aa 
allowaaoe ; Qaiipati'a tomplv by WAauilcv >IahAd«r rarbhu, haa no aP owa aaat 
TMioba'a temple boilt by tbo Parbhita, haa no allowance i BAUii'a temple 'Inilt by 
fatvardhan, haa no iJlowanco ; l>evi*8 tomplc built by Thanso, baa no allowanM i 
SbitUdevi in KtimbhArrAda, btiilt by the Ku[ul>hiini, boa no allowaiioa. 

*Th« nanieaof Uio wvun mowiuca in uaeare, Jiiita, Hit Bandar, PAvg«, 'Ebarkaoili. 
CUiBiktaar, Cbandh. and KAh I the niimd moaqoaa are on the DavinR* naervolr, OB the 
Shcnile lake road, on the KoaAJe reaorvoir, oa ib« AdbAr nHervoir, and in the oitadal. 



KALtiil. 



The P^rais, wlio bare 1on({ been settlod in Kalydn haro, aboat thrco Oiapter XIV. 
miles Dorth of the town, a Tower of Silouco now iu use. It was baiit pjjyjdi oTinteiMt. 
io 1790 bj NavHJb^ widow of NaftarvAnji DAdabhiii Modi. A i&w 
jards from this tower are the foundtUiona of ftn old tower, wbich^ 
aa il is inadu of brick, was probably built bcEoro 1663.' In tho 
Pitrsi quarter of the town is o fire temple built in 1788 by Edalji 
Byramji, Prom a foumlaiion of trap rock risp^ a plinth of coarse 
ibblo one f<iot high and thirt'Cen fcot eix inches square, and qb this 
lother plinth two ioet high and thirteen feel nqaare. Three stono 
«>ps ascend the double plinth to the fire temple which in of brick 
id mortar, nine feet square outside and seven inside, s«t back to 
%ithin eighteen ini-hes of the rear or weBt«m etlgo of the plinth. 
The wttlls are five feet oix inches high and Burmountod by a. roof of 
|bout the aamo height and thickness forming a currilinear pyramid, 
the west side is a niche for the sacred lamp, in the east a door 
ty -three inches high and twenty-six wide, surmounted by a small 
jrnice and flanked by two small bull's-eye ventilators.* ]^ear the 
lilwny station is a rest-house for PAtbi travellers built in ISSI. 

Under the forms Koliyau, Katiy^n, Kliliyan, Kalian, K^Uan, ffuiorjf, 

[alyAn appeara in nine Kanheri inscriptions which, from the 

rm of the letters, have been attributed to the first, second 
ittd fifth or sixth ceoturiest Two of the inscriptions raeutiou 

BnddhiBt monastery called Ambrilika in KalyAn.* According to 
the Periplas (247) KnlvHn rose to importance about the end of the 
second century of the Christian era.* At the time of the Periplua 
it had again declined, (rreek ships were not alluweil to trade to 
Kalliena, and if by chance or stToss of weather they entered the 
tiarbour, king Ssndanes placed a guard on board and sent them 
to Rroach.^ In the sixth oeutory Kosiuas Indikoploaetes (bSb) 
mention!) Kallinna as one of the five chief marls of western India, 
the seat of a powerful king, nith a great trade in brass, blackwood 
logs, and articles of clothing. It was also the scat of a Christian 
bishop who received ordinance from the Pcreinns." About a hundred 
years later (64fl) Kaly&n has been identified with Hiwon Thsang's 
capital uf Mahilrustra, which was touched on the west by a great 

> In liuIiB, bafom 153). no Towers ol i^ilvncv wer« bnilt of atoDP. In that ^eif, hi 
ODBMqii«QC« of s rcferaitce Vj PuniU, tiic ]>nKtii:T jf liuiMiiiR brick, tuwent ccuod. 

' Mr. SiiKWr.C. 8.. in Ind. Ant. VI. 144. Mr. B. R Patel. 

■ S«e )i«loir, Kaiilifih. It MiiMnapnMihiK tLnt the A»i1j41Jktt moiuwtcry was od oc 
aoAt Ihe ■it« uf tba preMot t«inpl« of AtDbamitb. 

* Viiic«tilVi trmnilaUiiti (^Ti) woiiM lix Die rias of KoUiuia «■ ft sreat pUoe of tnAc 
in Ibe reign iauuiNUatvly Ufun Uiv tioiu of the PcripltM: UcCriiuU* (Periplua. 
127) would pUee tt A reign or two enrlicr, aa tb« dcvi,>l/>j>oT oS Kaly&n in aaid li> btt tita 
«liler SwAganeia. * UcCrtndle'a Peniilua, 127. 

* TopfgnDliia Cbiiatiaaa in Migoe'a BibBotheoa C'leri Unirerwci, I. 170. 4M. 447, 
450. Th« lollDwing reaaooa ae«m to ahow that Koaniaa' KiUliaiut wu not in MaUbAr 
•ad ra alnuMt cartainly th« Kookaa Kaly4n. Ho aaya (p. 44*1-447}, * The more funooa 
todiui «inpo«iiina ar« diWd Sio>l, fh-rhntri i>n>liabl; Soratb iu Kathiilwir, KallioiM, 
Sibor jMrbapi ^vpAn, and ifak MaUMr.' He goM oai, 'MalabAr baa fiva porta 
Cnm which ffPftr U aant. Parti, MaDjfanith, Salnjiatna. Xolopatna. and Pndapatna.' 
Afnun (p. wO) h« ap**^ <if &v» aepaiatc Indi&ti kinjt* who had alephanta, the 
ktuB 0* OrrhatiB. KalUattomin, Sindn, 8ibor, aiiiI .M»1r. Fiirthor aa rraaida tode, 
Oeykai de«la with Male, with KaUmiis, aud with Siad and I'eraia, and ui« Mrin^rir 
piodncta are diatiact fron] thoM reoemd from Killifm FtiuUy (170) Chriiteaa are 
bmnd in Ceyloo, Male, KaUiaaa, and Sokotza. 




1 Bombay OuettMr, 



Cbaptei XIT. 

PlMMOflllUrMt. 

KAiriir. 



DISTRICTS. 



river.' Thin iilentification in Tury doabtfal. K&IjAn had ftlre*3j 
beon Qclipsed bj 'Iliintt, who«d Came m a piaoe o£ trade had in GS! 
broagbl on the Konltan the first Arab iDvosioo. Tfa^na odIj ii 
muDiioDed bv the Arab writers of the tentli. eleventh, and t«relM 
centuries. But this may have been becaoso Thaaa was the port for 
foroign trado. Early in the fonrteenth century (I3I2-I3I91, 
the Musalmins found KalyJln the bead of a district and 
Kave it the name of IsUmabod.* No reference has been traced to 
Kalyd.n or Isliimabad daring the fifteenth oenburr. It probabi; 
waa nominally under the Bahmani Icingn, and, at the clctt 
of the century, came more directly under the new dynasty of 
Ahmadnagar. It was taken by the Portiigueae lu lOliG. They did 
not garrison the town, but, retnrning in 1570, bamt the guburbi 
and oarriod off much booty. It is d«scnbed as having a fine fcit 
with a garrison of 1500 men.* Fn>m this time it seems to have 
formed part of the Ahmadna^r kingdom and to have been tte 
head-quartcre of a province, lu 16^0 it was handed to Bijipor, 
and nmlinuod Iho ncml -quarters of a district strt>tching {rata 
Bhiwndi to Nf&gothnn. Id ItVtS Shiriji's general Abaji Somadcr 
surprised Kalyan and took the gov«>rnor prisoner.* The MogbtU 
reooTorod it in 1660/ but again lost it opparently in 1662.' la 
April 1675 Fryer found it mined ' reeking in ita a-ihea,' the people 
' beg^rly, kennelling in wretched huts.' Still there were sign^ of 
former importance. ' Ita samptuous relics and stately fabrics w«n 
the moet glorious ruins the MuHaliiuLus in the Deccan had enr 
cause to deplore.' There wore buildings of many stories faced witli 
square stones and many mosques of cut stone, abating little of their 
ancient lustre, all watered with pontts and having about them costly 
tombs several of which SbirfLji hod turned into grananea.' In 
]67i, under the treaty of K^irior Rdygad (June 6th].5biv&ji granted 
the Engliah leave to establish a factory at Kalyiin." In 1728 it 
bad a large Musalm^n jHjpulation and several mosques, especially 
one on tJie edge of a lako. Among many mined remains was ■ 
wetentious tomb of Mohotabar KhAn dated 1694..* In 1750 
Tieffonthalor mentions it as a large and well peopled city, with 
499 splendid villages and a revenue oE ^9425 (Ra. 91^250). It 
was one long struct filled with morchanta, the honses roed-walled 
and covered with thatch."* In May 1780, as the HarilthAs had cat 



' CuuuQgh&m a Abo. 0«0g. of TmlU, I, ftSi. Tlw okpiUl iatiud to bo klxmt 30 tiiv 
Ave tnU«t roiuul. Tliv lind ws» rich ukI fertQe and gnio plaitifol, tl)« cUoiatv aoft 
and tenpantA, the i>eii]>le aiiaple had hoatmt, flerc« aod ptwaaate. Jotieii'* Hiv«s 
TliMOg,4l6. 

*Jflrvu' Konkan. 81. Onne (Hwtono*] Pnwm«nU, 216) bohlsthkt cnrlj- in tha 
fovrtooQtli cratnry Kdyfto waa probably tbu melropoUa of fUlaettc, Bombay, 
BaMain, and all thv oounlrv round. 

* Naime's Ko^ka■^ At> ; Ve Coiito, IX. 427 : Vm Cnnha'a BMMtn. I6S. Is 1550 
Kaly&D appcan as mm of th« Earopeaa port* that imid tribute u> Oujarit. Bdt tliii 
would AMinnnt to imply any dapoManoa oa Rniarit. Bird'* MirAC-i-Abniadi, ISO. 

* final Duff, M-04. * Kainw a Konkan, 63 ; Gnuit Duff, tift. 
•Grant Ihiff. 85. ' rn-nr'a New AroouDt, V24. 

* And«T«>iii't Wc«teni India, 16&. In the a»me y«ar it ■■ mentioned (Onaa'a Hie 
Flag. i4) luidcr tho nuii« of GalUaa u a niitiod town where Uora Paodit qaart«rwL 

* O Chroo. <1« TU. II. fiS ; Naifsa'a Koakaa. K. 
** Dea. Uw. ot Gmj. I. IM, SOS. 



^mJA 



*^ 



y^ 



REFERENCES. 

FootpaAs ad- m rock,. 

■...w™. -. Stqjs ad irv ivdr 

_»„."■ »_ WaiercaursM, 

HB Ctetemt. 

^^^ Tfrraces cja:avat^d- or emiajtlud 

Thf caiTA-f arc wdtraffd hr S" fhnm }io 99. 




f^^ap^* 




~^ >u Tflfii yjiiii I'nU Thinu: 



}m 




\\frlrJ-lall- ^i^taptea 



•■h .ioi.r>mf'.-.r..-i ( ,!.■ 0>T.,., i',,n., leai 



THANA. 



121 



Kaltav, 



[supplids, the Bombfty Governmeot determined to occupy the ChipterXIT. 
a opposite Tlidna as far aa the Saliy^ri htila. Kalydu was placeiOfLit 
&nd placed iu charge of Captain Richard Campbell. Nana 
Icftvis sent a strong force to recover the place, which, advancing 
Kalyiu, threatened, if resistance was o0ered, to destroy the 
)n, and oaosed a Kuropean prisoner. Ensign Fyfe, to write to 
commanding officer demanding a surrender. Campbell replied 
they were welcome to the toivn if they could take it. After a 
>t Rpirited defence, on May 2&tb the day fixed for a general assault, 
krriaon wtu* relieved by Colonel Hartley, who surprised the 
camp, and, with great slaughter, pursued the fugitives for 
In 1781 a resident was appointed.* In 1810 (26th Uay) 
iyAn was visited by Sir Jamea Mackintosh and a party from 
tbay. Tbey walked through the streets, almost killed by th« 
without finding any componBation for their fatigue. Thoy sat 
lown to their tiffin on a little green in the town and drank three or 
four toasts in oocoanut shells. All agreed that Dr. Fryer, whose 
florions ruins and stately bbrios had tempted them to Kaly^n, ought 
ihare been hanged.' 

k'mandurg, in Kdman village, about ten miles eastof M&nikpur, 
conical hill, 2100 fcot high, forming the southern end of the 
jgir range. On tlie top are the remains of a fort. The hill is a 
Trigonometrical Survey station and is Uie most striking feature in 
the range that rans from the Bassein creek north to tho Vaitama. 

Tbe Eanherl Caves/ in north latitude 19' 13' and oast longitude 
72* 59', lie in a wild picturesque valley in tho heart of the island of 
Stisette, about 6 ve miles west of Thinaand twenty north of Bombay. 

The caves, which are more than lOO in number, axe easily reached 
from the Bh&ndnp station of the Peninsula railway or tho Borirli 
•totion of the Baroda railway. From Bhdndup, Bfteen miles 
DDrth-east of Bombay, tbe Kanberi road runs north-west for aboat a 
mile, across rice fields and grass nplands, till, at the foot of tbe 




KiHAWDTOU. 



Kakbiki Cavik. 



> Gnat Duff. 434. * Knlyin DuuiM in N*ime'> Ronk&n, I03l 

* MMckintoah'a Lif*, II. 19. DetoQa of »ome «uly &]>{iar«titljr Buddhiat renuiui 
Utalr (Aynt 27, 1982.) fuund oear Kxlyin ani givan in App«odii A. 

* The (oUuvriu U & liaC of loodera Dotkca uid kooouiiU of ih« Kanhcri flavM : 
Osrek d-OrU (1M4). CoUoqnioa, Snd Ed. |tST2) 211-212 ; Dom J«ao dc CwtraflOSA), 

'PrimMTO RoUiro d« CoaU dtt ladik, 75-81; Luwcboton (1679), Di*ci>ur«6 of TojUM 

IUmim, 1306}, 1wk« L iwp. xlir. SO; Diogv da Cbuto 0603). Dk Aai» Decadik VlL 
IT iii. oap^ 10 (Ed- Lisboft) : tho tran«Ut«d in Jowiutl of th* Bombov Bmncfa 
RojtbI Amtie Socisty, I. 34-40 ; Sir T. Harbcrt (1626) ia Hutu. 1-410; Fr>'«Ml(i7&}, 
M»« Aoconnt of Eut IndiA and P«rti«. 72-79: Oftoirlli C^ren (lUftS) in Churchill, 
IV. IM- 199 ; Okpt. A. Buudton (1720), N«w Aooount of tha Eut IndiM, I. 181 ; 
AMOvtil da Perron (1760), Z*nd AtmU, Diaooar* Prvlimmair*, ocoxdv. •occcuii j 
ri^m (1774), OrieaUl Utmoit*. 1. 424-43$, III. 460-451 ; Lethi0aIliw(l78O),Haco«d 
11781), Mid a«nt«r (17S4} in Ardinologi^ VII. 299.302, S33 336. and Till. 2SI -SftS ; 
ValMtu (1909), Trarals, 11. 196-198 j 8alt(l»(X>) in Tnmnactionn BotDbftjr Lit«rery 
SecMty. I. 44 S3 ; Moor (1810) Hindu PsntfacoD, 243 ; Kr«kin« (1S21) in Tranucttona 
Boot. Lil. Soo. (Reprint). IIT. 6&3: HMniHoD'a iJeMription of HindutUn, II. 173; 
Heber'i Nftrrfttive. II. 169.191 i Truu. Bom. G«og. 8o& VI]. 147; Wiboo ia 
JonnulQ. U. U. A.». III. pt II. S9-4I ; HUirauoaia JnuntlBB. B. .^V. S. IV. 131- 
IH. V. 1.34: n-^t in Juaraal B. B. R. A. S- VI. 1-14. 116-120. 1S7-1$0; Bhiu 
IMJl in Joamkl B. B.tl.A.8. VUI. 230; Bird'i HirtarioKiRaMnrebM, 10-11 iJoura&l 
A. •.Ba^^. X.M:Joiim*l R. A. .S. Vlll. 63-e9; FatasMM*! Anhitoctnr*, 129-130 1 
Ukd FWgwnod and Batgtm' (l'«re T«n)|ilei, M8-a60l 

»ioM-ie 




SIT. SilBett« hillB, it joiiu the old BombAjr-Th^a road. It then cltmha 
YlMet oflnUnit ^ P"* *^ '^® ^^^^ '*"*^ winds about % mile across the rugged upland 
ol VehAr, the gathering ground of the VehAr Uke, which, Btortiog 
Ka>'hiu C*vai. pjj ^jjg jjjfj^ Btrett-hea about Svo miles to the eooth-weat, ita 8urfiu» 
^'****' brokeo by wooded ialcta. Beyond the V'ehdr gathering groaud, the 

oath pause, for about a mile, throegh a thick belt ol' foreet, orer 
the slightly raised wstorsljed that separate! the TuUi and the Vahir 
valleja. Near Tulai the road swerves to the loft, keeping to the 
■Oath-weet of TuUi lake, a beantiful sheet of water surrounded hj 
wild forest-ulad hills. For the two remaining miles, from Tnlsi ta 
KAnhcri, the road is not fit for carta* Tlie Brst mile lies along the 
Vehir>BonvU road, with roogh risea and falls, down the wooded 
Tulai or Tisu vaUey, surrounded by high forest-clad hills, tbroa|^ 
gladea of withered graea, thick oopeewood, and bright greeu clnmiM 
of bamboos. The laat mile ia along a {ootpaih that strikes from tba 
Borirli road north to Kauheri. 

From Borivli station, on the Daroda railway tw«nty-twt> miles 
north of Bombay, the way to Kanheri lioft, for aboot half a mils, 
sooth along the Bombay road. Then, crowing the railway and 
passing Booth-euat through about a mile of rice-land, it enters a 
great belt of brab-palme with petchra of brushwood and graas land. 
After about a mile the valley of the T&an n&rrcma, and the brab grove 
and grass give place to forest. Carta pass through thia foreat for 
abont a mile and a half, when, not far from where the Bhaudup 
track leaves the BorivU road, a footpath strikes north about a mile 
to Kanheri. 

In the bed of the TAau or Tnlai, near where the Kanheri footpath 
loaves the Borivli road, is a small rock-cat cave whose mouth is undor 
water except in the hot weather, 'llie first signs of caves are to 
the north-coat, in the high cliff of Kflman, the main range that runs 
north-west from Tulsi. Further north the paths from Borivli and 
Bhandup inin, and pass among thick trees losing sight of the Kitman 
range. Then suddenlv on the right, frcm thickly wooded slopes, 
rises ft ragged cliff, the end of the Kanheri spur, that runs about 
UDrth'Oaet and south-west, nearly at right angles to the K^man 
range and several handred feet below it. A bare black acarp that 
mna along the west face of the Kanheri spnr is greatly worn by tb« 
atorma of the south-west monsoon, llxere remains a black bro^J 
as if roughly cat in a series of arches, overhanging a hollow g^H^m 
(West'a 88-41) of light brown rock, the biiryinir- ground of tho ol^ 
Kanheri monks. Above the overhanging crest, the rounded slope of 
tho bill-top swells, without bushes or graas, to a Hal plateau of black 
rook, crowned by patches of brushwood, prickly pear, and stunted 
trees. The rest of the Kanheri spur, like ita sonth-westfaco, is one 
long douie-topped block of black trap, a paradise for cave-cntter^H 
Pastting undvr the west cliff, up a deeply woodt>d ravine, a fli^m 
of worn 8t«p8 leads, across * broftd brash wood -covered tcrraee, IW ' 
tho slightly overhanging scarp in whose west face is cut the Great 
or Cathedral Cave (No. 8). The Great Cave stands near Uie mouth of 
a narrrow ravine, marked bloe on the map, which runs nearly eaat and 
WMt in a deep1y*woni channel On both aides of thia narrow ravine 
fbe jaoe of the rock is carved into caven. Along the low north bank 



diA 



A 



AjpMt. 



there ia room lor onlj one row of cavcs. Bat tbe lofty domo of the Chapter HV. 
■oath bftnk is carvecl into three irregiilai- tiers, joined by long roughly PlacMOf Intereit. 
cut. digbts of shaUoir steps. Behind tLe liaes of caves, on the north . 

bank, approached hy ronghly cat Higbts of steps, are two knobs of * 
rook, with roroeina of relic shrines or barial-moands, and, on the 
top of the south bank, above the lines of caves, the sloping sidra and 
long flat tflble of rock arc carved into stops and cisterns, and were 
once crowned by buriul-moundH and n-lic shrines or temples. 

The view from the bitl top is bouitdod to the Durtli by the scarp of 
K&nan, which, rising from a thickly wooded slope, thongh hollowed 
and broken by the weather, bears traces of more than one cave front. 
To the sonth a high wooded bank bides the distant view. But east 
and west Kanlieri hill commands the whole breadth of Salsette from 
Bombay harbour to the month of the Bassein creek. To the ea«t,acros8 
fjoreat-oiad slopes, lies Tulsi lake, with its small bare isleta and itd 
circle of high wooded hills. Beyond Tulsi is a belt of thick foresti 
then a gleam of Veh^ lake, and, beyond VehAr, rice fields and salt 
wastes stretch dim and grey to Bombay harboar. To the west lies 
the beautifal Tulsi valley, a targe deep cup.shaped hollow. Its gentle 
■lopes are richly covered with forests, brightened by tufts of light 
ffreen bamboo, with lines of black rock and glades of withered grass. 
Beyond the hills, the deep green bolts of brab-palms and mango 

Sovea are broken by yellow patches of rice and grass land. TheOj 
romgh a flat of haro brown salt waste, wind the narrow sail* 
brightened waters of the Gorai creek, and, beyond the creek, stretches 
the long level tine of Gorai island. Along the north-west winds the 
Baasein creek, and, over the mins and palm groves of Bassein, the 
aea ^es into the sky. 

The site of the oaven, lonely, picttiresqne, and not far from the rich 
trade centres of Sopirn, Kalyin, and Cnemula, combines the throe 
leading oharactoristios of the sites of the chief groups of Western 
India rook temples. But Kanheri is the only rook-cut monastery in 
Western India that has the foeltng of having been, and of being 
ready again to be, a pleasant and popular dwelling place. The rows 
ct cells water cisterns dining halls lecture halls and temples joined 
by worn flights of rock-cnt steps, and the crowded hnrial gallery show 
what a huge brotherhood mast once have lived at Kanbori. In many 
of the better caves, the front court-yard with its smooth rockfloor 
broad benches and gracefully rising side walls, the shaded water 
cistero, the neat flight of easy steps leading to the cave door, the deep 
flat eave, the cool veranda, the well-lit ball with its windows of stone 
lattice, the slim graceful sculptures, and the broad easy benches hewn 
at many of the best view points.havea pleasing air of comfort, refine- 
ment, and love of nature ; while the long stretches of clean black rock, 
the steps and the court-yards free from earth, weeds, or brushwood, 
look as if lately swept and made ready for a fresh settlement of 
religious recluses. It is, says Mr. Nairne, a town carved tu the solid 
rock, which, if the monks and the worshippers roturnod, would, in a 
day or two, be as complete as when first inhabited. ' All things in 
their plaoe remain as all were ordered ages since.'* 




> Nsinw'* Konkui, 19. 



1 Bombay OftMttMr, 



fllwpt«r XIT. 

FImwi of Intcreit. 

Kjjrmtat Catb. 
HMiory. 



DISTRICTS. 



The oenlro of trade and popnlation, ou which the Kaobeii 
moiiAfttery originally chiefly depended, was, probably, about thm 
mik>a to the west, at the month of the Tuisi Talley, somewhen 
near tho site of the deserted village of M^gtitlian, which appean io 
on9 of the care inscriptjohs m Mftngalthao. Pilgrims, no danbt| 
came fruiu the east, by Vehar au^ TuUi, but the main approach wit 
from the west, perhaps by way of Fadan hill, up the Taaa TBlUyj 
vrhicb was prob&bly cleared and tilled and prondad with an etty 
road. 

Kanhagiri, tho old namo of the hill, porhaps the Pr&knt comipUoB 
uf the Sanskrit Knshna^ri or Krishna's hill, seems to show that 
the fame and holiness of Kanhcri date from before the riae of 
Buddhism.* The Bo ddbis t legends place the conversion of the Konkaii 
to Buddhism as early aa the lifet»iie_of_Gaotama {b.c. 560-481).' 
The story is that Fuma, the chief of the Sop&m merchants, waa 
10 affected by h(>aring' Buddhist hymns eung by merchants from 
Shriirasti near Benares, that be determined to become a follower 
uf Oautama. Leaving Sop&ra be set oat lor Sbravasti where 
Gautama waH living, and, on presenting himself as a disciple, 
Was received with hononr. Ho soon rose to a high place among 
Gautama's followers, and, anxious to show his zeal for the faith, 
asked leave of his ma&ter to preach the law in the country uf Shroa- 
ftpaHbta, apparently the Konkan. Gautama reminded him bow 
fierce and cruel the people were. But Puma persisted, and, promising 
to overcome violence bv patience, was allowed to make the attempt. 
His qaiet fearleasnesa disarmed the wild men of Apar^ta. Numbeta 
became convert«,and monasteries werebuilt and flourished.' Shortly 
after, Purna's brother and some merchant s from Shrivasti, oo the point 
of shipwreck off the Malabo const, called on Porna to help them. 



> Tboaeh it Mvnu MobaU* thmt tho sarly Bnlbmu •rttlns. who wen dnwe (u 
th« VftiUnu sod to Soptn, would alio ktU«b rcligiooa imporUooo to ihm hiU tlut 
orowni tfaa isUad of SAuotto, this dehvKtioa U not oeitejn. Kuilugin may iimpljr 
taetM the bUck hiU. A(i:iun it aeem* pOMiblii tlkat tli« oaroo ii older tbiui Uie 
BrAbtDUia, and that tb* original form of tli« word waa Kbaaden, th« Dnvidlu 
Sm Hill, Kud that tha Aryati aettlort rij^litly dianged the naar, aa Mnaslnain 
Mttlsrs often did in latAr tlinea. to a word that gava a meaning ia th«ir own tongoo, 

An apparent nfereiuM to th« Kauhvri cave* in tba Mahlbhliat* (B^c. 1400) 
look,* luta a lat« UrihouLaioal iutcrpoLatioo. It occun in tho i*diidaUtrihifitra 
or Pilgrima^ of thv Ftedava, and nina aa-follawa : After Yudliiahthini had tMU 
thM« sod other hotr plaoce on« after another, the WMh-firanted Ona saw tdta 
very holy SburpAraJia. Than, cruaning a narrow baU of aea (the Baaaeio oroak), 
ha cama tu a world-famod foreat, wherra. in tiui«« of yvre, ffoi» had dons pmaaoa 
■nd kings aaonfivtid to gab nltgwua tn«nt. Hon tut Ixmu^ sad Sturdy Aimed 
One saw tha altar of tE« ton at Richika, fonxnoat aoioiig bovmeo, mrroanded 
by crowdi td aaooitioa and worthy of wotvlup hj the rirtaoiia. Tberd tli« kin^ 
aaw charming and holy tcmtitea of the Vaina, of the Marat), of tha two Aahnna, 
ol VaivMvmU, Aditya (!], Kuoera, In<b«. Viahnu, and the all-pem4ina Sarita (1), 
<■( Bbava, tho moon, tho aon, of Varana lord of the watcn. of tha eidhyaa, of 
Biahma, of the Pitns, of Bndra with hii gaitiu, at Saraavatt. of the Siddbaa and 
olhar holy goil*. i'reaffating tha wise men of the Deiahbuurbood with dothea and 
riok JeweU, and batliing in all the holy poob, he cane laek to SbnrpAnka. Mahi> 
Uiirata (Bon. Ed.) Vanaparva, i»p. astHH. 

■Bomouf'a Int. A I'Hutoire dn Buddlusme Indian, I. 2f)i5<!;7d. The itory iaa 
lamnd. Gaulama almoat onlaialy iMver laft northere India. 

^ The dauib, hundred! of bedi, easts, camta, euiUoM adorned witli Bgunv, and 
canred pedeetala, apply to a late penod. 



^^fa 



♦thAka. 



6UL] 
10, appearing m their midst, calmed the storm. On raachin^ 
ra ihoy built a Buddhist temple with their carf^o of Bandalwoodf, 
its opening was honoarcs! by the presence o£ Gantama, who 
convert«d the aty to faia faith.' About B.C. 246, when Asliok 
determined to spread Buddhism over India, a certain Dhnrmarskahita, 
called Tona or the Yava-n (that is, probably the Baktnun) was eent 
to Aparanta or the Konkan and made many conTert«.' 

None of the Kauheri cavea shows certain signs of beinff as old M 
the time of Asholc. But the simple tity]& of Caves 5, ft, d, 58, and 59. 
ranks them ~atnongFit the earireat class of caves which vary in date 
frum B.C. lOO tu A.D. r>0. This earlydat^i is supported by au inscription 
(So. 2Cyjn^K^ifc Cavo III., which shows that, in the time of Gota- 
uipatralT. (a.D. ITT-l^Gl, Khnhcrij thongh sosmall a hill, was famous 
enoDgli tobe ranked with the Sahja, Viudhyo, and Malaya mountains.' 
An inBcription in Konheri Cave No. 5 shows that, as early as the 
reign of \ Asishthipiitra (a-D. i'iO), cisterns were made for older caves. 
Of about fif ty inscription s that have been deciphered teU; from tho 
form of tho letters^ eeem to date from before the Christian era. The 
role of the Shdtakami kings (b.c. 200 • a.d. 350), especially the reign 
of Ootamiputra II. (a.d. 177-190), seems to have been a time of proa- 
pericy at Kanheri. To about this time belong twenty of the fifty 
inscriptions, recording grants by kinga ministers and traders of caves, 
cisterns, lands, and money, Among the caves that belong to this period 
ftr« the entire third tier, inclodiug the great Cathedr^ ^f^\o Ka 3.* 



^Kd 



Chapter ZIT, 

Places of Intertet. 

KAvasmt CAva. 

Hifltar]r. 



* ApSMMB in Fkh Hiaji Ia.d. 420, B«a1 Ull, which hsdu to refer to Kftohori (cm 

* r. p. 196), •tet«» that the mouAstcry was d«dicAt«d lo KAihyepK tho BuddbA who 
etibni Ciuitatna. This Kubjrapa U wtid tu hiiv« hoea « BcDKimi BrAhtnui who 

s^vut B.C. 100O (H»ily'* Extern Moiuchiim, 89). lie wu worahippod bjr 
DandAtta who eeeeded from GautAms (Rbrs Davids. Tff. 181). The toot waa rtill in 
•xiAttooe in a.d. 400 (BvaI's f-'Ah HIati, (jSi-83 : ItuniuiAt'i Foe Kone Ki, IIS-MQ), 

*F*rgaa*o<i aail Burgcx' Gave Temples ol ludi^ 17. ApArAnte, AAy» Profeuor 
BbAndArkAr, niuct 1m- the w«at«n] cout bctow Lhe .Sahj-ldn*. In th« fourth c«oto 
of tb« BaghuvAiEuh [Disticht S2, 53, Aiiil 58) K&IidiA reproMuta Ragha as croaainij: the 
Bftb^A to cr>iimi«r ApariUit, and as, oy ineAiu of his tmineDse Army, uaking the aoA 
to appear aa ix tc lout.-h«d tba Sahya moontnin. Tmnii. Hoe. Or. Cou^ 313. SoaIao 
Fkoiiit BbAgi-dnlAI wril«B (Ind. Ant. VIL 259): 'Anarlnbi comxponda with the 
laodcni Koniuna, from Uokani ia north KioAni to the DwnaiuAiigB, the frontior 
rivw of UnJArlt, or perhaps eron farther north to the TApii.' la • pasun in tha 
HahAhhArat, it is aUtcd thnt ArJiiiiA, After miting the AAnctaary of PAabupati at 
Oofcam, tnrelled to all Die holy {ilacoii in AmrADti, and, following the coaat, finally 
Hlived Id Prabbls, that ia VorAval in soutJi Kdthi&wAr. According to tfa« YldavB 
Kc«h, 'Tha AparAntAa are the wBat«rti IaimIb; they oro Shurparau sod otfaars.' 
The comnentator on VAtayAyanAa Kinsantn (a.j>- 200TJ caIIs AparAntA tba ooast o( 
the wettera ocesa, and accordinjt to VarAbamihirA (A.D. SfiO) it » a western ooiintry. 

■FooKoueKi. 316;Tran.i.8«. Ori. Cowg. 311. 

*ThK fiouruhiog rtat« uf KAuheri in tb« svoond aod third cvnturiga, and the olosQ 
trade ooiinectioa batweea Egjrpt Aud the- Konkan at tliat time make it prohalile thAt 
moefa of the Earopwui knowlodgo of BuddhiFm woa g^ned from KAnheri roonJts. 
The BrAhmanawbowTotetheaocount of their reli^nn ffrtltc ItomAD^ovemorof Kgjpt 
(470), aod who had been employed in their nwu cimutry iu carry inn food from tba towns 
to tnonks who lived on a groAt lull, were perhaps Knnhen aoo^tes. (Laaaea's Ind. 
Ait. Ill 378, IV, 907). The corre«t ideas of Buddhism held bjr Ckjn«<i« tit 
Alrundria (a.p. 200), who was th« Hrat Enrnpftan wliu knew th« woixT Buddha 
■Ml Who SpMlu of the Shrauuuts worahipping pyranii'jls which they believod 
Id hold tkfl booM of tome god, and of Porvbyry (a.d. 300), who described tlie 
ahimmsna m a uixtttre of oIabsos who sbaTod Uicir headii and wore tunica, 
Absadaocd their ^miliaa and lived in ooUeeea upending their time in boly cuoTer- 
^^^oe sad getting daily dolee of rkie (TAlboja Whcclcr, IV. 240), were perhap* 



CbaptwXIV. 
FUc«i of Iiit«r«t 

lUvBnirkvm. 



It wM probably in the fourtb century tbat the flcolptured stone tops 
in rave No. 3H was built; ancf it was folluwed iu the tifili centary 
by A tope near care No. 3. Additiuns b<iLh of fresli cavos aad of 
new ornaments in old caves seem to have continaed through the 
Bfth and eizth rentiiriea, ten of the fifty insoriptious dating from 
that period. Tbcne addiLtons belong to the late or Mahayaaa 
school and are much more omato than the older caTds. To thii 
period belong the Darb&r Care (No. 10) and others at the end of 
the fimt TOW, the two larg'e Htataes of Cxuulama at the ends of the 
veraDda of the Cathedral Cave (No. 3), and several chapels. In the 
beginning of the fifth century (420^ Fab Hian described frum 
hearsay a monastery in the Deccan, in a hilly burron land^ whose 
people were heretics knowing neither the Bnddbiat nor the 
BrAhman religion, Windows were pierced in many parts of the 
hill, and at the fonr comers flights of steps led up the hilleide. 
The nionastoij was well sapplied with water. A spring at the 
top flowed before the rooms encircling each tier, and on reaching 
the lowest chamber passed through the gate.' Hiwen 'I'bsang 
(640), though he passed throDgh the Deccan, seems not to hare 
heard of Kanhen.* This was the time of the spread of the 
R^bods of Malkhut near li^idarabad, BtAUncb follon'ers of Slliv 
and connected with the Elura and perhaps with the Elephanta caves, 
who, daring the eighth and ninth oeatnriea, seem to have wrestaa 
tbe Dorth Deocan and Konkan from the Chalnkyas. Before the end 



Ulon from tbo MUM Mmm. fIlifr.Pri»aIi(J. R. A. 8. XX. 298) di>Uo«« with aiirprlMt 
th*t, while CIaidgiu ALiixvi<lrious(A.D. SOO)hftd k corrcotidMoIBa^dhs. in ifac fifth 
ftnd iditLh ociitoriM not oven Koamfts (fiSS) Mema to hftvo b»d ftoy iilea of the ntigioa. 
Cfeia the unUnattoii bo that, in th« wonJup of Ifattt ttn)«, Ba<Idhs had htt lh« 
poattloa micb he h«ld aoder th» older people, and, that the ground woric of Uw 
nligUm WM hiddea under • m»m of ■mrit* oud bwihuaUtnt]- Another nuo who, 
aecordlnf ta ChrtetiAn «-nt«n of the niird and fourth oABtariw [AntheUaa ia hia 
Arebelai et M&oetis Dispuutio (A.D. 275-379}: Cyril's CfttachoM* (A Jh SQIJ: Mid 
Um Heivuee of Bnphjuiiiui (ji.n. 37J>)] braDsht the influenoe of Buddbinn toMaron 
Ghrietlknitf nwr hare g&ioed hia kD'>wt«UK« of Buddhian (nun Ksaheri monki. 
Thu BUB WM p aythico q*. thv t^Acbor of Tenbintbni, «nd the orisuutor of tbs 
PMb U m dootriBM of the ^MamchwaoB. K« lived diinng thettmo of tli« ApoatlA^ 
kad WM nid to beaMtlrc of ValestiDe, familiar with Oreek.itiid a m«rchAat who 
traded to India. He visibM] Iiulia ■BvanJ timea and learned Indian philoaophy. In 
bia inatar«r yean be oiarried Hypado, an Egyptian atarn, and aottlod in Aieiaodna, 
where he naatsred ttia kaming of the Bfiyptiana and wrote four book*, the eooro* 
of the Uaniohaao doetrine. He tbeo wont to Judtn with TeretMnthu^ diapuled 
with the Apnttleo of Chriat, and died there. At hi* death Terebtathua iiwerited lut 
books and wealth, and, aoiog to Babylon, procbuiued hiuiself learned in tbo wbdim 
of the F.g>'ptiaBi nod took the name of Rnddha (Bonddae). J. R. A. S. XX. 871. 

> EVtal, 141 ; Ktoniinat'* Foe Koue Ki, aU.3l7. Tboujch (hia is curioaaly Uka 
De Couto'a acoouul fwe below, p. 149), the reet of Fah Hian'a dnwnption makea tba 
Idestifloation with Kaohori very doubtful He uya the moaaatery wu formed tt 
At* slorlM or tiura, the lowoet in the ihApo of an elephaat. the uconl of a lioa, tlia 
third of a hone, the fourth of an ox, and the Afth of « dove. 

'Cuuningbam (Aoc- Oec^. S56) cgneidora that Kanheri ia the convent whtcA 
Hiwen Thaeiw [Stan. Jnliea MecB. Snr. lee Ckintr^ea Oco. tl. ISO] deectribee o« bulb 
IB a dark valujr in a raoov of hilla in tho eut of UahirAehtra, with walla covered 
with BonlptarM ihowing the evonta ia Gautama'a life. But thia aveouot, though 
ooafnaed, eoema to appV much more doeely to .^Unta (aee Kbiudeah StaL Act. 
Bod. Oat. XII. 490.481)- Shortly after tliwen Thuuiff'i time. Eauhcri perhAW 
gained an important edditign ia tfae penra of Chaadmlinb, the head of the Kihuua 
raooaatary near Benara; who, beins defeated by ChuldngoiBiiie, fled to the Eoakai. 
VaHUief^BonddlBiiv^nrr. 



^ 




Konkia.) 

thXna. 

the mgHh oentnry gifts were amin made to Eanheri. Two of the Chupter XIT. 

auheri inscripticDfiilated 853 ana 877, belong to the ninth century. Places of Isterett. 

iiose gifts are of little importance, none of them being more than 
jtrants of money. So far »s the inscriptions have been read no "*" ^^''*' 

farther additiooB were made. Up to the middle of the thirtoeuth Hutory. 

century Tbaiia nas under the rule of the Silh^ras, who thoagh Shaivs 
meexa not to have interfered with the practice of Buddhism,^ From 
tlie Silhar^t it passed to the Devgiri Y&davs (1260- 131B), who 
were gtaonch Shaivs. But neither cho Yildavt) nor their Musalm&n 
sncoessors were firmly established in the Konkan. Only a few 
ootpoets were held, and it is not certain whether S^Uette wa« under 
Gnjarit or under the Deccan. In either case Kanhori seems to 
have been nndisturbed, and, as late as the middle of the fifteenth 
oentnry (1440), Baddhist monks were building relic shrines.' Nearly 
a oentury later (1534), when the Purluguese conquered S&Isette, the 
Knnheri caves were still the home of a large colony of ascetics. 
The leaders wore converted to Christianity and the life of the 
monastery was brought to an end. The Portuguese speak of the 
ascetics as Yogis and they may have been Brahmanic ascetics. But 
several details recorded by the first Portuguese writers (1536- 1603) 
make it probable that they were Buddhist mnnks, and that the grettt 
Buddhist monastery of Kanburi reioained in life until its loaders 
were made Christians by the Portuguese.' 

The twelve hundred years of Buddhist aaoendancy (b.c. 450- 
A.D- 750] may be roughly divided into four periods, each period 
marked by the development of a n^w theory, or gospel, of the way to 
enlighteumcnt and rent.' The gospel of the &rst period was conduct, 
of the second motnphysics, of the third mysticism, of the fourth magic. 
Conduct dates from Gautama (b.c. 6o0), metaphysics from about B.C. 
2(X), mystery from about a.d. 100, and magic from about a.i>. 500. 
Thoagh the elder systems were to some extent eclipsed by the 

'TiMsKalhApar Silb&rn Oftiiduni<)Jt)-ft (lUO) bailt « templetoBaddhAftnd eniioirei) 
it witb land. ■. B. U. K. A H. XIIl 10. Noao nf thn rhia* Silbikm gnmU wliioll 
tuw y vl Immi d«cip(uir«d mnko uiv uMiition of KuiIiIIia. 

*S<«tli« itone pnU with uhtB^od same coius of Ahnuut Babnuni (1440) nun* 
iiOAod bclo* (p. I7<'i) M foond in csve 13- 

* Dan Jui" tlo Cutrn (1538) ( Printeira Rotmro dj^ CoU d« Indik, 75-61) Doti«M 
tKtt the objoot of •runiliip vna a great ronod ball (Ui« relic shi-tDo), This would Mem 
tA prcrve that tb« worabippcn wtn Baddhirt*. fiat it i» [Kvatblo that tho nli« abrine 
vhM taken for ■ bngo- Ung. aa Fi^rbcs' (Or. Mem. I. 425) intonnant told him in 1774, 
and aa Matnn tn b« tbe e^»e &t tbr jiri-aent dnv in th« ncigbbonrin^ KondivLe cnrea 
wber« tbe relio abrinD is known m UBH&kil, that ia Shiv tba Dtatroyer. Accgrding 
to Hitv^, a« lata as L7S7. * thu Hindiia at Kaniieri paid adoration to the rouod pillar at 
tha haad ot can Na 3 rewmbtingtha crown of a hM about Hixt«cn tcvt hifh and 
foartean iu diain«t«r (Toani, iS). Tbe viAW that the nionka found bj IKe Portngutaa 
war* Btiddbistn iRcmflnnifil by Couto'a(1603)BkeUbaf Saint JakoMpbal (balow, p. ISO), 
whicb ahows t)iat in 1&34 tbe Knnheri mmika hail a oorreot knowladso of Gitutanin'B life. 

Buddbiam liiupred naarly an late ia otber part* of India. In B«ei^ the famnua 
monMlerv of l^anda WM rebuilt early in the eleventh oeolnry (lulA-liHO), andat 
BnddbaGafs Uie voUbrated t«mpl« <n Bodhidnima waa not tiniahnl till the end ot 
tbe thtrtecath eeotniy. In tbe Deccan. near Mirai, a Buddhist tcmpl« waa bailt In 
tbe twalfthMotnry (1110, J. B. B. K. A.S.XHl. 10). At Aniravati, noartha niooth 
ct tha Kriabna, tbem wa* a Bnddhiat temple in the twelfth ceotnry. a tooth relic 
till perbapa tho beginning of the (onrtaaoth oeninry, and a ramaant of Baddbitta aa 
talB aa IflOaL FerguHunV Tno and Serpant Worahip, IM ; Fargnaaon aad BargMa* 



^ 




DISTRICTS. 



Ch^tcrXXT. 
FboN ^ IntenBt. 

KAsmu Oatib. 



youDger, tlicy seam to luve coutinued side hy side till iha fell of 
BaddaisDi. 

Gautama's maxims hare been so changed and bo overlaid by later 
teacliera, that it is hard to say hoir mach of Baddbism comM 
from the founder of tbo fnith.^ In any case, whether ic nras Gtarted 
by Gautama or was a later development, the original Baddhist 
philosophy aeoms to haro been taken from earlier Hindu tbiukers. 
The BaddhiBta were originally a sect of Uindas, and the BrAhmans 
seem to have in no way intorferod with the efforts of the early 
Baddhista to spread their doctrioee.' The new philosophy seems 
to havo taught that matter existed, but that there was neither aoiil 
nor self. Man waa a collection of attributes^ fienBatiund, ideas, and 
tendencies; all is chaugiug, iiothiDg is stedfast.^ Though nothing 
IB stedfaet and there is no self or soul, the thing done or karma 
remains, and, according as it is good or bad, enters on a now existeoOA 
more or less miserable. These new existences are an eril. They 
are the result of unrest or yearning. Teaming can be quenched by 
lesving the world and leading a life of moderate ascedcismj over- 
oommg the passions, and preparing for the feding of self and desire 
in the stirless raat of nirrdna. Laymen cannot reach this final 
goal of complete rest. But they can improve their future by their 

E resent conduct, by leading kindly and sober lives, and by free- 
anded gifta to ascetics. The four great truths seem to be aa old 
aa Gantsoa. That all men suffer, that the root of sorrow is desire 
or yearning, that sorrow dies when desire is quenched, and that a 
faoty and Ihoug'htful life quenches desire. That to lead a holy and 
thoughtful liftt the memory, beliefs, feelings, thoughts, words, »ud 
deeds mast be right. And that these being right the chaogcs of 
life and death lead by four stages, conversion, one more life, the 
last life, and norfection, to the state of rest or m>t?ami. where self 
oeasea to trouble and desire is dead.* 

Gantama's followers seem iioui the Brst to have beeo divided 
into lay and aficottc. For long the asoetics were hermits living by 
themselvev under trees, in huta.orinnatDral caves, probably in nocasa 
living together or forming orgaoised bodies of monks.' Among 
tiie objects of early Buddhist worship were trees/ relic and memoriu 



IVwiliefa Tia«-a of tb« compmtivoly modsro dftte of many of tbfl doctd&M 
sad inititiitioiii tH^t the Buddhiat scriptar«a ascribo to 0»ntun> uv, u ia ooUovd in 
doteil belo«, borne oat in Mv«ral partiuul&re by tb« evideaco of the fcBlptarM in tb* 
early Buddhttl moonuienta at KkUk (B.C. 300), BhArhvt [B.a 300), SAndii Ujy SO). 
Kod Amrftvati (a.d SOO-400). 

» Rhym Davidi, M. 85. » Wiya Difida. «♦. 96. * Rhya D&vida. 106-111. 

•Fer^Mon »nd BHreeaa" Caxea, 68. The KaWk wvea io On««» {»■*-- 200 -a. p. 
100, the age i> (louUruC ixif l>ittn 70) and tko Bhu-hat Bculpturea iu C«iitnl ladi^ 
(«.& 300^00) h»v« rajtrt-veiitattou* of hemuta' hut*. In neither are there tikCM af 
moautcHoa or of imooUci in the regulu garb of Buddhiit moolu. Cannin^hAiu '• 
Bharbnt Stnu, 30. 

* Each Bortdbk had hi* bodM trM or Tree of Knowledge. Of the four l«it Bodohu 
GautaniA'a trve wu the pipal BHcua r«Ii^0M, Kaahyapa'e the baQyao Fiona indioa. 
KaiuOca'b the umbar Fivua glomerate, and Krakavhchhatulii'K tho lAiriA or Acacts 
■inu^ CQtininghiiin'«Bhwbnt Stup«, 108. Tn» worship wm pr-shaUy part of «n earlier 
i^Ugion. CoKiua (VIII. 9, ao. SSfi) layi, the S h ra mm i or Buddhiate wonhip diwtty 
ti«M wUch it ia death to injure. The trees w«ra at dnt uwointed with tbadiflomt 
Buddhaa ; tlicy aftenrardj aeem Ia have beattoeufdered a symbol eCtheooDgngatioa. 




TUANA. 



129 



BoddhlfiD. 



Bhrtnes,' wheola representing; the \avr, and a triple symbol tbat Cbapter XI7. 

ittclnded the relic shrine, the whoel, and the ti-ee. From early times Places oFIateretL 

marks of Gautama's fcvt, his beuii-dress, girdle^ olms-bowl, bathing 

robe, drinking toasoI, and soat or throne were also wortthipped^ 

Thfi only figure that occars as an object of worship iri the early 

scolptures is Shri ur Lakuhini tho guddeHS of wealth.' Buddhist 

tetnpleB are probably of late origin* 

£veu in the time of Aahok (b.c. 250) there is a marked absence 
of many of the chief fcatureit of the later Buddhinnn. His ediota 
make alnuMt no reference to Gautama or Buddba, and their religion 
oonaiata pur ely in cond act. The common people are to obey their 
parents, to bo liberal to thoir relations and friends and to Bi-Ahman 
and Boddhist beggars, to be thrifty, to shun slaader and the taking 
of life, and to confess their sins. The ralcrs are to found hospitalfi 
and to regulate the public morals. Though in the latter part of lua 
rciiro Ashok is said to have granted them great eudowments, his 
edicts make no mention of monasteries, and Brdhman aud Buddhist 
sacetics arc spoken of as eqnatly worthy of support. Trees and relic 
or memorial shrines were still the only objects of worsUip.* But 

oble memorial mounds were raised at places iamoua in Gautama's 

te, and the practice of making pilgrimages was estublishcd. 

The practical working of Gautama's teaching Heems to have been 
>ry little at variance with the eatablishod social f^ystem. Neither 
nor afterwards does Buddhi-im seem to have given offence to 
imanism by interfeiuug with caste. Gautama's law was a law of 
cy for all. But this equality was religious not aocial. Men 
r equal becanse all were mortal and subject to suffering. Sbndras 
I allowed to become ascetics. But tUo fooling of equality waa 
not strong enough to ombraoe the impure classes or Chdndals whom 
le Budilhisis at first, and probably during (he whole of their 
itonr, regarded with not loss loathing than the Br&hmans. Early 
luddlusm had no room for the ChAnddl.' Tho loss practical 
kysticism and magic of the later schools was in theory more liberal 
'n power over nature you most grasp its secret, Co grasp its 
lyoo must have perfect sympathy with nature, sympathy to be 
perfect must include a kindline.'*.'^ for what i» foulest aud most 
jToIting in unturo. therefore you must pity, perhaps associate with 
ChAndal.^ This enthusiasm for the ouli^aste seems to have 
in words. As late aa the fifth century after Christ, Fafa 



I n* wanbip of rctic ■hrinei M«mi t« hare be«n older tbui Gaubuiut'i time Bcd 
|hs<n nccirKl his approval- Det«ils aT« givea bolgvr, p. 179. 
"> CmninghAin'i BMluTopw, 107-112. 

' Shn'* Inuge it common &t RaUk, Aoeoooure st Rhftrtiu^ taaatSiaolu, udnunv 
Junnor cafM. Lakthuii remtiiued a BiiddhiBt goddOM tQI In tb* Hvaoth 
iry tli« w«iit over lo the \'iu»hn4vs. Pgi^iu*on and Hargwn' CavM, 73, 151. 

■ VaMili«('B IbinddiitDo. 88. Kcrgumon (C«ve Temple* of lnltiJ^ 9i) noticM the 
abwnc of > lcuipl« in the KaUk group. }tAj«<ndr«Ut Mitav (BuJdlui Gay*, 1^, 129) 
mf» tmiiO«* «f re not Uiuuftbt of till tlie tim* ni Aahok. 

■ Duackvr* History of Autitiuicy, IV. ft33. Tmlbuyi Wheeler ni. 210 ■ 238. One 
■oowtery the J«toaadh«-kft-bBlli!k at R&jgiror fUjagrihaia Bih&r aMnu (obaoldar 
Ifam Aahok. PerKuaaaii and Bargutt, MS. * Vaanlieft Bonddiinw, 181. 

' VMdtera BoDddtane. 181. * VamlieC* Bouddiimc, 181. 



■ iM4-n 





(Bombajr GawtlMr, 



KiKUKm Cavi 



DISTRICTS. 

Cbapter XIV. Htiiti foand tlmt in Matbara, whcra Budilhism waa in honour, tim 
PUooio7lnt«mt ^JbAudAls or iiopuro tribes were forced to live by thcmM*lrefi, and 
wLou [hoy wout into a town had to sound a boU ur strike a piuce at 
bamboo that people might iraow thej mere comitif^ and hold alool^ 
So far from men of the lowest clusses being admitted into the 
Baddhist commuoity a monk might not even recmre alms from a 
Ckluad&l.' On the other hand BrAhtnan convorta wurc treated with 
special respect. One of the marks of honour shonu to the champion 
or chief scholar of a Buddhist monaetery was that his altcDdaot* 
were Br^mans, not ordinary monks." And some of tbe Brdhmaa 
monks 8et>m to have been so pi-oad of tbeir birth as to bold tbein- 
aeWes defiletl by the touch of any ouo who was not a BrAbmao.* 

As regards the latty neither Gautama nor hi« sncceasori aeem lo 
have interfered with the social arraogemeots of caste. Gaatama'a 
equality, says M. St^ Uilaire,^ is philosophic, the admission that all 
men are liable to suffer and may escape from suffering. He was 
not a social reformer, lie did not try to alter Indian tiociety. He 
wished to heal the human race." Obedience is one of the ii^rcat datiea 
of the laity, not license to break through uiorriago or other rules. So 
Ashok says, " When you are called tu a feaat, ask what is your host's 
caste, and when you are arranging a marriage find out to what 
caste tho family belongs. But among ascetics you should thinic of 
tbeir virtues not of their caste. Caste has nothing to do with the 
religions law ; the religious law does not eoncarn iteelf with castc^"' 

To meet the advance of Buddhism the Br&hmaiis revised those 
porta of their system which tho success of Buddhism showed tu be 
unpopular. In place of the cold abstraction of the world soul* fwo 
local deities, Sbiv tho fierce god of the hills and Vishnu the kindly 
spirit of tho plains, were raided to bo the rulers of men. " To help thu 
change in religion, in the third century before Christ, the olu optu 

■ BoiU'a Fkii Biao, 55 ; Rcniwitt'i Fo« Konc Ki, lOS. 

* ItfaiuMfk Koe Koij« Ki. 105. A monk iui|(bt not Ukg almtfron flrs dMSait 
■imrcn uid pUj-DT^ courlcuiiB, tsvom-lieepere. kibgs ib cu« tlt«y mt^t be taoojrwi, 
Kud C'liiAdilB. * 8tnu Julien'a Uem. 8ar. li]« Con. Ooc. 1. 70. 

' Foil HUn montiofw a fuDoiu BilhoMui teacbtv of Hadttliiini, who, if tite lung 
from afTocUoniita Mt«vin took him by lli« hsad, WMbtxl lunuuli (iVRi hood Kn foot. 
BmI. IOA ; Rcmsut's Poa K«ia Kt, 3U ; T. VfheOer. III. 2&7. ti»uUtuft mcbu to 
havo contitinrd w consider hinwclf m Kthktri. Ui* iBugesare rc|>t**ntetl uwasriof 
Ibo ■Auroi] curtl. Rij«a<lnl&l'« Huddhk Onya, 131, 

» Buddbinue. 510. • fimtdbisn*. 210. 

' Buddtiinnc, IS3. Tbe Buddhist ralufthoatcMte ■Mmmuchtho Hin«M^nil«s 
now in foreo aniongnt the l)oari«hijig Cujorlt MCt of tho 9v4ioi NiMyiuu. The StSjni- 
Kdr&yui thviiry i» that ah mm are <^uiJ Mid a mantlwr of any c^mIo ni«y li«coiu« a 
monk. The impure tribea ar« aluD« exowtod. On Uie other band vpecial rMp«ob ii 
shown to Bnhmachsrii or nonke of Bnthniaa birth. Ab rtgarda the laiiy the iMt 
hu nothing to do with caste. Xo atednpt u tiMdo to break coAte mlea. ConndariBy 
how oftcD in Bnddbidt tiiii«« Ihe couveiaion <>f fi king, or tl>e tuoceaa of a nreacbor, 
obaogeda prormcv fru«n Brdliitumitm tuBoddhinniiuid &ooi Buddhism to BrAntbBuiaiii, 
it acema Moioat imposBibJe th&t to adopt the vonhip of the new ioet carried with it 
any j)ra<ti(-al chango in the marrii^c laws. 

*OuackerVRbtory of AnlujUity, IV, 12(1.136, 

'*Sh)v and Viahnn are mentioned as early a« the lixth ceclurv B.c (Ihtwikar, 
IV. 925). Acoonlinit to Bitrnouf (Int. * llIiBtoire du Bad. Ind. I. £S4) Sfaiv waa in 

Kwtr in Weatern India More BnddliiMn. On the other hand Kergutaon (Tree sad 
ri»nl Wotahip. 216) it* uolsaUatled thatShiv nnd Kudraarc the tame, and boMs 
that.^hiv iaaUtegotl. 



^ 



Kottku-l 



thAna. 



131 



Bnddbiiim. 



mas, tile Mahabliiirat and Kamayana were remodelled and added Chapter XIV. 
and the favourite heroes were made either worshippers or Places oflnterest. 
icamationfi of Shiv and Visbnu. Sbiv was a dread power bat bis 
iTonr coald be won by doe eeremoniea and sacrifices. And, round 
^isbna and bis IncnrnationR, stories chistered that showed him to be 
leas kindly or lens ready thanBuddba to sacrifice his ease for the 
}od of men. ' When right falU to eleep and wrong wakes to power 
'. create mysttlf tu free the good and to destroy the bad,' ' This gentle 
kindly god called for uo wcrifice of life. Offerings of flowers trait 
id waier wore enough.^ To counU-ract the fame of the places 
phioh Gaataina'8 life bad made holy, the sanctity of the sbrincfl of 
lie new gods and of other places of Brflhman interest and the high 
_ irit of visiting tbem was proclaimed.' To meet the Buddhist 
pliiloaophy, about B.C. 300, a now voreiou of tho old system of yog 
or abstraction was brought fonvard by Yajiiuralkya. According 
to the new system tho proper purifying of the mind enables the soul 
loaTO the body nnd lose itself in the world soul. This new 
>ctrine was accompauied by the preaching that gentleness, kindness 
]d tempcranoe are higher than pooanoe aud saoriBce, and by the 
ining of the way of salvation to Sbudras as well as to the higher 
A scheme for Brahman niuoasteries formed part of tbe 

Tbij form of tbe doctrine of yog or contemplation bad n great 
influeuce on the future of Buddhism. Not loug after YfkjnuTulkya, 
teaobc-r named Nftg&rjuna, ros<9 among tbe Buddhists preaching 
I new doctrine.* This new gospel, w^ich he said bo bad found in 
itings left by Gautama under the cb&rgo o£ tho Ndgaa or dragons 
till the minds of men should bo ready to receive them, taught 
lial meditation not conduct led to freedom from desire and to rest or 
Ltinction. i5cforo the time of Nagdrjuna tbo followers of the old 
>m had been split into oigbteen sects. These sects joined into 
schools, and finally uuit«'d into one body, to oppose tbe new 
system which thor said was borrowed from the heretics.^ Tbe rivalry 
ited over several hundred years. At last, in tho first century after 
irist, a great teacher named Areiasanga defeated tbe champions 
oondact and established thought as the path to perfection.^ This 
}« dootrine was accompanied by a motaphyaical utbilisin according 



' Dunoker, IV. 496. 

'DDDuker,4M. Vaiahanvinn protwbljf raMin tli« aun^pMi of tndis» BtHldhwm. 
BffW dooelv tb« two fkitlti u« twa&Mtcil ii ihown bjr tho fact tiut J(L|^DiiAtb id tli« 
•Ml if a BaddhiBt emblem. Vitbohk in tha weit m Rn<lilKiit or a Juatnigs. aad 
fioddhs the nintli imctrDttiaaot V'tahnu. FurgnMno and BurgeM, 74 ; Cnnamabm^ 
OulnTMMw, l58,9M,3tll. 8t«Y«iiMa in J. U. A. 8. VU. £ 

* Dwckcr ilV. SOS) thiokj that it ww tbe uaw pMnon for nukinit pilfptnmM 
tlwt gara tho BrAhmuia their tuuno of Tirthyos and Tirthiltos. This mmiiu 
doubmil. Vrbt^lrrr'a {HI. 126) opintan Uiat Uio niun« meuLi Win liven, in alluNOn 
to tb«ir pnvticv of j^i.'inK about tuufd. »m>Du tu ba tbsl goneruiy kflld. 

* Dwick«r (IV. 61^) wntM u If TljiuTnlltja bnd (outded the »ytem of yoff or 
cnatciontktioa. fiul m>qw of tite doctrine* were older tbui Baddhism. T. WbecUr, 
IIJ, 100, 116. » l>uB0ker. IV, 5-JO. 

* Aoooirdiiig to fiudilhiit ■ocounU Nl^rjiuiB bvcd from 400 to 000 j-Mn. Ua 
taMy rapnmi « Mfaool of toachsn. ViMiliofn L» BonddanM, 28-31, M, 37. 

' Tb« horvtics mmMootA aro the LokbiatM snd NignntM. VMsiU«r« Ls Bond- 
disoie, 71. * Vuailicfa U Bouddismv, S8-91, 34, 87, 77. 




i^MBI 




[Bombajr Oazcttoor, 



DISTKICTS. 



KAXHiki Cavju. 
Bnddhitn. 



Cbapt«r XrV. to wbicli cTorytUing U void or nnreaU A later branch of tb« 
PImwb of InterMt. ''o-'''^ Ecbcol swuik lo bavu hutd, that the soul iu man and the sovl 
of tUti univcrtic can have coinmuuiun. But ihac this commaniDO 
must bo reached hy ab»lractiou, uol by thiDking, for ibougbt ia 
i^'numticu aud to keep the wind pnro it must not bo disturbed 
hy tbougbt.' ThcK oeir notaphyiiical doctriuoa were accompanufd 
b; a change in the ide>al o( conduct from the jxtntonal slriviug to 
reach perfection by a virtuous Ufo to a broad cutbuslnem for tclU 
Bacri6oG. The new religion vas a religion of love and pity.^ Thfn 
was ulao a change iu the objects of wonthip. The image ot 
Buddha ae au mtcetic took the chief place iu front of the relic ehrine.* 
And, by degrees, there were added the images of past Buddhos, of 
Bodhii*attTas or future Buddhjis, nnd of sereral uiale and fenuile 
divinities.* 

AVhilo this new doctrine and woTship were being introduced, 
the eslabliebnjent of great uiouasteriee led to luaoy changes in tbe 
practice of Buddhist asceticism. The leaders of the religion held 
the convenient doctrine that no law of Buddhism can ran contrary 
to good sense." So when monaaterie* were formed and missionary 
work was undertaken in distant parts of India, the original rolea 
about observing the raina aa a specially holy aenson were altered, 
and, 9A n)on&5teries became endowed \vith lands and revenues, the 
mles about living on aliub and dressing in the poorest clothes were 
laid aBide.' Another result of the new doctrine, that perfection lay 
through thought and metapLysic and not through conduct, was the 



■ Vwdli«f, 123 1 Knrntwra lut. 1. M». * VwciHof. 135. 

* Vaauliafs he Buu<jdisiD«<, 124. This love was tlie Buddliiit irluiriCy ot atnis-iuvfajf. 
It wa* -without limita. llnildlui c:uai> into the wiirid onlj- to luvr Hi« fniiown* 
Rhonld sliTiok inm »u uu.Titlc« tbkt i* likely to Wuefit a living hvof^ So Buddha 
givM his body u > ucat to a ct«rring tigrvsi M&d a yoing duciple throws himaelf 
overboftrd u a aurithse to the stonu. Stc 8t. llilair<>. 140. 

* Tbe fint imcee oS Gantant* U wwl to have l>«eu car\-Ad by a converted d«iBoe 
aod the aecond by a heavenly ■ciilptor. There it one liiuifi« ol Gautama aa a man ia 
tfa« Sinohi iculiitiira (a.o. CO]. But, nccvrdiutj to PergnaMm, bis iieag* aa u aantis 
did not cone nito oraiii*J7 oae till about a. i>. 300 (Forgnaaon and Bnrgeaa. 73). 
Cuiiniiii^bain puta tb« iDtToductinn of imiiKett aa tarly &• K.t: 100. In bia o[iiman 
the first inn^piramc from IbcJuJf-Onwli I'tuiJAb (BtiatLutSlupa. 107). About A,I>, 300, 
til* voraLip of rclle iliriiies gave place to tbu wonhip of imBg(<a, and the ihriiw 
became little more than an iraa^ frame or actting t Krrgntton auft RarfcM, 179. ISO). 

* VaaaUof'N Le Bouddiune, 124- 136; St. Hilairc, »■>. A BoUbtntLra talbe graMul 
form of the tbiog doae, or hitvta, which will producQ future Baddliaib The nr«t ot 
BMthiaattras ia tho n«xt Buddha, tha Moitreya or kindiv Buddha (RhjiDat-Jdi, 
300). and the moat [inpHlar waa Avalokit^ahvar th« maDiKst god or the g>td who 
look* from on bigh. (Hhya Diivida, 203). ThMw Budbiiattviw [imlMibty uw« Ikeir 
origin to the IwLef thatOftUtuua had pa*aed through re«t or N^mtfia into iitt«r 
extinction, fxirininoiirt. and that therefore help mart be Bought from aomti i>tbcr aoan:* 
(Rhya l>avida, 'JOU). Mo Fab Hian (450), in fear of abipwrecE, MlU OB Avalokit^shrar, 
to bring daylight (13caI. IfiS: For K»ue Ki. 350; Balttoura IntroduL-tion, 347). 
The covenant betwceti Amitibbn, nr bnumlln* l>^t, and faW eon A<r»lakit«*hrar, the 
inanifcat god, ia traced by Mr Beal to ChHatian intliiencc. (Fnh Hian, LXXM). In 
Um tenth cvntur? northern Buddhiam went a al^ fiirther invdntana ■ prlnvrdial or 
Adi Bnddha {Ithya I»Aviiia, 30B). India wu the chief wdiudk tTi« ifods mid Tira 
UBODg tho goddeaaca, (Vergnaon and BurgHa'CaveToniplea, IS?). In different |>ans 
of the counlrr aomc of tho uld Buddhist imafKa air proaerred and vmnbipi'M aa 
Br&bnianic deitic«. Thua at Ituddhii liaya VajrnpiUii'j image ■• now VA^bvari Uid 
PadmapAoiN iman is now SAvitri. RdijendnilAl'a lladdha Oaya, 137 plate xxaii. 

• Vaaailiera U BouddiTOWv CB. ^ VtaailJcT, U BouddiBme, 86, 87. 



ifa 



Koukui.l 



TUANA. 



133 



lopmenl among tho monka of a passion Cor dialectic, and the 
lulding of the doctrines of their faith into a more correct and 
>1ished form than thaL iu which they origiually appeared. Their 

lot boliofB in tho virtue of selE-Bacrifioo and in tho kindly interest 
lioh Highor Beings Cook in the affairs of men, lod to the n»e of 

»r and freer decoration in their monasteries and temples. 

Aa regards the ordinary life of tho lay Ttudilhists there is little 
iformatLOo. The sculptures ai S&nchi and Amravati seem to show 
ic in the first, and, to a les» extent, in the fourth and 6fch centuries 
the Christian era, the people were moro given co liquor drinking, 
icing, and war making, lliun might have been expected iu the 
allotrer? of so mitd and so ascetic a faith. But ic Ib dtmlitt'ut how far 
fse scenes are meant to represent actual Buddhist life.' 

Some of the doctrines of the new system were little removed from 

"InyRticism- They passed into a form of spirittial nhysica, according 

to wbkh the mind by concentration can be raiBed above itself and 

jrk vrondera.' One means of raising the mind to this state of 

kystic trance ia to keep noting the number of outward and inward 

ithinga till the sense of past, present and future faden, and the 

iind, frue from the trammeliiof time, shares iu the enlightenment 

id in the supernatural iwwers of higher and perfect beinga." The 

"^teacbera of this school eet up two goals of thought. One goal, called 

ta'ihi, consisted in driviug from the mind alt impreitsions from 

rithont or from within ; tho other goal, called vaiptuhi/ain , consisted 

imast^ring the root ideaof all subjects of thought.* SoBodhidharma, 

of the sixth century leaders of Buddhism, taught comploto 

idifference ai tho way to perfection. Doing nothing and mental 

L:tton led to »clf -absorption, lust was quenched, and happiness 

. To this school belonged the ludian exile whom the CUinoso 

the wall-gazing BriUiinait, because, for nine years, he sat with 

iEmm to a wall.' 

From my^ticiuui of this typo the change to magic was slight. 
rlj in thv sixth century, Aaanga, a PeshAvar monk, started the 
"' ino of dhiirani or the exprOKBtttn of spells or mystic formulas.* 
being has its formula ; and by saying, or simply thinking, this 
>rmnla the initiated can bring tho being under his control. This 
itbn between the uame aud the thio^ named led to mwira, the 



Chaptar XIT. 
Places of Interest. 

KjitraMBi CAVta. 

Budkifaiani. 



t Pergonoii's Tree and .Serpmt Wonfaip, 223, 234. The war at SAnohi wh a 
n^giau* Tftr cnone<ct«d with a rdic iCaaumijbiuu't BU1i«Topo«,315), anil it iMiiis 
BOMiUc tltut m :«t of till; lovo-nkokiD^' aad driukiog eaimm nprcBenl the pUuorM of 
GnbiBiA'i hf" lw("re be becauw a r*<:his»>. 

» V«»li<!f, ISJ. 137. •VaiwiUcf.ISa, 1-10. * Va^iliof, Ul, 

■ BbaI'i Fah Huo, ^XX. Tho iudiffemnoe of this lohool did away wiili alldii- 
tHkotivaa of right and wrong. To a nclaao ao eocmy or kimself, hia wife or hta 
^n#t)ijir, hi* mnUier or a pivwlitoU, alt should V th« Munc. Uuntnufn Int. 5B6. 

*Rhy8 DavjiU, 208; VaMihijf, 141, 142; FaJi HiiM (120) haa no iiieiitiori of magio 
pfi^rma ; Huu Vu»g (5201 notiu-«ji charnu ucd ciLAf^cal powen iBcal. XXXL); aad 
Thaanc (<»40> •pcalu of th4m with fnrniir, Jul. 1. 144 : Bcal'i Fab llian, LXII. 
b not UMed on magical chiu-mi the puM^-MiiuQ of *u[>eniaturml pnwi-rs w&a 
i hy Oaatama who rntoTml Hiijhc nnd whoM relica brou^Ijt raiti (Bcal, 78)i aad 
' Moukian Gaotuna't niictb diitciplo tRcmasat'i Fo« Kouo Ki, 33), Satnta or orAolt 
_n alao lapixMnl bi fly, enter other bodioa, divo uudor water, sad pais into tha 
«vtb{FoeKouDKI,SIB). 




[Bombay QucttMr, 



DISTRICTS. 



Baddhina. 



Cfa«pt«rXIV. rvktion between theeifpiand the thing signiBeJ; and this to tantra.at 
Places of Interatt. n>B£r><' apelU, tho last sts^ of Buddhist dovelopment. Though tbeu 
_ ^ tatdrat wece »ooa debased, the oH{^iia1 objoct of gaioing magical 

"" ^^'"^ power wa«, at least, nominally, as a means of bauoming & Buddha. The 
theory wtu that as mau i^* made cF mind, body and speech, if the 
devotee adds the now path of magic to the old paths of ooadact 
and tUoaght, tho mind may thmk uCBtHidhji, the body muy frame tho 
signs that repfoscnt Bttddbaj and the touguo may rcpuai the apoD 
tlut giree power over Buddha, so that under tbe joinb power of tbeM 
inflaences, the devut4.'t- may shortly bo transformvd into a Buddha.* 
The mizcuro of SUaivism and Baddhiam, and tho addition of the 
■aanlou and degrading rites and rules that wore pn-valbnt amoDff 
the tantra-worcJiipperfi uf Northern India do not soom to have spread 
as br south as the Bombay Presidency.' 

This summary of tho leading changes that poasod over iha 
doctrinoB, the worship, and tbe practice of tho Buddhists brings lo 
ti^ht one of tht< main causos of their tina) defeat by the Br&haiaiil. 
Their system foil from tho high morality oE its youth and the gLuwiiw 
kindtine&s and self-saoritice of its primei if not to the deboMM 
magic o£ the t^tntras, at least to a foolish unreal mysticism.' Agaio* 
while the hungry unwearied army of Br4hman Tillage and 
fomily priests, careless of doctrine or system, had wound thuinselTes 
into the home life of the people, naming their childrAn, managing 
their family riles, telliuff the Ht times for Casting and for Eua5ting. 
and advining when to sow and when to reap, tho Buddhist 
monasteries had grown rich and sleek, and ibe monks, no looger 
forced to seek dady alms or yearly clothing, knew little of the 
people, and, leaving the old practice of preaching conduct and 
a kindly life, gave their strength to the study of dialectic and 
oratory.* Itiu un|Hirtfuico actached to oratory was. partly due Co 
tho Buddhist principle that thoy are always open to eonTiction, 
because nothing is good Buddhism which can be sliown lo be bad 



■ VMAQicf, 143, US, 144. Of tho ttuUm school navida wriUi^ "AmBga. nun*^ 
witli gmt doKtarity to nwoneile ShAimni aiul Buddbiam bj |>b>oiDg 8h«iT gods and 
devik in tbt lower Butldhht bMvons, nnd by TvptweBttng tbun aa worehipiwn tnd 
rapDorten o( Btuldhft snd at Av*t>:>kiu«bvM-. He tfana m«i9 it poaaiblc Int Um 
luul-ooavarted tribe* to ratDun Itudtlliiita wliila thojf bnosht oRvrin^, avea bloody 
offerings, to Ui« mora CQagenud «biia«« ui tliv 8huvit« aoat. Their prvcticA) 1m1]«( 
hiul no rctatioti to tli» fav tntfaji or the oobU u^btiDla path, bat busied iUrIf In 
obtunini; ntogio [wwurt by tiuw4e phrwot and nmgic circlcA " (]{ntldhi»ai, 206>. A* 
notioed tn tho lext tfaia rorm of Buddhitni does not wemm to barn |>MMd to tioutkna 
IndiA. 

* Bamonf'e lab I. 354. Bnmonf aajm. " Of tba north ladiu twatrts (8SR) the jim 
rcEuMis to writo of doctrinoa ■• wrctchrd in (orfn m thi-y a.n hatefal and dcsratUng id 
nature." In hia opiniuo tlte uearciit k|)|>rua<:h th;kb the Boddhiam and Suaivii«i of 
Woitoni ludia made waa th<iiT cnmiuou b«li«f in meiUtatiou or yog (h 9&0. 

> B«d a« it ia, wyi U. St. Hibun [Budilbiami-, 244), modem Brunaaiam ia bettar 
tfaftti BaddhtRin. 

■ How far Uie Bnddhixt monka act«tl lu Family prteate ii doubtful Dnsokar 
(Biatory, IV. 4S3) wems to pn thmu tb« place of family uiwu. Aad Vaanbaf 
(Bonddiiino, SB) aotloH tbat tbt inod«ni Lamaa lake part in birtb and linalb cet _ 
Donioa and are cloaaly booad mp with the life of tho uooplo bjr their knowlwln of 
aatrologjr and madioine. On the other band Wheolur (III. 9S) b<JdB that tho BuddhM 
mouba never bxeroiied prieatly offioaa or abared in the family nt«« of the Uily ; a 
this view igngB with tno pivacat poaitiou uf tb« <t«r;f4 or Jaia aacctica. 



d^iy^ 



^ 




BitddluMiBi 



Tha Baddhiste have from tha fii-at beou famous for Chapter XIV. 
love of debating. Megasthenra (h.c. 300) taunta tbom with Flues of Intsmt. 
,erir fondneiw for wranelinfr,' and Gautanm is snid to bavo tried to „ __. ,,, „. 
•p inoir quarrels by warumg tbem that ao argumentative mouk 
s to litfll and passes fraco ono birth to another meeting aBIictiou 
everywhere.' In spite of thia, as monaatoriea grew and as iho 
fttth to perfection was do longer coaducl but thought and. meta- 
physics, the imfwrtanee of dialectic skill increased. The proaperity 
of a monastory depended on the nrgnmentative powt-r of its 
chief.* The champi-^n talker of the monastery was treated with 
~ highest honour, lie was liable to be challenged by auy 
oger, and, as was the practice in the times of European chivalry, 
the cbampioQ was beaten his whole party was at the conqueror's 
A monastery that had lastod for a^es was sometimos 
rted from (he result of a singla dialectic duel> This system 
rmined the strength of Buddhism in two wiiy». It loosened 
monk's hold on the people and it divided tlic nionosteriea, 
*Dg them from practical teachers and helpers into isolated 
pathetic theorists who hated each other more than they 
the Bnihrnans." The Br^inana were little behind the 
ddhista in their zeal for oratory. Hiwcn Thsaog (640) speaks of 
Hrabmaa colleges and pluces of lesraiog being famous and held in 
high honour,* and, in the eighth century, when the great Br^hnuin 
oLampion ShaokarrichSrya arose the Buddhists trembled. They knew 
tiiey wonid bo challenged, they knew his arguments, and knowing 
DO aoiwcr they shrunk away learing their monasteries empty." 

In another important point the Buddhists were inferior to the 

BrAbmans. Paralysed by the (piiotism ond indilference of their 

^^ith,* they bad to face a sect the namo of whose god was a battle cry 

^Kid the eloquence of whoso champion was probably supported by 

^Pmnds of armed devotees.'" In the eighth century ShanlMrachirya 




' Rhys DsTids, l». * Bcol, LI. 
uiath«r. 



1 1 Vmulitt. «&, ) Sm WhMWr. IH- 204. 
■ VmhUcI. 67, R9. 

* Danl-Uaghl w*« «d opttiict of tea Biwd hy oneuotof Buditiii*t ta 
Urf, m. ^ 8tatL .lulisD 8 Hiwcn Tliaiuig. I. 7fi. ■ 

* Vaauliet, tfj '09. Tbo UiAliniut i.likaipioD* wnnt Sb«nk«rd.chAryft. KaniAmlJU. 
•ad KAAanuxida ; tlw Buddhrnt dmutpiim, for wliuni lit> tddv i^laim nuvoral triumpfaa 
fcil«<v ItM 6nal defMt, wm DhuiDBkirti. VaMilipf, 207. What took [Jftcn in tli* 
■ivmUi And ncktb oantitriMi oooorrvd uain with little cboo^'u in tbo eiKt«eiilh 
■f jury- In li>3t. aiUr Antnain Da forto had silenoed uid converted Uto Bnddhirt(T) 
Sfaaaipton of Kaniien, ^t tlie aight of him uid anotber, two poor u£kdotJt.ff«arinft 
Aan, th« titty BrAliinAo oioiika of .UuidnMabrar mw, and, without awn a war of 
worda, le(t tlmr moiuiatery aad tl>«ir laniu to Cit« uualer-tsUiw of tbe oonqoering 
MOt. Joar. B. R. K A. 4.. 1. 38. 

* Ccnirsue waa uou ol tba laity's lix cardinal virtnu. Dot tho id«al eoumgsnf the 
Saddhul atjrtaan wm fvldly itnlika teal eavrmm. It wu pnnly moral, tha enar^ 

^ia ttmttrmg tho fniiUal aeeili of tho praotrn of duty. St. BiUire, HI. 
t Marttb* war cry ». ' Har Hw HahSdvT, ' and tho aamaa of holh Shiv anil 
are mixml Willi haJf tb« warrior hen>o* r>( tbo oonntry. Armed handa ol 
iw and Vaiaboav Jogia aad OoaiJa w«ra tor long ona of the tornm oi India, 
fanhema (ISUH-ISOS) (Undger'a VutiiaRia, 111, 2T»1 notioes how Uabmud Biik>^ 
f]U9- 161 1 ) foadht with a iidKblKmr king of the Jogia. EvocT three oi (onr ymn 
tlM king with about 3000 nan, and, if noc tho king, than tba Jogia >n bands of .30 
Of *(» went Ml pilgrimage. Tboy carried •ti*'ki witit irou ririfi* at tim hMo and 
isVk diaca vhioh oat all round Ilka raion. Wbcu thev arrived at any utty evary 
OR* trwd to pItaM then. For ahonM they evr>n Kill the Aret noolenyui Ihsy 





IBombAj Guettwr, 



mSTRTCTS. 



Cluipt«r XiV. and hU patrons, tho Rittkods of ]kUlkhet,ni»rked t be rain of Baddbtflm 

FUCMof InUrMt. ^X ^^'^ "^ '''^^ Huent munioriaU iu Weoterii ludia, thu Kailiis ttimple 

J. ^ „ at Klura and, pprltaps, tbo Mlephanta cartw near Bombay. Unlike 



3adiUiiwB> 



S&n»kth tiear Benares, vrhere their niQQaflt«iy waa burned to tJM 
UTDuudj' uT Madura in Madnw where llie monks were tortured tQ 
doatli,' tho BuddliJHts of Wo^tem Inilia seem to have been nllowed lo 
retire from iboir caves without viulenoe.^ From the general rain of 
thcoit^luh and uuitk tx^uturics Kuiditri u»ca}>tid. So strong was tba 
BnddhiBt fecJing io tho Konkan that the Brfthmanf) seem to han 
eopplanted ratlior than destroyed the older faith. In the Great Cti9 
at Elepbautaand iu IhoJogeahTaricaTc, ouo of tho loading charaetat 
in which Shiv is shown is as the (Ircat Ascetic, itatta i'ogi, sealed 
cn>is-legged, passire and unmoved, lost in thought like a Boddhaor 
a Jain saint> his seat a Baddhist lotus-throne and his supiiorters 
Bnddhist N^iU. Kanheri probably long remained a place of retire- 
ment for Buddhint refugees, perhaps the last resting place from which 
they took sail fur Ceylon^ liunnah, and China. 

Two difHcuUies stand in the way of an attempt to describo Bnddhiak 



weaU not ba ^naiahvd 1>ecMiw they wer« eainU- At Kaltljtt, iu ISfOG. Vvtlwiaa 
fcobA th* Jogi king wHh 30(iO follow«n, '200 of vhont were Bant to Attaok and kiO 
two Chrutimib who were •uipeoted of Ixnag in comuasieadoti witli th« Portwun. 
Thfl tVQ ChnaUaiiB w«ro killed by tba fih&rp iron didoa timwn from tba Jagit-' Singt- 
B«rbo*a. 1514, [StAnky't Eilitioii, flg> 100) dMCribc* the Jogia uUppvr IndiAu Hioiloi^ 
iral1-n>»d« men with hatiihiniue f»coa, who, •toppnff tew dajn in the aMDe placv, v«ot 
is gTMt buula like grtiuca. naked bftrefoot And bArehoftdad itr«(sing clMitti (imb 
ahune Uiat they h^ Kilowwl the Mmlmiiu tu cuoquer their country. TbdrhtK 
wsa Ri*d« «ith pUitaand wound round their heud without mor hrina combed : tbHT 
bodin aud feow wore itoevvd witli Mhn uid tbey wore a •mall bom rou&d thsir 
necks wttli wbioh tbey called and b^ged for food ohiedy at tJie hoiiMB of rrial 
lorda aud at temploa. In 1630 Paria, lO hia hietory of tho Koukan. oaUn tbem Jocia 
or Katanilara, and notioaa tbam aa jcoing about in bands of 2UU0 or mure, UyiQf: tba 
cDtiotry ttodor cotiCnbatioo. Kcrr^ Voyn^ea, VI. 290. The Tabak4t-i Akhari aouceaa 
fight in 15i; betvoea Jogti aod Saaj-Aau. 'Tho SaayAaia won botwcvn two aad 
three hundred iu number and the Jogi^ who won only ra«. were over tire knndrtd. 
At length IbeJogia were defe«ked and the SunyiUui left victon (tClUnt, V. aiS), 
In 17RS Ooa&ris ware found wauilonng near Broach, in »ich nanbnrn UmI tbe NawAb 
diwe thein out uf htw t«rritvry. Under (he Marithu tlioy ivceivvd a fiAed paymeat. 
(Col. Walker'a Letter, 27tl> January ItKW). In 1760 IJu f crron notieea a ohtM of Jogia 
near Sumt atark-nakcd. a Shaivite in reliction, wliu w»a iuBueutial cnoogli to have 
oarreiDandeBoa over the whole ol Asia. He had a grvat i r.od^ m jf rw«ious stouee and 
oaniaa woret mflBaasei. (Zend Aveata, I. cocxlvi). Iu 1764 >iebuhf fuund J<^ 
armed aiidgoin; intronpai^ several thotuaada. The twooideraQf Vairlgiaand (;oakia 
were awom trnciniee, aud whenever they net kloudr oombata onauuil. ( PtiikeTt^in. 
X. 215). In 1774 P(ir\v« nnticce tliimi aa a claaa of rtinilu nictnlicanto who niNrvfawi 
in huTfte bodiea Uuoit^ib Hiui]u*Un , levying heavy cuniriliutiotis. (OrieoiAl .Memou*, 
n. 9). Id 1778 4i«neral Uoilrlanl, on hia inar«h through Ilnndelkhand , mu attncked 
by a band of 'JUUO Sanyiais callotl Sbaiv 24*fp>B. (Pennant's lltodnittn. 11. IH-Jj. In 
1769 UakadAji Sindia, among otbar ctuuiRes in the couatitntiui) of hi* nniiv, oiliiitid 
tan* bodka of lioeAvis, and fonned tbeni lutudtaiiuet rfwimeota. (Uiant Iht&.UL 23}. 
Tod (Annala of najaaUiiin, 1. 67) mentions that the hinphau Jo^a ww u/ton in 
many thonaanda anuabt as alliee ra|_irrially in dofvaaivc warfare. At tttc grand 
miliUry fcatiral at Udejiur, the acyimt-ar, aymbolic of Mnn «ih) worahippml by tbe 
Gbelota, was cutruBtvd to tlwni. In Cinjanlt the Svimi-Nariyan SAdhns ware uriguaUjr 
armed, and there are records of great fights at Ahmadabad abont 1830 betWMO thMn 
and the Vaidtnav Vaintou- 

* Pergnaaon's Tr«i and Serpent Worship, 79. 

* The niemoiy of tbe impuiug of tbe Bnddhieta of Madam by tlko BrAhiaana u 
■tiU fresh. Taylor's Cat of Or. MS. Ul. 56, 144. 

* There waa comparatively littht (o destroy. 8tiU there aoeus lo be no trace that 
the Br Aha u a s deatix>yed unsgea or oroamsnts. 



■flktffll 



gwfcaa.l 



thAna. 



137 



ftt Kanhori in ita days of wealth and prosperity. Tho firet 

iculty is tbat^ in tbu sprit of thoir mlo thiit no bad soqso ia 

id Buddhism, tfao Buudliisl'd were always ready to chanf^ 

practicu to suit local circa m stances. The second difficulty 

that it is douhtful how far thti strict mica untrinally laid down 

lonely hermits were pmctiHcd when largo nodies of monks 

le to live together in richly eii'lywtd mouaut^ries. At an early 

>' a strong" party of mooka dcuiauded concossiouH, amun^ whicu 

such important ohanges as that a supply of salt might be 

t, that fiolto food and whey might be taken after midday, and 

fermeotcd drinks might be used.' This moyemcut waa at 

defieated. But the party was strong and it is probaljlo that 

lions were aftorwards matle. According to Vnssiliet',' when 

maisteriws «Tew rich the mouks eometiuies dressed well, traded, 

dniiik ii'i|Uor as modiciim. Still, in Hpite uf changes anil irre- 

ritios, Fah Hian^a, Hiwen Thsang'a, and the Coylon pictnros of 

Idhist life are sufficiently alike to make it probable that the details 

a fairly correct imprue^ion of life in the Kanhori monastery 

■*m the second to the seventh contnries of the Christian era.* 

uheri, when rich and famous, differed greatly from ita present 
of wild loneliness. The relic mounds were bright with festoons 
gs and streamers ; the f1ight<t of clear-cut step-i were famished 
__ faitnd-rails, and the neat woU-kept cells were fitted with doors 
•ad windows and shaded with canopies;^ ftcllors of iucenso and 
fniit crowded the gates ; groups of worshippers entered and 
loft ; and the banda oT yellow>robcd cvon-pacing mouks and nuns 
moTcd over tho hill top and acros? the hill side. On festive days 
the space in front of tho great chapel was decked with flags 
sttd silken canopies ; tho chapels thronged with weU-dressed 
worshippeTB and full of the scent of iiiconso ; the images smothered 
in flower* ;* and the relic shrines festooned more riclily than usual 

Btb silken flags and variegated streamers. By night the wholo 
l-side colls, stairs, ehapels, and relic shrines would ue ablaze with 
Bps.' Though the monks were poor tho monastery was rich. 



ID oonuoal iLile U ftbont b.c. SSO (Rbys Ditvida, 210). But it w doubtlal 
there wen mnDaatcnofl lieforc tbp timt: «f Aahok. 
coaocMiiMM. known u ilw Tcti Iitdulgi^cM. warn i, to kMp salt; S, to 
foud »ftcT miilday- ; 3, Ur reUx ntltta when tlio monlu wens not iu tntmaa- 
to ofdaio and oouJew in privnto hnii»a ; 5, tkkl oau*«nt mi{(ht l>u obtaitwKl 
wt 1 6, thil ooufori&ity to tliv uxauiple of other* wa» a good oxtntsu for 
ntoiiiu nite* ; 7, that wIkt nh^t be taken after tnid<lay ; 8, tiuA feriDOBtod driuks, 
H tbevlwtkoti like waU-r iiiiglit Tw drunk ; 9, lliat nn&U might be 0<krcff«d with cloth ; 
and 10, th<it )p1d and nlTor titight be tuod. Rhya Davida, 216. 
■ Le Buuditiiinc, 67. 

• Evts during thia tiau poriods of prosptrity were probably aopttrated by peiioda 
tl dapcreMkMi. * Fergnaimn and Burgesa Caro Tcmplca, 3&9, 

' lae taviah luo of flnwon mvih* tn bav« been ono of tb« chid laAtunia of Buddhiat 
wonhlp. King BhitikAbhaya (a.r. lU-9) >s said to bare hung tUa mat top* of 
Ocylm from tup U> battoni with jftuniiw gtrUoda and buried thn wboIobuUduu bnot 
tbe ai<>p« to tlw pinuaclv with heap* o( fiowera. THmour'a MahAvanao, 811-210 ;Bhila 
179. 

the dMoripUoua in Beal'a Fah Hiaii, Ti and 178. Bnmouf (lut h V fUrtoiro 
.jrl'lhiamo Indicn, 1 3l!t) hofl an account of a mmMtfiy (umiaheil with pUtfurias 
imianl niHOa with haluatnwlM, wiixViwa and trullU work, witli fitly cUd luoaJu 





dupter XXV. 

Flac«8 of Interest. 

KA.iutJU Oavu. 

Life at Kaiihari, 

A.I). loo-nw. 



Tltt AtoiKuterg. 



.Mi =J 



iBomba^r Qazetteer. 



Chapur ZIV. 

_F1a(mi of Interest. 

[a:«uiiri Ca«i)i. 
At KMilieii, 
A.e. 100- OKL 



The UaiUrt. 



DISTRICTS. 



Villages And lasdi, oxen and serranta liad been left Hiam, and what 
wu^ oDCti given waa uerer takuu back.' Careful acooouts were 
kopt, AiicI, at least iu later limea, a share of the rent waa taken is 
^raiu iknd stored in the moDastery Fur the use o( the brotherhood. 
Thero was probably con&iderublo state. Ricblj-dccked olopbana 
and palaoquina toolc part in processioua and gave dif^ity to tha 
movements of the abbot, the leading elders, or ihc champion orator 
of the monastery. Under some learned and prudent head Eanheii 
may, at times, have risen to such a state of high disciptino and nseful^ 
nesa as Hiwen Thsang (640) found in the Natanda convent in Behir. 
This was the abode of several tboutHind monk», of pare blsmelesa lirei, 
90 talented and learned that the five TudieH took them as models. 
From morning till evomng the young and the old were busy, teaching 
and lesriiiug, and, from all sides, strangers fiockeil to find from tb« 
elders tbo eotutiou of their doubts. The bulk of the monks boluuged 
to the Great VohiclCj or later school, but all the eighteen sects were 
represented, A thousand oE them could explain tweaty books, 300 
thirty books, ton fifty books, and one, the h«id of the convent, had 
mastered all the sacred writings.* 

The menbera of the Kanheri commnnity belonged to foor clasM% 
laymen updnhi*, lay-women upayit, monks hhikihua, and nans 
bhikshitnia? The laity, the bulk of whom seem to have been 
traders and craftsmen, were received into the commnnity eft 
repeating the words, ' I take refuge in Buddha, I take refuge itt 
the law, I take refuge in the church.' They lived in their homea, 
keeping the rules against killing, stealing, ndultery, lying and 
drinking, honouring their fathers and mothers, livioff by a jtist 
onltiug, avoiding the ten deadly sins, and making Hbemlity, courtesy, 
kindhnes9, and unsclBshneiis their rule of life.* Hy thu &ea gift of 
alms," by keeping the weekly changes of the moon and the rainy 
months as holy seasons, by attending at the chanot, and, at least in 
early times, by making confession once in every hvo years, thev Uid 
np a store of merit and rednced the number and improved the 
character of their future births. 

Gautama waa averse from allowing women to become ascetic^ 
and agreed to admit them only under promise that they woold 

nDviasio oalm uid siMimly ttUtodos. So too, aeeorduu; to ]>iu)ok«r (HJAtdry, IV*. 
468], the nooMtedai itvn not uaeoiBfortAble. They hM cestnl halla and oeiuuxto 
oella, piBtfootw, baliutndu, lAttk« windows, uid good ktoepiiu pUom. 
■BM]'>Fi>hHi«n.S5. 

* Stiuu4lM JoUan'a Mora. Snr. lea Coot. Occid. 11. 4&-46 ; and Talbovs Wbeclsr. 

m. s: 1-272. 

* Authorities Ai^et as to w-}ietb«r Buddliiit H»cctica Hhonld be c^klled pH««ta ov 
luonk*. Hurdy (Ejurt«ra ManachUm, 14) and Uunrk«r (I7iiit»rv, IV. 377^<<*JI tb«iB 
pn«t«tTBlboran'beoler(IIL138)uidRlij-iI>ftvida(Buddhi«in.l53K'nll thvm monlu. 
Tbeu* duties, wid tbo prooent uotttion of Baddhist aeoeticB id BurmAb uid Jsin 
SMOtioi in India, M«nt to ahow thai Xhty v^n mnnk* and not prieota- 

* Tbo t«n dsadly aim wore : Three of the body killinji, »t«alitifi, and wbonii{[ : fooc 
of tho tontnio lytn^ alonder. abuw, and pnlUo : and three of the mind in»ed. apiie, 
and nnbcliof. Rhya IMnda. 142. • v * 

^ Tho liuty'fl iix cardinal virtnoa mrc alma, virtn«, patwncs, oonra^, oontamplatJoK, 
knowledge S«vi;ml n[ eheH wurdii luv« aMcial and iinuiua] mMUtinjca l^^t.Bilaini^ 
189). A favnuiit« Buddltiat ooiinlel <«aa. 'Como froai ain, pnwtiM virtue, eorBn Oia 
hwrt.'(D.m>J31). 



m 



afittft 



ikoiu) 



TUANA. 



139 



KA5IIKBI CaVBB. 

Lifr at Kanbert, 
A.D. 100- 900. 



Mtonit. 



certain special rulen.' The nun's drass was the uoie as the Ch&pt«r XIV, 
monk's dress, the duos ate together apart from tho inonkfl, luid pUcM (^intemt 
wortiliippod tho rnlic shrine of Anaiida^ Gnuhima's ooosin, who 
had pleaded witli him for their admisijion.' Id Upper India Qtms 
Duroorotis oaough to attract the notice of Megasthencs (b.c. 
I).* They were most liberal in tbcir gifts to Kanhori aa they 
•e to other inona$t<?rie&.* They play a leading part in aome of 
old dramas.* Bat tliey do not seom to have ovor risen to bo 
ui important class.* 

Monba wero called WliX'<3l«# or beggars, phramans or toilers, and 
Mhrdvttkt or bearers. At firat admieKion wan most free. ' Come hither, 
enter into the spiritual life' was Gautama's initiation/ Before long 
{B.C. 43U ) some knowledge was re<]uired, and in later times most of the 
monks U'gan as novices thrdmaneras. Tho novice most be over eight 
years old, liave bis parents' leave, be free from disease, and be neither 
ft soldier nor a alavo.^ He might belong to any of the four higher 
dassee, but appunrutly could not belong to one of the impnre or 
dapreesfd tribt-s. MTii>n ho entered Ibe monastery the novice became 
the pnpil of one of the monks. His head and eyebrows wore shaved ; 
ha was bathed and dressed in robes whicb he presouted to hia 
superior and again took from him. Ho was thrice made to repeat 
the wordsj '1 take refuge in Buddha, I take refuge in the trutn, I 
take refuge in the order,' and to say the ten commandments against 
killing', stealing, marrying, lying, drinking, eating after midday, 
attending diiuces muRic partios or plays, using perfunien or Jlowero, 
ami coveting gold or precious articles.* At twenty the novice was 
admitted a oieoiber of the order in presonco of the brotberbood. Ho 
took vows of poverty and chastity, and was presented with tho three 

Row robes and the beggar's bowl. He promised to have no 
roonrse with women, never to take alms from them, look at them. 
Ike ralea wero Lb*t ft nun, e*«ti of 10(1 fe*n olil, musl naipect &U nymki ; »lte 
most n«TeT inmlt or abu»« tliem ; must «x9unine bi.i>r««If ; oonTew li*r fkolta; Isftm 
Atn thoDi'inkii, «|)«cially in tlj« thru* Mknuiwr mvntbs wh<7n iho miut reat ncttliw 
bjr nif^t nnr by dsv to her eflorta to learn tlie hw : At &1I times the tnust wntch tha 
^oaks luid profit bjr thotr czsmplo. Remiuftt'B Foe Kouo K>, 113. Ooo nnn, the 
iUcghfrol SAgum king of the Nigas, roae to ba » BodbiMttva (St. Hilnira, 100), 
iUt tlita Udy who wpmn it EUont tn tlie dren of Padmapini <t*«r?aNOa 
rOkTca. 374). * Remnnt's Fo« Kouo El, IIS: Btal'a Fnh Htui, 58. 

[han'M Bhilu Tr>pM, XII. 

b of S third of tlM gift* to Ui« Sfiichi topai (b.i'. 2S0-A.D. 10) we» by 
RHUiy of wbom won amw (Conainglk-ini'i) Bhilnn IVjpM. 368). Ooo Kud« aoia 
of the Esaberi giftt are from th« chililrvn of aune (Forgiiwaa and BurjnM' 
Ckna, SU6). Probabljf thcae tmns hwl onCered tho oonvMit lAtc in life kft«r thoir 
bubaad*' dMth. 

* In Milntt anil Midhft* (a.d. fVM) one of tb« chief chonctant in tiM lady lapoHor 
of » Boildhist raDTent. Mflnninfi's Aocient lo'lio, II 208. 

'Hardy tEMtoni Manacltinn, 16l)Mya ttaeordcrof Duaaaoama to hiTc soon boon 
(iirea ap. ^ Hud^'a KtuMm Hoiuu^hiain, IS. 

* Hudy'i Eutern Mooackins, IS. Aeconltng to CiiQuiu^haro (Bhilaa Topea, 107), 
tlw aaluoky, th« soured, aod tlio woro-out were the men wov bMumo monk*. In tbo 
druu of the Toy Cut (a.d. 90D) a broken gambler tant monk ( M a n ni n g'a Ancient 
ladiL II. 1(18. 160). But at leaaty iu later tunea, moat of the mouka were hoya taken 
oat of Boddhiit nrJiooU. 

* Beal'a Pah Iliau, S9 Hardy'* EMtem Hoaachixm, 24. Theac ara tb« eight 
layman's mWa with two extra role*, one ofunat dancing music and pUys, tha otner 

gold and Bilrer. iUijrs Davids, 111, 






[Bombay GiwttMr, 



DISTTtlCTS. 



ChAptfliZIV. 

TUon of XnterMt 

[a-vukiii Cavki 
^laSn M KoolMri. 
A.U- 100-WO. 

JfonA*. 



apenk to them or dream ot tliem. to take away DothlDg, to wear a 
dtinty jijriirmentj to dwell at the rootd of trcoB, to eat only what 
ot.li<^r<) had loft, and to use cow's arine as a medicine. AH 
Iimiily tioa were Bovored and he promised oever to work, not 
even to di^, as in tnrniiig the enrt.b woriiiH might be killed.' HiB 
promise did not hind him for life ; he might leave the mnnadtory 
when he chose. At tiivt all mouks iveru e'liud. By degrood the 
order liecaine subdivided and iu aomo countries developed into a 
complete hierarchy.' In India from early times there was a dinnon 
into two grades, the monk hhikahu /•Kraman or shnivfMle, and thft 
Buperiur or older dc/Kirya, arhat, gthavim or thero.^ Later three 
grades of siijwrior monbi were introdnced, the head of a monastery 
or nhbot., thp head of a gronp of monAstorics or bishop, and the head 
of a province or primate.* Besides by the division into grades, ll» 
m>silion of the monks varied conaidorably according to tboir naoia 
tor piety and learning. A man who oonld oxpUin one of the twolTO 
sacred collections was freed from routine and raised to be a manager- 
If he mastered a second collection he became a Euperiur ; if be 
maslorwl athird, servants were given him ; if a fourth, his servants 
were Briihmans ; if a fifth, he travelled in a car drawn by elephants ; 
if a Gixth, ho was accompanied by n large escort. Thojie who wore 
at the head of the monastery called the monks together and held 
oonferenoes, judged the talents of those nndor them, raised some and 
degraded others. If a monk showed marked power in debate, i£ 
his speech was easy rich and ready and his wit keen, he was sot on 
a richly decked elephant, rarried in trinmph round the monasterj', 
and proclaimed its champion. If, on the other hand, his words vera 
cliimBy and pointles.s, if his ai^urnents were feeble, his stylo wordy, 
and his reasoning loose, the brothers daubed him with red and 
white, covered him with mud and dust, drore him into the desert, 
or ducked him in a well.' 

Rpocial spiritnal insight was not less honoured than onnaoal 
int<'llectua] power. Those who had mastered the four trutbsj 
sorrow, the cawteof sorrow, that aorrow can be destroyed, and how 
sorrow cao be destroyed, gained the tifclo of Jrya or hononr«bI*> 



I Dtiuolun-, TV. 46«. Bwnumt (Foo Kme Ki, 6S) gives th« ftiUowing twolv* dutiM 
^ a, maak. \, To live in » <taiL-t jtlocc ; 2, U> lira on alma ; Tt, to Uke bis tsni (d 
ouryiti^ Ui« Mlnu-lwwl i 4, to taltu only om meal ; fi, to tUvide th« fovd 1m ifl given 
intotbrNparta, (or tb« poor. Tor anisuui, vid forhimulfi 6.iu)ttOMtAfl«-nii>liUy i 
7, to vcar do avw or bright clothBs ; S, to woAr tbrw ptmcait ; 9, to livs iii tomW ; 
10, to Bit nD<i«r k tnt ; II, to tit im the niu-th : uid 13, to ait ku't not li« d«wik 
Comjiaro Hnnly'i Eutom UuiwcIiiHni, 10. It i* doshtful how far tfauac mlM WU« 
ketn. A« «aHr u x.a 4S0 k strong party wu lo fftvmir u( u«ing uipete, lluuur, aad 
(pild Kad silver (Duiiokw. IV. S78). ' Rbji Oavidi' TtiidJhi»ro, 151 

» Cuiuunghwa'* BhUwi T<mM, fl«.7l.72. 115, 117, 118, aud 12a 

* TJbiiyB Wbeelcr, HI. I.1I. The Uinliliiutt tu.itik iii llii> • Toy C«t ' ia nimi ta 
ho ebiftf of tlitt tufjoMtoriro (Munniiig'ii Aiicii-iit India, IL 170). Cunniiijfbua'a Ma* 
jBbQM Topqi, 132) tli»t tbf tuycnar monlu vrore long hair, whiU tailm, mod ■hoft 
tvnioi wwins to b« a miatalcc. (Sea Um account ai lb« Duyui in Funvwan'M TrM 
and Serp«nt Wowhin. 94). 

■ SUni»liu .lulien. HiwenTliwng, L 79. • Iu ffjrit* of tbe rcnwot ahoim to Iba 
leHltng msn, the oMutitution of tliv niouutwry waa domomUc It wm llir bvatb«r> 
bood «rbo ooHMcratod monks, hoard ooRfouioiu, iiuiNwed praoacw, and 'onlaral 
oopadatuui or Bxpwtioa. 



^b^yBfa 



» 
p 



Koaluui.] _ 

TnANA. lit 

urtber progress along the path to tho extinction of desire wm Chapt« XIT 
orlu'd by four stages, that of tho shrotaapanna who had only Flaceiofin' 
rpn births to pass ; that of the eakriddffiimtn or once returniiijf, Kanhiui Cavbo. 
ho bad only one more birth ; that of the awiijamin or not i-eturuing, _ . 

bo is never bom again ; and that of the urhal, who dusiros nothing ^^^ jqq ■ 600. ' 
rtlier on oarth or in hcavftn. Tho Arhat had powor to work 
miracles, to sur^C'y all worlds, to hoar all souudvj to n»d all thotightfi, 
d to romonibcr all past existence' 

Keithor monks nor nana took a tow of obedience.' For tho /)»«</*/«*. 
intenance of dtBcipIine the monks mot twice a month and tho 
rulee wore read. Any brother who had broken a rule wa& cnllod to 
Aocording to the gmTenoBs of the offonne ho was absolved 
rohoked, or a pennnce wa« prescribed encb as refraining from 
i«peech, sweeping tho conrt, or strewing it with »and.' H the 
loflenoe was more serious, indecent talk, immoral conduct, or stirring 
Btrife, he was degraded.^ And if he was guilty of unchastity. theft, 
lor murder, he was driven ont o£ the monastery.^ Each monk bad 
food and drink, a cell, n bed or Htone bonch and oovcrlet, a chango 
of robos, an alms-bowl and staff, a razor, n needle, and a water 
Btrmuur.' They spent their time in chanting the scriptnres, in 
thoaght, in tencliing, visiting tho hospitals, or reading to the sick or 
demon -hannted lai^. If a stranger monk came to the convent the 
senior brothers went to meet bim, and led him in carrying his clothes 
and alms dish. 1*bey gave him water to wash his fevt and food, and, 
af t4.«r be had rotated, asked bim his ugc, and according to bis age, gave 
him a chamber anpplying him with all the articles required by a 
monk.' 

As has been already noticed, the earliest objects of Boddhist H'iw«A^ 

worship were trees, relic or memorial monndi*, the triple oymbol of 
Buddha the law and the congregation, Cfaiitsmji's afins-lKm-I staH 
Knd other posMtessrions, and the imago of Shri or Lakabnii tho 
goddeut of wealth. Later generations added the images of Quutama, 
of the four older Buddhas, of future Buddhaa, and of aeroral 
Hindu goda and goddoascs. Tho nsual form of worHbip was to 
prostrate or bow before the shrine, relic, or image * as it it were 
alive/ to offer it flowers and incenso, to repent tho threefold confes- 
sion t»f tmst in Kaddha in tlie law and in tlie chnrt^h, and to Iwivo 
• money offering.^ Another common observance was to walk round 
the shriue repeating hymns of praise and thanks to Gautama the 
diaoovcfer of truth, and to (iJTor a prayer tbnt all creatures may be 
free from sickness and from sinful pleasare, and that in tho next life 
every man may be a itaiut.^ At midday the monastery's moat 



' Dwacker. l\\ 472. • Bhy« Dftvi.U' Baa.Iluim, IBS. • Rhyl D»vM% 169. 

* In oii« nf tho BJimpor topM n bawl wm loaod with tbo woril ptOifo, tli*t is. 
' jMlitoA. dwnwied. llio ojfauler wm not cut off from tho broCbertiood, hu ftlEat-bowf 

WM taneanpBMlc down uid left ODtil fain am wm fcirgiven. Cnaninghua'* BItib* 
TotMa, S36. 

■ H*nl)-'s EMtem UoiuKhinn, 14$ f Stan. JoUs&'b Utwoa Thaaiig, L 80 ; Dunolw, 
IT. 4«9. 

* hetX% Pth HiMi. AS ; [IftMjr'i Raetcm ^lonachism, 04 : Rhyii Divida' BoddKIsm. 
|in. ' Bod* Fkli Muui. m : Krmu»At'> K<m; Koua Ki, 100, 101. 

* Itonl'i Pnh HiRii, 43 ; lUrdy'a BMtvni UotwitiMU, 209. * Unnckor, VJ. 4S3. 



& 




IBombftj- Gautteer, 



bpt^ ZIV. 

PlMMoflntanst. 
lEsi CAvn, 
I At Xaahort, 

.D. 100 -soa 



DISTRICTS. 



famoas relic was broiiglit out and worgbippf^ hy priests and lajmen, 
and agaiu tbey worshipped it at Gvoning or iaoonse-bonuug time.' 
Relics, n-cro kept with the groatest care^ aometitnee in rello mounds 
sumotiuiea iu BUrtoes. 

lliG Toles about food were not ertrcmoly strict. Laymen wore 
waruod against gluttony, againtt the nseof spirits, and on Sundays 
and in I^ent a^inst mating after noon. Even for ascetics the rules 
were fairly liberal. Except that tbe^ might not tonch intosicatiog 
drinks,' tae members of tbe order might take what waa customary 
in the country where thoy lived, so long as they ate without indol- 
gcnco. It was Gaittama's lax views in the matter vi food, that, 
according to a Buddbist legend, caused tho first schism, Or^vadatta 
demanduDg and Gnutama refusing to agree to strict^ rules.* Th» 
monks were allowed to dine with pious laymen, and the practice 
was common ettpocially on tho days of full moon.* Still the mle was 
clear that nothing should be eaten more than was wanted to keep 
the body in boalth, and Ihnt, save when travelling or sick, solid food 
should be taken only at the midday meal.^ Kven this midday meal 
was no time of enjoyment. Tho eater should sit down, place his 
bowl on liis knees, and eat slowly and sadly, much in the t<pirit of 
George Herbert's rule, ' Tako thy moat, think it dust, then eat a bit, 
and Niy earth to earth 1 commit.'* At first all food was gathered 
from hoDse to house and eaten by the monks in their ct-lls. In 
later times when tho monastery had lands and workmen, the groin 
was cooked by laymen and the monk!) nto togt'ilher in a dining 
hall-' Animal food was not forbidden. Flesh might be eaten so long 
as a Buddhiat had not ^aken the animal'ti life. Auger caused 
iincleanne«9 not the eating of ilesh,^ and abstinence from animal food 
was a mark of special asceticism.* There was a strict rule against 

' BeaTi Fkfa Hiuu, SB. Tbe most ww-'re-l relic m% Kaahvti tovau to bare b»«B on* 
d Buddha's tenth. la a small topcia front of cars Xo. 3 Dr. Bird footiilaoopparpliiaf 
■Utju tbst one of Cftntamft'i dog t^^tb hsd bcAD bnrwd there FerguaMn uialn 
that lli« tooth UAjr b»vtt hcvo brought from AauATati by GotRaipatnill. Tr»a ui4 
Serjwot Wanhip, 169. This touth nf BuddhA'i mum a ouitak*. Sm Arch. 
Sorww, X. 69. 

■ HiwcD TIlwo; Boticed thit tho Badilhist ronaki arank tho JoIm ot the mpa 
sad at Bogarcaofl. But it wm &}tOj^thor unlike diRtilled wiav. SI»nUU« J^tfo, 
I. 8Sw Tho use of aDimkl food iu tlie Qt'tti c<untur>- would ««ieio to hmn b«ea uniuul, 
•• th» ChAndib km Mwdalty noticwl u the only people ulxi kiU aidnuilt, or deal fa 
flesh. Fsh Bum in Foe Koue Ki. lOS. * Itbya U^rids, 76. 

« BuI'b Fsh Btaa, M. Th« Uynwn irtMXed their gucrt« wiUi grtmX dcfereaea 
■ofeting then on a high dus mnd thNiiMlm «ittiiu[ on th« grotuMl bvforv tii»n). 

* Hhyn ltavi<l*, 15T. 1 63 ; RmI'. F»1i Uiu, 06 t Usidy'i Eutun MonacUna, St. 

* Bhya Dnvidfi, IGd ; Dnutker. IV. 466. 

^ Tha dinicfl took pUca befors A.n. 900. CnntifnghaiD BbilM Topes, 133. Th« 
Eaaheri dining hall i,C»ve No. 2) la lo tutrrow u to Wve m> ruufn for & row of pUtcs. 
Th*BMikfl mini hkvB Atcauliml tlwir Wwla oii their hie««- Kah Uifto t«lla of oo« 
BaonartMy, when) U th« Bound of a gong 3000 pricBta Bftt down. They wvn noaS 
orderiy UUdk tboir Beata onu aftvr annthor, kcoputg sileaoe, Making no noiae wtth 
their ricr bowl, not cbstteriug when tli^y n-inb'd a eacoDd help Bimply siaoing wHh 
their ling.r«. Beal, a • lEhj* t>*vidi. 131. " 

* Ithyi David*. 164. D»uioker(rV. 4«il»ay» flcah waa never Mton.aod Otmninghiun 
(BhilsB TopDB. 33) Btatos thataaimal food iroa forbidden ; but ooruparv WbeeW, IIL 
144. MO an<l Bardy'a EoBtem Monachjam, 92. Thi- atnry that G««Unia died 
ftan Mbng pork ia not Ukelj^ to b^ an invvntioo (Kliya Davidt, $0). It ia tNobably 
oconuled with the Kahatri fneli&g, that eating of tlie Seab of the wild boW tit a 
privilflgs if not a du'y of their vlaw. Ju Buddhiat Msthata, wImts do living cnstars 



m 



^ 



EonkuL) 



THANA. 



143 



But at an early date efforts were 
rulo aDd in later timoe it sectns to 



the nse of iotoxicatiDg drinks. 
mads to aroid the force of tho 
httve been act aside.' 

On joioing tho order the monk's beard head and eyebrows wore 
shaved and this was repeat4>d once a fortnight, the moaks shavine 
each other. I'huy went bareheaded and barefoot. Both nionkfl and 
mmawore thnwIoTigthsof 3*oIlow cUilh, eithercnstawayragaor cloth 
toru to patches oud agaio sewed logelher. Thoso garmcuta were the 
Manghali a waisl^rtotb or kilt wrapped round tho thighs and legs^ 
tho antanx-vd»ak a body cloth or shirt worn round the chest, and the 
ii/funiranoaa cloak or cnpe passed round the leg's, drawn over the 
left ahouluor, and yjrt with a ginile.' Tlie waletcloth or kilt was 
worn in the cell; tho body cloth or shirt at prayer, and on 
cer«mouies and hij2;h days ; and the cloak in puolic places." A 
spare sot of garmonta was aHowed and a new suit wa» supplied at 
tne beginning of each cold scaaon.* 

The elder monks spent their days in reading* and thoaght.* 
Eren the younger mrxiks were forbid dcb tho simplest work.* 
rfaoir daily round was to rise with the dawn, and, after cleauinr 
_Wr teeth and putting on the outer robe, to sweep the courtyard 
and tbo ]uiths iu front of tho cell or of the cbapel, to fetch 
iter and strain it through a cloth that no life might be lost. 
»n to retire for about an hour and think oa the rules of 
Kext, at the soaud of the goug or bell for morning 
rice/ to attend tho ehapol, listen to tho scriptures," and offer 
rers to the rolic shriuo thinking of Oautaina'a nine virtnea and 
^ngardiug the shrino as if it were alive. In early times the young 
look's next, duty was to gird bis outer robe round him and start 
>r the Tillages near, carrying in his left hand a wooden staff breast- 
btgh tipped with a two-inch iron ferule and topped with an iron 
ring two or three inches wide, and holding in his right haud» 



Chapter ZIV, 

Places of Interest. 

Kahhski Cats*. 

Life »t KknhflH, 

A J>. 100 -GOO. 

Dnu. 



DaUg £(A. 



' I'X'^cpt hy thu ChAndAla, tome cIomos inn«t haro us«l Miimal 1o<tA u th« 

i<jal! ill Qath. IScol's P«li Hiati, 5.V Tbe s[>odnl [KiaiUuu of tbe Uub&ia- 

'l>fi tn\^/i in tfa« i>NC)ui vilUgQ •ystsm itltutraUs, pecti«p« ii ft tarrii-ml of, an oid 

One Qi tbe Ten tmlulgtvMs elaltncJ b^ a laf^ Metion of tht nunkfl, was tA he 
ftUow«iI 1'^ drink any I'MUor tlmt luokeil lik« wmter [w« kbovc, p. I37|. Aceordiug to 
V«Hiti«( (l}oac).iisniv, t<i), vrhon tnnriMtNifM gnv rich, Iha nionkn dnuik liquor »a 
Medkin«. DrioUag sceu«i mk not unusunl eiuirr in BuddhUt sculptuivs or pkintiogB 
(FcTf^tuaon Tree and Sorpont Worship. 13tt). Dut most of theae ara pvrfaft]'* moiuit to 
iUiutnte Gantaou'i life licforo be bvoimo » MCltwe. 

* fia«] (Pftb Hian, 45) ckUa tb« naHffkiUi tha grul jutrumt or overcloak. Bomuut 
(Fo« Kane Ki, S3) Menu to have held tbesaoro Tt«rw. SutKe ithye Pkvidd, 166, Ltf7 : 
had Comungfajua'* BtiiUa Tdpen, fil, 62. 

■ Jlccordin j to Hitron Thuin^ fStAnislu Julion. I. 70), oAch nect hiwl k RpMlal my 

' foil! Id j: tliA upper n>bc. ami tbe colour varied fruut yellow to rod. FroniMulpturaM 

lh>- lil>^lMTop««. C<in>ii[ij[hnjn (DhiUaTQ|xw, 37, 'M4, platnXI. ) formed tba opinion 

<ii;hcr onloT of Bwddliiit moiika wore tlie beard aod vrera crowood vritb « 

:.a.l ^Ireaa. This SMina tahti a mistake. 

Ko«Urni Motuuhism, 121 ; I'bya ba\-id*, 167. 

* Tli«re were fi¥o aabjucts vf tbougbt. tow, pityt joy, impurity, u>d oaliu. Rhya 
iTida, 170-171. 

* Monks mi£ht not dig, cat gnm, pour vttct, or tSghfc. Hudy'a EattNii 
.MtHucbkam, 149. 

■I cymlada or b»U« called tfa« mouka to MTvio*. I>niKk«r, IV. 408. 

thn ncntd booki wu tlic hi^tesl cx«r«u«. Uardy'a Eaatem Mona- 



mm 




[Bunb«y OuBttMr, 



DISTRICTS 



Clupter ZIT. 
PUcM of Interot 
ituwu c^fm, 

A.n too. HOD. 
Ifailg lift. 



ffjweiol Z>ay<; 



cloM to bis breast, a watorraelon^Kapod black or red alms-bowl 
q£ day or iron.* So he moved wilk sloiv »veu oteps aud ejru 
fixfw] on tlio ground, posaing close to o7ory Iiouao except the 
dweltiiig of the courtOKan" and the Mbir, aekiDg for nothing, 
talcing what was giren with a thankful heart, and, if no one 
conio, ahaking the iron ring once or twico and passing on.' Aa 
Boon' as the bowl was fall to the brim, he took no more and diridad 
the ooutcntA into tUixH) parts, one for the animals, one for tba 
destitat«, and thti third for hiiu.sulf. Tlion going back he nadhod 
his saperior'a foot, gavo him water to drinlc, and brought the 
alma-bowl. After th^ir meal ho oleaiisod the bow), washed his faijs, 
and worshipped hie Bupcrior. Thia woti thopractieo in early tiinoa. 
In later daya. when tbo monastorics woro endowed with landj* and 
had stores of grain, there was oo call to go begging. The graia 
was cooked by lajinen, and, at the sound of a bell, the nionka troopod 
to the dining ball and ate their meal.' When the meal was oTor the 
gong sounded again for midday service. The scriptures were resd 
and the relica worshipped, and the elders tanght the younger 
brethreu.' Tboy then withdrew to think, or went to teach in the 
Bchool,* to minister in the hospital," or to read the scriptures in 
the homes of the sick or the deuun-haoated.' When the ere'Diog 
gong sounded, in turn with tho oiIkt younger monks, the norlwi 
called the cider who was to read the evening service, washed hi« 
feet, and listened. Then he rested for a time watching the hitit) and 
tbo guu set in the seo,^ As the light faded he waited on any ^ck 
or infirm brother who wanted help. Then seating himself on bb 
bench ho dropped to sleep musing on the caoao of sorrow.'" 

The routine of lifo at Kanhcri was broken by npccial fa.st.9 anil 
special feasts." The weekly changes of the moon were Sabbaths, or 

'Rliy* Davids (noddhim, 163) dounWs the alm»-bowI aa « brown Mrthtmwan 
vnwl lika an nncorercd auup turwn ; Arnolil (Light of Aaia, 199) aa an eartfasa 
bowl aba|Md nalonwiao. CnniunKhaiu(i)liiUaTo|ws, TO) Iwkk that Uio uld alan-bvwl 
bad an iii>pcr pari awl a alwirt dvcIe. 

* It ■anmn doobtful bow far this mk wag l^^> Thcro nn strrora] storioa aboat 
cottrUtxaaa feeding a«c«tic#. S«o CiintiiD|;bam'« Bliarliut istuiia, 22. 

•DoncUr, IV. 483; WhreW, III. 129; Hardy's EasWro Monacbion. 71. 81 1 
Beal'a Fab Biaa, H. It was usual fur tliu ddur monli to walk in front and ba folUnnd 
by a yonuHir brother carrying tho altns-bowl. SbTit T>avulii, 170. 

* lihya Davida, 164 -. ftcal's Fall liiiui, 9. 

•Khyi naride, 106-111. •Tallx.ys HVTiwW. HI. tit. 

*Tba nevond of Aabok'a «diota (b.c. 250) winUialivd boipiula ov«r tli« csipin 
(DunekcT. r\'. 216). Pah Iliao (Boa), l(r7l mentaoiu homes fnr the slok d«atitut« aial 
diMMed, where doctors attended frve uf charge. CoiniMtrc Tiimoar'a Mahli a&Bo, 24B^ 
SH. ■ HanlyV T-^aotom M<in«chiHn, 1*0. 

* Two tliluoB. Mid GautAmav we ahonld Kuver lir« of liwkJU]; at, hi^^ bilU and HtB 
Ka. Buniout's Int. A 1' Hud. rnd, I. 319. 

"■ Hardj-» Eaiit«ni Moiuwhiani, 26. Dunckcr, IV. (89, The ralo waa ntwtiT to tia 
dowii. Tiu) iNuIy niuiikii aonm, when alee^t overcame thetn, to hav« bonnil th«ir Ktnlla 
rouuj tbi-ir waitt and nmnd thoir knvtm and slept aittinj;. Sev tht> fignre in 
Ciuutinghjua'a Bhilsa Top«, pfaitcXV. I.prolwklo date a.d. Ifl, and page 208). Later 
Um •hapoof the *U>ua bcnoliM aad th« mention of s lied in tl>e [»t of a nionli.'* outfit 
tnak« it doabtfnl whvther tlMtuactioq of alwoping aittiug wai voDtioned. (Hardy'a 
Kaatvn Moaadiim. 107). In time beds aanD to hara wsw into gumal nav an Uia 
later eaivea have no stone hendiaB' FBraueaoa and Bui-geaa' C^tvta, SOO. 

" II is dotibtfal how far the ropilar uays wcra kept at Kaiiln'ri, aa tbe BliddbiM* 
ehanxcxl Uivdaya to suit local circwastanMs aud unctioee Vaaailiof'a La Bovddnnv. 
87,88. 



dM* 



[ooJcuJ 



THANA. 



m 



>03aika9j when the lajmaa rested from his work, ate no Dnseeaon- Chapter XTT. 

sle fuod, wore no garlands ami slept on the ground, and, dressing Places of Zntsnit 
his bf^at, came to tlxj nioiia»terj to wori^hip ami hear the scnp* 
38.' The days of new moon and full raoon were still more sacrod. 



monies bathed and aharod each other,^ and vtcre called to a 
kl Service where the duties of a mouk were read. After each 
itmmandmeQt tho monks wore asked if thoy had kept the law. If 
ay one confessed that ho had not kept the law, tho facU of the 
were examined, and, if the fault was not serious, forgiveness was 
LDted.* Numbers of worshippers came from the Deigfabouriog 
)ims, and the space in front of the chief chapel was gay with the 
■Hers of flowers and incense. On full moon days many of the 
ika dined at laymen's houses where they were treated with 
ht respect. Ou full moon nights a platform was raised in the 
3hing hall, and, beforo a congregation of monks nnns* and laity, 
Buperior brothers chanted the law, the people greetiug the name 
Suddha with a ringing shout of inulhu orgoM. The rainy season, 
sm tho fall moon in July to tho November fall moon, was ape- 
holy." It mark«d the time during which the monks originaUy 
after their eight months' wanderings and livod together 
_ the acriptores and teaching one another. The climat-o and 
sition of Kanheri would make it diflScult to have tho large gay 
Fepeu air meetings which marked this mtason in other Buddhist 
wantries." But preach ing-booths, bdjia mandaps, wero raised in 
hoot of the chapels and shelter provided, so that visitors could hear 
[(& comfort the favourite jdtakas or stories of Baddha'a Uvea.' 
lB«sides this holy season, there were three yearly holidays, at the 
f^po&ing of spring, in the later spring, and at the end of the rainy 
f*WoD, old naturo-worship days to which events in Cfautama's life 
I Wbeon made t^o fit. Of thcso tho chief was tho autumn festival, the 
iiieaii. when sermons were preached and the whole hillside cells, 
and stairs woro ablaze with lights.^ This was also the 
confession of the whole oongregation, and the time when tho 
ijiaea brought the monks their yearly gift of clothes.^ There was 
a special yearly ftfstival on Crautama's birthday/* when tho 
fnJics and images were carried in procession and worshipped by 



* Hudy'B Eutera UoaMhiam, 236-240 ; Dnncker'i Hutory, IV. 48X 
' Hv<)v'a Butera Monachism, 149. 

* Duiiok«r'a Hurturj, IV. 4d9. The jwactk-e of confeaioii itjinim from GaulaoiA's 
■yins, • Hide yoai good dectts, ihow yonr fmlM." St, Hilairc, 144. 

* Tbo AiarivAti sculptures ifaow moaka grouped an one lida And nuna on tha 
oth^r. TfM Afiit Seri>ent Worship, lU). 

* B*d'« Fah Hiuj, ISA. WheeW (lliitory. ITI. ISOjuivw the October fuU moon. 
But Novcmlwr wonv to tra rigtit. S-w liam-kct, [V. 378, uid Cnnningfami's BliUn 

361. * Sua for C«j I"u, Hsitly'v £Mt«ra MouachUm, 232. 

DftTtdi^ 8S. One of the Kanh«n i&Mriptiaaa (in oave 29) hu a apaei*! 

I to thsM preACfaiBg booths. ' Ihinckar, IV. 484. 

nokar, IV. 449. Thu divdfi waa mora tiuui a onoday atnanny. Th« fint 

Diflht ol th« month aft«r tlie rains, which wm edited tho Koba Uonth, waa a time 

rhich tho kM|>iiig by l&ynMo ol tbo threo extra prteeput wm attoodod with apMul 

mariL Bhya DMrida, 141. It teemi ponablo bbat aa in Niaik Iho gtfta of clothu war* 

ibafgn^ not after, thenius. fergaiBonBud Burgtaa' Ca^M, 271- 

Canniiiffhan'a Bhilaa Topw. 155. Thii fftttiTal tacvivoa in lh« •lagaanith car 

slOC4-l» 



KAKasai Cavss. 

I^fe ab KaahBci, 

A.D. 100-600. 



5 



iBombay GazetMr. 



»' 



CUpWT XIV. 
PUoM of Intorest 

Kakuku L'Avn. 
lifi! ftt Kuhcri, 



ItMCriptHHU. 



DISTRICTS. 



crowds. For days boforo, news of the festival was spread ahroad. 
QDd ttl) who wished to lay up a store of merit were called U> lerri 
tho roads and adorn the stroets and highways. The roads wbw 
lined with beautifully pointed fipircs of the forms tbroagh whiofc 
GauUma's spirit had passed. Inside the monastery the pathv aaJ 
the stairs wore watered and adomod with Bb^ and silk hanging*. 
Above the chief entrauoe a largo eloth waa strot/rheJ and the spaov 
ricbly adorned.' The roads and hillsides were full of people dreWd 
in their best. The mier of the land, or the local governor wu 
present, the ladies of hi» court Caking their place uu rained soatatl 
the entrance. The relics and imagee on richly harncKaod clepba&tii 
ur in palanquiua glittoriug witli gold silver and genia, wero cnrried Id 
procession . On their return, ■when the Ic-id ing eloplmut was a bnndred 
\-&rda from the main entrance, the prinwj or governor took off h» 
uoad<dres8 and putting on new garmuutts advanced barefoot to men 
the procession. On drawing near he bowed to the grtmnd, 
scattered flowersj bnmed incense, and withdrew. As the elephant 
pOBsod the gateway, the ladies and attendants from their high dftia 
ctivered the images with flowers. Then in the chapels the 
bumod incense and light«d lamps, and ontsido the Inity madi- : 
with games, mnsic, and dauciug,' Bverj- fifth year a special cer^ 
mony was held to mark the expiation ordered by Aahok (B.C. 25**)* 
MonVs attended from every side and the laity flocked in crowib 
from great diHtauces. The monastery was adorned with silken 
flags and canopies. In the great hall a richly ornamented dais fflr 
platform was raised for the abbot andthe leading elders, and behinA 
the dais were rows of seats for tho younger monks. Then th 
governor and the nobles offered their poesossions, afterward* 
redeeming them by a money payment.* 

Of the Bfiy-four inscriptions which have been more or I 
completely deciphered, except tho three Pahlavi loscriptious in cav 



> D6m JoKo de CWUt> (I5S8) nrAicm (Pnra. Rot. &t CiMt* ■!« Tsdia) Ui« Imsm «r ais 
large pilUra apfnmtly in th« nfMii n»c« in front ut cave No. 3. Temporary {uUmi 
■at on lliM« \mtm inay hnvii auppurtfiti ttig umcpy. 

■ Adapted bam Beal'B Fah litan, 10. I], 107, intl lTi«cn TtunnL' ilu^ribw tlii 
imCMimaa aa carrying fl>-ing atrewnera awl ftUt«ly jniraaula. ivliiln th« mtata ni 
parfumea and thu aliowun of nrnrcn ilarkvuvd th.:i>iiri nml mociu (Juliiti ' < _'ii*i At 
simibu- prooeaidciiia in Burmih nuwadayi rtrcwnon f tou 100 1» 20U foi .uv 

urhod and afterwanlB hmig (i-tin iiilUn or holy trcca. nuiulndji u( . 
Mb ol goUl and ailvcr brucade Hitait in the aun and tliouaoniU ot oandlu Lujii dkjr 
after A%^ bflforc thu ^oftts'i/'a ol Rliwa-Da^n at Rat^uMt which UdovoatlT b«U<vod 
toeoottUD eight hatra of Buddha. Bufotv tliu ucred tonrvr Rowan and Imita an 
offbnd, hy tliouBondi ci f>ef>[.ja. uati) large heape an fvnucd round it TIwiuMiila ol 
vnurfea ihmu witli thoir offoring)) of caodlaa and gnid leaf and little Oaoi, witfc 
planUina aud nbo nud d»n-«ra of all kiada. 'CunninglMjn'a Arch . Sur. Rep. C *iB2. 

' Ura. Uaimui8. 233. 

• * Beal'e Pah Hian, 1 5 ; \ntecler, III. SMS. Hiwvn Tlwuu deecribM a gr»at fifth ymr 
fMtirslbaM in the plainnearthe meettngoltlteJanuutanatboQangai. Thodvcrvf 
thefaatiral wa« ^ihiU'litya, kJi^ o( Magwiha. Acdmo 4O0O fi»et »|iiarD waa hadcad 
with roaea and dividvd iutu t^lla flUnl witli g»ld, nlvur, and oth«r ralualilM. 
Ma]f ■ million uf people, Buddluata. Btahraaoi, aad athen iuaembl«J ami ravttTOd 

{[fta. The firat ua freatMt daj'a Mreinoniaa wens in bonoor of BuUdha, but Uw 
in^, whoae a)>|e«l mcbm to Iiata beta political rather than relLnouB^ addad *B«oaBd 
day a rejntcinga in honour of Tishnu. nud a third in honour of 8fi)r. Then folbrwcd 
tfar Dathprins luid tho di*trib<iti»n of offiifin^it and uther uvrvnionioa which lut«d OteC 
»avinty.gv« days. St. HiUira, BudiUta pait II. vbap. I. in WhMler. III. 27ft. 



mok 



^^ 



thAna. 



U7 



Kanbeiu Cavh. 
Inicriptioiu. 



S^two in caves 10 and 78 in Sanskrit, and one in cave 70 lo peculiar Cliftpt«r ZIV. 
rnLkrit, the language of all is tho Prakrit ordinarily used in caro Places oflatereit. 
icings. Tho luUxtrs, except in an ornamental looking insci-iption in 
' 84, are the ordinary cave characters. As regards their ago, ton 
PAT frvmi the ((irm of tho loiters to belong to tho timo of 
rAsishthiputra (a.o. 133-1152), twenty to the Gotamiputra II. periwl 
>.177-lOG), ten to tlie fifth and sixth centuries, one to the eighth, 
irev to the iiiuth or tenth, uno to tho eleventh, and sereral coins 
the fifteenth. Throo nf them in caves 10 and 78 bear dates and 
iM of kinjp, and tbri'e in caves 3, 36> and 81 give tho names of 
_ I but no dates. This daios of Uie rust havo Iraeu calculated from 
form of the lottera. 

Tliongh almost all are mutilated, enough ie in most cases left to 

)V the uamu uf thu giver, the place where be lived, and tha 

;ter of the gift. Of the fifty-four twenty-eight give the names 

lors, which especially in lUetr endingif diQer from thu names 

in uae ; twonty-iint) of them givi> their prufussioDS mostly 

mti^ a few goldsmiths, some recluses, and one & miuistM'. 

«pl seven women, four oE whom wore nuns, all the givers wore men. 

Tha places mentioned in the neighbourhood of the oaves are 

eities of Kalyan, Sopdra, and Cbemula, and the villages o{ 

Jsth&u or Magilthan, Siikapadru proijably 84ki near Tulsi, 

^aph^d(?). Of raoru distant plnces there are N^ik, PratishthAn 

lorPiutLuu, Dhanakat or Dharuikot, Gaud or Bengal, and Dattamitn 

i& giiid.* The gifts were caves, cieterns, pathways, images, and 

|eDdon-u]cnt« in cosh or in. land.* Only four of the inscriptions 

STe Iht) names of kings. Cue in cave 30 trives the name of 
t'lbaripQiraaDdone iucavo 3givos tho name ufYainashriShiltakarnt 
ipntra II., two Andhrabhritya rulors of about the first and 
- -..-. t-tiituries aft*r Christ. Of the two, Madhariputra is believed 
1*0 be the older and Yajnashri ShitakamJ to be ono or his successors.' 
Miilliariputra's coins have been found near Kolhdpur, and Prof. 
BUnddrkar believes him to be the son and snccessor of Piidomayi 
.•fcishthipiitm, who is believed to have Hoarished about A.d. J30,* 
[mJ tft be the Sliri Pulimai whom Ptolemy (a.o. 150) places at 
i^than near Ahmadnagar. Tajnashri Shittakarni or Gotamlputra 

fin is naotioned In uiiw itiKni)tioitt (in cavM 2, 3, 12, 36, 37, 54, S9, 9(t, ind 
ichflil stone b«tn'Mii 14 and 15), .SoplrA in two [3 uul7), Konkan int«ru(78), 
iiaonellO), NjUik in one (S), t'mthun in (tnc [:t), Mivn^lpttn m one {ySf, 
liktit kt the tnuutli at tho Krialmn in one (76), DftttAuiilri iu oam (3),ttii<l Oaud 
Oiacw 110), All uf Ibcao, ox>M.'|ii DitlaniiQi are well luiown. UatUunivri, writes t*rof. 
SliBMlirksr {Sw. Tnuii. Or. Cong. 34S), wu tho numv of ■ town in Sanvira oeu- 
AmL It Buy &l*o be Denctritt (nitto). Of rillngn Muig»lsthAn nr MicUhan » 
tmmtim»A iu ane (81 ). (84) KApadn in uuo (10), and SftphM in one (29}. 
> Tbtrtooa tMcriptiooa (in «avw 2, 3. 10, 1<J, 36, 39, 49. 53. 5&, 53. 6», 77. and 84] 
►iy ort tho ffii of cavra, «jgbt of imvm wid uiitcnia (12, 29, -13, 59. 68, 75^ 70, nod 
^), four of cist«rns oiily (6, 7, itl, Q*), two of iniagea (2u)(l 4), and two ofpa&hwiifa 
*dJ ui inMTipuoQ amu- <Mv«a 14 mid 15). Kitt^t cndonrnwnt iBMnptaona (in 
•• 10. 12, 19, M. 68, 76, 78 and 81] rword ihc grint of villwv*. CivlU. uixl cmI). 
I «aiu mtmtioasd M« KiriA/ijMumi mhI /JmiHUiH*, bat U thors veni both gold and 
^cniiw of tlMMo oAinos tbvir vkIuo cuinal U> QsviL A third coin pratUia ulled 
t in ITAkrit ia ofUh nurntioned. 
__ ir. B. B. It. A. S. XIII. 308 : uul XIV. 154. 
Jvar. B. D. R. A. 8. 3UV. 315. 



[Bonibax Ga»t 



14S 



DISTRICTS. 



If. 



Hvm Cavm. 



,pter IIV. 11. tippeftrBiD the NiUik inscriptioTis/ and his coins have been foi 
■ (rflntcrest ^^ KolliApur,* at DliArnikot near the mouth of the Krishna the t 
capitiil ot the Aodlirntthrityas," aad rer)- latoly (9tll April 1882} u 
'"**' *"" ttupa or burial inoiiml iu Sop«ro near Itassein. 

The two other inscriptious, in which montion is made of the 
naraus of kin^, am cavca 10 and 78. These areamoD? the latest 
at Kanheri, both belonging to the ninth century, to the Silhiir a kinga 
ol tht' Konkan who wen; tributaries of the RjlshtrakutMoTMilkhflt. 
ThoT arc interosiing aa giving the names of two kings in each of 
the«o dynasties, as well as two dates twenty-four years apart in the 
contemporary rule of one sovereiffn in each himily. Ka^rdi 11., 
the Siln4ra king the bod of PulaBbakli, wliuse capital was probably 
Chemnla, was retgning during the whole intcrrai between 853 and 
878, and apparently AmoRhvarah ruled at M^Ikhet daring the sam0 
period. Tnta Amoghvanin is inontionGil as the son and successor of 
Jagattung; Amoghvarsh I. was the son of Goirind III. one of 
whose titles wag Jagattuiig ; but be niuet bat-e ruled from 810 to 
830, and Amoghvarsh If. was the son of Indm II. Indra either bore 
the title of Jegndmdra or Jngatttmg, or was succeeded by a scd 
of that name. But the dates seem to point to Indra 11. himself, who 
may bare borne the title of Amoghvarsh, and he succeeded Jagattaog 
about 850.* ^ 

Since tlieir discorery by the Portogneee, early in the sixteenth 
century (1534), the caves have continued objects of much interest 
and wonder. In 15S9, Dom Jo&o de Castro gave the following 
detailed acooont of the cares : 

Aboot a league and a half from the mined city of Th^tna, among 
groat hills, in a most grand lugh and round rock, from the plain below 
to the highest |X)intj are raiiny Hiiiiiptuous temples and noble many- 
atoried i>alace-Liko buildings, with images, columns, houses, porticoes, 
figures, pillars, cistorua, temples and chapels all cat in the rock, a 
thingcertaiuly not within the power of man, so wonderful that it may 
be ranked among the seven wonders of the world, unless, instead of 
thinking them to be the work of men, we attribute them to spirits 
and the diabolic art of which I, at least, have no doubt. I have no 
pen to pourtmy its greatness and form. But running the risk of 
being thought a story-teller describe the place with fear. 

At the foot of the hill on one side are the bases of seven piUaTB, 
so deep and broad that the colamn.<) must have been of great height. 
A little further is the first edifice high and admirable, full o£ pillars 
and wonderful works. The first story where one entora goes into 
Che rock with great rooms and halls, but to this I did not go as the 
ascent was diOicnlt and sleep. Close to it is u great galtory forty 
yards by eighteen without columns. At the end are two chapek 
worked m relief with a great round ball the object of adoration, aad 
in the middle an inscription almost worn out through time. Beyond 



1SS9. 



' StK. TVnn*. Int, Cong. 3I8,S49. • Jwir. B. B. R. A. S. XUl. 3WS. 

■ Jour. MiA, Lit. •DdSo.tNewSthM, 1111.235. 
* fiurgen' Arch. Sor. X. Ql. 



Xonkan.] 



THAN A. 



U9 



jrch of this gatlerjr is a iiiagni6cent lomple. Oateitlo is a large 
witli two btgli columns admirably worked in relief. Tha 
inm to the riglit band, has ou the top a wheel like a CatUenoe's 
jocl, placed ouove four hong boauttfuuv carved. The column on 
lie \vh hand ha« some men sup^rtiug \a tht-ir hands a great ball like 
le wrirld and looking as if thoy wore much boroe down by the weight. 
this side of the second column are many chnpels and rooms. 
ung from this yard and before getting to the door of the 
imple axe two other pillars each about fourteen feet high, with on 
an inscription in clear and beautiful characters. A little 
ftyood in a corridor^ where, on one side, is a ferocious and great 
int of tbirty-six spans high aod the limbs well proporfloned. In 
rest of the corridor are^ in reliofj many figures and faces of men. 
Beyond the corridor is tho temple very high and boaatifally 
ilted, 120 levi lung by fifty broad and fifty-four high. At tha 
of tho temple is a great altar, with, on its top, the world or a 
>nry ball nineteen yards round. On each side is a row 
ibirty-aeTen columns, and between them and the walls is a 
Roister which goes round the body of the temple. Over the main 
itrancc is a platform supported on two great colonuadeSj just like 
place for choristers in Portuguese churches. Ontflide of the 
3ple a way of steps ruus Crum the foot of the rock to the top, so 
<ep that it seoras to go to heaven, and, all along the way from 
alow upwards are many edifices, houses, porches, cisterns, chapels, 
Kud yaidii all cut out of stone. I shall ej^ak of those only which I 
have BC'cn. There arc eighty-three bouBcs, among which is one 120 
Ft locg by sixiy wide and others where you could keep 100 men ; 
rest arc generally high and roomy. Besides houses there are 
an chapels, all worked in relief, and thirty-two cisterns hol- 
red in tho rock with plenty of good water, and fifty-six porches 
sine in relief and in fifteen of them legible inscriptions. Most of 
le bouses and rooms have entrances with seats of stone all round. 
length of the stairca.se that runs from tho foot of the rock to the 
is 980 paces, and besides it there are many other staircases with 
many buildings. It is a city cut in the rock that can hold 7000 
men. To the north is another higher hill at whoso feet runs a small 
«tre*m. Across the stream is another rock with many dwellings. 
Bat I bad not time to visit them.' 

