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B     1 .088.365 


1 


GAZETTEER 


or  THI 


i 

f 


i 

I  . 


\h 


BOMBAY     PRESIDENCY. 


VOLUME  XVIII.    PART  II. 


POONA. 


Under  Qovemmejht  Orders. 


ixrtnbajj: 

FBINTIB  AT  THE 

GOVERNMENT     CENTBAL    PRESS. 
1885. 


4  as 


CONTENTS. 


— — *i 


POONA. 

Chapter  IV.— Agricaltare.  fass 

BoBbandmeii ;    SeasonB ;   Soils ;  Arable    haod ;     Holdings ; 

Stock ;  Ploagh  of  Land  -,  Orop  Area 1-7 

Field  Tools;  Hand  Tools;  Ploughing;  Sowing;  Mannte     .         S-11 
laaiajiTiOK :  , 

MoUsthal ;  P^tasthal ;  Qovemment  Water  Works ;  Beser- 

Toirs 12-28 

Weeding;  Watching;  Beaping;  Thrashing;  Winnowing; 
Storing ;  Mixed  Sowings ;  Wood-ash  Tillage ;   Botation ; 

Fallows;  Gardening      .     .     .     .    ' 39-33 

Crop  Details 84-63 

Coffee;  Senna;  Cochineal;  Silk 63-75 

Experimental  Gardens ;  Botanical  Gardens 76-79 

Blights;  LocoBt  and  Bat  Flagnes;  Famines 80-96 

Chapter  V. — Capital 

Capitalists ;    Saving    Classes ;     Banking  ;  Bxobange    Bills ; 

CnrrenE^;  losorance 97-105 

Uooejlendera.;  Interest ;  Borrowers ;  Hosbandmen  ;  Deccui 
Biote ;  Deocan  Biots '  Commission  ;  Deooan  Agrionltorista' 
Belief  Act;  Slaves  106-133 

Wages ;  Frioes  i  Weights  and  Meoaores 134-140 

Chapter  YL— Trade. 

CoMHUNICATIOtlS  : 

Bontee  (b.  a  100  •  a.  d.  1884)  ;  Passes ;  Bridges ;  Ferries  ; 

Best-hooses;  ToUs ;  Bailwa; ;  Post  audTelegraph  Offioea.  UM62 
Tbadi  : 
Changes ;  Coarse ;  Centres ;  Marlrat  Towns ;  Fairs ;    Til- 

hige  Shopkeepers ;  Peddlers 163-166 

Importa;  Exporte;  Railway  Traffic 167-172 

Ckaftb  : 
Brass  Work;  Silk  Weaving;    Gold  and  Silver  Thread; 

Cotton  Goods  ;  Glass  Bangles  ;  Combs ;    Clay  Figaros ; 

Paper;  Iron  Pots;  Tape-weaving;  Polt ;  Wood-toming.  173-210 


I) 


CONTENTS. 


ChtplerVII  -Hiatory. 

Eablt  HiSOD!  (o-c.  100-*. 0.1295)  : 

}{ait»  PiLxs  InBOi-ipttons  (b.c- 90<  A.D.  30)  ;  JaBiiar,  Kiria, 
BbAja  and  Bedsa  Cftve  Insctiptiosfl  (a.d.  ISO)  ;  Earl; 
»Dcl    Wtatcrn    Cbnlukyiu    (d£0  .  ?60)  ;     [UabtnkatM 

(760-973);  Dev^nYdUUva  (1190-1296) 

McaALMAita_^1296-1720) : 
Delhi  GoTeroon  (1316- 1347) ;  BalimBsu  (1347- 1490); 
Nii&m  ShSha  (1490  •  1G36)  ;  Adil  Sh^is  luid  the 
Mt^fauls  (163G  -  1 S80)  ;  SkiTsji'a  risu  and  ware  with  tho 
AdU  Skikia  ftud  the  Uogfaala  '(1643- IGSO)  ;  CoadiUon 
(1673);  Siunbhiii(16ft0.1ti8J>):  lUjintm  (1690-1700); 
TAr&Ui    (1700-1706);    8b&hu's   Bostorotioa   (1708); 

^liji  Visbiraoith  Peahw*  (17H  ■  1720)       

lUHiiHita  (1720-1617): 

Iroparial  OnintH  (1719);  B&jiiiv  BalUl,  Second  PesbwA 
(1720. 1740)  ilUUjtlUjirAv,  Third  Prabii-a(1740-1761): 
.Shnba's  death  (174d);  BMhman  Bupromacj  (1749- 
1M17);  B<U.tl«  of  Udgir  {176\J) ,  Battle  of  PAuipnt 
(1761)  ;  OondJtiaa  (1714  -  1760)  ;  MildbavrAv  Ballil. 
roorth  Pfubwft  (1761-1772);Nir»jr»nriv,Fitth  Peahwa 
(IT72.177d);tl4Lghu»ilbrdv,SUthPittbwn(t773-l774)i 
GnngitbiU's  Urgency  (177-1);  M^luivrjiv  Narli^aa, 
Scvpnti  Pwhwn  (1774-1795)  ;  Treaty  of  S«ral  (1776)  ; 
Treatjr  of  PurandhaT  (1776);  Nina  Kwliuivia  (1701- 
1800)  ;  l!;»g1i6hK:(peditioD  (1778)  iCotivmtioDot'Vadgaou 
(1779);  Goddftni'8  Uiucb  (1779);  Treaty  of  S«lbAi 
(1782);  Sindia  in  Poona  (1792);  Battlo  of  Kbiirda 
(1795);  Chiranilji  MAdhavriT,  Eighth  Poshwa  (I7it6); 
B&jtrlv  Raghuii&tb,NiDth  Pcshwa  (179€-18I7)  ;  Poona 
plondored  (1797)  ;  tbo  Widows'  War  (17!>7)  ;  YMUant- 
riT  Holkw'*  iiiTOrion  (1802)  ;  Holkar'a  victory  (1802) ; 
Poonn  plandorwl  (1802)  ;  Trenty  of  Daasein  (1802)  ; 
Bijirfiv  rcHtorod  (1803);  Condition  (1803-1808);  Mr. 
Uouutstuort  Elpbinstone  (1611  -  1818);  Trimbakji 
Dedglis  (1815);  GnngAdbar  Shistri  (1»K^)  ;  BAjirAv's 
disloyalty  to  tho  Britislj  (1816)  ;  Treaty  of  Poona 
(1617);  Battlo  of  Kirkee  (IS17);  Poona  earrondood 

to  the  British  (1817) 

Thi  Buitish  (1817-1884): 

Battle  r>f  KoivK^D  (181^)  ;  S&Um  Prmiknintlon  (1818); 
BftjirAv's  FligbtB  ;  Sottlemcnlof  th«  country  ;  Rdmoahi 
Rising  (18-27)  ;  Kol!  Risings(18S9Al846)  ;  tli« Muticiea 
(1867)  ;  Hooya  (1873)  ;  Gaiig  Kobberics  (1879)  .    .    . 


riat 


211-314 


Sl&24i 


S43-30 


302-30 


CONTENTS.  iii 

Chapter  TUL— Ilu  Land.  mob 

Aoqaisition  ;  Staff;  Alienated  Tillages 310-312 

HiSTOBT  : 

Eari^  Bindo  Thai  or  Jatha  syfitom ;  Ualik  Ambar's  STstem 
(1606  -  1626);  Didiji  Koodadev'B  STBtem  (1630)  ;  the 
MoghalB7stein(1664) ;  the  Har&tha Bystem  (1669-1817).  313-340 
British  HANAaKuiNT  (1817-1884)  : 

Management  (1817  •  1820)  ;  Condition  (1821) ;  Slaver; 
(1831)  ;  Tenures  (1821)  ;  Landholdera  (1821)  ;  Village 
CommanitieB  (1820)  ;  Hereditai-7  Officers  (1820) ;  Absobs- 
meot  (1820-21) ;  Cessea  ^1820-21);  Bevenne  sjatem 
(1820-21);  Seasons  (1820-1828);  Bevenae  Bysteni 
(1828-29);  Mr.  PringWsSarvey  Settlement(1829-1836); 
Sarrey  and  Seasons  (1836>1867);  Beviaion  Sarvey, 
(1867-1884);  Surrey  Besnlta  (1836-1880);  Bevenne 
Statistics  (1837-1884)  ;  AgricultaralBankB  (1884)    .    .341-613 

UTDEZ 515-525 


POONA. 


h 


CHAPTER    IV 


AORICULTURE'. 

According  to  tlio  188)  censas.  agrionllnrc  snpports  nboat  500,000 
poople  or  ^6  per  cent  of  tbe  popola'^oii.     The  d<^U  nra  : 
PoaxA  AaiaemnitAi.  PopriAjtoir,  1881. 


> 


I 


An 

KklM. 

Vtatit. 

Total. 

ZtOtxTtnmm   ... 
On*  PlllMtl      ... 

T>tol     ... 

V&,tM 

n.tii 

VOMt 

ni.«t 

iw,inb 

SM^tS 

Mt.M3 

'Knnbis  and  MSUb,  though  the  chief,  are  by  no  moans  tho  only 
hnsWtitlmen.  Men  of  all  clas»os,  BrAhmanii,  Gnjnr  Mitrivitr  and 
LingAynt  Viois,  Dhnngars,  Nh&vis,  KoliH,  RAmoiihi!!,  Mhilrs, 
Ch&inbfailrs,  &q*\  Musalmuis  own  Iiuid.  About  four-fifths  of  tho 
landholders  till  with  their  own  handN.  Thu  rent  rent  the  land  to 
loiifLiits  «nrl  luld  to  thoir  ront:*  by  the  practiBO  of  some  cntSt  or 
cttlling,  Kiinbia  drppnd  almoat  entirely  on  the  prodnco  of  their 
fields.  Thoy  work  mora  stoodily,  nnd  hav?  greater  bodily  strcn^h 
than  other  hunbaodmtti,  »nd  tbcy  show  high  skill  both  in  dry -crop 
tillage  and  in  cultivating  the  walt>red  limds  in  which  cereals  are 
^own.  At  the  some  tiEoe,  especially  at  a  distance  from  trado 
centres,  they  aroslowto  adopt  iinprovemcnts,  and,  especially  in  tho 
east,  are  not  carefol  to  keep  their  fioKU  cloar  of  weeds.     Mati'a  or 

fnrdL'Ut^rs  cultivate  a  \ai^e  area  of  garden  and  wutored  land, 
ome  of  them  depend  entirely  on  the  produce  of  tboir  fiolda,  and 
manage  their  garden  hindci  with  great  care  and  skill.  Thoagb,  like 
Kunbie,  Milia  are  slow  to  cbango  tlioir  iiindos  of  tillngo,  thoy  aro 
ready  to  grow  any  now  crop  that  seems  likoly  to  pay.  They  are 
most  itkilful  ID  mixtug  and  varying  erop«,  ana  aro  uio  most  ivfifnlar 
and  thorough  plonghers  and  tbe  clcanoitt  wcedrrs  to  tho  district. 
Where  there  is  a  con^laut  dmin  on  the  Innd  thoy  am  careful  to 
use  every  available  particle  of  manure  nnd  ia  the  neighbourhood  of 
Poena  hare  rooipletely  orercooie  their  diahko  to  thonsoof  pondrctto. 
Mdlis  aro  of  four  kinds,  Phol  or  Bower  MAlis,  Ilaldya  or  tnnnerio 
M^is,  l.iiDg&yat  or  ^t»yweoring  Mabs  generally  of  Boothom  or 
Kami^tak  origin,  and  Jireor  cuniin-Doed  Mfilis.  BnLhniAn.1  geuentlly 
hare  their   lands    tilled  by  hired  Isboai-,  theni.selreti  superintending 


Chapt«r  IT, 
Agricnltnrfl 
HruADPxsK 


•  D«t4Ua  iboat  FteM-toab,  AfriCBHaial  PnweiM*,  ftod  Oropa  mv  cliivRr  takni  Inm 
Mr.  W.  Fkloh«r**  Deccan  Asrimltar*. 
■From  nul«riab  MippUed  by  Mean.  J.Q.Moor*,  C.a.  muI  A.  R«jKr,  C.8. 

s  laer— I 


[Bombay 


DISTRICTS. 


and  directiiti^  tbe  trorkmen,  but,  iu  part^  of  Khixl,  and  occaaiono 
elsewliert*  in  the  west,  UnitiniHiii)  hflve  for  generations  workitl  ibt 
6«ldH  nrithoat   th«  liolp  of  hired  Uboor.      Vints  avo  perhaps  tl 
011I7  cUsa  who  never  till  with  their  owu  tiaada.     Tbey  let  tbeir  T 
to  tenants  wbo  pay  thorn  oitbor  in  money  or  in  kind.     A 
section    ot  the  landholders  are  DbaDgnra   ur   ebopherds  \>y 
MoH  nbnnpkrH,  besides  tilling  their  lands,  rear  sheon  and  wfai  ^ 
bl&nkots,  but   Home  have  ciren  ap   rettriug  sheep  ajid  live  entirely 
on  tlie  prodnce  of  their  lands.     JEicept  the  Haldjra  or 
M&lis,  DO  hufllxuidmcn  grow  only  one  crop. 

Tbo  anccrtain  rainhl)   over  a  great  part  of  the   district,'' 
poverty  of  mnch  of  thw  soil,   the  want  of  variety  in  the  cr 
^owi),   and  a   carelessness  in    their   denlings  with   monerlondrni,^ 
bnve,  sinco  the  bo^uning   of  Britinb   rtdv,   combinud    to  krop   thi 
bnllc  of  tbe  Poona   landholders  poor   nnd  in    debt.     Between    1B9S 
and  ISyS  they    siiffcrod  Ironi   this    int.KMluction  of  revised   nitea  o( 
BWeasnient  based  on  very  hiRb  produce  priecs  which   wore  wron^tlj 
believed  to  have  risen  to  a  permanent  l«vttl.     To  their  loss  from  the 
fall  in  produce  prices  waa  udJed  the  suffering'  and   ruin   of  thi 
1876-77  famine.     In  spite  of  thei^e  recent  cnuaes  of  depresaion,  tbe 
rooorda  of  foraior years  HOetn  toslivw  thut  wxct'pt  during  ibo  tvti  yi-an 
of  unusual  prosperity  oiidinjf  sboul  1870,  when  ureat  public  worf 
and  tUo   very   high  price  of  cotton  and  other  field   products    thrt 
muck  weulih  into  the  district,  the  muHs  of  tbe  laudbulding- claaaea, 
tbougb   ]>oi>r   and   larf^ly    iu   debt,   aro   probably   at    present  lesi 
harusseil,  and  bettor  fed,  butter  clothed,  and  bettor  housed  than  they 
bnve  been  at  any  time  since  the  beginning  of  the  present  century. 
In  ibe  west,  n' here  famines  are  uukiiown  and  ucarcity  ia  unuauwi 
the  huebandmeti  ure  fiiirly  oft.     But  in  Indii^ur  and  Bhiuitbadi  anil 
in  parts  of  Sinir  and  Purandhar  they  Lave  nut  recorered  tbe  distre^^ 
and  indebtednets  caused   by    tbe  ]876>77  {nmine.      In   Id76-7J^| 
a  Inrg-e  area  of  land    waa    tlirown  out  of   tillngo  and    the  low  pri(^^ 
of    grain    during  the    two    years  ending   I882-S3    has    made  it 
diflicult    for    tbe    Jandbcilders    to    recover    what    they    lost  in   thi» 
year   of  distreea.*    At  the   same   time  the  Huthu  cauuls  and  other 
wat<ir-work«,  by  introducing  a  variety  of  crops  and  fostering         '^ 
careful  tillage,  have  done   unuch   to  enrich  tbe  landbulden*. 
class  the  landhuldcm  are  hardworking,  frugal,  and  orderly.     Bt 
except  near  Poena,  whose  market  qiiickena  tneir  0Dorgie«,  they 
Blower  Btid  les*)  iutelii;,rtint  than  the  Inail holders  of  most  other  p 
of  the  Prcntdeiicy.     Their  tillage  la  airelesi*,  at  times  oven  nlovenlj 
and  they  fail  to  strouii^'hen  the  land  by    Jcop  ploughing,  by  cbanf^ 
of  crops,  or  by  tbe  sufficient  nsc  of  mauuro.     Thin  is  due  to  povcr^ 
forcing  tbum  to  taku  all  they  cun  fruni  the  lanil,  ratber  than 
laziness  or  to  i^rnorance  of  tbe  value  of  suitable  pluugbtng,  of  plentif^ 
manure,  of  clean  weeding,  of  fallows,   and   of  elmnges  of  cro[ 
Their  greatest  want,  and  this  with  tho  spread  of  irrigation  is  moi 


*  In  tndipnrjiidrjaolil  at   aeveaty-iii  poundi  in  lBSl-32  niM  at   uxlT-twu  uiiiDJa 


WM  tkirtf  Mirao  panndi. 


i 


eeao.) 


POOKA. 


I 


P 


» 


id  more  foh,  is  muiure.  As  there  nro  almoBb  no  lcaf-;ioMing 
Its  urass  is  soaroe,  aud  as  most  of  the  straw-giving 
ips  am  milloU  irbose  stallea  are  raluabln  f^MJder,  there  is  a  great 
tarcily  of  stable-Iitwr,  and  Irom  Iho  want  of  other  foci  most  of  tUo 
ii-tlung  id  lost  to  tlie  litiid.  In.  IttS?  Cutonel  Svkes  thouglit  tho 
mixing  of  aeroml  gmios  oud  pulMid  iu  odo  field  wot)  one  of  the  chief 
muthfiit  iu  the  Poona  tillage.'  More  recent  writers,  inclnditi^ 
long  tboin  the  rvvciiuc  uud  aurve^'  officers  of  the  dialrict,  do  uul 
iharc  Colouet  Sykes' opinion.  Overinottt  of  thu  di^^lrict  the  chief 
laiigvr  ngaiiist  which  the  hushaadman  hnn  to  guard  in  »  failure  of 
in.  Millet  may  perish  in  a  year  in  which  tho  hardior  and  less 
inty  palfie  will  turive  or  at  worat  will  yield  a  fair  crop.  If  the 
millet  succeeds  it  siuolbers  iho  pulse  aud  ta)[e«  no  hunu,  Tfao 
TOixlug  of  crops  has  also  the  advaolage  of  lesseuing  the  dniu  on  the 
luud  hy  tuking  dilVuruQl  elomcnts  out  of  iti. 

Id  Pooua  all  arable  laud  comes  under  ooe  or  other  of  three  gre& 
"beoAs,  jirayal  or  ^^UJHOp  laud,  ^"■^ffj^ti  '"•  water&d  land,  and  (i  ran  or 
rice  land.  Dry<crop  lauds  are  diviJi-d  iiit<j  M-i  n'/'or  early  and  rah!  or 
latd.  Tb«  early  crops  are  brought  to  maturity  ^y  tue  raius  of  the  south- 
west monaoon  j  the  late  crops  de|)eud  ou  dewa,  ou  watering,  und  on 
the  partial  fair-weather  Hbowcrs  which  occasionally  fall  between 
KoTomber  and  March.  Early  or  kbarif  crajfa  are  sown  in  Jimo  and 
July  and  are  reaped  iu  ^epteuibera-ud  October  orNovember.  In  the 
AI&tbI  or  wet  and  hilly  west,  whose  staple  is  rico  and  whosa  other 
crops  are  the  coarse  or  varfcat  grains  varit  mica,  ndclmi,  and  khurd^ti 
tho  chii?I  harvoBl  is  (be  early  hai-veat.  The  eipoaure  to  tho  cold  damp 
«f  the  aouth-weiit  raiuH  severely  tries  the  hasb&ndoien  of  the  west. 
But  they  are  a  hardy  cheerful  raeu  and  their  labour  ta  seldom  made 
useless  by  a  failure  ^£  crops  or  uuproHtable  from  the  want  of  a 
market. 

In  the  Dcah  or  eastern  plain,  where  the  soutb-west  rain  is  light 
and  ouccnain,  tho  early  or  kharif  harvest  is  losw  important  than 
in  tho  wtNtt.  Thecbief  early  crops  am  spiked  millet  or  t)<i^  mixed 
with  the  hardy  (ur  aud  early  ludian  millet  oTjvdri.  TtieiH}  are 
sown  in  late  Mar  or  in  June  on  the  6rat  etifiicierit  niufoll.  In 
good  vean  they  ripen  in  late  September  and  October;  in  bad  years 
not  till  November.  When  the  early  crops  arc  reaped  in  September 
and  whoro  tho  land  permits,  a  second  or  Jusot<t  crop  is  raised.  Aa, 
after  OcIoIxt,  rain  rsrvly  fnlU  in  the  hilly  westj  oxcopt  a  little 
wheat  grown  on  the  ea-stern  frin^/  tlie  late  or  rabi  dry-crop 
harvest  i»  of  comparatively  little  importance.  In  tho  oast  of  the 
district  which  iswitbinthe  range  of  the  uorth-east  raios,  tho  Into  or 
mbi  hftFTost  is  more  importflul  than  tho  oarly  bnrpost.  There  the 
late  cropa  aro  sown  in  October  and  November  and  ripen  in  Fvhniary 
and  March.  They  are  clIiofly^K/ni/i<_a_ud  other  cold-weatUcr  InSiaa 
milleiaand  gram,  lontils,  aud  other  pulses.        j  i,  ^   '  -^ 

•  The  soil  of  tho  district  is  lighter  in  the  west  than  in  the  oaat.    It 

<  BAport  British  AMOeEttion  0837).  3M. 

>  Mr.  A.  K*y*«r,  C.8L.  ud  C>pt»ia  U.  KobeitMn  tItfSli  In  Ewt  ladU  i-iMrt. 
IV.  SW,  6S6. 


Chapter  IT. 
Acnrienlture. 


Sl*B0M1^ 


.^LJ/ 


Soils. 


OhaptfltlV. 
,  Agricoltart. 

SOUM, 

K 


bcloDga  to  three  classes,  black  or  kali,  nid  or  Idmhdi,  and  coorao  gmj 
or  h^rad.  In  sotne  pUoea  aach  olasa  of  soil  blends tvith  the  olhst 
ID  T&rying  pruiKtrtions  and  iii  turnu  Tnodififd  by  soud,  grnrel. 
lime-salts,  and  otbor  ingredieoU.  The  M''  xoil  is  ^^tiemllj  black 
orooarly  black,  and  has  somotiinQsa  gray  or  n.  hliiish  tiu^.  It  b 
ooramonly  fontid  in  \ayen  Reveral  feet  deep.  It  beloiig^s  to  the  plats 
ea&t  rather  than  to  ths  hilly  west,  and  covers  wide  areas  near  nrers 
and  large  streams.  In  such  places  it  is  of  gre&t  and  aoifunn 
depth.  It  is  Monivtinii.4  injured  by  being  mixed  with  lime  nodales ; 
and,  occasionully,  from  tno  action  vi  water  or  the  proseace  <rf 
mineral  salts,  it  hecomca  stiff  and  clayey,  which,  oxcopt  in  years  ot 
heavy  rainfall,  much  Icksouh  itH  richnesa.  Excellent  blaoK  eoiJ  of 
small  aud  varying'  depth,  with  its  aarfaoe  covered  with  black  basaK 
stones,  ia  fauna  on  f>bleUMids.  Black  soils  are  richer  ihsa 
either  red  or  coarse  ffray  soils. 
Mirfaoe  but  cracks  and  cnunhles 
moisture  longer  than  other  Muils 
for     lata     or    rtibi     crops.        They 

Deooaa  in  abuodanoo  and  am  specialty  suited  for  the  growth 
of  wbost,  gram,  and    etugarcane.     Towards  the    wosi    as  tho   level 


The  suu  does  not  harden  their 
it,     and    oa    they  keep  their 
they    are  the    faToarite    land 
yield   all     the    produce   of  tlis 
specialty  suited  for 
Towards  the    we«t 


rises  the  black  soil  shullows   till  iu   the  waTieg  slopes  that  akiit 

the   hills  it  changes  to  red  or  gray.     The  black  soil   is  of  two 

ktnda,    the  giipiiig  blai;k    soil  known  as  ttotal/t  and    hevaJdhiia  and 

the  giony    black  called  kkadkal  or  dhondal.    'ITioogh  bettor  tliao 

the    etony    black     flio   g>^i"g    black    soil    is   very   thirsty     and 

requires  plontiful  and  constant  watering  to  bring  out  il.s  powen 

and  keep  them  in  action.     If  it  is  not  continually   dronchcd   while 

the  crop  is  growing  lh«  people  say  that  the  crops  pine  and  wither. 

Tbe  stonoe^in  the  stony    black  are  said  to  m&ko  it  firmer    and 

better  able  to  hold  water.     This  is  the  inoct  valued  land  for  tlto 

ordinal^  dry-cropa  whoito  supply  of  water  doixtndu  on  the  local 

rainfall.    This  stony  black  is  not  so  stroug  and  as  a  mle  is  sbal- 

lower  than  tho  gaping  black.     Being  lighter  tlio  gaping  bhick  is  more 

easily  worked,  but  bos  to  be  pIougboiTofteuer  than  tbe  atony  blaok 

and  wanta  more  manure,     tlie  best  block  soil  yields  y^enr  after 

year  apparently  without  Huffering  though  its  powers  might  have 

become  exhausted  if  it  were  not  for  the  relief  giyen  by  sowing  a 

mixed  crop.     Other  and  poorer  black  eoilti  occur  mixed  with  sand 

and  clay.    Tho  reddiah  or  copper-coloured  soils  called  td-mbat  or 

fdmbdi  are  always  elifillower  and  coarser  than  the    block.    They 

are   probably  tbe    ruins    of  the    iron-bearing  rocks  without    (bo 

decayed  Tegctnblo  element  which  deepens  the  colour  of  tho  black 

soils.     They  are  often   injured   by  a  mixture  of  grareJ,  but  whee 

watered  by  frequent  sliowerB  are  generally  well  suited  for  the  kkarif 

or  early  crops.     The  rod  soil  is  commoner  and  richer  in  the  west  than 

in  the  e!i8f^     Tl  has  many   vanetice,  for  it  includes  lands  nn  tho 

skirts  of  bills  and  other  mo((t  barren  Boila.     Red    soil    ia  geneml! 

rough  and  Etiff  and  requires  deep  ploughing.     The  best  red  soils 

foijpd  near  Pitbal,  midway  between  Khed  and  Sinir,  where  also 

ploughing  is  very  deep,   The  red  Boil  of  Pibal  itself  is  very  powerA«,, 

hut  requires  great  Ifthonr.     IL  is  a  tnixture  of  sand  vritb  a  smaller 

quantity  of  clay.     There  sre  three  varieties  of  red  soil,  pure  red  or 


uao 

the    ■ 

a 


POONA. 


'iHTSuU  tambdij  upland  or  mAijamia,  aod  Bondr  or  vatadri  jamin.  The 

■o  red  or  nirmal  tdmbiU  iit  lighter  nod  richer  tinn  the  others  and 

porbape  •  larger  proportion  of  wod.     Tlio  upluod  or  mdl  jnmin 

is  a  roddish  soil  tliick-spread  over  rock.     Aooordtogloits  depth Bud 

qiiMntity  of  KAni)  iinu  frinWo  utoncs  it  id  of  two  riirietic*  mrai  rnurud 

it  IS  plain  rod  Innd  and  tambdi  mahi  that  is  hill  red  land.    Handy 

vaUiiri  jamin   wlitfii   deep  etiougli  ^-iold.t  fnir  cn>p8Y^'t!<^*''^P 

Vho  alopea  or  oorcriiig  the  to[xs  of  tbo  lower  uplands  ui  the  eaatcra 
plmn  is  the  coarHc  lyray  or  barttd.  Il  varies  la  colour  From  a  liglit 
rvdditih  browD  to  gT»y,t»cX^»  coarHC  gravcllr  or  looev  friable  ttixturo, 
and  is  greatly  wantiug  tn  ooheBion.  It  is  ai>conipoHed  basalt  with  a 
mixture  of  iruu  ore.  tt  does  not  yield  whijat,  pi.-a»,  or  any  latv  or 
coId-wi>ather  cropH  ;  but  in  seasons  of  heavy  rainfuU  apiked  millet 
and  the  oarly  pulses  give  a  good  returu.  When  wiuito  it  bears 
nnthiug  tut  KOiuty  spear-grasa.  It  does  uol  occur  iu  the  billy  irodt/ 
Qaeidtar  jfdadhari  or  white  village  soil  is  much  like  the  coarse  gn^r 
in  colour,  but  b  finer  oud  i&  oft«u  of  ^reat  depth.  It  is  only  fuuud 
oloBo  to  vtllagea  or  on  deserted  village  sitoe.  Ita  special  appearance 
is  probably  due  to  the  manure  which  gathera  on  village  sites  nod 
vivas  the  soil  a  chalky  (.-baraetor.  It  is  a  clean  Ugbt  aoil  and  ou  a 
basia  of  black  mould  yields  excellent  crops,  especially  of  tobacco. 
There  are  also  patobes  of  stiff  clayey  soil  called  shedvat  that  ib  white 
clayey  or  chopan  that  ia  clayey  or  loamy  and  of  chiieni  or  pore  clay  in 
wbjch  nothing  grows.  Clayey  paicbea,  black  brown  or  white  id 
colour,  are  generally  found  on  the  bonks  of  rivers.  A  rare  swampy 
or  undi-ained  soil  of  a  clayey  textare  is  termed  ihembat  that  ie  stony 
and  upal  that  is  aoddeo.  A  rich  stiiirial  «)oil  called  dheli  or  kevtal 
that  is  soil  left  by  tbe  overflowing  ofrTverB,  ranges  in  colour  from 
pale  yellow  to  dark  brown.  It  covers  n  limited  aroa,  but,  paKly 
trom  the  vegetable  m^ter  it  holds  and  partly  becatue  it  is  regularly 
strengthened  by  fresh  deposit*,  it  is  the  ricuest  soil  in  the  diatrict. 
Near  somo  of  Iho  Inrser  rivcnt  within  flood  limits  is  a  narrow  Ixilt  of 
land  of  no  groat  value  known  as  mafni  or  vcgetublti  land.  In  tho 
hilly  wc8t  is  IL  barren  blackish  floH  tilled  muirmdd  that  is  crumbly 
rock.  It  is  very  etiff  and  bard  uud  is  found  loostly  at  the  foota  of  hflU 
wherever  wator  lodges.  Here  and  there  in  blaok  and  other  rich 
soils  spots  yield  wrotcbod  crops  oompiire<l  with  tbo  surrounding 
fields.  These  spots  are  called  ciiunkhadi  or  lime-laden  because 
limestone  is  always  found  near  the  surface. 

Of  ao  area  of  5347  square  miles  5198  square  miles  or  3,327,283 
acres  or  97'21  per  cent  have  beou  sarreyed  in  detail.  Of  these  467^884 
acrw  or  t4'06  per  cent  arc  tbe  lands  of  tilicuutod  villages.  The  reet 
oontaias,  according  to  the  revenue  survey,  i>,)  13,231  acres  or  6iJ'51 
per  cent  of  arable  land ;  272,271  acres  or  8'  IS  per  cent  of  unarablo ; 
21,107  acres  or  06.?  per  cent  of  grass  or  kuran ;  263,797  ocrea 
or  7-92  per  cent  of  forest;  and  189,003  acres  or  5-68  per  cent  of 
rillnge  titos,  rDad.i,  and  river  beds.'  Iu  1861-82  of  tbe  2,11.^.221 
acrc«  of  arable  land  in  GoTornmftnt  villages,  of  which  193.22-1  or 
9'Ji  ppr  cent  .ire  alienated,  1,786,065  acres  or  84"ol  p«r  cent  wore 
bold  for  tilUgo.     Of  this  44,&0S  or  2-50  per  cent  were  garden  land. 


CbapterlT 
Agrlsultnr 


Soi 


ABABUtLA^I 


IBombAj  QusUm. 


DISTRICTS 


Istiltan 


LD19IO>. 


IT,       27,674  aerosprl'&i  p«r  cent  wero  rice  land,  snd  1,718,888  acresorl 
96*96  p«r  ooQt  vore  diy-orop  load. 

Thongh  largp  lioldingsnrefoond  inniMj  villiiK^s  the  b(»!dinssiK» 
riilo  nrv  Kuiiill.  Thi-vurv  alsoKO  dirided  amoDg  moiuWra  of  differtol 
familiRH  that  the  ctitnt'H  in  llio  GoToroQiont  bouka  ure  uot  a  comfltUi  ■ 
guide  to  tho  nrora^  eizo  of  a  holding.  In  the  hilly  we«t,  wbero  tke 
chief  grains  aro  rice,  ndyti,  and  oth«r  coone  graiDB,  wliicli  reqoira 
crest  attention  nnd  lal>our,  thehuldiii^'^aroRODeranysiimlltjr  thiia  in 
Me  twitt.  I»  1SA:J-.S3,  iiu^luiliiij;  alieuuted  lands,  the  total  numberof 
holdings  wns  2:^7,^71  with  an  avurage  area  of  about  nine  acres.  Of 
tlio  wholft  umuber,  Slj,l!)3  were  lioldioga  of  not  more  than  five  acivs; 
48,698  wore  of  six  to  ton  ucrc-a  ;  4^,359  of  eloTen  to  twenty  acres; 
30,ti77  of  twenty.oue  toBftjracre^;  11^40  of  thirty-one  to  forty 
at-'res ;  7575  of  forty-ooo  to  fifty  acres ;  2739  of  fifty-one  to  cra« 
hundred  acres  jBOTenty-six  of  101  to  200  aerca;  thiptoon  of  201  to 
3S0  avrca ;  and  one  uboro  800  acres.  More  than  100  acres  of  drf* 
crop  land  is  considered  a  large  liolding,  fifty  to  100  acroa  is  cooo' 
derad  a  middlti-siittid  holdiug,  aod  leu  than  twenty-five  acres  is 
oousidcrcd  u  auial)  holding  : 

poor  A  Oouuitw,  ISMSS. 


8F»Di*i«aM(. 


ToUl     . 


M.m 


Mli 


BlMlDM 


1S.NM 


ujaOitoan\ii^io 


wi  Tat 


,JMjile9» 


XtitaL 


Unil 


;s '  IS 


BW 


arjtn 


»I.W>i 


LMTJ 


As  in  othfT  fniniuo  districla  fiirm  st.  1 1;  i  ■  u  idem  lily  (i«<rcii34)d  in 
I87G-77,  and  has  not  yet  reached  its  !■  i  i.  ■  n  '  rl.  In  lS7o-7G,  the 
year  before  thufnuaiuo,  tho  atook  incluii(^d2l  ,:s67  cjirt!<,<J3j6'J9  ploughs, 
833,769  hullocka,  160,097  cows,  12,107  hc-buffaloes,  +.J,7U5  she- 
boffialoea,  12,7%  hones  inclndiog  mnrog  and  foals,  49-J2  assm,  and 
842,081  fibccp  and  gnats.^  According  to  the  ltfS2-8:3  returns  tho 
ferni  stock  included  21,044  cart«.  52,630  ploughs,  227.619  bntlocfca, 
144,949  cows,  I2,0Bthc-buIfaloM,40,(i46Bhc-baff»loe8, 11,163 honei 
inoludiag  luares  and  foaU,  6745  amos,  ood  28^,688  shocp  and  goats. 
The  dotaila  oro  :  9 


1  HoiHi  and  UK*,  tbovgh  olmoat  nevai  cm<1  (of  fidd  purpoaia,  a»  nni&Uy  olai*«4 
with  iplcnlttm]  it«ak. 


i 


POONA. 


PvwA  AmcvbTtnuu  Snat,  ISSSSS, 


With  four  oxen  ik  Ktmbi  will   lill  somo  aixLy  acres  of  ligUt  soil. 

ibctjr  acres  of  aiiallowiiih  black  soil  rorjaire  six  oroigbtoxea.     Eight 

XPD  can  till  aouo  fifly  itcrc^   oF  tleop  Llaclc   Hoil,  piviTidtHl  that   in 

BCBoional  yean  -wLcn  ploughin;;  ia  nccwsftry  the  landholder  ia 

Fable  to  hiro  two  mora  pairs  of  bullocka     Wilh  oiphi  pairs  of  oxen, 

Fsud  the  power  vrliuro  nocessarT  of  raakio^  u^e  of  two  ]>airs  more,  an 

acre  or  two  of  the  sixty  mignt  bo  kept  under  iBo  ligbt^r  garden 

cropx.     Many  has  band  mdn  hitTo  much  i«)<«  titan  the  proper  number 

-of  cattle,  aDuharu  to  join  with  their  neifjlibours  liofora  their  fields 

con  bu  ploughed. 

In  1^61-8^,  on,786,065  aoros,  the  whoto  arcn  held  for  tillago, 
209,447  acres  or  It '72  percont  wero  fallow  nr  imiJer  graas.  Of  the 
rouaining  l,&7i5,6IS  acres,  18,740  were  tirico  cropped.  Of  the 
1,506,358  acruti  under  tillage,  grain  vropa  occupied  1,374,702  acres 
or  86- 1 6  per  cent,  of  wlSich  5SS/i02  were  under  Indian  millet,  jvdri, 
Sorghum  mlgare  ;  5.*)7,807  under  spiked  uiiUet,  h^jri,  I'enicitlaria 
8pirata ;  K0,&2-1  uudi-r  wheat,  g«/in,  Tiiticiim ic«tivuiii ;  fi2,3tJ5  andcr 
rayi  or  H'ii-hni,  Eleusine  coroosna  ;  47,885  undi-r  rico,  hhal,0ry7.at 
satiTai3^,:j42  under j'ara8Ddtrai{,FaiiicuRi  milinoeum  and  miliart;; 
S844  nnder  maize,  makka,  Zea  mays;  10S4  under  rdia  or  kdng, 
P»nicoD)ilalicuni;3D7underftmfraor  Aan'i.Paapalum  fnimcnUcoiim; 
141  nndprbarluy.jffr.  Hordoum  bpxnslii'hou  ;  and  29,ftl  1  iinderother 
f^i-ainit  of  which  details  are  not  gii-eu.  Pulees  occupied  SSjOlS  ainva 
or  6'38  per  cent,  of  wliicli  28.879  were  under  gram,  /larWiani,  Cicer 
ariotinunt  ;  ltJ,0(]5  nnder^u^'M  or  X'u/Mi,  Dolic-hoi;  bilUiruH;  12,851 
under /ur,  Cnianati  indicns  ;  3{K>0  under  mug,  I'hnseolnB  oiungo; 
1519  under  u(iuf,,PI)a»eoluiirad>utU8;88U  undor  peas,  valana,  Pisum 
eMivom;  68t>  under  maiur,  Enrum  lens;  and  24,C33  under  other 
pulses.  OiUoods  occupied  1U2,786  acrea  or  6'-t4  p(>r  cent,  of  which 
29,4+9  wcro  under  gioirclly  seed,  til,  S(«»aniuni  indicura  ;  I '59  under 
linseed,  af«Ai,  Linum  iisitatisHimum  ;  and  73,176  nndurothfroilHeeda. 
Fibro*  occ«pic«i  SyH2  acres  or  0'.'2  per  c«ut,  of  which  4.'(>S  wero 
under  cotton^  kapui,  Crossypinm  herbaceum ;  1375  under  ilombay 
kemn,  »atior  lay,  Crolulnria  jniiritA  ;  18  under  brown  hemp,  amhadi, 
llibtHOua  cannnbinoa  ;  and  2424  under  other  fibreti.  Miaccllauvoua 
oropa  oocupiod  23,569  acres  or  1'47  percent  of  which  8089  were 
Quder  diilties,  mirchi,  Capsicum  fruteacens;  5$03  nndor  aagwoonOi 


Chapter  IV. 

AgricDltsre. 
Stock. 


Pucoa  I 
Lamii. 


Caova, 


DISTRICTS. 


iKptei  IT. 

»Tdole*. 


tw,  Sacolianiin  ofBciaamm  ;  817  aader  t<)baooo,  tambdJeku,  Ntootjsii] 
tAbkOum ;  and  the  remaining  9161   andci*  mrioafl  Trgotablo* 
fruits. 

Tbo  field  tools  are,  the  plough,  ndngar ;  tbs  seod><IriI]s, 
And  mo^/iod;  thelioes,  kulav,  kutpe  or  joti,  taiApftarat;  tba  beun" 
harrow,  maind  ;  the  dredge  or  scoop,  pel'iri  ;  ami  the  cart,  giMia. 

The  plough,  ndngar  or  wlicti  small  JiAtujri,   is  iisanlljr   of  halktlt 
Acacia  arabica  wood.     It  cout«iu»  livu  distiuot  pitrcos,  the  poM 
hal(u,  the  Bbaro  or  coulter  mi)ii;'ir,  thu  yoVeju  or  ghUvat,  the  tail| 
nnmOM,  nad  the  handto  muOnja.     Tho*«  five  parte  are  kept  togothir] 
hy  a  lonthpr  rope,  ivfhan,  which  posses  back  from  the  yoco  beUa!] 
the  plough   Inil,  and  f<irwnrd  ngain  to  the  joke.     To   the  ahanu 
mareable  iron  shoe  or  phai  ia  fixed  by  a  ring  called  rii.tu.     A  largs] 
plough   for  stiff  Hoil   whirli  worlcH  nine  iticlii.<M  dts'p  ro(|iiir^s  evfCBj 
t^  ten  yoke  of  oxen.     lu  the  light  caatcm  DvahBuilti  Iho  plangkl 
recjttjrea  only    two  yoke.     lu    the    west,    where  it   is   fit   only  frtj 
stirring  Hoodod  noe  htnd  and  for  breaking  the  eurfavo  after  it  lual 
been  aof tcncd  by  rain,  the  ploagh  ia  light  enough  to  bo  carripd  oa  1 1 
man's  ahouldcr  and  one  yoko  of  oxen  aro  enough  lo  dmw  it.     Tbtl 
large  plough  is  aneflincnt.  implement  passing  under  the  hard  oroityj 
turuiog  the  soil  in  gr<j»l  Iiinipn,  and  exposing  n  largo  surfaco  to  thsl 
weather.     It  oau  hu  made  to  cut  a  dut^p  or  a  shallow  furrow  by 
ohangingtheangleof  the  share  orcoulter.     The  Rnnhia  itiautkgt:  th*| 
plough  with  coneidt^rablo  skill.     One  man  can  work  a  plough  withj 
two  yoke  of  oxen  earning  thecn  at  the  end  of  the  furrow  by  voice ' 
alone.     With  a  team  of  six  or  aeren  pair  a  boy  ia  usually  seated  on 
the  yoke  uf  tho  third  pnir  and  fausttea  them  along  with   whip  and 
roice.     Kach  ox  knows  his  ntitno  and  obeys  the  boy's  voice.     Tbp 
furrows  arenovor8trai{>htRud  the  fi^ld  is  usually  ploughed  croaswifta 
as  well  as  lengthwise.     Id  the  ])!ain  east,  the  plough  is  often  \vtt  in 
the  field  when  not  ia  nao,  the  iron  shoo  the  ropes  and  the  yokes  bain^] 
tnken  home.     In  the  oiut,  a  plough  with  four  separate  yokes  van< 
in  ralno  from   I6«.  to  £1  (Hs.  S-IO).     With  yearly  repaira  00Btani__ 
abonl  ."Itf.  (lU.  1i),  a  plaugh  la^tfl  for  iiva  jeatB.     In  the  west  a 
complete  plough  costs  4«.  to  5s.  (Rs.  2-2^).' 

The  a"cd-drill,  pnhhar,  ia  a  model  of  simplicity  and  ingenuity 
and  is  cheap  end  eSoctire.  It  consists  of  two  to  four  wooden  iron- 
ahod  shares  or  coulters  called  phana,  fed  with  deod  through  bamboo 
tobea  from  a  wooden  bowl  or  cAdUo  into  which  the  seed  is  droppi-d  by 
hand.  The  whole  i»  held  together  by  ropca  straiucd  in  diffurent 
du^ct-ions.  It  iH  drawn  by  twooxen.  Gram  and  wheat  are  sown  by 
a  larger  drill  calleil  laeyAarf  drawn  by  four  oxen.  It«  tabes  are  larger^ 
and  the  slinri'H  or  coulters  strongerao  aa  to  pass  deeper  into  the  eoihfl 
It  sowa  four  to  six  inches  deep  to  suit  some  of  tho  cold-weathor^ 


>  Mr.  SliMnur,  th«  ■gricultunil  imtrwAot  iu  th«  Pkuiu  College  ot  SdAncd.  has  to 
thxt.  t>y  nuiiK  Miirdn  Uiara   inatvail   of  the  heavy  wood  Mock,   tho  aalivc   plo. 
beconiu  ui  pxnUnQt  (utwnlcir.  pwiiim  Dirough  th«  nuMtcakDil  and  lurtlcned  inrfa, 
wul  outtiojt  tli«  roots  of  >>u«hM  wliich  bad  fonacrly  to  Iw  dng  ant  bj-  tlie  batchotT 
Theae  adapted  plmicliB  hai-obooniiindoM  tlia  wnrluLopa  o(  tbo  OoU«g«  ot  Si:iriieo  at 
a  coat  at  £1  tt*.   (ft*.  12i).     TLey   have  alao  boeu   succowfuUy   copiod  h\    villiitO 
blackmhlia     Mr.  SiMKv  to  Cotkctoi  ot  Vtttau,  lOS,  Hth  July  ISff. 


J 


POONA. 


9 


I 


ipji.     Botli  the  itmatl  and  the  ]ar^  need-drill  are  ofton  ascd  as 
rrowa  hy  rnniovin)^  ibo  micldlo  flbarrs,  thv  bumboo  tuboi;,  and  the 
lonl.     A  drill  cohI^  nhout  5>«.  (Rs.  2|)  and  with  care  lasts  four  or 
ive  yeara. 

The  hoe,  kulav,  ia  nsed  for  breaking  the  clods  thr&wn  np  by  the 

ilough,  for  loosi-uiog  the  surfucu  whuD  tbo  plough  is  not  used,  for 

movitif;  iTtieda,  for  lilling  crarkH  or  (isaures,  and  for  corering  the 

Thfl  hoo  is  two  tthnros  or  coultora  JMtnod  by  a  level  nrosH  iron 

ilfflde  or  phiiii  set  oblit^uely  in  a  woodpn  beam.     A  pole   unites  it  to 

yoki^  anil  it  ik  gui(lHl  by   aii  ii|>rieht    hnndlo.      vVli<?n  ho  ivtslivs 

orlt  tbc  hoe  deep  the  drivor  Htanus  on  the  wooden  beam  or  lajis 

'y  Btonea  upon  it.     It   requires  only  one  yoke  of  oxen,  ooiU« 

,bout   7».   (K».3|),  and  lasts  four  or  tiro  years.    The  huim  also 

led  the  joti  is  a  weeding  hoe.     ft  ia  two  iron  bladeo  or  yolia  like 

niaooD'B  square  with  ibcir  inward  ends  alz  iucht'ti  ftpart  ee4  in  a 

ioco  of  wood  tfl  which   the  yoke  is  joined  by  a  pole  and  ropes.     It 

Iwo  handles  the  rumaitc  niid  the  vt^ki,  the    r^tl-i  )>eing  u  leoae 

forked  aticlc  which  is  held  oa  the  top.     It  ia  drawn  by  two  oxen 

and  ia  drireu  HO  thiitthorowof  younfi^  plants  passeathroagli  the  npnco 

bebweoD  thu  blades.     Tbo  kut^  is  often  worked  double,  that  is  two 

Jeulp^n  are  dt^wn   by   one  pnir  of  oxen.     It  requires  much  care  in 

working,  coats  about  41i'.  (Km.  9),  and  Uiste  Are  years.    The  phardt  is 

like  the  kulav,  only  its  bl»de  ia  longer,  three  feet  six  inches  in  length, 

end  its  woodwork  ia  lighter.     II.  in  atie<\  to  follow  the  teed-dhll  and 

covvr  the  seed  and  tsdnwn  b;  twu  oxen.  It  costs  aobut  48.  (Rs.  2]. 

The  beam-harrow,  maind  or  t^ula,  ia  a  large  beam  of  wood  fitted 
with  a  yoke  and  nprif^lit  handle.  It  roqnirL-s  funr  oxen  and  two 
men  to  work  it.  It  is  used  chiotly  in  high  rillage  to  brenk  clodsand 
level  the  surface.  It  j^  also  naed  after  tho  wheat  and  gram  are  in 
fcbe  ^jouud  to  pres>ii  the  soil,  aa  pressed  soil  keepa  ita  moisture  longer 
than  looeo  soil.     It  coats  about  8«.  (K8.  4)  nod  lasts  mnny  years. 

The  scoop  or  dredge,  petdri,  \»  used  only  in  rice  lands.  The 
bottom  lip  is  Formed  ?)y  a  plmik  three  feet  long  to  which  tlio 
oxen  are  Immessad.  A  stout  handle  fixed  into  the  middle  of  the 
plank  sloping  bitck  form?  a  Hupport  to  »  acriea  of  btimbou  slips  Inced 
together  with  string  which  rise  one  above  the  other  ubont  two 
feet  six  inches,  presenting  a  curved  sloping  sarface  against,  which  as 
the  Bcoop  paesoa  through  the  gronnd  tbv  loose  earth  gathers.  It  ia 
drawn  by  two  oxen  and  costa  about  Za.  (fls.  1  \). 

Dp  till  183fi  the  carts  or  gddd$,  of  which  there  were  rcry  few, 
were  cnmbreuA  vehicleH  consisting  of  a  large  §trong  frame  of  wood 
supported  ou  two  solid  wooden  whet'la  over  which  the  aidee  projected 
ciu  props  that  rested  ou  the  axle  outride  of  the  whcolit.  The  naves 
of  the  wheels  were  titled  iuside  with  iron  tubes  in  which  tho  axles 
worked.  These  and  the  wheel  lirea  wore  tho  only  iron-work  ns  tho 
whole  conBlmction  waa  held  tegecbor  br  tightlv  strainud  ropon.  The 
cart  wfw  used  to  carry  crops,  and  with  tlie  addition  of  a  large  shallow 
L  basket  to  cany  inaDnre>.  It  coat  about  £1U  (Hs.  lUO)  and  was  usually 
fethe  joint  properly  of  three  or  fonr  landholders.  Tho  axles  being 
Krooden  often  broke  and  new  wheels  and  tiros  were  neodad  at  long 
KntOTvaU     With  these  repairs  the   cart  lasted  from  geaeration  to 


t 


I 


Chapter  IV. 
Agrieulture. 

FllLD  To 


Btam-ffarrSSj 


Seocpi 


Carl. 


(Sombayi 


10 


DISTRICTS. 


ipter  IT. 
ienltUTt. 
I.II  Tuouu 


gutieratiun.  ColODOl  Sylces  Tnenttons  a  cart  called  Jan^  or 
UHi'il  for  onrrying  mitniire.  It  M-as  a  conimoa  cart  wiili  a 
of  riirj/un'/i,  Vilex  trifolta.  and /(ir,  Csjantm  indicns.  ^r 
the  top  ai  it.  Id  16!ttt  Licatcnant  GaijiforJ,  <iF  tlie  Ituv< 
pluuDinl  li  tiew  cart  with  high  light  wheels  aud  a  light  bodr. 
neir  carta  wero  firtt  uado  at  Tombliumi  10  Sholi^pur  and 
cmftsnieii  of  tlie  villagpa  round  were  traiitod  to  rcjMiir  them.' 
Brat  vary  few  landLoIders  woald  buy  tlio  new  carta.  Afterwards  < 
upDuiiig  uf  ni'mls  which  diJ  awny  with  iho  m«i.T»!«ity  of  rery  hc»Ty 
EDd  oiasuve  cartu,  and  tlto  abolition  of  tmnaii  dmieK  trhich  nuida 
IKWsible  to  carry  local  produce  to  disluiii  inurk«Lx,  incre^ised 
number  of  rartii  in  Indapiir  from  '291  in  18.35JJ0  to  1 165  or  :)00  [ 
cent  in  l»C5-r>U,  ill  Bhimthndi  fivm  '.>73  iu  18U).41  to  1011  or^ 
percent,  in  IS70-71,  in  PAbaUrom  754  in  IMO-41  to  lit04  or 
per  cent  in  IS70-7I,  in  Uavi-li  from  1M6  in  1810-41  tu  tiH 
90*80  per  centia  187I-72,  andin  ruraudhar  from  1!)1  in  I64^'J  to  57 
or  203  per  cent  in  1S73.  In  K[)it«  of  tile  opening  of  tho  null 
which  greatly  rednced  ibe  niiinbwp  at  c»rt«  omplojwd  in 
journoys,  tlte  latent  returns  shovra  totalof  18,321  carts  throe 
the  district.  Tho  present  curts  coMt  £C  to  £8  (Rs.  00-  80)  am 
tea  to  twenty  hnndredneigli(»«  (]0*30  mann].  They  are  drawn 
ono  pair  of  bullocks,  and  arc  cbielly  mudu  of  bdbkul  and  toak  m: 
by  local  carpeiilenj, 

Bcnidua  llio  tools  worked  with  the  help  of  bullocks  tliero  are  firi 
liand  tool.4  :  tho  pick,  kudai,  routing  la.  (8  ai.) ;  the  hoe,  kkore,  coslinff 
\t.  to  \\9.  (8-12  a*.);  tho  sickle,  khurpe,  u^ed  for  weeding  aod 
grass-cuUing,  coating  Stl.  to  f<d.  (2-4  as.] ;  the  billhook,  koyata,  usmI 
only  iu  the  n-est  and  cnrrivd  Ix^Itiud  the  l>ack  in  a  wooden  .sockvl, 
costing  \g.  to  2x.  (lie.  }- 1) ;  «ud  the  rake,  tidnt'iU-,  made  of  wood 
with  four  or  live  broad  t^-th,  ii^ed  to  gather  chaff  in  tlic 
thrasUng  floor  and  in  tho  wuel  togiitlior  grass  and  tree  lopping  to 
burn  00  tho  rico  fieldH.  These  tooU  ran  all  bo  Cnaity  bonght  in  any 
village,  and  ereiyKunbi  owu»  a  fairly  complete  act  worth  about  i^ 
(IU.20).  A  yoa'rly  chnrgcof  U".  tot{^.  (Rs.  3-4)  keeps  them  iu  giwid 
order.  If  frewti  tooltt  nre  wnuted  the  Ku»bi,  if  nooesaary,  buys  a 
Ireo,  Eflls  it,  slripx  it,  ami  Imles  it  to  the  village.  The  cari>t'ut*,'r 
ftuthioiis  tho  tools,  iind  tho  iron-work  is  bought  from  wandoring 
blocksmithB.  The  ropes  are  made  either  by  the  Kunbi  liimaelf  or 
by  tho  rillage  Miing  from  Bbro  grown  in  tho  Kunbi'a  field.' 

A  field  i«  not  plonglioil  overy  year.  In  dry-erop  Inndn  thoroogh 
ploughing  is  nirir.  The  usual  prnctico  both  in  the  west  and  in  tho 
east  is  lo  plough  tho  sbnilower  bUick  and  light  soiIr  every  other 

J  ear,  on  the  altematu  yoara  going  over  tho  land  only  witli  tho 
oe  or  kulav.  Many  deep  hetaTy  RoiU  are  ploughed  not  oftener 
than  once  in  fonr  or  llvo  years.  In  the  iu  tcr>i»l  thohuu  or  ]>fr)uipa 
tho  harrow  is  used.  Barly  urftAan/luod  ta  ptuughod  io  Duccmbur, 
JaDoary,  and  February,  and  the  hoe  ia  used  to  break  tho  nurfnco 
immodiatt^ly  before  aowlug.  As  the  soil  is  lighter,  the  heavy  oajitem 
plough  with  six  or  eight  pairs  of  bullocks  is  out  recjuired  in  tho 


>  Bombay  Qm-«niinrat  ^Icotlcaa,  CIJ.  33  7A. 


ecsin.l 


POONA. 


It 


ligltiur  plough  with  ono  or  tvro  pain  ot  bullocks  ia  eoQugb  in  the 
F&<itei-ii  plniR^,  and  on  the  !tt«o|)  hill-sides  wlioro  a  plongli  caimot 
rork  lliti  HhalloTT  soil  U  loosened  bj  tho  luind  mtli  a  bont  pieoo  of 
rind  tipped  with  irun. 

Kunbi  ia  very  cureful  iu  liis  rii  i  ■     f  »vvA.    If  his  own 

Dp  in  good  Iks  pickn  the  largost    and  i.  .1   b^<U  niiil   Icceps 

Ir  f^ios  separate  as  soctJ  tor  iXm  next  jruar.    TLe  prodooo  of 

:;ial  bends  U  oftt>n  sold  act  seed  nnd  fetclies  bnJf  a^  mucli  ngnjn 

ordinary  grwtt   of  the  sonio  kind.     Vauis   nli$o   keop  good  seed 

sin  tn  Btoolc  nbicb  tbey  adTance  to  Knnbifl,  exacting'  ^fty  or  a 

landred  per  oont  more  in  kind  at  Uarvvst  time-.     Tho  sofrin^  of  tlio 

irly  or  kharif  crojM  begius  iu  May  or  in  June  after  tlie  sni(  is  well 

»oistPiie3  T)y  rain.     In    the  plain  country  thv  kov^I  i«  nown  by  tho 

Irili  aud  covered  by  tho  lotig-bladetl  lioe  or  phauit  which  followa 

sloao  behind  the  dntl.     When  a  mixed   crop  ia  to  ho  aown  ono  of 

'*ie  drill  tubea  is  stepped  and  a  uiau  follows  tlic  drill,  holdiuu'  a 

iru-tipped  tubo  fast^oBd  by  a  rope  from   which  he  bows  seed  in 

e  furrow  left  by  theeiioppod  tube.     TUia  proc^tus  it  cnllcd  mmjUane, 

\  thtf  vest  b>r  the  early  or  khari/ cro\yA  a  mnalt  plot  is  choHen,  and, 

Bfarcb  or  April  is  covered  a  foot  or  so  deep  with  cowdunj^,  gnL:v<, 

IcAves,  and  branches,  which  are  biinU.     In  this  plot,  after  a  good 

of  rain  in  May  or  June,  the  surface  is  looscnetl  by  uu  iron-iipp«Hl 

fwooden  hou  aud  thu  wmkI   is  sown  broadcast  aud  thick.     In  the 

Iconrse  of  a  month  when  the  iMcE-sown  seedlings  are  about  n  foot 

I  lii^b  they  are  planted  id  irrej^nlur  rows  in  palcbc»  of  pivporud  land. 

The  p<K>p1o  understand  thr:  value  of  manure,  but  litter  and  oowdung 
re  scarce  and  mineral  and  uthtT  rich  uuuiuruB  are  too  dear  to  be 
[lutcd  iu  the  growtli  of  the  ordinary  crops.  In  the  plain  part  of  the 
idintrict  cast  of  PAbal,  ■«htTc  the  i-ainfall  is  acaiity  or  unctfrtain,  dry- 
[cropland  taseldom  manured.    This  ia  partly  because  manure iascarco 

null  i^iarlly  it  ia  naid  because  if  tho  rainfall  is  scanty,  ninnure  dooamoro 

linrcii  thftu  good  to  tho  crop.  In  tho  hilly  weitt  nn<l  in  the  vrest^ra 
[frinf^of  plain  land  where  tbpmin  in  reg'ular  and  plentiful,  manui-ois 

can-fully  hoarctcd  and  used  whenever  po5j<iblb.  The  quantity  used 
LfteuciB  to  be  ref^nlated  entirely  by  tho  tupply,  Bron  licru  munure  i« 
[iicarc«  and  weak,  merely  wood-aahes  and  swe<>ping!i.  In  the  case  of 
Lwatered  crops, hemp  or  Uig  Crotalaria  juncoii,  matfti  Trigouclla  ftuanm- 
)cuni,  or  hhurajini  Verbesina  sativa  are  sown  and  wlien  iibout 
I  inches  bi^h  aro  plongbed  and  tho  laud  i:*  floo<lird  and  left  for 

twenty  days.  3>Ulis  or  gardeners  and  all  othora  who  raise  crops  all 
I  the  year  round  aro  very  careful  to  savo  every  available  panicle  of 
|-.inaDare.     Iu  the  land   about  Poena,  which  is  watered   all    tho  year 

round,  poudrette,  the  dung  of  cattle  sheep  and  goals,  stable  litter, 
!  and  refuse  are  used.  The  use  uf  pottdrettu  as  a  nile  w  rostrictvd  to 
IS  range  of  ten  miles  to  the  east  of  Puona  aloo^  the  litis  of  tho  Muthft 
t'CanalH.  Pormorly  there  was  a  strong  focliu^  agaioitt  the  import  iut« 
Km  village  of  out-^ide  manure.     This  feeling'  has  paused  uway,  and 

jnaouro  is  eagerly  sought  and  frefiu*'iitly  brought  from  lung  distances. 
;  The  sewage  of  tho  oantonmont  and  city  of  Pooua,  after  being  buried 

for  thrLiu  or  four  montlui,  in  bought  by  the  husbaudmi-a  of  tho  snr* 

rounding   villages,  nnd  it   hu3   become   n  recognized  and  allowed 


Chapter  IV. 
AKrtonltare 


Sovixfl. 


UAXVKtk. 


rBotnt«7  ^1 


IT. 
caltara 

fClt. 


lotnox. 


HMtfml. 


DISTRICTS. 


pra(^tio6  for  Kunbis  to  cart  and  hnndlt*  iTiis  tnanupc,  witicb  noil 
yvun  tt((o  tbey  held  in  horror.     Tho  mntmrn  in  mj1«1  in  i  liw  treni 
ftboflt  lliPW  «irt«  or  one  ton  for  2*.  (Rp.  1).     In  1874-7^,  the ; 
irhen  the   rizht  b&olc  Matba  c&nai  was  opcnod,  the  tiuantjt^  of  | 
tlivtt«  turned  out  by  the  Poona  ninoinmlitj  WM  2220  cubic  ; 
aud  the  valae  realised  wa«  £76  I  i».  (K<.  76«)  ;  in  1881  .HS  the  iitun 
ttimed    out    vras   J],760  cnbic  j'ards    and    iw  valuu     i307r  li. ' 
(Ra.    30.776).     CowdaDg  in  tu«d  oiily^  by  tbofte  who   have  siall'^ 
fed  rattle  or  who  are  rich  eooagh  to  buy  it.     Ab  oowdm^i 
are  the    fuel    of  Poonft  most    of    the    eowdunp    within    tvaa^j 
mileB  of  th«  city  is  carefully  storvd,   niniile  into  cakes^  andaeBtHi 
large  cartloads  to  Poona  where  it    is  also  Dsed  for  burning  tki 
dead.'     In  dry  land  and  in   watvrod   lauds  in  ontlyiag'   town*  ul 
vilUge)),  cowdnn^,  goat  and  Bbeep  dua^,  ittable-litter,  iind  nlbftj 
rofutio  are  the  chief  manures.     The  dimg  and  urine  of  abecp  ana 
Valuable  luaouro  and    owners    of  fluckit  arc  hired  to  gnzv  thitf 
eheep   in   Holds  for  two  or  thrco  nighta    at    a  tiniA.     DbaogHJ 
oaoally  wander  frooi  villa^  to  TilUifre  in  a  regular  yearly  drcait)  I 
in  tlie  plain!!  daring  the  rainfi  and  cx>1d  weather,  aod  in  the  W  I 
during  the  hot  months.     Tbuy  arc  puid  by   the  husbandmon  to  foU  ' 
their  sheep  in  their  liehU.     In  some  pWeH  thoy  get  only  their  fooi 
111  other  pWeii  whore  gnrilcns  abound  as  much  a«  Is.  or  Ss.  (Uc.^'Uj 
is  |Miid  fur  one  night  of  a  hundred  sheop.     No  chemical  or  importM 
manures  nrt^  uwd,  but  the  district  ofHoiala  are   making   expenmMM 
with  bonu-dust. 

Watered  land  ia  of  two  classoa,  molofthnl  or  bag-watereii,  anJ 
pijtanthal  or  clumn  el -watered.  Well  or  Img  irrigatioa  is  of  gnU 
iinporiauce  lu  Iui,1ii}iur  nud  other  dxought-HtricVun  ]>arts  of  the  oait. 

\^''olls  used  for  irrigation  are  circular,  eight  to  t«a  feet  acroaaau) 
tneaty  to  fifty  feet  deep.  They  are  sometimes  pitched  with  bride  or 
Btone  and  mortar,  more  uiiunJIy  they  are  lined  with  dry  Oat-stofi^ 
and  frcqucnlly  tbry  are  built  only  on  the  Hide  OD  which  the  bogii 
wcrkfi.].  All  iiiipiU'ht-d  «-,.ll  coeta  £10  to  JESO  (Rg.  100-200),  a 
vroll  lined  with  dry  stone  JtilS  to  JE^O  (Re.  2&0-500).  and  will 
brick  or  stouo  and  mortar  MO  to  £300  (Rg.  400 -2000J.  Th< 
water  i»  riuHud  in  a  leather- bag  or  mot,  one  half  of  which  is  two 
feet  broad  and  is  Htrotched  open  at  the  mouth  by  an  iron  ring,  tbf 
other  end  i»  much  narrower  and  ia  not  stretched.  A  tbicV  rope  u 
fixed  to  the  oentre  of  two  stout  bars,  which,  at  right  angles  to  eaok 
other,  croM  th*  broad  month  of  the  bucket,  and  ia  paesed  over  ft 
small  wheel  some  four  feet  aboro  the  lip  of  the  water-trougfa  or 
thdrvle  whore  it  is  supported  by  a  rough  wooden  frame.  A  s««oad 
thinner  ropo  is  fastened  to  the  small  mouth  of  the  backet  and 
passed  over  a  roller  which  norkg  ou  the  lip  of  the  troagh.  Both 
those  ropes  are  fastened  to  a  yoke  drawn  by  oxen.  The  length  of  the 
ropes  is  so  adiust«d  that  the  narrow  half  of  the  hncket  douljlee  al 
the  broad  half  and  in  passing  up  or  down  the  well  the  two  montbe 


'  Nolovoti  cowdiin^  calcM  «M!a|Ni  »dult«v>ti<ni.  Th«n>  an  twn  kind*  of  cawdmul 
<*li«a  Uin  ianikea  or  uLiru  c«]i«  mmI  Lho  udi*hfa  or  nuxmi  o»kc  half  Mrth  maA  haflj 
««w<1ang.      Br.  J.O,  Sloorc,  C.SL 


juf^tit  oD  iL  lovc-1  with  oach  olhor.     When  thu  full  buckot  roachea 
lo  top  of  tbo  well  the  narrow  mouth  follows  it^  onn  rope  over  th« 
>ller  into  tbo  ti^ugH  nnd  altowB  the  water  to  escape  wliilo  the 
kroiul  mouth  is  drawn  up  bjr  its  rope  to  the  wheel  four  feet  higher. 
r^Tlifi  w.'itcr-bng  or  viol  ib  of  two  sixos,   ono  mcaaurinfi'  about  ton 
at  fpiiu  mouth  to  mouth  and  workml  in  deep  wells  and  hy  fonr 
a,  the  otlii'r  Bru  to  titx  feet  and  worl(t»l  in  amall  wells  a»d  by 
oxen.     'Ilic  bag  and  ite  applisnctti  cost  about  £1  tO«.  (fia.  15).' 
le  backet  lasts  ten  or  twelve  iDonthn  aod  tbo  wooden  work  ajid 
ring  four  or  Stu  yeans.     Thu  thicker  rope  lasts  »  year  uud  the 
iii«r  rope  nix  months.     A.  six  feet  long  bag  on  an  arerage  raises 
gallons  nod  3  qiinrts  of  water  cnch  time  it  i"  emptied.     In  this 
iy  n  man  and  a  pair  of  bnllucks  raise  2D3I  gallons  uf  water  in  an 
}ar  or  '20,i>'i7  ffiilon»  in  a  working  day  of  ttevim  boors.     The  same 
ftD  with  two  backcbn  and  two  pain  of  bullocks  raises  41 ,034  galloQa 
water  which  ut  eight  pounds  to  the  gallou  is  oqual  to  3^8,27^ 
snndii  Troy. 

lu  18812-86,  of  18,651  wells   obont   8208  wen  stop-wells  and 

J&,44S  dip-wellH.*     A  well  generally  waters  one  to  thirteen  acres 

and  tho  d<.'[)th  varies  from  twenty  feel  iu  Hareli  and   Sinir  to  fifty 

feot  in  Juuoar  and  Bbimtbsdi.     The  cost  of  building  Tarie«  from 

£30  bo  £600    (Rs.  »00  .  5000)   in   the  case  of  a  Rt«p.woII,  and  from 

no  to  £200  (Rs.  lllO  .  SOOO)  in  the  case  of  a  dip-welL     There  were 

888  pouds  or  reservoirs  : 

Pao.iA  Wblu  Asa  Poxns,  IfHtSSS. 


Svs-Diviiiox. 

WdU. 

hWB* 

wiui  aw- 

WttbcWBMpk 

D»tM<\     Cc»L 

KaiDbfr. 

D»p«l. 

CM. 

IM. 

t 

rMc 

<. 

Juinu     n. 

>M                     N 

IM 

M 

W-HO 

«U 

M 

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^ 

Ktitd 

-*.                  .#< 

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M 

lOO-IMO 

to 

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mm      .^ 

■*•                _, 

IM 

to 

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M-W 

M5 

Ritril       .- 

«» 

BD 

Maoo 

tau 

M 

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l«7 

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isia 

to 

40.00 

H 

Puraiidbir 

■  ■h                  ■• 

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11 

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■»« 

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40- loo 

11 

BllitiiMMdl 

<■■                 V> 

aw 

M 

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ton 

M 

Indiiiin 

Ttttal   ... 

■14 

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WT 

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ii,*a 

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Mtt 

A  class  of  people  called  P^£dis,  that  ia  water-^owtiru,  who  are 
gciicrally  Mar&tbis,  Uhlirs  or  tiosfiris  by  caste,  nre  employed  to 
point  oot  whore  wat«r  will  bo  found.  Thoy  examine  tho  soil  and 
the  adjoioing  wells  and  sometimes  lie  down  with  one  of  their  ears 
to  tbo  ground  to  ascertain  the  flow  of  wator  below.  The  people  Rtill 
cotuull  tbcm  though  they  are  esdd  to  be  kiut  tru»t«<1  than  thoy  uKod 
to  be.  The  wstor-sbowor  ia  paid  a  small  fee  in  advance  and  a  larger 
feo  if  woler  is  fomid. 


Chapter  IT. 

Afpricultnis. 

IiiEiGATiair. 
MtibuUkai. 


t 


>  Tbp  d«t«fU  v«  :  Tho  ImUwt  part  IS*,  to  £1  (Ri.  8  ■  10],  tbe  iros  nog  Sa.  lo  3*. 
(R»,  I  ■  ])),  tbo  upper  or  tluck  rop«  I*.  M.  to  2».  (R*  (  ■  I),  tho  lowct  rwtw  aboot 
Bd:  «iM.),  Uiflw&MliacluilUuilUiraauLloU  Sd.  (13  u.),  tbu  reUm  f  roui  M.  tot*. 
(0-8  at.),  aod  the  HMigh  waodfreiuD  2i.{K«.  t). 

*OftlMM  SIOQwtn  uae4  tu  ien-8X  tw  dnnkiny  tnA  wadiing,  and  IS,-tS3(or 
wsuriac  Ui«  land. 


■a^lK 


(Boatuqr 


Chapter  IT. 
Agriooltan. 

jBaiBATfOK. 


GOVUUCMXKT 
WATS*  WOKXS. 


II 


DISTRICTS. 