About the year 1540, Garcia d'Orta mentions two andergronnd 
)mpleB iu Silsette, one of which was in a hill larger than the fortress 
Din and might bo compared to a Portuguese city of four hundred 
There were 300 houses with images carved in stone. Each 
liouw had a cistern, with conduits bringing rain water.' 

According to De Couto (1608), the Pagoda of Canari was cut out 

" the lower part of a great hill of light grey rock. There was a 

'iful hall at its entrance, and, at either end of the }'ard which is 

tho door of the hall, were two hnman figures engraved on 

'iaioe stone so beautiful, elegant, and well executed, that even in 



Chapter ZIV. 

FIac«B af Intemt 

Kaxhkri Catb. 

iSS9. 



tS4eK 



leos. 



Docn Joto dv CutTD, Primoiro Itotolro d» COBte Aa. ttuUa, 7S-8I. 
1 CoUo«iai«i doe SiinplM e Dngw. 311-212, quoted in Ds Ctmh*'B Bmwui. 190. 



~— c~ 





Bombay Guelteei^ 



»iiKi Ctvr-4. 
190S. 



"DISTRICTS. 



Ch&ptcT XIV. silver ibi^ ooold not be betUir wronghu Noor the frnnt door wi 
iofI&teT«at. *'™<* cwtornn bewn out of tbe rock, whicb received tbe raio watCK" 
which was bo cold io the summer, that oo hand coald buur iC. Fro 
thti foot t(i tlio t<>]i of tho bill, like a windluff ttCaircasCj wcro tuon; tiuk^ 
tbrce tbousund small rooms in tbe form of amall oclU, cnt out of tb- 
rockj wicbuf tfauiu irithawatt<r cisttruat tbe door. What vtvM mu 
to be wondorod at woa on aqaeduct constructc<l so ingcnionsly thib- 
it passed IbrouKb all tbe tbree tbousatid apartmontt, r&coircd all tbe 
vator from tbo liill, aud guppliod it to tbe cisterns that wero at tb^ 
doora of tborooius. When thi! lioverend Aotx^nio de Porto (1534^ 
lived in tbe Church of St. Michael (Cave No. 3), he was told by tb' 
Cbristiaufi whom be bad ooarerted, that there was a labyriutb iatb^ 
bill whoeaend bad never been traced^ and it was moreover stated that^ 
it extended as far as Cambay. Tbo priest desirous of exploring Uu» 
labyrinth took ooe of his companions, and gathered twenty persoa^ 
with arms and matcfalooksto defend thamaelvcs against wild neasta;. 
and some seirants to carry water, rice, biscuits, and vegetables for 
the jooroey, and oil for torebes. They also took tbree pentous laden 
with ropee to lay along their way. They entered tbe caves tbroagb 
an opening about four fathoms broail, whore they placed a large 
stone to ffbicb they fastened one end of tbe rope. They travelled 
through tbe caves for seven days without any interruption, along 
plaoes aonio of them wido and others narrow, which were bollowoo 
m the rock, and on each side tbcj saw small chambers like those in 
the sides of the bill, each of which had at its entrance a cistern, but 
no one could say whether these cisterns contained wiiter, or how they 
could receive any water, for in all thcso passages tbey could net 
discover any bole, crevice, ur anytbJug wbiob could thniw light 
on tbe subject. The upper part of the building w&s cnt ont of uie 
rock, and tbe walla on each side of these roads wore cut tn the aanw ' 
way. The priest seeing that thoy bad spent seven days witJioot 
finding any opening, and that tlieir pniviaious and wntor were 
almost finished, thought it necessary to return, taking for bis clue 
the rupu, without knowing in these windings whether ho was 
going up or down, or what oonrso tbey were t^Eiug us they had no 
oompoas for their guidance. 

Conto also uientions that the Portuguese found the cuves 
inhabited by ascetics or Yogis. One of the ascetics, who was 150 
years old, waa made a Christian and named Tanlo RapoAo ; and 
Coleta another Yogi, who bad a more suinUy reputation than 
Baposo, was iiaraod Francisco da Ssuta Maria. With rogard (a 
the origin of the caves, Dc Couto was told by one of tha 
earliest converts that tbey were made by a king whose sen became a 
great religious teacher. Astrologers told tbe king that his son 
would become a great ascetic. To provout this, and wean hia 
mind to pleasure, tbe king kept, bis son ju a splendid palace full of 
life aud beauty. As be grew ap the son wearied of bis oonfinement, 
and was allowed to drive in the city near bis paliice. Dnring hui 
lirst drive he saw a blind man, during hie second drive an agod 
beggar, and during bis third drive a corpse. Hearing that dmth 
wus tbe end of all men, he loaibcd bis life of thoughtless plcAsnre, 
andj flying from the ptdacc, became an ascetic. Do Coalo s detaila 



Eonku.1 



THAN A. 



151 




160S, 



ms. 



the life of this prtnc« ao folly and corrc«tly tkgreo with the Chtpter MT. 
Jgwda^ life of Gautama, that they stmngly support the view that Plac«8of Intenat 
jojw whom the Portaguose fouud at Kanheri were BuiWhist cjihhkri Ckm 
ttlu.' Couto also heard &om soma wealthy Cambay VAnis^ that „ 

I king who mado tho Kanheri caves lived 1300 years beforo the °°* 

ling of tho FortQgacsCj thai his name was BimilameDta, that hs 
8 wise good king a native of Magor, Ct'dopur, and Patan, who 
eivilised the coonu-y reclaiming the people from wild wandering 
I a life of settled order.' 

In I62& Sir Thomas Horbert mentions two tomplea of proEaoe 
ship at Sfilaotlo. Ho gives little detail, only noticing that one of 
had three galleries." 

Piyer gives tho following acootmt of a trip to the caves in 1675. 
' D way, he writen, to the anciently famed, but now ruined city of 
sorein, is so delightsome, I thought I had been in England. It ia 
_ no arable pasture and coppice. After passing five miles lo tho foot 
<>ttlie bill on whieh the city standi, and half a inilr; throngh a thick 
»W peopled by apoo, tigers, wild buffaloes, and jackals, and some 
<nKk« uf parukeets, wu alighted ivliere apinmred the mouth of a tank 
'aqueduct, cut out of a ntck whose uteaming breath was very hot, 
■t the water oold. From henco it is thought tho whole dty was 
kl^lted with water ; for aa we ascend we find places, where 
)UTenicDt, Ullod with limpid water, not overmatchea in India. If 
be ao, that it should have its cnrreut upwards tlirotigh the hard 
ski artificially cut, the world cannot parallel so wonderful a wat«r- 

&« tb« dobuU in J. B. R R. A. S., I. 23-40. Th« monkaaWtoia Its ConbD 

tfat piiirae went to C«yl<Mi, llxnl bi* nbudv io Adorn *• Peak, Mid wbea Im kft tha 

d. um wi A acmA of hi« foot in the rock. He vms o*U«d Drwnft ftMyo{Marmmif}, 

I vun ba boouno * aahtt, Buden or the W'laa. De Coato further tAlb bow ths old 

led ]f6ffi inAde tbe diiicni'nrj- (a iliarcivcr}' nliich hiM latcl/ bmn FB.nwile b; Yitla 

< Polo, n. 2(a] an.1 t.y Bin^ M iiller [0.nt.-«.p<)r«ry Review, XIV. 393]) th»t tha 

,' of Bcid'lb« is tltu umr u tho fsuiniu Christian legend of Bariiatn ao<l JouKph, 

ithftl. indcr thu luime ol Joupli«t, hi* old iiuiHt«r Uuddha vu worahijtped as a 

1 hr the Cbriatian uhoivb. J. B. a R. A. S, L 39. 

■ liMiid of Bdrliuun u»i .li.Mapti or Jouphat itt ftu|>po««d to Uitvv hMn writt«'n 
~ Thtb L-cHtorj' liy St. .lolui of I^miowmt. The o«riy lifw of JoAM(>h i» the 

ir ii&Hy life of liuitamx in Uia lAlitu Viiitarn. Hu f*tli»r ia u kin^, aod, 

tRM ihf liiith of hi* ann, ha uttt.>lo|jiT foivtulls that hu will n»e to glory : not, 
b«Mar«T, in hiji own kingdom, hat in « htghiT nnd hotter otio ; in fact, that he will 
MhrBfv lb« iww and persevutod ix'liMiuu of tht; ChriiituuiA. KvviytbioE ia don* to 
frvrmt thii. Ito ii kept in m brftutifiil {mIjkc, auminuded by kII tluit i> enjoyable ; 
ami flat* ta taken to k«ep him in ignrirAiic^^ of ftickncMt. oM aee, an<l death. After a 
Jim^ btalatiMTgivaahitii Imve to drive uuU On on« uf hia drivwa he area two mm, 
oiMBi^'"'"-' 'V- nthor bhnd. Ho uka what Uioy are, and ia told th*t thoy aro 
nfflrr: i-aiiu. Ho then iiiquirv^ wh*.-th>:r all meo are liable to diiMid. and 

itL ' . 11 wn boforeband who will mffur from diaeane and who will be free: 

whco Its l>««n tbe truth, he bocomea and. and ntaraa homo. Another tlms, 
lieti be drirea out, be uMseta lui old man with wrinklcil tnt^ anil ahakiitg lega, 
^at down, with whiW hnir, bb tceib ^one, end bia vutcv faltering. He aaks again 
^ ' all thia nwniia, and ia (ohl that tbia ia what bB{>i>ena to all men ; that no oob coa 
• oltl ago, and tbat in the eut al] men meat dto. Ther«u|Hin be retuma hone 
Dieditaie oa death, till, at lut, a keriuit ap^itiani and cmaa before kie eyea tho 
tfbor vir w of Ufa contained in the eoepel of Chnat. Max uunar in tiia Coatemponfy 
Bvview. XrV. 392,503. 

* Joiir. B. B. R. A. S., I. M, 37. De Couto'a date for the making of tbe cavea 
(A.D- S3n), onniv* ranoUBly cloae to the probable date (4.i>. t77-IM) ol Gotamiputra 
Vaim^bn ^hltakarai the chief patron w tbe Kaakori mooaatery. 
H * Hatna' Voyagce, I, 4)0. 



Kaxhiri Civn. 

Notice*. 

i97C. 



Chaptar XIV. ooDnn. From henco the passage is oneas]' and inaccossiblo for 
PlacM oflnterast. ^'J'"^ thu'D two abreast, till tre oome to tho city, all cut out of a rock, 
whore is prt»cated Vulcau's forgo sapporicd by two migbty coIchhh^ 
bellied in tbo middle with two globes. Next comes a ieniple witli a 
bcaiitifal frontispiece. Within the porch on eacli aide stand twa 
mooatroas giants, wbenj two le&.ser and one great gate give a noble 
entrance ; it can receive no ligbt but at the doors and windows of 
the porch, whereby it looks more dolemnly. The roof i« arched^ 
Beeming to be borne by huge pillars of the same rock, some round, 
Rome Bqiiare, thirty-four iu number. Tbo cornice work is of 
elephantR, boraes, and lions ; at thu upper end it rounds like a bow j 
near where stands a gre-at offertory somewhat ova), the body of it 
without pillars, they only making a narrow piatzo aboQt, leaving 
the nave open. It may be a hundred feet long and sixty or more 
in height. Beyond this, by the same mole-like industry, waa worked 
out a court of judicature (M'est's No. 10), or place of aadience, fifty 
feet square, all bestuck with imagery woU engraven, according to 
old sculpture. On tbo side over against the door, sat« one 
suporintondeut to whom the Br^brnau who went with us, paid great 
reverence, not speaking of him without a token of worship; whom 
he called Jogi, or the holy man. Under tliis, the way being made 
into handsome marble steps, arc the king's stables not different 
from tbo fashion of our noblemon's stables. Only at the head of every 
atall seems to be a dormitory or place for devotion, with images» 
which gave occasion to doubt if ever for that end, or nither made 
for a heathen seminary of devotees; and those their cells or chapels, 
and the open place their common hall or school : more aloft stood 
tbo king's palace, largo stately and magnificent, surrounded with 
lesser of the nobility. To see all would require a mouth's lime. 
But that we might see as much as could bo in our allotted time, we 
got upon the highest part of the mouutain where we feasted oar 
eyes with innumerable cutrances of these cony burrows, but could 
not sec one qoartcr part. Whose labour this should be, or for 
what purpose, is out of memory; but this place by the gentiles ia 
much adored. It is probably a heathen ^ue or idolatrous pagod* 
from tho supc-raLitioua opinion ibey still hold of its sacreaoeaai 
wherefore the Portugals, who ore now masters of it, strive to erase 
the remniuder of this Herculean work that it may sink into the 
oblivion of its founders.'^ 
/•as. About twonty years later (1695), the Ttalian traveller, Gcmelli 

Careri, gives the fuliuwiug details : The firot piece of workmaiisliip 
that appears, consists nf two largo columns two spans high, 
the third part of thom from the bottom upwards is square, the 
middle part octangular, and the top ronna. Their diamet«r is 
six spans; thoy are tiftecn spans distant from one another, aod 
each of them eight iroia the rock which is cnt aft.<>r the same 
manner. These columns support a st-ono architrave forty-four 
spans long, four iu thickness and eight in breadth, out like the 
rest out of the same rock. These three porticoes lead into a 



' N«wAccMum;i, 72. 



wm 




thIna. 



153 



lost 



m 



of hall or pas8agt>-room Foor spaua long, cut in the same 

At the end of it nm three dnoro, one fifte(>n Bpnna high 

eight in breadth, which is tho middlemost, aud two otbera 

■pftQB square on the sides, which aro the way into n la\rer 

OrcT these doors is a cornice four spa&a broad, of tho 

Btone; orer which, thirty spans above the ground, there are 

V EToch doors or windows cat in tho rock. At the sanio height 

are litlla grots or dens six spans high, of which the middle- 

in tlie biggest. Tliirty-fonr spans above tlio ground, in the 

:ie place, is such another grot. It is no easy uiiittcr to conceive 

hat tho u&e of all th'm waa. Tfin paces towards the ri^^ht, ir a sort 

grot, open on two sides twonty-fonr spans in length and fifteen 

breadth, over which was ajound cupula fifteen apans high and 

widof with a sqoaro comico like that aboat the grot. Uora 

ia an idol cut in the rock in half relief, which seems to hold 

'ng in its hand, hut what it is does not appear. The cap it 

on is like the cap of tho Doge of Venice. By it stand two litataes 

a eubmiasive posturOj as if thoy were sorvant'^. Thoy have 

or sogar-loaf caps. Over their heads aro two small figures, 

la painted in the air; below two Uttio stataes, holding 

handa on a staff and two children by their sides with 

r hands put together, as if in prayer ; on their backs is something 

like a piece of wood. Close by is another round cupola all of one 

stane^ and shaped hke the other; the top of it is broken. Both this 

aad the other are supposed to hare been Repulchres of tho ancient 

gendles ; but thoro is no gronud to make this out, no opening 

•opearing to pnt in tho bodies or ashes ; on the contrary, it is clear 

thof are not hollow within, only cut without in tho shape of the 

cttpoUa. About this second there are four great figures carved in 

half relief, holding in the left hand, somethiug like a garment, and 

die Bamc sort of caps on their hoada with small figures at their feet, 

and two above. Opposite to them, there are three little ones sitting, 

and six other large ones, and three of a middling size standing, all 

cm in the rock aft«r tho same manner. That in the middle, 

which neems to he tho idol, in its left holds a tree with fruit on it. 

On the other side are aixteon figures, nil sitting with both hands 

oa their breast, aud the same caps ; one of them seems to be 

superior to the rest, because there are two figures standing by its 

"xbf, and twu children above.. At a small distance northward ifl a 

UUie grot eight spans square, and in it, aa it were a bed of the 

■une fttoDO, four spans broad and eight long. On the other frontia- 

pido o is a statue sitting on its legs, after tho manner of the east, 

with the hands together on tho bivast ; and another standing with 

ttiA bFBoch of a frnit tree, and above a winged inf»nt. Beyond the 

grot, and on tho same front, which nma sixty spans within the rock, 

there are two statues sitting after the same manner, their hands 

placed the same n-ay, with conical caps on their heads, and two like 

•orranta standing by them. On tho same side is the famous Paged 

oi Canarin. The ontrnuco to it is through an opening forty spans 

lonff, in a wall of tho satne atone, fifty spans long, and eight spans 

tbi«, on which thoro aro three atatnee. On the right hand, before 

Bgo into tho psgodj is a round grot, oior^ than &tty tpftiiB in 



Chapter XIT. 
Places oTIntQiMt, 

NottOM. 

1SS5, 




tBombt7 GftiettNT^ 



cbftptw nv. 

FUoM of l&torMt 
Kavrw Cavh. 



uJiil 



DISTRICTS. 



circumference, in which, round the wall, there are many statou 
Bitting, and some Btanding and one on the leFt is bigger than the 
rust. In tho middle riaes a round cupola, cut out of the rock, like 
a pillar of the same stone, with several characters carved about it, 
which DO man can explain. Going into the first porch of thepsgod, 
which \A fiftT spans square, there arc an the sides two colnmna 
siuty Kpansj high, with their capitals, and aix spans diameter. On 
the colunm, on the right as one comes in, there are two lions, wiiba 
shield by thum ; on the uther upon the left two statnes. 8(7011] 
these colnmna at the entrance of a grot, on the left, there are two 
great stotaes standing, and looking at one another. Still farther in 
are two vast big atatnes on thu k<ft, and one on the r "''-i 

door, all standing, with scremi little statacs by them, .- 

the space of that porch j fur going Juto the adjuining grxit, wiuJi ii 
twenty-four spans Bquare, there is nothing worth observing. 
the right hand, where the tiona are, there are no statnos, bat 
large re«»el« npon convenient pedestals. Hence there are 
equal doors thirty spans high and eight broad, but that in 
middle even with tho floor, thot^e on the sides five spans above % 
into another plain place. Here there arc fonr columns twelvespan* 
liigh, standing on (he rock itself, between the five windoivs that gi'*'* 
li^t to the pagod. On the right side of tho door there are wi'** 
unknown letters worn with ago, as is all the real of tlio work, t^ 
this place, on the aides, besides several small figures, there are t*^ 
vast statues of giants standing, above twenty-fire spans hig^ 
showing their rifTiit hands open, and holding a gnrment in the teP^ 
on their heads the same caps, and in their ears pendants after xt^ 
Indian fanhion. 

At the entrance of the great gate of tho pagod, which is f\ftt9^ 
spans high and ten in breadth, there are on the right four statu^' 
standing, one of which la a woman holding a dower in her hand 
and twelve others, some sitting and some standing, with thi^ir handtf 
on their broostSj and Bomctbing in them. On the left are loaf 
other statues, two of women, H-ith large rings nbout their ankles of 
the same stone, and aixteen little statues on their Hides, some sitting, 
some standing, and some with their handn on their breasts aa wai 
said before. Over the Raid door there are Other two great ones, and 
aa many opposite to them, with three httle ones standing. 

On the left hand within, is another inscription in the same 
character ; over the arcli of this door is a window forty spans wide, 
which is the width of the pa^d, with a stono like an architrave in 
the middle, supported on the mstde by two octangular pillars. The 
pagod is arched, forty spans in breadth, and one humlreJ in length, 
and rounded at the end ; besides the four columns at tho entrance, 
there are thirty more within, which divide it into three aisles; 
BSTOnteen of them have capitals and fignres of elephants on themj 
the rest are octan^ar and plain ; the space between the colomns 
and the rock, that is, the breadth of tho aide aisles 19 sis: spans. 
At the end oEthe pagod, thoreia a sort of round cupola, thirty apaoa 
high and sixteen paces about, cut in tho same rock, but not hollow 
vitiiin. All that has been hitherto described is cut in tlie rook, 
without any addition to the statues or anything that may be parted. 



^ 



KookuL] 



THANA. 



155 




Bat on the Boor of the pagod tbera are sereral hoired atoocB which 
perhaps sco'ed tor ste]>8 to some structure. 

Cotnini^ oat of I h» pagod, and aaceoding fifteen nteps, all cut in 
Ike rock, are two cisterns of raio water, good to drink ; and as many 
■topaaboTe timt a grutsixtuoiimpaDs mjuare, and a great onu furtlmr 
on with much water standing in it. Mounting twenty paces higher, 
is another grot twenty spans itquaro, which led to another of the 
same dimensions, and that into ono uE twelve. In tfao first waa a 
rising window with steps to it out in the rook, with two columns 
near a small cistern. 

A-t a small dintauco from these ffnits is another pagod, with a 

kaodsome plain place before it^ analittle ivalls about to sit down, 

and a cistern in tho middle. Firo doors cut in tho rock load into 

tbe first arch ; and between them are four octangular pillars ; all 

but tho middle door are two spans above the ground. On the sides 

t( thiit arch, whose length is the breadth of the pagixla, tliat is 

eight spauH, there are on the k'ft sorera! statues sitting like those 

ve nuiutioned, and others on the right standing. All about the 

tispiece, there are many sitting and standing, no way different 

tbe rest already descrilwd. Then there are three doors to the 

d, chat in tho middle twelve s]>ans high and His in breadth, 

two on the sides ton spans high and four brood. The paged is 

pxty spans square, no way proijortivuable, b^ing but twelve spans 

Ugh. On both tho sides, aud over the entrance, there are above 

'Our hundred carved figures gr-eat and small, some sitting, some 

■Janding, like those before spoken of; two on the right, bigger 

^«an the rest, are standing, as is that in the middle of the frontis- 

PlQce, which is of the biggest idol, and another on the loft in the 

WJne posture ; but all worn willi age, which destroys everything. 

jOa both sides there are two grots fourteen spans square with a tow 

j^U] within two spans above tho ground. 

^POoiug up ten steps further northward is a grot and within that 

Bother less. On tho right is another like it, with another little 

Ttbb within it, in which is a low wall like those before mentioned. 

The great one is about twenty spans in length and ten in breadth ; 

the ether ten square, and all of them have small cistoi'ns. On the 

r^ht side, is another of the same bigness, with two small pillars 

before it, two little grots, aud three cisterns, one on the right and 

(wa on the left ; and another adjoining to it, with another within tt, 

and a dstcrn of the same size »s the other. It is likely these were 

the dwellings of the priests of the pagod, who there led a peniten* 

life, as it were in a pagan Thebaida. 

isocnding from that ^n^at height by fifteen steps cut in the rock, 
is a Uttle pagod, with & porch beforcitthirty feet square through 
doors, Iwtween which there are two sqnare pilasters. On the left 
lumd there are four statues, two sitting and two less in tho middle 
standing. On tho right hand a little open grot and another 
pMfod, with a cistern before it, the way into which is tint through 
a^tor ten spans in height, and six in breadth into a i-oom twenty 
spans squjirG, which has on tho right another very dark room 
spans square, which makes the pagod somewhat dark. In 





Chapter XIV. 

Places of Int6r«ft. 

Kaxhssi Cavbr. 
Notioak. 



IBombfty 6aiett«er» 



ne 



DISTRICTS. 



Chspter ZIT. 

naen of laterest 
KAnmu OAvn. 

1998. 



tito. 



the midst whereof is a roand capola of one solid pieocj fiftoea 
spans high, which ia the Lei^ht of the pctgod. Dcaccnding fifty 
upright stuju thcro ia a plum epoce cut in the rock, which ia lo( 
very hard, and eigbt octangnlftr colamns twelve Bpans high, wliich 
leave nine iutervals to ascend Sto st^ps that l<Ad into an ardi. Li 
this place on the left side, which is ten apaus, i» a groat idol sitting 
bureheaded ; two othor great stAtacs standing, and Bome smaU 
onoe; on the right side two other statues sitting and two standing, 
beeides many little ones about them. Then the wi^ into thepaffwl 
is tlirongh three doom, twelve spans in height and six in breaall^ 
with two windows over them. The pogod i» a bnndrcd apanaia 
length, fift^ in breadth, and ten in height. About it runs anard 
eight spans broad, with ten square columns. Here are four roaiH 
or grots twelve feet sqnare, besides seven in the front and 
aide of the pagod, whoro the cistern is, all which seoiu to be 
for the prieata of the temple. In the uicbo of it, which is ten feei 
a4)nar«, is a great idol sitting, with two statues standing, anil 
another sitting on the left, by which also there are two statoM 
atanding, and several amall iignros in half relief abont it. 
Aacendmg ten spans over agnioat it is a little grot, supported hj 
two siaetT columns, ten spans high. There is a door ten spans 
hi^, and four in breadth out of it, into a room or grot, sixteen 
spans square, and thence into another of twelve, whore there ia a 
large idol sitting, holding hia hands on his breaat. 

Then descending twenty stops there ia a plain space, whence four 
steps on the left le<ad up into an arch where there are four pilasters 
twelve spans high, the distances between which are the way into 
three little rooms cot in, the rock. Twenty steps lower there are 
other grots cut in the' rock, with small cisterns, but for what use 
cannot bo imagined, unless we suppose all theee cavities woift 
dwellings of the idolators.' 

In 1720 Ilainilton calls Canra the only city on S&Isotto island 
and hewn out of the aide of a rock. It was nearly a mile in length 
and had autiquo Hgures and columns curiously carved in the rook 
and several good springs of water. At prosent, ho writoe, it ia 
inliabited only by wild beasts and birds of prey,' 

Mr. Boon, who was Governor of Bombay between 171 6 and 1720, 
bad dmwiugs made of tbo temple columns and of the coloMal 
statues. He gives a good description of the great temple cave and 
notices sevenu channels cut from all part« of the hill to giimilr the 
cisterns, many of which were continunlly full of very good water. 
' This stupendous work' ho writes ' nui^t have been tht< labour of forty 
thousand meii for forty yoard. Time and the zeal of the Portuguoso 
have dcfnced a great deal. When tlicy first took the iidand, 
imagining thoi*e places to bo tlic habitations of sptritA and demons, 
they iisod constantly to discliai-ge their great ^ns at them, wluch 
iioa left so many of them in a very maimed and broken condittoa.* 



' Quiroliill'a Vovnf-pi nnA Traval*, IV. 

* Arebibolt«M, v'll. 3^;.. 3:i7. 



lM-196. 



* h'ew Aoooanl, L 



rfkfa 



^iZ, 



thAna. 



1S7 



lAnqnotil dn Perron, who travelled through SAlsette in the 
BgiuDiug: o£ December 1760, has left ft detailed account of the 
icri caves. He came by the road irom Vehar, and leaTing his 
{nin and seTeral of his people at cave 8 of the lowest tier, 
rhapH West's 93, he crossed the raTJne to the caves on the smaller 
Beginning in the west he wtJked euatward up the valley till 
recu^lind the line of the old dam. On hla waj he passed nine 
.*ea which be«m to correspond to West's 79 to 67. The cave 
to the west, West's 79 or 80, was a great cavern about 
/-six foet long by twenty-four broad with many low openings. 
next (81) had in front a porch with two pillans. At the ond 
a room with a shrine in which was a seated man. The cavo was 
led the shop and the figure tbo Bauiau. The third (82) was a 
ch four feet deep with two windows fonr feet broad and inside a 
m fourteun feet broad by eight dot-pand six high. At the back of 
room in a shrine were three seated dumi. The man on the left 
. between two standing servants with whips, probably fly-flaps, in 
r hands. Under the two other men were seated figures like 
rants and uudur the middle one two littlo figures holding the 
that sopportod the throne on which the figure was seated. To 
fht and left of the three first figures were other figurea holding 
in their raised loft bands. On the left at tbo cave mouth 
an opening in the rock l>elow. The fonrth cave (83 f) was a 
Led room 20 X 10. The fifth (84) was a veranda 20 x 20 x 8 and 
a room 20 x 20 with a stune bench along the east and 
walls. To the left a room eight feet sqnare with a stone 
>nch on the west side. Above a little cistern which had once held 
»r vras a writing iu fair order on a stono 3^ foot square. Tho 
th (85) was a mined cavo sixteon feet square. The acvonth (86) 
a cave 60x24. At the end were six rooms, each eight feet 
except the third, which was twelve feet broad and twelve 
ig and had an inner chamber eight feet square. Outside of the 
to the left was a cistern. The eighth (87) had a veranda 
ranty feet broad and six deep, with two broken eight-cornered 
lars, and within the veranda a room twenty feet broad and sixteen 
furnished with a stono bench. At tho end waa a nicho with 
the iiguro of a aeated man. Outside uburo tho ciutcm mouth was 
an oigbt 1 ine iuscription on a stone two feet high and two and a half 
broad, of which only eight inches remained. The three first lines 
the fifth were uearly complete ; the rest were almost worn out. 
niuth (SB) cave was aliout tbo same size as the eighth. Inside 
a. veranda wa^ a room and on its right a swond room. At tho 
of this last was a third room eight feet aqimre. There was a 
ttle cistern uuteide of the eulrauce. 

finishing this row of caves in the smaller hill^ Dn Perron 

tho ravine at tho old dam and turned to tho right walking 

he ravine ^ipsrently to Cave II, then turning sharp to the left 

took a row of ten caves which he calls the fii-st tier going from 

ith-we«t to north-east. This row he divides into two groups a 

iro group low down, oon'«eponding t'j Caves 1 1 to 15, and an 

item group higher up, probably including' West's 10 tn 21, Of these 

I be givea the following details : Tho first cave (West's 11) had 



Chapter ZXT. 

Places of Interest. 

KAsnaiOAVB. 

Kotioai. 
JTW. 






3s: 



LBcmbkf Ou«tt««T, 



Chapter XIT. 
FImm of Interest 

K^KBKKl CaVKL 
Notioai. 



DISTRICTS. 



a porch 24 X 6 with a little cistern on the right, on the left a aicU 
with two seattid women and a child alaoUing between them ; inaide of 
tho porch aroom twenty feet square and six high; at thebackashrise 
with a fltrangely sh»ped Itngam (this is a rehc ehriueor daKhoba} ill 
Ihe middle, and to the ri^hl of the f.hrino a sccoud room eight M 
aquaro. The second cavo (perhaps Wcat'a 12) had aporch twcn^fiBBl 
broad six deep and eight high, with two eight-cornered pillars. 11 
Iho bock was a room twenty feet square and on its right | 
seoond room twelve feetsquarc. Facing a little cistern waa a writiu 
on a Btrine five feet broad, above another cifltem of the satne hrcsdli 
as the stone. The top vf the stone was broken. The writing tud 
b\ lines, then a line and a half division, and then five linee mon. 
The third rave (Weat'a 13) was twenty-fonr feet brood and tireiiljr 
deep. At the entrance were two rooms, the outer twelve feet sqiinis 
and ihe inner foar feet square. Three other rooms were in mil* 
Outside on the little cistom was an aJraosli wom-ont writing of Are 
or six lines cut on a stone three feet broad and one and a half high. 
The fourth cavo (Wcht's 1-1) had a porch 32 x 12, and on the left adrj 
cistern. 'J'he porch led into a hull 24x20, with at each corners 
room eight foot square. At the back was a recess with two pillars, 
the wall opposite the entrance being covered with figures. At tb« 
two ends of this recess on either side were standing men. Within 
this room was an empty chamlxsr eight feet square. 

Climbing a little np the hillside the second or eastern groups of tha 
first tier had six caves, corresponding to West's 15 to 21 . Of these Lht) 
first (15) was sixteen feet large and eight deep forming two openings; 
the second (16) was six feet square and six feet high with a Hn^am 
or relic shrine in the middle; the third was 24' x 20' with a stone 
bench along the oast and west sides and three eniall rooms on the 
left ; the fourth was a room ten feet sqnare with a plain entrance; 
the fifth (19) was a damaged cavo lt}'x4 with a stone bench ; and the 
sixth, probably 21, was a porch supported by four pillars forming two 
archps. On the left, at tno back of the porch, was a cigtem full ol 
water, on the right a seated man with two small men standing beside 
him, holding in their left bands a tree wboee fruit was like an ap^de. 
In front at the end of the porch waft a Kcalod man and oppositQ 
him another man standing, holding a bush with a lluwer (a lotiis)i 
liko a sunflower, growing aa high as his ear. Within the porch 
was a room '24>'x20', and on either side another room eight fcct 
square. At the end was a shrine and in frant of the shrine 
soioted man with standing attendants. On ihe aide walla were nine 
seated fignrcs one of which had two attendants. 

Du Perron next climbed the hill to the cast end of what he calb 
the second tier of caves. Beginning &om ihe east he traroUed 
west passing sixteen caves, an eastern or lower group of nine and 
a western or higher group of seven. This second tier of caves futema 
to correspond to the irregular row in West's map that raos in a 
broken line from GO on the east to 8 in the west, and include« 69, 70, 
71, 72. 42, 43, 99, 73, 74, 76, 76, 77, 10, 9, and 8. According to 
Du Perron the opening, most to the east (West's 69), is a porch 
16' X ti' with two pillars, and inside of the porch a room sixteen foot 
sqnnro and on IhD left another room six feet square. The next 



a^ft 



^^^ 



A 



lNA. 



180 



i7S0, 



^ 



(West's 70} waa a porch witWat pillAra aud iuside of it a. room Chapter KV. 
ncy feet square. To the left of that room were two small rooms of piaoBB otintenvt, 
' *. feet aod to tbo right a recess. This cave ha<l uiaoy figarea of 
both standing- and scflt<-<d, among oihera a bas-relief of a seated 
and two attendants. Uiidor this mau^ were two mea holding 
pillar that uupported hia seat. At Lho entrance waa a 
I iaacriptioD on a atone Hvo feot broad and three high. At 
top about a quarter of the atone waa broken. The iuticription 
toiued eleven tines of which seven wore in largo and four 
email characters. No. 3 (West's 71) were plain cut reservoirs, 
gmall ristom, and a mined room, the whole sixteen feet square. 
.re 4 (West's 72), a porch Hi' x 12', with two iiilliira one of them 
'ken, with two rooms at the onds one on the right the other on 
left. Inside was a great hatl siKteen feet square, into which a 
im opened on the left. At the hack was a shriue with a seated 
re, and on the wall tu the right two seated figures one over 
other. Cave 5 (West's 42 ?), a porch twunty-four feefc long with 
broken pillara with fluted shafts. On tho capital wore four 
with a child seated behind them. At tho two ends of the 
were seated men each with two attendant* or sorvanta, one 
whom held a whip and the other a fair-sized branch. Within 
two large rooms sixteen feet square with a small room at the 
of each. In the middle uf the second room was a niche, and, 
OBtaide of the niche, a well carvod statue of a man or woman with 
a cap pointed in the form of a mitre, seated cros^-legged like a 
tailor, and the breast adorned with jewels. Cave ti (West's 43?) 
in the same stjrio as cave 5, only four foot smaller. At tho 
was a niche with a small figure. Cave 7 (West's 44.?) waa 
tj foet long with side rooms eaoh with two pillars. Within was a 
sixteen feet square in which were three recesses with two pillara 
feet large. In this cave there were altogether eleven rooms. 
mined caves 8 and 9 (perhaps West's 9S and 73) were twenty 
feet aqnare with two rooms each and a cistern. These oomplctod the 
eastern group of the second tier. Tho western group of the second 
tier, a little further up the hill than the eastern, included six 
csaves apparently corresponding to West's 75, 70, 77j 10, 9^ and 8. 
Cave 10 (West's 75) was a damaged cavo about tho same size as 
Cave 9. Cave 11 (West's 76) was like Cave 10 with two rooms 
ami two entrance pillars, and an inscription showing tho remains 
of nx lines on a stone two feet high by three broad. Cave 12 
(West's 77J was four feet larger than Cave 11, with two pillara and 
a well preserved inscription of nine lines, on a atone 3^ feet broad 
aod two high. Cave 13 (perhaps part of West's 77) waa about the 
size of 12, and lay above 8 (porhaps West's 93), with a room more 
to the right and an inscription ol four lines much worn, on a stone 
foot high and five broad facing tho water cistern beyoud tho room 
the right. Cave 14 (West's 10). the school or Darbar cavo, had 
a porch 20' x 6' with aiz pillars. In the porch, on the right of the 
BDtrance, was a standing figure holding an apple and a branch 
wa high as his ear, and on his side two standing women. In the 
porch were fifty-seven seated fignres seven of them large, Beyond tho 
rroh WHB a room about twcnty-niue feet square round which ran a 




[Bonbty OuttUff, 



DISTRICTS. 



ClutpUr XI Y. stooo bench. Tbo wall iros coTored with fignrea to the floor. Tha 
'PiMtM of InttttMt. people called the cnve the School because of the oumber of figorai, 
^^^^ _ but Du Porroo thonght it more like & Prince's court. Oa eithBrtiiif 

of eiwh Prince were two nainisters, one with a raised whip, the other 
holding in his left haad a bash, like that io the porch. Thyn; were 
^*'- 100 figures onencliof the three walla. Du Perroa thought the; 

were twenty Indian Princes with thoir reticaes. The cmre •!•» 
oootained ronr rooni« two on either side without figures. The Dtxl 
two cares 15 and Id fWent'a 9 and 8F) wore small Dpcnings cm 
with two, the other with three rooms. 

Next coQics Du Perron's third tier of six caves taken from A* 
west-eastward. Thev aecm to correspond, bat this is d'<ubcful, U 
West's 20, 30, 31, 92, 113, 3-1, and ^. These were email upcmm 
of lictlo interest except thai Caves 2 and d had inscriptious, tat 
one in 2 muoh worn, the one in 3 with seven lines on a brokon 
stone. Dn Perron next |«uised from the end of his third tier t« ft 
fourth tier with sixteen caves. These he divided into an eaBim 
group of seven and a western group of nine. The eastern gncp 
Beems ron^ly to oorrespoud to West's 47 to 68, and the westam 
map to West's 48 to 55. Bat the arrangement is oonfnsed ni 
the identification doubtfal. Dn Perron begins aboat the midfl^ 
perfa^ie near West's r>t>, and mentions seven going east. Cave 1, 
perhaps West's 56, had three rooms n-ith biz pillars. It had t 
writing of eleven lines on a broken stone 24 feet broad and thi« 
high above the outside cistern j Cave 2 (West's 577) was a minej 
cave twelve foet square with two pillars; Cave 3 [West's &8T) 
was a little lower down eight feet wniare ; Cave 4 (West's 69) was 
like 3 with two inscriptions one of three lines on a stone 2} ivt^ 
broad above a water cistern, the other with longer lines over the 
entrance ; Cave 5 {West's 60) was a little higher and well preoerred ; 
Cave 6 (West's 62 T) waa an opening of the same size with two small 
rooms and an inscHption of two lines in the front wall ; Cave 7 (Weefi 
63?) was a porch I6'x4' with two pillars, a large room inside, 
another room on the left, aud at the hack a pillared shrine iu ruins. 
Du Perron then retraced his 8toi)s itlon^ these seven cares till he 
passed hia first care (West's 56). Between this and the west end (li 
the tier he mentions eight caves; Cave 8 (perhaps West's 60) was 
about the sixe of Cave 7 and was reached by three steps. Below, at 
the entrance on the right, were two rooms. At the back was a grtet 
square ronm and to the left of it a little room; Cave 9 (West's 51 ) was 
like 8 and had damaged Hguros in the porch ; Cave 10 (West's 52) 
was twelve feet square and in mins; Cave 11 (West's 53] had a porch 
14' X 6' with two pillars, and an inner room with the same figures as 
the School Cave (14 of the second tier ; West's 10). To the right 
were two other rooms with doors opening into the outer room. In 
the middle of the hock room were two attendants but no figure. 
There were two inscriptions, apparently modem, each of twelve 
npright Unee lightly graven in Mongolian characters.' Care 12 



I Tliii refBreni<e i> wppowd to W to Uio PfthUvi ioseripttonB, but tbe niimhrr of tlw 
navM iliKM nnt j^roc u tn« INkhlkvl UvKiiftioxu arc In Wut'a 66, Ihi l*uToa*a 6 ol tttic 
tor, ia Iht sxlnMB* mmI of tba row. 



d 



^ 



thAna. 



Wl 



^ast'a t>i) bftd a porch with two pillars, on the right hroVen 
on the left no lig-iirea, within a hall twelve foot sqaaro. 

the shrine waa a seated tigiiro with two attenduDts. In the •vr&U, 

t-BPocn the hall aud the shrine, was an opening abont ten inches 

diameter^ through which women accused of bad conduct were 

to pass and stack half way if they were gnilty. Cave 13 

t'fl 5&) waa a similar cave without fiffnraa. It had a small 

.and a much wum inscription u[ nine lines above the cistern 

B atone 2} ft-et high and throe broad. Cavo li was twelve feet 

ire and had one pillar. 

On the lop of the hill were two rock-cut cisterns, 8*xO'x3'. 

low was an open space with acats where the priests came for 
air. These Da Perron numbers 17 and 18. From the top oE 

hill Dii Perron climbed down to the lowert tier joining it at 

tit's 1, He follows this tier along eight Oaves, which, like 
'est, he numbert) 1, 2, S, 4, b, ti, 7, aud 8. Tlio fn-Ht seven 
oomapond to West's one to aovon. Da Perron's 8 is perhaps 
West's 93. Cave 1, known as the Prinon, was forty feet high 
and twonty-Eonr broad, with an nppor story of windows without 
any rooms and with no stair leading to them. Below were two 
Wells aud at the back three dark rooms. At the ontrauco wera 
(wo pillars ten feot high. Cave 2, measuring 4B'x28' x4'0', bad 
two rooms at the back with a stone bench ninning round. At the 
entrance were two strangely shaped Ungams (relic shrines). 
Cave 3 waa a great cava reached by three steps. The central hall, 
which was vaulted, was 76' x 28' x 32'. The Jesuits had made a 
church of it and it was Btill called the Church. There were 
fourteen pillars iu the length, sejiaratud from the wall by aa aisle. 
At the end was a headless lingain (a relic shrine). On the first two 
pillars were tigers, and on the others four elephants. On each side 
were six ])illars in this stylo. The portico was abont fourteen foot 
deep. At each end was the figure of a man sixteen feet high, and 
mbore each ligore was a belt adorned with flowers and winged figurea 
and with fluted pillars. In front wcro eight cbiof figures four of 
men and f>ar of women, two men and two women on either side. 
The entrance to this care was open with two pillars twenty-four feet 
hi§^. On the right pillar was a reversed grindstone. On the left 
was a room whose wails were covered with figures of sitting men aud 
WomoQ. This first part of the cave had a passage into the portico by 
wiudows. There were two inscriptions on the pillars, the first of 
twonty-ihroe and the second of eleven lines j the inscription stono 
Was four feot high and throe foot broad. Cave 4 was a small room, 
in ft hollow witinn wus the tingam (relic shrine), and, on tho left, 
altendaDta. Cave 5, higher up, was an opening four feet square with 
two figures holding fire. In front was a great cistern with two 
Openings. On a broken stone, above the two mouths of the cistern, 
wms an inscription of two long Unas. Cavu 6, lower down, measured 
20'xlO' and had two rooms; above a cistern on tho loft was an 
ition of seven liae»i. Cave 7 v^tui an opening with five windows 
i& rooms measuring altogether 20 x H . Abovo the four 

iths of tho cistern were traces of an inscription of two lines. 
1 8 (perhaps West's 93), a gr«tt( cave called the Stable, meaanred 
B lOM-31 



Chapter ZI7. 
Places of laterest 

KAMtntiti Cavm, 
Ntftices. 




fBombay Qaxett«&r, 



DISTRICTS. 



Kakhkui OAvn. 
~ 17C$Jg04. 




Chapter XIT. 6(Kx24'. At the back were six rooms, the fourth of which was 
Flaeeaoflntareat. shrine with a seated fig^iro and attendants and other figures oo th« 
aides. In the central hall on the left were the door^ of four room^ 
and, on the right, a reoesa with four pillnrs. The centre of the care 
had five pillars on each face. The entrance was a gallery apWJ 
bjr eight pillars joined by walls. On thu left of the gallery was 
little room where were three seated men stirrounded bv attendaoi 
Abore the cistern was a great inscription of eighteen lines, and i 
{root a second inscriptioD of six lines in modern Saotiknt.' 

This ends Do Perron's ucvount of tAie cares. About three mc\ 
after Du Perron (28th Deoombor 1760), a party of Knglishmen from 
Bombay Tisited Kaoheri. They specially notice one cave, appari '" 
No. 3, which was 84 feet long by 21 wide and 50 high, omiun> 
with thirty-twn pillars each twouty-acpcn foot high and 8 j feel ruut*^ 
the base, At the upper oud of the cave wns a largo pillar 6fty fa^* 
roDud at the base. It was Rtill worshipped by the people. TI>* 
care was entered by a portico 36 x 16, with at each end a figu*"* 
twenty feet high. UouDa the portico were small idols. After passin-^ 
several caves cut into smalt square rooms, they entered a verandL* 
75 X 12 supported by nine pillars. Then was a hall 63x26Jx£^- 
Within this were ten small rooms for living in, neatly cat an ^ 
measoring 11x6. lu the veranda were several English nam 
among utbors W. Aislabio, E. Bakei'(1 708), John Hanmer (1697), t 
J. Courtney. They noticed the great number of cisterns of excell 
water. The writer repeats the story that the caves were the work of 
a Genioo king who wished to secure his son against the atttrnipts to 
g&iu him over to auuther religion. The Marathds, he staUi^j made 
a yearly pilgrimage to the caves and held thera in great honoor.* 

In 1781, a Dr. Hunter published a short account of tbe Kaubori, 
Elephanta, and Jogeehvari caves. In his account of Kaaheri Uo 
notices only the greut t«uiple and the two statues of Buddha.^ Dr. 
Hov£ the Polish traveller, who visited the caves in 1737, noticed 
only the Great Cave No. 8. The relic shrine was still wonbtppul. 
'At the bead oC tbe caves,' ho writes, 'stands a round pillar 
resembling the crown of a hat, to which the Hindus to this day 
pay their adoration.' Ho noticed two cisterns close to the entrance 
which wore fed by a sprbg of water that issued 'very spontancoonly' 
out of H rhasiii from the 'ippor adjacent rock of the cavo.* lu 18(4, 
Lord Valentia wrote: * The Kauheri caves are formed out of a 
high knoll in the middle of the range of hills which divides 
B^sette into two equal parts. The great cavern, like the &4rli 
oave, is oblong and has a carved roof, but is iuferior to it in 
size, in elegance of design, and in beauty of execution. It has 
the same singular building at the upper end and the vestibule i» 
equally adorned with figures. Its peculiar ornaments are ~ 



* Zand Avnta, t. 39i-408. ■ QbsM in Du PerroD'a ZcdA Avccta, I. 4M.|11. 

* Arelucolo**. Vn. 299. 

* Toun, 1% 14. Dt. Hovtf notioM Otst Mr, Wilinoabb k nuoter hul romv (mm 
B«ng«l Mid ulton tt]u^xm of the writiofp fta waltAcI csrtrii^D paper. H« AM »s 
CsntaB «u hi* way to EagUad kod his popin ynn kit. 





^ouIuulI 




thAna 



gigantic statues of Baddha nearly twenty Feot high, each filling 

one aide of the vestibule. Thoy are oxactly alike and aro in perfect 

pit'servation, in coasequenoe of their having been chriatened und 

(Hinted red by the i'ortn^oso, who left tliem oa an appendage to 

b Christian church, for snch this temple of Buddha became under 

tiieir transforming bands. The image of tho presiding doity^ iu all 

tie nsual aCiitudeSj embellisher several other parts of tne vestibule ; 

And one in pawticiilar 13 ornamented with the conical cap worn 

hj the Chinese Fo. The entrance, on which there are several 

inioriptions in the unknown uharacter, faces the west. In a large 

oiTB close to the chief tomple are many figures, especially one of 

Vtihon Canning Buddha with a fly-whisk. The innumerable caves 

vUob have been formed in every part of the hill are nquare and 

&t>roofed. Thoy cannot bat be intended for the habitations of the 

Qdant Brahmans.^ 




1825 Biijhop Heber considered the oaves in every way 
rkbble from tbeir number, their .beautiful aitnation, their 
«Ubor^« carving, and their marked connection with Buddha and 
Ilk religion. The cavee, he writes, are 8catt«red over two sides of 
• high rocky kill, at many different devationo, and of varionit sises 
«Dd forms. MuKt of them appear to have been places of habitation 
lor mookH or hennits. One very beautiful apartment of a square 
ionn. its walla covered with soulptaro and surronndod internally 
by a broad stone bench, is colled the Darb^r, but I should ratlu'r 
goam bad bean a Bchoul. Many have deep and well-carved cisterns 
ultached to them, which, even in this dry season, were well supplied 
with water. The largest nud moat remarkable of all is a Buddhist 
temple, of great beauty and majesty. It is entorod through a fine 
uid loffy portico, having on its front, but a little to the left hand, a 
high detached octogonal pillar aormoantod by three lions seated 
back to back. On the east side of the portico is a culoesal statue of 
Baddhft, with his hands raised in the attitude of benediction, and the 
■oreeo which separates the vesttbulo from the temple is covered, 
immediately above tho dodo, with a row of male and female figures, 
nearly nnk<^, bnt not indecent, and carved with considerable spirit, 
which apparenLly represent dancers. In the centre is a large door 
■nd above it three vnndows contained in a semicircular arch. Within, 
tiije ^artment is fifty feet long by twenty, an oblong square 
terminated by a semicircle, and surrounded on every side but that 
of the entrance with a colonnade of octagonal pillars. Of these the 
tw^ve on each aide nearest tho entranco are omamouted with 
carved bases and capitals, in the style usual in Indian temples. 
Hie rest are nnfiniahod. In the centre of tho semicircle, and with 
» free walk all round it, is a mass of rock left solid, bnt carved 
externally like a dome. On the top of the dome is a sort of 
nireading ornament like the capital of a oolumn. The ceiling of 
uis cave is arched semicironlarly and ornamented in a very singular 
nMUtnor with slender ribs of toakwood of the same curve with 
the roof and diapoeed as if they were supporting it.' The caves 



Chapter ZI7J 

FUc«8 of Int«r«st. 

Ea!<hj«i Cavil 

Kotiow. 

l7tX>'1804. 



taxs. 



iTnrel«,U.lM-m. 



*NHnUr«,U.189-191. 




GtepUr W. were next describod bv Mr. Vanpell in 1837,' and six jcara latttih 






ZMAili 



full 

1 



Flues (rf"lnterwt ''*■'• I'^erg-ueson gave a short account of theiu in hie paper on tbe 
Cave Temples and MomLsterios of Western India.' In 1850 I>z-. 
Stovonaou translated aome of the Kanheri inseriptions anfl brooffki-* 
to light some historical names and fartfl." In 18ii0 Dr. Rhj^u Diii 
numbered the caves.* He was Eollowed in 1B60-61 by Mr. E. Vv. 
West, who pablished a plan of the caves and copies of the inscripdoixs 
with short uotea ou thetr pottitioD and condition. Mr. West also in 
the same year gave an account of some of the topes in galleries 33 
to 41 and of some stono pots and seals found in dip:f^Tia care IS.^ 
Of late the carefl have been taken in hand by Dr. Burgess tb0 
Government Archaoologicol Surveyor. A short notice haa ruoeotl^ 
been ^ven in Fcrpiason and Burgess' Cavo Temples. But the full 
devcription of the cavos and thoir inscriptions is not yet (A 
1882) published. 

This complete* the chief notices of the Kanheri caves. In 
following'ncoouut the cave details have been contributed by 
H. Consens, Hood Assistant to the Archneologica] Surveyor, and the 
Rnbstanoe of tho inscriptions by Mr. Bhagr^ldl Indrajt from 
facsimiles taken in 18S1. Mr. Bh^vinl^fajfeady of the inscription! 
is not yot complete so that the renderings given in the text are 
tentative and liable to revision. As noticed in the introduction most 
of the caves ai-e cut in two knolls of bare rock sepamtod by a narrow 
stream bed. Of tho 102 caves all arc easily ontcred, except five 
small openings. Of the rest abont twenty^seron are good, 6xty.aix 
are small, and fifteen are partly orentirely ruined. Except t«mples 
or chaityaii, and the peculiarlv planned cave 10, which was proluCbly 
a place of assembly, nearly eJ] the caves hear marks of having been 
used as dwellings, and many oE them have sttme sleeping benches 
running round Lhe walls. The doorways were lit-ttni n-ith framea 
and doom, which were fastened by horiEontal bars hold in holes in 
the stone jambs. The windows were either latticed or provided 
with wooden frames and shutters. Tho whole monastery was well 
sapplied with water. On the hill top are several rock-cut pondia, and 
almost every cave has its cistern filled from channels cut above the 
eaves of the cave. To the east of the cares a massive stone wall, 
now ruined, ran across the stream that liieparates the two cave-cot 
knolls and formod a small lake whose bed is now silted and full 
reeds. 

For a hurried visit of one day, perhaps the best order for seeii 
the bill is. after visiting 1, 2, and 3, to pass to tho left across 
ravine, and, keeping up the sloping face of tho knoU, see the sites 
of rolic shrines or burial-mounds and the remains of an old t«mple 
behind. Then come back to the raviue and pass along its north 
bank examining the Une of caves from ninety -four to eighty-seven. 
Next struggle np tho stronm bed, pass through the breach in the 



-IS2. 



'Trans. Bom. Gcrtp. S^c. ^TT. 117 

Moor.R. A.S, VIH 63-l». »Jour. B. B.R A.S., V. i-M. 

' iWgiuaon atiil RuryM*' Cnrr Tcninl«« of iDttta, 356. 

•Joiw. 8.B, K. A.S.. VL IH. M6120, 157 IWl 



KaakM^i 



thAna. 



165 



km, Kod, crossing to the sontfa boDk of the stream, come dcwn 

ing the lowest tier of cares from 21 to 10. At 10 turn back and 
to77 and paas aa far as possible in front of the second tior of 

vret to the qnarry on the hill top. See the view, the cisterns, 

irries, remains of the retaining wall, and the rains of a relic moand. 

ieo pasa down seeing as many aa posBihlo of the third tier of caves 
to 90. /Pass from 90 to 3fi and 37 and then along a flight of steps 
_ _ the burial galleff 3^ to 40. roturaiug by the aamu way. The path 
from 41 to I ia dimcoli and should not bo attempted wiuiout a^ide.. 

CUmhing the footpath from the valley, the group of three tcmplea 
1, 2, and 3 attracts attention. They fa ce w est and have in front of 
thezn a large level space covered tvith bushes and with some remains 
the etupa or relic mound of which an account is given later on. 
liing aiittle to the Bonth of B, the most striking of the groop, 

ive 1 should first be examined. It is the beginning of a large temple 
or c hnil^ a, the only finished portions being two largo pillars support- 
ing the irbnt screen, whose general clnmsiness sccma to show that thia 
ia one of the lateet oaves on the hill ; 2 ja a long low excavation^ 
irregalar in plan, being originally more than one excavation, the 
partition walls of which have been broken down. At the south end 
are thrco rock-cut_ relic shrink Qvdd^ohat. On the wall behind the 
first relic shrine, is the curious sculptured panel which occurs again 
tn caves 21 ..^b^66, at the AuranMhad caves, at EUura, and at 
Ajt^ta. This is known as the Buddhist litany, a prayer to the 
good lord Padmap&ni to deliver his worsliippors horn the different 
lorma of battle, nmrdpr, and sudden death. In the centre a life- 
image of the Bodhit<attva I'admapdni or Avalokitcahvar, 



Chapter 2IV. 
PlftOM of Intereit 

DafaiU. 



uiei 
uf t 

^^•vi 



Eue 



i 



stasde at attention holding in his left hand a lotus stalk and 
flowers ; on his right and loft are fonr shelves each supporting a 
couple of little figares. In front of each of these little groups, and 
between it and Fadmapfani, is a human figure with wings. In the 
upper group to the left, that is, on PadmapAni's >'ight, a kneeling 
figure appears to bo praying for doliverauce from a lion, whicm 
ia in the act of springing npoD him. In the next group below, 
a kneeling woman with a child in her arms tries to avoid an old 
hag, diseaeeor death. In the third compartment a kneeling man 
pmys a winged figure to eave him from one who holds a drawn 
■word over his head.' In the lowest compartment the figure 
prays to be saved from a cobra which is crawling towards it 
from an ant-hill. At the top on the other side the kneeling 
figure ts about to be attackod by an enraged elephant; in the 
WMt compartment a man in the back ground has hiit hand raitted 
the act of striking the kneeling figure. Tn the next, perhaps tho 
tition agninst faltie docti-ines, heresies, and schisms, an orthodox 

Aga is attacked by a flying Ganid, the type of Vaishnavism. 

n tho last, two figures pray from deliverance from shipwreck. 
Tho winged figure to whom each suppliant toma for help is 
probably a saint, an intercessor between him and the deified 
Fulmap4lni. On either side of Padmapftui's head ajre cherubim 



CVtml-ff. 



i Sm Rc^reMoUtioD of LiUny tX AarangiUd ia Arch. Surv«y Bepojt, 11). 76- 



Atta 

DOftb 

t nP 



ChaptnXIV. wiUi gn-laudlB, aod at bis Ee«t kneels a deTotee. Other figarw 
Ftow gf latfirwl PBdnup^Qi au^ iJaddba which ndom tho wall od either side of thia 
poael seem to hnre been added by differeul worshippers. Tfaer« 
"f*".,*^*"* are tlu^ iuscriptiops in thia care. In one comer of the reoeaa 
^'**'^ behintj ibe Inrge relic shrine, parti; on the left and partly beneath » 

•taniUng figure of Baddha saiated by nine men noar his feet, la no 
inscription of idx short and one long lines. The length of ih« lino* 
is six incheB and twelve inchoe. The ioscriptian g^ivos nine naoMt^t 
probably of the nine persons ropreaenied bowing to Bnddha. Tla^ 
aameB are Nannovaidya, BhAno (Sk. Bhinn), Bhaskar, Bhirari 
Cballadev, Bopai (Sk. Bopyaki), Dhattabesn, Savai (tik. fSavrati> 
and Poboi (f). The choraoters aeom to be of the fifth century. 'In th« 
back wall, above a long bench aet against the wall, is a deeply co. ' 
distinct iuacriptioa of two lines two feet two inches long. It i* 
inscribed in lottera of the time of ViLsishthipatra (a.d. 133-162) and 
records the gift of a refectory or «atta (Sk. satra), by Nikanal^ 
(inhabitant} of K^ik./ A few feet to the north of the se' 
inscription, and nearer to the cistern in front of the care, is a tl 
deeply cut and distinct inscription, of two lines two foot nm 
inchee long. It is inscribed in letters of the time of V^ishthiputra. 
A.D. 133-162] and records the ^ft of water {fy by Sdmidatta 
Sic. BTiroidatta) a goldsmith of Kaly&o. 
CattS. Close to No. 2 oomea t ^p^ . S . the cathedral or ehaltifa, the most 

important of the Kanhon cavca The stylo and p^ are much 
samo as in the groat Kirli cave, bnt, owing to its softneBs, the roc 
mach destroyed. The measnramBnte are 86^ feet lon^, 39 feet 
inches wide including the aisles, and 37 feet 7 inches high. In front 
is a spacious court, entered througli a gateway in a low parapet wall, 
whose outside has been prettily dccorcUtid with the rail pattern and 
festoons along the top. In boa.relief, on either side of the doorway, 
stands a rather atimted gatekeeper, and attached to the walls of rock 
on each side of the court are great eight -sided columns on aqoara 
faosetnents with broken shafta The capital of the northom column 
support's three fat figures holding behind them sonuithing like a 
great bowl, and on the capital of the southern column are four 
seated Itona A groat rock screen separates this court from the 
Teranda. This screen has three large square openings below, 
separated by thick masaive pillars, the ceutml opening being the 
entrance to the veranda. Above it is divided by four pilhirs into 
five open spaces which admit light to the archod front window. 
These pillars support the outer edge of the roof of the veranda. 
Id each end of the veranda, cut in the end walls, a ^gantic iigure 
of Baddha tweDty-6vo feqt high stan&s on a raised plinth. Low oa 
the left leg of the figure in the north end of the veranda, are cut, 
in old English chanicteni, A. Botfcr, K. B., J. B., J. &., 78, initials, 
which, B8 in shown hy a writing in another cave, stand for Ann 
Butfer, K. Bates, John Bntfer, and John Shaw, who vi8it«d the cavM 

1 Tho ironl in the inacnpti<in b PdttUn wfaioh nwu» in 8M»krit « Tcntinr ot 
■vlrituout liqnor. This ■• perhaps ui inatonca of the ii»o ol Itiiiior whicli (IH ik4 
mSor in oolonr from w»tor. (Son abow. p. 137^ Nour the iiwchptiou ii ■ mcirn 
wbare, perfaApa, «at«r or aomo other bevon^ wu kept nnd givco to the maok* afUv 
the/ hu fuiiilied tbeii Hiana in Ou ftdjoiDUif •lining hall 



ii^ 



gonkmj 



THANA. 



1678.* Between the two side and the central doorwajs, the front 
, the caTe is adorned with life^aixo stfttaes in bas-relief of men and 
>inen aFler the fityle of the K&4i fignres. The men wear the Bame 
carions head>dresA, and the women the Bamo heavy oarringn, bracelets, 
aakieta. Abore these are rows of twated Buddhas, and above 
Bnddhas again is the great arched wiudow, through whirh light 
into the cave. Bcncflth ihi* arch the central doorway opens 
'the nave of tliia great Buddhist caUiedral. The roof in high and 
Ited] and at the far end is a acmicirctilur apse, in the centro of 
jich itands the object of adoration a rolic shrine. Separated from 
central Bpace by two rows of pillars are two aisles. These are 
jDtinued roand behind the relic shrino where they meet forming 
an nnbrolcen row of pillars. It is from the plain entablature above 
Ibase pillars that the vaulted roof springs, the ceilings of the aislea 
being Bat and very little higher ttiau the capitals of tlio pillars. Of 
Aeee pillan only eleven on the north eidt; and six on tlie south aide 
Inve b«en finished, the others are plain octagonal eolnmns from top 
to bottom. The bninhed pillars have water-pot bases and capitals. 
Hk base rests on a pyramidal pile of four or five flat tiles or plates 
and the capitals support a simitar pile of plates in iuvert«d order. 
Over each of those pillars is a groap of figures. lu two cases the 
fignrea worehip a relic shrine which is placed between thenij on 
snortber a tree is worshipped, and on the rest are men ndingelephantA 
aod horses. Some of the pillars hare traces of plaster with painted 
fignrefl of Buddha. The relic shrine is plain and has lost its umbrella 
which was supported by a pillar of which the base may still be traced. 
Hound the drum or cylindrical base are square holes at equiU intervals 
ipparently for lights. The mof of the nave lias had arched wooden 
nos similar t-o those at Kiirli, their positions being marked by dork 
bands on the rock. A few fragments of the old woodwork remain 
hare and there generally iu the form of stamps and beam ends 
standing out from sockets. Under the great arched window and 
over the central do<jrway is a wide gallery stippoeed to have been 
■aed by musiciane. There are now no means of getting to it except 
by a ladder. There are nine inscripti ons in and about this cave. In 
the right gate-post is a deeply cnc and distinct but rather de&ced 
inscription of 22^ linee. The right side ia imperfect as that part of 
the gau>-poai was built of stjnarod stunee which have been removed. 
The original length of the lines was three feet eight inches, which by 
the removal of Ibe atones ha6 been reduced to two feet in the upper part 
and throe feet one inch in the middle. Tiiia is a valuable inscription, 
but much of importance haa been lost in the upper linos. As it now 
stands, all that can be gathered from it, is that the cave was made 
m the time of kingYajnaahrt ShMakarni tiotamiputra (a.d. 177-190), 



Chapter ZIV. 
Places of Interest 

Caw J. 



■ TboM lettnapualed I>r. Bird, who^ In 1639, wroto, "OnoBAoftho tegsof tiiekft 
hflsd atataa wc auA vith ft etrmt (the old fMhioand letter J written m an I with a 
•Cndi* tenm ih» <xutn) ftn'l inacnptioa, id RoinkD letton, which taivht he t«k«a 
le be sot mora saciait than thi Uidm of tb* Portu^vao, wnn it not tot tot Etlu<^o 
or AnMc term Ab^ vaau^ag Ih^/oAer % and whub saoanpsaied hy tbe date 78, 
with ft r«Mmb)MKtt of the etom *ad Ui« k)tt«n fof Kai Bmttalui^ BtuUAa SaJtya mfty 
'td^^ftt* It* MoRvctioii with nnmtti<r« ChriiitiMiity ; whoa* doctnnw iutrodno^d into 
rnUa mn nppcpwd hjr WiUTn) to hxvc given rito to Uw ata of StailirAbaa wbich 
llftysanaftorCkriftl." 




[Bomba; OtulUar, 



DISTRICTS. 



Owttf. 



Cluipter ZIV. by two tnerchiLni brothers Gajsen and GaJTirfromDat^niiti (?)(SL 

FUoei of ZnterwL l^KtUimitn) in Upper ludia, and that the temple watt dedicatud ta 

^ the Bhadr&yaDi school of Buddbiaia.* Tho inscription mcutiotu iIm 

named of Hererftl Buddhist monies, K&Ivarjit, the reverend Then 

(S\i. Sthit'ira), Achat, the mvorcnd (Jihadanta) Gahala, Vijaj^tn, 

Bo....... Dharumpal, and Aparonuka.) the son of a Buddhist dentea 

and merchant. The inscri|Uioii closes with the words ' Finished lif 
Bodhika, the manager' and the pupil of the old Buddha monk Sew. 
The cave was carved by the great mason Vidbika witb Shailv^tkk, 
Kudichak, and Mab'Ucatak.',''' Cut into the left gate-post is anatte 
inHcription of eleven Lines, originally three roet four iuches long- 
It is deeply cut, and the rock being amoother and of a ItgktV 
colour it is more distinct than the last. Tho left side is impeHaei 
in the upper lines owing to the outer angle of the gale-post mTiBf 
been broicen off. The inscription, which is in characters of tto 
second contnry, records gifts. The name of tho giver is lost. U 
mentions gift« made in several places, in the AmbAlika moowtac} 
in Kalyin, somothing given in the district (Sk. dhdr) of Sopdm (Sk- 
Shurpftraka), a monastery, vihdr, in [I'a)ithan (Sk. l^ratiahthfin), « 
Chaity a temple and thirteen cells in the cave of (Pr&)tigupta, tin 
grant of an endowment to support the Bajtodag reservoir on fki 
way to Paithou, Aaana and Chullcappikutt (T), a ciutem and boom 
other things./ The third inscription is nnder a standing 5gure d 
Buddha, on the inside of the outer wail of tho veranda, between 
the left gate-poet and the loft colossal figuro of Buddha. It ia v 
three lines each two feet eleven iuches long. The letters belong W 
about the tiftb century. It refers to tho carving of the image in 
Buddha below which it is act, and states that the image was made 
by the Sh&kya friar Buddhaghosha, residing in Mahigandhkuci k 
disciple of Dharmavatsa and teacher of the three great Buddhist 
books, tripitakag. There is a fourth inscription of one line, three 
feet one inch long, under a sitting Buddha sculptured on the back 
wall of the rentnda, above the dancing figures on the right lude ol 
the doorway. It is cut in 101101*8 of about the fifth century, and is 
tolerably distinct but high up. It records, *The nieritorions gift 
of the SliAkya mendicant Dbannagupta/.-' The fifth inscription, ol 
ono line ten inches long, is cut into the sqoaro shaft of a amall 
bas-relief relic shrine on the right wall outside the veranda. U 
is deeply cut in characters of about the fifth centary, and, a« it 
ataada, is complete. It gives the well known Buddhist formalo.' 



^Tho Bb»dniyaiu Mhool ivm in th« thiM century aCtw 0*iiUuim rmm tbe Met of 
TftGixpatni, ui ofiihook From tha 8srrHtav>diaa, a ■ubdivuion of tho Stiuvira aabotl. 
Th«y seem to hare bdkred io a lint osase, anil that th« aonl or I is imuoruL 8m 
V»Mili«rB Bauddiun«, 172, 230, SS3, 2S3, 569. lk»l m lt»<t. Ant. EX. 900. Tlie duel 
Ni«ik c»r« (Ho. 26) in aim <lo(tioat«d Io the BluulrAyani Kthuol, which aooru to bftV« 
be«a to high fat-oar vith Uw raten of Weet«rn uuim iluriag tb* mooni wid tkinl 
canturiM uter Ohriit. 

'Tha word in the original La UpanUtita wbi«k puty mean tha inaiuger aa gEven is 
the text or it mny bo a iwine. 

*The Buddhist formula la, " Ye Marma hrtv pruMava btttm tttJidn MhttgalOt 
hfapadat te.ilul»eka yo nirodia tram mW MahOMramuui," that ia t Th« objool ot 
tnoae (ih« Adi Baddhaa) who fof tba sake of roUgion came into ib« world beforo Um 
(that la, bnforp (•auLaniB), the TaUitjii^aUi (that is h« who cami aa they oaow, tuunely 
t:>tiiUtnit) haa cxnliiuvd : what they fortwde the great Shtauiaiu (tut ia CauUuua) 
IcUa aa foUoira : Soo above, p. 103. 



rfifa 



^ 



Xoalun.) 



thXna. 



169 



sixth inscnptioa, of nine Hnea each ton iaohea lon^, is cnb 

ft pilaster uq the right aide of a standing Buddha which is 

dptured on the western wall inside the small obambor to the left 

toe entranoe. It is faintly cut in tetters of about the fifth or 

eentory and records that the image fras the gift of Achir^ra 

ddharmkshita. A seventh inscription, of three linos, was found on 

boa of a squared atone, 1^) iiicheH long by 10} broad, that lay 

the oatfiide torraoo under the trees in front of this cave. The 

are of the fifth or sixth century, and the inscription is about 

lebnildingof a bouae or ghar (Sk. ^riha). The name of the person 

~ o built the house is doubtful. An eighth inscription, of twoHnes, 

fonnd on the face of a smaller stone in front of the care. li 

probably part of the same inscription and seems to contain a 

iiiion of the lower two linca. The lettnra aro of the sixth century. 

Che right of the inner doorway an inacription of four linos w 

ted in white opou one face of the octagonal column. It is 

Saint in plocos, bnt the date is fairly clear, eapecially in tha 

rnoon snn. The date may be either " aamvai 921 or 927 Aakvin 

mddka 1 "/A similar inscription occurs on the 

■BKt face of the column, and two others on two faces of the 
eolnxon on the opposite side of the doorway. These are fainter and 
lavs legible- 

In the open space in front of cave 3 were once two or three large 
idic moundsj of which the largest was built of stone and bridE 
ud was from twelve to sixteen feet high. Dr. Bird gives 
the following account of the opening of this rolio mound in 
13:39 : "After digging to the level of the ground and clearing 
the materials, the workmen came to a circular stone, hollow in the 
centre, and covered at the top by a piece of gypsum. This 
contained two small , oo pper ufdh, in one of which woro some ashes 
odxed with a ru^y, a pearl, small pieces of gold, and a small gold 
box containing apiece of cloth; in the other were a silver box 
and some ashes." I Vo copper pla tes accompanied the nma 
flontftining legible inscriptions in the cave character, of which the 
fdUowiog is believed to be the trnnstation : Salutation to the 
Omniscient (Buddha )! In the year 24oof the increasing rule of the 
TVi fciitaka a, in the great monastery of Krtshnagiri, Bnddhanichif 
an' inha&itant of ^nak f (? Kabhoka or Katoka) a village in the 
Sindhu country, the son of the glorious Bnddhashri .and 
Pnahyararman, intent on religions dntios, of the religion of 
Shikjamuni (who was) strong in the possession of the ten jx)wers, 
rered, poaseesed of perfect knowledge, an Aryagana of his 
is Sh&kyamuni's) Shrivaks, erected this relic slirino, cha-Uya, 
dresBod stone and brick to last while the moon sun and ocean 
dure, to the great Shrirak of the Paramamunt (Buddha), the 
_'bto ShAradvatiputra. TliererorQ let the Dovas, Yakshas, Siddhas, 
idyidharas, Ganas, and MAnibhadra, Purnabhadra, PanchikA, Arya 
Vajrep&oi, Vankanaka(?) and others be propitious. Moreover, as 
long M the milky ocean, the irat«rs of the whirlpools of which are 
whirled round by the sea monsters which are driven about by its 
tboniund w&ven, is an ocean of milk, as long ns the ruggod 
Jf«r« ia piled with great rocks, and as long as the clear rivera flow 
» 1014-32 





Chapter ZIV. 
FIa««s of lattrMt ! 
KA5aKBi Oavi 

DMsUf. 

Cam jr. 



Slupcu. 



l£ombfty QuetUtr 



DISTRICTS. 



DeuUs. 
Shipiu. 



Chaptsr ZIV. iuto tbe c}cean ; bo long: nuj this eDdiiring and ausptcions faina 
PUcM oTiatervst. '*^**"'^ itself t« the excellent soq of bim named Pu8liya(Taruian).** 
Only the faintest traces of ihts reKc moand rcuinin. 
Kanhkri Caves. „ . . „ . , - » ■ i t 

otupafi were onguaulf cainu or mounds raised either orer tM 

dead or in mewory of t^mie fknions act.' The practice of rotsinf 
theflo mcmorialB seems to date from before the time of GaQtfua&' 
Tbe previous Buddhas are said to have stiipas raised over their 
bones/ and there is a traditiim that Gautama urged his foUo' ~ 
to reverence monnments and to build thorn in his ho 
The earliest »tupa», of which there is certain knowledge, 
.those built by Asbok (b.c. 2-riO), portly over Gaatama's 
partly to mark places which Iiis life hod made sarred. F 
tbe only one of these monnments of which traces remain u 
Bharhtit stapa in Central India, lliough the buildiog is now 
ruin, there is evideiice to show that it was a hemisphere < 
cylindrical base with small holes for lights; that, on the to; 
the dome, was a square platform, fenced with a railing 
Bupportiug a crowning umbrella decorated with strenmerv 
garlands ; that Inrf^o flowers sprang From the t<^p a.s well as 
the base of the Houare summit ; and that a cylindrical om. 
hung round the heniisphere.* As time passed, the form of tba 
relic mound changed from a hemisphere (ii.c. 500 ?), through a doms 
raised a few feet abore the basemeut (b.c. 2O0), to a dome on a 
plinth envuA to its own lioight (a.d. 50], and from that to a tall roiiad 
-tower surmounted by a dome.' The relic mound of SArnAtb near 
Benares, which was built in the seventh century after Christ, has a 
plinth equal in height to ihe diameter of the hemisphere.^ iSesidei 
in memory of Gautama or over one of his relics, towers were built 
in honour of his disciples, Sfiripotra, Mogalan, Ananda Gautama's 
nephew and successor whose shrine was specially worshipped by 
nuns, and Bflbula Gautama's son, whose shrine waa the novice^S 
faronrite object of worship. Tnwere were also raised in honour of the 
three ha-tkols of the law tripUakax, the vinaya or religious discipline 
for the monks, the miiraa or discourses for the laity, and the 
ahhidhartna or metaphysical creed." Finally towers were raised 
either over distinguished members of the mouastery who had risen 



' Archwologioal Survey. X. 50. ' OunninghMn'a BUln Topaa. 9. W, 

■ BcfoK tbe time of <iaat«tna tho Himlna gnv« tip llieir ciifttom <A burUl oud 
pr4ctjsi>d buPDn&.ft Utmb \mt\a miaml ovvr tho Mhra, Ihul.Dui R«;a, 119. 

Koatiynpit, Llniitamiis [iredvcoMor (iwrbitiM B.C. 1000). ia wud to have bmn b«rwd 



RhyiD&vida. lb). 
Tr.i>eii. 10- U. 



mar BenM-w, whi>re aa kte as a.d. 400 h« had a atupa. Rh 

* BliibaTo)>v«,I2. • Bharhut SUp*, «; Bhitaa 

T BhilaaTopea, 177. 178. pUt« HI. 

' BhUtaTnpr*. I6G. Onouingham dHoribcs tfanSAnchi tape, which b« plaM* al 
■-r. nao (BhilM Topea, 177) and Yttgamm at ac 2fl0 (Two and S»rpeot Wofahip, 
90), ft« n (olid dame ol bri«k and alcoe, 106 (eot in diameter, apringing m>m a plinth 14 
laet high \nth a proje«tKin A} feet hr.iad lued a> a tcrrao?. tIm ton of tlie Attmm waa 
lUtber«d iutu It t«rmc« aiirruundtMl bv a atvoe raiiing iu the Ba<Idfaiit patUru. Pram 
Uie flat i-ontm of the domo roae a cofunnada oi piUara and witbiD tlw piUaca vw a 
aqaara altar i>r pedestal, from the centre of whteli raae a cnpoln or unibrella pianacle. 
^e total height to the lAp of tbe cupola waa over 100 fc<-L (Rhika Topea, IBS-IM). 
The tope waa ■urToiin<ioH by a colonnadt' and bv a richly ornamented raU. {See Bhilaa 
Tiyea. IM. pUto VM. ; a„J FennuBon'* Tree »ndS«p«Bt "VVwahiR 90), 

' Beal. 57 , Rhy.T>BvidB, l*.5l. 



THANA. 



171 



Kahheki C«vt« 
DvUila. 

StUiMt. 



the rank of saints/ or orer tho aahes of tlie ordinary monks.' Chap'tcr XI7. 
The following detaila of the bnilding of the g-reat tope in Ccjlon, piaccs oflnlerBBt. 
ut fl,c. loO. probably cive somo idea of the sorvioes tliat accom- 
lied the bailding of the lar^i^r Kanberi lopes.^ A fnandatiou 
first laid of round stones, which were trodden in by elephants ; 
D came courses of 6ne clay, brick, cement, iron-plates, incense, 
itite, 6tonc, brass, and silver. To lay tlio founoation stone on 
lU-rnoou night, the king with his ministers, tbr>iuiaadB of troops, 
meing nnd music marched to the site of the new tower- After 
tng baudsome uresonts the king stepped into the holy plafie and 
3d a circle with a pair of gold- tipped silver compasses. In tho 
itro of the circle he placed gold and silver vases, cluth, and 
frant ctrment, and, in a relic chamber made of nix elabs of atone, 
golden images of Buddha and a goldon nslii- ciusket brought to 
spot with H special procession. Tho coakct was then placed 
the relic chamber and offerings heaped round. The sbnpo of tke 
was a hemisphere, crowned by a aqoaro pinnaole-enclosod 
wall and supporting in the centre a donble canopy.* The 
jr class of relic moanda contained seven sobataaoos, gold, silver, 
^lazuli, crystal, carncliaQ, amber or ct^ral, and a ruby.^ 
, CXto4 is a small circular chamber to the loft of Cave 3 containing 
iretic SDfiiie. It has an i n -scrip I. ion of three lines and two letters, 
Mt into one side of the square l<!e of tho relic shrine. It is cot 
letters of about the fifth or Bi.\th century, and states that the 
shrine was made to hold the relics of lh« reverend old 
Idhist monk Dharmap&l by Shirp^itauika, wife of the goldsmith 
inoka. / Tnruiog north, up a broad flight of stops, is Cave 
a plain two-mouthed water cistern with a long i nscription c nt 
sr it. The original lengUi of line was probably nine foot ten 
:hes of which one foot ten inches on the loft have entirely pooled 
Though deeply cnt the inscription is much doAiced, which is 
specially to be regfretted as it is one of the oldest and most import&nt 
in the series. It is inscribed in rather corrupt Sanskrit, the letters 
being of the age of VAsishthiputm (a.d, 133-162). It records the 
gift of a water-pot by the miniat^r__ Shat<>raka.* Though nothing 
distinct caa bo made out o£ tliu rest of' the inscription, it appears 



Cava 4- 



' The emraatiniM Mmarvei on th» dcatb of & uint ore thuK ileKribed by F»)i Hian. 
la tho UaliAv^Am t7ii.ini>>l«t7 in Coyliin k (&m<ius oionk, [Mirfcci in Urn ptvcvpta, lutd 
Ihtcirdit >' ' ' irit or liahnt. Wbm h«di«(l th* kiiigcami>, nivl, culliii): Uientonlui 

tonthirr. k- 'lyiugbrvtbcrliadatUinedrMooii. T[|<:>' iuvwon.'<l he is a XoAo/. 

Tmmthokiii^, r>>iiBuuin^thelioIv booka, ordorcd th&t tb* f unonl bhonld b« |>eriom»>d 
uocvtling to the mlM Uul down for tli« fnnenU of Rahat*. Aocordingly B«*Hr « inil« 
to tlM oawt «l tb« nK)iUMt«ry ihey raiaetl » jivre af wood, tliirtv-four (aai wjuaro xtid 
tbuty-fuor f«et hiuh, tho top of Mndal, olon, and aU kinil* of •oeDtwl iinioA. 
8tt]w wen laid Dp the (oor ude* wid tlus pvf« wu bound with cloMi wbita cloth. 
Tb«D tb«d«*d tmrly wiu )>ri>ii>;tit in it f fiDrrnl car followotl b* cruwiU n\ punplc. Tho 
UmoDerad flou'srskod incAnKt-, thu hi^iuw: wm jibuwd on tho pyrv.oil of uiiintnton 
WM posrod orcr it. uid the wbolo wl alight. \V]Mm all wu over thgy MiLrdM<t for 
asii Mtborril the boiiM to make ■ towrr urer th«m. Bnl, ItiO. 

* On the Bbojpiir hill tlMra arc fotir ticre of tonee, tho lowv4t ti> the nwmben of 
tlM motuutory. the mxX. to Fr«t>'ek tluddbM (Be*], 47). lb« Beit to ItcihiutlT*-, 
■ad Ui»hiah««t to Dwtdhu. BbiUaT»p<M^ l.%.]4 

* BhiJM Topee. lSl)-17fi. * BIiiImT-i*-. IBK-176- ■ B«1,4I. 

* It ia curious that the word in the uriKitol ib bluijon a [lot. A goixt tuMiy inecriih 
t*nai at Kanhi^i raoonl gilt* of cietcrns ol WAtui, Uul bhiyan u foiuid only fa«re. 




172 



rBombay GueU 



DISTRICTS. 



Chapter XIT. from the fi 

Placei oTintewrt. q"«n _of V 
to tbe 
KaMHni Cavbs. 

DvtMfa. 



icuts that this Shatorakn was tbe minister of tk* 
lutra. The queen ia mentiou^d as beloDginj^ 
iiD&ka djnoet^ and it fnrther Appears that ahe 
connected with~lFB KsUatrapas, the word MahaJi^fMtran agua 1 
distinct. She was perhaps a^graod-daagbtw on ibe matenial 
of a MahAkshatrap. \-^'- P-- - ^i.'- <^- ''-- 

CdtiMfi.!). Entering the ravine or watercourse, between the two knoUs^ i 

continuing on from Cave 5, oouie caves 6_and 7, both much rain«4 
and of Ivluo oonBoqnence. AboTo the two months of the ciatom, at 
the left end of Cave 7. two deep diBtinct JDttqT ptionB. one of three 
and the other of four lines, are cat into the roclt side by ride and 
about six inches apart. The leugth of line in the firei ia two feet 
four inches and in the second two feet nine inches. Both inscriptsaoi 
refer to the cisterns. One records that one cistern is the gift of 
Bamikn, a merchant of Sop&ra ; the other that the other cistern ii 
the gift of a goldsmith Sulasdatta of Chemnhk, the son of itohini 
Hitra. The letters are of the tame of Visishthiputra (a.n. 138.163) 
or perhaps a little earlier. Aft«r pasnng two great rocks in the 
stream bed and up some notches in the rock, is nuraher 8, a water 
ciatom, and beyond it C ave 9 j a large plain room with four thick 
square ct~>lumas in front. It is unfiuiithed. and forms the lower stoij 
of Gave 10 above, 
Cnn to. Following the ravine, a long flight of ctcps leads to Care 10 

generally called tbe DarUAr C'ave> the next largest care to 3. Its 
arrangement differs greatly from that of moat other oaves. The 
frontage ia a long veranda 72' 6' by 8' 4* fiupported outwardly 
upon eight octagonal columns. A little chapel at the eastern end 
has some figures of Buddha and attendants. Three doorways and 
two windows commonicate with t)io inner hall which is a long 
rectaogolar room, the same length as the veranda. Boond the two 
sides and back of this inner hall runs an aisle separated from the 
room by pillars. In a shrine, that stands out from the middle di 
the back wall across the full depth of the aisle, is a large seated 
figuro of Buddha, and in the back walls of the aisles are two small 
cells. The most curious feature in the cave are two long low scats 
or benches running down the whole length of the centre. They 
seem to show that, like the MahArvida at Elura, the care was used as 
% jdaoe of assembly or as a school.' In this cave are t wo inscrip tionB 

■ This CATC ■• tvpteitSiy intcrccling M iU plui moro iteArij rimwitiltt tLat of IW 
b«ll vrwtcd bv king AJ*ta«luttru (».C. 543 T) to »txamauyAt,Ui tha fint OOnvooatioB >t 
Bijurikt 1B«]gir id Bvbir) tbaii that of a.aj otLcr known oav«. It !■ not b mouattfT 
flrvMtfrJa th« (vdiiUHry acnae of thftt term, huta dhamuAata or pbw of tmeoAij. 
Aooonlingtothe&fahATUuoCl^inMiir, IZ), " Having id all rupcot* petfacted tbu hall, 
Iw had invaluable cafp«ta aiivMid Ibara, correajiondin]! ki the nnmber tif priaata (600), is 
odar that baing aoat«d on tha north atdo tha eouth mi^t be facad j tha hiaaHiiiaHa 
nra-amiasat throne of tbe hi^ phoat waa pUi^d th«r«. In the oentra of the ha& 
ncinf Um eaat, tha exalted pT«a|ohing P<>I[><t, lit for tha deity hinaalf ma areotad." 
So m thia oavo the prajactiiie abrin«i occuniaa prwiaely the poaitioa of the thniaa at 
the proaidant in tLc awva deaoriptian. It b ovcupiod, in the pnautt oaae, bj a 
figUM of Buddha on a Uon aeat, vitb Fadmaptni and another atteaduL In tba 
loww part of the hall where Uiera are oo caJla la a plain apace, adrairabb aaitad for 
tite nilpit o( the pneat who read ba»a to the aaaetnKly, Other ca'oaof thia aort are 
the Niaarjiini at Railwr, Hhim'* Kath at Mah.lv&ilimir. tbe MaUrvlda at Clnia, and 
probabfy ^^ ^ ^^ Ajanta. Fetgtuaon aod Bur|[Me Care Teinjilea, 398. 



^^1 



D«Uilib 
Cam 10. 



one much older than the other. On the lefc wall, onteido the Chapter ZIT. 

verauda and above a receea over the ciatorn, is a miante inacription pijtcas of Interwt. 

of sixteen liaes, six feet four inches loog, with part of another line curn. 

and two half lines. Where not de^ed it is tolerably distinct, and ■'"«'" 

■eems to be written in letters of about the (Utfa century. The 

laDifoage ia pure Sanskrit and tlic whole inscription is in verse. It 

reoorda the oxcavstion of the cavo by a merchant whose name is 

gone. In the fourth line he is described as famous among' the 

miUionairos of the great city of Chemulo, as one whose widespread 

fame bod bathed in the three seas. In the foarteeath bne is 

mentioned the grant, to the Kanheri friara, of a viUafte called 

Shilkapadra' at the foot of the bill, in the last part of the 

inscription aouio uccouut i» given of a preceptor^ nclidrya, named 

KomAr. /The other inscription ia on the architrave over the veranda 

oolonoade. It conwsts of three upper lines eleven feot long, three 

lower lines eleven foot sovon inches long, and two additional linos five 

feot six inches long, to the left of the three lower lines and on the 

•ame level. It is faintly cnt but distinct, and the letters apparently 

belong to about the ninth century. The inscription records an 

endowment, aksiuiya nivi, of 100 dramnms by a great Buddha 

devotee from Qaad (B engal) or Upper India, on the second day of 

the dark half of M&rgshir&h (December -January) in the FmjApati 

year, after seven hundred and seventy -five years, in figures Samvat 

775 , of the Shak king had passed, dnring the victorions and happy 

reign of Amoghyai-shdev, the great sovereign, the great king of 

kings, the noble lord, meditating on the feet of the great sovereign, 

the chief of Icings, the majestic lord, the illufltrioos Jagattnng; and 

dshng the flourishing and victorious reign of Kapardi, king of the 

Konkan, who by Amoglivanh's favour lias gainod the five great 

titleiii, a jewel among the chiefs of districts, meditating on the feet 

of Pulashakti, the gem of tho great chie& of districts * On 

the wall, cut in thick plaster, to tho right of the middle door, arc some 
reoordfiof English visitors with the dates 1697, 17(K>, 1710, and 1735. 

On the opposite side of the ravine. Cave 70 has a lon g inacript ion 
of about tho eawa date as that over the pillars in Gave 9 and very 
likely from the aaine hand. 

The next cave on the original side ia C^yeJ], which ia further 
ap the ravine and is hard to get at, as the path climbs the rock for 
9t>me distance, runs across for about twenty yarda, and again (alls to 
lh« original level. It consists of a veranda supported outwardly 
on two small pillars, an inner room about fourteon foct square, and 
a chapel with a largo relic ahrino in tho oontre. Opposite Cava 11, 
ou the other aide of the raiinne, is Cave 79. Next to Cave II on 
Q» original sido is Cave 1 2^ a plain small room with a veranda and 
a water cistern on one side. On the left wall, outside the veranda 
and over a large recess, is anJMSQfitilZS ^^ about ten lines, five feet 
fix inches in length. The letters, which are oE the time of 



Cam It. 



' The vUboe U probably S4ki ii««r Potm. It i« mentioned m aupatjfajfiJta, tiut 
m •iUu.Ud ai Um toot of th« hill, on the loww BloMa or upaifiakti am oppowd to the 
bill Uad or eMHfoia. Tfa« first lettor 01 the iwib« b douWiiI. It mar 
tepdoriAd. > Arcb. Sw. X. 61. 



^3Kb. 




[Bombay Gt 



174 



DisTRurrs. 



KAHKam Caves. 
UeUilB. 

Cora it'ts. 



ChtpUr XIV. VJsiahthipiitTu (a.d. ISll- 162), arc dcoplj cut» and, where tJhey hm 

PUoN of Xatentt. ^^^ peeled off, are distinct. Thoy record ihe gifts of a c«vc, ■ 

citttern, u tteat aud a tsleepiug beucb by an iubabttaQt nf Kaijio, 

(nanw- gone), a. merchant, aou of Shivmiirft. There U a farther gift 

of clotheH and harKhapanat and one pralika a moDtb to the fnitri 

who livtid in tho care in the raioy aeasoo.* Over against this ii 

caro 80. /Cave 13 is a group of three or four brokoa cavea witb 

Bomo ruined'felio toonnds. In this care soino interestiugdi^covniH 

were mode by Mr. West in 1653. lu the centre of tho floor, whidi 

was covered with earth, were found the foundations of four snaD 

relic shrincfl of unbnmt bricks. In one of these foundations, which 

8e«iued to have been andisturbod since the destruction of theefarine, 

frBgmeole of clay aea lg wore found roprcseuiing a fitting Baddbi 

Borroended by ornaments. Further eoarch ahowed many siroStf 

impressioDS in dried clay, also several impressions of round seaU (if 

TarioQs aizos beahog inscriptions. Some larger fragments of dhe^ 

clay which had been moulded into peculiar forms^ were discovered to 

have been the roccptacloa in which tlie inscription sealu had been 

imbedded. The larger fragments of dried clay were found to be 

portions of six Tarietim of seal receptaoloa. The improasions ol 

iDBcription scats were laid face to &co in pairs, and one pair m 

imbedded in each receptacle. They were smtut round pieces of dried 

clay with a flat face bearing an iusoription in rolipf, cWdently the 

impression o! a clay with a-flat seal, and a nranded back, which bore 

the imprcftaion of the akin markings of a fanman palm, ahowing that 

the clay was laid upon ono hand white the seal was impressed 

the other.* 

An e^unination of tho most distinct of the seal impreasion» she 
some words of the Huddhiat formula, aud this led to the decipheriDj^ 
of the whole inscription. On many of the other seals, the tuacnptiout, 
thoDgh difierently dirided into lines, were precisely alike, and 
rapreeouted in totters of about the tenth ceataryj tho wHI known 
Buddhi-st formula. One seal had an inscript ion in fiixteen Une«, the 
Ifwt three of which wore found to be the jSuddhiet fonnnla. All 
the iinprosbiuDH representing a ttittiug Buddha Eeemed to have boon 
umdo with tho same seal as tho flume defcctfl occurred in all. T 
fignrc was repreaent-ed cro9S>)oggcd under a amopy, Hurrounded 
oniamunls and nith throe lines of Inscription beneath it. Portio: 
of sovonty distinct impressions of this seal were found in Cave 
of which two WOTe broken, fifty.6ro were pieces contnining tho 
tiittiiig 6gure, the re&t were in ttmultvr fragmeuta. The oat Si 

' KdrAhttpannt sad Pratikai arc eoini. The Mrtfhrfpujta waa of (tifTnvnt vkIum ; if 
n( gob) it wsichei) «ixtaen ^utAtuls i it uf «ih'«r it w«« equal in value to tixteea vwuu 
ft oowTic* or I28U mwrMM ; if ol oopi»r it «<!igli(M] SOraklihu, or tlie wuDd m Of girld, 
kbout 17fi gnuiu. Aooimlin^ to •aate Oxq copper 4>ii-iAiijxinfi is the -auta m s pima 
of towriea, tluit is 90 coniiM. Th« praliku appura to be «qiul iu Tulni- to Iha tUrw 
itirtli/lpama, thkt it »ixtf«n paaag d oowries. 

- 2klr. \Vr»i (</imil BUly.«ight »(^iJ imprt*«i»B8of vnnouitina, betrti; Uiu impnnion* 
of tw«>iity-two ilifTeifwit bpaU. The iituiib«r of impreaeioDc uf vkU aeal wi>tv. Ho. I 
wvco iiiiprvavioti*, No. 2 two, No. S ten. No. 4 tfaroo, Ko. 8 fivo, No. 6 Mvc. No. ' 
three, No. ft thrM. No. 1> one. No. 10 one. No. 1 1 eiz. No. 12 four, Nck 13 two. No. 
two. No. 15 threo. No. 16 three. No. 17 rmr, No. IR onr. No. |{| ooe. No, '20 vuv i 
No. VI one. Tb«i« wm on* not ligurcd Kod tvu wen illegible. 



I 



that 

)W0^H 




d^ 



0^^ 



Kaniisiu Cavu, 
DwtoilB- 
Cam 13. 



^^tW* 



the impressions were painted red, wliilo the round bncksbora distinct Chapter XIV. 
impressioaa of the skin markings of a human hand, showing' that tho places oTlnUtest. 
■eal was imprcAsod in the eaoie manner as the inecription seals.' 

There wore & Tariety of frapmouta of moulded clay found with the 
•eal impressions. It was doubtful what they representtid, but several 
of them, Btted upon others, formed mushroom -shaped ornaments 
which would fit on to the broken tops of the receptacles. One was 
a fm^ment of a larger umbrella-shaped canopy ; another appeared 
to be ono-half of a mould for casting coins, bearing the improssiou 
' a coiu which might posHibly be a very rude representaHon of a 
on horseback. A brass or copper earriug was found imbedded 

a small ball of ashes. 

Two stone pots were fonnd buried in the earth betwoon two topes. 

>y were of latorite or some similar stone, and had corera fitting 

loken ledge on the top of tho pots. Tlacrh of them held about a 

tbie spoonful of ashes, one pot had three uopper coins and the other 

o copper coins. Of tho coins, tho first three appeared to have 
n little worn and wore covered on both aides with well cut Arabic 

tere which differed in each coin, thongh ,all throe bare Uie data 

844 coinciding with a.d. 1440-11. The latter two wore much worn 
'ud the incriptions wore difficult to read and contained no date.* 
On tho other side of the watercourse are caves 81 and 82. 

Still fullowiug tlio raviuo and cn<Ksiiig an upward flight of stops 

CftiaJjJ.fl- wt'U finished cave but infested with bats and bad smells. 

e shrine off the back of the hall has a little antechamber with 
slender pillars in front, llio roof has remains of plaster. 
Opposite Cave 14 is CttTe„ B8. /Over the cistern comer of Cave 14 a 
rough path leads to Cayq , 15 . an unfinished care that seems to have 
contained a built relic mound. On a tHblet, cut on a detached rock 
between Caves 14 and 16, is a n inscripti on of four lines one foot four 
inches long. It is d(^ply cut and coinpletc but not very distinct. 
The letters, which are of tho time of Vasishthipntra {k.x>. 13S-162), 
record the dedication of a pathway by ono Kumiir Kaud (or son of 
Nandat) of Kaly&n. Opposite to this, on. tho other side of the 
mrine, is Gua^- 

C^i YB 16 is a small cell cut in the rock with a relic shrine. 
Tliere are traces in it of red plaster. Cave 1 7 is open in front with 



W. 



group of cells walled off m ono end, and a low bench running 

nd two of its sides. Across the ravine are Caves 85 and 86.. 

i TO \8 i a a water cistern and Cft yy 10 a small coll. Ou the left 



■ SiniiUr intprMaMM in flried rUv M\f\ In * miiieuin ftl Bdinliiursh «-h«rfl Ihev am 
Ubelled M coining from Covlon, luiJ aiiniljir iinprBnrana in Ikc are (luurwd in Moot** 
Hteda PMttbeou rihI ■tabeJ to «xiat ia tliu inuMiitn of th« Eut luilU C'liutpuiy. The 
mmainr ud mm of tht«fl •«&]> \m woll pDinMd out by Dr. lUjeudralll Mttm (Buddha 
Oa>^ 121). Ijtllo rUv votive mlic •liritic* vrtt* Vcyl in >toT« by tliu pnest* to be 
^nma to |m]^iii> and tti« mlu* of the Ri«inori»I was increaacHl by Wariiig Uio hkI 
tmpNMian of an image of Uautama or of tli« Buddhiat onivd. The dedioatioa of ralio 
■hniiM to auvsd plaoH was held to bo moat inoritoHoua. ThoM who eonJd not ftflonl 
lo iiuUce raal relic «lirin«B oAerM] un*U modcia of ttonv or of clay. At fUraitli, 
SAnchl, anil Matliura tliouundii nf atay modnli, not mont than thren iwtbaa high 
bava Iwrn foimd. Al Ruddh* Oava Uic modeli ««r« olmoat all of iiUnia. Soaa at 
tba «lay ruixli'la wen atamped irita the Buddhiat aoal ud othon with the image of 
Bndilba. A <-hoapet form of offeriftg wan a mall tile aUmped with a relto abrine ami 
the Buddhiat cr<wl. 'Mr. W«t iu Jour. B. B. R. A. 3. VI. I07'1«Ol 




Caw. H-JS. 



Cava 18' tt 



1^ 



[Bombay Oasflttetr, 



DISTRICTS. 



Fluti of InterHt. 
Kaxbkkj Cavm. 

Ca<m $0 tJ. 



wall of the porch of Cave 19 ia a faiatly cot and rather indisiinet 
inscription of 2| lines ihree feet long. It is cat in letters of Uu 
time of V^ishthiputra (a..d. 133-162) and records the grift of a cave 
by a reotuae (name gone, perhaps A»ad), brother of the reverend Vif, 
who also gave an endowment &Dni which to supply a garment to 
the monk liring in the cava Cave 20 Ja a broken cavem *ntb soma 
low benches. Cave 21 is mtlier a good cavo with a cistern on Um 
rigbt anil a pnijucting porch suppot-ied outwardly by two pillars 
with cnahion capitals. Beyond the porch is the verands, the hall 
twenty-six feet ten inohce long by tweuty-two feet fonr inches wids, 
Aad the shrine with a seated figure of a teaohing Buddha. There 
aro Padmapdnis on each aide and Buddhoa in the aide niches with 
augols about The most carions feature in this cave is a fignre of 
F admapi ni, on the right of a seated Buddha, in a niohe to the west 
of the porch wi th eleven head s. Besides his proper he»d be has t«n 
■mftUer heads arranged in three rows above, lonr in the central row 
and three on each side of it. There is also a litany group, like that 
in Gave 2, but much damaged. On some plaster to the right of the 
^ine door are the paintea outlines of several Bnddhaa. 
i>aai. At this point the ravine widc'n.s into a large basin and haSj across 

its mouth, the remains of the massive stone dam of which raentacm 
has already been mado. On a detached rock^ between CaTas SI 
and 22, is an inscript ion aboat the making of the dam. It is Ae^y 
cut and distinct, but most of the first line and part of the aeoond 
have peeled off. The lectors are of the time of Ydstahthiputra 
(a.d. 1$3-102] and record the gift of a reservoir by & merehant 
named Punoka. 
'^m$it-MS. Continuing in the same dirocMun is 22j a small c»vo, neatly cat, 

with avoranda and a cell furni-^Iicd with a sleeping bench. Cave 
23JB a long straggling excavntion much like 13 with some bouchea 
along the back wall ; Cavc-M-i is a siimll cell ; 25 ib the beginning of 
a care and 26 another amall cuvc ; 22 which ooroes next was meant 
to be largo, but never went much beyond a beginning. In front are 
two half-cut pillars with cushion capituls. Some little distance lower 
is 2^ w hich is of no im]>ortance. ; From this, as 29 is hack townrda 
3, it IS best to return by the othor side of the ravine taking tbe 
< 97.78. caves from 87 to 78. Cave 87 is a little room and veranda with a 
water cistern ; 86 is similar in plan but ratlier larger; 88 is tba 
beginning of a cave up above between 85 and 86; So is a small 
room much ruined ; S-X which has a cistern, is like H5, antThas a figure 
of Buddha in a niche in the back wall and ouo of the more modem 
inscriptions; 82, is a long straggling cavo with a row of bii cells 
in the back wall and the remains of one or more bmlt relic mounds. 
82 18 a small broken cavo ; SI is a neat little oavo with a lung 
ipscrip tion and a doorway and little lattice window on either side. 
'ITi'e veranda is open and pillarless. 80^ originally included three 
rooms, which are now broken into one another and much destroyed ; 
J9, a plain tittle room with a verauda and two pillars, is Apparently 
unfinished. In the back wall is a long rectangular ojche with u number 
of small seated Buddbas. In the inner dark chamber of c%.va- 78, 
on the front of a pedestal or altar before a sitting figure, is an 
inscrirtion of four letters. The snrfaco of the stone is much honev- 



m 




Konkut-l 



THANA. 



177 



ibed and the Brst tvro letters ara illegible. Tho Icltors are of 
,e time of Gotatniputra II. (a.d. 177-19(J), or a little later, and 
laagnage may tie SanRbrit. yOn the ardiitrare, ovor the veranda 
tonnade, is anotbor iuacnption in SojiBkrit of two sets oC fi?o ItneSi 
each line seveo f»et ioog! Each line is over the apace between two 
pillars and the short line below is ou the capital of a colamn. The 
first part, which is inscribed in letters of the ninth oeotury, rocorda 
gifta, by the reverend Nainbhikshuj of an endowment of 100 
imenod to the friara liring iu the large monastery of Kn^hnagiri 
ring the reign of Kap ar dt J^j j ' ^''^S ^^ '^^ Koukan, the hamblo 
lb of Amof^hvarsK, SAa* 799 (a.d. 877)../ Near the ahore but 
separated bj a hue to avoid confusion is another i nscript iop which 
Metns to mean : During the roigu of Pulashakti> governor of 
Uangalpari in tho Konkan, tho hnniblo aorvant of (tho RAahtrakuia) 
fhvarsh beloved of tho world, tho great devotoo Vishnnrdnah, 
of Paroahari, living on the lotus-like feet (of the king), 
the hoDourable brotherhood (of monks) living in Krishnagiri 
'Baad three leaves of the revered (books) Punch vin aha ti and 
■pteaibasrika.' Yishaui-^Dak gave 120 dmmvms to koop up thia 
reading. yOn the loft wallj outside the veranda of Card Bl 
oTor a recess, is an inscriptio n of twelve lines, each line three feet 
" )e inches long. j!t is cat rather deep and is fairly distinct, tho 
four lilies being clearer and probalily later than the rest. It 
tho gift of a cave and ci.stcrn by the devotee Aparennka, son 
.nda, inhabitant of Kalyiin, on the Gfth day of the Ist 
fortnight of (irishinu (April) in the sixteenth year of Uutaniiputra 
YftioMh ri 8hatakarni (a.d. 177-106). Also of 200 kdrakdpatuis and 
a mid in tho village of MangalthAn* (Sk. MangalasthAna), as aa 
endowment to provide sixteen clothes and one prntika a. month 
during the rainy seaaon. /On tho right wall, outside the veranda of 
'~ is an inscription of probably more than five lioe«, originally 
throoinches long. It ia cut rather deep, but the rock is 
syoombed and weather-worn so that in places the letters .are 
indistinct. About three letters are wanting at the end of the 
first lino and a corresponding number holuw. The letters are of 
the time of Ootamipatra II. (a.d. 177-106), and record a gift by a 
Don (name gone), tlie disciple of some reverend friar. / Ou the right 
Wall, ontsido the voranda of Cave _8't and above a recess over a 
ciitera, is an jnafj jftion of eight Tines, three foet three inches long. 
It ia ^intly out on a tablet surrounded by an ornamental border, 
the Borface of tbe tablet being much corroded. The letters are d£ 
about the fifth century. It probably records the gift of a cave. 

Abtjut fifteen yards to tho north of, and on a mnch higher level 
(hauj number 3 tho cathedral cove, is 29, an ordinary siaed cave with 
k hall twenty feet nine inches by eighteen feet five inches. A low 
bench runs round two sidos of the nail, and tho walls are adorned 
wilfi Qumerous Duddbas^ seated on totus thrones supported byNAga 



* MMiaAlthAn is tho 



prmiml doMrUxl ruin|ra of Uit^Mimu wtUM liM liM about 
nnmi bilL It liu Budilhiat oaVM »nil ma 
iw) Im atill nwrked in ihi lurvcy miipi u KaitMericXi Jaya or 
lUrw kUfAUtMi. 



' MAAjBUtbAii u iho prmiml doMrteJ Villnii 
I ihnw mitaM tTMt n( Kanhm bilL It liu Budilhwt oaVMAml nowiiw. AUnt«|>loto( 
^JmwI in atill nwrked in tlf: lurvcy miipi u KaitMericXi iaya or Zuhm'n um. 8w 

[ 



• lOM-23 



ChaptOT XIT. . 

Places of Intersst 

Kuinm Civw. 

EMatU. 

Qave»$7'7i, 



Cnw». 



a 



KAKRUtt CiTBB. 

l>etAita. 
Cam 30-34. 



Chapter XIV. tigures. Tliero is a plain open window on tite left of the hall door 

Plaoei (^^terett. ^^^ * latticed window on tho right. The cave is provided with thfl 

usual water viBtern on one aids. On the inner wall of the veranda. 

over and Itotwucn two gmt«d windows, is "-n JnttCrp*^'"" "^ ono line 

seven foet six inches long, and of seven lines throe feet one iuch long. 

The iuscriptiou, which in deeply cat on a rough surface and tolerably 

distinct^ records, in lottorA oi the time of Gouuaipatra 11. (a.d. 177> 

196), the gift of a cistern and a cave by a merchant Isip&l (Sk. 

Rishipdl), nou of Golaouka, inliabitant of^alydn, and (tho gift) of a 

field in the village of SaphAd aa an endowment from which to supply 

a garment to a monk during tho rains, and^ in the hot season, a 

monthly grant of one prntika, and, from what remained, to make an 

awniog, mandap.^ 30 and 31 a re Hmall caves of littlo interest. Jjj 

differs in plan from any cave except 45. A long veranda is sapportod 

along the front on fnnr plain thick octagonal pillars. Instead of 

having the doorway of the hall in tho centre of the back wiJl of the 

veranda it is pushed towai-ds one end, tho other end bt^ing iH'Ctipii-i) 

by a group of cells. Two oblong windows, much larger than usual, 

light tho hall, ouo i>ri oilh(>r side of the d(M>rwKy ; and, furllier along 

too wall, another similar window opens into the ccll.t. Roond two 

aides of the interior of thia ball runs a low bench. A water cistern 

ia attached to this cavo. Passing up tho steps between 30 and 31, 

keeping to the left, i a 33^ n much damaged cave with a water cistern 

and long benches against the rocks outside. 34^ is a small cave 

with two pillars supporting the front of the veranda, and two littlo 

lattice windows, one on either side of the doorway, admitting light 

CamiS. into the Httle room. Ca ve 30. next in si&e to 10, baa the floor 

considerably raised above tho outer court and basawetl cut (light of 

steps leading to tho veranda. The front of the veranda is supported 

on fonr thick plain octagonal pillars. Between each of the pillars, 

except the middle pair, is a low bouch with a back that fonns a 

low parapet wall from pillar to pillar. The outside of this wall 

continues straight down to the floor of the conrt. The opper part 

is adorned with the Buddhist rail pattern and an upper horizontal 

edging of fealoons, which, in timber fashion, are shown as if 

resting on the cross beams of tho veranda floor, the sqnaro. onda of 

which are allowed to project a little beyond the face. Those again 

rest on a long horizontnl bosm which runs the wholo length of tbo 

front of the cavo, the beam itself i-osting upon vertical props which 

at intervals rise from the ground.' The vorauda walls are covered 

with representations of Buddha in difforcut attitudes. A oentral 

and two smaller side doorways entor on a large hall, forty-five foet 

six inclK-s by forty feet six inches, with a bench running round 

three sides and cells off the two side walls. These inner walls aro 

also covered with sculpforod figure* of Buddha and PadmapAni. A 

good water cistern i» attached to tlie cave. From 35 the path leads 

up the rock, over the cistern near 33, southwards, across an upward 

'Tb«srardin tlie oriffuul ia mamJaft, b> wliicb is p«n{iap* uwaiit « tvmpgnry 
bonwr-liko amietUTe in intnt o( tb« nve to w«rd off tho ■ammer nut. 

* This GOMtniction ia w«ll ropr«iMiit«'l At NfUnk wham ginntic figaras, bmU ol 
wboH bodiM w «btj%*r ground, ■oiitQrtsii.tittfi.saLlA of tb« hornWiU crau b«mitM oa 
their ahouMRiii, 



itULah 




cd cava Chapter XIV. 
are two Placet oTlnUrMt 

DmtaiU. 



fTaviSe. 



.. of steps, sboot 6Etc<?n yards to 36 » 

b'de the vei-auda on the right aiid Ivttwalls «"^g_20 are tw o f 

[JBl^ns. The right inscription of seven lines, three foot eigki . 

long, is faintly cat on a Bomewhat honcycombtid sarface. 

lines seem to have originally been ten inch^^ longer and iu this 

have bocome illeffible. The left insoription, probably of eight 

linev tliree feet six inches long, k faintly cnt on a honeycombed 

irfsoe and is indistinct. Both inscriptions relate to the same 

abject and have the cuinie date. The names of the donors are 

&rent. The innrnption mns : * In the eighth year of king 

t Uilliarip iitra the lord Sbiriseoa, in the sixth fortnight of Oribhrna 

(April) on the tenth day, a merehant househoiiiep, the son of 

Yeoliimandi, merchant, living in Kalyiin, made this cave of Satta (?) 

Ill the rii^xpectable . . ■ . , with his &ithcr Veuhunaudi, with liis 

other Bodhi»uiiia, with liis brother .... bathi, with an assembly of 

lli5o-roIigioJiJst8.* On the left wall, outside the veranda and near a 

WMOver a cistern, is a third inscrip tion of ten liues thit-e feet long. 

liis&kintly cut, on a rough sartaoo exposed to the weather, in lettera 

Tibont the time of Gotamiputra II. (a.d. 177-196). It records the 

< of a cave, a cistern, auil a bathing cistern by Lavanika, wife of 

Apt [Sk. Acbal), a merchant, son of Nandaua and inhabitant of 

Ikslytlo, a]]d of an endowment of 300 kamluipanaji. The inscription 

mentions something done in the AtnbAlika (monastery?) in 

Farther in tbe same direction, passing a dry cnstem, is 37^ a 

: " ve with two front pillars broken away. It bats a latticed 

:i cither wdo of the doorway to the inner room and a 

aicrii outside. On the rock, near the entrance to the open (»al]cry 

Jfj), is a deep cut anrl distinct J uttcriptJ on of one line fifteen iuchea 

At a little distance below it, lb the left, is this symbol 

i, 10} inches square and apparently of the same age. 

The four long open galleries, under the south-western brow of the OniUrka S8'4t. 

H, 38, 39, ■40, and 4 1 , thongh ran^Iy visited, have several objoctd 

fioterert. From the Tidsi side, 38^j^s the first to come in sight, 

the path posses under it abont a mile from the Cathedral Cavo 

Ko- 3). Like the three other galleriiff), SH seems to be an enlarged 

tural hollow in the face of the cliff, where a band of soft rock 

between two harder layers. The harder belts are blackened 

Che rain, while the !>oft band has worn into dust and Iwen 

}WD away, leaving a long hollow under the brow of (he hill, where 

rock, being sheltered from the rain, keeps its natural itaudy 

tr.' The only safe entrance to 38 is from above, where a path, 

It in the rock and furnished with steps, crosses the lower plateau 

rolUng ridges, and may be reached either down the steep slope 

' 5-j, or by keeping below the terrace wall in front of 3ti. Following 

itb southwards, it turns suddenly to the right over the brow of 

::ipice, alongside which it deeceods by broken Htens cut in a 

^detached rock, which end in another rock -path leaaing north 



CWm^.W. 



* MMiy *ucli bolNrwB ix-uur in llw vallcyi to th* Bt>rtb-n»t <^l lli« c«v«a. Smdc of 
r havu t»f«ii eoUrgud bj wt, but it it rao«l dUBcult to g«t ftt tlitm, 




fBombay Qautlcer. 



Kambsbi Catb. 



DISTRICTS. 

*Ch«ptM' XIV- to 39 and south to 38. The path to 38 ffocs down some 8t«pi Bod 
Places oflnterert. °P ot^i*"^ ** ^^^ \ove\ of the floor of the gallery, and is soon fibeltCTwi 
by tho rock oboro. The floor of the gallery is coverod mtii 
brick.duBt, the fooudatioDB of dfteeu to twwniy Hiuall brick top« or 
relio xnoundH buried id their ruins. Reyond tbo briuk raiuE are 4» 
remains of a large stone topn, and, behind tho stono tope, are three 
Bnmll ohambers, with much scidpturv, greatly decayed owing totlu 
porishable quality of the rook. The first chamber has a gn>ap 
on both aides and at the bock, oaoh coosiating of a large silting 
fignru with atteadant«, two of the attendants in eaeh gronp beiiift 
life-size. Betneen tbe first and second cUumbers b a small aitiing 
fignre with two larger figures Itelow. The second Dhamberhaaa 
sitting figure with attoudants on the left wall j a standing fignt 
with atteodanta on the back, and seTeral small sitting and staodit^ 
figures on the right. The third chamber has a standing fignre 
with attendants on both side-walls, a Bitting Bgare with atteod- 
antfl on tho back, and, outside, the remainii of some sciilptare!. 
All these chambers have remains of plaster and traces of |mii)t. 
Beyond the large stone to])e, the ^oor of the gallery suddaaly 
rises about fourteen foot to a short level space, on which are Uie 
SonndatJons of eleven smalt bnuk topee, buried in their mina. 
Another rise of throe feet leads to a level containing the foundatiou 
of thirty-three brick topes, also buried in their ruins. Theea to|na 
have been bnilt on a platform paved with -brick, and iu sono 
places the rock above has been cnt to make room for them. Brick 
niins", the rcmiiins of other topes, extend beyond the frmrth chambftr, 
which is semirircular, with a small ruined relic shrine iu tho ceolro 
and a smalt recess at the back. From this point, brick disappears 
fur about eighty feet, the Qoor beginning to rise past anotfaor 
semicircular chatnher, above the level of the gallery, with a amoU 
rock relic shriue in the centre and an umbrella-shaped oaw^jr 
cut in tho ceiling. It then passes a relic shriue in bas-relief and 
tho beginning of a cell, where broken bricks again appear and go 
».iri for al>nDt two hundmd feet, no doubt covering the foundalioiis 
ef brick topes. The floor of the gallery then rises rapidly to the 
end, where a bench is rut in the rock, commanding a fine view ol 
Bassein. Near the end of tbo gallery are three reoeasee, with t^enckea 
Erum six to ten feet above the level of the Qoor : and bolow I be 
Krst ri>re68 are three soclcots cut in the rock fur fixing wood work. 
A rock-])atb formerly passed the end <>f the gallery, leading to steps 
up the hill But the first part of this path has slipped down tb« 
diff and commumeation is cut off. 

Of the numorona topes in this gallery, the ruins of the largo stone 
tope have been fully explored, and rasny of the brick topes have been 
clt-ored. In 1863 the large stone tope pn^sented the appearance of 
a heap of dnst and sttmes decaying into bluish earth, which had 
prolfably not been disturbed lor ages. It was noticed tlist one 
or two o£ the stones were covered with small Bcalptured fignres, and 
the whole heap was carefully turned over and cleared in settroh 
of sculptures. The result was the discovci^ of tho lower part of a 
large tope, bnilt of stone, differing from the ueighbouring rooks, 
and of some architectural merit. Tuis stone tope has been a sixteso- 



Kaithbhi CAtm. 

OftUenOT 38-41. 

Stone Stupa. 



i pol jgon for a greater height thao the present raiDs, Mid above Chapter XIV. 
It mast haTQ beoQ cirouhir. The many sided baso of the topc» Flaees (HTlBterflat. 
uich measared about twenty-two (oet in diameter, was, for 
renty-seven or twenty-eight feet from the ground, ornamented 
ith level belts or frieaes of acnlptDro^ separated by narrower 
inds of tracery, and, perhaps, divided into panels by upright pillars 
pilnsiers. Too little of the tope is left to show for certain 
number of tiers or Erioacs of sculpture which encircled the 
Tlierc neom to have boon nine tierti or twitfl, several of which 
sculptured iuto figures or tracery. Portious of the two loivest 
Its remain in their original put^itiou ; the other fragmenta chat have 
rceovercd were foand scattered among the ruina. The lowent 
8«ems to have been plain and less than an inch broad. The 
>nd belt was about two inches brood and had figurpd panels, 
of these (Mr, West's 1), measoring eighteen inches square, 
a ceuti-al and two side 6giire3. The (.eutral tigure is a 
>kou spirit or VakHba-Hke form, which with both haud.s steadies 
its head a relic shrine, apparently a copy of the topo. Its 
knysided base seeme carved into six level belts and suppurto a 
liciroular cupola, from the centre of which rises a tee of fivo 
htes each plate larger than the one below it. On either side of 
central tope bearer are two larger human figures, and behind are 
' figures which tweni to bring offerings in dishes. Mr. West'a 
lent two, which he thinks may belong to a hither belt, is 
it oix inches broad, it has two rows of headjag, and ta 
ivided into Ihroo small panels. On the right (visiter's left) is a 
antral kirtimukk or face of fame with a boy and an elephant's head 
both sides. The next panel is a man Hold lug a rosanr, beyond 
, arc two elephants* heads neck to nock, and at tho end is a panel 
Tho next four fnigments (Mr. West's 3, 4, 5, and 6) 
lelonged to a fourth belt about six inches broad. They 
mpe of lions, tigci'?, cattle, and deer, peaceful and undisturbed, 
how nnder Sh^kyamuni's influence the lion and the lamb 
down together. Mr. West's frngment seven, which, he thinks 
~inay have belonged to the fifth bolt, is about nine inches broad. 
Above is a scroll of tracery about thrco inches broad, divided by 
|>right lozenge panclfl. Below is a plain ronnded mouidiog, about 
inches bnrad. The sixth frieise was about eighteen inches brood. 
^hat remains of it in its place is plain. But Mr. West thinks that 
groups of figures in his fra^nents 8, 9, 10, U, 12, 13, and H 
I have belonged to this belt. In fragmeut eight (3' 6* x I' 3" x 7') 
in the extreme right (visitor's left) a man^ probably an ascetic, 
jrithoat ornaments, and with his hair standing out from hia head 
grcst circle of curious tufts, site under a tree on a stona 
ich, perhaps draped with cloth; his right leg is drawn op aoross 
bench and his right hand holds near his chest a short broad. 
«d dagger. Uis left leg rests on tho ^uad and his left hand 
MC on Lis left thigh. On the asceUc's left a man, who haa 
'tlliinounted from his horse, kueola on atones before the ascotic, and, 
with joined hands, 9^^;lU!^ to a»k hix help. This 6giire has a curious 
■hook head of hitir falling below tho ears, or it may bo a cap, and 
wears a waistdotb lied in a kaot behind, and a belt or waiatbond. 



:%\ 





IBomba; Gu«tleer, 



DISTUICTS. 



IKIIEM CavKK 

l<ri« 38-41. 
■StnjM. 



jAOW ' 



ClmpUr ZXT. Hu bonie, a sturtly long-tailed cob, has b bridio without a head-piece, 
PUcM oTliiter««t ** ^'lli) except for its higb pommel mach lik« &n Ecgliali saddlo^ a 
' girth and two belU, oao pa&siug rouud the cheat tho utht;r under th« 

tAil. To tho loft of the norso the ascetic ap|»roDtly again appears 
thoQgb the bead-drtiSH is a Utile dilTerent^ He is seated ami rmta 
bis right band, in which lies HOinoLhing perhaps bread, on his right 
knee, and he holds up hia opon left hand as if forbidding. A male 
(igure,api)arientl>' thesamo aa tho knoeling figure in the last, at«Dd9 
with shock hair and a daggor in bis right hand, and sometfaingj 
porhapK bread, in Mb left hand, iiefaind and above, a woman soisefl 
the hands, and a man tho feet, of a male figure who straggles to grt 
free. It is difficult to mako out the meaning of tbjs group. 
Perhaps twotravellors have been wajlaid by thieves, one is carriod 
off, the other escapes. The traTeller who escapes goes to a holy man 
who takes from him tiis sword and gives him food to offer tho thieves 
and indnco them to give np his friend. To the left (visitor's right) of 
ibis group the stone is bare and worn. It was ouce written witb 
letters of the fourth or fifth centary. Une letter ko is still plain. On 
liio same slab, separated by a plain pilaster, is a group of thn!« 
figures under a tree. In tho back ground a standing man, bis hair tied 
in a double top-knot and with a plain necklace and bracelet, blows a 
couch. Bolow on tho loft (visitor's right) a woman, with big ronnd 
earrings, a necklace, and a top-knot, koccls holding her hands ia 
fivut>. On her right is a kneeling male figure with a doobltt 
tnp-knot and bracelet with somethingbroken, perhaps a musical 
instrument, in bis raised left band. The object of worship, which 
these figures aro rovoronciug, has gone. Fragment ten measures 
2' x r 3 . In the right(viBi tor's left) is a standing woman with a aword 
in her left band, and, behind her, another woman. These figures are 
separatod by a pillar square below and rounded above, in tho fourth 
or fifth century style. To the left (visitor's right) of the ptltor, 
Dnder a tree, is a standing woman, with bracelet, wai.stclnth, and 
anklets. Her right hand U on her breast and her left is raised to 
pluck the leaves of a tree. Ueliind hor is a man's face and two male 
figures stand in the back ground. On her loft is a seated figurp, 
apparently an ascetic, with his hair in tho dome-coil or jata style, no 
ornaments, and bis waistclotb passed round his knee. His riirtit 
hand is np to bis chest and held somelbicg which is broken. His 
left hand is stretched forward and seems to clutch a sword, which 
ia held in the right hand of a male figure, who seema to be nmaing 
towards him. This figure, whoso head-dress, like a three-plaited 
tiara, seems to show that he is a king, wears a necklace and arnklet, 
and a woistcloth which falls in a tail behind. A woman, perhaps 
tho samo aa the woman to the right of the ascetic, with a big 
earring and bock-knot and an anklet, kneels in front and chups the 
king's right knee as if in fear. 'Vho king seems to brandish bis 
sword as if about to kill tho woman, and with his left hand tries to 
free the sword from the ascetic's grasp. On the king's left a 
woman, standing under a cocoa-palm, clutehca his waistclotb and 
aeems to try to hold him bock. On her left ia a running figure with 
a royal tiara, brandishing a sword in his right baud and his 
loft band set on bis left hip. llie story of this group eccms to be 



Kookan.! 



THANA. 



•183 






t a king's wifo, the staDdiog woman on the ascetic's riglit, has 
her hoiae to live iu the forcstH with the ascetic. Her husband 
mes in search of her, and, tiDding her, threatens to kill her^ while 
ascetic clatches his sword and the wife throws herself at his fe^t 
g for pity. Iu the right of fragment eleveij, which measorea 
S'xO", is a seated teoohing Uiiddha under a tree, and, on his 
t, a seated disciple m the attitude of thonght. A man, with a 
nd man on bis sheulden, comes from the right and behind them 
band of women diincing ami singing. Behind the dancers are 
1^ and, in the extreme right is a dwarf carrying a diah on his 
oatstretched bands. In fragment twelve (2' x «") in the right panel 
are elephants and trees> and iu the left [vitiitor's right) panel a man 
on a barebacked horse with two attendants in front with shields. 
Fragment thirteen (which measurea 1' 6" x 6'} is a line of six email 
broken male ^gurca, aome soated, others standing. In fragment 
fonrteen (&" x 7"), an elephant with two riders enters from the right. 
Before it goes a man on foot with a shock head of hair and a coarse 
vraistcloth. lie carries a dagger in his right hand and a long shield 
his left hand. Four more fragments (16-18) are believed by Mr. 
est to belong to a higher belt. They ai-e panels (about 2' 2" x 9") 
ivided by pillara, in the Elephnnta Cave style, showing groups of 
Buddha, altematt-Iy teaching and in thought, with, in each case, two 
attendant fly-whisk bearers. Two more fragments (19 and 20) 
measure 1' 1} x U* and 2'x5*. Nineteen is part of a belt of fesl^ouned 
drapery and twenty has an overhanging belt of rosebuds above and 
a plain withdrawn band below. The character of the figures, the 
shape of the letters, and the style of the pillars, seem to show that 
e sculptures belong to the fourth and fifth centuries.* 

At some time after the building of tbe tope, the sculptures were 
covered with a thin coat uf white plaster, on which the features of the 
figures were painted in red lines, which do not always correspond 
with the original features. After the lower sculptures had become 
broken, a circular brick moulding was built round the basement, so aA 
to bide the two lower friezes ; it wa.*^ covered with a thin coating of 
white plaster. Besides the sculptures, three tlat stones were foupd, 
bearing portions of an inscription on tlicir circular faces. These atones 
prttbably formed a part of tlie upper circular portion of the tope, 
below the level where it began to round into u cupohi. Many plain 
stones wero also found of tiie proper shape for forming portions of 
the cupola. A stone moulding was also found among the dust 
round the tope. It is u port of the polygonal portion, and bears an 
inacrJD tit^ in Pa hlavi letters, cut in vortical linos, and without 
diacrlticaT points. The letters ore finely but superficially cut, liko 
those in the inscription on the three stones above-mentioned, and 
ho inscription extends over only four lines. It rends, ' The year 
(A.t>. 1021) of Yazdakard Sbatraiyar. MAh Frobig*. On 



snap 






Chapter ZIV. 

PtaMtof Int«T««t. 

Kaxuibi Cavrs. 

(^allcrim 38-41. 

.Stone Stttpa. 



' Of Hr, We»t'B 20 (r>gm«nt« of <^Iii to|iv, Xo«. 8, 0, &nd 14 are in orii^Okl in Uie 
Mbmbui of thr Bouitwy Bmnt'li ul Ihu Roy*] Asiatic Boointj-. Of twu oU>eni(l4 
anil 15), whicli «r« in the |fO*ecaaion of tticexeculgnof thelat^Dr. BhAu DAji.plaaicr 
of P«n» imprcMtoDt ftre Is the Societv'e Museum. Tlie reat uv probAbly alU at 
Kwhf ri 



M 



di 



iBombftr Otntteer, 



DISTRICTS. 



Ch&pterZIT. 
FlaoMoflatarttst. 

KAXtUlU Cavib. 




BrkkStiv»*. 



ripUOM, 



anolber stone of tlio relic shrino is an inscription oE which only Iwo 
or three detached lctt>ers can be road. It nppeans to Lave coosiaud 
of seven T«rtical lines on a flat space betweea two «x>iip« of Aculptnro ; 
but the surfaoo of tho stono isi so decayed that the lottura nn 
jost sofiiciont to show that tb« words have been Palilavi. The l^i 
was iirubably solid, the inner portion being oi atone cut from U 
Doif^nbouring roclra. It had already been broken open and the 
square hole iu the rock had been emptied of its relicA. 

The (oundationa of all the brick topes that hare been cleared art 
of thre« Biaes, six feet, fiire foot throe inches, and four feet six 
inches in diameter. They are solid, of large flat segmental bricks 
shaped in moulds on tho outside, and of square flat bricks within. 
All the brick work has been covered witn a thin ooat of whil« 
plaster, which does cot appear to haro been painted. As eight of 
theaD topes were cansfully searched without any relics being found, 
it is probable that the place of deposit was in the cupola, whii'b, 
in every instance, was destroyed. In two of the cleared topes a 
amal! plain stone was fonnd occupying the place of a portion of 
two conrses of the brickwork just above the monldings, and this 
probably existed in alt. A similarly shaped stono was fonnd among 
the broken brick between the topea which had an inscription ou ita 
circular face. Many aqoare stones ait in steps, and with a squaro 
hole through them, were found among the broken bricks and 
evidently formed ornamental tops for the topes. The great number 
of these brick topes, there must have been at least 100 of them, 
makes it probable that they held the ashes of the priesthood and that 
this gallery was the burying- ground of the nionafltery,* 

On the circular edges of three flat segmental stones, which wen) 
dug out of the ruins of tho large built and scolptured stono tope 
were three inscriptions one of two lines, another of two lines, and a 
third of onnmo. The siees of the circnlar surfaces of the stones 
were respectively 18f by o^ inches, twenty inches by 5 J, and '21 1 
inches by six. The iuscriptiunK were cut in five lines upon a 
smooth surface. Tho beginning of all tho Htioa wa<i distinct, but tho 
stone was corroded at tho right cud of the second and third 
inscriptionu. They are probab^ parts of one inscription and the 
beginnings of the lines wero originally in the same vertical lino. 
The first portion begins with the date 921 (a.d. 9V9) A*hi^n 
ahuddka.* There was another inscription on one of the f rieaos of 
this topo alongside the sculptured repreeontation. perhaps of a roftd 
robltery, where some faint traces of more ancient letters wcra 
barely visible. On tho face of a stone, 8| inches by 4^ inches and 
8 inohos deep, found among the rutua of a brick burial mound in 
the open gsllery 38, is a three line inscription. Tho first two lin«a 
were distinct, except the third letter in tho second lino, but the 
lower lino was much decayed. The letters belong to the 6fth or 
sixth century. In the firnt line occurs the nuuio of an old friar 
Aiashivniiga (8k. ^ryashivuiiga]. Ou the beck wall of open gallery 



' Mr. WMt Id Jour. & & B. A. a VI. U6-im 

* Hc*e latl«n were |)roWhly cikrv«d by ■ante rtaitor to |}t« cavnt. 
bearing thit lUKriptiou i* in th« Bombay .Csulu: ^jouinty'i Mosuutn. 



^m 




KonJcuLl 



THANA- 



^, is an inscription of one tino sbc feot nine inches lon^j irritton CliaptorZIV. 
letters of the time of Gotfimipntra II. (a.d. 177-196). It ia pUoas rflBtereBt 
cut, but on a honeycombed aur£ace, and records tbe silt of a 



little above 13 and 14^ close to the steps tbat rnn between 
is cage 42. much inferior to it in execution but, in jijan, closely 
amblip g^ABJlt cave 3 . Thepillars^ though now broken, have hod 
same pot capitals surmounted by the Bat tiles aud groupe of 
etnres. These groups remain attached to tbe ceiling and one of 
pot capitals ties on the ground. The pilasters at either end 
B a central lotus rosette, with a half rosette above, and the neck 
tween is cut into three large dutes. These are very puor, and, 
the pillars, show inferior and careless workmanship. Instead 
lie usual largo hall, two rooms of equal size open from the 
ida, each by its own doorway. A low bench ruue round two 
I of each room. Close by, separated only by a broken partition 
is 43. a plain care, with two octagonal pillars in front of tho 
la, and a small square ball with a 6giire of Duddha cut in a 
De in the back wall. On each side of the central doorway is a 
! lattice window and a cistern. On the right of the entrance 
t^ mouth of the cistern ia an i nscriptio n of eight linea. The 
are of the time of Gotamiputra \i,{k.\i. 177-196) and record 
gift of a cave and cistern by an old nun, the disciple of the 
rerend Gho*i. There ia also the record of an endowment of 200 
fairsA'ipuncM from which to give sixteen clothes and one ^roMka a 
month. 

Cave ^ is broken and un6uiabed. It differs irtym the rest by 
having a small chapel in each of tho throe inner walls of the half, 
the fronts of each cnapel being supported upon two pillars. There 
is ft cell at either end of the veranda and a cistern ontside. Cave 45 
identical in plan vt-ith 32. The long veranda is supported 
^wardly by four square pillars with octagonal necks that pass from 
ceiling about one>third down their shafte. At either end of the 
anda is a Baddha with attendant'?, and in a niche in the back 
wall is a seated Huddha. 46, -17, !'^, :iiid 40 are small cavee, the 
much destroyed. Outside tlnj vcrinda on the left wall of cave 
ia an ins criptio n, of fire lines, originally three feet fonr inches 
Tho" Tetten*, which are of the time of Ootamiputra 11. (a.d. 
Ll96) are clear but not deep cut Tho lines are complete at Che 
_ lb hand end, but on the left the ruck has peeled off. The apper 
liBea are moro indistinct than tho rest. It seoms to record the gift 
of ■ cave and an endowment of some kiir»}\ifai\aB from which to 
•apply a monk with a garment during the rainy months.. On the 
left wall outeide tho veranda of cave 4d is an tuscrigtion, probably 
of nine lines, which may have been fonr feet long. It is very 
imperfect, indistinct, and faintly cut. The few legible letters show 
that, like the last, the inscriptioa is of the age of Qotamiputra II. 
(i.n. 177-196). 
Beyond 41), passing over the rock to the south, is 6Q, a neat cave 
a cistern, double veranda, a ruined front wall and a bench 
ing round three sides of tho interior. Further, in the same 
tton, comes 51, a tolerably large cave with a nicely finished 

ft l(W4-24 ' 





oey 

^^BtOti 







Cax>aU-4&. 



{Bombay OauttMr. 



Cluptnr XIV. 
naoM of IntarMt 



t^mM'St. 



Cam S7-S9. 



DISTRICTS. 



front. The ODteide of tho panpet ia of moch the same style aa 35. 
Cavo 52 ia plain bnt Tery noat. On the right wallj oatside the 
romoda of cave 52 and above a recess over a cistern, is an^uBCrip- 
txQji probably of 9| lines, three feet Foar inches long. It ia deffply 
cqI, iu letters of tho time of Gotaroipntra IT. (A.n. 177-196), hot on» 
bonoTcombed surface. Tho npper three linea and part of tiie oexl 
two Dare peeled offj and it is uitliciilt to nmke out an^vthin? of vbit 
remaisii. C aTO.^S. tf like 52. On the right wall, ontAide of Aa 
vemoda and abore a reoeu over « ciateru, is an in»criptioa of einaa 
Ham, three feet (our inches long. It is doopcut, huton ahooey^ 
combed sarface, and the centre haa peeled oS. Tho letters, whin 
ar* of the time of Gotamiputra 11. (a.d. 177- 19G), record the giftof 
a cave. Across a amall tonront from 53, are cstos 54 and 65, smill 
and nnimportant. From 55 the patii mns back to tlis north-east, 
where, above 45, is^^ about the cleanest cave on the hill. It U of 
fair siso and makes an oxcollent dwelling. As in many of the other 
oaves four octagonal pillars snpport the front of the raranda; s 
low bench runs round two sides of the interior, two lattictf windows 
aid in lighting the hall, and there is a cell in oae corner with a 
small window opening into the veranda. In front, a fine open 
tanraoe with atone conches, oommands a beaatiful view of the aeai 
Baa a ei n oreek, and Bassein. There are two iaacr iptions in this cava^ 
Outside the veranda, on tho loft wall and above a rooeaa over a cisten, 
is one of eleven lines, three feet four inches long. It is cnt to % 
moderate depth, bnt, owing to the honeycombed state of the roek, 
is not very distinct oud part of tho centre haa peeled off. The 
letters are of the time of Gotamiputra IT, (a.d. 177- 196) and record 
the gift of a cave and an endowment by a Kaly&n wor^pper 
(name gone). On the pilaster, at the right end of tho verantfaif is 
the other inscription of 6} lines, one foot seven inches long. It It 
ibintly oat and indistinct, and is very modem (9th or 1 0th centnry). 
A groove has bocn cut through itn centre at a still hUor date io fix 
acme woodon framing. Tho inscription refers to something done tn 
the old cave, probably the setting up of some Br&hmanic or Jain 
image. 

57 is mnch decayed. ^ is a small bnt noatly cut cave in good 
prei^ervation. On the inner wall of the vernuda of 58, and to th« 
left of a grated window, is an inscription of two linos, three feet long: 
It is deep cut, dit:<tinct, and porfi^ct^ The letters are of the time 
of Visishthiputm (a.d. 133-162). It roads, ' The meritoriona gift 
of a cave named Sea View (Sk. Sdgara Pralokana) by the rorenuid 
dder Mitrabhuti.' This cave is righOy named Rea Viow as it 
commands a fine stretch of the Bassein crook and of tho sea beyond. 
59 ia like 58. On the back wall of the receas over the cutem 
mouth is an i nscrip tion of thrco lines originally two feet nina 
inches long. It is deeply cnt and distinct, bat abont Eve loitera in 
the first line, three in the second, and two in tho third have paslad 
off. The letters are of the time of V^ishthipatra (A.n. 133-162) 
and record the gift of a cavo and (cistern) by a nun namod 
DimilA. The rest cannot b« made out. On tlie ionor wall of tha 
veranda of the same cave, and above a small grated window, ia an 
inaoription of one tine, five feet three inches long. Tt is clear, thoo^ 



KooJumJ 



thAna. 



luor 
lapel 



% 



icni 



lurlh 



deeply oat, aad all the letters are perfect ; tbreo amall letters 

der tho line can also be eaRiJjr read. The letters are of the time 

VAaiahtbipatra (a.d.132-1G2), and the inscription records the gi^ 

» earo and a ciBlern by a uun DdmiU o£ Kalyin, 60 is plain and 

gor than the last (wo ; it baa a low bcncb mnninfif alooe OQO of the 

walls, (ii is like GO but smallcT; G2 is nniiniifhea. A a mall 

iu the back wall baa two pillars supporting its frunt. It ia 

bably the onbocbamber of a sluinc that was never boKun. Cavae 

to 68 mn parallel to these, on a bigber lerel. Of late years 

t all of these cavea have been ased as dwelliogs by Jogia 

other asceticd. The last Jogi died two or three years act> and 

are now (1861) desert-ed. 63 is a largo well cut cavo m the 

ie of 35v' 6^ a fairly large cave.lias had its front pillars broken 

The veranda walls are ouvered with sculpture, and two 

oblong windows light the hall which is a large plain room 

a low bench round two sides. On the back wall of a recess 

r a oipitern mouth, to the right of the entrance of caro 04, ia an 

lion proliably of six lines, faintly cut and indistinct. The 

irest liuog have dis&p]>eni-ed, and nearly half of the third and 

linos is illegible. Ihe letters ore of the time of Qotamiputra 

(A-D. 177-106). It records the gift of a ctBtem by the roclnae 

liderika, daughter of the very rich Shivtana (8k. Shivtanu) 

the mother oE Uabisakdera. / 05 is small and much mined. 

is rather an interesting cave from the amount and natare of 

sculpture. It has the be«t representation of the Buddhist 

li^anj' that occurs at Knnheri. The arrangement of the little 

rnapn is mach the same as in cave 2. PadmapAni has two female 

ndnnts one on either side. The fourth compartment from the 

on the right stdo represents a man on bis knoos praying for 

▼erance from a fire, in the middle of which is a human heaj. 

6gures are generally cut with greater spirit and more variety 

pose than in cave 2 ; they are also in much greater relief. 

rcat of the wall is covered with relio shrines and figures of 

.d}ia on his lotus throne upheld by Nilgas. In the back wall is 

cat a throne for a seated Buddha, but the seat is empty and a 

wretched attempt at a ling supplies it.s place. 

On two of the outer pilasters and on the wall just above the 
cistern are thrfie Ha hlavi inscriptionsj the work of Pirsi visitors of 

Hw elerenthccnuiiT;' 
vTbSM InBcriptiocui run, (I) In the iuum of God. Through •tniiii[ oTMiu M<1 tbs 
MJ Jadg* tbii you- 378 of YudftkArd, od Um d«7 Anhuntud ol tKa -monlh Mitro 
Oik Ootobar 1009) tb«r« ti&vc come to this pUee Uie oo-relinoDiate YMd&a-plnak 
■4)d UAh&in-itr viiM of Mitruiy>*ir I*ftnjbakBt «ad PadubukLt bods of MAhaij^Ar, 
Mardlxwbiil BOO of HiridbihniB), and HirAdbAhrAm iton of M«r<l&D»h&(l, Mitnuiy^Ar 
•on o( BAhf4mp«nAb, and BAhrArapuuth wan of Mitntuyyir, PnlAuzid and Ztdwyniini 
ol AtamAhAD, NukmAhio, Dtob&hrim, Uajurgitur, Uiridmwd and BehxAil 



Kol B£dh (2>IntheiuunieaJQod, in the ^rar 378 of YaatdaksH, tbi month 
U) and day Mitro |24th Novembfir 1009) tbcni have oocne to this plaee ths 
M-fftUBoniitfl YiadaDpiknak and Hihaiyyir wnm of Kitnmyjix, Pnilbukht aad 
AiauSakllt SOBS ol tUbaiyrir, MardUahSd soa of UiradbdhnUn, and BirAdbahrAn 
aon «tf Mardioshad, MitiaainAr aoo of IQahramptoih, aad Bumnpinah son of 
Mitnaiyylr. CiOiiicAd aad ZMBpariUm aona at Aturmfchin. Kukmahan. T>iah&hrAtn 
Ba>ara*iiir, Uiridnard and BifaiSd mmam of MAbhii»li% mad Bilirlm-pauib ton of 
Milrawndid la tb« montb Atur, Auharmaid won of AviobaDdAd died. (3} la 



Chapter ZIV. 

Flaosfl of Intsrwt, 

lUMimi Cavm 
Dtulla 



^^ 




[Bombaj Qtieiua, 



DISTRICTS. 



CbApter XI¥. 

Plaoei of Intemt. 

Rakouu C*vti> 

Dvteili. 

Cavn eT'76. 



Id the TX>ck ander 66 is a cave whose front is nearly &11ed op. 67, 
a fliuall cave with mach sculpture like that in 60, baa a shrioe in 
tbo back wall of the hall ivith a life>SMuj seated Buddha wiUi 
Dumcroos little figareeoQ the shriue walls. ,iS^|}ie last of this groap 
is R small plain cave neatly Uaisbed. On the left wall, OQUioa t» 
veranda is ah iniicnption of seven lines, deeply cut and distbct 
but the upper liDBB partly defaced. The letten* are of the tiniBof 
Qotomiputra II. (&.D. 177- 196) and reoord thi^ gift of a cistoniuda 
cave (?). The name and rcaidonce of the giver have been tost. H« 
•eema to have been a recluse named [Ba]dhak. A Itttle way down 
the bill to the north-west is 69. a plain much damagod cave. Then 
is an in scriptio n in this cave meutioning the eighth year of ubb 
king but too faint and worn to be read. 70 is a larger cave btt 
XDuclr dofitroyod. On the left wall outside^tlie veranda are two 
J nacriptionB one above the other, of seven and four lines respecliTe^, 
originally six feet tbree inches long. The upper inscription is d«p 
cat and distinct except at the top and left end. There is a bUu 
space in the Gfth line. The lower inncription is faintly cut and ia 
places indistinct, the last two lines 1>eing very &int. The words oaed 
doeely resemble Sanskrit and the language, though Pniknt, diflen 
much from the Pr^rit of the other inscriptions. ,21 ^ amnUar 
and in equally bad order ; 72^ is a large well finished cave probably 
of late date with a shrine and seated Buddha; 73 and. 7i an 
much decayed ; 7(3 is a plain cave in rather better order than either 
of the lost two. On the right wall outaide the veranda of cave 76 
is an inscript ion of eight or nine lines originally three feet long. 
It ia deep cut, and tolerably distinct, though on a rough surfiioe; 
the upper two or tbree lines and mooh of the other lines nave peeled 
off. Tbo letters arc of the time of (xotamipntra II. (a.d. 177-1%) and 
appear to record thegift of a cave and cistern peHiaps by the daughter 
of Mkmaka. 76is much ruined, but on the right wall outside its veranda 
is a deep cut and clear in^ffl ^ption. The nwk is rough and the upper 
two or tnree lines and much of the other linfs have entirely peelod 
off. The letters are of the time of Gntamiputra II. (a.d. 177.196] 
and record the gift of a cave and cistern by a reclase the daught«r of 
Ramanaka, beloved of bis family and inhabitant of Dhenakitkata 
and the disciple of tbo old reverend monk Bodhika. She also gave 
an endowment from which to distribute sixteen clothes, j^ia moch 
like 76. It is only about twenty yards to the east of 35. On the 
right wall ontside of its veranda and over the entrance to a side 
chamber ia a n iuacrip tion of five lines originally six feet long. I 
ia rather &intly cut on a rough surface. Nearly the whole of the 
first line, and about eighteen inches of the left end of the second lino 
have peeled off, with a corresponding portion of the following linca 
'ilio letters are of the time of Gotamiputra II. (a.d. I77>196} 



Ui« name of Ood. la the month Uitn> uid daj Dino <4 tii« year 300 of Vudskird 
[30lh Octolier 1021). tbetv likre conic from Ir&n bi thu pUct Mfth (VohSg Mul Mih- 
aijjAr Mns at Mitnuuvyir, Pirajhnkht •an of Miilwiyyir, Manlimhid «oa Ot 
tlinil BihrAm. Behiid <»oa of Mitnvindid, JdvitUnlnid too of fiAhrini-uaBliDMp, 
fiftjurgiLtiir BOD of MAfabfaio, HUuiyjrfcr and Bondash mhu of ffifidfaruVho. %ai 
M4bbutlid MHi or Gchtaklukrti, theluMwr to in«tm<:tl<Hi. Arch. 9nr. X. 62-95. 



iS^ 



^ 



^1 



Kobkaal 



THAN A. 



189 



record the gift of a cave by the motbor of 

dnigaaatftka 

t the left of the entrance of cave 22k °° ^^° hBtik of tlie recess 
the cistom, is an inscription of ten lines, three feet aix inches 
It is ftiintly cut oh a honoycombod surface, very indistinct 
almost C(;iiipiet6ly ille^hle. The letters aro of the time of 
taniiputra II. (a.d. 177-196) and nppear to record the gift of a 
The ten next, 78 to 88. have been mentioned on the way 
the raWne from 28. Tho remaininsr caves are 89^ aoath of 
on the edge of the stream-bed, which is not wortKa visit. Qfl. 
d 4L between !16 and 50, are both much ruined ; 92 is a little 
the south-east of 3 the cathedral cave; 93 and 94 are close to 
,e stream across from 8 and 7 ; and 95^ 9$, Q7, and ^8 are ruined 
Terns and cells farther up the r&vine "Ban^ 99j8 a small care 
4'1. 100 is high in tho rocks over against 2'i oud 26, and IQJ 
102 a reTiroken cells in a great black hillock on the east of the 
above 100. On the back of a bencTi, the remains of cave 94, on 
Dortfa aide of the ravino opposite cave 7, is on imperfect 
BgTTPtion of two l ines. The bench is ten feet six inches long, but 
»Iy tliree i&et "six inches of the end of the last line of the 
inacription are legible. The iuscriptton is deep cut, but tho 
rfoce of the rock is much honoycombed and weather-worn. The 
ore of the time of Gotamiputra II. (a.d. 177.196], and, in the 
nd line, there appears the mane of a vitlagu perhaps Gorpad. 
the back of a low bench, along tho flight of steps ju^t above cave 
ja a deep cut distinct and perfect inscription of 2^ lines, three 
. nine inches long. It is of tho timo of Viisishtliiputra (a.I), 
3-162) and seems to refer to the dedication of a pathway by 
Cheuiila goldsmith Dhamaka, the son of Rohanimitra (and brother 
: the giver of the cistern in cave 7). The pathway consists of a 
ing flight of steps beginning on the side of the stream bed opposite 
le cistern rece^^s of <'avo 5, and climbing the northern hill aa Car 
as the mins of the great relic mound. Above a receu, over a beocli 
the left veranda of cave 96, is an inscrip tion of two unequal 
three feet eleven inchca and f'our ftet eight inches lon^. 
oagh hiint and somewhat rude tho letters are distinct and perfect. 
It seems to reoord the gift of a field as an endowment by the 
merchant Mudapdl (Sk. UnndplU) son of tho devotee Vhe(nn ?)- 
mitra. The lelturs are of the age of Gotamiputra II. (a.d, 1 77-196). 
Outside cavo 99, on the loft wall, above a recess over a cistern 
^^oouth, is an i nscription of six or more lines origioally three feet long. 
^B is deep cot but indistinct, the rock being mnch decayed. About 
^^Kio foot eight inches of the left end of the inscription and all the 
^fbvrer lines have disappeared. It records the gift of a cave in the 
'eighth year of some reign probably that of Gotamiputra II. 
(a.d. 177-196). There is an inscription of ono line on the front of 
a small low platform cut in the "stimco of the rock near the top of 
tlie main hill. The platform is six feet long, but there aro no letters 
on the first eighteen inches. Tho letters aro very new and seem to 
have beenwcrawlod by some nineteenth century ascetic. 

idea the caves, interesting remaiaa crown the Eat tops both of 



l^att 




Chapter XIT. 

Flooei of Interest. 

Kamhxri Cavd. 
D«taiU. 



t 



ChapUrXIT. 

VfaOM itf iBtSTWt. 
KiKimu CATn. 



Wonhip. 



Pain. 



the maio spar and of tho smaller knoll to the north of tho 
ravui& Auove the tic-nt of caves the upper slope of tbu ruuiii hill is 
in places cut into cmtttrus aud crossed by long ruughly traced Sights 
of steps. Alon^ the Aat top are cut a line of quarries and cisterns, 
and, in scvorsl pUu»g, soattered lines of large dressed stones lie u 
if brought t<^ethor for aoine largo building. Along the eastern 
creet of the hill mn the fonndationfi of a w&ll, and, oear it, are one 
CO* two mounds covered with blocks of dressed stODe apparently the 
reniMna of relic ehrines or of IniriHl mounds. Further along, 
towards the Honth, is a quarry vHth blocks of dressed stone, sot&e 
re«dy to be taken amiyj others half cut as if the work o£ building 
had been suddenly Rto{^)ed. 

To tho north of tho small stream-bod, behind tho Uno of oavoa, 
a flight of eighty-eight shallow roughly-traced steps leads from the 
south up a gontlo slope of rock. Along each side of this flight of 
steps three clastora of prickly-pear bnahea mark the sites of what 
seem to hare been small temples or relic shrines. Most of thMa 
sites are too ruined to show the form of the building that stood 
on them. But enough of the third site on the right hand is left 
to show that it stood on a stone plinth about seventeen feet by 
twenty-two, and apparently rose in steps into a central boilJing 
of brick and stone. Close to this ruin is a little rock-cut cistern. 
The bailding to which the flight of steps led is completely mined 
and thick covered with brushwood. It seems to have been a round 
building of dressed stone, with a diameter of about forty feet, 
surrounded, at a distance of aboat twenty-four feet, by a rail or 
stono-wnD apparently sqoare. In a hollow, about fifty yards to the 
west of this mound, lio some large broken pillars, and behind Ihom 
is a hole which soema to hare been worked as a quarry. A second 
knoil, about fifty yards further west, seems to have once been crowned 
by another burial mound or relic shrine. Behind those knolla a 
deeply wooded ravine cutH off the Kanheri spur from the main Kdm&n 
range. Beyond tho wooded ravine thv rocky scarp of KAman aeeioB 
^have been cut into sovoral cave mouths. 

To the common people tho caves have no connecfion with 
Buddhism. The people nave fully adopted the BrtUiman story that 
the caves are thu work of the P&dars. Several of the figures aro 
worshipped, notably the two hoge Boddhoa on either side of tho 
entrance to the Cathedral Cave (No, 3). Their feet are reddened with 
pink powder and spotted with yellow. But the flgnres are respected 
not for the sake of Buddha, but because they are believed to represent 
Bhtm the giant Pilndav. Besides Hindu visitors, Persia and 
Christians come to see tho caves doriug the dry season. Thoro 
are two yew-ly fairji, one on tho olovonth of the bright half of Kartik 
(November -December) the i5iwU» of tho gods, and the other on 
the Mohdihivrdtra or great night of Shiv, the thirteenth of the dark 
half of Mdgh (January -February). Od both occasions, BriQimans, 
Gi^ars, Vdnis, Sul^s, ajid Mar&tbfU come to the number of about 
1000, bathe in the ponds near tho hill, examine tlio oaves, and 
worship tho ling in cave 66, Sweetmeats and other articles worth 
from £10 to £20 (Rs. 100-Bs. 200) are sold in the DarbAr Gave 
(No. 10), which is also called tho Alarket or Biz&r Cave. 



■& 



^ 



ili 




SoaUiLl 



THANA- 



101 



Kanhsri Fort, in the village of Modgaon eighteon milca north- 
}t of Dahilnu, stands on a bill about dOO feeb tiigb. Tlie vralla, 
are from tea to tvreoty feet high, though raiuod, aro of 
oxcclleat masoniy. 

Karanja or Uran Island, north Intitmle 13° 51' and east 

wgitinto 7;i'" J', ulioiit eight milo5 long and four hroad, lies, in the 
ith-east of Bombay harbour, aboat six miles south-east of the 
;pier in Bombay. On the cast it is cut off from the mainbind 
the fiendkbal creek, which at high tides is filled throngh its whole 
igtfa. The island rises in two bare rocky hills, th« smaller in the 
and the larger in the south, between wbioh lies a stretch of 
and rice lands wooded with tuango trees and bmb palmit. 
the east the salt pans have broken the creek into several smttU 
9, bat one arm, ranning from More Bandar ia the north to 
1, is large enough to allow boats to pass to Uran at high tide. 
The rock of the island is trap crossed by dykes of black basalt. 
The trap beds, which are greenish and bloish and more or less 
■mygdoloid, vary in Htnictare and dmisity. The water-supply is 
good. There aro three built reservoirs, one along the roadside abont 
Eblf way between Mora Bandar and Uran, a second between Uraa 
and ECaroDJa, and the third and largest, called Bhindla, iu Uran, is 
abonta qnarter of a milo roond. Besides these throo built reservoirs, 
many ponds and wells hold water for several months after the raiua. 
The dnnking water comes from springs of which the best, on a 
httle hill not far from the Collector's house, runs with a fnll and 
ooQBtant stream into a reservoir bailt by the late Mr. Richard 
6pooDer, Commiasioner of Costoms. In a narrow ravine in the 
Iw-ger hillj is a small square rock-cot room with a narrow entrance 
(broMrly protected by masonry. From the roof of this chamber a 
ooastaat dropping of clear wholesome water forms a pool three or 
fMr feet deopi On the same hill, close by a mined chorch, is a 
closed Portuguese well or reservoir of excellent water. 
Basidea its rice crop, which is uf considerable value, the island has 
special exports, salt worth about £469,185 and moba liquor 
about Z\ 65,900 a year. The chief other industry is 6ahiag. 
salt pans, which cover abont 3000 acres, lie in the greet tid^ 
to the east of tho island. The marsh ia croaaed by a long 
windiogcreek with numerous arms. The great area of the works, the 
shining white pans with their regular bonndaries and rows of salt 
heaps, in spite of monotony and barrenness, have a cnrioos impreasiva 
effect. The Karanja salt pans are probably very old. Bet the only 
reAaeacQ that has been traced is Mandelalo's (1638) notice of the 
aalt of Orann-Bammara, apparently Uran.Mnmbai.* In 1820 about 
20,000 tons of salt wore made every year. The trade was said to 

five high profits to the mercbants and yielded a revenue of about 
llOO (Ks. 11,000). Uran salt was thought bettor than any salt 
made farther south.' Daring the last five years tho export of salt 
has been estimated at 51,125 tons, and the yearly revenue at 
1271,934 (Rs. 27,10,340). The other great maunfiictnre, the distilling 




Chapter XIV. 
Placet of Intsrest 



* Mwddtlo'B Voyi{«, S32. 



• Devcriptioa ot BiaAnMa, U, 175. 



Ift 




iBombay Oaiottae, 



cfa«pt«r xnr. 

TImw of Intareat 
Kakakja. 



BUiorir. 



DISTRICTS. 



of spirits, fields a yearly revenue of from £105,000 to £115,000. 
There are nineteen brick and tiled distilleries at the Mora pier, a11 
owned and managed by Pitrsis, Almost all the spirit is made £ioid 
nwhtt flowers, brought chiefly throngh Bombay from the Paocb Mahib 
and Jabalpur. The sea trade retarna show, for the fire years endii^ 
1878-79, average exports worth £400,615 and imports worth £d6,40& 
Exports varied from £263^75 in 1873-79 to £503,285 in 1877-78t 
•Qd impoHtt from £46,115 in 1874.75 to £61,013 in 1678- 79.> 

A metalled road rons along the whole east side of the ialand, ud 
« road, 14^ miles long, is being made between Uran and PsanI, 
A steam ferry boob mna daily between Bombay and Uran or Mon, 
calling at Hug Island and Ulva near Panvel and returning the WM 
day. The fares from Bombay to Uran and Karanja, which tn 
distant six and twelve milea respectively, are 4g. (Rs. 2) first claas, 
1«. and Is. Qd. (8 aud 12 as.) second class^ and Qd. and 9d. ii mi 
6 as.) for a dock paadago. 

The only early rfuiuius as yet found iu Karauja arc, on the east face 
of the Kharavli or Kharpuse bill, aboot twenty feet above diatiUeiy 
number fivo, ft small plnin rock-cut chapel, coll, and cistom apparently 
Buddhist, aud some plain cells in Dronagiri hill. Three laad-granfc 
fitonoB have also been found, shawiDg, t£at in the twelfth centoiyj 
under the SilhArAs, the island had gardens and villages.* Under 
the Portuguese (1530- 1 740) Karsnja was the extreme soutli of the 
fiaasein province. In the si^tteeuth century it was a populous ishuid 
with two forts, one on the ea.st, in (be present town of IT ran, and the 
other on the top of the southern peak. The fort on the southora 
peak was built in the form of a square, with an lirnied bastion at 
three of the comers. Close to it were the garrifton burracks.' A 
hundred armed men were maintained for the defence of the island. 
In 1535 Fr. Autouio do Porto built the church of Sam Franoisoo 
and two other churches, Nossa Sonbora de Salva<;Ao and N. S. de 
Ponha. All these are now in ruins. There waa also the church of 
N. S. do Kosario and a Dominican hermitage built by Father Qen* 
T. Jeroniino da Paixao. A long winding titght of atone steps rao 
np the sonth hill, and, on the top, besides the fort, were garrison 
barracks and the ruins of the chnroh of N. 8. da Penha. It ia said 



(hat when tlie foundadona of this church were dug a blue stooe 
found with an ima^e of the Virgin.* In 15S8 tbo island ia deecribecl 

> KKrui}J>hutwoUndiDgpU««a,MonandK&rftnta. Th« d<rtaUa ak ; Mora, Banorla 
IST*-;:) £272.192, 1875.76 £272,657. 1876-77 £3U,W7, 1877-78 £386,383. Mid 187&-79 
flB8.M0; Import* 187475 £40,902. IS75-7(J £50,088. I876-77 £44,344. 1877-78 
£47.^8, 1678-V9 £49.0A$. tUraii)*, EiiwrU 187-l-7:i ££5,456, 1875-76 £201.537, 
1876-77 £110.777. 1877.78 £137,928: 1878-79 £64.<;m t ImportB ]tf74.75 £5Sl», 
1876-76 £13,225, 1870-77 £WI26, 1877-78 £10.322, IS78-79«ll,5l7. 

' D«tail* of the KliaraTii or Klwrpaae oavei xiiil ol the tbm gnmt-«toDW ar* giTCD 
under Objtwta of lotemt. 

* Tbt Etraugth of tho garricoo wa« a uptaio, nz BoMien, one bonbanlier, and fiva 
Mont, thfl oost WM £24 80. (30,000 rvi* to the oaptain uid 460 jiarddoi for th« nat). 
Pa Coohali Bsmgw, 202. 

4 Dft Cvaha's BaMob, SOS. Biibup Oaorio (1501 - 1A80) tUtM that tha FortOfutaD 
(aund a nuyflttio Ohriatiao temple u Kar&aja. Thti ia prolMl>ly iooorrect. Xha 
firtire ot tb« Virgin Mary may hare becB one oF the motKcnt nr vnttrihit mddiag tfa* 
imuit Kirtikavkthe Uindu god o( wu-, lilto the %iire M«Iy foo&d in Elrphaata 
UUud, Thv b1u« itooo may uve bean oorarod witli ttio blue ena&iel which bM alao 
bMt> found in Elephaata. See pbon, pp. 91, 99. 



^ 



iSBi 



M two hills and a plain between, very rich with orchards and rice 
fields.' In 1550 it is mentioned ne having a tower and bastion and 
other houses.' In 1571 it was attacked by a party of Ahmadnagar 
troops from Chaul, but the garrison put tbem to flight leaving the 
island covered with dead bodies.' In 1585 the Francii«cans are 
mentioned as having got charge of Karanja.' In 1613 Earanja waa 
the scene of a great not which was qaetled by the coaragc of Captaia 
Femao de Hampayu da Cunha.* In 1031 Knranja is described 
as a walled vill^e, a gniiHhot from the fort, with thirty PortugueStt 
families and Btave». In the same vear it is mentioned as bouaded 
by six Ahmadnagar towuBhi]ut, Kartidta, Drago "i. Pen, Sabayo 
(ShAhitb&j), Abeta^Anta F), and Panvcl. From therethe Moora could 
BOsilT pasB to the island, and the river between conld be crossed 
dryshod at low tide and at high tido was not more than kneo deep. 
The soil was fruitful and there waa a good manufacture of a oloth 
called teadcui.* In 1070 Earanju and several other towns were 
plnndered by PartAbrAo Gujar, a leader of MarAtha cavalry.' In 
1682, it was taken froip the Portngueso by Sambhfiji, apparently 
without resistance, and held by hiui for nearly a year, when it waa 
recovered by the Portuguosc." In 1720 Captain Hamilton notices 
it as a PortnguGse island, with no trade but furnishing oatablea for 
Bombay.* Id 1723 the fort had six pieces of ordoance varying 
from one to nix ponnders. The defences were out of repair."' In 
1737, when the Marathda attacked Thtina, the commandant fled to 
^KaraDJa. But Karanja was soon after taken. Id 1774, after the 
fall of VeraoTa, Colonel Keating marched to Karanja and took 
possession.'* In the following March the oonqnest was coufinned 
by the treaty of Surut, the confirmation was repeated in March I77(i 
bv the treaty of Puraudiiar, and it waa finally ndified by the treaty 
^ SAlbai in 1782.'- In 1775 the town was described as lying 
iMtween two lofty mountains on the west side, in sise nothing more 
than a large Mar&tha village, with low straggling hoasee near a 
pood covered with wild dnck and watorfowl. On its banks were 
a small fort^ a Portngaese church, and a Hindu temple.'" In 1781 
a resident was appointed.'* In 1788 Hov^> the Polish traveller, 
fonnd it poorly inhabited. The soil was fertile, but the people 

Sent their time either in fishing or in palm-juice drawing for which 
ej found a good market in Bombay. On one of the hills were the 



Chapter XIT. 
Places of InterHt 

Kakak/a. 



* trim. Bot. da ImL 94. ■ OdL de Hob In«d. V.2, 216. 

> Da Canba'a ChAul, SO. * ArofaivoV, 1083in Nairon'm Kouk&n.tSiS. 

* Dk Conhft'B BMBein. 20S. 

*0 Ohroii. deTia. lil-Stfl. Tn 1 134. beaidM a balance to the state, K&nuij« paid 
X1S7 (H)00 panUm) ^ yuarta tb« bialiop of Cranganor ud £30 (800 jtanidtM) io the 
JatMui Jauitik 

' Unnt DbR, 111. Tho Sorat facton particnUrly notice this lumnioo which tbey 
mppnaedSbiv4jibe»ded in pernoii. TliAy mentioa that he Ttry aevovly pltmderaa 
Kanaiaand uvrriedaira)' all the chief meu except nicb aa Mcaped in womeDi cbthea. 

* Onne'a Hiat. Frag. 138. Maodoova's Topogiaphr vi Karanja, 9 ; Da Coaba'e 
Chaol and Baaaein. G7. * Kew Aecouat, 312. 

>*0 Chnw. de Tim. I. 32. " Ferbea' Oriental Memoin, L Vt. 

" AiLoliixTn'* Ti<Aties. V. 21, 33, 41 ■* Porba' Oneotal Hemoiia, L 4S3-464. 

" Nairtie'a Koukaa, 103. In I'dl the rereniie of Kanuija, cbieBjr tnm rice, waa 
•aliin*te.l at £6000 (lU. 60,000). Bombay (n 1781. 3. 



B l»jl-25 



k 



mik 



(Bombay Quetwr, 



DISTRICTS. 



Kahu^ja. 



Chapter ZIT. ruina of a fort^ The reTena« for 1813, inclading £3336 of laml 
TfauM oflntentt. i^^^n'i^i JEIO&l of excise, and £4091 of customs, watt £9078 and tlrt 
expenditure £ir>r>0. In 1820 HamiUon notice*] that couvicca w«n 
sudI from Bomliay aod employed io clraaiug poada^ repairing baakg^ 
aad Ifeepiug the roods in order.' 

The inland, which ia now generally called Ur&n, Forma a petty 
diyiKti^n of twenty-two villages under Panyel. At high tide the 
Bendkhal creek suirounds it utid cuts it off from the maiolaDd. 
Mora, in the north, lies at the foot of a range of bw hills. Tha 
beach is rocliy and muddy, and moat of the people are fishers living 
in low ill-built huts. Mora is the chief port of the island where 
poHSfngcrii land and embark for Bombay. Hoet of the large 
Duililin^ ure counocted with the diatilleriea. There ia alsom coatom 
koase, aud, on a pinteaa about lOO feet above the village, a residenca 
for the excise officer. Karaoja in the sooth is a small Ushing village 
with little trade and ouly a few good houses. The details of the 
town of Unia, which ia a place of eome coosequeace, are given 
sepftnttely. 

The Christian population of 4-13 has a church dedicated, to Oar 
Lady of FurilicatioD. It wafi rebuilt in lti62 by Manuel DeSooxa, 
m&mlatilAr uf StUaette, and mensnre.s 6o feet long fay 27 brottd and 
30 high. The priest haA a houfle and i« paid £3 (lU. 30) a month by 
the Qoa goveromeut. There are three ruiued churches, St. J>>anctai, 
124 foot long 58 wide and 80 high, has the uave unroofed but tha 
sanctuary still arched and in good order; Our Lady of SalTation» 
70 feet long by 2tj bn>ad and 20 high j and, on the top of Dreuagm 
hill, Onr Lady of Ponha, well pri»er\'ed, and moaaaring SO feet long 
by 15 broad and H high. There are a1«o two chapels, St. John tbe 
Baptist's, the Buddhist rock -cut chapel in the oast face of Kliaravli 
hill, and, at the foot of the hill, Onr Lady of Help, on the silo of 
which a Hindu temple now stands. In the village of Sheweh ia a 
ruined chorcb of which the broken walls of the graveyard oru the 
only trace. 

The chief objocta of interest are the rains on the top of Di-onagiri 
the southern hill. They include the Portuguese fort, the guard 
bouse, aud the church of Notre Scohora de Penha, aud are 
Approached by a long and winding flight of steps. On the slope oC 
the hill are some plain cells now generally filled with water.' On 
the oast face of the north hill, which is called either Kliaravlt or 
Khorpose, about twenty feet above di^jtiUory number 6ve, is a small 
rock-cut cave {2.Vx2-l' xlO*] apparently Buddhists The front oftbo 
cave is supported on two square pillars with pot capitals. Oppoaito 
the middle of the entrance, in a rectangular recess in the back 
wall, nine iuohes deep, ia carved in the rock what looks like a 
Christian altor, but may bo a small relic shrine or tl'tghnha. The 
cave has signs of whitewash. To the north is a small room abont 
eight foot square with a water cistern about two feet deep. 



Jnttrtft. 



■ B9t4> Tom, 180. Hor4 sbo muiUnna, tmt annamatly ineofTwtljr. svnral 
mvka of » former iraloaiH\ uuL fa ibo cbasai, pieoca oi iroo on buth soliit utd in tlu 



tana dF aAm, and two 
'Doc. orilin<l.I1.17 



ofMoUt*. 



' For (letaQi icv Appvodix A. 



^EiS 



iHI 




Karajcja. 

ObJfcU e/ 
Intend, 



Three of the inscribed stones in tbo Colloctor*a garden at Tli&na Chapter XIT. 
werp hmijirht from Kanitija, two fmm ChSnjch three miles to the Plaees of Xntereet 
efuth, and "oe from Kanvad about a mile to the norlh-w^tof tJrao. 
The tiariiest is a CluSnieh stone (^ ti" x 1' 3' x 0"). Tho inBcription 
of sixteen Hues in well prpservwl. Tho characters are Dcvanigari 
and tlie lanji^uaguiH Sanokrit. It is dated Shale 1060 Mdgh Shuddh 1 
(Jftnuary^Fehiniary, a.d. 1138) and records the f^nt of a field 
iHuned Ambo in Nignm,' and of a garden belonging to one Joiak, 
hy Ibe Silhiira kiug Aj^arfUliLya, to Shridbar, learned in the kraiiuu* 
for tbo flpiritaal benefit of AparAdit^a's molhor Lil&dovi. The 
ioioription records, on tho occasion of an eclipse of tho Run, 
another grant by AparAdltya of a garden in the Cbedija (ChAnjeh ?) 
nitage to worshippers of Mohddev, batui or badvaH and to VUhiikasCi). 

he next in order of dat» is the RAnrad stone (8'S"x 1' (i'^O"). 

bove are the Ban and moon with an um-shRped water pot 

eiwfvn them. Tho letters arp well preserved Devanflgarl, and 
(he langiiiij^ is Sanskrit mixed with MarAthi. The iuacriptiou 
records a grant of land in PadivnA in Uran, on Shale 1171 Chaitra 
'^fulya 1 (April - May, a.D- 12i9)» the day of a solar eclipse, by the 

ilhAni king SomeshvAra. The king's ministers wore JbAmpada 
bhn the great coonciUor, Deva (?) Prabhu the great minister 
war and jxiaco, and I^Ia Pmbhu the chief jnstico. Tho IxiSt in 
order of date is tho 'other Chanjeh stone. It records the grant 
of 102 pdritmin drttinmits.^ the fixed revenue of some garden land 
of KotluUsthin tu Chadidbe (CbAiijohT) in Urao, to Uttareshvar 
of Bhristh&nak (ThAna). The grant was made in the reign of 
Someebvara, on Monday Chaitra Vitdya l-ith &7mft 1182 (a.d.12«0). 
Somesbvara's ministers wore Jliimpada. Prabhu the ^eat councillor. 
Mains (Ku ?) Bcbola Prahhn and Poramde Pandit ministers of peace 
and v&r, and Pfldhi Oovon (Ku ?) the minister of jastice and of 
finaaoe. 

On a smalt hill about two miles to the south of the villagoof Mora 
are two GoverameDt houses, one for the use of ibe Collector of 
TfaAna^ tho other of the resident officer of the customs department. 

In Earanjon, a Baasein village aboab ten miles north-east of 
Matiikuur. wis fuuud an ioBcribed stone, 4* 10* long by V 7" broad 
nod 7' thick, which is now in the Collector's garden at TbAna. 
bove. between Bgnros of tho sun and moon, begins an inscription of 
irteen linos iu dim spoilt letters difliciJt to re*d. All that can be 
la oat, and even this is doubtful, are in the third aud fourth lines 
words ' tho illnstrions Hartpaldev^ the chief nf the MaliAmanda- 
l^shvars, adoniml with all the royal titles.* HanpAl, it appears from 
another stone inscription, waa a SilhAra king who ralea about tho 
end of the eleventh century. 



Karavjoi 



writing Vodtc \«*X», 'going atsp by 



* Kigan ■• prob>bljr Ni^iOB thni milw narlh-wast of Ctiiaiab' 
' Kmmn u s pwnlUr in«th4Mj of reading uid writing Vodtc t«x _ , 
rlte|> ' u oklled mooum the rviding prooeedt fn>Di tfap nrst namW (word or title) to 
llw woonil, then Iha niNMnil ia npoated wnA connocUd witli tlie thin), the third 
Mtod md connoctotl niLb Uie fourtli and m pn. 

Tho paru»Aa dramma waa pmhatil; ft Kilutnipa mmo currait in \hv Stthim 
itorjr. lu v«lae wu *tK%ut M. Hat.). Butfid, (4 tu.\ bad th«>npmhiibl]r a* mtKli 
rchMing |Mwer u ^. <!(«, 1) bw now. Puidtt RhagvAnlll IndrAji. 



lfiomb»7 Quntenr. 



DISTRICTS. 



Earjat. 




KahxIi-ji or 



Chtpt«r Xlv. Karjat, tte bead-qaarters of the Kaijat Bub-dirision, witi, in 
naoH of Infetreit. l^'^l. » poptilation uf 692, is a railway station, sixty^two mUea ewt 
of Bombay and about fire miles south of MAtberan. 

Tho railway rotnrnsshowa £alliD goods from 3642 tons in ISTSto 
26ie in 1B80, and an increase in passeageni from 42,032 to 50.161 
Karjat was a mere village b^oro the opouing of tho milway; since 
then the population has greatly increased. It stands on the vya& 
bank of the UlhAa river, which, running down the Elonkan Darrijk 
rartne, entors the plain below mjm&chi fort. Formerly th* 
m^mlatd&r'a oflBoe was about three-quortere of a mile distant ti 
Onhivali village on the oppoaite bank of the river, but, since 18CJ, 
his office has been held in new buildings in Korjat, complotod at • 
cost of £2035 (Rs. 2t>,31<7). There is also a post office, a rest-botue, 
and a 8chool> and quarters (ot railway drivers aud guards, 

KarnalaFort, north latitadol9°53' and east longicade 73^10*, 
«tao<U, on a bill lofiO feet high, a few milea north-west of Uu 
Vegavati river aud eight milea south of Pauvel. Ita command of 
tht) high road between tho Bor paas and the Panvol and Apta riven 
must, from the earliest times, have made Karn&la a place of 
impurtance. The hill has an upper aud a lower fort* In the oeutre 
of ihc! upper fort is thu funnel, an almost inaccessible basalt pillar 
from 100 to 150 feet high. The scarp that forms tho outer fort is 
crest«d by a masonry wall, entered through a gate in the uorth-west 
oomer. Through the gate a path leads, across the plateau of Uie 
lower fort, to the scarp that forms the inner or upper fort, which, like 
the undorscarp, is crested by a wall. Two gateways, one at the 
foot and the other at the top uf a flight of rode -cat steps, lead to a 
double gateway with a chamber between. Between theee gates and 
the funnel rock are some ruint>d buildings, and, at tho north bam 
of tho funnel, is a series of excavations some for store-houses others 
for water. The funnel is locally known as the Pfinda's tower, but 
there is nothing in the excavations that suggests a religions origin. 
The funnel is full of bees and tho natives sometimes climb it to 
got their honey. One or two Koropeann are said to have reached 
the top with the help of ropes and laddfra. The soDth-wost of the 
hill is better wooded than the north, and commands a beautiful 
view of the island -studded harbour of Bombay and of the sea 
beyond. There are two inscriptions in the fort, one ilardtbi the 
other Porsian. The MarAtbi inscription is oa the inner side of the 
lower gate. It has no date and tho words are so contracted that all 
attempts to read it have failed,^ The Persian writing outside tho 
uppor gate runs ' Syed Nuruddiu Muhammad Kb&n Hijri 1146' 
Ca.d.1736}. 

According to Major Jervis, under tho DevgiriTAdavs (1248-1318) 
and under the Musaltndn (1318-1317) rulers of Danlatabad, Karujila 
was the head-qaari*rs of one of the districts of the north Konkan." 
In 1540 it was taken from its Qujar4t garrison by a body of 
Abmadnagar troops. The Gujar&t commanders came to Bufisein 



* For dcUiU KM Appendix A. 



' Jervis' Eoukui, 81. 



^m 



^ 




KoiikaA.] 



THiNA. 



KakhAla or 
FcitKKL Htm. 



^Bid asked the Portngiieee to help them in gaining it bock. Tho Chapter ZIT. 

^Portiifrnese sent 800 Ktiropenns, took tlie place, hdu restored it to pUoes of Intemt. 
Gujarat, Shortly after tlie ALmaduagnr troops again advanced 
against Kamaln, and the Gnjantt cotnintinder retired to Bassein 
and made over the right to the fort to the Portngoeso, on condition 
that they should ondertake its defence. MenesKs, the Captain of 
Bassein, came tu the reHciie of the Cort, and put the beeieEriug army 
to flight.' Afterwarda thfi Portugaoao Viceroy, to gain tho triondship 
o( thu Ahmadnagar king Burhfln Nizjlin Sh&b, )ianded bim the fort 
ou h'\s agreeing to pay a yearly sum of £1750 (r>000 gold parddoa).* 
In 1670 Shiv^ji took RamAla from tho Moghals. Ou Shiv^ji'a death 
it was recovered by Aurangxeb, and the Persian writiug given above 
floems to show that it was kept by the Moghals at U^t till 1735. 
It moat have shortly after posted to tho Mar&thiis, as by 17iO tho 
Peshwa's power was established all over the district." In May 1803 
m party of the 13tb Rogimont, N.I., in tho interest of tlio Pcshwa 
^jinto, attacked and carried the fort by forcing the gate. In 
January 1818 Colonel Prother took it from the MarAthAs.* In 1863 

^^e defences were minoua. But water and aapplies were procurable. 

^P Ea'sa'ra in ShAhiSpur, with, inl881,a population of 1067, is a 
'statiou ou the uorLh-uabt branch of tho Peninsula railway aboat 
twenty-two miles north-east of ShAhilpur. Before tho opening of 
tho railway through tho Tal pass, KiU^ra was a largo trade centre; 
since then it has greatly fallen oS. It has a reat-house both for 
Eiaropoans and natives. Tho station traffic returns show an increase 
in pMsengers from 12,120 in 1873 to 18,203 in 1880, and in goods 
from 907 to 1184 tons. In ISSJ the village was deserted and the 
Collector had to remit assessment and settle a guard in tho village 
to induce tho people to come back," This attempt seems to have 
failed. Two years later. Captain Clunes notices it as a deserted placo 
with one well. He remarks that the settlement of KKsdro, whose 
people had fled during the two previous years because of the 
upprt-ssive system of pressing labourers, would be a great gain to 
triHjjisnud travellen^. Tliongh called KauiirH. the railway st^on is 
at MokbovAne abont two miles to the south. 



EisiBA. 



Kelve Ha'him, north latitude 10'' 40' and east longitude 72° 47', 
ft port and tho hoad-quart-crs of tho MAhim sub-division, with, in 
188), a populatiou of 7122, stands about 6re and a quarter miles 
westof tho PAlghar station of the Baroda railway with which it is 
connected by a good road. The village of Kelve, whoso namo is 
almost always Joined with MAhim, lies ou the other side of a creek 
about two and a half miles to the south. 

The coast is very rocky. A reef, partly dry at low water, stretohoa 
for about two milea from the ahoro, and two miles further is another 



Kelvb Miam. 




> Ds Conba'i Chaul ukI BftSMin, 40-41 ; Foru in Kerr, VL 36& 

^Fdiwra .Sab9i<li<», 11. 117- 120. quoted in Di Cunlu'i Bunb, 41 ; Do Conto, IV, 
]b*-HO} ; Col. do Mon. In^rl. V'll. 118 ; On C^nba's BuMtn, 42. 

■linot Dutr, 110. Tliu Bombajr R«cortla Id maitiAnuig tbit atao aajr, 'Tin 
M*r*thia mdrancod by tbrowing up brcaatworka of asrth and boeMb whidi ibey 
cmrrioci bvforo thatn. ' 

• UtH Book I&IO Wu in XMrne'e Konku, 111. ' Mr. W. B. Mttlock, C.S. 




IBom'bfty QaiettMr, 



IDS 



DISTRICTS. 



Chapter XIV. 

Pl&oes of Interest. 

Kklvs UAiniL 



Sitlorji. 



pAtch of rocks oovered with about eigbteen f&ek of water. On tbe 
coaat, in front of ihe town of Kelve> is ii littJe ilfltac^hed nick fort.' lu 
1034 both the Mahim and Kelve rivenii were blocked with sandbanks 
Jo ISSI, of 7122 people, 6947 wora Hindus, 140 Muoalmtliis, 
Christians, 5 Jains, [U)d.onu a Parsi. 

The town of MAhim, though well sitaated, is crowded with 
and vegetation, and is unheraJthy dnriog the greater part of tho year* 
The mnnicipality, which was established in 1857,^ had, in 1880-d1, 
an income of £2t}9 (Rs. 3ddi>), representing h taxation of about lOdL 
(6 fw. 5 pies) a hood. The revenue is chiefly collected from octroi 
uid hotue and boat taxes. The expenditnre, during tho same y«UT, 
amounted to £287 (R8.2872), most of which wae spent on roads. 
The &ea trndo returns for the five years ending 1878-79 show, for 
Kelve, average exports worth £3672 and average imports worth 
£2147. Bxpoi-U varied frwm £1106 in 1877-78 to £6285 in 187t>-77 
and imports trom £1225 in 1876-77 to£3131 in 1877-78. In Hihim 
exports averaged £4072 and imports £2789. Exportn varied from 
£674 in 1876-76 to £7015 in 1978.79 and imports from £1411 in 
1876-77 to £47ii9 in 1874-75.» 

Besides the chief local revenue and police offices, M&him has 
post office, a dispensary, and two schools. The public ofBceH, whi _ 
are built on the standard plan, stand immediately to tho oast of th 
fort. 'I'hey were completed in 1876 at a cost of £4354 (Rs. 43,540). 
Tho disponsary, established in lb72, is under tho charge of an 
assistant sur^on, and issupport^ed by a Government grant of £-920, 
a local funds grant of £140, and a municipal grant of £43. llie 
attendance in 1880 was 6774 out-door and 34 in-door patients. 
Near the dispensary is a rest-house built by Vikiiji Mohrji about 
1825, The new school housej opposite the public offices, was built 
at a cost of £751 (He. 7610). It has room for 200 boys. In 1882 
a tombstone with the inscription ' This f^ravo belongs to Don 
PVancisco Balbora de Magalhacns, Km'ght Fidalgo of the Uonsa 
of Uis UajoEty, and of his wife Quiomar de Siqncira> and of his 
heirs * was foand in tho comor of the cocoa-palm garden close to 
tho fort and to the mtodatddr's office. This stone i« now in tbe 
CtJlector'a garden at ThAna. There seem to have been ton or 
twelve other tombs Dear where this slab was found, but their sta 
have been removed. 



Aocording to tradition, at the close of tho thirteenth cen' 
Kelro MiUiim was taken from ita NAik chief by Bhimdev, the 
of Bombay-^fiihim. It passed to the Delhi Musalmfins about 1350j 
and from theiu, perhaps about 1400, to the Qnjar&t kings wlio kept 




' Ttjlor'fl Sfcilins THnctory, 372. 'MnniciiwU Rtrport for 1679-80, IS. 

* Gov. Rm. 44 ol lat .Tknuarj- l&^7. 
'* Kclv« WM made it aepAraUi mnuicipAlily in 1866 (Oov. Rm. 3lM nf I9ili Oulol 

18S6) but sbolisbwl in 18;4. (Qov. Rca. 2Mfl of I Ith ScptMnlMn- 1874}. 

• The dctMli for Kdva m : Kzporta, 1874-7« £4868, 1^8-76 £4209. 1 876-77 _ 
Ja77-78£II06, 1 878-79 £S896;Importa. 1874-78 £2686, 1875-76 £1885. 1876-77 £!_ 
J877-78 £3131, 1878.79 £2909. Tlw aetaila for Mihim an : RnKWls. 1874-76 £«7; 
1873-76 £574. 1676-77 £M24. 1877-78 £4966. I8;8;il £7066 ; Imports "1874.76 M7< 
1876 76 JC»6a6. 187«-n £1411. 1877.78 t339», 1878-79 £2892. 



sbT 



Kbofcukl 



THXNA. 



190 



it tiU it wmi Uk«n hy the Poitagueae aboai 1533.* In 161S it wag 

■ttac-keU bv iheliogiadA btu bnvely ■&<! anooewfalk deEeud^. In 

16^4 rV la Valle apemks ol two toww »t lUbim. Ixt h>34 tbe 

town U dcfloribod u aboot Ibestse of Dibino, wkli muiy orclunls 

%m\ fruit trees ami madi good water. The fort was equal to Dilutoa 

and T&rapar, and was amnd with foor fatass Ucons for isfaootmg 

■tone balb, and had a good store of gnnpowiler and odkeranimnnition. 

Then waa a Porlognese captain, ten Portngneae »oldiezs« ooe naik^ 

ten sepoys, ono inspector of polioej and fonr ooostablee and a torcli- 

bearer. Close to the fort was a village mhabited bj fifty Portofraese 

families, aniung whom there were some of noble birtb> loO native 

Christian famiLes, and 200 slaros who earned arms.* In 1670 

Oarilby mentions Qaelmain as a Gujarit coast town^ called from two 

riUages near the coast, one Kielwe the other M&hi.* Tbe &:»rt and 

TiDa^ of MAim are mt^ntioned by Qemelli Careri (I0U5).* In 

1 72b the fort was dearribed as weak and im^ular, a vory low wall 

of stone and mnd 550 feot long and 250 wide, with three bad 

bastiona looking to iiea and four to land. It was guarded by fifteen 

irieces of ordnance and a garriaon of sixty soldiers seven of whom 

were white. A. stockade at some distance was under a c^toin with 

thirty men.* In January 1739 it was taken by Cbimniiii Apps^ 

' after an obntiimtc defence.' In 1 750 it is mentioned by TieSenthitler 

as a place once under tbe Portugaese then under the MarAth^.' 

^In 1760 a suiall fort to the east of MAhim formed a trian^o flanked 

l^p two fire-.comered embrasareil bastions, aae to the north the other 

^6 the east. The Mihim fort was long, and fori of it was washed 

by the waters of the creek. From the road it appeared a broken 

' fmrtain with nearly mined bastions. Ac Kolve a new fort was 

being built; close by were three deserted towers, a ruined bastiou, 

and A ruined church." Id 176d Hov'6 calls it Kelno chiedy inhabiiud 

Jh- Bsberiuou. The rained church was nsedas a cow-pen." In 1826 

|Helvo had 300 faooaes, a tompto, and twenty export-dealers, and 

^K&him had 1200 honsee and a rost-hoase.^" 

When sarreyed in 1618 M&him fort was of inconsiderable strength 

|||Httd size, an enclosure about eighty feet square. TUo extreme bedgbt 

^^P the rampart, including a parapet Bve and a half feet Ions by three 

' thickj was twenty-eight feot. The principal gateway on the east or 

land face was covennl by a projecting wall three feet thick by aboat 

fonrtcen high. TIiq western face of the fort was washed by the sea^ 

or rather the Mahim creek. On the other three sides was a space 

j eneUieed by a wall of loose stones in which wore a few huts belonging 

to the garrisTin. Strctehiog scroas the whole breadth of thoTort, 

and occupying a third of the origiDal enclosure, was a ruined building 



Nnimc'i Konkan, •£% A UAhim ii tMstuiiuMl io ths ri x tss n th tumlMtf {I064| m 
(Ufvct trade ktiUi Arabia, tmil as cxpoTtJitg line nuliD fhum KkodMufr in tht 
ooan, DABl*Ub«dan<l finrbHiiMir. Tiiii ia jirohablv tlis Bombay MiUiia. Jour. 
tS. B«u. IV. 440, 408 : Jnnr. A. S. Bang. Y-'2, Ml. 
F* Chnm de Ti.- III. 217-218. ■ Ogilby'a Attaa. V. «J8. iU. 

• CJinrvliiira Voyage*, IV. IW. • O Ckwa. do Tia. I. M.ii&. 

Grmnt I^uff. 241 . ' R«. Hiat. ot (ioog. d* I'lndt, L 407. 

An<i>i<:til ita l>crTOD'a Zcod AvMta, I. ocdixkii. ' Uuv4'a Tvitn^ IttH 

'CIuikm' Itinorarr, 13. 




Chapter ZIT. 



naeei of Interest. 
Kklvk UAiua. 



Arta 




{Bombfty OasitMr, 



Art). 



DISTRICTS. 



Cliftptcr XIV. for the accommodatiDn of the garrison nnd Rtorcs. The rest of Uie 
PUcM oflBtvnit sp^ce mis taken np bv a iieglect«(i well of inilifferent vrater. The fori 
was 80 surroanded, to the verj foot, by the' viltaffe and treea thftt 
•n MBailing furce could approach nnperceired. Of later date Lhaii 
the fort, bnt of the Rame heif^ht and joinol witJi it^ waA an bexagoiul 
botitery with ten guns. Below the battery was a casemate or bomb* 
protjf chamber also fur ten gnns. In 1 H62 it was in good oouditioc and 
Htrongly fortified, the stronga-tt fort »oath of Dam&n except AmAU. 
The fort is now (1881) one of the Collector's district bungalows. 

Kelve fort, about two milee south of Mdhim fort, when Hurrered 
in 1816, was a series of pett^ fortificadoiu, consistiiig of a raised 
battery on the north bank of the Danda cr«ek or river, and an 
insulated fort 800 yardH to the west, built at the very mouth of tho 
river. The batteiyf known as AJib&g fort, was an irrDgular pontn^n, 
the longest side not more than forU'-sevon feet, with a thin parapet 
wall five and a half feet high with five openings for cannon. Almost 
the whole inside was filled by minoua baildings. The ontnutoe into 
this work, the platform of which was foarte«n feet high, was by ft 
moTablo ladder. So moalderiog was the escarpment that the 
liattery did not seem strong enough to resist even a slight attack. 
Opposite the battery the river was moi-e than a quarter of a mile 
broad at spring tides, but waa fordable at low water. The fort at 
the month of toe river, which is known as Pdnhnnij, lay SCO rards 
to the west of the battery, and was about the same height and not 
l«s ruinous. Cross walls divided it into three parts^ the centre, 
containing a neglected reservoir seventy-three feet oy forty-air, and 
at the ends two projecting batteries, each with five ombraaurea and 
a little parapet four feet thick. Over the battery, towarda the sea, 
was another battery raised on planks with a tiled roof and a dwarf 
parapet mounting seven guns. This battery served to accommodate 
the garrison and stores. Between the villages of Kclve and MAhim, 
at alittle distance from each other, wore a redonbt and battery which 
were in worse order than the fort and battery at Kelvo. Both 
were destitute of stores, of water, and of the means of defence. As 
has been uoticeci in the History chapter the Portuguese found it 
neoGBsary to line with forts the coast between M&him and Amila. 
la the fifteen miles between Shirgaon, a couple of miles north of 
Mihim, and Diintivra close to Amdia, there are remains of sixteen 
forta. Two miles sooth of Shirgaon was the Mahim fort, half a 
mile further south the Fudka tower, a mile further the Madia 
tovtor, then, after another mile, on the north sidn of the Danda creek, 
the AlibAg fort, with the Pto tower in the middle of the creek, 
thoroughly commanding its entrance. On the south side of the 
Danda creek, in the survey village of Khatalo, popularly called 
Danda, stood thcDaudn fori.' Close by is a largo mined building 
known as ktini, a word which Dr. Da Cunha identifies with Quintal, an 
enclosure or garden, attached to a Quinta or country-house. Fine old 



■ DnndA WM rannMrlr B plkce of ooiue(|flence. lo 1570 it ia manboBad m s 
EnrmMUi port trading with liiii>rdt (Mirit-i-Ahnutdi, |SQ), wd lUwVt 1670 itfppvan 
in Budsos u tiudo «l Utc nortli t>t tb« BijApor tuugdooi batmaa AgMfai sad usniD. 
Ormt's Uutoricftl Fragtn«BU, 144. 



^ 



^ 



m 



thAna. 



201 



trees and wolls support this viow. Among tlie ruiDs, lie« a Chftpt«r XIT. 
8touo with a uiucli worn coat of artQB. In DandA, towartU placet ofTBteroit 
Bees ^^ A socoDd. fort knoiru as tlio TAnktcha tower, Booth of 
idaevery nllage, Uaarni, Mathane, Yedvan, Kore, and Ddntivre, '" ""' 

ita fort, while, inland, iu Vimthan, Chatale, and Khatale, taj a 
md lino of foi-tresses, DbavuDgad in Khatale being strongly 
laood on the top of a bill (soo Uhavangad). 

Khala'pur, about six miles nt^uth of Karjat, the li^ad-qnartcrs KaiLArtra. 

Hk Khdlapur petty divJRinn, had, in 1381, a population of 1191, of 

rhom 1169 were Hindus, 10 Musalmtiiis, and 12 Jcwa. Tho town 

' wds on the Panrel and Pouua high road oightcou miles soiith-eattfc 

Panrel, six south of Chauk, and fivo north-west of Khopivlion tho 

Itdguigft rirer, across which a dam has boon thrown at a coat of 

>9 (K8. 590). There is a Governuit*nl office, a rest-house, a school 

ise boilt in IS77 at a coBt of £352 (Rs. 3520), and a small pond 

lied Mhasolo. It woa here that in his rotroat from the Bor pasH 

Panvel, in April 17S1, Qcneral Goddard waa harassed by about 

1,000 Maritthf&s. Ho kept thorn nt bay but lost 44JG men, eighteea 

of whom wore officers.' 

Ehardi, about twelve miles north-east of Sh&h&pnr, ia astatiou oa Khabu. 

L^be north-east branch of the Peninsula railway. The statiari traffic 
^Beturns show an increaae ia passeager& from 8500 in 1873 to 16,096 
^Bn 1880, and in goods from 7^G to 2537 tuns. Iu 1827 CIuiios notices 
^B^hardi an a market town and a usual halting-ploco with so reiity- five 
houses, three shops, several wells, and a fine grove of trees.* 

Ehopivli, formerly known as Campoli, is a small village of 515 Kaortvu. 

pet^plQ, on the south-east frontier of tho district, on the Poona- 
Panvcl high road livo miles south-east of Khil^por. The Peninsula 

KEuIway has a branch to Khoptvli which ia open for tratlic during tho 
ur weather, Ehopivli is at the foot of the Dor pass inclino> abont 
600 foot bolow Khandiila on the croat of the Sahjfidris. 
The place is chicily remarkablo for n fmo reservoir 1.8 J acrce in area, 
■ud a temple to AialUidev built by the Peshwa's celebrated minister, 
Nrtna Fadnavis (1790-1800).' In 1779 tho Bombay uipedition, 
I which was to have set Hiighnba in power in Poonn but ended in the 
^^nfortunate convention of Vadgaou, had, on their way to Poena, 
^^■pveral skirmishes with the Marathos at Khopirii, in which two 
^Blnglish officers were killed.* In 1801 Lord V'aientia described it as 
^^Hose to the foot of the pass, sumjunded by forest-covered hills with 
^K vety fine reeorroir and a noat temple.' In 1825 Bishop ITeber 
^^allcd it apretty village with a fine reservoir and temple of Mahidev,* 
' and. in 1831, Mrs. Wilson described it as finely situated commandiug 
a picturet>quo view of the Poena rood.' 

Koj Port," in Ooreb vilhige, about ton miles west of YAda, Km fowr. 
stands on a lull lOOG feet high, and can be roochodonly up a ravine 



I 



■ Grant Doff, 44G. ^ Itinorory, 51. 

* Thero WM mUo » bread-hoUM, or auun^hkntrn, to [<»J all comen. TUe baUiUtijf 
» hpun pDll«<t down, Iml tli« hiUK cnihUnu ntuuM lie clow t>y. 
•Bamt.»vmi;81.l78. •Travcla. II. Ul. • NarrOive, D. 500- 

» Mn. WilKm'a I jfe. Q2i. 

■ U tra<liU0Q ib to Ik beliovut 1^ MatitbAs l>ui]t il ia 1692. Mr. CBinintk C.S. 



auptor XIV. 

PImm 9t la tercet 

Km For. 



KOLI-KAtT^iT. 



nmi Cmvmm. 



formM by two projecting nran. In 1818, nearW at the head of 
the liill, 400 yard* to the iontn of the opper fort and commanded by 
iti waa a gateway with low ruiuous works ou each side stretching 
Croo one «par to the o^ht-T. On a lerrl space abcnt halt way betWMO 
the gateway and the upper fort were the rtuns of a redoaht. To the 
wast, from 150 to 200 feet below ibe upper fort and piissing a littl< 
beynod it, a path used to lead to the plain below, bat it bad long 
been impauable. The ascent to the upper fort was steep, the latter 
pari of it by steps exposed to a doable enfilade from a detached 
tower and from works over and on each side of the gateway, betwypn 
two projectiug towers, uinc* fvet apart and situated about half way op 
on the wcHt^-rn fai;e. Tbe top of the hill waa about iOO yards loQg, 
and, in many plaoes, not more Chnu Forty broad. Koundtlie greater 
part of the hiil the cliff was so sheer that the worlcR were almoit 
entirdy con6ned to the southern and western sides, where, according 
to the nature of the ground on the ontaide, they I'aried from t«D to 
twenty-five feet high. The fortifications looked as if they had beeo 
neglected for years. The cement of the best part was wusUed away, 
and except a dwarf wall here and there, the wnrka were little better 
than haaps of loose Atones. Within the fort the only buildings of 
any consequence were a gnu&ry, a store room, and a bouM> for the 
mrrison. The water-HUppIy was frtun nine cisterns cut in the rock 
ID the plain to the west of the upper fort, and a t«nth cistern oatdida 
of the gateway. In 1662 tbe fort was ruinous ( water wsa pleatiful 
bat food supplies were not available. 

Kolai, a port ahoat 6Fteen miteH north of Umbargaou, bad, during 
the fire years ending 1878-79, average exports worth £7811 and 
imports worth £388. Exports varied from £6212 in 1877-78 to 
£10,951 in 1876-77, and importa from £149 in 1874-75 to £111910 

1877-7a« 

KoU-Kalya'a, an alienated rtllage in Salsette, two miles west 
of Kiirla. ha*) a Uhrii^iiau population of about 17'i0 aouls and a 
church built by the Portngucsf find dedicated to Our Lady of 1'^]'l>t 
It mca'iures ninety-one feet long by forty wide and twonty-nine 
high, i» in good repair, and has a sanctuary and three altsn) differMit 
from those of other churches. The priest has a honse and la paid 
by the British Government £1 lOs. (Ka. 15) a month. There ar» 
two schools founded and endowed by Mr. WAdia, the owner of the 
Tillage, one Anglo- Portuguese with forty and the other Portuguese 
with twelve pupila The Koh-Kalydn church has, in the \-illagB of 
Sh&bar, an nlHlinted chapel of Our Lndy of Health, which was bnilt 
in 1846 by the Rev. Mathews Salvador Rodrigues, and meadurea 
forty.five feet long by twenty broad and aeveateeu high. 

Tbe Eondivti or Maha'kal * Caves form two rows, one oF RIteni 

' Tht, drtwii WW. ZxpnrU. 187H-7S £fi738. IS75-7« £8338, 1876-77 £ia!UI, 1877-78 
JEfiSia. 1878-79 X67fl8! Iraiwrls. 1874 73 £149, I875.7e Jil69, 1876.77 i"2r.7. 1877-711 
£1119, lS7a-7« eiHT). 

' M*}iil[ll, or tfa« great il«tnij'«r ii uue uf tbv (prou of Shir. Tliia Bnthni&iuc nans 
mar have ariMn from ths Bnluiiuia telUiig the people that the rclio sUricui fai tha 
i^iaf cav« lIX. ot thn tonth-west luwt) wm a irrcat liao, jaat aa thay daatmycil the 
r«m«nibraiir« of BudilhUta by nfUMdilUg the bUxy tlut Ihnr mvw wctv tb« wvik of 
kh« rtadava. 



^ 



Kowotvn CATi& 



DHV03 on tiie south-east Eacc and one of four cavos on the north- wosi Chapter XIV. 
face, of a low 6at-topped range of trap breccia, about foor milca pimej oTlntfir«t. 
iorth<Mi)t of the Andheri station on the Bai-oda railway. The 
kree are Buddhist, probably between the second and sixth 
antnries. They are small, many of them liltle more than cells, and 
inch rained Croia the tiavred and crumbling nutare of the rock. 
}ni Andheri, the excellent Kurla high n)nd leads east through 
landa and mango orcbardA, with wooded rorlcy IcnolU, two 
iTlee to Mulguon, or about four miles round by Marol. The easiest 
i^to see the Kundifti caves is to go and come by Murol, a targe 
about a mile from the sonth face of the hill. The plea^ante^t 
I iH to leave the high road at Mulgaon, and, by a good cross- 
>autry tract, to nind about two inilca thruugh waving uplands, 
jttily wooded with mangoes and hrab palms, round to thcj north 
of the hill, see the north line o£ caves and the burial mouuds, 
the south line, pass Booth through the land» of Yihirgaon sbout 
mile and a half to Marol, and, from Mnrol, go back to Andheri by 
le high road. This round gives a total distance of about nine miles. 
On the oast bank of the ^tulgaon pond are the ruins of an 
loventh or twelfth century Brahman temple, an underground 
Juddliist water cistern (a.d. 100-500), and some old bricks probably 
tuddhist.' From the north, among the waving uplands, the 
kondivti caves are hard to find, as tbc hill rises only a few feot above 
lie general level and as the caves are in a hollow hidden by trees 
id brushwood. About fifty paces north of the caves, in a small 
lound of smooth black trap, is an underground wat<*r-cietern with 
_ po openings, about three feet four inches aquare and four feet apart. 
About fifty paces south of this cistern is the north row of cavea. 
They face the north-west and command a wide view, across a sea 
of brab palms and a rich belt of rice land and mango groves, to the 
month of the Rasseiu creek. In this row are four small caves 
probably from the fourth to the fifth eentary. Beginning from the 
east, C^y\f I., a dwelling cave, has a veranda (13' 7" longx5'4-* 
broad) with two sciuaro pillars and two pilafttere, a oiatem in tbe 
left corner, and a atono bench in a recess on the right." The 
veranda opens into a plain hall (S" lO'x 1&' 10*). with a bench on 
the right wall, and colls (ahout 6' 0" x G'fi" high] on the left and 
back walla. Cavo 11. has two doors and two windows in the front 
vvall. It is about £ftoen feet square and eU feet high, without 
carving or pillars, and, except that it has no stone bench ronnd it, 
looks like a dining hall. A door in the east wall opens on Cava 
III. Cav^ 111. is very like a Kauheri cave. It enters from a 
courtyard 0^^ 1^" ^ ^^1 ^>th a stone bench and cistern on the 
right. From tho court four easy steps lead to a veranda, with a 
low front wall, carved in the Buddhist rail patt^m, divided in the 
centre by a doorway, and with two eight-sided pillars. The 
Teranda (IT'xO') han a atone bench at each end. The hall, which 
18 entered by a plain door, measures nearly fourteen feet square by 
•boot eight feet high. In the aide walla are cells, and, in the back 



Dctftib an givea nnd«r Mulgaon. * hull ind rigbt us viiitor's laft and righl 




^ 




Bombty Oueciw. 



Chip ter XIV. 
FUcM of luterHt 



mSTUlCTS. 



wall} in a door, with side pilasteni surrotinded hy a belt of tnceij, 
cot in A rough check patloni.' The door opons on a Hfarine 
(8' 3" X 7' 2"), which bos an altar in tho back wall with a hole and 
sockets to snppurt au imaga On a narrow front o( rock, between 
Cavi?» in. and IV., a rt»lic shrino or dttghoha is carved. Cave IV., 
a dwelling cave, has a long- veranda (arxS*), with ten' roQnd- 
capitalloil pillars, and a cistern at tho right end. Tho hall is plaia 
about fifteen feet aqnoro. It has two side roooHsca, aad^ in tho back 
wall, a nicho, aboat six inches deep and two (oet aqnaro, perhaps For 
a relic sbriiiu. Thu low walls, against tho right side of thecavi?, aro 
nindcrn, i-ho remains of a liquor atill. Thoao four L-aTPS are all 
much of the same age, probably tbo fourth and 6fth oonturies, later 
than thd Chapel Care (IX. of the south row), which was probably the 
origin of tho monastery. About 6fty yanls in front of the north 
row aro uudur-grouud ciateras, with four openings, each about ono 
foot ten inches square. In the wooded hollow, about thirty yards 
farther to tho woat, are throe or fonr broken tomb-stones, apparently 
urigiually Hquars below and rounded above and from two to foor 
foot hij^'h. To tho south, about thirty feet aboro thei>e broken tomb- 
stonea, is the bare flat hill-top, about fifty yardH broad moet of it a 
rounded sheet of trap. About ten feet above the north caves, the 
rock has been hollowed, two or three feet, into a shallow bathiog 
pond, which is now dry. About ten yards further SKtath, hidden in 
bnuhwood, lies a broken pillar about fonr foot long and three foet 
square at the base, rising into a round broken-toppeil t^hafi. This 
is probably the tomb-atone that stood on the top of tho monud 
about fifty yards to the south. This burial mound, or atupfi, has 
been a ronnd dome of brick and dressed stone about twenty-seven 
feet acrosft the base. The centre has been opened and ridud, and 
bricks and dressed stones are strewn about. A yard or two to the 
south-east is a Htnaller bnrinl mound about nine feet ncruE» tho base. 
To the north -cast is a rock-cut passage, perhapa a quarry. Close by, 
the surface of the rock is roughly dressed into two stone scate, one 
a Tl'W fcL-l above the othor. The upper seat was probably for tbe 
teacher and tho lower seat for his aisciplos. The seats hare a fin« 
viow both to the north and to the south. Close at hand are the 
barf* top and upper slopes of the hill, with sheets of trap and 
BtretchoB of hloochod grass brtiken by clumps of prickly-poAr, a, few 
Ktuuted withered teak trees, some old deop-grecn rnjunx, little 
hrmtks of brushwood, and a sprinkling of tall black pillar-Uke brab 
stems. North the viow falls gently, across a sea of green brah tope, 
to the rich belt of rice-grunnd and mango gardens from which nae 
tho withered rounded fi>rin.i of the Aiidhon and Osarn hills. To tho 
Borith, beyond tho hill slopes, brown with grass irith many brab 

gklnis aud some stuuted teak, in a wooded rice couutry, are kho 
nake or Sarpdla take, the smaller Bttrlyili |)ond, and tbo large 
Church Pond or DevabUftn Taldv with the ruins of a gre«fe 
FortuguesQ church. About half a mile to tho south-west is tho 



■ This t>"tt«ni ic Mill vmhI in KftthUw-Ar. where it is known as Uie SojKaridU rcl 
or the BudiUiut <7) boniw-iMUcra. Pwdit BIujcvaoIaI. 



mi 



^^ 



Titlugo of Kondivti. Beyond Koadivti, rioe-fieUIa and » wooded 
rollinf^ conntry stntch to the fau« rounded back of Tromhay. On 
Ihd Boutb-e&Bt rise the withered slopes of diAadavli^ with a 
sprttikling of bmb trees, and, to the uorth*castj the bolder VehAr 
' Is and a long stretch of the Vehiir lake, 

A few yards south of the teacher's seat is an ondergroond water 
tern, and, a littlo on one side, aro holes in the rock for planting 
pillars of a c-aaopy. To the wesi of the big bnrial mound, eight 
nine steep rock-cot steps, somu of them brokca, lead down tfaa 
th face of tho hill to tbu sooth row of oaves. In a level spu^ 
front of the Kteps, is a heap of dressed stonea apparently the 
ins of a Buddhist temple, which has been about twelve foot 
square. The middle has been opened probably in search of 
Aboat twenty yards behind the temple, in a low scarp. 
idden with iaileu rock and brushwood, is the south line oE 
teen cares, all of ihero small and making little show, and most 
tbem in bad repair. The caves are numbered from west to 
oast. In the west end, the month of Cave I. is filled with earth 
within two feet of iLs roof. The veranda has had two plain 
uare pillars and two pilasters. Gave H. has a front veranda wall, 
four feet high, whoew face la carved in the Buddhist rail 
From tho wall rise four plain square pillara seven feel 
, t1)c tniddle pair about six and the side pairs about three 
apart. Bviow tho veranda floor (about 7|'x22|') is a water 
tern with four openings (3' fi" x S') formerly covorod wilh slabs, 
tho right the wall has Ullen, and, on the left, is an opening into 
Cave I., which is a small plain room (9' ^XS* Q" and 7' high) with 
a good deal of earth ou tho door and a recess in the north wall. In 
the middle of the back wall of tho veranda of Cave II. is a door 
with hve-sidod pilaetcnt, and, outside of the pilasters, a belt uf 
checked carving, cut some inches into tho wall. Inside ia a plain 
pill&rless chapel (23'8''x 15'x 10'), with an altar for an iuutge in 
the back wall. The side walls of tho hall are full of socket holoe 
for wooden pegs, wLich Bouin to have hold a rich woodon wainscot.' 
On tho left wall arc two hollows, apparently the IwginniDg of a 
coll which was stopptrl by a tlaw in tho rock. The cave is probably 
of the fifth or sixth ocutury. Cave lU. is a monks' dwelling. Liko 
Cavo I, it is nearly filled with eai-th. Cave IV. is a chattel. On tho 
right wall of the entrance court, outside of the veranda, is a roughly 
c<arvL'd scvon-huodeH cobra, about fonr feet and a half long and one 
foot nine inches across the hood. Close beyond tho cobra is a 
watur cistern. The cobra is perhaps coniieclud with Lbc SarpiUa or 
inako pond at the foot of the hilt. TIic outtr wall of tho 
nda had four eight-sided pillars without capit-als. Tho veranda 
bout 3& X 9 1) opens on the left into C«ve 111. The baok wall of 
the veranda has two windows and two side doorways owning on 
n ball or chapel thirty-five feet long and twenty-five broaa. At thft 
aides are utsles (1'^' x 7' 0") with two pillars in front and three plain 



Pbee* of latanst. 
KsvDtrn Cai 



wai(3 

^Kera 

^^bo 




' Thi-ax- hnlcH nt-iiit throe in<'hctt hjuftrv ui<l tlir«« iDcb«i doop aecn to bo f*VDUrit« 
Dpiiif; Iwi-tliH 1m uak^i. Visitt/n wuuld do vrvU to aroid going too our tiuj walk. 
r. Ut CouBuv. 




IBomb»7 Oaxettoer, 



DisTiucrs. 



Cb«ptcr_XIV. 

.riMMof IntarMt 
Cats. 



cells (nboat 7'x7'x T) bohiod. In the faw^ nail of the hall is & 
shrino vritli a centml and two sido doors, the central door opentD[ 
ou oil uu&uUhed nhapol (12' x G'). This is older tbua Care 11., ati< 
perbapa belongs to Ihe tliird or foarth ceutnry. Cave V. ia a suatl 
dwollnig with a veruuda and an toner ccH. Cave VI. has a veraada 
about, foor foot broad, with, at ihu left end, » small cell with two 
stone benches and inside a second cell with one bench. At the 
bock of the veranda wall is a rough chamber, and there tis another 
chamber at the rig-ht end of the wall. Cave VU. has a veranda foor 
feet broad opening on a hell (12' x 12') with »ido oclls and a shrine 
in the back ivalT. The walls are much broken. Cave VIU. i& 
entered from VII.; it is small and broken. Cave IX. in a chapel, the 
nont interesting, and probably the oldest, in the group. A ruined 
veranda about four fe*t broad leads into a hall [\venty-6ve feet long, 
eeventeen and a half feet broad, and nine feet high. In the right 
wall are some carved figures. The bock wall is cut into a ronnd 
lower'liko shrine, with a central door (<i' if' xT 8" ^igh) and two 
side stone- latticed windows (-T S^x'i' 5'). This ehrine fills the 
whole of the back wall, from which it bulges about five foet, 
forming a semicircle about twenty feet (cum end to end ; and. 
about 7' S" from the ground, with a round eave about a foot deep. 
Inside, this ronnd hut-like ahrin e measures about thirteen feet 
across and ri»e« in a dome about fourteen and a half feet high, lo 
the centre stands a whitewashed rock daghoba or relio shrine, 
aboat twenty-three feet round the baae, ending in a cone about 
eight feet high. About four feet from the floor is a belt, about 
six inches brood, carved in tbe Buddhist rail pattern, and, on the 
top, are four holes for an umbrella. Round the relic shrine is > 
passage about three feet broud. Aboot the middle of its top, ■ 
Haw in tlie rock has split the relic shrine into two, the cleft parsing 
right to the floor. On the outside wall of the roandod hnt^lika 
shrine, above the east or right lattice window, ia a Piitli ^jgyj^on 
of two lines, each lino two feet niiio inches long. The letters are of 
abont the third century, very closely like those of the Rudra Ddma 
inscription at GiruAr in south KAthiawar. It runs, 'Gift of a Vihir, 
'ittimba a Hi-ahman of tho Qotamas gotra, an 
.ama.'' This rounded hut or shrine is very 
like one of Asoka's (b.c. 250) round huts at Danibar hill near Gay& 
It is not found in any other oavc in Western India, and, as far as 
is known, oocnrs in only two other caves tho Loroas RisU and the 
Saddma caves at Bai-abai* iu Beh4r, about sixteen miles north of 
Gaya. Tho sculptures on the oast wall are later than the roeC of 
the cave ; they probably belong to tho sixth century. Of the wall 
Boalptui-GS the one next tbe rounded tower is a aeotodL Buddha, 
teoching'. with two attendants one on either side. "Qis lotus seat 
is upheld by n tive- hooded NAga Hgnro, with, on oiich stdo, a 
Naga woouui with one hood, and beyond her a uuia. ArhaU or saiata 



with his brother, by ['it 
inhabitant of Pschi Kai 



) Tlia PAlI niu : PttttHamdgt nUAamwi j^oAmAniMM OolamattJ-yvtami Pilnlam 
tUfodMama vUdro mMitttutam; fSk^ PvehUtammdnih erijtaffusjrrt MmJiviaMMjia 
OmttatMua^otnufa PittttMya dejftuUarmo wihArak MMniirUwwa. PMhikftm* in 
|wrh>|>« Pachmkrhi, tbe w«ll kaawo C«iitrkl ProviBM hMlth-htll. Nodit BbagvAnUL 



^ 



m^ 



KOttius.1 



tiiAka. 



207 



KoiTDivn Cavm. 



it in the air over Buddha's head Ahoro is a row of six teaching Chapter ZIV. 
im idhaa in smuU panels. To the right is a headless Btaadiog pi^cM ^lateiwt. 

ire, perhftpfl ATalokitenhrar, as he seems to have held a lotus 
jwer over his If ft shoulder, aiid as there is a seated Buddha above.' 
siTiflll worshipping figuTo helow, on the left, is perhapa the 
)n who presented ihe Hculpture.* Ca.ve_X. a little to the east 
18 a monks' dwelling. iL is plain and ruined. The only carving is 
a rough randyko belt at the top of the east wall.* Cave SI. is a 
small broken veranda with two plain pillars and an inner and outer 
lamber for niouks. To the eaet is a passage cut in the rock, 
ive XII. is ruined and confused. The outer wall of the veranda 
al the top, a belt of carvino; in the Buddhist rail pattern, 
le veranda is abont twentv-fivo feet long and aeoms to have had 
image at the left end. 'I'he body of the cave is open to the eaat. 
tt was originally cut oS by a wall. lu the back wore three cells, 
but the partitions ai-e gone. To the left is a chamber. Cave XIII. 
once separated from XII. by a wall which has fiillen. In front 
a courtyard, from which five steps lead to a veranda. On the 
^ght is a cistern. There is an outer and an inner vcnuida. The 
Iter veranda (19' 7" K IS') has a bentrh in a recess at the right end. 
lie onter wall of the inner veranda (21' x 9' ID") lias two pillars 
id two pila.Httirs with rounded cushion-like capitals. Kuined steps 
~ about three feet up into the inner veranda. The outer wall of 
le hall has a central and two side doors. The hall (29' X 28' QT) 
three cells opening fi-om each uthor. The back wall has a central 
shrine and two sido colts. In the centre of the hall is a square space 
about lb' 6" with four large eight-sided corner pillars with rounded 
capitals. The shrine door, at tiie centre of the hack wall, has side 
pilasters and a deep-cut belt of check carving. The shrine measures 
eleven feet long by eleven broad and ten high. At the back is an 
altar which ouce had an image fastened to Ihe wall by sockets. 
The side cells ai-e ahoiit st^ven feet square. Cave XIV. ia a small 
cell. Cave XV. is blocked by a largtj fallen rock. It had a veranda 
with two pTriars and an inner and outer chamber. The door of the 
outer chamber has side pillars and a Iielt of check carving. Au 
ipdergro und c istern beyond Caye_ X.V., and another to tbe left of 



'^ AvsIokHcahvw CUie muiireot or ' tho jntifnl lord*) one Af the BodhiMttvM or 
rDuId-be Ruddhaa, oftau meutloned bj the (.'liiot-xc (lilgnin* Fah [liiin(41.'))aii(IUiweii 
P^twang (trVi) «a tb« protvctor of tbs world and tlio Iotm- anil Mvumr of men, ia 
iiiv»ke<l ia all cMca of tlanger and dwtreaa. He is tlie Buac m Pftdmapaiu (the lotiu- 
bMrer) of HepilcM tnytnolAgy, and ia alao known bv th* pamai of Kamali. 
?iulinaliMAa FatlmAkara, KamuApAni, KamnUbutn, Kamalikara, Aryiralnlutethvar, 
uyrivalokAcnvar, anil lAtknDith. Totbe Clim«Be Iw i« known om Kwan-twO'tiwi, 
[waa-^liai yiu, aud ' lh« Qreat Pitiful Kwsnyiu'. HIh worahip bad an carif origin 
in India. He is Bhr>wn in In'lian si^ulpturcs holding a lotus stalfa in one hand, with 
an opening bnd, and gnnorally *rith a ronar; or jnwnl in thv other luutd llts 
■buudant bair falli in ringlets uii bin *)ivulJ«rM. On oi« forvbtad ii a small figure of 
faia Rpiritualfatherandma«t«r, Amitibha Buddha, tlielonlotSiikliiTiitiorth« IVcstem 
lla[^y Lftud. who is the fourth Dhyiui or dixnne Bnddha. oorrcapondinff to (iautama 
anuMiff tJie human or Mdnuiilii RaddbaN. BiirKuas' Arch. -Sur. Itcp. III. "ih-'Jii, t*or 
lvaIokit«ahv-ar'B litanj-, Kv Boni. Uiu:, XII. 531. J.K.A.S. (New i}«m>«), IL 4U-'11S. 
~' Caw IX. IB locally known u AnaucAa Kantara or tbc granaiy. heoanM of iha 
mdgTiuiary-likc hnt tn the back. Fromtho figurea oitth« wall it ia called Ihewbool, 
'the BoilhlMttru Iming thought to be the mallei' aud the aoatud f{M>.tdhaa tho boi*. 




Plun of Interest 




[Bombaj Qufiiteer, 



208 



DISTRICTS. 



the path down ilio hill comploto tho romaiok of the Kon<3iTti moosji* 
tery. From the foot o£ tho hill, a roach coaDtry track Itaids ituuth, 
al>i)ut half a ruilus ncroRs wiwdoil rice fields, to the Church LiUce or 
Duvalitiha Tahiv ia Vihir^aon vilUjge. The north bank of the lak» 
haa a oloar viow of Koudivti hill, rising from the wooded rtce lands, 
with sloping sides of wiiheivd gnus and patchoa of rock with a 
Hprinkling of brab pahns and mangoes, to a flat cretit thiuty (rinvvd 
by trees. Close to tho top, runs the narrow block bcU of ruck wliicb 
has boon hollowod into cavoe. On tho south side tho hill falls about 
100 feet to the plain. On the north bank of the Church Lake msnj 
kugeAdansonia orbaobabtreoBclusterrouud thuruiusof aPoTtoguuse 
mansion. On tho soutb b»nk is a large and very high peaked rtMiflosa 
Portuguese church with several carved twelfth -centnry Brdfamanic 
stonos. Ou the oast bank is the site of an old Brdhmau temple and 
remains, which show that the litke was ontv aurroandcd with flights 
oE dressed-stone steps. Ou the north are three ponds aud lakes wttb 
old stonesj 

Along a rongh road, abont half a mile south, is Marol a large rieli 
Tillage with an old Inku aud some BrAbmauio stonos near the 
norw-oast corner. About a quarter of a mile to the eaet an* two 
fu;ge nndergrunnd cistema probably Buddhist.' From Moml, a 
roug-bish track lends to the high road which is in such good onlee 
that bullockn do the thi-oo miles to Aodheri in httlo mora than half 
an hour. 

WPiKkCAru. Ko&da'ne, about four mile? south-east of the Karjat station, on 
the soutb-eftstern branch of the Peninsula railway and at the base of 
tUjniAchi bill, has a group of early Buddhist caves (s.c. 250-a.d. 100). 
These cares were first bnjught to notice, about thirty ytars ago^ by 
tho Iftfcc Vishnu ShAstri, and soon aftrr viaited by Mr. Lnw, thon 
Collector of Thina." 'Fliey are in the face of a steep scarp hidden 
by thick forest. Daring much of tho year water trtckloe over tho 
face of tho rock and has greatly damagi^d tho cavoa. 

The caves face north-west. The first to the soath-weal ia a large 
temple, or cAoity a, 00^ feet from the lint! of the front pilhurs to tho 
back of the apse, twenty-six foot eight inches wiilo, and twenty- 
eight feet five inches high to the orowu of the arch. The nave ts 
forty-nine feot by fourteen feet eight inches, and the relic shrine 9\ 
feet in diameter, n*ith a capital of more than usual height, the neck 
being, as at Bhaja, double the ordinary height, and representing 
two roffers, ono above tho other, carvotl on tho sidya with the 
Buddhist rail pattern. The fillet^* that covered this arc decfiyed, ns 
are also the whole of tho lower part of the relic shriue, of the thirty 
ootiigonjil pillars that surrounded the nare, and of one of tho 
irregular pillars in front. Tho space between the front pillars 
eeems once to have been £lled by a wooden wall. There are remains 



* [V(ail« lUT ijii'vu niwlcr ViliirBiuw. 



* I>>CaiU an given under Uarol. 



* Dr. J. WiUiiu'a Memmr in Jirar. Bum. Br. Roy. Aa. Soe. vol Itl. pL 2. p. 4& 
They have also hc«i> foUy do«crih(!d by Mr W. K. SimWr, (* S. Iiid. Ant. V. 309, 
and in Fmrgtwaaa mwI Barj{BM' Cato Ttaiylat oi IjjiUa, 2->0-222, from whi(;Ji the dvUtU 
in Ui« t«j(tftr« taL«tt. 



^ - 



of seiTea pillars on tho loft of the cave, and of six on the south, all Ch&pt4r Xt9. 

with au inwai-d takes proof o£ the oarly dato of the work.' The PUceaoT^tan 

pillars bohiini tho relic shriue, and six near the front, on the right 

aide hare disappeared. On the upper portion of one column, on the *^*»''»**» Oat». 

left, is a device Romething like a nidely canopied rolio shrine. The 

Arched roof has had woodey ytf tB f s aa at KaAb, but they are goaof 

and the only n^oiaios of the woodwork ia a portion of the latcicoa 

screen in the front arch. The fn>iit hoars a strong- likeness to the 

front of one of tho cavoa at Bh^ja. On the left aide, ia relief, is 

part of the head of a humau 6gure about twice the size of life. Tho 

features are doAtroyed, but tho hoad-dress is most carefully finished. 

Over the left shoulder is one line of Mauryan chara cters, of perhaps 

the second century b.c, which has been traiulated ' Hade hj 

Balaka, the pupil of Kauha (Krishna).* 

Over the head of the figure, at the lerel of the spring of the great 
front arch, is a broad outfitaoding bolt^of sculpture. The lower 
portion of this belt is carved with the rail pattern ; the central 
K)rtLOD is divided iuto seven compartnieuti^, three of thotn filled with 
, lattice pattern, and four with human fignro»^ a man in the first, a 
ana wonian in the third and fifth, and a man with a ho\t 
id two women in the seveutli. Over these oompartmeota is a 
ind with the representations of the ends of tie>b(.-aniB or bars passing 
thmngh it, nod then four fillets, each standing out over the one 
lelow, aud the upper half of the last serrated. The correspoDdiog 
_>elt of carving on the right side of the front is much damaged by 
the falling of the rook at the end next the arch. 

A little to the north-east ia Cave II., a monastery or vihdra ^ whose 
veraoda front, except tho left end, is totally deetroyeJ. This 
Toranda was five feet eight inches wide and eighteen fe6t long, with 
ive octagonal pillars and two pilasters. In the eud of thia veranda 
is a raised rc^oi^s, and under a horse-shoo arch 'ia a small rolic shrine 
in half relief, apparently tho only object of worship. Inside, the 
hall ia twenty-throu fuet wide by tweuty-niue deep and eight feet 
three inches high, with fifteen pillars arranged aboat three feet 
apart and 3^ feet from tho side aud back walls, but none acroea 
le frrmt. The upjKir [Kirtiuns of these pillars are square, but about 
U feet from the top they are octagonal ; the bases which were 
probably square hare also gone. In iuiitatiou of a built hall the 
>of is panelled with beams, nineteen inches deep by eight thick 
id 3 1 feet apart, wlucB run through the he&ds of the pdlars, the 
Spaces between the beams being divided by fats© rafters, five isohea 
broad by two deep. Though most of the front wall ia broken, thera 
are throe wide door^ into the hall, and on each side »\x cells, eighteen 
in all, each with a monk's bed aud t1ie first on each side with two 
beds. Over the doors of fourtoen of these cells are carved horse- 
shoe arches, joined by a string course which stands out six or seren 
inches and ia ornamented with the rail pattern. Care III. is a plain 
monastery six yards square with nine much ruined cells. It probably 
<^ad three doors. Cave IV. is a row of nine cells at the hack of 

* FargQHOD, lad. uid SuC Arehit MOi 
a lOM -J7 



d^^^uat^^^^^MSS 




iBwBbBjr Ouat-teor, 



mSTRtCTS. 



Komiu. 



KoTALIOAn 

roilT. 



Ch&ptsr XIT. what now 1oo1e<! tike & naiiirDi bolluw under the cliff. Ruyoiiil tbcm 
PlMaiofintflmt. " * cistoru, now filled wiih um.l, ili&n two colU ander a deep ledge 
of overhanging rofk, nod, lantly, » ftniall cistuni. 

Eopra'd village, toa mOeii north of BAMc>in, baa a ChnstUo 
t>l)im;1i dKlimtfd to tlip Rfipirito Saucto or Boly Olmst with a 
c^ngiTgation of 2i\'t. It is sixty fei*t long by twenty-two broad 
and tnenty-BOven hiuh, and has n lioii<to for the vicar who baa* 
nionlhly allowance of £1 9*. (Rs. 14-8) fntm ibe Bntisb UovemmvoL 
There in a rtolin-playar but do parish school. An insrribod stone 
(a'S'xl'rxVOo'S. ia86, u.Sm (A.t.. 1464)He8(Apnl 1882) near 
the bouw of the headman uf KojirAd a SAiavcdi Br&hniau. 'Die 
inncription i« in DevaniSgari k'ttcrs. It mentions Musalmj^n namea, 
and t-hti unme5 of .^(dbir^, Thnna, Kopntd, and Biinbat^n prubably 
Bhimbdi or Bhiwndy. 

Kotaligad Port, alxMit tUOyardi* long by siirty wide, i» in Peth 
viUayo fi'urEi'cii uiilns nortb-t-'ast of Knrjat and twelve eant nf Norol. 
The village of I'eth stauds on a high but not extenHive tablt?lflnd, 
a projecting tongne of the Sabyadris, out of which rises a tuworing 
rock in sliape like Funnel Hill. The fort is bailt on the top of ihia 
funnel. The aac^nt to the tikbletand is exceedingly ateep, and, in 
many places, exposed to fire from tbo fort gunn. The upper fort 
goanls the Kaulacba and Nakiuda p3BS0f>, und (Commands a view of 
the Kulnmbi pass, though too far nfr Ut defend it It is so difficult 
of &cce%» that a few men c»uld hold it against any force. Below 
the rock is a small reduubi, a gateway, and some worfca in poor 
repair. Tbero are one or two water cisterns. 

In November 1S17 the fort wnii taken for the Pesfawa by a chipf 
named B£|jurdo Lfinibia. Rut a month later (December UO) it was 
retaken by Captain Brooks without loss.' In 1862 it waa in good 
order and had available euppliea of fot>d and water. AL*cording to 
the latest informatiou (Nov. 1880) thera are three wallti and gateways 
to the fort, and a ateep alaircan© cut out of the rock and tn places 
tunnelled through it. Near the top is an old cave with fiue pillara 
like those at Pulu Sonilo. Some old guns about Bve feet long, and a 
fine bronze mortar and iron cannon balls lio about the lower fort. 

Kudus, a villnge of 337 people about nine miles south of V'lida, 
has yearly fair at the tumb of a SJusalni^ Haint in April. May, 
from the seventh of the bright halt to the fourteenth of the dark 
half of Chaitra. The fair is attended by briwef*n thrwe and four 
thousand people from the Vftda, Mfihim, andBhiwndi fub-divisious, 
and several thoutiaud nipeea worth of grnin, cioth, 6sh, copper pots, 
pepper, vegetables, and sweotmcata arc sold. The ehriue haa n graat 
of 68-^ acres of land ; the manager is chosen by Govemmeat, 

Kurla in S&laette, a station on the Peninsula railway ten miles 
mortb-eftst of Bombay^ is with six other villages, Mohili, Kolikalyitn, 
Marol, ShAhir, Asaipe, and Piirjapur, the property of Mr. Ardnsbir 
Hormosji Widia, s Pirsi moruhaut of Bomtmy, who poys for them 
a yearly quit-rent of £358 (Ra. 3587). The villagoa were originaily 



Kirat*. 



* AhUtH Joarnal. VL M ; Mainio'B Konlnui, 113, 



m 



^ 



Konkui.l 



TlLiNA. 



211 



KokL*. 



giveUj iu IH08, to Mr. Hormosji liamaDJi W^ia in exubunge for a Chaptor XIY 

piece of land near the Apollo pier gate in Bombay. The uiffei'ence piac«s of Inter 

botffrcon the value of the tillages and of the ground in Bombay, £66-1 

(Bs. 8(J40)^ was at firut paid yearly toOoverntueDt. It was redeemed 

and tho estate couveyed iu fwe simple in 1810-4!. Karla has two 

cotton mills, one of them, the Dharamsi PuoiabbAi beiog the largest 

cotton spiuniug and weaving mill iu the Presidency, with 1)2.1)94 

Bpindloa and 1280 looms and a capitn] of £600,000 (Ra. 60,0O,0uO). 

It employs about 3550 workmen aud pays in wages about Jt40,0UO 

(Re. 4,00,000} a year. The other is the Knria f^piuuing and 

Weaving Mill witb a capital of £130,000 (Rs. 13,00.000). The 

village lias a population of 9715, about half of them miU-liands, the 

rest chiefly tishert^, IiUBbandmen, and ^ It -makers. The Christians, 

who number about 1.^00, have a chnrch of the Holy Cross, built 

during Portuguese rule and rebuilt in IHiS. It measures 125 feub 

long, forty-seven broad, and forty-five high. It is in gooil orderand 

has a vicarage attached, with a vicar who has a monthly Government 

allowance of £1 (Ka. 10), Attached to the church is a school, with 

an average sttiiiulance of thirty-throe b<»yH who are taught reading, 

writing, aritlmmtir, Christian doctrine, and music. The master 

plays the violin in church. The owner of thy village, Mr. Arde.shir 

Uunnasji Wifdia, contributes I'lu. (Rs. ti) a mouth to the expense of 

the school. On a small hilt, about t«n minutes' walk from the church, 

is a cress believed to have miraculous power. The mnuicipality, which 

was started in 1878, had, in 18rt0-81, an income of £325 (Rs.32l8) 

from house, mill, and lime kilu taxes, representing a taxation of 8d. 

(5 annas 4 pice) a head. The expeudituro during the same year was 

£'213 {Kij. 2I:i5), of which 112ti {Ra. 12o7j went iu scavougiug. The 

station tnUTic returns show an increase iu pa&sengera from 162^68 

in 1872 to 336,898 iu 1880. and in goods from 594 to 8973 tons. 

Tliu MithibSi Hormasji Wjldia Dispensary was built by Mr 
Bamanji Hormasji WAdia in 1855, anrl endowed by htm with £1200 
(Re, 12,000). It is iuchargoof an as^isl-ant surgeon, and, in 1880-81, 
had an attendance of 73t>7 out-paticnt«i. The salt pans cover 
an area of about 66 acres and yield a yearly revenue of £3418 
(Rs. 34,180), There is also a considerable manufacture of shell 
lime. Kurla ia connected with Siou on Bombay island by tho Sion 
caoseway, which bear« tho Following inscription : * This causeway 
was begim in May 1 708 and was finiahcd in January 1806, during the 
administration of the Honourable Jonathan Duncan Ksqnire. It 
cost £.j037 (Rs. 50,371). It was doubled in width, and oihorim. 
provemeots added, in 1826, under the government of the Honourable 
Mountstuart Elphinstone, at a further cost of £4000 (Rs. 40,000). 
The causeway was originally constructed under tho super! ntondonoo 
of Captain William Brooks of the Knginoers, and the additions and 
improvoraents muilo in 182(J under that of Captain William Tate of 
tho same corps.' 

Kurla was a place of some oonsoquenoo under the Porlugaese, and, 
after their overthrow by the Mardthis (1740), bocame the seal of 
Ujw^the native Vicar General of Siilsettfi. 

^^m Lona'd is uu u])<!uat<>d village, alxtut four milus north of Kalyttn, 
^Vabd six miles south-east uf Bhiwndi. Tho village lies abtmt half ^ 



LOKAB, 




(Bombajr Gaxettcer, 



DISTRICTS. 



LoiriJ). 



GiApteT ZIT. mile north of tlie Ulbda riTcr, in a bare rico Bat, broken by low fp»aa 
FImm of Interest, uplands. Buine of the Hulds ure hedged with prickly yv»r, and the 
level of the rico grounil>i is broken by a fow granps of mangoes and 
tall siugle brab palms. To the north stretch low rolling bare hills 
with the great cbft hi.'ud uf M&huli towering behind. To the 
sonth, the winding; lino of the Kaly^u crook, is marked by rows of 
brab palms^ and beyond are low ruuoded hiJtft, aud, in the distanco 
the jagged crest of Malanggad, the long oveu-topped crags of T&vli^ 
and to the loft the singlo pt-ak of ChAndori. A group of Bnddhiafc 
caves of the Hixth or seveuth ceutnr^' in a glen about a mite north of 
the Tillage, a group of sculpture perhaps of the tenth century in a 
shed abont half a milu to the south ot the villago, a rain«d RhatT 
temple of the eleventh or twelfth ceotury in the heart of the village, 
the mention of another temple iu a beautifully cut lond-gi-aut Bime 
dated a.d. 12S9 (8. 1 1 (>1 }, in a Held close to the gronp of sculpture, 
and the sites of several other temples and old buildings, show that 
LonAd was a place of religious intoreet from tho seventh to the 
thirteenth century. 

From 6hiwadi, after seoiug the old mosque and tombs and tho 
traces of carlii-r Himlu buildnigu at Sonrlvli,' a rough conntry track 
loads about three miles east to Chaudhi(rp&da, a hamlet about half 
a mile south of Lou&d. On the way, about a mile to the west, tn 
Lonitd limits, is a sun and moon grant-stone much worn with the 
dato A.i>. 1184 (S. 1106). At Cbaadhilrp4da, under a small badly 
repaired tile roof, on a plinth ulKiut thre« feet high, are a tinely 
carved /jny and a well-cat and well-prosorvpd group (2' 7"x2' 2 ) 
of a foar-arraed MahAdov with I'firvati on hie left knee. In 
MahSdev's upper right hand is a trident, and in his lower right hand, 
a citron ; in his upper loft hand a snake and in his under left 
hand a lotua. Piirvati's hair is gathered in a big knot at the back 
of her neck. 8ho has large earrings, well-carvod bracelets and 
nocklacoj and tho ends of hor robe are clearly shoHTi. The work is 
probably of »I>out tho tenth century. About 100 yards to the oast, 
lying on the ground, is an inscribed slab of trap 6' 2' x 1' 6' x Id". 
At the top are the sun and moon with an nm<.4hnped water pot 
between them ; below is a clear cut writing of tweoty-threo lines in 
pQTan&gari character and Sanskrit language; below the writing is 
the usiiaI ass-curse. The writing bti^gins with an invocntiou to 
Sum^>e4hvar^ Mahadev and records a grant by Apar^irka's son 
Keahidev in Shak 1101 (a.o. 12:10) on Monday, Al.hjh VaHyn Uth, 
I.e. JfriftdaAuTrtin or tho great night of Shi v (January- February). 
The giuut is described as having been made in frost of the imago of 
the god (SompeBbvar). It proHenl^t a vitlago named Rrahmapuri to 
tho poet Soman 'devoted to the worship of Shorapcshvap.' Tho 
names of four liuif miijistnints or lutlukan are given, Somn&vak, 
K^ainAyak, GovinJn^yak, und Niion£y»k, and a grant to them ia 
recorded of M^jaspalli (?)in Bfipgr.im, evidently the modern li^bgaoa 
about half a mile to the aouth of CbaudhArpida. 



iptioH. 



■ Ihtlaila am divcn iltxter BonAvIi. 

' lu uiothvr pUv« th* iMiDc u gtvoo m 9lu7inp«hvM. 



Konkan.1 



P 



n 



TUANA. 



213 



B«iuuu. 



Templt. 



The templo of Smnpoahvar rcforred to in this gmnt floems to have Chapter XIY. 
stood ou n luouuii about fifty yurds uorth uf where thu gnint-Htone is placee of Int«r<i 
Ivinf^. Tbo groiind is full of oM bricka and large dressed stones, 
it was close to this that the abuTe-mentioned Mahfidev and Pdrvati 
grmip watt fouud. A.t two other placos ouq ahuul sixty yards to the 
north, the other about 100 yarda to the west of this mooTid, are 
tracM of old bricks and raised p1ot4 the sites of old buildings. 

In the villa<;e uf Lunad, about a quarter of a milo to the north, in 
a mined temple of KjiiDeshvAr, bnilt of well-dressed slabs of trap 
fitted without mortar and with cross-corner domes in the Chaluky&n 
or Ueraddpanti stylt^j i>erhapa alwut the eleventh century. The 
temple wns entered from the east ; the shrino was in the west, 
and, io front of the shrine, was a hall with a central dome, and 
apparently two side shrines U> the north and south. There is no 
trace of the entrance porch, and the roof of the hall has fallen and 
been carried away, leaving only small sections of the outer rim of 
the dome. There are romaina of tbo side shrines, and, in the west, 
the walls of the rcfltibalo or passage to the shrine. On the passage 
walls, about eight feet from the ground, are two bcltti of figure 
sculptnres each about a font broad. Some of the groups of scnlptare 
are indecent. The roof of the passage in front of the shrine remains, 
and in the ceiling is a Bnely carved lotna atona A door, seven feel 
by three and a half, leads to the shrine, which is below the level 
of the ground and is reached by four stops. The shrine measures 
iilmut nine and a half feet square and lias walls of plain dressed stone. 
On the north wall, nbont five fcot from the gronnd, is a stone shelf for 
worship- vessels, and, about five feot higher, groups of little pilasters, 
standing out from the wall, support the outer rim of a dome which 
rises in throo tiers to a finely carved lotus-flowtr key-stone. The 
object of worship is a made ii'n^; the ministrant is the headman of 
the village an Agri by cast« ; the offerings ai-o Qowors. The shrine 
is in good repair. It is interesting as showing the arrangements of 
the ruined AmbaroAUi shrino wliich it closely resembles. Both have 
the channel, some foot up the wall, through which water is poured 
to deluge the god in seasons of short rainfall. The carving is 
probably about the eleventh century. 'Ilio temple is mach smaller 
and more ruined than the Ainbarndth temple, and does not seem to 
have boon nearly so richly carved. 

About' a mile north of the village, in the east face of a small glen, 
ina Buddhist chapel or Cbaitja cave, and two or three unfinished 
colls. From a narrow belt of rice land that rnns op the glen, the bill 
sides rise covered with graas and rows of black trap boulders, with 
a sprinkling of thorn bu!>hes, and, near the glon noad, some teak 
coppice. A steep rough footpath leads to the chapel about 200 feet 
up the east side of the glen. The chapel consists uf a double roranda 
and a hall, and an unfinished shrine. The oaves and roof of the oater 
veranda have fallen. It measarea sixty-three feet long by nine broad 



1 With « tew iwi'litiinu Ihe accntint uf tbe I^uM etvc u frnm Mr. W, K. SiniUir'f 
dMcnt-lion in t)i« Iiuliui Aiiti^uvy, IV. tfB. Tbe tttt]|ilon rcsdincs ut by 
Mr. UbagTAnUI ladrnji. 



Caoe. 



I Bombay GiwotUer, 



214 



DISTinCTS. 



Lovip. 
Cavr, 



.pter ZXV. null uiuo h\f;h. At tlie k^ft «nd of the tltuikIii is an unilergruuiK] 
rfluterest. cistem of giiml water, ami, in a rftces-s at tho rijfht end, is a lar^ 
(rrtHip of Bgnirea, a Icioff surrouDdcd b/ att-eDdaiits, the Ggurew life- 
f size four feet hififh iwf they ait. Tbe outer veranils is divided Eri>iu 
the inner veranda hy n row of threo pillars and end pilasl'^ers. Tbo 
pillars are square, tliree feet broad on vauk iucv, and six feot tuu 
inches high. The capital of the pillar to the right is plain ; the 
other pillarH have rouudod flut^'d rapitaltt. In the face of the left 
end piliuiter a modern Gaiipati hnv been c-arred, aad there is a 
modem ling in ihn voraiida. AIiuvo the pillars, at the back of tho 
VL^randa, vaim a neulptured frieze of panels of human 6gnres carred 
with skill and spirit, but about one-third de&iced. Tho inner 
veranda measuruH about fifty feet by nine and nino feet high. The 
walU are plain. It opens into the ball by a central and two side 
doors. The cuutral door, which measures ncveii and a half foot by 
four and a half, haa eidt' mouldings and two pila^t'ers. Below, at 
each aidej are two stoola or pedoHtiiU, like a baHlcet or jar carried on 
itoQie one's head, hands claapiug the aides to keep the jar steady. 
Over the door uro the light ty-chitiolled outltnnt of three tiny horse- 
shoo arches. 'ITie left side door mca-sarca six feet ten inches high 
by three feet eight inches wide, and the right side duor seven foot 
nine by three feet ten. They are plainer than the wntral door but 
hare small standing side figures. The hall is alx'Ut fifty feet long 
by eighti.>i<n broad, and ten or cicveu high. In the centre of the 
back wall is an unfinished shrine. It has two rough modem image«, 
smeared with rcdlead, KhandyshTari to the riglit and Mahishamardini 
or tho bufTalo-slayor to the loft. The unfinished celts are a little np 
the hill to tho loft. 

The chief interest in the cave ia the sculptured gi-oup at the sonth 
end of tho outer veranda, and the carved scroll that runs along the 
top of its inner {aco. The group in the »nuth wall is a king and 
attendants. In the centre sits a beardless king, his right foot 
raised on tho seat and his left foot hanging in the air and held 
by a woiTian who fondles or Rham]v>os it. His right baud is broken, 
and hiis \vit hand rests near his left hip on a waist-cloth of fine 
muslin which hardly showa. in front is a spittoon. Behind tha 
king, on the right, a woman holds a guitar in her left hand, and 
the king's sword in her right, the hilt close to her right car. Behind 
this woman are men ond women servants, one with a wash-p«'t 
another with flowers. Above tho king stands a wuninn, witii bur 
finger to her lip aud a cymbal in her hand,* and, beside her, aro li 
man and a woman holding aonie article for ihe king^s toilet. To 
the king's left is a woman with a pnrao in one hand and a cup-closed 
water-tK>t in the other. In tho extreme left, a man scorns to 
touch ner right earring. Below two men, pcrhapA ministers, with 
close-curled hair, sit tilbing t^igether. In tho rights two men sit 
talking, aud above them is a woman. The grunp b well-carved 



■ LA^infi tlio rm|[cr on th« lip iiAJmrit of mpMt. At Kulikkt, In 1M4. tb« prIiiMf* 
aoA in irnnt nf thf Zomnnn a Lliron*, their itrnnla witb>]r»wD. aail tlicir left h«iiib 



•toad 

pUocd an tlicir iiiotidii out vi tv»p«cl. 



Stanley > UnrlKtsii, IIU. 



KonbuLl 



I 



THANA. 



I 
I 



ut dHUiaget], It probably belougs to the sixlU orsevcutb^conlury.' 
The scroll or cnruicc on the back wall of the outer veranda is 
divided by plain upright bauds into panels about a foot square. 
Begianiag from the left or north end, in tho first panol is a. man 
seated on a couch with a woman bcaido him. In the next are the 
broken fip^res of two men. lu the third, from the left, coue an 
elephant with two ridere, a man running in front, and a iiiuu behind 
witli n Hword. From th« right two men come running. In the 
fourth panel are an elephant and a crowned chief, who soema to givo 
something to a miin with an umbrella, perhaps a hermit. Beyond him 
are two or three hennit-like itgures, one a woman. In the fifth panel 
a king lolls on a conch with one foot drawn up on the seat ; in front 
is a spittoon ; at the sides are two wouien, four seated men, and four 
women, one with a garland. Jn thu sixth panel, a chief drives in a 
burse chariot, and a man of rank comes to meet him ; behind are 
some men, one a musician and one a dwarf. In the seventh panel 
is a (broken) chariot with two children, and Hgures bringing 
something which is broken. In the eighth panel, in the lefl<, are a 



Chapter^XIV. 
FUces of Interests 

LOKAQ. 

Ueiiiuaa. 



' This groap clocety resoinblu »ever*l sixth century paititii ■ " '--'■ '^ ' ' T »t AjnatR. 
JTbe Hiiiaa king, with his bevy of GonoubinOB and »ern»a m iriU' t<ii>i.i 

|»ttli earlv MuskItuAii aad Knropeui trsTellcr*. At tlieclo»i_ i.': .u' l^.uUi kX'utwy 

I the IVnojui huitorUn 'Alxt-iil-lah Wiuumf [Kltiut and Dowvon, ill, 53) dMcribw th« 
\xaler of MaUbir vrlieu the (lay's duties vrt-re over, c&IliuK a tliuoMod bosJitUul 
MovttaMM to WMt on liitn. aomo as chamb«rlaini, some u intorprctera, anil snine am 
■CBp'beftrtn- forlfin thc8ixt«cntb ccntcic}- (Ii>(>l-I517)th« Ucnonac tntcllnrUarbosa 
(Stuiky'* Barb(»«, 88} desurilwd tfa« kiuu ol Karsiugh ur VijsysiiAgu', Btxmt thirty- 
nvo miles norttt-wcst of Bcl&ri, tba rivu of tbo Klusalm&a sUtM of RiJ^ar uid 
Golkonds, M slvAfH waited oil by wam«D, who w<jrc of thrcccliusos, wivM, ooncubinea^ 
and aerviuj; wninrn. At thti winw tinid Ihn Zatiinriu n( Kftlilui hiid klwiqra at court 
a tbouMul wsiUit^ wunieii k>{ iLiood familr to (iwc«i> his pftlaces and house*. This hn 
did for state) becaaae fifty would hare been eaovgh to kmu tbe place svi^t. Tha 
woBUD cune to sweep and oIkui twice n day, wum with a broom and a bnuu dish 
holding cowdnna weUa<l in water. After sweepitig, tlicy amevwl the ground with « 
thin eoatins oi oowdung which dri«d iiuineoiutvly. llie women took turni of 
•erving, ana. when the luDg visited a temple, tbo wcmen marched in front ot him 
B|iilliug oowdong as th4«y went. On certain occasion*, h« ndils, tb« thousand women 
cave a greftt feast U* thr king. Tbcy in«t at the Icing's houM! much adorned with 
jewviry, gold belu, pearls, and many fiold bimoelets, rings with ptvciou* sfncs, aukh> 
ring* of gold on their Icks, drDSBed from the waist dvwn in vcrj' rich silk >itulhi or 
very flue oottou. Their ic«t wore bare, and, (roiu the wsiit upwarda they werv bare, 
■Dointod with nandal and nerfumea, thuir hair wreathed with flowem, uui their can 
adomad with rings of gola and precious tt^iuos. (Ditto 112. 113, 114). 

lie ban»Ma of the nipper part of the women's bodies in this and other early Hindu 
aculptarca aniT paThfbgs, u, M^llap^ nut an tUuatration of the ordinatv women's 
drtwa of the time, but pari of the roHpocl due In tlw king or to tbe goj tig whose 
presenoe Uiey are. Grose's (Voj-age, I. ?44 (ITSO^ITTO)] stwrv of tiio KanaresB 
queen of Atunga. who ordered a wuinaa's breasts to be cut uu. because she cama 
Ix-forc hor with hor breaata oorersd, is a curtons instance of the law of dirffrential 
aaooveriiiK- The stripping and making hare, •ometimee, went cren further tluui tha 
waist. Ibn Batnta (t^''^) found thut m Aitica all women had to gn unclothed into 
the prMsncs of ilie !^ult4n of Melli, an<l Captain S{«ke (I6C0) fonnd that at Unuda. 
also in Africa, stark-unbeil full-grown women were the Taleta. Other examplea of 
Isaa extreme forms of thia law Are givon in TyWs tiarly Ifiatory of Mankind, 4S.S1, 
and Spenoer's Ceremonial lualituii^His, 128-13-1. Traece »[ the law remain in the 
oriental banng of the feet, in the Hindu baring of the bead and of tbo body down 
k> the waist while perTormiog rcUgiona oereuonies, ioclodinc the ceremony ei aating, 
in the Spanish uneloakuu, and in the Bnglish nnhatting. it, pm-hapa, hsa r«vived 
in the ban ahouldcn and arms of tbe fulTor evening dmas of tbe higher clwsos of 
I&irD(M-an women. Till the time of Choilcs II. (I(>)i0), the law wasniicyod by tha 
kinra and niiccna of En gland , who, on the tofoaati on day, stripped tu t he waut lo 
r»<!su*c the holy anmiilug. 



■Ik 





iSomba; Gazetteer, 



' LoKio. 



CMC 



DISTRICTS. 

pter XtV. woman with ft child and nomRtbiog id her band, a. raan of rank, tlien 
Ptocu oTltttaraiL throe laeo of rauk with fine bead-dressee ; then a woman and two 
children ; then two men standin);^. In the ninth jmneX two mon ait in 
tb« cuotre ono with hi« hand on his chin, the other with his chin on 
his knees ; in the left are two broken t^tatuling figures. Tho next 
nanels are lost. Above the right pilbr the frieze can again be 
deciphered. In the first panel sre broken figiirea iu flip left, perhaps 
muHiL'ianH, then att'endanlii, and, iu tho right, a woman seated on a 
chair, with a nervant behind with a fly.whisk, and another with a 
toitat>oase. In tbe next a central hgure, a man of rank perhaps the 
ohiaPs son or his ministetj aeenu) to bo called bj a mace or Bp^ar> 
bearer perhaps to go to the chief. In the nest, the contra] Qgnre of 
th.e last panel is seated before the chief ; another man is seated in 
front. In tho next is tho Bpoarman, a woman with a child, and a chief 
on a couch : tho rest ia broken. In the next a woman lies on a conch, 
surrottnded bj twelve women aervants. Iu the next a man, either a 
chief or a monk, is seated in the centre : near htm a man seems to 
be driven away; people sit or stand abont. In the lost a king and 
queen are seated, the qiteeu with a child in her handj about ara 
women servants and a dwarf. 

The veranda faoaa nearly south-west. Like most Baddhist c«re« 
it baa a fine view ap and across the little glen, aud, to tho south, 
over t^e lake and wood of Luntid, level rice lands with few trec-s tuid 
BOme /angea of low hills, across the Kaly^n creek, to tho dim 
piotnresqne erestf; of Matanggadj Tiivli, and L'hiinderi. 

Maxib. Madh, a village about a mile south of KhiUpur, has a Ganpatt 

temple to which tho village is granted in indm. The temple was 
built during tho Peshwas' role. Its roof is much out of repair for 
want of funds, as the village has beeu mortgaged to a MiisalmAo. 
Cloac by the templo is a reservoir with stuue st«pB to iL 
I Uioiiiux. Ha'ga'than, about half a mile east of the Rorirli station on the 

B«n:Kla niihvdv, is the site of the deserted village o£ MAgithan.' 
The village is hold by a landlord or khot, and has been deserled for 
eight years. The sites of tho houses may be seen on a rising ground 
overgrown with brushwood. All the remains soera to be modem, 
the ruins of cement-buUt houses. ThoTnlai river, which runs about 
a mile to the north, is tidal to within a mile and a half of the village. 
At the foot of the mouud, a little to the east, is a hole or qoarry. 
apparently old. A little further, in a black round-topped mass of 
ooarsorottcnbrcccia.arecntthe M^g&than or Puiusar Caves, including 
a chapel cave on the south and a monastery cave on the north. To the 
north, in front of the monastery, is an open space surrounded by low 
rocks, llio whole roof of the mouastery has fallen in. The insido 
of the montusteiy shows tliat there lias been a central haU, about 
twenty-five foot stjuaru and eight feet high, and two aisles on tha 
east and west, with two plain pillai-s and two pilasters, the aisle 
twenty-five foot long aud sis. feet deep. In too back wall are 
two plain colls abont five feet sqnaro and five high. The only 



» In 1075 Pry«r apoili* o( MAg&tliMt M s town nad countiy wat, mwniM ority whn» 
with idiurclwa. Hew Acnmot, TJ. 



di^ 



^A 



mm 



KonlcMi.T 



THANA. 



21 r 



Chapter XI 7. 
Places of Intana 



P 



h 






BuddluH 



carviDg is, on tbe Dorth pilaster of tlie east reranda, a mark like a 

crescent or a patrof shrirp horos. TbrougU tb.o wall of the monastery 

S passagti leads iuto ths cbapol cave. The rock, whicb Uax woru inbj 

a rough surfuoa liku a pudJiiig stone, has lost moat of its carving. sttniraAif. 

£)aough remains tv show that thu work ii late, [wrbaps of the sixth 

or suventh century. The imago of Buddha can hardlv ba traced; it 

eeomft to havo been seated. On the wall are tho remains oE some 

figures, one a seated BuddLa. The piUar« of the chapet verandaare 

cos hiQa oapi talled like those of HUphauta, probably older. To the 

Boath are other plain cares. To the east is a rock-cut cistern. Across 

the Tice-fields, about SOO yards to tho east, a flat surface of trap, 

about two feet above the level of the ground, has been hollowed 

into an uuderground cistern about furty yards into thirty, and ten feet 

deep. In the rook oro two openings throe feet fivo inchee sqnare. 

The rock between the two openings has fallen in. To the east the' 

eurfiice of the rock has been roughly hollowed into a trongfa. The 

village of Poinsnr, after which the caves are sometimes named, lidS 

about half a mile to the south. 

Oa the west bank of a double pond, about 200 yards north of the 
cistern, are two old Musalm^ tomb stones, rather finely carved with 
hanging chains. About 300 yards to the east, on a low mound covered 
with grass, karand bushes, aod brab puluis, are two Buddhist toob- 
stones or daghohaa. Tboy are of di-ea^iod trap, about tno feet 
three inches sqnare at the foot, and rise, with moulding and iiat 
bands, in a cone about three feet four long, about six feet round at 
tbu middlcj and five near the tup. On the top are traces of a broken 
Tm. To the west is a rough bush-covered mound of undressed stone, 
about three feet high, and nineteen feet by thirteen nt the base. 
Tho tomb-stone or cone eeems to have stood at the centre of this 
mound. Several big roughly dressed stones lie about. A yard or 
two to the north, hidden io thorn bushes and partly buried in the 
ground, stands a second tnmb-stone of the same style and size as the 
first. The mound on which it stood seems to have been opened and 
searched. Some bricks are lying about The age of the scone 
seems about the seventh or eighth century. 

About forty yards east is a smdl burial mound, about four feet 
round and one foot high. Two handred yards to the south-east, at 
the edge oE the rice laud, lying on the grass, is a big slab of trap, 
seven faet one inch high and one foot six inches broad. At the top 
it IB carved into a big funereal urn, with hwiry ears, tied with a 
hanging bow of ribbon. Below are three baits of fi;;urescni in the 
slab. The story begins with tbe lowest belt, the figure of a dead man. 
In the middle of the belt above is a woman, the widow of the man 
below, who, supported by another womAn on the left, prepares to 
throw herself iuto the fnneral firo. On the right is a baud of 
musicians. The belt above is in Shiv's heaven or kaila*^ where the 
husband and wife meet. The carving probably belongs to the tenth 
centary. About two hundred yards further, near a pond, is an old 
well where, in the hot weather, carved stones are said to be seen. 
On tbe l»T)k is an old water trough hewn out of a block of trap. 
About a hundred yards east, near tlie ivest bank of the Der pona, 
Htauda a modem temple to the village gods. Inside of the temple^ 

B 1061-28 




[Bombaj QaitUser, 



DISTRICTS. 



MAaixmui, 



TmU. 



ChApt«r XXV. to the left of the village god. ia a banal stone or da(fh<Aa, Bbaai on« 
PUoM (rflnterest ^°**' ^"' inchee high and two foet ten iachea round the middle. The 
T«« at the top baa been broken and an oil cup set in its place A. 
beach of old dressed stone mns ronnd the wall, and some old ntones are 
bailt into tbo wall. Thesa stcuea were taken from a alightW raised 
,t)te,a few yards to the souths where hues of old stoaeti and bricka 
atiUleave tbe outline of a Boddhitit montmt^ry. The onter walUwpre 
of »tono and enclosed a space aboot fifty feet square, apparently with 
a centra] hall and rows oi aide and end cells with brick panitiona, 
tbe cells abont eight feet by six. Abont ton yards in front of the 
Tillage temple, is a stone finely carved with small nmbrella-shaded 
Aaghobaa. It probably belonged to a Buddhi&t temple of the sixth 
or seventh contar)*. On the south bank of the Dev pond is a trap 
■lab the upper face plain. About sixty yards to the sonth.eoiit is an 
old well, seven feet across, of dressed stone neatly built in rings, 
tlie stones oat in different (ii;c(<tt, bnt nioHt of them like bricka nine 
iDcIiM long by five broad and two thick. The well seems to be of 
the age of the Buddhist temple (7th ceutury). A few yards to the 
enst are two other boles, one apparently a well the other porfaape a 
bathing pool. Both are full of earth. At the sonth end of tbo 
steep bare knoU or rounded hill to the north of the Oev lake, perhaps 
about 200 feet above the level of the rice lands, is a brick bnrial 
moand about twenty-two feet ronnd. It has been lately opened, 
either for its bricka or in search of treasure. From the burial moand 
the hill top rises to the north, a ban* rock with a sprinkling of thorn 
bushes, apparently no signs of other burial mounds. The hill top 
has a fine view east np the wooded Tulsi valley, with the bash* 
crested spar of Kaoheri ou the horizon. Near the hill foot lieit thu 
green belt of brab palms, and to the west, beyond a stretch of rich 
rioe lands and mango gardeng, (he watch-lower and Cathedral of 
Manda]»08hfar Btand out from the trees. About half a mile north- 
west of tbi.s hill, undfir a small gnarled tamarind tree, near the Tnlsi 
river, about a third of a mile north-east of the Borivii station^ stands 
a big slab of trap five feet high and eighteen inches brood. Tbe 
top is carved into a Cuueroai urn, and there are two eight inch belts of 
carving beluw. In the lower belt, on the left, is an elephant with a 
dead man under it, and, on the right, three archers. In the upper 
belt, on the rights are foot archers, and, on the loft, a mounted archer. 
It is a -^ilia or memorial stone of aome chief who fell in battle, 
perhapa on the spot. The carving is probably of the eleventh or 
twelfth centnry. This stone is worshipped. The urn is brigfatenod 
wit'h red paint, and when the rice crop is carried a cock is offered to 
the atone and eaten by the owner of the field. A large plot of 
gromid in which the stone stands is knowti as Kanheiriehi jdya. It 
seems to be the land which, an inscription in Kanhen cave 81 
records, as given to the raonast-cry by Aparenuka of KalyAn, abont 
A.D. I77-I9(>. It is a curious examplu el the great age of the names 
of some village fields. 

HahalakBhini, known to Europeans as St Valentine's Peak, 
a conical funnel-shaped hill, 1540 feet high, atands abreast of 
DfUiluiu in Vivalvedho village, abont twelve miles from the ooaatand 
NXteeo or aeventeeo north-east of TArApnr. A yearly fair, lasting for 



PaiK. 



Stti 



^ 



p 



I 



fifteoD dayft and attouded b^ large Dumbera vi Hindus, Mu&uJmias, 
and Pdrsiit iroux Buinbay, Quiar&tand N&iuk, is bold here on Ibe 
full moon of CKaitra (AfarA-April). Copper and braae vesscU, 
cloth, blankots, tors, gweetmoate, onions, garlic, and cbillles worth 
4Utogetbor from £1200 to £1500 {Rs.12,()0U- Kb. 15,000) aro Bold. 
The tomplo, a good stone and mortar building, tttands at the foot of 
tbo hill which is extremely difficult to cUmb. So st«ep ta it that no 
one can climb it but tbo miuiiitiiuit, or pujiirt, the Vdrli headman of 
the rillage to whom the goddtisa gives nervo aod skill. On tbo full 
moon night the ministrant climbs to the top and plants a Sag, th« 
people watching below and raising a shout when they catch sight of 
tho flag. To any oue but a menilrer of tbo patel's family the ascent 
ig said to be fatal' In 1872 ifarya P^til, who for years bad been 
in the hftbit of planting the flag, started to cHmb tho hill, but was 
nerer again heard of. For throe yoara tho flag romaitiod uiiptanted. 
Then the goddess is said to hare appeared by nighr to Kriahna tha 
nephew of Marya, and told him to plant her Slag on the peak. He 
obvycd her, but has sinoo been as one pousessed. 

Maliul( aiK miles south of Kuria, is a seaport with, during th^ 
6yeyear8eudiuK 1878-79, 9vemgoexpurt» worth £10,854 and imports 
worth £9875. Exports varied from £:J16'1 in 1878-79 to £22,269 in 
1 877-78, and imports from £3581 in 1 878-79 to £1 7,884 in 1874-75.' 

Ma'huU Fort, on the hill of the same name 2815 feet high, is 
in tho Shibllpur aub-division about four milos north-west of 
8h4hiipur. Towards the south end of the hill top is a hnge cleft, 
probably 700 or 800 feet deep, in which stand some gigantic basalt 
piUara. The old ascent waa from the east by the MAchi village. 
The gateway which stands at the head of a very steep ravine, and the 
battlements along the crest of the ravine are still perfect. The 
fortifications aro said to have been built by the Morals, and on the 
top aro the ruins of a place of prayer and of a mosque.' As in Takmak, 
Malanggad, and other Thsna hill forts, a sheer precipice of black 
basalt from 500 to 600 feet high runs almost all round. Towards 
the south a small cleft runs right across the hill, which according lo 
local report was used as a dnngoon. The prisoners conld not climb 
fche sidee, and to jump down at the ends was certain death. 

The following aro the details of Captain Dickinson's sarvej in 
1618. It ia the loftiest of Th^na forts on a hill more than 2500 
feet high. The hill has three fortified summits, Palasgad on the 
north, Muhnli in tho centre, and Bhandnrgad in the sonth. MAhuli, 
tho middle peak, is the largest of the three, being upwards of half 
e mile long by nearly as much broad, with a plenlifnl supply of 
water and in many places fine soil. The ascent ia throughout steep, 
the lattor jiart up a very rugged and difficult ravine. At tho head 



• TraDO. Bora-OM^ 800. Vir 97. 

■ The dBtaaaa(«.£porU, 1874-75 £9MS.mS-76£l3.M«, IB7«-77 £11.39«. 1977-78 
£SS,a60. 187&-79 £dl«4 ; ImporU 1974-75 £17,964. 1875-76 £17,M4. tSIO-?? £«W1, 
1877-76 i;4ie2, and 1878-79 £36SI. 

■ The 8y»<l fiunily who fornMrly lived ml Bbiwndi, but ar« now known u th« 
HawAImm Ntoili, w«ra it ia b«lie*«d comiiuuKUat« ol ihrn (act, and itJIl baro « 

t bi oouboctitm with it. 




ChaptM^XIT. 

FUcea of Intersi 

MaoiLAHmu o» 

St. VAumiHC'B 

Fku. 



MjIbul. 



MiaoLi FoKT. 



IBombajr Oaiettaer, 



DISTRICTS. 



Chapter XIV. of the ravine stsuds an exceedingly strong gateway, flanked and 

Pl&eu ttfltttarcBt. co^6>^ with towers, the works boing continued for some distance 

along the brink of a stupcndoas precipice. On a rising ground on 

UiMVU FoflT. jjjg j^p ^f jjj^ YiiW, a little beyond the gateway, is a little redoubt 
called Parthulgad, very low and out of repair. The other two lorta, 
Palaag&d to the north and Bhnndargad to the south, can bo reached 
only up the heads of the narrow ravines which separate them from 
U&huli. From the country below Palasgad alone is accessible. In 
H&hnli and Bhandargad there were a few baildings which required 
B little repair, while Palasgnd and other works were rapidly going 
to decay, lu Captain Dickiraon's opinion the fort wa.^ unteimble. 
In 1862 it was very dilapidated. Time, it was said, would shortly 
wipe away all traces of fortiticatious except small parte uf the old 
wiul and the foundations.' The top of the hill is now well covered 
with myrobalan trees. 

Tnthe year 1*85, MAhuli. along with other Konkan forta,, was 
taken by Malik Ahmad, afterwards the founder of the Ahmadoagar 
dynasty.' In 1635 Mdhuli surrendered to Sh&hn,* and here Jijibfii, 
the mother of Shivdji, occasionally took rofnge with her young aon.* 
Id 1686 it was inrested by KhAn Zsman and ShAhu fgroed to 
snrrender.* In 1661 it was taken by Sbiv&ji, thoueh defended by» 
BcHput garriaon.* It was soon after given to the Moghals, but in 
1670, after a serious repulse and a siege of two monthx, it was taken 
by More Tinnal, Shivaji's Peshwa or prime minister.' It seema 
in have been held by the Mar^tfa^ till it was ceded by them to the 
English under the terms of the treaty of Pooua, June 1817. 

Uauvooap. Malanggad, or BAva Malanq^ ten miles sontb of Kaly^n, a 

strong hill fort, known from the broken outline of ita bu<talt crest aa 
the Cathedml Huck, is one of the most picturesque and most 
difficult to climb of Tbfina hills. The oldest name coDucct«d by 
tradition with Mnlnnggnd is that of Nal Kaja, who, about 700 years 
ago, is said to hrtve lived on the hill, and to have improved the 
ascent by laying down a line of iron straps. Daring lus reign on 
Arab missionary, Hdji Abd-ul-Rahmdn, came with a nnmber of 
followers and settled on the lower plateau of the hill.* To test bis 
sanctity Nal R&ja sent his lovely daughter to the holy man. The 
recluise tstood the test. He took the maiden on his knee and she 
was to him as a daughter. Convinced of his virtue, Xal Ritja gave 
him the girl in marriage, and to this day she shares her husband's 
sanctity. Six hundred years and more passed, and the huae of 
Hdji Abd-ul-Rahmdn was still at its height when the Knglish mada 
their appearance in Kaljjin.' Aa they stayed for only two years. 



> U«r»ninieat List ot Ciril Foria, 1863. 'Srigm' FerUhts, UL 101. 

■ BjuLahAb Viam in Elliul, VII. 56. *Onuit DafT. SI note. 

' IUJ»Mh iNAtnk in Eltiot. 111. <». * Scott'i FerikhU. II. 18. ' Gnmt DnlF, 109. 

* Mr. Cumme, C.8. Tiro other MnulmAa uinta urt mentioned u h»Tii)g tried to 
ucenil th» hill boforo Syed Abd-cl-RJinilUi, one never ymttt beyond tbo loot uid 
lie* nt a pluoe oaJled QaiiniiV in ttie Kiinibarli v*tl»f . The utlicr, Bokhtiarby nwofi, 
divd OD tb» w^ up n^ero bia tomli may utill be won. 

'Aaquctildu Perron, 1757, notaoosMVs M>Ung u * plK« of trilgnBUM 
AvMta, LasSL 



Konku-l 



THAN A. 



221 



I 



(1780- 1782) tteir departure was ascribed to the power of the saint, Chapter XIT. 

and the PesJiwa sent to the shrine a pall of cloth of gold trimmed Plaoea of Intra 

with pearls and supported on silver posts. This gift was brought w 

in state under the charge of Kdshimitli Pant Khetkar, a KalyAu ■"•"'Qoa»- 

BrAhman. Bareheaded and barefooted, with a large number of 

followers of every ca«te, E^sbin^lb woot in prooesfiiou from KalyAn 

up the liill to the tomb, bearing the Peshwa'g thank-offering. On 

BPoing tbo tomb Kfishindth determined to i-epair it, A difficulty 

about the masonry waft remore<J by the saint, who, without the help 

of moo, quarried and dressed the handsome blocks which cover 

his tomb. The Kalydn Musalmllns, headed by one ITydod tha 

hereditary guardian of the tomb, did not acquiesce in BrAhmau 

management. In 1817 the dispute came before the CuUeutor, who 

ordered tUat the will of the Baiiit should be found by casting lota. 

Lots were cast and three timcfl the lot fell on the representative of 

KAahiuAth Pant, who was proclaimed the guardian.' Every May, 

since the time of Kii&bindtn, thern has boon a yearly pilgrimage 

and fair. On the February full moon {itd<jh Shtiddh Pumima) 

a large fair is attended by Hindus and Husalm&na from Kalyin, 

Panvel, Th^na, and Bombay. 

On the night of the fourth of August, 1780, a body of British 
troops from Kalydu, under Captain Abington, surprised Malanggad 
and anoMeded in taking the lower hill, but the garrison made 
good their retreat to the upper fort. A body of 3000 Marathas cut 
off Abingtou's communication with Kaly&u, and left him exposed to 
the attacks of the garrison from the upper fort. Early in October 
Colonel Hartley arrived from Bombay, and, near Malanggad, was 
joined by a corps under Captain Jameson. The enemy were also 
reinforced, and, taking a position to the south-east of the hill, began 
to lay waste the countrj-. Colonel Hartley, after relieving Abington 
on tne 1st of October, advanced on the MariSthas, who, retiring 
towards their camp, were surprised aud put to Sight by Captain 
Jameson's corps.^ After the cession of the Konkau in 18L7 
Malanggad held out for some months. It was escaladed in January 
1818 by a small force under Colonel Kennedy, with the loss of one 
seaman killed and nine or ten sepoys wounded.' 

Malanggatl is most easily reached from Kolyitn across a rough 
roadless tract of about eight miles. Like most of the chief Th&na 
hill-forts Malanggad risca in a succession of bare stony slopes, 
broken by walls of rock and belts of level woodland. An eaj^y 
climb of about 1800 feet ends in a wide richly wooded plateau, 
the path leading to some tiled buildings that mark the tomb of 
the Wva Mailing, that is the holy man of the Malang school of 
Muaalm&n aacctics. This wooded plateau slopes upward to the 
base of a great bare comb-backed rock from four to five hundred 
feot high. From the slopes at tlie back of the plateau, a flight of 
rock-cat steps, in fair order and nowhere leas than three feet wide, 

* Th«n i« a toekl atory tlut in 1834 Muno Enmpwu, who wen otuvIoM ooough to 
go inM the sIirtDc with their Ixiata nn, trim ftttocked bj gigftotio bonMta, KVMal of 
ilietn kil!e>l and the r««l put to tUuht. 

) Unat Doff*! Msrith^i, 436. * Nwme's Koobui. 114. 




(Bombay Quettwr, 



DlSTBlCTb. 



Chaptrn- XIV. climb a long narrow arched ridgfl about three hoodred feet np to s 
VUbm (tflnieiwt ■"**** '**"' *P*^ '^® Lower Fort of Malanufgod. This 13 a fragmsni 
of ono of the It^vuL belU or terraces, as it were a step betweaa the 
Malarooao. jaint's pUteau and the crost of the rock. U 13 bare of troea and 
biwlly suppliud with water, and nothing is left of its fortiRcatinna 
bat a brokeu gatoway, a low parapet wall, aod the sites of miuvd 
dwellings. From the wi-st end uf tliis shelf of rock a flight of rock- 
cut etepft climb, is irrBgular twists and rough sigzag^, ahont a 
haudrcd feot tip the face of a sheer cliff. Tbo ascent bcgius with a 
sharp turn and a brenet-bigh stop, aud afaovo there is much difficulty 
and some riRk. Tho ledge ap whicb tbo Btepa clamber is in plaees 
not more than twenty inches broad, and Captain Dickinson's blasting 
was 80 thoroufrii that now and again, hand and foot holes have had 
to be cut for tne help of pilgriins. On th« one sidt! the clilT falbi io 
a shwr null ol about a huiidrvd feet, and then slopes sharplj with 
clomps of treoe, patches of bleached grass, and liuea of broken 
bonlders, two or three hundred feet Enrthor to tho woods of the 
saint'it platean. On tho other side, rises a bare ovorhauging rook, 
and neither in front nor behind are there any clear signs of a path- 
way. The steps end in the Upper Fort, a level ridge about fifty 
yards by twenty, bare of trees, except one old umlmr or hill fig, but 
full of rninR, old ciatema, and the mtcs of buildings. On reaching 
the top pilgrims have threo duties to perform, to wash their hands 
and feet in tho large cistern, to gather and eat some of the umbar 
figs, and to cast a atone at tho pinnacle of rock chat rises to the 
80uth-wost across a cleft abont twenty yards broad. On a clear day 
the bill top commands a splendid view, mnch libe the view from 
I^orama hill on MAtherdn, except that close at hand the rocks of 
Malaoggad itself aud of its oeighboarSfTAvIi and Chanden look wilder 
and more desolato, and that, iu the Ear soutli-oast, tho Sahy&dhs are 
hidden behind tho long ridges of U&thor^ and Prabol.* 

The following are the details of Captain Dickinson's survey in 1818. 
The fort is reached after climbing a perpendicular height of aboal 
700 feet. Connected with tbo boso of tiiu hill is a forest- covered 
tableland upon wbich is the B£va'e tomb and a few huts for the use 
of the gAmson. From this tableland the ascent to the lower fori 
is very steep and upwards of 3U0 feet bigh. The latter part of the 
asooDt is by an almost poqicndicular rock-hewn staircase, at the top 
of which is a strong gatewny oorered by two ontstaodlng towers, 
which, even with the smallest garrison, make the place impregnable. 
Beyond this gateway, tho lower fort is nothing more than the 
ennunit of this part of the hill, on exceedingly narrow strip not 800 
yards long. Tue precipice which eurrounds it is in most oases • 
complete natorsl defence, aud all spots which could offer a fooUqg to 
an assailant have been gtrougtiiened by masonry. The lower n>rt 
contains only two scarcely habitablo buildings and a small reeerroir, 
giving a snfiicient supply of water during tho greater part of the year. 
From the lower to the upper fort there is a perpendicular ascent 
of 200 feet by means of a narrow flight of rock-hewn steps on the 
other tude of the hill, on the face of a precipice so steep as to make 

■ Pwtl; Ukeu fnia 31r. Coiut«bl«'i dncriplivn. SiMpy Skctehea, 149- 163. 



s^ 



IB 



E'oiikaii.] 




b 



MiLVAV. 



Maxoapcshtab. 



the asoeot at all iimos most tiifficalt and dangorous. The amer Chapter XIV. 
fort, a space of 200 yards lon>f by about seventy brood, is Bothing- jn-M- atint 
more tfiau the top, as it wore, of tho third hill. It has no 
fortifications, but there aro tracos of an oaclotture and oE the walls 
of an old building. Tho -nrator supply is from a range of fire 
cistema, and a copper pipe is used to carry water to the lower fort, 
as its single cistera used often to run dry. 

MalvaQ, in Sdlsettc, about fuar miles south-west of BorivH 
station, haa a population of 760 Cbrisliaus and a church dedicated 
to St. Anthony. The ohurch was built by the Portuguese and 
meafiures eighty feet long by twenty broad and twenty high. It is 
in good repair and has an aicelleot vicarage. It was originally 
affiliated to the Poiusar church, and in 1639 waa formed into a 
8eparat« pariah. The vicar draws £1 (Ra. 10) a month from the 
British, and £ I lOff. (Rs. 15) from the Goa goremment. There is & 
master who plays the violin in church but there ia no school. Not 
far from the church are two mined Portugnoso houses. 

Mandapeshvar in SAlsette, called Montpezior or Monpac«r by 
the FoE-tugiiese, iu about eight miles south of Bosseiu aud from 
Borivli station is two niiliut north lu a (Straight UnOj and, probably, 
abont three miles by tho rough winding cart track. For miles round, 
it is easily known by a high whitewashed watch-tower that crowns 
a wooded knoll. About 100 yards to tho north of the watch-tower, 
on what was apparently a great iaoUted block oF trap rock, are tbe 
remains of a Portuguese Oatnedral and coUogo. The buildings are of 
surprising size.oorc'riiiga very lai-ge area, auajf specially tho Cathedral, 
with very high walla aud high pitched roof. Tho eastern half of the 
Cathedral has lately been roofed aud repaired, and is now used a-s a 
ohurch. Tbe east face oE the great mass of rook on which the buildings 
stand, has been cut into several Large Br^hmaolc cavee. Beginuing 
from tho north end of the east side, a door opens into a long cave, 
about sixty-si I feet by forty and about twelve feet high.' On the right 
hand, btifore entering, is a life-size defaced figure cut in tho rook. 
Tho cave has been fitted as a Portugneeo church, with a plain altar and 
seated wooden image of the Virgin Mary at the south end, and a pulpit 
about the middle of the west wall. Tho temple or church consists 
of a central hall, two irregular aisles, and a vestibule or portico at 
the north end. The east aisle, origiually a veranda, has a front 
wall built by the Portngaese with central arched door and two square 
side windows. Inside of the east veramla or aisle, which is abont 
nine feet broad, is a lino of four pillars and two pilasters about 
twelve feet high. The pillars are plain and rather slim as if a 
surface of figured oniaments bad been chiselled away. In the 
pilasters tho ornament has boon hidden with mad and mortar, and 
small figures of P&rvati aud Sluv with attendants may still be seen. 
Much unharmed traoory covers the shafts of tho pilasters, and they 
end in fluted cushion-like capitals like the Elophanta pillars. The 
oeuti-al hall is about twenty-three feet broad and fifty loug, a ohaacet 



' Ib a MMM on the left, m one enten, Lonl Valemtu in 1604 and Mr. Skit m 1805 
noticed Uie fuotiAg of a aaist ' atUl trash on the walL' Ttaaa. Bobl Lit. 8e& I. <& 




fBombay Oaietttfer^ 



DISTRICTS. 



Clupt«r XIV. fifteen f«ot decpj being cut off at the south end by & wooden ruilin^. 
SUcu oflnUresL '^'^^ *'*^ "• P'*"' *"^ square with a wooden Boatcd figure of thd 
Virgin Mary about life-sise aud a cro&s abuve. 
BiiVAS. ^^ ^^^ ^j^ j^ ^^^^ irregiilur and is little more than a passage 

from two to four feet broad. The west wall orijfinn.lly opened into 
three chambers. The southern chamber is enterud by two steps and 
a threabold through a plain opeuiug about six feet broad aud eight 
high. The chambor inside is about nine foot square and seven hi^j 
with a rock bench along the south wall about three feet broad. Th« 
back wall has been filled with rough masonry by the Fortaguese. 
There was formerly a ecioare pillar with rouDded capital, and the 
original cave went in about nine feet further. There seem to be 
Iho romains of a figure cat in the back wall. 

The back wall^ opposite the central door, has boon filled with 
Portuguese masonry. A. square opening, abont five and a half feet 
with pUiu wooden door posts, gives entrance to a chamber about fifteen 
(ct^t square and eight feet high, with some remains of carving on tb« 
back wall- On tliu flix>r are some well-carveil Portuguese beams. 
Further north a door in the back wall leads into a chamber fourteen 
feet by nine. The back wall, wliich has beou filled by the Portuguese, 
was originally two plaiu square pillars and two square pilasters. A. 
hole in the Portugucwe masonry gives entrance to a chamber fifteen 
into six and nine feet high, and, from this, to the north rous an 
inner chamber ruughly fifteen Feet into eight and five high. Both 
chambt-rs arc plain. The vestibule or portico, to the north of the 
hall, measures about eighteen feet into twelve and is about ten feet 
high. A plaiu rock-scat runs round three sides. lu the east side 
of the north wall is an empty recess, about eight feet by five, with 
holes in the wall as if for dosing it off. Before the church was 
rejmired this cave temple was, for many years, used as a Christiaa 
place of worship. It is now unused. 

Passing south, outside of the chnrch cave, behind the altar, cat 
off by a rough wall, is a cave twenty foot into fourteen. The (root 
is about half-builL Puseiug through an opening, left by the 
f ortugneao as a window, is a cave twenty feet mto fourteen. In the 
back wall is a defaced statue of Sluv dancing the tdndav or frantio 
danco.* Above, on the visitor's right, is Visnnn on his bird-carrier 
or Gamd with attendants, and below are three worshippers, two 
women and a man. Above, on the visitor's left, are angels and a 
throe-headed Brahma, and below a Ganpati. Above is Indra on hia 
elephants, and below are seers and a male figure, perhaps tlie man 
who gave the money for cutting the group. Outeiae, to the left, is 
an old cibteru with a cross above, ap])arontIy cat out of an image of 
Shiv. The floatiuf;^ angcl-like figures in the corner have been left 
untouched. Further along, an opening with two pillars aud two 
pilasters with rounded capitals, gives entrance to achambnr eighteen, 
feet by six. A door in this chamber leads into a long plain ball^ 
for^-sii foot into seventeen and nine high, much filled with earth. 



> Bzoept Uukt it is nornvwlut 
aiooh like thftl on the rijjbt baa j n 



_ thit r«preMntattaB of Um fdw&ie (Uae« M 
of th« aaia eatnaet %t Klephiwtik 



^^r 









W 



Iq froDt are two great pUIons about four feet square. There ara 
two niches in ibo south wall, aud, to tbo cast, is a six feet deep 
veranda the mouth nearly filled with earth, l-'rorn the rock, in whoso 
otuit front these caves are cut, rises a great mass of Portugueaa 
buildioga. These buildingB coasisl of three parts: In the south is 
the gr^at Cathedral which mns east and west, to the north of the 
Catbedrul is a large central ball surrounded by aioles, and behind 
the hall iH a great pile of buildings, dwoUings for priests and 
students, and on the west" a largo oucloecd quadrangle.' To tha 
west is a fine cross and the raggud remaJus of a mango-tree 
avenue. The nave of the Cathcdi-al, which is without ai£les, ia aboafc 
gflTenty-fivo foot long by thirty-six wide. The side walls are about 
sixty feet high. The inner part of the naTo has lat<Oy been covered 
with an open very high-pitched tiled roof supported on massive Uisk 
timbers. Across the nave, about fifteon feet from the west door, 
two pillars, with plain round shafts about four feet high, support, on 
plain square capital:), an arch of abuut thirty-four feet span which 
rises in the centre to about twenty-llro feet. About thirty feet up the 

lide walls are big square clerestory windows, and, in tho centre of 
north wall, in a pulpit. At the east end of the nave ia a transept 

Lbout eiehtcen feet broad and fifty-four long, and boyond the 
tr&nsept is the chancel about thirty feet square and with a domed 
roof about Bfty feet high. The whole it* plain and simple, but clean 
and in good order. The funds for repairing the church have beea 
given by the native Christiana of Kandapeshvar and tho surrounding 
rilhigea. 

I To Ihe north of the Cathedral is another large buHdlng apparently 
a college hatl. Inside of a row of cloiuter)), alxiut nine feet broad 
and ninety feet long ia a central hall, forty-fivo foot square, with 
four arches on each side. North of this ball and cloisters is another 
much-ruined pile of buildings, and, on the west, a great enclosed 
quadran^o. 

At the foot of tho west wall are two stonea with Portngoea^ 
writing, one a dedication stone apjMrontly dated 1623;' the other a 
tomb atone. 