PiUatlhal  or  rhuinel-wftU'ring  from  lliv  (^nait  MaWn^tifb 
fnr  more  protitablo  th»ii  woll-watcriog.  AC  the  aaune  tin 
much  loss  oommon  u  tbtt  number  of  sites  n-ith  n  miFHriant  li 
WBUTOodootiuiiuidof  lund  is  limited.  Tliccliiefrliniiucl  wittor 
ftre  BCrun  Lho  Mins  at  ICunir,  Vadaj,  and  NiirAyiuigsoiL 
w»tcr re«rpoctively  twenty-five,  iwYenty-eigbtjiuid  3t)7acresof 
land.  Tue>  N^Ajangaon  work  is  of  Hoiue  miifniitode,  tliu  iir 
diBiinela  lieiug  two  tniles  in  longtlt.  NoniJ  uf  ibose  liut  tkra 
xea.r;  tho  eapplj-  in  nlmoftt  all  cases  fail;!  in  Febmar;  or 
Where  sugarcano  nntl  other  t  wolTu-month crom arc {p*>:iim  tbtl 
Hupply  is  eked  out  from  wells.  Except  tho  Gowrnoicot 
channel  wator-works  on  k  large acalo  oro  Imrdly  known.  Itwin 
of  the  dams  or  haiidkdrdo  arc  buill  of  mad,  and  nra  renowoJ 
year  after  tho  mini).  A  ina^nnry  dun  which  cotniunndii  500 
acres  and  baa  cost  £300  io  £400  (Eta.  3000-4000)  is  ootiaid««d 
*iv(irk.  Tho  cliannelH  are  not  bridged,  hedged,  orotbenriMibl 
and  lho  villngo  cattlo  and  cart»  cauB»  lonoh  iojury  nnil 
WLl'U  the  water  in  the  river  begins  to  fall  bulow  the  IcTfil 
dam  or  tilinnticl  head  it  ia  usual,  H  l]iodui(ancv  is  not  giveX 
the  wnter  lutu  the  cbatmcl  by  a  largo  wooden  shovel  or  scoo 
by  B  ropo  at  tho  proper  level  from  a  rough  tripod  ol  sticks,  Tl 
is  swung  to  and  fro  by  one  or  two  men  in  such  r  why  as  at  etc 
to  scoop  up  and  throw  a  smalt  qaanti^  of  water  into  the  < 
This  mvtbod  iKics  not  rai>4'  wiitur  morv  than  n  foot  or  e 
inchex,  but  is  useful  when  perhaps  only  one  watering  is  requ 
complctu  ihf  irri(j^lii)n  i)f  »  crup.  'I'lio  welU  iiro  tho  prop 
indi^nduals,  but  tho  cbanud  water  is  shared  by  all  who  or 
built  or  who  yearly  rebuild  the  diLtn.  Tho  aharos  are  porti<] 
in  time,  hours  ur  duya,  Thia  system  of  division  by  titn< 
smoothly.  The  arrangement  is  nuporintcfldod  and  mgnli 
one  or  more  meii  caHeil  jxHlcaris  or  chanud-kcupers  who 
disputes  and  Iceop  the  canals  in  working  oi-dor.  Tlioy  a 
sotnetimoa  by  grants  of  land  and  more  often  by  small  slu 
garden  produce. 

*  Tho  chief  water-works  made  or  ropairod  by  the  British  i 
ment   are  tho  Muthft  and  Nim   c&naU,  and  Ihe  K&i<urdt, 
Shirsiiphnl,  nnd  BhAdalvAdi   reservoirs.     Of  theao  tho  MuB 
IS'im  canals  draw  their  supply  from  the  llntha  nnd    Nira 
■which  rise  intbo  SahjAdria  and  We  a  never  failing  tlovr  of 


c\\  arc  in  atldition  to  and  distinct  fi-oin  tlie  Innd  ratct,  SK  Bxocl 
lor  the  orders  of  Ciuvoruinuut  vn  a  sualB  which  varies  according  to 
crop  for  which  water  ia  required. 

ii'.ro  th»  bogiDning  of  itritish  rule  the  scanty  and  aDcrHniu 
JK  tiJl  ID  tlio  cuiiritry  to  tlie  ea.st  of  I'ouua  had  cuudcd  frequent 
laro  of  crops  a.ad  much  loss  aud  eaffci-ing.  Id  186^-64,  a  aioro 
osually  severs  drought  caused  auoh  diiitress  that  Uovornment 
►rininod  (o  find  how  fnr  this  tract  could  be  protected  from 
Sne  hy  water-woi4t«.  XTie  iuquirj^  ws^'onl  rusted  tO'Capttiiu,  now 
ilouant-UiMieral,  Fifo,  K.  K.,  who,as  siunll  rt>serroire  vrem  then  in 
mr,  Bpeat  ihe  season  of  180:(-G-i  in  Burvoyinfr  the  di-strict  to  find 
»;*  fur  storage  lakc<i.  In  a  repcjrt  tinted  ihi'  25i.!i  of  t'ubruary  1864, 
jQe)  Fife  submitted  the  rv^ilt  of  his  iuTeatigation .  Thi« 
Ljiriaed  detailed  plans  and  estimates  for  sIe  small  reserroirs  at 
ardi  where  lher«  wa«  an  old  work,  n(  Miltoba,  Khafceka  Burw, 
.nib^noD,  Uh^j^aou,  aud  Chutorlkur,  all  in  BhimtbodL  Many* 
'^xicsr  Btlos  were  exumiued  and  fouud  uufuvourabk'.  His  expcrionco 
H^  t.his  part  of  Poona  satiitfied  Colonel  Fife  tliat  small  rt'sorroirs 
^^X'o  uuumiouuly  t-o^Mv  aud  woru  opuu  to  tho  fatal  ubji^clion  that  in 
!^  y  ueaaou  of  auvere  droaght  they  would  bo  ii.*«lesa  us  tlia«tr<.aiiii8 
^^a^t,  feed  ibum  etitiruly  fuil.     He  recomuiouded  that  watur  Hhould  be 

K^^<i   £rom  the  Mutha  riper  by  a  high  level  canal  Btartin);  (rum   abuvu 
Ocmn  nnd  cxluudin^  to  near  loddptir,  a  diatancu  of  nbuut  u  bundred 
KiIm.     ITie  Uumbay  Government  agreed  with  Colonel  Fiftt  tlmt 
^lall  lakes  ueni  u^ek-sa  and  thnt  the  only  ccrlaiu  ineaus  of  urotui-tion 
Tf,m  famine  was  the  water  of  rivers  whoso  soureo  in  in  the  bahyadris. 
Vbe  Muthji  cauul  works  were  sauctioned,  aud  the  cxperieaco  unco 
ined,  which  etabraccH  both  river  aud  lake  worku,  leaves  no  qiiBstton 
.  Coloticil  Fifij  wu."  rij^ht  in  Iioldiug  that  small  .iton^gc  \iiitvn  woiibl 
til  to  guard  east  FoocaTrom  famine' 

Of  the  waler*works  which  liavo  been  iniule  nince  ISS4  the  chief 

ro  L&ko  Ftfo  and  the  Mutha  OonoU.     The  final  plans  and  c^timnlcs 

jr  the  Matb»  Canals  scheme  wore  submitted  in  \SI>H  and  the  work 

bP|^n  tu  Dcooniber  o!  that  year.     The  Kcheine  incladed  ii  largo 

Itorago  reservoir  or  Inko  at  Kbaitakviela  on  the  Afuiha  river  tvn  miloM 

rest  of  I'oonn,  which  bns  !«inoe  been  nnmod  Lake  Fife.-     From 

«»ko  Fife  two  canals  atnrt,  one  on  vacb  bank  of  the  river.     The  right 

ink   canal   was  de.signed   to  be  d'.)^    miles  lon^,  but  the   adual 

>iiiplet«d  length   is  6^)    niil<-«   ending  in    tbu    villn^   of    PiUaa. 

!'be  discbarKe  at  the  bead  is  412  cubic  feot  a  second  and  this  can 

increafiea  to  S'i5  mbic  feet.      The    canal    passes  through  tho 

JBtutioQ  of  Poena.     It  VM  dosignod  tu  cuinniand  2S0  squnre  uiilv6 

]  ur  117,200  acres  of  land.     As  tbe  complete  design  bns  not  bceu 

^carried  oat  the  actual  area  under   commaud  is  147  tiquaro    mtlaa  or 


*Col(HieL   now   Mkli>r  Gcnonl,    Straclicy,  tben  InRMet>r-a«iioral   ot   Irrimtion, 
[ecpT«aMdtfniilM»ninuia>wiUir«anltoGajM4ttKli*BMiti,audtlMDG0caii.    M«Uui 
CaDila  Viepart.  l4Ui  Fcliniary  ISiff. 

•  By  plocinj;  thn  hMkdwi>ru  ontbe  Mutba  riv«r  aa  Bntsalinc  tappljof  w»Ur  me 

t(eur«d  u  the  luurco  ei  ttio  Mnttia  in  BKunig  iba  Sahsnldri  dU1>  wkere  there  ia  n 

'ccriain  nlfiU)  M  nhnat  200  indiM.    TlieMiMHtioo  to UMtheMotbariier  water  fur 

iirieakUta  wu  rocotileil  by  tkn   HonoDrfcbloJfr.   Ro*^m  la  ISSA.      Mallm  Canal* 

i:«j«irt.  Nth  FeLruaty  1879. 


Cbapt«r 
Agriculturi 

WA-mt  Viomi 


MiMa  Ca 


iBombn 


IS 


DISTRICTS. 


ipter  IV. 
grk  uLtar«. 

ATXB  \^'oitia. 
CaiuU*. 


04,080  acres,  tlie  wbole  of  vrliich  HuiTers  front  scantj  and  nnc 
ruiuf&U.'  The  left  bank  caaal  ut  eigbteou  miles  loog, 
a  short  distauco  bejonil  Kiricce.  It  cciminaDda  an  area  of 
acres  ootl  tlto  fall  aup|)ly  discharge  at  the  bead  is  38'5  cabtc 
tlie  second.  The  un-n  which  the  complete  aoheme  oomtnaoded 
bhuB  150,700  ncTcs  which  hy  shDrtoniag  bho  ri};hi-hHak  caual 
b&ea  reduced  to  97,.1S0  tuome.  Besides  providms:  water  for 
parched  Ir^-t  u[  cuuutry,  thu  work  furaisbes  ud  ahuiidaut  supply 
pur»  drinking  water  to  the  citjr  and  oantniiiacnL  of  I'oooa, 
Powder  Workn  »t  Kirkov,  aud  thtf  aunerou*  villages  along  tba 
of  the  canals.* 


'TLe  (laUils  of  the  rainfall  nlais  pla<«a  ootbecuttldariDX  tba  tbr(«T«ana 


Uowtm. 

Bsin-n 

oiiiu.  Lj.Am  tint 

Fmci*.  Mth  Milk. 

Capu,  a»in  Ib^     | 

!«*. 

i»a>. 

IWI. 

uia 

IMO. 

im. 

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law.  1 

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IL 

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I*«S 

POONA. 


17 


9    Viie    ia   formed    by  a    ma8onr7  dam  foanded    on    solid 

Tbe  dam  is  of  partly  cooraed  and  partly  anconrsed  rubble 

ry  and  is   ooe  of  tbe   largest   works    of    its    kind    in    tbe 

Exclnsire  of  tbe  waste  weir  wbich  is  1393  feet  long,  the 

3687  feet  long  and  rises  ninety-nine  feet  above  the  river 

tbe  greatest  beigbt  above  the  foundation  level  la  107  feet. 

rest  of  the  waste  weir  is  eleven  feet  below  the  top  of  the  dam. 

ntenta  of  the  reservoir  are  49 II  millions  of  cubic  feet  and  tbe 

:  tbe  water  surface  ia  3535  acres  or  5|  square  miles.     To  gain 

nt  elevation  to  command  the  station  of  Poona  and  tbe  country 

),  tbe  bed  of  tbe  canals  ia  fixed  at  fifty-nine  feet  above  tbe 

jed   or  bottom  of  the  reaervoir.     The  volume  of  water  stored 

the  canal  level  is  3161  millions  of  cubic  feet.     At  the  site 

dam  the  river  has  a  catchment  area  of  196  square  milea. 

11  an  average  season  it  is  calculated  that  the  reservoir  will 

teen  timea     Tbe  canals  are  completely  bridged  aud  regulated 

hoat.     Tbe  rigbt-bauk  canal  ia  navigable  iu  tbe  ten  miles 

>na.     In  tbe  tenth  mile  the  water-supply   for  the  city  ia 

oS.     To  avoid  interfering  with  the    buildiuga    and    the 

-groand,   the  canal  ia  carried  through  the  atation  of  Poona 

>  tnnnela.     On  leaving  the  first  tunnel  in  the  centre  of  tbe 

ment,  there  is  a  drop  in  the  canal  bed.     By  means  of  an 

ihot  wheel  this  fall  is  used  to  drive  pumps  for  raising  the  water 

I  anpply  of  the  cantonment  into  the  settling  tanka,  filter  beds, 


Chapter  IV. 

Agrienltora. 

oovxbhhkiit 
Watxb  Wobks. 

Uuiha  CmoIi. 


lit*  of  fmalyiM  of  the  water  modo  by  the  Cbemiool  AtulfBcr  dnriiig  tha 
78,  1879,  uid  1880 : 

MuOia  Canalt  Voter,  1878-1890. 


Aliij. 

sBlim. 

Cblo- 

Almo- 

MBHOLIt 

Bin. 

in  a. 

Amho- 

HIA. 

RuiaaiB. 

Qnln 

■  par 

Pani 

iptr 

Ball 

on. 

Hill 

on. 

tkm  from  tbftCDaJ  near 

7T0 

0-41 

Die 

007 

StdifftiU.  to  ffo*.  1  and  3,  nniill 

mrki    >t    i    r.K.    llih 

In  quantity  ;  contain  rt^tabla 

ISiS. 

dehr[B.  panmada,  unit  Totlfera. 

&-U 

O'U 

O-M 

ooe 

In  No.  s,   very  acanty,  onl]' 

ut'i  Church,  Poona,  10 
nb  iaat  isn. 

TCEClable  debris !  nolnrnioila. 

Taken    (ram     dUpen** 

6-«a 

O'ta 

o-oa 

o-os 

■oin  tt  10  t.a.  tXth  June 

Sidijrunli,    In  Ho.  1  veseiable 

Tkkcn  Irom  tha  ctntl 

sai 

o« 

001 

D13 

MBd'trarkiiitAp.H.  !Otli 

debris,   paramacla.     In  No.  i 

il«T». 

the  aama  but  iiAntT.  In  No.  S 

T>k«i  trom  tbe  eui»l 

6-M 

o-u 

0-U 

Oil 

Bt  Itmrfl  Charch  at  B 

IM  March  1H70. 

TUrn    rron    dijpnM 

S-M 

ow 

o-oa 

0-08 

vin  at  fl  r.H.   on    lift 

iun>.                      ' 

StdimtnU.  InKiM.l.l.*nd3;an 

lUca   frnin   tha  anal 

(■» 

0'70 

o-os 

010 

^aarl-wiarka  at  A  r-H'  on 

Bcanly.  chiefly  vegetable  debrie 

•noarj  ISM. 

vlth  Donhuorli,  dUtoms,  and 

Ikka     from  thfl  canal 

I'M 

OTO 

0-06 

oil 

paramada :  a  row   rotlfen  la 
So.! 

L  MwT'aChiuchatSlL.H. 

umarrlMO. 

t-so 

0-TO 

O-M 

llMdbiitlea  pipe  In  Poooa 
JL  M  th*  Mlh  Janvarj 

m— s 


Chapter  T7. 
AfpHcnltore. 


CBontajrGMl 


DISTRICTS. 


ftiid  coTcreJ   dispdn^o-rcsfTToirs   of  titc  htg^Ik    ftod    nriUlt  II 
fty»totu8.     l-'roin  I.Iju  cnnal  it«>I[  Ion  bL-rvicc  mnins  Ktid  b. 
let!  tiff.    For  irriftutton  bcyood  Paoha  thcro  ia  prc>vi«>JoD  for  tfimM 
dialribtttion.     'Ilie  total  CTtimated  cost  of  tb«  work-'    "■.■'n<1iBf 
pM>na  «atvr>snnply  ftti4  indiroct  charges,  that  is   '  -aui 

ftb«t«a)eiit   of     land    revenue    learo   and   pmsion    niioirana* 
interest  on  direct  uul lay.  in  £937,436  (lU.  93,74..'560).     Tlw  v 
were  partly  openod  in  November  1873.     EiKmgli   of   llio  <)*ia 
wa«t«  weir  wm  <x>iiiiilct«d  to  store  the  water  of  tho  lake  twdr* 
above  tlio  loTci  of  the  cnnnl  sluicus  and  tbocftoal  WB«B««HjfiBl 
to  Pcona.      At  first  water  vaa  snpplied  only  for  lioaae  pi^poa 
Poona.     In  February  1874  it  was  tnado  aTailablo  for  cropt.  that 
under  commoad  up  to  Poooa  being  S(MO  acres.      Before  Jane  I 
the  depth   of  stor«ge   was  inerMwd    to   fourteen    feot  wai 
distribtitioi)  armngvineiitB  in  the  Htation  of  Poona  were  begni 
with  tho  exception  of  the  high  gcrvioe  distribution  were  cooi| 
during  the  two  following  yeitn.      By  1B77-78  tho  depth  of  sM 
was  increased  to  twcDty>fivefeot    Tbe  right*biiuk  caoal  e«rthi 
were  completed  u  fur  as  tbo  tizty'fourth  mile,  "bat   wat«r 
admitted  only  as  far  as  tbe  forty-fourtb  mile.    By  the  fifteea 
Jsnaary  1878  tbo  oightoon  mile*  of  the  left-hank  cnnal  w^pe  o| 
cotnnrnodiDg  3500  acres,  and  the  bigli  service  dijiribuiiou  for 
supply  to  tho  station  of  Foonii  was  coinplotod.  In  IsTU-ljO  the 
of  too  dam  at  Lake  Fife  and  the  earthwork  on  tho  rc*r   side 
dam  were  completed.    Tho  nnfioiehed  parts  of  tbe  wuto  wsir 
raiwd  by  tomporary  earthen  banks  so  as  to  impound  water  op 
foil  supply  level,  twenty-niue  feet  above  the  sill  of  the  si 
TTie  masoury  works  on   tho  right-bank  canal  were  complctt-d 
water  admitted  aa  far  BB  the  fiixty-fifth  mile.      By  1882   the 
woir  was  (.'ompleted  with  tho  exceptiou  of  StK)  feet  at  tho   wost 
which  was  onu  foot  below  full  supply  level  ;  tbo  masonrr 
the  seventh  portion  to  P&tas  woro  completed  and  tho  wholo 
60^  milos  of  the  right-bauk  canal  were  made  available  for  as«, 
practically  completing  tho  if  ork.  The  following  stateroeat  oou' 
the  areas  irrigat<sl   utid   a.tito«»ed,  and  the  actuul   reveouo,  woi 
•zpenaes,  and  not  reveuue  during  the  niue  years  ending  18dl 
Ht-rnA  Cawjils  JlxcKim,  1S73-SSSS. 


Amaimr 

yi4*. 

WOtr 
Run. 

Tovn 
WMr. 

Otber. 

tMO. 

IM*. 

« 

a 

a 

a 

t«»« 

M 

1* 

.„ 

B 

n 

u;4-r( 

H 

M 

BW 

an 

tM 

UTJ-H 

m 

MB 

HM 

M 

un 

i»J*T? 

ssu 

im 

im 

M 

»4M 

l*n-TI 

UM 

n» 

UM 

W 

SM 

l*T>-T> 

4tll 

mt 

mo 

m 

sna 

tm-M 

niB 

«N 

eiM 

n 

lI.tM 

MMl 

If.tU 

»M 

«ttO 

i» 

tt.n« 

un-M 

wta 

am 

OKO 

DQ 

U,IM 

Tottl 

(1,«SI 

nxtt 

a.ti9 

no 

«I«S 

POONA. 


a 

[nv4  Uit 

MiU  Kt 

cgj pn.  I 

ll7S-l89i 

'— <O0tlO 

acd. 

Cliapier  IV. 

Tut. 

Baoina. 

catMH. 

Agricidtcn. 

Wutr 
lUtoi. 

WtUT, 

Olbn. 

TvUI. 

brbgi. 

TuUL 

(•OVBB1tU.<(J 

Watu  Woiud 

'A 

£ 

4 

t 

J 

X 

< 

tf  ulU  ComJ*. 

un-ri 

fc_* 

' 

n 

<l 

n 

4 

is;t.Tt 

IS 

U7 

m 

TU 

tiite 

»n 

litl 

I 

ms-tt 

«1 

!W7 

w 

m* 

ml 

MU 

IM* 

■ 

U-IIV.T 

»w 

11.4 

u 

u« 

lUi 

u>a 

ixra 

J 

jsn-Ts 

t<M5 

torn 

M 

IXOM 

as 

im 

i^m 

wt*t 

^^fl 

UM-ta 

s 

lOM 

II  .WT 

4tfS 

■ 

1tm«i 

usa 

«W 

m 

UJil 

1T«S 

laMi 

M<1 

uti-n 

Tm 

m* 

in 

1*JM 

IM 

10.131 

SMS 

H 

»,«N 

«!,tat 

tM 

«,B«e 

lt,MI 

%m 

M,ni 

n 

'be  foltowi[i]{  statorucut  gtreti  a  cumparisoa  of  tfae  area  watered 
the  r&mfall  during  the  same  period  :  • 

MvTHA  Cakju  littLi-iArtos  axd  Rais^jli,  lXJ3-l3a. 


1       Tu. 

InuuTiM. 

BiixruA. 

. 

brljr. 

Uta 

TnU. 

AVPoOXi. 

AT  PtTu. 

1 

briy.  1 

Ulc 

Tool 

Daily. 

UlA 

TMaL 

f 

Aena. 

AtfW. 

A*rw. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

MTJ-W 

41 

U 

Bin 

l-to 

K'W 

Ifrll 

I'll 

1118 

UI4-T» 

I 

M 

w 

««1 

OS 

MIS 

K-Ol 

lU 

t|-C4 

xavn 

«a 

»] 

T'» 

»-» 

I'M 

H-re 

7-W 

to 

u-ii 

■U'f'Tl 

as 

ITM 

»M 

ItW 

OU 

ll'W 

*«T 

•  -M 

ii-a 

|ttT7-T9 

SMS 

tSM 

uai 

iini 

<-u 

18-U 

fl-M 

«« 

»-« 

KavB>M 

ttM 

Ma 

«1S 

B-4 

«-M 

n-H 

»«) 

i-«a 

»-M 

^^Hkaa 

»c» 

Mr 

Tim 

B-n 

>■!■ 

nts 

i»m 

l-O 

ti-U 

^^^Bi 

wsa 

6ns 

u.m 

ll-T) 

I-M 

»« 

lOSI 

A-a 

ISW 

^■~     -i 

ttM 

«11T 

am 

17DI 

<-<» 

n-w 

ll-Sl 

•It 

»« 

1880-81  the  area'  watered  was  sixty-sii  nor  coot  ^teftiet 
in  1879-80-  Tbis  was  partly  due  '  to  uliurt  muif»ll  but 
ostly  to  the  extenaiou  of  distributing  ohauucU.  In  ISSO-fil  the 
x>p8  irrigntod  under  the  canuls  were  cereals  8339  acres,  pulses  9G7 
irw,  logarcane  19G6  acres,  and  other  j^rdeu  produoo  92&  acres. 
Eie  irngntion  mtos  at  present  in  force  belong  to  fi7e  classes  with  nn 
ire  charge  on  the  first  cluss  of  £L  to  £2  \0e.  (Rs.10-25),  on  tlte 
bond  of  &4.  to  10(.  (Rs.4-5),oathe  third  of  3ji.  to  4<t.  <Ks.l}.S). 
F  the  fourth  of  M.  t«  \t.  (4-8  at,),  aud  on  llic  filth  of  M.  (6  a*.), 
her  the  oponisg  of  the  Mutha  cauals  the  amonut  u(  veKetablca 
id  greon  fraita  booked  at  the  Poona  station  roAs  from  -l^T-l  tons 
28,0ii4  iMa«j.)in  1871  to  7008  toos  (196,230  mana)  ia  187(3.  The 
■st  effect  of  the  opening  of  the  canal  was  that  the  people  gave  np 
eir  wells  and  took  to  caoul  water.  Of  uitiety-uiiia  welts  ob  the 
Dda  commanded  by  ttie  canal  liy  the  end  of  I87C  sixtj'-fivo  had 
aaed  to  lie  used.  Since  it«  oj>ouiiif^  the  sowing  of  iMilihul  Heed  and 
^HntiDg  of  trees  along  the  banlca  of  the  canal  have  been  steadily 
IHR  on.  In  sono  plaocH  the;  treen  hiivc  grown  freeljr  and  the 
le  of  tho  cannl  is  tnnrKed  by  a  belt  of  green.  Other  plncea  are  loo 
for  trees-  Still  year  hy  year  as  the  sowing  of  hcJihul  seed  is 
rcrcd  with  the  breaku  in  the  line  are  gradually  becoming  fewer 
shorter.  Thi-  lifntha  canahi  project  ia  in  ©very  respect  the  moai 
ligiiig  of  the  watcr-worka  jrcl  undertakeii  in  tlie  Deccao.     The 


tBombAjT 


20 


DISTMIOTS. 


ipter  IV. 
Agriculture. 

Gorwi^  KK3T 

Mutitt  CaimU. 


HtnCamai. 


rapid  spread  of  in-igatioB  bas  been  satisfactoiT'.and  there  caa  be  lit 
doubt  tbat  it  will  ere  long  pay  the  intonnt  on.  its  borronml  capit 
So  much  of  the  c&oal  parses  throngh  cnimhl;  trap  or  murum  th 
loHS  from  leakage  is  serioaa  and  tjomowliat  iottirform  with  tho  orieil 
cftiinulL^  of  thu  area  which  the  canal  can  water,    besides  tlto  dr~ 
rccAipl^  the  cnaal  confers  niaoy  indirect  gains  OB  theooanlry  ihr 
which  it  pttsaes.     Villages  ia  which  daring  tho  greater  pert  of  tl 
ypnr  them  was  formerly  a  great  scarcity  of  wau>r  have  now 
nhuttdiLnt  supply  for  driaking  and  for  cattle. 

A.  whit-o  tnarhle  (ablut  with  iho  following  itiiscnption  cut  m  hk 
letters,  and  a  conipaiiion  MarA-thi  tablet,  have  been  lot  into  tb* 
bridge  by  which  the  right  bank  canal  cro8k««  tfae  Sholapur  rOid 
about  thirty-eight  miles  east  of  Poona  : 

V   a  ET  1. 
*  TBE  UUTnA  OAJIAX 

BuppUod  by  Laka  f  Ifv  ■ItObtiKl  10  mllo*  iraM  oC  Fovaa. 

Exutid*  to  r»tu.  tn  ttte  BbimtbwU  Taloka. 

lU  IOt«]  1«okUi  >■  eot  mi]«a. 

Tb*  oarlhworka  of  Itila  ■eoilon,  exteadins  from  SO  to  BOt  mil**, 

kObrded  om-olojtaimX  for  th«  poopl*  durisc  th«  Fiuoino  of 

1876-77. 

On  ta  avoraco,  10.000  peopla  of  all  rxm  w*i«  •mployod  dallr 

for  a  p«rlod  of  fourtMn  moalht. 

lbs  hlilLaat  Dumbor  on  any  ono  day  belns  21.0OO. 

1*110  ox^e-aAHam  warn  Ba.  3.90,000 

on  wafcaa  and  chwltable  rwUef, 

ftod  Um  t*Iu»  of  Um  work  Dxecute4  wu  B«-  3J7.0OO. 


Tlu  nuaonrr  vrorka  wer«  aabMqn«ntlr  eomploud, 
aad  waUi  wu  kdiBitted  up  to  Uu  06th  mil« 
Id  B«pMiDt>ar  1870.  • 
WlllUm  Clarka,  tl-InaVO-B.,  BzaoutiTO  En^fiiMr  t9i  Irrlcatlon,  Paoat- 
IL  B.  /orovr,  C  B',  AariatADt  BnjrUivar,  In  Lnuavdiato  obarg*  of  U)o  Wotk 

'The  Mira  Cauul  ia  deiigaeil  to  irrigate  the  left  bank  of  the '. 
viilivy  and  n   piirl  ut  the  Riiima  valley   near  the  iue<;tiug  ot  the ' 
rivLTS,  tu  mippLy  towns  tiiid  villngi-s  aloug  tho  valloy  with  water  I 
household  piirposost  whororer  the  wells  are  insaflScient  or  hracl" 
uad  to  iitilixB  the  water  power  that  will  be  generated  at  tho 
works  nnd  noar  tho  tail  of  the  caual  at  Indtipur.     lu  1864,  as], 
of  hiH  )n<tuivy  into  the    best  means  of  protecting  Ba.it   Povnftftj 
famiuo  Colonel  Kifo,  R.  B..  organised  surveys  of  the  Nira  rit 
Tbetto  survuj's  showed  that  by  starting  near  Sbirral  about  thirty- 
miluH  south  of  ToonB,  a  canal  would  reach  the  parUi  of  Bhimtbaili  i 
iQddi>ur  which  chiefly  ro4]uin?d  water.     JTotlung  further  nppeaifi 
huTu  bd'u  duno  till  January  I  S68,wl)en.in  consequence  of  albrcateaS 
failure  uf  crops,  a  committee  consisting  of  Colonel  Franci;*,  Snrrt,  , 
und  SoltlempLt  Commissioner  Northern  Division,  Mr. .}.  E,  OUphntf"| 
C.  S.,  CuUuctur  of  Poona,  and  tho  liUe  LiuiHonant  Buckle,  K. 
£xooutiva  Kngineer  for  Irrif^tioo,  were  uppointcd  to  consider  ' 
survey  operations  should  be   underLakeu   for  in-igalionat 


1  Contribotod  br  Ut.  J.  E.  niiitioc,  M.A.,  U.Ii>at.C.E„  EseoutiYc  Xaidt 
Irrigation  Nim  OuaL 


POONA. 


2T 


oomaittee  reported  that  the  tract  most  deeerving  ot  attontioa 
tlie  part  of  lodfipur  whicU  lies  belweca  the  Bhiina  and  Iho  Xira. 
tliU  tract  the  auDual  rainfall  was  so  uncenain  hud  capricioos 
t  the  orous  fre<)uetitly  failed  several  ycant  m  succcssiou ;  it  might 
n^ason  De  toruiod  udroueht'Stricken  rpfnoQ'  lu  these  opintooti 
A.  F.  BelU-iia,  C.  S.  the  Revenue  Cotuuiiimiotier  coucumtd 
Mr,  J.  \V.  Uadow,  C.  S,  Beveuue  CummMsiuuer  Snathcm 
Tisiou,  in  fonvnrditifi;  Culonel  Francia'  report,  npenkii  of  In«}ilpur 
baviu''  a  WORM)  ruiDfnIi  than  almost  uuy  iKirl  of  the  tX-ccan  or  of 
A  Qonibay  EamAtak.  In  conseqaetice  ui  theKe  ■xn'oinim-ndutiona 
liilOS  thu  aurvey^  of  the  Nirn  project  WL'n<  rc8mu(!d  hy  LicutcuuQl 
ckto.  At  thu  cXoae  of  1863  the  Mutha  works  reqaired  Lieutenant 
icicle's  whuleatteiitioii,  and  early  in  lS6d  Mr.  J.  k.  Wlnting,  M.A. 
Jnst.CE.,  was  appointed  to  Ihe  surrey  under  Colonel  Fife's 
era.  Detailed  surveys  for  the  canal  alignment,  ihe  choice  of  the 
for  the  r«(i«rvoir  and  the  Bit«  for  the  cuiiul  hcudworks,  togethef 
Lh  the  making  of  plaaa  and  eatimatea  and  writing  the  6nal  report, 
cupicd  Mr.  Whiting  and  hiseuiflfur  twoaud  ahutf  years.  During 
lis  period,  in  couHequonce  of  a  severe  drought,  fifty  per  cent 
lUiissiunawiTti  granted  in  forty-threo  dry-crou  villager  uud  twenty- 
re  per  cent  in  thirteen  f>ther  villoma  of  ladapnr.  The  plana  had 
eon  revicwdl  by  thu  Chinf  EuginoQr,  but  furthur  proj^reas  iraa 
lopped  by  order  of  the  (iovemmeat  of  India,  llr,  \\'iiiting  waa 
jpoiutcd  lOxocutire  Fngii:ecr  for  Irn'gfttioii  in  Pooiia,  and  notliing 
lore  was  done  until  the  failure  of  raiu  in  \S^6.  Towards  the  close 
187C  Mr.  ^Vhiting,  with  four  of  the  »Uff  tlwt  had  formerly  helped 
1  making  the  Nira  snrvcys,  waa  sent  to  recover  the  old  lino  and  to 
todify  the  plans  so  as  to  make  the  work  suitable  for  famine  relief. 
ftrly  in  1877  earthworks  wcro  opened  for  RBDgs  sent  by  the 
[olleotors  of  Shol&pur,*  8&tilra.  and  Poonn.  The  numbers  rapidly 
DSO  from  IiOOO  to  2i,t32  pursOus,  who,  with  tliuir  bick  and  childrcu, 
rei-e  employed  or  received  relief  on  the  Mira  canal.  Towurda  the 
ad  of  1S77  as  the  famine  waa  over  relief-works  were  closed  ;  but 
lebigU  prtcv  of  grain  caiiaed  so  mnch  distress  that  for  six  months 
B  lais  rvliof-workii  had  to  be  re-opoued  on  the  Kira  canal  and 
gain  ou  account  of  diimaf^c  douo  to  the  crops  by  rats  iu  1879.  The 
&li<'f.ivork!t  wen)  Hniilly  cloned  in  March  iHSO.  DorinfT  twenty-six 
B'juths  Ihey  had  giron  eraplovment  to  an  average  of  8090  persona 
[  all  ages.  Mr.  Mnore.  C.  S.  Collector  of  Poona,  Mr.  Richey,  C.  S. 
Bting  Collector,  and  Mr.  Hobcrtson,  C  Is.  Kuvcuue  Commis)»ioueT 
'f-ntral  Division,  urged  the  necessity  of  completing  the  works. 
icions  from  forty-six  villages  reprottenting  over  60,000  acres  oE 
iu  ludSpur  were  raceived  praying  for  the  early  conittruction 
0  cannl  iiml  primiiKing  lo  ]»ay  ilie  water  rates.  The  matter 
strongly  pressed  by  the  CJovemiueul  ol  Bombay  aud  their  riewa 
ere  submitteil  by  the  Government  of  India  to  the  Secretary  of 
tnto  in  August  i»dO.  Sanctiou  to  coniuldo  the  head-works  and 
«  first  thirty-fivo  mil&s  of  the  cauaI  irom  ordinary  fnnds  was 
■anted  by  the  Secretary  of  State  in  November  X880.  In  I8S1  the 
overnineut  of  India  aeeorde<l  sanction  to  the  lirsl  two  stages  of 
lO  Nin*  canal  projoot  a«  n  prftcctivo  work  at  an  CBtimnted  cost  of 
'15,000  (Ra.  4U  lakhs).    Of  this  £80,000  (lis.  8  iakht)  had  beeti 


Chapter  IV. 
Asricnlti) 

Watks  Wob 
JXira  CVifl 


n 


rBonbftrOa 


DISTRICTS. 


tienlton. 


spoot.    To  oomplote  ttio  praieot  fanda   were  piDrided 
grant  for  ProtcctiTO  Pohlic  WoHs*  unJ  tlie  ozecution  of  i 
vu  entrust^^d  to  Mr.  Wtiitiuff,  Kxecutive  Ko^intjer  lit  Gi 
J.  H.  K.  Hart  botng  Chisf  KagioMr  for  Irrigatiuti. 

Tbc  Nira  caonl  Hm  along  tlie  left  bank  of  t]i«  Nin 
It  has  a  loDgth  of  103  mJlea  exclusive  of  distributing 
aod  coDttnAttdii  260,0(K)  acres  of  arable  land  in  niaotp 
io  ttiD  ParaudLur,  BbimlliAdi,  aod  Inddpar  eub-diriitioiiL 
works  iritl  furnisli  nn  nnfailiDfir  supply  of  wat«r  to  U 
acrOH.  Tbe  Xira  and  ita  tbreo  large  feedem  rise  iu  llie  Sabj 
and  up  to  tbo  canal  h«ad  have  a  cntchnierit  arcs  of  cmr  ^ 
■t^uare  miles.  During  the  aouth-west  moitfioon,  that  ia  from  mtd Jm 
to  mid*October,  the  Nira  coutitiuoual^  discharges  for  aon  vM 
tliao  cftn  be  us«d  in  the  canaL     It  has  also  in  ordinary  Mnt^oui] 

rndcrable  Sow  to  tho  end  of  December.  Tn  entiitrv  ihd  eai  ' 
ing  the  real  of  tho  dry  season  very  extengivo  stom^  works  i 
nrquirvd.  A  rvserroir  uioeteen  milt-s  long  and  witb  au 
square  iuiIm,  or  Dparl}?  two  square  milus  mora  tliaii  tho  ares  i^f 
Fife,  is  to  be  formed  on  theVelTaudi,afeederof  tbo  Kira,  atBl  ' 
DMT  the  town  of  Bhor  hj  n  tnasonry  dam  over  8000  feet  Ic 
OTer  100  feet  hi^^b.  This  lake  will  hsTC  a  capacity  of  4A4I 
oiibic  fuet,  wbich  bj  the  nae  of  fulling  shiuierB  designed  for 
weir  can  be  increased  to  5500  millions.  This  givea  a  ston^  i 
of  £18  2r.  (Rs.  181)  per  million  cubic  feet,  a  low  rate  conf 
with  tho  cost  in  other  reservoirs.  Twenty  lai^o  nndor-slnjeesi 
provided  to  carnr  off  the  early  BiU-Uden  Boods.  TIio  beadworW ' 
the  canal  are  at  VirvdUli  in  Pursudhar,  nineteen  luilos  fortlior  dof 
the  riror,  whwo  a  weir  of  ooncrolo  faced  with  nibblo 
forty-two  feet  hiffh  and  '2'AOi)  feet  long  and  backed  by  snbctidinry  ' 
•bout  balf  its  livi^bt  \um  bocii  built  across  the  Nira  and  tho  Vir  i 
tlicir  meeting.  This  wilt  mi-ie  tho  water  to  the  fall  supply  Ic 
the  canal,  to  which  it  n-ill  be  admitted  by  Inr^e  Iron  sluice 
The  Huppl;  basin  above  the  weir  will  extend  about  cIim-uu  mt 
Shirval,  which  is  half-way  botwoon  Vir  and  Bhitghar.  After  UtavinH 
Vir  the  canal  crosses  tho  old  Sflt^ra  road  about  two  miles  north  of  i 
Kim  bridge  and  passes  above  all  tho  larger  villogeii  in  the  Taller^ 
These  are,  Vadgiion  at  the  2t>th  tiiilc,  Korbnlc  at  thw  29th  toiic. 
Pandnr  at  the  3.Uh.  M&lugaon  at  the  4(.)th,  l^ramati  at  tho  4Stli« 
Bansar  at  the  64th,  HAtunie  at  tlic  76th,  Sholgaon  at  the  Slat, 
Gotnndi  at  the  S7tb,  and  Nimgiu>n  at  the  92nd.  Near  NimgaoB 
the  canal  ctohsps  tlio  vratcr-^hod  above  tho  towu  of  Ind^pur  into 
the  Bbitna  valley  and  cndn  at  Bijavdi  at  the  77th  mile  of  the 
Foona  and  BhoUpur  mad.  The  Miitlia  rifrht  bunk  canal  endl 
near  the  40th  tnile  of  tlint  ro«d  mid  tho  >Shiv8upbal  and  Blifidalvi^ 
reservoirs  with  their  diNtrihutaries  hnvo  been  constructed  betweea 
the  ends  of  the  two  chief  irrigntinn  canals.  In  addition  to  the  Klra 
caoal  two  large  roservolra  have  been  designed,  one  just  abovo  the 
town  of  Ind&par  and  the  other  at  Vad&pun  near  Nim^iton.  These 
have  little  or  oo  nutnral  catchments,  but  will  bo  filled  from  tlie 
cnnal  during  the  soalb-wcst  monsoon  and  wilt  thnit  inoniiue  the 
eupply  available  during  the  dry  weather  m  the  end  of  the  valley 
most  diatotit  from  the  main  re£orvoir  at  Bb^tgbar.    A  bmoch  cfrul. 


POONA, 


ts 


also   bcca   proposed,  which    frill  Icare   llio  nuio   c&uftl  ac&r 

kndnr  iLt    ibo  tbirty-fonrth    mile,   nod  cross  the  river  Mira  at 

ilcsbvDr  io  order  to  irater  tUe  droaght-stm'koD  eub-divisiou  of 

Isiras  in  ShoUpnr  ou  tbo  right  bank  of  the  vallej.     These  extra 

rks  and    iho  nvcfsgnry  widening  of    the  cnnal  will    prubalily  b« 

:iiken  only  if  famine  breaks  out  afresli  and  if  mnplnymcnt  is 

^  ruqHirc><l   ft>r  thu  relief  of  upiglibourinc  Bab-divisiDiiH  or  if  tho 

id  for  watpr  under  tlie  rantil  exceeds  iTie  supply  afiuluble  from 

»t  tiro  sta^s,  aamuly  the  BhiLtghar  rosorvoir  ncd  the  presout 

In  many  places  the  hilly  nature  of  tho  ground  hnsmado  tlio  courao 
tbo  CttQal  winding.  la  several  caseH,   as  at  KorbAle,  Mdlegaoa, 
id  Nimgaon,   rocky  spurs  havo  hwn   ciit  through   to  avoid    long 
sioiirs.     At  tboito  placM  tho  cuttings  aro  thirty-fivo  feet  dcop  at 
<  centre  and  half  a  mile  long.     Many  largo  wat«rcour)teB  had  also 
bo  crossed  so  th»l  twenty  aqticductti,  niaoty-four  culverts,  aatf 
■ne  oVPr-passagHt  bad  to   bo  cnnslructed.      Of  tho  watercoursBI 
I  largottt  i.i  iho   Knrha,  which  dniinit  4-40  sqiiaro  milv«  and  hua  a 
Bp  and  gonerully  rocky  bed.     Tbe  canal  crosses  it  at  the  forty- 
fth  mile  near  B£rd.niati  by  an  acguuduct  of  Uiirt«oa  »pnns  of  thirty 
gt  and  twenty-lbree  feet  hcndway.    This  is  probauly  the  mosb 
fcvonrahle  crossing  in  lodiu  of  n  largo  and  dangoroiu  torrent  by  an 
^Qcduct.    Tho  OTur-paiisages  are  of  soraowmit  novel  design  and 
Lppear  hke  huge  inverts  over  which  thn   ttrcnnis  are  pajisea  while 
I  caoal  runs  underui-atb,  througli  doublo  gallcriue  arcbt'd  across. 
two    of   the   OTcr-pasjiflgf-ii,    one   near     vadgnnn   and    one   at 
indar,  tho    inverts  htivc  a   span  of  ninoty  feet,     Theroarc  thirty- 
ren  road  and  acootnLnodntion  bridges  and  sovcml  foot  and  calU& 
ridges.    Moitt  of  tho  sqncilucts  and  culverts  have  boon  rnkde  so  a«  to 
How  carts  or  cattle  to  pass  under  them,  so  that  on  an  avenge  thero 
soma  crosstDg  provided   nl  abnut    every   hiilf  milo  of  the  canal, 
■'irttt  cI»S8  btiiigidows  havo  been  built  at  Bhntgbnr,  at  Virvfidi,  and 
it  Uaramati,  and  smaller  bungalows  at  tho  Nira  bridge,  Vadgaon, 
indar,  Sansar,  Utilurnc,  (lotundt,  and  TuraugvAdi.    The  popula- 
tion oi  Ibe  valley  lias  gnwtly  dccraiited  of  late  years,  but  the  soil 
generally  good  and  cnpnblo  of  maintaining  a  muoh  larger  popula- 
tion than  it  now  stipports.     It  ts  expected  that  the  firet  fifty>two 
silea  of  thecanal   will  bi-  opened  bu  ns  to  utilize  the  Nirn  water  in 
the  moDSOOO  of  1884.     There  can  be  littlo  doubt  that  when  tho 
valley  is  protected  from  drought  cnnitnl  will  flow  iuto  it  and  enable 
the  people  to  Qtilizc  I  bo  water  to  tlie  utmost.     It  is  hoped  that  this 
canal,  whose  primary  object  is  to  protect  the  area  under  command 
from  the  effects  of  drought,  will  ultimately  dcvclopo  a  uot  revenue 
more  than  enough  to  corer  the  interest  on  the  ontlay. 

A  white  marble  tablet  with  the  following  inscription  cut  in  black 
letters  and  a  companion  AInritthi  tnblct  havo  boon  set  ab  the  canal 
tbcadworka  twenty  miles  east  of  Bbncghar  : 

I  v.  a  ET  I. 

I  Tas  NiBA  oA.na.1. 

m I>MistMd  for  tho  lrTlK»UOn  of  thti  luliU  ot  ftO  vtltmcaak 

^^^^K  On  ttM  l«ft  bADk  ot  xUv  Nm  Ulver, 

^^^^^H  OoaaprUUtg  ■  «ultai«bl«  Mr««  of  437  sqakr*  mllaa. 


Chapter  IT. 
Agricaltnre. 

Watui  WoRXa 
SiraCtt 


[Bombay  1 


14 


DISTRICTS. 


SapUr  IV. 
Aj^ricoltara. 
GovEk.VHvrT 


la  IM  mi)**  In  lan(th.  axeliulinK  %ruieh«*. 

Ita  rapply  U  r*ndar«<l  poreanlal  by  &  lUirM:*  Uk*  at  ahat«har 

OB  tb*  Talwaadl  rirtir,  M  wU»«  vaat  of  (Ua  plcoa. 


Kdmrdi. 


Tb«  caaal  iraa  <iotnm#we>d  far  tb«  employstant  of  ttta  pvopls 

diirUis  tiM  Tamliie  la  1S7&-7T. 

For  tirentj-«Lx  tnonttu  an  avenco  of  8O06  ponoaa  Of  All  kces  wrrv  enphiT 

tba  hiKbov  number  inanr  one  day  tMiog  24,133- 

Tlia  BEiwuiluura  wm  Ba  1,54.878  Oo  wmem  tad  cliaritabt*  ff«Uif 

Th«  ▼kloa  of  Ui«  wovk  •xanwd  ww  Ba-  &.0030S. 

Od  ih*  ocaaation  of  Uio  dlatroaa  aauaad  by  tb*  Pamina  a«d  anbaeqaaM 

partod  of  lilcb  prtoMi,  tb»  works  war*  atiap*tid«d  ia  Karoh  1880 

Tbajr  v«r«  ranimed  in  JaaiuuT  IBSl, 

kivd  th«  e»nal  WM  flrtl  opMiad  for  iiricBtioa  in  1884. 

J.  ■•  WhlUnc,  M-A^.  VUaMXiM;  XsaontiTa  BasiiMn,  Vin  OftBaL' 

At  KAsurdi  in  Bhimlhadi,  twenly-rourmilcs east  of  Poons,  at  II I 
of  £118-2  8a  (IU.n,U24)   a  reservoir  was  mode  iu  1838  under  thi 
^dvico  of  tlio  KcYL-uiit?  ComniiattoDor  Mr.  Williamsoii.     Ia  18M,I 
wliolo  of  the  eArlbon  embftitkinent  was  wa&bed  awav,  bitL  the  ouuaD 
waa  nnliurt.    Ita  restoration  was  beeua  by  ihe  irrigation  depart 
as  a  faDiine  relief  work  in  1804>  aud  it  was  completed  as  an  onlinsr 
work  wheu  the  necessity  for  rulief  c«a3od.     It  is  a  samll  re^i 
depeodttut  for  ita  supply  ou  tlio  local  rainfall  over  an  area  of  sir  »-p. 
milott.     It  waa  finialied  to  test  the  value  of  reftervoirs  which  dopetiidel 
for  their  supply  ou  local  rainfall.    Tho  restored  reservoir  holds    "" 
niilliuns  of  cuhic  feet  of  wat«r  and  i.t  furuished  wiLh  two  diMtribut 
chaDUota   uoinitiitni!in<;  583   acres,     Tho   irork  was  tiui<ihcd  in  \i 
and  the  pond  was  fiJIpd  for  the  first   time  in  AupLit  of  Uiat  yfl 
Tho  total  cost  was  £+7  tO  12*.  (Ila.  47,49G),  that  is  at  tlio  rate 
(R3.8O)  on  every  acre  under  command.   From  lli69  to  18S3  tho  aoj 
has  been   most  uncertain.     In   Homo  years  tho  ro«crroir  has 
in  others  it  has  remained  almoet  dry.    The  irrippilion  rates  at 
in  force  are  the  »«tne  a»  tbo«c  sanctioned  fort)io  Muthn,  canal 
the  oiglit  mile  ntdiii5  from  Poodh,    Bi'ihhul  seed  has  been  sown  belli 
the  embankment  and  has  thriven  fiiirlj*.     A  few  innrn  of  other  kifl 
haro  also  been  planted.     As  this  work  depends  for  its  snpply 
restricted   ftrea  in  a  tmct  of  very  uncertain  rainfall,  tho  rosull«i 
oarer  bo  suliofactory. 

In  the  village  of  Pinipiilpion  In  Bhiroth'idi,  twenty-eight  miles  1 
of  Poona,  near  the  railway  station  of  VeTai,  a  reserroiroallcd  MMc 
after  a  ncishbourlng  temple  of  Mdt^bn  or  Mntakmal,  was  mndol 
1876-77.  i'he  resprvoins  deaiffiied  to  store  the  snrplns  wnteraj 
the  rt{!;bt  bank  Muthn  cnoal  and  ivntor  the  land  between  it  and 
Mnthn-Muln  river.  At  full  supply  level  it  has  an  area  of  470 
nn<l  a  capncity  of  SSO  millioug  of  cubic  foot.  The  site  was  chosen! 
and  fiutreyod  by  Colonel  Fife,  It.  E..  in  1S63,  when  exaoiiuintf  the 
best  moanR  for  irri^ntinf^  the  country  east  of  Poona.  As  tho  Mutha 
canal  project  was  uadertaken  the  scheme  for  the  M£t«ba  roeerroir 


1  Mr.  WhiliiiKii>niiti«nB  tha  naniM  of  Meoui.  R.  Belinnan.  awfalim  1 
Henrfand  BftiJiTriuitiak  mb-cBifiDMn,  KokmAii  Nu-a^-kB,  mip«rnii>r,  ud 
Janinlan  and  Nlrtyu)  Vi«hna  ovtnMta.  Th*  «)u«f  «ontraatar  wu  a  NAgar  I 
of  ^r«t  iiamail  Mavtatur^tn  Uttannlm, 


lid  aside.  Iii  IS76-77,  whon  fiimlno  mlicf  works  woro  start**!, 
Ezecutire  Engiiie«r  for  Poodh,  Mr.  Gierke,  revisi^d  tlie  plana  and 
mates  and  recomniended  tlic  project  because  as  tlie  Muthn  rif^lit- 
k  canal  passes  close  alwre  tbo  site  of  the  lake  it  tvouIJ  form  an 
Uiary  to  the  canal,  whose  s(irplu.s  watera  might  during  the  south* 
it  moofiooQ  he  stored  for  uae  iii  thu  dry  aeasou.  Tho  work  vviis 
un  in  IX''COR)ber  1876  and  completed  almost  entiNly  by  famine 
jar  in  Augast  [377.  The  reservoir  is  formed  by  an  earlheu  dam 
S  Feet  long  and  forty-eight  foot  in  ^n^atoet  hoi^ht.  Tho  full 
ply  IvTol  is  oino  foct  bolow  the  top  of  the  dam.  The  w&%be  weir 
tho  left  flank  of  tho  dam  ig  QOO  feet  long.  The  ontlet  whose 
)l  ia  ten  feet  above  tho  bottom  consists  of  a  masonry  culrert 
Icr  the  dam  whero  it  abuts  ou  tho  right  Hank  and  three  twolre* 
I  iron  alaice  tbItos  of  the  oivlinary  pattern  in  uxo  for  wat«r- 
ply  maing.  These  valves  ore  atuiobed  to  K-ii^'tbs  of  pipes  set  in 
Crete  at  tho  inner  end  of  the  culvert  and  are  worked  by  iron, 
9  Inid  along  the  dam  slope.     The   rnnin  distributing  channel  ia 

milea  long  aud  is  capable  oE  dischargiug  twenty-»ix  cubic  feet 

icond.     It  boa  a  main  branch  to  the  village  of  I'iinpalgaon  which 

in  divides  into  two  branches  of  a  total  length  of  aix  milea.     Of 

0  •icf<>9  nndor  cotnmaDd,  3600  acres  are  in  Pimpalgann,  £900 

^eUvdi.  5fty  in  Kbatbdi,  aud  2000  in  P^gaon.     Tho  catchment 

A  in  only  ten  H<\t)ar(3  miles  and  tho  nTeroge  rainfall  under  twenty 

he*,  but  tvith  tbo  aid  of  tho  aiirplas  water  from  the  right  bank 

Iha  canal  tho  monsoon  demand  for  water  can  be  .■rnp^ied  and  the 

oir  ain  always  bo  left  full  in  October  when   lue  aouth-west 

MOOD  cloflos.     A  regulating  bridge  is  built  across  tbo  Mulhu  cunal 
49)lh  mile  from  Poonn  by  which  the  wntor  iu  the  canal  can  at 
ij  tiuiL-  be  turned  into  tho  reservoir.    From  iho  fifth  of  Aarast 
8   water  from  the  )[ntba  canal  began  to   be  uvaihiblo.     I'ha 
igation  rates  at  present  in  force  arc  the  a&me  aa  those  saoctioned 
tho  Motha  cnuals  beyond  the  eight  mile  radius  from  Poona.     For 
□gth  of  four  miles  tho  boondary  of  the  land  tnkcn  for  the  reservoir 

need  with  aloe.     The  margin  above  tho  water  level  has  been 
with  bdhhut  seed,  which  at  tho  upper  end  has  grown  remarkably 


lervt 


rtha 


Chapt*t  IT. 

CiOrSUVHXXT 

KtMerviuni, 


I-A  white  marble  tablet  with  the  following  inscription  carved  in 
:k  Itvtlera  and  a  compoaion  MarfUlii  tablet  have  been  set  at  tbe 
>  end  of  tho  dam  : 

V.  R.  BT  L 

THS  UATOBA  TAKK 

D«*i(ii«d  tot  ttorlox  (urptna  wAt«r  from  tho  Mutba  Owttl 

■ad  Irrlgatlnv  Um  tract  of  Un<l  Irinc  b«iw««a 

tha  Tank  and  tli«  HuUib-MuIb  Blver 

Saa  an  ar«a  of  470  aotwa  and  «  capaoitr  ot 

82S  mUliana  ofonblo  C»ot- 


Tlie  eartbwoTka  of  th*  dsm  wan  oonuaooMd  f9r  tiM 
■mployintnt  of  th*  peoplv 
diutnft  tba  TamlDo  of 
1870-77. 
Wm  alBbtMD  moatli*  Ulft  KOordod  enpl»m*a*  «"'> 
aa  an  av«raK«,  81O0  p«<n>l«  of  »U  agM. 
Uta  blcbeat  numbar  on  iDr  oae  dar  iMlna  B800. 
1337-4 


26 


Utaatar' 


DISTRICTS. 


ChapUrlT. 

Afrtealtim. 
OovtnMwrnTT 


Tbs  aspMidlturo  ««■  lU.  1.BB.O00 

on  witc**  no'l  oh&rltahU  r«U*f. 

•nd  Ui*  valii*  of  ttia  work  oxoouMd  waa  Ba>  1,40.000 


«Dd  opntiMl  for  Irrlcatioo  In  Oetobcr  IBfft. 
WIUiMn  Cl«Tkc.  M.liM(~U.E-.  EzncDtlTV  EocUiMr  tot  IcrlgMloa,  1 

Ono  an<l  a  half  milm  nbovc  tho  Bhiintliodi  rilK;^  of  Rm*DO£ 
fifty   tniloH  wwt  oE  Poona,   on  the  Itolimnl,  u  Mti&]l  f)^-<]rr,  v 
Sliiriuiilml  rust-nuir  oiilled  after  Iba  vUlsge  of  that  Dame  tk 
niilcH  tiirtli!.'!-  tip  ilio  utix-nitL      The  tv^ervair  Vias  tleaifraed  to 
tha  kmlsou  the  left  bknk  of  tho  Kotimiil.     At  full  aupplj  it  I 
ftn  Area  of  b'Si  acres  and  a  capacity  of  367  millioua  uE  cubicj' 
lu  Junuury   1677,  wbeii  it  bacftmo  necc^tary  to  provide  work 
tbo  dvslitiite   people   of    East   l'oi>n&,  pluia  imil  ostimntfi 
^proparofi   by   Mr.  Cleiko    tlio   Eix«cutivo   Gngioeer  Cor   Irritf 
Wttrk     was    bejjuu    iu    Februni-y    1877  and    finished   in   Uci 
1878.     Tlo    dfttn    ia  of  earth,    2^00  leet  long  mid  fifty-thi-ee 
in  nn'iitt'itl  height,     'fli©  full   supply  leyel  w  eleven   fert    h 
tbo  Lop  of  thu  <Uni,  and   tlio  otitlut  levol  it  cluvcu  ft-ct  above  i 
bottom  of  the  ri>survoir.     Tho  waste  weir  clmtiocl,  which  is  on 
rif^Iit  llnnk  of  tlio  dnm,  iit  300  foot  wido.     The  outlot,  » 
«ulvi>rl  tiiidcr  thu  duui  where  it  abme  on  the  Hf^bt  llunk  aodtl 
tn-olvo-iiK'h  iiMii  Hluice  vnlveit,iiiof  thoKatn(>  pattern  astliat  doseri^ 
tur  tlio    Miitcibii   ri'Morvoif.      Tliv  <-«iihJ    Icatliiif^    from    the 
is   1-)  luiluH  loDjf.  with  a  fall  of  three  feet  a  mile  and  a  disckar 
capacity  at  ibe  bead   of   thirty  cubic  feut  a  second.     Of  4500 1 
nndur   outnmuud  800  uro  in  Biiv&Dgnon,  l&UU  in  Kliarki.  and: 
in   Cbinoholi.     The  catchmeat  batiu  bos  an  area  of  twenty<fl 
aaunrc  otiles,  i*ith  an  avtintKO  raiufaU  of  eighteen  to  twenty  >ocl 
I'Lu    roiti't-voir    lill*;  only    duriiif?    yi^rs    iii   which    tho    ruinfaltj 
OOMsidoniblv    abovo  the  nvfntj^,  biit  the  additional  storage  i.-mj 
luliiiitH  of  t)io  supply  of  favoiiritblo  yoars  being  stor^l  for  tool 
yearn  of  aUttrt  rAiiifnll  and  tbtis  ensures  a  larpo  nrorege  siipl 
la  1880*81   the  trrtgatod  croLig  were  rcreals  OQl   actes,  pohwa] 
(iPivfi,  Hiigiircnoo  i  ncf09,    ga>'(U<n  prodiieo  4  ncres,   and   condiiD 
li  mcn-a.     Tho   woter  ratva  at  present  in  force  are  based  en 
eksflillod  lists  Minotionod  for  tho    Muthn  cbiuiIb.     Thpro  are 
cliUHWN  with  nn  aero  cbarf^e  on   tho  first  cl«*s  of  £1  (Rs.  Uf),  on 
Mcond  of  8».  (Us.  4),  oti  the  third  of  U.  {Ur.  2),  on  the  fourth  of  I 
(Ro.l),  and  on  tho  fifth  of  S*.  (R^.l).      The  tnargin  ul  ibt;  rcscrvi 
itbuvu  the  ItDO  of  fidl  supply  bas  been  fenced  with  nloe  and  nowa 
bahhid  M'cd,   hut  owing  to  the  stony  soil  the  b'UJutl  has  not  dd 
welt.     Bahhul  eoed  sown  below  the  dain  has  thrircD  reuiarkal, 
well  and  now  forms  a  belt  of  f*ood.sizod  treoa.    ^s  tbo  rainfalt  i 
the  cffltohmoiit  is  very  nncortain   the  supply  of  water  is  procorio 
and  in  some  yiiarn  the  in-igatinn  bns  t<i  be  nnich  rostriotoil ;  this  is  to ' 
b«  rcgrt'ttod  as  the  holdortt  of  f.hw  land  commanded  by  the  rescrvoy 
have  flbown  tbenisolvcs  anxious  to  obtain  a  nupply  of  water. 

A  white  loarblo  tablet  wilU  the  following  iaitcTiptton  cut  in   bL 
lotu>ni  nnd  a  compimioQ  Uardthi  tablet  have  been  set  nt  the 
end  of  tho  dain  : 


POONA. 


27 


V.  B.  XT  I. 

THE  SHIBSUPHAI.  TAUK. 

Detlcned  for  tlie  irrigation  of  the  landi  lying 

on  Uie  "Lett  Bank  of  tbs  Botlmal  Nala, 

Haa  an  ftiaa  of  S34  aorsa  and  a  oorpaaitr  of 

867  mlllloiu  of  oubio  feet. 


Th«  Mrthworka  of  the  dam  were  oommenoed  foi  the 
•mploTment  of  the  people 
during  ths  Famine  of 
1876-77- 
9qi  dxtaen  months  they  afforded  smploTment  tt>i, 
on  an  average,  3400  people  of  oU  ogee. 
Hut  highest  number  on  any  one  day  being  9000-   ■ 
The  expenditure  iras  Bb.  1,68,000 
on  wages  and  ohari table  relief, 
•nd  the  Tsloe  of  (he  work  exeouted  was  Ba.  1,4B,000. 


The  Tank  wan  completed 
■qd  opened  for  Irrigation  In  OotobeT;i878.  * 

millun  Gierke,  O.II.,  Xxeoutire  Engineer  for  Irrigation,  Foona  Blvioion. 

Id  the  Inddpiir  village  o£  Bhddslvddi,  on  a  feeder  of  the  Bhima, 
ibont  siztj-foar  miles  east  of  Pooiia,  the  Bhitdalvsdi  reservoir  was 
^egnn  as  a  relief  work  in  the  famine  of  1876-77,  and  ficished  and 
^ned  for  irrigation  in  May  1831.  It  was  designed  to  water  the 
lids  of  the  villages  of  Daluj  and  Palaadev.  At  full  supply  it  haa  an 
I  of  335  acres  and  a  capacity  of  222  millions  of  cubic  feet  It  ia 
'  by  an  earthen  dam  2725  feet  long  and  fifty-five  feet  at  ita 
est  height  The  drainage  area  above  the  dam  is  twenty-three 
^■qnare  miles.  During  the  five  years  ending  1882-83  the  average 
ininfall  has  been  21*53  inches.  The  waste  weir  on  the  left  fiank  is 
'  400  feet  long  with  a  crest  eleven  feet  below  the  top  of  the  dam. 

A  white  marble  tablet  with  the  following  inscription  cut  in  black 
ktters  and  a  companion  Mardtbi  tablet  have  been  set  at  the  north 
*nd  of  the  dam : 

V.  B.  HT  I. 

THB  BHAJ1AI.VADI  TAKE 

Designed  for  the  irrigation  of  lands  in  the  Tillages 

of  DaluJ  and  Palaadev. 

Has  an  area  of  33S  aores  and  a  oapaoity  of 

323  milUona  of  onblo  feet. 


Tb»  earthworka  of  the  dam  were  oommenoad  for  the 

emplojrment  of  the  people 

during  the  Famine  of 

1878-77- 

Tor  twalTfl  months  tbey  afforded  employment  for, 

on  an  average,  1600  people  of  all  ages, 

tha  highest  number  on  any  one  day  being  61O0- 

Tha  expenditure  wa^  Bs.  64,000 

on  wages  and  oharitable  relief, 

tUtA  tlie  Tkloe  of  the  work  exeouted  waa  Ba.  48,000. 


The  Tank  waa  oompleted 

and  opened  for  Irrigation  in  Hay  168L 

WnUam  Olorke,  U-Inat.O  X.,  Hxeouttve  Engineer  for  Irrigation,  Foona. 

The  outlet,  which  is  on  the  right  dank  of  the  dam,  is  of  similar 
eoDstractioD  to  those  described  in  the  MfLtoba  and  Shirsuphal  reaer- 
ruin.    Its  nil  is  tbirty-five  feet  below  full  snpply  lovel.     From  it  a 


Chapter  IV. 

Agricaltnrs. 

govkbhmxrt 

Watbs  Wokkr. 

Keaerroira. 


BhOdaCvidi. 


28 


DISTRICTS. 


P  finiiHNMRirr 
"ATim  Woamt. 

lt«Mirv«tCS. 


Sdtrai. 


PAuu. 


P<Uhd«. 


CMinl  or  dUtrihutincf  cbnatKrl,  wltb,  at  tbc  hotA  a  diBcb&rgJDg  ca[ 
of  Bfleen  cabic  ft-et  the  »)eoiid,  is  ted  (i^^  miles  along  tbo  ricfht  baakj 
theBtrauoi.     Tliu  nrcn  miHcr  conimiind  is  )900»«ros.     A  aixtribntifl 
cbnnnel  beadiD);  from  tbe  8atn«  oatltit  in  the  left  bank  of  the  str 
IB  also  prrijectci].      lU  IcQgtb   will  be  3^  tnitejt  and  it  will  conii 
llOOacrea.     Thy  work  was  opont'd  in  J&81.    Tbe  irrigation 
are  tbe  SAine  as  those  mentioned  under  the  Shi»npliftl  reserroir. 

Bwidofl  those  works  dcsignod  for  irrigation,  thero  are  two  Ittgs] 
reservoirs  at  Kdtraj  &ud  P^hin  dod  two  moni  at  P^tas  and  Sai 
Th«  Pilau  and  >Supa  reservoirs  were  made  ai)  relief  works  duriog  I 
187U-77  f»niiiio. 

Id  tho  high  land  about  two  miles  to  the  north  of  tho  Kitraj  | 
and  about  pix  miles  south  of  Poona  is  the  Kitraj  take,  which 
bnitt  in   1750  by  Poeliwa  B^fiji  BlijirAo.      It  covers  an  area  of  I 
acros  and  has  a  dam  of  rubble  masonry  1000  foot  long'  nad  for^  I 
Tiigh.     It  holds  water  all  the  year  round  and  has  a  grealtst  deplkj 
forty  foot.     The  water  is  used  only  fwr  driiikitig.     MnsoDry  COB^ 
lend  to  Poena  whoro  there  are  dstoms  or  haudo  indiSercat  ports  j 
tho  town. 

In  the  Bhimthadi  Tillage  of  Pdtas,  aboat  thirty-seven  miles 
of  Poona,  a  raaervoir  was  Wf^iin  as  a  famine  relief  work  in  Jaoi 
1677  and  Qniahed  iu  1879.     It  is  a  small  reservoir  with  a  full  sr 
area  of  forty -six  acre*,  a  capacity  of  fifteen  millions  of   cubic 
and  a  catcbioent  urea  of  throo  eqnaro  uiile6,     The  earthen  daaj 
2900  foot  loDg  and  Lwcnty-niue  feet  in  frr(>ategt  height.     I'ho 
weir  is  170  feet  long  and  is  sewn  feet  below  the  top  of  the  dam. 
total  cost  was  £3400  (Ra.  34,000).     The  site  is  very  unfavounl 
and  tho  ooat  is  out  of  proportion  to  the  capacity  of  tho  roeorroir. 
only  us«  is  to  provide  water  fur  house  paQxises  and  cattle  in 
Tillage  of  Patss.     It  was  carried  oat  only  to  alTord  reliof  which  < 
urgently  needed. 

Aboat  one  mile  north-west  of  tho  Bbirolhadi  Tillage  of  Supa  i 
thirty-fivo  milos  CASt  of  Poonn,  tho  Siipn  reservoir  was  bopan 
(amine  roliof  work   in   Novumber   lft7t}  mid  iluishod  inlST". 
eartben  dam  inlaid  across  u  gnpio  an  old  enibnnkmciit  tbrttwo 
from  the  excavation  of  »  nmall  jnnid  many  ycara  old.      The  total) 
WAR  £-220  (Its.  ZiOO).    This  i»  a  triOiiig  work  uaeful  only  for  cattl 
It   was   carried    oat   solely   to   relieve    distress    in    tho    immedir 
neigh  bonrhood. 

On  a  Feeder  of  tlie   Mula  in   the   rillagu   of  PilthAn   six  mi< 
west  of  Pnona  a    reservoir    was   made   in    ]8ti7-C8  at  a  cost 
£1G,700  (Its.  1,67,000)    to  furnish  wntor  for  tho  sUtion  of  Kirl 
ai<d  Government  Houi^o,  Gaiiesbkhind.     It  is  formed  by  an  earthd 
dnra  2750  foot  in  length  with  a  greatest  height  of  fi'fty-two  fe 
Tho  wast©  weir   is  "tOO  feet  long   and  Its   crest  is  ten   feet  bele 
the  top  of  the  dam.  Tho  full  supply  area  of  tho  lake  is  153  acres, 
avnil iiblf  capacity  is  sevooty-tbrea  millions   of  cubic  feet,  and 
catchment  areo  is  sixteen  square  miles.    The  water  is  led  from 
roBorvoir   in   a   ten-inch  cast-iron  main  which    goes    throiifjh    ta 
Government  Houso  grounds,  by  the  cantomnent  of  Kirkec>  ou  to ' 
Powder  Works,     The   water  is   fully   distributed   in   Qovenimc 


POONA. 


and  in  Rirkee  barracks  and  cantoainent. 
sforo  tho  left  Imnk  Mutba  canal  waa  mado. 


It  was  of  great 


Outptor  II 


WATeHlM*. 


EacArixa,^ 


ere  are  twn  iTtndps  of  weeding,  bj  a  sickle  or  t-ANr/ir  whicl)  is  Wimixo. 

rally  pmctisod  in  hill-laiide,  and  by  a  small  hoo  op  kutpe. 
□  tbo  crop  1!)  six  indies  high,  to  cl(«r  it  of  veed^,  thesmall  hos 
kulpe  i»  n^ualljr  usod  twice  at  intervals  of  ten  to  iwctvo  dajrs, 
bon  18  drawn  by  tvo  mnzzlecl  ox<?n  and  is  driren  so  that  tbo 
of  springing  crop  paseos  tbrougb  th<?  B|]eico  botwcon  tho  bladoi. 
ia  ofU'u  uscU  doubit?,  that  ia  uiie  pair  of  oxen  draw  two  boos. 
e  uprooted  weeda  arc  gatbored  and  are  cither  throim  away  or 
to  fAL  on  tbv  spot^  Bosidcs  lessening  the  drain  on  tbo  eoil, 
ding  lixiseus  Ibe  noil  and  (-tinhlc!!  it  to  tako  in  and  liold  mora 
istnre.  The  crop  rootn  hiivo  free  scopo  and  tlie  pUiiLi  grow 
roualy.  If  weeding  is  ncglcoted  the  surface  grows  bard  and 
.t«d  and  tlie  vrater  fnilinjjf  to  aonk  in  wujbes  nwaj  the  p«riicles 
Cold-wefltlior  crops  M-'Idom  want  woi-ding,  aa  tho  ground  is* 
th  too  carofullj  cleaned  and  too  dry  to  yield  any  largo  supply  of 
ids.  Mitia  ar«  tbo  clcuacsb  wccdors ;  KuDbis,  especially  ia  tlie 
nro  careleoH. 

from  tbe  time  the  grain  forms,  to  drive  off  birds  the  crop  is  watched 
1  a  wooden  shed  called  mala  generally  set  on  a  platform  or  in  a 
about  ten  ff*t  from  thegrouud.     Tlic  walcber,  who  ia  generally 
lOy,  itbouts  Aiid  tbrows  stones  fi-om  a  sling  callod  ^<ypha». 
VLcn  ripe  the  crop  ia  either  reaped  by  tbe  sickle  or  tfila  or  pnll- 
np  by  tho  roots,  and  bound  in  sbeavea.     It  is  carric<l  in  carts 
tbo  tbrasbin^<6oor  or  K-hnfe  and  stored  there  till  it  is  dry.     Tho 
'finest  and  best  fillod  headfi  are  separated  and  tlioir  grain  K<>pt  for 
In   tho  sowing  simsoo  tbis  seed  giaiu  realizes  half  u» much 

in  as  ordinary  grain.  

The  crops  or«  talcvn  in  cart?  to  tbo  Uira*l)irg. floor  or  kkah.  Tho  TniAnmra 
raahing-tluor  is  mado  in  tbe  hardest  part  of  ibo  field  or  Boniotimcs 
r  tbe  village  site,  by  wettingand  beating  the  ground  till  it  iu  hard 
8mi.<iitb,  and  tben  snoAriog  it  with  cowdung.  An  upright  post 
tirdn  is  act  in  tbe  centre  and  a  shvaf  of  (be  crop  ia  tied  to  Cbo 
ip  of  tbe  pijftt.  Ih  the  case  Sf  ludian  millet  or  yrart  and  spiked 
illet  or  ^"ij'ri  tbu  beadit  of  grain  aro  broken  off  by  women  and 
irown  roHiid  tbe  central  post  five  or  aix  inches  deep  ;  of  wheat  and 
CO  the  whole  plant  ia  tiiraslicd ;  and  of  math,  mug,  and  other  pulses 
m«tini^s  the  whole  plant  and  sometimes  only  thostalk«are  thrashed. 
X,  eight,  or  more  ninuiled  oxen  are  tied  to  the  pole,  half  on  one 
do  half  on  tbo  other,  hcing  opposite  ways,  and  nriven  ronnd  and 
n>nd  treading  out  the  grain,  Tur  pods  and  barley  hnuls  are  boatoa 
;ainst  a  log  of  wood  ho  that  tho  grain  falls  on  tbe  floor. 

Tbo  grain  is  winnowed  from  tbo  chuff  with  ibo  help  of  tbo  wind.        Wtxvc 

chaff  is  filled  into  baskets  which  aro  handed  by  one  man  to  a 

maa  who  Htands  on  a  high  thrwe-loj^ged  stool  called  vtlvdi,  and 

:ea  tho  banket  slowly  witb  a  sbnl:ing  motion.    Tbo  heavy  grain 

lis.  tbo  light  grain  and  cbnff  are  blown  aside.     A  man  at  tbo  foot 

the  stool  sweeps  thn  chaff  from  tbo  eiigo  of  tlie  grain  with  a 

all  broom  called  haini.    To  cleanse  it  still  further  tbe  grain  is 

terwards  passod  tbroogh  a  ticro  or  ehdlan. 


biji 


30 


DISTRICTS. 