On the eighth of December, the festival of the Mandapoahvar 
Virgin, SAhibin Kosehsang (N. H. daConceig&o, Our Lady of 
Hception), a fair is bold, which, amnn^ Christian festivaU, cornea 
It in popularity to tho fair of Mount Mai-y lu Biindra, Nurobera 
of childlesa people, PArsis, Hindus, and Musalmans aa woll as 
Christians, come and make vows. A largo bell, said to have coat 
£25 (Ka. 250), waa given to tho church by a man whose prayer for 
a son was beard. 

About a hundred yards south of the Cathedral and oollege rnins. 




ChaptOT^XIV. 
Places of Iuter«at. 



■ VuipeU <I939K Trans. Bom, O«og. Sw. VIL US. fihttat 1935 n Mr. J. Forboa 
ofBontHv. withtt* hvl|ii^l u. f/ipaHn* root, climbMl totiw top o? iba w»il. He mC 
fof » wfailc^ aadtltoD stippin^ or loain^ bU hold. f«U«irtvo«'Hrctit7fMtink) thoooort 
of tb» tempts Ho tru camod to BoinL*y kucImb bhq died tlut eveiuDg. Ditto. 

> Thi^ wnting ■tatei that tb« ooU^ wu bailt in 1623 (IG13 !) m aa ippondMM b» 
thu ohurch hy order of the Infant Don Jvbu Ut. of furtujiftl (King Dotn Jolo Tl^T), 
■'- Ounha i BuBciii. 195 ; Trwu. Bon Qeog. Soc VIL 147. 

lOM-29 




(Bonbity Qawttor, 



liUtMTHIIVAM. 



DTSTRTCTS. 

_JChA.pt«r XIY. on a bnuhwood coTered kiioU about 150 feet high, staDila a lugb> 
PUcM (tflntereRt. (l*>'oed whitewashed tower, ending in what looks like a belfry. The 
tower, which is about forty-aix feet hig;h, stands on a plinth abonl 
fifty feet in diameter. Except to the coat, where is a square outwork 
with stairs which lead to the upper story, the tower is round with 
a Tcranda aboat nine feet deep, and, to the north, wo.it, and aoatli, 
are serea roaud vaulted guard -cbambers about six feet in diameter 
and ten ft?et hi^h. At a height uf about fourteen feet the wall 
is Borronnded by battlements abont two feet high.- Inside of the 
batUementi), runs a parapet pared with rough cement about eight 
feet bread, and from the oentre rises a dome abont fifteen feet in 
diameter and with stone side-walla about lifteou feet high. From 
the stone walls rises a brick dome about six feet from the Up to the 
erost, and, on the outside over the dome, is aemaU building in shape 
like a belfry. 

This tower, which is very notable for miles round, is generally 
known b£ the High Priest's Dwolliiig, the Sir-Pfidrt'e Buntjalote, bat 
it was prol)Ably a watch-tower. The npper platform oommands a 
wide view. To the east, beyond a broad stretch of bruahwoud and 
brab-palm (orestj rise the wooded slopes of the Kanben and Tulsi 
bills. To the south, over a rich well-wooded atrctch of rice fioldi 
and mango gardens, are the cocoa palm groves that fringe tho sea 
near Aodheri. To the west, across a tract of mangoes and 
brushwood, is a broad bolt of sidt waste and the long level of the 
Gorai iiiland. To the north-west are the rains of Bassein, the 
Basaein creek to the north, and, beyond the creek, the flat back at 
TnngAr and the finely ronndod peak of K^mandurg. 

About the middle of the Hixleoutb oentnry (1556) the Francisoans 
cbangf^d the cave-temple into a CnthoHo chapel. They bniit a wall 
in &ont of the cave and screened off or covered with plaster roost of 
tbo Shaiv sculpture; in some places care seems to have been taken 
not to damage them.* In connection with the large monastei^ 
fonndcd at that time by tho great Franciscan missionary, P. Antonio 
de Porto, a church and college were built on the site of the csve, the 
cave forming a crypt. The ohuroh was dedicated to Nostra Seahora da 
Concei^fto and the college was meant for tho odacation of 100 orphans. 
Round the bUI there was a colony of 200 converts, In the height 
of its prosperity Dr. Garcia d'Orta (1530-1572) describes it as 
Maljas, a very big hooBO made in?ide the rock. Within were many 
wonderful temples which struck all who saw them with awe.' About 
forty years later (Hi03) Couto wrote: 'In the island of S&lsette 
wafi another pagoda called Mnnaeapcr, which is also cut out of solid 
rocks in which lived a Yogi, very famous among them called 
Ratumuar, who had with him fifty Jogis, whom the inhabitants of 
those villages maiutainod. The priest Fre Antonio do Porto being 
told of this, wont to him. But the Yogis of that island had so 



• Do Cmibo RUtM (EU AxiA, VII. 245) tiiKt, wliwi in IS^^ tlw Pnuicncuia Tec«T«d 
charge of th« KanlMri ksd MMMUfiwbvM oarw. nai ex|>vUiNl (be Vooiit thojf did 
thtir boet to daitroy the smlptnns. Bat. u baa been notirad ante KmImti, ihia 
•Mina hardly correct. * ColL dM lad. (Kd. 1873). 42. 



£ 



XonkftQ.] 



I 



THANA. 



MuTDAnaiivAB. 



» 



^rcat a fear of him that no sooner did they wo him, than thej left Clukpt«r XIT. 
'the templ« and weut away. Only divine power, saya D« Coato, places oflntorMt. 
could havo m&do those fifty taca leave their toraplea and tbcir lands, 
and fly before two poor sackdothed friars. The pricats ouUired the 
care and turned it into a templo dtMlicaiod to N. 8. de Piedado. Tho 
Franciscans aftenvards eatabh'shod o royal college for tho island of 
B£lsett«, for the edncation of the children of all converted to 
Christianity. King D. JeOo grunted this collego all the revenue and 
property that bad belonged to the pagoda.^ 

In 1695 Gemolli Careri described it as Monopeaseri on undor- 
CTound ohurch once a rock-temple, ou which had been built a 
PmnciBcan oollogo and monastery. It waa 100 spans long and 
thirty broad. The front was built, but the side walls were of rock ; 
close by was another rock-cut pagoda. Five religious men lived 
there, receiving from the king of Portugal 130,000 pound.s (50lM) 
parn«) of rice a year, which, except what they ale tboiusflves they 
distributed to the poor." In 17U0, after the Mardtha conquest, Du 
Perron found the Mandapcshvar chttrches and buildings al»ndoncd. 
A ohurch to the left of the caves had a Portuguese writing dated 1590. 
The Uar&th&s bad destroyed tho place and carried tho timber to 
ThAna.' In 1801 (November) Lord Valentia found the mins of a 
very handsome charch and monastery.* The church waa ongiDfelly 
lined with richly carved wood panelbng. In the ceutre was the 
head of a saint tolombly oiecutod and suiToundod with wrosths of 
flowers. Tho other sculpture was in excellent taste. The whole 
was in ruins, the roof fallen in. Under the church was a small 
rock-cut templo sqiiare and llat^-roofcd with a few deities and other 
figures in bas-relief. The priesta had covered tho scalptnres with 
plaster and turned the cave into a chapel. But the original owners 
were uncovered and again worshipped.' In IduO Dr. \Viltu>n found 
the cave-temple used by tho Boman Catholic inhabitants of the 
neighbourhood as a church instead of their built church which had 
&Ilen into decay.* 

Ma'ndvij below the northern spur of Tnngflr hill and fifteen UintnT 

mileti iiorth-oitst of Bassein, lies on the old trade tY>ute from Sop&ra 
up the Tdnsa valley to the Tal paKa. It haa a picturesque ruined 
convent and a Portugaoso fort.' Amoi^ the inscribed stones in the 



> Jour. B. B. B. A. & I. 8& De Canto noticM Ihat.an his d«ath, the ehiof nook 
of Kkahtri Itift to MwiiLipwhvftr all Uui liuida with which bo had boen preaont«d( 
when b« bmnrae a Christian. 

■ ■ (}«mom Cartri in ChuKhill. IT. 1&&. ■ Zvad ArMta, I. ooczo. 

* Lord Valentia aaja, nrDbal>lf Jasnita : Da Porron ia rigfaC. Da Cuoha^ Banaia, 
193. 
I •Voy.gei.II. IM. M«lt«Broiin(1822,DBiT. OaoB.m. IBl)»»y^ 'Tha Portugraoae 

nttvrty oflaoeil many flgorai at an BgUnaM iaootrigiUy bi-athon- OthcrK, nut h»viiiB 
ooolaMa imoogfa to allow th«tn to «taa<l aa Bimple monuiiMinta o( art ami antiiguated 
o pi BJoa a , tb«y voorarbed into Chrirtiaa enblcma, rainted thou red, and with pioaa 
smI obsrialied tbam aa valuabls prowlytea.* Do Pacroo (Zend Avwta. I. ococrxii) 
Btate* that wbea tba MarithU took UaiHlapoahmr and Elepbanta, th«y did nacli 
luuin totheHDlptarMl^ Hrinfrcannon in tb»cav«a tolooaeo the mortar with whubtho 
Portiigu«M haiiliKl tha 6fiDi«B. 'fhit oan baidly hara Nwo don* at Btofihsata; It 
Eoay ba tnis of MaadapMhTir. S(w above, p. 87. 
^K Oow. B. B.B. A. 3.in.41. T Nairao'i Kookan, 60. 



[Bombaj ChusttMr, 



228 



PISTRTCTS. 



Maxb. 



FofeT. 



ftor XIV. OoUcotorv garden at Tlidna tliere is otie from UindW. It reoordi 
of Intenoi. '^ K^"^ ^J '^ SilhAra kingj but is mucli worn and hard to read. 

M&nO* ui S&lsotto, about four mileB east of Kurla with a 
Cliristiau popniation of ninoty-two, has on old well-presorvcd chnrcJi 
dedlcateil to St. Anthony, measoring thirtj-sercu feet long by 2li 
wide aad twelve high. The pnnsh priest^ who has a good ricara^ 
jrawB £1 lOg. (Rs. 15) a month both from the British and from the 
Goa gAvemmpnts. Thfre is no master. Daring tho conflict of 
jnnsdlctioD between the Archbishop of Goa and the Vicar Apoawlic 
of Bornboy, half of this village sided with the Vicnr Apostolic^aDds 
sepami'i* chnrch was bnilt aboat 1852 and dedicated to St. Anthony. 
Fifty feet from the church are the ruins of two Porfagneae l>aitdiiig& 

Ma'nikgad Fort, in Manikgad village, on the hill of tho aant 
name alxmt fifteen miles sonth-east of Panvel and aboat 1873 CdoI 
liigb, is impregnable from three sides, and the upper part can be 
ijvnched only fmm the south. The fortifications on the top, irhi^ 
are of extremely rough worVmanahip, were probably raised by 
Angria, to whom it was ceded in 1713 by tho Pesbwa.' In 1862 
the fort waa miuoos. Water was abundant and food suppliea 
available.' 

Ma'aikpnr is a village oloso to tho Bossein-Road station witha 
double stoned re3t.hon3e and traveller's bungalow with tncssttian. 
Cleee by are Mr. Maneltji Kharsetji's large salt pans, wliich aro 
locally known aa H&nik&gar. 

fiIanor,inUtlbim, asmall town on the Vaitama withapopnlatioa 
of 43fj souls, lies six miles south of Asheri and ten east of tho 
P&lghar railway station. The Vaitama is tidal at Manor, and boats 
of nve tons (20 hhandis) can pass to the landing place in ordinary 
tides, and boats of ten tons (40 kharidit) at springs. Under the 
Portuguese it was tho facad-qunrtcrs of a district or pragana with 
lorty-two villages and one sarrotor.* The fort of Manor n 
mentioned with Ashen as two of the chief Portuguese strongholds 
in north Thiina.* Some of thcso references may refer to tho fort on 
the Asdva hill. Bat there is also at Manor a small hill or eminence 
with a bungalow like a fort, and a cistern. lu lOit-l- it was 
described as round, nbont tho size of a two-storied house, the roof 
of the nnper storjr resting on pillars. In tho lower story were two 
largo bnlconiea supported on pillars for the defence of the tower. 
There was a good store oE lead and gunpowder, five pieces of 
ordnance, aorcnty muskets, thirty iron balls, and thirty torches. 
Close to this fortified house "^^^ a «t4>cka<le ftboni threoK^uarters of a 
mile ronnd, with a tower in tho middle and a settlement of twenty 
Portuguese families, twenty-three native Christians and eighty Hindn 
and ^fn.itnlm&a arohors. Tho placo had been fortified to pn>tect 



HinxroD. 



iiiXOB. 



■ Mr. Camina'i M^.; Ortnt DalT* Mur^tklU, 190. 



» Uov«rqiii«nt U»l of CiviJ ForU, 18*2. 



* Da Ciioha'a DuBon. SOti. 



*£>ftCoulo ApMlc." of Mwior u ■ hrt, wfaicli with Ailtcri eavn th» PartngnflM 

:>c-j|.lwi. Vtl i29). In I59S the iicminwidAiit 



MAimand u( ■ tier yicMing (v»ii)try (I>c< 

of Mftnor « u ordered to «u|)pl>> a £»llcy wtay )Mur. 



Arch. Port OrienU F««!, UL 



wc 

t' 

KKt 



ToTtagueao territory from the Ahmadnagftr king (Mcliqoo), from 
the Kolis, and from Chwitia. Tbo captain of the fort farmed tho 
reveDoes of the district which amounted to Jt602 (16,072 })arddos).^ 
Ill 1 72!^ tho fort is described as on a rook, the walls not higher than 
AT) ordinAry loansion, and from its position, form, and weakness, 
unworthy of the namo of a fort. It had eight pieces of ordnance, 
lire of them useless, and a garrison of 104 men and throe corporals.* 

Manoxi, in S^Uett« five miles west of BoHtU station, haa IGOO 
Chrisiiuus aud a ehurch dedicated to Oar Lady of Help, built by 
the Portugncite in 1559. It was bamt by the Mar^thds and rebnilfc 
by the parishioners in 1816. It measareS fifty feet long by thirty 
broad and eighty high, and is in good repair. The priest has a 
large house and is paid £1 10^. (Hr. 15) a month by the British 
Government. The sea trade retnrnB for the five ye«rs ending 
1S78-79 show uverage exports worth £10,050 and average importa 
worth £.'.1:J7. Kxports varied from £7039 in 187r.-7(i toll2,C28in 
1876-77, and importfi from £264S in 1875-76 to £6954 in 1876-77.' 

Marol, an alienated village in Sillsett^ three miles north-west of 
lUrla, has a popnlation of 1250^ and a well-kept church declicated to 
St, John the Evangtflist. It. was built in 1 640 partly by ^subscription 
and partly fn^ra church funds, and measures 100 feet long by tnirty 
high and twenty-five wide. The priest has a house and is paid £3 
{Rs. 30) a month by tho British Government. It has a school 
attended by about forty boys. About a mile from St. John's are the 
ruinsuf a FortugnesD church of unknown date, which was abandoned 
because the village wns attacked byan f pidemic. Near the headman's 
house is au old lake with, near tbe north-east comer, some carved 
Brtihnianic stones probably iibout the twelfth century. About a 
quarter of a milo cast of the village, a bare sheet of trap is hollowed 
into two large underground cisterns, one of them closed the other 
with two oponiugg and excellent water. There are said to be two 
foot-marks carved on the rock. Tho feet and the ciatoma are 
probably Buddhist {A.n. 1 00- GOO). In a small hut, to tho weatof the 
ciatern, is a much worn Sithdra sun and moon or Iand>gi-ant stone 
with ten lines of writing. It is almost unrBadable;. but the dstOj 
some year in the eleventh century, can still be made oat. 

Karoli, in Siilsotto two miles south of Knrlawith 145 Chriatians^ 
has A well kept chnroh dedicated to St. Sebastian, mcnsaring 52^ 
feet long by 34^ feet wide and twenty-four high. There are also 
the ruins of a vaulted church dedicated to Our Lady of Conception, 
meafturing fifty-two feet long by thirty-nine wide and twenty-five 
high. Close by ore tho ruins of the priest's honsc, two wells, and 
a pond. 

nil 



Chapter XIV. 

Places of InterMt 

Mamob. 1 



MAKcni^ 



>0 diroo. de Tis, m. 231. OpVbj iWO) uvf, 'Oa tho ooatiiNnt ttcmr the 
ikvtto do Bsfkim tho PortagucM bavu ■ fort ckUm Muum and alaa m viUace with 
---hMnletanou-it.' Atlu, V. 2U. 'UChron. d* Tia.1.34. 

h«det«laare, KxporU, 1874-75 £12,124 [Ra- 1,21, S40>,1S7.V76£7039(R«. 70.390). 
1878-77 £12.628 (R«. 1,2B.2«)). 1877-78 £9180 {lu. 91.800). 1878-79 flS.SW 
:R«. 1.23,000) i Importi. 1871-75 £5258 (EU. 52.6S0). 1875-76 £2MS <R«. 25,490). 
8-77 JEttiM (Ri. 60,540). 1877-78 £6133 (R* 61,330), 1878-7* £57W IBm. 5].910l 




kUioi. 



Mabou. 



Uuou. 




LBombAj Guen«6r, 



ChftpUr XIV. 

fUOHOfInt<TMt 



■ IV W«y Upw 



DtSTHICTS. 



port, with, for the five years ending 1878-79, sve»ge exports «orUi 
£220 and imports worth £51, Exnorts varied from £60 in 1877-78 
to mO'Z iu iy;^75, aud imports trom £6 in 187^70 to £153 is 
1876-77. 

Ma'therft'll, the wooded hond,' is on oven-topped lino of hill, 
very iiutalil;^ on a clcor d.\v, nbout tlurty miles oast of Bombay, likfl 
an uutfltandin^ block uf tlio SabvAdris, its long level back etrotcbiag 
in marked contrast to the sharo cloar-cnt scarp of its neighboor 
BAva Ualang, or the Cathedral Kocks. 

In a strajf^ht lino M&ther&n is only Hurty miles eaat of Bombay, 
boi by ibe railway, which Awecpe north-east tbroagb KatyAu, the 
distance to Ntrrnl slarioo, at the north-east fix>t of the bill, la about 
&fey-foar uilee, and from Neral to the ccatre of the lull top is aoven 
milea more. 

Close behind the village of Neral, about half a mile to the eonth 
of the station, rises the steep bare side of Panonima Point, the 
northmust spur of If&tber&n. At its foot the plain swells into 
fiat-topped knolls separated by the teak -clad slopes of moasoon 
torrents. From the lower spars the hillside rises stoop and baro 
with black crags and walls of rock, and, in sheltered nooks and 
hollows, paiohee of trees and brushwood. About half way np 
a wooded terrace runs parallel to the fiat bill top. Above the 
terrace rises a saoond stcop slope of grass and blaok rock ; over this 
is a narrow belt of eve^^reen forest; and last of all a lint-topped 
cliff crowned with trees. From the foot of the topmost cliff a large 
■pur stretchca east towards the Sahyidris, steep and difficult 
where it leaves the hill, then gradnally sloping, then a plateau, and 
finally taming to the norih and eiukiiig into the plain in a nigged 
knoll cloae to Neral. 

The road np the hill, thongh broad onoogh for two ponies, is 
nnfit for carnages or carts. From the station it passes sooth 
throogh Neral, a well-to-do village of stone>wa1led and tiled houses, 
and runs for about a mile along the foot of the rooky epar skirting 
a belt of rico lands, which, divided by the Nerul stream and shaded 
by a few clusters of manure, tamarind, and mango trees, rans 
np tlio hollows to the foot of the hillT Daring the aeoond mile 
the hill-aide, in places cnt into the rook, winds about 5M) feet 
up the western face of the spur. To the li^ft, daring the hot 
monthe^ the black and yellow of the rockv withered upper slopes 
are relieved by {latchos of bright green bushes, rows of reddish 
balf-withered uuderwood, and a stunted copptco of leafless teak.' 
Towards the end of the second mile and durijig the first quarter of 
ihe third mile, till the crest of the spur is gained, the upper alopee 
rise rocky and bare vritJi a scanty sprinkling of leaHess or half- 



' Aooording to tb« Uitherin Dhugfen the word iimuis tb« Molbw** Wcod. Thcf 
•■7 tlwt tibe tint funily of DOMoguB who ouu fmn th« E)wcao ts MiUwcia lort 
Ifaeir fiithcr awl mother booo after thoy cuno, u th» «oiipl«t wkjn, ' MMKt pH* 
gmmdvita, Mdthtrdu ndtpdimla : Wkea iMir psnnt* di«d, AUtbcrta got its atm*.' 

* llie grma bna]>ea an, famad OuiMk canadw, and huta T»t>*nMUlM>DtJdi& 
csivps i tb* btU'Withond oiidwwood i» Mvti GiuIm toBCoten. 



A 



The Woj 0|^ 




clothed bushes, some stanted teak, aadj in a few nooks and hollows, Chapter XIV. 

A deep green mango or a grey-green fig.* The lower stopes have places oTlnterert. 

patches of briglit ffreen karawl l>n*hes and mangoes, and a thick 

growth of teak ana other leafleas or nearly lealleaa trees.' About a 

quarter of a mile past the second mile-mark, the road tops the crest 

of tbe spur and runs vrest, past a stoall refreshment abed, aWng the 

plateaa tbab stretvhes to the body of tbe hill. This pUituaa, 

rising gently to the north^weaij ia rocky and bare with dry andcrwood, 

bright green karand brakes, a sprinlding of leafless t«ak, and 

scattered uiaugooe, Jdmhuls, and figs. In places there ar« 

wooded knolls and boUows, but the smooth bareness of most of the 

snrface, and the hacked and stnnlod forms of the trees and bushes, 

show that till lately mncb of it was uoder tillage. In front rise 

the tree-c»ppetl crest of Gfirbat and the Governor's Hill, and to 

the right Panorama Point, and boyond it the flat-topped bluff of 

7eb Fort and the rounded peak of Niikhiuda. To the loft Gitrbat 

tretohes in a long low spur that rises iu the diataaco into the sharp 
' it of Sondai. From the foot of the G^rbat ridge a snccession of 

jaro flat-topped spurs, divided by deep-cut ravines, fall into the 
plain which strotcbeii withered and misty towards the dim-looming 
Sahyadri hills. 

During the third mile, with a rise of about 550 feet (975*38 to 

152507), the road leaves the plateau and climbs n m^^ged hill-side, 

strewn with boulders and with lines of coarse witherod grass, 

dry underwood, and bare leafless trees.' Close to the fourth mile, 

at a height of 1.J2&-U7 feet, the road enters the shelt«red belt of the 

I Neral wood with varied tints of green and a sprinkling of leafless 

. grey* In a tree-fringed glade close to the lonrth mile-mark ia 

I a small shed, and a stand-pipe and trough with watw that lasts 

I for about ten months in the year. Beyond this hollow, the road 

winds between tbe upper fringe of the wood and a bare rocky scarp, 

' till it reat-hes the upper wooded plateau, where, leaving the Bebrli 

Mh^ or Wild-Palm grove ou the right, it skirts the upper edge 

^_of the rich Bokri Wood, overlooking a sea of waving tree tops 

^Brhose bright leafage, unfrayed by wind and undimmed by dust, 

^BKses from the boach-liko terraoo that skirts the foot of the 

^PG<ta>bat crag. Below this belt of green stretch the grey nnder- 

~ slopes, and beyond the elopes lies the miaty plain, its baked aud 

withered tlelds, relieved by groves and ponds and by the flashing 

linka of the slow-flowing ITIhAe. To the right, with »barp steep 

ngsags, the road mounts tho bare faco of the topmost scarr^ 

reacbiog at the fifth mile-mark a height of 2138'-k9 feet. A little 

beyond tho mile-mark stands the toll, on tho crest of tho neck 

'Tile ItadsM and hkU-dothsd bnahM an. pdM Pavetta iadka, tUtti Oriilta 
lonenUM, ktda TabennKauiat^BM criapa, Kud uiu TemiiiuUa glabra. 

'Th« leafloM treoa an tlio mart Caaoaria Iwrigata, pakir Fkin wrditolia, nfr 
Sahaalia tnalabarUa, JtuKmia/ StorcvUa arena, and niihhhtmi Thopceia tampaa. 

* Tbe obiol ]eafi«aa Xntm, beaidaa tboae already BOtaood, arv tite inmnk and pAngAra 
Gcvthriaa iodioa. 

*Th« obiaf tints ans dwp gram naagOM and oh* Vai^ien «dtilia. ricb fraah 
pdJof Bataa fnodMa, bri^t gr«e& hurmd biuhea and tu^4 TcrtninAlia <ib<ibula. 
v«nav*gi«eii hmAda Canjra arborea, bnvini-tippod ainA Ttnmiudia {[labra, aad 
leaBaai pdiir*. tutrt, aid vara* Het«raphragina roxbnrghit. 





[Bombftj Ou«tteo 



Chapter XIV. 
FUeea of Interest 

MiTIIKKA5. 

The UiU Tap. 



GoTomor'a 



to the north ao 



between tlie bifj^h headlands 
G&rh&t UiU Lo tho south. 

The hill top, which has an estimated area of 5000 acres or abon 
eight squaro miles, conaiats of a maia central block and two titnallc 
Bide ridgus or wings. TKe central block, witb an avemgo brcadt 
of abont balf a mile, stretches nearly north and sonth from th 
narrow ridge of Hart Point iu the north totheroaodedblu&of Chau 
in the south. Parallol with tho main hiU^ and joined to it by shor 
necksy are two spnrB, tko larger, to the east, atretchin^ about two ant 
a half miles from Panorama Point iu the north to G&rbiit Ln the soath 
And iho smaller, to the weet^ stretching abont a mile and a hai 
from the sharp point of Porcupine to the large binff of Louisa Point 

The toll, at the top of the steep zigzag' od the Neral road, stand 
about the iiiiddio of the east wing or outlying belt. From the tot 
the east wing runs north for about a milo and a quarter, risin 
into the treu-crowued crest of Qovcrnur'a Hill, and, beyond a deeplj 
wooded hollow, gtrotching into the lon<7 back of Panorama Point. 
Sonth of tho toll, beyond the rugged deeply-wooded Uarbut Head, 
the spur narrowa toaneck,andj again broadening to about a quarter 
of a mite, tape^, with a high wooded creat, nearly a mile south t<k 
GArbat Point. West fi-oin the NemI toll, through thick woods, tho 
fp'ound falls, for about a quarter of a mile, to tho flat neck or 
isthmos. which between high, richly-wooded banks, joins the eastern 
wing to the north end of the central hilL 

From this neck the central hill, wooded thronghoat except a few 
glades and rocky plateaui^, Hwetia into tree-crowned kuolla, and 
Stretches south for nearly three miles to the bluff rounded cliff o( 
Chank. The central hill-top may be roughly divided into tfarea 
parts. A north eection, that, mth one or tn'okuollo, rises from th' 
edge of tho cliff to a raised plateau of rock about 2500 feet aboVQ 
the sea; a middle section, that, from both sides, slopes nearly 300 
feet to the bed of the west-flowing Pisham^th stream ; and a south 
Bcction, that, with a rocky central plateau little lower than tlu) 
north plateau, and one or two outv^tanding knolls, stretches front 
the valley of the PishaniAth to tho rounded blaff of,Chauk. For 
about a milo from Uart Point to tho Church Plateau, the northern 
section of the hill is thinly peopled, with only a broken line of houses 
separated by stretches of wood. On the Church Plateau tho bouses 
stand closer together, and, along the edge of the oastom cliff, 
groups of huts and small shttps cluster round the market plate. Tho 
slopes of the central hollow are the thickest peopled part of the hill, 
rowa of close-grouped houiies stretching across nearly the wholo 
breadth of the hill-top. The souUiorn section, except the Chauk 
hotel, tho sanitariom and one or two private dwellings, is almost 
without hout^a. 

From the central hill, about a quarter of a mile west of the Church 
Plateau, a low thickly wooded ueck, about 200 yards long and half 
a mile broad, leads to the small western wing or hill-belt^ which, 
with hare nairow ends and a wooded central crest, stretches about 
a mile and a quarter from Porcupine Point on the north to Louisa 
Point on the south. 



^ 



Eoakimj 



thAna. 



233 



TtuiUUlTop. 



Over almoat tbo wholo hill-top there is littlo soil, scarcely any Chapter ZIV. 
grass, and a thick crop of small block boulders. The topmost piacM oTTnUrMt. 
layor of rock is a soft poroog iron-clay, through which, by the 

' boginning of the hot aoasoa, tho wholo rainfall has drained, leaving 
in many placra a leaflcM black underwood, gUdes of withered 

j gra.§9, aaa pathways deep in niBty dust. In spit« of this dr^iiess 
and want ui soil, except tioino wiiuling glades, one or two ittretchea 

^ of bare ahoct rock, and the wind-tiwept ahoulders of tho larger 
spurs, the Uill-top is everywhere shaded by a thick growth of 
brushwood, oroopors, and troea. In parts, the rocky leaf-strewn 
ground has only a scanty undergrowth of leafless boshes, and the 
troos are so stunted and gnar1e<l as to bo little more than coppice. 
But orer most of the bill top the boulders are hid by a spriiikling 
ofseodlinga and uvergruen brushwood, the thicket is green with 
the fresh hanging boughs of woll-grown trees, and, in sheltered 

I dells and hollows, tho underwood is full of loaves, long-armed 

I cliniberB swathe the lower trees and bushes into masses of greon, 
and lofty tree tops wave high overhead. Through all these wooda 
and thickets narrow lanes wind op aud down the nneven hilUtop, 
shaded and ofton overarched with trees. From outlying pointa, 
where the lane winds clear of the thicket, the wooded bill-top swells 
from tho cdgQ of the cliff to the central ridgo, a cool bank of froah 
green brokeu by outy a few of the higher liuuse-topa. Through a 
screen of waving branches and troo tops, across the bay-like 
Talloys, the hill-sides fall in steep rings of trap, each ring marked 
by a band of yellow gross or a belt of evergreen timber. The lower 
slopes are gashed with watercourses, lines of black rock dividing 
brown bore-topped knolLs, whose sides, except some patches of 
evergreen brushwood, are grey with the stems and braochea of 
teak and other leaf-sheddiug trees. For a mile or two further, 

^^ooth 6at-toppod mounds, divided by deep ravines^ stretch across 

Hfjltho brown withered plain. 

Tho six leading Points or Headlands are, Hart at tho north and 
Chaak at the south of the central hill. Panorama at tho north and 
GdrljAt at the soath of the east wing, and Porcupine at the north 
and Louisa at the south of tho west wing. Bcsidcfl these, several 
smaller bluifa or capes break tho winding lips of the bay-li^e valleys 
that separate the main arms or spurs of the hilt. The seven most 
importuut of these smaller bluffs ore, Alexander and Little Chank 
in tho south-east between G^rbat and Great Chauk ; One Troo Hill, 
Danger, Echo, and Landscape between Great Chauk and Louisa; 
and Monkey iu tho north-west between Porcupine and Hart. In 
addition to those smaller headlands, three spots in the central crest of 
the hill are known as points. Artist Point to the north of the Church 
Platean, Sphinx Point above Alexander Point, and Bartle Point to 
I the south of Chauk hotel. 

] There is considerable sameness in the leading features of these 
points. In most uf the main points a wooded crest narrows into a 
bare bonldor-strewn slope, and the slope dwindles into a smooth flat 
tongue or table of rock, ending iu a cliff clean cut or buttressed by 

Etower-Uke cn^. From distant parts of the hill the points 




Pointi. 



(Bombar 



894 



DISTRICTS. 



bLLratiLUf. 
PoteM. 



CbApt«r XI7. Btaod oat, with stretches of Mkck rock, white patches of san-blc 
PUoH oflotenst. 8"^^' '^H^ oopae, or a few stnoted wiod-worrinl trees. 

Almost all of those ontatanding headlands oomnumd viem 
the gre^T) swotliog BQinniit of the hill, of its block wall-like 
ovei^rccn plateaai, and eccep ouder'slopes, and of the 
Bmoke-dimmed plnin, that^ broken br ieolated blocks csf hill 
brightened by pouds and wooded villagM, •trefcchea north be 
the Ulhils valley, eaat to the Suhyidris, soath through a ragged I _ 
of confnsed apars and peaksi and weet, between the oven mass i 
Ftabal and tl^ ahirerea scarps of the Cathedral Rocks, bejond tb 
ealt flatfi of I'auvel, to the shimtnering sea from which dimtv na 
the shipn and buildings of Bombay. The distant bills of Salsects 
and North Thinaj the binffa and peaks of the SahjAdri magt, 
and the flat ridges and isolated cresta of Bor and KoUba are seldea 
clearly soon. But to the 80utb-west the sharp pillar of LatQgid 
Bt&nds out from the centra of a swelling plalean; to the west, from 
a belt of bright green forest, rine the steep bare sidca of the flst 
tree-crowned crest of Prabnl ; and to the north, sweeping nortli* 
west from Panorama Point, their lower slopes half hid by huo, 
stand, in mid air, the fantastic rocks and pinnacles of Chandari. 
T&vli, and B&ra Malang, their scarps and crests clear cut as by the 
hand of man. 

Beginning from the north and working east the points come in ths 
following order: Hart, Punurama, G^rbat, Alexander, Little Chauk, 
Great Chauk, One Troe Hill, Dongerj Echo, Landscape, Looisa. 
Porcnpiue, and Monkey. 

Hart Point, at the north end of the central block of hill^ takes its 
name from Mr. "W. Hart, of the Bombay Civil Service, who was 
Secretary to Government about 1858. Its native name is K&Ieriika 
Poda or the Black Forest Plateau. Near Hart Point the path ruiu 
along a wooded creat with fine views of the wild Bava Malang 
hills. Leaving the main body of the hill it vrinds down a rather 
Bteep woudL>d slope to the Point, which is a narrow wind-swept 
table of black rork with patches of yellow grasSf a few stunted 
bushes to the west, and a row of trees fringing a sheltered crevice 
to the east. To the right, acroya the deeply wooded gathering 
ground of one of the branches of the Mdldunga stream, rises a bare 
high Uliiff, and on the other side of the main valley runs the long 
high shoulder of Governor's Hill aud Panorama Point richly wooded 
in the suuth and stretching north barer and more weather-wora» 
with fitrivggling crannies yellow with dry grass and a few hollows 
and narrow ledges green with bushes and trees. North-weat of 
Panorama Point stretch the wild fantastic peaks of tho Bivm 
Malang range. To the left, beyond the wooded hollow of Malot^a 
spring, the bare scarps of Porcupine Point rise in a narro^v flat* 
topped cliff. Beyond Porcupine Point are tho massive isolated crag 
and long wooded back of Prahol, and, in the plain, the low hills m 
V(Snja anil l^forpa. 

AHenmo. PANORAMA PoiNT, the DOrth end of the eastern wing or ridge, 

takes its name from its far .stretching viewa to the east and noruu 
Ita native name is Gad^-ha Sund, or the Fort Head^ became i&^ 



AartL 



[onkuLJ 



tiiAna. 



235 



Poinbe. 

PitMorama, 



rerlouks Peb Fort, the moat eastern peak of the B&vn &lalaag range. Chapter XIV. 

iieaving the thickly wooded neck above tho Simpson Reservoir the pi-cM oTlnfcer«ct 

_)atU win Jg among deep woods, vrhiuh every now and Ehen open on the 

right and show the troo-covorcd slope of Governor's Hill. From these 

Dods the path crosses opener ground with leas mi] and less 8helt«r, 

id smaller and mora atanted trees. To the right tho hill-side rises 

and rocky, broken by clamps and patches of trees.' To the 

1, looking across to the Sinipgon Reservoir, thick tiall trees hide 

16 Bite of the BIphiustone Lake, wb^jse ruined earthen dam shows 

ed among the trees. Further on, the wiud-awept spur gnulually 

irrows to a rocky nook only a few jards wide. Beyond the 

ck the point rises into a kuoll crowned by a small dark grove, 

~ agaiu sinks into a bare table of rock.' The point coDunandsone 

if tho widest views on the hill, both of Miither&n itself and of the 

>lain and hills to the east, corth, and west. To the south-east at 

the foot of the bold wooded crest of Governor's Hill stretches the 

rich green belt of the Kohrli MAr or Wild-Pulm forest, and, beyond 

are the lower nlopes brown and grey with teak and other leaf-shedding 

trees. Across the plain, beyond some isolated flat-topped blocks of 

hill, looms the massive wall of tho Sahyi^drisj many of whose hluSa 

and fortified peoks can be recognised when tho air is clear. Ir the 

foreground, north-west from the end of the point, stretches the 

great Bdva Malang range, beginning in Feb or Pebak whoso baro 

flat-t'>pped head is circled with the remains oFMoghal and Maritba 

fortifications. Behind Peb, rising with a rather gentle slope into a 

rounded point and then filing in a narrow ridge, is K&khind. 

, Beyond Niikhind baro stcop spurs riae to the foot of tho massive 

I towor-like ci-eat of Chanderi. Further off nro the jagged peaks of 

I Mhas-Mal Qud Kavora-Navari, or the husband and wife, said to be 

1 BO called becaoso the hill-side onco opened and swallowed a marriaee 

party crossing from BadlApnr to Fanvel. In the oitrcmo west the 

ran^ ends in a pair of great hilts, to the right the long niffged 

; outline of T&vVi and to the loft the sharp clear-cut pinnacles of B&va 

' Malang or tho Cathedral Hocks. To the loft, with Pmbal as back 

ground, is a fine %-iew of the woodod ravines and bare cliffs of Hart^ 

^^Moukoy, aud Porcupine Pointa. 

^B In' the distance, to the west or nouth-westj just clear of Prabal, 

^^re Great and Little Karanja (1000). North of these lies Bombay 

I harbour with Elophanta (568) in the centre and tho lonpp level line 

of Bombaj' in the distance. Further north, the first high land is 

I Trombay, or the Neat*8 Tongue (1000). Still farther north, beyond 

j the long stretch of the Kurta marshes aud rice-lauds, rise the 

Sdlsetto hills in throo waves, each wave marking the site of one of 

the Bombay reservoirs, Vehdr to the left, Tnlai in the centre, and 

^jthe still unmade Year to the right. la front of the Teur hill lies 

^V ' Tho chi«f troM u« the dwk olowgrowing mad thorny kumia Cnvym uborta, 
* and tha tidi ban or ruBaGt-Usved idru HetOTOphrognu roxbnrghiL 

'The trees MAtrild limMi.M(UAa<li< AtftkntUmoitophyUa. an;iMi« Mcmecj'Ioa adok, 
amAjdtiUmU Rycitfiuin jjuiiboluuiin. 
1 'The detaiU (rf liw (1i«t«ot view »n oontnbotol by Mr. P. B. SbcUnw, C£, 

^^Jho mon distant hills cao bo moo only io rery vltu wMtli«r. 



(Bombay OuMtNt 




DIRTBICTS. 

Chapter ZXV. Persik Point, pierced hy tbe Pettiiuula railway, and, bpjoocl ^t/Osk, 
FlaoM oTiaUrMt. finds the Ka-lydn creok or eBtoary of the Ulhds. Over the onek. 

to the north, between Bltva Malanp and TAvli, rise tbe pB»k ■ 

UimtMlv. Kimandarjf (2100) and the tableland of Trnifn&r (2195). ClflWil 



Poiata. 
/wwntmi. 



T&rli, to the riKlitj ettaudu thu high codu o£ Ihig&d, and, 'befood 
itj Takmak (26IG), overlooking the Vaitarna valley. Kortbrf 
Tftkmak, the Surva range, vialbte only on very clear days, endi a 
the far north Id the jaffgwl top of the great fort of Anheri (168^ 
Kostward there is little to attract the rye in the Vada hills, biit,ai 
the north horizon, over the point of Peb, may bo seen the aacnd 
peak of Mah^Iakshmi.' Still further east, from the middle diataut. 
rises the deeply-cleft ridge of Mllhali (2S15], gnardad on the wot 
by a tower-like column of basalt. Close behind the chief hill, toi 
apparently adjoining it, ia Chhota or Little M^hiili. Tbe bold distul 
headland, east of M&huh, is Vatvad, the furtbefit visible point of 
the Sahyildri range. Behind Vatvad, to the oast, is the fninoDi kill 
of Triinhak (4264), the aarred tsource of the Qodivari. Still fortbti 
east, and a little to thesoatfa, is Anjanori (4384) the hot-woather bU 
of Nftsik, wliit-h )ieB fourteen miles to the east. Southward, ai &r 
as the rangd tliat separates NiLsik from Ahniadnagar, tha line of At 
Sahy&dria has oo striking hills. Oa the range that aeparatea Nlnlt 
from Ahmndnsgar are the foria of Alang and Kulang, and^ among 
the broken tops of the neighbouring hills, can he made out Um 
conical peak of KaUubdi (5427), the highest point of the Sahyidria. 
Fnrthor Booth Ob&tghar and other peaks form a ruj^cd and bn^cca 
range, whoso most interesting feature, Uarishchandragad (456i!), 
18 hid behind the orest of the Sahyadria which here turn west to 
Bidgad, whose sogar-Ioaf peak (323^) stands out from the main lioa. 
The twin detached hills to the north of Sidgad are Qorakh^^ and 
Machhindragod. Farther south, on the tine of the SahyAdri croat, i» 
£him&shaukar (3434}, and, in front of Bhim&shaukar, liie detached 
hill-fort of Tun^ (2019), and still further south on another detached 
hill the fort of Peth. 

The Panorama Point view uf the Sahy&dris ends with Peth. Bat 
the top of Panorama hill, or better still G&rbat Point, comiuaodi 
a magnificent view of the southern SahyAdris and the KoUba biOi. 
Following the line south Ei-om Peth are the detached tablelaod 
of Ddk (2803), then the famous hill-fort of IWimftchi (2710) with 
its wall and gateways, and still further south thu Nagphani or 
Cobra's flood known to Europeans as the Duke's Nose. East of 
the N&gphani are the hiU-forta of Ijohgod (3415) and Yisilpur, and, 
to the south, are Tel Baili, Dhondsa, Bhorap, and Pali all in the 
Bhor state. Of the South Thfina hills the most striking is M^jukgad 
(1878), like a nmaller Vatvad, a few miles south of Ghank tQIo^ 
West of Mllnikgad is the well-known funnel of Karnfila (1540), a 
land-mark for ships entering Uombny harbour. Between Ufinikgad 
and KamAla, beyond the silver line of the Dharamtar crock, the 
Alib&g hills complet-e the circle with the furtitied head of &&gargftd 
(1164J, and the sacred top of Kaukeshvar (1000). 



> Det«ila gf Mahiltkthmi ue givm uhvrt, p. SI9. 



iriiiii 



itftt 




THAN A. 



MATimi:f. 

Poijita. 
Gdriat. 



GisBAT Foist, Uie south end ol tbe oastoru wiug, takea iia aame Chapter XI7. 

>m the qoftrta crystals or giirs found on the spur tbat runs east pi ac-g oTlnteiMt. 

Karjat. Crossing tho ehonldcr of Garbat hill the path Kinks and 

IS along tho easteru i^ce of the poiut, forty or fifty f«et below tlie 

grest of U&rbat hill. The hank on the right ib well-wooded and 

alow lie tho varied tints of the eveTgreen Bokri forest^ Beyond the 

i\t of bright-greeu forest, the hill sides, grey with leafless trees, fall 

p bare flHt-topped tipurH witli Dhaugur hutH and patches of 

tillage. From the eaat side of G&rhat bill, with many ups and 

lowna, the path crosses a bare rocky hill-side under a tree-crowned 

lill-top. A little fui-thur the point shrinks into a narrow open neck 

srith cluatora of bushoa and trees. Beyond the neck it again 

)roadens, and, for about a mile, runs round a rining slope thick 

trewa with small black boulders, with patches of underwood 

land well grown jamhu-h and russet vania treea. Fmrii a bank 

[icrowned with bushes and largo wcathcr-boaton troos, the point 

■lopes to the south, bare and boulder-strew u, narrowing to a smooth 

ledge of bare gravel. To the eat^t the point falU in a steep cliff, 

'jclow which tho hill-aide, scarred with ravines and troeleas except 

' 1 a few hollows, stretches in long Sat-topped spurs far across 

10 plain. To the south, some hundred feet below the level of tho 

An\, a narrow flat tongue of rock runa Bouth riiHtig into the pe&k 

of Sondai. On tbe west of G&rbat point this ledge or plateau runs 

for some distance slightly wooded aud with patches of tillage. 

Beyond the plateau tbe hill-side falls into the Kh^van ravine, and 

■gaia rises in tbe bare steep slopes and cliffs of Alexander Point and 

Little Chauk, to the hill-top whose thick woods are broken by a few 

house roofs and lines of thatched Uute. The expesed western crest 

of G^rhat Point is at first rocky and bare. Then tho path passes, 

acroAR wind-swept glades and through sheltered dells, to the narrow 

neck that leads to the inner point, whore it tm'ns sharply down a 

Btccp slope, between beautifully wooded banks, that rise, to the right 

in Giirbat hill, aud, to the left in the swelling crest of the main 

hill-top. 

Aluus'der Point, a small cape or headland standing out from tbe 
eastern hxe of the main hill about half way between the top of the 
Khdtvau ravine and Little Chunk Point, takes its name from 
Captain Alexander who married a niece of Mr. Malot's, the founder 
of Mfitber^ as a hill station. Leaving the -main road about the 
■eventfa mile from Kend, the path sweeps south thruugh a deep 
wooded dell to a baro flat bluS which oommonda a fine easterly view 
of Gdrbat point and Sondai peak, and a westerly view of tho cliffs 
that rnn south to Little Chank, and at their feet the deep green of 
R&m Bi^h or S^m's Garden. 
Little OoAtiKj the bloff or bastion at the aontb-east end of the i'MU Okatik. 



Airecamler, 



* Tb9 dMp gro«u am oitfaKit McoMcykni «dal«, pAaiwu CukUU integetniaa, 
mibkti SapoU tomentfiBa, «m nuDgoM ; the bloe gnuu ar« pirns Aattiio<Upho« 
ie«oUt«, and JthttimU ; the yellow gntia an tkeumrda HMuan a roxhorghU, and 
tmhiU Carajfk nhont ; tb* orsys u<a 4»aiu Bnvdebit rataw, sua mmban, or ban 
puMrt uul tuind* LagcratncmM parvUlDn,; ud tb« brown* hv rutUy-tlppcil ktrdda 
' 'eJcMOarciiuseaiDlwgwa. 



^^ 





CkapUr XIV. 

Hwm of Interest 

PoinU. 
Iil4k Chatik. 



OrtatChank. 



TrttBm. 



tnger. 



main bill, takes its name from the counttj town oF Cbaiik, aboqt 
Ere milea to Uio south. The road south to Little Chauk, sheltered 
from Bonth-WMt galee, is richlv wooded with a deep dell on the left 
and a tree-covered crest on the right. The broad level path winds 
through smooth open glades frioKed by clasters of well growu trMS 
and br largo black buuldere. Ki»r the poinl the hill top fi«Uai& 
the trees dwindle into hushes, and the ground is hare and cotbtm 
with black rock, like Great Cbaok it commouds a wide view of 
the ragged south. 

Grb&t Gbaok, the central of the three great bluffs that form the 
Boathem face of Mather&n, takes its name from overlooldsg the 
oountrr town of Chauk. From Little Chauk the path crosses a 
wooded hollow, and from this the broad rotudcd point of Groat 
Chauk stretches south, at first wooded though flat, then bare, 
thick-strowD with small black boulders with one or two stunted 
mango trees and many dry leafless bushes. The point commandft 
a wide view across the plain. Under the cliff stretches the deep 
greeQ of the eastern Varosha forest. £eyoad ihe furv&t, on a bare 
Bat spur, cluster the thatched nwfs of Varosho, and about fire 
miles across the plain, close to the deep green line of the PanTfl^^ 
high road, lies the country town of Chaok. Beyond Chauk tii^' 
plaiu is broken by many rangeaand spurs. To the right, beside the 
pinnacle of Isdlgad and the more distant funnel rock of Kamila, 
are many ranges of flat wooded hills, among them Hera Doogar 
above Fen, and, further to the west, the Sigargad range in Alibtig. 

OsE Teie Hill, the most westerly of the three bluffs that form the 
south face of Mathcriin, takes its name from a large battered yum&u/ 
tree that grows on its hollow top. West from Groat Chank the 
road runs close to the edge of the hill side, and the hill top to the 
right has much stunted hnishnood and trees. The weatem crest of 
Uie hill, open to the sonth-wcat gales, is bore cxcopt a few weather- 
beaten bashes. From the crest a footpath leads down a steep slope 
to two large rounded masses of rock, the upper rock joined to tbo hill 
by a narrow nock, the lower separated by a deep-cut cleft. It is this 
lower rock which, from a largo but lop-sided and wind-battored 
jdmhul, takes its English name of the One Troo Hill and its Mar&tha 
name of J&mbul Point. ^ The top of the rock, rising in a stoop slope 
to its sonth-wo8t edge, yields during the rains a crop of grass ri 
euongh to t«mpt grass-cutters to climb its steep sides. From 
upper rock are seen, close at hand, two of the western bastions ._ 
Chauk Point, and boyond them the flat maasive rock of Louisa Point 
Bomo hundred feet below stretchofi a wooded plateau, part of the 
Varosha forest, aud, to the left, rises the great flat range of Prabal, 
Between Prabal and Louisa Point, closo at hand, are the Vinja and 
Morpa hills, and in the distance tbo rugged crags of TAvli and Bdvft— 
Malang. ^| 

Dakorr Point. Along the crost of the western Chauk clifF, 
gradually passing into deeper wood, a footpath strikes off the m 



9 ^^ 



\ The p«oplo Also vail it llw Stnun-bcd Rock, N^chi Tdtri, 




thAna. 



239 



>a(l, KQil, IceepiiifiF to tbe left, wimls down a steep slope, across n 
>cky and biire hilliiidt', witb n few thickly -wooded dells. Tbe opeD 
irts alonj; tlia ores! of the Chauk c\iS command a view of the pillar 
~ Isal{^ad to the south-wfut, and, to the west, of the steep bore 
aides of Prabal, with its flat tree-crowned top, emliog in the north 
in a maesivo cra^. In Front is tho small Sat head of Danger 
Point, and, rising behind it, aro the wooded crest and clean-cut cliffs 
Louisa Point and the deop-wooded hollow of tho liiU-top above. 
Dm this the path winds tki-oiigh a sheltered wooded hollow and 
It along the edge of the cliff, with a backward view of the high 
irp that ruDH iionth to One Tree Qill orerbanging the green belt 
tite west Varoelia forest. Aiter some sharp descents the path 
;hps Danger Point, a small bare terrace shaded by a few woU 
3wn trees. To the north Danger Point comtnauds a fine view of 
le rocky scarp of Koho Point and of tho green bill-top behind. 
Turther to the wost stand the wooded crest, high cliff, and battross- 
ce rock of Lonisa Point, and, between thfl point and Prabal, the 
ley of the Pauvel river stretches to Bombay harbour. Beyond 
>aager Point the path sinks into the Pisharn^th valley, parsing on 
'le right a deeply wooded baolc in whose shade lies the shrine of 
^ifiham&th, tbe guardian of UAtherd.u. 
Crossing tho Pishnrniith valley, which the new dam will turn into 
lake, the path winds, through a thickly wooded hollow^ to Echo 
I'oiiTT, a bare flat terrnca with one or two stnnted trees and dry 
leafless butihcs.' On the right a black cliff rises to tbe richly 
■wooded hill-top. 

Beyond li^ho Point the path winds through shcltorod copse, and 
lin striken tbe lip of tho scarp at Lakdscai'B Poikt a flat terracOj 
irntshcd with a scat, and commanding a fine view of Louisa Point 
id Prabhal. 

From landscape Point the path winds through a richly woodod 
hollow up to the tree-crowned crest of LonrsA Poijjt. This, tha 
southern end of the smaller or western wing, takes its KngUsb name 
from the wife of Mr. Fawcett, of the Bombay Civil Service, who 
was Revenne Commissioner betwcon 1855 and lSo9. Its native 
name is Tapurichi Sond or tho Pillar Head from the short 
isolated buttroHK-lika crug at its [)oiut. From tbe crest of Louisa 
Point tho path atrctchea south-wost, at first under a well-wooded 
knoll, and then along a plateau with fewer and more stnnted trees 
to a bare smooth table of rock. To the left is the scarp of Hicho 
Point, and, in front, Chauk cliff stretches as far as One Tree 
Hill. To the south-west stands tbe solitary peak of IsAlgad, 
and on tbe west, lies the straight flat mass of Prabal witb ita 
broken northern crag. Joined to X>ouisa Point by a short nock is 
aburge rock or crag with a fine northerly view over tbe part-tillad 
plateau of Haaha and the lower peaks of Vaoga and Horpa across 
tbe plain to tbo B^va Malang range, the slopes of K&kbiuda to 



Chapter XIV. 
Places of Intereat. 

PoiBta. 
/>anjrer. 



Seko. 



Landaeapt. 



Louisa, 



> The treos urc at^ard$, pt$a$ and bbclt-lesrod vvUxniu or i*ild tiiiMa ; tb* bmhm 



(Bombay Ostetteer, 



DTSTHICTS, 



Ch&pt«T ZIV. tho right, iho comb-like crost oF Chanderi and the rocky pinnaclea 
Plac«B oflntarMt *^^ Mlias-MAls and Nftvarft.Xdvftri in tho centr^j and to the left IIk 
wUdoQtlinesof Ti&vli and the Cathod 



?otetiL 



Geologf. 



thodral Itocks. 

PoBCDPiNE PoiHT, tho Qortb end of the western wing or hill ridg«, 
prob&bl; takes its same becaoae it was formerly a resort of porcupian] 
though, according to one aooooot, its long Uiick snout and ragged 
bushes, like the qaills of the fretful pnrtMipine, suggested Ha 
lume. Tho people call it PAlki Point, mistaking its English xumw, 
or M&ldungdcha Sued that is Mdtduuga Point. After leaving 
the richly wooded liulluw at the top of Louisa Point, the path skirts 
the western face of the hQl, across glades and through belts of 
evergreen trees and brushwood.' To the left a bare hill-side, 
with an undergrowth of leafless bushes, fulls some hundred feet 
to an evergreen terrace, part of the Miildiinga forest. Frfim a group 
of large anjani and varas tre«R tho point ^lopen north in a long' 
narrow lodge. To the west, over the cliff, is a fine view of the 
U^dunga forest deep-grecu or opcniug into withered glades. To 
the right is the richly wooded ravine of Mdldnnga, in which is hidden 
Malot's Spring or Tipflchi Pani. Above the raWue the hill-top ia 
nearly flat and deeply tvooded, the chimneys and red voal of 
Elphinstone Lodge showing among the trees. To the east stretches 
the Ciovernor's tliil, the long creel of Panorama Point, and the tops 
of the Biiva WaWig range, the flat rock of Peb, the gentle slopes 
of Nnkhinda, the sharp creat of Chanderij the small pinnacles of 
Uhas-Mdla and Navara-Navari, and the ragged fonns of T&vU and 
Bdva Malang. Beyond the point, after crossing eome bare groonoli 
the path ti>ads along a hollow hill-side through deep ovorgreeo 
groves thick with fresh underwood and climbing trees^' to the 
wooded neck thai jmnu the wctitem spur to the main hill, through a 
damp doll known as the Hand^ha Tal or Buffalo's Hollow, adorned 
by some large straight-stemmed jdmhuls and maTigoes. Further 
on, to the loft, paths load to Malet's and Ponsouby's Springs, while 
the main roail pasde!) the Gymkhana and behind Klphint^tone Ijodgo 
to Monkey Point, a small ledge of rock above Hart Point, witii a 
fine view of the li^ug cUS of Porcupine, Prabal. tho Bava Malang 
lange, the Panorama apur, and tho wooded alopes about Hart Point. 

M&thordn is a mass of even trap-fiows capped by a layer of laterite 
or iron clay. Most geologists hold that it was once an udand in Ute 
sea that cleared tho wall of the Sahyiidris and washed away the 
Kontan lowlands. The crabs and shells that are still found on tho 
hill-top suppurt this view, and, in the beginning of the rains, when, 
tho vwloys arc full of mist, tho white wool-like clonds, passing into 
the roota of the hill, leavo the points standing like wave-worn capos, 
and the rallej'S rounded in the sickle sweep of a sea beach. But 
in cloudless weather the stream-worn ravines, the torrent'f^eamed 
hill-sides, the points washed into narrow necks and pillar-Iiko crags, 
the plateaus crowded with masses of ^llen rock, and, after heavy 



> Ohitiflr irf mtwb, Jtanmdr, bounds, hmAUU, pM*, «diI muigoes. 
*Theuliiuf tnm »n iumbdf, eAmddluk9an,kir%U$, bomidr, phaiwU, aitihmil4n 
ttta uodurwood olurfly raititj ttw climbers Ktmb. 




w 



rain, the thandermjBf roar of landatipn, setim i>:> ghoir that the worn 
and ragged form of the hill i& chiefly due to the fierce buffeting o£ 
theblastfl aod torrents of the tiouih-wpfii oiunsoon. 

Tlie c&ppiDg of highly poroas and absorbent laterite or iron clay 
lies like a hago fspooge oo the top of the trap. The latcrito rock 
occora in many forms. Fresh cut, as in sinkiug a well, it is soft 
and yielding, with Iftyers of bright mftgnetic iron ore &tiU atimized 
with clay. Whea the iron is beiog oxydized, the stracturo is 
tubular,! and, when chemical action )iaa ceased, the boulders haye 
a hard polish^ fiurfacR aod flinty tQXturo.' The terracea below the 
scarp are etrewu with red kterite bouUter8> sumo with sharp clear cat 
comers, others weathered and rounded. The debris is tn places 
over sixty feet deep, and, among it, are blocks of columnar boaalt 
with corners as sharp and faceti as smooth as when they took form. 
The laterite seems formerly to have been worked for iron, and so 
strongly is the rock chai-ged with iron that a few chips of jftmiuZ 
wood tnrD the water of some of the ipringa black as ink. Under the 
capping of iron ctay the hill is a ma»s of ilows of trap, laid laver 
opoQ layer, some layers only a few foot thick, others forming high 
oliiFs, all of them Sat and even, not only in the different parts of 
Mitken&n, but with the sides of Frahal and other more distant 
hills. The trap though in places columnar is uannlly plain. Its 
stractare is more or leas amygdaloidal and in the hollows are 
minerals of the Zoolite family. Of these apophyllite, which is 
perhaps the most common, when exposed by blasting, shows crystals 



1 Mr. Faot« giv«a tb« foUAwiag detail«d dflacripUM) of » b«l of tabular ircn-cUy 
foand oa tb4> top nf VaUligad fort in wMt Belnum. Instead nf ahoiriiig tlin nrdinaiy 
boruDotsl or aeorly Uorixvatal vmhiuW csvitlw thv sumniit bed i« penneftced bj 
vartiMl liiboU runaing nearly thnogh ii. Th« app«r ends of tbcae tubiiU an empty 
tor A litcis diatADOo, ciTtng tbo anrfaoo a pjtt«d appeanwco, but the tnboi ve 
genenll; G]l«d with li^o-mugiti oU^, and bava thair walla lm«d with a gUc« rery 
uko tbatag trvftttally met vrilh id the vermicular hoUowaof ordinary laterites. 
The tubvli vary m diam«ter froni Jth to {th of ao inoh, hat «ni generally leas than half 
hi\ ioah acmu. Their height <lcp«>sda anoo the thickncM of we bed and tht gtaxcd 
milea show miK-h itatitotitoid wavincM ot «urface. In the loirer part* of the bed th« 
tcbuh aro l«ca diatinct. There can bo little doubt that the (onnatioo of theae tubes 
ia due to the action ol pcroolnttng wntor. Tfaia atrnctnn ifl not ao comniDnly mot 
with u the mdely -bedded qaatt-stratiHfcdfrtmia m whi^h the vuicular and Tormiealar 
oavitke are ratJuer horiaontally dUpoied. Mi<ui. <ipol. Survey, Xil. pt. 1, 307. 

* The laterite or icon-day that w fonuil nvorlvin^c thn tnjm lu RatnAgiri, Tbina and 
the Heooan, ii of two kinds, a iwiUinentjiry roclt f<^riiivd either in lakoa or under the 
•ea, and a rocfcthat ap])«anaa the Rummit Ixtd oftr&p hillB,iteelf a trap, changed aod 
deaompMad by the ac^on of the air. Ti>diiitmgui*h btlwecn these two olaaaee at 
rodt. Sir. Foote haa Dropoeed that the •edimenlAry rock ahoiilil be called tatcrito and 
the upper deoompoeed trap iran cUt. The laterite, or pinviatilc rock, ■■ mni^h liwa 
common and leaa widNprwd. It ia foand only in aooM lowlyiug tmcta io Ratnkgin 
attd ia places hi the Decean, which probably were onoe the boitanu of lakes. The 
roek that capa the RatoAgiri hilU, and farma the aummit bed of MUherin and frf tb« 
Sabyit'lri and other Decean liilla. ia iron-clay foroMd from trap by the a<:tion ot the 
air. Mr. Kuole girea the (ollotring details of ■ectiona in the inilitarj' roada thrvu^ 
the Amboti aud rhonila paaaea tii ItatnAgiti. The haaaltk rooka gradoate iaioa 
moderately hard ycllowinh hmnn ur brown aarthy maaa whioh coeloaee many nuclei 
af the original rocke in variims ategca of decotopoeitioa. The opper parte ot the 
daoempoeed maea, from whioh the nnelei hare diaappeared. have nndorgene a paocaH 
fl( ooDoretienal tolidillcatiaB from the infiliratiAn ol anrfaee walen boUUog troa in 
•olntieii and are aaeuinin^ tlte ordinary latentoid appearance and reddish eoloor. 
Mem. Geol. Snrvoy. XII pt. 1, 202 
a lOU-Sl 



Chapter ZIV. 

f lacM of latsrMt, 
AUTHnuUr. 

OeoLogy. 



rBoBbay 



DISTRICTS. 



Chftfrter XT? . of K^^^^ bcaaty. Healondito, mesotrae, siiUit«, ftnd uatrolit*, 
Hmtta oTlntArMt. ^'^' *" ^^^ crystals of quarts fnKn vhtdi Girbat takes its BAine, «> 
riMM 01 lovron. ^^^^^^^ The trap weAthem into soil th»t gsUwre »( the Eoo« «f 
UAnami*. ^^ different l»yeT», somettmes in wurow ledgn fit only for dtt 
^ growth oC graaa, in other plaoea in rich platesas bearing Uio 

H trees. 

^n*Temee. Bosidee the beaaty of tb« hilUtop and oC He viewa, a ffiMt 

obarm in tA&ther&a is tliu pluteau or terrace UuU almcMt traeirdii 
the hill from two to throe handred feet below ita crcaU lliia bdt 
ha« a neb soil yearly freshened by noald swept from ths 
hill'trip. In porlB it lies broad and open, dotted with mango sad 
jdmhul trees, and with some fields of rice or nayti round a hamlet 
oE Thdkiir or Dhangar huU. Aaio it shKnks to a rocky pAtb, or, 
at open wind-swept oomers, yidJs only thickets of roogh bramblsi 
or ragged buffeted 6g bushes. But in many covc-s of the bay* 
like T^lcys, ahelterod by cliffs from the blasts .of the north*east 
and south-west gales, are gruves of ancient erexgreen %Ttv^ wliose 
ntoma rise straight and high, and whose small-leared distant sfaadt^ 
letting in air and light, fuaters the growth of evergreen bmshwood, 
and, neifcr spring!} and in damp dingles, nourishes patches of gnsa 
and tufts ot Com. 
p«r«u. Xhe cliief forests in the main terrace are, in the north-east 

below Panorama point and the Governor's hill, the Wild-Pilm 
Grove or Mir Rai ; further south below Garbat hill the Bekri Korest ; 
to the east of Little Cbank, K&m Bdgh or R&m's Garden, also 
known as the Primeval Forest ; to the sooth of Great Chank, the 
east Varoffha Forest, and to the west of One Tree Hill the west 
Varosha Porent; to the weat of Porcupine point tlie M^dann 
Forest; and between Porcupine and Hart, point the Black or Kola 
Pormt. All tlieeo woods are erergreen. The varied tints of dark, 
bluish, bright, and yellow green aro eoftoood, during the dry months, 
by a f^rey mist of leafless ornissettroo-topa, and brightonea, towards 
till' dufio of the hot-weather, by brown, pink, and golden tips that 
are ready lu burnt into leaf at the firut fall of rain.' 

Thn genemi foaturoH of most of these groves resemble those of 
the M^r Bai, ur Wild-Palm Grove, which covers the plateau thai 
stretches from one of the xigzags on the main road about foar 
and a half miles from Xeml, Ti(irthwftr<Jfl under the steep wootted 
crest of Governor's hill an J Panorama point. From the road the 
path enters the forest near its eoetcrn limit, and pattsing north for 
some hundntd yarja, climbs a steep thick- wood e<l bank u> an upper 
terrace which utrotchos to the end of Panorama point. The ground 
is rocky, bare of grass, and thickly strewn with leaves. Therv is 
mnch underwood, some fresh and groea but moat either leafless or 
withered into yellow or brown. In the outskirts, the trees thoUj 



I 



I The dark grMoa an cbieAy muisiVM. tttmbdU, Ottjama, taS wcaae jAmtMU ; tl9 
bluith graefu ohi«lIy f^*^, aplti; muI kohm jdtntxti* ; Ui« light ([r*e)w otiMfiy §uirti 
Uw firwu-grwyi, dtn mad wiuwra ; tJt» ItwDeu graya, n^iuU, iwlAir*, and «unw Vdra< ; 
Uia rauot or witbered browni oUvAy nlnu; ioeorvwu, pinLaatl j-cUow tiiwchieny 
held*, buhimt. Bad pdAirtt 



MtlUUl.l 



ThAna, 



243 






k 



1 Tbe brisht grcra-buliM an MMdiu, gtldt, and tarawf*. Th« lUrk-^TMD trvei 
■fa ttbu, taaofpM, witAjiPnlmU ; Uia bldab-fTMO are pUdt, apUU, uul dimbtag vdtoHt; 
Mm myjah-gnMii an vrnfatr^ aad daiM : ud the loafloa bnncboa belong to tnnu, 






Strwmi. 



together, oro small and utimtod. Detipcrin rise some mtriki^ht Ch&ptor XIV. 

broken jdmlut aud maugo sterna, and oa« huge fig tree fifty-two Places oflntereat. 

il iu girtb. la aoother dell, whore the gruuud is thick wilii green 

nndcrwowi, is a grove of large j/imhul and fig trees, interbiced by 

'estuouA of the great climbing kdndivlj whose trunks, twiotod like 

coils of a huge serpent, are drawn to tbe tree tops and full in 

'straight heary sprays with acattenxl doep-green IcaTOs. Beyond 

thin dell the wooa is Again thinner, with open plots and glades fringed 

"py thickets of bright-greeu brushwood, overtopped by dark-groou, 

ilae-greoD, and grey-green troe^, and a snriDklieg of bare IcatlesK 

ironcnCH.' To the right the deep fringe or the wood hides the hill 

lopes, and, ou tbu left, a eteep wuoded bank ri&es to the overhanging 

itje-crowoed creafc of Goveroor'a hill. The path, climbing the 

iteep wooded bank, leads to an upper plateau, whore, in rocky 

deep-BoUed ground with thick green onderwood, among large 

raangaos, j-imbaL', and unibars, me tbe ttlender ringed stems of tho 

wild paira with \ta long hangiag »oed ta-ssela, and its leaves standing 

in long ftpikea or falling in large black ribbon-like tatterA. Beyooa 

this the grove oorrowa and dwindles till it ends under Panoreau 

point. 

The hilUides of Matberfin are scarred by small streams whicli, 
though dry during moat of tbe year, bear in their clean-swept rocky 
ckanneU ti-nces ot tho Htrongth of their mnn<toon floodn. 'I he west- 
flowing Piaharuatb dmius the central aectioo of tbe hill along a well- 
marked cup-shaped valley, which slopes about 400 feet from the 
cbarcb plateau on tho north and the Chank pUtean on tho south. 
To a leas extent the hilUtop is hollowed by tbe gathering ground 
of theDhitdambiicha pant, or Waterfall Strtntio, between Panorama 
point and tho main hill ; by the drainage that centres in the Molot 
oprings east of Porcnpino point; and by the Varosha Streams that 
run ^twoou Louisa and Landscape points. With these exceptions 
nooo of tile streams drain any oousiderabte sectioa of the hill-top. 
The course of all is much alika Gathering the drainage of a small 
section of the hill-top they either fall with oue or two clear leaps, or 
by a long rapid rush fon:!e their way through boulders and shingle 
from the edge of tho cliff to the lower slopea, and, winding among 
the t^purs at the bill-foot, find their way into one of tho main lines 
of drainage east to the Ulhis^ south to the Pdt^gaoga, or west to tho 
Panve! river. 

Starttog from the north and working easlwanls, the chief of these 
strBams are the Neral Water, Neraliiclii Pitui, which riaea IkjIow the 
Oovornor'a hill and passing east and thon north along tbe ravine 
betweou Panorama point and the ^eral spar, falls into the Ulh^s a 
littlo to tho west of Neral. The Bokn Stream, Bekricha V&da, 
from below OArbnt hill, passes east through the Uekri forest, and, 
entering tho plain to tho south of tho Neral spur, flows east to the 



rBomtejr 



244 



)ISTRICTB. 



Chapter XIT. 
naoMoflntcreft 

UinmAn. 

StTMIIW. 



?Al«r 9appl;. 



Clbia. The SondAi or K/ttvan Streaio, SoniUi VAda or Kit ran Vidi, 

between Girbat aud Alexander point, fed by s iRrge share of the 

hill drainage. Sows eouth aloiijj the cbieE of the MatherAn valley*, 

past the town of Chauk into the PAtAlganga. The Little KAtnn 

DetWBCu Alexander jwiut and Little Chftuk, aftor a stci-p Boath^ 

easterly eoane, joina tlio main Kitvan nnder G&rbat p«int. 

Biirfpion Stream, Birgaonoha Vdda, between Little and Big 

meeting- the KAtvan water, flows by Chanlc town south into 

P&t&lganga, A little to the went, between Great Chauk and the < 

Tree Hill, the Varosha Stream, up whoso narrow rocky bed thu 

Cbank path struggle**, nmn south and joining the Borgaon and 

K&tvan waters, passes Chauk and fallii iuto the Pdtalganga. Between 

Danger and Echo pointe, draining the thickly wooded ceatrBl 

bollow of tbe hill-top between the church platean on the north and 

Chauk plateau on the south, the Pisbam&th or Bund Stream, flow* 

weab over the cliff into the Varosha river which runs south W 

Chank and the PaUlgnnga. In the hollow on the t(.)p of the hill, the 

bed of the stream is crossed by three masonry walls, and lower 

dowo, just above the edge of the cliff, by a much higher dam, 

which is expected to flood the valley back above the first wall 

and swamp tbe garden t«rraces on the north bank. In ]3!>0 

the Pi»lmriiAth Qoned throughout the year with a couaiderable 

stream ; but, for some years past, apparently from the increaso of 

trees and brushwood on its gathering ground, it has a1mo«toea«ed 

to flow before the bogiouing of the hot weather. In the ooraer 

between Echo and Louisa pointy two nameless streams drain the 

ftloping hill-top and fall over the cliff, passing w««i to the main 

Btream that, draining the valley between MJitherdu and Prabal, 

flows south by Cliauk to the Patdlganga. Between Porcupine 

and Hurt point, a largo area of the western hilLtop and of the low 

nock between the central and we8t«ra hill belts, drains into the 

stream known eitber aa Pip4ohi P&ni VAda, the Tub VVnter Stream, 

or as Mflldung^ha Kadi the Maldunga River. This Rows to the 

north-west aud then turns we«t to the Panrol river. Further to tbe 

oaet the atrcam that drains the hollow between the Governor's hill 

and Mart point, one of the Maldunga streams which is known as the 

Dhodambaclia Pfini or the Waterfall Stream, posses west into the 

Fonvel river, through the deep-wooded valley in which are the 

Simpson reservoir and the remains of the rained HUphinstODe lake. 

lu spite of the rainfall of about 200 inohes even the largeit 
Htrpama cease to flow soon after Chriatmas. This is due partly 
to the porona iron cUy and partly to the dense growth of timber 
and brushwoyd that covers almost the whole hill-top. In IS&O, 
as has been noticed above, before the trees and brushwood were 
preserved, the Band or PisharnAth stream, which now barely trickles 
daring the hot months, flowed Er&ely even in May, discharging 
from the cliff a stream of water ovor a foot wide and three or four 
inches deep.' Of eleven springs only two, Harrison's on the euk 



1 Rmith'a MitlinnLn, 2, 11. Dr. Jjmitii's quoUtiaw wnjin to pmve UlKt tli» fr 
growth of tree* in tho gutlieritig groaail uf fliirin^ cxlmutt* their uijiply ol irator. 



>-,^ uti — » • an 




Koiikan.l 



thAna. 



245 



I 



I 
I 

I 



and Malet's on the west of tlie main hill-top, last throughout the 
[year. BeginaiDg from the north nnd wurking; east, in the hollun* 
above Sitopson's reservoir, near the old Dbaogar settlement^ is a 
BPring knuwn as the Pbaiisi or Jack-Tree Water. On the outskirts of 
the Wild-Palm grove ander Oovernor'a hill, a few^hundred yards 
&om the roadj is a spring which, hy a grant from a Mr. Bainanji, 
has been turned into a rock-cut ciatcm with a flat boarded 
covering. It in knuwn an the Black Water or K^li Paai, and, till 
the middle of the hot weather, supplies the stand-pipe on the road- 
side close to the fourth mile from ^Jeral. On the south of the neck 
that joins the eastern and the central belt of hills, close to the 
beginning of Gtobat point, are two springs. About half a mile 
further, near the sixth mile to the left of the Market road, is 
Harrison's Spring which yields water throughout the year or at 
least till the middle of May. It has a cistern which was built in 
1864.65 at a cost of £287 (Ra. 287ti). Nut far off, another spring, 
in the market to the left of the police lines, has a cistern which was 
built in 18G&-6Gata cost of £132 (Ha. 1022). The south of the 
hill has three springSj one to the south and one to tho north of the 
Sanitarium, and athit^ on tho south slope of tho Pisham^th valloy. 
At the spriug to tbe south of the Sanitarium a cistern was built lu 
1865-60 at a coat of £122 (Its. 1225). Further north there are 
three springs in the ravine between Porcupine and Hart points, 
lldalet Spring or TipAchi piini at the head of the main ravine, 
Pousonby Spring or tihitenchi piiDi, that is the Buffaloes' Drinking 
Trough, about a quarter of a mile to tho north, and Kopcrt's Spring 
close to Hart point. Of these the chief are the Malet Springs, 
in tho bed of the Maldunga, about 300 feet down a steep winding 
path. The water of the main spring is held iu a rock-cut cistern 
roofed by iron sheeting, and there arc two smaller springs close by. 
The Malet spring has never been known to fail and 13 the only 
drinking water used by European visitors. 

For' tho storage of water seven reservoirs have been made, two 
of which have proved failures. Tbe chief site is in tho Pisharnath 
volley, whore, in April and May 1857, Mr. West, C. E., built dams 
Nos. 1 and 2 at a cost of LA\)7 {Ra. tt07d]. I^o. 3 dam in the same 
valley was built in 1857-58 by Captain, now Gonoral Fuller, R. E., 
at a total cost of £533 (Ks. 5330) ; it was subsequently in 1866-67 
raised three feet at a further cost of £115 (Rs, 11&6). These dama 
are all of masonry and are provided with shiico gates, which are 
removed at tho beginning of tlie niiiis and are re-fixed in tho 
month of November, so that every monsoon tho re.servoire are 
thoroughly flashed, and a fresh supply of pure water gathered. 
The capacity oE the three reservoirs is4[&,53;t cubic feet, e<iual to a 
daily supply of five gallons a head to the uaoal number of residonta 
and visitors. 

In 1858, to provide water for the residents at the north-east or 
G&rbat end of the bill. Lord Elphinstonc, then Governor of Ikimbay, 
conceived the idea of constructing an earthen dam in the valley 



Chapter ZIT. 
Places of Intern 

\Vftt«r Sapply. 
Sprimgt. 



Ponds, 



tBouibaj GiMOm 




DISTRICTS. 



CbapUr XIV. 
PUceioflntareat 

Pcndt. 



Clioutfl. 



between Bart point and Panorama bill. The work wws deiitf^ 
aud oarriod out by a sorgeaut ovursocr of tho Public 'Wnb 
department under His Excullencjr's supervision, without furtfae 
professioDftl adrice. The result wMthaC, darinf; the firat monsooa, 
owing' probably to an iunufficieut width o{ waste weir, the diim 
Wftshod over the precipice, and nothing romainA but the faulty vrv^ 
weir. The cost of the i^ork is not recorded. A further uasaccessfnl 
attempt to impound water in this valley, at a site luucb hi^er ofi 
ncartho Neral road, was mado in I86S-60. This site waa BUg g eatn 
by Colonel Fife, B. E., Chief Engineer for Irrigation in 1867, 
withoat having bad trial pita dug or any examiuation mado l>eyoDd 
rongh survey. The BcLeme was sanctioned by GovprnmoTit on 
10th July 1868. at an estimated oost of £663 (Ra. 6628). The work 
wae begun in November 1868 and was oompletod in March I86A 
By tho 26th July, a.fter a very heavy hitl of rain, thoro were twentt' 
one feet of water in the reservoir and two feet rnnninj^ over tw 
waste weir. Five days later^ the Slst, the lake wm empty. Tbi 
caose of failnre was leakage undor the puddle wall of the dain, whidi 
had not been tnkDn down to tho trap rock or other impenioos 
stratum. As it was found that; to rectify tho mistake woiM 
involve a large expenditure, tho dam was allowed to romaia 
originally completed. It is commonly known as Fife's Filter. 

In 1873-74. as tho O^rbat end of the bill still suffered (torn 
want of water, it was decidcMl to build a maaoory dam on a rock 
Conndation nt a point a little below Colonel Fife's dam. Thfl 
reservoir so formed, which was suggested by and bears the nama 
of Dr. Simpson the Suporinteudont, was begun in 1875 
completed in 1876 at a coat of £1626 (Rs. 16.260). In spite of 
its diatonco from tho more thickly peopled part of the Kill, this 
reservoir has proved of great service. The bed of the streaoi below 
the dam has been set apart for washing clothes, the quantity a 
water impounded being more than euough for this and othet 
purpoees. This is a groat oouvonionco to residents and visitors, 
tormeriy during April and May, washermen had t4) take clotbea U 
the Ulb^ river near Neral. 'fhe capacity of this reservoir, whidi 
was designed and built by Colonel Manssell. R. C, Execotin 
Engineer, North Konkan, is 416,400 rubic feet. 

To remove all risk of water scarcity a fresh mason^ dam is beio{ 
built in tho Pi^harndth valley below dam No. 3. Tho new dam 
which ia to be thirty-eight foct high, will raiae the water eigh 
feet above dam No. 3, and will impound enough water to gin 
a daily supply of tbirtv-fivc gallons to every person on the fail 
during its most crowded time, llie site on which this dam is beiof 
built was raggestod by General Fuller, R. E., in 1S57, and agaui i 
1880. The work, which, aftur General l'\iller's wife, is to bo name* 
Charlotte Lake, has been designed by Mr. F. B. Maclnrau, Executiv 
Engineer, North Konkan, nnder wfaa<ie snpcrviition it is now bain 
carried out. Its estimated oo«t is £2661 (Rs. 26,015). 

The porous capping of iron clay, which has made the water-suppl 
of the hill so scanty and so hard to improve, has, at all ttmea of tfa 
yearj in spite of the heavy rainfall, ensured for M.&lhor&D (reedoi 



^^ifa 



lonluuLl 

THAJJA. 247 

m maUris. There is no marsh on any part of the hill and Chapter SIT. 

ery atro&m bed la a baro rock. All material F<ir malaria ia piac^ ,Jxat«r«it. 

arly awept away, and, in almost all seasons, tho thickest of the 

ll-top foresLe can be entered without risk. The grasa-cuttere MItosra*. 

1 wood.cutt«r8 do not snffer from fever, and, where Ecvcr has Climat«. 

urrcd, it: has been dae to dirt not to damp. A fit of ague may 

be caagbt nmong the clefta oE the rocks, but there is oo danger 

open places wbere Ihe air moves. It is this freedom from 

alaria that makea Milther^n so healthy a change to most rtRitors. 

Ihildren, especially, soon lose the pasly llabbiness they have brought 

ith them from the plains. For tho weaknetis cauaed by the rainy 

on in Bomlmy and for all mental or bodily complaints thii^ 

y exercise and a pleasant life can relieve, Mather&n has a 

iling power. In severe and complex ailments ita inflnence fails. 

some time after the raina are over (October -November) the 

imate is pleasant. But, as the cold weather advances and the 

north-east winds grow stronger, the climate is much like the 

eccan climato, and is neither pleasant nor healthy for those who 

.ve Buffered fnim fever or from congested liver, In ManTh and 

9rii, though the momingfi and evenings continue cool and a hot 

gbt is untiaual, the midday heat ia oppressive. This lasts till, 

rly in May, specks of fleecy mist in the PiHham/U.h valley ahow 

nt a moist air has set in from the sea. From thia time, as the aea 

breeze freaheos and the air grows moit^ter and cooler, the ctimnte 

I becomes more and more plensant, till, in the end of May, 

thundifnitonns gathering from the Decnan, drench tho bill, and the 

^^eason is over. Though the lirst heavy rain drivea away most 

^visitonij those who can ctay and are well housed, may, in spite of the 

^^rotnoaa of the paths and the want of amusement, enjoy a fortnight 

ur even three weeks of fresh hearty weather even when it raina, 

and, between the bursts of rain, bright cool days of great beauty. 

After two or tliree showers the views gain greatly iu wvftiieSft 

and colonr. The hill tops ore clear and pnrple, the grey IcaHcss 

woods of the lower (slopes become tipped with pink, gold, and light 

green, and the bushes throw out tufts of pink and purple and sprays 

oif scartet and gold.' The baked whit^ and black hill-aidea soften 

into greys uud browns, uud a sudden grceuiug posjius over the warm 

riuh phiiiis. Kvea after heavy rain, in fair days in July and August, 

I the hill-top ispleiksant, tlie paths arc firm and tidy, not sodden with 

^Bdamp or overgntwn with rank grnas or uudorwood. 

^" Tho great event of tho year ia tho breaking of the south-west 

I monsoon. Some years the rains come in by stealth. Gentle 

I «h*'wer8 and light mists grow rawer and fiercer till the damp and 

discomfort drive visitors away. But, as a rule, the hot-wcather 

endfl with great, thnnfjprstorins from the east, such as has beeo 

described as ushering in the iwnth-west monsoon of 1865. 

I la theaftemoou of Monday, iTuneGth 186^, sullen thunder bcgaa 

' I The pdhir, Ficui oorilifolia, ii tipped with pink snd gold, anil (ho nuV ind mogri 

with light green. Uic ranhkendi liiinu into RilU of l>rij(ht nnrple. tUa mAoMro uta 
(Mtchea or pink, and the ^MiAiai in Kpntys ol M#rlct and gold. 




[BomlMi7 OmMI 



248 



DISTRICTS. 






'C%apt<r XIV. in the north-vest:, wlier^ clondH had all dar been gaehmo; 
Placeaof IntfiMrt. 'oweriiig piles. As they thuudered the clouds moved slowlj do 
Acrosa the north Konkati| and, about fi>ur o'clock giitkered hgti 
the jagf^d crest of Bara Malnag. To the noith, and all along 
B^va MaJang range, the sk^ and land woro filled with lurid oloi 
thunder, lightning, and rain, the Kalyau rivor flovrin^ black aa 
through a uctMie of tho most striking desolation and gloom. So 
of this abrupt line of storro, the country from IJombay to Khuiu 
waa full of pnre calm light. Every rillago, every liut^ every r\ 
and fore8t-trflck, even the bridge over the river at Chniik, a 
clearly into view. The trees aad groves looked magically giw 
and the light picked o»t the most hidden streams and buroisl 
them into threads of molten silver. The Ponvel and Niigotl 
rivers shouo like mirrors, and the sea was scored with bars 
vivid ffunnhiue. Suddetilv, at about five, the storm-i-EMjk pounsd o 
BAva Malang like a tumultuous sea, and swept into the deep Til 
bulweeu JM&therdu uud Prubal, n-ith furious bla^^ts aud lorm 
affful thunder, aud Bathos of forked lightning. When the da 
had filled the valley the rain and wind ceased and tho sto 
stood atill, and, in dead stillness, the thunder and lightning m 
without cettBicg for an hour. The thunder mostly rolled £rom a 
to end of the valley, but it sometimes burst with a crash 
to loosen the bonds of the hills. At six o'clock the storm asi 
moved and passed slowly south over Prabal towards Niigothi 
Anotfaor enchAuting scene opened in tho Bonth. Kvcry hat, ti 
and stream grow alrangoly clear, tho rain-filled rice-fielda and rin 
flashed liko steel, whilo Qoocy clouds lay on every hillock aud slon 
crept up every ravine. As the sua set behind Bombay the i 
was filled with soft golden light. Westward toward.t ThAna t 
hill-tops were bright with every hue fram golden light tu de 

fmrple tthadow, while, among them, the windiag Ulh^ shono U 
inks of humished gold. Then, the moon rose, brightened t 
mists which had gathered out of the ravines and off the hills, ai 
cleared a wav across tho calm heavens, while Ear in thn snuth c 
blnck embattled etorm-raok belched flame and thunder tho wh<: 
night long. 

The nest day (Tuesday) passed without a storm. Oq Wedneadi 
the 8th, eastward towards Khandala ra«t electric cloud banks b«gi 
to gather. At t^vo iu the afternoon, ^vith mutterings of thuncli 
the sky grew suddenly black and lurid. .Vt half-post two the stoi 
passed west moving straight on 7k[Ather&n. A rai^it went befo 
the storm, Ihiukeniug as it came, first into trailing cluud» aud thi 
into dripping rain, with muttering thunder all tho while. At thr 
the valley between Matheran and Prabal was filled with the ston 
Thunder rolled in long echoing peals, and flashes lightened t 
dense fog with exttaordinary splendour. The fog loated with hoa' 
rain till ^-ib, when a light wind swept it west towards Bombs 
where, about (our, the monsoon burat. 

These appalling olcctric outbursts end serenely. Tho atot 
clouds retreat liko a drove of bellowing bulls and their last echo 
dio beyond the distant hills. The sua shtnes again iu majoaty. 



A 



THlNA. 



249 



rery dell the delicioos sound of racmtaff water wakeus life. And 

woods are vocal witli the glad song of birds.' 

The retumB for the thirteen years ending^ 1S80 show n yearly 

anfaJI varyinj^ from 476'51 inchee in 1838 to 13<j'4H inches in 

1877 and avera^ng 242*30 inches. These rflturns may bo divided 

ito two periods, throe years of excesBive raiofail with an average 

1 395*68 inches, and ten years of moderate rainfall averaging 

)6'4 inches. It in worthy of note thai the yoara of exocsBiTO 

come together and are the first seasons for which returns 

available. Dr. Day, the last Sapcria ten dent, qaostioned their 

Brrectneas, and, as the returns at present stJind, the eicess of over 

t20 inches in the average of the first three years, oompared with 

le highoet 5garo that baa since been reached, seems to imply an 

>r BO Borioua as to make the returns useless. The returns for 

le ten years ending 1880 show, that, on an average, the rainfall in 

rsnu&ryj February, March, and April, is less tbaa an inch ; that it 

to two inches in May and to thirty-foor in Juno, and that it 

at its highest, seventy-five inches, in July; from seventy-five 

ichea it falls to fifty-two in August, twenty-eight iu September, 

id about four in October. Daring November and December the 

kll is again leas than one inch. 

The following statement gives the details for the ten years ending 
LS80: 

Uddunin S^^all, Wi-1880* 



r 



Manni. 


wn. 


van. 


lira. 


m*. 


um. 


1B». 


im. 


18IS. 


1ST? 


IBSO. 


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^^' Prom Ul« OvorUnd Stail, J&DtiKry 16, 18S0, p. 17. 
' * Thtt recnrdo'l rainUl durinu Urn thro* yMn 1868* 1870 wm, in I86S, 

iucho*. July lti25.1, August lOe^;?, " ' ~ ' ' 

l>, Miy 35. Juaq 2776, ~ 



IWff, Uiv 35. Juaq 27-76, July 
lfi-61. t«Ml 3ft3-M: 1870. Jum U 
ad October lft'42 ; total 326-88l 

a 1004- -32 




June 88 -4 

3«pt«mUr 53^ Oetobst 86. tot&l 47«-51 ; 

1?2 2(E. Aii«uKt 77-«a, fl«ptcmbw 8887. Oototwr 

99-88, July 122'8D. Augnrt 43-8. S«pterober 15-701, 



Chapter ZIT. 
Flaoes of lateiMt. 

UatbuUv. 
tUtnfall. 



The tbormometor readings for the five years ending ISdO show 
that, on an average, December and January are the coldest months 
with on average mean maximum of 69" 9'. There was a rise in 
February to 72-56, in March to 78-3, in April to 80-8, in May 
» slight fall to 30-2, in Juno a further fall to 77-4, in July to 73*3, in 
August to 72-6, in September it remained at 72*6, in October it rose 

T4-9, and in November again fell to 72-9. 



Tlieniioinetar 



rBomhaf Qi 



a&o 



DISTRICTS. 



Cluiptar XIV. 
PlacM of lAtamt 

MiTmuUN 
Thwinoactar 




/Imov. 



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E«xc«pt ou tfa« fiat tops of hvmo o( the luMur spurs qo gnia '» 
growD. The coat of bringing water liioitB gardening' to UiegrDWil 
of Earopcan annaaU, gersoiams, Fosotas, heliotropes, and tb 
commoner rofcs. Ei^tisb auuDale ehoald bo sown soon after tk> 
ruins are urer, and almost all kinds inelnding sweet peas do mS. 
Fascia and geranium cnttings can be grown on the hill, bat in Bioik 
gardens tlie plant* have to be renewed every season. Ucliolropti 
and the comuiuo roses thrive, but budded roses die from too mm 
damp. Early in October the house rool^ are gaj with bala&ias and 
other flowering plants. 

Some years ago, on the right or north hanlc of tbo PisfaamAth Tsllsf 
close abore the river bed, terraces were cleared by a ChinanuUf 
and the garden is still kept up by a Uah^baleMhvar Miiaalmiin of the 
D&rar or iron-smelling cliitis. He growH cablmgea, caulifiowun, 
beet, nolkhol, and tomatoes, and plantains and pino-applea. 
Strawberrieti have beeu tried but failed. When the new dam is 
finished part of this garden will hare to be removed. The presont 
(1861) prices of vegetables are, for cabbagoa&i. (4(u.)each, lettaoca 
\d, (^ an»a) each, large beet root 3(i. (2 a$.), small beet root 1 \i. 
(1 onita), cauliflower \\d. (-"} as.'), celery 3e/. [2 u«.) a bead. oarrotA 
\d. (9 pif*) a pound, and ])ea» ^i. (2n«.) a pound. 

In 1876, when the Simpson Reservoir waa completed, somo M 
cleared a space ou the left itido of the reservoir puth, and, for t 
seasons, tiied to grow vegetables. The a1:tempt foiled and has ' 
given np. The chief other markotablo products of the hill 
grass, most of which is let out for gra:£iug at the rate of 6(J. (4 
a head of cattle. Fuel gatfaorod by the hill tribes and sold at 
Superintendent's office at 4«. (Rs. 2) the khandl, baskets of fe 
and moss gathered by the hill people. j<im^M^ and liarnnd berries 
otTered for sale in tbo market, and small qaanlttica of wax aa^_ 
honey hawked by tho Thi&kars. ■ 

Among the plants' of the hitl tho oommonest Graascs are of th« 
smaller kinds, Anthistiria cilintn, Uniola indica, Pauirum iiuintanani, 
r.trigODUm and brizoides, Chloris barbata,/iariait, Cynodon doctylon 




> TboM ]»t» of )>|jata wid aniiiwli luv condcuwd from Uh mrr intorMtiiig 
eliftficcn ID L»r. Smiih's MAttiunln. They have tuul tb« advuitMie of revafaio tfc 
Dr I.i»b(.tt, Mr. K. H. Aitkoii nti-i Mr. II. \V. Vidiil, C. S., nnit olftdlUtiaiiB by r"^ 
\\ Hart. I'inl JuJfjD Bi.tuUj .Stuall L'^uwv Omrt mA Hr. 11. M. BinlwooJ, O. S. 




hnt, Elensinc ogyptiaca, and a species of Aplu<la. Of tlio larger, 
t grasses thure are tiie aromatic kaskaa, Andropognn mnricatus, 
~ g-injfCfr -grafts Andropogon martini, AnindineUa giijaiitea, and tlio 
chirka, Coix lachrjtna. Bamboos aro found on the lower slopoa. 
They grow also on llie top but prubahlvonl^ whoro they bare been 
planted. Tho order CyperaceGo and t&e genus Calamus aru also said 
io be represented on the lower slopes. In some marshy land, about 
ft mile to the east of Neral statiou^ is a graua, probably an Andro- 
pogon, whose loaves and roots tito ont a strong smell of turpentine. 
During the rains ferns find a most congeoial climuco on and 
around tho hill. Th*^ arc at their best when there are no 
iaitors, but they are still frcah in October, and, though shrivelled 
d deatl-likein the dry months, nncoil thoir leaves with surprising 
promptness after the first heavy i-ain. Tlio leading ferns arc tho 
common Brake, Pterin arinilina, which has almost disappeared from 
"^irbat point, bat is still found in considerable quantities on the 
uth-^st slopes of the bill, near the top, a few feet below the rood 
ing from Alexander to Cliauk [joint, The Climbing Fern, Lygodium 
uosnm, is also freqaontly fonnd in the woods on the hill uideK and 
•rely on the top. Among less sparingly distributed spccioanre the 
nia coadunafa, Ptflria quadnwurita, Pt*frin pelluoida, the Silrer- 
Cheilantbea feirinosa, and perhaps the Coppor-ft-rn Cbeilauthea 
housie&i of Maidou-liairSj AdisnUim lunulatum and caudacum, 
,nd A. oapillus veneris, PtBciloptoris vireus, Nephrodium nu)lle, 
~ephrolepiatuberosa, Athyrinm felixfinmina, A. hohcnackeriaDum, 
falcatam, Aspleniam plaoioaule, Pleopeltis mombranaoea, and 
leopeltia nuda, Acrophoms immersoa, Niphobolus adna^cens, 
,nd hygodium flexuosnm, and the beautiful Polybotrinm valgare. 
he last is very common in parts of the Sahyidris, but ooly a few 
ipecimeos have been found at Maiher&u, in the Simpson reservoir 
aJley not far from Hart Point. 

Of Annual Herbs there are, soon after the rains set in, tho Cobra 
ily, Arisaima murrayiij with its croct white or purplish cobra- 
like hood, and, of the Ginger tribe, tho Curcuma naendomontana, 
with yellow flowers and rose-ooloured ooma. Of Ground Orchids, 
which Bower chioSy towards the close of tho rains, there are the 
giant orchid Platanthera snsannm, Habenaria longicalcarata with 
several green ish.whito flowers, the small white-flowered Habenaria 
Candida, and the large rare Habeuaria commelynifolia. Among 
Tree Orchids aro the Kria braccata with its large white flowers 
that bloom early in the rains, KriadolKellia later bloomer, Dendn>bia 
barbatiilum and chlorops both of which flower in tho oold weather, 
and the Krides maculoeum with fleshy spotted leaves and in the 
ravna a rose corolla Eroakod with purjilo. Of other Herbaceous 
Plants there are tho giiuJti Vorbcsma biflora, fAamburda Blomea 
halocerica, ganera Ageratum conysoides, and bundnr Vernonia 
divergens. Of Balsams, Tmpations tomentosa, kleinii, and the 
rare rivalis, which ia supposed to be merely a variety of I. ncanlis ; 
two CyDOglos8ums, ccolestinnm and gluchidiatura, not unlike 
forgct-ino-Tiote, but larger and moro straggling ; of Cucnmbers 
tho karxt, Cucumis trlgonns and pnboscens, whose sutphur-ycllow 
^^uwurs wreathe thu long hvr»i stcuis, and the kondel, Tricoaantbcs 



Chapter SIT. 
Flaoei of Interest 

UlTHSbU. 

PUnta. 
Qr<Hte$. 



Ftru. 



Annmal n«ri0. 



tSombaji 



252 



DISTRICTS. 



HATIODUy. 



Ar«e* 



JVtw. 



ClufUr XIV. pklmAta, with targe whibo-Eriogcd ORoUa ; of Conrotrali 
rUeM oflntartit ^^'^^ *^ Argyreia 8erioe»| IpomcBa cftrnpanalatB, IpooMSa 
Pormoa nicemosaij and ConvoVtiliu ftrrmui*. 

Of Shmbi aatl firunkwood there ure the dMura^ Woodfir 
Boribanda, whoso beantifol red flowers are aaed io tli<> Puijik 
dyeing silk, the a'li VaDgnien edalis, an/ankoriroowood MeiuM^ 
adnle, armi Canthiam nmbelUtom, bahman Colebroolda 
hhcma Glodiidion lanceolatnm, dhtnda Leea 8t»pbjrlea, 
Crotalarin ]eachen*altii, ghd$ri Crotolaria retusa, ef Avar CbIGdi 
cana, pdngli Pogostotnoti purpuricaolia, gcia Kandia dnmeW 
hamnti Ficaa hoterophylU, karoMi Carissa canuidae, tt 
StroblljiDthes Mperrimas, h'ml or karipdt Borgt^ru kocuipi, 
TaberDOBmoittmia cmp», limbdra UexowoathJQga, jmikariXta 
momophyWA, mori Casoaria kengatA, ^pati Pavetta iodics,^ 
Actinodaphne lanoeolata, ramdta Lanosaiphon eriocopbalat, 
Tahiti ^theilema FeQiformia. 

Of Trees, there are, among those fband only on thft spins 
lower elopes, the got Sponia wif>htia, the kaundal Starcalia oi 
the mhaara Bwsia lati£olia, the teak iag Teotona gra&diit 
silk-ootton tree auir Salmalia malabarica, the baetard (and 
HymcnodictjoD exoelsam, tho hill-palm hi^rli niA^ir Caryota 
and the kha\r Acacia catechu. Among trees found only or 
entirely on the hill-top and upper slopci^j are the ckdtuldra Macs 
roxbarghii, tho govinda Dioapyros ^inda, the gulum Slack 
j^tauceaceoB, the kok<tm Garcinia purpurea, the kumbot Ssa 
tomentosa, laeli Albiszia stipulato, tho malia Diospyro* nignOH 
thephana* Artocarpas integrifolia, the phanri Carallia intennii 
and the vants Hoterophrogma roxburghii. Among trees roimd 
all parts of tho hill, aro the utn Terminalia f^labra, the at 
Baahiuia racemosa, the dsan Bnedelia retnsa, the n vaii PhyUant 
emblica, the bdva Cassia tiatnla, the b iirumbi Amdon. lawii, fche^«ii 
Steroiilia gnttuta, tho //urungi Ochrocarpua iongifolius, the Am 
Garcini ovalifulia, tho hela Garcinia camhogea, the hirda Tormina 
cbebula, ih*} jtUnhtd Eugouia jambolanum, the pdhir Fichus cardifal 
tho karmal Dillunia pentagyna, ihehKham Schleichera trijaga, 
kumba Careya arborea, the mango dmba ^fangifera indica, the aai 
LagerstrcDmia parviflora, the ndndruk Ficus retusa, tho ra 
FioQB rel%ioaa, the ptUas Batea frondoaa, tho pdngdrak Bryihrii 
indioa, the pdrjdmhul Olea dioica, tho umhar Ficus glomeiat 
and the sayeri Boeagea daleellii^ 



I The tints of the MMhttrAn woods uaaitkiaMuit atui]y. VMricCy of . 

NffV. of >Qil, anil ••[ light nuJce it iliffionU to 6x one tint for mch kind of tl««. 
foUowutf ara l>c4i«veil to b« th« oli^ bot-WMtbor tinU ia the oapp«o of the ^.— 
hill-t^ndiathatOTTMasroTM. n9AmgneiuanaitJatiiti,hmoltU,-niairig,mo 
MOMOM*, Mma pAr jamlmu, pkaMlU, poUrd*. guttitiu, uid lupds ; the br^bt 
mnabtt, tmtJkdttdt, gtld4, karoMl haihea, And t-iuar climWn ; tli« browD __ 
■re homMs, tAeoKtdldt, rjUirarf, ao<n« jdmbuU, iarapMi, some icmfran. uiA 
[wrksitio Aon^I ; the Uf^ v«lIowult grMiw uv«fAdnutiu, dhimAit4, jmdn/ 



tl 



pipfiitH. yoBng harhtUt~iiir^ia, tothiau, aod/MlUr^ bdAmati tad w>iiia tn J 

Mul <UirtM« tiapflltuU citmbon ; the Mno ^roena we itjM*, wotaaiamtiuk, p^m i, m*m 
tmd ntmtlm tma wtf »' bnthw ; tlittraddf tuti anfrom yoangdUi^ MiitU, fe " 
mAmi4«. mo^rir, SflAtra, rtiiAauiia, and htUu, wlUMnd bom^dah tad trnnbda, 
Mnda utd withar«d dwiti biuheA, uid fnah hi^ri »ad kthutafa climbm^ ; tJie gnq 
are from tha IraJIm* ilvnia Mid branchM of hmhd*. nAmtU, mttgiria^ jiHtirt, 
and pttpd 'ftnd rdngoli butliw, uid la tbf hmvr alcpot twk *atl wrt. 






Among insects, of Coleoptcra or Beetles, there arc the clnmBy 
bazcing Butoce» rubra, a. kind of capricom beutle, the etjuaJly 



t 



MAtUKfiiV. 

PImim. 

CUmhert. 



253 



Of Climbers and Creepers tboro aro the dmhuJgi, EIoDagnua Chapter XXT. 
loga, with abioing scaly toudrila andgmootb-faced ailrury-backed places oflaterMt- 
mreB; the ehdmbary el, Premna Bcandens, with large coarse wide- ^^ .„.«;» 

ittered leaves; the chapi/el, Canthium didymum, irith polished 
ves, white Bweet-smelling flowers, and black fruit ; tho chikdkdi, 
ia cuDcinna, with back-beut tboriiB, light feathery loaTcSj and 
He balls of yellowish flowen) ; the ddtir. Picas volubilia; the 
amidnvelj Veatilago madrospataDa, with entire young learos, serrated 
tfld leaves, long branchtjsand leafless lluwerB in paniclee; the kdvlif 
[.Syinnonia inylvestre, and soma other milky shrubs ; the kordor, 
cistroclados beyut^aDUs, with long tapering deep green leaves, 
^hicb growB like a buab four or five feet before it beginu to climb ; 
" ,0 kuiti, Trogia involnci-ata, an obscure little- plant covered with sharp 
Stinging hair ; the knsai-, Jasminum latifolium, one of the cummouest 
dimbers with deticato light-green pointed loaves, white fragrant 
flowers, and black berries ; the /iimMii^, Anodondron panioulatoiu, 
with huge shining Inurel-likc leaves and yellowish green flowers ; 
the pardl, Cyclea peltata, common on the tranks of trees with 
tliree-cornered leaves and clusters of ciip-shaped flowers; the rdgi, 
Mesoneomm cacnllatnm, with flowers in long stiff racemes and tatt* 
of compressed seed vessels ; the i^weet pea, Vigoa vcxillata, universal 
after the rains and as fragrant as its namesake ; the <uran, Zyzyphns 
osa, iltomy stems with roueh loaves nud a white mealy drupe ; 
vdgdli, Wagatea spicatsj a cTimbiog thorny &brub with orange and 
flowers; tha vdkerif Bonrea santaloidos^ a rare plant with small 
ining leaflets not nnlike sandalwood ; the vdtott, Coooulns 
us, one of the most marked plants in a MMhei-au thicket, 
1 waving knotted and gnarled cable-like stoma, sometimes 
tling with thorns and hung with large bunches of grey-green 
cream-coloured berries, ending among the tree tops, in patches of 
mail butterfly-like blue loavos ; tho uukshi, Culycopteris floribunda, 
coarse downy-leaved shrub with ball* of faint green flowers ; the 
e^yel, Dalbergia itympatheticn, with aVmug hooks, small acsciti- 
) leaves, whititjh flowers, and thin podti; and theyet-ft^Uippocratea 
hamii, with smooth spreading branches and minute pate green 
wers. The common I^irasites, whose thick bunches of yellowish 
:oavos are found clinging to the tree tops in qU parts of the hill, and 
ti(-ecalk'd6<iu^i7(«and&iRdi(u/i«by the people, belong to tho Lornnthua 
family. The commonest variety ia L. longiflorng ; L. louiceroides, 
langeoiferus, ami perhaps elasticnsarvalso found. None of theBe 
plants are peculiar to Mdther&n, Most art) found in the plains and 
the rest aro found in the other higher Thdna peaks aud ranges as 
well as on M^lthentu. Some plants of the orJurs Anonacees aod 
GuttifcnOj which are very sensttive to cold, aro found on Mitherin, 
but not, as far as is known, on Mahl&baleahvar. Among these are 
Uvaria narum, Garcinia indica or parpurea, G. cambogia, U. 
ovalifolia, and Ochrocarpus longifolius the last idontined from 
specimens. Rriedelia retnaa and Coculns macrocoi-pus, which are 
common on MAtherdn, do not occur on the top of Mababuleshvor. 



Aofaulv. 



254 



DISTRICTS. 



fBombftjGa 



koflntereBi. 



XIV- largo but <1arker Prionas oriootalia, a larve SoarftbfBus, h 
of hummiaif Cbaforsj anioDgthem ADumola elata aod two 
mftny Golden Bceilea or BaprostidiD, many Cctonias, 
Cicioiielidie, nimble Elatera or Click Beetles, Iong-8nout»d Co: 
ricli-huedCasBids.epottedL/ady Birds, qtutntly-amied Boml 
the curious little Paus»idte with braochiog hora-Uke feelers, 
hair-tuftod Ilispa. Blister flies are common, and, aft«r 
rainfaU, the trees arc aglow with Sreflies. Of Diptera, tiie Nenuicinb 
including gtiats rnonqiiitoes and tipulm, arc not very oommoo; ik; 
Bracbycora are moro namerooB; Anthrax, BombyfioAj and odv 
goucra abound. Gadflies awarut aud Flie« Proper or MasddvM 
found ia Taat numbers, among thorn are thoriolot-hned Sarcopfai^ 
Iho Stomoxy«, 5Iuaca, Cnllipbora, and many othera. Of Ileiuipt^n 
the black Cicada ducalis with its membranoos leaved wmp 
aud ear-splittiug air-drum, the largo clonr-win^d CephaloiTi 
locnsta and UBCcbys splondidala, and the opsone brown Ophceia 
diyes ; of Pachycoridte the Scot«llera nobilis ana Callidcui purpurea; 
of Asopidffi the plain tazy-Qying Cantbeooma furcillnta, and ike 
ragged Caxiora rorrucosa; of Pentatomas, Placostemum caons; 
two Raphlgii.St«rA ; many Miciidie, among them Phyvomorus calcvi 
Micti8lata,bovipea,dontip(;s, and punctum, andDalsderpInniTentrH; 
of Corcidffi Oonocema lanciger ; of Lyg»idec the scarlet Lygicni 
militam; some bright red Pyrrhocoridie and many Kodorii. Of 
Oithoptera are Boveral spocies of Acheta, among them probably the 
gToteHquG Achota monstroaa, Mvcral variotioa of Gryllus, the Mole 
Crifkc't Gr^ollotalpa vulgaris, the Commoa LocuBt.andtho beantrfull; 
tinted /Edipoda citrinri. Mantis roligiosa and ocellaria, Blcpharsi 
mcndica, a larpro Phytlium, tho huge Phasma maca]tcoll», anJ 
perhaps the ruffle-jointod Empusa gongyloidee. Of Nearopt«ra 
aro the White Ants or Termites, the Dragon Flies or Libellulae, of 
which tho largo Ashna and a amalter Agarion are the most commoii< 
tho Ant Lions including tho largo lace-winged SCyrmeloo zebratnt, 
the lung-budied brown-mottled Myrmeleo contrarius, and a smalls 
unnamed fipeciott, and of the vein-winged long-feelereil and hairj- 
bodied Ascalaphi.A. accD8ans,B0gmentator,insimuIans,aud tesHellatBfl- 
Among Bymenoptera are many speciee of Ante, red, black, aod 
niBBet. One small block ant of tho mason family builds very 
notablo large helmet<shapod thatched ncsta generally in gula or 
kuvtbla trees. Of PnpivorEe, somo of which lay their egga in tha 
dwellings and others in the bodies of insects, are the stout bright 
green Stilbum splondens, and a small green and yellow Chrjsig. Other 
species with smali earthen pipe nest-9, known to the people as the 
kuvibhdrin or potter's wiEc, are the ashy and chocolate Sphex 
ferruginca, the small black and yellow landed Scolia. the urge 
and black Scolia rubiginosa, tho blue black-bodied fawn-wingvd 
CtEnilcns, thf blflck-bodiod yellow-wingod Mygnimia perplexa, tb» 
green and black-bodied find yellow-wingod Chlorien lobotnm, the 
small yellow-winged Pelopffius bengalensis, the black yellow- 
winged P. spiuulio, and the largo, black, yoUow-winged P.^ 
coromandelicuH. Of Wasps aro tho huge black-bodiod and dark 
yellow-wingod Vespa ciiicta, the yellow black-banded Eiiateae» 
pctiolat.i, and the black yQllow-tpottod £. flavapicta. Of llouoy Beoa 



! 




255 

yield excellont honoy, aro three kinds, tho Apis indica and 
lis, and a stinglcss bee. Of the heavy-flying solitary Xylocapea 
Carpenter Bees, wlio build separata nests iu decayed trecs,*«ro the 
-Sght brown and yellow Xylocnpa olivieri.tho dark-bodiedaBhy-winged 
■ X. flftvonigrescens, and tho dark biuish<green aaliy-wiugod X. 
■^teDuiscapa. Of other bees thore arc a prettily marked Anthidianif 
:viho bIne-striped Crucisa decora, and Anthophora zonata with light 
. ^rey wings, yellow shield-shaped thorax and black and green 
,-iitrtiK'd budv not much laiver than the honey-bee. 

Among liutterflifts the Lycsonidco are represented by two leading 
Bprcipa, Rosimon white or greyieh-blue shining like silver, and 
^liiinus milk-white bordered with brown, Roxos, Niln, Plinius, 
Cnepis, and Thoophrastua ore alao found; of the Aphnoci, Btolus 
and Lohita ; of the Pieridie, or whites and yellows, Calfidry as hilaria, 
pLilippina, and alcmffine, and Pieris pauliua, glaucippe, albiuio, 
phryne, and perhaps hecuba and mcaciilina ; of tho Papilios, tho 
large slow-Hying Papilio polynineator, tho large block and rod-spotted 
P. romalas and P. pammon with yellow dota and white patehus, said 
to be the two sexea of the same species, P. politea with white and 
red crescents on the lower wings, P. agamemnoa blotched with brown 
imd green, P. epius blotched brown and yellow with rows of dots at 
the bases uf the npper wings, blue eyes on the lower, and no tail ; 
P. sarpedon, smaller than tho others, with long black tapering 
forewings crossed by an irregular band of bluish-groon, also P. 
hoc^r ^ of the Danaidfe, a very large and in some cases most 
beautiful family, tho rich-ltnod Danais plcxippus and chfysippna and 
the plain Enplcea careta, the wettily streaked and black and whiio 
Bputted Danaia aglcca and otliers, tho richly marked and handsome 
cnrre-winged Prceii iphita and Junonia ostoriss, Umonias, sanone, 
and orythia ; two Dtademas, misippus and bolina, as rich coloured as 
tlie Papilios, tho coounon Ergolis arindne, the black and white Athyma 
loucotlioca, and Noptis neera. Of Nymphalidffl there are a lovely 
leaf-like Kollima, Amathusia bemardi, Debis nilgiriensia, Charasea 
athamos, Molanitis leda^ Hycalesis polydecta, and Hypauis ilythta. 
Of Hesperidie there are many. There are also Malauitis banksia, 
Eronia raleria, P>Tgn8 snperua and P. pui^ndra, Argynnis phalauta, 
iBsmenc aria, Yphthuna lysandra and baldus, Politia ntna and others. 
Among Moths are the Clear-wing Scsia liylas, the Death's-head 
Achcrontia styx, and tho Sphinx oonvolvuli, two Chaorocampas 
clothe and celerio, and the Bombay Marble Hawk-moth Doplmis 
nerii ; of the Castnii, ^goccra inaculata and two day-moths Bnsomia 
dcntatrix and tho pale-bfnc (ransversa, commonly called the M&ther&n 
bntt«r6y ; and of the ZygR>Hida3 the common black and wltito 
wiugeil Syntoma bictneto. Many others have lately been identified. 
Among these, not elsewhere known, aro Poly tela gloriosa, Polydesma 
boarmoides, Maoaglosaa stelhttanim, AJoa sipalki, and unnamed 
flpocies of Mtcaria, Syntomis^ and Lithosia. Among Night-moths 
tiio leading tribe are the Bombycitea or Bilk-worms, of which tho 
Lithoeias are the movt mmierous and the Sfttnmias the largest. 
Among them aro tho curious buff and dark green Uthona entella, 
Myctemern alterunnii, Deiopleia syringn and pnlcholla, Spilosoma 
^|GwuSj Alope ocflllifera, Candyba punctata, Ganisa postiea, Attiicus 




Chapter XIV. 
Flaon of Interest, 

MAtiikhjIii. 

Aniinali, 
fnaeetg. 




tterfluacl 



2JiA 



Cluiptoi^ZlV 

PlMM of IntorMt 



tammt. 



DISTRICTS. 



iua 

WD 



kfliut. Batuniia m^litta, tbc wvll Iraotrn teawr silk-inoili and 
Actmu aUene. Of NoctnitM kbe Peuork HoCh, Pit^s 
Uin Hall brown Arfpvm hien^nAk^ the darlc-fannrB 
r 'ta iTifinliii and thft )i]Hrmer*Iiiu<d Ophiilans mattn^l 

fir iirod Llalodes camoca, tbe Oplmm ppop arm ta , 

doteta, Achaui molioertSf and A. eyllota. Of Geoaietntas, 
dOToxaU, KuiuaUa ro»aU&, and the imall Onalwzuu 

Between iiuectH aad reptiles aanml dasiaa of -"*TtmTT 
mnffhif (^ronpod. Amon^ tJiem are tlie aotxre and nrsocu 
which Uiriido zerlanica is the oommoBMt; tAad-aliallB 
two spociM of Helix found in heaps onder the Laterita ledfa^l 
ootntDon trumput^mouthe<) CjrcloeUnnar and a rather 
Achatina ; Ijand^crabti nr Gecarcinie ; UiUipMlea of the gnuu Iik; 
bottle -brufihliko C«niiatiafi ; Sontipedes; Scorptons ; and Spiia^' 
inrhulinf^ tluj liirfce hairy Mygalo, two or three Epeirv ite 
hugit iiiiigh wobfi arc hun^ with ogg boxes, the Fhrynnoa, thr ^1 
^Qiping Salticua, thu Qaleudi-B with it« taooelled web, the im^ 

^atcT'Spidur, and the skoloton-legged Phalangimn (f). 

Of BapLiloa there arp. of Frogs, the Bana tigriua or BoO-b^ 
parhapi Iho smaller and darker Kana hexydactyla, the small andfigito- 
ooloorod common FVo;?, Itann grariKit, tho Toadj Bnfo toala&ortKfti^ 
and the palo active and graceful Tr«e-£rogfl Bjrloraoa malaWr* 
and Polypodatis inatmbituH. 

Of Liiardi there are oceafliondlly tho \aTgts Liicard, Tarm 
dracoma, aboai four foot long and harmless in spite of its thntMi- 
ing look, and of smaller lizards Skinks, Aeatnes, and Geckoa. Tb 
Skink< aro in every verondn, tho Agames ba^k in the son on tn^ 
tmukB and bare rocks, and tho Ueckos keep mo«tly under cover. Of 
HkinkH thpro ar« the timid Common Skink, Kuprepes rtdeeom, 
iiboiit u foot long with shining scaly flattened back, tKe bv* 
fitunaoM puDctntiiH dark grey with brown and whit« {r«cklei, tkt 
amallar E. faar<lwirkii brown above and white below with aynunetti* 
oal black dota and yolIowiRh white bondij and the very rare and raj 
•mall Chiuiut'la liuitata. Of Geckos, whose six or eigbt meanrM 
notes nru ufti*n heard at dusk and in tho early morning, aro the sasU 
oommon Homidoctylus mnculntufi, the mnch larger H. fjkesif 
and the ourions squat red<li8h-olive Gymnodactyfus deccaoesn*- 
Of Agames the largo light-gi-eon Calotes versicolor, and on trso 
tho biaokish Calotes rouxii. The bill people mention the ChanK* 
loon and a Winged -lizard, or Draco, liue that found in KAoara, bat 
neither has yot been recorded. 

Botweon LiKnrdsand Snakes oome tho Blindwonns of irhioli thne 
aro throe, the foot loug bronze and yellow Onychocfpbalus acntof, 
the small brown Typhlops bromiuus^ and the miaaw blaish T. 
fixigiiDa. 

Among SdbIcob, thero aro, of harmless snakesj the grass-green Tree 
Snako naneti or Passorita royctorizans, moving with npljtted long' 
anoDtod bond, a vicious ready biter but with uo poison fang. AaoOinf 
Trae buako tho Diuaas trigonata, brownish-olive and wfaito-bellied, hsi 
a broad depressed ncad and rounded snout. There are also the Dipn 



rnrBtcui anil ccTlononsis, tlic DeDdropUis picta with fiae palo Miie 
tibt't.weon its ktoH<3 bronze acalos, the largo fongleas Dtimon or Ptyas 
|B|ttC08a.% sometimes »een eiglit. feet lon^ and t>h]cker (hui a uiau'ft 
^Brtst^ and pf^rbaps tho huge INthou mcilurus often more tiioa tea 
^^Bet long. 0( smalter narmfess ground snahcs tliore aro the 
^Vropidonotna plumhic^jlor, tho bron-n and yellow npottod Oligcxlou 
^BfcBOiatus, the ruddiirh olive Ablubuj) bumberti, the groyiRh oUtq 
■ wbiU'-tx-lliod Cydiiphiti nasalis, the riclily variegated Oynopbis 
^■^malabaricua, thf; stiimp-tailed Silybara macrolepiit, and tho very 
browru whitu-barrud Lycudun aulicua. Of pui»uuouK snakes 
>ro are the Cubro, Naja tripudians, not so nunicrouH as in the 
ins, the manydr Bungnros cccraleas, and the green Pii-riper, 
rimereanrns gramiueusy the greyish* brovrn ganas, Daboiu ruasolliij 
id the small Kchis cariuato. 

Among Birds, there are, of Birds of Prey, tho white-backed Gyps 

jngalunais or tjidh, the long-billed Oyps tndicusj the Scareoger 

''altnro Noonhron gingtnianuHj and the King Vulture Otogyps 

Ivna. Of Falcons and Hawks there are tho Sluihln Falco peregrina- 

r, the Dkiri Falco perugrintiii u cold-wvather viuitout, the Itaggar 

rolco jugger, tho little Keatrol Tinnunculua olau'lariiifi, the Shikra, 

9veral Sparrow Hawks, and occasionally it is said tho Ouxhavk. Of 

iglea there are tho wokhab or Tawny Eagle Aquila vindbianu, 

Osprey Pandion haliaotus, and the White-bellied Sea Knglo 

liaatas loncogaster. Of Harriers there are the Circus swaiusonii ; 

I uf Kites the I'nriah or ehU Milviis govinda and the brdhmani 

liastur indus. Owls am nncommou, bnt the ludiau Screech Owl 

Strix javanica and the brown HootiDg Wood-owl Symiura indranee 

ive been seen. 

AmonfT InsesaoreB, of Swallows tfartins and Swifts, there are, 

le English Swallow, Uirando rnstica, sometimes tho Wire Tail 

Iwallow Hirundo Klifem, the Mosqne Swallow Plirundo erythropygia, 

ftnd tho Dusky Crag M:irtin Ptyonoprogno conoolor ;and of Swifts 

sometimes the Cypselus ulBuis, and perhaps the Edible Nest Swiftlet, 

Collocalia uoioolor. Of Goatsuckers, the peculiar melancholy wail of 

'the Caprimnlgas asiaticus is often heard. 6ec-oaicrs, Rollers, and 

"^ioyKuhers are rarely seen, Barbets and Cuckoos wo common, the 

Jommon Green Barbet, Megakoma caniceiis, the Coppersmith, 

Cantholoma hcemacephala, and the Crow-pnoaaant, Centrococcyx 

mfipenais are found in alt parts of the hill. Cnclcnos, Paroquet*, 

ItfaapieH, and smaller birds, though oommon in the lower slopes, 

seldom visit the hill-top. Of Sun Birds there aro large numbers 

which Bit from flower to flower or hover over thom like bees. 

Of Shrikes there are tho Grey Shrike, Lauius Lahtora, and the 

Common Wood Shrike, also tho Drong*.w, Dicrurus cojnilesceDS and 

liingic»udatns,nnd of MiniretsPericrocotusbrovirostris and perhaps 

Qnmmeua. Of Fly-catchers, are the Tchitrea paradisi or long-tailed 

Tyrant Bird and the black-nnpod blue Hypothymis azaroa, the Fantail 

Ijeucocorca albicoUis, tho Verditer Stoporala raelanops, and tho 

blue • throated Cyoniis rabeculuides. Incladiog Uulbuls and 

Babblers tho Thruahos are tho largost fajnily of Mfiiherin birds. 

Among them tho Malab&r Whistling Thrush or Lazy Schoolboy 



Chapter XIT. 
Plaoesoflntereil 

MAIIIDBiK. 
' lli-ptilrA, 



BinU 




iBombtfl 



858 



DlSTniCTS. 



Irnu4.y. 



KIV. Mjriophona* horsfioldii, and the 9inAl1er-«pDtt«d "Wren 

lof InUrait I'^Honieum nificeps, the doll asbv Quaker Thrush Ji ' ic4 

the otive-brown Scimitar Bnbbler Pooiaiorhinas h^: ;. , tWl 

CyaoociuQlas cjmDni. and tbe rare pied Ttmlalufi wardii. Oli 
tlimt-hea are the wbite-wiDged Geaciohia ryanotia. the ram< 
lieaded 0. cilriua, and the blno-hoadi.>d Petrophils cinclorltf 
which, Aileot at other timoa, Gils the April woods with ao&e. Ul 
Lanth'iroicad common Babblers thoro aro two Tariotiea 
maUbaricQs and U. somcrtUloi. Axnoo^ the pleasant voitaii 
nnmeroas Bulbuls are the common red-whiskered Or -^^ 
fmoicandotas, in October the Madras Bulbul Molpastes ha: 
the IwautifalhlaA ycllcrwand white lora aeylonica, and protja'-;' 
largiT aud duller-hued lora tiphia. Akin to the thrushes, Iheffo; 
Ortolos are ruprosonted bj Ihe bright yclldw and black Mans 
Oriolna kandoo. Among Warblera the Aiy<tl or Ma^e n 
a rare visitant, and the little dusk^ Thamnobia, the Btu6 
Praticola caprata, and the Tailor-bird Orihotomaa eatoiii 
commoner below than on the top of the hill. W«g-taihs are l 
-the grey and yellow Calobatea melanope, the pied Uti 
maderaBpatensis, and pcrhapa the black-faced M. dakbuoene 
^brown Tree Pipit or Anuins and tbe Indian Groy Ttt, 
nipaleufliB^ are also found. Of Coniroetres are the eommwi 
Corrns maerorhynchus and splendena, the tree Maf^pie Deodredbl 
mfa, and many Myuaa both tne common myna and the more Ml 
Acridothoria maratheDsia. Of the FriagilKdae the small pinlc-braatfl 
iloBetinch, Propaseer rhodochronit, is perhspa occasionoUy eeeB st 
a straggler. The blark-headsd Mania is sometimes fonnd io m 
graaa, and the iDdiaa Spurruw i» seeo tliough in no f^reat nnmlAl 
Weaver Binls come aiugly, and the ^malt Crestfd Lark, Spinliaii 
deva, is occaaionallj seen. Of Pigeonn thcr« arc the Gnfl.! 
CrocopoB chlorigaster, the Common, Columba iutcrmeiba. ui 
'perhapB the Imperial, Carpopbaga inKiguitt. Of Doree, the SpoitM 
IboTB TuHiir Buratensis is common and the little browu Camb* 
«&d the a*hy Ring-dove T. riaoriua are rare. Gamo birds b»| 
disii])peftring. Thy handBome grey Jungle Fowl tiullaa souneni^' 
formerly eiuumon and tame, iu eeldom seen; tlie Spur-ltnrf,| 
Gallopcrdix Bpadicena is hoard all over the hill, and there are Bsik 
And Button Quail. 

As they are forced to leftvo it during the rainy months, ferl 
snammals are found on the hill top. Of fiats there ore the pnitll 
Scotopbile that Bkim» about the reoms of an evening-, the tarvtr 
open air Taphozous longimannsj the small pretty Kerivoola pictt^ 
and the large Fruit-eatiug Pterepoe edManlM, or Flying Fox. Of Ball] 
and Mice there are thedestroctivo Bandicoot, ghits, Mas bandicott,! 
the light-cokmred Honse-rat Mus rufescens, the Brown-rat Ma*] 
decumsiinR, the Black-rat Una rattiis, the Mua nrbanus, and other] 
common Miiridte. O'bere \» also a Mimk-rat, either the common { 
Sorex coDnilcf^ccns of the plains, or a hill species very like it audi 
with the came smeU. In the evenings Uares, probablr Lepu] 
m(rricolliB, aro sometimca seen frit>kii.g about tne glados. Of] 
Bquirrols there are three kinds, the red large SciurnBelphinstoneiJ 



THANA. 



3&9 




Aninula. 
Mammal 



Domei 

AdujiilU. 



le small stnpetl Sciarus tristriatnsj and a third longer and not Chapter XIT. 
iped, iK'rlmps S. SDmacrourBS. Porcupiuet), once known on the hill, FiaoeBofIttt«r«at. 
disBppearod. Of ManfifooaoB thoro arc the Common Mongoose, 
jestea griiteus, aud a macli larger one, perhaps H. ritticollis. 
}ats there la the Wild i^, Folis chauu, which has probably 
with the tame cat. Of Deer, the small Piaora, Momimna 
ft and the Foor-horned Antelope, Totroceros quad ri com is, 
jrly not oncommon, are no longer fonnd. The sharp cry of the 
it]ac or bekri, Gorvulns aureus, is Btiil often heard, and Sambar, 
jwaristotelis, are said to be sometimes seen crossing the lower 
lopes. Of Monkeys there are the grey black-faced Hanumda or 
Entellns monkeyj Presbytia entellns, and the smaller Macaque or 
ineted Monkey, Mecacua radiatas. Of larger animals Uyeonaa 
Jackals are not anoomm,oa. PautberSj Felis pardua, both large 
Bmall (reqtiontly visit the hill, nnd the Tiger is occasionally 
No Bears have been heard of for years. 

Besides cats and dogs the only Domestic Animals that remain on 
le hill throughout the year are cattle, caws and buffaloes, and a 
f goats in the Kdtbkari hamlots near tbo hill-foot. Some sheep 
broaght in the fair goason, but all aro meant for the butcher, as 
leep do DOC stand the chilly damp of the sooth-west monsoon. 
Several ponies are broaght in the &ir season^ bat aU leave the hill 
after the beginning of the rains. Of the cattle that remain and 
on the hi[l-top>i Pome are oirned by hill herdsmen and others 
servants left in charge of boosee. 
Tho people of the hill belong to two main divisions, local hill 
ribes and strangers. Of local hill tribes there are three, Kfltbkaris 
[-8 and Dbaugars, whose hamlots lie on tho lower hill spurs, 
t who are often mot on tho hill carrying milk firewood and 
Jgage. Of their history and habits Dr. Smith has recorded tha 
jllowing details : 
Of the three tribes, tho KAthkaris, or makers of kaih or catechu 
le Chickened juice of the khair tme, are the lowest and probably 
le most purely looal ; tho Th&knrs, literally chiefs or lords, a kindlier 
9tter>behaved sot of woodsmen and hnsbandmen seem to have a 
kin of late or Hajput bloo<l ; and the large well-moulded limbs 
refined faces of tho Dhangnrs or milkmen bear out their 
lition that they come from the Dcccan. 

Lll tihroe have large, though not very prominent, cheek bone*, 
rather full lips, and deep-sunk eyes. Among the better sort tha 
expression is sparkling and genial, but scowling and unsteady among 
many K^tbkaris and a few Th^lcurs. Tho hands, feet, andlimbaara 
asaally well formeil, the chest is of good breadth, and, in such aa 
are tolerably fod, tho whole mn^cular flyatem is woU developed. 
Ktmight luiir is sometimes, OHpecially among the TliAkura, replaced 
by curly or fri&slod locks. Iliou^h much variety of figure and 
feutaro oocnrs among members ot tho same tribe, cooh tribe has a 
well marked spdoial appearauco. 



' A tiger wM fouMl in Jum IS80, nMT Gtebat poiat Mid EUrnnoa't ■pring. 



HiU' 




[Bombay Gazetteer, 



Chapter XIV. 
PlMee of Interest 

MiTHKKi.f. 

Uill Trib«. 
dpptamtKr. 



ilamti. 



'»« 



DISTRICTS. 



As in otbor porta of the Konkan tbo Dbangars have a atory thai 
they cume from btijond PuraDdhar in the D«ccan. The locd 
head of the tribe, Sesa aon of Janna Singiru, an mtolligeal 
handsome man, has a mythical total of thirty>two and .an appareat 
knotrlodgo of sereo goacrations ttince the date of Iheir eettloment to 
the Konkan. Uo claims kinship with puriiapH about 500 honaaa of 
Dhangara scattered over Panvel. Karjat, Bor, and Pon, and sttUeB 
as they also atate, that when they came they verv ehcphorda and 
changed their sheep for cattle aa they found the aheep died ander 
the cold damp of the aonth-west monaoon. The Dhangars are much 
larger and better looking than either the EAthkaris or the Tliikure. 
The fore and central regions of thu head aro uf greater expanse, 
the nose is more aqnilino, and tho nostrils fioor. 

Among Dhangars and TbJUcurs, the men have samamos wbicli 
their wives take at the time of marriage. 'ITios in a family of 
Dhaugars there were four brothers B^ju, DhSka, RAma, and Tuka, 
all anmamod Akada. In another family were thrt>e brothers Komta^ 
Takia, and Babu, with Zura as the clan name or mimame. Their 
iromen had such names as Sawe, Babe, and Tumi, and on marriage 
became Sawe Akadin and Tumi Zorin, according to their baabacd's 
chu).' So among the ThiSkurs there were five brothers Hasr>Uj Kola, 
Z&uu, Duma, and Daya all with the surname of P^di ; their wivee 
were known as Umbi, Sirke, Gouii, Kdni, and Sbtmro. Kdthkaris 
mxsm to have no sumaraee. To thcii poraonal name of Rnpn, Honia, 
Katuia, and Shamia men add Kathkari, and to Pauli, N^bi, and 
'/Aikixki women add R^thkarin. 

K^thkaris generally live on the out-skirts of Knnbi rillagosj Tbjiknn 
in hanilots of tboir own not far from the plain, and Dhangars in 
settlements of two or three sheds within hill and forest limits. 

In 1861, when the first Knropeon houao waa bnilt on tho hilt, 
'there were twelve Dhangar settlements, or vdtias, each of two or 
throe sheds. Tlieee settlements weru mostly on level platcoas, 
not far fnim springs. Kaob shed wa.<i occupied by a family and 
varied in sice with the wealth of the owner. The largest was aboot 
eighty feet King by thirty or forty broad, and there was a 
partition in the middle to dindo tho cattle from the fomily. The 
framework of Lbu tshed wav of rough wuud, chiefly tmjan, aia, 
jiimbuj, and toak; and all tbo walla wore of wattled and donbed 
Mrvi. Tho ftivouritfl thatch was chirka grass, interlaid with toak, 
palast and kumhu leaves. The roof fell with a gradual slope to 
within two or three feet of tho ground, and the Boor wo8 of beat«Q 
earth. There was a large front door for the cattle, and a amallor 
side door for the family. Near the smaller door was a raised ledge 
for groin baskets, and both doors were furuiithed with' soreons to 
make all snug in rough weather. The Dhangars have still some 
temporary sheds on the hill-tops, but their regular dwcUiugs are 
now on the Sat-topped spurs near the foot of tho hill. 

' Aocordiii^ toSciiu Dluii^r the conimoQect annumesftrofiorK, AIcmIiw Bodvkar* 
Delift, KohiwIiL. Aiipir. luid Vaytcd. Dluuiguv are <:«r«ful to keep tho tale Bgiintt 
iiuuT)'ing ill tlK aUDV iJmi. 



iUli 




I 



MiTHBIuLV. 

Hill Tribe*. 
Oowrtt, 



Drta*. 



Tho llijUnirs' hnta aro much smallor and aro bnilt in larger Cbapter XIV. 
Tboy are of tho samo materiftls as tlio Dhangars' sheds, pi^oei oflnterw 
and tho cattle, wbea tbey have cattloj are houiied under the same 
roof with the family. A space ia screenod for cooking, and the 
hoQsehoIcl gods are conBptcuons hting with peacock's CeAthers and 
the leaves of the t\l and kumhU, and aarroimdcd with motal plates ia 
which inceDse, dhup and vd, are burnt. From the rafters bang oil 
manner of odd things, the wooden iron-shod pefltle for cleaning rioe 
and other gi^ns, the fishing creel, and dmina and maska for the 
Holi revets. On a platform outside are very neatly plaited grain 
basketji, knnga*, and lying nboot aro k-af rain-shades, sickles, and 
other articles of field or bouse use. 

The K^thkari bats arc wretched and filthy. QoatB take tho placo 
of cattle, and the bouse gear is of the scantiest. They have one 
characteristic tool called vUalt a bar for digging the burrows of field 
rats. 

Ench tribe has a dialect which they use among themselves, but 
all speak MarAthi to strangers. Especially with the Thfikurs this 
Manithi is disguised by mispronounced vowels and consonants, a 
nasal twang, a sing-song intonation, and (be use of several 
Hindustani words. 

The usual dresa of all is scan^. Among the men the ordinary 
dress is a bkinket thrown acroes tho shoulders or drawn over tho 
head, a loincloth and waistcloth, and at festive times a tnrban. 
Among the women 1x)tb of the Ktithkaris and the Dhangars the 
AlaxAthi robe is worn without a bodice. Thitkur women wear a 
tight scrimp bodire, many rows of blue and white boads rouud tho 
neck, and the robe passwl between tho legs and wound T017 tightly 
round the waist. According to 'Dr. Smith, though it makes so littJo 
show, ThAkar women pride themselves on their waiateJoth, spending 
on it sometimes as much as £5 (Rs. 50). 

Earrings are worn both in tho lobe and rim, and hy men as well 
as by women and children. Bangles and necklaces are found in 
abundance, noaoriags are rare, and anklets are unknown. The 
hair is not mnch cared for by either sex, and has none of the 
eloborate interlacing with bends and sheila, that is soon among 
Bome other hill tribes. 

All tfarco lriI)eH eat mntton and game when they can get them. 
But their naual diet is na/Jini, van, rico, and clanfied bnttor, with 
forest roots and frnits. ThAknrs eat squirrels but not rats, and rata 
are greedily devoured by K^thkaris. The wild plantain yields a 
BtArch which they have no means of extraoting properly, bat 
they bite off tender strips, chew them, and thruw away the 
fibre. The root of a curcuma, culled dUimi, which yields a kind 
uf arrowroot, is oat in pieces and boiled for food. The musbroom 
or gopur is also eaten, and they are skilful in choosing those that aro 
harmless. Of wild frnit they eat the berries of ihtijamhul, tomn, 
karand, pkanAt, and n/to-iu', and the seeds of the koUar, amhttUjl^ 
and other plants, The leaves of the apta are used for cignrottos, 
and, along with limlmmi leaves, which arc preferred by tho 



Oraamait 



TooO. 





Bombay Ouett«, 



DISTRICTS. 



Ch»pteT XIV. 
, FlaoeB of Interest. 

UmTrib«fL 



OixitpalitHi. 



K&m&iii\s, arc daily brooght for sale to theMdthcrin marked. Tke 
juice of Iho wild maugoeleen makes a palatable drink ; and maoj 
other trees and herbs held a place ia their esteem either aa food or 

nuc. All three tribes are reputed to be imraoderate drinkers, n<A 
J or habitually, bat on occasions of feasting and revelry. The 
jaice of the hill or wild palm and mofta fipirit are drank nnivereBll;. 

Their chiuf fish are the mMtlya a kind of carp, and the larjw 
tivra which ruiM from the sea when the rivera are full. Lioa 
and nets are little need. In the rains thoy mako walls acres 
streams, and place bamboo or wickor baskets under the cnm 
of the waterfall, into wliicb, when the streams arc in Qood, the &A 
drop as they are swept over the wall. When tUo streams are lower, 
Tory neat creels, about two fc*t long and six or eight inches ta 
diameter, are fixod in gaps in the wall with the month down strcan. 
The tish enter by a oourcrging hollow, like the hollow of a moose- 
trap, and the elasticity of the bamboo slips prevents their cweape. 
A second cone opens into the back part of the creel, and throogb 
a hole in this compartment the fish are shaken oat. In tho dry 
weather men and women wade up to the waiftt, nain^ the womcm^ 
robes as drag-nets. They also stupefy the fish by throwing into 
the water thu fruit of the gbela and the bark of the rdmetla. 

They catch the mungoose the hare and the Rquirrol in a noose, or 
heulij baited with groin, a lixard, or a land crab. Thia snare ia an 
elastic bough, eight or ten feet long, fixed Bnnly into the ground at 
one end, and having a double-cndc<l string tied to tho other. A little 
way off a small circle of twigs in stuck into tho earth, and the bait 
laid iu tho circle. One end of tho string, iu tho form of a noose, 
is spread loosely round this circle of twigs, and to the other end aro 
attached two pieces of stick, arranged to press against eacL other 
within the circle and keep the bough bent. Tho nibbling of the bait 
displaces the sticks, the bough is Bet free, and the prey, canght lo 
the noose, is swnng into the air and still further Kecured by a bar 
of wood and a tube of bamboo, that slip up and down upon tho 
string. 

Under ordituiry tests the intelligence of these hill tribee seems low. 
They cannot tell their exact age. nor con they count much over twenty 
ivithout getting confused. They know the days of the week bat they 
do not number the days of tho mouth, obaerviog only the changes of 
the moon. In such matters their capacity ia feeble. But ask thom 
the names of trees and their times of flowering or fmiting, or 
qnestion them about the habits of beasts, birds, or insects, and their 
answers are astonishingly minute and accurate. Their manner ia 
generally shy and quiet. They are gentle among one another and 
free from crime. Such qaarrels a& they have, they settle among 
themselves or lay the case beEore the headman of tliti htU. 
K^thkaris alouo liavo a Imd namo< No one who owns a (at sheop 
or a sleek goat is safe from their pilfering. Formerly the K^thkaris 
carried bows and arrows, and many oT tho Th&kora wore good 
marksmen but all now go unarmed. 

The Dhangars arc cattle breeders and milk-sellers and grow luS 
grains to a stooll oxtouU They t>eom uovor to work aa lafaouren 



m 



thAna. 



263 



to take to new parsnits. Tfae Th^lcnrs and Kiithkaris are 
jtosbandinen and field labourers, and eko unt their earnings by 
itiing grass and Brewoixl and by carrying loads. As a class tho 
^hangars are well-to-do, the Thdkun) less prosperoaSj and the 
~ Ithkaria poor. 
The chief god on the hill ib Pishom^tb, and tho Dhangar is 
priest. He hast a shrioe in a fine grove .of jamhul and other 
JOS UQ tho left or south bank of tho Pisharu^th volley. Tho figure 
the god is a shapolcas objootj said to represent the bast of an 
9tic, whom tho Dhangars fonnd in possession of the hill when they 
Lmo from tho Docciut. It is smeared with red paint and all aroaud 
smaller red-smeared stones, Pisharni^tli'ti guards and servants, 
front of the central stone is a peaked wooJon archway, or toratif 
rith a cross bar huug with b<;>Ils. Strewu about are voaseU for 
iming oil and incense, stone truuglis for the god's liathing water, 
Qumbera of small brass belU, figures of animals, and remains of 
offerings. The bolls and other offerings have been made by sufierera 
from some ailment, who, in return for a cure, have vowed to give 
PisbflrnAth a boU or a cocoanut, or to sacrifico a sheep, a goat, or 
a cock. On Suuday, which is the god's high day, the offerings are 
made throngh tho Dhangar ministrant, the animals being aacriticod 
cither by tho Dhangnr or by a Muhammadan multa who stands some 
way off. The usual mode of ooosuUing PishamAth is to place some 
offering before him, and, after pouring rose-water and scatceriug 
flowers over his image, to mark his brow with sandal powder and burn 
camphor and lobdn before him. The worshipper prays, and, stating his 
wanta to tho prie«t, tingles a bell and goes aside to await tite re])ty. 
Two small stones arc laid in a hollow on Piaham^th'fl chost , and, 
according as the right or the left stone first falls from its place, tho 
worshipper's prayer is behoved to be granted or denied. The goats 
and fowls are afterwards eaten,tho priest being allowed a share of tho 
sacrifice.^ Mardth^s and Mhfirs make offerings through the Dhangar 
ministrant, but Th&kura and Kdthkaris never join ia tho worship. 
Smaller gods are worshipped in the neighbouring villages. A sprite 
called i'lV, who is not honoured with red paint, is held in dread, 
well aa the Tiger-Ood and M^Uldevi, the small-pox goddess. 

For charms they ase tho hood of the cobra and branches of the 
>dndri, Stcrcospormum uuaveolens, a small crooked bush with 
rhite bark and pointed light-green leaves. The cry of tho owl 
and goawucker, and the chirping of small birdH, are carefully noted 
.when any bnsinoss of moment is ia hand. The dismal groan of 



Chapter ZIV. 
FlacMoflntoreat 

Hill Tribea. 



Chttnu. 