Chapter  IT. 

AETicnltnni. 


>  SOWIKWI. 


RoTAinw. 


In  the  cost  grain  is  oftan  nUvrod  in  nDdcrj^roniid  chsinfaera 
nmi.      G-rftin   is  also  ofton  io  the  enst  nnd  altniyi  iq  tlio  wast : 
ID    large  cylindrical    Imaketa   citllcd  t,yitting$  or  Jtiiii^u    mwl* ' 
uifynidi  or  titr  tvign  and  sii]<wre<l  inside  and  out  with  eoirda 
Tbe  surfncD  of  the  grain  is  also  tbick,ptiu*l«r(<>(1  nrilli  cowduog  and  I 
batdcet  is  covered  with  a  conical  thntcti  ronf.  lit  Lite  west,  the  bd 
sUind  at  some  little    diBlAUCO  in    front  tif  the  lioiis^^  fur  tmictj 
fire,  with  a  fevr  loose  stoneA  andortbem  to  keep  onb  wbito  ants, 
the  east  thoy  psiiitJI/  stand  in  the  voranilik  of  im  houMi. 

In  the  lighter  eastern  <toils  aa  many  as  aix  gnvinEi  mnjr  be 
growing  ti>iri'lhi-r  y«ir  af  ttrr  year.  .  A.  fi^U  wilh  on«  crop   iw  mH 
Been.     In  tVe  Mat*  or  June  iwwings  bajri,  titr.  ambu-fi,  ^ngelly  : 
rA!a,  ntti-f,  and  tihdlu   joAri  uiay  all  or  almost  all  Im  neen  tog<ft 
la  the  lutd  crops,  s&fflower  Ib  a]uio«t  alvraya  mixed  with  the  sta 
crop  grara  or  sKaluJcari.     Linseed  is  sown  in  rotra  with  gr&m 
VlifMt.    Tho  praciiL-c  of  mixed  sowings  iiriscs  chivfly  from  the  porertj 
whii:h  dares  not  risk  the  total  failai-o  of  a  single  crop.    It  was  (oeioiW ' 
by  B  cudtom  which  prevailed  noder  fornifr  Uoveronicntii  of  attacking 
the  Btapio  crop  until  the  aase^moiil  was  paid,     in  KUch  a  easd' 
Kunbi  could  etill  make  aouiethiog  out  of  a  mixed  crop, 

Wood-uth  tiitn.ge,  called  <iatlti  or  Jcumri,  ix  conEinod  to  tfie  hi 
fffut.     Tbo  word  <lalhi  is  taken  from  the  small  hill-aido  plotsi 
daih'iit    whom    nniip    but     hand   tooU   can    bo   used.      Tho 
cuUiTOtLMl  arc  eftvn  pstremoly  steep.    Operations  aro  begun  id 
cold  weather  br  felling  the  brushwood  and  amitll  trcc»  and   Ic 
the  hranche-s  of  the  larger  trees.     At  the  end  of  iho  hot  weall 
the  dry  branches  are  hornl  nnd  the  ground  i»  at  onee  cU-ared  i 
tnanurpd.     After  rain  hax  riilli:<n  tho  Hoil  \»  loosened  with  tho  hi 
bod  or  kiiii'il  tiud  tho  crop  is  pluatL'd  or  sown  at  thr  cuse  inayl 
Kliurasni,  ndifU,    tdt-a,    viiri,    anil    kolrit  or  horik  are    the  cro! 
Tilhige  is  generally  continued  fur  firevfars  btigiiiuiiig  with  khut 
and  ending  with  koJru.     The  snhaefjnont  fallow  lasw  ten  to  fif 
years.     This  form  of  tillage   w»s  never  practised  except  by  Kc 
Thiikurs,  and  other  half-wild  tribe*.    It  is  uow  confined  within 
narrow  limits. 


Rotation  of  crops  is  not  nnknown  tboagh  tho  pmctieo  of 
sowings  robs  it  of  half  its  ralue.     In  iho  Tighter  eoils  jvdri  and  i 
mixed  as  above  alternate,  the  plough  being  ased  after  jvdyi  on 
bordei-9  of  tho  west,   and  after   Utjri  in  the  easC     Hajri  is  ol 
grown  three  or  four  years  running  i^'rnn    is  seldom  repeated' 
often  a^  it  takes  moro  out  of  the  ground.     lu  the   heavy  deep 
cold-weather   millet   or   titdlu    jivirt    is   grviwn    for  sereral 
running,  rolii^red  Homotitnos  Iiy  a  crop  of  gram  or  wheat, 
wheat  is  the  atnplo  lato  crop  it  alternates   with  gram,   bat  is 
p«wn  year  by  year.    In  the  we.'«t  tho  rotation  in  early  or  ichan/k 
IS  moro  olabonte.     Fallow  land  is  ploughed  and  sown  withXr^itrol 
the  first  year,  with  niigli  the  second  year,  and  with  vari,  sdi-.i, 
hhdtlli,  or  hodrtt   tho   third  and   fourtli   yowra.     In   the  lifth   y( 
ft/r.u«I«nt  isftgainsownandtbelandisleft  fallow  for  fonror  fiveye 
the  land  is  ploughed  before  each  crop,  bat,  excvpt  in  tho  nUi^li 
vari  seed  bods  uo  inauure  ia  used.     This  course  of  crops  ia  sometii 


Chapter  IT. 

Agiicoltoie. 

Rotation. 


talmrt  by  sowlnp  W ura-gni  in  tlio  tLird  year sncc^eded  bv tte  fallow, 
|Lm  also  occasiiiDally  pri>loi>geci  a  yeup  or  two  with  simikr  ciripSj 
i.v)jt  boioff  always  tho  laat.  Under  the  mp«t  favourable 
umstaopes  the  rotation  in  gwdeos  la-ta  three  yearB.  The  course 
IB  in  July  with  («5  orbotiTp.  TlTljisous  sativiu,  a  crop  wblcfa 
iroa  wut«r  tUxtat  onco  in  fifteen  days.  In  October,  aft«r  tho 
er  plants  hsvc  been  picked  and  set  aside  for  ropo-iiinkii)$f,  tlio 
ift  plou^bttd  into  tbo  ground  fi»  manure.  The  land  is  then 
and  left  for  Iwirnty  (lays,  wlicn  il  is  ploughed  twice  and 
d  for  sngnrranc.  Wbon  tbo  ciuio  l>rgin8  to  Kprout  i'<i/  ptilso 
The  sugurcunu  is  cut  in  the  following  March,  the  Itiavca  aro 
a«<l  on  tbo  spot  aod  burnt  as  soon  aft  ther  are  dry,  and  tha  Inrd 
looded.  The  Iiiod  is  ploutfbc^l  wilb  sbnllow  Cuirowft  nnd  vtU  14 
rii  as  fodJcr.  The  vdl  h  takon  up  before  .Tuly  when  the  land 
to  bo  prepared  for  kamt/ti  rice.  Tlie  rice  ia  sown  in  July  and 
it)  IJeceiiibtT.  After  two  ur  tbreo  plougltiu^  whoat  Lit  feown- 
1  CqL  in  tbo  end  uf  April.  The  laud  is  now  p1on);bod  and  lies 
irnpped  till  July  when  perhaps  earlUnute  are  plantef)  and  dug 
in  October.  This  order  ia  Itablo  to  tnany  ebanges  according  to 
varying  qualities  of  soil,  water-supply,  aud  the  circorostances  and 
nionxnf  tlioliitflbaiidmfin.  SmiR'titne*  ffftfti,  that  is  Greek  gmss, 
Ichiiriisni  ore  plc>ughecl  into  tlie  Koil  instead  of  Iciy  or  bentp,  and  a 
r-yeiir  up  even  n  tive-year  rotation  is  followed.  In  well-wMered 
d.s  n  three-rear  rotation  is  not  coininou,  fur,  in  adiUtloti  tu  tho 
K-DSDof  well  irrigation,  the  watcr>sapp1y  lacka  the  power  supplied 
the  Combination  and  co-operation  which  uro  distinctive  of  en-nat 
torvd  lands. 

[u  tbo  plain  parU  of  tbo  district  land  is  DORiotimes  left  fwllow,  but  Fallow*. 

K  a  question  now  fnr  husbandnien  loftro  plain  land  fallow  simply 
to   riwt  it.     Tbo  fallww  in  womi-aidi   or   Jalhi    laud  is  certainly 
riUi    tho  object    of    reotiug    Ihu  land    and  kstii  ton    to  Micen 

rs. ^ 

Thtt  tnnderftte  clititat(>  and  fertile  Boil  of  the  Ponnn  district  offer  Oatinsuro. 
ry  inductnnent  to  ^rdvniiig.  Yet  the  area  nndcr  gardens  id  not 
Of  late  near  Poona  tlio  best  p^i-den  soil  to  a  great  extent 
given  to  the  le*a  troubleaoineand  very  profitable  cultivation 
^(^rcane.  This  land  will  probably  remain  under  suffarcane 
■il  it  is  exhanated  of  soluble  silicates  when  it  will  doubtU-ftit  bo 
cit  to  garden  crops  until  it^  is  again  fit  to  bear  sugarcane. 
p  best  ^rdoii  auil  is  u  dark  brown  Iriiililo  Inam  lyiufj  on  loose 
m  trap  rock.  lo  such  positions,  if  walls  bnvc  bi-vu  biiiit  to  keep 
autl  over  three  feet  deep,  and  water  ut  available,  it  beai-s  exoelleut 
ip«  of  cabbage,  cauliflower,  In-et,  cucumber,  radish,  spinach  of 
Bral  kinds,  and  other  nutritions  vegetables,  and  custard  apples, 
ncgratintcs,  omuf^s,  ^wvum,  mangoes,  plantains,  and  other 
l.  Another  very  similar  soil  iii  found  ou  river  banks.  This  ia 
a  dark-vrllow  or  brown  loam  but  ita  pnrticlea  aro  finer  and 
;oDHequcDrc  it  is  sometinifs  apt  to  hold  too  much  water  and  to 
ik  in  hard  litiaps.     Its  situation  makes  it  liable  lo  floods,  and   it 


I  Ur.  Q.  M.  Woodraw.  SuptriiiUmlaDt  Sotaniod  QudM.  Poena 


[BomtMjOu«n 


32 


DISTRICTS. 


Chapter  ly. 
Agrlcoltnn. 


ISHIIKI. 


contains  a  verj  small  proportioTi  of  limo.     HiiU  onthewLole  it  m\ 
admirable  ttcijl,  spectallj  suited  for  ]>opai    and   plnntaia  trece 
floworing   shi-ubs,  and  if   it   is   ftomo  hciglii   abuvo   flund   lertj  Mj 
exctUeiit  for  orange  and  mango  trees.    The  black  soil  overly  iapopea] 
calcaruoiis  marl  is  also  a  valuable  garden  aoil.     With  liberal  matinnii 
and  watering  it  bears  flrst-rate  vegotabloa  aad  flowcrB,  but  is 
suited  to  fnitE  trees  as  they  aro  apt  to  ran  to  vood. 

In  pr«paring  tho  soil  Avon  in  market  ganlons  tho  natiro  ploas 
tto  fav-ouritfl  tool.      When  drawu   by  four  paira  of  wtlUog 
and  trhen  the  furrows  cross  and  rccrwts  and  pass  as  deep  as 
inchos  below  thu  surfiico,  the  native  plough  ia  remarkably  eB 
Tboogb  it  is  cosily  to  wnrkit  can  bo  uaud  dunug  ruaoy  days  on  wl 
Earopean  and  American  plougbs  tnaat  romftin  idle.     A  stout  boi;.  i 
pditrfe  and  a  einnll   wiMMliog-hook  or  khurpe  almost  complrtc  ti 
list  of  niarket  garden  tools;  wbile  in  omamenlal  gronnds  the  pir 
*rako,    Dutch    hoc,    pniniug   shears,   budding  knife,  watonag 
Bjringe,   lawn-mowing  machine,    and  oilier  tools  may  be  seen| 
Qse.      Tba  spade  Is  seldom  employod.     The  soil  is  so  sticky  itl 
wet  and  80  nan)  when  dry,  that  the  spade  cannot  often  ba 
witb  advantngi>.     In  w»tci-iDg  a  garden  plot  tbo  ground  i<i  laid  i 
ID  ridges  about  fifteen  inches  apart  and  ten  iiichi»i  high,  nod 
hollow  betweoQ  is  flooded.     'Hit!  gronnd  is  also  nrmnged  in  flat  * 
about  ten   fuet  by  ten  (e«t  divided   by   one  ridge  or  by  a  pur 
ridges.     The  pnir  of  ridges  forms  a  water  channel;  and  tbasinj 
ridge  Sfj)antt<!S  one  lino  of  beds  from  the  next  lino.     Tho 
of  water  given  weekly  averages  in  dry  weather  eighty  tons 
to   plantains;   »ixty  tons  to  c<ibbng<',   cauliflower,  and  other  qv 
growing  garden  crups ;  and  forty  tons  to  rose  tret's  and  similar  crof 
According  to  the  age  of  the  plant  and  the  □a.tore  of  the  soil  firs 
fifteen  days  pass  between  tbo  wat«nngs.     • 

The  chief  garden  manure  ih  tho   ashes  of  cowdung  cakes  mb 
with  goat's  dang  and  vegetable  refuse.      When  kept  in  apiti 
that  it  may  bo  moi»t  ond  yet  not  have  its  solnble  constituents  nratli 
away  by  rBinftbiaiHan  excelleut  muniirv  and  is  applied  toallj^ 
crops.      Poudrctte  prepared    by  mixing  fresh  ntghtsoil  with 
cowdung  and   wood-aabes   has   of  late  come  into  general  use. 
IB  specially  snited  for  quick-grow  in  j?  leaf  or  root  crops  such  as 
bsg^  oaolifiower,  potjLtoc«,  planlains,  and  eugarcanp,  and  for 
and  flcwenng  plants  whiirh  require  regular  watering.      Con 
misod   with   veguUiblo  rcfiiw  winch  has  boen  kopt  moist  until  ib] 
well  decayed  is  perhaps  the  safost  and  most  geDoriilly  useful  gar' 
mantire.     If  the  cattle  aro  fed  with  oil-cake  or  grain  it  is  i»rticnl 
rich ;  in  any  case  it  is  eafo  and  gentle  and  ctiu  bo  used  without 
of  ill  eUccts.     Dried  fish  and  castor-oil  cake  are  also  used  for  gar 
crops  of  rapid  growih  and  ara  especially  profituble  when  appli^  ] 
cabbage,  caulillower,  beet,  and  sugarcane. 

The  best  Hved-sowing  season  is  about  the  end  of  June ;  the  hea^ 
rains  with  whicb   the  sonth-wost  monsoon  bnrata  aro  over,  and 
air  is  cooled  to  a  tempernto  wnrmth.     At  this  season  green  Hy 
other  insect  pests  ubuund,  and  so  much  cnro  is  required  to  pre 
young  cabbage  and  cauliSowcr  plants  that  their  sowing  is  gene 


1.1 


POONA. 


33 


till  AagastoT  September.  Beana^beet,  briajal8,caiTotB,  celery, 
knol-kobl,  lettaces,  mustard,  onions,  parsley,  peas,  radishes, 
h,  and  tomatoes  among  vegetables;  and  asters,  balsams, 
Iralus,  nastnrtium,  pinks,  phlox,  and  many  other  flower  seeds, 
he  seeda  of  all  local  trees  or  trees  belonging  to  districts 
I  similar  climate  may  be  sown  about  the  end  of  Jane  and 
ed  at  intervals  for  anccession  up  to  September.  In  the 
r  of  October  good  seed  often  fails.  November  and  December 
be  proper  seasons  for  sowing  lacerne  And  asparagus,  for 
Qg  potatoea,  and  most  of  the  vegetables  and  Sowers  in  the 
ins  list ;  also  for  larkspur  and  mignonette.  In  February  and 
I  several  kinds  of  melons  are  sown  in  river-beds  where  water 
r  the  surface.  In  April,  early  crops  of  beet,  celery,  encumbers, 
:ofal,  lettuce,  spinach,  and  tomato  are  sown.  In  sowing  at 
eason  great  care  must  be  taken  to  provide  proper  shade  and 
ire.  If  complete  shelter  from  the  impending  bnrat  of  the  south-  ' 
^ns  is  available  the  April  sowings  may  be  repeated  in  May 
nnoal  flower  seeds  be  sown  in  pots  in  moist  shady  places, 
-smelling  flowers  are  grown  to  a  large  extent  in  market 
ns.  Among  the  commonest  kinds  are  roses,  jessamines  caX\edjdi 
ogra,  the  tuberose  called  gulehhabbu,  chrysanthemnmsor  aAeriw, 
tntnders  or  kaners.  In  rearing  these  flowers  the  chief  rule  is 
p  the  plant  growing.  With  this  object,  as  soon  as  one  crop 
rers  is  gathered,  the  plants  are  pruned  to  within  a  few  buda 
i  old  wood,  manure  is  dug  in  between  the  plants,  and  if 
>ather  ia  dry  the  ground  is  watered.  By  this  treatment  three 
of  flowers  are  raised  in  the  year,  but  the  plants  soon  grow 
Y  and  have  to  be  replaced,  and  the  flowers  are  small.  Micaelia 
>ac8  gon  chdpka,  Flnmieria  acuminata  chdplia,  Tagetes  Marigold 
F,     Canna     indica  *  hardali,    and     Pandanus     odorattssimus 

are  also  grown  as  market  flowers.  The  list  of  vegetables 
es  nearly  all  the  chief  kinds  known  in  Europe.  Several 
•inaches  are  raised  from  pohla  Amaranthus,  pdlak  Chenopodiuui, 

Foenumgnecam,  and  ambddi  Hibiscus  cannabinns.  A  large 
radish  or  mitla  ia  grown  for  its  roots,  and  the  pods  of  the 
Hibiscus  escnientus  are  a  favourite  crop.  The  chief  fruit 
re  the  costard  apple,  pomegranate,  fig,  grape,  maugo,  jdmhhul, 
id  oranget  The  betel-leaf  pan  Piper  betel  ia  also  grown  in 
jnantiticf- 

Dog  the  commonest  ornamental  plants  are  allamanda,  alooasia, 
ontia,  begonia,  bignonia,  boagainnillea,  caladium,  convolvulus, 
18^,  ferns,  geranium,  gesnera,  hibiscus,  nehimbtum,  nymphea, 

poivrea,  quisqualis,  rose,  and  taberucemontana. 

art  of  grafting  by  buds  called  handi,  and  grafting  by 
ing  or  kalam  are  practised  to  a  limited  extent.  The  better 
of  rose,  orange,  pomelo,  and  hot  may  be  budded  at  any  time 
'  the  rainy  or  cold  season  if  the  sap  is  flowing  freely, 
ling  or  grafting  by  approach  ia  employed  to  propagate 
er  kinds  of  mango,  guava,  and  hor.  The  true  graft,  that 
ing  a  branch  entirely  removed  from  ita  parent  tree  on  to  a 


Chapter  IT. 

Agrionltore. 

Qabdxnivo. 


127-5 


tBombftf  6u«tt 


34 


)ISTR1( 


Cliai»t«r  IT. 
Agrieolttm. 

UutPKNIICI. 


Beparate  tree,  is  occasionally  pmctisod  daring  November,  to  imp 
vxMiff>  truca. 

The  use  of  tlie  pmning  knife  is  well  tindonitood.     In  pmnia^l 
rtii-_'  followed  in  most  cusea  is  to  cut  back  the  »hoct  thai  hw 
llnwiira  or  fruit  to  witbin  a  few  bods  from  the  huae,  nnd  to 
wcftkly   ftud  decaying  branchea.     Floworing  iihrobs  of  all  ki 
the  vint>,  and  tlie  fig  tree  sro  rc-gnlitrly  prnned  by  cutting  back  I 
bruiJchcB  which  liave  fruited.     Other  ft-uit  trees  ore  kept  faw 
nnaound  wood. 

The  moring  of  small  plants  which  can  bo  gruirded  from 
wind  and  frum   the  ftun  is  carried  on  during  the  nuny  smmo  ' 
BDCCesg.     To  move  large  shrubs  or  trees  tho  best  time  of  tba ; 
hetween  Novembor  and  January.     In  spito  of  tbo  drynosi  uf  I 
cold  season  large  trees  can  be  moved  moro  oaaily  in  Poods  tl 
,  Europe. 

The  following  are  tho  cbiof  details  ol  tho  loading  local  Beld 
garden  crops.^    Of  cereals  tberc  are  tbirtoen  : 


1  Tho  (oUovrttu[  uiteratting  atttlcmrDt  wm  prepand  by  Capbuu  Rot 
int  ColleoBor  ol  Pooiib  in  ll^I.  It  ulaiTwii  tU  chief  pruducuof  tWT 
proportiou  nch  bore  to  tho  nholo  oatiuni.  uid  the  tinea  of  (owing  ud 

PoosA  Chops,  issi. 


u» 


N*K>. 


Cdtd        

Alia      ..      ». 

.SUM  ...  .„ 

Jain       

nir        

IU)ri      _.       ... 

ra       „.     .,. 

SMdU     _  .- 

i'arf       ,..  -. 

MvAmw  _. 
Wbwt     „ 
Onaa      „ 

i-dUas ..  „ 

VoMr     .. 
fffllA        . 
fl^Uga  or  KvUH 
Bu|[miuuio          ^, 
SlRMPotlirtua  — 
Oniuna  Ukd  QuUc 
OhitliM 

iSS.iT'  ::    ;; 

£m««    ."       

naitar    ..       _ 
Tatacctt  —        „ 
OaolUiaMlurantiK, 
Mm.  JUU.  CMiuu, 


Saws, 


Hut -June 

Do.  „,      , 

Do. 

1».  _ 

Jnna-Jidy 

Da.  _ 

IM. 

DSk 

St       r    : 
SS:       I 

■opMulnr- Onobar 

Dd.  . 
Oetobsr-Htmsibic 

Do. 
JuiH-Ji)Ir 

Pft. 
Jnno  and  Jidumj 
All  thw  |-rar 
Juiwn  and  Aufwt 
Juno-July 
Julf.AutpM    ... 
April 'Ifay        ... 
OoMtar .  Ir«*«aib«r 

OOuImi.  Nurtvibor 
Jnue       ^.       ... 


DMIHd. 


Ahdm  ■Sataflhr. 
o*. 
Da, 

OsMlar. 
tx>. 

Da. 
Octgfear .  Mft*«Bb«r . 

Ud. 
Srfitankc*  -  Ostoiar. 

D». 

Do. 

nnwnrlai 
rabnMT-llMtli. 

Do. 

Do. 

1)0. 

Nointnlaa. 

IM, 
At  tM  liRira  moMta, 
Aflcv  flw  m^ilh^ 
Aiirfl  tmi  DcRDbcr. 
J«  n<Mr>  -  ffobnuhrj- 
July  -  AiiffUM, 
Jul;  ■  .Mlffuit. 
Jumar}  -  tt^nmiT- 
Mptombrt-  Oc«ak«r, 
FMKviuy  HmcIi. 
Ihmaittt'  Dmxnbtt. 


Sa«t  In*Lia  V>.pen,  IV  nn. 


POONA. 


fMITA  CgJtMJU. 


3S 


to. 

IDhluH. 

Botuxu. 

11 

n 

u 

^  z  z  :: 

aUdU    „       .       _. 

SK.  -    ■-    - 

WP               mm                  tta                 |A4 

Jo4^       -        ...        .J 
JUWft*    ^ 

SUM  QtJm»     -      'Z 

•mv          „          

s?.  ■-    *    ■"■ 

hidtu  oiiTm 

biiUui  ee«>  or  hhIm  _. 

fupkluui  •noUnilBlain. 
nnlouin  tiUtaoiD. 
OryimMifn. 
Tnama  mMrma. 
t^apBluin  imiMnUcnini. 
SoiiliUMi  ral|;u«- 

SlMtriTWOOMtuia, 

norddun  linMUtfMni. 
"■nlonm  iDlItknrui, 
Puilcuui  inlUinL 

Airn',  Spikufl  Millet,  Pcniciltaria  Hptcala,  in  1881-82  covered 
7  ~  '.^re«,  lKj,:tO(!  acres  of  tlieni  in  Sinip,  108,599  io  Junnar, 
P  I  lihvi],  H2.\oit  in    Bhimtliadi,  Hl,2HS  in   liaveli,   82,840 

,'Driunihftr,   24,13ll   in  IniUpiir,  and -ilMS  in  MAval.     H'ijrivith 
ri  is  tiio  Htaplv  crop  of  tbo  district.     It  is  grown  bU  over  the 
rict  bat  in  small  quaDtitie«  iu  the  hill;  vrest  of  Junoar,  Kfaed, 
n],  and  Havi'Ii.     It  it  a  finer  grain  than  jmri  and  requires 
VCBTvful  l-ilU>r&.     There  ore  three  Tarietiea  of  bajri  which  can 
31v  be  ilistiuj^uiahod  except  by  the  initiated,  ijnri  ur  early,  an 
nor  rariely   nukturing  in  three  and  a  half  months ;  had  ur  late, 
■er  varioty  takinjf  LuuKor  to  tmiture;  and  sajgurt,  a  ijaickly 
iBrin^  rariety  withafliuallur  ^^in  and  ^rown  chietly  under  water, 
n  isMfWoin  June  or  July  naualiy  iu  shallow  black  ur  light 
tbUt  KMh  mixed  with  nila  a  Ctjaree  grain,  math  a  puUo,  amhddC 
tfi,  til  Heaamatn,  and  l«r  a  pulM>.     Thcao  grains  art-  minted  in  the 
Nrioff  proportinni  :  hfijri  Hi,  yi-la  1,  tnalk  4,  amlniiti  2,  til  l,and 
4.    In  rich  wills  tiir  is  ctitnmonl;  sown  iu  alt4)niutu  nme  mcli 
1  um3   it)   poor    ioiltf  a  Rinall  lefpime  called  hulga  or  kuliih 
iekirt  bilionw  is  always  uown.     A  brown  mould  partly  ol  rod 
foirtly  of  binok  soil  in  ooDsidorad  boHt  fur  the  growth  of  bajri. 
\   '  !  a  half  poandsof  the  mixed  seed  is  bowh  tn  thw  nc-re, 

t  noil  the  leM  the  seed.    Bajri  'a  seldoui  watered  or 

uuviL  It  dapcnds  loss  on  the  soil  oud  nioro  on  tho  nun  than 
i.  It  o«ver  yields  ao  Urge  a  crop  ns  jtari  and  mboru  buth 
^row  jvari  ia  alwayn  chosen,  iidjri  wanU  more  ploughing, 
■ring',  and  wpeiliug'  than  jvari.  Wliou  tbo  crop  v&  four  or 
iaoBM  high  tho  weeds  and  gnus  nro  oloared.  A  timely  fall  in 
at  favonrs  ihe  pn-wtb  o(  f/tijri,  but,  especially  in  bIuiUow  soila, 
■nch  ruin  ^Ithis  at  tho  rodts  and  rots  the  stalks.  Bajri  is 
iwtod  in  October  and  ifovemWr,  and  from  uiid-Octobor  to  mid- 
Vary  tht' crops  grown  with  it  ripen,  first  the  panic  rdJa, tfaoii  the 
•  nuiM,  then  tbo  bemp  atahadi,  then  the  siowninm  iiV,  and  Inat 
poJae  tur.  'Ilia  averaffe  yield  of  b'ijri  on  dilTerent  unwatered 
m  K^iod  nod  bod  yoars  is  300  to  400  pounda.  Tlio  grooo  cars 
WODCd  and  c«t«n  Duder  the  uamR  of  Jint''>if-orRiin&uf'.  Tborim 
■  is  aotoelime*  parched  and  mado  iaio  Irihin.  /fo/rt  iR  obioHy 
a*  m  hratd  {ptnin,  bcioi?  kottided  with  salt  into  round  caVos 
t  fiv.-.  incliMi  aeroM  and  ludf  an  inch  thick.  It  is  not  liked  by 
■  S909,  but  U  tliv  faivonrite  food  oi  the  npper  classes 
ui    ihe  people    uf  Poona.      The    stulks    called    Konrwd 


Cliapter  l\ 
Acrlcnltni 
Cxops, 


Btwr  oaMtt 


36 


DISTRICTS. 


Agrionltan. 
C$r,tib 


are  giren  to  cattlp,  Lai  tmlrss  trodden  ioto  chaff  are  liel<I  inferior] 
almost  ail  other  fodder. 

2.  Bdrti  oommonl;  harti,^  roBpalum  acrobicaUtaiu  or  flavirli 
is  growu  almost  entirely  in  tfao  east  of  the  district,  DsoaJIv  in  Aeptij 
forrowa  in  fields  of  tuijri.     Ii  is  sown  in  June  aud  Julj,iuid,  nil 
wmter  or  manaKi,  ripotis  in  October.     The  ^aiti,  which  ie  whi<« 
rouod,  is  about  ibesiice  of  6<ijn,  and  grows  ou  crocked  Enger-like  aid 
sboois  wbicb  stand  out  at  di^net  tnlenrals  from  the  fnain  stem 
the  ear.     Ilie  graiu  ha§  Vy  he  pounded  to  Heparate  tbc  btialc,  and  < 
Qsaally  b<jik«d  and  ealeu  like  rice.    It  is  much  esteemed  bj  iho] 
and  is  said  to  he  most  wbole-aome. 

3.  Bhiidli,  Pftnicum  piloenm,  ia  grown  almost  eutirel^  in  the««*l 
of  the  distrid;  and  uciiiallj  in  the  same  fietdA  as  bdjri-.  It  is  s^nnia 
Jono,  and.  without  water  or  maotire is  reaped  inOetobor  or  NoreTiiI.^. 

^Bhddli  ia  much   like  red  7*ita  and  ie  sumettiuea  confounded  wi^li  i: 
It  is  larger,  gntivs  w^ll  iu  punrpp  soil,  aod  Ihe  ripe  ear  ia  reddi 
brown  and  briintlv,  nhila  thu  ripo  ralaiit  smooth  and  of  apali>  yplll) 
The  grain  is  cmbusked  by  pouudinpf.   It  is  eatt^n  br  the  pciur,  ch' 
in  the  east.     It  ia  aometimes   boiled  and  eat«n  whole,  and 
raroly  grouod  to  flour.     The  »trew  in  luwd  a»  foddor. 

■K     BfvU,^   Hico,  OryBasativn,  iu  ltJfil-82  twvcred    17, 
21. lot  of  them  in  Havoli,    14,990  ia  Mival,  &9SS  in  Kb    :. 
Juiinsr,   t Idd   iu  Purikudbar,  102  in  Ind^pur,  and  33  iu  BbioitlB 
It  ia  the  chief  product  of  the  west  lands  or  MSvaU,  and  is  st^itnetiti 
found   in   raoi«t  plR(;es  in  the  ca»terii  ploiii.     About  eluvtrn  kit  ' 
rice  are  grown  iu  the  Poona  district.  One  kind,  ioniorf,  the  be^t 
in  thtt  dixtriot  wtis  brought  b^  [>r.  (libiton    from  R»!ra    in  JSM. 
is  irrown  as  a  channel- watered  crup.    Four  kinds,  dmbemokar,  i' 
nry/iii^,  and  rujaval,  are  miwd  in  lato  Mky  iu   manured  seod-l 
planted  into  wet   fields  in  July-August,  and  reaped  in  lat«  Oc 
Five  poop  sorts,  eii\manwt,dii(tki!,kolambf,kothimbare,»nATnt 
uro  gunerolly  sown  broadcast  or   by  drill  ia  poor  ricu-Si'ldH  urJ 
high-lying  gronnd  in   Juno  and  reaped  in  September.'    Moefa 

E cuter  part  of  the   Poona  rice  is  grown  under  the  planting  sytt 
March  or  April  a  plot   ■»  chnsun  for  the  aeed-bed   either  in! 
rice   field   it»i4f  or  vn  li)gh(.'r  ground  cloio  to  the  Ri^ld  and  plou^ 
once  and  levelled.     Cowdung,  grass,  and  leaves  are  spread  on 
gronnd,  a  Bocond  laytT  is  added  of  brancbui  and  bruidinrood  cord 
with  grass,  and  fine  earth  is  sprinkled  over  all.     These  layer* 
eowdnug,  brushwood,  and  ;;'Tas8  are  callc^l  rab.'     In  cftrty  May  I 
brushwood  is  fired  on  the  leeward  side  to  ensare  alow  and  thor 
burning  and  the  ash«s  remain  guArdcd  &om  tho  wind  by  the  n| 


'  Btfrii  i»  Skid  by  Colonel  SykM  to  ba  tlw  Mine  u  hub-H  or  A«rAt  PMiahna  1 
meatammn.   Iii'iairy  in  lURbrvnt  piirU  ol  the  Doooan  wtlflfled  Mr.  Pletchtr  r 
two  ar*  (ltfffr*nt. 

*TlieMu«tbi  uMnMof  rice  in  itsrarioaa*lAB«*ST«tlio  na*AtAai,   the 
r»fi.  Ill*  plants  dmn,  th*  plsnt«d  ritabW,  ttw  hQibodwcd  UitdHl,  At  itta 
or  bidlf,  luid  the  batk  to  wkidi  tlia  gtAxa  clinits  tatda. 

*  Bom.  Got.  Hot.  Rnx  UN  of  IMS,  ?9. 

*TIm  ehittf  diilMvnca  boewocit  rM  aud  ilalAl,  tbo  two  fornw  of  woim1-w1i  till 
tliAt  indalhithe  bnabe*  ftre  bamt  whci« tbcjr  giw  Mtdinnl&tb«/a(v  brongbt] 
•omeirlivrc  «l9P. 


POONA 


57 


of  e«jib.  Aftor  Aq  Snt  rain  in  Jnno  the  seed  ir  rowd 
cast  and  covered  bj  tW  hnn^-tioc  or  kudiil.  In  July,  Hhen 
Wv  or  six  inclu-*  bigli,  llio  Beefllings  aro  pnllcd  up,  tieil  in  small 
'"  iiidlcH,  ami  taken  and  pliinted  bj  Imnd  in  tlio  ricc-ficlil  in  Londlcs  of 
If  to  six  plants.  Tbis  planting  is  expensive.  To  plant  aboat  110 
ea  {Ibd  biijhiis)  is  a  day's  work  for  150  oi«n.  Ilio  pluntin^  of  rice 
0*  lon^for  than  the  planting  of  tuiehtii  and  vttri  as  in  tb(<  cane  of 
eso  coaraer  and  hardier  )|^raius  it  is  encii^h  to  ihruw  iW  plunU  oo 
e  ground.  l(ioo-li<?lds,  wbicb  are  called  khdthara  in  Maiiltbi,  aro 
led  b^  tbron-ing  earthen  buuka  aoross  tlio  buds  of  wntor-uountcs  or 
nes  of  drainage,  bjr  lioIdiuR-  back  tlie  muddy  deposit,  and  controlling 
the  snpply  of  water  which  during  the  rainy  niontlis  comes  from 
■e  higher  landp.  The  best  rice  suil  is  a  bright  yellow  deepening 
I  black  oa  tbo  quality  declines.  At  the  came  time  thv  yield  of  rioo 
lepends  aa  much  on  tlie  plentiful  and  constnul  supply  of  water  tin 
lO  the  character  of  the  soil.  Once  in  two  or  three  years,  to  pmven^ 
*i«ir  BJltiag,  rice-fields  are  three  or  four  citoes  ploughed  in  uppuaiUi 
liroctionB.  The  clods  are  broken  with  the  kiilav  and  the  petAri 
then  uHed  to  clear  the  loose  soil  out  of  the  bottom  of  the  field, 
nd  bi'ap  it  on  the  bank.  In  June  and  early  July  while  the 
eedlin^H  are  gettinf/f  ready  for  phmliti|7,  the  Q<K>di>d  nci^-tiold  18 
ilou);bcd  and  troddt-u  by  oicu  into  a  mass  of  soft  slushy  nimL 
?'iiteon  days  after  planting',  when  the  soedlinp^  have  In-Koa  to 
'  uot,  thi-ir  dcnd  tt-aTCS  ore  i)luckod  off  by  the  buDtl,  As  th^  planting 
Dsaally  dono  during  pouring  rain  and  in  deep  mud  Ihf  hc-ad  ana 
ok  of  the  planter  are  ulways  ehndud  by  u  watL-r-tif^ht  bbell  made 
f  wicki>r-work  and  teak  tearos  oailed  Vir/o  or  piin'/h'mijadi,  and  n 
or  (ivds,  whoee  scat  and  bottom  aro  tTVopanilK-l  ptiinksHi^ptiratixl 
ly  ti  fiingle  leg  of  wood,  innsedto  nit  on.  After  the  planting  itt  ovor 
the  wator  i«  kept  slanding  in  Uiu  Geld  ot  nccrtiiin  depth  till  the  crop 
ripcnH  when  itiH  allowed  to  dry.  Between  September  and  XoTember 
planted  rit^o  i^i  reaped  with  the  btickle  or  vHa  aud  carried  a.i  out  and 
aid  on  tho  bank  lust  the  riite  grain  should  be  injured  by  lying  on 
ho  wcl  ground.  In  eiprht  or  nine  days  a  man  and  hia  wife  can  cut 
about  four  acres  (5  iiyhdit)  of  rict'.  Aa  the  whole  crop  ahonld  bo 
cnrriod  and  stockod  before  the  grain  dries  labonrem  have  to  be  hired 
:o  carry  tho  sheaves  to  tlie  thrashing-floor.  To  sepunite  the  buck 
[from  the  grain  rice  has  to  be  pounded  or  ground.  Except  where  it 
is  grown  rico  is  eaten  by  the  poor  on  foast  atty.1  only ;  it  enters  into 
he  daily  food  of  nil  the  middle  and  upper  cInHses,  whether  IlindnR 
r  Miisvluinnfi.  If  iii  most  commonly  .itmply  boiled  ;  it  ia  aUo  eaton 
arched  as  tiihix  and  jtohae  and  murmuru/i.^  Tbciie  aro  most  naoEul 
as  ready<cooke4l  food  for  a  journey  and  aro  generally  given  along 
Tfich  ddle  or  parched  gram  pnlsc  aa  rntiona  to  Hindu  aoldicrs  on  a 


\ 


>To  m^e  poAtf*  the  htuked  rim  ia  ■rak«diii  oolA  w»l«r  for  ihr»e •]»}-«,  KrHliloJ, 
and  left  to  ilraia  dry  in  h>  open  b«*k«l.  It  1«  ih«a  >Iiglit1f  parobut  U'l  ponii<lnl  iu 
a  BtMM  inurtar.  The  craahMl  pal|>  forau  into  flat  iMKiiKe-elisiwl  utisvaa  uui  llio  hiuk 
ia  wfpanXnA  by  »  winoowlnu  tan.  Po/idM  are  wimetimde  ktoud'I  tu  Hoar  nnil  dmiI 
in  iwMtinokU.  Fur  mHnHUnlt  Iho  hmtkcit  rico  i>  iwrtuily  dried  in  Uie  aun  aflor  a 
throo  >I»j-h'  sonkint;  uid  MAUing.  It  U  tligbtly  [ianili«d  mmI  tba  bnak  MpantM  b« 
lintyinji  in  a  mortar.  SkltwatorisiMxt ikrowaoToritand thegT>iniaagBUipu^;li<il 
m  hot  ■and  wbicli  n\tke»  it  paffuul  ewell. 


Chapter  17. 
Agrtcalt 

Ckors. ' 
Ctnab, 


t 


lBomte7< 


ChApUr  IT. 

ierletilian. 


S8 


DIKTKICrS. 


Wft  vojuffo,    Tbo  floor  u  rIbo  ami  in  variooB  proponUHWi-Ju] 
straw  or  j'mSJiii  is  nsod  u  cattle  ftidda^. 

K.     OriAu,  WhoAl,  Triticom  antinim,  in   188US2  eatwtAH*' 
■cree  21,(177  of  tlutm  ia  Juutur,  0637  in  MAvul,  .saSB  in  Bfcio' 
820r>  ill  Kh«9a,  40111  in  Simr.  3o03  in  Hareli,  £983  in  loaipor 
lOl'J  ill  PiirBodbar.    Wbmt  w  a  lnl«  orrvld-oreatber  (OoCober-M 
crop.     It  is  gpovrn  ovflr  tha  wholti  district  bnt  ia  sniall  <]auit! 
thti  wvHt  Iliads  oC  Juddot,  KJicd,  aud  UaTuU.     Xl  roqairaa  %  ii> 
climato  tbim  jrari  and  in  thn  eutero  fringe  of  tha  watt  U 
geDomll;  fi;n><rn  m  a  Arj-crop,    ^Xmnthere  it  is  ffrown  Ma< 
crop  ouly  in  hvoured  place*,  bat  onr  tbu  whole  oaRtum  pUta  i 
largoljr  ^rown   as  wntvn.-tl  crop.     Wboat  vraotH    black  ur  rich 
Tbo  best  Buil  m  the  alliivinl  Iftam  known  as  gavkdli  or  the  wheMi 
Wlittal  also  tbrivea  in  tbu  lowlj-iog  black  or  botttir  brovm  cJajr 
in  \avr  lands  whore  drainago  gathers.  Fuar  kinda  uf  wheut  are  | 
•tuktlti,    half,   khtijili  ttlsu  ndlod  jod,   and  i>ot«  th»t  is  btg-l 
Jkiktbi    rtM]iiire3  good    block   (mil.      It  is  sowd    ia    Chrtobn' 
Norwnl>or,  la  usaally  watorod  and  mimurod.  nod  is  ritapcd  in  F* 
ary  or  March.  This  wheat  is  of  the  finost  qaality,  bnt  aa  it  is 
it  in  nnt  larg^y  nown.     Tho  sUim  is  aometimes  as    much 
feot  liigh,  the  graia  is  larger  than  tha  gmin  of  otbor  kind«  of  wl 
and  thfi  b«Ard,  whoD  ripe,  is  tipped  with  black.  Kdtt  wheat  is  ao^ 
guud  black  9oil  io  October,  ia  nsiially  watered  bnt  not  tnanarod,  i 
18  ro^wd  in  February.     It  ia  shortor^stalked  and  stnaller-j — ~' 
thaa  eithtTtlie/tajta^  or  khapU,  ia  hardier  tban  the  hakthi, 
the  wheat  oommuuly  grown  in  dry  lands.     KAaptc   or  jod, 
whont,  in  sown  in  black  soil  in  Norember,  is  always  both 
aod  mauared,  and  is  reuped  in  March.     KhapU  is  the  wheat  dsuiII;  ' 
grown  in  gardens.     It  is  very  bardy.     It  owes  its  oamo  to  the  ftel 
thai  tbo  grain  cannot  be  Bcpuratod from  tho  hwskwitboat  poundiog.  b 
ia  sown  ss  asecoad  or  dumla  crop  inJaouaT^'and  February  in  irrignH^ 
laadsafler  hdjri,  mwA.;  tol)«coo,  ohilliea,  or  wheat  with  f^ood  pc«bH«. 
Poi«  or  big-bolticd  wheat  ia  less  e8t«<enii>d  than  other  rariaties.    It 
ia  sown  in  poor  black  koiIh  in  Kovembvr,   is  neither  wntered  bit 
manured,  and  in  runpcd  in  Fcbrtiary.     Other  variottes  knun-o  in  tlu 
district  nro  daudithani  and  kdlttJctutal.     Two  and  a  half  to  thwa  sad 
a  haH  pounds  of  wheat  are  aowu  to  thu  acre,  tbo  better  the  soil  tb« 
loss  the  seed.    Tho  average  acre  yield  from  all  kinds  of   wheat  in 
QDwatered  land  is  500  to  600  pounds  uitd  in  watered  land  1 000 
to  IlOO  pounds.     In  garden  knd  wheat  fellows  rice  and  in  dry*orD(i 
html  it  comes  beat  iifk-r  h-'ijri,  nauBO,  tohsooo,  or  cbilliua     After  two 
or  three  ploagbings  tho  wheat  ia  sown  and  the  land  ia  levelled  with 
the   harrow.     When  tho  sood  baa  b<^iiD  to  siprout,  to  regulate  the 
watering,  ridges  and  small  wator^couraCK  arc  mode  with  a  large 
rake  in  the  shape  of  sqnaree  or  vaphat.     Wheat  after  it  has  come 
into  ear  is  affected  bf  mildew  called  Iditthera  and  gtirva  or  khaira, 
Theae  diseasee  are  said  to  he  oomrooncr  in  tielda  where  mnstard  U 
grown  than  elsewhere,     Tdmitrra  appears    after  uaeoaMitable  and 


>  In  IMS  Ur.  Uilwun  U  lUi)  to  have  intnxluwtl  alMol  ibirly-ainlit  cliok«  vaiuttiM 
of  whwt.     Bom.  Gov.  Rqt.  K»c  H1>3  of  ISM.  7a 


i 


dition  of  clarified  butter  or  tup.  The  flonr  is  used  largely  in 
and  aweetmeats.  Wheat  straw  ia  eatea  aa  fodder  with  or 
it  a  mixture  of  chaS. 

Bank  or  Kodru,  Paapalam  fmmentacDnm,  ia  1881-82  covered 
res  in  Jnonar.  It  is  erown  almost  entirely  in  the  western 
leB  and  light  soils.  It  is  sown  in  June  and  reaped  in  October 
vember.  The  grain,  which  is  round  and  flattish  and  of  the^ 
t  a  mustard  seed^  forms  in  double  rows  on  one  side  of  a  flat 
and  until  ripe  the  ear  remains  enveloped  in  a  sheath.  New 
is  said  to  be  powerfully  narcotic  and  is  eaten  only  by  the  poor 
repare  it  in  various  ways,  and  from  use  are  able  to  eat  it  with 
itj.^    The  straw  is  hurtful  to  cattle. 

Jvdri,  Indian  Millet,  Sorghum  valgare,  the  most  largely  grown 
in  Poona,  in  1881-82  covered  588,502  acres,  226,152  of  which 
n  Haveli,  129,069  in  IndApnr,  73,026  in  Purandhar,  53,239  in 
54,877  in  Bhimthadi,  28,782  in  Khed,  16,438  in  Jannar,  and 
n  M&val.  It  is  grown  over  the  whole  district  but  in  the  hilly 
}f  Jonnar,  Khed,  MAval,  and  Haveli  only  in  small  quantities, 
be  staple  grain  of  the  eastern  plain.  There  are  many  varieties 
liao  mtUet  some  of  which  belong  to  the  early  and  others  to 
be  harvest.  The  early  varieties  are  found  only  in  the  belt  which 
s  the  east  of  the  western  districts,  and  are  sown  thickly  for 
r  rather  than  grain.  The  late  varieties  are  grown  in  the  eastern 
yield  grain  plentifully,  and  their  fodder  though  less  abundant 
letter  qnality  than  that  of  the  early  varieties.  There  are  three 
early  Tarieties  argadi,  kalbhondi,  and  nilca.  Argadi,  also  called 
,  is  sown  in  June  or  July  in  shallow  black  or  light  soil,  and, 
at  the  help  of  water  or  as  a  rule  of  manure,  is  grown  and  cut  in 
nber.  The  stalk  is  sometimes  ten  feet  high  j  the  head  is  small. 
rarietyia  also  sown  as  a  watered  crop  in  April  and  matures  in 
or  3iAy.  When  grown  as  a  watered  crop  it  is  called  Jchondi  or 
.'     Thia  crop  is  sometimes  sown  broadcast  and  thick  and  cut 


(BonUf  Oi 


eoltorq. 


DISTRICTS. 


Inrgo.    Tbo  fodtlor  w  prixoil  for  uiloli  mttle.     Then  arc  Hurt 
viiHoticii  of  IndifkU    millet    «A<t/ii,  ihdh'Mtogm,  and   timMi. 
boflt  of  tbo  Uta  kinds  is   thAiu.     It  is  soirii    '\a   l>Imck 
mul-Au^st    to   riii(I-Ofti))K-r   ntid  Imrvofttud   frum  inid- 
mUl-pL'lirunry,     The  xtalk  in  tlin^c  tu  fivr  fiN?l  long  ami  e 
null   the  grain    white.       DailffhtogTa   it    »jvru    with  *. 
mixed  in  the  samo  furrow  or  io  Bepnrate  farrows.     The 
bard  titatk  ia  {wur  (odder  and  ibo  scttUitrcd  fentliur  livad  V 
laurit    of    boiiid    too    li^hC    to  giro  birda  a   ftHJtli»1tL 
milky  grain  narcbee  into  i?xce1leDt  lahif.     A  (Inrk-busked  Tin-T;.; 
dudh-mo/jra  [las  &  slem  w-bich  ii^suiiiotime!*  luud  ns  a  Heavvr'a 
nxl.     T-imhiU,    (but   ta    red,    Marshull's   Stirgbuai    davil^   U 
gi.«i>emll>'  in  liglit  soils  id  lute  July  and  early  Ani^iut,  oad, 
either   waU^r   or  tnaoure,  ripens  In  early  Jautiary  to  eftrljr  Pcbm^' 
Tlic  sicni  18  tbree  to  four  f<wt  Iiigb  utid  poor  as  fodder,  nod  thegiHl 
^a  white  and  bard.     Four  to  Gre  pounds  of  Wtojriiri  unt  kowd  to 
aoie,  the  beit^ir  the  soil  the  less  the  aeed.    The  t*arlir  Indian  mi 
take  eight  to  ten  ponud«  of  seed  an  acre.     Unwatt-rtxl  jnin 
kiuds  of  soil  ifixKS  un  nvvrngi'  jic-Ul  of  iW  to  50(f  fiounds  Ibfr 
and  wutorod  Jedri  yields  lOOO  Ui  1200  pounds.   .VAti/u  ig  the 
prodactive  variety  ftoinetimea  vielding  as  much  aa  250U  pouudii 
acru.     Before    the  head  forms   tbo  plant  is  callod  hn/nJaml  vki 
perfoot    hiUitt.^    Jvnri   ia    the   only   oureal  whoee  straw  or  <(  ix't*  u 
UHcd  as  fodder  iu  xn  nntaral  8kit«.     Thti  straw  of  all  other  oefOll 
»ai1  of  nil  soft  Hiomiued  pulsus  is  trodden  to  pieces,  mixo«3  witli  dnft' 
aud  stnwL'd  iu  largo  btuKcts,  uud  \a  mlled  bhmhU.     Jitiri  slulk*  »rr 
fttni:k<vl  iind   thatobod  in  tho  mtny  weiit;  in  the  drier  CHst  Hi-  ■  '<" 
Ktowed  in  luu^g^rnro-liko  ridges  and  corcrcd  with  clods  of  bin 
The  grain  is  chiefly  iiaod  u  a  bread  grnin,  but  is  also  eatf^n  patx  q 
hihi.     Whou  in  soiuon  tho  parcbod  noripc  jniri  litiitd^  form  a 
it«m  of  food i^'ith  tho  labouring  cbtsses  and  are  called  huinla. 

8.  Uakkti,  Indian  Com,  Zca  mays,  in  1881-82  covered  3844  •am, 
2-i3o  of  vbich  were  in  Purnndbiir,  7'20  in  RKimthadi,  ttiJU  in  ludapor, 
fifty  in  Haveli,  and  nino  in  8iriir.  In  \6A,i  the  American  nmiiM*>ii 
naturalised  at  tho  oxporiinontiJ  gnrdoit  al  Hivra  in  Juniutr."  It  ii 
aovm  in  tho  ttoatvru  suVdivi!>iona  in  hlnck  soil.  When  nnwai«redil 
it  foirn  in  June  and  ripens  in  August;  when  wnt<<rj>d  it  wajr  b« 
grown  at  any  season.  Tho  heads  or  butas  are  UHually  eaten  [iorchtrtl 
or  boiled  while  grocD  and  tho  ripe  grain  ifi  also  parched  and  msJo 
into  Uth!»,  and  after  grinding  is  used  as  6our.  The  vtalk  is  a  reiy 
ooarne  fodder. 

9.  NuglxQvNiichHi,  Elensino  oorocana,  in  IflSI-SS  coTered  S2.3M 
acree,  I(i,3l0  of  which  were  in  Khed,  14,O30  in  Maval,  13,o72  ia 
Haveli,  6983  in  Jnnnar,  aod  S464  iu  Purandlmr.  It  is  growD  onlf 
in  the  hilly  woitt  sometimes  in  n-ot  lands  by  planting  like  rice  or  l^ 
sowiug  with  tho  drill,  and  often  tu  high  lauds.  In  planting  ndr/mt 
the  seedlings  are  simply  thrown  on  the  ground  iu  liule  trenehe»  at 
about  cquaT  distances  apart  and  left  to  root  as  they  can.    iVdcAw 


POONA. 


^1 


Mlo('  irant  a  Jeop  or  n  rtnh  soil,  bat  in  any  but  b  moiat  soil  it 
bea.  It  is  Bctwu  in  Juuu  ami  ripens  in  Orbobor  or  Nnveinber 
tbo  stftlk  It  hftrxl,  rwiiiugix  ditTicult  RU<I  Mstly.  It  takf>8  four 
is  eight  lilies  to  cut  about  thrcv  ocros  (2  bi^hiU)  of  tiifcAiih  Tlie 
nrig  and  atacking  aro  also  exiwnaive.  Ndchni  should  be 
_.  rried  as  sooa  cu  poMibLo  aftur  tbo  oroji  »  cut,  and  tbo  Eboa%'e8 
t»oiiId  bt»  carried  onlv  in  the  morning  when  the  boadH  aro  wot  uitb 
-«»w.  Later  in  the  day  the  bent  of  tUo  sun  sbrivols  tho  husk 
ud  loosens  (be  aevd.  Under  the  naniu  uF  htirda  the  green  beads  are 
karch<^  and  enten.  Tho  ripe  graiu  is  enten  in  cakos  by  the  west 
^ountry  poor  and  the  flour  in  mode  into  n  cowling  drink  called 
\mbil.     Tbo  atraw,  powdered  and  mixed  iritb  chaff,  i«  used  as  fodder. 

10.  Mia,  Paiiicum  italionm.  in  lh81-82  covered  1084  acres.  G81 
ijf  which  wcroin  Puraodbar,  1.16  in  Uhimthndi,  113  in  Havell,  eighty- 
vnu  in  indipiir,  sixty-eight  in  Ninir,  and  ono  in  Jnnnar.  It  is 
ipronn  chivfly  in  the  east  of  the  district  in  sbtdlo^  btnck  ur  light* 
toi1»  usnuUy  in  the  same  fields  as  b<ijri.  It  in  of  two  rorictic!),  a  red 
Itid  a  white,  iwhich  diHor  only  in  colour.  It  is  sown  in  Juno  and 
■ipcns  in  October.  The  grain  is  aeparalod  from  tho  huak  by 
Miindin;?  and  i^;  usually  boiled  and  eatou  irliolo.  The  atalk  is  asM 
or  (oddtT  nnd  tbatcli. 

11.  SiUu.  or  Jav,  Barloy,  Uordonm  bexasticbon,  in  18H1  -S2  covered 
i41  acre*  fifly-one  of  which  are  in  Bhimthadi,  fifty  in  llaveli, 
fwcoty  in  Puratidhjir,  fourteen  in  IndApiir,  and  six  in  Jiinniir.  It 
frows  only  in  bliick  noil,  is  sonn  in  November,  and,  with  the  help 
jf  water  and  tnannri;,  is  reaped  in  Febmary.  Barley  i«  chiefly  n*ed 
■  making  the  rcady-cnolted  food  called  mluehe-pUk  or  biirli-y  flour. 
^e  grain  is  parohwl,  gronnd,  and  mixed  with  n  small  proportion  of 
^km  and  wbual-flonr  uod  fiavonrwl  with  seeds.  Wbon  catoa  it  is 
■Rially  nmde  into  littlo'doii^b  balls  with  water  The  grain  la  also 
used  in  the  /•hra-ltlhit  or  tnind-rites  for  tbo  dea<l  and  the  Sour  in  tho 
thrdvani  or  Hhravan  purification. 

Il!»ndl3.  Sitvi,  Punicum  mitioceuui,  and  ran'.Panicum  tniliaro, 
jiil«81-82covercd  82,312  acre*!,  1 1,1  tl3  of  which  were  in  Khed,  82S2 
in  Haveli,  788^  iu  MAral,  1317  in  Junnar,  and  689  in  Puraudltai-. 
Tbey  aro  groim  only  in  tho  (rest  of  (ho  di8(rict  usually  in  b'ghi  ted 
Boilii  and  oil  bill-side:^.  They  nn^  not  wntvrod  or  luauured,  but  the 
seedling  are  planted  like  rice'seodlia^s  except  that  instead  of  6xing 
tbem  in  the  ground  tbey  are  Kimply  thrown  ou  (be  sui-facc  aod  left  (o 
root.  >Vhen  the  plants  are  about  a  foot  high  tdva  rtMjuircs  wooding. 
This  is  done  for  each  other  by  the  villitgors  at  do  expense  except 
some  liqnor  for  the  weeders.  In  1821,  in  these  weeding  partiee  a 
drammer  was  at  band  who  beat  incessantly  and  at  intcrrala  titirrod  on 
the  wwdci-s  calling  out  Hhalero  Da4a,  Hfialf  Bfitin  IMida,  Well  done 
brotbem,  well  doiio.  Tbo  weeders  got  as  luucb  spirit  as  tliey  ooiild 
drink.'  From  the  hardness  of  tlie  alallu  aud  ibe  need  of  prompt  nnd 
farly-moming  carrying,  labour  lias  lo  be  hii-ed  in  lunrostin^  tava 
ind  varioA  well  ua  in  harvestiug  michni.     13otb  W«4  and  tun   have 


Chapter  IV. 
Agrienlture. 

<'itt>pii. 

CmaU. 


»13ST~6 


'  Caittaiu  U,  ItobertMU  ia  CmI  Xodu  V^>u\  tV.  STP. 


(Bonbiri 


4S 


DISTfltCTS. 


17. 


lobamhOBleed  hv  ])•  -       ''' ■  mostly    raten    bj  tfas 

omntrj  poor.     Tb%-s  ,    .         i    nixl  urti  ^omi-tiiawi^ 

to  ilonr  nnrl  marl«  into  brewL     'Vho  Mntv  u  not  iu«4]  a«  fod-lff. 

Tbut«en  paIsM  are  grown  in  Pooqa.    Tho  datails  are : 


n... 


«». 


liiatm 


UM         ..        ._ 
MHtuf      .,, 

Mmih  Ml  Mam  .^ 

*^       

JV.<a     , 

Jtiln.  or  ML*  CAa^tf 

[J«tf        

rti  ■       ...       ._ 

rOMM   .» 


0«a 


■  mimh. 
_    IrjiiaiiM  bttMi 
_    EmAmouihc. 
Oi]ua*teAtw^ 


•lay  I 


14. 


Ptiufi  Chavli,  Dulichos  miionais,  Iiku  liul  larRDr  (ban  ran  «  ■*! 
cAnfft  Dolichoa  catJAng-  (No.  22),  u  Q»ualljr  crowu  in  gardens  ft 
ihe  edge  of  other  crupa.     It  ie  a  ttlrong  cIud  ber,  vriUi  a  {xxi  w«* 
or  sis  iiiL*)i(!fl  lon^f,  am)  a  mtlinr  dark  seed. 

15.  I/iirhham,  Ontni,  Cicvr  itrivtiniim,  tha  moRt  lured 
pabe  in  PuOiia,  iu    I8ai-«2   corerod  23,S;9  actvB,  CwS  of 
weru   in    Bhiuitliadi,   S020  in   Indlipiir,  -1770  in  Juniikr.  4SV1 
Khed,  2678  in  Ma\-al,  28<30  iu  Sirur.  1620  inPonuidhar,  andU 
ID   Havvli.     It  18  growD  iu  tlio  ciiRt  of  tbe  distnct  and  verj  nrojl 
in  tbo  w<.«st.     It  reqnin^H  g^iod  black  bqiI.     It  is  eovrn  ia  Not«A*1 
aod  without  either  vratur  or  iiuinnrr  in  Imrveated  in  FctmiEtrj'.    T^\ 
leavea  are  used  as  a  rt^grtablu.     The  |;^miD  is  tmli'ii  ^rnnn,  if-  bowl 
as  a  Tegelablo,  and  is  parched  when  it  i»  c^WM  W<i.     When  rirw  iiai 
epliC  into  </<('  and  outon  b<^ilod  in  a  viirioty  of  wuyi  and   in  muKi^al 
Bwwt  Pako  cflllod  puron-jmii.     It  h  sbgliMy  sodtod,  ropohod  in  W 
sand,   and  called    phutnitts,  which  »m   )!ti>in«timea   ftiivDnrvd  wu| 
lui-mcric  s»lt  nnd  cliilliea.     It  in  aliW  given  to  hor»o».     Tht^  ''^^  1 
pluntayipld  aqiiftiitity  of  vinegar  or  oxniio  acid  culled  rtrnfi  wlun  I 
gatberit  on  fchu  plants  nt  night  and  sanV»  cloths  which  are  Iai.1  oTfT ! 
tbcm.     The  dry  stalks  are  ginMl  toddt-r.     A  light-colottriKl   \aniXJ 
Dolled  ktili  is  siddoin  grown  iu  Poona.  I 

16.  Kullhi,  Horee-^am,  Dolichos  bifloms,  in  I8SI-82  coTPrti] 
1 3,005 acres,  4056 of  which  woroin  KhpJ,  2931  in  BbiiolliaJi.  2220  !■] 
Jtmnar,  21.')8  in  Piimndhar,  94S  in  Sirur,  645  in  Indapur,  and  1 10  ia 
Havvli.     It  iH  grown  tbi-ougbout  tho  district   und  is  sovn  geacrtSlj 
with  hdjri  in  aopnrnte  rows  in  eliallow  lijjlit  Hoil.     It  is  soirn  in  JnMl 
and    rifwnH    in   November  without  either  wiit«r  or  manure.     Tlitj 
pubo  is  boiled  whole  and  ia  givou  to  horsGii.     It  id  aI:io  ealea  in  iMWp 
and  porridgo.     Tht;  li>iivoa  and  etalks  are  good  fodder. 

17^  Laick,  Luthyrufl  satiras,  in  grown  m  snudl  aunnlitics  in  tbo 
vest.  It  is  sown  in  November  or  I)pn;^lb(^r  in  black  soil  on 
Becond  crop  after  rice  It  grows  without  water  or  manare. 
seed  ie  like  a  mottled  gmy  pooi.  It  is  not  cnlcn  n-blle  greon. 
ripo  pn1s«  is  builvd  wh<ilu  uud  oaten,  and  when  split  ta  cooked  ia 
Tariou.1  wajB,     The  stalks  aud  leaves  are  oat«n  by  cattle. 


r,  Leotfls,  Ervam  lens,  in  1861-82  covered  836  acres, 
wWcl  were  iii  Mirnl,  302  iu  Khed,  and  ninetjr-fonr  in  Juoimr. 
gn>wa  tbroQghoat  the  district.  It  lb  soira  in  November  or 
imber  id  black  soil  or  as  a  aecond  crop  on  rico  lands,  grows  with- 
Irater  or  loanare,  and  ia  harvested  ia  lobi-uary  and  March.  The 
a  pods  are  sometimes  eat«a  as  a  vegel'»l)I<>,  and  irhen  ripe  it 
It  tba  ntoBt  delicAto  split  pnlg«  in  tho  Doccau.    Tho  boiled 

Va1«o  eatea  whole. 
Uath  or  Maiki,  Fhiisoolus  acooitif olios,  growji  chiefly  io  the 
phain,  is  tiowii  mixed  with  bnjri  in  Hhallow  black  or  light 
frsoiU  ia  Janeor  July  aad  is  harvested  in  November.  The 
i  m  »plit  and  eatca  as  'hit  id  different  way^.  It  ia  ground  to 
•  and  used  with  the  (Iniir  of  other  grains  in  making  cakee.  It  is 
umitma  |»rchad  or  bciilod  irholo   with  condiments.     Tho  grain  is 

!i  to  horsca  and  cattle  and  tho  stalks  arc  good  Eoddor. 
,  Jf«(/,  Onwn  Oram,  Phasoolus  miingo,  in  lMl-82  covered  ' 
aorrw,  '^310  aciiK  of  which  wvre  in  Khed,  687  iu  Juuniir,  3.M  in 
Dthndi,  2.iU  in  Purandliar,  22t)  iu  Ilavi^li,  thirty-one  in  IntMpur, 
ta  Sirur,  and  Iwcotjr-ono  in  Muvul.  It  is  gvuvta  chiiifly  in  tho 
of  tlu!  clistrict-  It  i.4  sown  in  Jaae  by  it5ulf  in  aliallew,  black, 
tltt  atoD^  aoilA.  luid  (>fU>n  an  a  fir^t  crt)|)  on  ric-h  latitltt  iu  which 
paA  callod  duhotn  or  bivail  crop  is  raised.  It  ia  ouittiur  watcr- 
or  manured,  and  is  harvested  in  September.  The  green  poda 
jnteo  sa  a  rogoiablu.  The  ripe  gruvn-voloured  pulso  ia  oatco 
id  vboto,  or  is  split  and  oacd  as  ilal.  It  is  parched,  gronnd  to 
\,  mijcad  will)  hutUrr  and  madu  into  spice  balU.     U  !s  al»o  iiiade 

Etrridge.    The  leaves  and  stalkii  araj^ood  fodder.     Mmji.^ 
r  bluckitli  variety,  ia  sown  with  hnjri  or   arijadi  in   June  and 
K^orvmbcr.     It  in  inclined  to  ct&tp  and  remains  longer  on 
d  than  mtttf,       * 
iWofOlso  called  Sireot  VAl,  DoUchos  labhU),  ia  sono  some- 
■  IB  Jono  mixed  with  hajri  and  sometimoit  in  November  on  the 
IB  of  riven  or  in  the  wtmt  aa  a  SL-cood  crop  after  rice.     Two 
|tiu8  difTLT  uuly  in  Ihu  colour  of  the  grain,  one  l&  (lalo  yellow  the 
blaioJc   with  It  flue   aoam.     Itgrowa   without  water  or  manure, 
is  F«brii(Lrr*3Iarah,    and   goes  on  bearing  for  about  Itvo 
Tbe   boiled   greon  sooda   aro  oatea  as  a  vegetable  aud  th« 
b  Split  aad  eBl4Mi  in  many   ways.    Tho  leavca  and  atalka 
I6dd«r  which  ia  eapoctally  valued  for  milch  cattle. 

iat\  ue  Shet  Chavli,  Doliobos  catjuog,  is  grown  ohiofly  in  the 
lands.     It  is  sown  in  June  in  ahallow  light  nolle  and  &s  the  tirst 
crop  in  ni-h  soils.     It  grows  without  wat^r  or  matiiire, 
hnnrestM  in  St'pt«tnbor.    Tho  greeu  puds  which  are  about 
idin  long  and  the   leaves   arc  eaten  as  vegetables,  and  tho 
_  which  is  nnle  yellow  oval  and  dented  on  one  side,  is  cooked  in 
'  way«,  butJi  aplit  and  whole. 

7^r,  Cajaiiuit  iiidicuH,  iii  I-SS1-S2  covered  12,851  acree, 
aerecof  which  were  iu  Su-ur,  I57*J  in  Bhimthadi,  1899  in  Khod, 
■  Jnnur,  680  in  llaveli,  3o6  iu  IndApiir,  237  iu  Indiiinir,  and 
I^-Gtd  in  MlLvuI.  It  ia  grown  chioSy  in  tJio  oaKturn  sub- 
•QOs  mostly  iu  ahallow  aud  lioiiwtintc-a  in  deep  black  soila, 
ka   mma    Oetd     with    bdjri.    ia    the    same    or   in     separate 


Cb^ter  IT. 

Agricaltora. 
Caopfl. 
/Vtei. 


DisTBicrrs. 

'!▼■  TurrowB.  It  in  sown  in  Jaoe-Jiily,  anil,  wiilioul  imtor  on 
,f^  IS  Uftrvvi8t«d  in  Jauuary  and  February.  During;  the  o^ 
irKiiitlis  Inr  in  on  ihe  ground,  it  is  fluid  to  flnwor  ftnd  trttl  (i^ 
tiniM,  nil  tbe  pods  roitttuaing  r>n  li»  plant  till  harrcst.  U» 
percanial  pinnt,  but  is  alvrays  piillod  out  after  thu  iirwt  t«v-  1 
grven  p<Kln  nn*  cuti'ii  ns  h  vvgrtablo,  nad  iJil'  npi<  pulse  »  fjUMt 
eatoo  boik'd  in  h  vurioly  of  wa)*x.  'I'tto  yellow  sp)it-ptilM:frril<if  a 
coionioD  ape  bcinff  made  into  porridge  and  mixedwith  rcgotablt^i 
is  little  loiu  mluabto  than  fruktn.  The  liMvca  and  pod  stwlli  I 
excellent  (udder,  nnd  tlie  etoni  n  In  neo  for  w-attlioff  boose  walbl 
rc)of».  And  for  inakiDi;  biukclsaod  broomii.  Tur  or  doll-bndll 
is  (7a/-biiHh  ctinrctitil  has  long  bmjo  fainons  for  tnakitifr  (nrnpovjei 
2-1.      rjirf,  Bliick  (Jmiii,  T'lmsecliis  radiatos,    in    I,'--  i* 

IM9  acrc«,  1031  uf   wl>i<.-li   wcn>  iu  Kbrd,  330  in  Ju:  irti 

I'umndliar,  forty-wven  in  Knveli,  and  tweatj-ooo  in  AfftTsl  11 
grovm  almost  catiruly  in  tha  cast  of  tbe  district.  It  it  •> 
iD  JniK  frMfaentljr  nith  bdjri  or  arijadi  or  in  rich  suils  wlia 
second  rrop  19  to  follow.  It  ia  nvitbcr  wnliTpd  nor  tDaoim^l 
ripens  in  Svpt^Dibcr.  Tfac  gnea  pods  aru  rarulr  used  aa  m  TtpM 
The  black  npo  pnlse  is  iiplil  into  'W,  and  is  a  moet  Lilienioelir 
It  isparchiH)  and  (^und  to  mako  diiTon-iit  sorts  oF  Bpic«  htMt  f 
ia  tbfl  chief  element  in  the  thin  vrafer-bisniits  ral)^  pripaJt.  ' 
stalks  and  Ivuvcs  uru  a  guotl  fo^ldur.  UtUuH  is  □  sniAUer  juid  iaia 
rariety  which  does  not  ripen  till  Xovcmber. 

2.^.  Viil,  Didichos  xpicatus,  »  chic6]'  gn'^n  in  tlio  e«at  and  C 
tre  of  tbe  district,  ottun  ruuod  or  mixed  with  garden  crops,  espetn 
in  the  Knmroane  fields  where  it  is  sown  both  aa  fodder  and 
aliodu.  \\  hen  grown  with  or  in  rows  round  h'ijri  or  earlr  jt«i' 
is  sown  in  July  and  without  water  or  niaoDre  ripens  in  four  raoal 
and  continnee  hearing  for  some  time  lon^r.  The  seoda  are  ^i{|4 
bitter,  smaller,  and  not  so  fliit  as  pdtta  seeds,  which  is  soisetii 
known  as  awoel  vat.     Tbe  graen  seeds  aru  oaten  bailed,   th«  i 

I)ut8ti  is  used  in  manj  wajs  as  dal  or  in  itonp,  and  tlie  atalks  I 
eaves  aru  priced  ns  fodder  for  tnilcb  Cattlu. 

26.  Vdttina,  ihc  Pvu,  rieum  sativum,  in  1881-82  cowred  I 
acro»,  S29  of  which  were  in  .Tnnnar,  :jS9  in  Khed,  I IX)  in  Hin 
»eTent}r>aix  in  MAval,  and  two  in  Indlipur.  Peas  are  grown  in  ■ 
plaoea  throughout  the  dislncL  They  are  bowd  in  October  or  N««i 
bar  or  Inter  ns  a  second  crop  after  rtw»,  and,  without  water  or  maal 
are  harvested  iu  four  and  a  half  montfaH  after  sowing.  The  see 
vAt«n  green  as  a  vegetable  and  wlion  ripe  i«  boilwl  whole  or  split 
eaten  in  various  ways.  The  leaves  and  stalks  arc  good  fodder. 
Seven  oilseeds  wo  grown  in  Poona.     The  details  are  : 


31*. 

V 
» 

>l 

n 

1 

"-TMM 

Bofuncu. 

^»    : 

JutaitrAUht 

M 

BfOwkllMin.,. 
XMthnui       ., 
OmWwJ    ., 
Lliimd 

SUUWM 
Mttnwn 

iiaatnauiii 

fnUwU  OUWlkblDUI. 

AimolM  hypogaa. 
mriniU  niioDiunta. 
IJniun  iMtaUiBlnnun. 

VtrlinUn*  iMlvt. 
CKrUatniu  tliiitotlua. 
Se^nitiv)  liniiouin, 

POONA. 