* TIm print Ulka to tbtigod explftiiiiDg wh&tia w&ntcdaadtcUitig what oGTertug bu 
■oinMMor[iirrattM<i.H«uieDlAy«twoatonMiii a holli^a- un I'ikhnniitb'iotieat, wd,ij 
) ■too« ga naluuBfltb'i right hud fa the Snt to Ull.t Iw imv»i tclU tlis tronhinper tlut 
iprej^cr is gmated. II the HtAD«anPifllurnAtb'BlofttiudutbfllfaittArAll, ln«|iru«l 
UU» th» wormltipper that the f^'A will notgmit hispnver onlen ba makM ■ huiaionis 
cffcriDg. If Um wonhipjjcr hu uudo or has promiMM m bandwiae offgriiu. and the 
nnluckr Ktono ia th« firat to f&ll, tb« priMt piiU it b&clc If it Again falU fintt, ho 
rcmonsCratM with the god, t«Uiug him he ahuuld ahow pity to hia tnn«bip|i«r>. If it 
upin fall*, h* n)i1»-iu(bi th« Kod and warua bini ttiAt, if ho paniata in aach ill-huitwnr, 
bla good tutuiv niU ko aud oueringa will cgaav. lliia. if neceraary, li fvpeated till tbo 
■lucky Btono falla kha the wonhipper is «tfaSod. Ur. J. I* JohutoR, C, S. 




^m 



(Bombay 



20* 



DISTRICTS. 



Ch*pt«rXr7. 
FlMWoflatarwt 

MiTUXKiK. 

UiU Tnt*e«. 
Ciutoma. 



Btnagex*. 



tbo brawn wood-owl is beliorcd to foretell painCol an^ certain 

All thrco tribes bury tlioir dead, tha Dnao^rs sitting witk 
face towtinls the risiug aun ; tho othors lying with tbe hoad to 
Boatb. Katiikariit uLMurvu the custom of diggiog up all bodioSf 
tboso who dio of small-pox nnd cholera, a foi-tniglit afl4jr 
when their lamentations sro renewed over the ffhAstly tcHcs, irtu4 
amid mach liquor driuking, aro burnt to asbes-'^ For the twelftbii 
rites Romo Dhangnrs employ a BrAhman, others a KumblulrtW 
others a Jangam or Lingftyitt priest who ii\'cs in Karjai and wl» 
furefaihcra ore aoid to have come with the Dbaugurs from Ai 
Doccan. 

According to the 1861 ccnsns tbo total naciber of stnuigony Al 
is of peraoua not bolon^ug to tho local hill tribes, was I6O1 aoda' 
Among tbeao 1307 were Hindua, 766 MuKatmiinsj 107 Cbristiut 
20 PAnds, and one aChiuamau. Among the Cliristians aro KupTpai 
Tiriiors from Bombay, Poona, Qaidarobad, N&gpur, and Madoii 
Portaf^oso or Goanoae viaitors priests and shop and faotol-lue^'n; 
Portuguese or Ooauese servants ; and, when bouso building or uublii 
works arc in band, tiooneoe carpaatws and masuna. Of Muaalmia 
there are UusalmAn shopkeepers from Poona and Boinliay, chth aw 
grain dealers who attend the Sund&y market, sorvants to Enropeaus, 
pony owners and keepers^ wuter-carriers, aud garduncrs palanqais' 
uuarers and labourers. Among iboin, besides the n^fulor Sannisr 
a Moiuon grocer^ a Dfiudi Bohora oontractor, and aix or Mna 
Divan, or irou*smelier8, who, ainoo iron-smelting has been aiOfipeJ 
at MahAboleahvar earn their living as water-carrtens, gardeoax 
paLanqoin-bearurs, and labourers, Tho Persia are boteI-ko«pa« nd 
shopkeepers all from Bombay. Among tho Hindus aro a fr« 
Brdnmans, clerks and ovorsoors in tho Uuporin tendon t'a and PuLbr 
Works Offices, a family of Gujarat V&uis who are grain-dealers, • 
Bh^tia clotb-mcrohant, one or two MArwar V&oi grain and I'Jod 
dealora who come to the Sunday market, a MaMtha SonAr fn» 
S&t&raj one or two sweetmeat- makers, Poona MAlis in charge o' 
hooseBj MarAthfia some in tho police others pahuiquin-bcaren *■! 
carriers from Hiit.ara"aud a third clasM givrdeuerii and watisr-cuTien 
from Ratnagiri, Kunbis from Ncral and other Thiina villagea fHi* 
come ae carrlera or labourers, Sut&rs or carpenters and Bt^liUn 
or masons who come from Thdna and Poona when building ta gotW 
on, Konkan Telia or oilmen who ply with pack -bullocks, KAmilbi 
Telagu speakers frum Haidumbad, Deccan inasoua and Iwrbsiii 
a K&nareso Obangar a blank ut-seller from Bijitpurj Fardel «r 



^ OMur MoouoU stato that the KAtliluris dig up tboae onljr who barb died 
chgleniftiMl atiiftU-pox. This wenw to b* th» proaent pnu.tic». Tiie coitcniief •tij^isi 
up oorpaa smdu odoc to Itava hooa fwninon, ■■ Uiara u « rule in Msaa sgsifut Aiggmi 
np corpM* utd bamiag Uto baou. 

' In Uwf iaa(», ths totela v«i«, EDropMni ST.?, luttivc* 2433. 

■ AiDong th« oowhcrda on ibm bill Umm u« matt^ youag HarAthSs from SAUia. 
Ttae7 begin woric wbtn aiglit or niu yean old, fttounllj liv» iritb •ome UuAt^ w)M 
bu cliajgo of » bouM, get Cd. |4(i«.)»«awfor • motttii'a Iwrduu, find th«ir ovd (<•< 
nud utigirim »hi»ak«t and aw&lsteoftt. Tfasird&ily nwod is oordiiu fran dsivligbl 
to lw«lv«. honw till two, back till rix, ftud thoo httiu*. Hoot of tfina atv hrifbl 
beUtliy-loatuiig bo;a. 



diU 



tOQkUj 



thAna. 



265 



Bern 




MiTBBRiS. 
StnagMB. 



JirvMte' 



pper India waaliermen, Burud cane-workers from Sit&ra, Koli Qmpter HV. 
illere of dry fish from Kolflba and Bombay, Chdmbhdr shoo- piitceB oflntereftJ 
akora and cattle-kecpors from S&tara^ Mhar palanqatn-bcarera 
d carriers from SatdJ-a, DUed houao aorvants from Qujar&lj and 
i awccpers from Foona and Uomlmy. Tho Chinaman is tho 
tofa gaug of convicts that were settled at Mdther^n about the year 
He was formerly a gardonor but is now a master carpenter very 
ell-to-do. He lives throughout the year on the bill. A BlarSthi 
Oman lives with him but they have no children^ and he seems to 
eep to his own religion of ancestor worship. 

The strangers or outsidors belong to two classes, those who 
,y on tho hill all the year round and those who remain during 
fair soaeou only. Two sets of outsiders remain thronghoat the 
r, servanta in charge of houses and some labourers and crafta- 
en who have built themselves dwellings and settled at Mather^n. 
In some lionsos oneservantj a gardener, and in a few of the better 
sea two servanta, a gardener and a watcr-earrier, arc kept during 
whole year. The MiUia are all Hindus partly people of the MAIi 
ite from Poona and partly Maritbds from Malvan in Katn^ri. 
monthly pay varies from 16^. to £1 (Rs. 8*Rs. lU). Of the 
Ater>carriers, who. except one Musalra&n, are Ratn^giri Uarithis, 
'one or two stay thronghout the year and the rest go to their homes 
during the niins. Those who go leave their bullous to graze in the 
charge of some Mdli or Dhangar and find their way home by sea. 
They are paid IGs. (Its. 8} a m<mth if the bullock belongs to their 
master, and from £1 4«. to £1 &s. (Ra. 12 - Ra. 14) if the bullock is 
llieir own. There are also three Suratia or Gnjar<St Dheds, who are 
ployed OS house servaots and remain on the hill all tho year round. 
Of the other strangers who remain on the hilt thronghont the year, 
there is a Gnjardt V&ni family of three brothers, who nave been from 
ten to twelve years on tho hill. They sell grain grocery and cloth, 
and lend money. Their families are in Gujariit and they visit them 
from time t<) time. They hove no women in their house, and are 
said to do all their own cooking and bouse work. There is also a 
8oii&r from S^tiira who makes ornaments and stays on tho bill 
thronghont tho year. Of lower class Ilindu residents there are 
four liousos of KdimAthi masons from near Haidarabad, who speak 
Telagu in their homea and who have their families with them. In 
the fair season the men earn from 9d. to 1«. (6 -8 oji.) a day. Their 
women do not work. There ia also a K^nuithi barber, who, like the 
other Kfim^tbis. speaks Telaga at home. These all burj* their dead 
and employ local iirdhmans. There are also two Pardeshi wnshormon, 
who work for the hotels and stay on tho hill throughoot the year. 
The Chinese carpenter remains on the hill throughout the year. 

Tho visitors to MAtherdn are of two classes, the holders of houses, 
and the poorer classes to whom householders give employmeat. 
Almost all tho visitors to M&thenin are Europeans, some from Haidar- 
nbad, some from the Bombay-Deccan, and some from Oujunit, bnt 
the greatest number from Bombay. There are also several Native 
Christian and Piirsi bmilies, and a fuw Musalu^s and Hindus, 
^he chief classes of strangers whom those visitors dnw to the 
BlWi-M 



^M 



CrVtffin. 



VWron. 



DISTRICTS. 



rBombftj 



Chspt«r_ZIT. 

Placet of I&t«refft. 

MuriiKKAx, 



Trad*. 



hill arc hotel and Bfaopkediwra aad lobonroni. Of bolol and 
keopcra, there is a CririMiau bm ' ' r and a baker and 

Bt'lItT, sevural PArsi hotel aud i-i^rs, a Bliittia dutb-i 

two Miualmtos one a Kachhi aud ou^ Entm Poona, grm.-ent atui i 
inea, serernHamiliosof ^jToen-groeoMor Bhdgrana from Pcnioa,! 
Muaalin&nfl others liindua, four MoaalmiD matton batchen 
6&t£ra,t:wo MnsalmADbeef butchers from Panrel, a KAuareeo bli 
seller from Dij^par who oomo* in May aud leave* earl/ in 
threo bunilieg of Bnnids or cane-workera from Siii&na and Pc 
ten or eleven families of Mochis or shoe-makers from Wi&i tn 
The men make shoca oad the women work aa labourers. They 1 
lately b^un to ke«p iruwtt uu<l builalow and Bell milk. A it* 
them go to Bombay aud Sdtdra for the raiua. BoAicU'S 
there are the PiUld-bcarors and porters who are almost all 
MahAbaleehvar aud W^, and are aome of Iheiu Man&th&a and 
MbAra. Those men have oome to MAthunln, because, atnce 
carriage road has been made to MahjUialpahTar^ their fm 
occnpation. has ceased, and becauite at MiUhcn'm they fiud do 
oompetitioa as the people of the Konknu mv aulit for thu «< 
atnun of Piilki carrying. Of the Pdlk I -bearers aix families tn 
Mar&thfU and twenty are MU^s. Among both MardthJU tU 
Ubira some of the women work aa laboiircrs. The ordinary kid- 
carriers are Mar^hiU from SAtdru, though Etotiic of thr ^' - ' 
viUagors, chiefly Kuubia aud aome Klltlikuris and T]«lkuT^, 
bandies for hire. For a trip to Neral they get 7^d. (5 o*.J 
which thoy hare to my jd. (J anna) for tflll. A few of thrro 
on the hill throtignont the year. There are also tlie pony 
horse-keepers, most of whom are Deccan Musalmdns n-lio emiili 
boys and men, chietly Miiaalm^ns from Pouiia^ ^liiiTlthii-'t in 
Tfllpgaon in I*oonii, and Mhiirfl from Jnnnar t*> take care of th*» |joiii 
The pcvple, who hare pack-bullocks engaged in carrying 
mortar aud sand up the hill, are Manith^, Tulit), and Mni^luuiiu. 
Few if any arc Vanjiiris, but some are LamiiniB fmui KalybD 
and the Deccan. The Murdtlltls are Puona hosbnudmeo, the luii 
Aia Konkan oilmen chiefly from KidyAu, and tho &fnBaIaub» 
belong to Noral and neig-hbouring viUagcB. The Sunday- niaHcal 
draws to the hill-top Bome fish-aellore aud ch-th -dialers from ifcfl 
neighbouring niarket-towns. When houses or reaervyirsapi' buildtog. 
there are generally anmo Hrjihmnn clerka and overseers, ua 
carpenters and maaons Christians from Goa, aud Uindus fi-<>ni Poim 
tmu noniba^. 

Aooordingto some acconnta there are traces of iiYin-aimltiug m 
the upper part of the PisharuAth vaUey, but the lautt uxauuuer, Mr. 
Maclarao, C. E., thiuksthat the alag-hko appt>anineo may have been 
caused by charcoal Eros acting on tbo surface of the iron clay.' Almost 
no produce leaves the hiU. The Thikura show taate and skill in 
plaiting neck chains and bracelets of coloured bark and grosa. Bat 
these articles have little trade value, and the quantities of waac hooe;; 
firewood and grass are little more than aro required by the ponple of 




SuUba MillwnlD, 159. Sm aUivo, p. 341. 



onkatLl 



"an 



ihe bill and of the villages at ita foot The ouly export, and that 
very souill one, is tbo surplns stock of the Mochis, boots and 
lOctB which they dispose of in Bombaf. The whole trade of the 
is an import trade, sopplies for the viaitors their sonranta 
horses, and for the palanqnin-bean'rs and labuureri. Mention 
B been made of a bakery, n liqnor-shnp and a cloth-shop, and of 
vem\ buk-hera' grocers' and 7egetable-s«Uers' stalls. Then 
muin upcn Ifaroughout tho fair Buasou. Bt^sidca these, on 
iHidupi, a wocklj market is hold, when BoppUcB of grain are laid in 
the week and the !:ibaunn^ classes and liill tribes make amall 
Tiic umrkot is held in an open space, to the left of tbo 
lain nmd, a littlo boyond the aeveuth mile from Neral. In 
lift spnco the sellers sit in irregular rows, some of thom in the open 
ir und others ondor the shade of a rough cloth or blanket. The 
itrkei lastH alt day and is busiest about noon. Among the sellers 
Q acTonil green^inMcers or Bhilgrans from Poona offering betel 
leares, brinjals, maugooK, plantains, guavas, and pot-herUtt; one or 
fWo glass bmcolot-soltcrft MusalmHns from Neml and Cbauk ; somo 
jffiitls of di-icd fish bronj?ht nn bollock back or aa head loads by 
olis and Kfusalmi'ius from Bombay and the i^libag. coast ; a heap 
cocoanutfl brought by a MArwdr Vilni ; Musalm^ grain-dealera 
m Nerai with millet wheat rico and gram, tobacco, oocoa fibro, 
'lxu>lasaes,Kingpr, pepper, and onions; one or two booths, of Muttal- 
mAa and MArw&r Vdui cloth -dealers with robes, bodioos, turbans, and 
blankets from Neral and Bnnibay ; some Buruds with baskots and 
cane chain* ; one or two sweet m^-sellers from Cliauk ; and somo 
groups of K^lhkaris and Thakurs with grass, huncy, and apta 
uaves. Tbe chief buyers are the servants oEEuropean visitors who 
nrchaae grain for thetnsolres and their masters' horses, swoet- 
ents, or any dainties that may tako their fancy among the grocers' 
and TOgotftble-wtlrrs" stores ; labonrera bnjTng grain, cloth, oocoanuts, 
and Bah; and ThiiknrRand Katlikai-ia buying grain, braoclots, or somo 
article of clothing. Most purchases are paid for in cash, a few aro 
ttled by barter, but in none are cowries the medium of payment. 

Aa it was nerer either a stronghold or a place of religions resort, 
irdn is almoflt ontimly without a history. Nothing is known of 
■An til!, in 1830, Mr. H. P. Malct, Collector ol Thfina, while 
ramped at Chunk, strolled one evening lialf way np the hill by tho 
narrow it«ep bed of the Varosba stream between Great Cliauk and One 
Tree Qill. Thinking tbe hill worth exploring, ho came back next day, 
took somo water from the small stream that then, even in May, ran 
freely throngh the Piskiirnath valley, filled a basket with earth, 
•truck off somo jneces of sinuo.and wont back to Chauk through the 
B&m Bi^h lioiwoen Alexander's point and Little Ohauk. Ho came 
■gamin November, 1ive«l about a month in a small hut, and cleared 
{(Mouths to several of (he points, lie camo once more in February 
1651, built 8 stone house now c-alled the Byke,*and,in 1852, obtAined 
a grout of £6U (Its. 500), and so improved the path from Chonk 




Chapter ZIV. 

Places of In teresti 

Tndii. 



HiMory. 



'Mr. E.n.P»tr»ti kiitt tJio wc<m(l bonm. the Hermibw* : CnnUin Henry BuT 
Um Uiinl ; U|>taiji C. Wallutr Uu burth ; mii3 Mr, Arthur Malol tlM Utb, Sttmboig*^ 



IBombkyi 



sn 



DISTRICTS. 



UrXIV. 

oflntaTMt 



r&Mion. 



Ihronffh the RAm Biigh foroet that Mn. Malei was ahte to oonu 
s««tea ID a cliair fastened with ropot to budboo poles. Sborilj 
this, GoTernmont ordered tho Qoarter Muter Geucral of ihoAi 
hare the hill aanreyed viih a view to make it a militaiy eanitBrn 
The snrvoy was carriod oat by Captain Ponaonby in 1852, who " 
a map of the hill, laid oat a road frum the Dorib to Norml, Kodi 
sites lor a chnrch, an hoopital, a harrock for two hondrcd 
jail, and other pnblia buildings. Bat the idea of making M: 
railitaiT' BaDilarium was givou up an the medical aulburitiea preSenl 
Khandkla. Next year (18&3) Captain Peacock traced and dmi 
Bonie frefih paths, and marked sites for private houses. I^a 
the sorvey was completed, a map of tho hill waa printed, al 
Oovemmcnt, after rc-acrviog certain plot«, aathoriaed Mr. UaiiAli 
allot sites to tho public. By the end of May 1853 seventy sites U 
been applied for. 

Between 1855 and I858,Lord ElphinBtone,thcn Governor of Bomlif, 
did much for M^ther&n. At a cost of £1000 (Ba. 1 0.000) the road frm 
Neral, iostcud of climbing the steep ralley, was brought up the geatb 
slope of the Ncral spur. An omhankmont was thrown acron lb 
Mudangn stream bolow tho modem Simpson reservoir, but was tarnk 
away in the first rains, and afterwards a doable line of wall was bdl 
across the PishamAth stream. Most of the rides and paths, leadii^l' 
the different points, were laid ont with admirablo tasto, tinder utti 
Elphiustone's direction. He chose the site of Elphinstone ho^e, boA 
a hut on it, and laid the foundation of tho prosent house. Uts staf 
followed his examplo and Matheriin became fashionable. Hoostf 
rapidly sprang up and building altes wore in great demand. Tb* 
foundation uf the Church was laid io 1858, and in thrue yean ^ 
building was oomnlofod. Several additions, especially a fine windo* 
presented by Mr. Michael Scott, were af terwai^s made, and It wa 
cousocmtcd by Bishop Uardiug in 1865. During the last twolvoTesB 
no new houses have been built, but considerable ailditions have bees 
made to Pinto's, the Clarendon, and the Hope Hall hoteU. A 
Su]>oriutendeut's oflSce, including a post and telegraph bSice sod» 
small library, a new market, a sanitarium, and a rost-bouso for naliva 
have also been added, and a Gymkhana, with several lawn tenni^sstl 
badminton courts and a large badminton shed, adds greatly to tiiB 
pleasure of lifo on tho hill. 

As a place of resort Mdtheriln has two seasons, after the niu 
in October and November, and from the first of April to ^ 
middle of Jane. Tho Superintendent generally oomee about Uis 
first of Ootobor, and, by tho middle of the month, hotels arc opes 
and viBttora havo begun to arrive. From the middle of Octobtf 
to near tho end of November, the hill is fairly full, most of tba 
rooms at the hotels and about thirtyj of the eif^hty-throe booMi 
being occupied. By the end of November all but a few ^umlie* 
have left. Soma thirty or forty Karopean visitors and a large 
nnmbor of P^rsis come for the Christmas and other coId-we»ther 
holidays. After they go the hill remains nearly empty till (he end 
of March. For tho hot reason (April 1st to June 15th) almost 
every houae is taken. Many families oomo oorly in April, but it is 



i 



t' 



^ 



ot till aft(?r the first week in May, when the Bombay Iaw Coorta 
clow, that all the hotises are occupied and the hotels crowded. This 
busy gay time lasts tiU the damp and mad of the first rains and the 
opening of the Bombay Courts, force many to leave the hill. A few 
welUhoused Bombay people, to avoid the trying 6r8t fortnight in 
Jane, stay tu the fifteenth or sixuwulh, or even as late as the 
fcwt^ntieth or twenty- fourth, enjoying tho fine days that generally 
follow the first rainfall, ^^^lon the rain again seta in sappliea ara 
hard to get and the palauqain-bcai-ers are anxious to Ih) homo to 
look after their fiolda. The Supariutendenb closes tho market and 
leaves for Poona. Prom this till the beginning of October the 
market remaioa closed, and except three of tho hotol-kcepors, tho 
hospital assistant, the head constable, a Public Works clerk, servants 
in chiirge of honsos, and a few shopkeepers, porters, and labonrers, 
the hill is deserted. In the breaks between the heavier bursts 
,oi i-aiu, when reservoirs ai-o building, an engineer, or an eaterprising 
"ouse-owner from Bombay, occasionaUy visits tho deaertod hill and 
metimes for days together enjoys moat pleassLht gleams o£ bright 
eather. Visitors can be taken in at the Chircndou and Pinto's 
otcls. Bnt they should send word ahe-ad and bi-ing sapplice, and, 
lees they are fortunate in weather, there is little comfort on tho 
ill till after the middle of September. 

T7p to 1860 ^0 hiU-top was distributed as forest and grazing 
Elana among the villages at its toot. Of a total of 1646 acree, 160 ,*q 
jn tho north-east belonged to Neral, 20)5 '° tl^c cast to Bckri, 
'627^ in the south-cast to Hondaiv^la, 1>SC<{^ in tho sonth to 
Borgaon, 537W- in tho west to Varosha, and 1&5|^ in the north to 
AfAldunga. In 18(30 tho IGiS acres of hilUtop were formed into 
tbe new village of Mdthor^. In August 1861 the Government of 
India sanctioned a yearly grant of i-500 (Ra. 5000), and on an 
average about £500 (Us. 5000) more arc yearly collected ^om the 
rentes of building Bites, tolls, and tho sale of grass ond firewood. 
During the last four years the revenue has fallen from £1109 
(Rs. 11,088) in 1876-77 to £977 (Rs. 9777) in 1880-81 and the 
ospenditnre, exclusive of special public works, boon reduced from 
£8U (Rs. 8407) to £555 (Rs. 5553). 

The managemont of the station is ontraated to the Civil Surgeon, 
who, with the title of Superintendent, has, within station limits, 
the powers of a Third Class Magistrate. Subject to the Collector 
of Th&oa he haa the entire management of the station, looking 
after the repairs of roads, settling the charges of palanqnin -bearers 
pony-keepers and porters, and regulating the use of water, the 
cooserrancy arrangements, and the market. He holda office for 
two years, and has under him a fir.-rt class hospital-assistant, a head 
oonstftblo and throe constables, who, besides their dispensing and 
police duties, attend to the general work of the Superintendent's 
office. There are also a native clerk, an overseer and assistanU 
Dvergeer of roods and reservoirs, four measengera, two gardeners, 
two reservoir and two firewood men, and two swoepers. Including 
tiie Snpcriutcndoub's pay uud allowunco the monthly cost of tho 




Chapter ZIT. 
Places of Interest 

MATIIKIlAX. 



UlBJ^UMSfc 



Stqff: 



fBouabfty Gi 



270 



DISTRICTS. 



>ter XIV. cfttiiblishnictit amotniU 



£U-i (Ra. 1-i-ia] ID Ibe biuy, aoa to Vi 






Palanquim, 



Tho yoarlj rontl ropairs cost ahont £100 (R.H. 1000). Tbei 
Noral rood, which was completed in Ia53, has lataly (1880). at a< 
of botwwn £:J0O and £10U (Rs. 3000- Rs. 4O<)0). be©n " 
and improved hctwpcn Ncral Btation und thu top of the 
It stretches for »bout eight miles from Nei-al station to 
Clnwiuion Ilotvl. The levels show for the first luilts a riw 
12fi'70 foet, for the stM-ond a rise to 5r<5'89 foot, for the tbit^l 
fl75*38 feet, for the fourth to l.V2n-07 ff«t, for t!io fifth to 21J 
for Iho sixth to 2283-fl5 foot, for th© seveuth to 2376-92 feet at ' 
markof^nnct from this a fall in thoeig-hth mile to 2109*30 foet in 
Pishamdth or Bond Volley. This rondiskeptingoodrepairjftDd tho 
Dufiltcd for carriagoB or carts, is in ull places wido oaou^fa for 
thrco ponies to pass. On tho hill-l<>p, the two and a half mtlesl 
the Clarendon Ilotel an fah-ty level and tho road has a breadth «f 
nboat twoDty feet. This could easily bo made fit for carrtnges, cuJ 
the drive could without difficulty bo coatinncd round Cfaauk Point. 
The returns show that on &a arcrago tho ascent of the hilf ^D^ta 
£648 (Rs. CiBO] for toujans and paaanquins, X8l -4 ( E{m. S14t)) for 
poniefl, £253 (Rs. 25211] for bullocks, and £25 (Rs. 24^'i) for pDrt 
runnera. This roromio of £2300 (Rs. 23,000] would, it has Ua 
calculntod, pay a cheap hill railway. The firnt four imtes would b« 
comncuTLtivoly cosy, but the ascout of iho steep oliff in tho fifth mil* 
would be difficult aud costly. Besides the main road there are sboil 
thirty-two miles of bridle paths varying iu breadth, but always witb 
room for two riders to meet. These lanos wind over tho hill, iritli 
many np9 and downs, andliavetbe charm of being well-shaded, soil, 
every now and again, of commanding views of the outlying poinn 
and of Prabiil, Hnva Malnng, and other high oeighbonring hills. In 
some parts of the hill, as at Fcho and Dnnger points, the path is M 
ateep and runs so close to the cliff that it is seldom nsed by ridet«. 
Besides tho main Noral road, the old Chauk road through Riim B^ 
and tlio iwrt-pavcJ part rock-cut stair np tho ravino between Omt 
Cbauk and One Tree Hill, many tracts lead down the hiUade. 
Several of these, though rough, are passable for a hooted EnrapeaB* 
but numbers are too stocp and slif^ory to be used by any one * 
the barefooted hill-pecplo. 

Tho chief means of convoyanro aro pnlaDqnins, long chairs hti 
on poles calle<l ffnjanif, aud ponies, aud the chief moans of 
are paok-hullocks and porters. Of twenty-six palanquins 
toujans, thirteen belong to a SAt^ra JthAr, tho foreman of 
bearers, and tliirtern belong to the Superintendent. On the to 



' The d«tMli An, all the year nJUiul, SupflrintcndeMla nay C109 6f. (Bb. 1093). . 
nc»ClOatn. 100). 1iOt)<iUl-uBiiiUnt'« pny £6(110. 6U), ftUowuieo £3 (Its. 30). 
Imd eoosUbk £1 4s. (lU. I2|, d^mtri Sa(lU W>, four mesMngm £3 4*. (Ri.. 
im gpngen £2 U. (Ra. 22), wid twogarrfenenijEl 1'2*. (B«. 16); for nine mooli' 

thorsftr, three coibAjJiIm 1(2 8*. <R». 24), offiM clerk l"! (R». 10), two firewwxl 

£1 Itt. (It.. Hi). Ai>d two swwpiMB £i (Ita. 40) : for aoveo mouUis in tke nkt, %w 
njwnwr mva £1 Ut, (EU, 16). 




le bill a gang of six bearera is enoagb for a pulanqtuD, but to go ap 
■ down the hill a double gftog » want^'d. Tii<> fore iiji or domi tho 
U is 16«. (Ka. b), and for a trip on the hill-lop from 3$. to Gc. 
1-8-Ka. 3). Of tho 16a.. is. (8 as.) goes tu the oiviier of the 
luqiiin, I*. (8 a*.) as a fee, and 2«. (Re. 1) as toll. Tho remaining 
(lis. 6} are divided equally amoog' the bearers. The bearers who 
aber about l&Oincn, aFefltrniigers frvim W&i and MaliiU>»IuHhvnr. 
ithd whole number about 100 are Marfltba !Mh&rd, forty Mar^thits 
;a Mtisaliiiatm of the Daviir or irou-amelting class. All but a 
LTOtho hilt lifter the iniddio of Juno. 

> The ponies, of which there are about eighty, almost all come from 
}ua. The charge for a trip up or down tho hill, or for a day on 

top, is 4-a. [Hfi. 2) and "2^. OJ. (Ks. 1-t) if for a Hcrvant. The ponies 
I ttlmosl oil quiet and well c-nroA for ; they vary in valne from £2 10». 
120 (K». 2it • lU. 200). Their keepers and owners, some of whom 
' as many a.s tlirc^ or four paira, are Poona MuHolnuinH, Junnnr 
trs, and Tolegaou Mariitbils. For a trip up and down the hill 
toll is 2|d. (li ae.) for a horse and Id. (9 piet) for a pouy. 

le paclr-btillocks generally belong to Konkan Telis or oilmen and 
kimaus, and to Poona Musatmins and Lam^nis. Thoy carry 
of from lUOto 140 pounds chiefly of grain, sand, and mortar, 
charge 1«. (8 ax.) a trip. A bullock pay« b toll of 2^d. (I J as.) 

Tho carriers ore almoftt all from tho fijlitara district, Wdi and 

tbaleshvar. They arc Marilth^ and Mh&rs, and one or two ave 

^TBT Musaimius. They carry baggagQ au<1 market supptiet), tho 

ler articlos on their heads and too larger swung from a polo 

ing on the shonlders of two or more men. lu 1852 the charge for 

ibourer for a day or for a trip to Neral was id. (2 an.) ; it was raised. 

1S71, to 7|i. (5 as.) with the provision that a mou must carry aa 

inch as forty pounds. These terms are still in fon^. Uesidos the 

Sgnlar carrier-*, Ncral and other K nobis, and, of the hill-people, both 

tura and Kdthkaris, can-y small articles of pursonal baggage 

id other light loada. 

In regntatiiig' the water-supply tho Suixrrintendont's supervision 
limitiMl to (Mif'irciag t)ie nitt^s agninsi vva.sliin^(-lt)thrsor otherwise 
fouling the water of tho Band and Simpson ruserroii-s. Places 
are set apart for tUo washing of clothes iu the beds of tho streiuns 
below tho dams of these reservoirs. Thero is no charge for the 
water either of the reservoirs or of tho springs. Tho heavy coat of 
water<carria^ is a riutticient check ou waste. Fur the wjuter season, 
from the 1st October to tlie 31bt March, water -oarriera arc paid 18t. 
(Rs.fl) a month for a daily supply of six water-bags. For less than 
four bags the charge is ai the rate of I J^. (lOpiW) a bag. For the hot 
season, from Isl April to June 15th, the monthly charge ia £1 4^. 
(R«. 12) for six water bags a day, and forle.iB than four w«t*r-bags 
i|d. (1 anna) a bag. 
Id addition to about fivo private sweepers, two QoTonunent 
reepers, o»ch paid £2 (Rs. 20) a month, nre made reoponeiblo that 

> Dight*«oil is allowed to gather on the hill. 

For the oimvenlence of visitors a telegraph office is open from 
;tobcr to Jane, and tliroaghout tho BeasoD there are two daily 



Chapter XIV. 
Places of Interest. 

MkiiuenictiL 



I'ontfu. 



l*nfk. 



ClirTJ^nt 



Wal(T Sap 



Comtrvant]/, 



PMic Bulktk 



LBomlMjr ' 



272 



DISTRICTS. 



liuiafMMal- 



Chftpter XIV. portB. The chief public boildinga and iiistitnfeiotiB ue 
Piac«t of Interwt ^uperinteadeat'ttResideaca^UieSaperint^ndont'D, Foet,aDdTeli 
Offices, thePoliceLiues, the Hospibil-Asastanfs Quarters, tbe 
WorlcA StorehoQw, the SADitariam andNaCive. Rest-boose, Uidl 
aad Market, the Libmrr and Gymkbann, and of places oE vrc _ __ 
EnglishChiiruhandCatliohcChapelttbeMng^ue, the Temples o{] 
and Shiv and the shrino of Pisharn^tb. The Saperintendent's : 
is a welUbuilt convenient house on the central pLateaa a little I 
south uf tlio English Church. It is said to havecost£3000(Ba. f 
to bnild, hnt it was bought by GoTernmcnt in 186S for £700 (R&< 
aod yieida a monthly root of £4 (Ha. 10). The Sup^rinteatl 
the post, and the telegraph ofBcos are in one buUdia^ un thdi 
road near tho Clarondon Hotel. The polico linoa, a small atoi 
ing with room for six men, lie to the east of the Market road i 
the north of the markot-place and close to the SupQrmt«nde 
are the hospital assistant s quarters and the I'ublic Works at 
fifty feet loug by eighteen broad. The sanitarium, built by Gorei 
in IHGQ, stands on a pleasant site in the tiouth-wust of the hill abed 
half way bctwooii Danger point and One Trco Hill. It is « one- 
storied building raised on a high stone plinth divided into sa 
partially furniahed seta uf quarteca. Aa the Chauk road ia ae^doo 
used, theso rooms oro much out of the way and aru little in demand. 
Visitors arrange for their own board and pay 2<f. {Re«. I) adayfcr 
a set of two rooms. Close to tite marketplace, to the west of ik 
main-road, is tho native rest-house a tiled one-Btorit»d stono buildiB^ 
fifty-four feet long by thirty-four broad dirided by a ceutnil wall. 

The station has five hotola. One on fl&rbat hill in tho norLh.ea< 
three in tho central Pisham&th valley, and one on the soatUoru Cb»t 
plateau. The Oirbat hotel on the south slope of G&rbat hill haeroomiff 
twenty-fire guoets and charges lOs. (Rs. 5>} a day. la the central nUif 
to tho right, a little Iwyond the market-place, Pinto's, or the Alexaukla 
hotel, has room for twenty-ono guests and chains 1 2*. (Ra. 6) a d^fr 
if for leas, and IO9. (Rs. 5) a day,if formore thaaa woek ; closebri) 
the Hope Hall Hotel with room for eight gaeats and a daily ohargA oi 
IO4. (Bs. 5); a little furthor, beyond the Superintendent's office, a t^A 
Clarendon Hotel wiLh room for eighteen visitors and n daily ohargi 
of IOa (Rs. 5} ; and, on the high Chunk jilau^au, \a the Chaak H9I0 
with room for twenty-fire guesta and a daily charge of lOv. (Hs. &]> 

The original market place stood on flat ground on the north oil 
of tho Pisharnalh vallfy. It was badly plaood to tho windwaido)^ 
many houses and on tho gathering ground of the reeervoir. 0» 
the deatruction of the original buildings by fire, on the 12th of April 
1865, (Government gave £500 (Rs. 5000) for a new market u^ 

f)rivate subscriptions were added. The present site, doe \» 
ceward of the thickest peopled part of the hill, was chosen and s 
new market sprung op in every way better than tho old one. 

The shops and labourers' houses connected with thu maritet 
place cinstor on tho east slope of the hilUtop on both sideR of 
the main Noral road abont seven miles from Neral. Coming 
from Neral, about a quarter of a mile from tho seventh mile stoue, 
tho row of thatched huts on the left belong to the W&i Chiimblur 



Botvlau 



M«rk«L 



thAna. 



373 



makers and <%tt1c-koopM^. Beyond ihem, to tho right, tat iho 

police liuc'B and Public Works Btoro-shed, and, ou hoth aide* of 

road, aro the fauts uf Mar^thi paJanquiu-bcarers and carriers; 

,er on the \eit are tbe ponj stablee and the Stltdra Son&r's boose, 

tlio huts of tho K&mi&thi masona and barbers; a little fiutfaor to 

right are a amali temple t<o Milmti, a one-storied stona bnkonr 

liqaor-abop, and a stone cloth^shop kept by a Bh^in, a tailor a 

', and two Vitniaa' hoases, and above, to the right, the mutton 

ket. To the loft of tho main road ore two native grocers' 

ipa, one kept by a Kachhi or Momon and the other by a 

na Uasalm&D, and close by are one or tvro T^etable-selters with 

.etsof pine-apples, mangoes, potatoes, omo[ia,Bndyam9. Between 

ahopB and the cliS is a qnadj-angte snrronnded by thatched or 

-roofed sheds which are lot aa dwelltngs and snops. Of the 

lOpe ODD is a tailor's, one a sweetmeat-sellers, three are grain and 

Dcory shopsj and two are empty. A little fui-thor is tho npon space 

ere the Sanday-market is beta, and beyond it to the left, on the 

k of the cliff, is a banitet of about twenty amall (hatched wattle 

daab huts, the quarters of tho Mhilr palanquin -bearers wbo 

ng to W(U and MahAbaloahTar. Opposite the Musalmiin grocers' 

ips a path leads west, up the hillside, to the mutton -market. 

the right are some grocers' and onion -sellers' aheds, and on 

left is a small well-kept stone mosque. The mutton-market 

a row of thatched and iron<roofcd bouses parallel to tho main 

Among the shops are four green grocers' shops with supplies 

9 mangoes, plantains, omnges, onions, pine-apples, carrots, limes, 

and pot herbs; four muttou butchers housea;' four Buruds' 

I bouses with heu-cratos and baskets ; two washormon's houses, iu one 

I house aBijlipurblaukci'seller, and, a little to thu left, two Mui^ahndu 

beef butchers who spend tho three rainy months in Panvol.' 

i The liibrary is a small i-oom close to the Superintendent's office. 
It has 590 volumes and takes tho two daily local papers, the Times 
of India and Bombay Gazette, and three weekly English papers, 

I the Illustrated London News. Pauch, and tho Overland Mail. 

I There arc (1881) cighty<two subscribers whu pay 4«. (Rb. 2) a week, 

fafe (Rfl. 3) a fortDight, 10«. (Rs. 5) a month, or £1 (Rs. 10) a year. 

HtTho Gymkhana, or Sport Club, with groands prettily placed on a 
^Dall tree*fringod plat«an below and to (he north-west of Artist 

Point, is, both in the mornings and evenings, a favourite report. 

Round u small circular pavilion are laid out four lawn tenuis and 
, four badminton courts, and, on a temico to the south, under a shed 

that was built in 1870 at a cost of about £10 (R,8.100), are two 

nore badminton courts. The present (1831) rates of subacription 

are for non-playiug members 4s. (Ha. 2) for the season, and for 
, playing memoers 4«. (Hs. 2) for a week, or, for the season a donation 

of £1 (Ra. 10) or an entrance fee of 4<. (Rs. 2} with a monthly 

nbscription of 6*. (Rs. 4), 



Chapter XIV. 

Placei of latereit. 

Uinuais. 
Mackit. 



Ijliniry. 



1 tVbaa Un bill b crotrdod ahami vigkt or taa ihMp arc kOM vrary day, and 
on Sundays twdva or thtrtoen. 
^Por tha rapply of beef » cow ii kilted erery oUmt day. 

alOM-4S 




rSombay Ou«tt*t:,] 



274 



DISTRTOTS. 



trtnoulit. 



^pter ZIV. BxclQEirc of abopa and labourers' hats, there are eighty 
I oflBterest. houses- KxceptiDthecentreofllieliillnoartbemarket where the 
are not more than an acre, each house i» on an avora;|^ Aurroandedl 
a plot of aboQt &T9 acrav. Alnioat all the hoasea ore built of 
Btone which ia always at hand, cheap to work^ and lumting'. A 
bailding matoriaiR, timber, aandj and mortar, come from thofoot< 
the hill, or the whole number of houses thirty are tiled, twenty* 
iron-rooFod, and twooty-four thatched. Their aoooDiuioUation^ 
from four to sixteen rooms, and their rents range in the 
•eaeoD from £10 to £100 (Rs. lOO-R*. 1000), and in 
Bea8oiifrom£20 to£100(R8. 200-Ks. 1000). Of the whole nomt 
eighteen are owned by Persia, fiftcon by Europeans, ten bjr Hint 
four by Muhammadans, four by FortngDMO, three by Jains, and 
by an Arab.' Of late years, thoagb no new houses Lave been ' 
the aceommodation at several of the hotels has been 
increased. Carpenters and masons from Bombay, Poena, a 
remain on the bill for eight months in the year, carpeutersi 
B daily wage of 2;. (He. 1) and masons of !«. tid. (t2 
Contracts for the repairs of honsce are taken by Measrs. J ^ 
Adamii St Co. of Poona, and by a Chinese carpenter who hi 
settled on the hill. During the south-west monsoou most boodu in 
cased with thatohod screens. But this makes tbo insido so cleat 
and dump that the furniture gets uovered with mildew, and il it 
probably better to leave at least one side of the house o]>en. 

Ground Beuu. Tn 1879-80 ground rents yielded £185 (Rs. 1850). Tbo origiiial 

rent of 10«. (Bs. b) an acre was afterwards rais«d to 14«. (Ra. 7),umI 
it is at tliis enhanced rate that leases are renewed. In lottingsiM 
for building it is stipulated that the house should be built within cw> 
yeara, that no trees of more than twenty-four inches in girth shall 
be cut without leave, that landmarks are kept in repair, and thattbr 
Colloctorof TbAuamay resume the land on non-payment of rent, 

^ The (oUowiuK di.>tul« li&ve li«cn aupptiMl by Mr. E. W. Flower, tbe Bam 
AgcQt. Tb« DutuborB tiro thoM ftliown on the map. On tlie «ut«m ncUo, (1) tte 
Ch&let, reutlU. 700 m M&t, IU. CtiO in October; oo ibe niaiii hill in 0>« Mttk, 
m liAjutbin ; (3) (Vaicic Bum, R». 450, Ka. 300 ; {4) ]tmtl«nd : (5) Hftriino'i 
BunK«ii>w, Ra. 500, R«.4O0 ; |6) KIphinstoDC Lodge ; (7) FemwooO, Ri. 000. K.' :■■ 
(8)HUlHon»«!;t9ll^'prioKwoo<l,R»,kK>,R8.4SO:(10)RiMi< Jiill;(lt)B««bivr, !:> - 
Rs. 6fiO; (ISl lAOob'a Bun^ow, Ks. GOO, lU ViO -. [ISJ.Stoftm'a Coti 
StonehMgO. Re fOO.Bii 500; (15)()otrkQ Lode*: (16) thu FuUy, B«. 1000. 
07) Scott*! BaDgalow, Ra. 700, Ei. fiOO; (IU) Kiigby Unlgn. ]{«. &0(\ Rm. 
Wftlkor's ItansiUow, Its. OOO.Ba. 4M;(2D)tbeOnui«e;(-.;i)lbe Mount rSaperint 
Hwik] 1 {iSi Kozvio HouRc YU. 500, Ka. 3&0 i (23) B«1U Vista, Kb. fiuo, K«. S 

MMiaCottago, Re. MW. Ri. 3S0; [ffi) HtrmitMC, It*. SCO, K». 5r.O; (26) Th» Wj. 

Ba. ZOO, IU.100: (271 ltun<lud«Ci>tbijte, Ra. fiUO, Ii>. STiO; {'2S) Pnlwl. Ra, 000. tU i 
m) Coxen'a Bunualow. R-. ««, Ba. 30Oi (30) AmoM Loiigv, Ka. 600, Rs. StOt \ 
Sunsy Sid« : (32) Foi-e«t Lodfe, Ba. t'W, Rh. 450 ; (33) Row Cuttwo, Bk |50 ; I 
KMpaake, Rs. 360, 360 : (35) Proapect Hill ; (36) (>ipren Haiia«, U». 600. Ra. i 
(37) AUadiu hodxt, Ra. 400. R>. SAO ; (38> Marv l^lge, Ra. 500. R» 350 i (3S) gMd'k 
Bungalow, IU. 700. Ra. 4O0 ; (10) Bar CVttwre, Ra, tWO, Ba. 400; (41) Tin: OrH, 
Ra. 400, R». 250! (42) Red Hcubo ; (43) Walliu;* ft Co.'b ; (44) TLe Bylf r '" 
Mkn^dAa' Bungalow : I4t>) Beiimlict Ijodgc ; (47) I'hndise hoAm, Ra. TOO' lU )'•' 
(48) TarriKP Cottngt^, Hs. &0O, Ra. SCU; (49) ^Icndct Honaa, Rk. MU, Ka >> 
(50) KolUh Hci..c ; (f.l ) \\iih» l-idge ; (52) Ooiiw.' Bunmlow ; (53) Floren.-c LaAat, 
Ra. 600. Ha. 400 ; (&4) Kiulucli Ciut^ HUl ; (55) Vmlcmood : (M) FleetWM,d, B^ W. 
Ra.400:nud, on th« west ridg«, (ft?) Stuoe House; (58) L'wsrt Lfxtgi>, Ri Mu. 
Ra. 3M 1 (59) CMnunore Book ; (60j Uilduncit ; and (61) Wuodluid», Ra. 500, V 





»akaii.] 



thAna. 



275 



TheCharoh standg on one of the highest and mn<tt contra! siien 

the hill, a little north o£ the Superintendent's residence. The 
mdation was laid iu 1858, and, with tha kelp of a &ovGramenb 

It, the Chui-ch was completed by private sobscription in 1861 at 

cost of £2626 (Rs. '26,2t>0) and coaaecraCed by Bishop Harding in 

16&> It has been made over to tho Bishop of Bombay iu trust for 

Bsidents of Mdthen&n. It is a plain neat building, with seats 

[80 persons, a richly painted window, the f^ift of the lata Mr. 

Uchael H. Scott, a stono font, and a harnionium, aud io in all 

spccts veil and orderly appointed. Ab there is no resident chaplain, 

le aenrioes oro usually performed by clerical mitors, or, in their 

snce, by the Superintendent. To the east, in a hollow of the hill 
littld below the lovcl of tho church plateau, is the small European 
iryiog ground. 

The Catholic Chapel of the Holy Cross, situated near tho Supurin- 
ident's office, wa8 built soon aftor the hill was made a sanitarium 

1852), consecrated in May 1858, and greatly improved in 1872. 

"'"ith seats for ninety people, it has a nave twenty-five feet long, 
irteen broad, and eighteen high, aiales fifteen foot long ten broad 

id 20^ high, and a chupet filceen feet long thirteen broad and 

H high. Of resident parishioaora thero aro not more than eight 
leu, but tho congregation increases in the October season to 

Bvonty or eighty, ami, in the May season, to 125 or 150. To the 

mth of the Chapel in the priest's dwelliag. 

On the left of the path that loads from the Market rood to 

le mutton market is a small and neat Hosqne of latorito stona 

tt W1M built in the year 1672, chiefly from funds contributed by 

(esan. tfuhaminad Ali Kog^, Kama Beth, and Rahim-at-ullilh three 

:;h citizens of Bombav. 

On the same side of tlie Market road, not many yards further norths 

a small modem atone tem^e with a large rod image of Mdruti 
>T the Monkey God. Tho Temple was built in 1874 from money 
subscribed by Mar&thds aud Br^hmans in sume varying from 6d. 
to 10«. (anna«-l-Ka. 5). A BnLhmau clerk in the Hablic Works 
Department takes charge of tho temple. The worshippers are 
MarAthfis, who offer Sowers aud cocoauuta and bom camphor. Close 
to the Clarendon Hotel and Public Works Storehouse is a temple 
of Shiv which waa built in 1870. Tho only other Hindu ahriuo on 
the htll-top is tho shrine of the Dhangar's god Piiiham^th, in a 
thick groTO on the south bank of the PishamAth valley.' A 
deiicription of the sliriuo has boon given in the account of the 
Dbongars. 

i-^rom Pinto's Hotel the Iea<ling points on the hill-top can 
be comfortably seen in three rides or walks. The first morning 
may be given to the eastern ridge or wing of hills, Panonimn [wiut 
and Oovemor'a hill, GArbat hill and O&rlxtt point. The details are : 
North along the Neral road nearly two miles to tho neck that 
joins the eastern ridge to the l>ody of the hill; north about a mile 
and a half to tho end of Panorama point ; back on foot along the 
crest of Governor's hill, n mile and a half to the Neral toll ; from tho 
toll south roaad tho oast side of GArbafc hill about a milo and a 




Chapter ZIT. 

Places of Interest. [ 

MOTHER AN. 



Catholic Clui 



M<)K{I1«. 



Temple. 



HQl Top Wftlks. 
Au( Whig. 



fBorabsy 



276 



ChAptAr XIV. 
ImsM of ImlerMt. 

■MiTHEiav. 

PU Tup WftUu. 

Roumt ('Afiiut. 



\mfJ .VortA. 



If .day Wftlkit 



IjbJm A'fpA. 



quarter to tho end of G^bai point ; and book b;r tbo wont aide I 
miles to the main hill a littlo to tho Boath of tho drj 
knuwn as tho Fife Filter; from this back a mik and a qtmrlar 
Pinto's ; total about nine and a half miles. 

The next morning may be giwon to Alexander point on the 
Chauk and Danger points on the south, and the PjahaniAih r 
and FnlW lake on the wpst. Tho details are: Half a mile 
east tu Alexander point, back round the hollow at tho top of 
Kluttvan valloy half a mile, past the road to the RAm Blli^h, 
noarlj a mile to Little Cbank, wtvitronnd littlo Chaok faaU a BUbl 
6reft( Ofaauk, weet round the top of tho Varosha valley a cfoartor i ' 
mile to One Tree Uill, north halt a utile to the Sanitannm^ norA I 
footpath three-qnartersof a mite to Danger point, north-east tl 
the ^ovo and past Pisharntlth's shrine to the PiBhamdth valley ala 
tbeChuxlotteljake, iind, up the valley, half a mile cast to the CU 
Hotel and half a mile north to Pinto's ; tot&l Ere milee. 

The afternoon of the aamo day, or of some fntore day, for it is i 
afternoon walk, may bo spent in visitine the weit and north* 
lik^ho, Landscape, Louisa, Porcnpino, Monkey, and Uart Foial 
and the nnrthern part of the crest of the hill. Posa west down 
PishiiniAth valley to tho north of Fuller lake, at the foot close to ' 
dam turn north half a mile to Kcho point and a quarter further 
Landscape (this mnst be done on foot), a mile south-weat aiongthi 
low roftorhrough a wooded hollow to Lonisa point, a qnarter of a i ~ 
north alon^ tho crest of tho point, to the left along the western 
a mile nnrtii to Porcupine, north-east half a mile to M&let'a qihi 
about half a mile dotvn to the springs and back passing Ponson) 
spring ou thu left which is worth a visit, batf a mile DorCh*«ut to 
the Gymkhana, north half a mile leaving Elphiostone Jjod^ on tb* 
lefbpaAt Craigie Bum to Kfonkoy point, a quarter of a milo norlli 
lo Hart point, throe-quarters Dort*'-'""-* to Simpson reservoir, dowa 
a stoep track about half a niite V orvoir and back, kaving 

the Market road on the loft kft-j of the hill above the 

GymkhAna one mile south to .'. . and along the Bare 

Church plateau a second mite south to rmto'a ; total nine miles. 

Besides to the points on the bill-top there are several walks, some 
of them ea«y half-day trips to the terraces on the hill-«ide, othen 
heavier trij^s, most of them involving a climb down to the Kookaa 
plain, and some of them including a visit to one of the neifffabonrtng 
hills. Of thoRo walks thirteeu may be noticed, seven of t£e ahorter 
and six of tho longer class. The seven »hor1 half -day walks an : 

1, Down to thelidm Bilgh wood round Chauk and up the One Tree Hillj 

2, Down Ijouisa Point and up Porcupine Point; 3, "Round Loniaa 
Point ; 4, By Malet's Spring to Porcupme Point ; 5, Bound PonoraBft 
Point ; 6, Bound Alexander Puiut ; and 7, Round Q&rhat Point.^ 

1. RAm BioH Wood to One Tbkk Hiu. : From the crest of tho 
cliff a little south of Alexander point the path winds down a rongh 



* Th«H IriM )»vs bwa coatriKnfad by Mr. W. R«rb, Fint Judge Bombay ShnO 
CiUM Court. 



ml 



rniNA. 



277 



5p slope, between the rounded rocky brow of Alexander point 

the sneer scaqi tliot stretches soDth to lattlc Chuuk. During the 

. eeaaon, to tlio left, lighU'Octl by young trutnjicL-sbapDJ plantain 

and golden lafted pahirf, & withered slopo, grey with Icaflcfts 

, £aU8 to » broad belt uf evergreen forest, varyiug in tint 

am yellow and grey green, through bi-igbt greeu and blue, to 

of deep green, and tnfte of orango and brown.* 

Beyond the forest, acrosB the great Kbitvan ravine, stands Girbat 
and tho long low spnr that strotches sonth to Sondai poak. 
shind this spur rise many flat isolated blocks of hill, and, in the 
jstanco, stretchea tho wall of the SahyAdria broken by tbo cirft of 
Kasnr pass. In the RAm Bd.gh, except the orerhanging crag 
the west, (he view is bounded on all sides by nch leafage. 
jbeny-Iike anderwood bides great moss-corered boulders, from 
cfa bonda imd mango steiQH rise in branchless coIutiida over 
' foot high and with an even girth of tax or seven Feet.' Among 
largo tree the thick underwood of bashes and laige-teaTed 
IlingSj is varied by the long dark sprays of the poldra or great 
lonntain a^b, and the light green of the kumba, and is 
lumod by foBtoons of groat climbing trees, whoso cable-like 
'irunka, some smooth and tight-drawn, others ragged knottod and 
I l oose-gwinging, atrotcli from tbe ground to the tree tops and cross 
^fcv«rhB»d from tree to tree. Some years ago a number of young 
^Banilla buslies were planted on the left of the path soon after 
^ftntering the lUm B^h, but almost all have died. A beautiful 
^fem, the Acrophorus iramersuB, which five years ago waa abandaot, 

has also lately disappeared or nearly difiappefired. 

I Beyond the nook or hollow behind I^ittle Chauk the tcrraco is 

I oponor and the trees are small and stunted, little larger than in 

tno poorer and less sheltered parts of the hill-top. Onwards the 

path winds through a thin coppice of yellowish grey and bright 

green bushes, with a sprinkling uf larger trees with smooth black 
wk, spikes of smnll bottle-brush flowers, and fresh dark-pnrplo 
teavM ageing into doop green.' Bonnd Little Chaak, beyond the 
ntontb of the KAtvan valley, an easy footpath winds over rocky 
spnrs scantily clothed with trees and shmbs. To the right rise tho 
Bmooth rounded masses of Little and Great Chank with fingo honey- 



Chapter XIV. 
Places of Intarest. 

MATMIUtiM. 

HaU-dajr W&tkt. 
JtdmMffk. 



t 13W tfVM an ysllow 
■ad mutgat*, fclauh 



gt^-mm umhara Aat\ ataiu, hrigbkgTMn /oMdtt* 



•od 4pM«, u«op groim fiipn«, /jutunu, and ly ' aiMi orMgft 
bnuiohM of the hamgel pansita, rod<ly tufta of young hinla and tuSna loaves, ftsd 
bar« my bwdi of toiflf v d rt u . tidndt, uad piprit. 

■ lir. F. B. MaebtsD, O.E., gms tbi CoUinntig datnilj : Ou tomda tno, six UBt 
nine inebw in girth, six (art tern tha groond, hu » stntigMM«m Htf furt kigh *iid 
ftt that Iwighi i girtb of flve feat Another Umda %no witlt Ajprtb « luc f«ct,ftt lix 
f««t frora Ih* fraond , ia ■irtT'-flre fwt tiigli frgn fcbs ground to the fint branch and 
Kt tint bvtobt MS ft airth of tt>T«t feot. A nuofitttiMinthaalrth of aix feet, at nine 
fMtfmii Ilia nroudl haa a hoigbtof tiurtf-A»« la«t to Um fint Ixanch. AnotiiAr 
taai^ tnt with a prtb of Gft«Mi fast, at aboat fiv« faet {tdoi the tJ)^un<l, bM ft 
■tTWfibt tronlt of ftboat forty fott at wluch bgjght it haa r dith of tiigbi fwt. 

*T1io bmhoft an, vvUnrlib-gmn bdhmant, hrigfat loraiubu, parplo-tpnytA 
mniifva cTMpera, Uaub-graai piKf', ooarae niMet ahvan, taiukriod<iika avaUa, 
tMJM with wbibB ■»Ba>.« iB« llii»g Bower h«ftda, atnd pftrp^od-tippftd rdmb/umdk ; tbo 
Uiffi inn U9 itin*. 



[Bombsyi 



278 



DISTRICTS. 



btXIV. 

Eoflntenft. 
TlUlOff. 



upiw. 



combs clustering ander aorao of thu overhanging ledger 
tbo lofc, down a steep alopo, stretches a narrow b&nd o? l« 
treea and bushes. lu front is tbe small ravine of tbo Bo 
streain, whoso farlfaor bank rises above some black rocks in a bnfii' 
many-tinted slope of green^ which falls gently south, opHorl 
into brown and yellow glades us it neara the platcaa's odge.^ Mm' 
the edge runs a low rocky Boirp, under which stretchos a steaa 
broader wooded belt, with open glades and clumps of trees, 
to a bare flat spar on which cluster the huts of the Karpa 
To the westj as if froin the outer fringe ot the upper torrooe, 
the gentle slopes that centre in the tower-like rock of IgiUgad. 

Under Great Chauk the wood again grows thicker, vilh a 
nndoTgrowth of bushes and scedlingSj hiding great mossy boi 
whose shapes iit the hollows and scars in the sc»rp above. 1 
the path leaves the de^>er wood, and, along winding glades, 
amongclomps of bnisbwoodand groups of troes, that, to the n'l 
rise in a bank of bright leafage, above which, in form and coli 
like a huge elephant, towers the black mass of Great Chauk. 
the right, past Great Chauk point, the bare south Muff of Siich: 
with notable vulturo nests in the holes on the face of the 
stretches west to the outlying buttress of One Treo HilL In 
is a well wooded slope, through whoso trees looms the flat mats 
Prabal, passing sonth into the long ridge that leads to the 
and roclcy peak of IsAlgad, behind which The several 
chief of them ending to the soutb-eoat in the funnel hill of 
Further on, falling to the bed of the Varosha, thi> path enters 
Vorosha forest among huge boulders, thick underwood, fcetooai 
climbing troes^ ami mighty maugo trunks. Froia the app«> fnngs 
of this forest the path partly paved, partly rock-cut, steep b« 
nowhere so rough as to require scrambling, cUmba in sharp zigvus 
up the narrow bed of the v aiosha between the black bastion-lin 
hlnSn of Great Chauk and Ono Tree Hill. Looking back &-om ik 
crest, on a flat spur, beyond the deep green of the forest, ara tli? 
tbati^ed roofs of Varosha. About five miles across the plain, cIosb 
to the dark green line of the Panvel highroad, is the large village at 
country town of Chauk, and, beyond Chauk, rise the rugged peab 
and flat ranges of Bhor in Sjlt^ra and of Pen in Kohiba. 

2. Louisa Point to Pohpdpihk Poimt. To go down Lotiisa point 
and up Porcopiue poiut, take tho path between E^'art Lodge and 
Stono Hoose, close to the gate of Stone House, and go down abosL 
300 feet to the terrace. On the t<!rraoe, before reaching the ThA' 
huts, torn to the right, and follow the path, which leads no 
through the wood, to a dead tree almost right under the end 
*#orcupine point Then follow a little path to the right which nna 
pretty straight np the hill, and reache.*) tho top close to Porcopini 
point. This round is about two miles long, the time about three- 
quarters of an hour, and the path fairly good all the way. 




6W», 1 



Iwpas, oit/onif, kumbidt, and mingoWi 



iW^ 



Ifa 



lanj 



thAna. 



270 



U;LnucuAx. 



Jfaltt'i Sprtng. 



Round Pamrvma, 



^8. Round LoctSA Porax. To walk round Louisa point, go down Chapter XIV. 

the terrace aa id the last walk. Thea, instead of taking the pj^jjgg oTlnterett 

^bt, turn t<j the left, and so double Louisa point. Then keep pretty 

ilgh and go straight to a watcrconrse running down from the hiU 

the luft. Climb ihin wuti<rcuurtiej past a pereuoial apring below 

ine House, on to the Louisa point road immediately oppoi^ite 

le Honse gate. Tbia round is not much oror a mile ; the time 

rly three 'quarters of an hour ; the path easy till it rounds tbe 

»iit, after this it is sometiuacs faint and easily lost. At the end of 

tay and the beginning of June, imder the end of tho point, the 

(rrac© is coverod with tieautiful fragrant white lilies, whose btdba 

ring close tu the surface can be easily dug np witb a pocket knifa 

4. Malet's SraiNo to PoRonpiSE Porar. To go from Malet's 

[»nng to Porcupine point, follow tho bed of the waterconrao at 

ilet's Spring for a short distance till auarrow patL appesu-s on the 

Et. Follow this through tho wood till it niccts anolhor path running 

3wn on the left fi-om the spnr just below tho end of Porcupine 

jint. Climb this spur till close under the rocky nose of tlie point, 

leo Inru tu the right, and keep under tho rock of the point for 

lont 200 yards, till, near the top, you hit on tho path by which the 

scent is made in walk number two. Tbisia a far rougher and more 

icult walk than those already described. The distance is about 

TO miles, the timo more than an hour, the path bad and steep all the 

Biy, and in places faint and oa.sily lost. 

b. RoDXD Panoraua I'oiNT. The walk round Panorama point is 
10 of tho most beautiful and interesting on the hill. Pass down 
le valley of the Simpson reserroir, keeping on the right bank of 
le stream below the dam, until you reach a point about 300 yards 
iiorb of where the streatn falls over the edge of the hill into the 
ftllejj a few yartU above a apring of water closo to tho right bank 
le stones round which are coverea with rod paint. The foundations 
ou tho left bank of the Htream and a stoop red-soil bank on tho right 
are tmcos o£ tho Elphinstone Reservoir which was swept away 
during the first rains after it was built. At the top of the red-soil 
bank is the Kdthkaris' burial-ground, the graves marked with mounds 
of loose stones on some of which are the remains of offerings. 
Across this burial-ground north-east towarda Panorama point, a 
path roDs into tho belt of wood wtiicb stretches almost round the 
bill nbout tho level of tho Rdm BAgh. Follow this path till it leads 
under the end of Panorama point. Here ft narrow slightly sloping 
ridge stretches a considerable distance north. The point of this 
ridgo commands a striking view. Looking back all that can be seen 
of M.&therAn is tho map of Panorama point rising in a huge atccp 
cone like a miniature Jfnttcrhom. Looking north, perchwi on a 
neigbbooring hill, are the ruins of the MarAtha fort of Peb so c\oW 
that the Iinoa botwf)cn the stones can bo clearly seen. Thongh so 
close ic cannot be reached, unless with the aid of ropes or hiddors. 
A little below, the ground foils sheer away in a short overhangiug 
bluff, and a stt^p nick with scarped sides cut in tho narrow isthmus 
which joins tho ridge with Peb hill adds to the difficulty of tho 
In late May and in June the terrace holow Panorama point, 
ike ibe Loaisa point plateau, is covered witb sweet white lUies. 




iBombfty 
280 DISTRICTS. 

Rotnrniug to tbe path bolow the cHff, pass roond the point, aad I 
the path soittb'Coat through the wood to a voiy Imt^q <^ figl 
whero the path bronohea in aoveral directions. The shortcwt wri 
to keep to tha highest or right h&ad path til) it leads to one vf ■ 
ateep littJe traclu which clitnb the hill on the right. HieftHK 
these tracks leads to the hill-top a few yards Dorth^ and the i 
track, a few yards south of the Goveroor's Sit«. Both of Huaa _ 
are hard to find, both ore steep, and if , as is not anlikely, one d ikl 
many watercourses is mistakeu for the patli, a troiib1f>«onM all 
rather dsngeroos oUmb ends to a sleep impassable scArp Dil 
midmost path loads slightly down past the spring which feeib ail 
w&tm--pipe, out on to the Neral road a few yards abora the point w\m\ 
the pipe croasds the road, and about a quarter of a miJe mboTttbl 
drinkiog fountaia on the upper terrace. The lowoat path in h\ 
wood, alter turning north for a. abort dist-ance, leads to the a; 
terrace close to the drinking fouutoin. The whole distance of 
round is about fonr miles ^ the timeuearly tivo hours ;thapaihfL. 
ffood all the way, bat there is a liUlu difhouUy iu finding it a(i 
Mginning^ noar tue K&thlnri's burying-ground and also in 
the proper track up Panorama hill at the end. 

jMHider. 6- Rotrso Alexahdrr Poist. The walk round Alexander 

is interesting, bub rough. At the meetiog gf the threo roaib (t 
Alexander point, the Clarondon Hotel and Chauk pointy just he^ 
the back of Paradiso Lodge, in the oomor between AJexauder poiai 
and the body of the hilt, a path iu the steep bed of a waior&:>am 
runs down the postom foco of tho hill. Pot the greater part of the Era 
five minutes tho path seems to have once been paved like an aDoeri 
Roman road. Further dowu, in the bed o£ the stream, are a nmabs 
of holes like shallow wells. The deepeniag of those pools and tfa 
paving of the path probably date from the time wlten t^e maite 
place was close by. A few yards further down a path rana into tb 
wood on tho left. Follow this path cast, round tho soath>wcsiera 
slope of Alexander point. At times tho path is hunt and easily lost, 
ana in one place it runs for a few yards most unpleasantly uear the 
edge of a sheer drop of seventy or eighty feet. In time it leaib 
into another better-marked and more-used path, running from thf> 
left down the spur under tho end of Alexander point. This pal^ 
which is lung and steup, and very rough iu one or two places^ leadi 
to the top nght over the tip of too nose uf Alexander point. Tbt 
length 01 this round is about one and a half miles, the time abooS 
an hour ; the path very stoop all the way and in places difficult. 

irint. 7. Round Garbat Point. Round G^rbat point is a short and easy 

walk, but somewhat exposed to tho morning sun. To avoid the son 
kot'p the eastern side of the poiut, uud follow a narrow track whieli 
runs down to tho loft about 300 yards from where the two roads 14 
tbe point divide. After rounding the end of the point and paagtag 
a little hamlet, a narrow track up tbe west side of the point leads 
to the top, rather nearer tho end than whore tho eastern path left 
tho crest of the hill. This round is about one and a half miles, the 
time a little over half au hour ; and the path good and ea^ 
throughout. 




3 Of tbe six whoIo.day» or at least heavy half-day, walks, four keep 

to M4ther4a hill and two stretch to tbe neighbouring hills. Tbe 

ttfour long Mjtlhcr^u trips art) from Chauk spur t-o Alexander point ; 

2^ From Louiiia point to Oiih Tree hill; 8. From LouIhb spur to 

"^ircupine point ; and 4, From ElpLinstoae Spring to Porcupine point. 

two uoigbbuuriiig billa wbicii can be easily visited are Pi-abol 

tbe west and Feb on the north. These walks are from five to 

[ht miles with a long st«ep climb right into the plain. None of them 

be easily done in loss than three or four hours, and they are 

/ond the powers of most ladies. Nailed boots and a long strong 

iff are almost necassary, especially on the'nteep slippery lower 

ppes. 

. CHAtTE Spini TO Albxavdxr Point. Chank spur to Alexander 

]t is a beautiful walk, especially in October, when the atroamft 

I full and the lower slopes of the hill-side are covered with flowering 

ints. Start, H.% in half-day walk number 1 , by tbe old Chauk road 

tbe R^m Bdgb and follow tbe path towards One Tree bill for 

mi halt a mile, till a broad well-marked path runs into it on the 

Follow this path for nearly another half mile till almost 

kigbl above the village at its foot. Then, taming tsharply to tbe 

pass down the north face of iho spur into the valley. Thence, 

>ing north-east, crosa the Urge waterooorso which runs from 

coruer between AJexauder point and tbe body of tbe hill, work 

lud the long spur which runs down from tbe end of the point past 

no Th^kurs^ hats to tbo north of it at the east foot of the hill, 

tben strike up to the west by a path which runs down on the 

over the slopes on the eastern ^e of the point. This leads to 

le tx>p some 200 yards nort.h of Alexander point. This is the longest 

' way up, but it is tbe easiest and steadiest climb. Tbe bed o£ the 

titercourse (the path followed in the beginning of half-day tralk 
mber 6] is much shorter and is in the shade almost the whole 
way. I^ut it is extremely steep and roag'h, and the lower part is 
almost impassable if there is any water in the stream. The track np 
the spar jnst bolow the end of Alexander Point (the path which. 
mds short walk aamber G) is also much shorter, but it is very steep, 
l)are of trees, and open to the sun almost all day long. Tbe longer 
route passes a beautiful deep pool abont eight feet broad under a 
water&ll some twelve feet high, a perfect bathing place iu October. 
Then also the path through the wood is gay with the beautiful 
pnrple-ccDtred yellow flowers of a tall mafiow, and a thick bush 
covered with large bright magenta blossoms. 

t2. LotrisA PoisT TO Oxk Text Hiix. To go from Lonisa point 
One Tree hill, iake the path near Stone Ilouse, and on reaching 
the terrace keep to the left as in short walk number three. Before 
reaching right under tbe end of the point strike down to the right 
by a steep path which ruas almost straight into the valley. Follow 
a track which runs south, along the left bank of the stream, to some 
Tbikurs* huts on tbe western slopes of MatherAn, a little to the 
north of One Tree bill. From this a very ateep path up the slope, 
on the left, leads to tbe lUm BAgb terrace, a Utile to the north of 
Ojie Tree hill. Turning to the right, a Little path to the south 
m sioM-ae 



Chapter ZIT. 
Places (^ Intereit. 

UirUKHAM. 

Whal«-dsr Walks, 



CJiaukto 
Al&aaiuitT, 



rrttBiU, 




I Bombay tHuttia 



DISTRICTS. 



Cb&pter ZIT. 
VlmoM of InterMt 

Mj^TIfEBAK. 

J»'bole-d»y W»llw. 
Loviaata 



Elpkinttonf Xprinff 
to I'orrujjine, 



leads ID a few miniitei) into the l&rffe path that rans from Ow 
Tree hill tu the village of Chauk. Here tarn east to ihe left, kA 
climb by the One Tree hill path as at ihe end of half-day wtk 
namber 1.. 

3. TjOiitbaSpcr TO PoRPL'PisK Point. Lookinp" down on theiemn 
from the top of the path near Stone Hoiiso, beyond the TbAkiirg' hnu^ 
along narrow ridge stretches uoi-ih-wesi, npparentlv joining thr 
terrace with the low hill to the north-east o( FVabnl. But botwws 
them a deep nurrow gorge cots the north-west of the ridgv into n 
almoEt sheer cU£f. Go down to the terrace as in the last walk, bet 
keep straight on, past the ThAknrs' huts, hj the path which ntnili 
the north-west ftlong the crest of theridgp. Shortly before theendcf 
the ridge a steep bcit quite practicable path roos down on each ai^. 
The path on the left lenda down the western slope into the PniW 
valley. The path on the right, down the northern slope a littl* 
further along the ridge, leads into the Maldunga TaUey. I'akms 
the north paUi, just before the last descent into the valloy, is a dilhcnlt 
and rather risky bit of climbing. On reaching the bo£t<im, ke(>p 
to the nearest or south bonk of the stream which runs through tJu 
gorge at the north-went end of the ridge. Follow this north-eaifit till 
yon meet a steep narrow path ronning from tho wostero slopes of 
the hill on your right. Working always to the north-east, Cor u 

E laces tho path is not well marked, this leads to the terrace betwem 
lOnisa point and Porcupine point, doscribcd in half-day walk namber 
2, at a point about Rre minutes from the beginning of the last .-tsceat 
hi that walk. Here turn to tho left and follow the path to the nortli. 
east to the dead tree, under tho extreme end of Porcupine point, anJ 
then 5Qi»h as in half -day walk number 2. The forest and brushwood 
in tho lower parts of this walk are mnoh thicker than they are either 
between Loaisa point and One Tree hill or between Chank spur aoj 
Alexander point ; they are less frequented by hamaa beings, aocl 
eoni<eqT]unl,1y richer iti animal life. The wild cat, the large black 
mongoose, and a Tory dai-k sqnimol, all of which are rare nn the top 
of the hill, may be constantly seen. A large dark woodpecker, with 
a dull red head, rarely if ever seen on the bill-topi makes the wtxxfa 
resound with the noise of his strong quick blows. 

An easier hut very much longer walk is, on reaching the Tallay 
helow the Louisa spnr, instead of turning ap by the steep littu 
path on the right, to keep north-east till you strike the broad well- 
beaten path beween M^ldunga and MfLthonln. Following this to the 
right it runs east and then southj to the dead tree at the foot of i^ 
last aitrent. 

4. Elpuikstone Sraisa to PoBcoprsB Point. To walk froB 
Elphinstone spring to Hrocnpine point, take the fiteop narrow path thai 
runs down by the watercourse below the sprieg be^tweim Elphiustoiie 
Lodge and Craigie Bum, and keep north till you reach the plain 
below the west of Harl point, a short distance from its end. Thonoe 

fo west to the main bed of the stream which Bows down below 
lalet's spring from the comer between Hart and Porcupine point*. 
Follow this stream till, after passing a clamp of very large trees 
and a clnater of Th^knr's huts, about a mile west from Hart poioi, 



^^ 



1^ 



Co&kaii.l 



THiKA. 



263 









stands OQ the left a single hut beside a single tree on a spur 

the hill above. Climb tliis hut, and tnJce a path running roimd 

le northern slopes of Porcnpinc point, t'oliowiug this round to 

north'west of the point it leads to the dead tree already men- 

med, from which the round can be tinished aa in the last long 

kik. A shorter but steeper rrny is, before* rounding the point, to 

rike to the left by a narrow and little used path, running straight 

the spur immediately below the end of Porcupine point and 

lish as in half-day walk number 4. 

The two trips to Piabal and Peb involve twelve or fourteen miles 
ird woUdng, with two long steep descents, and two difficult ascents. 
le walking takes nearly eight hours, four going and four ooming 
>acV, and a halt of not less than three or fonr hours should be made 
the heat of the dar. A whole day of twelre hours should therefore 
given t-o each of t^iese trips and they should not be tried by any 
but good walkers. 

1. MiTUBslN TO PoABAL. Prabal may be reached from Mathentn 
^ther from Louiaa point or frvm Ouo TVtMi hill. The Louisa point 
ute is shorter but the One Tree hill route is easier, especially in 
e MAtbordji part. Starting from Louisa point and coming back 
ly One Tree LiU, begin as in whole-day walk number 2, uutU you 
reach the bod of the stream in the Prabal valley. Thoo, instead of 
keeping dnwn the stream, strike across it to the west and climb by 
the spur which runs down the east face of Prabal, to the south o£ 
,e sijuare plateau about half way up on the north-east. The path, 
ich is not always easy to keep, trends slightly to the north, 
until it reaches a wooded ravine about two-thirds of the way up. 
Here the path turns sharp back to the south and loads to the top a 
little north of thn middle of the east faco of the hill. Prabal, though 
not nearly su Inrgo, is much like MiithenLn. The same flat trooded 
terrace runs along the hill-side, about a third of tho way down, and is 
particularly notable onder tho north-east end. Tho eamc steep 8e»- 
cliff-Iike scarps rise from this terrace to the crest of the hill, fhere 
is the same fiat top, mure thiuly wooded, but with here and there 
in the hollows some fine timber. The same points or oapes stand 
out from the body of the hill and end in tho same weather-woru 
conical crags. Thcru is oven a central hollow like tho Pishamdth 
valley, only sloping east not west, down which, for some time after the 
rains, a stroam Qows and falls over a high rock iu the east edge of 
the hill, almost opposite the outfall of the Pisham&th stream on 
Matherdo. There arc no regular dwellings on Prabal, but a colony 
of Kitthkaris, from the neighbouring villages, occasionally set np a few 
temporary hutfi in tho north of the hill. Of former occupation tho 
oliioE traces are the ruined Mar&tha fort and a rock-cut cistern at 
o sonth end, still in fair preservation. The chief part of t^ fort 
ow standing is on a ledge below the south end of the hill. Bat 
there are signs that the whole hilt-top was once fortified, for hisre 
and there are clear traces of a wall or lino of ramparts running round 
the top of the hill. Lookiug east is the long Hat top of M&therAn 
with sheer cliff:* rising from a belt of wood much like what Prabal 
looks from Milther&n. Bosward and over the Kookau is a fine view, 



^d 




Chafter XIT. 
FhuMioflotereBt 



EKcunion*. 



Xit/Afrdn to 



IBombey &«i 



284 



DISTRICTS. 



Cl*pt«f_ XIV. mnch wider than the riow from U^hermn. To return, take a patli 
TliiBW of Intartrt. ^* soath end of tlie hill which runs from the fort down the soi 
■uL-rwMwmi •■■' elopw into the valley. Then lce*p slightlj north of oi 

rmaMAn. ^^^ Thikors' hot* which forowd the taraing point of wbole-d«7 
'*^'°*^ Domber 2. Thence finish as in whole^ay walk number 2. In 

wood below the fort of IVabal hill grow two sorts of climbing fi 
I^rgodinm ficaodens and Lj-godium flexooenm^ which have of 
3rears baoome rare on UAther&n. 

'••/•rt 2. iliTREBASTO Pra. Peb IB tho fort on the nesrost OT soutfa 

point of thfs B4ra Halang range, which, in half-daj walk nnmh 
has been noticed as * bo near and yet so far ' from the plateau below 
I^nor&ma point. Descend by Elphinfitone spring aa in long walk 
nnmber 4, but, instead of turning west to tne l^t, keep atrai£>hi 
north, leaving Hart point, the Simmon rescrFoir cliffs, aaj 
PanoraoiB point auccesairely on the rigut, till yon reach the foot of 
a wooded raWne slofnng down from the uorth-west, in the comer 
between Peb hill and Nikhinda, the next peak of the Bara Ualang 
TBngCL A stiff scramble np this ravine leads to the rear or nortji- 
west side of the fort, to a narrow grasa-catter's path, that runs sharp 
back towards the sonth-eact at the foot of the fort wall. Follow 
this south-east fort a short distance till you moot aaothor narrow 
path on your left, rifiiuff steeply for a short distance over a broach in 
the fort wall. The fort, like the Prabal fort, seems to bare bMO 
planned to enclose the whole top of the hiU, bat, onlike Prabal fori, 
It has no spring or reservoir within the walla. To the north thft 
ground rises gradaally in a long narrow ridge to a point app&ren 
coninderably higher than M^therdn. 

Mha'se, six miles south of Morbid, has, at the shrine 
Kh&mbling, * a yearly fair supposed to be the oldest in the district. 
It begins on Pofh Shud Pumimadha (Jannaryfnll- moon) and lasts for 
fifteen days, and is one of the most important cattle fairs in tb« 
district. It la attended by iuw numbere of V&nis, Kia&rs, Kunbis^ 
and MusahnAns from as ^ as Kalyin and Jnnnar. The chief artiolos 
sold are spices, grain, salt, cloth, metal vessels, ponies and cattl^ 
especialtv buffaloes, sometimes, it is aaid, to the value of £2000 
(Ba. 20,000). The shrine has ll^^ aorea of private land onder 
management of the village headman. 
^Uoaaiiu. Mokba'da, the chief vQlage of the Mokhida petty divisinnj I 

as the crow flies, about twenty, and, throngh Alrand, about thirty- 
mUes north of the Igatpuri station of the north-east branch o{ 
Peninsula r^way. It lies in hilly coantry undor the 
and, though the chief village in those parts, contains o' 
half of them scatt'Cred in small hamlet?, and, accon'i 
census, a population of 2107, of whom 2028 are Hinvl 
and one a Jew. 

It is the seat of a mahilkari, bat, except a recorti 
no Government oflSces as they were found nn^r 



MBisa. 



1^ 







n 



VonkAQ.] 



THiNA. 



265 



donra in 1830. Tho mahiilkari holds office in h TeaUhoa»e whicb 
WM built in 187G-77 at a cost of £318 (Rs. 3180). Tho only other 
house ot auy size is tho school which waa built in IH79 at a cost of 
£201 (Ra. 260:i). Tho school is of little use, us the rillaffers, moat 
of whom are Kolia, do not aond thuir boys to school. The avera^ 
attendance ia about ton. There are fourteen shops mostly held by 
Shirapia who ore the chief traders of those parts. So rugged is the 
couQiry that the potty division is without carts, except a few in one 
or two villages which are used for carrying manure to tho fields. 
The post goes through the DondmaryAchi Met pass, thirty -two milea 
through Alvandto Igatpari, a difficult route, especially in the rainB, 
when tho rivers are at times impoasable for a wnole day. 

BTulga'on, a deserted kfioti vill^e about two miles north>east 
cf Audberi station on tho Baroda railway, has, on tho east bank of 
old punt), a heap of blocks of dressed and carved stones. It ia 
le site of a BrAhmanic temple of the eleventh or twelfth century, 
[uch of the site is hidden Dy long grass and brnshwood. But 
jveral 6nely carved bloaka ore strewn over tho open pond-bank, 
Images, pieces of pillars, and bits of thu spire. At the edge of the 
md IS a stone with a defaced Shiv dancing tho idndav, and on 
aago of Sarsinh or tho Mnn-Uon, tho foarth incarnation of Vishnu. 
)n the bank above is a one-headed four-handed Brahma with a book 
>n in his upper right hand. There is also a small thrco-headed 
Igure, probably Bralima Vishnu and Shiv. About twenty yards 
Jirom the temple is an underground water-cistern with two square 
opening8,probably Buddhist (a. II. 100- 500). At the comer of a tield 
about a hundred yards soulh'east of the pond, are a row of old bricks, 
perhaps part of an old water chaoQel. 

Murba'df about fonrtoeD miles south-east of Titv&la station 
and eighcoon miles east of Kalyau, on the line of high road now 
being made from Kidyin to tho Mdlsej pass, is the hoad-quarters ot 
the Murb^d Hub-division, with, in ISSI, apopulationof 293;^, of whom 
2743 were Hindus, 187 Mnsalm^ns, and two Pirns. It ie a 
mAmlatdir's station and has a subordinate judge's court, a poet office, 
and a school-house built in ISt3l-ti5 at a cost of about £190 
(Rs. 1900). A public works rest-house has also been lately completed. 

The place is growiug, and contrasts well with the poor village, 
' not able to a.fford a house or shod,' which Dr. Fryer found in 
167&.' Now every square yard of available ground in the village 
site is built on and more is being yearly demanded. On the night 
of the lOth December 1827 the village waa visited by a gang of 
thirty.fivo robbera, who attacked the treainry and carried off £1821 
(Rs. 1 3,21 1).' There is a good market and a large colony of Kayaath 
Prabhus. 

There are seven Hindu temples, Shri RAn's, built in the time ot 
the Hesbw^ and repaired in 18G6-67 by private contribution ; it 
enjoys Ift acres of tand assessed at 14*. (Rs. 7). Shbi lUHiDsv's, 
bttUt by Oanesh Pant Pdtankiu-j tho Poshwa's govomor of Kaly&n, 



' Mew Acoonnt, I2S. 




* CoUMtor to GormuMot, MS of 28t)i July tS2ft 



^USm 



Chapter 3 
Places of InterMtJ 

MoXHAttA. 



UvhaioK. 



HvMMio. 



[BosiImj OtwtMi] 



286 



DISTRICTS. 



ChApterZlV. 
Flaces of Interest. 




Kauxim 
Fort. 

NiJiiOHiT. 



and repaired in 1880 by private oontribalion. Shbi lUi 
biiik in ihe tamo of tfio Peefa frSj barntta 1828-29, re-built by tbt 
GoTind ShimriiT, mimUtdilr of Marbfid about 1831, and re; 
abont 1 800 by private subKcriptioQ. SbB[ Ganpati's, bnilt a) 
years ago by private conlribntion and tnaiolaiiied by the 
community of the village. Sow Vithoba's, built about eigi 
years ago by private eoutribution and loaintaiued by the 
of the Tillago. Hubi Devi's, built by private ountribiition in 1 
repaired in 18t>6-C7, and inaiotaiQed by the people. Sbu 
Uau's, situated outside the village, was built about 1876. 
are two rDservoire towards the aonth of ibo village, about Biziy 
apart. Tlie larger is known as tbe Muthe TaU or Biff Pond ani 
smaller as the Kund or Oiatern. Id the i\foi.he Talc are two 
built iu 18&3-64at a cnst of £74 (Rs. 7-il), iacludiD)^ the o 
clearing the reaervoir. The water of thfi reaorvoirs ia used for wi 
only, and that of the two vrclls in the Motii^ Talc for drinking 
April \o June, when almost all the village wella arc dry. 

Naldurg Fort, iu Narivli village, abont nine miles Bouth 
Murbad, was ruinous in 18G2. Thare was no wutvr sad no food. 

Na'na'gha't' or NAnjU Pass, in Mnrbad^ about seventy mikt 
north-east of Bumbay and about forty miles east of Kaly^u iitati« 
on the Peninsula railway, ia a froquentod pass in the SuhyiWri hSlt, 
with interesting remains and inscriptions, which date from befon 
the Cliristtau em. Though ateep and hard to climh tLo Nana UM 
is the natnra] outlet for the great commerce, which, in early bmei 
centred in Jannar about twenty miles to the sonth^eaat, and is 
Paithan about a hundred miles to tlie enet, and, in later times (ul 
1400-1630), in Ahmadnagar, abont half way between PaitHoQ aed 
Jnnur. In I67o Dr. Fryer, who had been inisguided io the A.*ip* 
pass on his way up, eauio back from Juunar by what be t^all«tli» 
*JNunny tiaut,' and explains to mean the little hill 'in respc>tTt d 
the other, which mounted a prodigious height above it.' At ibe top 
of the pass Fryer was stopped by a drove of 300 oxen laden with eali 
After an hour's stauding' in the sun he got the drivers below to 
wait, and then the path was ea.sy 'being supplied at fie distaneei 
with charitable cisterns of good water, and. Cowards the bottom, 
adorned with beautiful woods.'* 

At the beginning of British rule (iSlS) tho Nina pass was ta 
fair order, ^rilh a paved way which was anpposed to have been 
made by N^a Fadnavis (1774.1800). In 1819 it was among U» 
passes which, in the Collector's opinion, deserved to bo kept io 
repair.' Though the opening, Urst of high roads (ldOO'1840) and 
afterwards of railways (1858- 1M65), has drawn to the Tnl pass in 
the north, and to the Bor pass in tho south, the bulk of the tr»d« 
between the Deccan and the coast, a considerable passenger and 
grain and salt traffic still centres in tho Nina pass.* 



' Cootrilmtod hy Pudlt BhogvABlll Indr«ji. * N«w AAOOOot. 141. 

* Mr. M&mott to Qmtramwt, S9th S«|rferobar 1819, RcTsnue Diuy. 144 i 

* Oocpknuta, rioa, uJt, tngu and inganMUly go to the Owcan, Mid ts^ 
«luUi«», cotton K»d, cotton, ve^taUea, vhut. and pspereone to tbe Kon 



THAiJA. ^ 287 

At the foot of tbe pass, whicb is abunt twentr miles east of Chapter XIT. 

[nrbdd, is the village of VaJsAgra, vaieht/a fjriha, the merchants' or pi,«- aTTntereat 

ibttodtnuu's dnretling place, with a Hoiall river callud the Kaoikhora 

he gold-bearer, whose sourco is Mud to bo in three eprings which Nl»ioHlT^ 

ID the hills on either side of the pass. A little to the east of 

adgra is ita suburb Pardhfinpiida or the mioister'H village. »om 

the ascent begins with a gentle rise, and nassea np, through 

k forest, abont a mile and a half to a tableland called Shiagara or 

Foal, wherOj near two pools of wat<;r {one of iheiu roughly built), 

iTellers and loaded aiumals rest. At Shingaru a rood branches to 

left to Pulu SouAla. This, of which an account is given later 

was once tbe favourite route bat is now seldom usod. From 

Dgnra is a rise of abont a mile and a half. Over thu tableland 

»ngs the great wall of the Sahyadris, from whose level top shoots 

jrth a bare tbuuib-like pionaclo of rock locallv known as Niinnchya 

ingthyt or Nona's Thnmb. The west or Konkanfifioe of the thumb 

a sheer cliff, but the east or Deccan face falls with a gradual slope. 

'le valley to the right or south of the thumb is called Gnna; the 

Jley to the left or north is cslled KiiiiB. The people say that 

Tina and Onna were two brothers, who were asked by a king of 

r to make a road from the Konkau to his capital. Ai the 

ithcrs' renacst it was agroi^l that the pass which was first 

d should be ased, and should bo called by the name of the 

>ther who made it. Both began work on the Konkan side, each 

op one of the valleys that flank the thumb. Guna's path had an 

easy slope, bat at the end of the year it was little more than 

bt^nn ; Njlna'a was a steep roagh track, but it was fiaished, and, as 

he had promised, the kiug was satisGed and called it by Nf&aa's 

name. The NAna pass is the one ordinarily nsod, for the tiuna pass, 

though at first easier than the Nflna pass, is afterwards very steep 

and difficult. 

The N&na tract climbs a stoop slope in zigzags of nndressed stone 
which seem to have once been rock-cut steps, of which broken 
or worn traces remain. On cither side of the path the hilts rise 
thickly covered with trees, and, at intervals, seats and cisterns or 
reservoirs are cnt in the rock. About a mile above Shiugaru, 
on the left, near a cdrla. tree, Ulmus intogrifolia, is a two- 
mouthed cistern mnch like the cistern markfM] ho. 5 at the Kanlieri 
caves. It ia very deep, but is dry and choked with rubbish. 
In front of the recess is an iosrhption, which, in letters of the first 
or second century aftor Christ, records that the cistern was cot 
by a merchant named Damaghoffh of KAmavan in the thirteenth 
year of Chatnrpama Slifitakarui suii of Vaehisthi. A little further 
to the loft is a poeorvoir with clear limpid water, and near it a rest- 
seat cat in the rock with an inscription of one line, stating, in 
letters of aboot the first or second century after Christ, that the 
reservoir was cat by one Goviadadfis of Sopira. A little further on 
the right, are several small cisterns wlthuat writing and of no special 
interest. Farther on, a little below the crest of the pass, is a cistern 
filled with mnd, and. in the recess above it, are traces of letters 
enough to show that there was an inscription. Beyond this, to the 
jright, are other smaller cisterns. Close to the crest of tbe pass is 




iBomlMj 



288 



DISTRICTS. 



Ch&pter ZIV. u narrow golly about 180 feeb Ipng aud nine broad, called 
Placet oTintereit. Gli6tat:hi nal* or lUe K^nighAt cutting. Though the cleft 
naturaJ^ it Bdcms prohable that tho passage was out, and llul 
KAtfieHXr, rooks have wcatherad into what Beeno Datural cUffs. 
eutering tbi^ passage, od tbtj rights a broken eeldom-ascd I 
rock-cnt Rteps, leads to a rock.c ut chambe r about 28} feet 
The front of the chamber is opeu7bnt it seems oaoo to have 
wood-work facing sm tbero aro buIeJi iu the floor, probabl; 
wooden pillars. A rock-cut bonch runs along the ngbt aa^ 
walb, andj iu a receas which fills almobt the whole of tiie bock 
are tiaoee of niue lifc-gi a^ atanding figun -s, and above each 
an inscription, in letters of aboat a century before Christ, 
its name. Begianiog from near the left end of the wall, tbe 
aluuo of tbe brat ttatuo are left with traces of a bodr, w 
apporentlj wore a hanging waistband. Above the figurv, 
written the words ' The tair-faced kmg SbAtavAbaua.' To the 
[2 ^ oi fihdtavdhaua's statuo two figores stood aide hy side, but all 
' ' -^ of them is gone except the feet of the figure to the visitor's 1 
Above these ligures, an inscription of two lines, recurda that 
statue to the ribitor's left wafi (jueeu ^4£&u>ka, and the other, kiu 
Hbatakaroi.' Of tlie fourth statue only tbe feet and the ettii 
tho waistcloth, banging between them, remain. Aboro ii 
inscription of wbivh a Utile near tbe eud is lost'. Tho letters 
can be made out are Kumtlro Bhft ya, that iH Prince Bh^VA. 
miaaing letter was probably ta, which would make the uamuBhi 
for the Sanskrit Bbrajita. If no letter is lu«t Bbitya would be 
Sanskrit Bhrtitri, that is priace-brotbor, or the younger broiher d 
the kiug. But tbia is not likely as all tbe other inscriptions pn 
names. .Tbe llfth andsixth statues stood side by side, but excipl 
tho feet of the sixth nothing remains ; eron the mscriptjou abort n 
lost. Perhaps they were statues of king Vodltshri, by whom tb 
chamber is believed to have been made, and~hi8 brother Siiais* 
(Sanskrit Shrimiira), or perhaps VedishrJ's wife. Tho seventh slaw 
is entirely lost. A hole has been cut in the wall in tbe place whsd 
the statue stood. An inscription above records tbai the stAtue mi 
of Yira (Sanskrit Vira) who. is called Mahdrathi'jm.t\}h», clist i» 
the leader of great heroes, or the leader of the Marfith^. Ot the 
eighth statue nothing remains except the feet. The inscriptiiA 
^ove shows that it was a statue of prince Haknshri.' A cerulo 
roughness in the wall is the only trace of the ninth 
inttcriptiou above recurds that it was a statue of princ*. 
Be&ides the uamott of ibo statues, there is an iuscnptiun of ten long 
linos engraved on both sides of the chamber, the lines on the ieii 
wall being a continuation, line by line, of those on the rigbt 
Much of it, especially on the left wall, is lost ; what remains is well 
prcserred and can bo easily read. The letters are large and deep 




1 The poiiticni of tb« stfttues, lh« women to the rigkt of their hiuhtadi. ibowi 
tlut in hiioii![it time* wooieti ware giwo th* pocition of honour. Tfa« aotapoaaJi 
SiUrAni, RjuUakrtBhna, lAksbuuiAfi/Mi, ia wliicb th« knulo lUtDe ouoiM tim, an 
tiMM of tho same practico. Tiu Maw Idw app«MS id tho ooopoand jtr^m-^iU 
BBed for K nikrri«d couple. 
"Hkkualipiithe iiaui«ofa graat king nientiop«<l iaiui inschptioo in NSaQt CawX. 



^ 



»iikaD.j 



THAN A. 



289 



it, faiH, from tfauir form, appear tu belong to the beginiiiog of the Cliapt«r ZIT. 

It oentorjf before Christ. Tbo language is PMkrit. which eeeniB pUc«oflBtaiett. 

len to have h«eii the current toogue of this part of the country. « , ■ 

he iuBcriptiOD is of great value. Next to Ashuk'H (b.c. 250) edicts, NiKAOBinj 

Qirn^r in KAttuiivAr and SopAm noar Bassoin, it is tho oldest of 

Testem India ioscnptiuas, aud it its thu u!du:it kuowu Br&hmuDieal 

iscriptiou in tho whole of India.' In tho liegiuniug salutations are 

Tcred to Vaidik and Fnntnik gods, to Dharma, Indra, Chandra 

loon), Snrya (son), Agni (fire), Mariit (wind), the fovir gods or 

^pdUit, vrbo preside over the four quar tera of tho universe, namely, 

Tama, Varuna, Kubera, and Vflsav^ (tadra). Besides these ten 

Taidik godx, there are two Purilnik gods, Bankanihana (Krishna's 

brother) and Vdiiudeva or Krishna. Next come some words regarding 

EingVbdiahri whnae uatiio is in the genitive casB. Thon.after a break, 

>lIowg a chain of attributes all in Uio genitive case. Among them 

re 'kin g of DakehiuApatba,' 'groat warrior,' 'Iho f urtheror of ,* that 

belonging to, ' tho Angiya family,' and ' the only hero on the earth 

rhich has the sea and monntaina for its garments/ Then follonr 

jreral attributes of a woman, probably king Vedishri's mother. 

Che attributes soem to show that she was very pious, as, among 

therepithota, she ig called 'the gift-givor raradayini of ,"tho 

ion th -faster,* 'the lay-ascotic grihaidpasi,' 'the observer of pious 
Insterity or brahmaeharya,' clever in the performanoo of sacHBcial 
lotiefl,' and * scented by aacrificisl offerings.' Then follows a 
3riptioQ of Vaidik sacrifices, from the first ceremony of placing the 
agnyadbiin, to tho performance of such great. t<acriticea as the 
I sacrifice rufhrawdhn, the vnjapeya, and others. Mention is also 
made of large gifts in conooctiou with those sacrifices. The uumenUs 
used in specifying the gifts are very important, being of a dilToreot 
character from those hitherto found in Western India inscriptions." 
The gifts, which are of villages, elephants, horses, cows, chariuts, 
and t^ ooina called karshapana^, wore made in thousands and tons 
of thoDsands. 

This inscription is bolieved to be the earliest historical recoi'd in 
the annals of Dakshinapatha or the Deccan. Tho king is described 
as very pious, a staunch supporter of the Vaidik religion, and 
thoroogmy Br^hmanical in ins belief. Tbo Guptas mention in 
their imcriptions that they revived tho performances of neglected 
sacrifices. But thia inscription seems to show that, when it was 
recorded, Vaidik sacrifices were ordinarily performed. There is no 
doubt that Vcdishri was the king who had this inscription engravad. 
I^robably it was ho who, aa king of DakshinApatha, improved the 
nin^hilt, ont the rest-chamber for wearied travellers, adorned the 
opposite wall with figorw of his relations, and, in thia large inscrip- 

• PnMwppoor. Bgog. A.Soe. Vll..S,nsi.M7)vidmflvcnMa(Joiir.B.aR. A.8, 
V, 74) Uionght thi* ma a BuJ<lhut iuBcripikun, but it i* purely Bri hm amcal, 
cumvut til % HMt-duBibM-, not iii a Itadilhtst cavo. 

■ 'niimgli ■ gtrnt tMtt i>f Um iucnpLiua i* loat, nnmcr*!* ocotr ia no Ivu Uuin 
»liirty placM. They are (of 1. 12, 17. 100. 101, 1811, lOUO. 1001. lUOi, IKW, 1101. 
1700. 6000, 10.001, ll.OOO. 21.000. 24,-IOO, mi»I 60,000 TJii* in«^nptiou d«» no* 
■imply Etv« ■pccimon* of ftncicat iiumermb ; it aho atiowi fauw, ai tl)At tine. tli« 
numsrah were grouped lo npfeMat aiicb largs Biuiu •• Uo tbouauul aad up«-anU. 

» io6i-n 




L Bombay Qa 



290 



DlSTiaCTS. 



Chapter UV 
Fla««B of InUrMt 



tiun whioli (Ills the otTier two walls of the cluuiibcr, recorded 
power aiul the pioty of his family, The iDscriptions on iho 
Boom to show that VeduiUn IwluDged to the Sk&tav&baun df&Mq 
Paithan. 

Oatsido the chamber and on a lerel with it, are five 
and, on a higher level tbau the chaiabor, as woll as on 
side of the road, are other smaller brokua ohambors. At tba 
end of the gurge or calttug, on tbo right, 10 a axnatl cavt 
ciHturti. lu the cavo in placed a hite imago of Qajiesh 
with risd lead ; on tho left is a scat of drei^sed. etono with a 
oral stone jar lu front of it This jar is made of two atones 
together and a square lid lies by itis side. In the lid is u hole 
which might aJlow of something being dropped into tho jar 
opening the lid. There U nothing to ehisw its age, ha 
oomeriMi sciilptDrcof tho lidaeems to be not ulder than the Si 
(i.D. 8oO-]2(>0). It is not now used, nor is thoro anything to 
how it was ronnerly used, but tho people's name for it, jiik-O^ 
rdnjan, that is the toll jar, seems to show that travcllors dropp?<it 
toll or duty through tho alit in tbo lid. This is probable as tht' pin 
is well suited for taking a toll, A bttlo further from tbe jar i>i 
reservoir about thirty feet sqnare. It is roughly bailt and geomlll 
080d by cattle. 

On tearing the cutting, tho hare Deccon plain Btretches aboaii 
mile from the reservoir U> the village of Gbatghar or tbu Pasa Uuiw 
West of Ghiitghar and south of Nona's Thumb, from the itt^ 
slopes ol the ^hy^ria, rises the fortified hillock of Jivdhon. ^ 
of a flight of rock-cut steps that led to Jivdhaa ha%'e berr *-' " 
away, it is said, at tho time when (1803-1818) the Pondbjiris 
the country. At the top of Jivdhan, near tho fort g'ate, un< W. 
modern- looking rock-cut chnmbors, probably fur tht> garnairiL 
Within the fort are rock-cut rosorvoira and a huilL granary. 

The old rood fi^>m the Koukau to the Sliiiigam plateau came fm 
thesouth by the villago of l*ulu Son&la. This path is now little uicJ 
except by persons going to Pnlu Son&la. Along it arc somo rock-inii 
oiateras, and, at the beginning of the ascent, at a pliicc rsDfJ 
Oaueshthnl ur Oauesh'a I'latcnu, is n stone box of tbe stn 
as the jar at the crest of the NAiia pass, but square in.-*i . 
Pound, 'ilie fact that it also is called _;«jA'i/*c?ii rdnjan or tbe toll-jM 
supports tho theory that both wero used for collcctia^ moDf^. 
Near tho jar are somo niiDH probably of a rest or toll booai*. A litdi 
further to the aouth is Pulu Soniila village with BnUinumiaJ- 
looking caves iu the bill slopes four luUes to tho east. The way u 
the caves is very dilfieult, and, creept (me largo chumbor, r' 
nothing uf sufficient interest to repay the trouble of the clin 
in not easy to say to what sect tho caves belonged. A sculptural 
image of tbe goddess Mahishanmrdini or the iiuETalo-slaying Uer^ 
net as an ornament on a pillar iu the large chamber, proves that tba 
sculptors were neither Buddhists nor Vaishuavs. Iu a recess iu ihe 
back of the chamber, near where, in other caves, the object of worship 
ia gouerally placed, is a cellar much like a ciat-ern. Bui this it not 
iho proper place for aoistem, nor has it any water channel to fepd 
it. C'elUrs like this w«q chiefly used oa plooeB of moditaiioa fay 






tt 



d^ 



! followors of the Yofi^ system, and it is probable that the ascetic for 
. wbom this cave was made belonged to tne Tof^ sect. Tbere ie no 
I inscriptioo in tbo cave, liut the form of the pUlars seeoiA older than 
the eiglith centurjr. 

WbfttCTcr bo the origin of Ibe utory o£ the brothera Nitna and 
Guua.it. ia curious to find the uaiiit> NaiiHgiina in Ptolemy. Ptolemy 
nioDtions Nnnngnoa thrico, each tinio an tho name of n rirer. In 
ono {>asi4ago the sources of the Naguna or Nanagona are said to. be 
from Moaot Auindo, wltore tho faill is cloft tonardii tho Gauj-in and 
the Btnda.' Theaocond passage nine, 'About tho Nonaguna are the 
Pbyllitfo and tho Ditti, * and tho third is, 'The mouth of tho 
Nanagnna river.' In Ptolemy's list of names on tho Konkan c<iaat/ 
the month of the Nana^nma rivor comos far sonth in Piratc-Ariake, 
that is in Rntnjigiri. The sonrce of the NoDag^aiia is also carried 
tar east, half across tho contineot to the Vindbya mountains. At 
the same time, not Far from the west coast, south of Niisik and cast 
of Sopdra, close to the actual position of the Nanjigh&t, the lioee 
c£ the Nanaguua, the Binda or Bassein creek, and the Gaoris river 
or Vailai-uft, are made to join. This and the phrase, * Where the hill 
is cleft towards the Gaon's and Binda rivers/ suggest that Ptolemy 
may Iiave been told that tho great stream of trade, from the coast 
to the inland marts nf Paithan and Tngar, flowed lUong three lines, 
' which centred in Kanaguna where tho hill was cleft. And that 
from this Ptolemy thought that Nnuaguna was a river, the same river 
on which Paithan wa3 built. 

For 1500 years aft-or Pt<jIouiy no reference to the N&nitgh&t ban 
been traced. In 1675 Fryer referred to it and to its dstema.* In 
1828 Colonel Sykes noticed its excavations and cisterns, and gave a 
rongh copy of its inscriptions.' In 1838 Priusep tried to decipher 
Colonel orkes' copy of tho large inscription in the chamber." 
In 1854- Dr. 8toveuson noticed the large inscription, and made 
obsor\'ationa on some words from it..' In 1876 Pandit BhagvAnl&l 
wrote a paper on aucieut Msgari numeration from the numerals in the 
largo inscnptioD, and, in another paper, in 1877, he translated the 
inaoriptiona above the figures in the recess in tho back wall of the 
larpo chamber.* 

Na'rgol, a sea-port one mile north of Umbargaon, has about 100 
PArsi houses and a tower of silence bniH in 1767. Tho tower is 
used by the Persia of Ndrgol, Tadgaon, and Saroudo. Niirgol is a 
very old place, being probably tho Niina^ol of a NiaiK cavo 
inscription ofabont tho first century after Chnst.* 

Naya'pur, in Pamtembhi village, about four miles south of 
T&rdpnr, is a small sea-port. Tho sea trade returns for the five years 
ending 1878-79 show average oxporta wiuth £2759 (R». 27,590) 
and imports worth ,£23iMR«- 2330). Exports varied from £I1(>9 
(Rs. 11,G90) in 1874-75 to £01^12 (Its. 0^,120) in l»75-7(j, and 



Chapter ZIT. 
Places of Int«rfl«t 

NiHiOBiT. 



Kinaoi. 



Nivirva. 



) B«rthia* Ptolemrj 204. The Onoria ii prolwUy Uio VaiUnift, m oaUcd (rau th« 
town of Cord in Vms. and tbe Biadi th« BhAjrow or Bfwin crmik. 
» Itertinn' I>tiolony. 204. • Bortiiu' IHoloii?, 198. * New Aecoant. l-II. 

•Jour. R- A. 9. IV. 287. • Joar Bwii. A. S. VII, -2, M.5..'i«7. 

' Jour. D. B. R. A. R V. I7-L ■ Jwir. B. 8. It. A. 8- Xil. 4M ; XUI, 311- 

' Tratu. Sdc, Or. Coog. 332. 




difa 



m 



392 



DlbTBICTS. 



[Bombajl 



Cbapt«TXIV. imports from £03 (Re. 030) in 1874-75 to £iSS (Ra. 4330) 
PUCM of IntorMt 
Navu. 



187S-79. 



hdihU rillnge noor Pfilgfaitr Btation od 
in the station yard a tomb with the 



the 

toacriptMa' 



Navli, a 

railway, hna, 

laemory of Heniy Uotchinsou, Gaard, B.B. &. C. 1. RjulwaV. 
ICtb June 1864, who was run over hy a brake-ran.' The 
villams of NavH and PiUghar are generellT linked together ae 
f Algbsr. The railway traffic returns ahow for P&lgluir sUliw 
increase in paeseiif^rs from 27,tI71> in 187:? to 54,594 in 18^ 
in ^oods from 1536 to 48S6 tons. It is the nearest stAtion to K< 
Mttbim, which lies five miles to the wwt and is joiaed to 
by a good road. 

Nirmal or the stainless,' six miles north of Bassein , is one o( 
most sacrod places iu the district, having a much vonorattd /t'nf, 
being, according to tradition, the burying place of one of tbe 
Shankarach^ryas, the apoAtleii of the modem Bnihrnanic sp 
HerOj on thoamiiversaryof hiadeutb,A'aWi^ Vadya I Ith (Novemb?' 
a large fair in held, which lasts for a week aod is attended by fr« 
six to 8C7on thousand pilgrims, Hindus, Musalnmns, Christian^ lal 
a few PArsifl, from all parts of Thina, Gujartlt, Bombay, the Owaa, 
and south Konkaii. The priucipal articlos suld are braM an 
copper vcsKoU, dry plantaias, awcotmoabs, cloth, aud cattle, worths 
all about llUOU (Ks. 10,000). 

There are eiglit temples at Nirmal all baUt kboot 1730 kf 
Shankorji KeehaT, Saraubbedir of Basseio. CIobo together, od riiii( 
ground, stand three temples, Sb&nkahAobab7&, SvXjii's, eciiojd( 
a yearly Government grant of £42 (Rs. 421) and uianagcd Ij • 
committee. Mi.iLiTi8BND'<, enjoying a grant of £12 (Rti. 118) td 

<Tba dctnili Ar«, Export*. 1874-75 £1169 (da. ll,6»l». 187S-7I- i i.»IV. 

1876-77 IIT.-VI (IE*. 17,510), 1877-78 £1421 (Ri. 14,210), 1878 79 i ^UQ\. 

Import, tS74-7& £93 (Bj. 090), IS7R-7G £lfi9 (Ra. 1590), 1876-;7 x.i^ (Ka. SIM 
1)^77-78 £96fi(IU. 2690), 16Td-79 JMCtrt i\U. 43»)}, 

'Kimul ii ia«Dtionetl iu thu Skiui<lii PnnLn Aiii] in wvcral local legeoibL TV 
SkuidA Pur&n c&Ub it th« best of holy poob, tha tmt at perfection. He Vha rqta* 
a wMrcd veno at Nimul. Ami kocp* frinn no, nins aewa arort-foid of tn^rit. b ■» 
no pIaoo (or viimtm but anprome hsppiiMaa Inr tbn rightmu*. Th» Tl JiiilMlnriiB 
HaUtinyK uys tliKt Niraial is tbe best IMA for cainiug heavenly bLias. Tbo li^aJ 
of tbo fovading of Kiiiiul, u toM is tha Nin»*l M&hAtmya, describes* fimd.naaMJ 
VioulI, hirauing Br&hman Men who lived iieftr the a*o«d VoitarBj, uid, at !■ 
defesl by PanhorAiii, taking to rc|ieutaiice and relijnoua anrteritiea. Bhjv yu m 
plnaod wibli hii aii»tnritiea tnat h« giant^'I V'imal fiwudom from death mnd a bs); 
■fMiiiK OD Tanglr Jiilt. he traa told UiKt it he oflaaed to tnoMo tho BrAticuMt^ hi 
DMd ]«ar no ooe in Uw three worlds, In spite of this [iTonuBe, Vioukl aotu Mtmifi 
tha EMhnuu lettlerB, aud, at their reaueat. Hhiv aeut Panhur&ni to Wing hln b 
order- Every dmo Vaisharim cut oIT hia hiutda and tvet, by the bleant^ of Skl<; 
they ra-appgared with freah rigour. Parahailm Budini hUueU pniflnM. hod Is 
resATt to nhiv with whose h^ he oTereama tho demon. Vtmal thvn invnk<j 
Panhurdm'k c!em«ncjr. Be was pardobed, and, on the tpot where be fell, PanlmtAB 
•elMbliabnd a ling wlueh he called Vinuleahvar and nuaed a tetntde over it. Ftun 
Vinutl it rfttne to be called Niraul or ataioleaB, «a Panharim rauaerad tho ulaix iM 
froui alAiQ- Da Cunha'a BasMkin, 124-12S. The meoniiu stAinleaa aeeana to be tha 
Sfiii*knt tnuiaUtioo °f the Draviilian air wkter and nuit hill, that ia tbe aea htlL * 

ww>dfrd mound riaing frwu bus flata otm 



true dvacriptioii of tho tiWe Klii>.'U is a 
nnder wat«r. Mr. A. Cumiue, C.3, 



■The great Shankar&chilr^-a [a .d. 660-740?] died in Efahmir. Thia KiratI 
ShankaraohArya may have been ono of his relioioaa deacenilanta. DaOnnhs'a Clhaal 
and Baaaein, 1:!7 : and RHo Sibeb Mandlik iu Jour. Bom. Br. Boy. At. Sue X 3. 



^k 



THXNA. 



2D3 




■Dm Cnnhft's Chjinl *n<l BuMin, I2G-I27. 
'GovoBmoot Lift of Civil Foi-U, 1862. 



' Se« below, SoptrA, 



by a committee. ViMAtisnvAEA MahjIdrv'b, a Ihrge Chapter XIT. 

tantial buUiliDg, (.•iijoyiug a grant u£ £10 (Us. 100) and managud piMeg oTlntenft. 

commit ti"©, Bnci-EfliivAfi's, to tlio wcat of the lake, onjoying 

larly grant of £0 (K». 60) and managed by a committee. To 

east of tlie lake and by the side of the road Uiere are threo 

pies, to Ganpati. Durga, and Uanum^n, enjoying a Govcrnmont 

it of £3 10*. (Rb. 3ft) and managed by committoea. On the 

,h of thG lake i& a tcmplo to Sidduesuvar SAhka, sapported by 

arly grant of £2 10a. (Rs. 25) from the descendants oE Ahanharii 

hav. There is a yearly Goreniment grant of £45 8». (Rs. 454) 

ards tbo maintenaaco of a Brdhman alms-hoose, anuacA^fra, 

£14 IG». (Ka. 148) towards a Bairt^i alms-house. These state 

nts seem to show that the temples were boilt from pnblic not 

m private funds. The stoQes which the Portuguese had built 

into Christian churches were probably used to raise the temples 

of the older gods. The Portuguese had pulled down the temples 

and destroyed the ling. On the fall of Baiasein (1739) Nirmal was 

ftnrified, prints of the foot of Shri Datt&traya took the place of the 
iny, and a reservoir was bnilt.^ Nirmal has a chorch dedicated to 
Santa Cruz with a cougregation of 21S-I Christiaus. The churchy 
hitdi was rebuilt by tho parishioners in 1856 at a cost of almut 
400 (lis. 54,000), is nincty-aix feet long by twenty-eight broad 
d tweuty-xix high. The vicai- has a house and enjoys a monthly 
nt of £1 98. (Kb. 14-8) from the British Govemmeut. There is a 
ivate school whose teaiOier plays the violin in Uie church. In front 
a house in Nirmal village, about 500 yards north of the chief 
mplej is a long drcesed stone with some letters which seem part of 
Sanskrit inscription of tho seventh century.' 

Fa'ha'di, in Siilsette, about eight miles north of BAndi-a, has 
out 100 Christians, who hare a church dedicated to St. Thomas 
e Apostle and affiliated to the Amboli church. Thechurch, which 
dates from Portuguese times, measures sixty feet long by twen^ 
broad and twenty high. There is also a lar^ ruineil Portuguese 
chnrch, 110 feet long, forty feet broad, and thirty-three feet high. 
I The Goregaon station waa formerly called Pabidi. But aa the name 

I was confused with Ptlrdi near Bulsdr, it was changed to Goregaon. 
[ Palghar. See Navli. 
I Pa'D Tower, in the village of Kelvo three milee sontb of Mdhim, 
bafi described in 18t!2 as a place of considerable strength. Tliere 
Hvaa a reservoir of water but no food supplies.' The fort has the sea 
io tho Qorlh and west, and at high fides the Bauda creek comes to 
I tho walls on the south and east. The fort is 100 feet long and tho 
I ■walla vary from ten to twenty feet high. 

^m Panvel, north latitude 18^58' and oast longitude 73° 12', tho 
^Bihicf town and a port in tho Panvel sub-division, lies on a creek on 
^^tho Puona road about sixtoen miloa oast of Bombay, and by rood 
twenty miles Boath-casi of Ttulna. 



FialDi. 



Palouab. 



Pakvbu 



--^ 



1^^ 



IB<UDbiy< 



29i 



DISTRICTS. 



fUTTSU 



Ckupter ZI V- Thnagh a goml dual of money bu beoa spent in improving ii, I 

UcM of Interest. 1**"*^ '* P""'' ""'^ "^^^ '^^ "s^'^ '^"ly *^' ^S^ wutar. Four Urge 

run from Panrel. One north, Lwenty milee to Tbdna; ai... 
Boath-enst, about tbo s&mo distoncc to Khopirli at tlio foot of tbtl 
pa!u i* Uic third west, funrteoo milon to Umn ; nnd tbe foarth lix i 
uorth-wuBt to Ulva, wboro iv Shepberd steam furry-boat calls i 
Tho fares from Bumbnj to Ulva, di&tatit (>t^ht4»3n niiloa, t* 6*. {L 
for the 6r8t class, Iv. tyd. (anna* 12) for the second olaoat aad 
{ann<t» 6} for a deck passago. llierti are two bridf^^c^t od thoi 
near PaDvcl,ono on the Poona road bailt in 1827 at. a cvMit of. 
(Us. 33,074) ; and the other to tho soQtb.wost on the Uln 
bailt in 1850. 

In 1681, of 10,241 poople, 7S12 wcro Hlndas, 2186 Mnsali 
228 Jews, and 15 PArsis. Except TbAoa, Pan^-el is tbo onlr 
vhoro families of tho Boai-IsnLol Konkim Jews are foaxki. 
bnlk of tbo people are husbandmen, shopkcopers^ rice-clc 
carponters, labourers, and fisbormen. Before tbo ruilwny wosnt 
Panvol was a centre of the trade botwoon Paona and Boi 
Mnch cotton and other prodacc still conios dotrn the Bgr 
by road, and the town coutains a nnmber of merchants, broli 
and porters. It is an oiport centre for gdnja, the narcotic 

from hemp leaves, which is broaght in country carta 

Ahmadnagar, Poona, and ShoUpur. The merchants, most of wbon 
ara Mdrw^r and Bcccan Vanis, sell the gnnja to wholesale doafaff 
from Mandvi in Cutch, from Porbandar Bh^mag&r and itJk 
in Kathidwar, from Surat, and from Cambsy. Otin/a is also seat i? 
Kuropc and need in making the tinctnre Tmctura Cannabia ioiUs 
The wholoaale price varies from 6d. to 7(2. (anna^ 4'-'l)) a powA 
Tho bnsy eeaaon is from November to Janoary. Tho local prodnctm 
of salt has of lato boon much rednced, and trade is loaving thtituva. 
Thesoa trade returns for tho five years ending 1878-79 show avangs 
exports worth £164,572 (Ua. 16,-15,720) and imports worth 162JW 
{Rs. (1,20,270). Exports varied from £124,200 (its. 1 2,42,0i>0) is 
1874-75 to £214,456 (lis. 21,44,560) in 1875-70, and irnporta bm 
£66,914 (Ra. 5,69,140) in 1878-79 to £72.377 (Ks. 7,23,770) a 
1874-75.* The chief local indastry is the mukinj^ of cart whwla, 
of which every cart that com&s from tho Dorcan carrier aws/t 
pair. The wheels are made by Kachhis from Gujardt and Go£», 
and cost about £3 (Rs. 30) a pair. Tho nave is of Acacia eotedi. 
or Hair wood and the rest of teak. The largo Bombay muuicii 
brick-work is seldom used. In 1866, Mr. Arthur Crawford, CJ 
thon Municipal Commiftsioncr of Bombay, who bad large works ii 
band, finding- ilmt the price of native brick had risen to a probil 
rate, bought the whole property of tho Paovel Brick and _ 
Company on bebaU of thcmuuioipality. The area of land was 44,1* 

' Tho (ilil noinlmf and romut rt*iu\ wiu bogtiii in 1820 ami oompleted ia 1833 M I 
ccvt of £13.556 (B*. \.S&,SS7). Mr. W. K Mulock, C.H. 

»Tho rieUUi m. Eraorta, 1874-7ft £124.a» |R>. 12.-I-2,(X»), 1378.76 ££li,4 
(K«. 21,44,630), I870-n £187.485 (K*. W.;4.8.'iO), I877-78 £I7.V1>2 (Itii. 17 MM 
].S78-7n £!7r.7*» (i!». 17.I7,<1!«I : Iniix.rU, lK74-7n £72,377 ( H". 7.23,770), 
£6:..Vi^0U. (I,.M.IJ30). 1S7« 77 £.'>8,827(IU. 5,83,270). 1877-78 £5',>.55aUti. 3,1 
ud 1&78.70 £M,I>16 iBa. 5Mi^- 



THANA. 



296 



yards and the sum paid was £2100 (Ks. 21,000). In epite 

the poor quality of thorunvel clay and tho onauitablencss of 

■tho machinery, the result of the first year's working was a saving oE 
'£^0(^0 (Ra. 30,1)00) on the municipal works^ besides a coosidcrablo fall 
^iti the price of bricks and a marked improvement in the way ihey 
I "were made. After a few seasons the best clay was worked out and 
I search had to be made for some ingredient to mix with the rest. 
k tjume marl beds were bought near the brick tielils and tho niauuhio* 
y tnrc wa<t continued. Rnt from the fall in the pridB of bricks from £$ 
t lOf. to £1 Of. (Ra. 3& - Rs. 13) the thousand, the brick makiug-, which 
I cost from £2 4^. to £2 1H#. (Rs. 22 - Rs. 20), became costly aud the 
. works were closed in 1870. There are two bnck-makinf^ machines 
h on the propert)'', oust with a forty horse-power engine, calculated to 
L turn out -tOfUOU bricktt a day, and tho other with a sixteen horse- power 
I engine calculated to turn out 20,000 bricks a day. The whole propertyj 
including laud, buildiugs, machinery, and plant, coat tho munici- 
pality £22,OS;l (Its. 2,20,830) ; tho outturn of bricks op to 1870 waa 
I worth £350,325 (Ra 35,03,250). The works were re-opened in 1879 
in connection with the drainage works but were again closed in the 
' aameyear.' 

Ponrel has a snb-judge'a conrt, fonr Government schools, two 
Marathi one Hindustani and one for girU, and a post office, and is 
the head-quarter station of the chief revenne and police officers oE 
the sub-division. The municipality was established in 1855,' and 
had in I8tj0-31 an income of £561 (Rs. 5t}1G), drawn chicQy from 
octroi, house, aud wheel taxes, market fees, and a privy oeaa. Tho 
murui'iipal limits include Panvcl town and its .saburbs Podhi and 
Jakka, but not the two suburbs of Khinda; and have within them 
1403 houses, l4Sof thofinst class, 211 of the second, 310 of tho 
third, and 714 of tho fourth, assosaed respectively at 8», (Re. 1-8), 
2#. (Ro. 1), ]». (fi«na» 8), andOi/. (annan-i). Tho oiponditure dnrin^ 
the same yeur amounted to £011 (Ks. 0113), of which £159 
(Rs. 1593) were spent on scavenging, £153 (Rs. 1338) on roads, and 
£37 (Rs. 374) on ligliting. The chief municipal works have been 
the making and mending of roads. The diapensary, which was 
established in 1873, has a Government grant of £68 (Ks. 688) and 
local fund and municipal contributions of £45 (Ra. 450) each. The 
' attendanc-c in 1880-81 was 5801 out-pntients and sixteen in-patients. 
' A pniject for supplying the town with water hu8 lung been under 
contemplation. A dam was to have been built across the Gorho 
river at Sukarpur, two miles above Pauvel, aud thence piping waa 
. to eonvuy tho water into tho town. Tho schomc has been delayed 
Ufrom want of funds. 

H In 1570 Panvcl is mentioned as an European trading port paying 

Revenue to Gujni-At.* It probably rose to importance along with 

Bombay, as the direct route from Bombay to the Deccan hos through 

Panvfl. In 1078 Orme notices it as a large town on tho Pen.* In 

»0 i Lord Vnlentia described it as apopulous village, prettily situated 

the banks of the river, in a plain surrounded by high hills. In ISIO 

* Kroro * report by Meacn. H. O. Wikltoa a&d C B. BraliAm, Ku^iuMn, Bomtxif 
rmiwiwUity. » Gov. Vim. lOM, 27Ui Fchninry IRJ5. 

* Bim'sUirit.iAIiin»di, L29. ' Onu«'i BUtohuU mgmtDti. 70. 



ChaptMXIV. 
Flacas of Intereit. 

rAVVHU 




CBomtwy Ountte, 



290 



DiSTKicrrs. 



Paxvu. 



Chapter XIT. Sir Jatnes Mackiatoah fonnd PanveL & wooded nllago, well niule) 
oFlntaTMt °^ '^ BuiuU buy, didtiu}<aialied by the handsomo dome of a hkmik 
For Bomo time after its cession, in 1818, a small Gagliah forco ww 
kept in Panvel, and part of the town is still known as tko caop-' 
Im 1820 it is doscrioed as an extensive place, well situated xr 
business and carrying onaconaidf^ableoommercejalthoagb stasdai 
in the midst of a salt morass. Besides beings the grand terry H 
Bombay it had the oonvenienco of an inn, although not of the fint 
quality.^ According to Bishop Heber, Panvid in 1825 was asml 
country town with a temple, a haDdsomc Musalmiin tomb, avl • 
pretty quiet view of bills and woods. There was a oomfortelh 
bungalow built and kept by Government ^or the deo of trar^lsn^ 
and two tavoma, one kept by a Portagacae, the other by a P^' 
Id 1SC2 it ia mentioned as a populous town, for whose improTaoeil 
provision had been mode* 

The main street that rann from the port eastwarda is broad, W 
the houjies are poor. To the uorth of the town is a handsomt 
reservoir known as the YadAla talav, lint its water is bad »ai 
scanty. This, as well as the P&rrati aud Krislm&li reservoirs, wen 
built by one B&UjJpaut B^pat. The town lies low, is uhiit in by hilK 
and is oft^un visited by cholera. The only good public bnildings are tLe 
civil court, probably the best in the district, which wua built in Uj79; 
the m4mlatd£r'8 office a stoue building to the centre of the town, 
built on the standard plan in 1868-69 at a cost of about £SSOO 
(Rs, 35,000) ; the Government school-honae. the customs offiocj ni 
the old traveller's bungalow now a public works rost-honsc. Tfafe 
dispensary, though successful, is badly lodged in a hired house. A 
coramou tiled shed serves for a meat and fish market. The hoiUM 
of the upper classes are to the north of the main street near Ut» 
miimlatafCr's oRice, and those of the richer merchants, pleaders, and 
pensioned Government servants are favonrable specimens of native 
dwellinga. On the bank of a small pond to the north-west of the 
town stands the tomb of a Musalmiin missionary called KarinxshiUL 
It is abont 200 years old and haa no pretensiona to arcliitectural 
merit.' Here a yearly fair is held ou Magh Shuddk 11 tb (December), 
and is attended by Inrgo numbers of Musalmdns aud Hindaa froai 
ThAna, KalyAn, and Bombay. The chief articles sold ore sweetmeats, 
cloth, fruit, and children's toys to the value of about £150 (Hs. 1500]. 
Besides Karimsb^'a tomb, the only antiquities are some fragmoDCe 
of fortification in the creek. These are probably the ruins of» 
small fort, which was built in 1682 by Shivaji's son SambbAji, to 
protect the neighbourhood from the raids of Aurangzcb'ti Sidis, 
who used to land and burn or carry off the rice.' 



> Mr. Cnmiflft, C.3. 

- HomUton't Ou«tt««r, 11. 37<X 



UeutMut^olouol ntxCUrewn (1819) wrltM 



(Juunuil, 331) tbat Puiv«l is Die village st which oflewsgcaenllT l>nd from fiomhq 
C«i their route to the Decern. The so^wUed itut. he Mlda, Ja ■ Utthi bovcL 
* H«ber'B Narr&tito, II. 199. * 1'horntoa'a Gu»tto«r, lEO, 

" la I8W Lord Vkli.-titiii (lu«cnb«il Uie tomb u a newt ImildiBg with ■ doms awl 
t*r» smnll {tinnaclM pef^piit); from a nuuKD groro, AttaulMd to the Inmb wen 
twenty-live KuMi> rCMlors. Accnrdingtotno priMtt KuimWHS ancivv of Lacknow, 
ivho bad liTe*) in I'anvfil foraix ^oora. Tnkv«bi, II. lOD. 
■ Buailtoa'a Umcfii'tiun uf Uiaduatjio, 11. 151. 




imkui.t 



THANA. 



297 



Parla in S&\sette, two miles north of Bilndra, Has about l20t) 

liriHtians and a church dedicated to St. Francis Xavier. Tte 

lunrh, which was built by the Rev. Gabriel de Silva, moaauroa 72} 

it long by 2-f J broad and nineteen high ; it has a ricarage attached] 

"I % vic«r who dr»w* £.1 IOk. (Rs. 15) from the Goa government. 

Anglo-PortagQCse school with fiftonn boyu ia supported by pariah 

)Dtribnrions, and by a monthly grant of 8ii. (R.4. 4) from the owner 

llid village. The master plays the violin in uharch. 

Pa'rol, H village on the east base of Tungilr bill, h'es about 

ighc milea oa«t of VirAr station on the Baroda railway. It has the 

smains of four old Uindu temples, two in its limits and two in the 

of the neighbouring village of iMajavli. At none of thcHo four 

iplea is worship nowperformed. Tho two Pdrol temples, called the 

iplesof the Big and Ijittle Pools, Mofu Tdiihja and Lahan Tdnkyaj 

Mil on the southern and northern banks of a stream which mns 

iwQ the steep Hide of Tnngdr. In tho stream bed,close.to each temple, 

a pool from which the temples take their names. The temple near 

le small pool is about half a mile west u£ PArol vitlugu. It is levelled 

tho ground which is strewn with fragmontn of carved stones, 

le Big Pool or Mola Tiinkya temple, about half a mile further up 

stream bed, is bettor preserved, rising iu a square block in the 

if of which a tree has taken root and throotons to ruin it. On the 

is a Ganpati, and in the back wall a welt-carved image of a 

>maD or goddess. Of the Majavli temples, one, not more than a 

jw hundred yardR aouth-w^t of the village site of P/irol, seems to 

kve been the largest of the gronp. Its snperstnicture is gone, only 

plinth and some of the steps remain. The stones and large 

1i>ckH that lie about are finely cut, though uot so well chiHellod as 

le Ambarn^th stono^. Among other sculptures thero ia a large 

piece of the haudsome lotus-flower ceiling, a few carved 6g«res of n 

god and a goddess, tho goddess with au^ophaui ou each side whose 

trunks form an arch over her head, and several pillar capitals with 

indecent carvings. Ou one of the pillars the word Teaisagaru 

appears clearly cut in late Dovamlgari characters. It is probably 

a visitor's name. About 500 yards south-west is the other MajavU 

temple. It is utterly ruined, the stones having been built into what 

aeema to bo a Portuguese granary or storo-houae. 

1 Feb FortjOtherwiao known as VrKATOAU, in the village of Miildunga, 
stands about uiue miles north-east of Pauvel on a hill about 1000 
feet high. Wlion surveyed by Captain Dickinson in ISlK^ithadtwo 
pathways mcetinga little from tho gateway which was nearly twenty 
feet below the top of the hill. The gateway wa^ built across and 
nearly at the top of an exceedingly steep ravine, the water being 
turned from its nntnnd course by a channel on eiwh side of a retnin- 
I ing wall of solid masonry thirty feet high' and about as many feet 
' wide at the tup. The perpendicular height of the thresbold of the 
gateway was about eighteen feet. Beyond thin gateway the aacent 
continnoil exoMdingty steep toa platform, on a projecting part of the 
bill at iho head of the ravine, about eij^^'hty foot above tho gateway. 
From this platform was Q further vor)' steep climb of 100 feet to tho 
topof the hill where there bad formerly been a fort. Like ^lalaoggad. 



Chapter XI7. 

Places of Iat«rest. 
Parli. 



Pitah. 



PXR POKT. 



H 



mam 



A 



L Bombay Oai*U«c 



2fia 



DISTRICTS. 



Vl» VOKT. 



Cbftpter XIV. Peb is for tlie most port SDrronndtKl hy a |>rectpice, tbe prisdjii 
XlacM oflDtaroit- **>•'*"', in addition to Lhuso&lrvady munllutied, being ni tho nunkW 
aouth extreuiities, cominaiidiDgsach parta of the bin on were dttmd 
acoBBsiblB. The grooud on tbe top of tbe bill was very 
and no vestigu of tbo former fort rcniaiaed except u wretched 
of loose stoncA. Besides two buildings and a few huts tfaert w 
au excellent reservoir and a temple uuUside tbe gateway. Vvia 
tbe precipice, about lOO yarda from the temple, was a large rr-^s 
enclosed with solid masonry and a strong door 'wbicli was - 
bare been used as an ainmuuition and store-room. In 1862 tbv •'.» 
waa rninouH ; tho water woa unfit for drinliiiig', and food sttffifa . 
were not procurable. 

According to tbe Iat«et account (November 1&81), tbe fort is nrt 
easily climbed from Neral atationj a diauinco of six miloa. iktllH 
foot of the Mil IB a goddoAa caUcjd Pebi, who appears from her ttUH 
to be the deity of the fort. Half wny up the bill ia a god csiW 
Hhaah»> and about a quarter of a mile beyoud are two c»ree anil 
rock-cut cistern. The nscent can be made only by driving a peg ok 
u crack in the rock above, tying a rope to tho peg, and ewioTug 
oDc's-aelf up. There are the foundationa of large baildinga aiid ft 
cistern, twenty cubits square and four deep, contAining water all tb» 
year round. Besides the largo buildings there are the reniaim 4 
from forty to fifty Bmall bouses. 

Persik Fort is a small mined stronghold at the entrance of At 
Kuly^u river. It stauds on au exceedingly steep point of land froa 
twenty to twenty-five feet above the water's edge. The pntruift 
from the river fnce hM a sniall gate and a flight of cut-alone ft<^ 
Tbe fortifications are «aid to be very old. lu J8I8 they ml 
mouldering throughout. Tlio works varied bvm twelve to tweoi; 
feet in height, and the bottery on the river side container) n 
openings for canuon with an exceediugly narrow and weak pampet 
The other faces of tbo fort were chiefly pierced with loopboln^ 
Tarying in height but nowhere more than three feet thick. As tbt 
tongue of land on which the fort stands graduully rises inland sow 
to command tbe hill, even within nmsket range, a detached tower 
had been built at a distance of 500 feet up the ascent. In 181 8 ihi* 
tower waa a complete ruin. A large and wretchetlly roofed boildinl 
occupied most of the interior. Uver the gateway was a badly roodn 
platform mounting two guns. Inside the fort was a well whid 
woa dry during the hot weather, when water had to l>e l>n>ug)ii 
from outside.' Except a guard room near the river bank, nothuiff 
now (1881) remains of tho fort. It was probably polled down aM 
the stones used in making the railway. Two tnnneb, one 103 and 
the other tlo yards long, hare been cut in the Persik lull, tbtoogii 
which the railway passes after leaving Thfina. 

Poinsar in S&lseite, two uiiles south of Borivli station, loi 
i:}0 Cht'isiiana and a church dedicated to Our Lady of lleincdicft 
U was built by tho Portuguese in IfiSS, measuroa 121 feet by 



Ttssa FoBT. 



POIMSAB, 



1 C«pUui DickinMHi'A Baport, ftlOiUry Diuieot 1818. 



[onkaa.] 



tiUna. 



209 



lirty-oiglitj ftn«3 la tu fair onler. Tho vicar has a monthly pfrant of 
il IQg. (Ha. 15) from tho Bi-itish nnd the sarae from the Goa 
}orernmeutj and has a smalt lately-baiU vicai-age. Thora is do 

msh sohool, but tho vicar gives lessoan to 8r>me of tho boys, and 

re is a master who plays tho violin in chorch. CIoso tt> the church 

the mine of an old vicarage, whoso hall measares twenty feet 

iinare. In MagAthan, about 1 20 yardu north of Poinsar, is a rained 

lurch, which was baitt about the same time as the Poinaar church. 

le Bnddhist ^caves of MAgathau are on the borders of Poinsai-, and 

idau hill at Akarli is only a mile to tho cast. 

Poval, on a hill near Vehdr in 8&)Botte, haa 600 Chrixtiaos and 

chnrch dedicated to the Holy Trinity. It meaaurus thirty feet 

>ng, twenty-four wide, and twenty-eight high, and was built with 

stones of an older church wbich is now used as a burying 

3und. 

Povai gives its name to the Fr^mji RAvasji Povoi estato, whicfaj 
jaides Povai, includes the villages of TirandAj, Koprikhnrd, S^ki, 
ili, and TungAve. The estate, except Tungive, was origiually 
iveu in perpptual farm to Dr. Scott in 1 791*, on payment of a yearly 
lit-rent of £320 (Rs. 3200). After Dr. Scott's death in 181*1), the 
ait-rent was not paid and the property was attached by Government 
1^26. In 1829 it was again leased in perpetual farm ta the lato 
^rllmji Kl&vasiij a Pdrsi merchant in Bombay, and, in 1837, was, 
payment of £47-17 (Ra. 47,470), conveyed to him in foe simple, 
lenod with tho maiutononce of two reservoirs on tho Duncan 
in Bombay. Under section 64 of Act V. of 1878, the Abkiri 
ito of the estate were, in 1879, bought by Government for a 
of £D^0O (Rs. bbfiOii). In consequence of family disputes the 
to ia now mani^d by an official assignee. 
About the time he bought the estate, Mr. Frttmji KAvasji was 
!-prcBidoDt of tho Agricultural and Horticultural Society of 
^eslem India. Ho took great interest in agriculture, and introduced 
many eiotics and made many experiments on hia ostnt-e. In 1830 
he began to grow indigo and the mulberry bush, and his improve- 
ments so pleased Sir John Malcolm, that, on his visit to the estate 
Docember 1830, he presented Mr. FnSmji with a gold watch. 
January 1831 Mr. Frdmji sbowod the Agricultural and 
[orficultural Society samples of silk, and gained a prizo of £3 
(Rs. 30) for Anrangabad oranges and Neilgherry potatoes grown 
I at Povai. In May 1831 he gained a prize of £13 (Rs. 130) for 
throe kinds of eilk, Neilgherry potatoes, Bengal rice, Suiut rice, 
sngar, opium, and phdUu Grewia osiatica. In November 1831, 
Lm^e EatI of Clare visited the estate, and showed his approral of 
Hpe imprnvomonts and experiments bv presenting Mr. Framji with 
K pair of shawls worth £140 (R8.*1400). In January 1832 a 
^Psmple of loaf-eugar, made from sogarcane grown at Povai, waa 
^exhibited and gained a pnRe of £5 (Rs. 50). Two other prizes were 

f'ven for ginger, Chinese turmeric, Malacca yams, M^gaon mangoes, 
irw^ grounduuts, opinm, and pine-apples. In IS33 Maontios 
sngarcano was successfully grown and fetched £2 H«. {Rs. 27) the 
' thousand in tho Bomtuy market. In January 1834 Mr. Frflmji told 
tho Socioly that 56,000 of his sagarcane would be rea<ly by the end 



I UIV 




ChapWXIV. 
Places of iBtsi 
PoumiR. 



FOVAI. 




rBombay OuettM 



TUSTRICTS. 



Povii. 



Piuau, VoscT. 



Chipter ZIT. of the joar, and iuikc<1 them torN^tiost UovernmeDt to ba; Uie a» 
PlMwofl&terert. *^^'" '^**- ^*^^- 25) the thousantl Uoveramcnt agreed to take 200.W 
cftoee, aud thin wb« Biip|i1iwl fnim the outtam o£ tea bi^hiit of lui 
tilled oD the Jamaica or West Indites system. In JounarT I8K 
Mr- FrAmji gained a priire of £5 (lU- 50) for coffee, Chiooso femoi^ 
apples, white pnuipkinsond Malacca yams^aod, in May 183o, a ptai 
of £3 10«. (Ra. 35) for eilk. In May 18S9, some sanipleij of ouHa 
grown at Povai were highly praised by the aoriety. The experinwfB 
oeoeed and tho estate fell ioto disorder on Ux. Fr^mji'a deaUiii 
1851.* 

Prabal Fort, on the flat-topped hill of the same name, itboai 
eight milea oast of Panvel and four w«jt of MfitiierAu, sUtdi 
about 2325 feet above sea level. The mined forlifi (ratio ijb ona 
iDL'liidL'd eleven towers and two gateways. In 1818 the giites U 
loiiK ht'on destroyed, and the worka wore everywhere falliug, tk 
walls of tfareo or fonr baildingR beiug all that remained. Dani| 
the rainy months niucli of the hill was nndor tilhig'O, the pNplt 
and their cattle living iu the ruins. On the top of the hill wu i 
large pond. 

in 1828 a band of RanMslua, who nt that time infested Uit 
country mtmd Purandhar hill in Poona, came into tho Konku, 
300 Bti-ong with tents and horses. They met at Prabal, and dtslii- 
bated the f ullowing proclamationa along with bundles of atraw and 
pieces of clmi-coal and fuel : 

' Kdow all men that we K;^*oiihn (JroAji NAik and Bhoi^^ 
Ndik from our camp at the fort of Furundhar, do hereby ^venotire. 
in the year Sursatin Svma Aehrin Maiyatain Va alnf 1S2T ' '' 
P^tils ?hIhArs and others of the villages within tho jarisdR 
Batniigiri in the Southern Eoukan and SdUette in the Northsni 
Sonkan, that thoy are nui to pay any portion of the revenoei 
arising from their villages to th© Britiah Government, and that aty 
iuBtance of disobedience to this mandate shall be punished by Gn 
and BwOTd. All revenues are to be paid to us. Thui proclamadon 
ia sent to you that you may make and keep by you a copy of cbe 
same, according to which you ore deeired to act withuut aoj 
demurring, on pain of having yonr village raajd to tho groooJ- 
Given under our haud this 25th December 1827.' 

In 1 862 the fort was reported to bo well designed but rainoni. 
The watoraupply was good, hut the pond was out of repair andneari; 
nseleaa. Food supplies were not procurable within eleven miie* 
At present (1831), the hill top which iasurrounded by n mined wall 
has throe ten feet square citiicrnH, two on the east and one on tbi 
west. Of the fortifications six stono and mortar towers remain, witk 
room for five men in each. 

From Mdther^ a footpath leads from Fleetwood bungalow m 
Chauk Point, acrosB the valley that separatPB the two hilU aboot 
four miles to the village of Varoeha, and from Varosha about five 
miles more to the top of Prab«l. From Pauvel the path loads to the 



TIIANA. 



301 



lage ot Louauli four miles from the top of tHo hill.' The liill-top Chapter XIY. 
labouC four uiilcH from north to Houth aud throo from oast to west, pimj^g oflnterert. 
Pola Sonala, Rt the foot of the Niina pass about twenty miles p^^j Soxau, 
at of Murbod, has Nev«ral plain Brahmaoical cares. Tbey are 
^toated oD a scarp a little way tip the hillside and faave a westerly 
ipect'. They are very recent and Tory poorly cut, only one having 
ay pretonsioos to rank as a cave, the njuiaiuder beiug rough coUs ~^ 

luch broken and dilapidated. There ore a few Ggnres in bas-reliof 
^nt DO good orohitcctnnd detoils.- 

Ra'i in SilaettB, two miles soath-west of iJhayndar railway station, m,, 

a small seft*port, with, during the fonr years ending 1878-79, 

I^Terage exports worth £2589 (its, 2o,89'0) and average imports 

rorth £i;Wl (118.13,310). Exports varied from £176-1 (lis. 17,(>tO) 

1878-79 to £293G (Rs. 29,360) in 1876-77, and im|Torta from 

J04 (Rs. 8040) in 1874-75 to £1621 (Hs. 16,210) in 187S.76.'» 

lore are very ext4>uHive tialt-pans in R&i, mout of the aall being 

iken to BhiSyndnr station and from Ihoro carried by rail to Central 

im) Northern India. Lately a small and snccesafnl water scheme 

a been completed by Mr. Maclaiun, Executive Engineer, conveying 

Iter for the use of the large tiovcmment sta£f by iron piping from 

reservoir two miles west in Bongri village. 