45 


7.  Ami/oAi,  BrowD  Romp,  Uibiocns  L-anDabioae,  in  1861-82  cover* 

1375  acres,  SoD  of  which  were  in  IJhinitliadi,  520  id  Sinir,  nindtj-- 

iu  loiliipur,    ei^hty-nino  in    PurandhM-.   nnd    eov^n    ia   M&ral. 

I  grown  in  small  quantities  in  sbsllnw  block   soils  cliiefty  in 

mthftdt,    Sirar,    and    Indttpar.     It   is    sown    in   June    nsually 

witb  i-^jri,  frnjvrii.  witliout  wnter  or  mnnnro,  aud  is  harvested 

bor  or  January.     The  ynung  Honr  Iohvoh  nie«nt<-nssa 

,bl».     TH«  «<-«d  i*  !M>mftim«:<  fiivuii  to  c&Ule  nnd  in  times  of 

ty  19  mixed  in  lin-ju).     It  is  chietiy  uncd  no  oil-Hoed  and,  before 

I  is  Mctnctml,  is  always  mixed  with  h'lrlf^  or  liuMOod.     The  burlc 

s  T»Ii»blo  fibre  which  is  bepurabcd  from  tho  stalk  by  soaking. 

imdo  into  ropes   for  variuns  field  pnrpoHea  cither   by  tatt 

dmon  or  \illaf^!  Miln^. 

8,     Shitimtig,  flartbnut,   Arachie   hypoga«,   ia  grown    both   in 

rsxtem  plains  and    in  the  eastern  fnnge  of    thoweKt  binds., 

\3  planted  in  Jano,  and  in  the  east  with  tho   help  oC  water   and 

Mid  in  the  weatero  plain  with  tho  help  of  manure,  ripem  iu 

iher,  but  is  often  dug  in  Novombtyr  and  oftt«ti  raw  or  ptirohed. 

rip«  fr^h  not  is  somctimoB  boiled  with  condiments,  and  eaten 

vcgctftblo,  hnt  i»  more  frequently  iiswd  m  an  oilsoed.     An 

:ih1o  oil  in  priM^sud  from  tho  nul«  which  are  nsnally  first  mixod  with 

[|i   or  rala  soeds  a-<*  the  pure   eai'thnnt  oil    in  xaid  not  to  keep. 

a  EaTourito  food  with  wild  pig,  and  along  thu  Mtitba  caaals  baa 

~  SO  KTCruly  £rotn  tlioir  mragcs,  that  tho  people  have  given 

iag  it. 

JPnin</i,Caator-Brad.  Ricinu'lcomniuni'tjiagrowninsmallqnnn- 
chiefly  in  the  black  aoil»  of  the  coMtcm  phiin,  iKiinotiincm  ruuud 
crops  and  more  often  iu  patches  hy  itself.     It  is  sown  either 
ur  KuTcinWr,  ^nd  without  water  or  manuro  i^  harvested 
mber  or  February.     Ita  stem  nnd  flowers  are  red.     The  oil, 
ia  used  more  for  burning  than  as  a  medicine,   is  drawn  by 
ibu  bruised  bean  and  ekimmiDg  tho  oil  that  rises  to  tho 
Tho  proportion  of  oil  to  seed  is  as  one  to  fonr.     The  loaf 
aa  a  gaineaworra  poultice  and  the  dried  root  as  a  febrifuge. 
T«r»ty  of  tho  ca«tor-plant,  probably  R.  viridis,  is  grown  in 
round  other   crops.     Its  stem  and  flower  are  eroon.     IJnth 
itku  are  perennial  and  wonld  grow  to  »  coosidemblo  sir-e  if  they 
cot  taken  out  of  tbo  ground  at  tbo  end  oF  ilio  firat  year. 

'■"'-•nor    AUihi,    Linsred,    Ijinnm  nntatiimmum,    in  1881' 

'   162  ■croH,  sovnnty-HCven  of  thom  io  Ind^pur,  aovcaty 

:  I  i.  nine  in  Pnmndhar.  and  throe  in  Sirur.  It  ifl  grown  in 

■t.  liiM  lu^ilt'ly  in  rich  black  Koila  in  the  caat  either  in  gram 

''!■  l'.  :i  \'\y  II'  -"panite  fiirrowB  or  less  st'ldoin  as  a  sepante  crop. 

1- 11  ii:  N    ■, .  luber  and  without  water  or  manure  is  barrostod 

ixry.    It  does  not  grow  more  than  two  feet  high.  The  eccd  ia 

;  ._  vaaking  rehehea  orrliatnU  and  the  oil  which  is  produced 

favm  tho  Mttfil  in  tbo  proportion  of  four  to  one  is  used  iu  cookery. 

iioiue  i»  niadv  of  the  fibre. 

31.    Ktirle  or   Khuraxni,   Nigorsoed,  Verbeaina    sutiva.  errone- 
•»!»  called  idl«  iU.  i»  grown  in  considerablo  quantities  in  shallow  . 
^lau  and  light  soils  chieHy  in  the  weal  fringe  of  the  plains  and  in  the 


Chapt«r  IV. 

Agricolture. 
Cnom 
Oilatcdi. 


40 


DISTRICTS. 


(AiiptoTlT. 
Agricullore. 
Cain, 


western  bilU    It  ia  ■on  in  Judo  and  without  water  or  uuiidri; 
tuLrvest^  in  N'oTeralwr.     Tbe  wied  is  Ctttea  is  reltsbca  or  ehah 
bat  it  is  cliii'fly  kuowii  for  its  oil  wlitcb  ia  produced  from  U  in  tl»_ 
proportiou  of  live  tu  bix,  oud  is  ttnivorfally  usod  by  the  loner  cl 
in  (Holcing.     Tliu  uil-calce  ta  much,  prized  for  mitcb  cattle. 

82.  KardaioT  Kveumha,  Safflower,  Carthamus  tinctorit»,  li" 
grown  chiefly  in  the  east  Isada  with  late  jmri  or  wheat  uilfaor 
mtx«'d  tir  in  eaparate  furrows.  Ik  is  «owo  id  October  or  NoTeuibuf, 
ani],  without  water  or  manure,  is  harvested  ia  If'ebruary  or  Morck 
Tho  youn^;  loaros  are  oetoii  build!  u  a  vojfetabid  and  the  oil  whiah 
i«  |iitiilucvd  from  the  seed  is  much  eatoemed  in  cookiD^.  KarJaiaai 
kiuHtnbn  ktirdai  are  growri  iudiscriminately.  Karilai  C.  liocioriai 
luM  much  deep  rod  in  thu  6ovrcr  and  olfiuwhoro  is  afted  aa  a  dje. 
Kutumba  kardai,  probably  C.  porsicus,  has  a  yeltoTr  fluwH*  aud 
more  prickly  than  C.  tinctoriun. 

'Xi.     Til,  Sesiimiim  indiram,  of  two  Itinds,  gora  or  Aapmwhiw  I 
and  ktila  black  (.*/.  coveml  in  1881-82  29,449  acros,  12.381  of  wki^ 
wnro  in    Khnd,  nS(l6    in    Juonar,  &403  in    M&?kI,    and   4992 
Havcli.     It  i»  griiwii  llinxif^-hoat   the  ditttrict,  but  in  considvr 

Suautities  only  ia  Khod,  Junnnr,  Mtli'ul,  nud  Hareli.     It  is  aownl 
tine  usuidly    with  bajrl  either  luix&d  in  the  Minio  lino  or  in  koe 
liu«),  anil  is  cut  in  NovL-mber.     It  HpringH  nnnowTi  in  fallow laajl 
Theseol   ix  osed   in  *AnidJ/ui  or   niind-riUta    for  the  dead, 
part  of  miuiy  swectineals,  aud  yields    abundant  oil   which  is 
Doth  in  cooking  and  us  a  medicine.    The  oil-cnke  orp0ii<fA  is  gii 
to  cattle,  and  in  timet  of  scarcity  is  ent«Q  by  tho  poor  with  salt, 

Three  fibre  plants  aro  grown  in  Poona.     The  details  are : 
Pooka  Fibub  Plahtb. 


Ko.    lUu'm. 


Km  or  T^ . 


Bxuuaii. 


Bouinru. 


Brovn  Ha^     ^.'  nibitruouinablMBL 
OVOan     ...       —,  Caonitnni hertauMOdi, 
flonl«7  Htnrp  ..    Croufula  ]aiia» 


84.  Amhudi.  Sou  No.  27. 

85.  Kiijiiii,  Cotton,  (tossypium  herbaocnm,  in  1SS)-S3  ooi 
46M  acres  in  Indiipur.     It  is  ^-owu  in   black  soil  chieSy  in 
oast,  to  a  small  eztont  in  the  western  plain,  and  not  at  all  in 
hitlr  west.     Several  varieties  are  frown,  moet  of  which  huTO  bu 
lately  introdaced.     It  is  sown  in  July,  is  grown  without  water  i 
man  urc,  and  bears  in  October  or  November.     The  crop,  which  ii 
woolly  covering  of  tho  seed,  is  feathered  from  the  growing'  phuilaj 
tliroo  or  four  pickings  as  tho  pods  burst  before  Kovambor,  wh^n  & 
plant  ceases  to  bear.     The  seed  lb  called  sarki  and  is  tnurh  prized 
food  for  Diiloh  cattla.     Tho  stemaare  aa«d  in  cliAap  baaket-work  ai 
when  the  picking  Is  oror  cattle  are  graeed  on  tlui  K-avoR  and  tho 

In  1821,  the  average  price  of  cotton  was  about  £8  \0*.  (Ra 
a  /ihandi  of  500  pounils  or  aboat  id.  (2]  fi«.)  tho  pound.  ' 
Collector,  Captain  Robertson,  was  told  that  thirty  or  forty  ye 
beforo,  in  tho  time  of  Peshwsi  M«[dhavi-AT  (1701-1772)  a  Ja 
(|iuuitily  of  seed  bad  beeo  broagfat  A-oai  the  S«r^rs,  but  pros 


POOHA. 


4? 


re.'  Id  IS30-31,  I>r.  Liisli  was  snccestafo!  in  gTOvring  cotton 
ha  bolauical  kb^ch  »L  D^uri,  about  six  uiili>»  west  of  Pootia.* 
1641,  the  ouly  parts  of  the  dintrict  wlierc  o<>tu>a  wiut  j^rawn   in 

qnaiitil/  were  m  Bliinitliadi  ao<!  ludiSpur,  where  tlie  soil  was 
ter  suited  to  ita  growlb  than  in  any  i^ther  pari  of  tho  district, 
rbai  year  ono  Inudltuldor  in  the  illiiutluidi  rillage  of  IkilvAdi  ^rcw 
•:On,  which  in  the  Bombay  market  fetched  a  price  c(|iinl  to  the 
t  Uroftcli.''  Dr.  (jibson,  the  superiutendent  of  the  botAuica) 
deu  at  Ilivm,  couetderod  the  cal.tivatiou  of  cotton  uueuited  to 
ma.'  In  lS-i2-43  the  area  under  cxjttou  was  iuoreaiwd  by  not  less 
n  2132acre8,  chiefly  in  Jnnnar  andlnditpur  whor«  thopttoplo  were 
ious  togrowcoitoa.  'Fhoplnnts  tbrovo  for  a  time,  but  most  of  them 
ed  from  waot  of  rain*  In  184+,  InrJapur  waa  the  only  part  of 
oca  n-here  cotton  was  grown  ;  thoro  cotton  was  found  in  email 
uiticies  in  every  Tillaife  mixed  with  f/djH  and  other  crops.  The 
nndfM*  cotton  was  4816  ocres  ngfainst  '!<>:{(>  in  the  previous  ycnr.* 
3  oat  tarn  was  tn-onty  tons  (00  If^idti'ti'd)  of  which  about  Hixtocn  ton:» 

khtindU)  wore  Bold  in  Poona  and  SiSt<ira  for  £507  2«.  or  Bt  the  rate 
t5  (lis.  ^0}  for  »  Surat  kharuU  of  744>  pounds,  that  is  about  1  }</. 

.}  a  pound.*  In  the  next  two  years  t)ie  area  under  cotton  declined. 

1847,  Indopiir  was  ngitin  tho  only  rotton-growiog  piurt  of 
district.  The  quantity  produced  was  about  thirty  Cons  (00 
tndi>)  and  tho  area  under  cultiration  wm  54^0  ncrvs  against  It 
indi  uod  190  acrcM  id  the  preriuux  year.'  From  1841  to  1801 
vornment  frequently  tried  to  increoite  tho  growth  of  cotton,  but 
hout  success.  Both  nti  rognrils  soil  ami  climate  Poona  wa«  consi. 
«d  nnsnited  for  foreign  cotton  and  there  seemed  to  be  hltle 
ispect  of  any  grwit  iocruaM  of  tho  ctiltiruiiou  of  tlio  local  vnriwty. 
e  small  quantity  grown  was  almost  entirely  devoted  to  homo  uw. 
e  folhiwiug  stat^itit;nt^liowK  tti«>  tittfd  ttn^i  unutT  cultivation,  the 
»  under  cotton,  and  tho  urea  eapublu  ot  pnxtucing  cottoa  duriug 
i  twenty  years  ending  1860-Cl :' 

I-otisd  Cqttqs,  JS4li3Sl. 


Yua. 


TUUo 

ANA. 


Cation 

ATM. 


J 


OU-U 


l.mil.l97 
UM,W 

i.st:r.me  laH 
i,tw,nt  Mtd 
i.ai&/>u       tan 


Aim 

Mtor 

OMOD 


TUL 


Omuui 
Aim. 


IHt-SS 
UU-U 

ia&M>i 

IHT-W 
iaia-«a 


Jum. 


MUT 
•Ml 


An* 

cunun. 


Eu(  I»>1U  r«pcn,  IV.  500. 

CbipaiaD'N  Caina«rc«,  SI.  tke  aboTranMctiooBot  th«  Affri-Hortiontbaral  Sodstr 

lombar.July  IMS.  'Bmo.  Rev.  KK.lM4onMZ,71'72. 

Bom.  K«r.  Rm.  1 1.13  of  1843.  175-7.      «  Bom.  lU-v.  liM.  i5&  of  1844,  99. 

Bom.  R*v.  Rw.  17  at  IWi.  75.  •  tioia.  Rev.  Km.  'J3  of  18I». 

UumI'*  Cotton  in  thu  Bomlity  Vntldvavy,  67 ;  l>r.  T.  Boyk^'i  Caltai«  of  Cothm 

iudia,  S8T. 


Chapt«r 
Agricalturfl. 

PnnA 


Ifioubky  OutttMTi 


4S 


DISTRICTS. 


|pt«T  TV. 
kicoltora. 


In  16f^'2  the  nren  under  cotton  i-ote  t«  30,019  utres  in  IniUpai 
sud  twRv  pnjtits  wen.'  innJe  1>j  the  coltJrators.     Id  1870-71  it 
at   17,072  acres.     Siiicy  theii,   oxcepl    iu    187"i-73,  187+-75,  uid 
1«M'.!-Sd,  when  it  utootl  at   10,170,  3l,)27,  and   23,375  ncres  rea(ioo<l 
tiroly,  it  baa  fluctuated  bctweeu  lOOucroa  in    187  U72  and  45GS] 
acres  in  IB81-82. 

S6.     Td;;  or    J?iim,  Crotalaria  jnncea,    grows    in  small    c^uaati' 
tiea  chirfly  in  the  block  eastern  plain.     It  in  sown  id  Jul^-,  is  groi 
without  vat^r  or  manure,  and  ripens  in  Oololier.    It  ia  left  standing 
for  sbout  a  month  ativr  itia  ripe  that  the  leaves  which  are  exeellen 
mannre  may  fall  on  the  land.     In  ganlenx and  occasionally  in  drT> 
liinds   it  i»  gruirn  solely  for  laanuro,  Iho  plaats  hein^  ploughed  inb 
tiie  soil  when  ready  to  llower.    After  it  is  sonked  the  bark  yieldH 
fibre  which  is  considered  the  best  uiaterial  for  ropes,  ooarse  c»nvuJ 
twine,  and  fishing  not«.     Almost  thv  whole  stipplj  is  used  loadly. 

■     Four  dyo8  are  grown  in  Poona.     Tho  dvtuls  are  : 
Poor  A  I>r**  AXB  Piatiticn. 


Va. 


HttVnit. 


BOMMUk. 


B*tai         ...       ...  I  TBmwrle    ... 

RimMAa  or  KardmP  8»ni(>»Dr     , . . 

SUndri       1 

^irwajt  or  ^'1       , .    tnJtwi  Mwtd* 


CnnUBBloDffl. 
CarVianiw  II  octMl  u. 


87.  Uahi.l,  Turmerie,  Curcuma  longa  i-i  grown  iu  good  hlaek  I 
cbiflfly  in  thu  cviitrul  iiud  wt-atorn  plain.  ItisplHntc-d  generally  (i 
Jnne  or  July  from  layers  and  with  mauura  and  »  waK>nut{  L'v«ri_ 
eight  or  ten  days  mitture^  in  ])er:eiuber  or  Jnuiiary.  It  ia  gro« 
only  hy  tho  class  of  int'u  who  aro  knowQ  as  turmeric .^rdenen, 
Hnldya  M&lia.  The  root  or  halkunA  is  hoiled  before  it  tsi^ 
to  markt't.  Wlieu  steeped  iu  a  preparation  of  lime-juice. 
and  Cftrhtinato  of  soda  or  jiapadkh-ir  it  ia  called  rara.  This 
a  hrilliant  crimsou  dye  whieh  is  used  in  [ititiitin^  the  Hiudn 
mark.  Men  paint,  putting  the  dye  on  wet,  robbing  tho  root 
water  on  a  stone  and  uppljiug  the  ci-irneou  with  the  finger  ; 
powder,  rnbbinif  a  email  circle  of  wax  ou  tho  brow  and  pi 
ri-dpowder  on  the  wax.  The  redpowder  ia  called  Irunkit  or  j  ^ 
The  root  is  in  nnirersal  use  as  a  condimout,  being  the  staple' 
curry  jrawdcr.  Amb«  halad-,  probably  Curcnnui  lodosria,  a  Tarittjj 
of  C.  longa  and  grown  in  the  same  way,  is  naed  only  as  a  dmg. 

SB.     Kuavmbn.    See  Xo.  .'12. 

39.  .9A/?n</ri,  Bixft  orcllana.  in  a  «hrub  grown  rarely  and  in  bi 
quantities  in  garden  landii,     Tho  powder  aurrniindini;  the  ripe 
yieldit  a  deep  red  orange  dye  which  i«  tho  oniottoof  rouimoroo. 

40.  Surtmj?!  or  Ai,  Indian  Madder,  Morinda  oilrifolia,  ia  aelc 
seen  in  the  west,  btit  !a  largely  grown  iu  deep  itoila  in  the  cast. 
is  sown  in  June,  often  in  fiohU  overgrown  with  gnuju  and  we* 
and  without  water  or  mnuiiro  gron-a  far  two  years.     Iu  the  tl 
year  the  root*  are  dug  from  a  depth  of  three  feet.     The  roole  yiell 
a  rod  dye. 

Three  nnrcotios  are  found  in  Poona.     The  di3tails  are : 


POONiu 
PooifA  ifAxcoriat. 


Vol 

IffWIT. 

BCf,tflMk. 

a 

a 

m 

Il4nb 

HdaflMf 
Totecco 

Cbnabh  mU*^ 
npfrarrhbrloi  hiU 
NicoUBna  toilatuni. 

ChaptCT  IT. 

Agrlcultart- 
Cibon, 


ija  Hemp  Cannbis  satira  is  grovro  to  a  araalloxLent  ta 
black  soil  in  the  iiotitem  Hub-<li visions.  Il  it  f>owii  in  Juno  or 
grown  wilh  watur  and  occuatoaally  with  mniiuru,  antl  is  rcwlj 
in  Dec^mhor.  When  about  two  foot  hijirh  the  atem  it 
lialf  round,  n  few  iacliOK  aboTo  the  root.  TUis  cbcoks  tlie 
f^riivtb  and  cauttes  tbo  plant  to  throw  out  aide  tdioots.  The 
hyieldin^  part  is  bruixed  jiiitt  btitom  thv  suimI  bcf^ina  to  ripen. 
m  cut  in  IM-cmbi^r  the  pfaols  are  at  once  tttackod  aod  lotuled 
weigllla,  lie  laitv<>i<  fnll  when  dry  uud  ihe  pods  arc  oBod  attd 
|ni  ttgdt^a.  The  inftuiou  iDodo  from  the  jicKis  h  call<?d  Ht-inij. 
Ipoda  or  ^Nja  are  atao  am(>kc4l  with  or  without  tobacco,  aod 
Ural  iatoxicoting  driuka  oud  a  sweetmeat  called  mdjum  are 
|eL    The  fibtv  of  this  bomp  is  never  qenmI. 

.  Kdffnt  or  Piin  !tetel-luaf  Pipor  bctyl  is  an  important  garden 
especially  in  the  ilavcli  villages  of  Kondvi  Budrak,  Kondri 
nl,  Undrij  Muliammadvdidi,  and  Phorsan^.  It  ia  grown  in 
L  rod  fii^il  and  re(]nires  mnch  uianure  and  constAnt  watoriDg.  li 
rally  lasta  Bftwn  or  if  well  cared  tor  twenty  years.  It  ia 
ra  n  a  botci-vino  garden  or  prin  mala  wbich  genorallj 
n  aboaV  an  arre  of  groiiad.  The  vines  aro  trained  »p  slottdor 
■,  paagnra,  gfifvri,  and  bakan  trees  plantod  in  rows  one  to 
(cet  apart  and  having  leaves  only  at  the  top.  The  vinea 
[ravn  by  lajera.  They  want  water  erer^  fifth  or  Hixth  day. 
wbolo  Qwden  has  to  bo  eholtcrod  from  wind  nnd  suu  by  hit{h 
or  screeoa  of  grasa  or  mats.  Vines  begin  to  bear  in  the 
jrnar,  aw  at  th«r  bc«t  from  the  fourth  to  the  thirtoculh  year, 
uidcr  favourable  circumatancos,  go  on  yivldiug  till  the  twentiotb 
Brory  year  in  Warcb,  April,  and  May,  the  upper  half  of  the 
cnt  and  the  Iwwcr  half  i«  coilud  iiway  and  buried  above  the 
freah  red  earth  and  nmnure.  Portiona  ut  the  gnrden  are 
in  rotation,  so  that  thoao  first  cut  are  ready  to  bear 
the  butt  are  cat.  A  Ixttel-leaf  ^rdcn  wants  a  considerable 
to  mlart,  and  in  weeding,  watering,  insect -kiMinj*,  and  leaf- 
j.  wanla  conataat  labour  and  utU-ntioa  tbrooKbout  the  year. 
it^ia  a  fareurite  omp.  The  rctam-i  from  the  sale  of  the  loavea 
noolbly,  and  the  profits  are  greater  than  fronj  any  other 
liuj  betel- vine  is  almost  a! way*  grown  from  well  water. 
lo  aay  ubannol'Watcr  doeH  not  aoit  the  vine,  lifr.  Fioicber 
tlie  probable  reason  ia  that  from  tbo  diviaion  of  ownership  it  is 
^  ._Jt  toaecore  a  conxtautaapplyof  channclwat«r  Mtilisaadaome 
4»do  caatea  ituJiuUng  Brahniiuis  rear  the  b«tcl'Vinc,  aemo  with 
'  nyn  baiuU  and  some  with  hired  labour.  Tirgnl  Brdhmans,  who 
nia  lb«  betel-leaf  as  a  specialty,  are  ooosidcrt'd  iuforior  toothor 
laam  m  tlwy  kill  the  Qiea  that  live  on  the  vine,  llie  bRt4fl-t(«f 
a«n»d  bjr  all  dauea  with  bet^nut^  qaickUipo,  cabuchu.  and  itome- 


(Som^j'^' 


DISTRICTS. 


ChkpUr  IT. 
Agricnlttit*. 

Ceo  IV. 


timea  with  tobacco  bdi]  aeverel  eptces.     Serenil  rarietiea  are  disii 
giiMliod. 

43.     TambiikhK  Tobacco  Nicotinnti  labncnin  in  1&81-82  Corel 
6l7ucre»,  275  of  which  are  ia  Junoar,  2^9  in  Kbed,  181  io  Bhiintba 
oigbty-foar  in  Sirnr,  kixI  Cbirty-cigbt  m  Icdapur.     It  is  grown 
ooDiidomble  extent  in  ricb  soiU  iu  the  westcra  frin^  of  tfao 
country  aod  to  a  sinall  extent  furtber  cast.    Tbo  village  of  Gl 
in  Kbed  baa  moro  than  SCO  ncreA  under  iobacixx     Low  nnd  iJlol 
bind  is  generally  preferred.     It  is  sown  in  seed-beds  in  August 
|i]auted   in    Sv)>tcii)l>er.     It    is   Hcldom   watontl    but    is  gone 
mannred.     The  plant  is  not  allowed  to  flower.     All  buds  adJ  br 
shoots  arc  nipped  off  m  thej  ivpponr,  and  onlv  eight  or  ten  lea^ 
are  allowed  to  romain.     Because  the  buds  of  uio  plant  baro  to 
destroyed,  KonVns  seldom  grow  tobacco  thomBelros,  bnt  atlow  ilj 
be  grown  in  tboir  Innilx  br  Mhrirs,   M&ngs,  and  otbcr  low  cas 
who  give  the  landholder  half  the  produce.     The  plants  are  cut 
Jansary  or  February  iiboiit  fotir  iiitlios  from  tho  ground,  ftjireffldj 
the  son  till  thoy  aro  tborongbly  dry,  sprinkled  with  water  mir 
with    aurad    grtkxs    or    willi    cow's    urine,    nnd    whilo  damp  cloS 
naclced  tu  a  pit  or  Ktuckcd  under  weights  and  cororcd  for  vight  < 
anring  which  fermentation  seta  in.     When  taken  from  tba  p^J 
utiivli;  the  leavea  aro  luado  into  bundles  and  are  ready  for 
Though  tho  etumpft  left  iu  the  ground  shoot  again  the  leaves  j 
almoet    valueleas    and   are   used  only   by   the   poor.     The   qu 
ifl  poor.    The  average  acre>yield  of  tobacco  ia  about  300 
(2'375  titans),       The    wholesale  price  of   cured  tobacco    ts 
id.  A  pound  (lEs.  7  the  man)  nnd  ttie  retail  price  about  3(£.  a  ,_. 
(Rs.  10  a  man).     Tobacco  is  smoked  and  cbewed  by  all  classesj 
is  made  into  suuS.     In  1S21,  according  to  the  ColUctor  Cai: 
Kobortson,  tobacco  did  not  thi-ivo.     It  does  not  aptwar  in  tua 
crops.'    Its  cultivation  was  introduced  before  1841.     In  lS4l 
emnient  forwarded  to  tho  Collector  a  box  of  Syrian  tobacco 
to  ascertain  bow  it  suited  the  soil  and  climato  of   I'oona.     The  i 
wan  diatriboted  and  sown  in  different  paria  of  ibc  district, 
aowinga  suceecdod  and  others  (ailod.     At  the  Uafist  Btig,  abontl 
miles  co4t  of  Juunor,  Hr.  Dickinson  eowed  it  in  good  50)l,  i 
plantod  it  in  th(;  unual  way.     When  the  plants  wcro  yoang,! 
Dickinson  thought  tliey  did   not  promiao  so  well  as  the  local  pi 
He  thought  they  might  thrive  better  in  the  richest  alluvial  BOiT'l 

Eight  apices  are  grown  in  Poona.     The  details  ore  ; 
Poor  J  Sr/CM  ^kd  CoxniJtii.rN. 


Ko. 

Mjuum. 

Snvtaa. 

■knuiicu.. 

M 
41 

« 

M 

a.iM4^im     , 

KfAimUr  ... 
MlnU         

o«*  - 

»OH.           

Qlngar       —      ... 
il**«i  FmiMl       ... 

Tumwila    

Owkadu  „       ... 
CUUlM       

r<Bnd 

QjlJIbM  offldllwle. 

Oanimu  Ioukk. 

fVpMfcwm  uinuum. 
FlfWdtakJiwu  «r  UMnMUan 

AiwUiuai  ion  or  cnnolw. 

Bwt IndU  Paper*,  IV.  W,        'Bool  R«T.  Bm,  IKStA  ISO,  75-7a 


POONA 


81' 


lie  Gioget  '/Anjiher  oflicinnlfl  is  grona  in  good  block  soil, 
from  laycra  at  any  time  uf  tlie  y<!«r,  aan,  vrith  inanare 
Imter  every  ten  or  twelve  cIajts,  is  roidy  for  ubo  groon  in  firo 
latnrc  m  »ix  moaths.  Tho  dry  root  called  »iinth  is  e*t«a  as  a 
tDflDt  nad  ia  a  faroarit«  cure  ior  colds. 

Baili*hfp  Sweet  Ponnel  Anetbain  freDicatam  is  soTm  in 
pA  at  any  time  and  on  the  edges  of  dry  crops  in  July  and 
nt.  It  matures  iu  two  montW.  The  seed  ia  eaten  iu  corty 
Ind  as  a  condimout  and  au  inf  usiou  o£  it  is  taken  aa  a  cooling 


Chapter  IV; 

Agncnltarc. 

Ck4F«. 


[  Ualad  Tumeric  Curcuma  tonj^  ia  m  iiniversal  use  as  a 
tment  and  forms  the  staple  oE  curry  powder.  DoCaile  liave  been 
f  under  No.  37. 

[  EothCmbir  Coriander  Cnriandnim  sntirum  is  grown  in  small 
Dtie«  in  good  black  itoil  with  ur  without  WBt«r  and  inunuru  in  ' 
pat  aod  oontro  of  lUo  district.  Among  garden  crops  it  is  sows 
y  month  and  with  bdjri  or  other  dry  crops  in  July  and  Aognst. 
[eav«3  are  ready  for  oso  in  throo  weeks  and  the  »oc<l  or  dJmnc 
to  months.  The  Imves  and  yoong  shoots  aro  much  used  as  a 
Lib  iu  carry  and  relishes  hii<I  xornvtimm  ns  n  v^otnblo.  The 
seed  id  one  of  the  most  pupalar  condiments. 

i  JfinrAi  Chillies  Cap&icum  nnaaum  iu  1S8I-82  covered  8089 
L  3708  acres  of  them  in  Khed,  1807  in  Jnnnar,  1131  in  Sirur, 
In  Bbimthadi,  204  io  Indfipur,  321  iu  Huveli,  140  in  Purandhar, 
thirty-four  iu  Miival.  It  is  grown  iu  the  western  fringe  of  the 
i  country.  It  ia  sown  in  May  in  a  manured  seed  plot  and  is 
fed  after  Sfteeo  days  or  a  month-  It  begins  to  hoar  at  the  end 
[o  montbB  more,  and,  if  oocasioually  watered,  goes  on  bearing 
ur  six  months.  Tlie  ^laut  lusts  two  years  but  is  almost  always 
id  up  after  about  t«n  months,  'llie  first  yield  i»  ranch  the  finost 
is  usually  sent  to  market,  the  rest  being  kept  for  borne  use. 
lies  aro  eaten  l>Dtb  green  and  ripe  by  aU  chisses  and  are  as  much 
oeesary  of  lifo  to  the  people  as  salt.  Accoi-ding  to  Colonel 
W  the  lenve«  arc  eaten  as  a  pot-herb.  The  two  oommoneot 
Ities  aro  pu/omi  a  long  chilly  and  mofvi  about  two  iuchos  long 
idun  frutcacens.  Other  occasional  varieties  urelavangi,  C.  mini- 
It  C  grOBSam,  C.  coraciformo,  and  C.  purpiirouni. 

K  Ova  Ptycotijt  ajowan  or  Lingnsticum  agirten  ia  sown  in 
sttsat  ojiy  timo  of  the  year  and  with  dry  crops  in  July  and 
BsL  It  matttres  in  throo  nionth.<L  The  seed  is  used  as  a 
lachic. 

I.  Skepu  Fennel  Ancthum  sowa  or  graveolus  is  aown  in 
lens  in  sny  month  and  with  Mjrt  and  other  dry  crops  iu  July  and 
uSt.  It  is  Gt  for  use  as  a  vegetable  in  six  weeks  and  tho  t^eed 
as  in  two  and  a  half  months.  The  plant  is  eaten  aa  a  pot-herb 
the  seed  is  used  as  a  stomacliic.     See  No.  45. 

\.  V$  Sngaroane  Ssccbarum  officinarum  in  1881-82  covered 
!  acre-It,  2260  of  which  wore  in  Ilareli,  1022  in  Pumudhar,  963 
tmnar,  428  in  Khed,  378  in  Sirnr.  1}1I  in  Blumthadi,  1 13  in 
ipar,  and  twonty.two  in  M&tbI.     With  the  help  of  water  and 


(Bomtiaj  I 


52 


DISTRICTS. 


Airrlcaltnre. 


manure  RDgarrane  ia  grown  in  deep  black  soils  all  over  tbs  diat 
except  iu  the  extreme  west ;  in  the  etuti  it  is  one  of  the  vt 
garden  {iroducte.  It  is  also  laudi  ifrowo  in  Janiifir,  Kbed, 
Hnv^tli,  when?,  aince  the  opening  of  the  Matha  canalB  the 
under  Hngarouue  has  cuQsidenbl;  incrMifled.  In  preparing 
for  sugnrcaae  the  plough  U  driven  aoro&s  it  Boven  or  eight  time 
villnge  nmuarv  its  tbrovrti  oa  at  the  mle  of  about  six  tons  (20 
onrtM)  to  the  acre;  and  the  land  ia  once  more  plonghwl  and  flc 
When  thu  etirfaco  is  beginuiug  to  dry  it  ie  levelled  with  the  ' 
harrow  and  iu  Doceinbcr  or  March  tho  Hogarcano  is  plnntcd.  _ 
Uyera,  which  are  pieces  of  matnre  cane  »bDut  »ix  inclwc  ^t^ofti 
are  set  in  deep  furrows  drawn  hy  the  plough.  Sagarcane  thds 
planted  is  called  ii'in^na  BIS  or  plough-raao  to   diHlin^-iii.-ih    It  fn;a 

fMivltfa  UK  or  trodden  cane  which  is  pressed  on  bj  thu  fnot  oftcr 
and  has  been   ploughed,  broken  fine,  nbd  flooded.      The  tr 
BvatiOui  is  usually  followed  with  tho  poorer  cnnra  or  in  poor 
Trodden  cane  or  p/ivl</a  iw  is  mnniirca  ton  or  twelve  days  nftor 
In^ra  are  put  down  by  foldiusf  sheep  on  tho  epot.     Trodden 
&pront«  n  niontli  tift^r  planting;  ploiigh-CAiie  being  deeper  set 
a    month   and   a   half   to  show  but  »iiffert  IcM  from  any    cl 
stoppage  of  water  and  reachea  greater  perfection.      SugarcaDe  ' 
either  ciiton  raw  or  is  made  into  niw  xiignr  or  yul. 

Tho  mw  siif^r  or  gu!  ia  extracted  on  the  spot  gi'ttrmlly  by 
huebandntun   ihemBelres.      A  wooden  press   or  giirhill   worlii^ 
two  or  more  paiitt  of  bullocks  ia  set  up.    The  appliances  n»ed| 
making    iful  are:    chulvan  a   large   Gre-place;   fditlc,   a 
instrament  like  a  hoe  for  skimming  or  for  drawing  the  Jn 
from  tho  boilor   into  its   receptacle ;  ehibl,  a  sticlc  with  a  hanil 
bowl    or  banket  for  straining    the  lt(|n;d;    kahU    or    kaiihai,\ 
boiling  pan  (or  thickoning  tho  juice ;  and  yuirhdl  or  charah 
sugarcane-press.     The  press  is  made  entirely  of  wood  and  i«  wor 
by  two  pairs  of  oxen.     Two  upright  solid  cylinders,  eip!it«ea-i 
twenty  inohes  across  called  naora-^invri  or  bnsoand  and  wife,  wh^ 
up]>er  parts  work  into  each  other  with  ohliijae  cogs,  are  made 
ri'Viilvo  by  mcann  of  n  horizontal  beam  fixed  to  the  norm   in 
centre  and  yoked  to  the  oxen  at  its  ends.     Tho  cane,  stripped  of  j 
Uares  and  cut  lato  leiigtlii  of  tiro  or  three  feet,  ia  thrice  passed  ' 
hand  between  the  cylinders,  and  the  jiitcc  is  caught  in 
below,  which  from  time  to  time  is  emptied  into  the  kdhH  a  alialld 
circular  iron  boiling  pan.     When  t-lic  pan  is  full  thafire  boneatb 
is  lighted  and  fed  cliiefly  with  the  pressed  canes.     After  eight] 
twelve  hours'  boiling  and  akimtning,  the  juice  is  partially  cooled 
earthen  pots  and  finally  pourt>d  into  round  holes  dug  in  the 
and  liiiivi  with  cloth,  whore,  when  it  forma  into  Inmps  called  (iAfjw I 
dhiktiU  it  is  fit  for  market.     The  pressing  is  done  in  the  opon  air| 
in  a  light  temporary  shed  and  goes  on  night  and  day  till  tho  nt 
crop  is  pressed.     A  sugarcane  press  costs  about  fi  IU«.  (Ra.  2d)i 
lasts  tlirweor  four  years.    Tho  boiling  pan  oithop  belongs  to  tho  ov 
if  ho  is  well-to-do,  or  is  hired  cither  at  a  daily  or  a  monthly 
according  to  thu  ticno  for  which  it  is  wanted.     The  daily  hire 
pan  varies  from  28.  to  ■In.  (lis.  1  -2)  and  tho  monthly  hire  from  ll 
to  £1  (Ra.  5  - 10).     Each  cauc-miil  employs  aboul  twelve  work^ 


rcmovo  tbc  cntm  from  Iho  fioU  mttl  «trip  tliotr  leares;  one 
le  canes  into  pieces  two  feot  loQff ;  two  nre  nt  tho  mill,  one 
the  mill  the  otlier  dnwing-  out  tno  pressed  ciwnes  ;  one  miDdg 
anil  another  tb«  boiliug  pan.  The  last  la  the  tpilvia  or  sngnr- 
Ue  in  Huppriiieil  to  know  <>xitctly  when  tho  juico  fs  Hnfficiontty 
ed  nod  tfaickentMl  to  funti  hitnpiL  As  most  aagnrcane-groweni 
-without  this  knowledge  a. itugar<man  is  hired  at  UJ,  (4>  as.)  a  day 
£l  (lis.  10)  a  moiitb.  The  two  feel  long  pieces  of  cano  are  paARpd 
Bvocu  the  uprij^ht  cylindurs  two  or  thro©  at  a  time.  To  stop  any 
Es  tho  pan  is  smeared  with  lodan  a,  glazed  prepuntloa  of  udid  or 
Jhni  flour.  It  is  tbcii  put  ou  tho  liro-placo  aud  the  hollow  between 
pan  and  tho  firp-placo  is  closc-d  with  mnd.  About  000  pints 
g/i'^ra)  of  juice  are  poured  into  the  pan  and  the  fire  is  lighted, 
boiling  l»5(a  six  or  »o^'On  hotir?)  dnririg  which  the  juicA  la 
ntly  skicnmod  and  limn-wntcraiid  luU'hni  floar  are  thrown  ioto 
jnicc  to  keep  it  from  being  too  much  boiled.  When  the  sngar- 
a  tbiaks  tho  propor  lime  haa  come  the  p»u  ta  taken  oS  the  fire  and 
juice,  witii  conslant  stirring,  is  allowed  to  cool  for  abootnohoor. 
on  C4)ol  it  is  poured  into  u1oLli-lini*d  holes  in  tbu  groaud  two  feet 
*ja  md  a  foot  and  a  hnlf  nprosa.  It  is  left  in  tho  holes  for  n  coaple 
Saya  until  it  hsut  liunlonoil  into  Iiito[M  <^r  nodules  wuif^hiug  fifty  to 
.ty  pounds  (25  -  30  then).  When  tlic  lumps  are  formed  they  are 
koD  aw»y.  If  the  nugarcane  ia  of  eighteen  niontlia'  growth  it 
Eitds  gut  eqiinl  to  ono-fuarlb  of  the  juico  boiled  ;  in  ether  cases  it 
)lds  abont  a  sixth.  If  the  juice  is  allowed  to  overhoil,  it  cannot 
ke  the  gul ;  it  remain*  the  boiled  juice  of  sugarcane  which  i« 
lied  hihtvi.  The  jieople  beliovo  that  augarcaue  fed  with  well 
nter  yields  on«-Gflh  more  jr"'  than  the  sacne  caoe  fed  by  duutnal 
ater.    The  correclDess  of  this  belief  la  doubtfal. 

Aa  far  hack  as  183H-40  the  growth  of  Mauritius  cane  spread 
nMitly   in  Junnar.    The  land  was  well  suited  to  this  cftno,  tho 

ipply  of  water  was  obnmlant,  and  the  people  were  anxiona  to 
row  it.  Mr.  Dickinson,  a  planter  ut  considerable  experience  in  the 
Text  Indies,  was  employed  in  making  aujrar.     But  the  produce  did 

it  find  a  ready  market.'  He  tamed  Ida  refuse  au^r  and  treacle 
account  by  raanufacturiiig  rum.*  In  1841,  beaidas  fifty^e7eo 
!r(!)t  pluntfd  by  the  people  on  their  own  ooooDnt,  aboul  100  acres 
i-rt!  plant<id  in  Jnunar  under  contract  with  Mr.  Dicfcinaon,  tho 
anajTcr  of  iIil'  sugar  factory  at  Hivra.  The  augar  waa  uaod 
ily  by  tho  European  inhnbitants  of  Poona  and  Ahinadoagar.'  In 
K42-*(''3>  tbu  area  under  Mauritius  sufrsr  rot-o  from  157  to  SSSaoree. 
'lie  cultivation  spread  from  Jiinnar  to  Khed  and  Tftbal.  Sagar-worka 
ere  started  at  Hivra  by  a  joint  stock  company,  and  wore  afterwards 
onght  by  Mr.  Dickiufien.  In  Bhimthadi  a  MnsalmAn  planted  some 
IDO  in  toe  Chn.kar  Biig  with  tho  view  of  makinff  sn^r  and  «Oin« 
Oiibandmen  turned  oat  ^OBav  equal  in  gmia  to  Mr.  Dickinson 'a  but 
ot  free  from  fecoUncw.  They  alao  mMO  yul  which  was  sold  at  a 
gher  price   than  that  produced  from   tho  local  cane.     At  Grab 


Cbapter  IT. 
Agricoltare. 

QKII'4. 

C«fidirw«I*. 


<  Bom.  Rot.  H«-  IMl  o*  >MI,  08.  •  Horn.  Rev.  R«e.  S3  ot  I»«,  I4». 


ttft 


54 


DISTRICTS. 


CbApter  IV- 
AgTicBltnre. 

CfMdiatrnU. 


Mr.  Dickinson  was  in  itio  hublt  of  contrncting  with  tlie  liul 
to  plant  cano  for  him.  He  was  aftenranls  able  to  obtain  a  (tufficie 
supply  at  rII  timi?:*,  <:liiolIy  from  ibe  gardeaa  of  Br&faiuaDB,  lieadma 
aou  well-to-do  baiibanduMm.  In  1842  Mr.  DickinsoD  inadu  87,C' 
pounds  of  sugar  vrortli  £1500  (Rii.l5,0(K))  more  than  tlie  outiami 
UiB  preTioua  year.  Mc»^^.  i^uiidc  uiiJ  ^Vebbc  alao  plaiitetl  abo< 
thrcoBcrcni  of  laud  with  ManritiQa  cane  In  thoir  garden  &t  Mundbv 
about  fivo  milca  uurlh-oasi  of  Poom,  and  made  about  2)  tons 
{2826  shrrt)  of  gui,  whicli  waa  sold  at  lij».  {Hs.  8)  iho  palU  of 
}  20  shet-v.*  In  1844,  tbe  area  nnder  Mauritius  cane  rose  from  3SS 
to  547  Bi^ros.  Mr.  Dickinson's  fanning  continued  aucoMsful  parity 
b««auHo  lie  was  ablu  to  dispo§o  oE  bis  rum  nad  sngnr  by  GoTorDmciit 
coutracts.  Many  bnsbaiidmpn  were  willing  to  make.sagar  bat  froni 
irant  of  capital  and  of  local  demand  were  obliged  to  conleotj 
themaelroa  by  producing  yut,' 

III  1847   Mr.  Dickinson's  engar  iiadagood  year  at  Hirra. 
made  about  five  Ions  (.ISO  manv)  at  Moscavado  sugar  and  sold  it  { 
the   families  of  tbe  i>uldit^rH  and  otbar    Europeans  at  Pooaa   nn 
Ahmadnagar.     Among  the  natives  tbe  doroana  was  trifling  and  I 
diaconmgod  its  moro  «xtend(>d  mauufactur^x     Tho   nativue  ureal 
tbe  immediate  Dbighbourkood,  prcFcrrcd  tbe  soft  blanched  suf 
8old  by  tiie  sbopkeepers  ;  tbeir  objection  to  Mr.  Dikinson'a  so 
was  its  colour^  but  lo  refine  it  would  haro  caused    a    »e 
loss   in  quantity.     la  1817   a  comniiltee  wbicb  mot  in  Poona 
distribute  prizes  for  tbe  best  specimons  of  superior  field  produc 
awarded  a  prize  of  £30  (Ks.  300)  to  two  persons.     One  of  tbu 
epeoiineos  was  some  grained  Muscavado  sugar,  tho  other  was  sug 
luade  by  evaporation.     Before  crystalli&atiou  bad  aei  in  this  an 
had  been  poured  into  pots  with  holes  in  the  bottoms  through 
the  treacle  was  allowod  to  pass.     A  prite  of  £20  (Its.  20Dj 
awarded  to  two  other  Qntives  for  the  bc»t  brown  sugar  :  and  a  tt 
prize  of  £10  (Its.  100)  to  two  others  for  tbe  best  specioiena  of  ni/M 
inferior  Bugar.     All  tbe  prize  aiieciinens  came  from  near  Je 
and  were  due  to  tho  exertions  and  influence  of  Dr.  Qibsoa.* 

In  1881-82,  in  connection  with  sngarcano  expeni 
Mr.  Woodrow,  tbe  se  periutcndt'nt  of  tbo  botanical  garden  nb  Gane 
Khiiid,  nolicL'd  that  thohtoit  of  Poona  had  Tory  little  of  tbe  silica] 
combination  with  potash  of  soda  and  liuio  in  the  form  knownl 
soluble  silicjktes.  It  was  not  diBicuIt  to  reproduce  these  Bolt 
silicates  without  which  sugarcane  cannot  grow;  bnt  it  would  J 
expensire  in  Iiidin  and  could  not  bo  dune  in  a  short  time. 

To  grow  Bugnrcano  without  wearing  out  the  land  it  wna  ne 

to  manure  witJi  two  tons  «o  aero  of  tjuicklime  and  ten  loads  an  ^ 
of  woodash,  n.nd  to  sow  and  plough  m  a  greon  crop  such  as  he 
or  block  mttstard. 

After  a  crop  of  migarcano  the  land  should  be  manured  for  I 
years  a»  usual  and  »och  cropa  grown  as  tbo  eoil  and  the  ms 
sait,  preference  aa  far  as  possible  being  given  to  pulses  and 


'  Baa.  Kev.  Em.  1K6  o(  1S«.  83-H.  »  Bom.  Rev,  Bet  I?  el  184(1 

»  E8V.  B«.  23  o(  1M9,  IM-lBfi. 


tSM.] 


POOKA. 


M 


ksff  avoided.  To  no  case  should  more  lba«  one  com  crop  be  grovm^ 
the  uud  of  thu  four  vt-ars  if  the  fCTUUod  is  trvalcd  in  iLo  usual 
iu*-r  fur .  eoKArcane  aa  avera^j^e  crop  may  ba  expected.  Poooa 
^arcuitu  soil  id  ueiiully  rich  in  Hiuit,  in  bodio  cusks  lime  is  present 
Bxct'^a.  It  woaldoEteB  pu-y  to  make  a  kiln  and  bum  the  calcareous 
vtb  oil  or  tionr  tlio  fli'ld  where  liiiio  wus  naated. 

Twelve  bulb  vegetables  are  gi-own  in  Poona.     The  details  aro  : 


Chapter. 
Agftuoltiui 
Ceots. 


AAr« 


So.. 


luainiL 


dhuu. 


Ata       ... 
a»Ulm  ... 

KaMld  ... 

Kanaor 

KanWu 


.    nnu  ■•■vtdCMMlim 

PoUtlu       .  . 

J  c'lunt 
.lOiikin*      - 


BoMMCjIL. 


.~-._-  .  .  Itulli-liwftas  YiHi 
ir«B  or  asniitB.i  OiminoB  Ywn    ... 

lAfMH    .  .  .    '(Wllc  

MiOa    -..  .     tttMth     

|til>IJ-                  ^t•.l•4Mmd  CUtdln 
IhttiHn                   ■-  •  crt  raUlMt   ... 
Swrai    .  


ftdMvm  HibavoH^ 
DuioD*  Mrrolk. 

ABIlWIRfB. 

DIuKonk  bMmiUA^ 
„         butUlign 
■1MB. 

BiphAniw  ^hlHrain. 

CkltdiuDi  MMitoiIiam. 
OmtolTuhittMUM. 
ABMplKi(itiBll«a  Biiip«nnlMii 


Sa.  .<4U  Cnlladinoi  fi^raudifulium  or  Amm  carapanutatom  with 
|b  bolp  of  manure  and  abuudiiat  water  in  grown  in  manhy  hollotra 
jieflv  in  the  billy  west.  Ic  is  generally  pluutod  in  enrly  June.  The 
leaf  in  ready  tucut  in  ibroo  niuoths  and  ibo  plant  continues  bcarincr 
for  yunra.  The  loaf  and  elalk  are  eaten  commonly  as  a  vo^table, 
the  root  or  bulb  more  !i«ldota  and  on  fast  dayn.  Dr.  Uirdwood  gives 
throe  specie*  C.  grandifolium,  C.  ovalain,  and  C.  saptiFoIiuoi.*  He 
wya  that  tliti  atom  leaf  ttiid  root  of  the  first  and  third  are  edible,  but 

Fly  tlio  leaf  of  the  second.  RajiUu,  C.  sag-it ifoliuiUj  has  narrow 
inttd  leaves  snd  j^reeo  iELsteod  of  purplish  ntem  and  reius. 
53.  Jialdia  the  Potat*  Solanom  taberosam  ia  grovrn  in  Khed  and 
Jannar.*  Except  close  to  the  billy  west  potatoes  are  generally 
^atered  and  manured.  lliejKitato  is  cnl  ioto  small  pieces  oacli  ^ritb 
bud  or  eye,  is  jiluntcd  in  June  or  July,  and  ia  ready  between  lato 
eptember  and  November.  The  intrMuclion  of  the  potato  into 
la  is  ohieQy  due  to  the  cxerlious  of  tlio  late  Dr.  Gibson  who  ia 
bronght  pntatoos  from  the  Nilgiris  and  distributed  tlicm  for 
Alwut  1811  potatoes  and  sugarcane  wore  the  chief  products 
the  experiment^  garden  at  Hirra.  Potatoes  wvro  already  grown 
Sn  Jiinnar,  Khsd,  and  PAbal  in  snfficieut  quantities  to  bo  exported 
to  Phalia,  Auraiiptbad,  and  Bombay."  They  were  sold  at  the  rate 
of  twenty  ponnde  {lOflAerji)  of  the  first  sort,  and  thirty  to  forty 
pounds  (16-20  vhert)  of  the  inferior  quality  to  tho  rupee.     The 

fotatoctii  were  iarne  and  o(|linl  to  any  then  grown  in  any  part  of 
ndia.*  In  iStl  the  potatoes  of  uorth  Pooua  siipplioil  a  very  largo 
portion  of  the  Homl»y  market.*  In  IH45  De.  Gibaon  obtained  a 
supply  of  t^ood  Irish  potatoes.  Since  1845  potato'growiug  has  spread 

tt  Onluun  laentions  C.  ovatum  aui  C.  gfamll folium  i  awl  belt!  thM  C  M(ltif«lJBn 
iapf«bably  tli«  budo  »•  C.  ov»tiun. 
>  ThoM    MO    gwunltf  kiioim    u  Taienaa   potatoc*  lieotiua  thojr    Uke   rail   M 
ilfMOn  ctMHiii.  ^  Bom.  Rev.  Boe.  I4S3  ot  IS43,  17^7, 

•BMl.fiaT,  Km,  l»4ollM3,  73.  •  Bom,  R«v.  Boo.  17  of  1«U^  73. 


DI8THI0TS. 


Chapter  IT. 

Oaont. 
yrgttalle*. 


r»pii11y  nii<]  tliero  b  at  praMot  a  eotiaidorable  area  of  gardoD  m 
iLs  dr>-.cro|)  Uod  undor  potatoes.    Tbo  potaUo  is  not  grown  to 
east  of  n  line  drawn  from  Sbik^rpur  to  Yadgaon  Pir.     Tliou^l 
was  at  Srsl  riowed  wilh  auspiciou  the  potato  ia  aow  a  fa.vuu 
food  with  BrihmuiB,  and  tbo  Kunbis  nlso  tmt  thu  smatltir  and 
saloabto  roots.     Of  two  varietiea  one  with  a  dinooth  light  bmwn 
ifi  tha  best,  being  mealy  when  cooked  and  fetching  a  higher  p 
The  other  has  a  roagh  dark  skin  and  both  in  size  and  qoaUt;  n^ 
inferior  lo  the  gmootb-BkinDod  Toriety.    Two  potnto  crops  are  raised 
in  the  year.     Ono  is  p1uiit«d  in  dry-crop  lands  in  3aly  and  dag  a 
late  September;  the  oClier  ia  planted  in  December  and  dug  lo 
Febmary.     The  Sdoond  cmp  reciiiirM  n  vroukly  wmterins. 

i>4.  G4jar  Carrot  Daucus  carrota  with  tbo  help  of  water  and 
manure  is  grown  in  Urge  quantities  in  good  black  rail  in  the  vast 
of  the  district.  Thv  carrot  is  sown  in  ^nrduu  landa  at  any  timo  ol 
the  year  and  in  dry-crop  lands  in  July  or  AuguKt^  It  is  ready  for 
nse  ID  threo  months.  The  root  is  eaten  a«  a  vegutablu  both  raw 
and  boilod.  It  is  aUo  iilit  and  dried  in  the  nun  wheQ  it  will  keqi 
fire  or  niz  monthfi.  When  »ua<dned  it  is  called  wmit  and  has  Ui  bsj 
boilLvl  beforo  it  is  eaten. 

.S5.     Kanda    Oiuon  Alliam  oepa  of  t-wo  varieties,  a  red  aOi 
mildor  and  more  popular  white,  witli  (be  help  of  water  and 
is  grown  in  f^ood  black   soil.     Onions  are   sown  in  seed-beds  at 
time  during  the  rains  or  cold  weather,  and  planted  when  a 
month  old.     It  is  fit  for  ubo  in  two  moatha  after  planting 
takes  two  montlis   more  to  oome   to   maturity.     It   reciuiros 
black  soil  and  shonld  hare  water  every  eight  or  twelve  daya. 
onion  is  oaten  by  all  except  by  a  Eow  of  the  very  orthodox   and 
certain  saored  days.     It  u  aJmoet  a  necosasry  of  life  to  the  ' 
olassos.    The  leaves  are  eaten  as  a  pot-bocb. 

56.     Tva/iyar  Dio»corea  fascirulsta  ia  a  vam  closely  reaembling 
ftonorcommonyamand  tbeX;i]r<iiuIjtorba]b*bcaringyam.  Iti&fi 
in  the  hilly  west.     It«  bulbs  which  form  only  below  groand  are  li! 
sinnl)  sweet  iiotato  in  size  and  shape.     The  flesh  in  white  and  swi 

&7.  KarKtnJa  ia  the  bulb.l>eariug  yam  probably  Dioscorea  baltri- 
fera.  Itlsmiichlike thecommonyamorA-trninappenranoeand  habits, 
and  like  it  found  in  the  hilly  we«t.  The  kardnJa  diffoi-s  from  the  lion  Id 
having  a  roundiT  Ie»f  and  inbeariug  bulbs  ou  the  Ktomsas  well  as  on 
the  root.     Vutil  it  ia  Ujilod  the  flesh  of  the  bulbs  is  sligblly  bitu>r. 

58.  Kofior  Goradu  the  Cummon  Yam  Dioscoroa  iduta  is  grown 
in  smalt  quantities  without  water  or  manure  in  the  billy  west  ronnd 
the  edges  of  fiolds  or  in  hoiise-yards.  It  is  planted  in  June  or  July 
and  by  October  tbc  root  is  (it  bo  oat.  If  left  till  Uacember  the  rout 
frowa  two  feet  long  and  eight  iuohos  across.  The  plant,  which  ijt  a 
creeper  with  longi^b  pointed  leaves,  boars  two  to  five  tubes  or  roots 
vrbich  whon  boiled  make  an  excellent  vegotabla 

£9.  Lasun  Garlic  Allium  Ecattvum  according  to  Colonel  Sykcs  is 
of  two  Tsrieties  a  red  and  white.  It  is  grown  with  the  help  of  water 
Bad  manure  in  good  blade  soil  and  ro(|ii!ro<i  water  once  every  ten  ur 
twelve  days.  Segmonta  of  the  bulb  are  planted  in  any  month,  and 
mature  io  foor  or  five  months.  All  eloHKes  use  gariio  in 
cookery.     The  leavee  are  eatea  as  a  pot'herb. 


POONA. 


67 


It'ulinh  Raph&nas  satimin  acconlinf;  to  T)t.  Birdwood 
rictivs,  D.  radicola  and ablongn,  and  »ccur<ling  to  Colonel 
I  of  four  TBrietie«,  three  of  llictn  the  long,  the  Hhort,  and  ihc 
^ndiRh  nhJL'h  nro  white  nnd  ono  which  is  rod.  Rndi^begare 
111  with  the  help  of  manure  at  any  time  of  the  year  in  ganJca 
i  and  somotimOfl  iu  dry -crop  land  during  tho  rnins.  Tlio  Ipiivca 
'i  for  nse  id  eix  weeks,  the  root  in  two  months,  and  the  plnnt  beai*9 
[or  dintjri*  in  a  fortuight  more,  and  cootiones  bearing  for  a 
iih  and  a  halF.  The  leaves  are  eaten  boiled  as  a  pot-lterb  and  raw 
isalad.     The  root  is  eaten  as  a  Yegetablu  both  raw  and  boUed. 

^  ifiiji'dfit  ArrowlcflTedC^huIiutn  Calodinmsag'itifoliiim,  acrord- 
lo  Dr.  BirdwcKvd  of  tlirco  variotieu,  is  grfuni  with  the  help  of 
rmnd  manure.  Tho  leaves  are  narri.>wcr  and  moru  pointed  tJian 
I^TCS,  and  tho  Bt«in  loaves  mid  bulb  are  eaten  in  the  6auie  way. 

L  StUdlu  Svneet  Potatoes  Convolvulus  bnlalaR  of  two  varieties 
lite  and  rod,  of  which  tho  r«d  is  tlio  sninller  and  itweetwr^  are 
'ii  in  the  caatern  suh-divininns.  It  is  raised  from  layers  put 
t^  Ukj  time  in  the  rains  or  eold  woAth«r,  »ud  with  tho  hvlp  of 
t  and  manure  comes  to  tnnturitj  in  six  months.  The  yoiin^ 
U  and  »h(>ot«  arc  cntcn  as  a.  pot-herb.  Tho  root  is  eaten  boiled 
roaat^d.  It  k  also  dried,  ground  to  flour,  and  mado  into  foet- 
rakes.     The  mature  vino  in  oxcollcnt  fo<lder. 


esiieclalljr 
'File   root 


i.     Siiran  AinophophaltQH   cnmpanulatus    ia    grown 

le   liillj    west^     It   takos     three  years   to   Tnaturc. 

IS  to  a  large  sise  and  tbon^h  somewhat  bitter  ia  much  esteemed 

vegetable.     From  a  greoD  taperinj^  st«ia  four  or  fivn  iueltcin  in 

eti*r  at  tho  base    and    about    three    foot  long,  Iitu    or  six 

ated  loavc«  oigfatocn  to  twenty  inches  lon^  shoot  upwards  and 

ards,     Erory  year  th(f  leaves  and  stem  die  and  (spring  ngiiin. 

venty  fruit  rcgut&bivs  are  grown  iu  Poena.     The  details  are : 

RPooirj  Fkuir  I'toiiTAiicja. 


Rd.      Huulmi. 


TJ 


nurfMAMHa 
OKt*Ut... 
XaUndad 
K4rU    ... 
KoHnll  .. 

Kktnt,     MkifQ 

K4t,i{, 

K*MU... 

TUnMa  OblrfB.' 
Taiimt  .. 

TMdlf  „ 
r.»H»   ... 


Bnumi. 


aiiMii-«en»r«4  Oncoiii- 
Tiwijiiiii  While  OmhI, 
WkKmotloD      Z'. 


Ilntll*    Oodtd.     VOm 
Cidtlwh. 
a«kin      


IMrn«f>Uii    ... 


TgoMd  ot  Lart-i>|l4» 


aorinub. 


Lulh  >fiitu«iib  «r  cucumti 
•uuMjiouhu. 
CnaiilklM  Iran. 
Lnlla  paUuidrw. 
Oiimrtilta  cHnlhiK. 
HaiBOTilIm  ttumutla. 
U^ntnnllim  lit  vim 
CvntrttU  U(«narU. 

Vlwunll  UtlOL 
CMUDnUaaUtua. 

CnMnbit*  iilW 
TrlthMtnUM*  uniTiint. 

Do .         dlQloa  or  inioli- 
murtna. 
CHViirl>1(«  tnid'.|Hpv. 
Ud.        fpo. 

Quflamto  BfilatlMinut  or  int' 
IIHllmu. 

OmdnU   IndhB,   ll«n»r«iM 
■NDodflpbl*. 

LyatV*nl«n  iwutcntiini. 


Chapter  IT. 
AKricaltara. 

tX«PS. 

Bulb  VtgftttUu. 


Fr¥M  rwdaWtfal 


1327-9 


bS 


DISTRICTS. 


((4.     Dkemdtki  «■  aenetiiDe^  ^tawd  roimd  tke  edge  of  g&rdeiu 
bat  gNcrmJlT  id  rtTvr-bvds.     It  Wfpaa  to  bear  »bouL  ibr  "'u 

th*r  it  i*  loVn.     The  fraic  n  ^boot  th«  Kite  of  the  two  i  .  d 

white  both  within  mxJ  witboat.     It  is  e»t«D  cooked  u  a  vvgctat^lc. 

65.  Dodlu  the  Bh*rp<ion»grcJ  Cncnmber  Luffa  aoubiQ^utn  or 
Cncamifl  kcaUiifpihis  is  grown  with  the  help  of  water  uid  m^mara 
in  nch  land  in  \hp  cimlrv  ttad  Mk^^t  of  tbp  tliBtnct  roaixl  the  «dj 
of  other  crops,  ll  is  giMwn  in  gardens  at  aiiy  time.  In  drj-i 
Unde  it  is  sown  in  Juno^Jnlv,  grow*  czcccdinnflv  fast  and  tu  a  g 
sise.  and  beeioa  to  bear  in  two  or  two  atMl  a  batf  month;^,  ami 
on  bearin;;  for  one  or  one  uid  •  half  moDlhB.  The  fruit,  wbiol 
dark  ^reen  and  gix  ioches  to  %  foot  long,  is  seamed  with  Hhi 
ridj^ti  from  end  to  end.  'i*be  fruit  \i  ealen  boded.  No  otliw 
of  (he  plant  is  as»>d. 

ti(3.     Dadh-bhojila  the  LoD^  White  Gourd   Cucarbita  Iod;, 
creeping  plant,  is  asoaUj  grown  in  garden  lands  rt^und  the  edge'^ 
the  crops,  li  begins  to  bear  in  two  or  three  months.  The  fruit-, 
ia  eometiiDea  thirty  or  thirtf'six  incboft  long,  has  soft  whito  flcRb 
ia  a  common  and  ^Tourite  veffetahle.     The  skio  and  svcds  are 
in  efiaiai.    It  ia  also  made  into  a  swootmoul  called  k,jlea. 

67.  Ohofdlf  LufTa  peLandria  is  gr<iwn  and  used  in  the 
way  as  tho  dodlet  [Ko.  35),  Tim  fruit,  the  only  pnrt  eaten,  in  an 
the  same  aise  as  the  doJke,  and  marked  lengthwise  with  light 
If  watered  the  pla<it  bears  fi^r  two  yenrs. 

6S.     Knlingad  Watermelon  Cacnrhita  dtmllns,  a  creeping  pli 
sown  in  the  C'jM  and  hot  months  in  moist  eandT  spott  in  rivor  1 
aod  mannrod  when  six  weeks  old.     llic  frnit   u  emouth  and  wild 
dark  green  n^ittled  and  striped  with  a  lighter  green.     The  fl«h] 
piuk  and  tbe  s&edx  black  or  white.     It  is  eaten  both  raw  as  a 
and  cooked  iu  different  wayx. 

G9.     KarU  Uomordica  clmrAntin  aroiiller  both  in  plant  and 
is  grown  and  niicd  like  the  dodka  and  Iho  ghoanh  IS'os.  65  and 
The  snrfaco  of  the  fruit  ia  roughened  with  knob*  and  ea«h  seed  i 
the  whole  cross  B«clion  of  the  fniit.     It   is  slightly  bitter  utd  nifl 
be  well  boiled  before  it  is  eaten. 

70.  Kartoli  Momonlica  dioica  ia  a  wild  but  saleable  goard 
kirU,     The  fruit  is  cat<.-ii  lu  a  vogotiihle  after  two  boilings. 

71.  Kdahi-hht'f^a  or  KA^hi-phut  that  is  thfl  Bpnaroe  Pnm 
Cucurbita  litgeiiaris  ia  grown  in  ganh-ns  aod  soaietimes  ou  ri 
banks.  KscepC  that  it  is  roandish  and  thick  inxtcatl  of  long, 
fruit  is  like  the  iudh-lfiopla.     It  is  only  eaten  oookcd.' 

72.  Kharhuj  Heloti  CucumiK  melo  is  sown   in   the  cold  and 
months   in   moist  Mtndy  Hpnts   in  rivc-r-hods,  aotnetiiues  with 
watormeloEi.     The  ])lftnt  i«  manured  when   aix    weoks  old  and  t' 
fmit  ripens  in   the   third   or  fourth  month.     The  fruit  te  row - 
greon,  or  yellowiah,  tho  skin   covered  with  a  network  of 
brown  liaes.     It  is  vatcn  uncooked  in  n  variety  of  wayti. 


'  Tfaa  naraM  Jird«t(-Uo;)(ii  uid  Kii^i-f^l%n  tAvt  gixvi  to  ■  luge  white  gouil 
llat(«lHdslobuUrilM|M  w  tk  cl<ii»Mt*<l*«tinnitil  liiiM. 


i 


6S 


rs.     Khira    or    Khtra   Kdidi     Common     Cucaiubcr    Cncomia 
isof  tn-o  kindn,  green  and  white  fruited,  ia  sown  in  dry-crop  lan'Is 
rul;  and  Au^iiat  ruurnl  iho  cdf^e  of  uarty  crups  or  in  gitrdea  lands 
oy  lime.     It  begios  lo  buar  m  about  Iwo  monlliH.     The  fniit  \» 
,  to  aixt«oa  inches  lung  uud  ia  much  eatua  bi>tL  run-  fuid  cooked. 
74.     Kokdla  Cucurbita  alba  ia  grovrn  round  the  edj^e  of  gardens 
DT  iiine  of  the  year.     It  b»i?iTi!i  to  bear   in  three  or  four  months, 
fruit  ia  larger  than  the  red  puiiipkia  and  the  ileah  is  white.     It 
^>evereiiu*ii  raw  but  U  much  esteemed  (ts  &  vegetable  aud  is  made 
bto  a  8Wo«tmt>nt  culled  haU-a- 

■ffS.  I'adval  Snakegourd  Tricbosnnthes  asguina  except  thai  tC 
^mever  raised  in  dry-crop  land,  is  grown  in  the  same  parts  of  the 
Ktrictand  in  tho  same  way  as  (he  4oiik6  (No.  Qh).  'I1iu  fmit,  wbivli 
F  about  three  feet  long  and  two  or  threo  iuchos  thiclc,  ia  marked 
jrogthirava  mith  white  lines,  It  is  eaten  boiled  aa  a  vegetable. 
rho  Mar^thds  use  the  leaves,  gtallt.  and  root  modicinally. 

76.  Panar  Trichosautlies  dioicA  or  cacnmcrina  a  grown  early  ia 
[he  centre  and  east  along  the  edges  of  beteUIe«f  gardens.  The  mut 
B  snmll  and  gr«H*ti  and  in  highly  valued  by  the  people  aa  a  medicJae. 

77.  Tdmbila  iihopla  Ited  I'umpkiQ  Cucurbica  melopepo  or  pepo 
e  Dsually  growu  round  (he  edges  of  garden  lands.  It  ia  sowa  at 
uijtimo  of  tho  year  and  begins  to  bear  in  about  three  months.  Tlie 
trait  is  roundi>h  and  8ouiotiiQ(>8  very  large,  about  eighteen  inches 
o  diameter  with  reddish  Oeah.  It  is  cooked  as  a  vegetable,  and  the 
ihoots  and  young  leaves  ara  used  as  a  pot*berb.  The  seeds  arc  also 
(at«n.     This  pompkiii  ia  called  iUngar  in  some  parts  of  the  Deccan, 

78.  Titrbuj^  18  gouerally  aown  with  kkarbuj  the  melon  in  the  cold 
ind  hot  months  in  tnoist  aaiidy  spots  in  river-beda.  It  ia  manured 
vhen  six  weeks  old.  The  fniit  ia  like  the  kharbiy  io  the  colour  of 
itK  tlosh  and  needs,  but  is  rather  longer.  It  ia  eaten  as  a  fruit  and 
XX  aalad. 

79.  Tdrkdiili  Cucomis  DsitaliBsimits  or  utilitssimua  ia  nfloally 
^wu  in  river-bed^  in  the  cold  and  hot  weather.  The  seed  is 
planted  in  tho  moi«t  sand  nail  the  plant  is  maniired  when  about  three 
^eks  old.  It  riporis  in  about  two  and  a  half  months.  Tlio  brail, 
ifhioh  ia  sruooth  and  about  two  feet  longj  ia  much  eaten  both  raw 
[mil  cooked. 

80.  Tondli  Cocctnia  iodica  or  Momordica  mooedelphia  is  ^rown 
in  the  same  parts  of  the  district  and  in  the  same  way  aa  tlie  dodie. 
[No.  65).  Tl)0  fruit  is  a  little  smaller  thfto  a  hen's  egg  and  wlieu  ripe 
is  rc-d.  It  is  eaten  aa  a  vcpt-talilo,  but  is  never  civen  to  ohildron  aa 
it  ia  auppOKud  to  blunt  the  faculties.  There  ia  a  cutter  Tariety  which 
Lb  uttoleos.    The  vine  sometimes  lasts  for  yean. 

81.  F«/u*  is  grown  daring  ilie  rains  round  Beld«  of  dry  crop 
blid  at  other  timt-s  in  garden  lands.  It  bonrs  in  about  three  months, 
rhe  fruit  is  eight  or  ten  inches  long  ojid  is  yellowish  marked  length- 
wiae  by  tinec.     It  is  sweet  and  ia  ealeu  raw  and  cooked. 


Chapter  l\ 
Agricttltara." 
Oaon. 


>  SHr  G.  BnvlvMd  fAww  tartmj  iattmd  of  ibuJinffocf  m  ttie  veraacaUr  of  CBCurtrita 
ilrBlluk  the  watcffnidon.  Mr.  Platchfff  admits  tbU  tiuimj  ts  MawtiiDM  aud  for 
Mli^yad.     H«  thiaks  lti»  a  miMakc  aud  tbit  tks  taH»^  U  mot*  aUiad  to  the  Uartig. 


L 


kptw  IV. 


82.  Vdngi  or  Jiaingan  the  Bg;g-plant    Solaunm  mtivagK-' 
grtyn  witbthe  h«1p  of  tnaoaro  Aod  water   in  conaideraliU  i|D9iitt: 
ill  rk'b  Bvil  ofuti  on  hvor-lmiik  tuud  iii  tho  coDtrc  aiwl  out  tali 
f]pirdi>nH  oTor  tlia  wliolo  dUtriet  I'xcopt  the  woat.     IngndflBiiii 
eoH-n  at  aiij  time  of  the  fear.     In  dry  Uod   it  is  sown  ia  Jm* 
iu>ed-b4>il!<,  planlvd  during  Jul/,  be^iu  to  be«r  in  Septenber.i 
if  ocmaioually  watered  gooa  on    beariitg  (or    four  montlu.    Itai 
ecff-like  and  slightly  bhUT  friiit  is  one  o[  tfae  commooest  ud  I 
4U  iJeccan  Tegetableo.     It  is  boiled  and  Eried,  nuwio  into  pidcfo.1 
BOmettines  slit  uud  driod  ia  Ihv  Hiin  and  kept  in  atore  ander  Uwj 
of  ugri*.     The  liiavtw  nro  said  to  be  good  for  oleoain^  po«rbt. 
hold  it  wrong  Ui  umi  tlio  aWoi  ka  fuel.     Besides  ube  otsI* 
liaiR^tifi  there  is  a  aortoaUod  fMoii/itfi  with  fruit  somotimtys  tttofotl 
long.     Tbero  ts  aUo  a  wild  variot'jr  caUod  dvrii  cdn^ji  with  »  »>Bj 
and  nmriy  roond  fmit. 