Sa'jgaon, three miles smith uf KhAl^ipurjIiasaflhrino of Villiobn/ SAjaAon. ' 

rhcrc fvory November (&''iHi"fc) a fair is held, which lasts for about 

fteon days, and is attended by abont 2000 persons, ctiefly Agi-is, 

[unbis, Th^urs, and Kdthkaris. Shopkcepcra from Taiega<jn in 

10 Deccan and from Kalydii, Chauk, and Pen, make large sales of 

bloth, dry fish,^ blankets, copper and enrthen pots, salt, pepper, and 

' roetmeat^, to the amount, it is mid, of aboat £400 (Kb. 4000). Tbo 

temple, which is Ilttlo moro than a hnt, ia managed by the villago 

keaaro&D. 

Sanja'n, north latitude 20^ 12' and east longitude 72'* 52', a BawIk. 

village of between 300 and 400 hoases, five miles north-caat of 
Umbargaon, with a considerable Musalm^n pcpulatiou, itt a station 
on the Baroda railway. Informer times it was a place of much 
^rado and importance. It was here that, abont the year 720, a band of 
'ersian refugees settled. They were well received by the local Hindu 
JAdn K&na,' and, according to their own account, did much to 



■ Dr. Dky, SuporinUnilMtt of MAtheria, Slab Uuvh 1881. 
' Ur, H. Cbnaou. For details *w ApticndiK A. 

■ Tlie d«tuls an, Exiwrti. IS75-76 £^7 (R>. 28.970), 187«-;7 £2&3fl {Rs. 2!),360). 
IS77-7S £tlBa (Ra. ti.r>90), I87S-79 £1764 <Rb. 17,640): ImportH. lS7A-~fi £lii!!l 
(R«. lB.2IOt. 1876-77 £1648 (Km. 15,480), 1877-78 £804 (R«. SOW), and 1878-79 £1351 
{»•. ITSIO). 

* Tbo tradition it that a devfitco <4 Yitboba't nud to live here and ga every y*tr 

to PA&dharpor to worahip. ^Vh«ti be grow toa uM to mak* the ni]^ina(;;8, TiLkob« 

appeared tn faim in a drtam and cfunfortcid him, t«)ling him tliat hia wonhtp|ior 

would find him here aa well at iu Paiidharinir. 

^_ * So Um ia tht sale of dry flab tfaut the y^o^ it calkd dry fiab or Banbtl Titfaoba. 

^K * Aeooraing to a itory curn-nt at [J&h*nn and llnbsi^tai, 8*ajAa wuaolatjea 

^^nilgr bhatibwBi called Navtni NaKAri, orthecity that meaaaieduineXm) tij lliiiUm, 

^nt waa rwpiibed to have bc«n foiuidwl by lUiaOaddhMing. Dabori vilbm, Ibeo a portioai 

^pof Iha city, waaaooalled booaUM? the hwoMnen livinaiit a dietaooe nroni tlu ontov a( 

I ibecity made curda. <&iAi, titere. i*atHiS«d,aaubiirbw DeHuri, wm the pIiK« wbere lual 





rBomlft7 



DISTRICTS. 



ilidorjf. 



ChApter XIT. impro7e the town, teaching tbe people new arts and indastrie«. 
Places oTInterflBt. ^hrw Silb&rs grants of the tonth and olcTOoth contnnes Saoji' 
probotily referred to tmdcr the name of Hamjaman.' The 
fluurisbbd till, in the beginning of the fonrteenth century, it offs 
a fierce resistance to Alphfchto, Ala-ud-dia Khilji's general, 
waa Backed, and the Piirsis killed, enslaved^ or driven to the 
Many oE them probably settled at Nir^rol about four mite« lo 
north'WCBt, which is still one of the largest Parsi rilh^ee is 
Konkan. l)y Ibe Arab geographers of the tenth, eleronth, and tm 
ceuturiesj t5anj4n, nnder the name Stnd&n, in repeatedly meatic 
aa one of the chief ports of western India. In the tenth ce 
(015) it iH described as famouH for tlie export of an emerald 
to the host in brightnoBs and colour, ont harder and htiai 
known an the Mecca emeruld because it passed tbrough Arabia.' 
is also described as a great strong city with a Jdma moaqne. Id 
twelfth centnry it ia oaentioned as populons, the peopio noted 
industry uud intelligence, rich and warlike, the town large and 
& great export and import trade.* Karly in tbe sixteenth ceo 
(lo3i) it was taken by the Portngnese.* In the first years of 
seventeenth century it is noticed by the traveller Pyrard de LbtiL' 
hx 1 626j under the name St. Jobn do Vacas, Sir T. Herbert montioia 
it as subject to Portugal.^ Abont that time the customs botus 
yielded a yearly revenue of £23 (620 pardung)fi Ja 1 787 it i» 
mentioned by Dr. Bovuj wbo thought one of the hills behind was^ 
volcano.* ~ 

B$mdat. The statiori traffic returns show an increase in passengers ir 

12,ID5 in 1873 to 12,500 inlSSO, but a decroasein goods from! _ 
to 679 tons. Close to the railway line, on the niad from iSftaiia~ 
to Gimonia, is n tomb with a wooden cross and tho tnacripuoa 
'James Henderson,' who is said to have been a railway serraoL 
The upright of the cross has been broken off and carried awsy. 
Only the cross and the piece above remains. Near the railwiy 
station to tbe west of the jwlice lines, below a banyan tree, is another 
tomb said to mark tho grnve of an Knropean soldier who wbi 
drowned in the creek. It has no inscriptioD. West of the atatioo 



fiUloK, jM/rdmt», were tlimwn ivfter public dinuen. Th« Garatpare lobwiV «t 
Mhurl wka iht pliwo whoru iitghuuil, ;/u, vru shot, uul I>iiul& tlAadA, a mbartt <f 
U^ndiih Tiiiiig», ilwut six mil&a from 8Anjin, wm th« plAoo wh«ra the bou«»> dA^t, 
of t\vml lumifAiM wtn cuit. Evidence of tfaa greatntra uf SuijId b ftraud ior ntl* 
rouncl in glil fouadatioiu sod bHokr The bricks «ra of « very ■openor qw^UtXt 
M>d are no plentiful thst ououub Ut IniiM a b^uw qui bo nthom for a fsw peHL 
Tlwn «e reported Co have b«6n 999 wells. Mr. Vi. B. MaloM, C^ 

• Imi, Ant, V. •no, IX. 38 ; Aa. Itcs.l. 361. 

■ Abu-l-fetla'B 11273-1331) itaUmKiit. tbntin till; boginoing of the fourteenth eoilHn 
SitiiUti vi» tbc Uftt Uiyta of tiulAntt. favimni tho view tkat th« oonqueror of Sioib 
WH AtphkliAn. * Mft^udi's PniritM d'Ur, HI. 47, 4H. 

* Ibn llaiikal (960) Rlliot, 1.88, MKlldrUi (11301 EUiot, I. 85. The chief nlumm 
are Uk^di (915) a «itT neiar Saf&reb. and eonUi of Cuiia; when CtmtiM uiMlall 
were worn [Prairica dVr, I. 2M,XI0). Al IstAkhri (fl.VI) HnsaimSBa with Jtaa 
BiOMae (Klliot, L 27, 30) : Ibn \UuVt\ (<ir>0) tlie nmw (Elliot, J. S4, XH : Al ItinmS 
(l020)(Bllio(, I.e6};Riia l<ln>i(ll.'i(;](KlIiot, [.77,80). Beuiles the KonkiU] ^iudia. 
the Arab geagrapWrB of tbat tiiuv mention tbc Cutoh SAoJbftP ?i^« RUi<^t. I 
129, 480. » F*ria in Kerr, VJ. 4 M. * Pyrortl dc ' 

' Tnveb, 42. • O Clirou. dt Ti», 111. 110. 



tbe site of the old city of SanjAn stretclieA for several milos, a bnre 

plaiu with rice liollowa, dry pond beds, and low roUiug liillotiks, 

Bomo bnro with old brick foundationB and others shaded by clamps 

of trees. Towards the east and north the view is booDded by smalt 

I^oUiug bills. To tbe wetst the plain stretches down the links of 

(he Sanj^Q river about six miles to the sea. A little above tho 

Tillage^ about a mile wctit of the station, tbe flow of tbe salt water 

IB Eitopped, and a long reach iu the river furmed by a dam which is 

said to have been built by a Pitrsi durin)^ the rule of the Mardtbto, 

About half a mile below tho dam, though dry at low tide, at high 

tide there ia water enough for boat« of about three tons (lU khandia). 

Tho country round tho present Sanjan, a fair sized village with 

some good houses and one broad street, is dotted with old mangoes, 

banyans, and huge baobab trees, one of them forty feet in girth three 

feet from the ground. There are tbe retoaioa of several largo ponds 

and lakes, some of tbem much filled with Kilt and now used to grow 

rice. The banks of the ponda are in many places topped with moimds, 

covered with large old bricks. Old bricks ar« also scattered ovw 

moat of tho fields and form tho walls of almost all the buildings. 

Bxcept these brioks, there are nut many remains. Only two iuscribed 

stonea have buod found. One of these is a broken piece of a trap 

slab with an inscription in Uovanagari. Four lines are broken and 

there are tiiree more preserved but illegible. In the sixth line can 

he read * [^akanrivajkaldtita Samvat ldQ\ Fdlguna Shutldlia ' that 

■B, the bright half of Fiilguua (March-April) in tho year 1354 (a.I). 

1432 )MS9ed after the time (of the gakaking).^ The other, of which 

only a Jew words have been read, is suppoBed to bo Arabic in Knfio 

dhfuvcters about eight hundred years old.' The atone is probably a 

crave stone, a trace of tlic Arab merdianta and Kufi settlers, whose 

descendants are still found as Nav^ata, forming a separate class at 

Sanjiu, Sop&ra, and other TbAua coast towns. Under a ercat baobab 

tree, about a mile west of the station, is a small stone (2' 9* x 1' 6") 

vith three rowa of carving, tho middle row about six inches broad 

of six well-out slightly damaged elephants. About 200 yards to the 

north aro a conplo of lakes irregularly round, about 200 yards by IfiO, 

whose beds are so silted that they are now used as rice fields. Tbe 

east pond is called Asari and the west pond Chikani. They are said 

to have been made by a brother and a brotbcr-in-law. On tho aoath 

Iwnk is a high mound with i-emains of bricks and one old carved 

stone. About fiftv yards to the south is a round well about fifteen 

feet across, of old nuccmentcd bricka some of them of great size 

(15'xli'x3'). In tho village ia a stone (IS'xlS") carved in 

deep tracery. A few yards to the west is an old finely dressed 

pillar, sijoare abovo and six-sided below^ buriod all but a foot 

in front of one of the hoaso doors. A tittle to the west is » 

largo rest>houso with room for about fifty travoUora, It was 

built about 1825 by a rich Parsi, Vikaji Mohrji. Abont a 

qnortcr of a mile north-west of tho village is the site of a PArai 



OiBpter XIV. 
Places of Interest. 

HtnuiM, 



> Puittit BhagTiUiIil. 

* Fnif. lv«lutwk. Tha only wunli tbat tuve boon made out am ofUA, mntvi^ mttdA 




rBomI 



«04 



)T3TUICTS. 



UMilt, 

SMmOm. 



ipter XIV. tower oE silonoo, witli tracca of brick and cemeot 
ftttflntemt. It wiw probably built between 1 WO, when the use o( 
^ ^ iutnjduct'd, aud luOO whtra the I'lirais g&vo up buildin 

silenco of brick. It mcnsares aboat fortjr feet ftcro^. 
west tlio creuk winds about six mites to tlio tiea in i 
gnxra with tnnrah buslica, Lbrtvugh cuantry with fine clamps 
well grown trees. Abottt a quarter of A mile west of tbo 
liouse, ill Ratoa Kunbi's houBt>, is an old stone with « a 
Neiu- it ij4 a fine oltl rouud brick wull tweoijr-foar feet twtrm, 
front of th<! hoiuto, are amntt cjurcd atoaeA. Aboat a f- 
is a bi)? pijnt], a1>out 21*2 yarda acroM, with remains of 
Imndrcd yards furllier west is the landtiif^ |>laC'e on a faaa' 
eight f(«t high. Large cruft of about eighty tone (250 Ha 
make this landing in ope tido from Uiabar(j;aQQ. Thuj 
come empty sad load with timber and rico. Frotn ti 
there is a good viow np thu river nbout half a 
Portug»ie« tort. This, which ia close to the Bouth of tl _ 
etauds oq a plot of ground aboot twuuty feut above the ri 
in front of it. It consiats of a niinml wall with aix raitttid 
which OQclosed a space of 1 44> yard^ by 1 74. In the middle 
west wall is a ruiu&d building and tomb ; in the rcotrv d 
cuclosuro aro tho remains of a pond and well, aud in tbtii 
west corner is a mined charch eighty feet by twenty-eifffa, 
wnlU thirty feet high aud the remaius of a ruisud ultar^ ana « 
of a pulpit iu the north wall, 'lliis fort wnni built in lf>13. In 
it was describod as a round fort with nix bastii^us, each a' 
fathoms long, three fathoms high, and 6ve spans broad, 
obout thirty yards round. Tlio waUs, which were three y 
And five feet wide, were armed with six falcons. In the M* 
a ver}' handsome well and a ]H>nd, and another pond abMsl 
yards off. Tlioroworo two two-storicii hoofoe, tlio cnphiin'o ludJii 
and an arsenal, and a church of Nossa Kenhora dii Porto. Baadtfil 
garrisou, which consisted of a cnptain nine white and olcnabhl 
Holdiers a writer and an inspector, there was a vicar, and forty ubi 
Christian and two Portuguese fomilies. Close to the walls lUl 
fort was a plot of ground, protected by a big ditch, whote 
of war the people of the couutry round used to como and 
thatched huts, under cover of the g^us. The garrison used 
out their pay by cultivation. But the villages Trero bo 
peopled that laud was diflioult to get.* About oqo aud a 
off was tho stockade of P^Una, a pbtform 120 fecC roand fenced hj' 
thorn hedge' 

Sanja'n Peak, or St. Jdbk'b Fiak, bettor known as 
Hiu., 1760 feet high^ standn about fourteen miles south of 
It begins to rise about three miles from tho shore, and. frum 



i* PtaJt. 



1 Sixty ynn »fga the brick wall rouod the tower vm mtitim i fifty rnn, 
iMrtb wu ggnfl, «ndU]irty-Sve yean sgo tbs wall «'usti'' 
niak stcpt renalitcfl. Trutitian Mjre there vtrv diql- 




■i 



muJiA. *OnpMit« the ruitu^ b&w'of Om tower u a v.>.., i..L.U 
Hr. B. a l>>tol. 
< Chron. de Tia. III. IM. » Chran. 0* Tto. IU. IfS, 



THANA. 



30^ 



SAiwi Hjtruius. 



mnnnd slopes gradually to tho north and sooth. It is an Chapter 
iportant land-inarK for sailors, being viaiblo for forty miles in clear piaeesofUUi 
Bather. In a cave cut out of the rock, in the form of a hoitso 
^th windows doors and pillars, tho Parait) lid ihoir sacred firo 
rhen they fled from Sanjiln. llamt is said to havo l>c«n tho 
sidoncc of one HhunffU Raja, who, according to the local story, was 
catted from his baviog a magic bugle ur bhun^fal-, which uuunded 
his dour without any one blowing it.' 

SATOnda^' about five miles north-west of Sanj&n, has about fifty SarvkmuJ 

inses of Piirsin, a firo temple bnilt in ISSOj and, noar a place callod 
' idHkhAdi, a ruiuod bower of Kilonoo overgrown with date troofc 
le P^rai Paiii-hfiyat of Bombay has a school here for tho 
Incation oE Piirsi cliiidren. 

Sassu Navghar» about six miles east of n«sa©in, is a small port 

nth, during tho five years ending 1878-73, average exports worth 

U061 (Rs, 16,610) and average imports worth .£1007 (Its. 10,070). 

" irta varied from £118 (Its. 1180) in 1874-75 to £10,327 

1,03,270) in l87ti-77, and imports from £4SG (Ra. 4860) in 

i74-75to£15S2 (Rs. 15,820) in 1877-78.3 A paper-mill was started 

^Oro in 1871 by Messrs. Johnson and Littlewood. Tho cost of the 

lildings with lixings and Buglish ma4.;1iinery, and of a dam built 

cross tho neighbouring stream was iSOOO (Ba. 80,000). Tho mill 

»gan working io 1877. Paper was made from grass and rico straw, 

it nono was ever sold although many dealers had approved of 

10 sampIcH and had promised to purohaso all brought into tho 

market. Tho manager died from an accident in 1880, and on his 

ieath tho mill was closed. Tho project failed through want of fauds 

buy now machinery. Another boiior was required to make a ton 

paper a day, and there was not sufficient engine-power to wort 

le lag engines of tho pulping compartment.* 

SativU. See Taitmak. 

Sa'tpattl, a suburb of Sii-gaon about sis miles north of M^him, 
a small port \vith, during the five years ending 1878-79, average 
exikjrts worth £5007 (Rs. 5ti,070) and IroporU worth £iy8fi 
(Ks. 13,800). BsporU varied from £3310 (Ks. 33,100) in 1877-78 
to £S77a (Rs. 87,730) in 1878-70, and imports from £021 (Rfl. <j210) 
' 1875-76 to £2427 (Rs. 24,270) in 1877-78.* 



Satitu. 

SifPATfl. 



' It soMDs poMiliIa tkat tfaii Bfattnuli lUU wu tbo vhlcf of lUglttn, whkh is 
-fiWMy > nindn imtA Bli;!htly ehMigiyl )>y the MnadmAoa into GiLnlctiliuKl. In a 
uNty M-hich tlio riirtuttutM iiwdc in tG17 witJi Vid*v Rink of .Sivta, ui importatit 
MM Bcar lULiuit, thnf promiwl t» haw no dMlings willi tho Ilagnloc llio 

Eopla of VnrgI (0 Cbrou. do Ti-t. IV. ^), whKb w«m« to himui tha BAtflAiiia 
9 inopb d( Bubrji, tho baraditon tide of lb« cbiobof BAglAo. Soe Knoik Sialiitkal 
Amoub^ IM. (Mr, R It. \'%\iJL 

•TIm deUiU art. Exports 1874-7.^ £118(««. 1180), 197576 C21>* (It^ SI.MOk 
1876-77 CI0.SZ7 iRs. l,ia.2T0), 1877-78 £^A^^ (B«. <3.4fl0», 1878-70 rOIW 
(Km. I».S2<)): Iranort*. IS74-72 £486 |Rs. 4SG0), 1875 7(1 C79S(IU 7990), 1876-77 
£t£Ji!(lU. 15,130), 1877-7» CI583 [K* l«,»30), *»'! 1678-70 £665 (Ba OUW)' 

•Mr. W. [1. MiiWk, C.S. 

" The .UUiU Mv. Riiiurta. 1«74 75 £4318 (IEb. 42. ISO), 1875-78 £8007 (R». flO.070). 
1876-77 <60S8 (&m. WjOO], 1877-78 CirilO ( \W 33, lOO). 1878-70 £677.1 (b. 87,7301 1 
lanporla. Jg74-7S £8IW (Bs. 8»00), IK7*'>-7K i'«2l (FEi. R2I0), 187&77 £636(Ua 6300), 
1677-78 £SI1'7 (Ui. W.27l»», aud l»7»-7» X3»7 (lU. S3^70J, 



^ 




I Bombay 



&06 



DISTRICTS. 



Br_XIV. 

rint«TMt 



I VTA. 



nut FuOT. 



UnJtrcB. 



Sa'vta, on iha Dihian creek about six milea east of D£h&aii, ba 
B laoiiinff or bandar, which was n \atm and important pliMol 
trftde before Government stopped the tree catting of the foraH 
in ita neiKhbonrhood. It is said that t«D thousand carts wMt 
employed m the Sivta timber tr&do, and from throe to four handnJ 
booths set Dp ai lodgin^^ for the timber merchants. Since lis 
taiiway was built> about four miles to the west, bnd|;efi bin 
blocked the approach to the landing. Bat a largo qnanttiy of timiff 
is stdl yearly sliippod from the Jawh&r 8tat«. 

Sivta is probably the Sarceta mentioned in Portngueso recordl 
oE the jtevcntccntb century aa the scat of a Hindn chief callod Ji4 
perhaps J&dav or YAdav RAna. Tn Itit? the Portufruuae entci*d 
into a treaty with thia chief, agreeing to defuod Sarceta fort *ii 
Porta^ucsc troops and prevent the Bagnke or people of Vergi Ema 
entering Daman.* 

Sogva'h Fort, on the top of a once Fortified height abcmt aii 

mileseastnf DAhAnn iQthe villacreof Karanjnre, isacomplotcrain. h 
1818 the Fortifications were confine<lto the scnth end of tho hill wliick 
wasabont 600 feet high. Nearly half way up, the works, which wert 
carried across a very narrow part of the hill, formed the nub 
entranoo into the lower fort. Sixty-live feet above and 260 f«4 
from the gateway, was a redonbt, not more than ten foot high with 
roand defences. The rampart had fallen in many place's and wu 
■without a gateway. The gateway of tho lower fort had been bonil 
in 1817. Ontsido and on the brow of a rather steep slope were ahoit 
ten resenrotrs, some of them containing good water. ' 

Slia'ha'pur, the chief town of the Shah^pur snb-division, lies ca I 
the Agra road about fifty-four miles north-east of Bombay and abottj 
1 } mile.s from tho Peniu&ula railway, the Shiihdpur station beini; itl 
the village of Asengaon. The town stands on the banks of a p«reaBiil| 
Btream tho Bhadangi, a feeder of the Bb^tsa river, and anout fit 
miles from the foot of MAhuli fort. It is the hewl -quarters ofi 
mflmlatd&r, and has an office bnilt on the standard plan in 187&-7t1 
at a cost of £2453 (Rs. 24,527). A Government school-houso witi] 
room for 100 boys stands close by. It was enlarged in 1881 at a] 
cost of JE848 (Re. 3488). A few hundred yards away ia 
Government dispensary opened in 1877 in the old travoUe 
bnngalowj towards wbich lioTQmmoQt givo£60 (Rs. 600] and 
foncb £100 (Rs. 1000] a year. The attcndanoo in 1880-8 1 was I 
oat-patients and two tn-patients. Almost opposite the dispone 
aGovemmont baugalow belonging to the public works deparbnent. 

Tieffenthaler mentions Bhiihiipur in 17^0 as a village at the 
of the Sahyiidri hilts with huts made of wattle anddanb. In 1H2? 
Captain Clnnefl notices it as a post mnner station with seven ry-6i 
houses, four abops and wells.' It u now a flourudiixtg 



■ Cbroa. de Tifl. IV. 38. One provinoa of the tnubjr wu tbrnt, when b« vitit 
DAinan, tli« cliicf NlKniM he nllnwril to perfonn hi* ritcn luid Dcrfinnni>9. " 
BoicbIos, uouple ot VvKi, lire uerhaw the BdgUoui Ui« i>wti]« vt Bvlirri, 
BAgUu vhitrf. f J&Mrary, fil. 



Chapter XIV. 
FlacasoflnterMt. 



ra with, in 1881, a popuUition of 2124, of whom 1923 were Hindns, 
Mnsalmfias, & Psrsi^j aui] 4 Christians. The traffic &t the 
milway station shows au tucroAso in goods from 34^80 ia 1373 to 
7881 tons in 1880, and in passongere from 21,995 to 38,606. Thoro 
ftTC five Hindu temples in ShahApar, one Bohora and two 
Muhammadaa mosques, also a Masalmiu tomb or dargdJt^ endowed 
with some land in the town and with half the private village of 
Tate. About half a mile eaittof Shabapnr, in Waphe village, thero 
arc four cisterns at a holy bathingp1ace,/tW^, and three temples, ono 
of U&mti, one of Trimbsikeshvar, and one of Biiavanishaukar. The 
temples of Trimbakeshvar and of Bhavllnislmnkar and two cioterna 
were builbby TiimbakjiDenglia, the murderer of Gaug^dbarSbiUitri 
(1815), who for a time was commandant of tho M^huli fort. Tho 
third cistern was built by Nam Bhik&ji, a Shdhftpiir milmlntdur, 
thirty years ago, the fourth by the townspeople, aud tho tifth, iu the 
rivor bolow, from Incal funda in 1877. Tliore is a fair, OTJdtra, on 
MahiUhivrdtri the great night of Shiv (February), when upwards of 
3000 people, visib the sLriues, aud gram, dates, plantaius, and 
sweetmeats are sold in somo fifty booths. A second and larger fair 
iakes place abont a fortnight afterwards, at the IfoU full-moon 
(March- April), when 200 ^xitbs nro put up, and cloth, eatables, 
cooking vessels, and bangles are sold. 

About five miles north-east of Sbiihiipnr, is Atoaok, a station on jiigaoaJiema 
the Peninsula railway fifty-nine miles north-east of Bomboy. Tho 
station traffic returns show an iurreaae in passeogera from 6180 in 
1873 to 7104 in 1880, and a fall in goods from 559G to 2164 tons. 
Atgaon has a small t«mplo probably of the twelfth or thirteenth 
century. The t^^^mple stands about half a mile sonth-we^t of the 
Btation at the top of a small glen that crosjies the high ground 
ou the south side of the Atgaon valley. From the station the pfith 
ruuti Eouth-west through rice lauds, across the mouth of tho 
Atgaon valley, which runs west between two teak-ccvered spurs 
that lead to a central fortified head known us old MAbali. Ou the 
banks of a pond, al>out half way across the valley, are mme dressed 
atones appsretitly part of an old Shiv temple. One of the two hnta 
to tho right is the shrine of a Musalmdn eaiut of the Malang sect 
of religious beggam ; the other is tho dwelling of the shrine warden, 
or mtyupttr. In a dip between two knolls, about thirty foot np the 
teak-covered south spur of the valley, stands the Atgaon temple. 
It is aaniBll mined building in tho early Hindu stylo of finely dressed 
black basalt atones fitted without mortar. From the somewhat 
inferior stylo of the sculpture it seems to be late, probably of the 
twulflh or thirteenth century. It is greatly mined and much hid 
by long grass, bushes, and large trees that rise out of tho mnsonrT. 
There remans an oblong masonry plinth aboot three feet high, 
bare of buildings, except at the n'eHt end, whore a fairlyjirescrved 
oblong shrine riaea about twelve foot from the plinth. Tno wholo 
face of the plinth is carved iu three belts of deep moulding, which, 
with some breaks and irregularities, mn round the whole building. 
Tho entrance was from ue east by a Bight of steps, thirteen and a 
hal f feot broad by nine long, of which scarcely a trace remains. Inside 
^£ tho cQtnuico steps tho body of tho plinth or basomont forma 



m 



A 



306 



D1STIUCT8. 



it«T MV. tt sqnaro-comorod 
yincetoFlntinrwt. twenty- 



obloDg BDftCO fort-y •three nnti » talf fr«l 
tbo ball, frliich was nlHtut twoittj-fivo feet i ~~~ 

loft 



riwe>Q[ • ^j^ ^j^j^ p^j^ ^^j_ remains in its platw is n pilastor at the \v(\ 

^"*''*'* ■"■ of tlw iouop Willi. From the ball a paam^fO or Tostibulo (1' V x V 
^(tfooit ifcmoiM. which is Btill wiillud and mufod, loads to tbo I'liriaa TiMf 
walls of tbo paflsagf! arc ptiun, except tihroe bands of onfi 
tracery that nui round Iho top. The cc'iliug is flat wiibj 
oentriu slab finely cut into a lotuB-flowcr pendant. Is tbe (< 
lacy of the fthriiio wall tho sUib ovor tho shrino door has 
oirvfid fif^res, Mabetibvari in tho ceutre, Vaisbonvi t?n the ri; 
a liix>kt>i) Brdkmi ou iho left. Above, on Lvu:h aido of M 
ia an dcpbnnt and a lion. Tbo Uittkjiali ill tho oontre of 
lintel fibowH that tJie temple was dudtcntod to Shiv. 
aide {M>tiU of tlio door bavo Qgitrtm of door-koopurs, a man at 
woninn , and (^ntsido is anothor ]iair of Bgnros. l^o door opcuB i 
a Bhiiiiu uoaHy five feet squuro (r/ -i" X l' S'), nlmost on a lovol 
till! hall. The ahritio wuUh uru of pluin drvfltmd slal>a aud the 
U domwl, rising in three tiors to a central lotoa p4-ndnnt 
ubjoct uf worsliip u modern, Kbitn Milta a iigitro roughly cut t>n 
slab of Btoao. The outer moaminjinontft of tho shrino ore thirl 
feot by nine luid a half, and about ten high. It is soparatcd 
tho odge of the plinth by an open passage or terrace about ae^n 
ititA. bruibl. Two levL-1 belts of tracery, i>«ch about a foot and u half 
brojid, run roand tho foot, and two similar belts run round the top 
of tho shrine ^r:ill, loaviiif; a plain central ^aoo altout foar hwl 
breads in which, in the middlo of tho soatb, woet and north toot*, 
are cat empty niches with pretty outstanding fnunos and snd« 
pillars. Al the back, among the upper belts of traceory, arp anuifl 
figures Boine of them indoceut. The roof of the shrine is flat tai 
oblong. There are do traces of a spire, thoDj^b in the onclomm 
many fragraenta of round myrob*lan-like, or aiM«/a//o, spire stooc* 
MO strewn about. Tho shrine is in good repair, but two large 
treee have taken root in it, and, nidosa their roots are cut ont^ mni 
bring it te ruiu. 

At the east e»d of the pUnth, a few yards to tho norib, nn tie 
Tcmnina of a ruined shnne. The chief plaee of honour in ths 
north wall of ihfs shrine it* empty. But ou the east wall, almost hil 
by a tree trunk, ia a n)U(^hly cut modern Gos.ivi<like figun?, holding 
aa umbri'II.'k. To tho east of the templo plinth are tho rcmaina 
of a HtnaM building, perhaps a shrine or paviliou for Shiv*s boll or 
uantli. The opeu mMice to the south seems to have been surroondcO 
by a wall, anil to nave had in the west of tho enoloRum a »mall 
shrine or perhaps a built tomb, and in front a row or circle of 
irtcniorial pillars, or pdliuris. 'lliroe of these brokeu half-btiriL<I 
pillars have been pioeeil together and set np. They aro cuiui-i-l 
with <{nniut sculptures, of whiofa details are given later on, Oo 
the knoll to tbo west of the templu are many earved stouos. The 
toniple loay never have been finiinhod, and theno stones may havo 
been carved tWro and meant for Its tower and spire. Bnt the 
size of tho stones and tho siylo of cai-ving seem to ^ow that thCT 
behviig tosoriH? lar^i-rund oldi-r lein|iIo ih^rlmps of thi' tonth or ohivtjnlh 
ctaitury. Auicsjg the curved i>U\>ti tuid jHlhurs which lie acnttyn xiin 



tonkan.] 



TEANA. 



300 



,_^__ 2Dt8 a1>out tho tompte, chiefly in the open space to the west, aro 
jtero»ti»g specimens of tho raoiuorial stonos which arc fonnd over 
fida uad MukliAdo, and at Eksar and Mag^hau in tiaisette. The 
Ltgiion stones probably belong to tho eleventh, twolfthjand thirteenth 
ituries. Thej arc of two kiuda, momorial pillars and momorial 
18. The momorial pillars are square, about hve feet bi}^h and one 
ibroodj with a aockct that fits into a liolo in a stone base abont 
feel sqnaro. The memorial slabs arc like- the Eksar atones, flat 
about eight feet long aud two broad> plain behind and carved 
&ont, tho lop cudiug in an urn and tho baeo buried about a foot 
the ground. All are divided into four or Rve paocla or bolts, 
irrounded by a narrow band of plain stone. Each stono tells tho 
tory of tho warrior in whoso honour it was carved. 

Tho story gononiUy begins in tho socond panel where a groop or 
lir of men are Qghtiug, aud odo or mure of them are slain. Tho 
bird panel shown another bit of the fight in which one or more of 
lefigbtCTs fall. The third panel is often filled by a startled hnddkx! 
>up o£ cattle, to guard or curry off which the fight woa fuught. 
Ill tho lowest panel the warrior's Ixxly is burned, somctimca with 
Ub liviug wiEo and somotiraos with other luen, perhaps his prisoners 
his slaves. In tho top panel tho warrior, or the warrior and 
lis wife, aro in Kaildg or Shiv's heaven, worshipping a ling. Tho 
iroe atouea which have been fitted together and set up are all of tho 
init type tueutioned in tho text, pillars about five fcot high nad 
>ne foot .square, Biting with a socket into a srjnaro base and carved 
tbi-oaghont on all four sides. Tivo aro sot in front and ono a yard 
or two behind. 

The following arc the details of Pandit Bhagvinl^ Tndraji'a 
tfadiugof the«e sculptures. The first stone is the oast piUor 
of tho front pair. In tho cost face, in tho second pnnol on Iho 
right (spectator's right) a horseman, with a trim beard and a 
awurd in his right hand, rides without stirmps on a prancing 
horso, which aconu to paw at a man on tho left. This man, 
who has a bcani,' his hair rolled in a top-knot and long earrings, 
luid the ends of his waistcloth hanging bohiudliku a tjulj pluogca 
a dr^gor or short sword into tho horse's nrek, and, with liis left 
hand, wrosta the horseman's sword out of hi? grasp. In tho third 
panel, on tho right, a bearded man with his hajr in a top-knot 
and a curious waistcloth falling liko a kilt from tho hip to tho 
knieo and armed with a shield and sword, attacks an archer who 
eeemv to liavo missed hi.^ aim and is drawing a second arrow from Ins 
(]Utvor. In the Eonrtb ])ddu1 a man, apparently the archer, lies dead 
on his fitnernl pile, niul on his U-ft hes his wifo, bor hair gatherod 
it) a tnrgo buncli at the back of hor head. Flamos rise nbuvc them 
ten jets. At tho top cho man and bis wife aro in KaiUin or 
's heaven, worshipping the ling. In tho sonth face, in tho 
d panel, a nuin on the right, with a pointed benni, his hair in 
a double top-knot, wearing big earrings, and armed with a 



* Iltn llnulul t»y% (07<t), ' Tbo MiwHnu, mhI iufldiAi (wfewwn famliajr toA Stiamt 
BLtltetiboutb grow m the iOllKluhiua.' KUiut aud Duwoun, L 30. 





Chapter XIV. 

Places of Iktereflt. 

Sninjlrea. 



w^ 



tBombaj' 



DlSTlilCTS. 



ClnpterXiy. 
Plscn of Interest. 

ji$jfam JitmaiiH, 



BwonI and backlor, figlits a boarded angle tftp-knot man on Uh 
who is nUo armed with a sword and Ducklerj in the middlo 
a slain man, pcrhnpa ono of the pair of Soemeu,. la the third 
three Ihgfaiened ouws aro huddlod tugoth»r. In tho fourth 
a man and his wiEo lie on tUo fancral pilo. In tho top 
ia a ^'n^ in the centre, and two figures on each sido worsLi] 
In tho west CacOj in tho eecond pani?l two men with bearda, 
top.kiiot8, large earrings and tailixl waistclotha, fight arrned 
Bwords and ^olds. The man in the left is old and ap] 
is bcaton and slain. In the third paud a yonth with 
board, porhaps the son of tho old man in the panel abovej 
a swordsmau under the chin. In the fourth panul a wife 
with her dead husband, and in the top panel thoy are in 
heaven, worshipping tho ling. In the north £ace, in the 
panel, a doable and a single top-knot man, both armed with 
fight. In the third panel a pair of swordsmen fifi^ht, the 
in the left with oddly dressed hair. In the fourth panel a 
bnriui with her hnsband, and in the top panel a man and wooui 
worship iu Shiv's heaven. 

Tho second stone Rtands about a yard to the weet of the fint 
stoue. In tho east face, the third panel has, on the right, a mu 
on an elephant with a sword or a goad in his hand ; a man on tia 
left nttarka him, but is killed by the etophant and tius dead. In 
the fourth panel a man is being burned, and at the right corner 
some iiguroa, apparently servants or people he has slain in battto, 
are being burned with him. In the second panel a warrior a 
seated in a heavenly car and attended by heavenly dancers anj 
cymbal players. In the top ]>anel ho wurships tho ling in Shirt 
heaven. In tho sonth face, in the second panel is a fight betwen 
a horseman on the right and a footman on the left, who Bcizosthe 
horseman's rein. Below a man lies on the gronnd. In the thinl 
panel a bowman on the left pulls an arrow from his quiver to 
shoot at a swordsman on the right : below, ono of them lies doftd. 
In the fourth panel a man seems to leap into a 6re. Perhaps 1m 
was boaton and committed suicide.' In the top panel a man on tbo 
left worships the ling : tho figure on the right seoms to bo a pric*t. 
Under this panel is a carx'iug eometbing- like a Buddhist ttidt-nl. 
In the west face, in the second belt, on the right, two swordsmen fight 
with a man on the left ; in the centre one of them lies dead. In the 
ihird belt a man on the right runs away and is speared by • figon 
on tho left. In the fourth panel a corpse is being burned and i 
man, perhaps tho runaway in tho panel above, throws himself into 
the iire. In the top panel a man worships tho lituj in heaven. la 
the north face, in the second panel, two trim-bearded single top-knot 
caen fight, and one of them is killed. In the third panel are serea 
oowB huddled together. In the fourth panel a man with oarled 
hair is seated on tho pyre : in the comer a figure falls into the fire. 
On tho top the man in tho fire, with his hair rolled like an ascetio 



' Tb« Arftb travsllcr Abu Z*i(I [a.d. 870) unticm, that in tb« <Ulo of the B»lhvM 
mm may bo wwo buiuini; UuhobcIvw od ikv pLle. KUitrt'ii Hwteiy, I. fi. 




thAna. 



311 



8b 

i 



a brmded btincli, worships Shiv in heaven. The third pilhir 

ds about two yards to the soath of the other two. Iq tho north 

(the fact nt-st the templt*), the second panel has, on the right, 

aingle top-knot man with big earrings fighting with a mnn on 

left who hajj a dtjuble top-knot and is aruied with a sword 

d BhiohL Tho uitigle top-kiiut man falls. In the third panel, on 

left, a doublo top-knot horseman fights a single top*knot 

lan, and one of thorn fallt). lu the fourth panel a double 

knot man lies on thn gronnd and in the top panel he is in 

iven, worshipping Shir. In the cant face, in tho second pan^ 

atn^o and two double top-knot men on the right fight a 

irdsman on tho left, who seoms to bo wounded by one of tho men 

tho right and to fall. In tho third panel is a band of frightened 

.ddled cftttle, and a man on the ground perhaps the stain cowherd, 

t^o top panel a man on the left in hcavcD worships the ling, 

c Hgtire on the right eeems to be a priest. In the weat face, in 

e second panel a horseman on the left with sword and shield 6gbta 

ith a foot fiwonlsnian : one falls (his Konkan tail>cloth is very 

itab1e> like a third leg). In the third panel a wraried-looking man 

the right is struck by a swordsman on the left. In the fourth 

el a m}uble top-knot mail, who seems ditferent from the figures 

ive, lies on tho ground with his left hand raised from tho elbow 

d his chin resting on it. Above on the left a single top-knot 

lan worships Shiv in hoaven. In the south face, in tho second panel 

on tho right a single top-knot man fights a double top-knot man, 

both anoed with swords and rouud shields : ooe has fallea. In the 

third pcLuol is a cclostiaJ car and two heavenly dauisoU. In the 

urth panel is a doable top-knot man lying on tho ground. In 

u top panel a man worships Shiv in heaven. The two lowest 

.nets of this pillar are rather hid by tho carved um-shapcd top 

irf a slab memoriul- stone, tho figures in which worshipping a ling 

are specially clear and deep cut. The rest of this stone, which 

aoema to bo older than the others, could not bo found. 

Besidea these three memorial pillars several carved atones hava 
been picked from the ruins and arranged in a rough semicircle, 
(dose to the pillars. Beginning from tho east end of the plinth, 
the first of these carved stones on the right is a broken tiger's 
&ce. In Mr. Bhagv&nlil's opinion this perhaps belonged to an 
older temple, that stood some way np the mound to tho west of the 
present tomple, and whoso earrings were on a larger scale and better 
cat than the sculptures in tho present temple. The older tomplo 
may have been of tho tenth or oleventh, and tho newer temple 
of tho twelfth or thirteenth century. Next to tho tiger's bend is a 
broken group npparently Pitrvati, and, on her left, Shiv's skeleton 
attendant Uliringi, whose wasted upper ai'mand hoUowribs are well 
shown. This group is largo sized and probably belonged to the 
older temple. The next stone is part of the shaft of a broken 
emorial pillar. Tho next is tho figure of a man seated, the head 
ftnd feet gone, tho position easy, and tho chest and nrms cle-nr-cut 
and wfil proportionoA It »eoms larger and older thau the seiJpturo 
on the prc-sent temple. Tho fifth isa oobra, or nt'uj, stone, the upper 
t a tuon, over wnose head rises a seven-hooded cobra. Ueluw (ha 



ChaptwXll 

Places of Interest. 

StuiuLi-UH. 
Atj/aan /fmwiiiw. 



IBOOltMLjl 



312 



DISTRICTS. 



SiiiiiArrit. 



81DGIS Pout. 



Chapter XIV. wnist tlio Rffnre enda ia a waving sooko'tail. Tho carving in in 
PUcw of la tf rw t snioilorporhapa mora modorn stylo. Tho sixth ib another oohn 
on Q krgor scale. It sliows only tlic Iow(?r wftvoa of tho tail, 
ecveutli Btoneitsa fni^n"(^iittalcft iiuB'J holilmg' n ro\uid buckl« 
carviug i» f^nod in tbe larger pcrhnps olJur tttylo. The eif^ht 
aUo in thu larger 6tj]o, is a well-corved gr>^up of a man 
with a Dig, wiiich bo seema to seizo by tlio k>gs ddiI stab witJi a 
iU'hina, ngainBt the tree lenns a Htono (1' 5^x2' 8'), tho 
Carved into the fi^fure (I' 10' X H of a naked womau sqaattJnf' 
cnnichiog. It in probably a Tantrik fi^rc. Tho knolla to Ihaoi 
end weet of the U-niple have a wido view ovor teak-corerod slnfi 
to the Booth and »outh*«a8t, across a long stretch of wavio^ njiui 
thick with teak coppice and a Bpriukliug' of maDgoesaod iitk 
evergreens. To the weet tho gentle wooded altnies of the spars tk 
Aank the Atgaon valley riaa to tho central fortified head of 4 
MAhuli. To the oaat and SDotb'eoBt, across ricu fields sue! ta 
uplnndK, the Sahy^ris stretch dimly to the south-west in bag 
even -topped blocks. 

Sidgod Fort, abont ten miles Ronth.«nBt of Marb£d» ia diriit 
into a lower and an upix-r fort. The lower fort is nearly 900 U 
abovo tho level of thoGaidham passj and apparently 3400 foci aboi 
the son. It completely coromandH llio G^idharapnss^ and, in IdlS, h 
low fortifications in very indiEFerent repair. The gateway raked iL 
ooly moans of oomniunication with Llic upper country. The iippt 
fort is 3236 foct above the sea, on a level with tho Docoan, from wkn 
it is separated by an iminenso chasm, and about 900 feet above tb 
lower fort. The ascent is very difficult. The upper fort ortgiiull 
occupied a npoceof 245 feet by seventy-five, with n precipice on o« 
ftide, on tho very narrow top of a hill about a quarter of a mile loo 
In 1818 nolhin);;rcmainodof thofort butalow wall in ruins, in mati 
places fallen and ovorj-whcro overgrown with bmahwood, with m 
atraceof dw(.>n(u(,'«. Even though ruined, its steepness and difficult 
of access made the upjwr fort almost impregnable. On tho top of til 
hil1| nenr the mined walls were several rock-cut reservoirs wit 
oixct^ent water. In the lower fort there was a supply of good wate: 
also a ersnary, a barrack, and several huta in fair repair. Abont ISO 
a noted freebooter Bhavaji NAik, who long troubled tho polioe, too 
refuge in a natural cave on this hill. He ran off with Audi, a btirbar 
wife uf tho Niindgaon village below, aud lived with her for niao 
months, placing n^'frvant Hari I^uriya to gnard her. In a fit c 
jealousy ho throw Ilari ovor the precipice where his skelototi wi 
afterwards found by the puLico. Subsequently UhnvAji, who had drini 
heavily at a marriage feai^t at Mb^Mo village, was belaboured by th 
villagers* and taken dying into Murb5d> where, before his dwilh, 1: 
mnile knowu his retieat. The pohee {searched Sidgad and fuun 
Andi and Hnri's skeleton with a quantity of stolen property. 1 
1862 Sidgad was reported to be ruinous. Water was scanty ao 
there wore no suppHoe. 

Sirgaon Portetands inSirgai>i: -,-!'--- :;■ -^ir sea-coast ahonttbre 
mileanorth of Mahim. Wltou .^ur^ - '»" "'•wtopu faoo 

wttshedat high lldetiby a narrow nt-' 'hair* 



Few. 




liau.l 



TIIANA. 



^IS 



»H diatttuce to tlio sooth. The fori was oblong with a mean length 
the interior of aboot 200 feet hyahoul 150 in breadth. Almost 
fortifications were of solid masonry in excellent order, with a 
it of thirty and a depth or thickueafi of ten foot, including the 
at which was seldom mora than throe feot wide. Tho dufences 
fort consiHted of threo towers and a bastion at tho remaining 
i6h-«iuit corner, whose i>anipet and escarpmeat were greatly ont 
jair. Nearly half tho »\mcfs of tho fort was taken by boildio^ 
10 garrison aud stores. Tho walls of thcso buildings were atiU 
ling bat they were hardly habitablo. A well snppliod a anffioient 
entity of sweet wat«r. In 1818, tho village of Sirgaou and nuniGroaa 
38 ratne m close to the fort that none of tho adjoining ground to 
I north and oast could bo seen, and, nnder corcr of the trees, tho 
might be approached uiiperceived to the very foot of the works. 
\B62 tho fort was det^cribod aa having a ruined west wallj though 
ind aide was fairly preservod. Supplies of water and food were 
iblo. Clo»e under the fort is the school which now occupioa 
>ld tmveUor'B bungalow. >Sirgaon fort was taken, with Eatidviida, 
lUj Kylvo, and TAnipnr, by Chimnliji Appa iu 1739.' 

lofole, properly Saf Ale, a radway station about tlu-ee miles north of 
& Vaitamarivur, below TAndutviidi hill fort, and eight mitea south-east 
M&him, ispmbably an Arab settlementot (Treat age, perhaps ouc of 
ose made by tho Satucans about B.C. 200. The corresponding porta 
ifarob-el-Ilindaad Sefarah-el-Ziug seem to show that SafAlo was 
eKuukaii tcrminuaof tho tradowith tho African coast that aeema 
roach back to pre-historio time^.' Tho station traffic rotuma 
Ow an increase in passengers from 10,177 in 1873 to 19,142 in 
[80. In 1880 tho total trafiic in gomis was l.')99 tons. 

SonaVU is a dcsei-ted village on the right bank of tho Kalyilo 
eek about four miles above Koly&n by water, and, by land, abont 
ro miles nortb-euat uf Kaly^u and about two miles south-cast of 
hiwndL Sondvli was once a large Mnsalraia villago tho head- 
urterg of a snb-division or mahil. The west bank of a pond 
»r the site of tho old village is covered with ilusalmdn graves 
ith head at^mcs and rough plinths built uf large sl^s. Most of tho 
abs are probably pieces of basalt pillars, but among them arosomo 
ith oarviiig and tracery that show they were taken from oLder Hinda 
lildings. About Ktxty yards to tho wetjtisa Musalmdn pmyur place, 
• idga, and, about 100 yards to tho aonth, on raised wooded 
ronud stiuid^ an old moeque, tho lower part of tho walls o{ 
«ne and tho upper uai-t of brick. The bricks are old and big 
''xl4''x2'), evidently old Hindu brickie, and several of the 
fones have carvings. One stone seems very early with carving 
tat looks like a picture of a Huddhist trident and of a bnn'al- 
ouud or atupa. The other stones look more modern, perhaps of the 
eventh century. On the ground to the south of tho mosque lies an 



Cbaptot ZIT. 
PIac«80f Intsr 
SutoAOH Foirr. 



SoriiA 



Soiiivu. 



> Nkitue'* KonluD, SS. 

■ Vincoat, U. 413, AJIml Fida (1330) inotittona SoUJa m a country ia Afric* and 
kli SofaU IB ilso a countrv in ttidia. Il« oaiU Uia IimIuui ooontrjr SofAb or SonfMa. 
ftinaiul'i Abul-Pulo, 11, i2-2, 223. Abul-Fida'a fonn of the nuu wueMi Chat tlw 

Eis Iwloug aiA Ig HoUU but to 8apAn. 8ea ImIow, p. 3'JL 
\0 



8U 



DISTRICTS. 



ChapUrXIV. 
PlMMoTUUnit 



Boriu. 
Draeriftiom, 



oU ceiling ■tone. Tbo Tcmains seem to f>i 
sUodH on the eito of m ninrla temple. Eos 
graond is covered witli gntviw. Several of the 
stones about two feet hii;h and odd Foot acroea. 
with the ordinaiy hanging chain lamp in t 
fbwon onrod at tbo tttdes, a elyle of > 
apparentlr puonliiir to the Koakan. On m slig 
uxty VKnia to tbeeaut, are tho ntinR of an Eti| 
ucuorainff to thu hciuimun of tht> village, was b 
1 n a Bold, about a quarter o( a milo tu tlie soutl 
pilastor of tho eleventh op twelfth contary. A 
mito to the north-east of tbt> villnpe site is the 
gateway (1' 7* X 7"), with the fi^furo of a woraai 
and a mace in hor hand. It scorns t-o be of tl 
centnry. Abont hnlf a mile east, a quartt^r of t 
a hamlet of Sotiavli, is a bath in {;• pool thirty-ai 
sidee have been surrounded with steps of dn 
sonth bank, at the foot of a thornbasfa, is a sn 
Vishnu of the eleventh or twelftli ceiiturj. i 
mile to the north ia a sun and moon loa 
roaghly cut writnig, so weather-worn that 
A.D. 1351 (S. 1273) can be wul. The dato in i 
that, after their Brst conquest in 12UM, the Ma 
local i^hief the rijjht of making land grunts. 

Sopa'ra,' which was the civpital of the Kj 
ld60 to i.D. 1300, lies about threo and a half n 
Baasein Road station and abont tlireo and a lu 
the Virdr station of the Baroda railway. It i 
town with a crowded weekly market and a pop 
The richly wooded wcll-watcrod and highly i 
Bolinj KoprAd and UmbrAla in the north, N 
the west. G^ in the south, and Sop^ra and M 
is locally known as the garden or dijnrui Snpi 
part of tho strip of garden land abont three m 
from tho Bassein creek to the Vaitania, be 
north by tho agar of Ag&ahi and on tho a 
Bafisein. Undor the Portngneso the whole oC 
its patchea of salt marsh, was known as U 
and, before Portuguese times, as the island uf 
an island, boctmsci it is cut from ihc main 
which loaves the Basscin creek a little above tl 



I. G^utunol. Bnt, with tlio mud-ladeu Vaitama on the nortli and tho 
^ ^^aeseiu crock or Ulbds river on tlio BOiitl), silting lias bi-en rapid, 
lialiy sinco tbc long railway cuibftiikineut has dAmmed tlio 
>w of water from the south. Sotall boats of ten or twelve tons 
1-40 kha*idif) Ktill come froin the sonth as far as (ids which is 
lut a inilo, and from the uorth (is far as Bolinj which is about 
ro niilea from IXdar or tho old Sop^ra hindiiig. At Sop^ra the 
»k is dry. 

Test of tho hare salt waste that bonlors tho Sop^ni croek and 

of anothor salt tvasto that runs west from the Daeseio Road 

Lion, str«t<:h bright patches of sugarcane shodod by cocoa and brab 

llms ond by lines and clusters of mango, tamarind, banyan, pipat, 

id A-nrnny trees. Within this rich garden island, fonr or five feet 

low the level of the fields, shady lanes, fringed by high hedge- 

rs, wind among mango and plantain orchai-ds, fields of rico and 

ircane, and n\wn raij^ed jilota, apparently thorites of nld liiiildings, 

I lanes arc in places lined with walls, and in wot mnddy hollows are 

>rderod by broken rows of large smooth-topped blocks of basalt, 

jparently remains of an ancient footway. Till tho month of March 

le island is fnll of water. Unnnels from garden wells cross on flow 

7ngside of the lanes, and at many turns the road posses close 

round ponds and long winding lakii.s, whuHO banks are fringed 

lugh pile -supported Persian wheels. Hero and there along 

banks of the lanes are rows of large houses with tiled roofs 

wooden walls, raised on high masonry plinths, many of them 

tly built of dressed or carved stones. SopAra itself has a 

^ad market place, bordered by large one and two storied houses 

ith rich wood carving and walls which owe much to old dressed 

)n08 and large old bricktt. On the Wnks of some uf the lakes are 

aitea of old buildings with half-buriwl bricks and carved atones, 

modem mosques and i»hriues whijse builders have made free use 

tho older masonry. To the south-west, beyond the rich garden 

t, a flat of salt waste and rice fields rises into the wooded slopes of 

^rmal on the west, the bneh and palm-covered knoll of Brahma hill 

the Boutii-nrest, and tho oven orest of Vaiirgod. Beyond Vajirgod 

salt waste and rice ground arc fringed by the cocoa-palm woods 

it stretch south to BosHcin. 

' The husbandmen of Hop^ru are Christians, many of them oonTcrtod 
Imvedi Krabmans; MusalmAns many of them NAit^s, 
andante of Arab and Persian refugees and traders;' and 
_ lindus, chiefly S&mvedi Br^mans ami BIiaudAris. The traders 
are MusaliniiiSj many of them NAitAs, and Gujarat Vauis, chiefly of 
the [jsd subdivision who came from Cambay about 17)50 when its 
traders fled from the exactions of Momln Khan 11. 

The chief products of Sop&raand its neighbourhood are molassee, 
rice, pUnlaine, aud boteMeaves. Molasses rice and betel-leaves go 
1^ sea from the Qia, Boliuj, and VAgholi landing-places to Snrat, 

> Thwe NAiUa arc lvg« (»ir gMxl-lookinB mm. Tlw ItinJiw know tb« word 
iCkitJi n>f 11, bat the MumIiiiAm ttem to wniiMeT it ■ term of kbun uil (li«c-Uim it. 
> f MttleniMtts of Ant1> and I'nniaii NftitAn W«re mtAe Itetwon thfl aghth 
.»'! ' <<• e]«vvDth c«ptarim i^ra Thau SUUatioal Acoeunl, I'wt L, f. 332. 




Chapter XIV 
Places of Int«rfiit 

SorABA. 

Detcriptim. 



dlfa 



AMM 



reeoihtji 



316 



FlvMiflBltrML 



SiMory. 



DISTRICTS. 



d Oog^ Br 
diipfly from tbe Virir stmtkn, moluaBB, rice, aud betcl-lMTu 
Dorili to AnldMbTmr, Kad&id, TimBgiiD, and P^tan, uaA 
qaaBiittM of plaataiiia and boCel-lcttre* we sent soul b tu Bombar. 
chief imports mr« doth and hardwvti irom Bonibny, mud 
and oflcue from the GojuiU jpoiia. Oilcake ifi in gtcnt 
aa a mamtro (or sogarcane. "nkoagh not more tlian tb: 
ol a mile Cram tbe Un« of imilwuy. Sop&i» is Bomcvrhut- bwlljr 
fior eoamanieatiooa. Small boata ol from oi^i u> ten tons 
tlumdis) eone at hisfa tide firom tbe ionth as oeor aa Gis 
idaee aboot a tailo mm Sop^ra, bom tba west as near as V' 
about two miles, and from the aorth aa near aa fiolinj also 
two miles. Bj lanJ tho motaUed Virir-Aglshi rond bclpt 
Sopara traffic aboot a mile to Bolinj. But betwpen BolinJ 
SopAra tbe road ia a narTx>w lew bme pauable for wbt-vU only dta 
the bir weather. From liauilqiDT the route lies about a 
akmc &a made Baasoin read, and tben two and a half 
nora-west along a rongh {atr-weatber treck across a bare 
waste, which doriDg the tains is fioodcd and impaasabkL 
■tatian at Sopdzm or a made road to tbe town from tb« Agfisbi Hgl 
ttiad voold be a boon to its people as well as to t'lBitors. 

Its hdght afaoTtt the snmMuidi^ salt marah, its rich aoil ai 
bvsh water, and its neamesa to the bolr Vaitama, Ji vdhan. Tmi^M', 
and Niimal, orast earlj hare made Bopu^ a cboe«Q ecttlomont. Ill 
djitapce from tbe coast and its broad backwater guarded it Iroa 
pirnle raids or the (onys of the wild hill and forettt tribew, aotl ib 
water connection with tbe Vaitama on the nortb and the Ulbfa at 
BiMein rirer on tbe south, and, between th^o, the easj land ninlt 
■long the TAnsa raUej madt> it an earlj omtre of trado.^ Sopin 
most alwajshaTC aecored madk local trsffic. And, when its rulen 
were powerful eorarnns. boldjng the Deccan as weil aa tbt> Konhsiv 
it becwne a centre of tbe gnxt commerce between east and vr* 
Asia. 

Under the name Shorpiraka, Sopim appears in tho MBhAbb^rat 
(B.C. 1400} as a rer; holj place, wbere tlie Pindavs rested on thrir 
way from Gokam in north K^inara to PrabhAs or Vunivnt Id 
soatb Kiitbiiiwar.* It is meDtiuued in tbe Hariransh as a i-i' 
bows that iii nbout a thousand yards broad, and 500 arrows uuw ^ 
about five hottdrcd yards high, and k said U\ haro bot-n boili on ib« 
belt of land rcoorered by the arrow »hot by l^irsburAm when \» 
won the Konkan from the sea.' Accordti)g to Baddbisi writen,n 
one of his former biiths Ganlania Buddha was Bodhitat SuypJnkf 
that ia, a BodhisattTa of Sopira.* Abont nx;. MO. it ia said ¥t 

< Alcog tbe Timn nSief PdAr aad UAuixi trmt coo fiUns of imt 
at Bhat M i. » haiHiWMUtiou to the antfa ol TiinKr. are > ma H iiro* * 
ud oMatitiM of old bridta, Mr. W. W. Lm^ c. & 

■ UUiAUtir&t (VMS Pwv*), cb*t>. I IK. qtinUd in ItuL Aat IX- 4i. 

* Bftr^wwh ( Vbhun Pura), cb*u 30 vera* tt ani duV- 40 ««ni 39 : 
L40;.413. Tb«B«ritw>dibMMi»Wtwtitfd»Md£Eu»L tatit UtM 
BodwB. Vnttmm IXnnaa ud Maal« wiUiMM. 

*Hxnh'« Huul of baddhtaa, fbd Kd. IS. C«toi«n (Nualagtika-o Milo 




ilcan.! 



thAna. 



fcve 1)060 a port visited by Vijaya tie mythical conqueror of Ceylon.* Chapter XIV. 
'This old Hiudu famo supports Benfey's, Roland's, and Rcinand's FUc«s of Intemt. 
pinion that SopAm ia Solomon's Ophir (b.o. 1000).' Soi-iiu. 

Four points may be urged in favour of this view. First, the UMary. 

lose likeness iH^tnt'oen the names Sttp^ra and Ophir. The people 
bar 8op/im often either change initial » into h or drop \i^ and, on 
"io otbur baud, Ophir is written bophirby Joseplins, and, accordiog 
I eeveral ftutlioiitios, Sophir is the Coptic or Ejj'yptian word for 
idio.* Second, the length of time tiiken by Solomon's whips, three 

at least over two years, from the head of the Rod Sea to Ophir 
id back, is more suited to an Indian than to an Ambinn voyage.' 
"lird, the articles which the ships brought to Solomon, gold, 

scions stonoa, sandalwood^ ivory, peacocks, and apes are Indian 

idacte." Fourth, the Hebrew names oE several of the articles^ 



I 



' Tnrriour'e Mahlwiuuo, 4ft. It la worthy (if iiol« %haX Vijaya'a father ia *iuil to baw 
oil kiiu! of \Ji\a,, thnt is luit or LAr. But tlin piMi««ec« iiuot«<l by JuJieu (Hiwtiii 
isanu, Ui. 393) luwm to show thu tbis lAi ia uut in Vi vdtvro Iixlia. but is between 

* Bvnfuy in McCrindlo^ P«ripln», 137 ; Rvliuid in Rtttm-'K firdknadv, A«)«n, VITL 
S,38«; Rciiutuil'a Memoir Iter I'lndv. 222. Yule (Catluiy, I. 227^ ooBsidsrs tbs 
lUBctiva botWDon Ophir and SopAn pluuible. 

* In tho IwmI fimniinciAtioD Aowi ]m mtA, tor wna gold, hwgotala for iirgnlala & 
itnpblet, and fiuila for MiJkla dried. Mr. O. h. OitMwn, Srd Jftnumrf It^A 

* B«nfey in MoCrijidlo's l'«ri|iliu, 137; WUkinna's Ancivot E^jptijuii, I. 134; 
iiniMlion's L'Egyjjt«y L 96> On tb«otb«r luuiJ, ouvof tbc btiwt vrriton, Brugsoh 

pt Under tb« Phutolu, L *IH) faolda ttut iu oariy ^^ptuui writings Uio 
.em Ophir or Scphir fend Punt [npjwreDtly th« s&m« &a FIteailuu ur PihcnHon 
ioh CItamiKtIion jl. QS) took to he Hind or IndiK] nifcr to lh« Sotn41i oo««t nt ttw 

mth o( the Rod S«ft. Duiiukor (iligtory of Antiqaity, 1. J33, 1&6) iduntidM PaDi 

ilh Arabia, awl Ophir with Abhiria at toe mouth ot utt Indus. 

* B«ko (Soiir«ea of tho Nile, (i4) milnooB the tine to two yeara hjr nuUcing it thcea 
« iRcltxtve, and Viooent eiploina the delay by th« PlMomcian pradioe ot 
ilinj( tbeir cargma (Commvrca of tlw Ancients, II. 3(17). Th« writer in Smitb'a 
' nary ot tbn Bibls (Opiiir and Tanlinht drawa n djatdnctiou iMtwiMin thv ikiiM 

rDOt to Ophir and the abipa of TarHliieh that mado the three yean' Tnyage. 
iMtiootiom haa little mpport, and, fivcn accepting the views of Beke aad Viaoeaty 
tho length o( time 1* iu favour of India. 

'lite gold of Oplur waa ite inost faincNia ejcport (Job, zz. M, xxvUJ, 16 1 
Pa.xtv.Vi I. Kin^, ix. 28, a. It, xnii. 4S: Iniali, xili. 12 ; I. Chron. i. 2S t 
xiix. 4 ;II. Chn>u. viii. 18, ix. 10}. Tbat from v«ry early timea India waa rieh ia 

Maruiahad|;<ikicncuiruaea and gulden tiaiaa 
hvnve had ({old trap]>iiig» (Manaing'B Ancient 
neok.(fmun«Dt«(58)iKoldean)eta(W) : 1000 com 
ha>1 their boniA corcrcd with sold (Udt- la the EUmiyana th«r» an gtdden vtcpa 

fl!15), guidon archvrav-a.gitdcd earn (It. S), golden sboea |18), andaeata of guld (S7). 
n Uu» MahjLbhilnkt (XL K), gulden aeate.Kuldcnlaltiooa (41). coldao diah«a (&), ud a 
Doblen target, pa\ilioaa iniaM vrith gold with -vrindow* of gold noc-work and mldsB 
duora (VMivnler. 1. 106), ffoldeneeaUaDdloola, aiaroEBi>M,a oooch omameat«a with 

fi'liL, a Uiouaand baoi mob with ■ tboumd piMwot goXil. and golden bulla (Unuiing, 
I. 49 : Ucereo^ Mist, Km. III. SSff). KAUdlU {A.V. 000) ncDtiona nountaiaa wbOM 
rilx* am of gold (Ditto. 10*2] and HiinAlaya fnll of eparUing «na (Ditto, 117). In tbo 
Toy Cart (a.D. 3W) 400) a honse in trjain hae oaldan ateps <lBI),and ia another 
Jaaaage are elephants wtlh golden bells (2U). and staYes oorend with gold. 

Many of theaa pMnagni are puclicoi. But the abDndance of goM ia bonw ont by Uw 
early Oroek writers Oold )• among the artialiM inoaliaDod na imported into Tyro 
Uiraogfa AiaUt, apparently truni India, H.O. S60 (Vlaeent, U. M9). Uenidotw 
(nc. 4(tl-427tabataa that Dahua carried oS •ounohgaMbvu India (aa. SlO-fiOU), 
tli.1t hi) waaahleto introduce a gold eointgo into Ponia (Itawlinaini'a An& Moo., IV. 
4.^4). Klniaa )a.tr. 4llt> uicaks ot aboadanl ntflUi-giMUdod gold, and nnticM gold 
A* ii |«iHlm^t nf India (.M<-(Vindln's Kdition, 17, IH. 1!)). MvgMthoneo (njC MU}at«t4M 
thai ihu aoil uf ludu (.-vntaincd oiovli silver and t{uld (MuL'tinUb, 30, riven vnched 




^2^^ 



rBombny Quel 



318 



DISTRICTS. 



Chapter XIV. 
Plawfl of Interest. 

7Ty. 



san^Iwoodj ivory, poacoclcB, and apos ore of Sanskrit or of Drei 

origin. I 

The chief places in Tndia that bavo boon identified vrith Opbtri 
Abiria in Sindb, Saurira the modern Idar in GujaMt^Ooa, an4tti| 
Idalsh&r coasc. None of the&c, either lu uauio or iu potiitionj nua' 
BO well as Sopim.' Still tlio site of Ophir ta nnscttled. Opb 
was ahnodt certainly either in Arabia or in Wost Iutli]i> but to 
decide between the rival claims of Arabia and India eoeins almort 
hopoloBs. At preaent two of Iho latest opinioos of Kg'ypnu 
scholars, that Punt or Sophir waa cither the SomiUi or the Amlii 
coaat, and that some of the names of articles thoug-ht to bo S«nsk 
arc old Egyptian, moke the balance lean in faroor of ArabtJL^ 



down goUduit (70), gold waa abnndiuit amotm the IKidte (13d). in Ckpttalia (AW 
iren ip>Mand silver minoaU-^t. Ceylon yioIdodgoM (82), tho eol<i <)ij;^iii){ uitMit 
Tibetan Diinvn gare f{rv«t SDi)[ilii» ([14), nnd th«ria ytent Uii^ tiJ[t\ nn'l ■iItft almm 
b«iroDtltlii)Iiidu*,)jrul>ftb1;bevaDdliutia(l53). 8trBbo(D.c.»)y.:. . [,U-,thn 

«lepluu)ie«>*donig>Iwith anld, aod tiiMitioua (^rmantvomlinn :ii «i:i 



(BoliB'«TraDsl&tiuii,III. 117>. AuuiudiuK luQuiiitua Ourtiiu i > ' 



an 



ihuelaUmouUcto not cnny mndi woL'lit), gold iraafosBd Id aev-crot nrinvio Iiabi, 
andUMrewMan island atmiindiDK in gitlJ at the nioiithof the Indua (168). Haatite 
ibat it> ^1d waa una of th« cliifi) apotia the Or««ka tinped to t«k« front India (llfl 
1U> iD«iiti(iiu gold liU«r«, goldetobroulerad rnlxM (M>. gold tmppuse, and ^HdM pdbn 
(tUI, and d<McritMakiii,g8opliia«iuiliaviiiu k'^ldvu ganucota, a rulir^' .1 itMUdk 

abnee (123). Arriao (Rooks'a Tran§. !M(). 'JI^) dubetievea iB th. r.p um 

and the gold guArditig griffina, ninl ittttit-os that tborc waa no gold in i ,..: ..^n •■{ tU 
conntn' Uirougti whioTi AJexaudur i>ajiaed : iitill ht: also Npeaka of goM &• tACpfr^u* 
of Imlia. FtLdemy (a.i>. 150) (^alia the chird mouth nf the lodtu <iolden (Berii« 
]!r7), and atittca that, intbogoMcn pcmnsnla to th« c-Ast of [ndia, there vcre mw/ 
fpdd minca (Ditto, 209). Th« reritiluii (a. I). 247) atntca th&t Bilriir traM taken tr< fnhi 
aodaiduinsed ^»pR)6tfoif{old(ViDt.-eut, IL 649). lUtU'r llCrdkuiulv. .' 
pi-S, 409-414). IB atunmtiig hu viowv oa thoqucatJon ofOpliir, pointa i-: 
ma rich in j^otd. Gold vaa found in the Indus aod to tho w«at of tho Ju.ni.. • n ih 
Tibet frontier, in tlie 8»tlaj. iu KAahmir, and in the Himili^aa. Pmt>nhlv ia tin um 
of Holomon tho p«o|>Ie of fewest (MMuitliadgreatroaanrcMUigold, In Hi tMr'aopiaiM. 
the faut that Kold waa Uie grant export from Opliir faToura tlift vi«<r tliat Opbir ni 
in India. 

L 8«ndalirood ia atgtim in Hebrew and ealffum in Saaakrit -. 



■JUm AoUm 

' iiofd 
fiBifd. 



in Uebr«w, and an clepliaut ia itAa inSooakrit: tJwaiM ia h.. 

in Sotukrit ; and the ]K!»c«)ck ia luti-h>t in If xbraw and Mihi iii .N~.r .. 

aamea for cuttun, nard, and Ixiclliuin arc also Sanskrit (Ma«M' 

I«MUif(c, IDO 192, Ed.lS€l). llio Saoakrit origin of toaBe of ihcM u , 

A'fl/Tanapc, iaaaid to b« thfi old l^gypttaota/ (Urugtch'aKgjrpt I'lulcr ma l'ha/v«kl^ 
I. 114) ; Aabbint, ivory, ia aald to be from the KgjpLian itb iv<iry fCalduoira PriTMlin 
amnmar, OS) ; and f»M, a peooock, iaaaidtob* ihe TamLl tokn (Ditto, 91). A* Mfly 
as Uie oxteontli century bnors Cbriil, the Egyptians received a trilntte ofgi^M, rl««y. 
nod iror^ from Kabia. Dnndur'a Hist, of Ant. I. IXt. 

* Abina ia lAMcn'a (Ind. AIL I. 5S7). Kfax MiklWa (Sdonce of Lmibh 
Ed. 1861), and Doudiei^a idcntificalMm (Hint uf Ant L 137, 3S1 ; It- l$9, 2 
fliiuvira ia (Nin&tngham'a (Ana. Goog. I. 497 Mid &61) i Goa ia K«l«nd'a 
Vni. pt. 2. 334!) and Jahn'atBobrew Commonwealth, 6L7);aiid the MitUl 
ia Caldwcll'alDrar. tirasunar, Dl, 122). Thtt nhjeclion to Ahiiia aii<l 
tb^are inland traota, and the nhioction to Gua and thu MaUbAr ' 
have no name tjiat I eManblta Ophir. RvIaDd'sidontidcativu of Gpbit ">vii ui.. 
to have ariaoa from a mistaken connection botwecu riolemy'a QaorM nvi i 
VaitATua) and Gmk 

* Tho following ia a hriof anrnmary of tho cliief ri«w« of the position of Ophtr. 
Ophir Itaa b«>en identiilod with Sophiila (SO^S.) wi the cast cout of Afn-ti. f<«MrftTo<t 

ofth« likeuoav in name, of its rains, ot ita grat oiport of sold, and . 

Ton^o between the top of the Red Sen and Sopbalo. Tho chief 

Amran Ophir aro Dofl t^toa (quoted by Vinciuil, It- 2Rfl), Hi!l<n, ;. .., (^ ; 
SO!). 401], l[meii(TrivcU, II. 4), Ittdicrtaoii lAneteiit India. J.j, and (Jiiatrvmen i 
desloac. XV. II, 362). Xb« uarly Portuguew Uiunght it was Anlur in Mot&a. 





THANA. 



319 



, Jftin writers make froquent mentiou of Sopdra. Their mythical 
ling ShripAl is snid to have raarriwl Tilakasandari the danghtor of 
ing Mahftst'iia of 8opdmka.* ITio famous Jain priest and writer, 
Hnnprabhasari, ueDtioos Sopdra (Sop&raka) as one of tbe eighty-four 
lacred places of the Jains, and notices that while ho was still alive 
3opilra had an image of Rishabhader the first Tii-thankar.' One oE 
10 eighty-Eonr yachchhaif or Jaiu sects ie called after ^pdra. 
Tho Sanskrit dictiouary YiVdava Koi^b apiwars to i>uiut to Sop^ra 
the chief phtco in Apardnta where it aaya, ' ApanSnta ia tho 
roHtom country, Shurparaka and others'.^ Tho fragment of the 
rigbth edict of Ajshok, lately (Aprd 1882) Eonad in Sopdra, Booma 
show tliat it wnfl tho capital of Anar&ntain B.C. 250, and makes it 
robabic that the Yavnna Dharmaralcshita, (ho Aparilnta missionarj 
' Ashok, came and preached the law in Sopdra. According to a 
Lijarati story king Vikram (b.c. 5C], the supposed founder of tho 
iami:at em, ia said to have obtained from Sopdra one of tho 
inchdandf or five magic wands. 

Under the uames Sop&raka, Sopdraya, and Shorpdraga, Sopdra 

mentioQod in old DovandgHri inRcripiions uf about tho 6rat or 

md century after Christ. Of two inBcriptions on a pillar in th© 

it Knrli cave, ono, about the beginning of the Brat century 

jfore Christ, records tho gift of a pillar by Sdtiniita (Sk. 

Svdtimitra} of Sopdraka, and another below it, of the same time, 

irda tho gift of a piUar containing relica.* An inscription in 

Cerr'a VovftsM. VL 449L Anong rMeot wrilon Bragsclk (Egypt Uiulcr thv PJiumbi, 
lU) houU tluit tlio Opbirof tfan ERyiitLuw «u oo tUa Somili ooutiMwoapa 

IvkrdiLftiJ. 

From Uie itD|MirtMice of iU golil, Opiiir lina beca idcnUBed witkHalaoca hy JnNo[iliii« 
•nd fay Tonnnni^ Orion, II. lOlt- In fKvoar oi ItulU tliere una Lamen'i Ind. Alt. 
1529! r.lll^'r.. Kr<lkuii.»e. VIII, .170-131; Bt-ufcy in McCriadlc'i Perii-hw. I27j 
R«io4iid'B Memoir Sur I'IdcIc, 2^; \VilkiDcoo*i Ancient Egypt, I. 134, II. '237; 
ChainpolioD'a L'Kgvpte, I. 9S ; BaiMen's KKjrpt. 111. 419, ISO; 3aliu'» Hthnn 
Common trcjd tit, Gl? ; Maic Uiitlcr'a SeieuM of LaiunuigB, IL 2^, 230 ; ('unniDKhaiii'n 
Auu. U«og, I. 4H7, AKI ; TAMwall'a Thvriilikii Qrammar, Intro. 91. 122; Vule'<i 
CkthAy, 1. 227 ; Duuckwr'N Hut. of AiiL I. ir>7: khiI of tJbouIogical oritics, BvrllHHiu, 
Thftnluii, u)d Ewalil, auotod by th« writer in Siuitli'i DktioiuuT of th« Rihiu. Tka 
Kri;uRiL-nt« ia favour ot IndiA hnvc hctn given in tlw text. Tho supjiurtcni of Ar&bU 
»ri* Vini'ont (C'ORitniircc of thf AnctiMiUi, II. 200), who citn MiuhBlix, I'hdeBni, luid 
OMcllia : till- writ«r ia Stnitb'a Diotiwnary, who ctlcs Witiur, Knnt, KnufaeL Foratcr, 
rmvrf&nl, iui>l K.iliMh ; LJndMr(Mcrchuit81iipprttig, I. 28,31) imd Uokc (Soutms of tho 
Nilo, 00,64). Twnautlioritiea noldlhatthftre wcfv tw<t U|i)iin, IVchnrt plBcing nne in 
Aralib Mill ttui ollii-r in ludU, and D'Aurillc ^oi.-uw one m ArMbi» nud une in Afric*. 
QeMUUV wna uiiiihlc> to dn-tdc botwucn tbu nv>l gIhuhs nf Inilui and Arabia (^tmitii'a 
IKctioQiu-y of the Bible. IL 63-^), on-I HcfrcnfHiat. K«B.lI.T3>li«td Ibat OpUirwos a 
vague t«nn for n<.-)i sniitlicni ill-kuuwnland>. The chiuf ftrgamvot in favour of Atmbia 
iji, that ■□ rienma (x. 29) (>|ihir ii m^ntifiui^d witit llavilah ftod Jobab, iMth of whieli 
an in Arabia, and then* iti u-i *ign in Itic Bible tbat tlicnt were two UpliJn, As far 
H the uallH) gow, three f.iirly MiiLibte itLncta tiaru tx-iin found in .Arabia, A]ibar ur 
Saphar tho i)iBtro|>i>IU of tiw Sabjeuu, Dofllr a k-unaiilvrublu towii Lu Vi-i)>«u, and 
DofAf on tlie XMith ito.ut. The trbjcctiun that Arabia never )Hcld«d j^old, and at times 
iinportol gold (DaitckiT. I. lll'J), ia met by Out pira th.it 0]>hir waa an empohnnt 
(Suiith'a Ihctidiury ot tbe hWAv, II. (!38), and, ao-ontiiiij to Hi^«r«n (Hiat. I'ca. II. 
ff!U Ataliia waa well Rop|iliad inith void. On the whole, aj statod in thv t«xt, tbougk 
many of tbe nrtiolm wen: Indian, tho cridenco does not [irovc that tba oantro o( 
trade waa in India. 
' Shiipalcharit, chajj. III. 

■The DhA^vat Purin •pMk* of Biihabha'a waoderinp li)We«t«ro IfhUa and 
eoatiMta hini with the oatablithaieiit o( ttiu Jain ratitcion in tbos* purta. Dovaoa'a 
Claaaical Dictionary, 268. * MalhoAth Id RaghavauB*, IV. A3. 

* Bom. Aixib. Sur. X. 31,82. The Cnt ioscriptioD haa been c&ced atxl tbe •«c«nd 



Chapter XlV. 

Places of laterest 

Soritu. 

Uutory. 




[Bomba; 



320 



ChaptorZIV. 

FUcwof Int«r«tt. 

HOI-ARA. 

UUIvrjf, 



DISTRICTS. 



Nacik CaTO VTII., of aboat the middle of the first cetfl 
Christ, mentiona Shorp^ragn as one of several pi 
tJMhavadfit, tho son-iii-Uw of the Kahatrap ruler Nohi 
real-hitiiawi and alms-boused. Rdmatirtha in ShorpAra 
montioued in thia insrription, and to the monks of the Ch 
living at Kiimatirtfe», along with those of three other pla 
is rocordod of 3ti,0t>0 coeoanut trwa ia Ndua^I nllago.' 
same time an inscription near a reservoir iii the NAna pi 
that the reservoir waa made by one GovindadAa of 8op4 
two inscriptions in the K&nberi Caves (3 and 7), of about 
century after Christ, one, which ia broken, records sometbi 
the district or ^Anr of Sopiraka, and the other tho gift of a 
«no Samika a merchant of Si^pSraka." The coin and tb 
rolic3, found in April 18S2 in a relic mound in Sopdra, 
aboat the middle of the second century after Cbriet 
Gotamipntra Yajuashri Shatekarni was the ruler of th 
and that Sopflra was then a Buddhist religious c»ntrf 
skilful masons, coppersmiths, and goldsmiths. 

Of foreign writeni Ptolemy (a.d. 150} has a Supai 
KiLsaripA (NaTsdn) and Simylla (Chaul),* and tho uat 
reriplua (a.d. 247) mentions OnppoFa between Broach ( 
as a local mart along the coast." In the sixth century {b- 
has a doubtfol reference to Sibor, a place of great trade oi 
near KalyAn.* In the legend of Fuma, trannUted by Bu 
Kepileee and Tibetan sources, apparently of the four 
century after Christ,' Sop&ra (Sdrp&raka) is described oa t 
king, a city with several handrcd tliouiiand inhabitantii, wi 
gatea, and a temple of Buddha adorned with frienoa 
sandalwood. It was a great place of trade. Caravaus of 
came from Shr^vosti in Uudu, and ^reat ships with 500 
phrase for a largo number) merchants, both local and forei 
to distant lauds. There waa much risk in these voyage 
return was the cause of great rejoicing. Two or tbreo 
voyages made a merchant a man of mark. Who, saya 
niorchants in the story, that has made six uafe voya^ee^ 
been known to tempt l^rovidonco by trying a sovouth ? 



Cikn-nd xaAemA, an tbe Muna pilUr » litUo ImIdw tllo first. It aitpoon tl| 
uatoraal uiwie, ia wbow honotir U)« pUUr wu mwlci, dic<l After th« Hi! 
WH earvDd. A hole, which can Btill be se«M, vma cat in the nillar. Lis rc| 
!■ ib« hols, atifl tho k«oo'I iiucnption waa sngmvnL PimUit BhagvUui 
' 'Kwm. Sao. Ori Cong. S^SL Bdmattrthii m urvbcblr the brvMiot 
SoiiAn. Sm b«k>w, p. 3&k ' 

■ 8e0 tiboTe, p. SS^ *SMaloTo, Kanhi^ri f!av«a, p. 148. 17% 

'llertiuB, 108. • ileograpln.r Vctori* Scrij>tori», I. 3(1, 

* Yulc'i Cathay, I. clxxviii It«laBd(iii»tci a acholKut b> HI. K'am» U 

of Sofcwa ai bwiuf Opliir ; alao Origitiee (*.u. 185-254). Hwytiiias {», 

Photiua in bt« BibUothora, ReUmlsays, an of tho«uuti>iiiuiiiii,tf*iicoialty 

mrsUoM a Cliriatian BiaUnn of tho people af SniiJra. Tlit* buhop in Hul 

could have been nowhvre oue but m Wmtviii liiiii.i wlKrowafiml very ta 

Mttlwnwiti. Kitter, Erdkond* VUI. iwrt L p. 384. -Rev. H. Bocbum 

' BurnonTt latroiuction to Bttddbiam. I. 233-270. The wondots work* 

nnamrtodia tho story, uiil thcfiirRitar«ortbaiBAoiutcnc*, •»!#, lapoi 

cuahiooa. sod carrod padMlals, vbow th.nt tlio prra«Dt form of tb» iton "" 

porhapa k.b. aOO>4(K). Poraa'a owa dAt« is probably csrly. 



^^mmmk 



^^M 



thIna. 



321 



kieF articles of trade iras ctoth, fine and coarse, bine, yellow, red, 
id white. Another of the most valuod articlea waji the sandal- 
3od, knowo as goshirahii or cow'g head, porhapt> from its pleasant 
mt. This was brought apparently from tho KAuara or Malabilr 

it. The coiDBgo was goln, and many o^ ^bc morchantahad huge 

irtunes. A etroag merchant-guild ruled tho trade of the oity. 

le religion of the country was Briibiriauiflin. There were large 

inneries of devout widows, rmmasteriea where aocra or Rishis 

red in comfort in fruit and flower gardens, aud bark -clad hermits 

10 lirod on bare hill-topa. The gods on whom the laymen called in 

les of trouble were Shira, Varnua, Kubera, Sbakra, Brofama, Hari| 

lankiira, and divinities apparently Mdian or Deviti. Besidua the 

ads, many Bupomatural beiugaj AJtura«, Mahorag&s, Yaksbaa, and 

jiavas, were bolioved to have power oror men for good or for evil, 

la, tho son of a rich Sopara merchant by a slave girl, whoso 
>rth aud skill raised bim to be one of the leading m^n-hauU o£ 
jpdra, turned the people of the Koiikan from their old faith to 
iddhiam.' 

lu the beginning of the tenth century (915) Masudi mentions 
ibdra^ along with Tlutna and Snimur probably Chnul^ as coaat towns 
Jiere the L(ir dialect was spoken.* About forty years later, apparently 
pfuflingit with Ulpdr in Surat, Ibn Haukal and Al I.'^takhri placo 
ppctra (Surb&mh and Surnbilya) between Cambay aud Sauidn.* At 
lo beginning of tho eleventh century Al Biruni (1030) calls it 
iljiira and restores it to its right place, putting it forty-eight miles 
'BOtith of Sanj^n and forty north of ThAna.* About sixty yeara later 
(IUV>4) Septra (Sburjuiraka) is mentioned as a port in a8illi4ra gniul.' 
Towards the middle of tho twelfth century (A.D.lI3fi-ll-15j, SopAra 
(Shurpdraka) had. the honour of sending the Apariint delegate to a 
literary conference held in K^hmir." The reigning king of tho 
Konkan at that timo is called ApnrfLditya, a new Silluira king, of 
whom a stone land-grant dat«d a.d. 1138 has lately 'been found in 
Uraii. In the middle of the twelfth century AJ Idriai (I1&3) 
describes Suub^ra as a mite and a half from the sea, a very well 
peopled city, with a groat trade, considered one of the emporiums of 
India, Pearls were fished there, and in an island near called Bara 
(the island of Sop&ra) grew 'cocoa- palms aud the cosiua an 
aromatic root.' 

Before the beginning of the fourteenth century Tliiina bad become 

le chief centre of trade 
It is mentiouod by Abul- 
went from Thfina to Bp 
buried the bodies of his four companions who were killed at Thana. 



the chief centre of trade. But Hopdra was still a place of coasequeuce. 
1-Fida (I27:3-I331),s and Friar Jordium8(1322) 
went from Th£na to Brooch by Snpera, and brought with him and 



Chapter XIT. 

Places of Interest 

SorisA. 

Hittort, 



■ llamotif , 2M .364. 

* Klliot uid DowBon. I. 24 ; Muudi'i Prairies d'Or. L 254, 381. 

* Elliot Mid DowioD, L 30, 34. 

* Rrdiuuil'ii PngmanU, 121 ; Elliot wid Oowwn, I. 66. 

* Ind. Aut IX. 38. • Jonr. B. B. R. A. !t. Xn. Extn Kninber, cxr 

' JsaWt'i Idriii, I. 171 ; ElUot nad Dowwa, I. 85. Followia^ Ibn Hftalnl, 
Idriai pUcM fiopiUa north of SuiliUi. Aomts account of ttut pculfitbariM in the 
Baanein rivar are givea in Pu-t L p. U of the TbinA StAtislteal Aocoont. 

■ HqUIa or SMif&ra, Bcuuad'a Abul-Pids, U.2S3. 
M V 1061-41 



[Bomh^ 



322 



Cbjipur XI7. 
Fl&coi of Interoal. 



dtsthicts. 



There seoms to havo been a rolic of t1]« old KtHyAn bitthofl 
Sop&rih, u Jordaoaa fouud man; Noatoriaa Cliriatiatu and » A 
deoicated to St. Tbomas tho Apoetle. Horo he bahed tin 
friars, aud daring a stay of fifteen days in.stmcted man; p 
baptiflod thooi, and administered tlie Hoi; C'Dnimauion lo t 
ninety Cbristians.' He reoommeads Snpera aiid that part of Uw 
M an important place, not only for inufdona in India, but as a 
atarting point Cor nuHiionarica to Ethiopia.* lu 1500, aade 
namo bonilj, norhapH for Subar, it is Diontioaed kb a KonkaA dI 
trade with Gujarut.^ Under the Portngiiese Sop^lra vas a km 
poet with, four wooden 8tockad«a. Early in tlie eighteenth 
(1 728), for a distance oE about 4000 feet between ^pira and E 
the creek was fordable at low water. The four watcn-towera^ 
from want of fuud^ General Loaia de Mollo Pereira had m 
ooooa-palm stems, had in three years become ua6t to boar the * 
of the two [ucoca of artillery with which they were artood. 
writer oompUina that a brid^, nhiuh the sarne Ixiaia de 
Pereira had made acroea the creek at Ookirro, was nnprotect« 
left thu approach open to an enemy. At Titnli, too, the creek 
bo cosily crossed. The writer was anxions that the creek bet 
Sop&ra and Bolinj should be dug aa deep as the height of a 
otherwise it would soon bo filled to a level with the fields, bv 
of the great ambtint of silt that was brought by the river fni 
two mouths and left in the centre. He recommondod that a 
ditch should bo dug iu front of SopAra. Thoolder fortiGcnttpW 
three redoubts, mutually flanking each other and enclosed 
timber stockade. Those were strengthened, in 1728, by hnj 
a ditch round the stockade and by raising a atone and 
redoubt.' About the middle of the eighteenth century SopAi 
Bipala, though fallen to insignificiuice, is nuttced by l>u Pern 
his journey from Surat to the Elophanta Caves (27th Nore 
17G0) ; he also mentions VaghoLi with a creek ot its own, aadN 
nith two pondH and a t^^mple.^ In 180S, when BdjtrAv flc 
Baasein and placed himself under British protection, a palm 
stockade was set up to giiard the SopAra bridge.'' 

In 1818 Captain Dickinson noticeil a bridge and pahii 
stockatle at Hopara, and tho remains of a Portugoose tower 
1826 Clunes calls SopAra a kaaba and a post-numer'a station 



1 WftddiDg, Anu&Ica Mtnnrniiiwl&ti (a.d, 1321}] Dr. W. G«nnaiui, 
Chri»beii, IHT Rev. H. Uochum, S.J. 

* TliQ Chriatiaii bish(;|> whom Reluiil plooM io Indui •ecnu to ref«r to Dhi 
Anibu fttid to the Ariiut bishop TltAoplulua, e&ll«d ' tho ladJui,' who wmm ■ 
tho EaiMror CabiitwitiD« of C^nBtuiliuouIa to tbe UofD«riVetB AimUk, in 
fioantry no built a church tkt Dhftfnr. Fmni DJikfar he ciuns buk to his 
cowEttrj Diu (Dili Sociitrn!), uid vbit«cl u liinhup many Chriatun oottietn 
India (PUiloitorginii. III. I. 6). Rev. H. Bt^-huni, S J. 

> Bird^ Mtrdti-Aliranai, l-JD. Ri>|Hlniii called mtaakaian title (l««d of AJi 
Mr. W. a Mulock. O.S. 



• Da *'unh»"» BoaMin, 159 ( Oiroo. d« Tii. L 31, 5*. 
' Z«ud AvMta, L Dcolxxxiv. 



* Nairao't Kciokati, 106. The Britiah trooiM w«re Mkmpwl at BnpAra wb«q 
Dwwmbor lti03)the temuar the trnatyorKuiwhi ' . r . . '1. Al. Aj 

(1809J, 90.100. J Mil. Diary, aHvl IM 



thAna. 



323 




honBea, forty sbopa, and a sagar factory.' In 1837, Voapell 

>uu<I Supara. a large place, with a considerable Ma»atiniln ChrUtian 

id Hindu popiilatiou. Gmin, salt, and gardeo prodace wore scut 

ditjarat nnd Hnnibay, and lirabor waa brought froiii tho Kills. 

pBi7 good tishiug boats and coontry veeseU were built.* 

I For a ptaco wboao tmporlaiioe as a religious and trade centro 

»d For over two tboiimnd Bve handrod yearn (r.c. 1400- a.d, 

JOO), Sopara has few remaiDH. Timber was so plentiful and bo 

Is good ihat tho hulk of tlio Imildiiigs wciii probably always of wood. 
■m Of dtono tcmplcH andatonc-liiicd hikos and roscrvoire, many arc said 
M to have been destroyed by the Musalmiins in the beginning of tho 
k^ourteonth century." Still enough wore spared, or rcpoircd, to e:ccite 
■bo admiration and wonder of the Grab Portuguese (I53U- 15-10).* 
^%nt, during tho Rixteonth and n^^ventconth conturioa, the loko banks 
^ -wero stripped and the templed pulled down, and the stouett a&ed 
. in building Portuguese churches, fort£, and houaeff, tho bulk of 
jtbem probably finding their way to tho groat walls and rcligioua 
id Btate buildings whose ruiug still adorn tho city of Oassein. 
tcept a few lately unearthed statnoa and fragments of carving, tho 
lly remnins am ao oM that the people had ceased to know of them 
care for them, conturios before the Pftrtugnoso come to India. 

■Tho Objocta of Interest in and round Sop&ra may bo soon 

■ther from the VirAr station, abont three and a half miles to tho 

)rth-east, or from ^fflnikpur, that in the Bassein Road station, 

kboat three and a half mites tu the south-east of Sopdro. Miinikpur, 

Bassein Rood station, bos tho double advantage of a certain 

ipply of carts and of an upper-storied roat-honae. For a visitor 

~lo has but one day to spare, perhaps the beet order is to go from 

likpnr about four miles north-west to Brahma, or VakAl, hill j 

}m Brahma hill about a mile north-west to Nirmal ; fmm Nirmal 

mt two miles uoi-tb to the Barud-king's tower or Buddhist retic- 

ifotmd; from the relic-mouod about nail a mile oast to So|)dra j 

3m Ropflra about n mile south to Gna ; and fnmi G^ abont three 

kilett Kuuth-uwit to M^ikpur, a total distance of about twelra 

Uloe. 

Trom M&nikpnr to Brahma IliU the way runs for abont three- 
lartors of a mile along the Basseio road. It then btrikea across 
bare tiat, formerly flooded during Ihn rains and now being 
Inally roclaimod for ritx. After abont two miles, on the north 
the raised lands of 0^ and Bop<ira, full of trees and 
igareano gardens, and, on tho west, the long wooded hill of 
lirmal and tho small nalm-sludded knoll of Brahma bill. About 
mile and a half to the south, rises the steep crest of Vajirgad, 
sparently with iMmo remains oC built blocks of basalt, but with 
^o certain trace of anything older than the Portuguese fort that 
Drowns its top. Beyond this, tlio path otobbos some of the rioo 



* Itiooniy, 13. * Trans. Bon. Goog. Soo. VD. L40. 

■ JardwiUB' Mir«t»liji< 23. 

■ Dom Joio (U C'uLru, I'nnitniv Roteira 0« CosU (In ladu, "JO. 



Chapter XIV. 
Places of In tsrwi. 

SorARA. 




Obj«ct«of 
IntcrMt 



ffrahma BlU 
or VakAL 



rBoabi 



321 



DISTRICTS. 



JSmAma Hilt 
or VahiL 



Chapter HV. fields, that fringe (Tie garden lands of Qfis, and reache 
PUcBSoTlnterMt «^^ ^^ ^*"' J^nilima hill. 

From tbo east Brabma hill rises about forty feet in a 
slope from a bonlder-alrewn rico-ftpld which was onoea 
Bteepside of tbo hill is thickly covered with thoma and 
and large blocks of baBHtt aro piled in nlnc^s ne if into 
wall. Along the crcfit of the knoll, half-bid by long groAi 
bushes, runs a Itae o£ blocks of ba^nlt, in places apparenti 
or four doop. Tho iiambor of these blocks, laid ai 
idoDff Bome of the lotrust parts of the road lietween G^ 
and built into the plinths of G&r and Soprim houses, 
Brabina hill has long betm ntwd aft it quarry. At tht? nortl 
hill the j^ountl is roogh with thoru and cact-uis buKhes, a: 
are low round mounds fiiom nino to twenty feet across 
four feet high, built of blocks of basnit with traces of larg 
briuka On a smooth-faoed block of basalt, close to a b 
mound about fifty ynrds north of a cinmp of ray 
inscribed the word ' Satuimiiianatm', that i«j Of Suluu 
Shntrumardaoa) in lUli lutters of tbo socoud ceutury bt> 
This mound was opened in Fehruary 1882 and dn^ abou 
deep. Nothinf^ was found except somosiDaUpotsher4,lBan< 
pieces of earthenware covered with a rough graen enani 
About eighty yards to the south-west is another sto: 
with the words ' Dataya Bkumiya ' (Sk. Datt^yAb Bhai 
is. Of Data the daughter of Uhim, also cut in PAli lette 
the second century bcEnre Christ. There are no ai^is 
noftr this stone, but the ground in front of it is said 
have been a hollow stream-bed which has lately filled, 
yards to the east, under a group of niyun trees, are 
paved slabs, and, leaning against the trunk of one of tht 
carved fragment of a Hindu temple. 

About half-way up tho thorn-oovered western sit 
knoll, is a gronpof two large rdtjan trees and the fragxD 
old bftD^'an tree. This spot is sacred, and, doriog aoareta 
epidemic outbreaks of disease, is used as a placo fi 
Bi-Ahmans. Tho top of the knoll comraands a fine view. T< 
lie the rich dark woods and the liffbt-green sugaroanc gart 
and Sopfira, to tho west are the wooded slopes of Nir 
Bonth the flat crest of Vajirgad, and to the east, acroa 
salt-w&ste, rises the level liuv of Tungar, endiug to the bc 
peak of K&mandurg. 

The top of the knoll is thickly strewn with undressec 

basalt, laid in circles from nine to twelve feet in diamotei 

mo&t of them are ruined, some of Chese dn-ular mounds b: 

^ rou^h cairns, a foot or two above the general leveL Tvf< 




'KonJcaa.1 




THXNA 



a mile to tbo east> A little to the aonth was tbo KakUi 
d, now a rice field, and a little to the west ib a round hollow 
.About fifty-five yards across, known as the Visrdl pond. To the 
weat lies a very large long lake, the soathern end tilled with rtoe 
and onioD-bedt), the north end still holdings water and known as the 
SiAliki lake. This Brahma hill scoma to have been the bnrial-plac« 
of the Kod tribe, as this tribe is mentioned in one of the inscriptions 
found near the hill." It is interesting as being the Brst ancient civil 
or lay bnrinl-place that haa been found in Western Indio.^ 

To the west of the M^lai lake rise two kuollsjthe southern knoll 
lownnd covered with thom-bushes and some high brab-palmB, the 
northfm knollj which in higher and longer, is the hill of Nirmal, 
al.so known as Bagh or the garden, whose wooded slopes and creat 
bido the great temple of Shaukuivtclidrya Svfimi, wbicn was raised 
by Shankarji Kcshav Pbadke in honour of tho restoration of the 
old faith, on the fall of the Portngnaso in 1739. On the wooded 
slope of Nirmal hill, to the south and east of the temple, are circles 
of old brick and blocks o£ undressed ba»alt, like those on Brahma 
hill. To the east of the temple is n huge lamp-pillar. From the 
west is a £ne view across tue great Nirmal lake to the sea. A 
handsome flight of stone-steps leads down the west side of the hilt 
to tho village of Nirmal, in which are several smaller temples and 
Bbrioes. In front of a house in Nirmal village, about 500 yardg 
north of the great temple, is a long dressed stone with six letters, 
which seem part of a Sanskrit inscription of the seventh century. 

Two miles north of Nirmal, in a wooded nntilled plot of garden 
Lind about a quarter of a mile west of Sopilra town, stuids a 
Buddhist stupa or roUc-mound, which is locally known as Bumd 
BAjAcha Rot, that is the fort of the Basket-making King/ The 
moond, which is about sixty-6ve yards round the base, rises about 
Bevcnteen feet with steep earthen sides, out of which grow several 
JmranJ buahes and large brab-palms. At the top of this seventeen 



^ 



Chapter ZI7. 
Places of Interest. 

SofAra. 
Brahma IliU _ 
or Vakdl 



Nirmal, 



IBM below, p. 341. 

> 8m b«low, p. 34 1. Tha Uw of intcrchangv between d and / an^EEts that tho Kod 
tribe of thia ii)*cripti'ia nuy bo the KoUto whom Aimilar cifolcsof nndrcaMd ■tdon «t 
BQi]<llia|{*TK an.1 iTAditiuaally Mcrib«d <Arch. Sur. of India, RMort Till. 46). Th««e 
Bnimia^niU airol» «Uo doubly rv««aib]« th« catrna «t Kh«n, SstmAa, Bainiakri. and 
2>Mtt ia Eoat BftipuUlnA, of whicUMr. CwQcvlo hassirftD lo int«tMtiDg «4cscnptioa 
anduplMMtioQlUo. VI. 14.30, 3S, lOi). ThainacripbaoaontheftUNUMof tfaeBraantft. 
hJU c*irn> are aapottutt, a« they prove Uiat thu iana nf tncmorml is not con&ued to 
um-historic tiOM*. llic tuw of rwn^b nataral l>buld«r» for relit^ioua |nirpo«*a, ttiim 
ioola lod drowcil ftonea wer« in g«a«r«l aao, may ba mn oxampts of tho olioiEbg to old 
ways, wluch, at in the uaa of itima c>cnroodal kmvw, iaona of th* nwit msrkvd Ian 
of iJigiuua ooramoBial (See 8Miicer'n*riDciplee of Sociology. I. S79), Mr. Oarlleylc'a 
aocoDDt |Anb.Sar. Hop. VL 105) of the upright aUinM found iiear tli« rud« oirolea 
and caini* in BajputAaa augKWta. that Iho ciin<?ua circle of upright piUara sotiocd oii 
thfl iw>rLh>weat alope oE RaKahi or TalinJ hill (^o below, p. 342} magr be artiBsia], 
aod not aa waa sappooed an miU-rop of lliu neigliboiiriDg bault dyke. 

* TliO abnilarity m naR»«a ini^gMtM that tb» Vaku) nv Baknl ttvpa noftr SopAn, 
■etiLtoiMdlA Punu'i legend (Itiini<.>uf's IntrodootioD, S6S), wm near tho VakdthuL 

* The tope or Uma waa <wi|pnaUy a largor sravv livau, the next nVuge was a boUt 
eairii, atullha third a tolid temple. Canningham (Bhiba Topoa, 7. IH) divides «(«/>cu 
intji tlirM claaaaa. dedioatory, fnnenaal, aod nKimonAl. Ia fui>«TEal tlupm alone an 

■ iiuA. ttiime account of the dunffee of afaaiw through whitili tliu Buttdbist 
^utBuid ingivun uniiUt Kanhoi, p. 170. 



BeSeMt 




[Bgto'ba 



ChipteT XIV. 
PtaoM of Interest 

TUBuAOM 



820 



DlSTiaCTS. 



(eet bank man a lorel terrace aboat fiftoon foot brow 
tho back of tho torraco, atndded with h'lg lirab palm 
karan§ bushes, rises a dome about ten F<x±t biv(h and 
ftcroaa the top. The bc«t view of tlw luouaii is £rum 
jmrdsto the eonlli, whoro tho outline of the largo rcmnd 
flat terrnoo, and the dome is ntill cluur. Ruund the 
fooadatioiis of a brick and siono wall can bo pretty cla 
about fifty.six feet to the north and Bonth of the znoaui 
ninety-fivo feet to the east and west. The ol>long- ^pace 
wall encloBeSf measures two handrod and fifty-two £ea 
to west; and one hnadred and oightj' from north to .soul 
middle of tbo Ronth wait there seem to be tho romaina 
and, in the middle o£ the east wall, there was tho mm 
Outside of the Oast entrance gaio, a buah and tbom-oov 
fortj-oight feet jtquare, is full of briok and etone 
The marked line of wall along the north stde of the en 
built, aboat fifty years ago, by a Mosalm^ bi^g^ar nai 
Amir. It st-anda nearly on the line of the old wall. 

When he settled near the foot of the tower, Shaikh . 
well^ and turned the land roand into a garden.' H 
his wealth by bia knowledge of the art of making fpt 
many wonders as a chemist, and was greatly feared. A 
Sopdra and the villages round were troubled by a band 
Tboy robbed at night and disappeared in the morning 
trace. One morning, the robbers were found in a boos4 
the police at their heels, fled into the chemist'e g 
disappeared. Search round the garden akowed that 



IThsfoUawiagliit oltlMdiieftTMi wdplonU, owr tli» Sofidni 

ptcpuedby Ur. Jsykruhao Iadr»)iaf Catob-MAndoi. Trkio : CMophylUt 
iituti ;V.p\cvpana vicAtaHf, Uiurfati :Voaguai» gUbra. hiraiy; Borswoa 
/All i CMyota arena, b«ArA' nidii ; Cocm imviferai, miriyl ; rhtnnix ay' 
Uujftiri ; Artoottrpas lakuchi^ laJt ; Tuniu-indaa indiotia, cAmoA ,- B»nli 
raUhme/^n ; Monnga ptorygMporuui, tlKrjat ; Aoona tqau&om, nt* 
nligMM, pipai: Tbesfxiaiji poptilBM, Mwrf; Zisypliiu Jnjnlw. iftrdt 
iitdicA, nim ; Kr>'tbriiw indicji. p<i»tfdra ; Vitox OffXiaia.nirffiai^i ; Ficu 
Ficus <^|K)Bitifolm, kJuirmn ; Pitiut nu^enuM*, ttmhat ; Omiilin* u-Ih 
Cordis inna.MoMdbar ; Monis alba, tut .- Manipfernindica, <imh; Syxygiam 
jinJIm ; nrioittm pyrifsrum, pent; B&rriii^otiix acaUnnula, nrvm 
dM^tsInm, 4U»I; Mimnaopt mvqp, 6aJtu/i; UiintiAopAk&U, rtf yoa ,- 
iiHUi^«n, amhdda, SHRtTM awu BntBjiCBOtTa riuNTS: t'icnft b«toro]^_ 
jRuninom latifnliam, nJivdi; Daemis «st«ii«ft, aiaml ; 0«p|«na avpia 
Ca|)paria breviapiiui, vAffhoti; Cidsbk lodioa. haliU; CrnUeva toxbDiglii 
Diosooris bnlbifom, laidtkbimMt<i;C1itorist«rBatea(i;o£>arnj;Triaittfotta 
"*»^"';n™"-t'iwvi» 'Hlfi'Wi i"**";P>'y*'""''"''"'',/'"j'*^; Vitj mnrwft— , hi 
Hayti viriiUllaiT^ dari; Cum toni, ttintln; ArtfemnDu mtxic&iui, pAi 
AbruB pt«(mtortu8, mn^ ; AljrstMU coroDuadnDAiia, MMe^ri ,• Sipp 
ratoUjfa ; Bu-loria onstaU, toroiita ; CrotaUru prostnla, Mihbn ; Jat 
nOanjot ; (^Hwa ear«Bdft, karanda ; Hyttrocotylo Mtattca, imAm/ ,- Bai 
ctaithft,(Ura/OnodsodrDnnaD)oiihtuin,loJtAaiufi:Ixontbai)diiea, bnndAMt; 
noUis, ooraJAmnmU ; Biipnort>U tjrmefoUs, 4wkti ; Sidsamta, tirkmfta ,- 
airuro, ftAdityo <inri ; MoajnDtfaui crirt&U, Mii nvJUtdy ; lYP'"* ^'V*'**^ 
X&nthiDm indunm, rfufflimiA ; Oroaopbnrft ereoto mota oinnfrf, aad 
JiiAdii «Mnlt/ ; CardMoine hinnbt, jansU rdi.-Corohorua ospmiUrls, 
bojnnsa. Jtantn/iY/ .- Nymph'OHi lotus, ni/ofpaf; BlumM holoMreoea. frMt 
tv^iMm, jaVihanri ; l^lcphsntopas Hftb«r. Mmya ;»Uri ; Ousrslia Tiroas, 
Oonvolrulua jjuiiciiUtiu, hhongA bola ; l^aridium iQdievn, Uwtiudi ; £< 
iAdngra; In<li^o(«rii tinoloreM, 9K*Hj Argynia (pecun, wHiuidarKM ; mad 
iodiou, kafmroa^m. 



TlUNA. 



327 



not left it, und, as tho police drow cloeo to the tower, tfareo 

bounded ont of tho aoroc, and, taking differc-nt diroctinns, 

iped. Tlie tower wag aesrcliod and the dome whs found hoUuwed 

It six feet deop^ aud tbo LoUow chamber filled with stolen 
jperty. Tho men hiul stayed nndeifpHJund during the day, and 
light had come out to rob. The proof wiu clear and the chemist 

transported for life. A grave on the cant bide of tho terrace, 

1 a fragmont of an old Hmdu temple as a head-atone, in the 
of KaujiLn Khiin, an AfgbfLn, one of the chemist's disciplcfi. 

er Shaikh Amir'a conviction the hollow in the tower was tilled, 

since then the moand has been conatantly drained of its brioka, 
lost tho whole outer coating having boeu carried away. 
kccordiug to the common story, the king who built tbe tower 

of so kiudly a spirit that he tuokno taxes from kin people. Ho 
lived withont show and with the Btricteat thrift, paying for his 
food by the sale of hamboo-bnskets made by his own hands. Ho 
1:4 known tis the Bnriid Raja, or bafiket-makin^ ^i"?i ^od as tho 
Uharuia H&}& or the pious king. His laud was rich and his people 
feared that an enemy might oomo, and, finding the country 
ungoarded, lay it waste. They asked tho king what he would do 
if an cnomy came. ' I have no enemy/ said tho king. ' If an 
enemy cornea 1 will guard tho land.' To test the king's power, 
Bomo of his leas believing people banded together and marched 
towards the city as if in hostile array. Others, in the secret, fled 
to the king with the cry 'An enemy is before tbe gates/ 'Aro tho 
people who are before tho gates truly enemies,* onkod tho king. 
'They are truly enemies,' said the nnbolievers. Then tbekingraising 
bis heavy knife, cleft a slip of bamboo that lay in front of him, and, 
at that instant, the band of the unfaithful purished. 

The Basket-making Queen is also known to tho people. She 
wore no ornaments, and did all the house work in her husband's 
fort. 8be used to go to draw wator at the Chakreshvar lake, about 
600 yards to the north-cast of the fort. Simply dressed, and with 
DO ornaments but palm-leaf bracelets, she used to walk on the water 
and fill the water-pot at tbe pule in the middle of the lake, where 
the wator was pure and imtroubled. The women said, 'Wo all 
have jewels and yoo, who are a king's wife, have no jowela. Ask 
your husband, he will not deny you/ The king said, 'Why do you 
want jewels F What profit is in jewels?' Bho preasod him ana ho 
took a betclnut from every house, and, with the betelnnt«, bought 
ber jewels. The queen put on her jewels and went to draw wator. 
But, as she walkea on the water, tlie weight of her jewels drag^^ed 
ber down and she sank. It was hopeless to reach tho middle of the 
Mce, so she filled her water pot from tho side. The king saw that 
the water wu fouL and asked what had happened. She confoswd 
her fault «ud never again wore jowels.i 
,Iu February 1882 tho resemblfinco of tho Tower toa Bnddhist 

•moand was noticed by Mr. Mulock, the Collector of Thfma, and, 

ttb«|{r&BUl wrttw, * [t nwy ba th»t m then ia a oonnooUoii la pronno. 
"•«n Sh<ini>.k*nkft (Pnikril 8Mr>p*-dra<%\ a winaowiiig-lMukflt mukw 
8u]>{>inlta Uia tiU nuna of Sopln. this story WM iavaafeiKl to ihow a 
wiuiig kIw b«t«oui tli« two wocd«.' 



Chaptw XIV. 

Pl&ou of Interest. 

Sofia*. 

7%r B>utdhul 
StlicMomMt, 



tBonbay Q) 



328 



DISTRICTS. 






CkApUr^XXT. with hts help, Uio mound naa openecl by Pandit Bhagv&nUl _^ 
PlMM«riBUr«iL whtor, in the bf^Dning of April 1882. A passage was cot frooi 
to treat, D littlo tv the aurth o( tho cecCre line, so as not to dirf" 
Rfftni^ii Khiku's grara The cuttuig was maclo aboui iomt I 
broftdf with a riao about twelve feet from the level of the 
the oattf fftce of t^e tower, to the centro, where it is about sii 
fset balow the top oi the doma Inuido of the dome then 
looae euihj and about aiz foet from the top were fonnd a 
of mted KMaon and an English two-anna piece of U 
ralm of ttM obemiit'« plunder. A1x>ut twelve feet from tbe < 
ol tin doaw» that ta abwt a foot bcK'tv the torraco from 
tlia dovM* HnriTttrR, in the centre of thtj body uF the moond, 
foottd thr i:q> of a care&iUf boilt hri<^-chaii]ber aboot tail 

bwt nine ku^:uL-9 En^iare. Abottt two feel nine inches from tbettf 
of thia dmnbor, kvpt in its place hy eight large tcicb I 
(1' 7*'xrx3l'), was adark drcnlar ccBo' aboat two fe. - 
and a fool and a half de^. This coffer was formed of tw> 
fakfoka of smootli raUow tzmp, doaelj fitting^ togotfaer in the miiiiii^ 
■ad aading in a circalar oonTex top and bottom. It looked Kb 
(wo hBf» griad-tdocMM with berelled edges. Bolow the ooSer tb 
bnok« wore strewn witii tbe mooldy remains of swect-t 
powdar. UnAencaUilkerdioooAiBr.lhijbnck-HIlcd chamber,! 
(baaaaa «M Q" 9* aqwan) and with the same carofully bailt 
paaavd down iWm twain feel, when a lajer pf flat bricks 
reached. aliparaBthr tte fooodation of the monnd. Unlike tit 
hneka is tM rabc eMoiber and on the ooter fiuse, which are laid( 
eaHki tlwao looadatioo hricka ee«ni to be set in cement, 

1^ sactipa o( Ae isoand hid bare bj (ho catting' shows i 
•vrafopa ol «avth aboal Am feet thick. Inside of this enrol 
a rasing o( mnhSfy bvOt brides rose from twdro to fourteen 
mhUi^ w a bontoaial li^r*r or lenraoe* esghtcca foot broad, i 
whh-h rv>«p a dv\DM> nf roogbly bailt brick and earth, who?»o top bj 
ruwed that iu «>n|;inal «bapo cannot be detonnined. Tho maaol 
cllb* (WMtod Mwm tv bare b«ea brick Ihroaghout. A. good 
ol ^ tt re«gb b«k«d briek kid in l^jors of ola;. But the pan 
Ut« oastan watt «b«b bai htm cteand. is Eaoed with targe 6nelj 
Kbk^d brMok Aa Itt as wna smo, «»«{* eome numldtng ne»r tbf 
«*al «iMniM» Mkd QM brkk roiiyh^ skaped bke an elephant, 
OMHa^rjr is |4aia. 

1W «IOM mAh atuids wrcaleaa aad a half tncbea high. Tfeil 
«W0«^nrtSWbk^MiMtWtWmdd1« nnd «t t^tJj 
TW SIMM n b tutkl MkMmA li« 
Ike ln|i loud ia Iba Mt kOL 
«bo Mar Ktttk m SAhati^ '^'^^ I 
sharp acMmK-y ci lb«T *■"■-' ^^ , 

totm 0» r*\K bl^x «v. *■*' ^ 

9vmnd with a bWA wv!\ . • ^ 

eaa be jpscked off^ in 9mM 4i 
Ikkik. Tro« the nw< 
earr* lew aboai iw\^ in.- ; 
TbM Ibr Uuw tadK* thoy »««. 





*C«Dktui.i 




SopAka. 
T^ BuddAM 
Belie Mwmt, 



Imafi. 



THAN A 



'rims, and from tluit. for about two inches, thej again curve gontly Chapter XIV. 
'inwRriis, wiiU a groove about a quarter of an inch deep, to tha pi^ce, oflntereit. 
'luiddlo of tho height where the upper and tho lower fttoneutj that is 
Ifihe lid and the box, meet. The whole ia very massive and of great 
iweight. 

On opening the coffer, tho !id, which fits very tightly, waa found 
to bo kept in its place by a flange or inner rim on the lower stone, 
■n inch thick and an inch higher than tUo outer rim. The inside 
Dxeaearenients of the box or lower stone are nineteen inches across 
ftnd six and a half inches deep. The inside measurements of the 
lid or upper atono are twenty -one and a half inches across and five 
inches du'ep. In che cantre of tho box stood an ogg-shnped copper 
casket, about eighteen and a half inches ronnd the middle and sis 
inches high. Round the casket, at about two inches distance^ was a 
circle of eight small copper castingH of Buddha, about four inches 
high by two broad and about two inches apart. The central casket and 
the images wore thick with ruat and with what looked like damp 
brown and grey earth, but was tho mouldy remains of sweet^smelling 
powder which had been scattered over them, about an inch deep.' 

Of tho Eight Images the chief, facing the west, is Maitroya or 

the Coming Buddha. His image is about five inches high by three 

uid a half broad. It is larger than the rest, which, with slight 

variations, measure about three and a half inches by two and a half. 

'All the figarcA are seated on Hat raised platforms, and over each is a 

horse' shoe arch or canopy. The chief figure or MaiLreyaBodhisattva 

differs greatly from the rest, whose general character is much alike. 

His pedestal is higher and it is square insteod of oval, his right foot 

hftogs Dverthe edgeof the pi^Jestal, he wears ornaments and has a 

rich oonica] crown or ttam, his crown is snrroanded by a horso-!^hoo 

liuireolo, and his canopy is plain. The other figures are all soatcd in 

the usual stiff cross-legged position, wearing a waistcloth and with 

iw upper robe drawn over tho left shoulder. Tho expression of all ia 

calm and nnmorod, tho hair looks as if close-ciirlod with a knob on 

the crowD, and the ears are heavy and long. The hands are arranged 

in different positions, two of the positions being repeated. Kach 

; 6gure represents a different Riiddhn, tho plume of leaves that crowns 

' tlio canopy showing which of tho Buddhaa each image represents. 

Alt are copper castings well-proportioned and olearly and gracefully 

(armed. Tlie ears, though largo and hcavy-lobed, arc not so 

unshapcn or ngly as those of later imogca. The leaTos of tha 

different hodhi trees, which crown the cauopies of the different 

Buddhas, are formed with extreme care and accuracy. This circle 

of Rnddhn^ moans that Maitroya has become Huddha and has come 

to claim Gautama's bowl, fi-agmeuts of which are enclosed in tho 

icaskru Gautama is rmdy to hand uvor the bowl, and the six older 

iSuddhaa attend, because it was believed that Gautama's bowl had 

n handed down as a symbol of office by the six earlier Buddhaa.* 

■ 
tioB tod tbt tU0 of this Bw«et aiir powdor ara pTon mdor SopAca 

«latvangiv«nui th« AppMidix. Th«M Baddhu weAMOcift(edb«re, 
ftnd ElUTft cavoa, probably boeaoM th«y wa Um eight Uumaa or wrtli* 



^ 



(Bombajr Oua 



DISTRICTS. 



.Soriu. 
OtStMommL 



CluplorXIV. Maitreya Bu(}hi»*itva or tbo Coming Badilba, tho chief and b 

PlMei o7lDtor«tt i°"^^r ^^ plactid fiioiu>; tbe woat, booaiue, ou bectmiiDfir Bn 
lie will pttsa through the great eutam gaiowtky, opcu the i 
cbanibor, ami, from ibe gx)ld cssket, take ue tngmaH 
Gautama's bowl. Uaitreya is represeated ua m Bodbtatti 
ooming Botldha not as a Buddbn ; as a king- not as aa aaoetic 
is seated ou a high pedental. Bia right leg is baJf-drswo ae 
the foot hangtug down^ tho too restiDg on a lotus, llio loft k 
doubled right across, the heul drown bnck cIo;;o to the bodj, 
the sole half turned op. Tho right arm ia stretched forward, 
buck of the open hanu resting on tho right knee in what ia knoi 
tbe Giving Posilion or Vara-mudra, Tho left hand, wbicb iac 
a little above the olbow, holds with mnch grace a lotaa ateni n 
ends above in tlirue flower hea^U. Ha wean a rich conical c 
or tiura, and round the crown a detached aurcolo iu tdium li 
horee^hoo. Ho wcm-s rurrings, two necklaces, & sacroa ch 
armlets, bracelets, ami anklets. Round tho waiat is & bund a« 
thick string, and round tbe hips and hanging in front is a fri 
bolt. Over bis head rises a hnrse^hoo arch or canopy, with i 
half-waj up a cn^ss-bar or back-rest.' To the visitor a left, h 
ooath-woRt, is Slidkyaiimni thi<tn»f or Koreulh Buddhn. lie si 
he sat when ho became Buddha, his li^ft band laid in the Inp witl 
turned palm, his riglit arm stretched in fp.'ut, tbe p».1iu laid o( 
right kucc, and the finger tips rcstiug on the pedestal, in the iU 
Touching Position or lilnufxtreh-mudra,* Prom tho centre el 
arched canopy above him rise throe spi-igs of the pouk-leavod p 
FicuB religiosa, Gautama's Tree of Knowledge or BuJbi Tree. 



Ikhii Bnddhsa, Tbew balong to diff«t«ot (nrol«a or htlpn». Vipssfavi wm ft 
ninety-fliMaydM iMPUm thvprMcnt an : 8hikhi aud Viahvnbbu bslong to 
thir^-«mo ofolM olH ; while HnkucnchhuxlA. KanAk&mtini, K&«hnpK, Gi 
•ad Hwtroyk in BuddhuoftlteprMeot cycle, tkoMahAtiludnkidpsL Hanljr'aH 
of Baddliiam, 97, 99. 

1 The lirvplieoy sboat Maitnys ii tbfttOButnma'i law will lut tor EOoOymm 
law will iliaappcar wfaon hia rcfic«*ni loet. Durinctlic flr»tdO0yMr«Cfauitjuna**la 
b*itrictly kept ; during th« next Ihounm) ysftrathv Uw wiUcoQliQiie IoIwimm 
nsp«ot«d ; then will mae 3000 y«avra o( indiffcmneo, and 500 ywuv of ovyWofc 
UMtrvya t)i« Merciful, alan oiUwl AjtU tbe UiibentoB. will reaion* fuUi, and tl 
of nua which li««l dwiudled to Uo ymn will Icngthon to 80,000 y&u*. and 
and peace will rrium. KfMppen'a Bud.Uiidini, I XH. Wli«n linut&tna b 
incamnbo, hit mother aaw tiim romc witli a lutua iu lii* band and p«aa tula b«f 
(Senart, Journal Aaiatique, III. 350). Tbia u )M)rlia[ia tho reaaun wLiy U. 
OUTIM a lotuB in bis lelt hajid. 

* Aeoording to 8t HiUirv (Boddbiain, SO), aft«r bis nicbtlong rtmgate wf 
«vil HArft, aa ilawn hroko, U&utaina beoame Undillia. gained perfect tntaUJseiMi 
naclMd lolribla ktiowled^. *Vea,' he cried, ' 1 will bring to an cud the grief 
world.' StrikinB tbo «artb with bh hand, ht aaid, ' Uay tbi« catlh Iw nr v 
Sbe is tlw dwelhuiiE-place of all (.'rvatunw ; she encloaoa all tluit movn wu ■! 
remaiiM aonoved i she ia fair :ahe will bear witneaa that 1 donottieL' A«oet«4 
■ (nttnaeererato(i4.l. H. A. S. XX. I.W). in hia (tnjBalo with V 
OHirit miHt prevail.' M^lra, tnuiititiiiliini. aakad, ^Vho cati ' 
efjrwiTs.' Osntanu, freeing his rii{h~t hand frofs4>ai««vv><i 
eftrtb. Then the Mith was aha&n, aod th- ^-'tk Bviti'. 
■nt bia wibtosa,' M. ftenart, who hna ibewii 
OOverinj: of «an poenia hiclea tbe limpto 
•splaius the Earih-Tonchitig Position. 
by Oeutama'a hand, which marks the d 
ing of the earth by the finb lajr of ihs 
felruggle between iuj{bt and Amy, 




THANA. 



331 



Odk itotimi. 



eft, facinf;; south, is Kii«h;apa tho sixth Buddhn. llw left haad Cbapter XIT. 
d ill hia lap with uptarat'd paira tike Gautauia'a left hand, bub pi--« ^interaat 
'iglit hanil is ruined to tho levol of tho shoulder and t\w palm. 
on with tt slig'litlj forward bend in tho Blessing Position or 
i/wmndru. Thu centre of his caoopr is crowoed with a tnft of 
an luarcs, Ficos indica, KAshyapa'e b'hlkitrv:c. Soxl to tho loft, 
g south-«ast, comes Kaoaka the fifth Buddha. Like the image of 
Taraauiheisseated id tho £arth-Toaching position, tho left hand 
ipcn ID tho lap, and tho palm of the right hand on tho knoo, tho 
r tips resting ou the gnmud. The two twigs of tho fM/am6ara 
■*icD» gltimomla, that crown his caoupy, show that ho ia Kanaka- 
- Noxt to tho left, facing east, ooinosKrakuchchhanda the fourth 
Iha. He aits crotiS-Ii>ggod with both hands io his lap, the back 
ritfht bund laid in tlio palm of tho loft in the Thinking Posilioa 
>k^iin-mttilTa, also known as tho LotuB^seated FoaiLion or 
iKua*i~mudra. The leaves that crown his canopy aro apparently 
oeirisha, Aoacia sirisa. the Z'oiiA) tree of Krakuchcbbiuiaa. Nost 
9 left, facing north-east, cornea Viahvabhu tfio third Bnddha. 

8 seated rross-legge<l like Maitreva in the Giving Po^ituju or 
•mudra, tbe left hand with uptuinod palm laid in tho lap, tho 

arm niretohed iii front, and tho hand opoa atid turned down, 
ick roftting on the right knoc. Unliko the other figures, he 
] auroulo which GIIh the s|>hcu bctwueu his huud and the canopy, 
inopy is crowned with a IjuucIi of loavoe, and there are leaves on 
Udo of tho head. According to tho Cej-Ion books, Vishvabhu's 
I the ml, Hborea niliusta. But these arc Dot tutl leaves, but 
nitly uotrWi, Bigtionia aiiavoolcns,Ieares, which,accordiag totho 
1 books, is the badge of Vipaahyi the first Bnddha. The next 
I, facing north, is Smkhi the second Buddha. Hesits croas-Icggod 

9 Tfaiiikiog I^usition, or Pailmdsan- mudra, the hands with 
lod palinsTaid on the lap, tho right hand resting on tho left 

Tbe toft of leaves tluit crowns his canopy is apparently of 
"bite lotos or purvlnrik, which, according to Ceylon books, is 
i'a Imdge. Tho last imago, facing north-west, is Vipashyi the 
liiddba. He sits troftsdeggod in tho Teaching Position or 
ULchakra-mudra, tho hands raised to tho chest, the tip of tho 
tie finger caught bctwoon tho points of the right thnmb and 
Iger, IltB canopy is crowued by a central bmich and two sido 
I of leaves, luuuh liko tho loaves of the tuhok tree, Jonosia 

This agrees with tlie scnlptnres in the Bharhiit Btapa 
DO), but not with the Ceylon books which make Vipashyi's 
I the yatiUi or BignoniasaavooIeoB,* 

do of'^the ooppor casket waa a silver casket, thospaco of aboat 
I inch between them being filled with dimmed and rordigris- 
Igold Qowers,a haudfiiluf caked atiV powder, some loose jewels, 

gold plato with a proaaed-out stamp of a teaching Oaddha, 
BnuiU silver coin. Inside of the silver caekefe, strewn with 
lod gold flowers, wan a stone casket with sharp true Imea 
rncd on a latho. Inside of tho stono casket was a crystal 

ntion of Ifae oomMpaDding ot^t Buildlua in A j&otA C*va XVU. (s givea 



l^m 



332 



DISTHICTS. 



Tilt BnJilMtl 



n* 0H4. 



Cih^ter XrV. oaeket, and, iufcide of the crjfsUl casket, covered witt 

Pi.«. nTr«t««rt sparkling gold flowers, was a gold Epire-topped bos, 61^ 

WMWoTinwjren, ^^^^j^ ^.^^^ ^^ earthenware coreped with fresh gold - 

'Fhyse ehrods of earthenware, the relics iu whose honour 
was built, Boem to bo pieoea of o begging or drinking bowLi 

The copper casket weighs one poond six onncea »enai 
and 18 worth about lU^J. {annan 7). It is plain and 
egg-shaped, ahont oighteBii mid a half inohos ronnd the i 
and about a ttjxteentn uf an inch thick. It stands a' 
inches high, of which about onc-hnlf ia body and oae-l 
The body is plain and bowl-shnpcd with a not bottom. 
which 18 ahghtly conical is girt with two rings of hoUuw 
about an inch and a half apart. Koaod the middle, wherel 
meets the bowl, mns a third hollow niouldiug. The caekftl 
rough hinge behind, and in front was faittenod by a roond-' 
copper staple passed through three heavy copper rioga. Isndei 
copper casket-, between it and the sides of the silver caakri,i 
about three hundred gold flowers of soven differeut Horts, 
ia all about 4tf0 grains and worth about Hi (lis, iO).' 

Among the Sowers was a small silver coin, fresh and cleir.ili 
Pandit IthagTanlAl lias deciphered to be a coiu of GoUUiupaUi| 
of the Shutukarni dynasty, who is believed to hare reig&edi 
i.D. IGO. 

The coin weighs thirty-four grains. On the obvorao is % 
made male head looking to the right. The head.drc«s codmIi 
Btrap with a hunch of pearls on tlic forehead ; ou the tsmflb 
vi combed hair fall over the strap, and behind the beoattf 
string knotted at tbe end, probably a braided lock of hair, 
the ear hangs a three-ringed ear ornament, one ring' below 
falling to the neck. Tbe beard and moustache are shaven, 
the face looks about forty years of age. Around tbe 1m* 
legend in ancient Kagnri rnaracters, much like the charaol«n 
in contemporary K^^ik aud Kaoheri cave iuGcnptiouH. Tha 
reads ' Siri Yai^a Sdiahmifu ra^o Golamiputtiaa,' that ia * 
illuBtrious Yajna Shatakarni, the king Gotamiputr-a,' Yaj 
title, as given in the NAitik and Eanheri cave inacriptions, t! 
Ootamiputasa siri Yafta SiUakanieOf that is 'Of kinjE^ Gotamipctt 
illaatriona Tajna Shatakami.' Tbe legend should, tberofon, h» 
first from above the head to themoulb,aud again frutn the back 
neck to tbe middle of the bead. The reverse has in the 
pyramidal syitibol of a chaitya or relic-.-ihrine cotDpot!«d c£ 
tiers, the lowest of three circles the middle of two aud the hi 



1 TheM gold flowera wnv vocb dimmed uul ■(mHI by ilunp aaJ 
'riiere were IS5 MAht-MtftUad lotus flow«rv, kiiu« witL >.'I«ar tnuked rotaa, 83B 
Mtd wnrth ahout Ri. l4-5 ; and aa«ooad {raokot wiih about 135 Bowora, nf m «• 
WcighiDC 318 grains, 720 touch, aod worth about Ra. 34-IU-O. Iii this boooihI 
W*ru ii'Jliakuii »n- MimnMOpa elpiigi tlowcn, ten four- ]<« tall od flowctB, tco 
buda, acvea thJok «fskt-p«iUllvd Oowan, Hven inmiiyjwtaltcd flowerm. aei 
flowors witli oigbt altenuita large and uiuJl pvtala. T1» Howcra bat-o boon r 
aud their wdght, toncb, i\nd value Mecitaincd through the kiU(ln«aaofCjtlnti<4 
tb* Maat«r, and TiijiUhi Uartin, tb« l>epat7 Ateay Blutw vt th« Bombay M 



^■^ 




one. On tlie top is a large circular tee. To the loft is tlie usual 

tkami aud tJjuiti coin -symbol, of four circles joined by two cross 

Above these two symbols are a snn with rays and a orescent 

>n, and below tbeui is a zigxag serpent-like line. Hound the 

ibols is the legend in charact'ers exactly the eauie as on the 

rerse, and round the legond is a dottod cii'de. The die on this side 

imperfect, as the coin seems to have slipped while it was being 

iped. Hii letters of the Io(»eud arc only partly shown. The 

tters that appear on tire nro ' Gotamiputa Kmnaru Yatia Sdtakani.' 

the nx letters, of which only iho lower parts appear, the sixth ia 

Icutly ga, and the other hitters from their lowor parts seem to 

10 Chalwrapana. In the absence of another specimen of this coin 

ith the legend entire, the legend on t}ie reverse may be read 

' tturopanasa Ootamiputa Kumdru Yana Sdtakani, that is Yajna 

IhAtakami son of Gotami, prince of Chatnrapana. Chaiurapana is 

proper Tinmo of Vftjna.siiri's father.' As the coin Ja atriicfc in 

Htation of the Kbhalruiia cuiu« which give tho name of the father, 

id OS the ShittakarniB were always called after thoir mothers, caro 

been taken to givo the nnmes of both father and mother. The 

irkiDSDship of the coin is good. The stylo is copied from the coins 

the Kshatrapaa, the points of difference being the bare head, the 

:k» of hair on the temples, and the long braid of plaited hair 

lat falls behind. 

Besides the coin, there was a small gold plato with a pressed 

t image of a teaching Buddha, a piece of silver wire about 

o inohee long aud nearly a sixty-fourth of an inch thick, aud 

little patch of gold leaf about threc-oighbha of an inch square. 

ere were also smalt cakes of mouldy uhir powder, and forty-five 

beads, a few of them glass, but mostly amethysts, berylls, and 

itals, varying in size from a pigeon's egg to a pea, but all of 

iem poor in colour and quality, together not worth more than a 

Bw rnpocs. 

Fourteen of the stones were uudrilled and thirty-ono were drilled. 
Lmong the undrtlled stones were three berylls, one (about j " x ■^') 
very clear and of an irregular ejw shape. A second (about i^' x-^") 
was siX'Sidod and flat, aud a third was a six-aided tube (abonb 
■^'X A"). ITinje were orystab, one a small broken half bead, a 
fleoonu a long rounded beatl d'xl'^, the third very clear and 
TOogfaly heart-shaped (-^* x ■^'). One was a flat six-sided amethyst 
(|l' xi'), another wus a small clearly polished carbuncle about 6vo- 
eixtoeuths of an inch loug. Besides tncso there were three fragments 
of rough green glass, and a fourth larger stone (about -ji^* x 1"), spoilt 
l>y verdigris, of a green bottle-glass colour,' 

The remaining tliirty-oco stones were drilled. They were 



Chapter XI 
Placet of Interest. 

SOPARA, 

The BmUhia 
Jtelie iloumt, 
ntCiMK 



StaiW. 



■ ChfttnnnuM VABuhthipatrft is «!•» mentioned in a KiiUlfhilt inscription. Sea 
k>vv, p. 2HS. Thn TiKit tUt he i> tltcra caUinl aim «l V&abii^thi InvM no ctonbt 

t bo » ■ MlutUkftml kinj;, prolmliU tli<? IfroUn^of VAsialitbiuntni PuliiitUvi (A.U. 

.), Iltiluinv'* 8iri PotvnuM who ruled kt Tutluui ncMi Alunaanofir io tlw DcccaB. 

I'an'lit It^ingvAnUl'* •xpUnation of the object o( placing thoM stooM sad olber 
lklv« iu tlK c4uko4 ia ^ivta u> Uic Ap[wO(lix. 



[Bam1»7 fii 



8S4 



Chaptar XIV. 

rUcMOflnUmt. 

Sor&mA. 



DISTRICTS, 



loow and in no order, bat hftre been ftmmged by 
BhaffTial&l and found Id form the left half of a Lhra^^l 
neefclaeB. That thay form a balf not a wholo necklaco is ah 
tbere beio^r otic itutdad of a pair of the Inr^r crjatals, o 
instead of two paira of SiibM, and one iostuad uf two elepfaAot 
11m first piece, which probably Eortned the niiddlo uf the m 
is a «ix-«iaad block of dee»<blao glaa», about an inc-U and a 
looe and five-sixtoenUia or an inch broB<i. It i» amirilled i 
probably held by a gold catch nt ooeh r-iid. Next cornea a 
purple veined amethyst cat in iho form of a Buildhitit trideoi 
elereD-sixtoeotbe of an inch broad and a littlu uors in 
Noxt is a clear rooghly egg^abaped beryll (fj" x tV)> nei 
diree imaU beryll tnbes {the largest alxiut i'X}^. K«3 
doable six-sided clear crystal (W'^H)' ^'^^ ^^"^ ^ 
pynunids sot base to base. Then oomee a pair of coove 
beryll fiabea, a BnddhJat symbol of good luck, aboat 
Bixt«eQth8 of an inch long. Then come three flat circalar 
two of tbem crystal and ooe beryll, the biggvat t^i " x i' the o 
little flmaller. Kext comos a beryll bead btx -sided and flat 
twenty-foarthf) of sn inch long and aboot the same brood. Nax 
three dark six-sidud beads, a carbunolo and two omeihyata, a 
qaartor of an inch broad. Next comee a tiny broken g^aaa shaf 
fire-eixtoenths of an inch long, perhaps part of an elephant 
Next oomee a six*sided and Sat carbuncle f,-^' X f). Next an 
beryll bcudsf flat oblong and six-sided (^' x i'), one of them 
than the otbem. Kext cornea an oblong six-sided block of c 
with three broad sides and three narrow sides, tturee-quartcn 
inch long. Thon come three six-&idod beryll beads about 
eighths of an inch long. Then comes an irrrgular .lix-ittded 
(about i'x^'). Next are three irregular six-sided beryll 
about a quarter of an inch long. One of them is pierced aero 
not down the length and hangs from the string. Then co 
amall bead of brownish red glass, in shape like two pyracoi 
base to bnse« and measoring about three-eighths uf an inch 
quarter of an inch. Next como throe small beads, ti^-o uf 
iritigular &ix-!iided berylls, and the third a small aix-sidcd Ma 
malachite (about i"x-f^"). The next ia a small ruund 
button-like ornament, about a quarter of an inch across, a c* 
bead surrounded by six other beads. Then a gold ball abo 
eighth of an inch in diameter. Then three small ^Id 
fyV^i')- Then a [H^IIet of gold aboat an eighth of an in 
di&meter anj then a circle of gold balls about a quarter of lui 
Dcroas. TUere was another gold drop that has been broken, 
thin plate of gold, with the prcseod-out imago of a teaching Bui 
measures ab^t one inch and an eighth by seven-eighth, w 
abont fourteen grains^ is 620 touch, and is worth about h 
(14 annaa). The fiuddha is seated on a lotos throne and h 
nuroole round his head. 

The sdver casket, which vas sliglit and of plnin onburnished 
weighs 7 oz. 29grainsj and ia worth ubout£l 15^. 3rf. (Rn. 1) 
It is about thirteen inches round the midrlle and stands b^ t 
high, of which 2g iuchcif aro cupoud three iuchcsorc lid. The 




TIlANA. 



ids on n rnonj rim abont half an inch high and rises in a bowl 

kpc, till, near (ho lip of tho bowl, it ia cnt iuto a roiiud j^oove 

mt a quarter of an inch deep. From there the lid, begiiuuu^ 

a narrow double-grooved bottj riees about two inchea in the 

of an inverted bowl. From this bowl tho top rises nearly an 

ih in three tiers, each narrower than tho tier below it; the top of 

lo third tier being fiat and about an inch and a half across. From 

lo middle of the top rises a pointed boss about a quarter of 

^,'ftn inch high. Retween the silver casket aud the enclosed atouo- 

sket were about eigbty*six gold flowers less tarnished and rusted 

those in the outer copper casket Of the whole nnmber, 

iirty<seven were plain round discs covered with dots, tweuty -six 

ire the many leaved bakuli or Mimueops elengi flowers, nine wero 

Teront hinds of discs, nine were spoilt, five were amall stars, two 

nunfiowors, one waa a twelvc-loavcd flower, and one a 6ower 

btli four large aud four small petals placed ulteroatelj.* 

The stone casket is of brown clay-stone or sandstone with a 
jth latho-tnmed surface. It rooaaures eleven and a half inches 

imd the middle and slandtg about four and a half inches high, of 

phich two inches are cup and two and a half inches are lid. The 

stands on a heavy rim about three-eighths of an inch deep, and 

, with a smooth outward curve, till it uoeta tbe lid. The lid 

abont an inch and throc^quartcrs, liko an inverted cup, in a 

looth unbroken inward curve, to a triple-tiered top, the luwest 

ar a quarter of an inch thick ajid a quarter of an inch broad, tho 
)nd tier a convex band about three- <)aartcr8 of an inch broad, 

id the third tier n Bat rim about an eighth of an inch thick and an 

ah and a half across. From the middle of tho top rises a small 

liuted boss about three-eighths of an inch high. 

Fitting tightly in the stone casket, was a clear crystal casket, 
>oul nme inches mund Lho middle and three and a quarter 
tchcH high, of which one and a quarter are cup and two arc 
From a llat bottom, about two inches and an eighth acrosa, 
crystal cup rises with a gentle outward bend> till, at tho 
it is two and seven-eighth inches across. Prom tho rim the 
oorvoa geutly inwards for about an inch and a quarter. From 
IB it rises in three tiers, the first a heavy rim standing out 
jont a quarter of an inch, tho second a rounded dome about lialf 
inch high, and, on the top of tho dome, a flat plate an eighth 
of an inch thick and half an inch across. From the middle of the 
ntatu riKca a small pointed boss, about a quarter of an inch high. 
The inside of the lid is bored in a hole about five-eighths of an inch 
dt'fp aud throe-eigliOiB of an inch across. Xn the crystal cup were 
nineteen fresh gold Howcrs, scvcu with fom* petals, three with eight 
I even petals and three with eight alternately largo and small petals, 
^^nd one a round disc covered with little knobs. 
^B Insido of tho crystal casket, a little too high for its place, was a 
^casket of thiu gold of 830 touch, weighing 159 grains, and worth 



Chapt«r riV. 

Places of Intersst. 

Soi-ini. 

Tft« Buddkut. 

SelicJUoMti 



St0MCaiiHt. 



CryMlCatM. 



■ Tbo wvwiit ol tbo U'jwcn ia ISS gn-, 
A iiftt« on lAc lodisB f notlco «( throwtng tnd o£ oAmng gold Bowsn tagina ia 
the Appendix. 



^^^m 



^G 



DISTRICTS. 



Tit Bmidkm 
OtUCaJaL 



TM&Ut*. 



Chmpt« HV. aijoat £1 8*. U. {Un. U-3}. It is covei-od with waviofe 
PImm of Intsrat. TMeed trncery in the Greek scroll pnttcru, and in tha IiaI] 

row* of minatc pasliei] out beads. It is about thre« Bod ilL 
ioohes round the niiddlo and nboul 1} incht.-t) hig^h, of wluii] 
inches are lid. The cup of tho cnakcF, wbii^h has someviitl 
itB shape, stands on a thin base and bends outwards in Uni 
of a broad bowl. The ltd rises in a •wmiuircular domeabooti 
sixtoonths of an inch high. On the domcj ecparatod b^a Ihtai 
rim, standsa smooth water-pot, or kataih, about three-eiffhtlui 
inch high, from the mootb of which rises a pointed lid or i 
about a quarter of an inch high. In the gold cnp vers laii 
flowers as bright as tho day ihoj worn pnt in. Thre« «£ iJ^i 
twelve-petallod, three hare eight even, and three bare 
altoruatDly large and small petab, and one in four-potaScNL 
was also a bit of green glafts i-fz'^-^")* and a little ' 
diamond which has been lost. 

Covered with tho gold flowers wero thirteen tinr 
earthenware vftrjring in size from about an inch to a qi 
iQc}i long. The fragments seem to be of throe kinds, two 
middling, and ten thin. The thick fragmoutsaro about tJ 
of an inch long, and about flve-sixteentbs of an iocb thick, 
dark brown outaide and light hrown inside. The fragment 
tbickneoa, which is a littlu less than one-eigfatli of lui inch _ 
a quarter of an inch long, is whitish outside and dark insAi 
ten thin pieces vary from seven-eighths of an inch to a qusrtern 
inch long. 'ITioy are brown and ahuut one-oig-hth of « " "■ 
The curve of one of thorn, belongs to a circle Ave incbesii 

Tliero is a generally believed local story that wntbin the 
years a Uu*go stone slab, covered with writing-, stood a litt 
south of the monnd. It was supposed to have been laid da 
the well to the north of the mound, as a clutfacA- washing il 
and to have slipped into the well. But tho well was cltKied n 
April 1382, several foot below its ordinary level, and no teace o 
stone was found. 