83.  Vel  Tdfyi  Tomato  or  IiOTeHtm>1o  Lyoopermcon  oscalt 
witli  the  help  of  inanore  and  good  »oi]  is  grown    in  stnall   qi 
fdl  over  iho  uiBtrict  nud  chiotly  Dt-ar  lanTC  markets  in  tbei 
eoeU     It  ia  gmwii   in   gimlvna  at  any   time.     In  t)ry-crop 
80WI1  in  June  or  July  and  fniita  in  October.    The  Cmit  is  eaten  1 
raw  and  cooked,     't'bo  touiato  was  brought  to  India  from  Brflofl  1 
the  Purtugiieso. 

Fuur  jKid  vcgetabto!!  are  grown  in  Poona.     Tbu  details  are : 
fooyd  Pod  r$»nA»iJa. 


Mo. 

W 
N 
W 

Hulm. 

trnmrnm. 

Bin**MiA&. 

tu 

MmU       ...       „ 
mtmda     - 

0o*4rl 

btoUe  BiMiBw       ... 

84.  id biti  or  Kh'tnamhli,  n  crcep<Dgr  plant,  is  grown  witboni 
tir  nmntiro  near  bonses  or  on  tJio  edges  of  garaeti  Uuda  in  all  pirtS' 
of  the  diHtrict.  It  brging  to  boar  in  three  monthH  and  in  good  mS 
goci  on  bearing  t\iTvv  or  four  ycnm.  Tho  pod  when  rcry  yoong 
and  t«uder  is  usud  as  a  vegetable. 

85.  Bhendi  Eatable  Hibittcas  Hibiscus  escelentus  te  of 
varietiea  f/ari  ov  early  ami  hnl!  or  lute.  Both  are  ^^own  in  gm 
in  all  parts  of  the  district  and  all  the  year  ronud.  They  are 
grown  without  wntor  hutofton  with  miinurc.  Aaadiy  crop  the  early 
or  giiri  bhendt  with  large  leaves  and  short  thick  pods  la  aowa  in 
Juno,  grows  about  two  foet  high,  and  bears  from  early  August  to 
December.  The  Uto  or  hati  bhendi,  with  small  leaves  and  thin 
prickly  podsj  is  sown  in  Juno  or  July  along  tho  edges  of  or  among 
(rajri  crops,  grows  seven  foot  high,  hef^ins  to  ln-ar  in  late  September, 
and  goes  ou  bearing  till  iht>  end  of  November.  Both  kinds  art! 
grown  in  gnnlon  lands  nil  iht>  year  round.  Thu  green  pods  ar« 
eaten  boiled  aa  a  vegetable  or  frieil.  Tho  rino  seeds  are  used 
curry  and  ehatnt.    The  bark  yieliii  a.  fibre  which  is  soldom  used. 


^ 


* 


2 


SmmuJ 


POONA. 


61 


86.  Ohm/da  DolichoB  lablab  is  of  maoy  Torieties,  the  chief  being 
Hie  black-seeded,  the  white-seeded,  the  &o£  or  finger-like,  pattdde  or 
the  hanumdn,  and  the  white  with  carved  white  poda.  It  is  grown 
with  or  withoat  mannre  and  water.  It  is  sown  in  Jane  or  July  on 
the  edges  of  diy  crops,  begins  to  bear  in  October,  and  goes  on 
bearing  till  January.  As  a  watered  crop  it  is  grown  round  gardens 
or  in  the  yards  and  porches  of  hooses,  where  it  goes  on  bearing 
two  or  th^e  years.  The  pods  are  eaten  boiled  as  a  vegetable  and 
the  grain  is  used  as  a  poise. 

87.  Govdri  Cyamopsis  psoralioides  ia  grown  in  gfirdens  at  any 
time  and  daring  the  rains  on  the  edges  or  in  the  comers  of  the  early 
giain  crops.  It  begins  to  bear  within  three  months  and  if  watered 
oecasionally  goes  on  bearing  for  some  months.  The  plant  grows 
tboat  three  feet  high  with  a  single  fibroas  stem  from  which  the 
pods  grow  in  bonches.  The  pod  is  eaten  green  and  ia  mnch  prized  , 
as  a  vegetable. 

Twelve  leaf  vegetables  are  grown  in  Foona.     The  details  are: 
PooxA  Leaf  VKasTABiMa. 


Chapter  IT. 

Agrioaltare. 

CBora. 

Pod  VtgOabUt. 


Ho. 

HlliTBI. 

bauiH. 

BouncAL. 

M 

Mti 

Ltpldlnm  Mtlrutn. 

BB 

CUHaf      

OoootFoM        

Ctwnopodloiii  Tirids  or  ilbnm. 

W 

CliaiidaDbatva      ... 

ChanopodlDiQ. 

Bl 

CAmU         

BcmujibrodHa       Ama- 
imntn. 

Amsimottim  polfguniu. 

ta 

aHii» 

Bluldar   Dodi,  BUita 
Boml. 

Bmnei  vedouliii. 

M 

tua       

Amaimntlini  farbti*. 

H 

MrUi         

Oommoii  Onek  ana ,-, 

W 

Mclnri  or  RH      ... 

HuMud 

Sluiiii  ncsmoM. 

M 

PtMa          

Amumnthiu. 

VI 

/huliiw      

iUot 

HsDtbk  MtivL 

W 

Jtdlgint       

Amuanthiu  cuidldiu; 

M 

lUmdufja 

lUkbla  AmariBUi      ... 

Am&rmnthuii  olerifcceua. 

88.  Alvi  Cress  Lepidiam  sativam  is  grown  in  gardens  as  a 
poi-herb  and  for  the  seed  which  is  esteenied  good  for  women  after 
diild-birth  and  is  aaed  in  poultices  for  bmises. 

89.  Chdkvat  Goose  Foot  Chenopodium  viride  or  albam  is  naaally 
nown  in  gardens,  bat  sometimes  in  comers  of  early  grain  fields.  It 
a  rsady  to  cnt  a  month  after  sowing.  The  plant  ia  much  esteemed 
Ha  pot-herb. 

90.  Chandanhaiva  Chenopodiam  is  grown  in  all  garden  lands  at 
taj  time  of  the  year.  The  plant  stands  twelve  to  eighteen  inches 
U^  and  has  the  new  leaves  of  the  npper  shoot  red.  The  leaves  and 
tbuk  are  eaten  as  a  pot-herb. 

91.  OhavU  Hermaphrodite  amaranth  Amaranthns  polygamus  is 
grown  ia  gardens  at  any  time  of  the  year.  It  closely  resembles 
Uxdulja  but  seldom  grows  more  than  six  inches  high  and  the  leaves 
■d  stem  are  nniformly  green.     The  leaves  are  eaten  as  a  pot-herb. 

91  ChuJca  Bladder  Dock  Rnmez  vesicarias  is  grown  in  gardens 
lt«Df  time  of  the  year  and  is  ready  for  nse  about  a  month  after 
•nring.  The  plant  is  eaten  aa  a  pot-herb  and  has  a  pleasant  bitter 
tnronr. 


Ltt^f  VtgOabk* 


t«r  IV. 

aionltnrt. 


1 


'At  ViM. 


05.  Ualh  Amftnuithus  triatU  of  two  vari«tic>«  rod  «nd  Ereet, 
pmim  in  ^nVn?  at  luiy  lime  of  tbe  jcor  and  ia  fit  for  aw  ^'■■ 
wrukjtftfttr  KuH'in^.t     The  red  rariety  BtMnis  tlircu  to  fire  : 
wiibftlliick  hU'iu  niiclhiui  nrmall  cenlrft]  plume  as  well  asei(l»t 
and  tUo  Icbt«w  mud  wnvcMly  ibe  ttl«m  ture  »  r«d  tinge.    Th' 
TsrictT  i»  HinftlWr.     1  be  kaves  and  joaug  shoots   are   csipn  ' 
A  «i1u  BniaranU)  callvd  ftiitf-nuifh  is  much  «nton  br  the  luwer  i 

M.     i/c(iii     Coniiiion   Grrek  grass  TriifuiifHa   tatuamgrwOM 
growu  in  gurdeiiB  in  nil  pikrtii  of  lii(t  district.       It  is  sown  at  SM 
of  the  year,  and  with  the  bctp  of  water  and  rnauuru    it^  &l  toe 
about  three  weekt,  oiid  is  mature  ia  two  and  ii  half  mooths.    ^ 
jOUDg  l)>o  entire  ]>Unl  is  cHton   as  n  pot-liorb  by   all    claasee. 
seed  is  fiiyen  to  rattle  an  a  strengthfuier  ani]    is  much   uimI  m 
CoodimeDt  io  curry.     The  mature  stalks  are  an  cxcelltrut  fodoer. 

k     So      Mohari  or  Hai  AluBtard  SiDnpia  racema<«A  of  two  kintU, 
and  blacic,  is  either  grown  at   iinjr   timo  of   the  jrcar  in  gardeM 
diinnff  Iho  cold  wiwott  round  ficMii  of  irb<pat  or  gratu,  or 
wheat  nud  linseed*.    Tho  Iwivvtt  and  gn-tm  piula  are  oat<'o  as 
bio.     The  seed  \»  used  in  carrier  uiul  rflt-HlK-!!,  s    medicinal  od 
oxtrscted  from  it,  and  it  in  puwdcriid  sitil  uji[>lic(l  tw.  a  blister. 

06.  PoJifa   AniaranLhus  of  two  kinds   i^^en  snd  tvd,  crowi . 
or  two  feet>  high  in  gardens  nt  any  time  of  the  year.     The  leaf  wliicki 
is  eaten  a»  a  pol-h«rb  is  ready  for  use  tn  six  weeks. 

07.  Pudi'im  Mint  Mentha  sativu  is  crotvQ  in  garden  lands, 
is  a  pcn^iiDiiLl  and  aeedn  au  occasional  watering.  I^o  Iostoi 
lUied  as  a  paruish. 

9ff.  Itiijijim  of  two  varieties  red  and  green  AtnaimDlto 
caodidus  i»  -grown  in  gardens  at  any  time  q(  tbo  yi^ar  and  aooiAtiiDH 
among  watered  wheat.*  In  tbe  green  variety  the  seed  plaoH  i* 
deep  orimsoD  and  the  atom  and  leaves  ore  tinged  with  crimson, 
otherwise  the  varieties  do  not  difFer.  The  plant  stands  three  6> 
fire  feet  high  and  lias  a  heavy  overhangiug  contral  e^ed  pltuM- 
The  seed  in  fxceedinglv  small  and  is  ueoally  trodden  out  liy  finmu 
feel  or  rubbed  o<it  by  liatid.  It  is  much  eaten  on  fast  days  eit 
as  liihi  which  it  nnulv  int'O  balls  or  in  cakct  made  from  the  flour  i 
the  psi-ched  grain.    Tlie  leaves  are  commonly  eaten  aa  a  pot<berb. ' 

09.     Tiintiu}j<i  Eatable  Amaranth  Amaraothtis  oK'rnceas  ia 
in  gardens  at  any  time  of  tho  year  and  i«  tit  for  use  five  or 
weeks  iifu^r  sowing.     The  plant  grows  a  toot  high  und  has  tbe  at«l 
red  near  tho  root.     It  hiu  no  seed  uluuie,  but  flowers  «c  each  i 
its  side  shoots.     Only   the  learee  and  top  shoot«  are  oaten   as  a 
pot-herb . 

Drdktha  tho  Vine  Yitis  vinifer*  ia  oocasionolly   grown    in  the 
beat  garden  land  on  the  east  border  of  the  western  belt  and  near 


*  SykM  ncntionN  three  variatiM  snd  gtr**  A.  alat»o«ii«  »  thti  bptsnicsl  mow. 

'  Sit  O.  itirdw>ODU  mcntiuD*  (vur  vivHrtiw  8.  nmOMt,  B.  gUuca,  S.  UKbi>toinSi  OSit 
8.  tftuiicu. 

'Sir  ti.  BinlnooJ  naniei  tliem  A.  tiioolor  and  i^.  vindu.  B^ui.  Oov. Set. CXXIIL 
2(H  givn  A.  iiolygiuiiiu  or  pendoliu. 


^ 


The  vino    is  grotro    from  outtiu^a  wliicli  are  ready  for 

laatinji  I'o  six  or  eiglit  moDths.     It  bfginH  to  bmr  in  the  third 

BU<1  is  in    full  fniit  !n  thw  sixth  or  svvuuth.     With  utrc  ft  vino 

on  bearinu:  for  sixty  or  even  it  is  said  for  a  hundred  yeitr^.     The 

is  traiiicil  m  ono  ottwo  tvars.      It  ik  t-itlivr  !iu)>[>i)rU;(l  on  a  stout 

^hl  often   a  growing  stttmp   which  is  pniiicil  to  a  polUrd* 

ohapc  ahout  tive    fc«t  high,  or  u  Ktronjj-  nytvn   tr«lltH    rtfot    ia 

rowD  urcr  thi-  vinoyiini  ubvuL  kJs  fivt  from  the  jrroand  luid  tho 

nes  uro  trnioir-d  horizontally  on  it.     The  vine  sapportod  on  liring 

illnrdM  is  said   to   pay  beat;  llio  trollia-tntiDDd  vino  is  the  hetter 

fei-red  by   lh<>  neh   for  its  appearance  and  nhndo,  nnr)  is  «nid  to 

iDcoui-age  gi-owlh  to   a  greater  age.     The  viiio  yi<^-ld»  sweet  grapes 

Junuury    Ftibniary    and  i^laroh.  and  HOur   grapeii   in    August. 

he   sour   jj^rapoii   are  very   nbnuilant,   hut  an>   not  cnounnigvd  as 

are  of  Jiltlu  value  ;  the  Bweet  grape  ia  tended  in  every  poHsible 

ty,  but  ia  apt  to  sufTer  fr»ui   diseoNO.     After  each  crop   bho  vino ' 

pruned  and  tuilt,  sheop^s  ^uQ^i  and  dry  fish  are  applied  to  each 

He  a(l«r  the  sour  crop  is  over.     Vines  are  flooded  once  in  five  or 

It  days,   the  earth  buinj;  previously   loosened  rt^und  tlii.>ir  roota. 

ligiil   uttaoks  ibt'in  whf>n  the  buds  first  oppeur  and  is  removed  by 

if^iiig  ihe  brnm;hos  by  the  timid  uvit  a  cloth  into  which  iht'  blif;Kb 

falls  and  i«  then  cirricd  to  a  di!tta.n(!e  and  destroyed.     Thin  npei-a- 

ioa  ia   performed  thn-e  times  a  day.  till  the  buiU  are  nn  inch  it>ng. 

~ix  varirties  uro  grown  :  kdli  or  blacic,  a  lonif  fle-nby  grape  of  two 

ds,   alihi  a  large  round    white  wntory  ^'apo  mid  j'/iahli  m  long 

ifnewhat  Ur-shy  white  grapo,    tahif^i  or  Avrni  a  long   white  Bwoot 

pe,  b-diina  the  secdlesB  s  Rmnll   voiind    Nwoet  and  while  grapo, 

«i4/^nt  or  njvid  a  larye   round   bitter   white  grapo,  and  aakhri  or 

iwe«t  a  small  round  while  and  very  sweet  grape. 

Coffee  wast  grown  in  1839  by  Messrs.  Suiidt  and  Webhu  in  their 

gardvD  at  Mnndhre,  iivo  inilcK  north-caet  of  Poona.     The  Uunibay 

Chamber  of  Coniinorr.A  consirlered  it  excellent  both  in    quality  and 

cle.*tnue«s,  and  t>aid  it  would  fetoh  the  .«nmo  price  ax  the  hc-'^t   Mocha 

cotTee,  or  about  2tl.  the  pound  {Re.  l-t  the  Sorat  man  of  U)  pounds). 

(fTo  enoaumgo  tbo  experiment.  Govommont  gmnted  Me^sr^.  Suodt 

ind  Webbe  ten  ncro«   of  land  close  to  their  garden.     Eod  gravelly 

lit,  Acootxling  Lo  Mr.  Snndt,  \%  the  bost  suited  for  the  coffee  plant 

be  plant  when  youog  requires  a  great  doal  of  shade.     Wbeu  ahont 

year  <ihl  it  is  planted  in  opnn  ground  where  for  at  least  four  years,  it 

iiist  be  wcrrvned  from   the  oxtr^-me  heat  of  tbo  sun.     To  «ha<]o  tho 

colfee  hnshoH  .Mr.  Sundt  gtL>w  castor ■oilnUut^  round  the  young  trees. 

It  want*  no  mannro  and  wator  only  fiftoeo  or  twenty  days  during 

the  dry  seosou.     Mr.  Suodt  thought  that  much  of  the  Poooa  soil  was 

admirobty  saited  to  the  rfifToo  phiut.     He  particularly  rccommciided 

eome  spots  of  red  gntvi/lly  t^icil  belwoon  Khandala  and  Kdrla.*    In 

1H42-I''}  Messrs.  Sundt  and  Web)>e  grew  plants  from  seed  furnished 

IthotB  by  Colonel  Capon   direct  from  Mocha.     They  bad  7000  seed* 

tlingit  in  their  auniory  ready  for  planting,  and  several  berry-bearing 

[ir««s  which  wuro  bur  ajieoimona  of  fine  ooffoo  phiuta.     A.  sample  of 


Chapter  IT. 

AKritnttur*. 
Coon. 


CoWBt 


>Boa.  Kev.R«ixl241of  184i.7S  76. 


iptor  IV. 


■OJL 


i]^  DISTRICTS. 

ooSllMftPlltiiBiitted  to  Uio  CliiualMr  of  Commerce  wbo  eaa 
it  oqnml  to  Kocbft  coffoc* 

Id  18'I2-4^  tlic  Scnnn  pinat  wu  grown  in  the  JaiuiBrsBb4:^^i«L 
by  Mr.  I>iekiD8oD  Bud  Dr.  Gibsoa  wbo  BUjtpUed  trees  to  tstf^^ 
lADtUorda.' 

About  tho  jtttr  1810  an   nttempt  wu  made  to  iiitfx>dw4l 
cocIiiiiLwl  in»cct  into  the  Deooan.    Tbo  nttcmpt  was 
Dot  bccwise  thv  olimato  wns  onsuJt&d  to  the  insect,  hot  bfwaauel 
odIj  insect  that  ooulil  bo  procurvtl  wm  of  the   rerjr  ""*'***  mI 
worst  kind  knoira  H  tJio  CocbinaJ  Silveater." 

*In  Ootol)OF  1829,  Si^or  Haiti,  %  Dalire  of  Italy,  oSrW  b 
svrvicM   to   tliu    Rombar    Goverument   as    super* nlua^est  oi 
establiiibment  tliat  tniKut  bo  Curinud  for  tho  cuItimiioD  of 
GovpmiUQni  dooliopd  li»  o(T<n-  but  ffnro  faiu   to   undontoai 
'  liberal  eoconrttgemont  would  be  >{'ivun  lo  uiy  one  who  might 
to  grow  9tlk  on  bis  own  aocooiit.     EnoourBj^ed  by  this 
ISignor  Muiti  rusutved  to  attempt  lo  grow  silk.     On  hia  a_  _ 
in  April  ISSO  tho  Collector  of  Pnon*  waa  directed  to  -maii 
him  the  Kotbrnd  garden  in  the  tuwo  of  Poona  free  of  rent  for 
yeua,  on  condition  thiil  tho  ground  should  be  »pp]ied  only  tn 
growth  of  tho  mnllvrrv.     To  this  is  laSO,  1831,  and  1332, 
plot«  of  land  were  added.     Lord  Clare,  then  Governor  of 
took    a   strong   intoroftt   in   the  subject,  nrged  the    doeirat: 
of  supporting  Signor  Matti.  and  made   him  an  adrance  of 
(Ik.  r)0<10).     The  Collector  was  at  the  same  time  attthori»od  to 
the  runt  fur  six  ycura  on  laud  cultivated  with  mulberry  and  lo 
adrancee  for  wefta.     In  eonaequenoe  of  eomo  disagniempnt  het 
Signor  Mutti  and  htsportoer  Sor&bji  Patvl  most  of  the  tonda 
ed  to  Bi^nor  Multi  hud  to  be  restuned  ;  but  be  w&g  left  in 
of  the  Kothmd  and   DIuitudhere  gardens.'    About  tho  same  tino 
(1829)  Mr.  Oibeme's  e.\p(iriuii<iil&  in  growing  :fiilk    in    Khiade^ 
attractod  tho  attention  of  tho  Roinbay  QoTeruinent,  and  the  Beo^ 
Oorcroment  were  a«kcd  to  send  lo  Bombay  Evo  convicts  with  thrir 
f nintlitMi  who  were  skilled  in  the  managament  of  ailk-worma  and  iotlie 
winding  of  eilk.     These  men  broaght  with  them  a  quantity  of  ega 
and  won)  attached  to  the  jail  at  Poono.     Bui  from  want  of  car^l 
sapcrrision  they  appttar  to  have  done  tittle   either  in   the   way  id 
producing  etlk  or  of  teaching.     At  tbo  same  time  Mr.  Owon,  tha 
aiirgoon  rI  Hirur,  btfeikii  to  manufacture  ailk  upon  a  liiuitod   Bcala,^ 
The  growth  of  bis  mulberriea  and  t  bti  finooeas  of  the  fibre  ahowod 
the  aoit  and  climato  of  that  place  were  most  favourable.     Excellei 


t  Bom.R«v.  Roo.  ISGSof  IU4.  *IU>r.BM>.  ]fi«Sof  IMt.  *  tUr.  Itoe.  1241  of  IHI,  71-7 
«  Silk  tn  lodia,   In  Hr.  UaOfdMatan,  Under  Socrvtarr  U>  tke  Ouvemment  vt  ' 
(1872).  30.«,  "o-i*— . 

•  Wt.  Jaonneimnot,  Uw  synkai  Prtnth  tsavdUr  ana  btrtwOrt,  met  Lord  Clftrt 
tba  Kotbnid  g»nlm.  0(  ncveral  tuvcrtA  iimeot  oach  pT«  hia  opiiuou.  Air.  MuH 
for  Diullwrnr  tr«ea,  and  In.  Lush,  ■ho  Ikad  *  hotAnical  ganun  at  lUpari,  ' 
Duiltwny  l»eagM.  Kaob  krnt  to  tha  opinioa  lie  had  brouf^t  villi  liim  *nd  la  ! . 
ttrenJng  tbajr  left  Kotbrou  u  tbty  cumi.  Dr.  Lu«h  to  fgrow  mulberry  ahnih 
Mr.  Muttl  tA  bUat  tnea,  tha  Pini  te  set  rid  a(  his  inveataMut,  aod  tbe  Uo 
totlilakoiwltall.    Voj-ijiea,  IIL  590. 


^ 


POONA. 


C5 


WHS  rIro  produce*]  at  the  Poona  jail.'  As  the  cultaro  of  etlk 
abandoniAl  n.t  Ubutia  Id  Klutodesh,  GovorDuieut  dutormiued  to 
ti*  thfiir  offorta  on  Signer  Mutti's  experiments.  In  1837  lie  wiis 
inted  temporarily  on  amonthly  salary  of  i;25  (R«.  260)  with  a 
vo  Kiip<>r^-ix)r  on  £5  (Kh.  ^0),aDd  wa«a)Iciwodto  spimd  not  more 
£10  (Ra.  100)  a  nnnth  in  ntarting  mulberry  pi  an  ration  h.  Oa 
2lftt  of  July  IJfS^^,  8igiinr  Mtitii  niibmitled  hh  fintt  n.^iM>rt  as 
rinlondcut  of  ailk  culture  in  ibo  Drccan.  According:  to  this 
t,  heaidi's  507,081  slipa  and  4252  Ntandn.nl  trees  planted  by 
dmen  tu  tlie  Dec<»n,  Konlciui,  and  Bombay,  tboro  wore 
slips  tD  tbe  QoTernment  nurMtry  at  SUsvod.  Signor  Matti 
d  also  at  Ivothrad  eoreral  persons  whom  be  had  inatruct««l  in  all 
i  branrhpH  of  silk-making  and  had  Bncceeded  in  making  tbum 
art,  intollig&ntr  and  octirc.'  Uo  hnd  also  rAooived  the  motit 
ia£act«ry  reports  of  his  Eilk  from  London,  (ilasgovr,  and 
mcheater,  whcro  it  had  boon  valued  as  liig-h  a»  2'iji.  26«.  and  39#. 
>agli  ruoled  independently  by  natircii.  Upwards  of  Iwvnty  native 
ro  reported  to  bo  acquainted  with  the  vrindin^  of  silk,  and 
}  pouplo  wi>rciuud  to  bo  rotuly  to  Utko  to  Stlk^growm^.  In  ISUS^ 
lauiplo  of  silk  producL-d  by  Si^nor  ACulti  wan  aoot  tor  report  to 
r.  JoM<tph  Kwart,  a  M;i[icho.'>i<:r  Hilk-bmker,  trho  reported  thid  tho 
road  vfua  very  good,  boing-  clcim  and  uvcn,  and  in  CTury  way  Hhowcd 
c«lleut  management  on  the  pnrt  oE  tho  gruirer;  that  the  silkii  irould 
vaye  be  saleable  us  they  would  commaad  a  decided  prcfurcnco 
er  the  Beu)?a,l  sUka  then  iuip'>rU>d,  and  come  into  close  competi- 
m  with  Italian  ailks.  The  ISttO  report  is  not  so  fioarialiiug'. 
rougbt,  the  iucursioDs  of  cattlo,  and  neglect  had  much  injured 
B  mnlberry  boahea  Still  the  stiporinteadent  was  sanguine.  The 
jlike  of  the  natives  to  plant  mulberry  trees,  rear  worms,  and 
nd  silk  had  been  ovorcotne.  and  eoTora)  wore  engaged  in  making 
opcr  multforry  narscrifs  and  transplanting  and  pnmiog  the  trees. 
be  system  of  plautie^  the  mulberry  bushes  without  eertb  had 
iict^eeiled  w<dl  and  proved  economical ;  the  quantity  of  e^cga  pn^duc- 
L  by  tJie  butterflies  bad  increased ;  they  w«>ro  regtilarly  batched 
id  the  voooons  bad  f^rown  to  the  siza  of  the  yellow  and  sulphur 
rietics.  At  Kolbrud  tho  cocoona  were  ao  large  tliat  ItKK)  would 
pld  two  pounds  ( I  »Krr)  of  ailk,  aiid  tho  people  bad  ahown 
m.st;h'ee  able  to  wind  »uporior  eilk.  The  value  of  the  utdburry 
Dbntatioa  had  been  shown  by  (he  sale  of  tho  lonres.* 


Cbapt«r 
Agricnltnr«r 


UalMlnt'a  Qovccamont  of  InilU,  Ap]>«acti(  A.  69. 
>  Mr.  Blutti  IimJ  collwtetl  loauy  covooui  of »  tilk-woim  probaUy  Dombox  (Saturula) 
rtitta.  Mid  to  htmd  iritil  dcm  Pouim  of  wbkh  b«  got  hMketfalt  frum  Uic  diiiilnn 
a  *eiy  cluap  nta.  Tko  gieea  mucui  of  the  aainul  mad*  It  vary  hard  ta  c\eaiL. 
ill  Mr.  Hate  nOoA  it.  It  wm  n  duar  }-eUaw.  but  with  littU  kIom.  BoiuoI 
Abnans  w«r«Mid  to  make  bMutifnl  staff  of  H-  JkoqniimKiet^  Vo/iibm,  ni.JiSO-Sl. 
I  lakT«B  Iwvariil  fur  f««iliB|{  tho  wornu  *t  \'ail£Ujia  had  bcm  |iui«liucii  fram  tlie 
.liB«D  at  \ii.  ({  a.)  Uic  pottoil  )  llw  ErwOnr  ptrl  wito  tlw  |<riinmi^  of  initl- 
lUota  nnJer  ono  year  at  a^o  from  the  vilWni  of  Cbincliari,  YadgsoD,  NArAya*- 
,  SAvKJ-ginij,  GutiJMt-Afli.  «h1  ^(Alv^iian.  TVi  |<«^*Ib  •>*  Slilmur  and  I'Abal 
>w««l  orcrj-  iuolioatiun  Cq  plan!  Hie  uiuIlxTry  tl*«,  Tlw  plantations  wore  a*uaUy 
I  in  clisnn*).  watered  pWr«,  Tho  muItiDTry  troc*  Ricw  amons  pl&ii  taioB  aad 
roaae  wliich  diil  tiiyt  a^ipwu  to  injare  Ibcm  antl  altnotl  all  kiuila  of  jtrodnce  c«ulil 
■JB  uadw  th*  trew  wliioli  wcm  ■uHhlly  t<n  to  twclro  loot  iqmrt.  Tho  {mo^ 
Itttst  Aaiic^  U>  pMKOB  worau  in  ort«t  t«  ^rodoOT  cqohm.    All  ditltka  oB  w 

^lK7-9 


66 


DISTRICTS. 


C&ipter  IT. 

,AfricBltoie. 

SUE. 


Ill  1S31',  the  ad  ranee  ot  i.GOO  (Bs.  0000)  gmntcd  tn  Sign.Pr  JXfl 
was  writt(>n  oS  is  coDfidemtion  of  the  benefit  his  (>xertiouH 
calcnlstc'd  (o  cuafor  on  the  country  luul  of  tliti  Ws  to  irbicL  lie 
gubjocU^  by  inaffeotnal  aU«mpt«  to  iDtruducv  the  buali  «yatem 
growing  mull>vrrto«,  a  gjttwo  ftftorwanla  alxMxlon&d  by  bim  in  favon^ 
of  standards. 

lu  1810  Motors.  Daniel  and  Co.  started  an  eetabliBbmcnt  t«pli 
mulberry  litiHheD  with  th(>  view  of  reariuggilk-woritia  onalar^ 
In  spite  of  tlie  oppoeitiun  of  the  euperiutoDdcDl:  of  silk  calliint  tl 
I)"jii[.'bt  J33,aOO  futtinjirs  with  which  ihey  planted  tweiitr-6re 
{•f  litnd  noar  Niiriiyan^aoo  in  Jimnar,  bcsidm  lt>|  nrix-s  ('22  f-ijl 
of  land  at  SlUvad  iu  I'urandhar.  They  bad  aLMoOU.UOOoiiLtin^l 
difior*otgnrdous  under  their  RUuiagQmuiit.  Mr.  JatoOAou  titcir-lx'l 
roared  25,000  TTonos  at  NAriysDgaon,  nbicli  gave  thirtr>Gve  p<>aa 
(1  7J  tfifin)  of  cocAona  Prom  aome  of  thotr  ejfgsi  hu  had  ocarljl 
i<ikh  of  coDO(in.H  in  bin  garden.  All  ibis  waa  douo  in  four  montl 
Hr.  James  snolce  bigbly  of  tfae  bush  syHtem,  bat  by  do  toe 
wished  to  discoum;^  ihe  plaDtin|f  of  trceti.  Ho  stated  that 
hedges  were  grciwii  bvlvrceti  the  trees,  it  lighteood  tbo  ex)i>.)n« 
•<>  ranch  that  tho  pluntvr  ooald  afford  to  encourage  their  gr'Wth. 
Hodgps  bo  considered  absolutely  aeceasary  to  the  aaoceas  of  nny 
person  rearing  Hilk-noruR  and  attributed  Signor  Mutti's  railun>_tt;j 
the  wntit  of  hv«lijrD!^*  Mo^STA.  Daniel  &  Co.  also  eetabUsbed  thnrc  i 
winding  pluces  or  fiUturw,  one  nt  Kothrud  near  Pcwna,  n  kwouC 
S&svadj  and  a  third  at  Nantyan^aon.  At  N^ntyant^noii  then? ' 
niuubcr  of  worms  uud  cocuona  Tho  cocoons  were  inferior  to  .Si( 
Uutti'a  ooeoona  both  iu  .ttwi  and  Koftnc»u<.  This  waa  ftopiioMnl 
be  due  to  the  fact  tlint  busb  loaves  had  not  the  same  )itrvn;j:1h 
□onrishiugpoworostree  liMTea.  A  iinmber  of  acre*  wore  (frown 
tho  bush,  btit  it«  appearance  wiw  not  ]tuid(by.'  In  It^lO,  Si| 
Mntti  went  to  E^ypt  on  nick  leave,  and  an  honomriam  of 
(Ha.  £000}  waa  given  hiro  and  £10  [Ra.  400)  to  Mr.  Katnoa 
assistant.  Au  iucrease  of  Xo  {R*.  60)  to  8i;rnor  Mnttt'a 
wam  abso  sasctiimed  by  Govcrunietit.  In  Jane  IS-IO  Si^H'T  M< 
retamod  to  Indtn.  0*f  his  oiK-nitionii  for  thtt  next  iha-tr  jc 
distinct  accounta  have  not  boon  obtained.  Tho  Govemmonti 
to  haTu  hoeo  snliMliud  mtU  his  proceedings.  In  I84:i  tsir  O. 
then  Governor  of  Bombay,  recorded  a  minute  strongly  adrocalj 
pprsevoraoce  in  silk-grviwing.  In  thia  year,  according  to  Sif 
Alutti's  report,  in  Tohus,  Sonlbji  I'atcl  had  Mteuaire  plant 
of  80%"orf»l  thousiLud  imilU-rry  treos  two  to  ten  years  old  and 
oBmall  tpiaiitity  of  ailk.  There  were  beaidM  I'+OO  nmlbrrry  t( 
thmo  to  woven  yp«ra  old  in  tbo  sUition  of  I'oonn.  and  o*),SWi 
otiu  to  fireyeora  old  bolouginjf  to  317  iodiriduals  in  thirtj 
villageB.     T&eco  were  also  rauiborry  hedge  rows.    In  two  vfll 


urt  otthm  DrflliBiuiit  to  tJKiiukiiH  alailk  waa  overcome.    Th«7  wannailytol-. 
tbvailk  (mm  tlMcacouaanhKboauTiloiUy  lio<lo)ie  by  rcmnviiiu  ttie«tioi>an*ui1<nif 
water,  tfaut  dvjiHvtiii;  tl>«  ipuh  witbta  tli«  cucoon  of  llf«,     U»ny  Bt^limun  >>_ 
lhu>uiuiJoy«i.    Th<r  w«r«  aUo  rMily  to  MijMn  in  naxiug  wnnna  anil  in  nt  "^ 
•ilk  iit  Iketr  uwn  l».<itRa.     Umd,  Bvr.  Ree.  I5U  at  IKt3.  67. 

'lloia.Kuv.  K«o.  l24lof  IHI.  75.7«L  >  Bum.  Uov.  Roe.  1314 o(  ISOJ 


POONA. 


67 


Bntfnnans  bad  reared  wormn  snd  made  good  cocoons.     One 
:-il  G1,0(IU  ^TOiiiiR  with  otmsidfrnblc   suocestt   luiO    it  pn>lilabIo 
lit      Kiffu'T    MuUi    hiid    mulberry    plantatioiis    »t    KfiximMg 
idgaon,  Cliinoboro,  Cliiia,  NAimri,  Sankora,  NarJiymijfiwn,  HArri, 
Ftsr,  Uud^pur,  Dingxin).,  Juniiar,  Muuctor,  mid  Ausri.'     Hi;  aluo 
leutiniiod  six  lirceding  places  tuKter  bis  lutpermtendeiice.     At  one 
thcuo,  S&vATgitOQ,  tlierewcr«  3-7,000  worms.     Iteeliofif  watt  corriod 
at  Vttil^ftoB.     It  WHS  aiuierted  tliat  womui  could  bo  reared  with 
IS  risk  aiid  in  a  shorter  ciiiie  tbao  in  Europe  and  tbat  the  wornig 
fcrw  as  good  as  were  reqiiireil  for  the  higher  qiialitios  of  Italinn 
Hilk.     Tbv  introduction  oC  the  art  of  windiug,  it  was  thonp^ht,  waiitfd 
cttroful  KU|icrrisioa  nb  tbe  outevt,  uud   tbo  Collector  of  Poooa  wait 
ected  to  continuo  tho  office  of  siiperintoiidont  for  fivo  yeiim 
iig«r,  to  i^rcct  four  building  for  rwiHng  worms  in  tho  Juunar  or 
Sbal  Bnh'division  at  n  cost  not  (ixrwdiug  £51X1  (Us.  ■'iOOO)  as  public 
>per(y,  and  lo  (xmdurt  tbo  brcwliiig  of  worius  aud  tho   iiiiLkin^  of 
ou  account  of  Hignor  Mutti  biinself  or  kduiv  private  individusl. 
tust)8    for   revring   worm.i  wera  accordingly  built  at  Puoiiii  and 
Bimbfig  Vodgaon.    Tho  Collector  wan  also  authorie<Hl  to  odrance 
}D   (lU.  SOOU)   an  A  loou  without  int'erefit  to  Hiffoor  Mutti  to  bo 
id  by  iudtulmcuts  of  XIO  {lis.  100)  a  mootb  and  to  placa  £300 
1.  SUO'u)  at  the  diapoH&l  of  the  supcrinteLdout  to  b«  advancod  by 
to  rillagerft  wlu>   wero  anxioua  to   grow  sUk.     Sig^uoi-   Multi 
litablitihiNl  iiormauent  wiiidinj;  places  or  tilatoreaitt  J(itiHar,Diii;^m, 
jd  Narayaugaon.     He  had  460,000  worms  in  tbuso  places,  and  bud 
QD  able  to  wind  IGu  to  200  pounds  of  silk  nypar.-  Sbortly  after  thin 
UsSigDor  Mutti  fell  ill,  and  Mr.  Ramos  was  aupointcd  to  act  for  him. 
[In  1^44.'*  doubts  of  tiie  siiocesa  of  the  mlk-growiiif^  pxperiment 
itn  to  be  raised.     In  1847  a  committco  was  appointed  to  report 
tho  subject.     Th«  twe  moiubera  Dr.  Gibson  and  Mr.  BaridMQ 
^inod  in  (bo  opinion  tbat  any  fiirthor  atterant  by  GoTernmcnt  lo 
>vf  tho   mulberry    with   a  vipw    t*)   the    inakiug  of    itilk    in   the 
an  watt  not  likely  tonucceud.     Dr.  Gibson  t>xpr*s»L>(l  tho  decided 
pinion  (liat  ucithor  bush  nor  sUnJurd  coidd   bo  j>roKtabiy  grown 
the  Deccon,  and  tlial  tho  results  sbown  by  Signer  Mutti  hod 
an  duo  to  nn  nriificial  tttimulntion,  which  dcceired  both  Qorem< 
it    and  himself.     Mr.  Darid^iu  a^'ed  with  Dr.  Gibsou,  and 
arommr^nt  ordorod  that  all  silk  opotationa  shonid  wase. 
Nofitrtbor  attempt  w»3  mado  to  ifrow  silk    till  in  September 
^75,  a  Nam  of  £2.'>0  (Ra.  2500)  waa  placed  at  tlie  disposal  of  Major 
Couxsuiaker,  tho  suporiutendeat  of  the  photozincograpbio  ouca 
Pfioim,  to  carry  out  tasar  silk  experiments.'    Major  Couasmaker 
ttgatx  the  cxpenniuiita  on  the  1st  of  August   1875.     Pictures  show- 
the  motha,  cooooiis,  and  caterpillars  were  »ent  to  the  Collectora 
Ernid    forest   officon   and   to  tbeii- aatit-o  subordinatofi.     Dascriptive 
circulars  wore  al»o  acntiu  Kiigbrth,  Mariitlu,  Gujaitlti,  and  KAoaroso, 
odi'Hii^'  to  bay  seed  ooooons  at  !«.  (8  M.)  and  buret  cocoons  at  i'pl. 
:  fni.)  tliu  hundred.  Heaskt-d  the  uative  officials  to  subniil  fortnightly 
jrtfl  ou  facta  which  came  tu  their  uotieo.     lie  also  from  time  to 

Il«a.B«v.  lUc.  I.<U4  of  1IM2.  OL  *  Sou.  Rev.  B«a.  1M»vf  1844,81.80. 

■  Utiv.  Km.  a<«d.  DtjfL  97N.  ISth  Sept.  187&  , 


Clitpter 
A4i:riciUlll 
Sim. 


0!B%»y1 


C6 


DISTRICTS. 


ChAptBT  17. 

Agrioultorft 


Sax, 


Utno  wrot«  and  dlatribotetl  fresb  circnlars  as  he  found  oat  uew  faol 
or  drew  frosli  conclusioDS.     By  tbeso  nieiuis  n  geDcrul  interest 
the  collection  of  tasar  cocoons  was  aroused  i»nd  at  a  cost  of  Elfi 
(K«.  164),  Major  CouMmaker  recrared  62,216  cuooons  by  rail. 
cart,  anil  liendloitds.     Must  of  th(.-au  cocoons  came  from  Uie  Konk^ 
forestH.     The  trws  on  which  they  were  chiefly   found    wore,  in 
Kookan,  bur  ntid  yuli  /.ixvphus  jujuba  iind  ^lopyra,  ntn  Tenntnti 
totnentosB,   tcdnehan   Bauhinia  parviflonii  /Mrtvincf  Carissa  carand 
■nd  mdl bfingani  Cclastms  roontana;  and  in  Poona,  Siitara,  Gujar 
and  KtiAndovb,  wt  tliese  trees  and  al:to  on  mindruk  Ficos  benjamti 
pimpH  Ficus  tjivla,  dhi'iida.  Conocarpus  latifolia,  and  hndtya  Lw 
stm-mia  parviaora.     In  thePancli  Mafadtb  they  were  also  founu 
Kaldn    Chloroxylou    awiutt^uia     In     the    KoDKao     the    men     w| 
oollocted  them  wore  to  g-:<me(-xteDt  MusalmAns,  Mhitr»,  and  Martttl: 
bnt  chiefly  Otkarie,  Kolis,    KuDhii*,  Viirlit*,  and  Tb&ktirs, 
who  fixnn  Febrnary  to  May  were  in  the  habit  of  cntting  branel 
to  bum  on  their  land.     Uajor  Coussniaker  attcmptccl   to  roar 
worms  in  his  office  building,  in  some  of  die  rooms  of  his  hotue, 
in  tho  veranda.     Some  of  the  cases  and   fowling  tray«  wcra 
from  the  Taftem  of  the  rooniii,  from  hooks  and  tr&oa;  otbi>rs 
fastened  to    upri^bltt  drirca    into  tho  gfrooud.     £d  this   wuy 
wiri'  and  atnii;;  netting  and  with  bamboo  chicks,  Major  CouasD 
Bucceeded  in  restraining  the  wmidcringa  oE  the   caterpillars  and 
guarding  thcni  from  their  oaemic&     But  tho  food  failed  and 
after  batch  died  from  slamition.     Betweeo  the  middle  of  Auf 
1875  and  the  end  of  Octolxr  1ft76  Major   Cousamaker  was 
ever  without  moths.     The  gathering  of  the  cocoons  from  the 
and  inuring  them,   ehntting  them  in  the   baskets  and   bags, 
Koaomlly  disturbing  Uieui  bad  the  elfoct  of  repeatedly  briu^in|; 
the  moths  during  the  months  of  FebruaryAnd  March.     Upwards] 
100  moths  wore  out  ereiy  night  and  whenever  a  freah  batch 
Eo&d  oocooDs  arrived,   whatever    ibo  temjwnituro  or  tho  timo 
year,  moths  came  out  in  large  quantities.     'l*fae  firet  supplies 
the  district  oBirials  arrived  in  Fobrunry  and  incladed  both  fnll 
empty  cocoon»  packed  in  baskets  and  bags.     On  arrinvl  it  was 
easy  to  tint!  bow  many  of  tlie  cocoons  were  fnll  and  how  many 
hurst.     The  ^baking  had  iio  disturbed  them   that   the  consignr 
were  found  to  coiitmn  many  moths  more  or  Icsh  dumagod. 
Cousiitnukor  had  all  the  cocoons  moved  to  open  travs  and  put 
a  Bpore  room.     Tfae  details   fur  the  ei^it  mouths   oaAing  Sopt 
show  that  on  au  average  529  females  paired  and  21,339  norms 
bulcbod  erory  mouth  : 


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POOKA. 


the  Bapplioa  from  the  dUtriots  oamd  in,  Ihlajor  Coass- 

>*«  men  hnd  gatLorvd  KOmu  SOO  oooooos  noitr  1'oonn.     Thcao 

]B  nnd  tbo  tnothH  that  cnmo  oat  of  them,  nn  wolt  aa  the  cater- 

which  wore  hat«hod,  were  motttly  sncrjlictHi  in  cxpi^riniRnta. 

result  confinni-d  Slajur  Con.'uuaker's  foniior  cxpurion(»  that 

mnlctt   rotjniro  moro   liUtHy  than  Iho  [cmnlcit,  that   the  femalei) 

sly  moved  from  their  empty  coooooa  or  from  iho  tniijs  on  to 

SliicD  thuy  crawled  when  th«irwmg!t  wt>ro  atifFening,  while  the  nuilea 

■flew  away  as  soon  it»  lli(.'ir  wings  wort-  utiS  euoiig'h.    As  during 

Hio  rainy  Beoson  several  nia)L>  mutbs  were  gvnenilly  flying  about, 

^Bmnlot,  when  lied  out,  were  sooup^red,  thi-ir  talc-like  dinks  shining 

^Uce  htttu  mooDa  and  dratring  tlio  male  Uke  lht<  li^bt  of  the  g)ow> 

j^frorni.     In  this  Wfly  Major  Cooeamoker  Bucoeeded  m  getting  nearly 

^idl  tbo  females  whicb  came  out  during  the  monsoon  of  187&  paired, 

"'    arrangements  for  rearing  failed.     Uis  space  vae  limitod  and  bis 

vore  badly  nircit,  and  though  he  hatcned  »ercral  bundredn  ho 

only  Bfty  cocoons.  Ite  af tomrardo  tnovod  into  a  larger  hoiiso 

gave  the  ivoi-ms  more  room.  He  joiood  chairs  and  tables  together 

bamboos  so  as  to  niako  thorn  form  a  succession  of  benches.     On 

benches  he  set  bamboo  mat  trays  and  above  tbe  trays  he  hung 

iga  on  strings,   entirely  giving  up  the  indoor  cage  Bjst«tn.     In 

^omc  places  he  put  rows  of  small  pots  with  twigs  in   them,   tilling 

them  with  moist  cnrth.    Thi»  did  not  answer,  as  the  caterpillarj  were 

ore  ready  to  cr»vr]   down   the  pots  than   up  them  aiid   llu!  freo 

Boretnent  of  the  air  vras  hindered.     Ke  therefore  determined  to 

St  to  the  strings  alone.     For  a  short  time  ovorything  went  wnll. 

ujor   Couesmaker   had  plenty   of  good  fresh  leaves ;  tbo   worms 

not  crowded,  and  they  grew  considerably.     But  long  before 

toir  fifty  dnys  of  life  wore  otot,  the  leovos  bec-aoio  hard  or  diseased, 

id  thoogh  Major  CouiAmakor  had  altundanco  of  Icaren  all  wuro 

»f  i«f»>rii>r  <iualily.     During  the  whole  m--hhou  oateq>itIiir  iiftvr  eater- 

>illAr  pined  and  withered.     Though   from  time   to  time  tho  trees 

lushed   and  sent  ont  fresh  ahoota,  their  efforts  were  apaamodie,  and 

>viug  to  (tie  great  acaicity  of  raiu  Hujor  CoDssuiaker  found  it 

nixisaibio  to  ensaro  a  steady  supply  of  suitable  food.     Ho  found 

hat  many  young  wormii  crawled  down  the  \9ff»  of  the  chairs  and 

'lies  and  disappoai-ed.     He  accordingly  changed   his  trays.     He 

»t(>ued   rr>pes   to   the   rafters   and  to  hooks   in   tho   oeilitig,   and 

Misiug  them  through  brokea  bottle  fairlcadcrs,  so  as  to  prorent 

lie  enemies  of  the  worms  cUoibing  down  or  the  worms  climbing  up, 

le  made  a  sucoession  of  swinging  trays,  over  which  as  before  he  sob 

strings  of  twigs.  This  method  greatly  lessened  the  labour  of  tending ; 

Lrthe  worms  were  much  more  eecare  and  the  ventilation  was  good. 

^pul  again  as  in  tho  year  before  food  failed.     Major  Conssmaker 

"changed   the  place  of  the  swinging  traya.      Some  he  tied  to  tho 

bougha  of  trees,  some  in  one  veraudsj  some  in  another ;  bat  tho 

food  was  DO  better.     He  let  some  loose  on  trees  in  the   RtatioD,  bat 

there  wore  no  fresh  leaves  and  they  died  or  vrcrc  takou  by  the  birds, 

s<]uirrol8,  and  lizards.     On  a  range  of  hilla  a  few  miles  ont  of  Poona 

lie  found  a    grassy   tract  with    many   biiithcs  and     saplings   of 

Tonriinalla,  L^^rstrnDmiu,  and  Carissa.     lloro  ho  tamed  ont  somo 

thousand  worms  and  sol  men  to  watch  thow  daring  tho  day.     For 


Qiapt«r ! 

Afiicattii 

Silk, 


^^ 


,M. 


IBomtarOi 


70 


msTRicrrs. 


»Trter  IT. 
ioultnre. 


i4ii 


BOToo  five  weeVi  ttioy  ilid   woll.     Tbcvn  »   rorj^  bot   forlniglib 
ibo  Mplinf^  uiil   BDiall  btisbM  lost  their  IcArcs,  and  nlmott  i 
wormn  diM).     M»jor  Oomanwkor  tliuuglit   tlio   f&ilitra  wm 
doe  to  ibe  uapre«(Mlenl«d  drought.     Alttiuagh    Major 
fulod  Id  reariug,  ho  succeeded  in  broedln^  luid  in    nromnng  ; 

S-g».     Daring  tho  hot  weather,  whva   no  wild  tnalos    wetv 
ftjor  CousHtnnkor  foutiil  it  wos  little  u&c    tyiug  cmt  the  fii 
but  iluriu;;^  the  rmaa  he  ina  sacoensful.     From   February  tu 
lunuid  ttll  tho  moths  lu  they  eatno  inlu  »  bud«u>ad  shuded 
mosiiuita  caHniiis.  nod  a  fair  proportion   pain>d.        Aft«r  U>t  . 
ringed  the  swingip^  traya  as  before,  and  ia  the  mat  trays  rpoti^i 
them  ho  Mt  the  cocoonfl,   corerir^  the   wbolo  with    bantbno    '" 
biDtcnod  like  a  poDt-hoaee  about  three  fi-ct  hifn^h.     After  then 
oat  of  Ibo  corooDS  iiie  uootbi^  crnwIoJ  np  the  chiakn  and  then  1 
while  their  wings  wen?  expanding.     Mnjnr  Coiissnuiker   fnuiid 
I  sovornl  of  the  inoihti  pniretl  in  th(?«c  CAge.<i.   Em-b  uoming:  l>fil 
at  tliotn,  and  loaviag  tho  pairs  insidu  t^o  oaffM  undisturbed,  1 
the  roRt  of  the  moths  into  a  large  basket  sua  covered  tbutn.     Al 
four  in  tbv  aftornooa   ho  tookedat  them  aad   fouud  tbat  m 
tbum  hatl  paired.     These  were  left  undisturbtMl,  and  all  tbo  uot 
fcmnloH  wore  tethcrod  to  a  stDall  trellis- work.     At  dark,  this 
woe  hung  to  »  tree,  nod  all   the  unpaired  moles  wero  «ot   fne 
it.     In  the  morning  most  of  tbo  tethored  fcmalefl  wore  pairod. 
frnmo   was  brouclit  ludoors   Mid  huog  out   of  tlio  vray.      Ct 
taken  to  iise  no  force  in  separating  the  piira.     Tboy   wont 
a]Iow«d  to  frco  thi'iuiielrcv.     Afuirihey  were  free  the  feniaU)s< 
put  nndcr  inverlod  haskcts  to  lajr  tht'ir  eggs,  and  tbo  tnalM, 
put  into  ft  bavskot  bo  bo  not  free  at  auuaet.     Ry  Collowiii^  thisi 
most  of  the  fumuloa  pnirtid  and  Iboir  eggs  prorod  fettib,  biit~ 
average  oatturu  of  e^ggs  was  less  than*  Xajor  Coussmaker  . 
formerly  noticed,  only  100  to  each  moth.     Major  CuaBamaka' 
not  hnvo  tbe  eggs  counted,  only  the  number  of  wornifl  batcb 
Major  CoussiDiuKor's  hc»d  sitk-worm  tender  was  a  MnrAtha  wide* 
who  bail  boon  taught  in  the  female  normal  school  at  Foona.     It 
chietly  from  Wr  tliftt  lie  received   the  figures  quoted  above, 
madn (-•very  cfforLto  keep  the  worms alivo,cl«aiagn-iiidow]a  audi 
liuiigiu^    up     wet    cIoIIl'^,    putting  khaijekaa  tattiea   to    tbo 
spriukling  tho  twigs  and  dipping  them  in  water ;  but  all  was  of  i 
avail.     Death  roturua  kept  by  Major  Coussmsker  tthovrcd  tluit 
tl)Q  wonus  that  died  two-thirds  wera  noder  a  week  old.     Of  170i( 
vronns  liatclic<l  between  the  1st  of  April  and  the  lUth  of  8^pt«mt 
only   2G23  grow  up  and  itpim  coooous.     This   mortality   in   Mai 
CuusHmakor  s  opinion  wan  duo  to  the  wniit  of  tiuilablo  food.     TJoc 
(he  buiul   toiidcr,   iUjor   Coussmakpr  hiul   tive  l&ds,  somo   looli 
uftor  tho  worms  in  his  garden  and  Hnuie  tending  tliom  in  tho  bi 
binds  on  the  hillfl  near, aud  ub  udd  timoct  clwiniug  tlio  burst  LX>e( 
and  preparing  Ihcni  fur  tho  maDufKOturor.     Mn»l  oE  tho  cocoons  sent 
to  Major  Conssmaker  wero  thoiic  of  Anthers>a  paphia  and  belonged 
to  the  common  variety  of  thot  tiiutb.     In    Svptcmbur  1^7o,  Major 
Howie,  Deputy  CoranitBsiouop  at  Sambalpur,  n>ut  him  Honw  coooonf 
livlon^tng  to  HQolhor  variety  called   by   the  u«tivds  of  the  Gent 
I'roviucos  the  Clibutlisgad  cocoou.     Theao  were  larger,  bat  mt 


roouA. 


71 


ftr  anil  Kof ttr.     The  nwtlw,  tLwigJielightly  Jarker,  paireil  pcndil j- 

tJiR  Rni&It  hard  cocoon  iiioth.     As  fur  us  Major  CtiuKitma);<:!i' 

juilgu  thu  (liffcrcnco  between  the  two  was  oiio  of  cliiimie  itnd 

g.    The    Chbattisgad  moths  waro  uure  dclicato  snd  limiier. 

remaining  cocoons  receired   from  tho  Boiiilxiy  Eoroais  were  of 

\a  odnrardaii  nod  o(  C'ricnla  trifou^slratu.     Kcvuiiil  motha  of 

tbese  species  came  oat   but  oono  mired.     Attucua  cdnanlHii 

icd  to  Ll-  dislribntcd  over  the  whole  rresidcncy  and  was  fuiiud 

in  iJaisur ;  Crioulfl  trifonostnta  camo  from  North  KAnara  only. 

le  troe  which  Major  Coossmsk^r  used  for  indoor  rearing  wna 

ndniiruk  Ficns  bemaminft.     Tho  lonveg  tmrol  woll  and  lonff 

I  EnoMh.     'Hie   treo  ha»  coiibltint   itiii^Ws  of  young  lenves  nod 

g  plautftd  for  dbeltur  id  mouy  places  along  the  roadiiide  was 

rorj  way  tbo  boat  suited  for  a  large  experiiuont.     At  tlio  aamo 

t.ns  thtfy  weru  neither  pruned  nor  watered,  the  ndnJriiife*  Eaited 

'ield  ft  trustworthy  supply  of  snitable  leaves.     Major  C<mk». 

ar  triod  the  bor  Zinjphiis  jujuba,  hut  it  quickly  withered.     Still 

,  no  the  ain  Teruiiuulia  touicntoxa,  tbo  letuSvya  LAgcrstnumia 

■flora,    and  the  kari:an<l   Carisaa  carandas,  a  few  caterpillan 

tu  uiuttirity  out  of  doors.     Mr.  Woodrow,  the  stiperiatt)ndL'ut 

Q  (f  imcehkhiDd  IJotauical  GardtinSf   hod   olso  in  tbo  same  yeiir 

6-77}  a  small  sum  placed  at  his  disposal  by  the  Collector  of 

a  to  rnako  oxpprimonts  in  tho  growth  of  tasar  Btlb.     lie  laid 

a  ffreat  maay  cuttings  o£  FJcus  bunjaniltia,  and  built  a-iiglib 

ly  shod,  with  the  Ridu.i  and  top  of  coir  matting,  a  ohoap  and 

(ive   strnrtiiro.     itr.   Woodrow   got  a   frw   scvd  cocoons  and 

r  CoiisRinaker  from   time  to  tame  gave  him  fertile  cggt*.     Tho 

t  of  liM  oxjxiriinents  was  the  uuno  as  of  Major  CoDHHtnnker's. 

moths  bred  freely  in  cuuGucmoDt  and  prodnccil  fertile  cgga  in 

idanoo  and  in  due  co^tso  the  caterpillars  apjHtareil.     But  of  tho 

.ber  that  vutcrod  oii  the  worm  slaj^e  only  about  firo  percent 

to  fipin  ooooons  and  these  cocoons  were  decidedly  tuforior  to  what 

t  bo  lathered  all  over  the  coantry.     Every  now  and  again  tho 

^r{)illar!t  thruvo  well,  btit  when  tho  qiuility  of  tho  li>avi«  fell  off, 

jvaterpillan  slarvod  and  died.     At  the  close  of  Lis   Gxperiinonti 

pad  923  pood  cocoons.     Mr.  Lyte,  an  American  employed  on  Iho 

inHula  rail^'ay,  trieda  sorics  of  cxponmeuts  in  reariDg  silk>wrin(i:i 

lis  houiio  near  Diipnri.     As  he  nad  no  room  or  slied,  ho  with 

A  ingenuity   made  o.  set  of  hirgo  pens  or  cages  fixed  on  up< 

tadriven  into  the  gniand  under  some  good  sbade-trcca     The 

B  and  tops  of  his  cages  wore  of  bamboo  chicks  olosoly  fastened 

rllier  so  that  while  siifficKnt  air  w»9  admitted  no  catorpillar 

d  moope,  and  none  uf  the  8ilk*worms'  enemies  could  como  at 

) ;  a  cowting  of  mixed   tar  and  castor-oil  prevuntod  any  enemy 

bing  the  nprights.     Inside  his  cages,  Mr.  Lyle  utretched  wires 

thways  nud  hung   the  twiga  on  (ho  wires.     A  good  dud  of  light 

fell  at  Pdpari  iu  the  month  of  August  whuu  Mr.  Lylu^s  cagea 

B  full,  and  the  wind  driving  the  moisture  through  the  openings 

chicka  kept  the  leaves  freah  and  the  worms  throve  as  well  as 

he  trees.     He  gut  some  cocoodb  from  troos  along  the  line,  and 

r  Conaamakcr  provided  bim  with  some   fvrtilu  cggH.     From 

I,  which  he  began  to  rear  oa  the  7th  of  August  oud  which  spua 


CSiapter  IT. 
Agrrioutture. 


SlUl. 


[Bomlny  at 


72 


DISTRICTS. 


ipfor  IT. 
ionltare. 
Silk. 


by  the  SOtli  of  September,  he  gktliered  1500  cocoons,  the  majori^ 
of  which  woro  us  liii<;  a*  Miy  foreai  re&red    Hpecimens  in  the  iiL'igl| 
bourhood.     He  had  a  greater  choice  of  food  than  Ttliijur  Coc 
mnkcr,  nodmanaf^d  to  secare  a  superior  i]iiality  oC  leaf  tbroaghc 
the  forty*five  days.     Hu  fod  tho  norms  od    Ficus  boiijaniiiia  ai 
Ficus  tjieU   cwigs  eighteen   inches  long   laid  rery  close    togethe 
In  his  opinioD  the  worms  seemed  eqaully  foud  of  botb  kinds.     On 
objectioQ  to  Ficua  tjiolu  wag  tlint  when  it  dried  or  fitded  the  U 
rolled  op  and,  especially  at  mouUiuK  time,  hurt  the  caterpillar 
ing  on  it.     Ho  also  i>otio(>d   tliat,  if  thoy  bad  be^n   to  cat  Ofl 
kiod  of  leaf  tliu  cnli^rpillikrM  would  uot  pnm  From  mitidrtik  to  bar 
from  bor  to  ndndruk.     Mr.  Lyle  by  accident  found  that  th(>  wor 
throTo   well  on   lAj^ratra^mia  indica,  a  leafy,  oniainuutal,  Oon-crii 
shrub  found  in  most  gurdona.     iloth  he  and  Mujor  Cooasmi' 
put  some  caterpillar)  on  thc»e  troea  and  foond  that  they  grew  en 
mousty  and  it]Miu  wry  lar^  oocoons,    The  chiuf  experience  gau 
by  the  year's  pxperimetita  was  that  seed  ooooous  should  be  inorf 
ua  little  as  poaaible;  that  feeding  wonna  on  twigH  K'^lbfred  fr 
nnpruued  roadside  treuti  was  a  mistake,  as  eighteen  iuch  twigs  b 
only  three  or  four  suitable  leaves  ;  that  plantations  should  lie  nil 
of  trees  and  shrubs  and  that  the  treea  should  be  pollarded; 
when    worms  are  fed  ont   of  doors  the  trees  shonld    bo   guat 
by  cages  or  nctsand  when  ondirr  shelter  tbo  worms  should  be  kc 
either   in   coir-matting   shndi    or  in  portable  pens  or  cagea ;  t) 
only  tho  third,  fourth,  nnd  6fth  luavcs  from  the  end  of  the  t^ 
should  be  axed,  and  thiit  these  twigs  shonld  be  renewed  throe  or  fo 
time^i  a  day ;  tluit  the  Ayatem  of  cnges,  baskets,  and  tethering  i 
■ores  a  supply  uf  fertile  cgga ;  that  the  e^S  of  the  bealthier  m 
shonld  alone   be   kept  for  distribntton   or  for  homo-re&ring ; 
unce  tho  silk-mdl  iu  Uombay  can  work  barst  coooons  there  is 
need  to  kill  a  single  chrysalis,  all  the  mollis  ehoald  be  allowed' 
oome  out  of  the  cocoons  ;  thnl  after  tho  moths  come  out  the 
should  be  carefully  cleaned,  all  pieces  of  loaf  or  twig  brushed  oj 
and  all  cast  likius  and  chrysales   picked  from  the   inside  ;  that  t 
habits  of  the  trees  or  shmbs  used  for  feeding  the  worms  shonld 
oarefnlly  watched  to  find  how  best  to  ensure  a  steady  supply 
eoitable  food. 

As  regards  tho  working  of  the  tasar  ooooons  into  fabrics 
OooMmaker  carried  on  a  corronpondcnce    with   >(esara 
Vamidds  and  Ca.  secretaries  and  trmsnrwrs  of  the  Allinnoo  Spinmd 
and  Weaving  Company  Limited,  of  Hombay,  and  placed  the  whu 
malter    in    their    hands.     Ua  sent  them  112  pounds  of    oocooi 
clonnixl  as  well  as  his  labourers  could  clvnn  thorn  witJiout  boilll 
tbom.     MeHxrs.  Tiipidits    aud    Comfiany    found   that  the 
yielded  about  forty  per  cent  of  pure  silk  and  about  tlurly  per  ceuij 
noils  and  refuse.    ITie  remain iug  thirty  per  cent,  which  was  lost 
the  boiling,  in  Mnjor  Coosemaker's  opinion  was  the  natural  oeme' 
the  dirt,  and  foreign  matter  left  by  the  olconers.     Some  of' 
forty-fire  pound!)  of  silk  that  remained  was  woven  into  tasar  cloli 
some  into  tasar  popliu,  and   a  cousidernble  quantity   was  used 
experiments  made  with  the  view  of  blenching  it.     Messrs.  'VAj^^ 
and  Company  wore  uot  able  to  pat  any  value  on  the  material  ait 


POONA. 


78 


iG  form  of  oocoonsj  of  yarn^  or  of  piecej^Aoda,  »s  there  was  no 

tod  for  ttwar.     They  ootild  not  uso  il  iiuJesi!  tt  cuuld  Ijf  tsubplii'd 

liitc  or  ncdvrly  as  white  aud  as  capablo  of  (akiog  every  ay 

iB.  Diori  »ilk.* 


lyfl  as 


s  1877,  the   Bombay   Goremment  sanctioned   tho  payment    to 

or  C<3iisj:mnlcor  of  £50  (Ra,  500)  aa  an  hnnoTariiim.'     At  CTaite.sli- 

4  th<:  first  oocflODS  ioomod  fertile,  hoi  only  Ab'>iit  Bvo  per  coat 

bo  caturpillurs  lived  to  fipin,     Tbe  socotid  gooorntioQ  did  not 

to  maturity. 

tbe  ooane  of  bis  inquiries  Major  CouHHtunker  ^t  a  mmple 
re  mueb  ^iijiorlor  to  itny  IriiliAii  .ipeuimtMi  lii^  biwl    wieti,  tbnn^h 
iop  to  ItaUnn  silk.     Ho  fcwiud  that,  this  fibre  was  produced  by  a 
id  of  tbe  taaar  matb   with  the  yafoa-nuii  or  oak>fe&ding  iiiutK 
anuo.     The  Bombay  Gororumoat,  ia  coinmuuicatiuD  with  tho 
si)  officials  in  Japan,  procured  aoms  eggs  of  tbe  oak-feeding 
ty.     Boxes  of  tbtit  seed  wor«  seal  to  various  official  and  privato 
oriineotars.     Thow  kupt  by  Majur  CousHuiakor  awm  to  b&vo 
all   killed  by  the  dry  heat  of  Pooaa,  nor  did  tboso   kept  iu 
hay  by  experieacad  and  ii^ouorally  Kucciossful  ailk-groweni  fare 
:r.     It  bas  been  suggeatod  that  tbe  yama-nuxi  breed  shonid  be 
duced  in  the  cocoun  atate,  but  it  in  extremely  doubtful  whether 
roo  (saose  of  tboir  failure  ia  not  tbo  abaonoe  of  any  loaf  of  the 
hmily  which  is  tbeir  natural  food.     The  only  tree  to  which  they 
led  to  show  bhe  slightest  partiality  wa^   the  )ftndruJ:    Kictia 
aniinia,  and  evoa  on  tbat  they   fed  for  not  moro  than  f-jur  il»y«. 
the  ^nnrney  is  not  the  cause  of  failure  seoins  clear  from  tho 
AH  with  which  this  brcx)d  of  silk  moth  Iiim   beou  rairriod  from 
obamu.  across  the  United  States  to  Ijiiglaud,  a  jouniey  of  moro 
forty  dayn.  , 

I87i>,    Major  Cnni^niaker  resumed    lii»    rxporimcnts.      Ho 
a>ude  Hfty  ooooontt  of  the  1878  crop  for  breeding.     He  also  got 
otbors  a  good  supplr  of  motlu,  many  of  which  he  allowed  to 
6  as  he  liad  aot  rood  for  many  caterpillars     tlo  kept  ^mo 
lO  ogga  hoping  to  find  food  For  them  in  Poona.     Bui  he   failed 
et  moru   than    500  good    cocoons  &um   them   of   which    he 
only  a  hundred.     A.»  before  the  great  didifalty  wiu  to   seeure 
nfoiling  snpply  of  suitable  food.     To  improve  bis  supply,  with 
first  promise  of    i-ain  in    June.  Major  Comamaker  aot  oeido 
one-eixth  of  an  aero  in  hia  garden  with  a  southerly  ospoct. 
is  ho  oloarod  of  trees  and  bashes  and   laid   it  out  in   ridgen 
foot   wido  with   side  gutt«rs.     (Tn    these  ridgOfl  be  prantrtl  840 
of  dluitfti  liagorslrmmia  itidica,  :£70  feot  of  bor  Zizyphun  jujuba, 
y  feet  of  karcand  Cariasa  carandas,  107  feot  of  (u'n  Teruiintdia 
__   toaa,  Rftcen  feet  of  iir;un  orixicIo'faTerininuliaarjuna,  and  forty- 
feet  of  niinilruk  Plena  be  n  jam  iua.  Hu  found  dha^yiiihe  moat  aaitoble 
it.   With  lilwrul  water  it  ooasLautly  throw  out  ehoota  covered  with 
which  tbe  worms  ato  greedily.     The  pinut  could  be  easily 
from  the  root.    Tbe  hor  wtu  liked  by  the  womu  but  tho 


at 


■  lUjor  CgoMOuker'a  B«port  to  GonrnnMBt,  30tli  Kovorabcr  187& 
«  Bom.  Qqt.  Rc*.  W7.  2Stid  Fubrau?  1877  (Uunerftl  D«paitm«llt). 

1S27-W 


Chapter  IT. 

A^ocdtar«. 

.Silk. 


a 


DISTRICTS- 


I 


Ctautflr  IV.        leaves  ircrc  small  and  tliiuly  scattered  and  wre  sood  catcu. 
I         — :  karvand  waa  leafier  but  a  alow  growop.     The  am  (Uid  arJHn 

I  *4n"*'"f  re        |ar(fer  lc«7C«  but  were  slow  growers,     Tbe  n4nJriik  was  «  failure :  li  i 
Siut.  (lid  not  tlirive  and  wa«  not  outea.    A  dhnj/ti  pUntatioa  with  hor  and' 

tmrvand  hedges  would  yield   plenty   uE   food   n{t«r    ibo   bogiuning 
of  ita  third  nios.      Mikjor  Conssmaker  bent  all  his  aecA  cocoona. 

Lung  on  a  wall   out  of  roach  of   rnU,      So    long  iw    ibej    were    luft 

nodisturhed  the  iDothn  came  nut  only  during  the  rt^gulur  BtaeoOii 
Iatro  uombors  died  when  cold  October   enM  winds  Mt  in.     Bat  I 
chief  causes  of  death  wvrc  prcvuntiblc,  shortoesisof  food  and 
of  inse«Ui,  binU,  mice,  and  other  enemies. 

In  1860-81,   M*jr>r    Ci>ii!MtnAlcur'»  crop  of  ooooons  fniltid. 

thon^ht  tbiR  failare  was  the  fault  of  tbe  cages,     These  were  tar 

screens  of  split  l»inl>oo.     They  kept  out  nUi^,  mico,  bir<ls,  Ktuiirvbt 

and  liiai-d.%  but  they  wero  too  durk  ;  the  plantii  did  not  tbnvo  and] 

■     the  wum)3  wore  alwuya  trying  to  eocape.     Ho  made  the  cago«  longer 

sod  put  uetting  at  tho  (op  and  over^'thiDg  Ibroro  till  some  waoiij 

and  other  innccta  punctanM  and  killed  most  of  the  silk-worms,     nfl: 

had  about   30,000  clean    perfomiod  cocoons  vrc-igUin);  about  siltyf 

poondn.     He  tliought  it  beet  to  go  on  collecting  atiCil  be  got  at 

a  huudrtHl weight.     In  L881,   tbongfa  the  results  were  better,  Ml 

Coussmaker  £d  not  sucoucd  in  gathering  u  full  season's  croi' 

coooons  of  his  own  rearing.  Ilia  food  supply  wax  perfect  and  thai 

kept  out  ail  the  larger  eDeniies  of  tbe  worm  ;  still  there  was 

8iclED«M&nd  many  deaths.     Only  1000  cocoons  were  gnthercd, 

fint  batch  of  worms  hatched  on  tbe  2ud  of  May  and  the  £rst 

vran  spun  on  the  Ctbof  June.     The  last  butch  of  worms  hatched  ini 

middle  of    Novomber,    hot   they   gradually  dwindled    and 

nothing  ;  the  last  worm  died  ou  the  8th  uf  December.     Tho  w| 

seasonal  coUvciioQ  amounted  to  60,000  cocoons  duublu  of  thu  II 

colleobion.     It  WHS  chiefly  rocoivod  from  the  Forest  Department  wt 

sent  58,000  oocoons.  Major  CousBmakep  had  all  these  ooooous  eleas 

of  extmncou.s  matter.     The  outturn  for  the  two  years,  200  pool 

of  cUiin   cocoons,   was  nent  to    Mr,  Thomas    Wardle  of   Ij»ok 

England.  This  was  sold  to  Messrs.  Clayton  Marsdons  and  Com[ 

of  Halifax  at  I*.  3<i.  the  pound,     llie  spitmerii  reported  that 

fibre  was  eouiewhst  coarser  than  most  tasnr  wai«te  and  the  cocoons  1 

been  opened,  bnt  this  was  not  a  serious  drawback  to  its  spismi 

qualities.    Kt  this  time,  in  Major  Coassiuaker's  opinion,  tho  prosi 

of  the  tasar  silk  industry  were  proiuiaiug,  every  year  showing! 

improTcraont.     Major  Cotissntaher  laid  out  a  sixth  uf  ad  acre  i 

dhaifti  or  gulm^mdhi  plantation.-    The  land  was  laid  out  in  ric 

iMTOn  foot  wide   with  s  gutter  of  ono  foot  between.     Tho  dhai 

wore  pot  into  a  trench  of  good  eoil  mixed  with  manure  in  the  mjc 

of  each  ridge  one  foot  apart.     Where  the  ground  was  not 

with  tho  cages,  on  each  aide  of  the  diitiyfU  on  the  ri Jges  vegetohl 

were  grown.     Care  was  taken  to  lay  out  the  ground  in  the  way  1 

suited  for  watering.  Tho  cages  were  tarred  rectanguhkr  pieces  -*^ 

bamboo  aoroen-work,  a  cheap  light  material  neither  liable  to 

by  the  weather  nor  to  bo  gnawed  by  rats.     In  making  ihecageel 

the  screens  together,  maJking  the  sides  three  feet  high  and  the) 

six  feet  wide.    Tbecnge  could  be  put  upover  the  whole  loogtbol 


POONA. 