In cutting throoKh the monad, insido of the central relic w 
about eight foet below the stone coffer, that is under about] 
two feet of solid maaonty and with about thirty-6ve feel 
masonry on either sidt; of it, was Found a live frog. The frog i 
be the tree frog Ilylorana malabarica which is rare bu t not a __ 
iu the ueighbourhood of Bombay. It remained for four <i 
fresh and active, in a glaas bottle with about two inches of 

Prom the Sop4ra relic>mound a path leads north-oaL 
bbO yards across some open fields with £ne distant views oC] 
and KAmandurg, to the lake and temple of Chakreshvar 
Tho lake is about 180 yards long by 120 broad. It is shallow, 
except a stone cistern iu the centre, seems never to lia| 
lined with masonry. Tho temple is at the middle uf tl 




i 



' A aotts IU tlie A(>p«o(lix giv«« a latiuRar}' oi tii« irxikleclu|;i of BqiIiUm'i 
Bow! Mid of Uie diffoniDt bowU which an or Iuyo beoa wonhifiped am uc 



ilft 



a{ tbo lake, across tbe roa<l from a flight of large stone steps 
% lead to tbo water. In front of the temple g&tc is a squorc- 
'--eU modum lamj)-piUar. To the south of the temple eudosure is 
iiwo-stcried roftt-hoase, to the we^ the mean modem temple of 

ikt-i^.shvar, and, to the north, a small shrine uf Mfirati or 
Eiiuuiati. lu the coutro of the eudosuro is a modern basil stand, 
■lin front of it, a headless bull with well-carred chain and bell 
jftlncc which was lately dug out of a well in Sonarhhat about half 
■rmite to the south-east. From the style of earring the bull 
Improbably of about the same age (a.d. 1000) as the AmbamAth 

aple. About two yards within the enclosure the path pa-snes 
ip^r a Carved eitoue which has belonged to a Hindu temple, and the 
(rent of tlie four steps tbul lead mto the Chakreshvor temple ia 
]jO old and carved. 

! About three yards to the north of the bull, on a pliutb about 
ree feet high, with a four and a half feet veranda, is a plotn 
Aiare shrine of FTanumAn. Against the back wall of the south 
Tanda lean ae%'eral old carved stouee. The figures on the stone 
nnd the right eomer, facing the cast (about 1' 10" x 1*9"), are 
four-handed Shiv with anreolo and a Piirvati. To the right of 
Irvati, above is Ganpati aud below Ganpati is KArtikcya the god 
war with his peacock. On the Grst atone dicing the south 
\f G" X 2') the central figure is the Sun. His two hands, and 
Lo two lotus flowers they heJd Btraight abore his shonUlera, are 
roken off. Uound his neck are rich necklaces and a chaplct of 
pads falls below his knees. The end of hia waistrloth hangs 
ptween hia legs in heavy folds and a well-carved cloth runs round 
ts thighs. The rich shoes are one of the marks of the Sun god. 
te stands on'tbe heads of seven horses. On each side are two 
ttendant^. The group was probably carved lu the eleventh century. 
'o the west o£ the sua fltone ia a long slab (*i' 6" x l' 6") pi-obabfy 
f the eleventh century. On it Btaudn a rude modem scarecrow. 
ke figure of ShitAlndevi, or the small-pox goddess, nnd a small 
gure of the eighth Jaiu Haiiit Chandraprabba. Against the inner 
'all of the north veranda of this shrine, the stone (S' X 9*} with two 
Elated women is apparently a memorial or pdlij^a stone in honour 
f a widow Hacrifice or salt. 

Two yards to the north of Jfilniti's shrine is a huge banyan tree of 
Teat height and about forty-eight feet in girth three feet from the 
round. Several carved stones lean against this tree. Beginning 
I the south there is, facing east-, a memorial stone {^ x 1' 6") with 
brce panels, the lowest a dead man, the middle a woman worship- 
iojF a ling, and the top panel (which is broken) the hero in RaiUa 
p Shiv'a heaven. About two feet to the west ia a broken head of 
teoesh [1' tj" X 1'), the ears clenrly cnt but the nose broken. Tho 
Iftxt, the chief of the remainsj on a slab a)>out seven feet tluree 
iches longj ia a beautiful statue of Brahma (0' 4" X 2') a fall 
sngth three-headed 6gnre with four arms. The throe heads, a 
rout and two side taova, have richly carved tiaru. The fourth 
Lcod is not shown as it looks back. The front face has a pointed 
urAuIiko beard, the side faces are hairless. The upper right h»nd 
olds a aarw or wooden oil-ladle, and the lower right hand a 

SlO«l-43 



Chaptet_ XIV- 

Plftces of Interest. 

CKofmftmr 

Trmpk. 



k 



3S8 



DISTRICTS. 



ChApur XIT. 

PUCM of iBtBTMt 

SoriAA. 



romiy. In the apper left hand is & book-roll re 
and in tbe lower left hand an oil-flask. On enoh side 
eigbt-iooh female ti^rcs, the Sguro on the visitor's right 
for a fire fiAcrifico, and tbe Bjniro on the left with a woooon A 
in her left hand and « battur dish id her right hand. la 
this voman is a fimall fif^rc with a sword in its rig'ht haali 
in front of the other fignre, is a swan. Brafama ffeam a plw 
loiind his nock wiUi n central and two nido bosMe, * stnpef 
hide over bis left shoulder vtith a deer's head jnst bolow tbo 
and a thick sacred thread falling- in a waving lino to 
His waiatclotb is hold ap hy a belt with a rich rlasp in 
cloth is tied in a bow over his right thigh and falls in firgot 
four inebeci above tbe knee. From behind a roKary falls a( 
of the knee. Besides the embossed nccklaro Bmhina vnnt 
earrings, which seena never to have been iiuisbnl, d pair di 
peakea arniteta and a ronnd armlet under tho peaked one i 
"the elbow, and wristlcte, throe and two ringa on the left hs&^i 
plain band^ on the right bands. Tlie hands iuid nails ore bend 
cab and all tho lingers of tho right hands have rings. Tbe* 
ma probably carved in tho eleventh or twelfth contoiy. i' 
found about thirty years ago buried in a field in &oD4rbbit,DS 
from whoro tho bull was found. It is still worshipped a.^ Jh\^i3 
About a yard to the north of Brahma's siatoej in a )• 
tree trunk, is a finely cnrvcd six-inch high iiuage ui « v 
Pfiraea&tb, the tweuty-thini Jain saint, with a five-liooded mb^ 
bia head. The image is probably of the tenth c«Dtury or m 
There ve also two small lingt, and. on a six inch slab, twon 
worshipping. I 

From the Chakreshvar lake the north-east comer of Sopin' 
lies about sixty yards to the east. Through thie comer oftki 
the road posses about 200 yards between houses whose j^linthscd 
many old carved Ilindn stones. Prom thin about 650 yards a 
east the road leads to the Septra ore^, which, though th«r«ii 
a bridge across it, is dry and filled with earth. Twenty ytani 
boats of twelve tons (30 kkawiit) used to oome from tbe U fa! 
or Bassein side, that is from tbe south, and tbero wnn mndi& 
and salt making. Now though the land is low, it is dry I4 
daring tho rains. The railway ombankmeftt did much to kM 
the salt water, and the land is being gradually taken for all 
tillage. From the Vnitama or Boliuj side, that is from the ^ 
for many years boats have been unable to paas bojond BohiriJ 
within living memory rafts of teak hare been Boated as tarn 
Sopfira landing. Along tbe wost side of the old oreek i1 
row of palm stems. Twenty years ago thay stood fiv^ or n 
high, but now thny art) not more than a foot oat of the grotnid 
people call ihem Burud RAja's stockade and they look very old 
It seems donhtful whether they are older than tho Portagm 
even than the English, who, in 180^, strengthened this part ci 
creek with a stockado of pfdm trees.* 



1 8m above, p. 3S2. 



kai& 




mt a mile to the eaat of the briclgo, or Dadar as it m call&cl, 
1. i a flafc-ioppod hill, about a hundred feet high, known as NildonjfrL 
^Dth end nas been quarried away, and in the middle of the 
n« tho ruina of a Btuall Portug^ueee fort.* The yellow trap coffer, 
^H in the centre of the Sopdra rclio-monnd, seems to be made of 
B brought from this hill. About a mile further eaat is the lUk.thi 
J^iuj lull, with a fine basalt dyke of which details are givea 
r ou. Turning back west from IMdar, that is the Soptira 
,iin)7, abont fifty yards oast of the Chnkrenhvar lake, is tho 
^htiCirlb or Bud-taUrdi. This ia said to hare b«en once held 
ttacretl and to be lined with dressoil stonea. It ia now 
;bed and filled with earth. Treasure ia said to be buried 
rgruuud. But it in believed that tho first two men who dig 
[forfeit their lives. From Boghitirth, about seventy yards 
l-Kiast, at tho back of tho honsc of one Jairdm BbiLakar Sonar, 
into the pliutb, is a stone with writing. It records a gift ia 
lonth oiAahddh{Jane-Jn\y)Vriiihi'^)aammUar,Shakl07l{r) 
U. IIIST). The name of the king appears to be Kur (Hari ^ 
Idev. Seventy-five yards more to the eaat leads to the house of 
n^hita Seth the chief merchant of Sop&ra. His house, which is a 
e two-atoned building, is about fifty years old and ha.i much of 
» rich wood-carving which was then in fashion. From Ibrdbim 
th's house, about 150 yards to the south, is Hiepokarn a Mutsalm&u 
nd about eleven yards by fourteen which is lined with old dressed 
Dnes. Close by are many Mosalm^ tomba. 

The pokarji ih almost on the south limit of SopAra. About fifty 
j-ds south-east, within Gas limits, is the Kh&re or Shirmoli pond, 
»ont fif tv yards south of which was found the statue of Brahma now 
>ar tho Chakreshvar temple. About fifty yards east of the Kh&re 
)nd is the BhAtoIa pondj 2-iO yards long by 1 id brood, whose north 
i.d west banks are covered with Musaho&n tombs, some of them with 
oety carved head-stones (about 4' x 2'), with a rounded top inside 

which runs u row of lotus flowers and below hang a largo central 
i,d two side chain lamiw. On tho north bank is a Hindu stone 
irved in rich tracery, probably part of the spire of a Shair tompls 

the eleventh or twelfth century. 

Close by in April 1882 were found, carved on a broken piece 
ba»aU (about \iV x \2' x 12°) , tho remains of six lines of an 
soription in tho Ashok character, which, on comparisoo with 
shok's edicts, proved to belong to the eighth edict, of which it 
rms about one-third. Tho fourtoon or fifteen of Ashok'B edicts, 
hich have been found at Gim^ in Kiithii(wilr, at Kapurcdig^di 
I, Peshawar, at K^si iu Dehra-Dun, at Dhanli in Cuttack, and at 
lugada in Gaujam, have all been in groups, none of them have 
Mn separate. It is therefore probable that a complete set of 
bliok's edicts was carved near Sopilra. As there is no single rock 
lar SopiLra suited for engraving the whole of the edicts, it appears. 



Chapter XIV. 

Places of Interest. 

Tempk^ 



AAok&lKi. 



> A PortsgnSM VTit«r In 17SS eomplained thst the Nil hiU atmr Bopin. had beeo 
rtUicil «-itnont tbo faolp of an angiBMr, Bad thkt tb« tuMtiooa v«r« so niKll that 
w nu OD ix^otn to mrk a (our-Msado' gna. Bcpwi do PortasuoM IhUacm, 
ChfoD.deT». !.».». 



(Bomluy 



840 



DISTRICTS. 



bptvxrr. 



frotn the kind oi itone on wkicli thia frag'ment ifl cut, tbH 
odicu were engiwvedun the large Uodu of basaJt which am 
ne*r Sop4ra, ukI that the inscritwd blooka were arraogM io«i 
In time the blocks of banlt were geparated, and bare been 
awa/ and broken hj the people. The fragmeitt preMrrt^ i 
the lower left-band comer of the eighth edict. The surfoceefl 
Btooe in the extreme Wft has broken ofT and t»ken withki 
first lettera of three lines; what ts left rontaios the remaiMl 
the b^snin^ of aix hoea. On filling op the missing^ 
of theee fix luMa from the eighth edict of GimAr, KAlaij 
digadi, Dbanli, aad Jaagada, each line of this edict 
hare cootaiued from luxteen to twent/ lottery. Cutintiag 
line at aereoteea lettera, pirofaablj fonr top lin<» hare bea 
which would show the original nnmberof lines in the edict t*l 
ten. In the sereDth line six letters, which soem to have been 
out at the first engraring, hare been pot in by the cngraTVl 
•Dialler site abore the libe. This inacnption resembles Che Gk ' 
edict in nsing r wberv I ia saed iu the Kilai and Jaagada 
Pandit BhagrinlAl propoaas the following tranalatJoa of tho . 
to which this fragment bdonn : For long, Viugs have 
pleasure tours where were {mneb oonsisted of) the c3uMa anc 
aooh amaBenwnts. For this nason a rdigiotu tour waa started 
the ton-jears-installed kiiw Pi^ada^t dear to the ^o<Is, who 
reached tme knowledge. £i which toar this hsppeoa : Tisioag i 
making gifts to Biihioans and Baddbisi monkb, visiting old 
making gifts of gold, looking after the kw and the people, 
instracttOD in religion and makmg toqairies as to (Che state 
religion. By sach means, this (religions tear) becomes a bdorwI 
great pioaBnre in other parts (of the dominions) at king Pij 
dear to the gods. 

The low tree<«OTered moondt about flfiy yards east el 
Bhitela pood, with many Unsalmin grares and the site 
Portttgnese tower, is an old landing-place. About a qaartcr of a i 
to the south-east boats of ten to twelre tons still mme at b^ 
tides. Betnmiag west akmgthe north hank of tin Bfa^oU pond : 
paesiiw between the Bhfitela and EhAre poods, about one hai ' 
and fifty yards south, is the Rimktmd or Bima's Pool. This 
once a &motu place of pilgrimage, and ts mentioned in odc of 
KAslk cave writings, prv'boblj of the first century aft«r 
No one from a distance now visits Bisoa's Pool, tboogh, in Si 
(Jnly-Angtut), SopAra Hindns of all dasBea oome to bathe, 
a staep-sued dee^uy-ahaded pool about fiorty-fiTB fisei aqnare. 
opper fiffeem leK of th» cidea are steep earthen alopee. L 
the earth are elerea st«M of ron^y d ra se o d stone about 
inches broad and six inches d^tp. Qa the east bank waa a ■ 
Kma-cuoot Adiunkka, used as a hingaibr turning a Persian 
and seretal broken images a Utile tn tlu aonth. 



iMi i fmm l. h tmlJU (Ji lt bwahiti 
■■ f i ff i T JIS ■ dm (Ma klSMS ImI) ; Slk 



LasttMhHv r«rHitMl*M 



thAna. 



341 



About 175 yards to the south, in a part of the Gds rillage landi Chapter ZIV. 

Uod Sou&rbhftt, is a sinall moand, at the east foot of wliich p^^^gg oflntsmt 

a broken cross-legged female figure {2'x2'), perhaps Ambika. 

lose to this ipot large earihenware cups are said to have been Sofaea, 

mnd some yean ago. The Chnkreshvar ball was dug out of a well 

ibout fifty yards to the west. To the east of the mouod is a de&ued 

jrvod fragment appart-ntly of h. spire iiicbo. The tompip, which 

said to have been dedicated to PArosiuttL, spoms to have beea 

considerable size as there arc remains of foundations about fifty 

rds to the west. About 200 yards to tho south-east, at the road aide, 

a damaged sculptured stone (2' Q'xi'), the main figure in which 

ipcrhapii the Sun, as he holds a lotus in each hand. It is apparently 

rt of an entrance door probably of tho eleventh or twelfth 

3ntnry. Fi-om this stone nine modem steps lejul to a garden 

rhcro is the tomb of the MuMnlmiin saint Shaikli Akbar-moi-ud-din. 

touud the enclosure a row of very large old bricks (ItJ'x 10' x 3") 

arranged as a border. They were found abont 120 yards to the 

)uth-wcst, at the comer of two roads, where many others may bo 

bnilt into a new well. 
About 300 yards west of the place where those old bricka wore Od*. 

is GA» lake, a winding hollow, 120 yards broad and 800 long 
tth two cross diims. The sides are fringed with gardens and 
'ersian wheels. On tho cast shore of tho lake, about 110 yards from 
'ie north end, is a richly carved stone lotua-pendant. On the bank 
jiftboTej in a spot known as Mala, a few other dressed stones and lines 
' fonndatioM walls can still bo traced. It was probably a Brflhmanic 
I'lnple of the eleventh or twelfth century. At the south end of the 
are the remains of a flight of dressed stone steps. From the 
juth end of G&s lake, abont 150 yards to the south-eastj is the 
Ivillagoof Gds, which, according to the people of tho place, is the 
(0it« of old Septus. In front of one Degu Pobria MAhtdra's house is 
[A smooth six-sided block of basalt about two feet broad, two and 
a balf long, and two feet high. It is used as a clothes-washing and 
bathing stone and apparently for grinding curry powder. On its 
smooth top are carved in large V&.\i letters, perhaps about B.C. 200, 
the letters ' Badhuya,' that is ' Of Badhn,' apparently someone's 
name. About three years ago tho stone was struck against in 
ploughing K&kldi's field close to Brahma bill. It is probably a 
grave-stone. Passing through 06s many of these blocks of basalt 
are notable in front of verandiis and built into plinths. None aoem 
to have letters oxcept ono about 200 yards to the aouth-weat of 
Degn's honse, at the other end of G^ village, in front of the house 

»of aSAmvedi Dribmaa, D&b N&ik by name. This lilook, which is 
•bout tt foot and a half across and a foot and a half high, is carved 
on two Bidos. On one side are tho letters ' Kodaaa Kalnvadata/ 
that is ' Of Kalavild the Kod,' and, on the other side, ' VgvHeveya^' 
iliat iH 'Of Ugrudevn.' Like tho letters cut in Dogtt's stone theso 
letters are I'lUi, prnbably abont ac. 200, and, like Degu'a stone, 
*'n» was brought from near BraUma bill. About half a mile south 
' B&b NtUk's houBG, on the way to Achola rillage, tho ^dos of the 
1 are in places fringed by brokon linen of largo blocks of basalt. 
■ne of basalt blocks is known aa tlie atone daw, ihgdi bandh, 




b- 



rBotnWy 



ZA2 



DISTRICJT8. 



%^^ XIT. nnd wems to be the ivmaiDs of an old fiwtway raUed acrcm u| 
aflntsTMt. '"** uiutldy Iniid to the south o( G4a Tnusos of a stmUiir fooi pi 
monL oru fuuiid iu other hollows in the Sop^ra tiuios. Dear Eki 
**'^**' and, still moro, in the low landji betwueu Gi&s aud IJmlinuk hilL' 

The Btono dnm or tirtgiJi (h'uidh is the last nhjort of int<w< 
Vrtno It there rttniaiiiH about b mile and a half of return n»l " 
CImlna village, aud from Cholnn rilLnge about two miles eut '» 
Mdoikpur. 

A Kcond day maj he fipont iu tho morning, io viaiting Yap^i 
hill, about four nule« wueit of the MAiikptir bnngalciw, and Htaij 
the remains of ita Purtugueao fort, aQ<l, perhupa> Inmn ■] 
a rough old wall of blocks of ba&ult aud brick work.* lb 
altemouD may be passed in riaitin^ Achola, a mile and hhX\ 
to the north of Minikpur «nd seeiug ita Portuf^eae fort. Aboc 
mile to the north of Achola, near the top of the WG«t face of 
ateep llnkiihiDongar.or Tulinj hill, perhaps about 300 feet ahon 
plain, is a lino basalt dyk«. The rock is dark, glist«ns with m 
and when etmck rings like an anril. The ba«aii pillars statid 
from the edgeof the hill sometimes iaKingfe column». in oth«r 
in groDps wedged close together, running into the bill with a 
east slope. The pillars are black and six-sidcU, the faces genaiH; 
from nine to ten mchea broad, and the length varying from six U 
twenty-two feet. The dyke is ouly the ruins of what it was tbii^ 
yeara ago. Many of the pillura wore used when tbu railway m 
made, and the people still carry them away, ^ettin^ them roUiaC 
down tho steep hill-side, and gathuring the fragmenta when tb 
pillar shivers to pieces at the fo<iL Across a raWim to the east u a 
onrioas circle of large npHght basalt pillaia.' 

At Bolinj, about two miles north of the Sopdrarelic-monnd, bbIooi 
(2'2°xl'2 xH"), with writing in Devnoagari tetters, was foni 
nsed as a door step in the houw of a Christian, named Juja Msbb 
Ix>p that is Joseph Manuel Lopez, and in l>evh^a pontf, in ti» 
name village, there are Raid to be some carred stones. Bolinj mi 
formerly a large town and probably had rich templea, but no rvmaiu 
were seen. About half a mile south-west of Bulinj, in the bamUt 
of Kopnid, an inscribed stone (3' .')' x I' 2* x 7') of tho tlf teenth oentt 
was fuund near the hoase of tho headman Bhikn IMtil, a SimTi 
Br&hmau.* A third inscribed stone (3' 2' X 1' 4' xS"^ was broi 
from a well in V^holi about a mile weet of Sopira, but was 
worn na to be illf^blo, and was left close to the eaat of the 
mound. 

TaaiuK FORT. Takmak Fort about fifteen miles aonth-eostof MAhim, atands _ 

a very steep hill about 2000 ^t high, in a rough wooden] country, • 



little to tho north-east of the meeting oFtheTdusa aud Vuitamariv 
Takmak is a fortified height rather tlmn a fort, as it DonsiBto nfa * 



% 



' On tlie roaJ between Qia and Bnfama hill, uni)«r « hnga lanyan tnv at Ita 
edp of tho low uit WMtC, is m *lab (I* x 1* 7*) c&nrod with « cobrasod or adyvAo. 
' DAtoila arc (^v«n Iwlow uii<)er Vajiruad. * Se« abo^e p. ^9 note % 

* iMftiU K» giv«a uudw iuiprAd, p. Sift 




TllANA. 



343 



K) yards long by about 100 brotui, enclosed wjtb works in the 
vn plupca wbere it is accosBiblo. Of tbc wurkd all tbat remain 

atDBlI gateways with a low rained reiaiaingwallon each side. 
[&, in spito of Uio natural strength of the hill, the works wore 
iUy injured by exposure and long neglect, that tho fort was 

1 capture cither by surprise or by aasault. The wooded and 
1 ground about the fort could hide an attacking force nearly 
the foot of the works, which, in place?, were no more than 
of loose atones. On the top of the bill were nine small pondn 
, luflBcient supply of water; and there were a few Bcattered 
gocupied by the gturlBuu.* In 1S62j the Takmak works 
10 ruinous as to add nothing to tho strength of the hilt. Tho 
supply was destroyed, in c&ae the bill might ever fall into 
naa of rubbore or iuKurgODbt. 

the Sativb hot-apriug, about six miles north of Takmak, are 
Bnts of nUindu teinple^large blocks of carved stone, two broken 
viHMirfM, and two broken iui</ cases or sAafun^Adtf. Near these 
to hot-water i-eserroirs.* 

Ddulva'di Fort, about ton miles south-east of Mdhim and 
Qorth-oast of Saf^lo station on the Haroda railway, stands on a 
oat 1900 feet high, at the south end of the M&bim range. It 
iblo to tho east of the railway between the Virar and Safdlo 
18. On the hill-top are several nwk-cut cisterns and signs 
fe much forti6catt(ms. At the foot of the hill, on the east, 
the Vaitjima, which is tidal nine miles further to Manor. 
ifae river, also at tho foot of the hill, is LdlthAn village with a 
oir said to have beeu built by the Portuguese.' 

ra'pur, north latitude 19" 50' and east longitude 72" 42' 30", a 
1 the Mahim sub-division, had in 1881 a. population of 2939. It 
a low wooded tract on the south bank of tho TArdpur creek, 
niles north of Bombay, fifteen miles north of Mdfaim, and by 
leren miles nortb>west of the Boisar station of the Baroda 
y.* From tho village on the north bank of tho crook the 
a known by tho joint name of Tdrdpur-Chinchnt. 

;fi34 the bar of the T^rapur river was described as of the Bama 
aa the D&hdnn bar, with a similar sand bank at the mouth and 
melin the middle which was dry at low tide, but at high water 
d a ship to enter and anchor.^ Within a rocky reef, to the 
west 01 tho town, there is still onchorago for small craft, 
irticularly in tho soath, the bottom is full of rocks and shoala, 
stretch from T^&pur point to the north-west and north 
i the town.* 



ChapUr IIV. 

Places of IntarMt 

Takmak Fobt. 



TAjfDirLvXoi 

POBT. 



T.UiAruB. 



ptatn DklLtDMo'* MS. fieport in 1818, Ufliury I>)mri«i. 1154. 
. W. a. Malook. ex. * Ur. W. B. Molook. C.& 

aitfdfnaa Baiur >Utioci wu built in 1871 at aenit of £14.596 (R«.1.45,36S). 
(Be rctonis at Bottar itntion tbuw mi incrawo ia (MMuigan from 11,711 in 
S4,3i1>ln IFW). aaitin giyxU from 12Sdto3303 toai. 
Jliroo. dcTu- Ul. 199. 

(WBvn Tartpur mai BomlMtv tlio tides Mt aoarly in tb« <Iir«ciion ol tha Unci, 
1 a litll* toward! it or Dortn, tui th« ebb a litue [rum it abunt mulh by wtA 
SaiUnc Dirootorr, 371-71 




(Bombay 



3ii 



DTSTUICTS. 



TABiJVI. 



Ch»pt«^XIV. InlbelSSl population of 2939, there wore 2124 Hind 
FU««t of lAterwt. Mnsatm&ns, 3diJ P^rais, and b2 Cbristians. The sea-trftde 
for the fire yearR ending 1 878-79 show Bvemge 
worth £10,529 (Rs. I,0i>j290) and aTerege importn worth 
(Ra. 01,340). Exports variod from £1115 (Ra. 11,150) in 16m 
to £16,840 (Rs. I,(i8,400) in 1878-79, and impurU from 
(Rs. 40,900) in 1873-79 to £7220 {Rs. 72,200) in I87( 
mnnicinality was Banotionod in 1866, liiit tlio sanction was wit. 
in 1869. There is a Goremmcnt school and a achcKiI founded 
Bombay Parai Panchfiyat for teaching' Zend Aveeta. lu th» 
quarter of the town is a fire-toraple, built about 1820 by tbe 
known PArsi contractor VifcAji Mehrji, Opposite to tbo fire-l 
is VikAji Mehi-ji's mansion, a larjfe two-stoned building visil 
miles. About two ruiltiw tu the sautb tbere ara throa Towon of Sil 
The eartieat of uukoown duto is built of undressed afconea and i 
Another of unknown dato waa built by public ^aubscription ; aad 
third, now in use, was built in 1866 aUo by public aubocriptioo.* 
Sidorg. At tbe end of the thirteenth century (1230], T:lrapar is moatia 

as ODe of tbe towns conquered from tbe Ndika by Btiiai 
legendary ruler of Mihim in Bombay island." In I&33 it 
burnt by the Portuguese.* In 1556 the Portuguese 
near TArttpur were greatly increased, and it waa tbe 
the richest of the Duiuau districts.' In 1559 an assault by 
Abyssinian troops was 8uccos»fu]ly beaten off." In 1582 and i 
in 1612, tbe fort was unsuccessfully attacked by the Mogl 
In 1034 tlie town wag the seat of a magistrate witli powers 
half of the Daman torritorios. It exported prorisions in which . 
country round was rich, and had a good trade with. Surat and Dh 
The fort waa surrounded by a wall with round bastions 
besides quarters for the garrison, had a church, a DomlnieH 
monastery, and a hospital or mlsrricordia. The garrison included* 
captain, a miik, tea peons, and a bombardier, a police iuspectorsDit 
four pwins, an interpreter, a writer, a torchbearer, and an ncnbn-lU 
boy. Beaideft the garrigou there was tbe vicar, and fifty Porta gaeso^^OO 
Native Christians, and abont 100 slaves, good Sgbt«rs and well anad 
with Bwords, lancos, and guns." In 1670 Ogilby meutioDs it ss s 
coast town," and, in 1695, Gemelli Careri describes it (ui w«B 
inhabited with mouasteriea uf the Dominicans and Fninciscans of tb* 
Recolot Bchool>> In 1728 it was said to be of no strength and t'»t» 
garrisoned by sixty soldiers.'* In 1739 the fort waa attacked lit 
the Marithfts under ChimnAji Apa. Four mines were laid, wf whia 
two succeeded in making ^eat breaches in a bastion and curt«a. 
BijibevrAv, RAmchandra Hari, Yeahvant Parar, and Tukdri Pit* 



I The deUiU ar* : Eiporto, 1874-75 £14.03t (R*. 1,40,310), lS75.7fi fll.B 
m» 1.19.2S0). 1876.77 £6835 (Re. 88.330). ls:7-7» £1115 (!t«. I1,IW») VfrVH 

(lu. 63.700J. is;s.76 rcewfiu. 6aLwli 

. I'Ji qHnj. 1878.79 SAK90 (Kb. -M^ 
— _. .„ . jKunkia, 84. 

• Dfl Barron VII. 601 ; Farift to Korr, M. 223. 238. • Do Couto, Vin MS. 

• D* Coiito. nU. 2lW. » \}t CoBto, Xt 19fi : Miokkii LusAd. ociii* 

• O Chrou. de Tia. III. 199. • O Plimn. <lo Tis. U[. IflJ/ 
M Ogill>]r'a AUm, V. 208. U ChorchUl, IV. IW. ll 0. Clmia. dc Tn. L 1&' 



(R« 1,18.280). 1876-77 £8835 (Re. 88.330). ls:7-7» £1 

£16,S40 (Kj, !,((&, «M> i ImportK. 1874-76 i.5370 (lU. 63.700 

1876-77 £7220 (lU. 72,!W0j. 1877-78 USan (R«. C6,9ti0). 

• Mr. B. a I'aU-1, ) Nun»-> I 




THANA. 



345 



Uiitoty. 



into tfao breaches with their ooluurs. They were stoutly Chspter XI7. 

d by the Portupruose, and success was doubtful, liU Rinoji piaoea oflntecMt. 

*[& scaled thu wall iu another part aud divided the attoaCiou 

garrison. Still, as Chimnaji wrote, they fought with the TiRirim. 

of Europetins, till, at last overpowered, the survivors asked 

d were granted quarter.* In 1750 TiefTenthaler mentions 

|nr as a place once PortngucHO now Mardtha.' Aft«r the 

_ the MarAth^ repaired thu sea (ace of tKe fort in Europoan 

III 1760 it was in good order and protoct-od by foar guns.' 

77tj RaghunAthrAv took ehcltor in the fort.* In 1803 it passed 

30 British without reaist&DCO. In ItjIS it was described by 

;.aiu Dickinson as one of the largest, bost couditiuaed, and most 

rolof tho sea-ooBst forts in the north Konkan. The walls, most 

ich. wero of cnt stone, enclosed a space 500 feet square. They 

about thirty feet high and ten thick, except the parapet which 

Idom more than fonr feet wide The north face wan washed 

sea at spring tides, and in many places was out of repair. 

stretches of the parapet had ^llcn, andj at tho south-east 

of the fort, there was neither tower nor bastion. On three sides 

Tamsins of a dry ditch of inconsiderable width and depth. In 

middle of the eastorn face was the principaL gateway, uncovered 

.niverse or any sort of outwurk. lusido the fort were some 

;e ruins and several buildings four of them private. There were 

idea two granaries aud a guard-room, with some inferior buildings 

several wells containing abundant and excellent water. As m 

l&uu fort, houses and gardens came within 150 feet of the works. 

LS62 it was in a rniued state, part of tho north wall having fallen. 

ihe fort were some wella and gardens. Tho fort was given in 

bv the Pesliwa to Vikjiji Mebrji, for a huudretl years, aud is 

eld by his heirs. Taylor mentions, on the south bank of the 

tho remains of a Portuguese fort which was built in 1593.* 

,olu)i town on tho north side of the creek has a customs-houso 
.Teller's bungalow now u&od oe school. On the beach, about 
north of TiiriSpur, is a ruined brick tower, which, in 1818, 
tain Dickinson found tweuty-two feet high with a mean 
BjBter of twenty-eight foot. Tbo lower ur main battery was nine 
nbove ground and contained five guns, the Bide parapet walls 
exceeding three aud a half feet iu thickness. Over this battery 
another, suited for on equal number of guns. Its parapet wall 
i>orted a wretched roof, and was not more than a foot and a half 

ia'il&* or Stoj-'n that is The Settlement, in north Utitude 
1' GO" and east longitodo 73° 3', a station on the Peninsula 
ly twenty-one miles north-east of Bombay, is the chief town of 
hdnadistrictand tho head-quartors of the Sdlsette snb-division. 
81 it had a population of 14>,i5d. It is prettily placed on tho 



1 Oraat I>ii9'i Mvitliis. 241 ; Tliorntonli Quettcer, WMO. 

* Rw. Hi«t. ot tioog. d« lludv, I- 407. 

* AmtiMldl dn Pfitrou'i ZeaA A\'Mtft, cctilxxxi. 

« t}nnl DuiTi Marithta, 396. * Isylor'i Suling EHmctory, 372. 



TSlNA. 




34G 



DisTBicrrs. 



THiHA. 



Daerifditm. 



Chapter XI7. west shoro of the SfHsetM crook, in wooded coontr;, betvcM 
. oflnterwt. ^^'"' ™°ff^ <>' Siil»ett« hills on the weat and the Btaep piotm 
PersHc p^ks on the mfunlaod t« the eootb.cast. This Eort,! 
Portaguese Cathedral, a few c&rred and engnved stooM, and 
large reservoirs are the only ujrus that Th&as was onco s gmH 

Kxcept part of Cheadnij the fishennen'g snbarb to the sooth, 
contaioa a huiding-placa a cafliomH-bouse and a railway aidiag, 
town of Thdna lies to the north of tbi; railvray. On the 8oqUi 
along tho bnnks of the creek, lie the Cheadaij and farther oot^ 
MahAgiri quarters of the town, with a largt> nambpr of bcrt' 
and ftflhors' hoases. Between Chendai and Mahii^ri ti«-H 
Hwamp of soioe thirtj or thirty-fire acres, wKich was recln-- 
1880 by a dam. The B&z4r or station road mua half a mil. 
from the station to an open npace or aqnare, where it tnoet^ t' 
road. It is lined by fltnall tiled honso« and poor ahupe, i-:. 
little bat tho most ordinary brass-work, cloth, and OToccrics. 
a qoarter of a mile from tho station, to tho oH^t of tho road, 
tho llir&kot or Diamond Fort, now the m&mlatdAr'e office. 1W 
west Btretcbet) the large Massunda lake, with iie west bank 
with broad litonc stops and crowned with a Hindu temple, anil, 
the north bank, the Portuguese Cathedral and other pictu- 
boildin^. Between Iho main road and the lake ia tbo ^ 
Kopinoahvar temple, and close by, down a stroofc on the otlicT 
are the meat and fish tnarketa. At the end of the nx> ' 
Tegotablo market, and in tho open space at the uitH-tinj^^ \. 
iigraroad stftnda.on the cast Bide, the Collector's honse, a fu]C ■! 
fttoried buiKling- with a Wge garden in wbJch are the Coli. ■ 
offioca an<I treasury. To the west are the now Byramji Jijibhii h^ 
school and the W&dia dispenBary, with, cloae by, the pubh'c libni 
and a cnrious domed bailding. This was intruded fur an EnxG* 
school, but, siuco the opening of the high school (ISM)), it basW 
occapiod by pnblic offices. Aroand are the dwellings of pJeadof 
traders, and c^her wetl-to*do natireA, donble-atoried with M^ 
tiled roofs and gandily oolonred wnlls. Alon^ the Agn Rat 
towards Bombay, is the Portagnese Cathedral, and, a little beymi 
the now Marittbi school. To the east, after paasiag* between tli 
Collector's and Judge's houses, the Agra road oomea ont o) * 
wide park-like esjilanade crosaed by bmad tree-lined roads, wA 
the fort or jail in the cast, the English church in the soA 
open wooded ground with the civil hospital and the remaiiiitl 
the assistant jndgo's houKo to the wc6l<, the Judge's and CoUecMl^ 
residences to tho sonth'west, and, to the sooth more well duUi. 
Bnropean houses, and the neat police lines formerly used by 
Kntiro Infantry Regiment. This ploaaant esplanade, win 
dooblo-bridged creek and the wild Persik hills to the eaA, 
wooded rice-lands and bill-aides to tho west, forms a p r etty 
which, especially during tho rains, is in many points more lilu tf 
English than an Indian view. 

North of the church lies the Khatarviila, or woaver's quarter, 
and beyond, at tho north extreme of municipal litnitu on the eJp 
of tho GobAIb pond, is Colonel Atkiu's I»"»"alow. Alung 



UL] 



THANA. 



3« 



between Chcndni and Mahdgiri, a Jam, pitched with etono 
easUiro face »od pruvidod with two uluioo galesj was built in 
a cost of £a29 ;(Ks. 3200). This dam has reclaimed from 
thirty-Sve acres of salt marsh behind the Hir^kot, which 
caused much aanoyaaco and Ul he»lth, aa the tide waahed 
■.nd loft on it filth from the latrines on the creek. Tbelatrinca 
now cleaned bj the tide without ex{>eiise or -establishment, 
tho area of salt ground, which has boen obtained by the 
icinaJity from the (Government on the Gajariit reclamation 
18 being gradually filled by town sweepings. 

na IB cut off by the Yeur hills from tho sea brooxo, it has aa 
. yearly rainfall of between eighty and ninety inches, and to 
ti south-east, and north, it in tanked by tai^o stretches of salt 
lb and tidal fureshore, The climate is therefore relaxing hot and 
'ish,efl|X!ciallyatthocloseof the rains. In IdCd, 1875, and 1877, 
raa attai:ked by violent epidemics of cholera. 

50ording to the 1881 census, in the total of I4,4o6 people, there 
lI,o3y Hindus, 1398 MusalmAus, iO'M Cliristians, 260 PllrBis, 
05 Jews, The chief Hindu castes were (Cunbis and Manlehfia. 
tore arc four landings or handnrs, Mnndvi near tho local-fuud 
fe, liiliuri and [3uudi iu Mahilgiiri, and Chuodni to the south of 
ailway lino. The sea trade returun for the five years ending 
79 show average oxporta worth £22,825 (Rs. 2,28,250) and 
irts worth £:i2.20tj (lis. 3,32,6lJ0). Exports varied from £9973 
09,730) in 1875-75 to £35,330 (Rs. 3,53.300) in 1878-70, and 
Brts from £18,50* (Rs. I,85,6i0) in 1874-75 to £57,759 
5,77,590) in 1876-77.» The station traffic returns show aa 
toae in passengers from 312,309 in 1873 to 460,612 in 1860, 
:n goods from 2644 to 16,343 tons. 

the north of the town, in tho Christian village of Khaianntda 
:0 weaver's quarter, a few families still weave tho bcautifnl 
Once famous ThAna silks.' Close by, in the Rabodi Bubarb, 
Mu»almiLu weavers of tho cotton fabrics which am kuowu as 
a cloth. Since tho introduction of cotton-cloth factories into 
bay, this industry has almost died, and the weavers liave gone 
omhay, Surat, and Broach. Hauy ruined houses, old plinths, 
nosquc, and the extent of the burial-gronnd lihow that a large 
ammadau population formerly lived in this neighbuurhood, 
hondni and Motuigiri some of the KoU fishers and sailors 
very well-to-do. One or two are said to bo worth £10,000 
1,00,000) or more, and are now large moneylenders. 

lAna iu throaghout tho year the seat of the Judge and civil 
n, and, during tho rains, of the Collootor, tho assistaut and 
iy coUectors, the customs officer, police superiuteudent, district 



Chaptar XIT. 
Flaoes of Inter 

TOASA. 



iMndltt^ 



SfA*r^. 



OJbx*. 



Bfi d«UlU Kt: Exporbi, 1874-75 .CSO.OOI (K«. 3.00.UO), 1876-76 £9973 

#,7»>), IS7li-7> l'25,%a! (R*. 2,f>.'),2l>0), 1S77-78 £23,4(>3 (Bi. S,M,630), xnA 

i3.''>,330 (Kb. 3.!13.300); Importe, l874-7fi JCIS.MM (Rs. I.Sn,640l, 1S75-76 

[R*. 3^1.740). 1876 77 £N.l^ (,6*. 5.77,590). 1877-7S £31,a;({ (R«. 2.lfl,760}, 

78-79 ZSl.'im (Its. 3,12.600). 

■iU of tbo .Sillt lodwbry ve fpv«u un.ler Cr*fb, fmtX 1. Ct»p. VI. 



^a 



^uSSk 






1U8 



DISTRICTS. 



TmJjtM. 



enginear, the depaty coUoofcor ot s&lt rvrenue, uu 
lUN oTiatanat <^o^- ^^ ^ '^ ^^^ t^CAd-rfuvt-en of tho diief reTCBO* 
offioera of the S^Hsettc sab-dirisioo, and is provided mlh i 
jail, oonrt house, civil hospital. Jispensary, high school, 
rerenuo offices, civil jail, post office, nulway BUdon, aihI 
bungalow. A detnchmeDt of 100 men of a Native " 
stationed BtThArm Ui gnard the jail, wfajdi is iiudor the 
Boropean superiDtendent. 

The manicipality was established to 1802.* In 1330-51 
bcstdM a creait balance of £454 [Rs. 45^7), a net iDcotne 
<R«. 14.63l») or a tazatioo of about 2». {Re. I-O^) a 
income ii cbtefl; drawn from octroi, totla, hooae tax^ m 
faea. Daring the snme vear the expenditure amoTuted 
(R«. aS.-WG). of which £1000 (Rs. 10,000) wero on w, 
£631 (Ka,6309} on scavouging, £2JU (IU.2501} ou 
(Ra. 1008) on lighting, and £49 (Ra, 40t;j on road waJrti' 
municipal limits inclade the Tillages of Thkntk, Pt^t)ch*?JiU 
Cbondni. and the ijuburbs nf Babodi^ Vajavli, Khatarridi, 
Pimpalpkda, Dtalwir-rdnchpAkhidi, Kolhar, Charai,T 
Varora. Sinco the mnnioipality hoa been established, 
ejcpcnditurc has been on thu Fokrun water-works toww^l' 
the niuniei]Mlitv ountributed £1260 (R«. 12,600), on nadi 
(Ra.68,437).on {atrinos £o40(R«.&405),on markeU£18S5fBi.' 
on wells and rcservoire £480 (Ra. 4799}, on dama £S29 (& 
on pnblicgardonB£121 (Rs. 1208], on bridge £118 (Bs. llSS^i 
on repairs to uinrVeta and ciril hospital £209 (Ba. 2U90). 
Waitr 8*ipptif. Want of good drJukiug water has long beenajp-eAtertlis 

Manj of tho wclU run dry in tho hot w«ather, while 
are so near lairinea and privies that their vmter is now' 
Since 1830 repeated attempts bave been inado t<- 
Bupplj of water. But want of fonds and other dill. 
any steps being taken, till id Jnly 1880 the Pukrun ndaem 
Bauotioucd. Tho Pukran watcr-worka are (Talcatated to p< 
eight gallons of water a day to the whole municipal ^ 
lion. For a uou-tiianufacturing town like Thiina, thie « 
ahoold be, and, so far, has proved to be enough. The <tchem» OS 
of a storage reservoir with head works, including outlet and 
weir, a main to the town, and distribution LydrHntB. The 
reservoir is at the foot of tho eastern slope of tho SAImMs 
about two miles north-west of tho town. The wat«r is impo 
by an earthen dam UK)5 feet long with a greatest Uoightnf 31 
In the centre of tlie dam is a clay pnddle-wall ten teei 
well punned and rammed and taken down to the solid rock, it 
places thirty feet below the surface. At the north end of the 
the waste-weir, which is forty feet wido, with a mil 6 J (eet bel 
top of the dam, and rAlcuInt«d to carry off a rainfall of two 
in one hour, with a depth of 1' 6' over the sill. The snrhic 
of the re'aervuir, at the level of the waate-woir sill, ta 489,400 



) GoT«rtun€nt RMoIotian 17SI, of 30th October 1868: 

* Cotttnboled by Ms. V. B. Mftclaron, CB. 



db 



TaksA. 
WattrS«f 



i 'feet, and the cubic capacity 4,304,320 cnbic feet, equal to twen^- Chapter XI 

'■■cjTfD million gallonH. The outlet ia by means of a masonry tower, pUoes of Interest ' 

' provided witli valves at every five feet, from whioh a pipe ten inches 

1- tn diameter, embedded in wjncreto, passes below the dam in a 

itrecch cat in the solid rock. The main ia a cast-iron pipe seven 

r ' inches in diameter, provided with a sluice valve near the storage 

t* reservoir, and ending in the valve and metor-honse at the entrance 

to the town, wheru the pressure aud quantity of water used daily are 

. rvgiHtercd and cunLrellud. CaBt-iroa pipes of suitable sizes and 

^ fitted with the nccossarj valves distribute the water to sixteen 

\ pnblic hydrants with sixty-seven taps in diSerent parts of the town. 

Kach hydrant has from one to eight taps according to the number 

^ of people who are likely to use it. Ilie jail, with its 800 prisoners, is 

supplied from the town main. The storage reservoir is ctdcutated to 

liola euoujfb wat^or, after deducting loss by evaporation, to give a 

^ daily supply of b^ gallons to the whole municipal population which 

f is taken at 15,000. In addition to the stored water there is ihe 

yield of a spring in the reservoir basin which has been gauged at 

87,500 gallons in twenty-four hours in the hot weather, making a 

total available daily supply of eight gallons a head. The works were 

begun in Xo%'eraber 1880, water wtis supplied to the town in July 

1881, and the whole was completed and formally opened in Auguat 

by Sir James Fergusson, Bart., K.C.M.G., C.I.E., Govenior of 

Bombay. The total cost of £8408 (Rs. 84,G;tU} was provided partly 

from municipal funds and partly from the Thilna district local fonds. 

Of old Hindu ur Musalmiin Thilna there is almost no trace. The 
temples and mosques, praised by early travellers, wore pulled down 
by the I'ortugaese (153O-1&0U) and thetr stones used for churches 
luid other religious buildings, and most of these Christian churches 
and buildings were in turn destroyed by the Mardth^ (1737-1740). 
Almost the only remains of Th^na before the Portuguese are tha 
four reservoirs or ponds, Massuuda, Dovdla, GoKala, and HarytUa, 
aU of unknown date. There are also several finely carved broken 
images aud sculptured stoues, which have been gathered in the jail 
garden and at the executive engineer's workshops. Of the four 
nwerroirs, Massunda, the largest and most important, covers an 
area of thirty-four acres, and is faced with stone on the west and 
partly on the north. Tho Devdia reservoir, between the church 
and tho jail, covers eight acres and has stone-faced sides. The 
GosfUa reservoir, to the north of tho town, ci-tvers five acres ; its 
banks are not lined with stone. Tho llaryi&Ia reservoir in tha 
southern or Chendni quarter covers six acres, and has a stone and 
mortar wall on its easteru side. The sculptured stones and images 
in the jail garden belong to a Urlthmanicai temple of the twelfth 
century. They were found, in 1881, whilo cleai-ing the Massnnda 
lake of silt. 

The chief Portngnese bnilding is the fort which is now used as a 
jail. Strongstone-bnilt walls from sixteen to twenty-one feet high* 
provided with regular bfu^tious and towers, enclose an area of 1^^ 
acres. The fort was begun by tho Portugarso alwut 1730, and, in 
^37j though uufinished, oSorcd a stout bat nmiucceatilul reeistaace 



Itemaiiu, 



The Jaii. 




{Bombiy 



ShO 



DISTRICTS. 



Chapter ZIV. 
^Imm of Iater«>t. 

The Jail. 



to the Msnlthw. It waa completed by the Manitbis on the 
plnn^ and, when tukon hy t,W Ruglwh to 1774, was arm«d< 
more tlian a hundred oounou. In IS\& iho. Pcshwa'a i 
Trimb&kji Dongtia, the murderer of QangAdhar Sh^tri the G^ 
ODvoy, WAH impriwjnod in iho fort, and, though guarded b; a stt 
body of PZnrnpcaTiH, mado good hia escape with tfio help of 
fiong to hito by a &£ardiha groom.^ In 1B33 the furt was dis 
and, since 1838, ii htm hocn used aa a jail. In IS-l-t the Ji 
while Tisitiiur the jail with a few attendants, was aeizod by 
prisoners. They passed a rope roaad his neck, aad wuro oai 
point of hanging him, whun soccoar came. lo 1860 plans, 
improving the jail were sanctioned, and by 1876 the changM 
compJuted at a cost of £40,800 (R«. A,0Sfi6o). The iuwur nearl 
west gate was made into a guard-room and a liouat) for 
Buporintendont. The bnildings in.side of the walls wore pulled 
and barracks bailt radiating from a central open flpaoo. A ti 
ward, a fomalo ward, and u hospital were also built abat off froni'l 
main orocntml part and from one another. The bnilding has 
room for a thousand prisoners. Id the jail rarden, laid aa a parst 
to a summer- bouse, are 80mo inscribed Portnj^ucso f^rare-e 
which were found in clearing away one of the fort bai 
probably the church of St. Doiniuinue.' To t-be west niid 
west of the jail iii thu osplanadi-, which, in 177G, wa« foraiod br 
of the Court of Dirootors by clearing away tbo boasoe.^ 



1 Tho guard o%-ct Trimbakii. owing prolaUr toenosMvv cnnlion. w«a eoai 
entirely o( E^roptuuiB. Prom this ciroanutaara tfae Fwbwa waa «Vilc in oommiu 
withlrimbAkji, uid (or aoiD« dAyi^ preriotii to Us mjJdiu tha attempt, MnoJ 
his frisoda ftnil wrA-ftTitii vrnrr wkibiw in th« noighlMlirlMXMf. Tho prinojpail jyl 
oomniunivAtion wM « MArnUm tionefimiivr in ui« Mrrics of ono of th* officiB^ 
tb« (purison, wbo pMBiup itnd reputing th« window of Trinib«liji'« fttm d 
confinoment when Airing bis miwtei'« bona, tang the infotmation bo wwkcd K 
oouTuy in an ajip&nntly carclcsM mutncr whloh Uie European* oouM not dolKt 
Trimoakji eeoaped ov«r tho wall betwoeo mrrmn and night of the evanii^ of ttl 
IStdt of SBphimbcr. Orant DulT. 631. According to Mr. Hockloy, PAndurang Bai 
who was with Tricnhakji in thcr jail. arTaiid«t with one KaiiBu, tho niimiiiiiilMrt^ 
horsf^kL'cpiur, to givu wAruiriK to Triubakji'a Irienda outside, so that mMUUgfoap 
mi&ht ha ready it ho RiiocetMlod in gftting out of tho fori. About iotbd, ob ■ i»k 
ni^t in the rainy suason, Tritnbakji went, M Ua eiuiom was, to hU bathia^pUe* ■ 
the j^iund door. Ua the way, he struck mti ■ finip m thr left, and gotootbyi 
low wiii'low. Here, taking off hia clothca and drawins oror his bead a loaf iiiiwhiill 
wliich had b«!«n Irft them by the groom, bo ]nwwi] ancnallroged not of tho lliiilllj^ 
of the fort. Uis friend iusiao, by Binding aongi and talfctai; tofaitn, kept the MShHl 
AmployDd, and, whon ho Boarchcd tho bathing-room and fonnd it empty, Trimtalifl 
hftil mnilagi'ioil hia cnivkgic. (Piiidiiran^ Ilari, I. \7A-\'JS). Attol.hcr acoonnt atahi 
that lut let hiriiHeU duwii over the muipart with the help uf a rttpa. (I>itto, 177) 

' b'or n Mlwrt account of thvaa itucriptions SM Indian Kailwsy Serrtcis (JaaeCI^ 
AuKUst IttTu. Tliu stouus aru lo much brokL-a that little uf thu inat^riptton* ran k> 
nuide out Home of tho ran tin and aino coins known from fit- rail-t-rinvn wboel ^ 
rod'14 and a modal with the hiMMl of Cbrirt and tbo rear 1&25 were al»i> fotmd. P> 
Cuuha'a BuMio, 194. An Bcvoiint of tbo copper platoa wbich wore fooad io 1781 * 
f^vca in tbe Appondix. 

' In 1S83, wnen tb« fort wu dinuantled and Thina oeaaed to bea military statioa, 
tbe eaplanaaa wna nade over to the Colleotar. In 1873 OoremiBettt determissd *> 
cbargD modcmte foM <m aatmaU grasing on it, and. in 1874. asnit was filed aganul 
the ('ollootor for levying the fees, cm the ground that it hail alvayn )>ocu cuitmnuT 
fur the ton-tispeople to grau their i-attle on the iM[>lauAde free of cbarve. its 
District Jii%«docidrd agwinut th«?C<illi'<'tor, Imt in ri?cttlar apptial M uf l&7fi th« 
Bigh Conrt rvsi^rsed tbuJuduvR dv?iti<xu and held lhatiQvnrlasadti wasGovi 
property and tbe fees were i lefgral iiu|W9lr 





TUANA. 

rn end of the esplanade are the military and police linwi. Chapter XIV. 

.weeu tlio linos and tbw Liltf ri landing- pi ace Stood the large m ofTataraiL 
"hnnscs nsed in Portngneso times, vhon the state ossessmoDt 

taken in rice. ThIw*. 



foru they built tlie fort the Portngiieso hod four or fivowatch- 
rers along the creek. Two of those towers, one on each side of 
le creek below the town, seem to hare been called Sam Pedro 
id Sam Jeroniino. Besides the towers, there was a square fort, 
Eeis Mflgos, with four gnns.' Un the creek, abont three-quartens 
of a mile above the local-fund bridge, are the remains of some old 
buildings, nerhapa a fortified Portngoese tnansion-hoose. Of the 
nHTiierooft clinrches and religions houses built by the Portngueeo 
in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries only one remains. This 
is the church of St. John the Baptist, prettily placed on the north 
Bido of the MasBunda lake, which is still known among the Christiana 
as the lakeof Saint Anthony. The church measures 130 feet long 
by thirty-eight wide and Bfty-niue high. It Baa a short aqaaro towor 
at the north end and quaintly carved doara on the sooth. The tower 
is much out of the pei-pendicular, but otherwise the church is in 
vood order and is in use. The hoight of the belfry is scTOaty-two 
net, Tlie bell is one of the latest Portuguese bells in India. 
The church baa a vicarage attached. The vicar draws £S (Rs. 30) 
ft month from the British Govurnment, who contribnto a second 
£3 (Rs. 80) for chnrch repairs. There is a chapel maHt/>r who plays 
on the harmonium and violin. An Anglo-l'ortuguese school with aa 
average attendance of sixty-three pupils is held in the chnrch lobby. 
The buililing originally belonged to a conventual church dedirated 
to St. Anthony 01 1'adna by trnnciscan friars about 1540. When 
the original church of St. John the Baptist was destroyed, St 
Anthony*R church was made the Pariah chnrch and dedicated to St. 
John the Baptist. It is said that, in order to build the church and 
convent of St. Anthony, Antonio do Piprlo pulled down twelve 
pagodas which were ronnd a great lake, doubtless theMassnndaorSfi. 
Anthony's lake, and built bis church with the stones of the Hindu 
templeo. The truth of this accoani is borne out by the nameroua 
handsomely carved stonc« which are still visible in the ivall of the 
cburcb enclosure, and by tbo fact that, in I88I, when part of the lake 
waaclcarcdof silt, many mntilatnd andwoH-carved imager were found. 
Thoy had probably boon thrown into tho lake by the Portuguese 
when the uindu temples were pulled down. The early Portuguese 
Bupposod that this was tho place where tho four Franciscan mara 
were murdered in 1334.- Tho church seems to have been more 
than once repaired or improved. Across bears the date IGOO, a side 
doorway at tne sonth end of tho church has 1 663, and the main 
entrance has 1 725.' At Pokran, about one mite to the north-west 



OtdChunltu. 



^ 



■ TbwB tow«ra ara mantionvd in 1C34 and in 1738. O Cbroa. do TU. I. 32, 56 ; 

■ 71i« atory it pno below p. 35& 

■ U«tWM« IfiWUMl IQDOIfaa Portonne bnQt MThAiw six churchos, two ooavaata, 
ana mabutwj, m* colligfl, wm oim orpbatia^. In tb« lowo w«r« : A 
' irvjft da IM aodor tbe lavwatiou ol Kwn Senbgr* da CoDfoioAo, built about 




thAna. 



353 



the south. In tho space opposite the Collector's house 
irious domor] bnilding, like a smikll chapel. It was bailc in 
>y coQTict labour, the inat>6ria]fi being supplied b; popular 
itiofl ; the roof foil in and it was rehaiU in its present form 
ittresses in 1852. It cost £840 {Rs. 8404), and was used as 
(lish school until lat-ely (1880), when it was turned into reveune 
aterial ofiices. 

are six schools, the Byr^ji Jijibh&i high school, three 

i schools, one Gujardti, one Portugueee, aud one girls' school. 

T^mii Jijihh^i high school waa opened in 1880. A roomy 

storied house was bought for £850 (Ra. 8oO0), of which 

^ntji JijihluLi gave £500 (Re. 5000), and the rest was mado 

private and municipal sahaeriptions. In 1880-81 there was 

rage attendance of 127 pupils. 

creek is crossed by two bridges, a Incal-fund mad bridge about 
ter of a mile above' the fort and a railway bridge about half a 
Blow the fort. The local-fund bridge was built iu 1877 at a 
JElG,8S6(Us. ]«6d,864). The approaches are of solid masonry 
superstructure of iron. The railway bridge, which consists 
^-feot span masonry arches, is divided by an island into two 
one 111 and tho other 193 feet long. They have a headway 
'ty feet above high-water mark, and tho deepest portion of 
mnuel is spauued with a wruught-irou pliitti-box girder 
-four feet long. 

traveller's bungalow, which is a few yards to tho east of the 
tor's house, wasljuilt in 1833 at a cost of £200 (Rs. 2000). 

re are two dispensaries. The Kharaodji Rostamji Wjldia 
sary which was endowed, in 1864, by Mr. RustaDiii Ardesir 
b in memory of his grand^ther. He provided a building and 
' (Rs. 26j000) in Government securities.' The attendance in 
II was 7467 ont-patieuts. The Scotch Free Cliurcb Mission 
isary was started in 1S77. In 1880-81 tho cstablialiment cost 
;ilg. 1450), and medicines £82 (Rs. 820). The total number of 
lents was Eorty-six and of out-patients 22,877. This dispensary 
useful and popular. 

inct from the criminal jail in the fort there is a civil jail in 
HrAkot., which has room for sixty-four inmates. During 1880 
Iwere 197 male and twenty-two female prisoners, and a 
lavenige of thirteen. The total charges were about £27 
(70-12-6), and the average yearly cost of euch prisoner about 
(s. 19-0-5). Tho po«t office, near tho railway station, was built 
^b-oQ at a coat of £323 (Rs. 3232). 

Htr^kot or Diamond Fort, in the centre of the town, was 
ly known aa the town jftil It seems to have beou largely 

to in 182k In 1861 GoTomment abolished it as a town 
Amoved the prisoners to the fort jail, and offered tho building 
p Mauritius government as an emigration depot.' This offer 



Chapter XIT. 

Places of Interest. 

Thasl 



I 09V. Rm. 0^ &r Wlh \Uy 1864, M>tS 53J ot 290% Uvteh 1965. 
* Gov. B««. I4S7 of 8bb October 1861. 



Atooh. 



BriigtM, 



JDUpttuarict, 



HmiM. 





^ 



IBMi^l 



DISTRICTS. 



r 



TmiMA. 



Ttrnphm. 



bpter XTT. doea not teem to have been accepted. Since 1863 itbtl 
tflnUrMt. ** ^^ naAmUtdAr'e office aatt C<»Ilecli>r*« record<rona, 
1804 an a civil jntl. It hu aUo the sngineer'Sj etiiif 
and reguitrntion offices, a muuictpal storB-jard, uida 

Tharo aro nine modorn Uinda temples, eiglit Bi 
ODO Jain. Tbe KopiDeshvartL'mfilp, a larj^e eut-eUMU! 
raised by Samuhlipdiir Tiainnji MahAdov Bbiralkar ati 
after SuBottc had falleQ into the hazKls of the M 
on tho oust bank ut the Urge Mae£unda Iuki>, aad is 
built in honour of an imago of KopinoeKrur thnt ru 
the wol^r. It enjojra a yearly Govemmeat allowaace 
(Kfi. 105), aiid wa« reiioirMl ta 1S79 by the Hiuda do; 
CQftt of £800 (Rs. 8O0u). Within tho onrlosnr^ of tbe 
temple,' are six small shrines of Brahmadev, 
Hhitliiilevi, Uttareehvar, and KAlik^er i, of ' 
KAlikadcvi enjoy allowances from GoTBmm.-i U 

£6 (Rtf. 60). lu tbe market, »ra the Thdkardv&r te 
yearly Govornmoiit allowance of £4 18a. (Ks. 49j,ud 
M&rnti with an allowancA of £1 16jt. (Ra. 18). Then 
Bhrine of M4i-iiti uenr the OoeAla reservoir, with an alio 
(Kb. 9) ; oDG to JakhmAta in the Kolbar aaborb, witli 
of S». (Ra. 4) J nnd ono to Gantalidoo on tho Bomb 
an allowance of 8*. (Rs. 4). Two other teiuplea, Vi 
station road and MiLriiti's on the bank of the pond w«r 
have no allowance. Tiie Jain temple of Piraanith in T 
waB built by U&rw^ Tdnis in 1879, at a coet of £400 

There are four moaqoes. The Ji^a mosque, in 
quarter, enjoys a yeany Oovemmenl allowance of £i 
ia a large building of unknown date. It was repaired 
years ago, at a coat of £1000 (lis. 10,000), by the 
Menian. There ia another moeque in Tembhi, a tJiiid a ft 
and a fourth iu Rabodi. 

In the Parsi quarter of the town is a fire-temple> buli o 
by KAvasji and Dor^bji Rastamji Fatal. It waa repMnl^ 
by Kdvasji'a son Kaatamji, and bears an inscription oIArf 
Near the fire-temple is a P^rsi re«t-houae, built by Mr. Bi 
also in 1829. There are two Towers of Silonc« uu t^ 
Bhtiiidnp road, one two and the other four miles sooth <£ 
The latter waa built in 1780 by K4v»sji andDor^bji RastUB 
and ia nob now used. The former, now in use, woa buih 
by KiTasji's ann Rastamji, and liears an inscription of t 
synagogue in Tembhi wafi built by the Indian. Jewa or 
in 1879, at a cost of £800 (Rs, 80U0], 

There are four markets, the vegetable market, a loir 
Collector's house, opened in 18t}3atn cost of £99 (Rs, 
and meat marketa, two small boildings near tbe 



farktU. 



* In ISiS, sBanbaj mflrchut offored lo tht Kojiim^vu- Una » ) 
«wt. (40 matu) of oUnfied butter. Dnyino'Urft, Irt rabnutrv lAiB 
» Ptm PmfetoliTai?. » IW PrmkAih, U4. 



THANA. 



355 



saoh or which cost £25 (Rs. 250) ; and the hwf rrtarket in a 
.^otftteil pOrtitign in tlie TlAlx^di qimrtcr. All the mark^lg 
Mtiu couileiQued by the Stutitary CommiiuiioDer, luid new 
d estimates, at a coat of £1727 (R^. 17,276), hftve been 
mod by GorerDmeut. It is proposed to obtain a GoTernmeiit 
I £500 (Ra. 5000], aud a public; loaa oE £500 (Rs. 5000) For 
nstruflttoTi. On either side of the main or h&z&r road, 
to the milway station, are rows of shops where moat of tho 
rica of life are sold. Tho graiu comes from the country 
and tho other articles, Hueb oa chillies, cliiHBcd butter, oil, 
ilassea, are brought from the Deocan. Most of the cloth is 
made in the Bombny mills or imported from Uanohoeter. 
shops ore open from six in tho moniing' till eight at night 

are six resting atid sixteen boArding honses, and four places 
ite dinners cstabliBhed by private individuals. The Roman 
ics are allowed to bury four bodies a year in the chnrch-yard 
John the Baptist. Their common burial>groand lies on the 
mbay road in the village of PAnchpakhidL The Jewish 
ojid 13 also in the same village, and a new one has been 
on the Pokran road. The Hindu burning.ground is 
tely behind the Hirdkot, and the Muaalman burial-ground 
Ih of tho Massunda lake and between the English church and 

iest reference that has been traced to Thana is, that in 636 
rich enough to tempt Usman bin Asi SakiB, Governor of 
and Om^n, to send a plundering expedition from the 
gulf.* About thirty years lat«r (GGO) it was again sacked 
Arab^.' In the beginning of the tenth century (913) Maqudi 
<ns it, under the names of Tduah and Tabeh, as one of the chief 
towns.' About a centory later, Al Biruai (970-1039) spoaka 
as the capital of the Konkan, aboat forty mile-e south of 
* In a oopper-plate of 097 it is mentioned as Shri-Sthftnaka, 
a royal festival took place and a grant of a village was made, 
ity years later (1018) another copper-plate states tliai Shri- 
kliJca was one of the chief towns of a feimily of Silhftm chiefs, 
4oUdover MOO Konkan villages." lu 102G and 1004, Sith^ra 
)r-plate inscriptiong mention Shri-Sthfinaka aud tho port of 
Btn&naka.^ In tho twelfth century (1153) Idrisi rofora to it aa 
hf a pretty town on a great gulf where vessels anchor and from 



Chapter ZIT. 
Places of Intereit. 

JdarUU. 



!Iol umI Dowmd, T. IIS, 415; B«inud^ n-agineiits, IS2| Journal Anttiqaa, 

1. » Calcutta R«Tiew. XCU. 

■jrwa d'Or, I. 330, 3S1 ; KJIiot wd Lk>waon. 1. !»■ 

liolaad Dowton, I. 6(L fil. «8. 87 : Rctnnd'i F^rngmeDts. 100,121. 

. Km. L 3^7 uiil ut ucpuhlicbcd ^Juiiper-plnte otf ApartjiU (a.i>. 007} daciphcrad 

adit Bha({vAiitiU. Tlie Bilhlra <»[utal U cailed Pari. It Mcau.tut to bo 

,B*^riKodi}hri-})tluUiakaar«nior«thi>noncain«niioi>eil iu tb««un«iiiBcnpti(ni. 

Ant. IX. 33). dome h&ve thoojjht Puri to ba ElepkuiU or Obirlpati, a view 

tod by Uie nmmm Pan uid Pol) uik^<1 i>f Kli:|jluu)ta by Gkrcu d'OrtA iTraD& Bom. 

(K. Kup. L, SCO) AQil (.inachotcn (N**igfttioii, tl3). Othen iduitify Pari witk 

min Siuijifm. Kontot tbtao idoitifiutigu it tatiafactory- Th* Ht« of bbe 

I capital Bcena t« bare Iwen betwMn BaHcdn and Agiilu. run iiiJi7 th«nfoni 

beea Hopira to whi<-ii * BakhAr of th« eiKtiUcntb ccotuT? leenu to raer u Pari. 

not ia noticed iind«r Puri m the Appeuou. 

L Aak V. S76 J IX. as. 



ifiK 



UiMwy. 




Chapt«r ZIV. 



afXiit«r«flt 

Thasa. 



IBoolwy 



858 



DISTKICTS. 



which lliey wul.* In an inscription stoDO of SonmbTv, ' 
twuiiLioth Silhira chief, dated 1260 (Shak 1182). a grant ia -^ 
to Uttareshvar o( Sbn-Stti&aaka.' 

At the close of the thirteenth contnrj the fortanee of Thinti 
to have been at tbeir best. It wu a great kingdom, both hi 
and ffcalthj inhabited by idolators with on independent niler. 
kiog was iu league with corflaire, who plundered oierchanlii 
gave him all tho horses they canght. No ships came witboBtlp 
and tho king had no borsea of hiaown. There wrasmnchtraBci 
many ships mid merchanta, who imported gold, silTer* and cofi 
and exported brown iuceose, cotton, cloth, and loatbor of na 
eJtodlent kindft.' Aboat tho same time Ab-ul-Fidu [riTIJ-l] 
apcukfl of Thdna as thcbc.'<t rlty of the province of Al Ldr, oelet 
for prodaciug tanu$i a kind of cloth, and manna or bamboo- 
tabashir.* Iu 1310 Rasbid-ud-din speaka of Kvnkan and 
probably meaning a compound n»me Koakan-Tilnn. So Tbn 
(i:}42) writes Kukin-Tdna. and in tho Portnlaiio Modiceo uf 
niiddlo nf tlic fourteenth century it is Cociot&ua, axtd in the " 
map (1375) Cncintana.^ 

in 1316, Thdna was conquered by Mabjtrik KbUji [13]7-131!).i 
a MoRalmin governor was placed in cliarge.* A few yoars Uter(>fa 
1320), toor Bnropean friftrs, Thoma* of Tolcntino, Jameaol Pid 
Peter of Sonoa, and Jordanus of Severac in France, with Da 
a Georgian lav-brother good at the tongues, came to ThAna. 
were receiTed by Nostorian Christiana, of whom there were 
fiimilies. Four of tho friars according to one account becauwj 
their great bqccosb as preachers, and acwrdiug to another Beoci 
because they reviled the Prophet ^fuhammad, were put to deaULJ 
the MusaUiiau governor.' Friar Oderic, who viaited Tbioa a 



■ JMib«rl'i Idiiii, 1. 179 ; Elliot a&d TtowBOB. I. B». Idricl uyi, • In Um MigtM 
■DOanuina gruw u» Una Mtd the tolnbAJr. The rooU of the Jhttna w«n a^4 
nkI wwt, the labdMr wu adoltaniod by mixiu ivory otoden, the ivsl articb i 
IrsB th« moti nf the rMd ^harki,* Tua i« afterwwtU nid to h» huabaiHi 
TabdtUr, the Banakric Ami liad and <bAfr fiaid, made from tha iuMr rind all 
hamboo, wan nt*d as a medicine. Elliot, 1, 89. In Borneo, in the fourt««iith i 
pi«c«« of fuftd<Air, let in ututer the Kkin, verc (ujiikimhI to nuJco the liody ' 
prvof. UilerJQ in VdIc'i MkrcoPolo, U. 30S. TaiKU/tirorUtKilitir is the ftislaohdl 
that tho Rolia of KoUha (pve their childreo. 

> 8ce xtiavt, Karuija. ■ Yolc'a UftToo Polo, IL 330. 

* Dm Cunha'a Baueio, ISO ; the cloth i* atUl caltad TbAoa cloth. 

■ Yule'i Maroo I'olo, II. 331. Thiadoable name wu probalily osed to 
tho Kenkan Tbina fn>ni tho MalatNlr Tanur. Seobdow p. 367. 

* Nainie's Konkaa, S4 ; Vole^ Maroo Polo, II. 330. 

* The probable tUto is I322L Acoordiiu to JunUntia. the friar Jamea, toiho 
that the CliriiitiMi Inw wae better than Uie Uiualtnln Uw, pwed through aadrt 
in a great flr«. The i^ovemor vaa aatbfled, bot the Riui wa» furioua. Hq wmnadd* 
BATi-mor tliAi if Uio friani were let go. all Wtmld believe in Chriat, uid runinded ^ 
Uiat, iWTtt to going to Meooa, tba aiaaghter ol a Chrialiaii traa the emut waj d 
gnininu fardon tvr sip*. Thegorenior Iwtened and tlie four frinru wore put (od«ik> 
(J»rdanua Mirabilia, X.). Aooonltng to Odcria'a aocooot the friars w<<r« bcwi^ 
b6(or« th« Kftzi, M>d, after aomc religious diBCusaiuia, ircrcaakcd what thnr tboo^ 
eif MnhamtiUHl. Tliry atati^) timt C'hriit vnm thii viry (in), -tnd iinn (if thom Tl^ 
Thomaa raahly anawMwl that Mnbammml wu lliv miii of j.M'nlitioQ nnd bad Ue^aff 
n hell with hia f«th«r the deviL For this bbuphcfny the Irure wore bona tal 
txpoaed bareheaded in the aun from nine tiU three, the aU hottcat buun of the lUf ■ 



4 



Thia hml Docffect. Thaii Janus of Psdna vns tixrvvm twice into a, Hn, hot both 
kiniM lie cA&ii> out BnlunDod. Mftlik. th« rnlcr of tiio town, Uiea mdH them am^ 
MClTtly U) a imlnirli mr^ram an orm of tii« sea. But aftenranln Uie KAzi |i«raajd*d bim 
to iwihI ricii afler the frmra and kill Uibib, Thotnaa, Jantw, and DumttiM Wtrw 
behi^led, aad P»t«r, who bad oot bc«D witli tho otbora, waa lutxt day tortured 
and cut aaunder. On hearing of the inaaMtct«t DtldlH, apparently th« Eenperor 
«f Hsihi, >cnt tor tl)e Malik, upln&ided hitn for daring to inSict luath on thoa* 
wlwrnGi^ luid twic« pivwrvMt,aud orrlprod himtolw i>xe<iut«d. Tboo^ neither 
HMntioni the otiior, tner« wvatt au reaaon to doubt tiut both Jordanna aad 
Oderio vero at Thina about the atma tima. Jonluini eame to Th4na with tho 
lour frUra, went off at oneo to preaoh at SopAra, and, on bearing of Uio maaaaoro, 
caino and taking tho bodiw to SopAra, buriod them there. He th«n inadu a niis- 
aionary tour north to Broach, and, m 1321, waa at Gogha or Caga. (MirahUia, V. ; Vnlo's 
Oathay, I. 228). Odcrio came to 7%&n« within a year of the martyrdom, viaitcd tho 
tomb,Mul carried offtbo martyra' bonca. (Yulo's Cathay, I, 57-70}. 

1 At marriBgo* Uio brida and bridegroom wore high mtt>«-lik« cape wrought with 
Sowon. Atlet tfa« narrjaga the bride waa wt ou a none and the bniband got on tho 
tnnpor holding a knifo againat har throaL In front of thom went a nakad woman 
aiugiog till thoy roacbad tae Iffidf^room'! hooae when thr )>ri<1« atnl bridefpoom wero 
left aton*. In tho morning when they goi np th«y went nskrd u bofnrv. Tho daad 
«n« not buriwl, but earned with graat pomp to the flalda and kft then to bt 
devoured by boasta and birds. Tulea Cutbay.X SOt 

3 llakloyt's Voyaeca. U. Ed. 1609, 160; Yb1«> Cathay, I. 60. 

3 Ya)«'ii Cathay, fl- 399. * Brifna' Periahta, IV. 2S. 

■ In 1357 the north west di\-ision of tho BahmanI kingdom :■ daavnbcd, a* tbs 
tratt cnuipreli ending Cbaul on tho MiA coairt« and lying between Jiinnnr, Daalatabaid, 
Bir, and Taitluui. lihgm' Feriahta, IL 2S&. 'Brigga' IVrishU, IV. 62. 

' SWuilry'a Barboaa, tik Uarl»wa calla it Tanamayamtra, acparvotlT a Jnmblg of 
ThAna, M^im. and MambAi. Perham oim nMWon why Thftoa was then, aa it had 
bean 150 yrAi->i «arlicr, known by a donbla name, wa« to disttngniah it from Tanur 
in UftlaUr, »Uo a r«Miri ol Mooriah nwrohante. Sfauiby'a Bartn**, 1.53 ; Da Cunba'a 
Baasciu. 184. The places ar« eonfuaad in Andgnon'a W«etem India, fH. 



ThJdia, 
Hittorif. 



vtiro later (1324), speaks of it as a city ezcelloot ia position, with a Chapter XIV. 
i gprcat Btora of brciul aud wine, and abouudiog io troc& TUo peopio pia^Qg oTlntarflet- 

"Woro idolators, worshipping fire, acrpcnts, and trees, and hod somo 

r tnld iiiairiage customa.^ The land waa uader tho Uuminiou of tUa 

' Samccos. There were groat numborH of black lions, raonkoya, 

J baboons, and bats as big as pigeons. The oxen were very fine, with 

horns a good half pace loog and a comcl-Uko hump upon tho hock. 

Tho rata, called sener^t, were as big us dogs, and were caught only 

by dogs, c»ts being do good against them. The trees gave a rery 

iotoxicatiiig wiae.^ 

Ibn Batuta (1344), who, aa is noticed above, calls it Kokin-Tdna, 
mentions that from it ships of large burden went to Aden.' A few 
jeurs later (1347), by the rise of the Bohmani dynasty and the 
change of capittd from DanUtabad south tu Kulbarga, the coast 
trade centred at Chaul and Dabhol innLead of at Thana.* Thina 
seems to have become part of Gujarat. Early in tho Hfteeutli century 
(1429) a Bahmant gonurul t(M)k Th^a and Maliiin, but Ahmad I. 
(Hit- 1443) of Gujarat sent a strong land and sea force, and 
recovered both placus/ lu 14^0 it was made the capital of one oE 
the five prorincea into which Siahmnd Bogada (14o0-]511) divided 
his realm.* Still it by at the eitromo end of their territory, and 
its Qujar&t nilera were powerless to bring back to it any cousiderable 
sharo of foreign trade. lu 1514 it was a fortress of tlio Gujarit king, 
and had a Moorish town near it, veiy pleasant with many rich gardens, 
great Moorish moscjues, and Qentile temples. Its trade waa amall 
and ita harbour troubled with pirates.' 




rSombsj 



858 



DISTRICTS. 



XIV. In 1529. terrified bj the defeat of the Cambay Re«t «BJ 

flmtarwl bttnung of iha B— win eoaat, * the lord of the great citj of 

became tribotaiy to tba PratofBeee^* Thit> eabmtssiun did noli 
bhn in the wmr tlut followed (15S0'1533). The cttj wui 
pilkgvd, twice bf Uw Porbi^naae mod oooe by the Gajaiitii.' 
WW tfaoi, snder the tra»ij of December 15^, made otct tp i 
Portogneee. In 1&38 Thiaa and its aobiirb*, with i^rdeu 
ph— are hoaaoa, aeeenied eboot four oiiles rotuid. It h»A 
tem ylee and moai|aflB and sudy ponds, some of them twv*t 
as htg ai the Rocso of Lisboa^ and all built of well-trronght 
with manj M«|N,as if in a theatre. Some of the templei 
cut-Btooe; othen w«ro of brick beoittifnlly hiid one on the 
■njoined bj c M ea t bok without a crerioe. The city had' 
lecorered it« three noeat barninga. Though an emporina aall 
chief towD of a rreal pari of Oojarit, its people wore few and ik] 
Bobarfas, once with 9CK> gdd^oth and 1200 pUin-cloih hand 
were emp^. It was a &aeri rather than a citj.^ 

Under the Portogueee, Thina entend on a fresh term of nt 
peritr. Before I^40 the snccessfal Franctecan An tonic do nt 
bud bnilt a cathedral, A Igreja da 8^^ nndor the invocatka __ 
MoaaaSettharadaConoetfAoiaad 'outof theBtooe<) of t-welve tetc^l 
nmad m great like,' had taised the cherch of St. Authuny.* hi 
15&2, the Jeeoit Father Melchior Oonsdree, built a church to iv] 
Mother of God, A Main ds Auv, and about the same timet 
orphaaace and a coDe^ were fomded. In 1574 the AaguatiiBi>J 
built a church and convent of Our Lady of Grace, NoK»a ~ ' 
da (rmoa ; in 1582 the FnuiciscanE baill a ronrpnt of St. Ant 
1605 the Jesnits bnilt a church of Oar ladjr of the Rosary, 
Baiam da Boaaria i and, in I$09, a chorcfa of St. J»hn, Sa»t 
The oi^ uidoded tea hamlets, pooori^ or pdkKddUt nod tm] 
enriched by the p r ee e nee of many nobles who h^ coantry villas tiil 
gardens.* In 1585 it was very popalons with Portagaeee, Moob^ 
and Gentiles. Rice was the only export ; bnt there wore many make* I 
of araesin or silk and wearers of ginllea of wool and of btad| 
ami red bombast.* At this time tThAna was famons for its docbi 
whero, in 1588, sii amall renela wwe built and fitted oot^ 



1 Aiift d* Soan ia Kerr, T1. SlL 

tK«R^_VL " " ' 

Uwtwo 

ia USI, ■■■ iw ^ wn «« ojiTMn » ia«a \,um wmmv WMaaiB. tui 

ta^ to UN Pu i H^ aittL rt» • 1 an li U<i}»« Ui^b^l^T^, 



na «M aouB nt nvT, <i. ni. i 

m^ VL SB ; Doa ieSo d« CMtc^ pdMifo Botatro 4aCorta d* India. TO 71 Cr ^ 
» FwtnmMB baniasa, m» «nnM mbb Id Inn bMB by AtuooiodS ."^^Juta , 
I. Iha attar by Dmm 4* Mnba i> 1333 (Da OnOta'a rnwin nil Tkj 



toihow that *Um brd of tht gnat 
FwtagBesa. w a Blade tribwauy i 

■ Oom JoSo Am Ctetra, PkUMuo F 
Um vwd we eW o* or ixMMiigK, i 
Moat ol tba nlimMB baJMbgi ««nj 

•DftCtafaa'kBMMia. 18S, IM^ 
HUM of Uw DMrtjrdoa of Jwdaaoa* J 

• OaCtonka*! BuMia, 1C«. Om oil 
Bhhr&dL VM much nioitod tn It the 

■C«wPt«l«ncli ll.vil.i-- 
tho r « c taga ao» nnRUMC ■ k 



trsacy vtUi tll| 
of wonUik] 



«i 



mNA. 



850 



tlie close of tlio cpntury, it was a fortified town with ft great ChaptorXIV. 
iber of converts. Maiiv boys and grirU, bought for a few pence, piawB oflnlereit. 
B traineil in doctriuo, tinoemakiDjif^ tailoring, weaving, and Imm- 
ing.* In 1618, Thdnn, like Baasein, suffered frotnaternhI.i cyclone. 



nrheo the storm began U> rage.the Je«ait Fathers of the Thana college 
|18 U moved by one miud, flod to the cburch to pray. Their piety 
laved them. \Vhilo they apont the night in prayer their house was 
dttsbed to piece*!, but without the loas of a life.' in 1G34 it was a 
place of Hoine Irado and manufactures. Tlioro were looms for eilk 
And cotton, and a manufacture of desks and tables of blackwood 
inlaid with ivory. Inside the town there wore two churches, the 
cathedral and St. John's oburoh, and four convcatfl, the AuguEtina 
with twenty, the Capuchins with twelve, the Jesnits with eleven, and 
the Dominicans with two members. Outside the town were two 
cbapola, the Jesoits' Nossa Senhora do ICozario and tbo Augustina' 
Kossft Senhora da Gnw^a. Of fortifications there were the captain's 
aquare-biislioued fort called Reiit Magos, armed with two four and 
one cight-poundcr guns, aud there were two towers 3am Pedro and 
84m Jcronimo. The stall wa.<) a captain or Ma/kirfar, with a garrison 
of eighty Portuguese, 100Dative3,aad 150 slaves; a judge or ouvidor, 
-with five peons ; a police magistrate or meirinho, and nrc pDons ; a 
jail -keeper, and a cui>toms-house clerk.' 

In Mi7b the town was built of low tiled houses, good silk and 
cotton stuSa were made, and there were seven churches and 
colleges, the chief that of the Faultstinea or Jesnits.* Twenty 
years later (1095), Th^a is dencribed as in an open excellent 
oonntry, protected by five small forts garrisoned and ftirntshed with 
cannon. It was famous for calicoes, no place in the Portuguese 
dominions exceeding it in this particular (tven for table service.' 
The country round ThAna was highly tilled and adorned every two 
or three miles with rich mansions. On a rising ground, three miles 
from Thana, was the seat of Jofto Melo with terraced walks and 
£^deos ending at the water side in a banqueting-hall. A mile further 
_wa8 Grebondol or Ghodbandar, the property of Martin Alnhonso, 

hid to be the richest landholder on this side of Goa, a lortilied 
lion with a stately churcb.** Ilamilton (1720) in his account of 

le coast passes over X'h&na without a reference.^ In the decay of 

*ortngneae power this rich territory waa poorly guarded. There 

_^ (1728) no fort at Thina, only near the creek three small tower* 

^ith three or four men in each." The importance and the weakncaa 

of Thana were brought to the notice of the Portuguese government, 

and the building of a fort was sanctioned and begun. The work 

was iu progress, when, in April 17^7, a Maratha force entered 



THiMA. 

y/Mrfory. 



1 Aaaur Mu>itiin(tro CoIohUm Uabou, IMS, 38S-SS. About lUi tine, Gioraal 
■m ( 1540 • 1617) dcacribei Thin* M baring tliii rerouna at ftn unmenM oitjr, Mid 
- taiiung 9000 velv»C w««v«n. TImm detailt v« doabtfol. Bot«n mw ruitvd 
M«« Dk CunliB'^ Buaoin, 160. 
*vn't lliiUirY o( the .losniU, V[, 162. 
nm. An. Tia. III. 258 ; D* CunWi Bum MO, tSO, IS2. Tb« l*h&a« Cttttoma 
KW 1 1 fi.OOO p-ir^J.uM). * Fry.r'* N«w Aocoont. 73. 

Cmri LD Churchill. IV. IM. <AiKl«noa'i WMtem ludia, 146. 

i» Kflw AacDuat, I. 181. ■OChroa. doTi*. 1. 32. 




SCO 



DISTBICT& 



Chapter XIV. SAUott*. Tbr governor of S&Iaette, who was then at Thin, 

fx to«wL to Karanja. But the fort, thongh unfinished, wan brarcly d« 

PlacM 01 Isteren. t^^ j^ggg^iig ^q^o repulsed, when the defenders capitub 

'^*^^- ttio MarathilB seized and threatened to slaug'fater their ti 

Mittom. Neit year Colonel Pedro de Mello, with abuut 500 Koropa 

4000 Indo*Portagiiese, stormed and destroyed the baU« 

A^heri, and made a great offart for the recovery of Tfaia 

the Bombay governor apprised the Manithas of the n 

expedition, and Malh&rr^v Uolkar arrived in time to rm 

attack on the fort which was led by Don Antonto rn 

Portagnese governor of Basseia and S&lsotte, who fell in tfaea 

In 1730, with the loss of BaHscin, Portognese power rame to 

The mansions of the gentry were ahandonod and their 

retired to Goa and Bombay.' Though they did little to r 

Th&na, the Mar£th&a treated the Native Christians well, i 

them to keep some of their churches and Itutving them 

practise their religion. The Native Christianfl^ thongh dese 

their European pAatora, had still their SdlscCtc pn'csts, aod be 

fostivals with the same pomp a« at Ooa, without riak, exm 

certain respect on Uie part of tlie Gentiles.* 

In 1750 Th&aa is described as a small shady city, ri 
pleaaant, onco Portngnoee now MarAtha. It was bathed by 
river with a rocky bed which coold bo crossed at low tide, 
river side it had low walls. To the north it was sheltered b 
in European fashion, in the middlo of which wan the chni 
convent of St. Domiaique. The other churches, except the c\ 
St. Francis which was still in use, wore ruined or jiulled do' 
1771 the English, nt^d by the news that a Sect had loft Pu 
recover Stilsetto and Bassein, determined to gain possession cXl 
An envoy was sent to Poona to negotiate the cession, but his pi 
were rejected. Meeting with a necond refusal, the 
OoT&rnineut detemiiaed to take Thana by force. Ou the 
Deoenibor 1774, under General Robert Gordon, GOO Kuropc 
1200 Native troops loft Bombay for Thdna. On tho 20th h 
were opened nnd a breach xvas made on the 24th. On the 
attempt to fill the ditch was repulsed with tho loss of 100 Eua 
But on the evening of the 28th the fort was carried hy m 
the greater part of the garrison were pat to the sword. Dtt 
siege Commodore Watson^ who was in command of the nav 
was mortally wonnded by particles of sand driven into his I 
a cannon shot which struck the ground close to him.** Mr. 
who visited the town so soon after that It was still desolate 



■ Bom. QuKT, Bev. III. 273. The artiMM had ttiU caougli at their 
nwka the PortucuoM kng visfa Uut IIiat cAold ba iodBced to MtUe at Ooa. 
Konkmn. M. * Ormnt Dnff. UO. 

» Tleff«iithj>]«r'« (I7WI !>««. Bnt. «t Owg. do llsd*. US. 

* Du Perron's Zcrnl AvostA, I. ceccniv. In 1760, no one of the biKh i]»yi 
da I'cTTon foond aercml thonkuid onlcrly And rwenot Cbnstuaa, 
Hindiis, and ttixity llimltis «tt«ii<liti]{ a enmt MrvKe. 

>TiGtr«otliftkT'a Dc*. fliit. ct C.eog. do I'lodo, 4OMO0. 

•Gnat Duff. 3;-l j T>ovr'i lodiui NAr)-, I. t76. 



Mm 



ii^ 



TnitiJt, 



JB, describes the fort as a penbijion with regular bastions, curtains, Chapter XIV. 
■■' towurs, mouDting more than a liuudred cannon. Most of the guns pi^ce. ofi«tereft 
' e (lamag^l or iliRtaoanted. It had been built by the Porto^aese 
altered by the MarAth&s. The Eng-lish eagineerB cleared away 

Bosand ganicns t<» fiirtn au open sjiaco ruund the fort. HalEamilo 
••a the fort was a Portugaosc church pleasantly situated on the 
'« of a large pond anrrounded by mango and tamarind groves,* 
-■ fortificanoiiM were now modelled and iraprovod. The fort was 
Se strong and kept in the highest order. Ita nsual gnrrison was 
battalion of sepoys and a company of Enropcan artillery from 
aobay." Ten years later (1784J, on a second visit, Mr. Forbes 
^ribod ThAna as a floarishing town, the fortifications repaired, 

Maratha houses improved or rebuilt, and the commandant's honse 
Bged into a oommodioas residence.' In 1804 Lord Valentia 
Eitions Tboua as a small fort commanding the posnago between 
island and the MarAtha country, otherwirio of Httlo nso.* In 
<5 it was chietly inbabitod by Roman CathuUc Christlune, either 
*verbed Hiiidua or Portugueso who had booome as black aa the 
.vea and assumed all their habits. The town was neat and 
ainhrng, famous for its breed of hogs and for the Christians' 
I in curing bacon.' In 1828 Hamilton mentions it as a straggling 
pe, bnt not rery large, with several Hortnguese churches and 
^y Chi-istinn inhabitants." In 1826 and again in 1862 ice 
lulation was returned at 9000.' 

Dllso village, in an ii^Iand in the Vaitarna about two miles east 
hTAUa, bos a temple with a natural 'tn<; »nd ting case, thdiunkha. 
B temple WHH burnt in 1830, but the largo foundations still 
uin. Round the temple, are setfcral very deep natural hollows 
the rirer bod filled with water. One of them is called ItAm'g 
1, Rihtikund, and the other Lakshmau's pool, Lakahmaitkiind. 
tho north-east of the temple is a very deep pool, full of large 
. which are carefully pre;^crved. A fair is held at the temple in 
3ruary-Mnrch {ildgh vad 13th), on the great night sacred to 
V, itafuiahivamtn, when about 2000 people assemble from VAda, 
ihApur, Bhiwndi, and Jawh^r, and bathe in the pools. A few 
Xb are set up, which remain op>eu fur a furtnight till HoU 
ixch-April}. The temple enjoys two cash allowances of £1 I0«. 
„ 15) aud 8*. (Rb. 4) respectively, and 22^ acres of rent-free latid.* 

Ktvala, in KalyAn, a small village of 625 people and a station 
the north-east branch of the Peninsula milwny, lies about seven 
68 north-east of Kalydn. The station is in Manda village, 
vAlabeinga mile to the uorth-eost. Tbe Kalu and Bhatsa rivers 
et near Manda village, and both rivers are navigable to this point 
tlittle further. The railway returns show an increase in passengers 
m 17,833 in 1873 to 32,507 in 1880, and in goods from 11 G4 to 4041 



Ttuis. 



TiTViLA. 



Porbea' Orient*!, U«tnoin. I. 4A3. 

VorbM' OriontAl McDoira, lir. Ml. 

», 428. 'Trtveli, II. I!», 199. 

HJunilton'a Ouett«er, 072. 

Cliui«' Itiuersry. IS i Thocntan'i GiMttmr, 959. 



> Hunilton'i Dm. oI Hiod. II. 173. 
TlUajk wu tbaD tnfnled with tinn, 
•Hcbcr-s N»rr»tive, II. IM. 



> Mr. W. B.Mttlook. Ce. 



JlOM— « 



ifis 



lfi«nl 



SOS 



DISTRICTS. 



HkKSibn XIV. (odb. Tn 1675 Trjer, In his jonmey to Jannar, noticet 
FIaom (tflnterwt d&™c lotwally, as a towu standiDg in a laru%> grove cf m 
,^^. back of a deep creek, whicli, tban^h fordkbic in the fitr 

*'^^** a torront in the raina. On reaching Intwally^ Fryer 

under a mouque, ' the only stracture standiiif^ in the towo 
the same Eatc with Gulloan (Kaly^}, and then rodciaff 
Ihe Moghal's armj lay ing waste all in tlieir road, both tuI 
and corn ; and for their cattle tbey drire them along m'tl 
take them, their wives and children for slaves ; bo that 
except those that fly faatest, or hide themaelTes in tbe « 
tbey also set on fire, to leave them destitute of those rM 
yBEu-ly MaLammadan fair is held at Titv^ and Manda. 

TMxiAr. Trombay,' from its shape known as Neat's Ton 

latttndu ITV cast lonj^itudc 73^, lies about three n 
Bombay, from which it ib BepaTat«d by a creek. It ia 
miiea long and five miles broad. Except to the north-' 
are some weH-tilled and richly wooded lands, it is snmn 
fowge of salt morah and man^ve swamp. The eeotr 
a great ridge of trap rock which rons nearly north 
and from which a spur stretches eastwards at right ai 
Tillage of Trombay. The main ridgo is nearly two 
and risea gradoaHy from the Bonth to tbe north end. 
height of 1000 feet is a Trigouometricsl Survey atAtio 
is scarped towards the west. Basalt dykes mn abon 
west i^m its Bonthom point; a bttle farther north, 
village of Trombay, they run eaat-goath-eaet and we«i 
In the south-weBt, the shore is crosaed by a ^ronp 
basalt dykea which ntretch a coasidcirable distanco towai 
Farther west the shore is basalt mixed with trap 
the Qreen Inland three or four dykes run a little to 
north and west of south, parallel with the long diameter 
and its ridges.' Accordiogto some aothorities the Troin 
of Chembnr on the north-oast of the island is Sym 
was a famous emporiam in the time of Ptolemy (l&O) 
of Pliny (77). For the reasons Btated in the account t 
Cbau] would seom to bo a more Ukely idontificotion 
than Chembnr. 

The island contains several roined Portuguoso chnrvh 
tbe shoro, in the village of Trombay, is a ruinod chu 
well-preserved raalted chapel, 22 feet long 22^ bi^^h oi 
The body of the church, which is said to have been 
the Saint Anthony whoee image Is in Mane cbnrcb, 
down to let the road pass. Some traces of the veatry 
vicarnge may still be scon. Close by is a garden and a ti 
On a slab in the chapel is an iuscriptiou with the d«t 



■ N«w Aooount, 194. 

'Tbe aune Tnimb or Trnoilxtj' tHiiu to he cIoMlr ooanectwl 
or Bontay, Momb AndTranib formiog ona of Urn jingUng vontil^M 
po<^tt ftra ao fond Of thmr iDeAning no expUiuitiiw hM boon otKnd 

«T>r. C»rtOT in Joot. B. R B. A. S. VL ld». 



fift 



tuAna. 



34!3 



TwntBAT. 



Od the top of a hill facing tbis boilding is another mined CnuptcrZIV. 
with a well .preserved bodj and chapel and rooflosa Teetrj", plaoMoTLitartBi,- 
^_ >r8, aud vicarage. Tb« boil,v of the church measorea 26 feet 
■; by 14^ wide una 19{ high, and the arch of the chapel is eighb 
,wide aud \9^ high. There ia also a churchyard forty-three feet 
,welTO. litis church was dedicated to Our Lady of Bealth whose 
^e ia kept id the Mane oharch. About 100 feet from the 
ph ten atep^ lead to a round pedestal on which is a cross, and 
by there Js another rained building 42 feet long by 25 wide 
high. ■ None of the Tillages uf the island are of any siEe. 
>ay itself is a hnmlet with a few hut«, post and sea-customs 
I, and a sali store. The sea trade returns for the five years 
jng lB78-79ahow©davBnige exports worth£l7,5I9 (R«. 4,75,190) 
ibverage imports worth £6306 (Ka. 68,060). Exports varied 
^£14,092 (Rs. 1,40,920) in 1878-79 to £64,939 (Ra. 8,49,390) 
:B74-75, and imports from £-1063 [Rs. 40,630] in 1878-79 to 
75 {Rs. 85,760) in 1875.76.* 

'Ulsi, in the island of Si&leette, five miles south-west of BhAndup Tvui Laki. 

ion on thn Pooinsulft railway, 1hrco miles north of Vohiir, and 

It two milo!^ south of the Kanheri caves, has an artificial lake and 

sr-works, which proride part of the water-supply of the city of 

ibay. The lake lies in a narrow valley aurroundcd by iiills, whese 

p wooded Hlopes rise about 800 feet above the level of the water. 

kos an area of 331 acres and a gathering-ground of about 

acres. Whea full, its surface is 45'2'50 feet above the Bombay 

rn Hall datura and 372'36 feet above mean sea level. The water 

be drawn off to a drpth 63*14 feet below the highest level, the 

ironco representing 1949 million gallons of water. It is egtioiatod 

jpply 160,000 uf the population of Bombay with a daily allowance 

birty-Bve gallons a hew. 

'rom tht'onginocr's house, on a knoll about 200 feet nbove the 
ar near the centre of the rugged north bonk, Tulsi and the entire 
fib of Teh&r stretch southward like one great lake crossed by a 
of woodland. From the north-west and from the north-east two 
Bed ranges of teak and hnish wood-covered hilla, from 500 to 800 
liigfa, draw together with a rapid curve. As they come near 
t oUier, the hilts fall to the lake with graceful outline, and again 

in two wooded knolls which are separated by a low belt of 
p forest. On the further side of this bolt of wood the wild hills 

forests of Tulsi give place to the woody islets and the low 
ern bank ot VehAr, and, beyond Vehdr, dim rice-fields and salt 



lie lucriptiot) nuu, 'Here !!«> buried J>. Frsnciioo Taleafiaro de UcneMs, wlio 
DOtbfl 2na April t62Di Mid tbi reaMtia of D. C&itoaA do Mnif^nM hij dknehter. 
of l>, llru H«Dh(|ii«a, whodlod «t the SSth November \i>3*). *nii hb heirs.' 
PurtugnVM it, Aitvt jaz Don Pft«itciK<o Tm-Kuruitu u« Uu>um falkco B3t 
n Aran, db 1620 asnos, b xftm jax Dona | Castajika oe Uctize bta pii.aA 
tsa I qiTi Kt t>K Von Bbaz UKMBtgcas VALScto \ em 28d* Novsium dr )630 | 
Sim UDnRoa. 

rhe detaila m- Kvport*, 1874-75 £»4,«9 (Rm. »,49.S90). I87A-7S £53.151 
5.21.5101. 1870.77 £4&.M9 (Bs. 4.88,M<H. 18T7-78 £31 Ml (R»- S.76,570). 1878-79 
)93(K«.l,«>.920):liniK<rta. 187475 £;'Z76 (Kb. T'A'tW. 1875';0l»576 (Ri.SS.TM), 
~~ £7128 (Rs. 7I,2»)). 1877-78 £4487 (Ra. 44,870), I878'79£«)63 (Ba, 40,890). 




TBenhi 



Cbspt«rXIV. 
PlMMoflatenst 

TtLBI LftKI. 



«^ 



nSTEICTS. 



mutes stretch to the chhnDejB and towera and the 
grovee of Bombay. 

In' 1^05 a comiuiamon anpomtt^d to enqaire iokr 
wator>8upp1j, reported th&t it was not enoDg'h to me«t 
of the growing popDlatioii of Booifa&y, aud rocomtnciidl 
sanrcyB. The sunrojra were mado by Mr. Russol Aitkea, 
engiueer to the Manicipality, and they oi'ciipied aboat 
and a half. Mr. Aitken proposed several schemes for uew 
and OQO of these van the Ttiki project. His idea was to tli 
acrou the rirer Taasu just bctow the village of Tutsi, aod 
waters from the KaohoH %'a)ley and turn them sgatfa iaiQ 
lake. Qovcrnuient appointed a second oommisaion to do 
proposed schemes. Id Jaly 1669, the oommissiun rcootnii 
ndoptioa of the Tnlsi scheme as an Auxiliary aupply to 
tho Bame time they Doticed that the scheuie would 
temporary relief, and saggeeted that further sunreya 
andertaken to find a low level regervoir from which water 
brought by a covered masonry conduit to Bombay. 
fiurroys were undertakou by Captain, now Ckilonel, Tulli 
then executive engineer to the Municipality. 

Meanwhile, the tthort rainfall of 1871 caused much 
BombayfOud Dr. Thomas Bloney ur^d the nccosiiity of a 
the Talsi project as an auxiliary to V'ehtlr. His propoa&l n 
inKovember 1871. In April 1.S72, with the approval oEG 
the works were begun under the control of Mr. Kienzi W 
They consisted of a masonry dam acrooa the river Taasu, 
under the ridge that divides TuUi from Veh^r, and of an o 
or channel from tho dam to the northern mouth of the tn 

Northwards from the upper end of Vchir, the groun 
r)S09 to Tulsi. At a short distance from Talsi the asce 
and then the slope falb in tho opposite direction u 
Kanheri valley. Here the Tossu takes its rise, and, fo 
slope of the ground, flows west down the Kanheri valley, 
Yehar. A masonry dam waa accordingly built nt thu 
of the TuUi lake, and an open cutting and tunnel made t 
water back to Vohdr. The dam is a tine piece of engint 
GOO feet long, and at one part i» eighty feet high. The tl 
the base of the highest pai't is fifty feet and the width 
below the top nineteen feet. The additional six foot of he 
has been recently added, consists of a supplemental wall si 
at the base and two feet thick at the top. The lovel of 
the Htipplementiil wall is -I-56 feet above Town HhH datun 
feet above mean sea level. The form of the origintd b< 
fluggeated by Professor W. J. Macquom Kaukino of the 
of wasgow. The works, exclusive of tho supplemctitaJ 
completed by Juno 1874, at a cost of £45,000 (Ba. 4,50/ 

The want of suCBcient pre&sure to supply tho hij^ht 
Bombay was found greatly to mar tho oomploteness of 
scheme. To remedy this it whs agreed that the Tubi la 



■ Cootributcd by Mr. J. W. Smith, C.B.. Raidrat fttgioow, Bombsy 




tTHANA. 
beine auxiliary to Vebfir, sbonld be made an independout source 
BOpply. The further works rei]uirud for iiiia purpose wero begun 
'ly in 1877. They conaisted of a dam on the riHgo betweon 
Isi &ud Vebar, a waste-weir, an outlet tower, and a twenty-four 
.'liinnin from Tuki to Bombay. TluB duni of earth, with a puddle 
U in tho middle, was 1163 feet long, and had an extreme width 
160 and a mcbu width of ]'28'5 feet, the area of the whole site 
ipied by the dam being about 20,000 squaro yards. The dam 
recently raised ; and, iu carrying out the work, tho length 
^^ increased to 1537 feet, tho extreme width to 232 foet, the 

^Sean width to 1 43 foet, and tho aito occupied to about "Z-ljOOO square 

Mftrds. The maximum lieight of tho dam in now twenty -eight feet, 
bet the uniform width on the top is eighteen feet. Tho level of the 
m is 45850 feet above Town Hall datum. The puddle wall la tea 
^ thiok at tho bottom and eight foot thick at tho top. Tim slopea 
n both sidoa are three to one, and tbey, together with tho top, are 
)rct«ct«d with stone pitching. The waste-weir, which is near the 
Bt end of the new dam, m in the eftjlid rouk, at the lorol of 
•50 feet above Town Hall datum. By moans of planking let 
itogTOOTed iron st-andards built into a masonry waCI that runa 
the narrowest part of the weir, tho level is raised to 4o'2'50 
In case of need the planking con be easily romovod and the 
rel of the water rapidly lowered. The water-way at its narrowest 
is 138 foet wide. The banks are prot«cted on both sides by 
snry walls. 

The outlet tower is built of ashlar maaomy on a foundation 

natural rock at the meeting of tho opoa cutting and the tunnel. 

le wator entcra the tower through four caat-iron tubular bends 

ty-eight inches iu diamotor, placed -ISa-SO, 426-00, 411-33, and 

)S) 3ti feet above the Town Uall datum. The bends are closed by 

kvy ball valroB actuated from the platform of the tower. When 

>Q the valves are covered with strainera of fine copper-wire gauM. 

[b the bottom of the tower is the np-turued end of a forty-two inch 

9t*iron pipe which nins through the tunnel, and, as it leaves, dividea 

tto two twenty-four inch pipes. One of these is continued about 

loo feet and ends iu tho bottom of the ravine. The other is carried 

long the west aide of tbo Vch^r lake by Uarol, Shohar, Koli-Kalyin, 

id B&ndra, over the creek between Sttlsette and Bombay at the 

ide of the Baroda railway. It then follown the line of rail to 

[&him and D6dar, crosses the Oats to Mah^lakshmi, and, passing 

iver Khamh&la hill by the new Feddor road and to the top oE 

(alab&r hill by the new Gibbs road, ends at tho Malabitr hill 

jnroir, eighteeumiles fromTuIai. Foragreotpartof thedibtance 

the main in laid on a low embankment with many small bridges. 

Ii U divided into several aectione by bIhico valves over which sluice 

huusos have been built. These works wore designed by Mr. Ricnzi 

^yulton, C.B., executive engineer to the Municipality, and meet 

■f them wei« carried out nj Messrs. Scott TUcClellnnd h Co., 

Contractors, represented by Mr. John Campbell. The outlay, 

includmg the supplemental wall on the umsoury dam, and the 

•ios of tho PArtnen dam and tho WBsto>wcir, hoa been about 

7,000 (Be. 33,70,000). 




ClLapt«r XTT. 
Places of Interest 
Tuuu 




>in'ba.]r GftMtiw' 



366 



DISTRICTS. 



Evuu Lull. 



Chapter XIT. The works vero opened and Tulni water first admitted 

i«MBrtrT««».>t Bonibar on Uarch ISth 1879, by Hia Excellency Sir Richard Te 
Mwoiinwen. u^^, aC.8.1., Governor of Bombay. The ceremony took 
~ ' on the ridg« at Malabdr bill, near a reserToir which bas been< 

by Mr. Kicnsi Walton to r^ulate the onttum, jirovunt vaiyi 
pressure iu the main, and ensure a ^ripply of water tn cam 
accidents to the maio. Filter beds will be attached Eo i 
reservoir, and it will probably be partially oovored. From 
reservoir, distribution mains are laid over Mslab^r hill, but the 
main mus down the steep eastern face of the hill to Ufaaup&ti, uA\ 
mtpplies Tarinus parts of the city. The water, by moans of a by-pM%1 
can bo made to flow straight from the supply main into As) 
distribution mains. Connections have been inade between da' 
Tnlxt and Vehdr distribution mains, so that the water from eitW.^ 
lake am be turned into them at pleasure. 

The iutemal leugth of the MalabAr hill reservoir is 735 feet, 
mean width 296 feet, and its area fire acres, llie depth of 
is Tiinct«on feet three inche& After allowing for divisional 
and inlet and outlet arrangemonta, the capacity is abont tweut 
five million gallons. Tlio level of the surface of the wat«rr ii 
256 feet above Town Hall dstoro. The outln- will bo abaat £37,600 
(Rs. 3,75,000). This includes the cost of Pedder road over ths 
ridge of Khomb&la hill and Gibbs road from Qow&lia tank 
roiid to the ridge of Malabdr hill, along which roads tho snppljr 
main baa been brought by a direct ri^utt' from MahAlakshtui. Toose 
ihoroQ^&res were much needed, and have proved very useful. Port 
of tho Gibbs road consists of a handsome masonry viaduct, whick 
crosses the steep path up which the Pirsis cany their dead to ths 
Towers of Silence, 
iji^quji. Tunga'r hill,' in Bassein, about thirty miles north of Bombaj 

and 220O feet high, lies, abont ten miles from the seA, north-east 
of the Hanikpur or Bassein Road station on the Baroda 
railway- There are six paths up the hill, but the only regular road, 
made by Mr. Hope on a gradient bettor than the MAtheriQ ascent, 
is about uiue and a half miles from the Bas&ein Bead station to 
tho Cop, four on the level and fire and a half on the way np.' It takes 

llkCoaht'i BuKla, 3S4L Tlut Boexmnble T. C. Hope, a&L, Msnianuidtni 
AaUA llthOMobw 187». Tu»ir is perb«[» tU Dugs of PtolMnv (Bcrtias, 19^ 
Uio-J]{b Uufbd BMT 1h» VAJrdMi bot-apciu^ mwim ■ batter >d«M bnc*t i«m. It M ft 
BbM of Mueti^ wsooc Uw Hindu, uid gire* its iuuim to s MitumlBr dua at 
wonkippcm ot SUr. Pirl of tbs Padnw PuAb*. tho Ttatgtr VdJUtaM, pvta u 
Meowrt of Uw MUblMbaMnk •( Toacimhvar. Aooording to thii legend I*&nbiiriii« 
im Mvaogt for «ft«Bls dooa to Bw! m» b% rtUckad th* evil apinU or <w«ra«, wb^ 

the pMph >tf V>i^.Ut» Mrh«|* 
InalsajHA ■< tiie .r*. 



tlM fsTitar (if Shiv, md, ua ft 



tat gill of uniDortklitj, acii b*d hia bill boci-.-u 

■ Tbs il«MilB ol Ik* rMtd an ; Ktetioa to Cokim. 
■nd BMteUad. I nile 706 ftH ; Qohirrft to foot ^' 
twei :fooi of hill to top, rood cUorodnx tooi^t iv.^^< 
Ookirva to thi top tM road wh sadetB I9S-71. »i 
(iti.ttfi6|. ThosAMod forriderR. ttUnotfit tat\- 
s good rood from Goktfva to the hiUiMfc hM boM MOi 



*H| 






'•fftimH 




■■' ■'.!!.■ 



J' I 



at aa hour and a Iialf to ride, and threo hoars for a palauqaiii. 
t road passc3 bctwooa the villagrs of Achola and Rajavli to 
cirra, where is a shrine of Mahadev, a pond, and the reinaiiks oE 
AA l^orCugaese stockade. Oo the crest of a hillock, at the bauo o£ 
bill, are the ruins of a Portogaese tower, probably bnilt aa a 
eDce against the Attacks of the Jan-hiir chief and hiH Kolia, who 
ro Tory formidable to the Portuguese^ ' leaping like mookeya 
m tree to tree/ 

like mo»t Konkan hills, Tang^ is trap, capped with a layer of 

u-clay or lat«rite from two hundred to three hundred feet thick. 

^e north and easl Hides, though steep, are clothed with magnificent 

^osta. To the south and wost the slopes arc gentler, and there are 

""^reral spars and outlying hills, the whole, except certain bare grassy 

i^pas, being cohered with forest in which the bamboo prodominattis. 

:=3e top plateaa i» in parte open and atony, and etst.'whero covered 

^^sely with Btnnt«d trees. The foot of the hill is washed by the 

^aitama to the north and the Bassein river to the south. From 

^fttavli a path begins to ritui, [KUiBiiig through the A^^rli hamlet of 

"^ondvira to the temple of Shri Tungdrrahvar, about five miles from 

"^e foot of the hill. The temple is a group of four square bQitdinga, 

>uding in a littlo valley almost sarroundod by hills. Tho baildiugs 

said lo he of great ago, and were rebuilt about a hundred and 

>y years ago by Shankarji Keshav, the celebrated Mar&tha 

ubUed4r of Bassein. Of the four temples the largest, on a two 

t hi^h plinth, is about ton feet square and is surrounded by a six 

t platform. Its domed roof ends in a small aptrc. Tho door is 

kedby images of the fotir-armed Shiv and Ganpati, and opposite, 

lyoud the Ung, is a well-carved figure of F&rvatl. Behmd the 

Tine is a little room with an imago of Kiiliyi&mardan, or the Cobnv* 

Iding Krishna. In front of the shrine to a foar-arcb«;d canopy 

th a sacred bull and a pair of Shri Dntt^tmya's footpriutt;, auilj 

ose by, ifl a hollow square atone in which tho saffron and other 

yes used in making the sect-mark are gronnd. There is also a 

shrine to Qanomia, and not far off, shaded by rich mango, a/)/a, 

and avU trees,' is the thatched wattle and daub hut of the templo 

servant or bdva. In the neighbourhood of the t«mple a plot of 

CTound about three miles square (H ^os) was gi-auted to the shrine 

by the Poshwa, and has been ooutinucd by the British Government. 

In a stream bed, near tho tomplo, nro a number of stonea with the 

sun aud moon, and homau figures carved on them. 

The top of Tungdr, which is about three miles long, consista of two 

ports, a plateau and a ridge. Tho platoaa lies to the north and 

slopes south and west from Vaitarna point the highest spot on the 

The ridgo has little flat ground, but here and there it offers 

ively sites, and is aoacful extension of the space for walks and rides. 

t Kaman point, about half way along the ridgo, a commanding 

minence overlooks the Bassein river, while BoUevue and Panorama 

iuts have fine views of Kdmandui^, M^Chcnin, and tho Sohy^dri 



Cbapt«rXIT. 

Places of Intarest. 
TcvoJm, 





IBomtegr 



se& 



DISTmCTS. 



TtlMiS. 



OkapUr ZXV. hills. Tbe Ull-top waa Bnnreyed in i8B9, Ptft^^three honse 

tunof Iiit«r««t. ^^^n^B'k^ "^ *^^ I'l'^y ™^)*^<^<>^1^^ ^<'°°^i wero tkoy 

Aboat thirteen miles of foot And bndl«-pstiis have aUo be«a laidi 
mod cleared on tbe snnuDic and in the woods below^ wliicli 
require a trifling jecirl j ezpeDdttttre to be pezmanently eernc 

As the hill-top ia only t«n milea from tbe aeo and is open to 
breeze, the heat is never groat. In Uaj 1876 the average 
were at annrtse 74% at 10 AJt. 78r, at 4 p v. S2^ and ac 10 rjL 
The fall of rain is «oppo«ed to be about eig'htr inches, ur about 
aame as in Bombaj. Tbe hill sood odoU and the nig-fats are nni 
cold. The air appears to dorire a special freshness and lif, 
from the nei|^bonrhood of the aoa. The sea breeae sets in 
the same time aa at Bombaj. There ia lees land wind tiiaaj 
Hitfaer&D, and there is mnch of the cool north wind, drawing 
to north-wcet as the hot season approaches, which is commoal 
aonth Gujarat and down the north Konkan. Owin^ to the 
raiufall, there is coinpsratiTely little damp after the mousoon,! 
the hill is free from fever and other EomiB of malarial aicknesa. 

Tongir seems to possess pecaliar adrantsges sis a Banitariam 
poor famihea, who canoot avail tbeuiselvts of the ei 
aooommodation of M^ther^n, and for the large f^olony of £i 
employed by the Boroda and Peninsala Railway Companies. To' 
these classes, exposed to the anhealthy influenceK of the ho 
atino&plioreofBombaT,TnngAr would prove both ttsofal and cl 
Its compAfatirely light rainfall and its openness to the sea v 
probably make it of great gerrice, both aa a permanont resit 
for women and children, and as a place of resort in case of aid 
whereby the great expense of invaliding to Kngland might 
avoided. Early removal to such a hill as Tungir might ' 
ailments, which would otherwise become serioas and neccasit 
chan^ to Knglnnd. Oatheothcr hand, to new arrivals fTx>m Engl 
the hill might also be a great boon by gradually acclimatix.. 
them and preparing them for the greater heat of'Bombaj, or 
np-conntry stations. TUilwa}- or factory servants, sickening 
coontry, might by a suitable visit be restored lo health, to the 
convenience and pro6t of their em|)loyers. Though in tho al 
of regolar statistios foraay le mtLot v eara it is difficult to uy 
what classes of cases the TnaMHHkiate in likoly to prove mc 
efficAcioua, it may be said goa^^^^Kkt case^ .^f Fovt^r, of ^oi 
debility attendant on longrej^^^V . all ailtneol 

in which there is no organM^^^^^ ^ •vi.Led to di 

benefit from a eojoum on ih 

The supply of wat^-r is fair, 
point and springs on the slo 
or the VnltnASodog, abont 
reached bri^^HSb. The 
nnfailin, 
and read 

spring 
aoontS' 




thAka. 



309 



I the top^ has n good sappty o( wat«r in the cold months, but rans 

in April. Kptki spring, towards the Ronth end and far down 

western slope, yields a good supply of water throughout the year. 

far from Vaitama point is a rock-cut reserroir thirty-six feet 

ten and fire deep. Near it are three other reaervoim each twenty 

by twelve. All the^e are difficult to get at from the top o£ the 

9j buc are not necessary for its water-supply.^ 

18C5 the suitableness of the hill for a health resort attracted 

attention of the Uon'blo T. C. Hope, C.&.I., then aa afisietaat 

lector. Mr. Hope thoroiighly explored the hill and brought it to 

notice of Sir Bartle Frere, Governor of Bombay, who ordered it 

i be examined. Variooa reporta were written, but little progreas 

made until 1867. In IBOS, Mr. Hope built a large thatched 

iBo for himself, and his example was followed by a Mr. Ansell of 

lein. A Portuguese also built a hot«l in couuectica with the 

ahraent-rooms at Bossein Hoad station.. In I860, abont forty 

jUeatioosfor the newly marked sites were received, some of them 

;alaLive and some bona 6de. Great delay oecarred in responding 

i theeo application;^, the fair seaeon passed, other di^cultie? fullowedt 

»bay entered on a period of depression, hoaaes at Miither^n wero 

?»p, and the attempt to make Tunrar a health-resort fell through, 

Hope coatinueu to visit the kill, for a month in 1809, two 

aths in 1871, and aboata fortnight in 1874. In 1872, ho bailt an 

sr-storied bungalow on his site at a cost of £oOO (Ra, 600O). 

iouB officers visited the hill during this time, and a few 

»ple also came annually to the hotel. But depression of trade 

rented enterprise, Mr. Ansell's thatched cottage was burnt, 

the only baildiuga now on the hill are Mr. Hope's house, 

l%hatchcd cottage known as the ' hotol/ and a rest-housa for 

tiTe workmen. Mr. Hope's honso has recently been booght by 

remmeut for the use of fore«t officers, and the hotel has been 

as it did not pay. 

[d 1830, a committee was appointed (o report on the capabilities 
the hill OS a sanitarium. Their report was not encouraging and 

ftvemment decided that, (or the present nothing could be done 

ith Tungar.* 

tOn the Vaitarna point, on a knoll to the north of the pond 
I some Jain cells supposed to have been cot abont the middle of 
t thirteenth century (1234). They seem never to have been 
fadied, and fragments and splinters lie about, lliey are now filled 
kh waterand are known as the Pandav springs. On the top of 
i hill a stone image of a Jain saint, clothed and with a Rnjnut'like 
tiead-dr«i»s, has lately been broken to piecen by the Koman CathoUo 
-keeper. Unlike MiLthertLn where the hill tribes are DhangarSj 
and K^hkaris, the people of Tung&r hill are Kolia and 
In the plants of the two hills there is said to be little 

-Kt nwattoo* the rollowing Mlditlonsl aprinn :~<An, Cturbtv, Ghur* 
•nd. KUbU, Knnila, MurU, Nady&cb«piiu. PAuitsv, firi, lUhAtkrli, 
1t«p«iil. Vara, VvtiAlk mmI Zatw. 
Mra nport u dautd 6th Harcb 1880 1 tbs GOTCcoBMDt BMolatioii ia 



Chapt«r XIV. 
Places of Lnterast. 






!■} 




Uux. 



It in 183!> bj public aubscriptios^ and six old wells built Chapter ZIV. 
». A Bchoot is maiataiued by tJie Fiirsi Panchdyat for piuMW oflntersit 
g Zend Avesta. 

\Xkf a muuicipal town in tLo south-oast of Karama island 
ft hood-qnartors of tho Koranja pottj division, lies abont 
lilea sonth-east of Bombay and t«D eouth-west of I'anvel. 
381 censiiB sbowed a population o£ 10,1-19, Hindus 8(307, 
l&na 1030, Christians -J-IG, and Parsis 06. Most of the Hindus 
'olia. The mnnicipalitT, which inclndes llie nnrvey vitiates 
I Mativli, and Chanje, 'was established in 1866.* In 1880-81 
an income of £606 (Ra. 0004) drawn from octroi, house tax, 
lax^ privy tax, and market foos, and representing a taxation 
d. (as. 9 ps. 7) & head. The expenditure during the eania 
IS £594 (Rb. 5940), £131 (Rs. 131(1) on Bcavenging, £47 
i8) on lighting, and £145 (lis. 1450) on roads. 

I has a large oustoinii-faouso and liquor shed at More> 
Bf port throe miles to the north, and twonty-two distillerios 
Jnpply the Bombay, Thfina, and KoIKba collectoratea with 
' Besides the offices of the mahallcari and chief constable, 
Bchool-hoaso for boys and a Kchool for girls, Uron has a 
ary, a meat market, a church, abont ten fccmples, and 
[DO. The Pascoa Do Sonza charitable dispensary was, id 
endowed by Mr. De Suuza with £1 1 00 (Ks. 1 1 .000), a house 
niture, Government proridiug the ostablishment, and the 
jality giving a yearly ooutribntion of £12 10«. (Ra. 125). 
L charge of an assistant surgeon^ and in 1880-81 had aa 
rooo of 6191 out-patients. 

meat market is an airy corrugated-iron bnilding, raised ia 
3 al a cost of £220 (Rs. 2200). Near the market ia tho 

Catholic church of Our Ladjr of Purification, of which 
have been given under Karanja.'' The Hindu temples are, 
lesbrar Mah&dev's, bnilt of stone b^ the famous Sarsubheddr 

Mahfidov (1760-1773) and enioymg a yearly Government 
,co of £3 8«. (Rs. 24); Vithoba s, enjoying yearly £1 2*. 
I) ; another temple of Vithoba, and temples of Venkateeh, 

JU^ruti, Ganpati, Ijik«hmin&r&yan, and of Dronagiri and 
devi, all without allowances. The mosqne, known as the 
[aajid, was built in 1750 by Musatnuius of Uran, and enjoys 
T Government allowance of £2 (lis. 20). The large jHind was 
d srarroonded by stone walls ai the private expense of Manuel 
isA, who was nijlmlatddr of Si&lsette about 1850. While 
r the pond an inscribed stone was found. It was boilt into 
Ij and, from the bcliof that all old land grant stones were 
y Bhim R^ja, has given it tho n&mo of the Bhim^a pond. 

be site of tho modem town oE Uran there was formerly a 
id to have boon built by the Portuguese. Tho remains 

I — , • 

ihH G*'e qnartcn. Eli&rpunp, Mor«, %ovar, Bori, uid KuinUtirrida ; 
re. Mativli and OAap&r ; miiH Cbiajm twulvo, KAarv, Kiiulvri, Ksnuija, 
«SMr Chin jo, Mukkhor, T«I«vA>lfc, V&Ul. Kot, and Kolrad. 
■tiled account of the Vno diMilleric* ia given in P&rt I. Clu|>ter X. JWreiiKS 
■ 36e sbovG, p. 194, 




Ceak. 



Utah. 



VUu. 



DISTRICTS. 

Chapter XIT. of foar towers ftt the (oar ooroere of the fort are il 
FlftOM oTintatwt. ^^^^*^ ''™ traced of thcoW *rftll wKich joined the torn 
w&s foartecQ teei wide, nnd is said to hare beea fif 
foot high. The northern aud aottthom w&lla were 3(1 
sod tbo oaaten &nd wostern 200 yards. The old 
aay that tho furt wm occupwd by BriLuh troojM an 
yean ago. The fort w&lU are said to have been bi 
Mr. De Souza, and the m^terialB used iti buUdin^^ the 

Ut&n, a Bmall poK id S^seltfij five miles north-i 
station on the Barodn railway, with a ChristiaD popo 
souIb, has a church of aolcnowa date, bat of roi 
dedicated to Our Lady of the 60a, meafturiufi^ 1U1> feet 
and ib\ high, and in good repair. The priest has a 
paid £1 lOa. (R«. 15) a month by the Bntish Oover 
are three schooU, one Fortagaese with eighteou bo 
with twenty-six boys, and one a prirate magic schco 
haa a music mftster. The sea trade retarns for t 
ending 1881-82 show average exports worth £409 
worth £4372. Ripirrta varied from £22^5 in 16804 
1879-80 aud imporba from £2202 in 1875.76 to £d09 

Va'dOf the boad-qoartDrs of tius V&dm sab-diriaic 
a popntntion of 1672, Hindus 150i, Mnaalmtin!! 16: 
liee about twenty miles north of nhiwndi and ei^t 
of the Sh&h&pnr station, on the north-east braanh o 
railnay. Beeidos the office of the mimlatd^, V& 
built GoTcmment sefaool-hooae and a rest-hooae. T 
of the village there is a large pond, once a fine pi« 
now much silted. In the middle of the pond aru soi 
to be the remains of a ploasare-hoaae built hy the 
who had their bead-quarters in Vi4&. The only 
former greatness are a mined Hindu tempio of Kin 
of stones mthout mortar, a few dismantled tombs, « 
and a roined temple of llanam^n.^ The rains of tk 
are about fifty yards east of the mfLmlatd^r's office, 
are sixty feet by twenty -wren, and the whole is forme 
of atones with the usuiU joititd for iron or wooden ulani 
still stAnds with an uttar inside. Over the door is 
sitting figure, with the hands ciroRscd on the Inp, nod 
a sacred thread on the left shoulder, Tlie ti^ra ia 
Among the ruins is a pillar capital with m. walU 
expanded hood.* In the Mnseotn of the Bouibaj 
"^ - * \aiatio Society, there is an inscribed ston^m 



(74. 



D18THICT& 



¥lMM0flBt4rMt 



AMi. 



Oame^purt, 



fijifiiro holding in her risfhfc hand a nhart Uonu] 
KhAuderiv QAilcw^r uf Unnxla uUded a. lar^e tinib 
with n tiled rouf, embellished amoDp other tbiDS) 
gallery. He endowed it with a yearly gmut of £4 
thii for aotne yeare han reiaainecl anpaiu. The t«ta 
from ifao Britiiih GovcramuDl a cash payment of £1 
besideH harini; six inam villagen, three in Bas«i 
Bhiwndi, yielding a yearly iDComc of £93 (Rs. 930 
attended by abont OOOO iK^raoiif) of all caates, frum 
Pooua, and NAsik, is helii here in Chaitra (April) 
qaantilies of swecttnejits, fruit, grain, cloth, fish, m 
omajoents are sold. Tho pilgrims' gifta to the ( 
amonnt tu aboat £110 (lis. 300). 

There are other hot springs in the nei^bboni 
Aklnli to the east and GaDes'hpun to the wc 
about half a mile farther up tho river than Vaj 
pleasant valley, dnstered roond a teoiplo of R^ 
Bdmeshvar hot springs whose wators are gathen 
Ofltems. In 1784 they were much ased both by 
Earopeans.' Mr. Forbes described the lUmesb 
small oiBiern with water at a temporotnre of 120°, 
it wanted the small olemeut of imn, the wntor t 
as tho water of tho springs at Bath iu Eoglant 
sixteen grains of solid matter, about six of earth \ 
united in a floid about twenty degrees hotter t 
With respect to host and tho proportion of earth 

r'ngs were exnctly the same as the Bath watora. 
r water fit for drinking, a second was chokt 
there were otliers tn the river which were entirely o 
the rains, and had a marked effect in wurmiiig- its 
to the north-eaftt of this temple, in a pretty spot oj 
is tho nameless tomb of an European oflBoer, who 
fifty years ago.* 

In Cianeshpnri village, abont three miles west 
very neatly designed temple of Bhiraeshvar, with ti 
little used otsterns in front of it. In the bod of t} 
mile of the temple, are tho two hottest springps of t 
are in two natural hollows in the rock and bavo 
of 136^, or 1G° higher than the royal sprinj^ 
bot4«et spring at Rttmeshvar. TliouEfh not consid 
springs aro oscd for washing by ail classes, osp 
tronbled with skin diseases.* A t«mple is said toh 
Ram«lji Mali^ov BivalkoTj Sarsubhed^ of KiUy£ 
There must also have been temples of a mnch ol 

oti^itAa linm Koati rAtinil niiA rvKntiiaJ anl.1i u 



■ *!|i 



f- 





to streop ncross ft great part of tho itjland* IVacintr the atream Ch&pter 

ibi outlet in tbo mangrove marali between Bombay and jpUtoei oTTaUni 
tte, tbe lulls on oither hand, at first fletacbed and dietant, 
Tiiilly draw near and form well-marked raiijri?8 nil, near * i-i**- 

2:>crli, abont sixteen milet^ from the Uombay Catbodml tbe valley 
|E^«^«nty narrows into a gorge abont a mile long. Above this gorge 
^^ 'valloy again broadens into a plain or basin, with tbc village o£ 
NTba^.r in the centre and a circling wall of high wooded hilU. The 
■ X«».#3jB site haa been cleared and the plain 13 now the Vehar lake. 
-t'tiis gToaud was particularly well ouited for the storage of water. 
liottoin Mna flat, tbe aoil wa» a clinging clay, and the steep clean 
— sidcfl were of compact rock. The gorge oot by the Gop&r 
Xho lowust, but not the only breach tn the circle u£ hills. I( 
at one timo intended to raise a dam at the south end of the 
|^-*ipoIi gorge. This would have secured more storage and * 
^^^er gathering ground, hut would have involved the building 
tour dama two of which would have been very costly. To save 
tho .site of tho main dnm, or diim No. 1 as it is gcnoratlj 
wai fixed at the north end of the Pnfipoti gorge, ou the village 
of Sayi. Two smaller dams, N'u. 2 and No. 3, had to bo 
across gnps in the hills whoi^e lips were on a lower level than 
it of ttie main dam. All thrco dams are of earth with aa 
r slope of two and a half to one and an inner i^lope on the water 
^ido of three to one. Tho main dam is twenty-four feet wide on the 
and has a ceutml nnddle wall Tho two smaller danui were 
ually twenty feet wide on tho top and had no central puddle 
Tlio main dam was begun in October 1856 and finished in 
1858, The two smaller dams were begnn later than the main 
bat all wcro finished in ii&y 1853. The surface of all the dama 
d with stone. For the escape of surplus water a wasto-weir 
eet long was built at the end of the main dam and forms 
SOtnc'thing like a continuation of it. 

In drawing the water of the bko the first step is to let it into » 

masonry tower, at the toe of the waterside slope of the main dam, 

'liich is approached from tho top of that dam by a gangway or 

idgo Bupported by iron framed girders. The water enters tho 

ibrougb large iron pipes or qundraut bends wliich can be 

_ at pleasure by heavy ball valves worked from the top or upper 

:ory nf the tower. The pipes are fixed at various heighta in the 

idcs of the tower so that water can be let in from any roqnired 

of the lake, and, as it is found that the wat«r is pure in 

iportion to its neametia tu tho surface, tho higher pipes are those 

generally open. The month.'! of tho two pipes which, as a mloj supply 

the town aro covered with strainers of fine copper gauxe. In the 

bottom nf tbo tower in fixed the month of tho forty-two inch outlet 

pe which passes through tho main dam, and, on issuing from its 

slope, divides into two thirty-two inch mains, one of which ends 

few hundred yards from tho loko and the other is carried foortaen 

Um to Bombay. I^roviaion is made for a second thiriy-two inch 

mo to Bombay in case tbe supply from the pipe now in nse may 

any timo provo scanty. The cost of tho Velutr water works waa 

gimtl\f estimated at £260,000 (Ra. 2&,00>000), hut, inclading 






rBomb«7 



Climpl«rZIT. 



Riow of Intflntt. 
VniiitWu. 



S78 



DISTRICTS. 



interest^ t)te actual outlay re&cbed the Iwgc sam of £050,000 [Ba. fA\ 
Ukhs). The works remained under the control of GoTpmni'"' -^ 
1863, the coot of maiotoouioa daring thut time being bornr 
Bombav Municiimliiy. In 1663, under the provisions of the \tm 
Waterworks Act, the works were made over to the Muuici 
and have aince remained nnder manicipal control. 

In 1871, as the two smaJlor dams leaked badlj and showed 
of weakneas, they were repaired at a cost of over £10,000 [Ri. 1,00, 
A puddle wall was built id the middle of each dam, & difficall 
dangerona work, and dam No. 3 was couBiderably enlarged 
strengthened. This work was carried out by Uessrs. Glover A 
under the direction of Major Tnlloch, R.E., ExecnHv^e Engineer,*!] 
the personal eupervisioB of Mr. Uienzi Walton, C.E. 

lu making' the Veh£r lake the naaal practice of paasiiig Iftij 
supply msiu through an uartheu dam was followed. Experienoe hMJ 
shown that this practice is open to objection. If a pipe barstscrfc] 
joint leaks within the dam, repairs are impossible, and tho s'-' 
of the duin may be dangerously reduced from the wat«r 
away tho earth. It was clear that a time must come when, 
mere wear, the supply main must fail, and this conld not 
without disastrous consequences. For this reasQo farther 
called The Veh^r New Outlet Works, were be^n in 1 
Messrs. Sir Thomas Thompson & Co. from the designs and 
tho direction of Mr. Kienzi Wulton. They consist of a 
tower, at the toe of the hill against which the main dam 
at the end opposite to the waste-woir, tho floor or platform of 
tower being 268*50 feet and the bottom or well of the tower 
201 feot above the Town Hall datum. Tho mlots to the fcoww 
those already described are forty-eight inches in internal diairj 
They are four in number and admit water from 254*50, 
2Sa-50, aud 23050 feet above the Town Hall datum. The ootif^ 
the tower is a forty-two inch main carried through an 800 feetl 
and issuing at 200 feet above the Town Hall datum. Where itl 
the tunnel tho main divides into two thirty-two inch pipes, 
these is a rosorve for a future additional main. The other is 
across the gorge, partly on an embankment snd partly oa 
aqueduct, to a point where it joins the old Bombay maiu. 
intended to fill with concrete the old tower and that ■part of 
main which oow runs through the dam. The outlay is esbimateli 
about £25,000 (Us. 2,50,000), 

During tho first fow years tho VehAr water was exccedinglr '■ 
but for some time past, owing to the growth of vegetable nm 
the lake, tho quality of the water has somowhat declined. S:ui 
doubtful if many towns in Englatid have a purer supply. la 
case tho gain to Bombay by tho use of Yeh&r water ounuA 
denied. In spite of the strongest prejudice VehAr water is 
preferred to almost any other. 

In connection with VehAr, the John Hay Orant Reservoir is in i 
of construction oa the Bhandanr&da hill near Mi^gaon in BombHi 
from (he desigus and under the aiiperintendenoe of Mr. C. B 
graham, C. E., deputy executive engineer to the Municipahtv 




IBombay Outm 



DISTRICTS. 



FlacM of Interest. 



Tcrsova rock and about a mile to the Koutli-west a sboal with o 
about two fo«t of water. In 1720 the tiai-bour was deecribtd 
tittle &tiil tiiiri'ow, but deep enLiii);rh for »t)ipa of the f|pr«at«st hmit 
and a fuw years Uter (1 72a} a PortujfUfat! writer Bpeaks of it n 
of tlic best bftjs on the coafitJ The Clirijtiaa popuJatioD of A7it\ 
has a cbarch tledica-ted to Our Lndy of Hoalth. It wnt iaidt 
the Portugucsu and its roof ia somewbat raioed. It m' 
120 ft«t louf;: by 26 broad and 23 high. The vicar, who lui 
ricarage aLtt*ched to the cliiircli, receivefl £1 10^. (Rs, lo) & 
trom Uio Britiab Goveroment. Tberu is uo scbocl, but tlurri 
master whn plays the riulin i'l church. In the hatne p&raki 
ander the same priest, in the barnk't of &[adh, in the cfant«k 
Our Lady of Health. 100 feet lon^^ by 28 broad and 22 bigb. 
waa built in 1830 from stibecripttoua collected hy tho Kcr. Jri 
Datnaceno Almeida. The soa trade returns for tbc sci'ca 
ending 1881-82 show average exports worth £30,139 nud a 
imporlH worth £13/}26. Kxports varied fi-om £l;{,SoO in 18 
to £35,403 in 1875-76 and imports from £9010in 1877-78 toJt 
in 1870-77. 

About the middlti of the seventoenth century (IGGO), the 

SQwcr of the Dutch and tho disturbanccfl to whic-h Sh/Lh Ji 
eath gave rise, forced npoo the English Company, both in 
and in Loudon, the need of having a station of thoir own in Wi 
India. Under ordera from tho Diractors the Council at Surot 
inqnirieaj and in 16-59 wrote urging that efforts should bo mtAi 
bring the kiug of l*ortagal to cede one of tbreo placc-a, 
RAjApurj Bombay, or Versova.' Aboat 1094 a lleet of Maakot 
landed at Versova and put all they found of both sexes 
iword.' Versova is mentioned in 1695 by Gemelli Cnreri* 
year 1720 itiK described as a town on the seafilioro with a small 
on tho nortli, and a small trade in dry fisli. In 1730 it was tifai 
from the Portuguese by tho Marathatt." At the close of 1774» 
detachment of British troora under Lioutc nan t- Colonel KiaOf 
marched agninst Vensova. But the fort did not flurrvnder till tift 
fourth day, after two attempts to oseulado it had beea ropiil8«).* il 
the beginning of the present oentury, after Old Woman's I 
Little Cf^)lnba and the Mahim CoUoge were abandoned, V 
became tlio training place for cadets. From 180t> to 1804 
of artillery and eogineera were stationed there.' iJat, in 
almost all of the cadets were attacked by an int«nnitt«nt 
which many died, they were removed to Bombay." A 
establishment was kept at Verso^'a till 1618,'' 

VemovB fort stands at tho onCrance of the croek 
Versova village and the island of Madh, on a bold prDm< 
of beautiful though not very large basalt columns. U 
probably built by the I'ortugueso and repaired and stren 



* I^inkorton, VIII. S43 j a Chron. <U Tia I. 32. •Brtico'. Antiab, | 3H, 

* And«r*nn'» Wp*t«rn India, ]«4. 'fhuiThilJ, IV. IM 

* Gmnl Ouft, tii'l : L».w-« liwlinn N»vy, I, 110. 

•KoH»w' i)rieiiul M<;nivin, I. 452. 'Trani Bocn. TImw. 6mm. XJU. I 

' Vslnitia'B Tnv«l(i, n. 162. * N*lr»*-« KoBkuT 1^ 



Mrifa 



'7 tLe Mar^tMs.' K«ept that it is somewtat larger, it diffepB 
little in appcanuice from the furts of Mahim, bion, aod Varli. 
It is mentioned by Gemelli Careri in 1695.^ lu 1728 it is described 
p>9 verj old and rained with a garriiiou of Bfty men, and ten 
pieces of ordnance, only two of whicli wore lit for ubb.' In 1787 
l>r. Hovd described it as baring a. good command of the river, ver)* 
<>ld but well placed^ and guarded by rock« so that no sea force 
90uld ever tajco it. Ou tno laud ^ido the defence was shght 
and access easy.* Besides the fort there are the remaiaa of an 
old Portogneso church dedicated to Our La^ly of Health.* The 
■ide wall of a handsome house and a flight of >tepa leading to a 
platform, with n'most beautiful view, are the remains of the 
resilience of the oflBcer who commanded the force stationed here 
1>etwe<.'n }77i and 1818. Between the west side of the foi-t and tho 
eea are six European tombs all in fair order.' 

ViharoU^ about half a mile south of the KondtvU caves in 
wooded nee lands, has four old ponds and the rnins of a PortuguGfid 
piansion and church. At the north-west comer of the Doralcha 
TftUv, among some large Adansonta or baobab trees, ai-e the ruiua 
-pf a Portuguese mansion. On the south bonk of the lake is a largo 
B(oue Calvary cross at the top of a flight of round steps. About thirty 
l^rds further, arc the ruinii of a great Portuguese church. At the 
west entrance is a porch (20'x4o') with, rounded arches and two 
pitlarii and pilasters. Inside, the nave or body of the church is 
iwooty-scvon yards by thirteen, and in tho east, is a mined altar 
in a reccs8 eight yards by nine> approached by a flight of massive 
■tone stcpa. Tho walls are in good repair, but the high-peaked 
roof is gone. Fifteen feet from the west wall stand two pillars 
about twenty feet apart. They are thin round obelisk<like shafts o£ 
■ingle stones, rising on square bases about sixteen foet from the 
ground. Many of the stones have been taken from a Br&hmanictempla 
of the eleventh or twelfth century. The most notable are a carved 
lotus bud at the south-west comer of the porch, and, to the north of 
tlie porch, two elegant shafts sot on sqnaro bases. In a flold about 
tfairty yards ivom the east bank of the lake are two broken bulls, and 
lietween the bulls and the lake bank is the site of tho old temple. 
At tho north-cast comer of the lake, part of the old e3ca)>e woir 
of largo dressed stones remains in good order, and along the north 
bank are traces of steps of dressed stone. About fifty yards to the 
north is a rock-cut pond, knows aa the B&rb^ pond, with rows of 

^P Nainw'a Konku. 61. * ChnrehiU. IT. 108. * Ohron. de Tib. L S2. 

^ * Hm-A'a Toun, 12. • D» Cuiih»'« BonuiR, 198. 

*Thi> only iiui-riptioB on any of tbwo tomhs ruiis i Witlnn thia bomb tbm 
•artldy Tviuftbia of Mn. CiiMlin« Rch«ntuuk, wi/e o( Ckpuiu J-_V. R^henimck, 
B>')inbav KnipDOen, Are deposited. She woa born ftt StiitArJ in W'urtemborg, Tth 
NovcmWr n79,ftiid died At Veraora 12tli Mkv 1907. MiMneaa of mannen, aiuvl^ 
nt t«inp«r, ntuikbtlity of diapocdtiga procoreo her • niuaenm drala of frModa m 

I iboare ma they wera goJienu, th^ir fnenilnhip being fonndad on «atean for bar nuui* 

I virinpa, botJi moral tuiil doDkt^lJc. Tbe !>" - ' >> eviiicnl for hrr f«iiiily ciuleknil 

hvr b> J hunlMni) who i« by her loss reij! ibte nml wmiM b« inooiuHjlabl*, 

were it not tvT tb« tiioua nad pUcid rx-ti^mt^Ku xitb urhicb abv bnra Iwr aiduuM^ 
whjoli l«svM BO doubt but the will abBn tJte rawanl promiaed tboM bo whom 



Chapter nv. 
Places of Interest. 