76 


and  iras  diriilcd   into  twelvo-feet  sections.     From  side   bo 

hed  over  tte  top  of  the  hedffe,  piocw  of  rattan  had  their  ends 

iCd  to  the  soroeDS  and  the  middle  to  &  light  ridge  pole  which 

on  tri&Df^uiitr  KcreenB.     Over  those  hoo[:is  coiirso  opm  cotton 

iiead.     By  ihis  ari-angoment  nothing  tonched  the  shrubs  which 

ifornily  cut  to  u  height  of  four  feet  and  iiolbing  tf'mpted  the 

to  leatve  their  food.      There  wpro   (hreo   scrooiia   iindL-r  the 

:Ies.     The  middle  screen  was  fixed  and  the  two  ftmaller  screens 

T  8)do  were  fitted  with  string  hitigos,  allowing  boys  to  go  in 

lao  on  both  sides  of  the  hodges  without  injarmg  the  shniba. 

hatching,  tlio  worms  were  put  on  the  phint«  near  tho  door,  tind 

ftway  steadily  crawling  to  the  next  when  the  first  twig  was 

As  ^t  as  tliey  were  eat«n  the   bare  twigs  were  ont  oS 

.fa  onos  grew.     After  a  fow  n-cittca  tlio  hettgo   was  us   thickly 

with   leaves  as  when  the  caterpillars  were  put  in,  and  Ihig 

went  on  a»   long  as  thu  rearing  of  tlie  worms  was  continued. 

fehe  twigs  in  any  section  of  the  scroca  were  titripped  the 

was  talcen  down  and  .tliifl^d  along  the  hedge  or  to  some  new 

As  a  ntiv  little  wutvr  watt     required.      la  Jaly     1862, 

msnt    held    that    the     experiments   condQcted  by    Major 

imakcr  proved  that  ta^ar  silk  txiuKl   be  grown  with   succeeti  in 

an.     They  proposi'd  to  contiiiue  the  exp«nu]ents.  and  hoped 

oald  lead  to  iJio  considerable  growing  oE  tasar  silk.     In  1ft82 

Cousainaker  increased  hia  Lagcratrfpmia  plantation  to  15(10  feet 

Ziayphus  hedge  to  300  feat.   In  February  1883.  before  retiring 

the  nervice,  Major  Cous^^roaker  in  a  final  report,  expressed  hi» 

iD  that  tasar  eilk-growing  woald  not  pay.     Larg«  imports  from 

had  lowered  the  price  of  tasar  waste  in  England,  the  Bombay 

e  were  small  and  yielded  little  ailk,  and  the  gathering  oi  vn\i 

be   or  the   rearing  oftworms  were  both  costly.      6<f.  (1  tu.)    n 

red  was  the  cheapest  rate  at  which  forest  cocoons  could  be 

[red  and   tliia   wan  too  high  to  admit  of  profit.     The   people 

M  find  it  pay  them  to  leavo  their  regnlar   work  and  gather 

bs.     It  was  only  by  the  pensonal  cxcrtionsjof  the  foi-cst  officers 

|o  much  biid  been  gathered.     Mojor  Couumakcr  had  nearly 

'  year  tried  to  incrca»o  the  size  of  the  cocoons  hy  bringing 

ons  Irotn  ^mbidpur,  Vamtara,  Manbhum.and other  places, 

DO  sticcesa.     The  motha  had  paired  readily  with  the  small 

iety,  the  worms  had  hatoboo,  hut  thvro  wnii  no  difForoDce 

coooona.    Major  Coussmaker  believed  that  the  stnalliiesR  of 

lOCan  cocoon    was  duo  to  the  cliniato  and  perhaps  in   a   lesM 

to  the  food.     As  fiar  as  outturn  went  the  result  of  rearing 

ar  silk-wonn  woa   satisfactory.      Within  six  weeks  Major 

.akur  had  been  able  io  gather  three  cocoons  trom  each  foot 

Ige.    In  1882  the  first  worm  batched  on  the  9th  of  May  taxi. 

fst  cocoon  was  gathered  thirty-two  ilays  later.     The  worms  of 

^flh  noinbored  380  and  347  of  them  spaa  coooons,  begiuniag 

b  7th  and  ending  on  the  2ith  of  June.     They   consumed   IlU 

I  Lageratrtemia     Of  1800  fo^t  of  Lagerstrseniia,  oue-lmlf  was 

pntly  grown  to  yield  a  steady  supply  oE   food.     Kroni    tboso 

leet  between  May  and  October  Major  Coussmaker  gathered 

OOCOODS.     Of  tbeao  only  about  half,  which  were  almost  all 


<%apt«r  IT. 
A^caltnre. 


lOOCOOC 


CBombar 


n 


DI6TRICTR 


CkApUr  IV. 

Agrkttlttir«. 

HOM. 


ElCPKKtHKITll. 


miherail  before  the  end  of  Jaly,  wens  mand  and  perfoctlj  1^ 
Laler    in  tbe    toaaoa    witliout   imy  apparent    oanao  be  loat' 
litiuilixilH  of  vnrtnft  in  all  itaffvii,  iMmo  buing  tbe  progeny  irfi 
iif  the   prucfxlmg  y«Kr.     KtiU  cnui^  oocooiu  w«re  spaa,  totm  I 
wliioh  woro  rory  fine,  but  tbe  najurit/  irere  weak  aoi)  thin.    TbMJ 
facl«,  his  uwu  fonocr  azperienoe,  and  the  iofortafttion  maivtsial 
kittora  oad  priutuJ  niports  «how«d  thftt  no  r^liauco  coald  b«  pbct^  M 
on  uty  iiut  the  liret  crop  of  the  mobod,  tbo  prufreny  of  th«  auth 
which  ri'Ht  in  tlieir  cocoooa  during  the  cold   aud  Lot-   seMOMs^ 
wUitOtviuerxu  L-arly  in  the  moufiooa  when  Ihc  first  shoivervof  nial 
'l'hniH}{lit;ul  thv  whnla  monsoon  and  often  at  other    tiraes,  vb 
diMtiirUei],  luotha  contiuuo  to  tuipeorbat  wtih  aa  aDaaiisfactoi7 ' 
Aiid  laach  luBs  of  life.   Enough  cocoons  wen  cpon  to  Atmnro  ■ : 
of  Bottd  rocoous,  but  uot  enough  to  call  a  crop.     Msjur  Can 
aiTKngemonts  hnd  auoceodod  in  ffiiiirdiQ^  the  worms  and 
stoidy  Hd  p\Aj  oF  food.   Tbo  labour  bill  vras  reduced  to  a  iiiiniiniua;  ( 
wuiiuLU  luid  one  boy  ooald  euily  look  after  nt  least  au  acre  ol 
aiid  keep  the  eudiMuros  in  rupiiir.     At  th(!  nxiao  time  if    ths 
wtrsi  raiiu  did  not  break  early  asd  heavily  the  hedj^ee    woo 
to  be  waterod  and  tbo  uxponso  ofcocluiuiig  wunld   be  very 
Ho  long  as  tasar  oontinut'd  cheap  this  system  oould  oot  pay. 
sparrows,  Miairrols,  siid  rats  gather  near  dvrellingt  and    miul 
kept  out.     Majur  Coassmalcer  sncceeded  in  keeping  the  woma  i 
fmm  thiair  eaomicH,  but  tho  process  was  ooetJy.     Alitjor  Cos 
hating  wonnd  up  hix  «ones  of  axperiiuonts,  handed  his  pluutatimj 
Lagerstramia   snd  Zisyphus  husfafis,    togethor  with    tbo 
Bcreeiis   and   iron  rodtt  which  fae  used  for   bis   onolosuree,   to 
Bupuriutoiidfat  of  the  Coutml  Jail  at  Yaravda.       Ther«  ia 
attuobed  to  the  jail  and  the  head  jailor  took  ao  icteiest  ia 
experimouta.  « 

Shortly  before  1841  no  experimental  garden  was  started  at  Hii 
about  tcDtnileBGast  of  Jiiuiinr.  lu  1841  potatoes  and  sngarcsoei 
thu  chief  pnjduct^.  The  market  for  the  potatoeeextendod  to  Dhc 
Aorangaliad,  and  Bombay,  and  the  growth  of  stigarcaoe  lii 
gr4>atly  increased.  Nameroos  other  products  wer«  alao  tried. 
chief  were,  AmericAo  maise,  anotto  dye  forwhiuh  tbiTo  was  a 
demand  in  Poonn,  hemp,  and  oil-plants.  A  valuable  rnHely  of  rice  I 
kainodwM  itilroi]ucediDtotb6diatrict,ai)dtb)rly-eight  kinds  ofebfl 
wheat  won- received  from  Kdinburgh.  Ur.  Gibsoa,  the  Boperh 
of  the  garden,  considered  the  cattivatioa  of  ootton,  ranrmdn  «r 
tspioca  root,  and  coffee  unsnited  to  Poona.'  There  was  a  sjioilir 
giu^lon  nt  Qovornmunt  Jiouso  at  D^puri,  about  night  miles north-i 
of  Pooiift,  for  which  Government  did  not  incur  any  luldiiiul 
ox potid iliit-e,  and  whiiro  soveriU  trees,  including  among  othcra 
India  iiubber  tree,  were  raised.  In  the  nni-siery  on  tbo  top  of 
Sbivner  fort  by  the  help  of  four  t'hiueao  conrictfi  upwards  nf  200 
exotic  trees  won*  grown  and  sconiod  likely  to  bo  usefal.  Tho  oliw 
and  cedar  llourished  iu  some  pUoos  in  tho  plains,  hnt  at  D&puri  tie 
soil  was  not  good  enough  for  the  olire. 


1  Bgou  Bev.  R*c.  HAS  of  I»43,  ITU  7, 


POONA. 


77 


[AboQt  the  same  time  (184))  Messrs.  Sandt   and  Webbo,  two 

lt«rprizing  and  rcepoctftble  Aoglo-Indiaas,  bkd  a  well  cultivntod 

3en    at  Muudhve,  about  four  miles  east  of  Pooaa.      Bvsidos 

ivring  urau^t.-^,  grapost  and  otbor  fruit  ttioy  tumod  tlioj retention 

tbe  cnliivation  of  tho  coffoo  ploot.     In   1847  thor  boa  abont  a 

wired  lieahliy  trees  from  which  ttiey  realized  affDodcrop,  besides 

[tboasand  ^DDDg  plants  ready  for  putting  out.     Ihi-y  also  gruw  a 

"  Je  Mauritius  siigarc-ano  and  made  raw.sogar  or  gul  from  its  juice. 

Tbe  bntnulcnl  gardun  at  Qoocsbkhisd  vraa  started  in  1873,  and 
aogvithchfillivi-af^rdcn,  bas  since  been nndcrtboRnporiiitondeuco 
r,  G>  M.  Wfiijilrow.     The  principal  object  o(  tbyso  gardens  is  to 
biy  the  Mudii-al  Department  with  dmgH.     In  1 872-73  the  oiittnrB 
&c  gardens  inoluded  700  pounds  of  senna,  1300  poundiiof  bonbano, 
ad  lOlM  pounds  oE  dandyltoo.     Dnring  the  same  jear  tbe  chief 
roducv  ot  tlie  laboratory  wafi  107  pounds  of  extract  of  colycinth 
Jtn^fjund,  Qlt^-sis  pouDOft  of  extract  of  bjoscyamutt,  1G21  puundu  uf  • 
ouiiiliiut-oil,  7190pon[id8of  caator-oil,  and  eler^n  pounds  of  crotoa 
Xu   Ibat  y^nr  pxponmeota  were  made  with  variuua  arti&aal 
wuree,    nitro-phoephato,    citrate,    dissolved    bones,    Ditrat«  of 
la,  hop  manure,  ana  siiperphoBpbate.     Tbe  income  of  tbe  gardens 
iountodto£164(R&1040)aDd  tbe  expeoditure  to  £154  (R&  1540). 
lie  lalwratory   receipts  were  £431  (Its.  4310)  and  the  expenditure 
tiU  (lta.3)90).     To  1873-74  experiments  were  made  vitb  Burop4uui 
Ktol  mnuareE  ;  the  reBolfc  was  not  satiafoctory.    It  was  proved  that 
from  ibo  draios  of  Poona  ci^  is  a  ralnable  manare  at  leaeb 
lual  for  ono  year's  crop  to  dung  from  oil-«aIee  fed  cattle.     Of  tbd 
Drb  trcoa  that  wore  planted  three  years  before,  many  bad  died  and 
I  few  iporo  Btrng^ling  for  life.  Ono,  which  had  growo  aix  and  a  haJf 
leet  high  and  four  inches  in  circumfcrotice,  appeared  to  be  in  perfect 
1th.     All  this  Hhon'eik  that  the  climate  vas  not  un^iif^d  to  the 
-troo,   tbo  S(!<^r6tiiry  of  Stute  mt*  atikod  to  lannm  for  tbo 
atch  of  pcriodicul  supplies  of  cork-troc  acorns.      Many  now 
tmiuncDtal  ]>taiita  were  tntrodnced,  the  most  valuable  of  which  waa 
kbu  Kxogunium  purga,  tbo   plant  which    yieldji    tho    drug  jalap. 
!!.xperitnents  were  also  made  for  tbo  growth  uf  fibre  for  paper. 
Pbv   income   waa   £322   (Rs.   3520)   and   the    oxpetidituro   £1222 
JBa.   12,220)  besidtM  lobH  (Rs.    5aS0)    spout  on  tbe    laboratory 
luiUliug  from  a  fund  set  apart  for  the   purpose.      lu   I87t<75,   tho 
icomt-  was  £842  (iU.8420)  and  the  expeudiWre  £12S7  (its.  12,o70). 
area  under  tillage  was  fifty-seren  acrea,  sevea  of  which   wuro 
lercd.     Ono  fact  waasecertainedlliat  prickly -pear  made  aruluublo 
nannro  if  it  was  loft  to  rot  in  a  cistern  ihrough  which  the  water  of 
'an  irrigation  channel  was  led.     Some  now  descriptioos  of  tree  were 
addtd.     A  fuirly  successful  nttonipt  was  miule  to  grow  vauilla.     Flax 
was  alHogron-n  of  fair  quality  but  of  usooHsiro  doameas.    Unsncceasful 
uteniptA  were  made  to  get  paper  from  fan  stalks  and  plantain  fibre. 
Most   cf  tbo  corlc  acorns  brought  from  England  arrived  dead.     In 
LJ876-70,  the  income  of  tho  garden  amoontod  to  £600  (Its.tiCOO) 
feknd  tho  Dxpenditnr«  to£l268  (Et«.  12,630).     Tbo  most  important 
'now  introdnctioufl  wero  Balsamocarpon  brevifolium  a  plant  yielding 
pfids  useful  in  t^nmIlg  and  tho  [jiberiaa  rodeo.      Cereal  i-ropa   were 
Ksuvd  wilb  a  viuw  to  acloctiog  tbo  seed.     3000  half>Htandnrd  roscH 


Cbapttr : 
Agri«Bltiue> 


BOTAHICA 


IBouImtQ"^ 


DISTRICTS. 


.  «l|tf; 


tbcBi 


won  mdjr  for  dintnbntioQ.     A  list  of  the  nwdicmftl 
priDtod  nod  inJont*  b«cMiM  dmka  liW)a(iBti. 

In    t^G-77,    tho    iDComtt  of   tbe    gwdaa    Mnnttated   to  OH 
(Rs.  9&l9^  u)d  thoupcoditarcto  £l:>Sd  (Rtt.  12,S50).    Expda^ 
with  tlie  WantcA  ipiata,  a  clicnbiiiff  ihmh,  a  lutiTo  of  tlin  K'^^ 
allowed  tlut  lU  sMM-pods  pontamedft  higb  propartioDt  f''' 
ceot,  of  lADtiia  arid.     A  saliiifactory  featnre  to  iba  workup  ut 
gnrdfD  w%s  Uiv  oxloat  to  wbicli  i(«  dnigx,  cliiefljr 
oolocyntli,  wrm  in  dcmaad-     Experiments  in  tbe  production  of 
nlk   wcTv   cintinutH].     In   1BT7-7S,  expenments   wem   cirned 
with  mahogaay  trros,  tbe  toed  of  which  had  been   sent  from  * 
Ganlooa  and  planted  iu   1874.     I'be   results  aeemed  to  sUow 
tlio    tree   Could   be  acclimatised  and  established  if  wt^U 
dnriBff    tbe    first    two    years.      Tbe  blue  gam    tree,   Eucal 
rlobtuu,  was  fonnd  to  thriTe  well  for  four  or  five  ye&rs  und 
'  die  off.    The  snperintcodent  was  of  opinioa  that  an    exotic 
Itlcfl  the  f^n  tree  did  not  go  to  rest  at  uay  time  of  the  yvttt  wta 
not  to  succeed.     Cinchona,  thoagh  it  gruw  well  in  tbecoi 
died  in  the  hot  season  if  planted  out.     Taraxiaim  was  grown' 
socoMa.      The  tasar  ailk  ezperimente  were  not  Batisfactorj. 
income  of  the  garden  waa  t^l6  (I{«.  5160)  and  th?  expei 
£,\2W    (R«.    12,t>00).       The    Ganeshfchiad    ganlvna,  which 
orifriiially  intondod  nierolyns  a  nars^ry  for  the  growth oflooaloMdii 

Elant^,  under  the  supervision  of  n  scicutilic  gardener  had  assnnuKt: 
otauical  charac-ter.  In  187t)-79,  a  comiuittee  was  n;mr>iiiicd  V 
consider  how  tho  locality  coald  best  bo  developed  for  tho  piirpM* 
of  botanical  experiments  and  instruction.  The  auf^gi'stionfi  of  lie 
oontmitt<>e  wore  considered  by  Oovtmioient  and  it  was  docided  tluU 
thu  gardens  should  be  oonatitutod  tbe  reoognised  chief  bulaaiO 
ffnrd«nit  of  the  Presidency  and  thai  nrrnif^mentA  should  be  inaidl 
for  forouag  in  them  aa  complete  a  vultculion  us  posatblo  of  tbo  lectl 
plaata  of  nestera  India,  a  berbarium  of  which  waa  to  be  tivpt 
permanently  o»  tho  nput,  along  with  a  aeteot  library  of  dingramt 
botanical  works  of  reference.  The  manufiuitiire  of  oil  was  disoontiii 
and  tho  siiptmnteadeut  was  instnicted  to  manage  the  gardcox  iritl 
tbe  Ttow  of  making  thoui  of  purely  bolanioal  and  BcietitiGc  uliiity> 
B<itAnicnl  lOAohing  wa«  boj^un  nl  tbe  end  of  February  1870  by  nteaol 
of  lectures  at  thv  gardens  and  at  the  College  of  Science  and  *> 
the  Deccan  Collfgo  in  Fooua.  with  illustrationa  of  Mpocimeoa  ce 
by  tho  supenut«ndeat.  The  average  altendaace  was  fill 
stfldsnts. 


ritfl 


Experiments  with  Xankio  cotton  ehnwed  that  it  could  not 
profitably  grown  in  thoDeccao.  I'hosaraplcKonlt^)  the  Bombay  Chatsn 
borofOomoterce  was  OHtiinated  to  be  worth  £5  (Ks.  50)  lesa  than  tba 
common  eamplea  of  Dholora,  Tho  forage  plant,  Beana  loxurie 
waa  found  to  bo  no  better  than  BagarcHno  when  grows  in  rich 
and  irrigntod,  and  worse  than  jvari  nhen  treated  as  a  dry  eroi 
Tho  income  of  the  gardon  was  £740  (Ra.  7400)  besides  Jtli 
(Ra.  1344)  tho  value  of  the  oil  on  hand,  and  the  expenditure  £12S2 
(Be.  12,820),  that  i»  a  net  cost  of  Jt408  (R*.  4080).  In  1879-80, 
fcbe   room  lormerly  occupied  by    tho   oil-preasiug   machinery 


lery  w^fl 


Lally  fitted  as  an  herbarium  and  specimeos  of  about  1700  speciea 
arrangLMl  nccording  to  tboir  nutural  orders.     Some  of  thoio 
I  ideuciBed  and  tho  rest  wero  sent  t«  the  Royal  Herbariuni  at  Kew 
H^"    cotiipurison.    CoDsiderablo  ndditionx  were  inmlo  to  the  library 
Ui,.),    ^^    Qsod    by   a   largo  uonibor  of  botanical  and  agricultural 
^|*><i''nui.     Botanical  teachin;^  was  continued  daring  the  year  at  the 

E~'(insand  at  thv  iidjii'.-uiil  1\h>»»  collvgi.'V.  The  uvurs^D  allvndanco 
w  gnnlcna  fell  from  fifty-nino  to  nineteen  aa  tho  studcnta 
ollovred  to  pfuts  the  examinations  without  nttendinif  at  tho 
cua.  Six  trainud  native  ^ardvnunt  or  m(i/i«Krcro  scat  out  during 
^(Mr  and  the  demand  for  ti^ined  men  oontinned  much  greater 
tho  •apply. 

CiXperimont  with  the  thomless  opuntia  or  pridcly-pear^  which  can 

■Km)  easily  skinned  and  is  then  a  favourite  food  furcatth;,  ahowed  that 

Hn  ^roTTB  Jr«ely  as  a  fence  and  ia  not  likely  to  prove  troubleaome  as  it 

^x)oi<a  not  t^w  from  seed.     The  yield  ot  the  forage  graaa  Kucbleinn  ' 

]nxurieiiH  Hoeeued  nearly  the  same  us  that  of  guinea-grass.    A  crop 

aow'D   in  Xovember  and  cut  in  April  gave  sixteen  tona  the  acre  of 

jn  furagoat  ouocntting.     Fifty  nmngo  tnwft  of  the  tiDost  varieties 

I  plantud  for  stock  from  which  grafts  could  be  takon  fordistribu- 

Tbe  demand  for  import«d  seeds  had  riaen  from  £(I9  (R«.  690) 

1S7»  to  £124  (Its.     1S40).      Sxperimonts   with    laoem    grnsa 

led  to  prop's  tho  French  variety  superior  to  the  acclimatised 

iy.    The  plant  was   quite  as  vigoroas^  tho  irtalk  woH  more 

lelicato,  and  the  seed  was  only  half  the  weight.    The  receipts  of  the 

■  garden  amounted  to  £94€  (Rfl.  0460)  nna  tho  charges  to  £1554 
^■(Ba.  15,5-10).  In  tH80-St,  additions  to  tho  horburiiim  brought  up 
^^ttie  colloetiim  to  abont  2080  xpccies  of  which  about  I06U  wera 
^BidHntiRcd.  Botanical  Ivaching  wna  coutinued  at  tho  gardona.  A 
1^  number  of  full  ^ovrn  spE^mens  of  AlhiKzia  procera,  one  of  the  local 

trc««  which  dunug  the  cold  soaaon  of  187S-7v  had  biicn  tranaplnnted 

without  soil  on  thu  routs,  ehowrd  satiefactory  rosnltB.     EuclUoina 

inxuriens  waa  again  grown  for  ictrage.     It  proved  a  vigorous  gniB9 

when  highly  manurea  aud  watered,  but  uot  saporior  to  sugarcane. 

Twenty  mango  treeaof  the  finest  varieties  were  planted  out  for  stock, 

nuaing  to  102  the  number  of  ireea  whose  grafts  were  suitable  t<» 

diHtributioo.     The  demand  for  imported  seeds  was  about  the  samu 

as  in  the  previoas  year.     The   garden  receipts  amounted  to  £340 

k(Ra340D}    and  ilie  charges  lu  £768  (Rs.  7680).     In  1881-82  the 

^M  general   condition  of  the  garden  waa  improving  and  tbe  number  of 

H  risiiora  nas  increasing,     Ihe  reoetpta,  derived  chicily  from  the  sale 

H  of  fmit  tre(«,  vogetablo,  and   flower  seeds,   taraiiouUj  and'  eomo 

H  timber,   amounted  to  £337  (Rs,  6370)  and  the  charts  to  £1046 

H  (B«.  10,460).     A  tnangcwtoon  plant  from  Singapore  died  from  cold 

^M  in  Novi'nilior.      The  local  koftam  or  wild  mangosteen  plants  wore  in 

H  go«I  roiidition,     Potatoes  received  from  the  Secretarr  of  State  grow 

H  vorjinsingly  well.     In  May  1882  the  carob  tree  yielded  a  crop  of 

H  fully  thirty  poonda  weight  of  pods,  the  greater  part  of  whiob  were 

H  onuAl  in  size  to  the  imported  pod«.      An  attempt  to  propagato 

H  this  tree  by  layering  failed,  bat  by  grafting  was  very  snccesaftil. 

H  447    mangoes  were  grafted  with  chnioe  sorts  at  a  cost  of  lOlrf. 

■  {^1  ("■)  M"i^'      ^^  U-rhurium  building  waa  altered  and  repaired 


ChapMrlT^ 

Ag^ricnltnre., 

UiiTjiKIC*!- 
QjUUtEM). 


[Bonbayi 


80 


DISTRICTS. 


pUr  IT.       lind   nanoron   HMyriman   wre  ad<t«d.     Tha  anperintenddiit 
ricnltnrt.       VVooilrofr  leotnrcd  on  TMetoble  fih^irAogy  and  fty.-ttvniittic 

nn<]  g«ve  cloren  gardea  dotoooMmLtDiii)  in  oy^ff mfitiL*  au'l 
ftuicn  botetij.    Tbo  KVsnip:  nttondance  wwi  tvrolvc  -_4.     Ksp 

were  iD*d«  ia  oolleciiu^  the  Indttntbber-y:         ,:^'  milkj  wpi 
CrTptostfgia  graniliBorB,  n  biTstitiftil  c^timtxrr.     't'b«awr«ge^el<l' 
(quqiI  U)  bstwenty  mini  Mid  Utu  acre  jiuld  twalTo  potrada.     i 
planta  woo)  J  not  b*ar  tapping  tnoro  ilutn  twice  a  year,  tbe; 
acn>  nnttnro  woalil  lie  twent^'foor  poanda  at  cnnatrhouo.     Tli 
of  tnlloctingwu  2*.  (K«l  1)  tha  poand,  whidi   mi|;bfi  periti{)« 
y«cluco4l  lu  I*.  (8  M.).     Tb»  ralae  of  tbo  India   rubbor  mj 
BStimnt«d  fU  2x.  (Ro.  I)  tlio  poond.     Thu  resalt  was  tbemfoni 
eDConn^ing.     lo  1883^   2001  uango  trees  were  crafted  witli  ckmtt^ 
■orU  at  a  cost  of  KM.  (0|  <u.)  oacb,  imd  in  18S4,  4000  nun* 
preporod  at  a  OMt  of  OJ.  (6  cm.)  each. 

In  tlio  BiiQ<i  Girdena,  Ihe  Soldiers'  Q&rdens,    and    tbo 
GarUens  in  Vuona  plaata  and  floweni  are  growa  puroly   for  p)< 
and  ornament.     DBtaiis  are  grivcn  iu  tko  accoonc  of  Poona  Citj 
the  cbiipt«r  on  Plooes  of  Intcreet. 

jaim.  Tie  district  is  not  subject  to  bltgbts.    As  biu  been  noticed 

is  oooasioDall/  affecti^d  by  a  diseaae  called  tdmbera  or  ni.it  wbea  iki] 
ear  turns  ooppor-coloured  and  withers.     It  is  al«o  aobject  to  iuk 
diaeaao  callod  garva  or  kJiatra.    These  causes  of  Eoitiuie  do  not  i 
occur  on  each  a  scale  as  to  affect  tho  general  harrcst. 

The  animal  plagues  from  which  the  Poonacropa  are  moetliabUI 
sufTcr  nre  worms,  lociu^ts,  and  rai«.     Tho  damage  ooiused  by  won 
contincd  to  aram  and  other  pulses  and  is  Boldum  scrioas.     Accur 
to  Sui»krit  bouks  locufttn  and  rat«  aro  two  of  the  six  dtMitlly  jiJu 
or  Hit.'     Of  loss  from  locnsts  beforo  the  bogianiog  of  British 
no  instaooo  has  boon  traood.     Sinco  iKlf},  fourTearB,  18^5,  lS7S-i 
1S82,  and    1683,    bavo  bocn  matkod  hy  swarms  of  Iocaat&,d 
the  1835  locusts  oxc4>pL  n  cnneral  mfercnoe  to  the  damam  doal 

Ssrticulars  have  beeu  tniceil,*  In  l87ft-70,  coiwiderablo  tinniagu  wn* 
one  bj  locusts  to  the  early  or  kharif  crops  in  parts  of  UhimthMli 
and  Parandlutr.  '  la  1863,  as  in  other  purls  of  the  Deocan,*  locu>t<, 
probably  the  Acrydium  pDriKrinum,'^  appeared  in  Poona,  bat  did 
comparatively  little  b&rm.  During  May,  the  locusts  muvud  oortk 
and  north-east  frou  Ubdnvfir  and  Nurtb  K.&Dara  whero  tbcf  finl 
appeared.  They  did  not  stay  long  in  Poona  and  by  the  begiootii([ 
of  Juuc  most  of  them  bad  pasWid  north  and  were  breeding  cbieSy 
tu  N^ik  and  IChAndosh.  In  tbo  beginning  of  Octobor  1883,  youtm 
BwaraiK  camo  from  NiUilc  and  Ahmadiiagar.  From  Poona  they 
crossed  the  SabyAdris  and  passed  into  tbo  Konkau.  Tbeinjury  cac 


t  Tbo  «ix  pJBgMM  kro  BimmIv*  nin,  Wui  g(  nla,  tn«uti,  lUt^  PvroU.  anA  . 
Invading  fonw. 

>  Botn.  Oor.  lUr.  R«c  TTS  ai  1«37,  S3-3I.  *  Ur.  J.  Q.  Uoote,  C.8. 

*  Ia  IS8:,  lococU  amiwkrad  in  DhArirAr,  North  K&Mn,    IWImwd,  8St*E«, 
Alun»dM«H,  Kteik,  KbiwlMU,  K«Ute,  ThiM,  Md  Batnaoirl. 

*Iti>uiilto  b*vo  b««n  )dMitiA«d  in  nomliay  with  PKbiBlat  iDdicni,  • 

Clur  lo  Iiidi*.     Dr.  Kiri>r  ot  tbt  Brllith  Mw«"ni  ibvogbt  it  %  ruwtyol 
diuw  |«n0riauiD<    Mr,  J.  DsvidMSi,  C>8- 


tlie  locoRts  wiu  ooDfincd  to  the  west  ot  ehe  district-.  There  were 
X)  locusts  in  Khtnitli&ili  rimI  lnd<i)>iir,  nml  f.-vr  in  Siriir  or  Flnvoli, 
"  ,  MAvnl  nliout  160  aninare  miles  or  ab»i)t  thrttr-sovcntlis  of  tho  sul>- 
riHioii  su^oriL'd.  Of  582  villngon  in  KIiim),  rummlltiir,  Junniti',  nnil 
MuUhi  potty  diTision,  2lt8  viilrti^cs  aiilTi-Tpd  uwru  or  loss  eovcrcly 
ia  Ch«Bo  208  rillAf^g  in  nhont  ono-tifth  of  tho  lireu  nttncked  tbq 
, '  or  early  crops  were  onttrel jr  dcstrojed.  EUcwbura  the  ioj  ary 
ftliL'ht.  and  no  itpcnial  lnoa'!nr(^s  nf  ruHef  wera  Fonnd  naDcssnrj'. 
ie^y  did  little  bnnn  t'>  tho  n/ii^hai,  ftri,  nnd  wiva  crop?.  And  hont  snd 
lore  tln>y  tom-hed  a  little  rice,  but  the  mi&i'bief  caasftd  vrta  trifling. 
?licr  M!iftiii.!4)  to  Iwuiiiil)l»  U>  eiit  thi;  mnturii  ^rnin  of  rico  aod  bajri^ 
ind  tlie}'  [ortuoatdlj  did  nob  arrive  uutil  close  on  the  early  harrwt. 
bVliitn  tbtf  crops  were  reaped,  the  loctuta  disappotkrecl  driftiog  woab. 
'fothing  tnoru  wm  8ol*o  of  thum  udUI  Hay  18^3,  whon,  espocuUljr  ia 
bo  WMt  of  the  duttrict,  tbf^y  ratnm<<d  in  awarm!)  and  through  tha 
polo  of  May  aad  June,  vrboruvur  tboy  nlif^kted,  tho^'  turut.'d  Sclds, 
ives,  Rnd  hilUsidea  pink.  Aft«r  resting  thrpt;  or  fotir  days 
'  flow  oust  loKTin^  tho  trees  >ui  green  n-t  when  thcj  cnmo.  Hilary 
emed  to  do  tham  no  harm.  Towards  the  middle  of  Jane 
rore  soon  in  pnint.  A(t<-r  pairing  the  ninioH  diud,  and  after 
ing  their  e^a  dnrtng  tho  end  of  Jnne  and  the  beginnioi;  of  July 
feiiiiUes  bImo  diod.  Thoy  liiid  thoir  ug^M  in  all  kinds  of  places^ 
im  the  dry  slopoa  of  bare  bills  to  swumpy  tmbnihcs.  Tho  female 
jrk^  lii!r  tail  ahout  two  inchoit  into  the  (rroiimi  and  Uy*one  hundred 
150  egg*.  She  given  out  a  glutinous  fluid  which  in  dry  soil  forma 
iiRt  round  the  cgg%  likn  an  oarthnat  or  hhttimttg.  In  damp 
ss  the  earth  dues  not  stick  to  tho  Huid  and  (he  eggs,  like  yellow 
■s'  heads,  are  left  open  to  Ibo  air  but  npparontly  do  not  suRer. 
i  soon  as  tho  locusts  wore  known  to  be  laying,  orders  were  issued 
dentroy  the  egga  »D<l*thu  young  locuBts  whereTer  tbey  were 
onnd.  The  villagers  wore  told  that  they  mnnt  tak>>  im  sctivo  ptiri 
n  dcittroying  the  cgga  and  that  if  Ihi-y  failed  to  cxurt  tbeniNelvea 
kud  their  flro|vt  sufft^rod,  they  would  get  no  remuuiinns.  Each 
inb-dirision  wus  divtdud  iuto  vircles  of  throe  to  six  Tillages. 
)7er  each  circle  an  in!)p«i<tor  was  plauBd  belonging  to  the 
toveanc,  Police,  Educ9Ui<mal,  Forest,  Vaccintiiion,  or  Public  Works 
lepartnients,  all  branches  of  tlio  a^Iminiintration  zealously  lending 
hoir  nid.  The  inapuctor's  duty  was  bo  urgo  the  villagorM  to  destroy 
he  eggs  and  yonne  locuKts  and  to  ri-port  doily  whether  thoTillagers 
FOre  doing  tlit-ir  duty.  Th<i  efforts  to  destrov  the  vg^s  to  a  givat 
txtunt  Euiliid.  \Vhore  tho  grouud  wai«  dry  thu  holes  were  sometiinea 
'isiblo  and  »gg»  vroro  found,  but  in  raont  place?  Ilio  min  hml  washed 
.way  oil  traou  of  the  hole  und  thu  search  was  fruitless.  Abont  tho 
leginning  of  Augfittt  nuinlierH  of  miwty  hutched  locusLq  bcg&n  to 
ippoar  liko  email  graaohopp'.-rti.  To  spread  n  knowledge  of  what 
ne  newly  hatched  locust  wa.'i  like  the  procantion  had  been  tftken  to 
lavooggsdugout  of  holes  just  afk-r  the  fumalu  locust  had  laid, 
>nd  kept  in  a  frame  enclntird  by  mosquito  netting.  When  the 
)nmo  locusts  wcro  hatched  spociniens  were  sent  to  ciioh  mitmlutddr 
md  shown  to  the  people.  Variona  mnans  worr  adopted  to  destroy 
iio  yoang  swaniiit.     The  Cypmn  sOrecn,  iatrodacea  hy  Lieutenant 

Ir,  R.N.,  wan  tried,  but,  as  Lioutunout  Dor  admitted,  it  did  not 
Bias7-u 


Chapter  IT.^ 

Agriculture. 

Field  I'uodbi. 


IBofmh 
^^"■^  ^         ■■'''-  ""^  .'  ''-^'*  -^  '^  ^  ^V"^  »i  -»«  =eit  to  o^W 

-J'-       1-'  i;^  -_it;  r~M»  ia.1  r.-^^tfrrj^  -  ^-^s^,    ^  f_ 

-!,I''-L-  .""i,'^  "^'^  -«  i«E  =^     ^^^,  c/r«;«.  wer 

...  j.*-.T*o.    _^^i^     *»,-•¥   him  hop] 

-.=  -.  ....  I.  *  -.  T.  «-!«.  i»  KT^fc.-^  .:.f  -i^  f^^ri 
T..  .;  ^  -  '-'--'  •^^^^r^-^iiS.^^.h^t.ei,], 
.:.>     ..      -I.-:-    *^  :■  c  ^-^  .ft:o:rT^e.     r^e  1*«  ,ppl 

-J.-   i-v^    ,:    ...   '^^'^  v^.-  **-Jd  *ias.-i:;v  4nJprvV^ 
-     c  ^  ..,  --->--..     ..-i^--.-  .e-.-r-r*.     .  .-  »^.  ->  w..-rkeJ  ^a 

;:■-.-      ..■W>T:r-  a=«^:--^      -*■  ~"*'i^=^  lO  n^Cffh  « 

,  :     :  .  -   -.^-  >     *    j.r  i^T^iiw  :l£--.-*.  ::-  s^^ea  or  eirfii  w, 

-     ■     ..  ^-1*-*  ---    ;■#*=■  T-;  »;*i>.     Tie  von) 

». ::  ^  ..  1  :   -  -'*::■-.  .1.  Tw  r-kis    -.i;5  »f-^  SMrwIreve 

IK-     -    -,  ,        .:^-  --     t;^  .-f  :•:  sir=L     r=c*caliV  hea 

S.  -o.  :.  .  -  ..:  i  - ..;  :*^  *>*'^*i^  ^^7  *  ^*?vne  qoasntv  o(  i 

. ;  -^    ;  ..^.^  "...c  :.  U'i  »- :-w  -JT-.!  ▼■.Ijtf^^f*. -sorTDoosli- red 

■:  i :.  .k^^      S    .'(nTiTr^  *  i*  u-  i:*:rs--^;a  that  in  Noveia 

S.-.I.--       ,  . ..  ,v -irv- :    :.i  i»rt3.     I:  N.-reaherdiettscff 

•.   >  -  =T-;-.--  :^;    .■^-v':  ^.  =:  -rl-e  Krskas  wd  Ahmaan 

*.  -  -  N     ...->.  f  :^-iZi  .:  ,,ci*.-i  »^cr«>  aws  leaving  the 

■;■•.     t..  -  '■  -  .^    -.2-:  '.y^L.-z-.-i^jzh^  nsnal  dsb 

.-     ■     :   f    r      ,.-  .     :■;-  ^  ■.:.■•■:  Tii:  is_=.;*?-cnn:er  or  sia 

.;*■    T.  "s.-.  ■"■■;■:  '.-■.— ti;  :>?e  :'ccif«:a»  (rwen  ai 

*.  .-:  <v\v^     s.-  »  :-'.if      .»*  ::  rT¥w.  i:  sied  i:«  skin,  bee 

j:-.-. :    ir.-  i '.-- ■»■■  >.— .-ji  iTCie-ar^ti  ■=  its  back  asd  sides_ 

i.       ,.     t  ^-*- 4    ..   i-    ■•:  ;■;.  :ts  la-^f^r  ifii.     When  full  j 

y*.:  «  .  ■.  V  >  --■<  '-  ■■  •:■?  r-""-:r.  ■:£  :•:?  eve  dowswan 

•  ■■■.;"«  «-■'.■   -■..-.  .■-»."■-"-   -v,  »>-.-T!- ti-?  ■.:!;?-  the  onder  win 

-=-s.    ■'.-.■.;  ^V,   *■,  .;    ::.:   :\:-^~  »t.c  rrsy,  Va:  the  red  tin 

.-.  x'-:v  ■■.■■■'       K  ^  -.:  --v-.        ■:■..*  /.i.  vt\r-  i!ieT  began  to 


V  ■■s,--v 


■Vl,:.  y\  ^  TT-  :ie  'r:dv  Wj  aboat 

*  ■  :  ,     ■:'.  ,  s   .  ■■  J  -■-  ;  .  ■-,;>,  w'-:.'i had aeain  torn 

s-.'v  ,  !-.v.  ■  ,-.»:;.    ■.■  :.— '.;r      l:;  '.\:.":t?r  asd  ^oretobf 

l\*,  \*  ,"  <  ■".•         :    ,■   ;'-.  .  iT"  ''^"      .isTs  ViTTween  the  wjni 
i\s; .■->'.  ■,  .'v  '  \,'   ■.v.-.i>■.^^  ■■*.---.■  :    :v..i      I;  i*  not  known 
t'-.,s,'   ;«■■:;>. ,i-»   ^^^■.■.!.,  .■   s'.-^.-'vc    ""  "." -r:a".::_v  among  the 
A'/. •;';.-,■  '.vtv.i.v-:.-  ;  v.-.;  ,;■".  vj  '.  .-us:*  ;;i5:  ivsi-ng  ro  matai 
A  »i.-!"s,:'.  «.■;:■  !s,-  .i   it  ■  "i,i«  .■.■.•.•,      i'h:*   worm  is  said  i 
rt,--.'  iJs."  '..v:s;.»  ",•  :.,i;    ■      N,-  :^n.i-;s  wi-rv  jrivfii  fortbedesi 
,•{  l.v,:*;.*.  :!'.o  .•;■.'_»  i-\;v-.-.,'.::;;r\.'  »:■,<  . r.  s.-iyi?:*  and  traps, 
jh* .  \\\  ISrs  i:vtK  -ij'iva^v.;  i::  sovrra'  r'-.i-vs  ard  severeJv  injn: 

»M>i  ,".■  titio  »'iv[\<  >:i  I'-'.o  o:i>:  o!  ihi'  »i;s:rii-t.     Cr.-'ps  which 


>Mr  W.  lUmMv.  C.*- 


POONA. 


88 


•  yjeldeil  a  full  or  a  tlircc-f|uartera   h»rTe«t  were  redooed   to 

jrtli  or  ovoii  Ioii«.     !□  nisDj^  pluces  the  people  gatliot'od   tlio 

care  as  tbe  only  nitons  of  dufence.     even  then,  nhen  the 

placed  ill  ft  hciip.  it  vc&a  difficult  to  keep  tbo  r»l«  off  by 

_BtAilt  waUrbiog  day  and  DiKht,     In   1871>   the  rats  again  csuseii 

■oh  dainnpo  iu  Iixliipur  and  BhiiuthadL     A  reward  oii»,  (Ke.  1) 

enrery  l]undr«>d  dead  ntCe  was  offered  and  about  350,000  rotewem 

royi>d.    'i'bo  rats  wore  of  thri>o  kinds,  tho  Jorbon  rat,  t<b«  Mule 

ftiid  the  Largo-cnruil   tiuld  luouso.     The  Jerboa  Rat,  Gt'rbiiluit 

3119,  comes  ijetwocn  the  Kaiigarotvlike  jerboa  siid  the  true  rat 

Jaoawry   to  Iklarch    lAlii   iho  Jerboa  rats  proved  most  widely 

IctivQ,    and    destroyed    moru  grain  than  all  the  oUier  rots 

_^     hor.     It  in  onlled  the  liaran  or  notc-iopc  rat     lis  colouring  is 

UcQ  chat  of  the  fvnutle  aatolope,  its  cars  are  premiuent,  and  its  eyes 

ka  large  and  gaK^lle-Hko.     It  is  fawn-coloured  above  and  white 

^How*     H  has  Iouk;  bim-k  wlii.tkcrs  and  a  tuft  of  black   or  blackish 

^air9  at  tbe  end  of   its  tail.     Its  hmd   and   body  are  about  soren 

lOcbes  lone  nod  it:t  tail  is  uioro  than  t'lght  incbos  long.     I(«  forofooi 

*  half  an  inch  and  its  liindfuob  two  incliCH  long.     It  neighs  six   tu 

roD  ounces,     ll  burrows  among  thu  routs  of  bnshos   or  in   the 

ground    luid    furnis  long    gaJleries.    These    galleries    hare 

kuches  that  and  in  chambers  trhich   &to    xevoral    iuchos   wido 

^  arv  carpvlv^l   with  drivd  grass.      They   do   not  usually  hoard 

ir  foixl,  wbiob  consists  of  grain   and  roota,  ospocislly  of  tho 

t'eetreots  of  I  ho  hari/^Jl  gnuw   CynodoQ   dactyloo.     Tho   female 

[tringd   forth  eight  to  twulrv  and    sometimes    sixtectn    to    twenty 

'youug.       In  thu  dusk  uf  tlio   ei'ouing   these    rats,  which   may   be 

'recognised  by  their  fine  largo  oyos.  may  bo  seen  l^apin^;  about  in 

pliMti-s  whi-ro  tht'ni  are  niany  fre«h  rat-hoK-s.     In  1879  ibpy  climbed 

tbv    Indian    niilli^l    >lulks»iLnd  cut  off  thu  ears.      Tho   Mulu  Itat, 

tf  esokia  indica.  krUn  umtir.  aUo  called  koku  oi-  kck  by  tho  Vodara, 

B«y    be   kuowa    from    tbe    t'omiDoa  Brown  Rnl,  Uus  dL-cumauus, 

^y   its  ahurl^r  body  and   shorter  tail  and  alito   by    being  stouter 

Bod    bvnrier.      AS'bon    chased   it  grunts    like    the    bandicoot.      lo 

^lour  it  is  like  the  common  brown  ml,  but  there  are  fawn-tinted 

urs  mixed  with  (ho  fur  and  it  is  lighter  below.     Its  ears  are  small 

id  ruuud;   its  tail  naked  nud  short;  its  incisor  tculb  very  large, 

^t  in  front,  and  orange  yellow.     Its  eutiro  length  is  about  thirb>cu 

lies  of  which  the  tail  in  »is.  iucbes.     The  )m1iu  of  its  forefoot 

ueai-ly  half  an   iueb   lon^  and   that  of  itd  bludfoot  an  inch  and  a 

It  lires  alouo  and  forms  estonsive  burrows,  sometimes  6Fteen 

twouty  yards  iu  diameter.     It  stores  large  quantities  of  grain, 

bo  Vadars  dig  the  ground  and  oat  both  the  rat  and  its  storce. 

lie  fomaJu  brings  forth  eight  or  ten  at  a  btrth  and  drives  ber 

jiing  from  her  borrow  as  noon  as  they  can  care  for  themselvea. 

liis  rat  is  ustiuUy  found  near  sagarcane  fields.    Ilie  m.'ople  say 

it  ^reat  numbora  of  thce«t  rats  are  yoArly  killed  by  the  nrsl  beary 

II  of  tbe  south-west  rain.     Tho  black  soil  swells  with  hesTy  rain 

id  the  rats  are  cnuffht  in   tlio  holes  nod  lissnres  and  smothered. 

great  increase  of  thoev  and  o(  tbe  mrli/id  rats  in  I87d  is  partly 

,ui]couutcd  for  by  the  absence  of  any  sadden  burnt  of  rain  io  1878. 

Inder  the  influence  of  geullealiowers,  the  black  soil  swells  gnvduaJly 
—    -    —^-  ■         -  —  ..    -   - .  _  .  .     -       -  -     . 


CbaptST  II 
AfricBltan^ 

PikLD  Pugt 

/lau. 


upter  IV. 

I  PL4Ht1(S. 


FuitVKM. 


liU. 


li»?. 


ftod  tbe  FAt^s  oecftpe  stifTocation.  The  luge^^ared  Field  Ifoi 
Uoluuila  niett&da,  mettdd  ol  mctiangandv,  was  one  of  tlie  chief 
It  is  a  Mfl-fiirrod  mouso  with  a  ft^w  Rtitcciiod  and  spiny  baint  among 
its  fine  close  fur.  Its  colour  is  reddiish  bro^vn  mbh  a  mixt-oreof  fawn 
boconiini?  lighter  below.  Its  whole  leogtb  is  about  t«u  inches  ol 
which  the  tail  ib  <(-3  inches.  It  iii  dt«tiognisbed  by  its  l&i^e  eara 
which  aw  two-fifths  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  The  female  producea 
sir  or  eight  young  at  a  birth.  This  rat  baa  long  been  known  ns  a 
pla^ie.  It  lives  entirely  in  cultivated  fields  in  pairs  or  small 
societies  of  firo  or  six,  making  a  pory  slight  and  ruao  hole  in  the 
root  of  a  bush,  or  merely  harbouring  among  the  heaps  of  stones 
thrown  together  in  the  fields,  in  tbe  deserted  burrow  of  the  kolr,  or 
in  deep  cracks  and  fissares  formed  in  the  black  soil  during  the  hot 
months.  Every  year  groat  Dumbor»  perish  when  these  fissures  fill  at 
the  beginniDg  of  the  rains.  In  1S79  those  rata  mined  sonte  fields 
witb  thoir  sharp  incisors  cutting  cartloads  of  stalks  every  night  at 
either  eating  the  grain  or  dragging  tbo  beads  into  tboir  Imrroi 
Into  other  fields  an  nrmy  of  rats  eDddonly  entered  and  in  a  few 
ate  up  the  grain  liko  n  flight  of  locusts. 

During  the  1a.<it  five  hundred  yeari<,  there  is  oitber  tmditional 
hUtonc  monlion  of  nboiit  Iwont.y-Rvr  fn-minos.     Tbe  first  ia  the  a* 
calamity  known  as  the  Burga  Dan  famine  which  waat«d  Southi 
India  at  the  close  of  the  fourteenth  century.     Tbo  twelve  years  ooc 
140S  are  said  to  have  poasud  withont  rain.     Districts  were  em[ 
of  theirpeoplo  and  for  forty  ycant  the  country  between  tbo  Godj&i 
ftnd  the  Krishna  yielded  little  roToane.     The  hill-forts  and  st 

E laces,  prpvioUBly  conquered  by  the  Mnhaminadnns.,  foil  into 
amis  of  lund  cbicfi;  anil  robl^cnt,  and  t-hv  country  was  so  uusafe  t| 
Iho  people  who  returned  were  driven  from  their  rillnges. 
Narao  and  a  Turkish  ounuch  of  the  Bedai*  court  were  appointed 
resettle  the  land  iLnd  vail  buck  tfa»  people.     As  tbe  former  vilL 
boundnrieit  weru  forgotten,  D^dii  Nar^o  greatly  extended    the 
limits  and  throw  two  or  three  villngi^  into  one.     Laudfi  were  gin 
to  all  who  would  till  them.     For  the  first  year  no  r^^nt   was  reqiiii 
and  for  tbe  second  a  (cfcru  or  horso-bag  full  of  giBiu  for  each  oij 
was  nil  that  was  asked.' 

In  14:32,  no  rain  fell  and  famine  raged  throughout  (he 
multitudes  of  cattle  dicid  on  the   parched   plains   for  want  of 
King  Ahmad  Sh6k  Vali  nahmani  []42S-1'13^>)  increased  the  payj 
bin  troops  and  opened  public  stores  of  grain  for  the  poor.     The  a 
Te«r  al«o  tboro  was  no  rain.'     '  In  1-140  a  failure  of  miu  was  folio 
by  famine  over  the  whole  of  Southern  India.    This  hmino  is  kD< 
aa  Dilm^ji-juiut'H  fantino.     DllmClji  was  the  keeper  of  a  large 
of  grain  at  Mangalvedba,  Iweko  miles   south   of   Paadharpur 


'  Grant  Diiffi  HacAtbi*.   S«.   S?.     S«o   alao  Bri(M«*  PfriiAt».   IL   9*»Ja    Kl 
MAhniud  SbAli  IUiniaiii(l$TS-l39T|cnployD(]  lO.MDbaUockaat  hi*  privnto  rifw 

Sbg  to  aiul  from  Milwa  and  finiftrit  mud  Wii^ig  pain  vbich  wua  tli«tnlat«l 
1  noeplo  at  •  olivap  nta.     Ho  aUo  nUlttiahrd  Mvnn  otpliaD  aohoola. 
<  BrJggB*  Fciwhta,  U.  -MA-e. 

■  Rioopt  wb«r«  (pMlkl  r«t«r«nc«*  iu-«  uiT«ii  the  4otoU«of  (MniaM  hvm  l4C0t*lf 
w«  Ukeo  from  Lieat.-Col.  Ethetidcc's  Kcport  or  Faaiincs  in  tbe  Doubay  rraauh* 


POONA. 


8& 


il4pur.     He  osed  mucli  of  the  etore  in  feeiling  BrAbmaas  imd  vros 
~  from  punisliiuoat  b;  the  Rod  Vithoba  whom  bo  wonihipped. 
biB  woratipper  Vitboba  in  the  form  of  a  Mh&r  went  to  tho 
at  Jledar  stid  piiid  tbo  value  of  tbo  missing  graiu.     lu   1472 
1473  so  severo  a  drought  provBiIed  ihrouglioat  the  Doccntt  that 
ie  wells  (Iriixl.     No  graiu  was  soitu  for  two  je*r»  auil  in  the  third 
ivben  there  was  rain  acarely  any  farmers  remainod  to  UU  tbo  lands.' 

H  In  1520,  tlio  DcccoQ  was  so  nnseitlod  that  no  crops  were  grown 
^Ld  there  was  a  fitinine.  In  lC29-^fO,  no  rain  fell  in  the  Dorcannnd 
^■■ae  kikI  pestil«Dce  foUoived.'  The  yonr  17H7  in  mentifined  an 
P^^Bvtl  liy  n  failure  of  min  and  hy  famine.  Tho  jtjur  17i>l-0S, 
ttiough  locally  a  rear  of  plenty,  waa  so  terrible  a  ymr  of  famine  In 
itir  |Hkrt«  of  India  tltal  tho  rup«a  nrico  of  gntin  roM  to  twelve 
junde  (6  gher*).  In  the  next  year,  1 7d^-!)3t  no  rain  foil  till  October, 
Dine  people  left  the  conntry  and  others  died  from  want  The 
'itriMs  is  said  to  Itavo  been  very  great.  Tht*  I'uebwa'a^rerameut 
}Ught  grain  from  the  XisAm's  conntrynDd  dintrihulcd  ilat  I'ooua. 
rupwj  price  of  grain  stood  at  eigbt  poonds  (4  */«.-«)  in  Poooa  for 
'four  months  and  io  the  west  of  the  district  for  twelve  mouths. 

H  In  1802  (be  prospect  of  a  good  harvest  mv  destroyed  by  the 
Haragvis  of  Holur's  ti-oops.  From  Jaly  to  September  Iiict  followers 
tbi!  Pendh^ria  so  utterly  mined  the  coonlry  ihM  tbu  rupee  price  of 
grain  rose  to  two  pounds  {1  sker).  Tho  I'cahwa'a  goremment 
oncourogcd  the  import  of  grain  nod  distributed  it  frw  of  vbnrge. 
lArgp  qaantitics  of  grain  were  brought  by  LamAns  and  Ch^rans. 
^  f^till  tho  distress  was  so  severe  thai  numbers  fled  to  the  Konkan 
^Knd  (iujarfU,  nad  thousands  died  of  hunger  and  cholinu.  The 
^pufff rings  wore  ao  great  that  mothers  are  snid  to  \mvv  enU>o  their 
chiMn>n.  Even  ax  Isto  as  1838  ihe  people  of  Bhinitbadi  remembered 
H<'llcnr'»  fatniop  with  hotAr.'  In  tho  following  year,  1803,  the  raids 
of  SiiiJia'sani]  Uolkar'B  troope  again  caosed  a  great  scarcity.  The 
rupee  pri?«  of  grdiu  rose  to  half  a  pound  {\  ehfir)  and  numbers  died 
uf  starvation.  Many  luft  tbo  country  and  clielaud  lay  waste.  This 
famiuo  affccte<l  the  Poona  di-ttrict  pnHicularly.  Tho  river  at  Poona 
wns  coverod  with  iJfod  nod  rotting  budit-^  The  Peshwa  cacounigod 
trader!  to  import  grain  dnty-fre*?,  granted  romiBsions  of  revenue, 
and  aboli.shcd  lutid  customs.  'I*he  private  charity  of  the  rich  did 
much  tu  rt'lievo  the  distress.  A  subsrriptiou  of  X4000  (Ra.  40,000), 
collected  in  BamlMiy  iindor  tho  patronage  of  Lady  Mackiotoflh,  was 
Bcnl  tu  Poona.  Colonel  Close,  tho  Itc»ident.  who  had  already  fed 
15.000  people,  armngcd  that  Mich  applicant  for  relief  should  receive 
bU,  (i  as.)  tu  t'nablc  him  bo  got  a  irn-al.  About  5000  of  tho  destitute 
were  rolJeved  in  this  way  until  the  new  crops  were  gftth«red.*  At 
I'ooea  the  hnrsvii  in  Guncrul  WoUusiuy's  army  were  for  aome  time 
fed  on  Bombay  Hoe. 

In  1819-20,    1823,  182 i,  and  1825  Poono  siillorod  greatly  from 
cholom  nnd  horn  want  of  rain.     So  great  waa  the  punic  that  largo 

■  Briggi'  Fcri^U.  II.  4934. 

'  Urani  DalTii  llKtAlhu,  4U  >  ud  Elphinttflnc'*  Hitturr  ot  InJia,  EOT. 

•Bo«B.Uov.  :mL  CU.4l.su.  •VJeBllii^'iTrarek  IL  123.  !«• 


Chapter  IT. 
AgricoltnrS' 


tsto. 
tesvso. 

t787. 

i7Si-ai. 


t7»*-lTM. 


aoi. 


tBomlMf 


80 


HSTRlOTft 


fcpter  IT. 
iealtnra. 


SI- /SIS. 


SU-IS4C. 


■tS97. 


m6-7r. 


Qamtmni  loft  tlieir  booiM.     For  manjr  months  parte  of  the  < 
M-LTo   iilninKt    tlcwrUM].*      Iq   ia-^S   tfao   n)p<>e    prion    of    (jtsin  M 
t'ouuu  nils  nixtoco  poamU  (8  skrrg)  and  peuiilo  dJml  m   tlia  stM 
lor  wMtb.     In  Ik24,  k  yow  rorot'mliorwl  im  tlio    yi-nr  ttf  hhttrpai 
distress,  nua  agnin  faiird,  osporiiilly  tn  tbc  cuntitr^'  wittiio  100  nitli 
of  Puoiut.  Tho  returuB  stiem  Id  «biiw  aslight  full uf  prices,  thenf 
price  bviog  twuutv  tu  Cvreoly-fuur   (jouuds  (10*  12    <A«r«).     Hi 
had  grnin  was  suld  and  stdcooM  wu  «o  gvamil  that  large  ttumt 
of  poopiv  \vh   tbe   oouDtn*.     Thv   Inss  of  rnUlo  was  very  m 
Tbe  dutreu    CDUlinaed    till    Daxarn    in   OcUjIm't    when   a    til 
fall  of  roio  l>maf{bt  much  rolivf.     Gori^rnmont   - 
by  opening  works  to  improTo  the  K»rkamb  ao<l 

la  1832  failnro  of  rniii  wus  followed  bv  mucb  dtstnes.  Tho  rnpet 
pried  ofjvdn  rono  from  1^0  t-o  fnrty*itix  pounds  and  gfrain  roblMriet 
wore  uumoruuB.  Orders  forbidding  giula-dcalen  andnly  raiueg 
Ibcir  priovs  nre  nid  to  hnvo  dono  much  to  rodnci*  the  distivK 
163'1  wtM  A  year  of  sMrcity  in  IndApiir,  1835  was  a  bad  tit«aeaiill  < 
over  tbe  district,  and  la  1838  Indipur  again  MoSorod  from  wanti 
rain.* 

Tbe  next  bad  yeart  wore  I8-l-4-'la  and  1845-40   whua  rain  Esili 
uad  lb«n)  was  mucb  distnms  especially  in  the  tisst.* 

Bclwcca  1802  and  1807  tUi-ro  was  n  tiuccessioii  of  year*  of' 
Rbort  raiutall.  la  ihetwit.  of  tho  dislrit^l  during  the  fivt*  vphtr  endfa 
18Gl)  tho  averag.'  full  wa«  only  Rovcn  iDcbvtt.  lu  tS(i-l  ; 
price  of  hajri  and  Jtnri  rose  to  abunt  i«j^'Bntc?fn  poniiiU  ( - 
The  liLD«lh<}lil(!n<  wer«  a't-ll  off  and  wen>  uotroJucud  to  d^strea8,wul 
thu  domuud  for  labour  and  the  liigb  waives  paid  on  public  world  ii 
tbu  DecQia  preTcutod  the  apread  of  dLtlreaa  itniuD^  the  labonnof 
classes.  Still  from  want  of  faxing  catlW  luul  lu  bu  sent  away  v 
sold.  There  waa  snfKciont  oiBtK-RS  to  make  it  advisable  to  opes 
relief-works  in  Sinir,  Dhimlh^di,  and  ludiipur.  About  JCISif 
(Ra.  18,760)  were  spent  on  repaii-ing  alxiut  seven ty-tire  miles  rf 
road  and  digj^iiig  thi<  Piitikt  rcwcrvoir  luid  two  wcIIm  in  Snna.  Grnin 
competuiiilion  waa  granted  lo  (lOTeruuieDt  servants  and  in  1S0T 
£8000  (Its.  80,000)  wort)  roiiiiUcd  In  Dbimtliadi  and  Indiipurwd 
upwards  of  £6000  (Rs.  60,000)  woru  livid  orur  till  lliv  next 
y«ar. 

Tho  scanty  and  ill-timed  rainfall  of  lh7H,  20'7G  compared  with  an 
avurufiro  of  uhout  tbii'by  iucbca  led  to  [uihire  of  crops,  whidi,  jvtoed 
to  thi)  bnd  crops  in  a  small  area  in  thu  previoua  year,  aproad  dislrM 
amounting  to  famine  over  about  half  of  the  distnct.*      Tbe  east  taii 


'  CapUitt  aniw'  IMDeiaiy.  VI.  '  Bobl  Qor.  H«».  Roc  772  i>(  IS137.  SMI- 

•Uoin.  Gov.  8el.  evil,  33-17.  707I,«niiHR 

*  Til*  oatiiBAto  wai  in  tma  -iSOO  *>inaro  niU«s  of  a  total  of  6H7.  sari  in  poMlatMi 
318,000  out  of  907,000.  Within  lU  alTeal^d  aru  oame  tte  wlMb  of  Uto  1n>b|at 
and  Bhitntbadt  tvb-ilivu!ou*,  twcntv.tlm*  Tillacei  of  ranwdhar,  «ix  vilUgi*  tf 
Haoali,  and  thirty- tlirc*  vi1la,;ee  of  Sinir,  when  tho  ovop*  liad  faitjnly  •-'  i  |« 
•idditaoQ  to  th(M>,  twi'iity  villi^ca  in  Furantlhar,  twMil;  id  Ilavrli,  anil 
in  8trar    vcro  ucloiialy    Hireiit«d.     iii  the  Khod,  Juoaar.    auci  MAvbI  i^i  .  .  :a 

DOtaide  of  Ibe  (mudc  am  tbore  waa  diatrsM  anwR^  UbourecB  aad  travaUkia^ 


POUNA. 


87 


jtii-ra-tt  saffomil  moat.     Inlilire^aub-tlirisioii)!,  IliiTcli,  KIkmI,  and 

innr,  (bo  earl;  croftH  wtiiuLtl  jj^ood;  in  MAval   nitd  fmrtH  of  Sirur 

^d  Fiirniiilliar  ihny  wnre  fiiir;  in  Lbe  rest  of  8inir  ivud   Puraiidhar 

id  in  Bliinithadi  and  Indupur  tbcro  was  no  outtaro.     Betides  ibis 

ilare  of  ilni  early  hm*7pal,  in  Seiitember  and  October,  only  a  few 

■g^lit  flhowt^irn  fell,  nii(],  vxcupt  ia  n  small  area  of  wut«ri:;d  laud,   no 

M(l.wi-a!lu>r  crops  were  sown.    Mdlol  rtiao  frtiiii  Rfty-ono  to  niuotoeo 

9un<1i*  iind  Indinii  millet  froui  itistj'-6vo  to  2V^  pouiula  (he  nipee. 

lese  liij^h  prices  and  tb^  wsut  uf  field-wurk    Ibran-    into  dutrrsa 

tfgv  iiumtivn  nf  MliAm,  MlLtiga,  Ktlniufthia,  iiiid  tlie  poorer  laboiinQ)if 

unbi«.     The  nocd  for  Govummetit  help  bcj^iin  ttboul  the  close  of 

Bptember.     (Jovtrnment  offered  to  transport  people  to  waste  landB 

ibo  C'eutml  I'roviuci^,  but  no  one  took  MlvaiitAgc  of  the  oflur.    At 

tho  Kume  tini(]|nr;fo  Dtiinbcrs  moved  to   the  U»ii)tthadt  or  God^vari 

vjillfv.     Tbe_y  ftnind  mucli  distreas  in  Oangtha<fi  and  as  the  usual 

;arkul8   for  tii'kl  labour  wore  oversCockt^d,  suiae  wandtjred  ncro«8 

ir    to    Siudia   and   Holknr'a   lerritories,    otUers  crowded    into 

juil<ay,  and  a  few  stnt^gludtu  Uujarst.    By  th«  close  of  IS76about 

IO,00t)  poraona  or  32'0I)   per  cent  of  the  affected  population   Latl 

m  thuir  booiee.     Uostof  tlie  people  who  went  tielonged  to  tbo 

Bttor  class   o(   Kunbia.     To  a    great    extent   the    tnoTeinetit    waa 

ist-d  by  the  ueed  of  pasture.     As  a  rule  vrliole  families  went,  but 

many  c&ae»  some  niember  or  members  of  a  family  were  sent  with 

[ie  I'ltttte.    The  villages  wLeuee  fewest  went  were  those  oear  the 

tntUa  eoiial  wnrks  iu  the  north-west  uf  Bhimthadi,  where  wholo 

villages  flocked  to  the  works.     There  waa  much  dutrusa,    but  ({rain 

f  rices  weru  kept  down  by  Urge  iniportatioua,  chiefly  from  the 
'ciitnit  Proviuces  aiid  to  a  leaa  exiout  Eroni  GujardL  The  grain  ytaa 
hroiiKht  to  Pooaa  by  rail  and  thcucc  distribuuid  throughout  the 
Jist.ricl.'  In  the  hot  moAths  of  1S77  prices  ruled  high  and  diatreas 
icrenaod.  A  good  fall  of  raiu  in  early  dune  couiied  temporary 
tliof.  Many  omtgranta  Tetnrncd  and  sowing  was  actively  pnsfacd 
„*  But,  except  in  lud^pur,  in  Jaty  and  August  no  rain  fell, 
ricfm  rose,  distress  grew  beavier,  and  many  wero  again  furct-d  to 
tve  their  homes.  A  good  rainfall  in  September  and  October 
amoved  iiiuch  auiioty  au'I  sufTcring,  and  cold-weather  crupa  were 
jwnovertbegn^aterpArtof  BbimtliadL  At  tlio  clit.'*e  of  November 
demand  lor  special  Oovornmont  help  ceased.  At  the  same  time 
amo  of  the  early  cropa  never  recovered  the  long  stretch  of  fair 
tttherinJuly  aud  August,  and  in  Bhimthadi  lliu  culd-wuither 
>ps,  which  At  first  promised  well,  wore  afterwards  much  injured 
diiiease.  The  rc;>ult  was  renewed  distress  in  the  hot  seaaou  of 
pf79.     Ill  the  east  of  the  district,  at  least  oue-fuurtb  of  the  peopln 


Chapter ' 
Agricnltui 


'  The  nufiiotpalitf  of  lodipur  parchacMl  grain  uitl  •oKI  it  at  MnHctiitn^  orrr  ooat 
VtM  M  M  not  tii  intarfrtrc  *ilh  )ix-iil  vlit'-rjiniHi ;  Ml  iliil  IliH  Ji>j<iri  n>UDicj[KlIity  bot 
lyin  tbc  fii'l  to  re-Mll  at  a  Icai.  It  in  proUiMe  Uut  tlioQvljr  MliOBof  <!ov*rn- 
lOl  ta  fiodioi;  paid  UlHiur  t\>t  a  large  pottiuo  of  t)ia  iliatnaKd  popnlatKin  on  Um 
Utha  lauial  aavcit  ifTriin  (rom  rieiu^  to  punk  prices. 

*  Mare  «iekii«M,  Mll«rfag,  and  morUlitj  wtm  tcaud  Kmoag  tli«  rattiraod  oaignNitB 
\b*x>  itnottg  tboMwhohftdaUrod  «l  bome  md  Ur«d  eiUwt  on  ik«ii  own  rmvaem 
tn  tha  Ttli»f  offttvd  t)y  GoremniMit. 


i 


CbaptOT  IT. 

ikffTlGUlUia 

ixra.T7. 


n 


DTSmiCTS. 


lirci]  on  wild  prainaor  gna  seeds,  ftnd  GoTcrnmetit  bM 
provide  labour  for  Ch«  poorer  clfcssM.  Eren  Ihrn  the  1 
not  oTor.  Id  lb*  mio/  inuiitliH  of  lK7i^,  Mid  «giun  in  tbw 
direct  rc'ltpf  wru  ooM  more  fuuod  ooceauiy  »t  lud^par, 
and  Uliankavdi  near  Poona.' 

The  followia);  details  thow  monfb  bjr  mantfa  the  phaaa 
vrtiicli  Iho  diAtrcsa  p«s»«>d  and  tlio  matsnrrs  which  vren 
rolifrf  it.  In  tlio  Onit  two  or  thrvo  dajrs  of  Soptembor  1 
ruin  fell  in  tlie  veat,iD  Janaar  ICbed  and  M^Tal.und  great 
the  withering  crops.  Baio  again  lield  off  and  the  ct-ops 
pcrUb.  About  tlio  close  of  S^-ptember  elij^ht  abow«n 
few  places.  The  oarly  cropt  eoomod  well  in  Ma»al ;  I 
witberinjf  iu  Juiin-ir,  Klied,  and  Haveli,  luid  liad  completely 
Rhimtbaiii  and  ludiipiir  where  for  want  of  fodder  larfite  m 
cattlti  wero  dying.  The  price  of  ^raia  waa  mpidlr  ri 
raia  held  off  tho  irmund  could  not  be  prepared  for  tbu  coli 
crop.  Kspecially  in  Inddpur  and  fibimtbadi  the  want  of 
wator  was  beginning  to  bo  folc  FntrH  were  ontortaiuod 
poorer  cWaM  would  bocomo  disorderly,  and.  abont  thoel 
montb,  relief  works  were  opened  iu  Itliimtbadi  and  IndAn 
tliatabout  the  middle  of  tho  uiontb  a  slij^bt  shower  faU 
Octobor  passed  without  rain.  Even  in  the  vrttt  the  carl/ 
witbfrin;^  and  wore  bviog  cut  for  forafro,  and  iu  the  \ 
waa  failing.  Kxcept  in  a  small  area  of  watered  land 
weather  crops  were  sows.  Orer  the  whole  district,  eapect 
east,  th»  want  of  wBt«r  cauaed  diatreas,  and  cattle 
for  nalc  at  nomiual  prices.  In  several  plocoa  the  people 
io  leave  their  homes.  Extensire  relief  work*  wct,>  NtArtc 
the  S2nd  uf  OL'tuber,  incliidiu);  those  on  the  Muilia  cai 
6000  people  were  ouiploved,  Kor  charitable  relief  a  aum 
(R«.  25>(l00)  WAS  Bet  at  the  Collector's  di.-«po»al.  An  distre 
bosidesadditional  saKittlauta,  the  Collectur  was  anthoriKed  I 
relief  duty  the  n)itiii1ald&raof  tbe  most aoTCreljr  afloct^'d  6tib 
November  passed  with  only  a  few  iliglit  showers.  The  o 
oontiniK'd  to  wither  and  the  small  area  of  IhU^  crops  was 
want  of  moisture.  The  distress  van  great,  but  large  im 
of  ffrain  kept  down  prices.  In  Poena  the  ttti>i;k  of  gnun 
nna  tbo  market  was  fallittg;  in  ootlying  towns  nricoa  wai 
rising.     In  the  first  half  ot  the  month  Mgri  roee  trom  .1 M  i 


I,  and  6401  were  aged  or  feoble  expected  to  do  two^tfairds  of  a 
wort  aud  superiatendod  hy  fikmiue  olficera.' 