VlUBOU. 





[Bomtey 



382 



Clupter ZIV. 
FImm of Interest. 

VlHASOLI. 



DISTRICTS. 



roagh Bteps oat in the sides. It was perhaps the quarry £roin n\ 
tho lake and temple atones were hown. Two hanared yards 
is n third and much lar^^r lako^ known as aarpdla or the snake] 
On the west bank ie a qnarry, with dressed Rtonee lying 
apparently Portuguese. On the aoath bank are aome oldBHlhi 
■tones and some Portuguese remoina in the clutches of a fig ' 
About 200 yards east is a fourth large pond, with, on the west 
an old wdl| near which are old bricks and two beantifollj dn.-*wl 
stones ten feet lung by two broad. 

Vlra'r. a rich Tillage well-wooded and with many patcl 
sngarcane, lios in the Uassein sub-dirision, about seven milei 
of Baasein and about thirty-cight north of Bombay. It 
railway station with refreshment and waittng-rooma. The tt 
traffic returnn show an increase in passengers froni 4-3,294 in 
to 83,176 in 1S80, and in goods from 1730 to 3349 tons. To 
west of the station is the village andamotalled road, which 
miles west to AgfUhi. VirAr is the nearest station for vi 
the old town of Sopdra. The way lies along the Agfishi road I 
abont a mile, and then about two and a half miles along a wL 
lane, aome feet below the level of the Gelds and so narrow 
most places two carts can with difficulty pass. 

To the east of the VirAr station, across the railway, is the 
place, on the west bank of a large pond under big banyan and 
trees. A large market is held every Saturday, thronged by 
and Tfirlis, selling fish, garden etiiflj nnd cloth. About 
yanls south of tho station, are the remnias of a I*ortaguese 
and a Portugncso well, and on a knot! about a mile t a the 
stands a notable Portngnese tower or fortified mansion, i 
west bank of the Yir^rlake is a carved stone, about three feat 
and nine inches broad. Below is a group of female figures, 
is a pilaster, and at tho top a niche. About 100 yards east i 
station, on tho dam of a rictj tield, stands a stone 2' 10' x 1' 4' 
a roughly-cut cow and calf a symbol of otonity or perpetuity, wfaif^l 
in some land.grant atones, takes the place of the ass-cnnio. At 
200 yards furthor, near tho foot of a knoll of rock, are two 
feet ronghly cut in the rock. The story is that the Mhdr, or Mi 
of Virilr used always to find, graxing with the village cattle, 
whose owner never paid Bim for herding her. Det«rmtt 
to find the owner, he followed the cow to the top of Jii 
hill. A woman appeared and the MhAr asked for aome paj 
for his herding. The woman agreed, and was on the 
of putting some money in the herdsman's band, when he 
' Do not touch mo, I am a Mh&r.' On hearing this the gmldees 
for she was tho owner of the cow, disappeared, and the cow 
from the hill-top and lighted on this rock. On another rooky 1 
little farther eaat, are tho ruins of a Portuguese fort. On Jivfl 
hill are small plain caves and a ^voorite shrine of Devi, and 
fortifications,* About two miles east of Jivdhaa^ to the south of tfa I 



I s«atb«v«p. no. 



rSANA. 

of SKrigaoiij ia an old Portngnese fort, and, aljoot a mile to Ghapter XIV. 
north, the la»t of a row of waTJng bills, is Pindar Dnngri, bo places ofXaterect. 
IJed from a &et of siuall caves whidi were cut away at the time of 
kkinp tho railwuy. 

''isha'lgad. In the village of Nadal, Booth of Prabal fort and VisaiLOAD, 

miles uorth of Chaak, Btands Vishdl hill, called Jiiikbod by 

>p1e and known as Saddle Hill to Knropean residenta of 

lerkn. There are no walls to the so-called fort, but there are 

ck-cnt cisterns and foor caves, in one of which is tho ima^ 

\&i DOTJ. 

[Vithalva'dl. on the way to AmbarnSth aboat three mUes sonth- VmuivJ 

Bt of Ealyiln, hat! a rery old pond witli an unfailing spring of water. 

^0 present temple on a mound to tho west of tho pond is modern, 

on the t4>mpIe-mouud and between the temple and the pond are 

»B of very old brick foundations. Aboat 100 yards to the 

itli<wcst on a monnd ia the aite of an old brick bnilding, probably 

iple, and about thirty yards farther sonth is an old fiUed-in 



Terangal.on a pretty bay close to the sea, about ten milea north 
' Baudm, has a large vaulted church of the Holy Magi still in fair 
r, 110 feet long by 26 broad and 24 high. Once a year, on the 

It of the Epiphsnj, a mass is performed on its altar, when 

ristians gather from tho villages round.'' 



Tiuiroab^ 



1 Dft Ctmh»'» BasMu, 195. 




[a'ahi. One of the inscribed stones in Uio CoUeotor'B garden at Tbina 
iught from AgilshL It in 3' 3" lung l>/ 1' 5" broad and 0" thick, 
i on tbo top is an uru, halcuh, vitb a Bim aud croecool moon on either udo. 
He inscription ia in sixteen lines ; iho lettvra ore woU-pmerved DerauAgari, 
uid the language is Sanskrit. U is dat^d Shak 1072 (a.d. 1 150) J*ramtMta 
Samvatmra (cycle year), (lariiig tho rvign of the KtliUiAiu kiii^ Uoripildev^ 
The ministon mentionod ara Vcuupadvala, Shri Luk&liman PnhbUi 
Padnuubiv fidiul , and Visu^ Nirak. The grajtt is the fixed rvveaue of Shri 
Mevadi in Qluur;ge of tjio PaiUkil (Fitil) Raja. The grantor is prince 
AhavamoJla enjoying the villace of Vattinka' in Sliurpiraka. The 
grauiee is L'pldtiy^ya Brahmamivbhatu, eon ol DivAkarbhatu, (iie son 
of tiovardiianhhalta. 'I'he iritueaaB to tho grant are Kiiu MhdtAra, 
headman of Vatt-draka villago, Kdgnji Mhitars, Anants Niiyaka, and 
Ohingdev Mliitam.^ 

Ambama'th. In one or two ptooes down the left bank of the strewn, 
jnrithiu & quarter of a milo of the temple, are traocn of brick foundations, 
rhaps the site of an old villaga The people call it the \>izAT. 

I On U>e roof of the temple the irregular nmsonrj- of the inside of the 

shows traces of rou^ repain. Tliere are also fragmt-nts better 

^ed than tlie re«t of the t^niplo and perhape one or two hundred yean 

ler. tiotAbly a stone on the right side about two pace* from the door. 

the left, across thu entraniv passage from this specially w>^ll-carved 

>nc, is a rounded block which looks like the top of a Buddlust 

jhoba. Some of the curved stones in the outside of the dome roof, 

nially a small slab of two men holding a wouuin, about half way up 

' south front of the dome, seem older and better curved than the reet of 

stones. 

[in different parts of the temple enclostins eapecially in tho slightly raised 

DUnd twenty or thirW yards to l\w vvei, are traces of old brick foundo- 

.tions. On the top of the high ground to tho west of thn temple are the 

.lins of a brick building apparently a temple. Tn thn mound about 

ity yards to tho south of thu high ground uru trace!) of foundatiotia, and 

'the west ftx>t are aevoral targe dnanod stones. Among the louBe stones 

the temple ciiclosare there is> to the north, a »aii stone, probably of 

)ut. Ihfi twelfth oeutury, ivith it« top carved into a large-flared funoreal 

Below is Ctanoah and ubuvc a man and woman worshipping a ling and 

els dm[>ping gorlaoda on their hnuli. lioaning against thu south 

closure v%l\, to tho east of the pond door, is a seven-hooded Snake God 

KAg Rija. To the oast is a groap of 8hiv and Pirvati. The stone with 

hand can'cd on it is a modem tati scone. 



Appendix A. 
AoisBi. 



AMBAKXiTV. 



< VatUTaks is the modem Vatirgaon, two milw north.wAst o( Sop&ra. Dn ParroD 
11760) DoticM it M Ootar Zmad Avu^a, I. ccclxixiiL 
> Tho traosUttoos of this sad tho foUovrmg «lev«a iiuoriptioiu haw b«wi 

IDtribntcd by Pandit BhacrHalil Indraji fawn shmM eoU«ctod bjr iix. W. B. 
wlock, C.8. 



S80 



DISTRICTS. 



Aypodix A. 

Lbolbiuniicu. 
Bnuix*. 



Awm. 



Bumx. 



Arobnologicai Remains. Binee the voninu; it 
pnpurd, HToml MldiliuiuU .VnihitwlcgioaJ Rcnuna hare tMo 
(Imm ■!« ■ Buddhist relic moond or ttupa, a block 6t 
the •igfatlt wUct of Aahofc, fire InwriptJons of tlie mwouI 
Chrifltt mod levetal brokfu llnUuniiuical and Jain scolpuntt 
moumli at Kalyia uid Klrpbnuta ; menKNial stasia »t Eks* 
Kalauibliom uid about twentj-dva 8ilihkni land-gmit sUi 
poru of the district but chieflj from BasMun, S *t-<-< t-, and I 

Afiherf. Th« copy of thr inscription frum which tb« 
tnuialation given at ptu^ 1 .1 note £ w^rre nuule, «ras inoamct 
Tbe truulation U tlicr«forc wron^. Dr. Q. iMCnnWIa 
loIlowiiiK restored tt^xt i^ttd amejuM tnuiHlatioD : 

ri) Em 37 (d) e Haal hb k (utiricof) kvtji ton (») 

bK IAft7, R WA KRA DC 1663 S(S) < MAMIOU »-) (3) it) 
D (E) S. S. DOB KR (HKOIO*) ; (4) BirTAXIKI OO (VEBXaS! 
(AXTOKIO DR 5tKLLO R) (5) (CAATHO). B SEJIUO aCL O (i 
f JOAO) DK SI (2) lU PK (FaKIA) ; (6) B CAJ-M DK (s) TA C4 
This may I* trarodated, ' On tb^ 27th of October waa n-ktiilt 
th« year l&ti7, aiid iti tb«y««r 1663 waa made thi- 
of K«m«dios (Kmix'diHM), Win;; Goreruor tlur 
Mt-llo p Castro, bfiiig (.t«>npml of tlip North JoAo t\c Siijurui 
Cftjttaiu of tiiiii captuiuiiliij' Crai I (Cliri&totiUi fj.* 

BEUABKft 
The Viceroy Antonio do Mello u Castro held ofCn* from 
It vsB b9 who, under the oompulsion of the King, ceded I 
British Crown. JoSo de Siqueim d« Faria wga General of L 
bi4 seat at Basseiit, froiD 1661 to 1GC4. Tbe name of tbe Caf 
is nearly worn out. 

In 1634 Bocarro speaks of a Vioar of Asberj (Chratud 
III. '2i!i), and in 1728 Coatinho deacriboatbc diurdi ns n 
roof or doors, with broken arclieB and craoked vralU, and thi 
lady and other sainta nncored for (Ohromsta de I'tssuarTi t- 

BaSMdO. Ono of tbi> inscribed stone« in the museoiD 
Branch of the Royal Asiatic Sx'i^ty was brougfai from 
4' 10' long by 1' 8~ broad and 9" thick. The top ia 
sun and moon on either aidft. In a recess bvlow is an 
ping a Ihiy. His drinking pot ts »howD hang i n g Whin 
him is another ancRtic witl) A Ziny in hi)) baud. Bclovr is an 
sixt««n linos and below the inscription is the osnal as8-on 
are I>evanigari and the language is incorrect Sanshric Thi 
dated Shai 108:t (a.d. 1161) VriMha Satnpat»ara in the 
illustrious tiilibira Mallikiijun. The ministt-rs tnentiomtd 
Njiyaka an<l FAdhi Anantpai Pral>hu. The gnnt is 
{];vTtiupB tbe ti&tiie of a field or garden) in PaSi&Jasak in 
Kntkiimli. The Kf^'toin are the royal primt or rd/^nr De 
Shaiv-ito temple pneet or bliopu DlL«nniuhi\-, and the granfcei 
priest or aeajha (Hk. t'pidbyiya) Likhanak. Tbe gnuit 
services rendoml by LiUchanok in repairing a tenipla 

Several yeara ago, a copper-plate was found at Bassoin 
DAii.' It conaiBts of three platee, the middle plate ongrvred 
and the first and third plates on the inner side. T 
perforated at cho top and held by a ring. The ring baa th' 



1 Josr. B, a B. A. a IS. 2S1. 



o 




THANA. 






ag with foIdixlbandHHIjHteitJiersicIeof hiro am two oonch-shells thn 
iblrai of Viiihou. Iw^pntflB aro well pretterved. The grftntnr is king 
tlra (11-) of Lhe ViHnv HynoKt^r, &ntl the plates bear AMc ShaJc 
1 (a.d. 10*19) Sfi^it>}ij<T- Samvattara. The grantee was the royal priest 
riijgnru Sonr-adiuiichilrya, and the villa^ grant«d waa Chincholi ' in 
B twelve villagm (petty di^nnon) of Sinhi,' apparfintly tli*> modem 
ijucbuli oil tJio Kiaik-Sojigamner rood almut four milpii ptmt of DovUli 
d tlmit miles south-wrfit of Sinde (' Sinht '). Tlie nrdrir of KUOccAsion 
Dridhnprah&r (ahout a.d. t>&0], thv founder of the dyiia.<tty who cams 
^m DrArAvati and nmde famous the old town of Chiuttlriidityapur 
ȴibftbly Ch4ndor in N&sik ; Seunachftndra (I.) who foundwl St'unapur in 
tindiripr probably the mwlern Sinnar ; Pvidijappa, Bhillaui (I.) who 
aarried LaHthiyawa ilie (Uiighter of the fifth SiUhira kino Jhanjha (a.d. 
•16), 8hrirtj, Vordig, Ti^nk (Vardig's son 7) who niarri«T NAyiyalla, tlie 
;htcr of the Chklukya noble Oo^rtj, Bhillam (II.) who conquered 
.vamatla son of JavMing Chilukya (1040-I0ri9 actordinji to Chalukya 
and married AhavmoialJa's xinter Awaldevi ; and Beimachandra (IL) 
grantor who lk aaid to have had to cooquor other kings )x-fore he 
>nld hold his kingdom. 

In the compound of the double-storied rest-house near Miliiikpur or 
in Road station are two ineoribed stones, one of them lai-ger thaii 
other. The lai:ger stone won brought from Nandui about twelve miles 
^Dtbweet of Vida. It is a trap ^ab 5' 2" long by 2' 6" brood and 6" 
'k. At the top are, on either side, the sun and Uie lanoa, and in the 
ddle the figure of an ascetic about a foot long, sitting with folded honda 
hiLnd crossed legs. A driitking veaael hangB from his left sboiUder. Below 
the tigure is an inncriptioD in sixteen lines, occupying a Bpaoe I' 8" long 
'ly 2' 6" broad. The Uuiguage ia Sanskrit and the letters are deep cat 
the BcfTOiiiguri character, much resembling letters of the Silihira 
iod. The Inacription has suffered from time and is hard to make out. 
le king's name appears dislinotly as Aparilditya. The third of the 
four numerals giving ^e date ia lost : but the year is probably SAak 1 107 
(a.d. 1185).' The ministcr'B name appears to be Amnk or Ainak. Tha 
inscription records the gift of S&tuti village, apparently the bot-apriag 
viilngo of SativU about ten miles north-west of Nandui, to a priest named 
VedtogrAaL Below the inscripCJon is the ass-ourse. 

ThA smaller stone was brought fnun Nila about a mile north of 

Sopim. It in 3' 6" long by 1' 3* broad and 9" thick. The lottem 

! shallow, dim, and much spoilt. Above are the sun and moon. 

en follows tlie inscription in twelve linea occupying a space 1' long by 

3' brtMKl. The language U Saoitkrit The king's name is given u 

ohandradev, and he is styled ' The .i«un causing to bloMom the bod- 

e family of the YAdav dyna*ty.' The date ia given in flgurw aa 8hak 

32, but apparently a numeral is' omitted. The date may bel202 or 1220 

:>.l>. 1280- 1398). The inscription is too much spoilt to find out its 

leaning. The name Shurpirak (Sopira) occurs twiwi, and in the last line 

b« read ' Dm 203," apparently a grant of 203 draMimu. 
Bha'ndup. In the compound of tJie headman's house at Bhindap w 
inacribod atono 4' 3' long by 12" broad and 4' thick. It was found 
nriDg thfl raina ol 1B83 in a field aboat half a mile east of Bhindup. 



Appendix A. 
BAssaiv. 




BEiintt 



1 The year w given in l«tt«rv ee«nit to n*d »a*atyad\ika tkodatlui AaUAu or 
r^eveu hnnilred |3ua niatAy lA.n 1268], which wottld mske this kins ApsrAdilya 
III., tb« t*r«iity-fint and prubablf the Uut gUiblrs. This ii donbtfnl. 



[Bomba; 



388 



DISTRICTS. 



, Appendix A* 



BoftlVLI, 



Dark&b. 



Blkpeavta, 



OonEOUK. 



fismi Hiu. 



Abovo ore the lun and moon, then follows iha inscription ini 
uid Mow the inscription is the aaworw, Tlie letters are 
wum uul, utd in acme places to6t^ The inscription begins vHli 
Siimval, but the date is not clear. In the third Un« ia toe natnc 
kiug, probably Someshvu*, but it is Qot distinct. 

BorivlL On the ridge of a rfoe finld, about a«faundred yaniK 
ease of the dlBt&iice«ignal to the aonth of tlMt Borivli stMioa, hi 
tnieribed slab of trap 4' long, V 6' broad, and 7" thick. Almre ani 
Bttn and moon and a nn^ standing tigure. Below ure nine linf* 
izisdription in the Devanigari duuaetcr, beaiing date Shak IDT.'i 
1163) ShrimuJth Samisiliutrtt. Tho nanw of the king ia UaripU, 
mentitm u made of Hanp&lduvcahvar, probably iodicoling a gnat fei 
Shaiv t<!-mplp built by the king and boutnghU name. 

Dahisar, abom six miW MMt of Vinfcr, has a broken inscribed i 
the itiHcriptioQ on which a almost entirely worn ouL The broken 
the asA^ureo appears below. The stone is about one foot square ud I 
incheH thick. 

Elephanta. Tbe Baddhist m onnd mcntionwl at {Mtgr^ 60 and i'l 
»fxciiv»ie(! (April-May lft85) by tlr. Borgess to a de^th of a}M>ut thirtj 
fwjt, thruuyh irregular brich and earth and vnrth and Itoalders. Ko( 
was found. The Bid« about the wntre ii'ere proWsl to two and thr 
at various points but unsuccessfully. There is some bailt bnvk-< 
round the centre beneath a 3Iariue Survey dagstaff, which wu& da| 
It is pottible that the relics bare disappeared witb the twelve gr I 
f«et of the top whioh hu been broken down. In the top, on oa«i 
the flagstaff, is a hole which looks as if the mound hod l>efore been dqgl 
Tbu solid biick-work below tnay have been the platform ou which iht i 
chamber stood.' 

Tlie two insoribed copper-plates mentioned at pagua 80 ncit(^ 1 aul 
were given 1^ tlie finder Mr. Harold Smith to the late Dr. Wite 
Dr. WilsoD does not seem to have done anything with tlte eappcrfkui 
and there ta now no tjuoe of tlieni. 

Near the copper.phtt«s was found in 18ti9 the stone of » small ua)i 
The stone ia an oval ruby.coloui'ed cantellan U-4S5'' lonj; }>v 0-3A ' U 
The length of the face is 40 ' ajid the brisdtb 28". On tliu face ill 
an ellipse 0-37" by 0-26", inaide of which a the «;ord Nit rAy yna in l**^ 
of about Cbo fifth or sixth century. The rinif wa« formerly \a ^ 
po&ses.<iioQ of the lat« Dr. Bhiu D^i^ 

QoregaOQ. The following detailed account of the Padan 
mentioned at page 102 is taken from Pandit Bhag^Anlal's 
Antiquarian Reiuains at Sopiira and Padan in tho Boml«y a«a»»{Z , 

for 1882 : 

About eleven miles north of Bombay, and three miloR nortli-twt 4 
Qoregaon station on tho Baroda railway, is a email r&ngn of hill« «V« 
nortliem extremitj-, jutting towards the deserted village of AiiA 
goes by tbe name of Fad.\k. The Mor^tlii word Piulan cnrrmwndt tj 
tlie Gujariti Padan and bo the Hindi Padiv, and me«Lna a pW«' 
encampment. The name Padan has been given to this hitl, b«caus»tlift 
the rainy mfmUis the cattle from the neighbouring ^nllagaa an token Vti 



> Mr. H. Coa»Jns, Head AssblanLy Bon. Aicb. Sut. Lettar datvd Ititli Usv I 
« Dr. BurgBM- Elephanta. 4a «•»•;( 



iBomlwy 



408 



DISTRICTS. 



idix A. inr«ntMl to expUui iIku- nunber, uul -why thef vere omuIp oI i 
Dol of cUy. 

During th« lurt two thouMnd f*^** fi»f ^ifrf l«wl« h»w been 
u Gnutjtma's Be^n^ Bow] ; the fti y)pn- bowl^ the PtghLttrnx bo< 
' China bowl, Ui« Kand^lUr bowl, and Ibr Lad&k bowL AB «l 
except the X^ak bowl, have bc«D of stonr and have claimeid to 
the stone bowls receiviid by Gautama from the foor tdn^ of i 
Aceordiug to Ccyloo accomits a stone bow) and oamerous relici « 
Ashok to the king of Ceylon.^ In the fiict century before Chrin^ i 
DVB <mrried to It^ia by a Tamil invader, and wm not rooorcred for i 
foor hundred yean.^ Fah Hian makes no mention of th« ObjIok] 
If it waa not in Ceylon in the fifth century the bowl came l«ac «( 
later dal^, as, towards the end of the thirtceDth omuiry, it i 
Ot-ylon to Cltina at the request of the greftt Moghal Emperor KobUt '. 
Hano Polo (1290^ deienbea this bowl as of rmy beiKiciftil gnn [ 
and a Chinnm wnter of the fonrtemtli eentniy <19S0) ataloi chati 
reoeived from Ceylon wai the bowl preacnled by the four hoawal yj 
It waa neitht-r of jade, oopper, nor iron : it was potple and gloasy, 
strode it rang liku j^hua." Since the thirteenth cioitary the bowl baij 
been brouf^t bai;k from CSiina or a new bowl has been mftde^ m a i 
howt i« ahowo in the MAIegaon monastery in K&udy.' 

Apparently in the fimt ctntary liKore Chrt*t the Cunoni 
Emperor Kanarki or Kanishka, the ruler of A^hanistin and 
India atid tlm gronl rvi-ivn- of Bnddhiun, obtained a t>o»'I of Gan 
and, at Fesh&war, built (or it a relic mound 470 feet high and 580 
roond." Early in the fifth o-mtury (410) this bowl was oeeti at 
by the Chtneae pilgrim Fah HJan. It was of blue blade stane, ahb 
hold one and one-eighth gallons, two inchoa Ihick^ and madi* 
quarters. It was taken out every day and worshipped.* In tlM* 
century, probably in one of the ^atuthirrAn's ^540-604) stincwsfil 
into uortheru India, this bowl was taken to rer&ia, and whra 
Thsaug was in India (G40) it was still in the palace of the Prrnan ki^-' 

According to a doubtful Btory» the Chinese bowl came to China to 



* Tcnkour's Ushiwaoso, 105. 
pMO 248 of tha Mifaiwmnao. 

* Tamoar'B HohAwanBO. 204. 



TIm Uot that tbu bowl was of stoo« ta astklli 



■ TunMitr'a Mahawanao. Mft 

* 8es Baal. US, 368 : Fah Hian hul seen a bowl at PolUwar. 

• YnWaMarw Polo, II. 269. ' YuIbj Marco Polo, It 364. 
' KoepMD'a Buililhiau), L S2S ; C'vyloD ha« alio Gautana's driakinc va 

t>«t«l box. ttitto 526. "— w 

* Baal's Pah Hian. 35 ; Jnlien'a Hiwon Thajuis, 11- 107. Iliia ia perkapa thai 
M&nikydla Mupa which waa openea by Geuural Ventnra in 1630. WiImc'i ' 
AatMoa, 31 .36. 

• Baal's Fab Uian, 38 ; K«inarat a Fo« Kouo Ei, 77-83- The trmnaUbm diiv) 
dstails. Remosat nkoka tha capacity of the bnwl modorato abwot tweaty 
while Baal makes it too Ug (or agennmc U>wl. Tha four quarter* or »■«» 
bowl appear to hAvoariaocL froma mistokcD ides o( tbekgeodol thafourl 
bowla. Tha toxt doot Obt Btat« thut the I'cahiwar bowl waa of cten*. 
Baal'a note 2 page 3!S. Compnrc Kocppen'a Buddliiaia, I. 626. 

»< Juliana HiwauThaaDg,!!. lOtiand IIL 179. Though Le did not v 
Uiwcn 'I'hiang paaaad along iU nortb-aaat (roatter. ICa iafnrniatitMi :> 
in other rapocta sooms tmatworthy. KoApptn (1. fiS6| tbioka thn howl wa< 
carried away by Rhoarou 71. (691-628), who got a va«* full of i>«arla. 

Cnniungham (Ancient Geography t4 lodia, 17 nota 2l identifica tliia Pfcroiaji \ 

tbr KAml&hir bnwi. Ho expfains Hiwao Thaaag'a itataineBt by iJie fact Uist is^ 
tiiTw Kandah&r boloiui-d U> Pcma. Th« graat dOFcranoa of aiae < U inls aad »3 1 
it asatnat this idantificalion. ' 



Bat< 



THi.NA, 



40& 



itary after Christ, in charge of BodhitUiarma the last great 
Je from IndU to China.' 

1^ bowl hftfl long been a famous object of worship. It 
an in & thick clump of ach and mulbony troM to the fsat 
It is much rcsp4>ctod by tho local RttsalmAna, who say 
kt by Hia Highness Ali. and call it Kash-guli Ali or Ali'a 
[noticed in 1 84ft by Ferricr,* who dcsCTibcs it as onft of the 
ilics of antiquity, neither more nor less than thf: wat«r-pot 
It waa, be saya, cArriod to Kandahir by the tribes, 
century, fled from Gindhir on the Indus to Mcap« an 
I Yuetchi who made an irruption from Chioftsi* Tartary for 
[obtaining the pot.^ It waa of stone and might hold twenty 
Racred and worked miracles. The Kandahfir bowl baa 
tSSO) been B««n and described by Dr. Bcllew and Major Le 
arding to thujie writers the bow] la of hard compact litack 
ringii when struck. It is round, about four feet wide and 
«id«s about four inches thick. The lip ha* twenty-four 
ai WVM> inches wida From the bottom of the bowl scroll* 
'tike rim, whei«, on the inside, ia a Pentan iiucnption and on 
four li]i«« in Arabic charactera. The capacity of tlii' bowl is 
iy-three gallons and the weight at about tliree-4iuart4>rs of a 
Ilk of the tree under which tlie bowl ittandx ik #(tuddixl with 
uaili and twigs repreaentiitg cures for the tooth-ache. 

I bowl is deeoribed by Cunningfaaia' as a lai^ earthenware 
In shape to the two largest stone vases found in the Bhilsa 
inninghani supposed it to be the same as the spitooa of Buddh* 
San (410) saw at Kartchon west of Yirkand, and which he 
if the HUDe colour as the Pesbiwar alms-bowL' 

teas of the tragments and the (act that they are of clay, not <^ 

lie S(^)Ara rwlics a higher claim to represent Gautama's almft- 

heaven-bom wondtr-working bowls which have remained 

time and ohaoge.' That, in the aeoond century after Ohrist, 

liered to be pieces at the tnie bowl secnis beyond doubt. 



Appendix A. 

ThttRoUus. 
The iUifginji BokH 



'oe Ko«« Ki. 83;Koepp«D'a Baddhiam,!. fiS6. According to Bssl 
), Bodhidhani», better Vdowh sa tbo irall-gsziag Biihman, did aot 
Oas. Beal says nothing of thia bowL 

ntvsa Journeys, 318 not«. 

I not givs bu uiUianty,Mid the aoatnint dees nnt agr«ewith Fah Hisa 

s. 

t ladoa to the Tigm, 148 ; Major LcMcsaurier'a KsndshAr ia 1879, 

iwuriar'a dttail«d meMareiiMitt* (outer diametar 4' 3", ianM-diametor 
■pth f i") BO doMly eornnraod with Gaasnd Oanningbani'a naa* 
in dtamotsr sntl 2}' deep) of s stone bowl at Bhilsa, aa to saggwt 
kilaa bowl the Kaadahir bow] may ongiaally have been a tree pot. 
■,18a •> \M»k, S- 

^»n, 16. Aa quoted by Ro«pp«ii (Baddttinii. I. 336) tli« duacriptions 
sod I^dak bowla do not agree. 

bS el tha woader-woridBK power of Euddha's bowla, which have 
i^Uie foUowiAS ni«r be added : A king of tho Yuetchi determined 
I F«bAwar boin. n« aet it on an ele|>buit, but ths etepbant f«U 
. He bsilt a ear and baniMB«d ia it aigbt elophsuts, but the car 
bowl 'a time for moving bad not oonM, lo tiw king wanbjpped it sad 
Mtery. B*^'> Fab Hum, SB. Oitof the CluBeae bowl foodforeea 
ale's Maroo Polu, II. 364 ; tite Csyloo bowl bma^t rain, Tarnonr'a 
i : the Kaodahir bowl euiM tickaiss, LtHesmrisr, S6. 



[Sonteyl 



410 



»STRICTS. 






Tha dftle is fixed bj the coin of GotMmiputra TT. (k.n. 160), iiBd,J 
been DOtiiad. U>e oipde of Boddbu which •urrounda thf nUll< 
f ni Ibtk fhty Mn gkliiemd round the mjvtic bowl whicb k 
fmaai item Osatanta to Mftitng^ 

Hm tP—jal hpooor dnnm tQ_ 



_ rta tkkt Puma. th« mo of Uaitrijrani. 
•A^ ftbe apoiklfl of BaddhasBB in the Konkan may he, f>r majr 
beai dtiwMl to be. llaitni]ra or the Ckmung Bail(ilia.> Uaitn^ is not 
wimitn*'' fiom of ftUitriyanipaUu, or Km of K^trAy^m ; 
dMibriiy of die wf (avonni the RuggHtioD that Puma w 
belie'ved to ht the Ommng Buddha Thii belief finds support 
dHaila of Pima's life presemsd in M. Bumoufs Introduetion to 
This sU>t7 of hia life shows that Puma, the son at MaitrAyani, i 
U^^Mst imnk. He became n Bodhissttva or poteotial Buddha, aod 
of Ae first of CSaatama's fnlloirr>rs who will hold the oflic« of Bud " 
Ugh honoar m which he was ht-ld is shown by the Eact that Hiwm 
found a ttnpa of PomamaitriTam at Mathura, which wag said to ha 
built b; Ashnlc' At the same timu there are several difficnjlirt io 
way of the aaggrstion that the honour dune to Uaitreya in tho Sopiia 
is connected with a desin; to show n«pect in Purmu Puma's tftir] 
Buddha it Dh&rmapmbhAaa,* not M&itrej-a. It is stat<^' that th« 
name of Maitrcrya was Ajita, or the Unconquerftdj and that hf ■> 
Br&hnian, not Ht((> Puma the son of a nterchnnt. Further in 
mtroduction to the Lotus of the Good Law,* among the bcin^ win 
gathered to hoar Gautama tcAehin^, Pumamaitriyauiputra appears ss 
Arhat and Maitrcya as a Bodhissttva MaluUatt>-a. 

Binoe the above was writteb, Dr. Burgess has stated that Maitreya b 
confotuided with Dharmaprabhiaa.' I>r. Burgess does not give tl»e an 
for this Uatoment. If it is correct it grtAtij increases the pnolMliilitv 
the prominent poeitMn givtm to Maitreya among the hnagea that 
the relics was duo to the belief that Puma, the apostle of 8opii», wai 
the Comiu^g Buddha. 

The feme of Sopira, and 'the foct that Ashok engraved a aet of his 
near the town, make it probnble that Ashok presented the city with s 
of caskets and that a mouud was built. The fonn of the pnMent uii 
so br as it can be ascertained, seems to show that it belongs to tlin 
of Goiamiputra XL, and no other mound has been found In 8c^>inL 
the position of the stone casket inside of the more prtsnous silvw 
su^Hstx thai it may have belon^-d to aa earlier set of relica. 

It stM>m8 prot>al)le that, like other roUcs tho fragments of the bowl 
at first from time to time Uikon out and worahipped.' But lint 
Gotamiputra's time the lielief in the tcyrnbolic meaning of the l>uwi 
gained auch strength, that it was felt that the remains of the howl 
be left untouched till the new Buddha came to claim them.* 



> BarnouTa Intntdootioa, 235-S74. * Le Lotai da Is Bono* Lot, 132, 1Z1 

■ Jiilien'* Menioira I. 2D& * Lo Lot«*. 123. 

s BurnAuf'a Intniduction, M, 103. S Le Lotos, I, 2. t lud. Ant 

H For detailed scoounts uf th* warship ot reU«a wa Fah Uian (BmI. 41, i 
Biuen Tlissng (Julian, U. 488). 

" The vtf )o of th« hasd'dreH and oraamenta of the diief figure in Ihs 
Bsddbaa havo been held hy Pandit Bhafp'^ukU to belong to the aeventh eflotarjt' 
feharafore to sliow that the moand wu op»i>ad and th* circle of imaga* added ll ( 
tins. Thaajiaof ■tylesofdnss and uruainvilinUBt be left tn tJia dn^iaton »( ■■{ ' 
At the Min»tint»it may beurgad that tli« tiutls of litu? asaiguerl t-j ol-l (a«lti» 



i^a. 



.2^^ 



EULl 



TUiNi. 



411 



,e fDllrm-itig adtlitiuns to iha deta.i]a givui in thu text lire taken Eroni 
Hit Hhagvanlil'fi pappr in the Journal of the Uoniltay Branch of the 
Ho,)id .V.si&tic S<M:it!ty. Oti Uie outer Kurfacn of L)io coffiir is a dark layer 
lako UiR glau! with which thu old Jain and Br»h manic Uuages oaUed 
fafpyn pratiiHiu or vuniiahml ima^^, are darkciinJ and sniuothud. The old 
'trokm itnagfi of the Jain saint Xeminich in (limAr is vanuBlied in this 
W&j', and in the Br&hinanic temple of Bet, nnar iJw^rka, th« voatiii^ of 
Ibe old imiign of RatichhfKlji sometimes falln in flak(«, which, under the 
Mune of Karal eAaiuiait, arc givnn to pilgrims as an obiwt of K>or8hip. 
ThiB coating is never nsi^d for modem tmagn, hat the Jniiis still ajiply 
old imagea It is ma<)f> from tho follnwin;^ seven matiiriats. Tho rmiu 
mil or Shorva robustn, sandalwood charcoal, powdcnwl oxide of 
or siilphatt' of iron in small quantities, finn mymbulan (towdfr 
Btnall quantities, antimony, lamp Muck, and clarified hutti'r in siimll 
tilirs. Thew- inffn-dienta ani powdered for swveral days on a block 
no liy an iron hamnirr. A thin ciwting of this powdi-r 'm first laid 
and the iniagn is xmnothcd by a trowel, which haa htsm ruhlx-d with 
lerod silicntt- of ma^iviiia or oxide of tin to pn^fnt it from mickins. 
rther layers ar»' addi-<j till the coating is thick enough to funn a Bmoota 
black Kttrfacu T)ie cotrer when new must havu bwn of a bright ghitiing 
[IMack colour. 

!ie casket and the images were sprinkled with a powder which formtid 

about an inch deep on the Vtottom of the cofler and lay on the 

in a thick crust of verdigrii. This powder looks much like the 

tuT« of aloe powdvr agimr^HrttOy sandal powder chantUinnchuma, 

in powder i^wimcAuTTMi, and cwisia ^vnV-r lminilnpalrarh«mtt, whiiJi 

I N«|«llese Buddhist books frequently mention as tlirown on BudiUia by 

I gDua. There are distinct traces of sandal and aloe ; the saffron may 

lost its yellow colour and so cannot be made out ; and apparpntly no 

■i» powder was used. This powder, which is csilled Ciandliadra^-ya, 

[^hurna, or Visakshepa, is still used by Brahraans and Jains. Its 

braaiiicaJ name is Afnr. It is white in colour, and is mostly used 

vprsfaip and for throwing about during the tloli holidays. Another 

loud-culoured scented powder is called ^a<fi in. Uujariti and ghisi in 

It is laid in small cloth bags or paper covers to scent rolies and 

dcihea. The Deccan abir, or t/uika, which is black in colour, ia 

in worship and at religious meetings, suoli as Bhajaiis, Kirtaiis, and 

. Kathis, when it is applied to the foreheads of visitors.' Tlie powder 



Appflndix J 

SOFASA. 

llwIUlicfc 



Tkt PvwAir. 



I sf« in woMj cMMta provinonal, Kxcvpt whvn losM on imiantv hiHocicsl rvkd«ii<i«. 
I ealmlakloi) of the lioiits of s (uhion ia founded on avoUablQ stat«risl8 sad it UsU» 
I ahsngwl fay fresh diacovftriM. Apart from th« qoMtion of tho ag« of tbs ityl* oi 
I aoil OTBUBeat the evidence of Hw. .SniMtrs r«lic« soca to ihow tkst sU sre at least 
irly u A. b. 160. This, m far u the form esn still be'sacwtsiaed, ia tha prulwbb 
I of tho inoanil, snd th« position of ths roUc coffsr in tha oeotr* of the roosafl, 
. the sbMnon vf any •i(pi ni opcnhig or psuag* from tli« mirfs«« fo ths csotra 
I it tmprolmblii that the relioa were ever taken oat after the moand was twilt Tha 
>f the atono colli-r thowe that it wee mode to suit tbe «>p|>er oaskH and the 
cli\-1c of j^oda. Its poeition iasida of the silver asak«t and its rttape msk« it povibl* 
thai the? stone oaaket belongs to an older set trf reUee. The net SAwn to 1m of the 
some tine aod thsE tiine ie«me to be lixoH by tbe dale of the coin. It ia unlikely 
tLsl tay oue ahoald bsve oprned tho tnoniid ant) MU«d the oirclQ of UuddliM without 

iinaide any trace of wbeo or by wfiov Die odditioaa were made. 
\\o Ahir u tatkda (ron tbr iDllowing ineirdionta i The root of the Aadio* 
mnncstai nlfo, th« Inker of tho UmWcbinm apieatam kapmrabuluili, tho 
111 of the tSsotalum album rAnndoR, snci &rniwront or tho Antir of HiooeH 
(hura rnljjMre. Bcaidee ftom i^io, k»pmrakd(haU, a«d <Kvt<Uu>, the Oujankt 



■b. 



412 



DISTKICTS. 



4j»»tt BuddJuu. 



wluch U>o JaiiiB make fa of a pale yellow. It b wd 
Rpriiiklmg on nevly ccnsecnted imagea, and ao 
admittMl to boly orriera.^ 

WiU) th« eight SopiLra Buddbai the row of 

wmtury pai nting above tfce doorway oT Ajanta Oat«_ 

tDtervBtuif^'oODtpartlOD. Tbe eight Ajanta HuJdEai an I 

twelTB incbM lu^h. in paneli cn^toon uicbva bjr twelvej 

gnMB-legged on cuihions, and aUttBTa coaliions beliind tt 

Haitrara, -whoM long tiw"! bang to faia Bboolderx, all 

eurly or woolly hair riling to a knob on th* crown. 

ascetic's robe. In •otne of the 6gnr« tlie robe is drawn 

■houlder, loading the right shoulder bare ; in othfT* it covm 

and ii fartened round the neck like a coat. Round the he 

ft nimbiiB, and each sits under his BodAi trte. The a|| 

two acta tk four. Tbe four on the right vary in hue frMB 

to Binber brown ; the four on the left are black, p^rhape taa 

baa faded. The black Buddhas ha«-e aleo a white bniw-aa 

pthcTB have not. The tlower scroll and a belt of small, 

the four right hand Buddhas also diiTvr frvin the fiQ< 

the figures onder the four left H&nd Buddhas. The t 

the ri^t is Maitreya, tbe Coining Buddha. Uc is painti 

pirtfing fawn being a Bodhisatt^'a to be a Buddha. Bia i 

coloured, and hii hair ^U in long trBssva on bis shonldari. 

fts an woetic in a brick-coloured robe drawn over the left A 

the right shoulder bore. He weare the ornaments d a 

rich tiara, earrings, a necklace, annlet«, and anklete 

Varamiuira or Giving Position, hia right iiaud over or nssU 

thigh, with open upturned palm, his left hand, also with 

rceta on his lap over his folded feel He ia seated 

leai-ed tree which is difficult to identify. On Maitreya'sri^ 

or Gautama, wheat<oloured, in a Balmon robe, whic 

shouldt-rs to the neck like a oont His hands are ii 

cJiah-amittira or Teaching PositJon, both raised to the dw 

left littlo finger caught between tbe points of tbe rif 

fint finger, (h-er hu bead hangs a bunch of pipatt 

leavoa reproeenting the tree under which h** is sitting. 

right is Kiahyapa, dusky yellow in hue, with a dark gr^ 

both shoulders tike a eoat. His hands are in the 1 

Meditating Position, both hud in the lap. with upturned | 

hand above. His tree is an Mdambar, Firus glomerata, « 

On K4shyapa'B right is Kanaka, umber bmwn, with a « 

over tbe left shoulder, leaving the right ihoolder bore, H 



aliDond goloored powder eaDed Padi.or Ohin is pcvparal f rotn tbe • 
nabkleb gAnHnia, tb« laaroa and Rum of the AiUmatin, inilica A 
the I'inni i1m^)m« rff-ivuidr, th« taber of the Curcuma Bcnmbrt 
6t>wcr tni'l of the Caryoph/Uua ftromaticaB taring, and the frei 
rArdamomom r^Ai. Xbe tleccoa v*rirtj' of Ahir ia in«ila of \ 
ia^niiivtiis to wldilion to ihoae ased in preparing ;M(fi : the wood- 
ay Kllochum o^ara, the root of tbe AuobUndtacMtnajhifA. the roots 
jatamuui jaUmdti, the half liquid balsMn of tbe liqitulwnber 
Bud 4t)iMT«a»l, 

I The Jain aeentod powder VdaiMepa, pteperly, VAt(il»^pa , it ■ 
eftffren, imuk, and Dryohalanope aronatica MimMNi bnnlt. Ttie I 
•re btken in wry irniall (inMitiliea, mixod wiUi Hflrnn and «al«r, 
■lab by »l»ii« i>iei-« of MD'Ulwpnd, «od roUed into a ball. 't\ 
powdnad, and kept in atlk bag* apecially made for holding tki 



THANA- 



flS 



•a or Blefii&ing Positioti, ibe right huid imbed to tbe ri^t 

open and held dightly fonmd :Uw kCt h»ad in tibe 

with upturned palm. His tree looki like a buijut, bat it 

and may be a pdkkadi or pif^ FSc» tnfBctana. On 

18 KrnJfUchchhanda, vbo, like K^Bbjin (Ha 3), ■ 

[iatuig Foution. He u black vidi a white robe vfasdi naem 

OBvering botb thoulden. His trre is the piloi*, BSgaoaift 

Db Knktiobchhanda't right is Viabvabha. bladt in bne, witk 

drawn over his left shcialder. He cits like Kaaika (Ko. 4) 

g Position. Over his head U a bunch of long deep grvcn 

I of the a»holi, Jonesia aaokat but theT are dificiut to Ideatify. 

's right is a damsged flgvre of Shiui, hlaek, with a B^A- 

that fast«as nmnd tlw node, covering both Bhooldeim. uke 

Db 9^ and Snkachclihaiiila (Xo. 5) his hands ars In the 

'bsHioiL His tree has disappeared. On ShiklaV right is 

sk, with a whit« robe drawn across the left shoulder. Liike 

(Ka 2) his hands are in the Teaching Position. Above hb 

'buQcb of ME/ leaves, Shorea robosta, rcprcaentiiig a portio* 

der which be is sitting. 

on with the Sopira relics two points call for explanalioa. 
articW ploL-od in the<<u^ / What guided the builders 
1 the choice of th<> articles and of the matmals of which the 
madel Pint as to the nutnlwr and the materials of the 
idea of the builders of the Hufa aeema to have been to 
^alioi in seven envelopt«, each loore valuable Uum tlie one 
llias, there ix the clay and brick of the mound, the sUme of the 
material of th« 6ve caskets, copper, silver, stone, crystal and 
vaioahle than the covering in which it is enckMed. The 
to break the rule, and it is difficult to stqgest sn 
It secDDS to be plain laadstone, but it may stand for oiarble or 
r preoioos materiaL^ 

is the meaning of the gold Sowers which were found in all the 
in th(> etotiQ caKkut T In India the throwing of flowers ia a 
and wu»hi]). >Mivii Buddhas or Tirthaukan gained perfect 
when BOOM great pvreoniigi' is born or dioa, on the Seld 
r whan a king eiitvni bis capital iu triuuipb, gods and men 
ith flowers. Thv custom is rcforml to in the Malulhhirat 
iyan,and in Buddhist andJain sacrvd books. Another and 
y fomi of the! practicti was to mix gold flowers with real 
to iLSi) nothing but f^ld flowcn, for gold is the richest and 
oriotn of ofliTrings. Whilo tho images of the gods are carried 
on, or while uw wealthy or saintly dead are bmie to the 
vund. it is Ktill the pmi^co to scatter gold ilowen mixed 
iwers, and to leave the gold flowers to be picked by the poor. 
eetivo, religious, and oUilt gn«t ocuisiDiis. when a ruler Mated 
lant passes in stato through his capital, persons ait behind him 
ovLv his httad gold or ailvor Qowers to be scrambled for by the 
9 aUo vbtit a vow has been made to pment a god with a 
find of flower for a certain nvmber of days, on the last day of 
utead of rc&l flowers, flowers of gold are presented, aa gold in 
of oflferings. The flowers in the Sopira caakets were plaofid 
ficringi to the relics. How did it come that flowers were laid 



t AooClwr explaBation hss been saggcitcd at p. 410. 




nti 



ThtOMn>mtn. 



^ 



[SsMteji 



4U 



DISTRICTS. 



Appendix A. 
Seriiu. 






iit kJl iht' casketa vxofipt id the lUnte caalcet t The cctobodmI 
in Uyinfi the ndlcs in tlt«ir pkce wemi to Iwra tieien tliia. 
droppwl over the pieooB of earUienwmrc uid the golden oa^ket 
flowftra Were droppiyi 0T«r the golden uaket mad the orTatail" 
WMs closed. Whuii th<> crystal oatket wmi dosed flowen wen mm i 
ii, but they hftd to be takou out u it wm found tiui ibe uooie 
ths crystal CMkot too tl^tly to leave room for flowen. Ajpuu. eln ! 
itone casket wm closed fliowtm v<tp dropped into the silvvr aib^l 
wbeii the silver caslnt wm laid in the copper casket gold flowai ' 
again Btrew-n. Tike nonber in the copper casket was specially Isf^l 
iucludL<d ths dowers for wfaiob there was no room in the stone mikA 
the copper csskflt, btaidea the gold flowsfs^ there wciro the tlurlMsa 
and Uurty-one drilled stones, the sweetsoented powder, the gold ia^] 
Uoddha, the inch or two of Hilrn* wire^ and the patch of ^td Uxf su 
coin. All of these frere offerings to the frsgmenta of oarbbeuMan 
sov«iu kinds of undrilled stones represented an ofFering of seven 
and ths drillcd'Stones probably rflpresented the oflfring of a nscUsMj 
sweet-scented powder was nn ofTering of iDoenae; the silver wino and 
gold loaf were offerings of metal ; and the coin wu an oAuiug uf nii 

Thougb only one or two |>ieces of pottery weru fonnd in tha Ui 
hill mounds tbe disc^venes at Nigpur and at DLamikoL. aoi 
reealts of opening similar burial moonds und circles iu Karupc, 
probable ilut dc«iper digging mny nnearlh remains at Brahma btlL' 
stsletnont made in the text that the use of unbewo sioncs in 
monuments does not prove that the builders were ignorant of Lhs 
tools, is snnporied by the esse of the Khuiin of ICiuitem Bengal, 
thoagh sldlfnl iron smelters and probably acquainted with iron tmbl 
tbotuands of years, raise ondreatiod blocks sod pillan of stone in 
of Ihe dead.* 

The following informaUon is ofTcrvd in addition to Uie noivs is 
text on the Koda snd ou lodian rudu stone tombs. Aocording to Wi 
Glossary the Kods are a mcc of motintainecrs inhabiting toe hiUs 
and north-ivcst of Oat^Am to the borders of N&gpar, and, aocordiogtol 
santo authority, the Kobi snd the Gonds are the same as the K<m1>, Ku 
and Komlro twing Telagu forms of the plaral of Kodu.* The !i: 
assigned by WiUon to the Koda coontry arc interesting, as tbfy betoef I 
the Boino tract of country as Dhamikot or Amriv&ti near the month uf I 
KriHhnn and Jnnnpani close to NAgpnr, places where large numbcis 
fnnerul drdes have boco foand. Dbanukot um the Bpeeial inteieat of hsT* 



I The correct sevmi Jewels are tha dtaoumd or vajra, tbs rabj or iiliiitpi. I 
pearl or mubs, ooral orpmMt, lanu loiali or vaidtaya, the ogats «■ gomrtt, m I 
•ninald or maraJtoL Proa what has boen found in othar ^■Vkm, graat rarivty < 
to kava Itven alloirtd in th« choice of tho Bcres prsoons itnin— 6«s Cunniai ' 
BbiUsTop«>,2M. 

■Of tho omning of the Ksgpar mounda dstsib sr« nren later on. 
AmrSvati circlet, in which ashes and burnt boaoa vrrefotuiai wars opooad 
the centra bnt near tha «ida opponte an t^oiiift in th« circia of ■tcota. Rnd* I 
Monnmcnti, S43-fift7. In Bmvpsesasvatumhsi IsdtollNdiaoaverjrirfrcoiaiBai 
the circle of stoses sosDOtiniea nesr the raifsea, soawttmas doepdova. HuiJeI 
MonuineDta, 2U*S68. In ether caaea de^itt wan fnand under or iii fraa&J 
datached ■Umaaakaonsdiatsaoeltointbacuvle. Buda Stona Honumcnu, lit-' 

* Rud« Stooo Hoanmouts, 401, 482. 

* Oloaaary, 29S. In ennnsctlnn with thess tondM and with the appartnl Ttl 
betwwu tlMiKoiIttaiit] the KoIa, it is vorthy of notic« that the KuUuv i-ctn>rk*I>k| 
apathetic ivT«r«Bc« for tho (tcafi 'I'yior'a f'rimitir* Caltiira, II. 3£ B •■fan p Call 
(Gnuninai, 2ad Ed., 37) nutiuua that the Tclugu name for the Koads arU<iMt ii 



THANA. 

rmiNl part of the same kingdom as Sopara, soon after, if sot at Iho tEme 
trbf>n tlio IJrHina-hill atones were inscribed. Abont four tniln to tlie 
:Bmitl)<cft«t of liiH town Hre buodreda of siooe circles apparentlj the burjiag 
Hin-mnd of tbe people of DhArnikot. Tbe Dbaruikot circlet) vary from 
twenty.fonr to thirty-two f«vt in diftmutvr. Unlike the Brah[ua*hill 
Vtune-i, which are the baiieo of Rinnll moundM, tbe Amrarati atonee stand 
■oni from the groand. They liave an opening ut one aide, aud oppoaita 
;t3M} opening, near the oth<^ Hide of the niift, are two or three stones 
Vtluekwem to mark the aepnlchral deptwitA. Dr, FcrgeSROD tltinkH that 
■one of tbuM circleK arc of great age while others are not more tban a 
tentory old. Ho formerly tfaongbt that the rail round the Amr&vati 
Wmj'a waa a devt-lopment of tbe rode circle; be hu ainoo oomo to consider 
ttie circlen nide copies of the mil.' Of the use of the circles, there aeemB 
be DO doabt. All tbat were opeoed yielded foneral nroB and bomt 

LiJnnapnni, abont fire miles west of Kagpcr, the northern slope 

k Knn (if low bARalt hills 13 covered by bnrii^ mounds. The mounds, 

lich have weathered down to a height of three or font feet, vary from 

1^ to fifty-six feet in diameter, and eaeh in Riirmnnded by a circle of 

baaalt bonldera. Tbey senm to be much like the Brahma-hill 

lee only larger. Inside of the circle the earth in prcaned into stiff clay 

DuH to pierce and mixed with large stones. Abont three feet below 

surface broken pieoce of red and b1fl«k pottery were fonnd, and, 

'tbe pottery, iron tools, an iron sn&ffio bit and apparently stirmps, 

whitiab eiirth, {imbably tbe romains of bones. Mr. Rivcit-Caniao, 

ipened the muiindn, was Batisfiod from their condition tliut they were 

old.' lint nothing was aaoertoiuod obuat the people by wbum they 

: mode. 

sides these stone circles and bnrial moands at NAgpar and 

ilkot, which seem to be the work of tbe name Kods Kols or Konds 

made tbe Sop4m circles, rade bnrial moandn have been fonnd 

the ftooth Deccan ^and ia north-enst and auntb-wesi Madma. Theaa 

Fer frt^m the Qort.herii circles in having tbe remains enclosed in rudely 

Jl cbamlHirs.* Sir Walter Klliut bolievi*!! that the cliiuf buildt-rfi of toe 

iDsocanandea^tMadraitstipulchrts were thoRnrumber»(Karumba8), 

wore imwtrful near Hwlras and Conjeveram from very early time* 

I the eighth or ninth century, aod of whom a wretched remnant remoiiM 

; the Nil^ris and about tbe roots of the Sabyidri bills.* Kodeh Kul, Mr. 

igton's name fur tbe mnshroomdike chamber-tombs near Kalikat, 

ta oonnection with the Kods. But the resemblance ta mialu>u(iing 

Hr. BabiDEton states, the word Kod«k Knl ia tbe Halayalam for na 

ibrella stone.* Wbatgivee special interest to these rode sepulchres is 



Appendix A. 

8arjtKi. 

AroAma Hftt 

MavtuU. 



Ttve ud Serpvat Wordiip, 132 ; Rude StoiMi UoniuMntt, 474, 475 ; J. R. A. a 

lU. Thfl two viswa do not seeai inooiiaist«nt. The nid« Kol cirolv may (b s 

of power and with fordgn hslp hare denlo)w<l m\<i the rail, sad a^aia wh«n 

ligu lidp wu witbiltavn and posw and waaHh p^Med awajr, it taay havo fallen 

ik tu tli« arigitu] rouuti circle. 

ITrwwiilSenwot WorJiip. 151. » J. A, Hoc. Beug. ilTiii. LIS. 

[I fUe ukp«f« bjr Cotoaol BI»adows Taster sad bjr Sir n'altcr EUiol, quotud id Bode 
D« M<'i>iiiii«uU,44II.4T8, and in J. A. 8. Bong, xl viii. II. Of tb« diatnbtition al 
I nbd* fftoDV MpnMitM, w far u >t j>T<nMiit rt><.«nlcd, Mr. PorgUMua givo the 
rbgSBBuaarj : Thvf at* not (ontid north <>f tbe Viodby* range of hills. Tbey 
■ waMWhat •^•rsely to the OoiUvkri aud mun oonunoaly in the Kruhsa Talleys. 
«rw foQitil iu ipuaM ftll uv«r Mailrai, caMoially qmt Coa}«varam and 00 both 
J of the $fth}Mmt)iroDahKoiiiib*torla<^peCumurin. Rude Stone MooamButa, 
|.«7<. CMnpars CaUweU's UrsvldiaD OrantRwr. Snd RdiUan, 5K1. 
Bade Stona Hoanswola. 476, • Trau. Bom. Lit. Soe. III. M3-S4». 



116 



DISTRICTS. 






Hitt 



UwTir cUmt paMBD Wince to Hmie of the tnrial inoaiK}i«aDdo|k«DKiri 
tomb* or dolmeiu of Kortli Alriim uid Western Bttrope.* 

It bw l>«ea sboim id the Hlator; Cb^iber liiAt, ibangb \ixsj 
caMed to bold ■ prammBnt place, the Eodc oontinoe to form as all 
ib Uie Eonku) popnlation. Kod appMia as » MfAthJ asrvni^ ] 
aceordiog to one MBOMit. u tbe wuDaofa diatinct conuaoutr ^ 
Tbioft eoAJt Bliiwt Meea milm north of SopAim.' Tbe Ur^ fin 
Bra ourred on tbe toM of the paUyaa or memorial al*fa« whicb, pf 
M Ube as tbe elercatJi or twelfth oeotary, were so oftan «et ap is ' 
•aema % relic of the pnurtioe of cnclueiog' ama in ■epolciints or 
nwanda.* Tbe old prmcticv of baildiiup bortal mooods or emcm 
of Ujing nma in tfana Mnaa klM tD exptein soma of tbe praaent 
fnneni riUss. Tbe bona] aafrioe of MTeral middle daee Konkae 
notably tbe Kanbis Prebbiu aud Pichkalsis of Th^na, iadodc* 
chief obeerrauoee. On the spot where tbo dead breatbea bia ImIJ 
wbcr« tbe bodjr is bud a lamp is kept bomin^ for twelrr dajl^ I 
daring tbeae dajra, offeriogv of ric« and of milk &re laft in or a 
buose for tbe spirit'a use. Go the way to the bamina ^rtrand the ^ _ 
atop, the bier ia aet on tbe grODDo, and tbe cbiei nummer and 
bairerfl go to ooe aide, gather amall atonea, heap tbem inco a catm a I 
orei^teea inchea high, and place a copper and aome food ondcrl 
atooM or hide tbem near the cairo. One of tho atooea of the 
geiterally a nnall pointed stone, i« cboeen to repreaent tbe Am A. 
■tooa, whicb is known u tbe atone of life jivkhadiy, is takon (vl 
chief ntoom«r to tbe buming groond and there used to nierv* a ' 
in a jar from which be leta water fall in a line ronod tbe "pjr^* ~ 
tba aloD* is either taken bome or thrown into water. At tbe I 
ground, for tweke days after the fonenl, offering* of rice and B3k< 
wft for tbo nse of the spirit. Tbe food and drink set for 
spirit, in the boose, noder or near the cairn, and at the 
ground, aeem to show that the preaent funeml observancca 
traces of two ritoa older than toe main oeremontoa at tbe 
ground. The milk and rtco offered to the spirit in tbe home I 
traces of an early practice of honso bnriai* So the stopping on the 
to the bDniing-gTotind, the building of tbe cairn, ana ifae oflbtufi 
money and nf food seem traeea of former monad boilding. Urn I 
is still occasionally pTactased by rich Deccan MnnithiLa, who, on the 
day after tbe fnnora), gather tbe ashes and bonea in an nrn or i 
pot and lay tbe urn in a raised maaoni; tomb.* In tbo gnnVi^ n tbe i 

1 Bade Stune MucumcaU, 276, 309; Joar. A. 8. Bens, xlriii. U -U j 
Otarldian Umncnmr, 2iul Edition, M3. 

' Latar socooata fnm K«lri-Mihin apeak of the Koda u a SDbMliriaioa oT CsaUk ' 
Dot as a aepsrata eommunity. The MamLatdAr of Hihim. 

* Deacnptiooa of metnorial itooM or pdHgas »n gtno above nador K l rr ^ i 
SbahiMir. 

< With the tniniature Diln» mud the tteao of Ufa nay be oompand ik» nttiu 
stone chamber, like & box, in which the Mala Anana of TrarMaeor placs a «auU i 
whioh ia belioTixl to he th« spint'a dwelling plaML Sm Vargonea'a Koda ( 
Uonumeiita, 479. 

G ThoNitKiriTodiittiUkeep,ortaiUtelykept,(hapracticaDf buralngabodTt- 
old dwalling houM. T^lor'a I^imitire Culture II. 26-47. Othin- exMnplaa oifaai 
bnrtjd are gireo in Spenoer'a Principlaa of Sociology , L 317, and ia Tylor'a PriBttl« 
Calture^ IL 36. AnKHw the Roaaiana in th« tenth ecutary a aick nan wm p«1 a I 
Hparats (aot with Com aad driak. If be got well be osiae back. If he du4 HH 
bnraad him and hia tent, Ralnand'a Afan-l-noa, brxi. 



• Compare the iuiniatur« anna and V«a«ela fonnd in cairoa ut tbe i_ 
OD both Kidni of tho Sahvidrw, and in gravea in Coorj; and ekewheia. B>d» L_ 
ilonumenu, 479. Bahup Caldwoll tpaaki (GTsmntsr. New Rd., 696) of anaDbtfi 
bMutifnl littlo re»eb of rariooa shapM made of glased pottecy. 



dta 



thXna. 



417 




Q of tlio practice sooma to ba tbe temponiry banal of oRhea in an urn 
I thi) time comes to take ibum to Boaares or other hoi/ plAOB> The 
I of food that used to be left in the tnmb for the lue of the dead 
vivo in t))0 three sniall jiin (2'X V) t^IIml ^7<i« which, on th« third 

Kftcr iho fonprftl. arc, with three small cakos, left full of water near 

burning or barying ground. 

ilear a weU at the sooth end of Kil Dongni arc fire frs^^enta of carrad 
vrea from some prc-Mnsalmun t«mplo. They are said to have be«n 
' on the hill when earth was carriMl away at the time of making 
lilwuy. There is a small moand an the top of the hill with nomc 
kted stones, apparently the remains of the small PortDgncso fort, 

level of the basalt pillar<i, across a ravine to the cnst, a clmter 
_ iitoncs stantln oat from the hill aide. From the othor «ida of the 
aa they look like a circular monument of nnhewn stones. Bat 
itr.ition afaowfl no trace of ftnificial arrangement. The stones art 
>i t>T'.i]> of Lhe same basalt dyke aa the pillars on the western spur. 
be soiitb<«t-<!St bodc of the lUksbi hill is a broken land-grant stone 
A mdely carrcd ass-enrse bat no writing. Near a Mliar hamlet 
"fc hftif-iTtir between the Xil and R^kahi bills, that is abont two miles 
f>f Sopar.!, is a small shrine to the goddess Muhimiri the cholera 
b. The emblems of the goddess arc three roughly ronnd atones 
red with rcdlead and abont four inches in diameter. The shrine 
tk aholtera them is made of three elale-like alaha of jcllow trap, two 
~ibs abont two feet long and a foot hi?h placed abont two feet ap&rt, 
top slab abont two feet sqnare. This mile shrine is interesting 
Its rcficmblancti to the open-fronted chamber- tombs or dolmens 
tU India aiid wcbt Knropu. These Mhurs have lately come from 

those mentioned in the text, Pr. Bor^ess gives the following 
•net* to Sopjira; ' In (h« RAmAyan, , ' Then go to the western 
t«r, to the Aurishtras, the Bililikaa. the Abhii-ns, Shnrpirak, Prabhiis, 
X^vorAvati (Dwarka).'' In the MahAbhirnt, ' Then the very powprfal 
oonqncrcd Shnrpirak; then let one go to ShttrpAmk dwelt in 
Amulupuyn (Parahnram), the man who bnthes in the Rdmatirtha will 
t-u mnch gold ;-^ the altar, my son, of the nobte^minded .Tamadagnt 
tliuqkilrak ; thereapon Sftgara (the ocean) fashioned forthwith 
vt J&mndagnya the Shtirpirak contitry occnpying the western 
if the earth;* be who fasts for one fortnight, after bathing in 
raters of the Narlwda and the watcni of Bbnrparak, becomes a 
I.' * In Jain woi-ks Sop&ra is varionsly written Sop&raya, SopAraka, 
' )p&r, and referred to as an auspiciooa eity in Koukuuadesh wboro 
iin teacher Vujrasen (A.P. 60-80) converted the fonr ions of 
Thos efoar sons became the founders of foar families %u/.*.' The 
Kbrnted astronomer Var^Lmihir (a.d. 500) in his chapter on diamonds 
ta thu 8nrisbtran diamond copper- oolon red and the Sop&ra diamond 
lift.' 
Po the idunttficattons of Ophir given in the text must be added Sir 




Appendix A.. 
Sovikk. 



.va. 



AUaAi I^gar. 



Jtiftory, 



Ind. AbL XL 236387. 

OorKain't [UmAyan, IV. 47. 529. Bliurv&rak does not occur In this pSMOge in aQ 

^ or thv ItAmAvan. 

ThU is tht' ' Itimktirtha In ShonAnga' atcntinned in Oihardlt's IxiBoriptian in 

fk Cure VUI. ^i-o .Imvc, p. SSO. * Mulr'» Saitikrit Texts, I. «fl6. 

MoMLhint. II. \U19; 111. 8IS9-86, 8337; ?EIi- 1781-82; XIII. 1736. tlw 

'knnt1«yu Piirtlii tn-jtitions Sliurp^nUt as a Otimtry hi A|iarAnt (Chaptsr IviL 49). 

ij>arc tUo Ithi^vAt I'uriln. X. SO. 79. 

"a*!. Ant. .\t. 337. 2«3.294. » Joor. R. A. 8. (New Scries), VU. 125. 

|10«4— G3 




dHsaiffis 



DISTRICTS. 

Apsfllidix A. ni-ut7 nawKnson'e Tc«etit identiflimtion with Apir nr Apinlc n' 
— faainlADd, close Ui Uto itloiid oi Balirain on the west ovnet of tls{> ~ 

On1(.) 

TmAttk, Tha'na. Sbtcoppor-pl&lm fiutencdK^otbflrliyaritigintvn put 

thnc each, were foiiml iii 1767 whilo dij^ifiiiff fonnd&tiuna in Tli&MJ 
TLcjr roconl ii ^^nut \>v tho t^nth Silihiira chief ArikealiBrL Tb« i 
tbe uineoarlior ciiiofs arc ^venond ArikeRhnri in described u bji 
of hi* (ttthor ertin in rhilflhnofl going with hid army to be 
(SomnithPtit«n?)ftndo(Icrir.(f thn whnlH enrtli Iwfore thp pod. Tilt] 
UofChe TiIliifreof{!{iaTiDir<f') and thRdiHirirt of ToknVwIn pAllikft(h 
illartriottfl Tifekapai^ Bon oEtlieaHtronomrr tbu illnrttrinnx Chhiat 
inhabit»nt of SbHsLhinak. ArikixUnri is (htsrribiMl as having madfil 
after bntliing ' iu Uiu opposilc eat' on tbi' full moon of Kiirtik {( 
MoTBiobur) SA(iA631>(a.d. 1<J17 ) i'inyata Samvataar, wht-n there wibkI 
eolipee. Arikeabari ii described a« goTeroing 1400 Kunkan riUagvLJ 
ohiuf of whiuli was Pari. The towus of Eamyaman (probobljr Saa^)| 
SbristbAuak (Thaofi) are also -mentioned. ArikeBbaji'smioisttfiB vi 
illnstrioiu Vieapaiya and the ilinsirioati V&rdbipaiya. Ilio iascnptia^ 
written by Joabn, nephew of tbegrtnt bard Nsgiu&iya who lirH Bi 
rojTiJ palaoo. It wu eitgmved on plat«ti uf copper by Veda{iaijrk^j 
M&adnirpntjra. 

AbonfclSSOtwo otb» copper-plates were fonnd whilo diffgtngagni 
Th&na and «ent by Mr. BailHe to iKe Honoorable Mr. Elphini>ton«. 
aro dated A.n. I'iriand I20O and record grants hy Konkan Tic 
the ninth Dergiri TAdav Kimchaiidradev, buttt-r known as 
(1271-1308) whom AllUnd-din Khilji defcatfd. Tbe J272 ffraat ti 
Achvat XAjnik ' the {lowerfal w(?8tem princp' to propitiate dti 
on the illnslrioufi H4nirbandTHdev. The date i» Sunday the 61 
bright half of A'ihvin (Septfmber-October) Skait 1 194 (*.i>. 1273) 
ScwBatmr. The village granted is Vivla mthc Konknn in the ~ 
Shatashaathi (Silsetto).' Thegmuteeaare tbir(^-iwo BrAhmans^l 
to employ thomselTet oonsiantly iuvokiug blesiugs on RAmchanJ 
The lz?0 grant was by tbo illastrioas KriihnadcT. ffOTeming the ' 
provinco of tbo Konkan uuder the orders of tho '' 
( mmcbandrudov). Tbe ohjoclof tbe grant is the proloi. 
life, hia preservation in good beulih, and tbe increase of Lia wi-ulth. 
village grauted is Anjor in the di&trict of Kbajann Wamiri(^) aiul< 
grantees are forty Bribmans.* Tbe (jrant bears date TnewisT the fill* 
of the bright half of FflwAuAA (April-May) SAaJt 1218 (i.D. 1290J Vir 
Bwnvatnir, 

Dtak> ntan- Tfareoland-C'nntiitanoe were foundabont 1835hy Mr.Hi 

in SAIaette. Mr. Murphy writes, ' One is tho fragment of a grant In i 



' Jonr. R. A. S. {New Snriwt), XII. 514. 257. Agnirtnt thim MnntiSt^tioo UaAf] 
umd that Pahii^ra U beU«v«d to havo bo«n a centre v! tnulo iu Uii! tiine at Mm 
(UMKn'a Asintio itaaearchflB, IlL 4!{8) : that tlii^refore in Knlnnon't time Ibat ' 
conmanicnttou hj ItaA betwoca dnrlM or Balinuu aod PaleatiiM and PhoEDldai i 
thai with thia short land n>nt« th«r» waa little advantaeo in opming iho lMiy««| 
by the Kod Saa and Eart Arabia rmmd th« month oi thoTonlan C.au to Bahiaia. 

* Awatie lI«Maro]M», I. 3M-9S7. ■ V&*U villa^ is msvqh milM tiortli of ~" 

* The namea of tho BrihoMUiB aro i^ven in the inncriptinti. Thr rillac" i« g 
to than with it* grtm, tluibar aail K-atvr, troa and f*nv*ta, with ttiu tMari it, 
atroanw and nnileU. Mr. Watl^D in Jtmr. IL A. .S. (Old fterios), V. lSa-187. 

" AB}»r id eercn milM lunth-WMC of Bhiwiiili. Th« village U granted vhbj 
hamUta liaiitmi U> it* iiroprr iHniiuIa, with it« ^a>a< tiiahEr, water and foraal 
mine*, truasum. an'l litinl niarki. Tho iwinvf of tb« forty vraatMa art gtm ia 
iiwiriptim. Mr. Watbra iu Jour. R. A. a (Oh) R«rie*). v. 178-183. 



A.] 



THlNA. 



419 



■ of Utaa in S^lsette from a prince named Keshider Bija io the year 
r era 1047 ; the others are similar giants in Utaii and Veoor 
¥) from Haripildev in a.d. 1099 and a.d. 1100. The last two dates 
parentlj incorrect, for there is a difEerence of ten years between the 
of the years as they stand in the cycle (Samvatsar) and the figures, 
iwit, dated a..d. 1099, asserts that there was an eclipse of the moon 
( day on which it was written. All three name the R&jis as the 
idants of a long line of ancestors.' ^ The names of the grantors cor- 
id with the names of two Silahftra chiefs, who, according to present 
latioD, are numbered sixteen and nineteen. Land grants of Hanpdldev 
cteenUi chief have been found dated a.d. 1149, 1150, and 1153, 
rants of Keshidev, the nineteenth chief, have been fonnd dated a-d. 
md 1238. These dates do not tally with those given by Mr. Murphy. 
[nn^y's first date (a.d. 1047) is apparently wrong.^ If his second 
lird dates are right (a.d. 1099 and 1100), Harip41dev (I. ?) will 
after the fourteenth SiUhara chief Anantdev, whose grants bear 
>081 and 1094, and between whom and the earliest date (a-d. 1138) 
> next known chief Apar&ditya (I.) is a blank of forty-four years.^ 

■'{fllOli- One of the inscribed stones in the Collector's garden in 
\ was brought from Y&gholi a mile west of Sopllra. The stone is 3' 8' 
1' 1' broad, and 7" thick. The inscription contained fourteen lines, 
me of them can be made ont. Even the date, which can be traced in 
■Bt line, is illegible. 



Appendix A. 

Utak, 



Viamsa, 



aaa. Bom.Oeog. Soc. I. 132. 

M Anantdev oopporplate mentions three kings, Chhittarij (a.d. 1027) NAg^jim 
■mnm"! (A.D. 1060) bat none of them can be identified with the Utan Keonidev. 
B Thtaa StatiaticAl Account, Part I. pp. 422-427. 



wm 



1 



,j. 



ii^W 



i.TA 



INDEX 



A. 



.bij'i Bottdev : Sbiviiji's general (1646), 120. 
bdal Rahmia : Amb miuionary, 220. 

J% ICndra : RIoMing foiitlou, 331, 413, 413. 
,Knffton:('ApUin (I780|,22l. 
,bir ■ ingnnt [lovjer, 320, 333, ill mk] note I. 
birU : 318. 
bo] Fazl : ll-W). m 

b-ol Fids: Arab hisU>riKtill3;3-i:U)). 302.331, 
350. 
ihoU : ^U. 

hi:l-2.1l,314,3lfi,3SS,386. 

:2ia 
TUIUUU^^iUhAra prince. .135. 

L : of <:njftm (1411-1443), 357- 
: Mr. E. U., 230 note I ; Mr. Bunnn. 19. 
364. 

lU : tomb, 50; liot vprutga, 374 

nrli:?. »l, 101,101 

ndnlin EhUji: (1295-1316), M, 302, 418. 
Bimni : Anb Imveller ( 1030), 302 iu>t« 4. 321. 
ZftSder : Mdtluiriu point, 2.17, ^l>, ^1 ; tho 
firrst. m. SI not* 1. 
i Adilshih : Bi}A\mt king (1665), 48. 
ibAg:fort,2, 98, 2O0. 
IdhaiiAfricu tnvoU«r (11!(3), 321. 
IltaUirl : tnvellor (990>, 32 1 . 
ipShAn:302. 

ibAUka : Baddbiit monutei;. 7, 119, 169, 179, 
mbMnAtll : templo, 2 8. 10, 112,213.383,385. 
mbtka. imnga □(, 341, 
MtIi : okvo, 9, 10. 
boli : 0- 10. I lU. Se« Jo^bvmri. 
mogbTarth IIMhtnkutA king (877), 148, 173, 
177. 

da : 81i^kfununi'« dikoiple. 170. 
AnJUltdeT ■■ SiUKAra rul«r (1061). 379, 403. 
Andhsri : railway atatign. 21 , 203, S2«. 
AnselO; Mi<:hMl.41. 
Aumftls -■ Matlicrta, 253 259. 

Aninul-honM - ^^' ^^■ 

^lUMhhatra : l.r«dhoa«.. 201 note 3, 293. 

^KaqnatU da Perron : iVonch tmruiier 0760), 3, 

^Fm Dota 2, 5.^, K7, V2 nolo 1, 'M. 135 note 10 ; 
^H'dvwription of RMiheri c4TM, 167-162:220 DOt« 
^V 9, 237, 9i2, 30O. 

AntoaiA do Porto : KrancweM fri« (I634J, I, 42, 
226,368. 



Apariditya:Kilikiiininilot (A.D. ii38}, IK,3ZI: 

(...D. 118T). 112, 387. 
Aparijit ; Silahira niler(*.i>. 997), .10, 355 note 5. 
Apar^ta 135 ami note 2, 319. 
Apardrka: SiUIiAni mW (a.d. 1187), SIS. 
Apopfayllite : iUtfaerAn, 241. 
Appearance : &li>therAn toibw, 290. 
Arabs : 27, 32. 355, 380. 
Arabia : 318. 

Ardueological Bemains : 10, 386. 
Ardlianarisiivar : KluithuiU aculptDre, 67 
Areiaaaoga : Baddhist taackor, 131. 
ArikMhari: 8iUli&r» ckfef (a.d. I017|, 40l,li& 
Amieiijl : >illc ti.hno, .158 «nd note «. 
Alllila:fort, 10, 34.200. 
Arthur : >>ir George, 22. 
Axtilt : M&thenbi point, 233. 
Aa&Tarrurt.ll. 
AshbameT : Mr. Luko, 44. 
Asheri : (ott> 1I13. 98.228, 360. 3»!l 
Aahok: Manrya king (B.t. a4fi), 12J, 30fl, 

edict of, 319, 339-310 ; 405, 406, 410. 

Aahok (Joaeeia Aaoka] ■- Vipuiiyi'i 

kit(iwl«i)g«. .Til. 
Atgaou ■ rtm»iut>, 10. 14, 307-312. 
Atteodanta : fenialc, 215 note I. 
Attinga : KdnArete qqeon, Slfi note 1. 
AngiiBtinlaiia : 31, 40, 43. 358. 
ATalokit«BhTar : BtxlhiuttviL, 133 note 8, 160^ 

207 aud uote I. 
Avipa : IMUM, 286. 



BabiugtOD : 5t«[>lieu, 353 and not* 3- 
Bahidnr : MiualuflD ruler (1333). 28. 39. 

Bahintgad : fort. 14, 98. 

BttliTwwU : 120^ 357. 

B4}iriT Pfllhwa : (1803), 197. 322. 379. 

BalUlgad : fort. u. 

Baloon - iK»t, 26 note 7. 

BalTantgad : fort, 14. 96. 

Biniaor < itoryof, 81 nob) SL 

Baadars ^ landing- pUoM, 3)5, 330. 340, 317. 

B4ndra : aituktlon, irater-Rappljr.popuUtioit, baffle, 
1S.17 ; indtutrioa. idAnght«r-hinuM, muaioipality, 
lS-21 : thnrcho^ Sl.JoMpb'i convent, St. P«tcr'a 
chureb, St StAoiUaua' orpkana^, 22-28 1 biatony. 
36-28. 

BiBgUga ■• n«-«r, 28. 



432 



INDEX. 



BuiTaB: KA>hyi4»'* tre« of knowMipi, S31. 
BAporiv Ldmbia : Mv»tlu oU«r ildl?), sia 
Barab&r - K-tw, ^j6, 

Siimp : Ut niW (970), 402. 

Bir&t : hill. 3M. S«e SmjIh E'wk. 

BarbetS : Mith«rAD, -iSi. 

BubOtt : tnreUcr (IdU), 28i, 135 ouUi 10, 215 

Dfll* [. 

BartU: MUb<nii) point, 233. 

BtMein : I . lO : •ituKtion, hiatory. 28-36 : nianftge- 

mml, olioreliM^ mnuia, 17-41 ; M. SS,]I3, 180. 

IM, 1239, S». 323, S60, 373, 39S 3»7 : troatv of 

Bosieiu £oad : nilwiiy ttatioD, S8, 228, 387, 40S. 

Bacalt : U»eU if, 59, 324. 

Batb : Bprinsi of, 374. 

BaU:UAtb«r4a.lU& 

Battery: 370, 

BirWa Horn : Uuikluiin uOjit, 397. 396 hJ imtc. 

BMS: Uilboriu, 26S. 

Beltri: MAlberin wwd. 23t. 243 ; •tream, S43. 

Belipar : 43, 44. 

BeiLfey:3l7. 

Bethlehem : OarUd; at. 59. 

Bhadriyaoi : Bnddhist Bohool, 108 uul notol. 

fihaB:TilaUI Indraji : ruuUt, 28 not* 4, 52 not« 

J, 57 nolo 2,59 Dot« 1,64 note* 1 aiMJ2,07a<H« 1, 
80 note 1,82, lOSnot* I.IM.IOS noU 3. dOluoto 
1, 206iM>t« 1,213 nolo I, 236 note 1, 29l.303Dote 
1,309, 311,3)4 nolc 1,327 noto I, 328,332, 3.13 
note 2, .V^ noki 5. 373, .tSS nolo 2. 388, 401, 411. 

Bh&iraT : Klcph^intu iH-ulittuN, 73. 

Bhija : CkVM, 206. 

Bhaitdaread: fort, sif). 
BhsmUris . 22, S3. 

Bhindirkar : Pr>f««>r. S2 note 1, 147. 
Bhindnp : 44, 121, 37S, 3S7. 
Bharhat : 'tops of, 170. 

Bh&tela : SopAn pond, 330. 
Bh&tsa : rivr-r, 30C, 3i]l, 375. 
Bhia Biji : Dr. , im, 3S0, 388. 

BhATangad = fort. is. 98,aai. 

BhaVl^i K&ik : rr«eboot«r. 312. 
Bbdyndar : nilwoj ntatiDii. 4S, Si, 301. 
Bhim : lofreodwy ruler (ISSO), 11, 34^ 
Bhitnila^poad. 101,372. 
BhimisbaiUur : pxu. 1 13. 
BhimeehTar : temple of, 374. 

BhWgad : fort, 45. 

BbiWDti:IO; situation, popaUUon, bn4«,45^; 

bistcirjr, uiimAl-lionx.', c-op;>er-pUt«, Jain tcotplc^ 

47-30;210, 211,313,361, 374. 
Bhopiitffad : t'>rt, 60. 
BhrUigi ! Sl'i«-"« «t4«»d«it, 9, K, TO, 73. 
Bhuleahvar : t*iHpl« of. 293. 
Bbun^ali lUija : 303 and uutfl L 



Bhaaparth Kadra: Kutb tuaekif 

3.'KI IUkI B.Ke 2. 

By4pTir:*7,48, 120i 

Bimbastin ■ sia 

Bird :Ltr..lGi». 

Birds : Mitherto. 237. 

Birdwood : .Mr. H. M., 3W tiot« 1. 

Blanej : Dr. Tbomu, 394. 

Bla>ilU:Sunt,9. 

BUndwomis Mitbetiii. 2M. 
Bochom : Ilev. a, 23 no<.» 1 . 322 

Bodhidnun •- tn« of koowlaii^. la 

.Wl.^l*. *I3. 
Bodbidharma : a Bo^ahiat Imdtt. ma 
BodhisattTa: potvatUI Biuldlia. 132 mI 

310,410. 
Bofhiiirth ■■ Sopin pofut. S3D. 
BoUar ; raitway atation, 343 DOte t. 
BoU^J ; village, 314, 3)5, SIR. 322. 342 

Bombay : 10, i:\ le. i». 45. 343, Ki.m, 

Bor : pwa. 201, 230, 294. 

Borivli : ndlvray statioii, 44, Si, S7, IStfl 

229, 298, 388. 
Bowl I Bud<1b>'i bogg^, 329. S30. OC « 

Braham : Ur. c. B ,293 oota 1, x:t. 
Brahma : at«tM of, 63, S7, 69,73, Tt,^ 

xn-saa. 

Brahma OUl : 8op4ra, 31.t, 32X 

Brihman : the wan-guing, 13S : fMan 

Brisk Stnpai : KMiberl, lU. 

Briclcworka : ruvei, sh. 
Brideee : 2M, .153. 
Broach: no, 320,347. 
Brooka : c'Apuut, 210, ti t. 
Baddbaa : 7(1, 2i7. 321^.331, «d8, 
Buddhaghoaha : ic^- 

Baddbism : 12S-136 lUogeHiijfvol. 127 
Baddhiat : monks (I«4«-I334K 127. 
Bulbtdl : Mathurftn. 298. 
Bulloek: Mr., li DDto 1. 
BurgMii V>r., Snoto6,0,A2 note I. 
IfiJ, 371». aS8, 4(^0010!, 410. 

Barial-moundi ; Buildbiat, I48: 

tisir from. 95 ; Kjuiheri, ISO-ISA; K 

^pini, 323.a»). 
Bcrnouf; 320. 3W, 4 10. 
Burnd king : tradition of, 333, 3!^. m 
Batcher's Island : 02. 
Butterflies ■■ MAtitorto, 2Sft. 
Byrimj i Jijibhii ■ w-booi . 8M. 
O. 

Cairana : PortugnoK rab-diviiiDa, 44. 

Cambay:ifii.32i. 

Campbell : ^Ir. John, 365. 

Campbell f.puio Kich«ni(i78w, i«, 
Cauoreiu - ^jUaattc i»Uud, 91, 




riS 



ilKifa 



UAth«rAn, 271. 

Idbial nspecl for, 129, \30. 
I : ?tl. 38, 22S. 225, 146. 
cava : K«i.l.rri. 122. J66-169. 
rooks : &1. 2». £W. S«o MalanggwI. 
I Blephuita, At ; Udy Janiut)!, 18^ SI ; 

D, M, W-9i . 101 . 1 10. 164- l&g, 194. SOS- 
i6,SS3,2tf0, 305, 3S2, 383, 339, 398, 401. 
109, 397. 
t, »I7. 

tM, 11 BOtcS. 

uldliiafM-LwI. 103,389. 

Ur : iSopAn Uki; uid temple. 337, 33$. 

oiooQ, KUpliaiittt ciivvv, 73. 

• Um cmU. 12i>, 130. 

abha : eighth Jkin 'ItrthuikM-. 337. 

fort. SI. 

: MiUi«r&D tribca, 202. 

[iak« : 9J&tiin4u, 24fi. 

MUicrin tribu, «5. 

U^ShlUkunii Mnj{(]50A.D.),3S7.333. 

lAda : <ilt»t<*'> ->- 

m, &1, SOI, 232, 281, 3S3; UAtherAa 

itU ui>l Gnat. 233, 237, 238. 

). .to, as, MM. 357,401. 

: CluBchtu U.D. 100), 63. 

62,31.-2 

Thaal, fi3, 123, 1*8, 1T2, ITS. IWl 

lliaa «Dburb, 340. 

uul,52. 

lev : StLLtUra rulor U.t>. 1027). B, 45. 

Lppa:{l73l». 54, IDO, 313.:M4. 

11. 63, 343. 345. 

1 MAtfaoTta, 2S0, 264. 

16,347.417. 

: 15, 1(t. 21,23. 45.53. 36, 101, 113,194, 

223, 236. 22a. 264, 293, 316, 347, 860, 

172, 370 nc4« 1. 3«0. 

2,9, IS, 18, J3, 22, 23, 27. 32, 3()-37. 

M, 100. 101. 194, 302. 208. 210. 211, 
268, 272.275, 293. 207, 298. 299, 304, 
15% 3SS. 3M, 300, 362, S71, 376, 380, 
tS9L 

InMed ImmU, %M, 325 aad aoteS, 414. 
«,IS3. 
<rf (1831). 299. 

Bnddbirt. I74u)ct 175 noU 1. 

Akxandri* (A»- 200), 125 note 4. 
UlwT^ 246-248, 347 ; ThinA, 3^. 
lUio (1827), 197, SOI. 30(i. 322. 
dBftliiiuiu'i(A.i>. 1440), 175 1 UnlgMO. 
agaete, 350 note 2, 379 ; Sopiia Bad- 



ConunandinGntB : tint ion Bailiibist, 139. 

Conception : Our Ijidy of. 225, 229, 3&6. 
Conch shells : rock cut, 102, 390. 

CoDCttbinei : 2ianotd t. 
CoDservaocy : MAtJiimU), 271. 

Con7beare 'Mr..876. 

Copper CEUket: SopUH ettipa.S3i,3»3, 

Copper plates ■■ 45. fiO, 8U aaU I, 350 note 3. 3S6, 

3&S. 401. 418. 
Cousena-.Mr. H„ 164,301 Dot«S. 
CraftBmen : M&ther&n, 2ttS. 
Craivford : Mr. A. T., 294. 
Crawford : Oolonel. 370. 
Creeks : 45. 33s. 
Creepers . M;ttb<!rio, 293. 
Crystal oasket : Sop«m ato;», 335. 
Cumuie : hit . A., 301 note 8, 390 not* 8, 228 abU l} 

•2n oota 1 . 
CtlStoms : &Ulber<D tribvt, 264. 
CtUtOmS- house : 346. 
CjrololLB i3] MKlDot«4,35g. 

D. 

O&bhol : 357. 

Da Conba : Dr. Gmrm, 13 note S; 29-43, 01 Dotf 
S,358iiot«6.379,886:NBno(!5W), 29.39. 

Dagdi B&ndh : HofAn atom fbm, 342. 

Dighobis ■■ Buddhut, 20S, 217, 218. 

D^ina ■• >•>. 1 1, 53. 218, 345. 370. 

Dihanuka ■■ nrcr, 51. 

Dabiaar : 388. 

Dabivali : 5.i. 196. 

Doily life : BuddbiA monki. 143. 

Dams: 28.46.56. 104,176.201.215, 240, 295. 309^ 
346, 348. ,164, 377. -lOl. 

OaaiBB: 30, 34, 3ffi>. 344. 

Danda : fort, 55, 20a. 

Danger : MAtJitnla {tnint, 333, 239, 

Dantirra : 55. 

Darb&r cave: Kjuheri, 173-173. 

Dary : 53. 

Datt&traya : trod, 393, 336, 367. 

D4ttilmitri : 147. lU. 

Divars : iron inielten, 250, 2U. 

DavJbar : •<.-« Dbon. 

De Coato : m« 1m Couto. 

Deer : MAtl>«r4n, 299. 

De La Valle : tnvelkr ( 1624), 33 Dota 1, 190. 
DevadatU ; H2. 
Dhik:fr-rt. 10. 45,53. 
Dbangara ■■ MitltoriU], SaOaota I, 2o9, SOOi 
Dharamsi Pnnjibhat : null, 211. 
Dharanikota: 147, us. IS8. 
Dbirivi: i»l*n.1. 20, 34. 55. 
Dbariuachakra Mndra : t«Mhing pwltton^ 
412. 413. 




rXDEX 



Pharni ■ m k th ita : Aahdk'B niMioaarr («.& ftM), 

I'i*'. 319. 
Oluri * ^X 370. 

DhjAnlladra Uuukmg pouko«,S31,ilZ, 413. 
IW^ectUa ■ i''u>i.i)i>rt, ISA. 
DicldDBani i'«i««u iisiS), ii.is, Uiiot^43,96. 

lui. i:i?.S3o. S3r,xir7,a22, 34C, 

dgllijbi iMMlt dyU Kt.H. 

Ihadu fL'rt. ft6. 

JJiathaw Kinekji Petit ■■ di-penury, ia. 370. 

IMicipUnfl : Kud'Oibi, 141. 

KtfmtUJ- ■21.36.46,63, in, 186. Sll. <«&, aOS; 

34S.353.S70, 371. 
IMltiUeriM : tiqnor, **, In2. 371. 
Sin : 28. SD. 34«. 
DlviU : llixl'LltLrt, I4S. 
DoContO: l'ort«gUMhiitanui(ieoS),G*nola,H 

72, 1*. 75. 79, 81 : wcmiAt of EUptuuita, S4 tmt« 

0. 90, 9S tioto ], H; acoMnt of Ksnboi, 1411- 

ISI : -226. 

Domestic Ani"**'? ■ Sittbankn, S59, 
Somiiiicaiu ; ^'2. 344. 

Dom Joao deCaatro : Pariaguao Viceroy (1&3S), 
39, m, 81. 148, 379. 

Door keepers : Klopiutiu otvw, 6S, 71.77. 

Donglai : Mr. J-, lUi'i aalt 2. 

Drainmss : ul'l cuiiM, U7 note 2, 173, 177, 196, 

Dre» . .MiUicriu tril>M. 3«1. 

Dronmiltg : Sblv'a. 5 utd note 3. 

Dngad : t»ttk- of (I7t)0», 56. 

Dum&r Lena : Eliir& cave, 78. 74. 1 12. 

Dtuican^ U(>ui>ural>U- JwutluiD (ISOS), Sll. 

Dangm ■ ^i 366 n<rt« 1. 

Dyke i boult, 56. 31% 383. 

^^^h : Vr. B. J., IS note 2, 309 aot* 1. 
^i^^llitlMdtii point, SaO. 

Edict : Aahok. 312, 330-340; 410. 

^ypt : Our l«dy of, 203. 

£lUfUr imomorvU Mtono at. fit, 97-59. 

ElephUtt ■ l^cpbasta rock^cnt, 69, 92 uid note I . 

IElephMlta caves: lO; dwcriptfam, &i>-tit; grcAt 
C cave, 62 ; UiQ Trimurti, 63-65 ; .Shir ut^ PiUT&U, 
|«ft^7: Arabatumihvar, tiT-fiO; PArvatl in k pet, 
l'89>7Qi Oftvui under Kul&a. 70-71; lioffchMpt:[, 
T 7I-73; marriagv of SMvud PArvati. 7S-73: Bhu- 
ntr, 73-74 ; Shir duiciag, /■'> : ^hiv u Malilyogl, 
76 ; w«l '•■ing, 77-79; wcat wUig. 79-30 ; hivtory, 
80*88 1 wwnd uid Lliinl olvos, 89-00 ; rviDains, 
9003 : foiirth care, 93-94; nmaina, 94-97 ; 386, 
388, 400. 402. 
Slphlnstone : Hoiuranbk Mouit Stnut (1823), 35> 
211, 41S, 




Elphinttooe l^rO (18CS). SI5, flfiS. 
Etphuutooie Sitris^ : UitbcnUt, S3S. Uk. 

Spiphanjr : f<ut e>f, 383. 

ErakiM : Mr. ft . <18I3). 88, 93 wAm I, 

Espirito Sanctn : church <a, sio. 

£xcani0U: Matb«ria, 2B3-S»4;. 

ZxparfaiieBta : bort^colttmo, aoB. 

P. 
Faira : S, 23, 98, 102. KM. I09, 190,^10, 

i!.-.. '284. 292. 296. 301. 307, Ml. 3tt. 
FahHian: CUomb pUsnn («,!«. 430l |] 

408. 

Falcons : ^litlierta. 2ff7. 

Faria y Soosa : I*<^ttigiiMvlibtar3an(iS30),j 

DoU'4, I3.'i not« 10. 

Fergnason : !>., 57 note i, 82, i64; Sr< 

Ferns t MttWrfn, 251. 
Ferry; IH. IK. 2M. 
Fife's Filter : Mithcnm, 24«. 
Fire tetnples : us, 354, 370. 
Flah: 113.262: 

Fitch : Balpli. tnvcllar (1383), 29 oou 4. 
Flower Mr K. W.. 274 note I. 

Food : BiHldliUt rnlOT aboet, 142; 
tri)H-«, 261, 

Footnurks : rock cat. 102, sf^s, aso. sao. 

ForlMS : Mr 3. (1774), ISft uoU 1% 3«KWt. 

Forests- MAttiCTAo, 24°. 

Formala ttn.lilbiiit, 103,168 and D^>tc 3, I7<J 
Porta .'A H M, M, 98, I lis. 199 2on, 327, 

3Ui, 344. 349, 3.W. 371. 380, 382. 383. 
Fr&n^i KAva^i : Mr. (I83u). 44, 29a 
Frauciscaiu ■ I. 41, 42, 344, 3&l. 3S8. 
Frederick : Ceaar, traveller (ISG3.158A). 30 1 
Frere : -Sir U«rtl«. 369. 
Prog* : MAUierin, Sfid , Sap4n liifyj. 3.1«. 
Fryer : EugUah lnVoJlcr(l^5), 2*;. 41, 52i 

84. 92 noU 1, 93. 99, 190, ISl, 216 aott 1,1 

286, 29J.3e2. 
Foller : Keoeral. 245. 
Funnel Hill:9S, 210. !^ Kanutta. 



Gachdilia : Jala uct, 310. 
Gambbirgad - fort, Oii. 
Quldar&ditya:SiUbAra chief (1110), 1«7{ 
Gandliarvaa: 7U. 73 not* 1. 
Ganesll : 70 and note 1. 73, 73, S24, 337, 383. 

Oaneshpnri: 374. 

Qangidbar SbAstri : U3IS), 307, 350- 

O^a : htmp, 294. 

Gaorls: 10.% 291. 

Oirbat : Ultherin potat, 231. 232, SS7, 89& 



INDEX. 



tttS: (1550). 59 note 1,84, 92 note 1, 

',! Hitberin. 2S0. 

f. C8, W. 70. 76. 76. 224. 

k 31«. 323. 324. Ul. 

igil. 147. 173. 

it: 10. 99. 

BoddhA- 316. 3S9.403;iB»fimof. 132 

inti ■■ traveller (1*»S), 27. 88 noto C, 40. 
SI, 1». 227. 844. 3» ud noto 9, 380, 

MiUwrtn. 240, »ll : Tponitiay. 902, 

i:M. <iQ,40£. S«« E]«[>luuit3. 

: village. 236, 2!)0. 

ir 1 10. 16. 81. 99, S59. 

»:M. 

100. 

r. G . L., flO note I, 90 noto 4. 

r tpring, 308. 

I». 

fr»CMk.:t, 411. 

Mitbenli), 2«X 

^Mi^S, 318,359. 

miber of, 3S«. 

Oemnl (1780). 34. S6, lOS, 136 ooto 

Ifl. 

ft : Sr>pin livpa. 836 

n : Soprtm dHpa, S3!. 332 ana ni*« 1, 

413. 

m :Mr. (1795), SSooto 1,01 nul« I. 

Lodrignee : a Jonut faUu-r (IGOO), 37s 

Iqr, 376. 
, 123. 

I : fort, 98. 101. 
cueni Robert, 360. 
10. 11. 101-103, no, 293, 388. 
L 

•Kl,84«.S4g. 
3SB0te 10. 
;HtiilA]troo>l, 321. 
ran.: 147, 410. 
tHiU ! MiUrarAu, 232, 234, 2SS. 
U- RuhinkaU king (810}, 148. 

|mhTar:Mr^3i4Dot« i. 

tf at the, 40», 404. 

f lAly <^, 389. 

V& 

ad: 362. 

W), 8«, SIS note I. 

Uy<n,S89. 

lot. 

G7. «. ID4. S7i 




Gun a : >tory o(. 3S7. 
Onoj : 104, 373. 
Gnptaa : wa. 

OTmkbailft : MAtherdn, 273. 

H. 

HikR:«tlUafur, Sa 

Haknshri : f^hiukaroi king, SSS uul uoto 2. 

RtUa Gate : sl 

Halkbtird : •»¥« at, 10, lotx. 

Hall c-apUtin ItMil (I81S), S9w>te I, 93 nota I. 

Hamiltoa ; traveller 11720), 33, B4, 86.112 OoM 

03. i,v;. M13. 350. 
Hattijaman : SasjAu, 302, 418. 
Haotunin : monkey goJ. 337, 3(7. 872. 373. 
Harip&l ; ^SitAhAn ruler (tlfiO), 195, 330. 88»,m 

419. 
HariTftQsh : 310. 

Buriion's Spring = MitlMrdn, 245. 
Hart : point. 232. 234 ; Mr. ^V„ 2M j Mr. W. ttj 

£50 aale I, 276 note 1. 

Harttof : CaIoogI (17S0), 56, 121, 221. 

Ha«U : DOOM, 2S2. 

Health : Our Ijuly of, 202. 363. 360, 381. 
Heber: Bkbop C1B25). 35, 88, 92 t.i.ta 1, 163, 

SOI, SSK. 
Hftightl ; hill, 23fi. 
H«lp : Oor l^y <>1, 194, 229. 
Herba:MAlb^rii>. 25i. 
Herbert : Si' TliwmM (I62S), 161, 302L 
Big^IU : Mr. P. C. 18 n»t« I. 
Hill Tribea ■■ M*iliur4u. 259 204. 
Hiodna - 2, 16. 4G. 53, 6fl, 113, 201, 304, 

28A, 294, aa;, 344, 347. 370, 371. 

Hippoknra - oiiwicgaftn (t), 09. 

Hir&kot ■■ n>in» i<<rt, 340, 347, 353. 

EiBtory : R*n<ln». 26-27 ; Bnada, 28.3S j PAh&nt 
Ml Kleplunta c»v«, 80-88 ; Kalyin, 1 19-121 fl 
Kanb«ri Aven. 124-127 i Kamnj*. 192-193 ; Kar- 
D&lft, lOfl ; Kclra-Milliiai. 198- 199 i MAhuli, 220 t_ 
M4tlwrdii. 2C7 ; Kto4«h*t.89l j 8o(«iru.316. 
417 ; TArftftir, 344-345 ; Thiia, 36ft-361. 

Biwen Thaanff: cfaincM pilgrim (&40|, 119, IMj 
13S, 406, 410. 

Hot Wand = hydiwiHc lift at, lOfl-107. 

Holy Cross : clmr^h of, 21 1. 

Holj Vast- cliDToti uf. 101, 3)t3. 

Holy Trinity - church o(, 299. 

Hope : (>"r L*>ly ■>'• 3^)^ i "1^ UmovnblQ T, 
3436 nofa) I, 369. 

Both = El"p1wnta rock-eut, 93. 

Hospital : 40. 3M. 362, 

HoBpitallers : 41- 

Hotels : Mathprtln. 2flS. 271 

Hot«pringi = MS. 373, 379. 

H0IIM«:MA^'«*"'274aD<Il»l«I.29et Mil 
tribo.260. 



iSl 




I\T>EX. 



lein. 



Ill 



Arn^xo. 



u^ ii^n.i«s. 

«, «, 10, UL IC MM 1. St . IMS. « 
M«* 1 wi S. U. SB. Ifil IH. UBi, 111, lU^ 
MM X lU Mta 1, IH, 11*. It?. |«.1W, 

im;. ifT. i«. in. I7i 173, i;«. ira. 177, 
ITS iTit. m. IM, ifls^ IK. ui; mw I, isk use 

IM^ m. SM» 9Dm>t^ ni, sit. SSwd Mto s 

ssK. »■. 9f7. MB, «a, S9M, flat m;. ai< si>. 
asi, an, a». aos^ssa. ise. sol rs. it*. »x 
«i, 387. Mk. am aaoi 3Bi-3»«,aM,SM,MA 

m4 »«> 2, 40V, 40U «e. «l», 4191 
MI.9ML 



Jan L nktm, »W. SM^I. m 

JiBHlji Jvibkai: Udy, SL 
JilAku : BwUUm birUi atar^, 1i3. 

Jswliir . itsu. asi. 3«7. ars. 

JftfkriibBA Indn^i - ^''-> ^^ **** *• 
Janita: i8,xi,£2, !!s,afi.«7.».a2.si, 4i.«2, 
aas: 

jfitogi: ^suhAnnikr (is»). fos- 
JewB^ie.aiviia.Mi.sw. u:.Mt. 

Jhii: 110. 

J^ilHU : Sbivi^it-B atotkv, MA 

Jiuprabhuori 1 Jain pricM ud vrito- (a. d. 

laooi, 311*. 
JiTdhan : fo", W. 290. 
Jivdhan : hm. 10, 1 10, 373. 3S3. 
Jofieshrari- cAvc lo.fil. Iio-Jis. 136, lez 

JogiB : 133 BO** 10, 187, 2S6. 

John Haj Orant ; rwervoir, S"9. 

Johnatoa: Mr. J- L., 2«3 not« 1, 

JordUtna = FranL-iacao frw (1322),321. 322, 3^ 

Joaaphat Ir^ni of BwImid uulf 151 «ad not* I. 

JoaMphu : ^17- 

Jngg: n»k cul »onenl. 102, 391. 
Jonnax ; iB^ 3CS. 



KaiUa t Bb» cbw, us. 

FahMttwa > lU as7. 

KaliirC' f«t. It Bot«3, w, 112. 

KiUjimBNaa > god, ST. 

Zala . acL 

XAMr SML 

Zaljrfa - ^ i. 10, 33. -U^ SS, M I datrir4l^ I 
l«ii<* tndn^ BaHgnMBi^ Water npjilf, 
■nHim. laayl f .iCtfhaia rauin. fin I 
toawy. 115 121 : H7. ISi, 168, 17*. ir 
i;t.l««. 1&7. 211, 31&, 230, SS8. 3I>, 

an. aaiL aac asB«», ui. 
Uandaiv : fort. 1^ 131. 2S8. 3K 334, a«r,B 

EBiakaBsni : (fiHk BoadKa) bna^ «{, ai, OL. 

Ks&kar W- 

Caabari Cavaa : 10. SI. 93, 101. 1 19 : linutiMMl 

MpMt. 121. ISa: liUt'/rjr, 124-127; 
US-Wi bfi »t Ks»h«rt. 137 14«, »■ 
1<7; Mtion. lWIM;dM«iU, <:A^-r« l-«H 
care 1 lOtiea: •ru^.i. IS9-I7I ^ «•««• 
171 IT^iaic* 10-15, 172-175 ;nrn I«U,( 
dMn, 17&-i;<; care* Sa-28, 176 1 cam 
i;s-i77;«T«. 2».35. 177-178: «»«*;« 
SdUrrMs3a-41,«t«ai«fa;Mi.lT0-lMi ca 
189: ot<r«i £0-86,186 1 cbtu S7 I«, 1s> i 
MTO 97 79. 188: mtm 60-10Bj wonUp,! 

180^ iM : aao, va. x*. asa. 
Kaaheri : tan, isi. 
SiaphatAB : las note la 

S^ardi 11: tJOlUn king {A.O. 833^78), 

i:3. 177- 
Kva^ja : dcKriptioa, fatalOTy, olijceU of 

tai-W: 3«»,371. 39lt 
Kanujoit: ids. 
Eardamaka : djroHtjr, 172. 
Kahnuhih - Mint, 296. 

Eaijat : 9, 10, 46, IDC, 210. 3T&. 379. 
Eirli : Mvea, SV9, 8l|r. 

Karnila : fort. Oft, iw; 400. 

Earoli T^in l«niple»t, 50. 
KarehipanM : o\d coiob. 147 note % 174, 1*1 
KArtikey* : 8«*. «»• ^^ »7. 
KiU&ra: H. 107. 
Kiahmir : Sil. 

KishT&pa; (nzth Buddlu}, 12& noU 1, 110 : 
4; inuge of, 331, 413. 

Xitlikaria : Mitbtnin, sm. 

SivaaJi JalL^Bgil : Sir, diipramry, 21. 

Keating - LieoteitMii-Uolaiwi, SOO. 

EelvB : fvrt, 200. 

KalTa-Kiliim: 197-301, 2»2. 

E«aMdmSilih*nni]ertA.i>.IS03-lS38),ilS.^ 
EbiJ&pilT:!!01.30l. 

]PuuutiUa:a)i. 



if : OAikirttr. 874. 

SOI. 

id* : ThJua nibarb, U6. 
.-201. 
e,325. 341,414,415,416. 

• M. 103, 201. 

a. 

rti48. 

11,12. 18.25.85. 

rin : 202. 3fi5. 

t c»v««, 10, 206. 

'.mvo$, I0,2l»208, 381, 

19.316,417.418. 

TET : temple c^, 346, 354. 

&I0, 314. M2. 

indikopleostes : {335}, sa, 1 19, 320. 

i:rurt, 10. 9S.210. 

r ■■ 8wJ. 373, 

dllundA : (foniih Boddba) iinnc« of, 331 , 

f|A : fiiatitnkaU king i*.D. 375-400), 

10. 

ttt,;373. 

,202.210-311,388. 
mt, 109, 113. 

1 : MAthcnln. 271. 

t, 'if. 335, 330, 351, 399. 

ItaddfaiBt goddcM, 129, 141. 
vfllage, 343. 

I : MiU>«riii point, 233, 239. 
, : 315. 
:i, 32). 

ot« 1,35S, 40S. 
UithczTin, 211. 

: Mr. E., 46 note 2; 372 not* 3. 
lUhariii, 273 ; Tbiiw, 34b*. 

9^, K, 97, 309, 310, 3&0, 

el t £l«I>but» eavM, 71-72, 77. 

t Dutch (nveUer (15S3-15&6), SO note 1, 



I 



191, 371. 

a. 250 BOt« 1. 
id^lhMC. 166, 187, S07 note I. 
ULherAn, 256. 

W. W., 314 not* I. S)6 tiot« 1. 
jdiwriptioD. iosoriptjon, temple, are, 

Hu, 3SS, 359. 

Murin point, 232, S3, 230. ?I8, ST9, 




4 

9. 




M. 

Xachbiiidraf^ : lOi. 

HMUutosh: Sir Jmis (1810), 121, SOiI. 

Maclonn : Mr. v. b., 105 not« 8, 107, a-w . 

3. 2i5 note II, Z4fl, 260, 277 aoto I, 301, 
note 2. ' 

JUcudi : Arab h«»«-iao (fllfi), 302 noUm 3 ami 

4. 32], 355. 
Kadh : tUJagv, 216. 
Uadh : iilud, 379. 

K&dfauip&tra: Anilbr»bbrily» nUor. 147, 179. 
JUgitbAa : 10, 51, 124, 147, 316 218, SOU. 402., 
Ha^C : Bnddliiat, 133, 

MahAbhirat ; (»,*•. uoo?i, is* note i, I3i, txh 
Mah&der = 60. 201. 212, 371. 
HahigBOB: 11. 

lUtUi^ : Thin* iuborb, 3*5. 
¥ah^Hl : Mv KoudivtL 

Xahiluhatrap : i?>. 
Mahjtlakahmi : 218. 

Maliaseiia : mythjc&I S(^>4ra kiof , 319. 
MaMTiahlllt : totople of, 292 
Kihirn- 2. 11, 13, 15, at, ae, 57, 30t HO, 
228, 342, 3-13, 379, 400. 

Xahinud Begada ■ Uusalmdn ruUr [1459-15II}, 

28, 357. 
Xihnl : 219. 

X&hllU: fvrt. W, 98, 212. 210, 307, 312, 378. 
HAitrfl^a: tbe Coming Bnddba. 182 ur>t« 

imago of, XXt, 330 «nd. not« 1. 403, 410, 412. 

Xalabir > 3)8. 

Xalang: n Miu»linlli iMetic aebool, 331. 

Malanggad : fort, si. OS, SIS. SI9, 220 223. 

Milvan: 223. 

Malcolm : sir Jobo, 290. 

Malot^Mr.B. P.. 2C7. 

Kalet Spring : 334, 340, 240. 879. 

K^Uie : t^ardenen, 265. 

MalhiTTiT t Bollur (1730). 360. 

Kalik^ Alimad |148o>, 220; Tokan (1332), 38.. 

2'.i, 
Mallikiijan: SiUbiln nlcr lA.u. 1161), 38& 
Milaej :!>*«-, 113, 285. 
Halts Bnum : 227 note 5. 
M&lvon : 223. 

>Cimv&ni : SilAti&n ruler (a.d. IOIIO), 8. 
Management ■■ Mttlierda, Sfio c Thiua, 347. 
KandapeiliTar : m 5i. 218. 223227. 

Kandelalo tnveUer(IC3S), 26, 191. 

MittdTi -. ?27. 

Mane 22S, 352. 

Mangaldis: Sir ud LmIj-, 114. 

Mangalpnri : Ii7. 402 and Dot« 3. 

Haagalth&a : 1*7 and note I. See Mi((pithi 

Miaikgad : f«t. 88, 22s. 



INDEX 



>7. tfl, en, SS9, an, rs, an, 
fort. IS. sa, UJ. 

Mu-iUiis '!•.!>. IS, n. sa, ». »B, >w. sue 
Mu, Ml. aea 

KveoPoIei VataitentmniIW(ISn).aSasote^ 

4IM. 

lCuk«to> ift, aib IIK i». m. r?3, SIS. 3Mw 

»<. »». 3ML 
lUrol I SOS, sia tv. S». 
■anUt BH 

Kir ail ; UuhnAii tormt. CU. 
lUrrtftfe of &iT and Pirvftti : napbaia 

Karjr ; <Mo««t,) ch«pri i< SH 2X. n. 
Matoory ' «"!'*« rfw/M, >S8. 
Kaaoni M«Ui«fin. 'jm. 
KurandA < Ulw. Stf. »1, 1»4, aftS. 

Kuodl tiM Mifiull. 

■ithenlBi paitkM), tiM wftjr np, 2310 28] ; un 

bV. SSZ-tSS ) patftta. 2XI.2W ; go-'loK)', 340-241 g 
I lamo*, («««1a, MS'SAS j itrwaia, w^lcr ■oi>p)7. 

^1 vpriagi, |i«(mI^ SM-SMt «ttnAt«, ninfall. tkumo- 
^B HMtar nwUafi, SM-350 ; yBnlning. pUnta. 390- 
^P gU3l Mitmkli. 3M-U»; hm tribw, Ift0-264; 
■ rtnuicvn. rintun. 244-2)W i inda, bistory, aSS. 
^^ MM 1 lb* MucA, BMiUMfcmcut, 2ti8 372 ; lu>t«tt, 
I autket, Uliruj, 978-27S; hoiwc>, churchn. 

mo*<(flw, tunpUa, 274-275 [ wUk*, 275-392 1 
nvunloui, !IS3-3»i i XW, »II7. »S. 

t Xbphmto OMW, 7ft- 79 umI nuta 1. 
in I CdIomI, Slfl. 
MftOrra: ilTiuuty, 373, 401. 

MMt traltt - KAtian, is. 
XigMthniM > (*.c. 300), I.1S, m. 
Xemorlal pUlan: sohm-l 
KsmOTlal itonoi: &l. &7-M. 217. 
Xen«x«a ■ tnpuln, ID?. 
Xftrey ■ Oiir l^y ul. 3»9. 
Kb&r: 382,417. 
KhiM' SM. 

jlilU: wi*t"»>. 18, 211. 

Ulrror '- iwW-ait BncUnt. sot. 

KoObii: •!>!»■ iii*lie re. 2Wi, 
Honlui : ShikyMituiii's (liii^plo, 170, 

Kohtabar Khwit N«w4»» (I0W|,47, li5; t'«ib 

of. UK. 120. 

MoWiWa : W. 2ft*, a76. 

Momln Khia lis 11760). Oamt^y NawAI., S15. 
XonUteriei * l><id4U>u^ 1S7;MUUuiluiiuituf,l32. 
Xonkeri -. MAthetJn, 2W. 
H ^Va : BaiMbiil, 130 t JuUw of, 140 note ] . 
HffBfflMi : MtUtartn. 247 249, 



X«er Mr., sn. 

Kara K«mi»pMt. iM. 

■on Tl iMi l : «w««|r« p)iAw»tic?ii.: 
XaifDai J a^ 4^ sss. mr. ux, uk 

372. 4M. 

Mnlpwa ' SB» 9S. «& 

KolMk I Mc W. B.. II hCm imii. 

I. H7 Mil 6, tM Bote t.MI MbC: 

4. ass ■MBik aer.au mxm smIjl 3 
itasi aMi8,a»Mte I. j;smi.4, 

■unfooOT - uu^cris. sga. 
■ gniri| *l rty n. ML «^ n. u, 114, 

29£, H4. MB. S«4. 37t. 17*. 
KvUd i 10, 14. 101. SiO^SA 

XnalMiBa: X to. ii. i6^ aa^ ts, u.i 

SS. S«, 113. SU. SU. SM, sasw »«, 

W7.370. S7I. 37£ 

Koi&huUtu : i^xiM iii(E^ los, aoa, at. 
KTrobalaa : HI. 

Vi«apnr : 403. 

HAhAiliatKAh*ti»pr*la-(A.K IM), m.: 

V&iUj : MttulnitM, SUaod mU 1. 

Vikhillda : pnk, SI. 

KoldnrK : fort, M, 3M. 

Valfiija: *~ti»t — f «--ih,mii fci^ <m 

Ifamei = MiCkcria lrft«, SSQ. 

Nina : "U-ry cf, 2S7. 

NiuaFadiuiru : 121, aui.sas. 
SiaigbiX:p»m, i4,ii^sas.2»i, m. 
JVant^l : sso, 

ITuufOIUl : 291. 

Hioa Sab«b : 379. 

Kirgol^aai. 

NaaUc 9. 19. ]«:. 291 : uro^ u. K 

Kiiranagar : <>M Kklyia, 114. 

KaT&pQr:'2«i. 

ITftTli : ■2ir2. 

Niiyamka: rtainoof quMs.ssg, 
Ncral 210, 230. 24.% 296, *7a 
NeHorian Chmtiaas : 322, 3S6. 

Hicol and Co- ■ .Muiwn.. 375. 
Kiebuht : Coniuui Uttveilfrr (1764], 59 noi 
«Krt«l, «), 87,02tiot« I. U3, l!»unt«ia 
mJdtbl : ItuwiAU tr«T<atar(l47ti>,401. 
Nildon^i : »2A. .■J3»,417. 
Nirmal : aw, 3U. 316, 316, 325, 373. 
Noronba ■■ Hipuot, PortngiMM Viowt)y[lfiM| 

Hoiia Senhora dei AngiutiBa t image of, 
Voua Sdohora do Porto : ubarch u(. VH. 
Novices : i)u<Idliiat.I39. 



aiKiKiit (K.V. 100) KlUiitjluLt, 380 tai 

SbiA. 136. 
NBrMUi, 320. 



I 



o. 



[i Mitluirdu tribe*. 302. 

tBcb rrinr (1320), 356 and note 7. 

nKmpb«r(t670>, 32Dot«l,M, 66, 199, 

1,344. 

16. 

Ull : MAtharAn point, 281, 27ll, 233, SSa 

'jMMcd idatlifiofttioiu or, 317-31S uid 

7. 

; Ut. G., W note I. 

1 1 HltlMniti uiUn, 361. 

Ml, 25. 3711. 

XngUah tr»v«Iler (1690), S7, 9Suat« I, 



P. 



^■:llltli«rdB,«7l. 

Hwftt, &1. 102103. 290, 3S8-396. 

3 1 BoilliMUva, 176, 187. 

IS. 

: £le|)ltmnU uvea, 84 «ad note 1 j 
Cftrei^ 107. ]«9. 176. 180, 183, 194. 
U7, left, 2S6, 291. 
J : UUharin, ffJO ; bMi«n. 271. 

219, 290. 

11,113, 197, 292,293. 

iMmonal atotuie, 50, 57, 112, .'nS-312, 

ii tfitfaerta point, 231, 232, 233; 

no. 

r. 900, SOS. 

d : Buglc wuuIb, 310. 

Bluidiiot* 1,316, 369, 

a; PoriitgacM BubdivUioo, 44. 

: Mfitheria. 259. 

D. 43, 203-2&8, 300^ 40a 

,n. 

1 1 (tventytbinl Jain 'nrtliankar) 2, 338. 
pillig,StiS. 



», 17, 24, a«, 4fi. S3. 6S, 119. ] 19. 2M, 
JOl, 302, 307, 344. 3*7. 370. 371, 372. 
iPuthian (T), 195 ud not* 3. 

ln»geof.72. 75,212,337,307. 
I Rpet ■■ Kleiihuttjt Bcnlptuco, 60. 
D, 377. 




Fuwngerfl : BAndn, 17. 

Pdtali : Vialivabhu'i tr«e of knowledso, 331. 

Pit&lcanga : rivar, 201. 

Fatel : Mr. B. ft., 28 note i. 44 note «, IflO tiota 

ft, l-->» n.>U2. 300 mU> I, 304 ucito 1,305 uoM 

2, 344 Dote 8. 
Pealu : Mdthcr&n r'nw and hoif^M of dbtu! 
Pearls; 321. 

Feb : fort, 51, 09, 231, 2S4,S07. 
Pebi : goddew. 298. 

Pedro dfl Hello : Coloael (1738), SGA 
Pfllar ■■ 101 . 
Pendh&ria : 200. 

Penha - our l^dy ot, 194. 

Pereira - Rcncnd Luum tie McUo, 3SZ. 

Ferimnla • &2: 

Periplui of the Eryttirieaii Sea <a.d. 347), 

&2, 119. 32U. 
Fenik ■■ fort, 98, 236. 208, 346. 
Feter : t^t., chxinh of, 16, S4. SS. 
PbyllitA - BbilK, 201. 
Fiedadd ■ Our UHy of, 227. 
pier : HI«phuit*, 61. 
FigeOU : MAtberin, 256. 
Fipal : OmUuia'b treeof knowledge, .^10. 413. 
PiahaniAtli : god. 232, SOS ; atnun, 2M, H 
Piyadasi : Asliok, 3V). 
Flagne : (ItRU). 33 and notes, 
FlontB MAtlieila, 2fi0-S&3 ; SopAra MttpO^ 

uul uvt« I. 

Pliny : (A.o, 77), 52 
Poiniai : vilUgv, 01. 316, 317, 323, 309. 
Foints : Bdndra, 15uulDot«2iUatlU)tia,333-' 
Tungir, 3S7. 

Fokara : Sopkr* pond, 33f) ; water worki. 348. 
P01td3 ■■ 8. 13,14. S7. 60.^01, 102, 206. 217, 24fi, 

339,340,349,871,372, 381,382,399.400. 
Poniec 1 MiLtfa«rftn, 259, 371. 
Fony-keepen : Mitberin, 306. 
Poiisonby : Captain, 268; ipring, 940. 
Fo«U : treaty of tl817). SO, 220. 
Ponupine : Mitherim point, 232, 23S, 310, 

282. 

Porphyry : (*.o- 3W)i '23 noto 4. 
FortngiuM : lo. ii, 12, lo. lo, 24, sti, ss, 

30, 32. 54, 127. 199. 343, W4, 358. 3«I. 380. 
Postani ' Mra. (1S3SI, 36. 

Fovai : **, 200. 

Powder : abir, 329,333 ; nriatiM of, 411, 412, ud 
BOtel. 

Prahal : fort, 98. 322. 338. 339, S83, 90IX 

Prabhis : 3i<t. 

Frabhui - KAyuth. 260. 

Pratika : ol«l <^>n, 147 aoto 3^ I77» 178> 

prinsep ; 291. 

ProelaJnation - rvbi-nioos, 300. 

Prother : Culond. i'77. 



I 



INDEX. 






VtollBf . (*J«. WOl, «. 4B» M, Sfi, Ml, WS. 147. 

»l. Xm, 331 ooU I. JOB Mto I. 
FvbUc BsUdioEB &lAtb»ru, 371. 
FndomiTi V4»ahUipiitr« : A'adhrabkiMr* 

mis' (A.K. IMf, 14T. 

PttlMlukkti StUli&n klsA. lis. 173, 177. 

Poln Sonila : <»•». lo. on, *itw, 30i, wi. 

Funudhmr i trtaty of U77ti). i»a. 

Purl iifUliin npitd. 61. w. asa noU ». 401 1 

vflli«^ 402, 418. 
PnttUttOB : Oor U<)/ of. 1M, Sri. 
Pnnu K KopAn tnMVluut. ItfpaiA ot, 124, )9|\ 

PnnduU < SUkU'a trw of kaawl«d|{v, S91. 

Fuit 31 N. 

FfJU (I7IS>,S9, 93BOU 1. Oa. 

Pjrnurd de LtTSl :tnrBlkr(ifl07»,ai w>ui;3QS. 

Q 

Osu'tl t Mitkarin. SU. 

Owu-oluiyiji ■ Av*idkiu«iivu-, wj not* I. 

Qwut.tMat8ftl Mw Kwiui-«hai-yttk 
Qwan-yui i •«« Kwu-sh«i jio. 



R. 



H RAlmlft : Sbdlfj-atnimi'* aou, 170. 

■ Eftil pattern ^ Uutioiibt, lec, S03, soo, S06, 207, 
aos. 

IAailway : Hwrodt, l. is. 17, 27. SS. 36, 4&, 50, 
03, 07, 101, no, IH. 121. 197, 316, 28&, 292. 
SOI, 313. 314, M3, »!(!, Sa2; PoainuiU, 2. 44. 
11.1. 121, lfl7. 201. 30»,2I0.2S0, 286. 300. 307. 
U&, 353, 3i!l, »», 375 ; propoMNl UlUicria, 370. 
Biimocdha: 1^, 55. 113,901. 
Rainfall : MAtharia, 24!l. 

S^ipnr : 3S0. 

S^endnUl Kitra : 175 noM 1. 

B^pnri : *02 naA not« 2. 

lUUuU Dongar : »*2, 4I7. 

Bami^i Mahidev : BannbhctUr (17C0-I772}, 

113, 116, 117,352, 371, 374. 
Rimbigb : MltWnbi. 276. 
Riinchandradey : l>«vgin Tidav ruler (a,xi. 

I273-130&:i.3.S7, 3IW, 418. 

JUmchandra Ganesh : &[&rAUu QeocnJ [I72i], 

S6. 
BimdiaKisidit Mr.. 110 note 2, 314 note 1 
BAoiMbTar -■ hot >pringH, 374. 
Bimkond : tMip&n reutrvw, 330, 340. 
BinuMliu: 300. 
Haakme •■ Frofeewr, 304. 
Bithoda: tb« Mtikbtt, 126. 
Batgt MAlb«nlu, 25$. 

B&Taa ODder Eail&s : Elnphuiu aoul(tiur«, 70t 

Beooleta ; Frunolncan acct, 344. 
■failuHwk . rrofOHor, 303 iwte 2 



Btlnaad - st7, 
BeUnd 317. 

B«UC8 lUidaiiitt. 142, 146, ItCSK^I 
404.408. 

BflU« Chamber Ropftr« «t^>N, km, 

BcUs moaud 

Balie iltrine j >•« i, soi.Sti 

BalifiOQ 1 M-ith«4D tribw. 9SX 
^WWini : Kltrpkaata. CI, 90-00, H4T t ' 

lOI.SSR^^ntC; Kilyin, 3»6.»0t 

K*™*!*. Iy2j Ixioid, 212; >.'.; 

Kwijin, 308 t A'tgpuia. »; : 

TIlin*, MS ; V«hjlr, 3r79. 
Bemedin ; Oar l*iy uf, 208. SM. 
B«ptil«l : .MltbAr&n. 2as-S37. 

EaBerroira: la. u. ifi. as, 44 5m«t 

191, 201,216. 2a».S»fi. 443. 34!l,3«. 

Beit chamber = NAiui«bit. ssa. 
Bwt-boaaea - 37. 49. so,:^, loo, lU^] 

801. 22Ji, *72. 285, 323. 372. 4«», 

Bice tndeiu. 113. 

Biota : -17. 193. 

Biahabbader- fini Jun Tirtlunkar. fill 

Boads : Botnbuj-A'gn. 4fl. 48. SO, 301, 1 
botubr. 12. 9<J:KvwK 195: Rm^l 
tli«4B,270[ Pwoofc-Panrol. fil,201.29t 

Bodaa : fartugaMa aoini, 3i&0 iMta 1 

Bosarj : Oar LftJy of the, SS8. 

Bain.'>lt*(iU«r]r, 44. 

S. 



Sabaau : <B.c sooi. 313. 

SUinl Ptr : aliriae of, 891 

SaAUe ; sis. 
f Baimnr : cb««i (Tj. 32. sai. 

SiJgaOB 30). 

Salbii : tmt; or(17S2). 35. 1A3. 

8Al8«tte:l(\ 15, 16. 21,37, 45,60. »,M.I 
238.a». aw. SW. S08. 309, 301, MS, 
360, 363.371. 375, 379, <l& 
Sale : 45, So, 1 13, 101, 21 1. 229. 901. 117. 
Balmtion Onr Uayof, IM. 
SimTedi : Urtiiuutu, 3\!>, 
Sandabor : old port, si note 3. 
S&udanes 119. 
SdAdor 37,4<». 
Sanitarinm : 272. 368. 360. 
Satyjao . 30, l lt>. aoi-aoc, 39i. 413. 
Stnjiii Peak : sot. 
Santa Cruz chnrvfa of, 393, 
Siripatra Shikramwii'i diMipl^ ito. 
S&rn&th ^ rtHpa of, 136, 170. 
8&roiid&:30S. 

SaaaanuB pecnliaritiM ^QepltaaUuTwvl 
isu If aTgbar 305. 



INHEX. 



ruig. 305, »13. 

tSlS. 

bDWaurt, 3oe. 

CI, «2, 35, 48, 59, lOI, 114,108. SOI, 211, 

(,507, 806. J0«, M4. 3«, 331, 353. 370, 

a. 

W. HichMl. 268. 

"M : Klvpttuitaoavea, rcAKtmiiB on, KL 

tiwlyff the..172. 

Udtheran. 2^3. 
r : tuunc of Kuhrri Cvn LVtll., 186. 

fort. US. 306. 
I : MaUifrin, 26fi. 

mdn i Vidar cht*f (A n. 1<W?), 3^37. 
art 10, 14. 201, 219, 3M, .ITS. 

UinEAderi I1iidp«irii>>i>laU:rU«M),47. 

\Lin-- 06^-1858). 47, 380. 

3hi«Aji'a Uther (1635). 220. 

IgU : tibiihntc mendicuU. 135 note 10. 

ami: Oantanu Rniidtu, 330, 412: 

ifi: Uiii'iji's inn (1682). 193, 29B. 

Ulhirja : 135, 292 uid noU 3, 325. 

i KeibAT : Santubliwllr (1750), 292, 

, 373. 

ItSa : kUtue uf, 283. 

Ift: nisrufaotuTC of, 21). 

■eootul Boddha) image of, 331, 413. 

: 287. 
.dingr 1, 31. 

7e, 130 DoU- 10, 224, 337. 
33, W, 99. 197, 220. 

Firrati : tCI«pbant« actilpturo, 64-07. 

Utijro^ : El^hHDU «culptur«, 76. 

dBg : ElcpluuiU Kulpture, 75, 

[« : SopjLnt. 320- 

.: Sewot. 12*. 320. 

nytiucal Jain king, 319. 

aft : Thina. 105. 355, 356, 41S. 

tlUherin. 292/ 

Ic: Sopira. 31C. 319, 320,331. 2S5,367. 

itM (*), 320. 

Uai^a, Elitpluuita cavea, 73 and ooto 

ar : tfini>lc<>l|293. 
rt.l)8. lot, :{12. 
J: (1688), 27. 

. Nortb Konkan mien (810 ISfiO), 8, 
302, 321,. TW, 385, 3W, 587,388, 401, 

ket : RopAra ninpa. 334. 
Ttorroir. 235, 244,2*5, 376. 
lwul,320. 

iW. F., D9 note I, 103 ooto I, 119 




Sitlhftdatta : 373. 
Biliala : 'SopAra, 322. 

Sirfftton ^ fort, 1 1 , os. aoo. 312. 

BirlBha : Kr«liuchclitian<U'a trv« of kl 
331. 

SiUu : Tbiita, M:. 

Skmka ■■ Mitbenln, 2!i(i. 

SkytbanoB : tbf* Manichnan, l?5 not* 4. 

SlanghtCT-honses : lUndra, 16, lii, t8-2o. 

Smith: .Mr. ll.,60iiui«l, 3|j8;Mr. J. W.,804i 

1, 3Tt>no£«) 2. 
Snakes : MithcrAn. 25(1. 
Socittf -■ Agricultujal and Uortioaltural, SOOl 
Sof&I* : se« iSAfAlu. 

Solomon: 3t7. 
Somili e(Miai:3l8. 

Somc8hTar:8iUbani <bi«i (a.d. 1240- 1260), li 
3.*«. 3(W. 

8on&TU:2l2.3)a 

SopAra : 28, 86, 123. U«, 14/.. 148, 172. 227, 
28g,201,aai;Mtiiatiuii andJweriiitiiia. 3I4-3|| 
liiatory, 316-323 ; Bnlinia IIJU or VakdI. Nir 
323-329; Buddbtst relio-tnouBd :-«ha{H). tri 
tion about, bow optned, lUMonry, atone oofl^ 
copper imagea of BuddhaA, copper nufc4 
tha coin, itoaee drilird and iiihlrilleil, lih 
eai^et. atona caaket, oryatal cwkrt, go 
ca«ket, Uw relic», frog, 323-336 i Cbakprabi _ 
tempb, Brilbniaiiical imagei (a.o. 00O-I20O), 
BopAn emmk, miaa«lUneoiu ohjouGs of in. 
ttreat, 336-339; Aahok edict (VIII.). 33»-:tl0 : 
RAmknnd, temple remainA (BrAbmaiucauil Jai 
Ota villogo. Vajirgad.Riluihi Dnngar, baMitt djrl 
inocHlwd atfuiM. 340-342, 356, 3A0 nnia 7, 
3SS, 38«, 387. 401, 40.1-4IS. 

SOpdraJck : SipAra, 319. 

Bop&raya : Sopitra, 320. 

Borab : Sopura (I». 322. 

Sonbara : sopdm, 32i. 

Special days : KanbcH mona*t«ry, 144, 
Speech ■ Mithi-rin tribo, 2G1. 
Bpbinx : MAthcrin puiiit, 233. 

J^ringBiAS. Id), 244-21.5, 388. 300 and oolet,: 

Sqnirrels : Mith«rin. 'iMi. 

Staff: Mithcrin. 260; Thina, 34'. 

StattlM : NAnie^Aft, 288. 

SteronBon ■ Rev. Dr., 82. 291. 

Stockade : 35, 228, 304. 322, 338, 387. 

Stones :lR»TH1>od, 13, 112, 195,198^210,212; 225; 
227. 220, 303. 314, 339, 342. 372, 379. 385, 3Stf. 
387,388,396.390.400, 401,402, 4i)t; meniDiiaU 
&T'59, 217,308-312: Sopira Mtipa, 333. 

Stone caaket: Saf&n Mapa^ 333. 

Storm : Baaaein, 1, 31. 

Streami : "M. 




HCDEX. 



•^ M. MBt tMrtm, JR. J», 

St. Aa0nu > «k«Rk w. u, i«. « St m 

8t Ana ^»«A ^ la, tt, >7- 
ItAxthvyr «*«ck wi Ilk. < SA fl% 

8t Fi— ili 1 III i.w, iM, aa. 

at. lata : tte n iHM^ chM* < IM, J61, IB t 

St.Joka'irMk 3N. 

■t JMVph: eMtwl i4. U. Zl, IX 

■t BMW : dmBk W, M. X S. 

St TlrtMlhi I Amk a<.SS9L 

at WllMllI : Ulllljl •!, U. SL & 

8t TdotiM*! Peak : as. 

Suten : flofan, au. 



I 



fevu FtatacT as, a«, «& 

Sttlateis anb tnrtSim (SBO), OS. 

S«ptn, 8«pAi.. m. 

SnmUrm : Sop^ni. SK 

8«zat- 3SS. >U. M7:tswtr of (inS). MX 

BvUnk : S«p«n. tSl. 

A^pink : BodUnttn, 316. 

Svisi HAriju : mci of. 130 m*«7. 135 Mt« 10. 

SpaboU ■ P^daa. 102. 38»^1. 
gyaailAiCUal, 52. 

T. 

^hUikir : bnaboo W9^r, 3M Hd BBle t 

Vkkmtk: fort, 9S, 2i». »e>s4a. 

T«l : I)*-. I*. 46, 197. 227, 37S. 
TiadltlTftdi : fort, 11 BOM 3, 96, U3. 
TiadBT ^bi*'* ■i«>t«. 75, 111.11% SSItttft. 
Tanoers : 20. 

Tinsa ■ riv«r, 3<w Sl«. MS, 373. 
Tisn ^ nT«r, \2t, SA4, 
Tiripurl, »I. 30. iS. 218. W3 M5. 
TaTernier : tnv«Uer (IG&l). SSoottt 2. 
Telegraph 271. 

Temples: 2. 8.10. II.U.ST.SS. 4SiadBOl«3,fiB. 

ct. 101, 102. lot. 100, 108, no, nsutduotes, 

1M,901, 303. 212, 213. 275. 2S5, 298, 897.307, 
83S.33S, 3tl, 313. 349, 354, 3r>S. 9G7, 371. 
37* 373, 374. 375, J7«, 331, 383, 335. 33«, 38$, 
396. 399, 400. 




IMkm 

XMm:M.Stl2D, IIC^ia8,nt;CM.I 
" '■>'■■. | M^^ ^ I ^ * i ^ ■ ^ ludM«K lateH' 
—l i iy i li l y .BiaM »m f p li ,9t5-Mt:tUt 

hnigm, ihjiiMiiiw. Hirttoa, 

i«s : Umm7. a»«i i i;< < 
utMter 

eadiBCS: M A t fc Mi u. 

H e ttiiH a. gsr. 

G«na«B ttmnOv (ITHl. 

•^ uit ust aof, HSw 
Ticen: 2S9. STa 

I ll a HglMiw i : pnMHa«r Sav*i», S1)L 

xaM;3n. 

TiBfcar:n*iM, m, 3D6. 
TlBm!h:ChMl.&s. 

ntvAll, M. 3«l. 

Tobacco 111. 

Topjar: KAul«l>U,SS0. 

Iteba 39, 40. 41. 42. 43, C «!, 1«0^^ 

aos, $9^ 341, 374. 331 umI KM 6L 
X«Bb itMCa : 39, Mv 41. 4t 43. 47 

1I9WV Of auaaoe : lun. iig.aoi. ao«, 

aM.a«B,a7i. 
Trade; •«. i.j, 17. S7,SS.3l.at»4Cl 

101^ 113. lU, ISS. 19B. aS& 218^ tUi, 

»l. ZM. 301. 305. 344, sot SfOk 17a, 
Traditioil : SopAn mmpa, tS7. 
TraSc: ail*«7. 17, 3«. 41. 45. SS^ IODT 

113,196. 197.901,211, 292,302, 307. 

Trab -. Mrt. IS. 

TnnraDan' SimcalMr ■ as, aas, 883, 
Tnatiea ■K.ts. ik; aao^ aoc. 3S&. 
Treaa: w i tiw rtJH aai| SopAn tfiQM, 

note l;Bo4U. 198 note 3^330, 331, 41V 

Tiideat ■ iuek-««t SadAlM, los. ana 

Trikntaku : d^nuaty u<, 169. 

Trimbak 30 

Trimba^i DagUtL : 307. aso uid ante 
Trinnrti c £le|iltMita icalplwc 04S. 
THpitaka* ; Baddlurt ■cf^tuM, 170k 
THnai ***g«>"^ -■ M Mad aoia I. 
TrOttbay : 52, SOS, 382 aod acrto i. 333. 
Trathi ' tba four grau Biwltlhiat, I2S>. 
Ivlini : hiU, 339, 312. 
TnllOeh: CuIoneJ. 3M. 378. 
TnUi: Uk«. 41, 122, 216^ 3C3-S«fi. 
Ton^i bill. 297, 31fi,a2l, 3a6-3Ra. 
TongirealiTU ■ tvupU vi. 387. 
Trmgii T roit, 98, 37a 
Tniuieli : mllinr, nSk 



INDEX. 



U. 



Ltobftra: E«ikluunuu*« tree of knowleilge, 
liSSl, 4)2. 

(: river. 9, 65,212, SI5. 
Ipir : 32t. 
nbarBaon : H. 220. 3^ 370. 

icorering: revercnti*!. 215 ante 1. 
iO, 113, IM,195, 331, X7l-3n. 
U48. 
ki rtory of, 81. 

,_it: Konkan Viowwy {A.t>. 100), 54, SSO. 
bin Ad Sakifl ■ Bahrain 0«»»«Tior (630), 

: 372, 418^419. 



^Ua:&0, 103,361,372. 
Tadgaon : oonronUun of {1779). 301- 
tAgholi:3t4.322,419. 
ftiaigm viUAgS, S87. 

Futarna: Hrer, 103, 229, 314, 310, 318,312, 
W17. 

Tajirgad ;fort,.'J15.:J23.324. 373. 
Ti^rethTari : t^mplo of, los. 
fajribii 373374. 

[ : ses lirahnu h ill. 

itia : Lwd {1803], 68, 201. 223 note 1 , 227, 285, 
:36l. 

^&lis:aon : SS. 
rin^ni : 375. 
r&ttis • UUhcrdn, JK9 ; Sopin. 315. 

tara Kiidra:t9>^iogP<^^°»3M>3Sl. 412. 

rarosha: Mil-t>()ri>>fonvt,239;sUMm,S44; 300. 

rarthema : M»»en« (I5W), issaouia 

fit : Itaaiihttt foUvoI, 145. ^ 

riBind:375. 

raBsflief >37. 

fattaraka vitt>g«, 388 and note I. 

faupell Mr. (1837), 164, 333. ' 

redUtui : SbiUluu-ni Lirr (d.c. 100). 28^ 

reeetabiM - MithoiAo, 250. 

rehir UJte. 12S. ma, 290. 363. 376 378: 
rMMuna, 3T9. 

tAoU ■■ 379- 
Trngaoa - 379. 
rertora - 193. 3;9-3Sl. 
Veiii: 37a 

Vldal- Mr. G.W, 250 note I. 

Tiem ^ KlBp^uti*. til, 99 : Kkljr&B. 1 1.1. 397 : Kui- 
hori. 113, ItW 1 Kondivti. 201 i LooAd. 216 i Mi«i- 
tbui, SIH: U&ndftp<*hw, 226; Mithonlii, 2M, 



335, £», 239, 2fa: AIjub. 313: Pnduna hOI. 

324, 323; Tuki, 363; Tiingir, 367: Vajir 

371 
ViharoU :381-S82. 
Vitiirgaoa -■ wa VibanJi. 
Vijaya: :il" 
Vik^ji Ucblji: IMni ooatnator, 19S.303, 34i, 

.■M.i. 
Tlkat^ad : im rah. 

Yikram - m<rUiiad king [B.L-. 58], 319. 

ViinaleahTBr - templ« »(, 293. 

Vipasbyi! (fint Uoddba) image of, 331, 413. 
Virir : 1. 297. 314. 382-383. 
Virabhadra *. Glopbanta civvoa, 73. 
Virgin Mary : !««::« of. 223. 

Tishilgad : f'>rt. 3»3. 

Vishna K*. <n. G9, 70, 73, 75. 78, 78,80, 
Vubvabba ' (thinl Duiltlbn) im^Q ol, 331, 413. 
Tidton: M^lthnriu, 265-2Q6., 
TitbalTidi: 383. 

Titboba templa of, 55, 301, 3M, 371. 
VultoMa : Mitherftn, 257. 

w. 

WalaB: Mr. JanMa (a Bcotcb pkintor, 1801). 

iiut« 1, 
Walks : Uibhirtn. 275 282. 
Walton Mi^Riaui. SOS Dote l,3i»,3«t, SAS, S78. 
Watcb Towers : Muida(«ahw, 22iS 1 Thins. 851. 
Water carriers: Mithertn. 2S5. 
W»t«r mpply : 2*4-246, 271. 295. sss. 
Water vorki 49, 115, aoi, 348. 

WataOD : CvBunodon. 390. 
Welsh : Licntonant, 108. 
West: Mr. K. W..Ifi1, 174. 

Wheela : «^*rt, ew. 

White : Ooloool. 332 note I. 

Wilson: Dr. (1850), 88, 388; Un., 201. 

Worship: B>;d«ilti»t, Ul. 

X 

Zarier: at. VnacU (1544), 40. 4I, 42. 

y. 

Tadava: dyiuutyof ChiDdor(860.10«»t).S87 
Tajnashri: Sli*ukanukiag{A,ii. 160), 147, 

Takafaaa d«injgod*,73 note 1. 
Terangal 38S. 

YeshvoatriT """^ (»*»), 36. 
Yir Matheraii niitile, 2B3. 
Tnl*: Mr U , 403. 



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