Dpc<'Tnbor    pa*scd    wirhont     rain.     Crop     proapecta     remained 
lauged,  people  and  cattle  coDtinued  to  move  went.     During'  the 
th  l.h«  itiiportation  of  grain  was  large  and  b>ijri  fell  from  twenty 
Is  ill  tito  hcjfiifnm^  to  tweoty-tlirue  p-iuud^  about  the  close  at 
lODth,  and  joiri  from  18^  pi:>iiud»  tu  tweuty-two  puund-i.     Tho 
aers  on  public   works   rose  Ero'iw  l-l,2o3  lo  23,4.98  and  on  civil 
from  6401  to  16,75'2.     Thu  tutnl  mim  spent  on  chariUbla 
ap  to  the  close  of  the  year  was  about  i,-iO0  2a.  {R*.  2U11). 

imnry    pAse^d    witboul    rain.     Grain  k^pt   pouring  into  the 
txict,  and  bajri  fell  from  twenty-tbree  pouuJii  to  23J  and  jvdri 

»twouly-two  to  25i  pounds.  Tbo  numboi-H  on  public  worka 
from  23,108  to  2d,7(jt,  and  on  civil  works  from  16,7^2  to 
^69.  As  the  civil  worka  seemed  too  popnlar,  on  tho  ]\iih  ot 
koary  Government  reduced  tlie  rates  or  p&y,  and  issued  orders 
sufurce  task  and  distanoa  teats.'  Tbi«  caused  a  fre«b  eiaigratioa 
conaiderable  fall  iu  the  uiiubent  on  the  works.  At  the  same 
charitable  relief  wa^  started  and  by  tho  end  of  tho  month 
ributed  to  1694  pcrsous. 

(boat  tho  middle  of  Febrnary  sixtcon  cents  of  rain  fdl  at  Poona. 

cuntinuod  to  com v  in  htrgv  qiiaulitiutt,   h'ijri  rose  s1i|crbl1y  to 

uly-tbreo  pounds  and  _ji'n'ri  lo  twpnty-fonr   ponnds.     Tho  nuni- 

Kaoii  piiidic  worlcH  (ell  froin  23,764  to  £3,034,  and  on  civil  works 

~     29,509  to  18,752.     I'liis  decrease  was  chipHy  due  to  the  lower- 

oi  p*y  on  tlw  civil  works,  tbo  transfer  of  tho  ablfbodied    from 

:  to  public  works,  and   the  enforcement  of  tJi^k  and  distoQoe 

The  numbor  on  charitable  rpliof  roao  to  1766.     During  the 

th  there  was  nligbt  cholftra  in    llhiintliiidi    and    Pnrandhar.     la 

boginning  of  March  aboat  twenty-aix  cents  of   fain  fell.     Orain 

tinucd  to  pour  in  and  Ibe  supply  was  plentiful.     Except  in  tbo 

finning  of  tho  month,  when    there  vu    a    small    riiie,    price* 

litiud  at  twenty-three  pounds  the  rupee  for  biijri  and   twenty- 

'  pounds  for  jmiri.     There  was  slight  cholera  ia  Bbimtbadi  and 

J  other  Boh-diviblous.     Tbo  numbers  on  civil  works   coatiuu«d 

11,  fi-ont  about  12,213  in  Ihu  bej^iuuing  of  the  month  to  4676 

it  tho  close  ;   public  works  showed  a  small   rise  from  23,OS4  to 

0;!,  and  charitiblu  relief  from  1766  to  2290.     About  the  middlo 

Vpril  eighty  centa  of  rain  fell  at  IndfLpur.     Grain  was  largely 

irted  and  tho  supply  continued  plentiftil,  'vrilh  bijri  sligritly 

Br  at  2IJ  pounds  and  jvdri  at  20j  pounds.     Thoro  woro  a  few 

I  of  cboiera,  and  cattle -discoao   was  prevalent  ia  Siror  and 

Etreli.     The  uumbera  relieved  rose  on  public  works  from  SO.OOli 


Chapt«t  IT. 

Agrlcnlttir«- 

Kaxiscss. 

iatg-77. 


lOrigiul  wucs  war*,  for  a  taxa  3il.  (2<u.)  &  ^*f ,  for  a  iramall  iid.  (1)  <t*-), 
■a  boy  or  KirtcgixU*  of  irork  i\<L  {la.),  .\bout  th«  iauL(ll«  olNuvanlwr, 
—-Ma  tow  oTor  Buttwn  penada  Utv  rape«,  a  tlidiag  vuAe  wm  iDUodnood  ahiefa 
tbat  Um  iDotier  rats  shoalil  vary  with  tba  pries  of  tenia  »iid  lb»t  •  t^n 
L  altraj-H  rtiMvu  the  price  of  nme  poatid  of  grain  in  ndditlmi  to  llrf.  |l  a.). 
':  aew  nUK  vran  :  (or  ■  maa  tbe  prlo*  of  oao  ponnd  of  gntiu  and  %d.  (i  a) 
of  Itti.  (I  a. I  :farK  WMIMR  th«  prie*  of  one  puaad  of  grain  aad  get.  (la) 
girl  th*  prioa  of  Koif  a  ponul  of  Enin  ana  |rf. 


I  of  (<f.  (I  o.)  I  Bad  to*  a  hay  or  i 


I  \ai-ii 


M 


BomlMj  Oi 


DISTRICTS. 


Cb*pt*r  IT. 

Afriesltun. 

Famihm. 

isN-n. 


U)  31,678,  ftud  on  ffhuritable  r«1><^(  from  SSiM  to  4S0I ;  oB 

works  the  nnmher*  fpll  from  4^76  to4G50.     Tlic  first-  dayn  of: 

brought  slight  showers  in   Pummllinr,  Hud  ahi^at    tho  clos*  of_ 

TDootli  gwd  rain  fell  nil  over  tlif  dialriot  vxo«iit.  in  Junnar, 

and  KIAvftt.     Small  Duiiibcra  m^re  cotnioif  back.     TIiq  gnun  i 

oontinaed  ample,  bat  hajri  ros»to  Utf  pnandx  tho  mpee  wai 

to  19}  pounds.     Tlio  kiffli  prices  caiisi.!!]  niurh  dLstPp^s.     11 

moatli   tlier«  was  alight  cbulom  uwr  iii<knt   of  tltu    di^trint. 

number*  relieved  row  on  ntiblic  worka  from  3l,G~S  to  4<),I7T, 

oD  charitable  relief  from  4301  to  7o01 ;  on  ci^il  wurka  thoy  fellfn 

•16^0  to  461'^.     In  JiiiieBii»Teragei>f  C'7l^inclii>aof  r»ia  foil.    iUaj 

landhoMoni  CAtne  bnck  briogiBg  their  cattlo.     Tho  eowitiK  tS 

early  croDs  was  begun  iu  che  vtost;  in  the  vast  eowiDf^  w«s 

bept  hactc  from  want  of  bullocks.     Cuttle-disenso  wsa  pt 

three  egb-diTi9i"nBand  afpw  i-nsco  of  chwlvm  oociured,     IT 

of  ffrain  was  fiufltei^'iic  and  Kith  hdjri  nnd  t^ri  <-ontiiiur>i1  stt 

lOj  ponnda  the   rupee.     The   numbers  on  public   works  fell; 

40,177  to  3^,344-;  th<*y  row  on  civil  work»  frnm  4€1S  to  46i 

on  cHnritftble  relief  from  7a01   to   12,729,     diiljr  passed   witL 

Xftin.  an  avcnige  f»II  of  only  3-34  inches,  and  this  almost  soktjr] 

the  «eat.     Exci-|>t    iu   MAvaI   r«in  was  ovcrywhet'e    vr»iil«). 

OTDpB  especially  iu  Bbimthudi  and  tho  east  were  wiiheriujL',   aad) 

many  plncen   field    work   was   at  a  stand.     Tho  supply     of 

waa   sutScii-ut,  but  hajri  rose    to  I4J    pnnnds  and     jciri  to 

poniids.    This  camod  inneh  difltreati  and  in  tlie south  and  past 

were  a^iii  prcpniriiig  to  xlurt  fur  th<>  DerArs.     Tlin  nunitirra 

public-    workd    E<dl    frnoi  .S5,S44  to   20,78ti.  on    cirii    wnrks 

4625  to  3&52,    and    nn    climrilablc  ralief  from     12,720  to    n,i 

In    dngnftt  an    averatro   of    four  inches  of  rain    fell,   bnt  it 

ehiefly    (?onfine<l    to    I  lie    w(>»t.     Rntu*  wafi    wnnlrd    evj-rywhw 

partinilarly   in   ludiipitr,   Bhtnitliadi,  Sinir,  and    I'unt miliar. 

rioe  crops   in   MAvnl   wrre  good,   but   tn  the  east  the  crops 

withering  nnd  iu  Home  placca  they  Imd  perishcl.     Id  UbitntlM 

and  Piirandlmr.  witli  Mmjeexeeptionn,  the  pulse  was  lost.     The 

prices,  ("ijrint  I'-J  and yV.f rial  thiDeen  iM>und», iiinaed «nuplnli*t 

Alnny   Bbiinlhaili  hmdholders  wore  preparin|r  to  IwTS  their  bun 

T)iroiivdi'>ut    the   nifrutfa    cholera  whh    pri'valenL      Tfae    uutoti 

on  relief    works    fell,   on    public  works  from  26,7fiG  to  24.,S 

and  ou  ciril  works  from  ySS 7  to   20()3;  oii   churilablo   roKof 

roao  from   12,420  to   21,6A0.     In  September  an  average   of 

inches  of  rain  fell.     At   first  in  iLo  central  Mib-diriaiooa,  Jx 

Khitd  and  ETareli,  tjjero  wore  only  eli^ht  Bhowor^j  but,    ' 

nloae  of  the  month,  there  waa  good  rain,  and  tho  early  er 

except  in    luddpur  hud  suBered  severely,  were  much    beneiil 

About  th(*  middle  nl    the    month  tlio   lute  or  rabi  sowing  1 

begun,  iho  piwrer  landholder*  in   Bhinithndi  finding  pvat  dimoij 

in  obtiiiiiing  seod  and  cattle,     fidjri  fell  from  121  to  14} 

nndj't'-irt  from  thirtt-en  to  15|  poundi!.     The  people  wore  i»upro» 

uiid  cbolom  and  smalUpox  weri;  ou  ibe  decline.     Tlie  nambor 

piibli«  works  rose  from  24,^14  to  24,087   and  on  charitable 

friiin  2I,(>50  to  21,174;  on  civil  tvurks  tho  uumboi'fi  fell  from  S 

to  719.     In  Octuber  an  average  of  ^'^2  inches  of  r&in  fell. 


DkcbjlI 


I>OOXA. 


91 


l>rr  iMfwcu  of  tho  Lotrlv  crupH  cootianed  fsvooroble  atid  the  Isto  aoniDg 
^'  I  -.  in  prof^eKs.  Tbo  BhimCboxli  cukivstom'  aeed  and  cstlle 
<lillii.:a?tv  (I iiiuppcarQcl.  The  monoylenders  came  forwai-d;  tlio  Wtt«r 
{il.i's.'i  of  Kuiilits  hud  ff«Deral)y  stoclu  of  tliuir  own;  and  u  Inrge 
pr(j|iorti<jn  of  Uhimthudi,  chieflj*  along  tlio  Bbius,  waft  lillcd  by  the 
people  of  the  west  of  tbe  district  luid  of  8iit6m,  wbu  udvancml  seed 
and  lent  bullocks  on  tbe  crop'Sbaro  oriatdiBy&Uim.^  About  thueod 
of  the  month  the  eovring:  in  Bliioitbndi  was  greatly  Iccpt  buck  br 
heavy  abowora.  JJfij'rtfellfpom  HJ  to  18J  pf.unili,  r»nd  Mt«rt  from  15'| 
to  nineceea  poonda, '  The  numbers  on  puhUc  vrorkb  fell  from  S4,687 
to  I5.4(;i,  on  civil  works  from  719  to  122,  and  on  chariliiblo  relief 
Irom  '2l,i7\  to  8200.  Tbo  larac  clecrans*'  in  tbo  tiiitnb&i'  oa  tbfl 
relief  works  wag  mainly  cau*e<i  by  pwi])Iu  having  left  fho  works 
tempted  by  the  better  wages  they  could  earn  iu  ibo  fluids.  Slight 
rail)  full  aboat  the  close  of  NovuiubiT.  The  bdjri  lianvst  was  in 
pn.i^reHtt  nnd  the  lato  aowiDgs  were  fiuisbed.  In  four  Kub-divinioos 
the  J\'iri  crops  Were  eli^hlTy  damaged  by  blight.  In  »nme  parts, 
owing  Lo  the  want  of  bullocks,  (he  tillage  liad  been  slori'uly,  and 
iti  ouuiy  pUcoa  the  jo'tri  crops  were  chokud  with  wceda.  On  tbo 
irholo  tho  oatlook  wa^  promising.  B.iiri  fplt  tn  twenty-two  pounds 
id  jv<iri  to  23^  pouH-ls.  The  numbers  on  public  works  fell  from 
9S1  in  the  tirtil  days  of  the  month  lo  \78S  about  tho  closo,  on 
^rtl  workx  from  122  to  fifly-tbrcu,  nnd  on  chi^ritablo  relief  fmni 
i09  to  ]  h50.  At  the  end  of  November  nil  reHef  work*  wore  clueed. 
•c«mber  pa«KO<l  with  n  few  slight  showers.  Jdijrl  fell  to  23^ 
winds  and  jrari  to  twenty-tivo  poimds.  Governmout  continued  to 
!er  chnriLuble  relief,  hut  on  tho  i'Zad  of  tho  month  the  number 
bking  relief  had  dwisdled  to  IttO. 

The  following  «t«toniont   of  nT«r»go   monthly   millei  prices  and 
Kamhcrs  reosirmg  relief, 'shows   thai,  during   Iho  Srst  qnartor  oE 
i877,  gniiii  k<i()t  pretty  aleudy  at  twcnty-thrw)  pounds  tho  rupee  or 
loro  than  twice  tbo  ordinary  ratt*,  that  its  ]mce  nwo  rapidly  till  it 
ched  lil   pounds  in  August,  and  that  it  then  quioklv  Fell  to  23} 
suiids.     As  early  iwiDecuniher  I87(i  tho  numbers  on  relief  works 
Bached  +0,2^0,  and  in   January  1877  rose  to  53,838.     In  February, 
IfiH-ering  wages  nnd  enfoi-cing  la«k  and  distance  tents,  tlie  total 
reduced  (o-H,78lj,  and  in  March  it  fell  to  S^.^US.     From  that  it 
3fro  to  li,7dl>  tu  May,  and  then  began  groduully  Ui  fidl.     From  June 
>  KeptombDr  the  decrooiie  wa.s  slow,  it  was  rapid  in  October,  and  in 
fort-mbor  the  works  werb  closed.     'Yho  nnmbora  on   charitable 
liefrosc!  &u>udily  from  1(i9i  in  Jniiaary  to  12,729  in  June;  then 
ith  a  slight  fall  to  12,420  in  July  tlicy  rose  to  24,474  in  September. 
Dctolwr  thoy  rapidly  declined  to  IJ209,  in  November  to  1550  and 
December  to  18t>  when  almost  all  the  relief-houses   were  closed  : 


J 


Chapter  l\ 
Agricalto 
Famimi 
ISTG'TT,  I 


P  In  1 8;a-7Tt&«  tilled  area  ia  StumtliBdi  ww  101.;30acr«*;in  )9T7-7a.  372,W8 
[  in  l((7fi-Tt),  n6,3IV  som.     la  Iailft|Kir  (or  tbt  saiau  jcara  Uia  arau  wen  MOO 
.7ft\MiaiV-i,960acna 


upter  IV. 
fricnltara 

Jtn-TT. 


bijr  Gu«u«. 


92 


DISTKICTS. 


PtOM^  ftMlMW,  IfTV-TT. 


IvHMi  DuuLT  Xnoaa. 

1 

UaMni. 

QnlldM. 

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Wilbin  tbo  famiae  aroa  carts  conid  bardly  be  hired.     When  l^ 
took  fodder  and  graiu  tu  tbc-  relief  works  from  other  mrU 
district,  tiiucbai'i^ea  were  suUlom  iMgher  tliuu  tlie  orainitTy 
Except   tu  Decoiubcr  1870,  vrhtin  »  okvt  coatS«.  &/.  (R^I  j)  Ant 
Jaauary  1S77,  wh«a  il  coat  3i.  (Rs.  1^)  a  daj,  the  daily  rate 
cart  wii»  2(1.  OJ.  {R8.)|}. 

A  ip^cidl  (.x'TiHUM,  t*kca  on,  iho   lOth  of  Maj  1877,  Trhcn 
pretgnre  was  gcaeral  and  serere.  shoved  that  of  48,(XjI    wor 
42,304  on  public  and  S747  on  dvii  works.  30,080  boltinged  to 
Bub^vUionB  where  the  norka  vr^re  carried  od,  11,041    belonged 
otli«r  lub-divisiona  of  tbe  district,  4701  were  from  other  districa,, 
and    1649    wera    frocu    ueij^hbonriiifr    states.     As    regnrds 
occupation,   SODO    w«re  manufnilururs  or  crafUmen,    24,2A6 
boldom  or  uD'lor-holders  of  land,  and  21,070  were  1a.boaren. 

lu  1877  rclicf-houfies  irere  openrd  ftr  tbe  infirm  poor. 
(broe  hotfoa   ncr<>  u]}ened  and   aiaintaini-d  at  a  cont   of 
(Rs. 2,28,380).     Oftwelve  houscB  with  a  cost  of  £GV'iy  (rta.fip.^ 
in  Bliimthadi,  two  at  B^nLnuurand  Pnodnro  wore  opened  in  Ai 
tbn>o  at  Supa,  PAcas,  and  Jnlgaon-Kbarepalhar,  in  Ma^  ;    qe 
Piiupttlfiaon,  in  Juno;   four,  at  Pfipgaon,  Kbadki,    Boribyhl, 
Sbiraupliul,    in  July;  nud  on©  at  Yevat,  la  August     Of   elcTea  in 
Indiipur  ala  coatof  fyaril   (lU.  95,610),  eight,  at  ImUpitr,  Kalii, 
Niiub^aou-Ketlti,  Varkntc-Budruk,  Jiadiiuvidi,  Lasuriu-,  yhyipl 
IlaFcli,  and    Pnln^duv,  were  opvuvd  in  Jnly;  two,  at  Bilrda  1 
Iliiiganf^on,  ill  AiigiiHt;  and  ono  at  Akola,  iu  September.    Of  mi 
with  a  cost  of  £26ii&  (Ra.  28,050)  iu  Sirur,  thoro  wad  uno  onohj 
Ghcdnadi,    RAnjaagBon-Gonpati,    Talegaon,    Xirvi,    M&iidnv^ 
Kardo,  and  AlegaOD.     Of  two,  with  a  cost  ot  £3Z12  (Rs.  22,]2(n 


^^ 


POONA. 


9S 


kveli^  oDu  was  ul  Dliankardt  nnd  (ho  other  ri  Loiii'Knlbbar.     Odo 

ith  a  coat  of  £1200  (Ua.  12,GOO)  yrnn  oponed  ut  Jciuri  in  Puraixlbnr 

[ccpt  at  }'atas  in  Bbimthadt,  which  )wd  t(>  be  sept  open  till  the 

28l!i  fit  Fflbrtiar^  1878,  all  tho  roli^-f-hout^f'S  w«re  closed  on  the  •'iOth 

of  Xorembcr  ]tj77.     As  n  rule  tbo  death   rate  in  the   Pgona  rvlwt 

WES  low.     It  was  Iiighoftt  in  tlio  relief  cnmp  nt  Dhnoknvdi 

Poooa.     Kxcept  at  Dhankavdi  no  cnmps  woro  built,  the 

were  ntmost  deserted  nod  the  people  wero  nblo  to  kouM 

sivoa  and  to  live  in  rust-lioiisos.     At  Snpa  and  Jojuri  largo 

'empty  honscs  were  rented  and  a  few  cheap  shed*  were  biiiU.     The 

relicf-bouiw  nt  Dhuukiivdi  wus  reopeaed  for  a  few  weeks  in  Jul/  1S78 

fciBQ  the  ruins  bold  off. 

Tho  most  marked  features  of  tbo  f&nitie  id  Foods  were  the  efTorta 
of  the  landholders  to  help  thonisolvoa,  and  tho  steady  flow  of  praia 
into  the  markets,  so  that,  from  about  the  end  of  Octob<>r  IBTti  to  the 
Jose  of  the  fninino  iu  Octobor  1S77,  no  g^roat  ditliculiy  wns  found  in 
irping  the  labourers  supplied  with  grain  at  ratea  very  slightly  ia 
[oe»3  of  Poonii  rates.  As  soon  as  ai(;rns  of  sctrcilj  begfan  tho 
Innbis  left  their  huuaea  in  Inrge  Dumbers  to  find  fodder  for  their 
tie  and  food  for  thoiusetvcs.  Id  ooutr»»t  to  the  Kuiibid,  the  Mhira 
age  and  Ililiiioshis,  from  indolence  and  perhaps  from  the  fear 
It  if  they  k-ft  thi/ir  villugoe  they  mi(;bt  forfeit  their  heroditury 
jht8,  wuuld  licit  leave  their  villages  to  go  lo  tho  rPliet  works.  At 
ret  Ihey  were  disiuclioi'd  lo  take  direct  ruUvf,  and  cltimoured  for 
pployuient  in  their  own  rillagos.  T^tpr  they  became  demoralised, 
lid  many  cupnhle  of  n'orlc  swtillod  thu  nuiuburs  on  olinrttable  relief. 
.  was  cuHtutnary  to  send  large  drafts  to  the  public  works,  feeding 
?m  »t  certitin  villnges  on  tuc  way.  Tho  tc>w-ai»to  Inbourem  scut 
istuQCM  of  forty  to  fifty  mil<;s  alartcd  willingly,  but  after  getting 
pfresbed  at  tho  staging  villages  d!n[>erHed  una  made  iheir  way  baoK 
thoir  boinea. 

Karly  in  the  famii'e,  Bhimtliadi,  Ptinuidbar,  and  Haveli  were 
placed  under  the  fuinino  cb^rge  of  Mr.  A.  Kcyser,  dvat  assistnat 
collector;  ludnpiir  w»s  plaotd  und<rr  Mv.  W.  M.  Flelober,  of  the 
revenue  unnrey,  who  had  sole  chargu  of  all  relit-f  operatious  in  tbsG 
ttnh-dtTision,  nad  Hubiwquontly  of  twctily'ntue  villages  iu  the  eaat 
of  nhimibadi;  nnd  Sinir,  Khe<I,  Junasr,  and  Btaviil  wero  under 
Mr.  K.  C  Ozttnnc,a»»i*l«nt  collwctor,  of  thu  (ir«t  of  which  bt>  iuu!  iilso 
the  revenue  charge.  Mr.  Kcyscr  was  afifii.<'ti.-d  by  Mr.  H.  L.  Holland 
of  the  povonuo  xurvoy,  who  was  Uoweri>r  sick  mid  on  privilege  leave 
from  Norcmber  1S76  to  March  1677  and  aguiu  pi'rnianootly 
inralidod  in  July  when  bo  went  home  no  sick  leave,  and  also  from 
February  1877  by  Mr.  W.  P,  Syinond«,  asxiiitnat  collector,  who, 
from  it«  oi>tabIishtnent  in  Aagnst  1S77,  wtis  plnoed  in  charge  of  the 
Dhaakavdi  relief  mmp,  until  October  whon  ho  relieved  Mr.  Ozaone. 
Be«ide8  tbwo  ollicers,  .Mr.  A,  L,  P.  Lnrken,  a.'tsi«t;int  collector,  was 
itititrusted  nith  the  organiz»tion  of  the  Mutba  canal  nud   Nini  canal 

tbour  gaogs  and  with  settling  land  comnouxation  cases.  In 
ctober  1876  tbs  mamlaldars  of  Indiipur  and    tibimthadi,  and,  in 

toreiubcroud  December,  ihoeie  of  tiinir  and  Purandbur  wora  put 
faoitBe  relief  dnty;   and  in  August  1877,  tbo   mAtolntdir  of 


Chapter  II 
Agilenltare. 

Fax  IKES, 
1879-77. 


1876-7 


■IV. 

Itiu*. 

Bl. 

7. 


94 


DISTiUOTS. 


Uivnl  wu  pUcod  uodor  Mr.  SymoodH  ciu  tbo    DfaanloiTdi 
ownp.' 

In  lft77  Ike  (nnime  area  wu  divided  into  tlurty-senni  n^ 
rirrtpt,  onob  andvr  an  tospei-tiir  Twcire  of  those,  FinjpdpM, 
Yerat,  Pilrpfirtn,  PitAn,  Snpi»,  Miirti,  P«nd*rp,  •lalgmio-Khar«p>t 
Ukr&inali,  lUv&Dgson,  Shirsuphal,  and  Malad,^  ol  actpq  to  fiN 
T^UagM,  w(Mx-  in  llliitulluidi ;  t(>n,  IMvda,  VitiUlpuH,  Aimb^o 
Ketkt,  Laounm,  Knlnx,  Bliiffvnti,  Pnlnsd^T,  Knlilmn,  AgMCi,  « 
HJnganpnon ,*  4if  scvt'ti  in  ten  villn^>n,  wvn>  in  Indapitr;  fjj 
MAmUvjfaon,  Nirvi,  Knriluj  Kondhpuri,  Maltliaii,  Simr,  PaUd,  m 
Sliiknlpur,  i>f  fiTo  to  eleven  vUlagw,  w(tro  in  Sirur;  fonr.  lUja 
Jejiiri,  V'alhii,  and  Gumli,  of  uinu  to  ibtrlMm  villngra  wun 
Purundtiar;  two,  I^ai-Kalltbar  of  elvveu  and  ABl)l4{iar,  often 
vU)a«es,  were  In  Huvoli ;  aod  one,  L&kkangaou  of  BOTttu  rilU^ 
was  m  Kiicu. 

lliu  diflicullk'8  in  the  way  of  offi-clivo  rcliuf  wore  lig-Uteucd  bf 


I.-  y.-.j- 


tlio  trac1iibli\  and.  in  tfao  case  of  tha  rultinitor)),  tfac  «r 
cbaracter  of  Uio  juvople.  At  first  the  nllft^  officers  wori 
U)  food  n-avullora  iu  obvious  need  uf  food.  In  ounKvqncncd  uf 
crdfr  inou  wiuidurt'd  fn>m  rillii}^  to  villagi^  living  tu  dratit 
trftTfllor!!,  »n  that  it  became  necr«?nry  to  loodify  tho  order*  airf 
limit  the  iiuiiil>or  of  Tillages  wbcrc  travellers  migbt  be  relierpd  ! 
a  few  on  tbo  tnaiu  thuruudrli fares.  These  adult  uitibnKoreni  ki 
in  biir  condition,  but  Ibeir  obildren  -were  often  painfully  rvdnc 
Tbo  wandrrcra  were  unt  cuufiuvd  to  tlie  low  cantos.  Numbea 
floclcod  into  I'ooiin,  whpre  n  pi-ivnte  assodatiou  dealt  8omfiirlial 
indiflcTiininnto  clinrity,  nnd  iftniunivl  towards  Boinba>y  from  PoQt»> 
Sitira,  and  SboUpur.  In  August  nil  bt-Rgard  irere  tnrnLHJ  oiitw 
Poona,  a  relief  c4iRip  v.-a»  vBUtbltsliud  at^tbe  ^Hllagv  ut  Dbanknvil 
AboQt  tbfee  mites  to  the  south  of  the  city,  urganiiMl  private  cha 
was  stopped,  and  th'>8(?  in  need  of  ndicf  were  takun  to  the 
whence  wheii  fit  for  work  they  wcru  drafted  to  ivlief  works  or  sent 
to  tlidir  own  homes.  I'eoplo  were  aUo  collected  in  Hombav  tun) 
Tluina  »ad  sunt  by  rait  to  ihu  nttup  ucar  Poona  at  (lovrrunioot 
cxix-nno.  Aiiutbor  difhailty  wiui,  that,  Wforo  the  tusk  or  oBj 
other  test  was  csublivbcd,  people  msb^  to  the  rcUof  worka  in  sack 
niinibore  tliAt  it  woA  dilii<!utt  to  deal  n-iih  them,  except  at  a  gnat 
wn«te  of  public  iiioaey.  Wurka  under  civil  ugonoy  had  t]fi«a  no 
sapervising'  establislitm^nt  beyond  one  or  more  iuexpertL<ncL>d  and 
temporarily  employed  clerks.  In  some  ca«e«  there  wortt  m9  many 
aa  l&OO  to  20Utl  wurkt^m,  and  in  one  ewe  for  a  t^hort  tiiuu  man 
tbitn  4(>0O  workers  on  one  civil  agency  work,  lite  reaultwiwa 
pretence  of  work,  iimuflicient  return  for  larjfe  expenditure,  and, 
very  probably,  aome  amount  of  fraudulent  gaias  on  the  part  ol  tb« 
clerks.     Willi  tbo  establishment  of  the  difltiince  and  task  teste  sad 


*  Tlio  nUbnUtd^  it  In^por  vaa  lU*  Silwfc  Vidmn  VAsuder,  of  Bhimtbaffi 
MA'.  Siltel><;MMlt  BhiVT&v,  olSlrur  Kbui  Salwb  ShamMidin  AliblUo,  «(  ruraadktf 
tUv  SAhib  SiUrim  PMijI,  uid  of  Mival  Kiv  Sibob  Uakldev  ruMlUk. 

■  liiv  lut  ihrae,  c»ch  of  uoo  vilUgoi,  wtrc  nndrr  Mr.  Plctcbcr, 

*  ImlrilHii  M  MuiUi-d  u  it  wu  lUMugetl  tiy  the  muiiii-limlx y. 


POONA. 


BS 


opeaiag  of    the    Nira    csiml,    the     Dhond-iranindd    r&iln-ny 
RasineDt,  ami  other  lar^o  and  wi-U  tirnnnirxd  wurk»  luidur  ibo 
sUic   Worfcs  DoparidiBut,  Ihese  JifHcullioA  i)i:tti[i{>eared  au4  Uio 
f^vil  agency  works  were  fntircly  «Jt  apart  f«r  Buch  ncrwoa  06  were 
Ipoble  of  hard  work.     Tim  difficulty  then  was  !<>  find  work  which 
weakly  ooiili]  do  aud  to  proViile  for  thu  oDoraioii»  prt!|Kiiidvraiico 
_     womou.     It  waa  necHsaary  to  employ  a  few  nhlp-biHiipd  iin*n  on 
ciril  ag«ncy  work-t,  while    iilimmt   the  oiilv   »iiitabU'   (.■mji]'<viiipnt 
lliat  ooutd  be  fuuud  was  cluariug  hiU  frum  old  ponds.  And  throwing 
rnivvl  vn  road.t  and  clearing  atfineH   from  thum.     Ni?xt  it  was  Found 
difficult  to  oiifurcu  the  l«sta  witbuut  caiuini;  iwrioiis  anfTeriog  and 
JDas  of  bfe.      The   uDwillinfrnefla  of  tli«  h>w-cuHl<)  people  to  loavo 
jihiit  humcs  lias  booa  uolicod.     'iliuro  wua  a  nutnnil  uDwilling'Deaar 
>n  the  part  of  all  closaos,  to  tratnp  loti^  di-ttanoM  witli  thoir  wotaoii 
hud  chilln^-u,  iiud  v,-«rk  wiibuul  much  shelter  at  nij^bl  or  proviaioa 
Vir  tho  tir»t.  f<>w  davn,   while  in   tho  uaso  of  those  unoocastotned  to 
lutiQtinua   work  llioro  ifnn  thoor    innbility  to    perform  nvea  tho 
lerate  ttiak  required.     Pcona  was   Kinfpilarly  favoured  in  hnnne 
largo  mill  tvoIUorgaiiim.>d  works  id  progross,  and  in  oJmoHt  all 
ses  the  dififiriillipH    wore  sucwssfnUy    oveixxinie   by   a  judicious 
iltcinoEadviiiiws,  wot-chfidiirs.*  on  tlit-  jvirt  of  tho  olli<;Drs  iiichargo 
le  works,  tho  aystem  of  crt'dit  with  the  graiu-dealcr  which  soon 
.  fig  up,  and  tho  wcarinff  off  of  the  fooling  of  etr»i)gOQ«i!s  in  tho 
jTvea    of  a   popuUtion,    w^io,    if  not  well-to-do,    bad   no    former 
Dorionco  of  the  actual  pinch  of  liun;;^.     Tlie  total    coet    of    tho 
kmine  wa«    estimated    at    £100,611     (Rs.  16,06,110),    of    which 
U^MB  {Rh.  13,75.9li0)  woro  spout  ou  {mblic  aud  civil  works, 

and  i23,ni5  (Rs.  2,3(>,150)  ou  charitiible  rcliof. 

■   ISxcept   tbab  the  rtou  crop*    KuETvi-ed   from  potty  thc-ft«  iu    tho 

harvest  of  1S77,  and  LhiU  ainull  stores  of  gnua  wero  taken  ont  of 

■esort«d  hoanfs,  there  wita  a  striking  freedom  f roai  crime.     Compai-cd 

^ilb  the   foruior  year  th«  criuiitial   rctnroH  showed  n  total  incrc-ntiu 

of  1527  olTeiices,  which  iii  tho  Commissioner's  opinion,  woru  due 

to  the  faininc,  iK-mj^  chiefly  thefts  and  other  offences  apaiost  property 

and  person.'    There  are  no  statistics  of  the  numbers  eilhyr  of  thu 

IHOD  or  of  iha  cattio   wlio  left  the  district  and   did  not  come  hack. 

[L  is  beliered  that  fully  a  fourth  of  tho  omigrnat  pupulutioo  uovor 

eturaed,  and  about  four-Gfth^  of  the  cattle   taken  away  were  nerei 

^rottt;ht  back.     Among  the  pcoptu  the  et)tiiiiate<1  special  mortality 

ts  about  S'iOO  HouU,   but  compared  with   IS72  the  1881    conana 

abowft  a  fall  of  20,732.     Tlic  addition  of  tho  uormal  yearly  incrcuito 

^f  one  per  cent  during  tho  ruuiaiuinf^  B«ven  years  ^vea  8o,'i2S 

mt  tbe  loss  of  population  cjuixod  by  death   and   niigratioa  id    1876 

^nd  1877.     Of  c»ltle,  he!«idos  thotw  that  died,  many  tbouHands  were 

sold  at  very  low  prices.'    Though  very  great,  the  !o«8  of  stock  did 


ChiiptsTlT. 

Agriculture. 

ms-n-t 


>  Tlie  ddef  Jctailt  krv.  an  inomaM  indcr  mnr^dn  of  S;  un^or  allABpt  OP 
Ptincnt  of  nScUo,  e ;  Htid«r  roliticfy.  l«  :  on.lw  liirLkna  liouia-lreapHiOTkMM- 
Mkins,  i&t  i  lind<r  mtMhief,  31 ;  nndc' tii*ii  ot  «Mtlo,  163;  oiidui  oroliuuT  theft, 
» land  an<kr  r«c«lriii|  4t«l<n  fnporly,  *S.  .         ,     -      , 

)  ■  Tlu,  dcorawc  of  cattle  Ibroggb  «l«alH  and  ether  owaaea  aH«ing  (rotn   faauno  hu 
tinttad  tt  near  110,000. 


Bomlwj  Quettw- 


96 


DISTRICTS. 


Chapter  IT. 
Affricnltnro. 

187G-77. 


IS7S-79. 


not  interfere  with  field  work.  The  tilled  area  in  1877-78  fell  short 
of  tho  lH7y-7(>  area  bv  7476  acres.  Of  a  land  rovenae  of  £116,0(9 
(Rs.  11,(30,0(0)  for  collection  in  1876-77,  £70,321  6».  (Rs.  7,03,213) 
were  recovered  bj-  the  cIobo  of  the  year.  In  1877-78,  of  n  land 
revenae  of  £117,013  (Rs.  11,70,130)  £110,147  14*.  (Rs.  11,01,477) 
were  recovered.  Of  £114,891  18«.  (Bb.  11,48,949),  the  realizable 
land  revenne  for  ia78-79.  £104,030  10».  (Rs.  10,40,305),  and  of  the 
balances,  £12,0'.H  2«,  (Ra.  1,20,911)  were  recovered.  '  By  the  1  fit 
of  Janiinrv  1s80  the  outstanding;  balance  rose  to  £46,488  of  whidi 
in  June  l^^O  about  £42,981  (Ra.  4,29,810)  were  remitted.  In  die 
eoMC  of  tliu  di.<!triot  some  villages  were  deserted  aod  others  were 
half  empty.  The  cnltiration  was  far  below  the  average  and  the 
number  of  cattle  enormously  decreased.  With  ordinarj  harvests  it 
seemed  probable  that  at  least  ten  years  wonld  be  required  to 
rratorc  the  country  to  its  former  prosperity. 

In  1878-79,  in  Sirur,  Porandhar,  Bbimthadi  and  Indipnr  tha 
iAan/ or  early  crops  were  almost  entirely  destroyed  by  too  mod 
wet.  In  Ind&pur  they  were  also  choked  by  an  extraordiu7 
growth  of  weeds.  HiilF  cropa  were  obtained  in  Simr  and  iu  parti 
of  Puronilhar  and  BLimthadi,  but  in  places  oonaideiBble  dam*g« 
was  done  by  locusts  and  other  insects.  The  Tobt  or  late  cropi 
promised  well  till  as  they  began  to  ripen  the  rats  committed  fevhl 
havoc. 

The  price  of  grain  continued  exceedingly  high  and  at  tlis 
beginning  of  tho  bot  weather  the  poorer  classes  of  IndHpor  shomd 
signs  of  safferiug.  To  relieve  the  distress  at  various  places  in 
Indapur  work  was  opened  on  the  Nirs  Canal.  Piece-work  WM 
exacted  from  the  able-bodied,  and  the  weak  and  aickly  received 
subsistence  wages.  During  May,  June,  And  July,  nearly  10,000 
people  Wfrre  daily  employed.  Between  200  or  800  who  ware  oofit 
for  work,  were  cared  for  in  a  relief-hoase  in  IndApnr.  The  totil 
cost  was  £C03  I2«.  (Ra-  6036). 


CHAPTER    V. 

CAPITAL. 

In  1S73,  according  to  the  cenass,  bflsitles  weU.to>do  IiantiiuiJtRen 

id  profe^ioDAl  ineu,  1^,038  persons  held  posiljoaa  implying  the 

possesaion    of    capital.      OF   theae     1404    were    bankers,    money* 

obaogers,  ftud  shopkeopere;  7608  wore  nioKLnnta  ami  traders  ;  nud 

2966  dreiT  their  iaoomea  from  rent-3  of  boiiaen  and  sliops,  from 

funded    v^^pcrty,  shurvs,  uDuuities,  uud  Clio  liki.-.      UuUlt  the  hvud 

of  capitaliiits  and  traders,  the  1880-81  license  tax  asseRnment  papers 

show  2-iOO  p«r8Qas  M«e«sod  on   yearly   incomvs  of  niorr;  than  £50 

(Ra.  600).     Of  these  1229  had  £50  to  £75  (Ra  500-750);  429  £75 

to£IOO(R«.  7oO-1000);  304  £100  to£l3&  (Rs.  )000-1250) ;  119 

jei2o  to£150(Rii.  1250-1.500);  I3S  £150  to  £200  (Rs.  1500- 2000); 

105    £200     to    £300    {R.t.    2000-SOOO);    sixi^    £300    io    £400 

(B«.  3000.  4000);   twnntj'..wr(!n   £400   to   £500    (lU. +lKM).  5000); 

twenty.four  £500  to  £750  (Us.  5000-7500)  ;  thirtoon  £750  to  £1000 

(Ba,  7500-lO.OW)  ;  and  fourtflen  over  £1000  (Ua.  10,000).     Besides 

the  BO  t  ho  1 870  papers  ^howod    12,976  persons  MMuMd  on  ycArly 

incomes  of  £10  to  £50  (R«.  100- 500).     Of  these  6402  had  £10  to 

£10  (R«.  100-150) ;  3073  £lo  to  £25  (Rs.  I.=t0.250) ;  1923  £25  to 

£35  (K«. 250-350);  and  078  £35  to  £50  (Us. 350-600).' 

H  From  1750  to  1817  Poona  was  the  capiUl  of  the  Peshw^  and 

Ke  resort  of  the  vreat  officers  and  feudatories  of  the  state  with 

Beir  numerous  followers.     During  this   time  foona  was  probably 

^ne  richest  city  in  Western  Iticlln.     In  17f>8  the  exactions  oi  the  last 

Peahwa  lUjirAv  II.  aud.in  1802,  of  Yaahvantriv  liollcar  stripped 

the  people  of  Poona  of  much  of  their  wealth.     Still  in  1817,  when 

it  paii<^ed  under    British  rulu,   Poona  waa  n  rich  city  where  skilled 

craftamea  centered  aud  lar^e  suDts  were  spent.    The  capitalists  of 

Poona  suffered  considerably  by  the  change  from  Mar^tha  to  British 

rule.     About   one-tbird   of  the  capital  waa  driven  from  the  market. 

PcKjna  ceaaed  to  be  the  seat  of  governmoDt  and  the  i^tdenoe  of  it^s 

nutiicroiiH  minutent  and  officers.     The  great  porchaaea  of  jewels, 

shawls,    ODtbroidcrcd  clotJia,    and    other   valuable    articles    camo 

to  an  oud  aud  trade  declined.     Under  the  Peshw^  much  of  th4 

reTconu  from  their  widespread  possossioDS  crat«red  in  Poena.     The 

bnone^  came  either  hj  bills  drawn   from   the  districts  Dpon  the 

K»aa  huuks,   or   if  it  was  puid  in  caah  it  passed  through*  Ae 

^    1  Tb«  lars  figuiM  are  givM  bocBUM  laconiM  amlfr  £S0  <Ka.  S00>  hava  alnce  Iwcn 
f re«il  Irani  the  licanM  buc. 


Chapter  Vt^ 

Capital. 
CUrtTAUjRa.' 


L 


B  1327-13 


b 


iBomtayi 


Qupter  T. 


98 


DISTRICTS. 


hands  of  bAnkrm,  vbo  prrtfitcd  br  ihe  eicTuuige  of  ootna  befon 
GolliTtioo  reacbed  the  public  trcwmry,  r'K)na  bunkera  bad 
Bfteots  in  tlw  d'Hlricrs  &i)<)  tht.'  riuuiG(!aiioa  of  tb»  mi 
tredn  in  loniiB  to  tliv  pvople  and  In  tlie  n-ntvrM  of  villajfea 
B  wide  circulation  of  tiwcie,  wbicb  rotiimt^  to  tiia  coffin 
(h*  Poona  bsakera  witb  a&  nbvindaat  acoumulation  of  iai 
L0MI8  of  tbis  tiatnro  irerfl  ttcunll;  repaid  in  grain  wbicb 
reo«Ti-d  at  a  pric«  much  Ix-Iow  tbu  market  ritte,  and 
broHUhi  gn-nl  reluniB  U)  tho  lemlpn-  Under  the  Itriiisb  rcfcmt 
system  all  tbceo  advanUgCC  to  tbo  dimtnliEts  di^sppL-nivd.  TW 
tnido  id  moufflcudiag  woo  Btill  furiucr  hindered  by  ihe  lu^ 
ititulion  ot  suiu  in  courts  insLi-ad  of  cho  former  prtvaLe  mctbuds  d 
danning  dobtor*.  Tbo  merchants  were  forced  to  be  mort)  caalioo 
in  their  specidationii  and  co  look  moru  lo  indiridual  charaoter  mi 
colliiU'rul  »i.'curity.*  A  fun*  bMokora  faded  from  bad  debta  coDtnoUJ 
by  brrikpQ'dawn  noblrH  and  officials.  Abt^iil  1821  biuinow  n 
very  dull  in  Poonn.  Hnny  ric-b  backers  bsd  fallen  iiit-o  pom^' 
Befure  IK50  the  period  of  Poona'B  j;rrealiMt  depn^aiiiuti  hail  paxtL 
It  remainvd  tbo  rOBidonco  of  nuuijr  of  tlia  peasiouud  Mardtha  aoU* 
and  tlie  bead-i^Harters  of  tho  district  of  Poooa  and  a  verf  Urp 
military  stutloii.  AbontlSSSit  became  tbo  resort  of  the  Uoremorul 
Council  of  Hoiiibay  between  •Ftino  and  October  and  the  bend-qasiMrt 
of  the  Hotiibiif  army  for  part  of  the  jvar.  Sincfi  Ihti  opening  olth 
southern  branch  of  the  PeninsuU  milnay  in  laoH,  Kouua  btf 
eonlinuod  to  incfeaae  to  fiisse,  trade  and  wealth.  At  prtMcnt  (18iS) 
iu  t!:e  city  and  cuiituoment  of  Po»iia,  besides  ch«  branch  of 
Bombay  liank.  forty  to  fifty  firinti  hnve  a  capital  of  JCIO,< 
(Bs,  1,00,000)  and  npw»rd«,alKJUt  eighty  lirm» have  £5000  to£lO, 
(R8.50,UOO-1,00,OUOJ,  and  ab.MU  2S0  havo  £1000  to 
(Us.  10,000 -CO.OOO).  In  Junimr,  the  plie«  of  Doxt  i  mportanor, 
seat  of  MuRAlniAn  governors  iu  tho  times  of  tbo  Babmanis  (13 
li89)  and  of  th«  Moghids  (10:17  •  1760). ooc  Rrm  has  a  capital  of  abool 
£10.000  <Its.  1,00,000),  about  Gvo  have  £i5(K)0  lo£10,000  (Ks.  M.OOO- 
1,00,000).  ami  about  foHy  hnve  £1000  to  £MH>l>(Ks.  10,000-50,000], 
In  the  refit  of  th«  district,  in  BArimati  Indapur  SAsvod  and  Sii 
kbout  S4:ren  6rms  havn  n  cftpitnl  of  about  £10,(M)0  (Ra.  l.OU.i 
about  sovt-n  have  JtoOttO  to  £10,000  (Bs.  ^0,OO0-  I.W.OUO),  nnd 
to  300 have £1000  to £5000  (Ra.lO.OOO-oO.OtlO).  A  lar^o  pponnrti 
of  these  Rrnu  lend  money  on  mortK»j^  and  do  not  tmde.  Toe 
of  capital  arechiafly  GiijarAt,  Miirwir,  and  Linffdyat  Vints.  and 
BriVhtiinns.  A  fow  Cliilmbbiinf,  Kunbia,  Milts,  Marjtha.s,  M 
SonArn,  and  Telis  with  small  cnpitnl  arc  scattered  over  tho  di; 
and  in  the  city  nod  cantonment  of  Poona  aro  eevor&l  rich  Kuroj 
Jew,  Mnaalman,  and  P&rsi  firms. 

"Gujantt  V^is,  of  whom  there  is  a  largo  colony  nt  Supa 
Bbimthndi,  ere  eaid  lo  havo  come  to  tho  Uecoan  about  250  ye\ 
ago  when   Sural  was  the  chief  centro  of   trade  in  Wfistern  lo' 
{1608-1656}.     They    appeared    as    travelling  dealers  in  foreii 

"■  Dsooui  Riots  CkDunlHion  Rsport,  An.  €.,  STO.  STI. 
>  Omtajn  H.  0.  RobcrtMW.  Collector  (ISZI).  Vm\  Ih'IU  rkpem.  IT.  MS,  fiOt 
»  Mw  Sklinb  Jl«i*i  tHKioksadr*,  Htcrotay  Pooas  MMSioipslHy. 


spices  and  (fropprics,  Tisitiijg  the  Decoan  iu  the  fair  si>a»oQ.     After 

B  time  thoy  setilrd  as  groccra  in  diffiTunt  pnita  of  tliu  district,  and 

iking  to  moDPjIoiiding  BOOH  grew  rich.     Tbcj  nre  ulill  ooniiidcred 

igncrs,   and  except  in  drfss    kvcp    all  Gnjnn&t  cuEt<)Dis   und 

iiinnerg,  and  ri«t  their  nntive  conntry  every  thi-oe  or  fonr  ymvst  to 

rform  nian-iBg«  and  ot]vcr  ccromoDivs,  Tli«yb»roiiicrv«eed  iindor 

ifi  Britieh,  thoogh  of  l»to  years  their  number  haa  been  stfltionnry. 

cept  a  few  rich  traders  and   lmnl«!r«    in   \hv  city    of  Poohh,   most 

tijardt  Vinis  are  petty  shopkpejHTS,  traders,  and  roonejlendors. 

lie  MArwir  V&nis  ramo  lat«r  tlinn  tliu  GujnrAtis,  but  wero  mottled 

■D  the  district  io  large  iinmb«rs  before  the  beginning  of  British 

rulo.     Xliey  vero  looked  on  nilJi  disfavour  hy  the  Msriiih^  as  aliens 

-who  took  hoards  of  money  to  Ihoir   native  country,   and  as  Jnin 

^Lurt-tics  thoir  t^mploe  were  oft«n  turned   to  the   drq  of   Urdih niatiio 

Kor  loral  )>:ik]8.'     Many  bare   eettlcd  in  the  district  within  the  last 

Bforty  years.*    In  Poona  a^  in  Kitsik  and  other  pnrts  of  the  I'retti- 

BdeDcy  the  great  reductions  in  rent  that  vfcre  made  between  1>437 

P«nd  1850  left  the  landholder  wiifa  a  mar^Rj  of  wbicli  before  long 

iho  M^rwdrt  gained   the  chief  abare,     They^  usually  begin  business 

at)    cK'iks    at:d    Kcn'ants  of  established  shopkeepers  and  lenders. 

While  working  at>  i:U:rkaj  generally*  by  huyiugold  gold  lace  and 

cmbroideri'd   ctolhiu^   or   brokeu    ghiM    bati^les   and   by   saving, 

|tbejr   nut    together  a  lit Ui;  cupital.     When  the  clerk  has  gathered 

lougn  capil-ul,  ho  acrers  bia  oonnoction  with  bia  nuuiU'r  aud  starts 

shopkeeper  and  moneylender.     In  thin  way  new    >(bop!i  aro 

BiDg  Continually  opened.     Hicbsud  loDg-cslablisticd  ^I&rn&ri  Qnns 

careful  to  do  nothing  to  injure  their  good  name.     On  the  other 

iiand,  as  a  cUm,  the  Einall  MiirwAris  are   unscrupulous  at  to  the 

they  UU3  for  making  money.     Htill  though  bursh  and  unseru- 

lons   to   hi»    di'blom,    evtru    the    petty    and    puitbiug    U-nder    itnd 

I  abopkeeper  us  a  rule  deals  stiaightly  vrith  bis  own  people  und  irilh 

Jother  tradprs.     The  Udrndri  leuder  s  chief  character  is  tic*  ure  lovo 

l«f  gain  and  earele^sue^s of  local  opinion.     He  hu»  much  eelf-reljuuce 

aud  gi-t>4it  industry.     He  has  usually  education  enough  to  understand 

tliL-  law  aud  proccduri;  of  ihe  coiirla  to  which  ho  often   resorts.     Ho 

[is an  excellent  aceonntant  and  is   generally  qiiiolcwitted  in   all  that 

7DCcma  his  badnoi^s.      Koowiog  lluit  the  peoplo  look  ou  biu   as  a 

Btranger  nnd  a  hardhearted  usurer  he    holds  aloof  from  them  and 

jIiaH  no  sympathies   with   tlivm.     Hv  bitrflonB  bituself  with  as  few 

l}]Ormanpnt  inrestmentN  as  popsible,  imd  like  the  Gnjaritt   V^ni  giiea 

]to  his  nalirc  country    for  imirrioge  and   other  cereiuonios.      Ucsides 

fas  a  moneylender  and  general  broker  ho  is  employed  ns  a  retail 

and  wholesale  dealer  in  groceries,  grain,  and  cloth.     Liugayat   or 

,  Karnitak  Ytinis  are  chiefly  ironmongera  and  grocers  and  are  seldom 

I  moneylenders.     Brilhmau  capitaltHts  who  belong  to  the  district  ar& 


Chai 

CapitaJ. 
C*m*Ln». 


t 


I  Decou  Kiota  ComBluinn  llepert.  33. 

'  Tha  tuad-<|tiutcr«  M  ttMnlMy  tVw&n  lUrwiria  it  th«  Iawu  of  Vivliori  in  th» 
Bihari  nib-divinon  o(  Ahnuduagar,  sboat  fiftoon  mite*  north  of  Ahnu>dnuK>r  c>tj>. 
It  n  iIki  *«*i  of  ft  Iv^  Miirwui  c<i<ninuiiit]  uiil  Ja  iW  (Antra  of  the'tt  ciuliaiiai:  and 
tMtikiiig  bosiBcBB.  Tile  proporfios  ot  Mtrwdria  iu  Poq«ia  ii  not  lo  laige  u  in  Ahmtil- 
■Mgar.  viharc  in  inmo  pliiom  tlivy  hs're  alneat  a  woDopaly  ot  UMnaytoadJng.  Dtccsa 
Bigta  C«RiliiiHi«D  Report,  '23. 


'^m^ 


IBoKbftj 


100 


DISTRICTS. 


BKwUy  KoskuiMtb  Brihnwas  in  towns  ttad  DMliaMh  Br^bmiii 
ia  TilkeM.  ISxcept  »  few  in  tW  dtj  vt  Ptwoa,  who  arc  piinssiv 
boukMUnt,  BDct  pabUsben  o(  i)«WB|iBpera,  tlio  tavm  BrAhmaos  «Im 
etigkg*  in  tml*  mte  bwilwrn  uid  montrjlvotlcrs,  and  Che  nl^i 
Bnunmui  wbo  tagage  ia  tnoaeylendiii^  boloofr  to  Ihe  vilhgi 
accoonUtnta'  or  JratU-amu'  fatniliM.  Koiibis  and  oUi«r  sioanir 
tmpiulisU  work  in  tbe  fifldd  and  at  tbeircrafta  basides  engRgiRgii 
noQOj lending.  Parai  and  MuHalnuIn  capitalista  a<«  ooatraOodb, 
IaDdboldore,and  trmdoni,aiid  tbcft-w  Europcnii«»r»ageDts  of 
firmR  trading  in  Pooua,orare  indvpt^ndcnt  traders. 

AH**  CUMM.  W    l«wnspeople,    tnercbanta,    tradeTa,      aliopkeepers, 

l4ndora,  doctors,  oontmcton>,  nnd  big'hiy  paid  QoTemmBntnmaM! 
tod  of  oonntiT  people,  landlords,  pelt;  8bo])keep«n,  and  mOHrp- 
lenders,  and  a  few  nca  cultivuorv  SKve  money. 

Tnwlers  spend  macb  of  tbeir  aavitigs  in  adding  to  tbcir  Im-jiwa 
With  m11  cUdHeii  of  natives,  ozcept  Mirwir  aud  Uujikr^t  V&nit,  til 
tarourite  inrwtiucnt  ia  oniiunenta  and  jewelry.  Noxt  toDmaswiA 
KHne  land  and  bouw  prupurty  and  lending  tnoDcr  on  mort 
Oorommcnt  luiTiiig*  baalu  ana  6ov«rntneDt  aecurititi*  ar^  m 
to  by  thu  bigbtT  claitsoa  of  towospuopln  wbo  canuut  Diake  a  1 
hm  of  their  tnooey  and  by  others  as  a  Kafogaard  against  loss 
because  iboy  oin  lake  oat  tbo  mcFnoy  wliL-nVTur  tbey  want  il.  Fo 
morly  con»ideniblo  RottiB  wero  invested  in  privato  nntire  bftol 
cbi«6y  by  friendleea  widows  and  olher*,  wbo  got  six  pur  cent  inl 
Bnt  eaviii);^  banks  and  (.iovcmmont  i>ecuritie$.  tboiigh  tliey  pay 
8|,  4,  and  i\  per  oont,  haro  greatly  redtic*d  ibis  form  of  invest 
Joint  8to<:k  conapotiim  are  not  popular  except  with  tbo««  wbo 
business  connection  wjtb  Bombay.  EuropoAn  Qororumeut  ol 
bare  Kvncrally  accounts  with  tbe  Poona  bnncb  of  tbe  Bombsy 
or  with  Bombay  firms.  The  twelve  yean  ending  IS82  &buw  n  «oi 
dcrabiL'  though  not  a  con^taut  incrvano  in  tlic  adrantAge  takes 
the  twu  funiiii  cif  investrn(7nt  provided  by  Grtvornnioni  ^nvinf**  bu) 
and  Qovcrnnient  wwurities.  In  1870-71  tbe  dep<3«it8  in  tho  savini 
banks  At  Poona  and  other  sub-divisional  towosanvonntcd  to  £12,: 
(Bfl.  l,2-2,78y)-  Tbeyfoao  to  £38^1*  (R«- S.SSf'WO)  in  1873-7+, 
to  £22,»:>2  (Ks.  2,33,530)  io  1874-75  and  remained  with  Ul 
diango  till  ihey  rose  to  £37,368  (Ba.  3.72,6:^0)  in  1879-80  audi 
Hibfibb  (Its.  e/iO,5&0)  iu  1880^].  This  great  increue 
owing  to  the  riw  In  tbo  bigbest  nmouul  of  a  mnglo  deposit  fi 
£150  to  £300  (Rs.  I5O0.&0OO).  Iu  1S8I-&2  as  tbe  amount  of  grral 
depoMt  wa»  again  lowcn>d  to  £15(1  (Rs.  1500),  the  deposits  feU 
£38,321  (Ra.  3.83,210);  tbov  roM  to  £41,468  (Rs.  4,ll,(t80) 
I882.S3.  New  savings  banks  have  sIbo  been  potently  cpenod 
connection  with  post  oflSces.  Tho  dcpo»itor«  are  Uindn  trader 
GovernmcDt  Hervnnts,  and  landbnUiers.  DiinnjK  the  thirteen  ytmn 
ending  1Q82-S;i  the  inu-n-al  pnid  on  UnvL-rnmoiit  s<?curitiee  ba«  riwn 
from  £5755  (Rs.&7,5oO) in  1870-71  to  £7J>Ii(Rs.  75,120)  in  1882-fl 


.(R8.9I.160)  in  1878-79.    It  fell  U>  £t>SO^  (Us.  68,980)  m  1879^ 


POONi. 


101 


■e  to  Jesd05  (Tta.  88050)  in  1&80-SI,  aad  agaia  tell  to  £7l&U 
71.500)  in  18S1-S2  an.]  £7512  (Ks.  75,120)  in  1«82.83.  The 
■toils  are: 

Poona  SoWiy*  Baiit « W  Oortr»m^  StetiritU*,  WO  -  ISSt. 


Tuk. 

«tvli«* 
Bub 
DtpvMa 

flOT- 
WUDIWlt 

iDlHWi. 

Tat*. 

truv«Bl 

ScourUk* 
Inwn*. 

X. 

0. 

£ 

t. 

nn-rrl 

».in 

(Tt6 

tm-n .. 

W.M8 

TIT* 

AM 

MS 

!«»■"».,, 

VI.WT 

Mie 

IflS^.. 

M,«» 

an 

l«T«J»,„ 

ai.'M 

WM 

^m»■u.^      _ 

«Sm 

tdK 

IMO^).. 

M.tM> 

•«M 

ia4-T»... 

aiM 

IMI-M 

3MtI 

TIM 

18T8«  ..       -, 

ai,MT 

MfT 

vm4»^     .. 

il.Oi 

ftU 

UMTS 

M.IM 

ewj 

A  branch  of  the  old  Bank  of  Bonibay  was  opeovd  in  Poona  earl^  in 
|663.  During  tlio  gpoculnlions  whiefi  ncoompuiied  Iho  Amoric&n 
rar  it  carried  on  b  largo  biisioCM  iu  locil  advtinoce  and  in  the 
archaso  of  bills  on  Bombay.  With  the  dose  of  tlic  war  busiuogs 
alUpsed  and  in  1868  tho  old  B»n)c  of  Bombay  wus  placed  in 
^nidation.  The  Poona  Branch  was  talcen  over  by  Uie  new  Uouk 
Bombay  and  ehorlly  after  tbu  Gon-rntiii'iit  local  treasury  vros 
bade  over  to  its  care.  Deposits  ai-e  held  by  ibe  Bank  to  a  moderate 
ct^Dt;  but  there  ia  little  or  no  protitablo  employment  for  iti  funds 
in  Poona,  us  ihc  requirenienla  of  local  traders  are  for  tbu  most  part 
Bopplied  by  local  native  moneyiendors,  whoaffonl  facilities  agnmet 
vhich  tbu  Bunk  cnUTiul  compete.  The  branch  has  been  of  much  use 
to  Oijvopnmeiit  in  Bnauciu}jf  for  the  heavy  pe(|uireiiieutH  of  the  local 
TreiiAury,  <u  w^-ll  an  to  the  Kuropean  resideuta  who  une  the  branok 
freely  top  all  purposes  of  ordinary  bnukiug*. 

'  No  native  finos  confine  them&elves  to  banking ;  alt  are  also 
moDoylenderd  and  traders.  Thn  nbtcf  bankers  are  fuiind  in  Poona 
and  are  generally  GujiirAl  iitid  Miirwitr  VAnis  and  local  Br^bmaua. 
Sonui  Pouiia  bnukere  liavo  dealings  with  Bombay  ;  with  Ahmadsbad, 
Baroda,  Broach,  and  Somt  in  Gujiinit;  wiih  Ajniir,  Jaypur,  and 
TTdepur  iu  Rajputdiin;  with  Karitcni  and  Flaidaraliad  in  bind  ;  with 
Phar,  Q-w&lior,  and  f  ndar  in  Centml  ItidJn;  with  AJtola,  N jgpni-,  and 
Uiurivati  in  Borilr;  with  Agra,  Alhihabadt  Benares,  Calcutta,  Delbi, 
Kanpur,  and  Lncknow  iu  Northern  and  ECftstern  India;  with  Aiirang- 
kbad  and  Haidnnbnd  in  tbe  Nizi^'s  oonntry  ;  with  Uelgunni, 
Dhirwir,  and  KArwar  in  Sonth  Bonabay.and  with  Bellfiri  in  Madras ; 
and  the  main  townu  alon^  the  highway  leading  to  the  sbriue  of 
Kumeshvar  in  South  Ludiii.  Wbero  thoro  'i»  no  agoncy  a  bill  or 
hnndi  m  givoD  on  u  banker  in  the  oenrest  large  town  and  la  cashed 
!>;  the  bankoni  of  the  snalter  places  in  the  neighbonrbood.  Local 
paymenttt  aro  made  in  ailver  and  beyond  district  limits  in  bills  of 
exchange  or  hunJU.  Tbu  rati?3  of  commission  for  a  hundi  range 
from  a  qanHer  to  four  per  cent,  being  high  during  the  busy  aFoaon 
October  to  May.  When  the  firm  issuing  tbebitlbaaa  large  balance 
At  the  agency,  as  the;  tend  to  adjaat  accoonta  without  the  cost  of 


k 


t  Kiv  SAbsb  Vtno  RAinchudra,  SccnUiy  Pootw  UuoioiptLUiy. 


Chapter  T. 
Capital. 

dxTZKuCl. 


I^KIJICX 

Bom  BAT  UtiiK. 


Eaxi 


I  Bombay  Oautb 


in 


DISTHICTS. 


-CkapUr  T.  "eo*^"];  Ijallioo,  btib  u*  iasoAd  ai  par.     Under  ordioary  ct 

•     —  stoDoM  Um  bigbeat  ann  Tor  wiiid)  »  bill  caa  be  caslied  in  J 

CapiUL  witlicnil  nottee  may  be  laken  at  i.400  <R8.40l>0)  aod  after  dc 

IU--KUU.  M  C2&00  (iU.  2d,0(>D),  aod  ta  tbe  otbor  IjaQlciiig  Cowas  mt  mhoat  H 

SUik.  [Ra.  1000). 

)  The  two  DiMt  urail  forma  of  exclimnffo  billg  or  kttndis  are 
pajrablo  at  eigbl  collvd  darakftmi  aad  bilb  wky able  a&«r  an  int 
Beorrallr  vf  Icsa  tbau  nitie  dara  called  nudati.  Bills  aro  of 
Etaja,  pwraooal  or  tihamijoy  wliefi  tbo  grattteo  is  the  per«ou  to  i 
tir  to  wboaa  order  tfac  nymeiit  is  to  be  toads ;  on  trost  or  ihakiji 
wbro  pajtBeat  is  tnnae  to  a  nominee  of  tbo  i^rantee  known  tad 
pavrr;  oiid  drvcriptivo  or  nUk^jog  where  m  duscripticm  of  Ui«  pii 
u  umbodicd  in  tbp  hill.  It  is  not  usual  to  drew  hills  jo  kU.  i. 
Intter  of  ndvicv  to  tbe  u^ot  ur  banker^  stating  tbu  umonnl  dn* 
tbs  Quiuber  of  tlie  bill,  aiid  ibu  name  at  the  [hl-i-suu  to  whtimur] 
wbotu)  fttvour  tho  bill  ba«  bven  gmiiled,  is  constdorod 
Bills  before  tboy  riach  tbc  oorrespoDdenl  of  tbo  drawer  an' 
•oiDL-  cwcs  Mveral  timCft  aold,  and  tbe  purchaser*  endorse 
each  time  iritb  tlieir  eignaturca  or  btfkant.  YTUisa  tho  ai 
of  thu  bill  in  ronitlvd  in  caab,  bjr  another  bill,  or  in  anj 
fomi,  tlid  bill  lit  wpicd  by  the  payee,  returned  to  tbo  gi 
and  &Im1  hh  b  Tuucbiv  ur  kkoJat.  UqJesH  tbu  bill  in  b%in_ 
ibal  is  uiilotu  it  Tx^tinirvs  no  lottor  of  advice,  it  i»  u»u&l  for 
curre8)Kjndent  of  the  grantor  to  send  a  letter  of  adrice,  intii 
tbe  payment  of  tbe  iQooey  to  tbo  payee.  Mo  days  of  graoo  at] 
nllowL-d.  Tbe  bill,  if  demandud,  must  be  oaabod  on  tbe  opeciM 
day.  Jf  the  payer  dolayn,  uiuutbly  ioteresi  is  cbarj^ed  TarT^^ 
from  ono-balfper  cviit  if  tbo  dmwor  in  a  banker  to  tbree^uartaf 
per  cunt  if  the  drawer  in  a  merchant.  If  payment  is  asked  b^oa 
tbe  bill  fatU  due,  discount  at  a  Hiniitar  imto  is  oliur^d.  If  Lbr  biS  { 
ie  dishonoured  and  seut  back  uncaahed,  the  grantor  tnnit  taf 
inten^t  at  doable  tbe  nvto  of  cnm-nt  iiiu>TCftt  from  the  d»te  wtua 
tbe  bill  was  bought.  He  must  also  pay  a  nan>acoeptanoo  puoaltj  at 
tMtinti,  which  viu-irM  in  difft-retit  pluce*.  Carriage  was  also  fonnM^ 
chiirgvvd  aocordiDj;  tu  the  distance  the  bill  had  travelled. 

If  tlie  bill  is  li>st  or  stolen  a  duplicate  or  pelh  letter  stating  ti» 
amount  of  the  bill  and  asking  for  payment  is  usually  granted.  U 
the  duplicate  letter  is  lost,  »  triplicate  or  jiaiTfe'^  moutiuning  bo<k 
tbo  bill  and  the  dopticate  is  issui<d ;  and,  it  tbe  triplicate  is  vot 
furthcoming,  an  udvice  orjdb  mentioniug  the  bill,  the  duplicate,  asl 
the  triplicate,  is  sent  to  the  same  effect.  The  payer  must  sat^f 
himself  as  to  tbe  identity  of  thu  l>onrur  of  tho  bill  nnd  >n  doub^ 
cases  should  demand  oeoirity  before  payment  is  made.  Jf  he  pin 
tbe  wrong  man  he  has  to  bear  thu  Inss,  and  pay  a  second  time  t*>  4t 
bolder  of  tho  duplicate  and  tho triplicata  The  payee  in  tbe  cased 
an  advice  letter  or;d6  passes  a  separate  T««-ipt,  whilo  tbo  bill,  tin 
dnplicate,  and  the  triplicnto  are  simply  endorsed.  After  paynifolth* 
bauker  debits  tbe  drawer  with  the  amount  paid.  If  a  drawer  otip- 
draws  his  account,  and  tlto  bill  is  lost  or  disbonoored,   he   alono  i> 


'  8t»«I«'i  Hindu  Lswi  sui  Cmtonn  in  the  DeoBsa. 


POONA. 


103 


_  >n«ible.     It  is  usaal  after  endorsing  them  to  Bell  bills  to  bill* 

>kers  or  daldU,    yvho  aro  paid  brokontgo  at  tbo  rate  of  |<i  (^  a.) 

wery  £ll>  (Rs.  lOO)  hill.     As  Ireasnre  is  seldom  sent,  bills  are 

aenillj   ndjusted   by  debits  and   credits  und  exchnngo  bilU  or 

Hi  huiidijf,  whose  rates  rarj  according  to  tho  ounditions  of  the 

3tion.     Tbe    drawer    p»ye    commission  or    fi<^ah4i  to  tho 

espondent  who  disburses  cash  to  the  payee,  and  botb  drawer 

purchaser  pay  a  brokora^  or  dnlali  for  iho  enle  of  hadU 

mdii.     The  intercbaage  of  billa  baa  been  greatly  simpliGod  by  the 

Uruduction  of  a  uniform  coiuaf^c.     Formerly  tho  dincront  nipcos 

id  ihe  different  rates  of  eichange  made  the  aystemmoatooaipticated, 

id  wiis  the  soiiroe  of  nu  amsll  profit  to  local  bankers. 

Where  there  is  au  agent  or  Tnunftn,  the  clerk  or  (jnmdfta  acts 
ader  tbe  ftigont.  As  a  rulo  there  is  no  agont,  and  the  clerk,  who  is 
lerally  a  Bmhuiaii,  is  subordinate  to  hit;  master  alone  and  ia 
ited  by  outaJdere  with  much  respect.  Ho  keeps  tho  accounts, 
ces  and  recovers  advances  to  husbnndaion,  soperinteads  his 
lastor's  ofttablisbment,  louks  after  bis  lands  nud  eert'auts,  and  ffoca 
abroad  to  buy  and  aell  goods  according  to  bia  master's  ordera. 
Ex<.-liisivu  of  t>od  and  otlier  chargoa  and  travelling  allowauce  the 
clerk's  yearly  pay  varies  from  i-j  to  fnO  (Its.  60-300).  AtD.V*i/.'in 
October- NoveiucK-r  hu  is  givun  u  turbuu  or  some  other  article  of 
lotbiiig  and  ainall  prcseutA  on  weddings. 

fiankers  aa  well  as  traders  and  well-t^-do  tnoneylendera  k^ep 
iree  books,  a  roogh  and  »  fair  journal  or  rojmel  luid  a  lt?dger  or 
'/itepnhC.  Some  traders  keep  only  one  jouriial.  Where  two 
lumiJ.s  ar«  kept  ibo  tranHkctiona  of  the  day  are  ont«rod  in  the 
>uglt  juurnul  as  they  take  phtce.  At  the  end  of  the  day  thev 
corrected,  bulancud,  and  oatered  at  leisure  in  tho  fair  journal 

general  summary  of  each  man's  dealings  is  posted  in  tho  ledger 
ador  its  proper  bead  and  the  pages  of  tho  journal  which  refer  to 
He  douils  are  noted.     Many  village  lenders  tniat  to  tbe  evideuoe 

bonds  and  keep  no  hooka. 

In  Shivaji's  time  (1074-1080)  tbe  foUowiug  gold  coins  were 
lovmin  the  district:  Godam;  Ilhramix;  ifoftart;  Puialjji;  Sailimit; 
tuiu  of  fourteen  kinds  FAJuhihi,  Sangari,  Afhyutriii,  Devnii, 
VimrKiwimmi ,  G"/i,  Dhnrvt'ull,  fihirrul,  KiivrrijitiJ:,  Pml'ikhati, 
FfiW-A'fiiK,  .-frfnruni,  j(7(/nui/i, and  Ti'ulpntri:  and  Fluilam*  of  twelve 
pads  AJriiji,  Tritmilan,  TrtMhuii,  Chandacarl,  Bildhari,  Dla/ittri, 
'(uhaminad»hdi.  Vf^turi,  Katarat.D^vJavli,  Itdmndlhpuri.anii  Eungnti.^ 
"le  chief  rupees  tlutt  were  current  during  the  Peshwa'a  rulo  were 
Halhtirshdi  or  Hd^tia'a  rupee,  which  was  c<]util  to  &ftoon  annaa  of 
he  preeent  Iinpflvinl  rupee  ;  the  AnkuahiufQinn*  kinds,  Kom  nirmal 
khapi  or  tr«-sli  from  tho  mint  and  bconng  u  ck-itr  stamp.  Mailhyank 
Jiiipi  or  with  a  half-woni  stamp,  ai>d  Kartiyan  rhhiipi ;  Jti-ldpuri  and 
if/((io*riooiinl  to  fourteen  anna*;  Bodt/i  surti  enaa]  to  14|  nnnru; 
fanpatki,Koidhl,  Mirty'i,  PHora  Chdndvadi,  and  PkuUhahari;  Shikka 
tftiirce  kinds,  Aa/ft,  thrt,  and  vdi;  and  TembhHmi.     Tbo  Peshwa's 


Chapter 
Capital. 

SiOM. 


Cumaei 


1  Sblvtfll'a  Bakhu  by  Kdsbnajl  Anaat  SabbAud. 


[BaoolMij  (haittHr' 


Uftl. 


104 


DISTRICTS 


govemmoiii  o«m1  to  iidd  two  p*r  cent  to  all  it«  ooIleoliooB  to  bfuf 
tbem  to  ihe  tfalharth'ii  Rt&aAan\.  TorMHtheooinB  to  UteAnkmi 
Btand&rd  tho  lutt  Peahwa  B&jiMr  took  an  additional  peroMitlfl 
irbioh  nuried  aooording  (o  tlio  pluasuro  of  tho  niAuilnCtli&r.  la  tw 
b«^nmiig  of  BriLiflh  rule  tho  porcemftge  was  fixed  aocordin^  lu  At 
mtrinsic  Talae  o(  the  coins.'  Of  the  coins  io  circa!»tioa  in.  1831 
aboat  fortjr-mne  per  cent  were  A'drdyan  chhapi,  tweD ty -nine  per  oeot 
K</r(^  nmitai,  nnu  7^  per  cent. VwdAyamofcAa^i  anfrtMAw.  fir»p»re«ol 
BtliipurU  nnd  Bfidttirit,  and  lj|  per  oeut  Haiti  ghikha*.  Tbr 
proportion  of  tba  otber  rupee*  raried  fxom  ODO-nintb  to  iwo*ulrtki 
per  cent. 

Tbtt  ahiUka  rupees  were  the  mort  popular  with  banker*,  m'io 
gonitrnllf  preferred  tfaein  to  other  coins.  lli«  other  rapocs  oootuorf 
legll  Wnuer  till  nbout  1827,  whi-n  thvy  were  suptfrsnlrd  by  *b 
Companr'B  coin,  but  tlie  thikht  rupee  remained  current  till  alwnt 
1857.  Till  about  1H3i<3o  when  it  km  finally  cIoi!«d,  the  fhili» 
rupees  were  made  in  the  t'oona  mint  by  the  old  TAnknJ&lc  or  Sliot- 
master  family  of  D(?alisalb  Br&hmans  under  the  eupervioion  of  BntiA 
officers,  who  allowt'd  ten  per  cent  ooppor  alloy  for  retnnnomlM- 
Experta  were  appointed  to  examine  the  ooins  as  tbny  iuaed  fxM 
tlie  mint,  sad  were  paid  (d.  ()  a.)  as  oommiMion  on  every  fanininJ 
rupees  examined.'  These  rupees  were  generally  exchanged  fti> 
diaoounl  of  not  more  than  \il.  {\  a.). 

At  preeoul,  bvsiilea  not^s  which  are  »si-<1   only    in    ttie   town  tm 
oantonment  of  I'oona,  the  ciirrtQcy  is  partly  HiU'vr  pnrtly  ooppBT. 
The  ftilrer  coins  are  tho  Imperial  rupro,  hulf-rupfie   adhrli,    qimiM^ 
rupuo  pdvli,  and  oiio^i^hth   rupee  rhtivli.    Tho  ordinary  oopPtt 
comt)  are  a  ha]f-aiiK<i  pioco dAdtii,  a  quarter-anna  piece  paisa,  ntwi 
un«twv]fth-<inn<i  pit-co  poi.     Old   copper  "coine  called    chhatrap^i 
also  called  »hivmi%  or  tho  coins  of  tUja  Shivfiji,   worth  aboat  i 
quarter  of  an  anna,  are  also  cnrrent,     Thv  chhatrapali  contains  lH 
grains  truy  (j  tola)  of  pure  copper,  or  45  grains  troy  (J  /o/<i)  men 
than  the  current  quart«r-an'ia   piece.     Still   it  wILs  for  loss  as  cat 
or  two  pieces  have  (o  be  added  in  every  rupee.     Thu  coinage  of  tht 
chhatrfipati  or  rAivrfit  wuo  Rtoppcd  immmlintt'ly  Aft<T  tho  he^oniof 
of  BriLish  rule.     Bnl  ivbuut  thirty  years  ago  largo  quantities  of  • 
coi)nt«rfoit  coin  with  an  alloy  of  zinc  wore  !it»cretly  coined  sai 
circulated  in  the  mnrkou  near  Junnar  and  Ahniadoagar.     Thcngli 
gradually  dtsappearing  thoee  faUo  thivriiii  aro  still  in  use,  and  an 
so  close  a  copy  «f  the  rc«l  thivnii  that  only  »u  oxiwrt  Cam  tell  tlw» 
from  each  other     Knvtlit  or  cowrio-«hc1ls  from  the  Mslah&r  ousft 
nro  in  use  in  making  email  porcbasea  of  groceries,  vegotaliloe,  brt«l 
leavoB,  and  oil.     Four  kavdiM,  eqaal  to  ono-twenty-fiflh  of  a  Mtcrw 
that  is  about  one-aovontieth  oE  a  penny,  is  the  araallcst  unit. 


'GaptalDH.D.  Bob«ctMii,C»I1actor,l]iEMtIii'U»Papen.IV.161,SM.  Pornwr 
IM  Kara  MtrmaJ  Mttpi  AntiitiiU  trero  dviuuidtd  KN'i  .VurfAjenn  cSruipi  jl»»t»>if, 

MtfFwnf,  iToWAta,  Mill  TtmbJiumia,  and  10$  trirajit.    Ditto. 

'oimUy  M«r»  Avguat  1SS2  tb«  Pooua  loUit  itm  ctoketl  Tot  totas  time  QwiD(M 
Iht  diMomyiif  ffsudi.  An  tbc  WADt  nf  currvucy  ciiDeil  inconvoiAfenoe  Uie  miul  «» 
nopwiMl.  Hr.  Cbaplin'i  ttet/M,  SOth  August  IK.'i  (ISTI  Kdltlon),  M.  The  mini 
•Bcma  to  harg  b««n  AuaUy  dosed  sbntit  th«  j-ht  I8:M  35. 


POONA. 


105 


auraooe  or  uima  vm  known  before  the  time  of  the  British, 
uable  articles,  jewels,  bullion,  coin,  preciooB  atones,  cloth,  colton, 
>,  and  shawls,  and  sometimes  cattle  grata  and  metal  vessels,  wLUo 
carried  to  and  from  Poona,  were  insured  at  Poooa  Aifuiist 
robbery,  plunder  by  troops,  fire  or  water,  the  carrier'a 
:«,  bis  bviug  curried  off  by  a  tij^r,  drowned  in  fording  a 
W,  or  dying  from  epidemic  disease.  The  work  of  insuranw 
iDOd  part  of  the  business  of  one  or  loore  baokera  acting  &i 
rtners.  As  iDeamoce  agents  they  nodertook  to  send  goods  from 
place  to  another  on  receipt  of  transit  cost  and  insurance  fees, 
■Ting  from  one  to  ten  per  cent  on  the  value  nf  the  goods, 
cordiug  to  the  diataaco,  the  danger  of  robbers,  and  the  time 
owed  for  the  journey.^  Instiranco  was  not  underl&kon  for  a 
iger  distance  than  200  miles  (lOO  ko»)  unless  on  property  of  a 
eater  value  than  £1 UO  (K«.  I OOO).  Witiiin  that  distance  the  value 
goods  whose  safe  carriage  was  insured  variod  from  £  10  to  £10,000 
B.  100-1,00,000).  The  agents  employed  armed  escnrtn  and 
ie!s  to  convey  the  articles,  and  every  year  bad  to  pay  blauktnwl 
the  heads  of  the  robber  gangs  who  infested  the  countrv.  The 
rance  agontfl'  escortawere  Arabs,  Robillas,  Path^ns,  or  Kajpntc 
the  csmol-mea  who  were  Atubammadans  were  called  sdnant* 
eir  wages  were  from  fifteen  to  twenty  per  oont  above  those  of 
innry  messengers,  and,  in  additi^u  to  ttieir  wages,  they  were  paid 
ards  for  each  successful  trip.  They  were  noted  for  bravery  and 
their  stAuach  regard  for  their  employer's  intereats.  They  carried 
locks,  Bwnrds,  daggers,  and  sbii'Ida.  Tboy  made  very  rapid 
lys  on  trained  catnols,  and  if  attacked  by  robbers  made  good 
B  of  their  armn.  IDxciasive  of  the  escort's  wages  the  principal 
us  dofraye^l  by  the  insurer  were  on  acconnt  of  loss  and  dnmasa 
the  property  injured  I&terest  from  )  to  )  per  cuut  was  also  paid 
tbs  owner  if  the  goodn  insured  did  not  reach  their  destination 
ihin  the  appotiUud  time. 

TJnder  British  rale  order  and  peace  have  made  insurance  against 
risks  of  the  road  onaeecsBaij.     Insurance  agnimit  lire  1»8  not 


StMlo's  Hinda  Iawi  uid  CiutoaiB  in  the  Daccan,  314-321. 
roona  tituratiftt  Ptntatafi,  Itlt. 


n*  chUf  d«t«IU  M*  I 


PUOL 

Knil 
JovoU. 

OuUi,  •III] 

oihcr 
xnteim. 

Pura 

cwiLsatM, 

0«lh,wul 

otfcn 

A  nuts. 

llkldanlwt 

llot( 

Ilot 

Ktrd^Miprth.., 

tl»4 

SWI 

PMimi  *j3l  Oalli    ... 

SU>7  1           N4 

Ahimikdiun'         uid 

lfuiiru>o«. 

S41in  . 

ll»l          (to  11 
IM3          lloS 

Janur  uM  Ajuir   ., 

SW*] 

iuti 

1  OUrxir  tfxt  llcbU 

ant 

UMl 

So 

1WI1U1  . 

UIA*        II  to  4 

Irnunnct 

MAtiiiat,n4aamt  ..■ 

»«nft 

4  to  ( 

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■  K« 

st«* 

bmlft 

*let 

1  ta* 

Mu*l>l|.PMUIi 

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llol 

,  AuMnnWd,      VMb, 
■n4IUI««*an 

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fna% 

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fbol 

Itall 

IMtrtna     

UtoSj 

1|UKi 

Bombiy 

MlinL  Sbottpvr,  whI 

lto9 

tt*t 

1 

Cbaptet  Tr 
Capital. 
BAXKzaa. 

laaannc*. 


i  »97-U 


[Bomb«T  QueUMT. 


DISTRICTS. 


»tort. 


CrusDnuL 


beao  iatrodaoad.  In  Pwiiui  m  bmoeb  of  the  Botaba/  Ofinbl 
OoTcminvnt  Svcariiy  Lifo  ABsaraoce  CompsDy  Liinit^d,  liu  hea 
open  niuct!  IV7'1.  A  low  polioies  lutve  boeo  effected  on  liie  Vtvfd 
EuropAOiu,  KurMMDB,  Uioduii,  mi<1  IMnm,  bat  the  biuia««k  iaut 
his  been  small. 

Uucb  of  tbe  moneylcnding  lb  ia  t^   fannda    of    Mdrwir  nri 

Guj«r6t  VAni».     A.  coD»id«mb[u  iiii>n((«<r  of   locul    BilUimana  and 

few  ChAmbhirs.  UbitDRHrs,  Gosiris.Kuol'is,  MAlis,  MAtig^.  Mariiiiik 

Mbin,  Uiiulmini,  Bhiiopi*,  Sonkn,  Telis,  LmirHyat  nnd  Viiik 

Vinu,  nnd  otbon  baviDg  cnpital  iil«v  ecgaffo   ta    inoDejleDt^n^- 

The   bosiDdsa  done   by  Toeal  leodera,  most  of  whom   hAvs  odher 

•ourovs  of  iricomo  and  ftr*  not  hflrwliuiry  moEtcjrlciiders,  is  lees  t^ 

tbot  done  by  oatiidere  from  Mirrir  and  Gnjartit.      K  xcont  of  ■  fe« 

.town  firms  inotnyliiiidinf^  U  not  tbe  lender's  ttalo   parauit.     Alxxil 

'liity  per  cent  arc  tmdi^r!)  incladtnff  g^occn  and  clotbselltfni,  ihnj 

jMf  ceat  ftro   husbciodmAn,  kod    ton    per   cent    nru    pleaden  nd 

others.^     Besides  lending  money  M&rvrfa^  dool  in  grain,  grooeriNi 

dotb,  and  oil,  some  baring'  sUopg  in  nllnges  and  others  in  coastif 

towns  nnd  market  places.     Except  in  some  Juaaar   rilla^H,  «b(n 

tbey  have  dealings  witb  hnsbandmcn,  Gajarfit  VtUiis  are  cbiifl/ 

oloth-dralors  wbo  aro  settled   in   tbe  larger  totma  and  wbo  baf 

money  to  weavers  and  other  craftsmen  and  seldom  to  basbaadnita. 

Lingdyat     monoyleiiclvrt    nro    cbiefly    ironmongers    and    gnxtrt 

The  BrAhman  moneylender  is  generally  a  land  proprietor,  a  «■»• 

dealer,  and  in  tho  city  of  Poona  a   pensioned   Ooremtnent   sems^ 

pleader,  or  contractor,  and  a  cultivator  in  Kbod  and  Jaouar.     VfM 

generally  found  in  towns  and  8<>ldom  lends  except  to  the  b<'^^| 

class  of  Undbt^lders.     Tho  Mardtba  or  Kunbi  moneylender  is  • 

Imsbandinan.     U6  is  foond  in  villages  and  towns.     As  a  rule  h* 

does  not  lend  cxci.>pt   topcoplc  who   b^ong  to  bia  viltnoe  or  witb 

whom  he  is  coDuected,     Tbe  others  are  chiefly  foond  ia  Piiona  mi 

in  large  towns.     UF  nil  lenders  the   MdrwAri  hua   the    worst  dssc 

He  is  a  byeword  for  greed  and  for  tbe  sbamoleBS    and    pitilM 

trontment   of    his    debtor.      Some  say   BrAlimans  are   as   hard  H 

H&rwAriB,  otbors  suy  tbcy  are  less  hard.     Almost  all   agree  tlill 

compnr4>d  with  Miirwilr  nod  Brihman  creditors,   Mardtbas,    Kiinhi^ 

and  GujKrflt  Yitiiis  are  mild  and  Itiiidlj.     A  MiirwAri    will    press  \ 

debtor  when  pressure  means  ruin.    Tbe  saying  runs  that  he  will 

attach  and  sell  his  debtor's  cooking  and  drinking  ressels  oyen  wbes 

the  fsTuily  are  iu  the  midst  of  a  meal.     Br&huiftDa,  whose  -positiot 

ia  society  lends  to  make  them  popular,  are  shrewd  and   cautious  is 

their  dealings,  and  as  a  class  iiTuid  extreme  measures  f'T  the  recovery 

of  their  debts.     A  OujarAl  Viini,  a  Mar&tlui,  or  a  Kunbi   creditor 

wilt  geMoru  ruto  liis  di'bLor.     It  is   uol  eui»y  to  make  moncyleudiiQ 

pay.     Want  of  cxperieneo  often  leads  to  loss  of  capital.      KxoepI 

when  their  imincdial^  iiitrrcsu  clash  tnoitey tenders  as  a  class  art 

friendly  to  each  other,  avoid  competition,  and  deal  toneetly  amoag 

themselves. 


iMr.J.0.V«»r*.C.8. 


POONA. 


107 


Th«  BCconnt*  nf  tho  rates  of  interest  »t  the  bcpinrinp  of  Brifish 
e  vaiy.     In  1821,  according  to  the  Collector  Captaia  Rubt-rtaon, 

e  nsanl  rnt«  of  interest  was  tnrelre  p«r  coiit  oxcf-pt  in  tlie  MSrnIs 
'liere  it  waa  from  tirenty  to  twenty-four  per  cent.  A  i  anna  per 
rup«c  a  moDth  or  about  eifrht&en  por  cent  vtm  ah  iimi&I  rate.  Wlien 
the  interost  was  paid  ia  grain  the  usual  mootlily  r^to  wax  a  Aher  tho 
roiwK)  or  9ovonty-tiv©  per  cent.  H  prain  was  borrowed  for  seed, 
the  <It'bt\ras  cancelled  by  repaying  double  tho  quantity  borrowed 
■ny  timo  within  a  year ;  if  tho  grain  was  borrowed  for  food  one 
quarter  to  threo- quarters  moro  wore  paid  ia  rotiim.*  About  tho 
same  time  Dr.  Coats  (29tb  February  1820)  described  the  village 
uhopkw'fHjr  a»  lunding  a  fuw  ruptwst  to  the  Tillagcra  withont  security 
and  cbar^^ng  \  anna  interest  a  month  or  thirty-seven  per  cent.  A 
gO'-^d  deal  of  their  traffic  with  the  \-ilIager9  was  by  bartering  grain 
and  other  field  produce  for  groceries.  Tho  ueiial  yearly  rate  of 
Jaterei4t  was  twooty^four  per  cent.  Loans  of  grain  and  ntravr  were 
repaid  at  fifty  per  ceot,  and  often  at  soTenty-D\'Q  p«r  cent.* 

At  present  (1 883)  tho  rate  of  iDlvrrst  variva  with  the  credit  and 
(he  need  of  the  borrower,  the  habits  of  the  claas  to  which  he 
1)c;li)itg)i,  Ihv  rt»k  of  the  inihivlry  in  which  ho  ih  engNged,  mid  tho 
duarnedB  of  munov-  The  interest  charged  is  always  higher  in  the 
country  ihan  in  the  city  and  pM^8go8  more  on  poor  than  on  well-to- 
do  landholders.  In  amall  transactiona  where  an  article  is  giron  in 
pawn  tho  yearly  ralo  of  interest  rnriea  from  nineteen  to  thirty-seven 
per  ocnt.  In  petty  field  advances  on  personal  secnntr  the  usual 
yearly  rate  is  37i  per  cent.  (J  a.  tho  rnpce  a  inooth).  \VTien  there 
19  a  lion  on  tho  crops  the  payment  ia  generally  in  grain  and 
the  intereat  varies  from  twenty-five  to  flfty  per  cent.  In  large 
tranxactiona  with  a  mortgaeo  on  movable  property,  nine  bo  twelve 
per  cent  are  charged,  aaoin  mortgages  of  immovable  property  the 
rftte  varies  from  six  to  twelve  per  cent.  Whoro  loans  are  secured 
by  mortgages  on  laud,  the  averago  luto  in  tho  Harvli  aub-divinioo, 
where  the  conditions  of  landed  property  are  specially  favourable, 
varies  from  thirteen  to  ninutcon  por  cent.'  In  less  favoured 
•nb-divisiona  the  rate  not  ancotnmonly  rises  to  twenty-four  per 
cent.  Money  invested  in  buying  land  is  expected  to  yield  a  clear 
profit  of  nine  to  twelve  par  cent.  Interest  is  now  calcnlated 
Accorxling  to  the  Eni^lisU  culendnr  yenr  in  all  transactions  which 
do  not  Uike  the  sbspo  of  book-acooants.  Book-acoouots  and 
merchants'  acconntii  are  generally  rof^ulatod  by  the  tnnivat  year 
which  begins  at  Divdii  ia  October -Novom bur  ;Br&Uiaans  and 
Other  non-professional  lenders  generally  keep  their  ficcounU  by 
tho  »liak  year  which  bt^ins  on  the  first  of  Chaitra  in  March-April. 
If  payment  is  made  within  three  years  the  extra  or  intorciuary 
month  is  charged  ;  if  tho  oeoount  runs  for  more  than  three  years 
tbe  extra  month  is  excluded.  The  Imperial  rnpee  is  the  standard 
in  all   tranaootiona.     Shopkeopora  not  nnoommooly   have  deuliuga 


Chapter  T. 
Capital- 

MoKTVLnTDia*, 

IntenaU 


>  CwtlndiA  PkMFt,  IV.  SSO.  ■  Bom.  Ut.  9o^  Triu.  lU.  7». 

■Dccnn  Rmu  ComtniMtoa  Kapon,  60-67-      -'  ■  " 


rBoaateyOi 


108 


PI8TBICTS. 


AptorT 

Oipiui- 


9WMH, 


ia  thikka  rnpeM.     In  loch  caws,  if  tbe  setUumeat  u  priTtte,  ili 
mftde  accorain^  to  tbo  uiftrket  vulue  of  th«  coin.     In  dispoted ' 
whea  the  puliee  come  to  court,  tho  a^ikka  rupee  is  turned  iau> 
Imperial  ropMt  at  a  Mdactioa  of  beariy  two  per  cent.'     AtsMdl 
moDej* leaders  vnullj  advaooo  ^mo  fur  vood  mai  for  tlie  noiat 
of  the  landholder.     Adraneet  of  seed  and  of  f»od  grain  are 
fix  tnoQtbs  after  in  kind  or  in  tlieir  moaej  valuv  at  tbo  rate  of  13 
per  cont  or  Mt-di,  of  150  por  cant  or  4idhi,  or  of  200  per  c«nl  oridl 
dupai  of  tbe  gn<Q  adraDood.     Contractors,  who  of  late  yean  »n\ 
growing  olaM,  pay  twelve  to  twonty-fonr  per  ocnf.  intoreetandal)' 
tim«  of  Wrrowing  allow  a  diaooont  ormnnu/t  «<f  three  to  fin  | 
cent.     Their  (le«lii3gs  are  all  io  cash.     Thej  hare  fair  credit  and  < 
woll-to-do.     ThoT  borrow  utonej  to  help  them   to  c«n7  oot 
ooDtracle  and  rcpav  tbo  loan  as  soon  as  the   coatntct  i:*  fit 
MooeyleDden  hare  good  credit  and  borrow  at  six  to  twelreperc 
■   jreer.     Traders  and   nierchaala   whoso  credit   varies   with  ti 
peraooal  position  borrow  at  oioe  to  eighteen  per  cent.     KhUUi 
amidl  loans  pnjrable  by  daily  or  wookly  instalments  of  a   few 
are  occasieniUl;  made  in  some  parts  of  the  district. 

Tho  chief  borrowers  of  the  district  are  land-owning  Knnl 
CoQtrac^tora  of  rsriona  kinds,  who  are  a  growing  clatn.  nlso 
Enterprising  mooeyloadvnt  borrow  nt  low  Jntere-tt  nnd  lead  «l 
bigh  enough  to  cover  losses  and  leave  a  CDnsiderablo  margia  < 
profit.  Tnidvn  and  merchants  rarely  borrow  except  when 
make  large  narohasea  of  the  articles  in  which  they  deal.  The  fei 
oraft«aiBu  who  are  free  from  debt  aot  as  moneyleadirrs.  Tb 
most  craftsmen  are  in  debt  they  are  not  so  deeply  jurolred 
landholders,  partly  becAnse  tliey  have  no  aecarity  to  offer, 
because  tboy  bare  no  monuy  rents  to  pay.  lu  ordinary  years,  ati 
class,  craftsmen  are  better  off  than  husbatfdinen.  Still,  of  late , 
competitiua  hoa  closed  many  of  the  old  callings,  and  crafunSB 
who  haTo  not  safft>red  from  competition,  are  genemlly  afflicted 
n  craving  for  some  form  of  viciuuM  indulj^ence.  Except  for 
intemperate  habits  craflsmen  are  generally  intelligent,  able 
eare  for  their  iotrrostii,  and  guard  thembelres  from  boiog 
raaohed  by  fulso  claims.  Craftsmen  borrow  at  twelve  to  twen^ij 
four  per  cent.  Bceidea  the  iut«rost,  they  have  to  accept  a  five  [ 
cent  deduct-ioQ  from  the  amount  of  the  nominal  loan.  Tbeyi 
honest  debtors  and  do  their  best  to  pay  their  debts  repaying  ii 
small  instalments.  They  dislike  borrowing  aad  do  not  borrow  ezcep' 
nnder  coDsidorable  pressure.  They  reckon  indehtednefts  a  banii 
and  try  to  shake  it  off  as  soon  as  they  cnu.  Of  tho  lower  or 
domestic  serraots  and  labourers  am  the  only  classes  who 
eomparutivvly  free  from  dubt.  Hnuse  HorvantJi  if  forced  to  borroi 
repay  the  lonn  by  monthly  ioBtalmentg.  Tbey  are  generallj  rej, 
in  their  paympnu  and  e»reful  to  pay  what  thoy  owe.  Except  dm 
the  few  years  before  and  after  the  close  of  the  American  war,  wt 


'  Qor.  Xss.  SSUl  Jsoout  IMS,  Ulow«  «  d«<ttutlMi  tt  one  npM  mi  fife««i 
for  vrwy  100  n^M*. 


POONA. 


108 


PoniDSula  railway  aDd  other  local  public  works  were  id  progress 

ad    when    the   wages    of  UDskiiled  norkineo   in    Bombay    were 

^ceptiixittlly  hiffb,  Inboui-vra  were  never  bettor  oS  than  tlie;  now 

FifLy  years  &go  a  labourer  could  hardly  euro  wages  eaough  Co 

ep  himiteU  and  bis  family  and  could  sare  nothing.     A  Ubauror 

^        was  hadly  fed  aod  cUd  ;  the  chetipucsa  of  the  articles  of  daily 

'nae  &tone  Icept  him  frooi  sitarviog.     The  first  marked  improverntrnt 

(be  labourer's  conditiou  waa  oaased  by  the  demand  for  lahoar 

0ODQplet«   the  great  public  vorka  which    w^re  in  hand  both 

ktiy  and  iu  Bombay  between  1862  and  IS71.     The  Occcaa  Riota 

aiasion  estimated  that  42J0.0O0  to  £300.000  (Rs.  25-30  tdkhn) 

Itbo  whole  amount  spent  in  making  the  Peninsula  rnilway  withia 

lioiits  remaiaod  id  the  diiitrict  in  payinenb  ol  local  liibour. 

ist  beyood  the  west  limits  of  the  district  wore  the  great  Sabyidri 

rfca  where  on  a  distance  of  Eourteeo  miles  40,000  labourers  wercal 

le  tjme  employed  by  one  cootractor.     At  the  same  time  theforeahoro 

cUnialiou  and  oilii-r  works  in  band  in  Bombay  caused  so  grenAa 

aaod  for  labour  that  in  1$63  t^e  monthly  wages  of  aoakilled 

enrosoirom  \^9.G'i.  (Rs.?])  to£l  7r.  (lU.  l^J).    Great  public 

in  the  Poona  district  eouiinued  to  give  the  labourers  highly 

kid  euiploymeiit  till  thi!  year  1871.   At  present  (168A)  a  Ubourt-rcan 

DnuuMDd  not  only  the  necessaries  of  lif«  for  himself  aud  his  familv, 

ttt  ordinary  coinforta  and  even  a  few  luxuries.     He  apendit  his 

tins    OD    clothes,    food,    aud    liquor    more    than  on  orasmenta 

ftbonrers  work  in  the  fields  from  August  to  March  ;  at  othi^'r  tiinos 

are  employed  ou  housc-buildiug  nud  other  public  vi  pri\-aCe 

rksi     On  his  personal  aecunty  a  moneylender  generally  advances 

a  labourer  up  Co  £10  (Ka.  100}.    Sometimes  the  aecurity  of  a  £ellow- 

^bonrer  is  taken. 

■  Since  before  the  begionAig  of  British  rule  the  greatest  borrowers 
Mn  the  district  have  been  tbe  landholders.  The  ordinary  Kuubi  is  a 
Hmple  well-diRposed  peasant  content  with  tbe  scnotiest  clothing 
Bod  the  hardc?st  fare.  Though  unschoolod  and  with  a  narrow 
^hoge  of  intelligence  he  is  not  without  manly  qualitiea  and  luaets 
Kith  a  stubborn  onduranco  the  unkindly  caprices  of  his  climate  and 
Hie  hereditary  burdeo  of  his  debta,  troubles  which  would  drive  a 
Kore  imaginativo  race  to  despair  or  8t)iniilnt«  oqo  more  intelligent 
^fc  new  resources.  The  apparent  recklessness  with  which  he  will 
Hour  ohligfttions  that  carry  the  seeds  of  ruin  has  Grained  for  the  Poona 
Kndholder  a  character  for  extravagance  and  improvidence.  The 
^Bpareat  recklessness  ia  often  nccesxity,  Uis  extravagance  is  limited 
K  an  occasional  marriage  feetivnl,  and  bis  improrideace  is  no 
K-ester  than  that  of  all  races  low  in  the  Kaleof  intelligence  who  live 
K  the  present.'  The  want  of  forethoughC,  which  prevents  the  land- 
B>ldor  oreroomiDg  the  temptation  to  which  the  uncertainty  ol 
He  saAMoa  and  the  varying  value  of  his  produce  give  rise,  ia  caused 
^b  a  want  of  power  to  realize  foture  troubles  rather  than  by  a  spirit 
H  extravagance  or  waste.  Ia  I87o,  in  tbe  opinion  of  Che  members 
H   the  Decoan   Kiota  Commisaion,  the  expenditare  on  marriage  and 

■  '  Saessa  EwU  CmuaUaion  K«t>oft.  22. 


Chapter 

CapLlaL 
BoKBOwnu 


Ha*b 


rBomUy  OmsittM 


DISTBICT8. 


other  festivals  fru  leu  the  oftiiM  of  the  Iin.ib«nd[naD'ft  iadebtedoM 
tban  was  cornmonly  aoppoaod.  Compared  with  his  mniD*  di 
(ixpeoditure  mu  eztnngADl,  but  the  occasions  seldom  occnnci 
In  a  catin«  of  jemn  the  tttUd  sum  nptfnfc  w»s  probabljr  not  Urjtv 
than  a  loadbolder  wm  jniitifii-d  is  spendinfj^  on  special  and  bt^ 
bleatares.  The  cxp^ndtttiiyt  oo  funily  plo««ar«s  formed 
itaportsDt  item  on  the  ilubit  side  uf  many  accotints  bot  tt  was  nr^ 
th«  nations  of  »  debt.  Eron  at  tvonty.fonr  por  c«nt  inieretf  tl* 
£&  to  X7  10».  (lU.  d0>7o)  spent  br  ui  sv-prago  laadhoHer  od  a 
inarmge,  with  ^roess  on  tiio  lender's  part  atid  without  ill 
addition  of  other  dobts,  oonld  be  rapidir  pni-'L  In  the  ciptruMlf 
the  CommisinoQ  the  balk  of  th«  landholdi^r's  debt  tn.s  dael«iitl 
the  largo  sama  spent  on  ooromonieH  tluin  to  coa:«ba.nt  pett;^  borT0<n9|l 
for  food  and  other  aeoessories,  to  hu;-  seed,  to  bnj-  bullo<--kfl.  ni  m 
pay  the  Gov«mniODt  assMSment  Tbo  Coinmitixioners  held  that  to  > 
district  nitb  so  aocertain  a  climate  us  Poooa  and  with  people  wImi 
forothonght  was  so  dull, the  payment  of  a  rernlar  moaey  r«ut«I,ra 
when  the  rental  waa  far  bolow  the  slnndard  of  a  fairaea«oD]  raajtM 
to  borrowinp. 

Wlica   the    country   came   under   Briiitili    rule,  the    balk  of  tin 
hasbandmen  were  in  debt.     In  1819  in  the  township  uf  Loni  od  ti* 


AbnindDagar  road,  nhoat     ten    tniW    oa«t    of    Poona, 


Dr. 
all 


Corfl 


found  that  of  eightjr-fonr  families  of  bnabandmen 
fifteen  or  sixteen  wcro  induhted  to  moneyed  men 
Br&bmanB  or  shopkeopcrs.  Tbu  total  priTut«  debt  was 
(Ba.  U.530)  sod  thi-ro  vns  a  further  riling  debt  of  O^ 
(Ka  3070).  The  earns  owed  generally  vmrivd  from  £4  to  £20 
(lU  40-2001,  but  some  men  owed  ss  mnoh  as  £200  (R&  2000^ 
The  interest  wa9  osoally  twenty-Four  per  cent,  bat  wbon  somI 
Sams  were  borrowed  interest  wait  as  hig'h  as  forty  per  cent.  Tb 
cauite  of  debt  wus  gcncrnlly  marriage  cxponm^  or  the  purchMl 
of  cattle  and  food.  E^h  debtor  bad  a  rnnniug*  account  with  la 
Creditor  »nd  pAid  sums  of  money  from  time  to  time.  According  Is 
the  accepted  rule  the  interest  of  a  debt  could  never  be  jaore  thu 
the  principal.  In  settling  dtspntcs  the  jarics  followed  the  rule  Ji* 
dv»ar  k-i»t  ti$ar,  that  is  doable  tor  money  trohlu  for  grain.  F«* 
debtors  know  how  their  accounts  stood.  Most  of  them  beliered 
that  tbey  had  paid  all  justt  demands  orer  and  over  agaia.  AboiA 
a  fonrth  of  the  poople  were  indebted  to  their  neigliboiira  for  giiil 
and  straw  and  borrowed  to  support  thoraeeWcs  and  their  cattle  ifl 
next  barrest.  They  repaid  those  advances  in  kind  at  fifty  ts 
eerenty-five  per  cent  iiitvrL>8t.  In  ordinary  times  tho  vrhole  ofa 
bosbaadinaa's  produce  was  mortgaged  before  it  was  reaped.  In  bad 
seasons  the  evil  was  much  incrooMod.  If  any  of  their  cattle  died 
they  had  no  means  of  replacing  them.  If  they  failed  to  raiso  W 
advance  they  left  their  UoIiIh  nud  tried  to  save  some  money  ■■ 
BrAbmana'  aervaiit«  or  {lerlinpa  as  soldiers.* 
'  In  1622  according  to  Mr.  Chaplin,  owing  to  the  opprossioa  of 


I  Trant  Bom.  lit.  Soo.  III.  226. 

8  Prem  lbs  Utccau  Rioti  Conuniiiiau  Iteport  {I870. 


Mta 


BDue  cuutraclors,  tho  landholders  m  tnaoy  Yiltagca,  though 
fragft]  and  provident,  wero  much  in  debt  to  biknlcora  aod  morchanla. 
iiiuiy  of  theory  dubts  wuro  of  loQg-stiuidiag.  They  were  often  luftdo 
ot  CDtu|K>uQdiiitore-(taDd  fresh  occAsiooal  ftids  so  mixed  ftnd  massed 
Lt  tIJo  Acc':>iniU  wuro  <;xcuDdiii>;ly  cooiplicated.  A.  busbaudiuitn 
i'fao  fell  in  debt  could  Huldom  free  himseU.  Tho  busbajdman's 
pbts  wero  uf  two  ktodit,  villngo  dobt«  and  private  debts.  The 
Jliige  debt  uftnally  arose  from  ad vances  or  li>ans  made  by  buulctjrfl 
iliu  Mitriitha  Uovornmcut  nn  llit?  security  of  tbo  revonues  of 
rtaiDvillHges.  TheprivaU)  debts  were  the  result  of  the  revenue 
rming-  system  undrr  wliicb  the  state  dues  wero  c-ollBctod  through 
'ttsTs  or  tiivb'ira  who  asuolly  rcci-ivt:d  in  kind  from  the  rillftj^cra 
iib*t  the  banlcors  had  pnid  to  the  Gorcrnment  in  c*sh  and  drafts. 
aa  mass  of  thu  husbnadtnon  had  not  intotimt  or  title  enoagh  in  their 
jind  to  bo  security  for  ft  largo  doht.  A/i>d«  or  heredilnry  holdings 
sro  Bomptinios  mortgiigod,  but  their  selling  value  nas  estimated 
>  not  mora  tliau  two  or  three  years'  parohase,  and  land  yioidJog  £20 
B.  200)  of  gross  produce  could  seldom  be  mortgaged  for  more  than 
10  (Rs.  lOU).  Tne  ordinary  dealings  Ijetween  the  mooeyleuder 
ad  the  landholder  were  basod  on  the  teaching  of  cxperionco  rather 
bn  on  any  power  of  ooiDpnlsion  in  the  hands  of  the  creditor.  The 
cojfnized  mode  of  recovering  debt  ittu  for  tho  lender  to  uead  a  dun 
or  moha*iil  whose  uutialenance  had  to  be  paid  daily  by  the  debtor. 
Another  mode  was  to  ptuco  a  servant  in  rofltraint  or  dkarna  at  the 
debtor's  door,  or  ti>  confino  tho  debtor  to  his  bouse  or  olhervriso 
subject  him  to  restraint.  Against  tho  huuiblor  debtors  severer 
meniiure!!  wore  uned.  The  landbolder'B  coustautly  recurring  neoessttj 
'  could  not  be  relieved  unless  he  muQlained  bis  credit  by  good  faith. 
On  the  other  hand  the  Government  in  no  way  helped  the  lender  to 
exact  moru  than  u  f»ir  pro9t  which  considering  his  ri.sks  would  alao 
I  a  large  proBt  Honesty  woA  the  borro'wer's  best  policy  and  enution 
.  aueceftsity  to  the  It-nder,  There  was  a  conaiderablo  bnrdon  of 
sbt  and  many  landholders  wero  living  in  dependence  on  tho  Itjndor, 
livcnug  hiui  their  produce  and  dmwing  upon  him  for  necc>8saries. 
landholder's  property  did  not  offer  sccarity  for  large  amOBnts. 
!io  debtor'*  cattle  and  the  yearly  produce  of  his  land  were  the 
nder'a  only  security.  Am  inimovoabte  property  v^t  not  liable  to 
]o  for  debt,  and  as  the  hereditary  or  mir<i«  title  was  of  no  value 
a  nnn-Bgricultural  landlord,  the  mortgage  even  of  hereditary 
fitiVtU  land  gave  the  lAuder  a  hold  on  tho  produce  rather 
Ian  on  the  land.  Kates  of  ititerest  were  very  high  and  much  of 
debt  consisted  of  aooomalatioas  of  ifltere^t  Tho  eAuses  of 
[debtedness  vrctx-  chivfly  the  revenue  ^«t«m  and  sometimes 
Mnditnro  on  marriagea  or  similar  occasions.  The  amount  of 
ividual  debt  vraa  iisuiiJIy  luoderato.  Most  monoylenders  wero 
lof  ^abstanco  who  had  a  Etufl*  nf  duns  and  clerks.  Jn  recovering 
tbts  the  leader  had  littlv  or  no  help  from  tho  state.  At  the  samo 
36  be  had  great  license  in  private  methods  of  compulsion,  nnder 
idsh  maoagemont  the  lender's  power  of  private  oompnlsion  waa 
"Jed  and  conrls  presided  over  by  the  CoUoctora  wore  opoacd  to 
At  first  thw  lenders  did  not  go  to  the  courts.    This  and 


Chapter 

Capital. 
BoaaoTian. 
UubaadiMa. 


{VoabM  OurttMt. 


118 


DisTKiars. 


iptar  V. 
JDipitaL 


other  rniMi  ouiwd  n  conlmctioD  to  the  moDeyloDdw'a 
Still  tlie  IradholcUr's  MOftssitiM  oompetlvcl  him  to  keep  od 
with  bis  iredStor. 

Tbcre  are    no    records  bearing   oo  the  relations    betweea 
hasbikndincn  and  ihoir  cn-ditoni  in  tho  ^rars    immt_tiiat«l]r  folic 
Mr.  Cbaplia's  report,     Later  tnformatioa  (thown  that  the  burden 
debt  f(Tcvt    lit-'iivior  rathor  than   lighter  befuro   the  introdnctifl 
the  Civil    Court.    I'rucudure    in    l!?27.     The     first    regolar 
Procedure  was  introdowd  into  the  Bombay  Prosidency  by  R*B 
tioDB  n.  Ill,  IV.  nod  V.  o(  1827.     Ri-pjI»tion  IV.  prorideJ 
iirocedare  and   Reflation  V.   the  limitatiooa    for   ciril  saiu. 
Roeiilattoa  I V.  thtt  aittlu  nnd  tooli  tieoe«aary  for  the  iupport  of  th 
igncaltuml  dvhtor  were  declared  exempt  from  seicnre  on  aooer 
of  debt.     RcgTiUtion  V.  limited  ihujrearly  rata  of  interest  rtKiorenl 
in  ft  civil  court  to  twulvo  per  oonl.     When  the  new    laws  cams  ii 
operation,   exci-pl   in   h<-ro*IitAr^    or   miVd*   Innd,    the  basil 
had  no  title  lo  his  holding,  and  oo  account  of  the  fall  in  the 
of  prMluoo  the  revoiiui!  demund  left  Hitle  margin  to  tlie  IsadboldKl 
Under  these  circuroHUtnoea  the  lender  bad  httte  svcarity  for  debt 

An  the  courts  gave  the  lenders   the  tneaua   of  xpeedilj   raolis 
their    claims   the/   were  soon  resorted    to.      In  1832,    whea  Un| 
extreme  cbenpueHS  of  grain    was   profiling-  with  terrible    wei^t 
the  agricultural  clasaca,  the  rronch  trardlor  Jacquemont,  a  MO 
what  unfriendly  critic,  described   tlio  cultiratorit    nil  over   India 
owing  instead  of  owning.      They  had  almnst  always   to   borruw 
fromtliu  l>ankt>r  and  money  to  hire  plough  cattle.      Evorr  husband] 
man  hnd  n  ruuiiiiig  nccount  with  u  letidur  to  whom    daring  all 
life  ho  paid  the  interest  of  his  debt,  which  swelled  in  bad  yetirs  l 
whcti   minily   ccromonios  came   round.  ^In   no  part   of   India  lidj 
tndubteduess  cause  more  misery  than  in   the   Deocan.     FurmeHj 
the  law  or  cusloin  prevented  nl(;n()i>r  fmm   more  than    tripling^ 
original  loan   by   coinponnd    interest;  noithpr  personal   arresi 
seizure   of  itnmovnblo  prtipcrty    w««    nllowud.       Tho   Kngli-iK  l»il 
removiDg  all  such  rentmiiitR  oatiscd  much  horror.     To  carry  oat  \U\ 
lawjudgex  had  toatripotd  families  of  their  ancestral  homea,* 

The  fir«t  delnileJ   record  of  the  relations  betwnen    hnsban^ 
and  their  creditors   is   the  result  of  an   inquiry   mode    in    IS43, ' 
Mr.  loverarity,  the  Rovenoo  Comtnisaioner  of  the  Northern  Uiriffli] 
Mr.  Stewart,    the  Collector  of  Poona,  nfier  prvmiiiitig  that   it 
well    known    (hat  all  vnactraputa  to  fix  a  lower  than  tho    mark, 
rate  of  interc«t  had  the  effect  of  enhancing  it,  slated  that  moofjj 
was  frequently  borrowed  on  mere  persoaul  accurity  ut    thirty 
sixty  per  cent.     Gmsidering  tbiit  the  borroffer>i  seldom  ownod 
properly  it  seemed  lo  hitn  ii  tnaltor  of  surprise  thni  ihey  had 
at  all  rather  tlian  that  ihe  rate  of  interest  was  so  high.     The 
of  Maasra.  Frere  and  Ro.v)  kis  aasIstimtA  wore  eotaowhal  at  vai 


>  Jiwqii<mont'«  y<ytfp9,  III.  8W. 


POONA. 


Its 


ritJithcCoIl©etor*a  »iewa.  Mr.Prore  staled  that  tKere  were  fow  villages 
l^ler  Ilia  cliar)^  ill  nhich  tlieru  vnaa  odd  landlioldur   unburdened 
debt  And  scarcely  n  ainglo  rilUgfo  in  -which  three  persons  oonld 
>und  not  itivoWed  for  suots  of  over  itlO  (R«.  100).     Thoao  debta 
coucracted    on  marriage    and  other  social   oocaRions.    The 
Iterost  varied  from  lwont}->firo   to  sixty  ])<«r  coat  according  to   the 
trcDinstitiicM  of  the  borrower  and  the  df»criptina  of  Beouritj  given, 
fr.  FrererecoTnmendv^somocneiisnron'sLrictid^intt-n-At.     Mr.  Rose 
■bscrved   thuC  iho  uauriooa  character  of  iho  vilkgu  Rionu^ltriider 
QoCoriouB.     He  thought  the  poverty   of  the    Deocitn  loiidboldor 
in  great  meaiiure    due  to    the   lender's  grvud.     Ho  feared  ib 
3u1d  bo  difficult  to  care  the  evil  »»  the  people  looked  on   the 
lonoylender  tm    a  iiet^asi^.     Their   thoughtlessaewi  niid  iffnorvnco 
ronH  frustrate  any  attempt  to  check  or  put  a  slup  to  tbo  Innder'a 
Korbitnnt  gaioa.     la  cases  irhere  landholders  were  concerned,   tho 
jteresl  was  generally  enormous  and  agit-omenls  wore  fraudulently 
Dared.     I£e  also  recommended  that  something  should  be  done  to 
lit  the  nto  of  interest'.     lu  HutnmiuK  this  evidence  tho  Borenue 
jinmissioner  aeetne  to  have  shared  the  Collector's  riews  agaiust 
ryiog   to  lower  inloreathy  legul  euoctuiem.     Ho  noticed  tbut  the 
loneylender  was  frequently  part  of  the  village  community.     The 
imiHe^  h»<l  lived  for  f^riiorationn  in  the  ttame  village  helping    tho 
:>plt>  from  hither  In  son  and  enabling  them  to  meet  ttrgeut  caato 

In  thin  correspond eoco  t3ie  attiintioii  of  the  reportiug  ofBoera 
^aa  usually  fixed  on  the  question  of  usnry.  It  appears  tbut  as  yet 
Be  opi^ration  of  Iho  Inn  had  nob  aggravated  ttio  hurdf^n  of  debt 
I  any  dcgi-ce  of  severity.  This  waa  natural.  The  husbaDdinoo 
td  geaerally  no  title  in  his  land  except  the  title  convoyed  hy  the 
l*;r«<litarj  or  mirii«  tonuro  and  his  Ktock  and  Geld  tools  were 
«afe  from  aeixure.  Another  notable  point  in  this  corre«poodeuoe 
ia  llfat  tbo  moueylfodura  are  spoken  of  as  the  Tillage  Bania, 
the  Tillage  banker,  and  onder  similar  terms  which  bHow  that 
the  old  butikvr  wag  tho  only  tender  with  whom  tho  landhohU-rn 
had  dcidmgs.  It  it  also  noteworthy  that  expenditure  on  morriajrcs, 
caste  rtU's,  and  aimilnr  oocnsiona  i*  generally  aaejgned  as  the  canM 
of  indebtednef>3.  One  reason  why  social  chrtrges  are  noticed  as  the 
chief  cfluee  of  debt  may  bo  foaed  in  the  rapid  sprmd  of  tillage  which  in 
different  parts  of  the  district  followed  tho  lowering  of  tho  rstos  of 
Met^ment  ill  183Cflnd  the  follonnng  years.  Tlie  lowering  of  asaesa- 
lent  gave  the  landholder  a  strong  iiidiieement  to  add  to  his  holding 
>d  the  lender  was  enconnigod  to  make  advances  by  the  enhanced 
Wurity  and  the  ready  machinery  which  was  available  for  rocovpring 
sbta.  Itwashopod  that  the  permanent  title  and  the  light  aasessment 

foaraoteed  by  the  aurvey  settlement  would  so  increase  tho  land- 
older's  profiia  and  stimulato  hia  indnstry  that  by  degrece  he  would 
frue  hims-df  fn>m  debt.  The  increaAod  production  and  the  stinrnlna 
to  agricaltural  enU^r;>ri&e  did  indeed  follow,  but  debt  instead  of 
dimioishitig  increased.  The  records  belonging  to  the  period 
between  ISjO  and  1858  briog  to  notice  two  marked  f«i*ire3  in  the 
B  1327—15 


ChaptwT- 

Capital. 
Buuhowaas. 
Hnafcaadiaan. 


L 


DISTRICTS. 

rolntiotia  between  the  lander  aail  tha  hQ«baiidman  which  foDani 
tbo  cboDgca  IN  ctio  rcTfitiae  and  judicial  srsteois.  Theeo  two  kaiam 
are  the  ffrowtb  of  small  monerlpiiiJors  and  the  operation  of  Ihe  Im 
to  tlitt  dibiadvtkaUge  of  tlir  landholders.  lit  18''>2,  Cnptniu,  ibc  Ua 
Sir  (i.,  WiagHbe,  th«n  Surrey  ComtDissioiier.  wrote  th»t  tbo  fitniitMi 
for  the  recoverj  of  dobt  offered  b^  the  civil  court*  had  C'all?^  iott 
flXiaUQce  an  inferior  class  of  mooerli-nders  who  tlealt  at  exnrbitui 
rate*  of  interest  with  the  lower  ■gricnltaral  poor.  As  thu  T«]g*  at 
the  landholder's  titlo  utider  the  survey  aeltlomtmts  oama  to  If 
reocignizod,  hia  eagemeaa  to  extend  his  holding'  grew.  A  biA 
Htart  waa  Riron  tu  lh«  moneylender  id  his  coiupt'titioD  vriUillf 
Uodholder  fop  the  frriits  of  tho  soil.  Thy  hollt  of  tho  jkv>(i1(*  mm 
very  poor  and  the  capital  reqQiredforwidertillage  could  be  obuioftl 
only  on  the  credit  of  the  land  and  it:i  produce.  £ven  undent 
reduced  rat«a  of  auesstneut  exiatin^  debt  left  tho  1andholdt;r  Intb 
margin  of  profit,  lliifl  marfriD  of  proht  would  Dot  go  for  tom^ 
ooveringhi^tncrea&edneeda  to  pr>:>vide  stock  and  sevd  nnd  to  meet 
aMesiinient  od  tho  additjons  to  hia  holding.  At  the  sxtne  t 
tho  Bratyenror  two  bin  rotiirn  id  prodaee  would  bo  nomiual. 
the  most  cautious  could  not  wait  till  their  proGta  enablf'd  theott 
take  up  fresh  land  btM^aase  they  feared  that  tho  more  wealthr 
more  i«ckleS8  wuuld  l>v  before  them.  la  ldit5  it  had  bocotiL 
known  that  the  Regulation  restricting  tho  rate  of  intoiv^t  in  Intln 
per  ceot  wns  evaded  by  ttio  moneylenders  by  de^lnctiug  difcont, 
or  OQore  properly  interest  taken  in  advance  from  the  omouDF 
to  the  dehlur,  'I'ho  uatury  law  had  the  effect  of  placing  the 
in  u  wome  position  by  compcUins  him  to  coM)per«te  irt  a,  ficticub 
evade  the  law.  The  bond  acknowledged  the  receipt  of  an  & 
which  bad  not  been  rucuived.  In  I8C>&  an  Act  was  passed  rati: 
th<>  re<-tnction  on  intorent.  Another  reralt  of  the  enhancea  valia 
of  ugriculturul  inrustmcnts  caused  by  the  survey  setcleoioDl  «■ 
the  sproad  of  the  pmctioe  of  raising  money  on  mortnago  of  taudsaJ 
of  privnto  sales  of  laud  to  monoylendors.  FriTateaalos  of  land  wet* 
donbtloss  made  in  liqaidation  of  debt  and  not  for  tho  pnrposad 
raising  luonuy  as  no  landhulder  would  jiart  with  hia  land  to  rail' 
money.  It  must  therefore  be  pit^utned  that  in  snch  cases  ittf 
moneylender  compelU-d  iho  tninsfcr  by  throats  of  imprtsonaMt 
or  by  other  terrors.  Although  raoneylendt-ra  were  adding  to  ibeir 
land  by  private  pnrdiftses  tho  sale  of  oocnpaacies  under  decne 
was  rare.  This  was  probably  duo  to  eoreral  causes.  Th« 
people  bad  not  aoquirod  full  confidcnoe  in  the  title  givon  by  llx 
survey  settlement ;  thoy  probably  bad  hardly  confidence  in  tin 
stability  of  the  British  rale.  The  only  land  sold  wss  b^reditaif 
or  minis  which  as  it  was  held  by  »  recognized  title  WM 
reputed  to  be  safe.  It  waa  seldom  a  creditor's  interest,  to  evW  )m 
debtor  out  of  his  holding.  Tho  landholder's  Htuck  and  field  look 
nroro  protccled  from  sale  and  tiie  crodit/or  was  likely  Co  make  moif 
by  leaving  hiro  in  posscaaton  of  bis  hind  than  by  lowering  him  to  s 
tenant.  Thu  sale  of  immovablo  property  for  debt  waa  opposed  to 
oustoin  and  public  opinion,  and  unlea-i  tho  land  was  directly  mada 
security  the  conrtu  wuuld  ho  relucEitnt  to  havo  it  sold  if  tho  clotB 
could  be  satisfiad  by  other  aionns  more  oonsonant  with  native  DMgb 


jndiciiil  returns  show  bow  much  more  favoorablo  tlte  mode  of 
idiaposiojT  of  business  iu  iba  courta  before  1859  whs  to  defendants 
tbfto  the  more  strict  procedure  wbicb  was  introduced  in  1859, 
Under  the  eai'lier  syatem  ikliout  ono  qnaiior  of  tbe  cases  decided 
vrcny  ftjjiiflt^-d  without  jiidicml  action  ;  in  1869  tbo  proportion  mottled 
witboat  judicial  action  fell  to  about  oue-seTontb.*  At  this  time 
(l$5U-18d9)  tho  returns  tthow  tlia.tlho  Jmpri^ionnioiit  of  thedi.-btorwA8 
B  fayourile  method  of'pn>ct)i'in;f  the  settlement  of  a  debt.  Tbo  aale 
of  liiod  wa.%  mv  aud  ihu  ealo  of  the  debtor's  Iiougs  was  aD  ioDorutioo. 
Imprisonment  would  tberoEore  be  more  often  used.  During  the 
three  year:)  eodiiig  I85U  there  was  »u  average  of  530 civil  prisoners 
is  tbo  I'oona  Jail,  oomporod  with  an  e^verage  of  204  in  tbe  three 
yearsending  IHGH. 

In  1838,  when  Lord  Elphin&toae  was  Govvruor  oi  Bomtiajr, 
lie  recorded  his  oooviction  that  the  labouring  classes  suffered 
eDormouH  iitjtistico  from  the  want  of  protection  a^oinst  the 
extortionate  pi-actioes  of  money leoders.  He  believed  that  the  rivil 
conrt«  bad  become  hateful  to  tbe  mass  of  the  poople  bocauiH!  tboy 
■were  made  the  in-struiucuLs  of  tbe  almost  iucredible  rapacity  of 
uBurioiiK  cnpittUiats.  Id  Lord  Eiphinatone's  opinion  nothing  ooald' 
ho  more  calculated  to  fj^ive  rise  to  widespread  discontent  and 
disnat  infliction  with  British  rule  Chan  tbe  practical  working  of  the 
exiiitiDg  law. 

Shortly  aftor  this  the  rise  in  produce  prices  improrod  the 
landholder's  condiuon.  N'otwiihstandiug  the  prMsnre  of  debt  and 
of  injnrlotis  laws  about  1860  tbe  landholders  vfere  better  off  than  thoj 
Itadbeenforyears.  Theconditions  of  agriculture  had  been  faTournble. 
For  nntriy  twenty  years  landholders  bad  enjoyed  a  fixed  and 
tnodemto  asecsament  and.large  tracts  of  amble  waste  had  been 
lirougbt  under  tillage.  Commnoications  and  moans  of  transport 
■wert!  improved,  the  railway  whoso  coostraction  hotl  cnrichvd  the 
district  by  about  £500,000  (Rs.  SO  hiiJth»)  was  within  easy  reach, 
and  iu  finite  of  a  8<-ri«s  of  good  seasons  produce  prices  hud  risen. 
.AIlhou^D  the  lender  might  take  bim  to  court,  the  landholder  had  a 
chaiict::  of  boing  able  to  borrow  from  a  rival  UmmKit  and  the  oonrt 
•woidd  givo  time.  If  a  decree  was  passed  against  the  borrower,  bia 
stock  and  field-toots  wore  tafr?  and  his  land  was  not  in  danger. 
He  might  be  imprisoDod  untU  he  signed  a  now  bond  ;  he  waa  not 
^ely  to  be  made  a  panpor. 

P  Id  1  So9  two  enactments  agfvravated  eliciting  evils.  These  were  the 
iCii'il  Pr*>cf?duro  C'«l«»  and  the  Stntulo  of  I-imitntions.  Whatever 
iacili  ties  the  law  afforded  tbe  credit  or  in  IS52  were  greatly  enhaiicod  by 
tlie  iutrodnctiun  of  tbe  1859  procedure,  and  by  the  punctual  conduotof 
judirrio]  duties  which  wat  now  exacted  from  the  subordinate  courts. 
At  tbe  same  time  (ho  laudhiddor'M  credit  was  cnbanocd  by  adding 
Lis  land  and  hin  stock  and  field  tools  (o  tbo  security  which  was 
liable  for  his  debts.  In  I860  tbo  introdectlon  of  compulsory 
regietratioa  of  deods  dealing  with  immoTablo  property  prutected 

B>  Tbe  dvtailB  wofQ  I  in  1850  of  8893  «WM33SEv«rD  Mttled  witibontjadicwl  •ction  ; 
■a  I6SS  of  10,M<I  cMM  1669  w«r*  i^tlsd  witluint  j«t4ioi*1  Mtion. 


ChapUr 

CapitaJ. 

Boaxowana 
HatbaadaiM. 


tBembftT  OnM^l' 


110 


DISTRICTS. 


ObairtOT  T. 
Hwrif  nil  liif 


the  creditor  from  attempu  to  miud»t«  crdiapoto  a  registered 
lu  tlio  meantime  the  landhotdera  estate  Iwd  risea  in.  valoe  Bad 
cuIiivutiDu  uOt-rcd  sDcunlies  for  oeir  Kmos.     His  persoiuU  6oIi 
w«a   ikAsiired  hy    the   liirgv  di>ii]au(l    for   laboar    on    llie  iwlw^y  I 
otber  public  wurktt,  nnd  in  IStl.'j  hi»  tide  in   bis  land  was  reoofniti 
and  secured  !>;  au  Aot  which  eonfiniiod  tli<t  rif^hta  7«ated  ib  hiu 
lliu  mrtej  settleoiMit.     ikitweea  1^62  Aod  ItiOd  the  Atni*ncaD 
while  on  the  ono  li&nd  it  poured  nooejr  into  the  oouutrjr  lo 
iDv«ittui«m,  on  the  other  band  raised  to  an  exiravaftnnt  pitch 
valuu  uf  agricuUnral  secoriliits.     To  thfwe  cent's  t<>tit)it!{Lr  tu  aU 
oaptttil   tu  tlio   biisiiMtas  of   af^ciiliiiral  moiiovlendiiit,^   ii    latj 
added  tliat  id  tbo  d4«rth  of  other  todustriea,  with  a  pnpalntion  wi 
wants  entbraced  little  but  the  mor«st necessaries,  cspitAl,  wlurh  oi 
other  cuuditiou9  would  find  oniplojmieDt  ia  trade  ur    uianufactm 
nktumlly  turued  to  B^ricnltara]  iiiTwtmcnfc.     Almost  tbu  onlj  cnoi 
open  to  thf  cliTk   or  eervant   vho  bad  mv^  a  litt.l«  mnar; 
Tillage  mouevle odor's  etnploymont,  was  to  Mt  up  as  a  moot^V 

The  most  unicrnpulaua  class  of  petty  moneylondora  ii 
considerably  during  the  t«n  years  anding  187o.  It  becaiaa 
landholder's  common  practioa  to  borrow  from  ono  lendsr 
pay  another  or  to  borrow  from  two  or  llirae  ab  a  time, 
result  of  thia  competition  of  low-claos  lenders  was  that 
respectable  lenders  wore  obliged  to  ri*«ort  to  ttip  methodn  of  awvUil 
the  debt  nnd  coercing  the  debtor  which  the  potty  lendoni  h 
introduced.!  In  the  process  of  twellinf?  the  acconnt  tho  louder  «m 
greatly  helped  by  tbe_Lin)itation  Act  of  lft59.  This  Act  was  poMid 
with  thtf  object  of  helping  the  borrowMf  b^  makiniLr  it  imposHiblAfo 
tho  lender  to  bring  forwftrd  old  claims  which  the  borrower  could  ait 
disprove.  The  lender  wrested  the  proTtsiona  of  the  Act  to  hii  o*v 
advniiliipe  by  forcing  the  debtor,  unuer  ihfeat  of  procL-ediDin,  to  paa 
&  fresh  bond  for  a  earn  equal  to  the  amount  of  the  original  boid 


I  Sir  a.  Wtnml«  thm  dMcrilwd  th«  Ouagt  in  tha  rdation*  twtwwn  the  l^K 
Mid  tha  UndLolilDr :  TIm  pnMMHty  ol  tto  laiuUi<ild«r  b  ao  longw  nii  tmtif  * 
Out  l>mq>«rii]r  «t  tJia  leiiJo-.  Tha  nlUg*  laodsr  a**d»  no  longer  to  Uiut  U  IW 
tandrioldpr'i  ^;ood  Uiih  or  honaitT.  Matiul  ooofideuM  am)  guodwill  hsn  (ina 
way  to  mutual  <lt»tnl*t  nnd  d!>liko.  Tba  •vsr^mulf  cipeiltciil  nt  a  anit  fi** 
tbo  latidar  ciinnlttii  coinmanit  over  the  poraoci  and  pro|i«rty  of  tbo  dabtor.  11 
bKOHica  tb«  londnr'*  intwnit  ttirviliicii  iIih  horrKwirr  ti>  no^lMi  bulobtodiiMa  tbrtte 
may  ftp(>ro[irialo  tho  wlii.-'lv  fruiit  uf  hia  iDduftty  beyond  wliat  la  uvdiapciuabl*  Whi* 
WLUtviico.  TIlis  the  Ivndcr  U  itl>]«  withont  dilfidiltjr  to  do,  So  lou  «■  a  laadMto 
M  Dpi  deeply  Lavulvcd  tli«  louder  nadity  affonta  taim  tho  aicaua  of  indalgfng  la  HJ 
extravagiuic«.  TIie  aiinple  and  tliongbtlcn  landhi^or  ■»  easily  lunvT  into  1W 
snara.  H«  bMomet  aware  of  bin  lolly  euly  when  the  tmli  art  fairly  rouitd  faiin  tat 
tb««  it  nv  eMapo,  Kran  that  day  ha  ii  bia  craditur'a  baadtOMa.  Tlta  eritdiw 
takai  c*jv  that  tbo  dtbtor  iball  Mldom  do  more  Uwut  redaoe  tiM  intereat  ol  Ul 
d*1)t.  Do  wbal  bn  will  Ibo  UndboM'T  cait  nnrvr  gat  rid  of  tbo  principal.  Da  bak 
tbat  anolliiT  may  rcvt  t  b»  ao«-B  that  another  may  rtap.  Bapv  hurra  him  mi 
despair  aciic*  hint.  Th*  vico*  of  a  tUie  inkr  tlio  plao*  of  a  trT«*an'i  virtues.  Bl 
feeU  biniMlf  tha  viotim  of  tajnitic«  and  trie*  lo  ravoage  lumaolf  by  oheatin^  Ul 
uppTMaota.  Ai  hi*  imaitioii  cajiii'it  bx  made  woraf,  b«  grewa  rackloo.  Mia^ntf 
aadaavonr  ft  to  apwl  hit  Mamiaa  thg  taoaeyktidtn  by  oeaiisaal  bormwlno.  Wk« 
be  liM  horrovad  all  that  ona  Uadar  will  Mlvaoca^  It  b  a  lriiin|ib  to  bim,  if  Uei  arf 
(■Im  pnuniaea  can  win  •amethiiig  vum  from  aaotiMr.  The  two  orediton  may  Sjhfc 
and  (Curiiig  Uie  fray  the  iJebtor  nay  aaaich  a  portkMi  ol  tlia  apoil  fran  both.  DoocM 
RiouConiiaiaaio«i  Report,  it-IS. 


POONA. 


U7 


_  Dgetfaer  witli  iDtcresl  aud  oltca  a  premiam.*  His  ivabilit;  to  pay 
on  account  of  tbe  unceHiiintjr  of  the  seasoiia  raade  tbis  practtciu  of 

.  pasHiDfr  new  bduila  iit  tbu  viiJ  uf  orAry  tvrg  or  three  JTWS  |>reeK 
speciJilJy  hard  an  the  Poorm  huBhaiidman. 

:  Tbougli  tbc  landholders'  gains  from  the  higb  prices  of  pn>duc» 
.  during  the  four  yuara  of  the  American  war  (1862- 1865)  were  to  a 
igre^i  extent  cuDcelli-d  by  tbo  budneaa  of  tbo»e  seitaons,  still  tbo 
^■118  band  men  drew  lar^e  profits  from  (be  htprh  najT^s  of  tinakillcd 
B^^'^'"''  ^hich  in  Uombny  ruse  from  I^v.  6(^(1U.  7)) to  £1  7;.  [Rs.  13 J) 
a  UKuitb.  Beeidu!!  in  Bouibay  bi^b  ivHg;o3  were  paid  to  the  workers 
the  railwiiy  especially  on  the  ascent  oE  the  Bor  pa^is  wbirh  wag 
H  compli>U.Hl  till  lat33.  Following'  on  tbis  after  a  short  interval 
krae  an  increased  ex|[ienditiire  on  loml  public  worlta,  which  in  tJio 
?oona  districl  fklunc  iti  18tiS-G9  roso  to  nboul  £310,000  (Rs.  31 
kits).  Duriog  the  6ve  years  cndin;^  1867,  the  caotonment  of 
Doa  w&s  ibe  itceno  of  extraorditmry  actiTity  iu  priTate  hoiise- 
"iing.  The  sums  spent  on  ordinary  Ubour  in  these  works  could 
bavo  been  tuucb,  if  at  nil,  less  than  thone  spent  by  Govemraent 
the  Dame  area.  Besides  the  advantage  of  high  waj^es  tbe 
jfricultural  ])opuUtion  drew  a  more  questionable  advantage  from 
beir  podiiion  as  laitdbalders.  Through  tbe  immense  stiinuliis  given 
the  production  of  cotton  iind  bccniise  of  the  clieapness  of  money, 
ticid  produce  and  land  bad  risen  no  high  that  the  hiudbuldtn-'s  power 
as  a  borrower  was  that  of  »  cnpitulist  nether  Lbau  of  a  labourer. 

The  increato  in  the  raluo  of  land  ift  illnntrated  by  the  rise  in  the 

.number  of  anita   connected  with   laud  from  «evonty-Gye  in  1851 

282  in  18t>l  and  to  Qi'l  in  18()5.<     At  the  name  time  the  increase 

tho  landholder's   credit  in  shown  by  the  fidl   in   tbo  compulsory 

acesMs  for  the  recovery  t^  debt.     Thua,  though  during  this  period 

extremely   hi^h   prices,  the  fauabandmao'a   land   may   bare,   on 

count  of  the  badness  of  tbe  eeasoDS,  brought  him  hctle  actual 

icome,  it  brought  hito  the  fatal  ^ft  of  anlimited  ctvdith. 

In  1865  with  the  cloeo  of  the  American  wnr  the  inflow  of  capital 
Mod.  Prices  did  not  at  once  fall  as  I8t)6-67  wag  »  season  of 
rere  drought,  18t}7-(}8  of  partial  bilure,  and  1870'71  of  ieriona 


Chapter  Vj 
CapitaLJ 
IJoHanwx 
Hunbrail 


I  On  tht  17th  of  Mm  1875.  Mr.  W.  H.  P.  Ofhloa.  the  Simimm  Jndfrn  Af  Thtu, 

>,  'labonitifoaatuHdiialdbondi  trhldh  iMriinMrlf  raa  tbo  pcno<l  of  liraitatioa, 

impoaiiblo  to  cstiDiata  what  pn>|>aTticu  of  (ha    Kinai'loraliim  wna  a«4iitd  nuh 

irniciit.     Tli«  LionitatiMi  l**, » ttAtuta  of  peft«s  mkdp  fit  tlie  protootioii  of  borrooron, 

t  ui  Mifiae  of  extortion  in  Um  buicla  of  tlic  luoilun,     Wli«a  ■  honil  1*  n«*rly 

I  f€VW  old  the  crtditor    by  UmalMiing  pnxMvdJngi  prfoaea  the  d«btor  to  pw*  a 

btwd  for  *  *nm  «nntt  to  •£•  princiii*!  aad  lnt«r«M  n(  Ih«  old  boMl  »nd  •ntoadaMa 

tin  ailitiliaiMl  pi«miuja.'     Acviramg  to  th«  Jud^  of  tlic  SiaaU  CkiiM  Coitrt«( 

Itfakd,  lat  i^Dfrt«iaber  l8;<'},tli«*boii  l«nn  which  the  Limltkllan  Act  iiiticJucvd 

pvtt  hirdabip  and  famisbnl  hiodnra  with  opportunities  for  chekling  tboir 

t,    Tbo  dclilon  «m  buaMod  ever>'  turu  fean  t«  pay   lli»  nxmej  or  to  poM  a 

bond.    Civdilon  ilwap  laaro  ■  nargia  ofoaoywiai  a  n»«iimn>ofpr*Mnition. 

ItheUwniakM  ibrmymra  they  alair*  "i"^"  it  two,  bMaiue  they  nay  hsTofifio 

•Botlier  plkM  OF  the  dabU>r  mky  (o  al*«whiir«.     Two  )'■•!»•  i>  iii-tn  lon^onoaKh 

— I  to  give  a  hubaiidniMi  to  |wy  money.     Perhftpa  it  waa    botrowrd    far    liia    I'la'a 

la^,  or  for  piiuitinA  ■ogacouio,  or  niahtnu  a  |[»n)Mi,  aniJ  will  taka  him  rizor 

I  j«an  to  doar. 

>  Tha  datail*  am ;  !B«1.  382  auit.  ;  ISSS,  m  :  ISS3.  090:  IM4.  MO:  and  1S«S.  MS. 


[Bomlwy  OuetMt 


IIS 


IMSTRICrS. 


u. 


htlurp,  unil   the  very  largo  mims  -wIikIi  were  spoat  on  lo 
till  Ifi7l  fnrthi-r  bvlped  tokecii  up  produoe  prict-a.      After 
cxjwmlitam  on  imblic  wurks  ilpclineJ.  tlie  barvcdt-g  w>r**   good, 
the  pncu  of  iiiillcl  fi.'ll   fnun   furtv-fuur  poundrtia  lS71-<Stui 
fivn  poundii  in  I  &73-74.     Krum  1^7  tbo  svLlIemnate  of  land  ra* 
mftdo  tUirty  yo*n  brfore  bepan  to  fall  in,  fuid  tiao  reriaton  rwui 
jn  a  cou8Kli?r«b1e  iacreoM  ia  Ibe  Goremment  demnnd.^     Alia 
cintiinBUtiroH  i:oDtribut«d    lo    oontmiH   ihu    IniiJhoIiler's  ma 
ninl<>rialty  rrdnw-d  tlio  nmrfjin  available    lor    the  lender, 
posHiblo  iWt  the  laud  hold  ITS  did  not  (K>ntract  iti  l.bo  eamo  pro| 
tbe  iDoro  coelly    mudo  of  living  wliicb  Ui|<U  ■Koges  had  just 
D^t*  incrMMod  nnd  the  husbandmen   bc;ra»    to    mortgag 
lands  tnoro  dvcply  thuu  W<jrc.     In  1871  tbo  fnilure  of  crof: 
lor  Urge  rotnissions.     Other  caiues  prerenied  tho   renikl 
levied   from  nMvchiiik;  tliu  full  luDount  of  the   ri'visod    rat4}S, 
1874,  in  conxcqacnce  of  th«  fall  in  produce  prioc«,  the  revised 
vero  roducod.     Still  thu  <'fT(.-ct  vf   thu  nvw  aetttumeot   Tra»  a  I 
rotreachment  from  ibc  Iiindhnldcr's  profits. 

Tho  c>ffiicl  of  ilio  Dodduu  full  in  jirudaoe  prioes  bettroon 
and  1873-74  aggravated  by  other  circamstancra,  was  finst  to  : 
the  IandhoId«T^s  power  of  paying:,  secondly  to  make  credit 
by  all  Dieano  >d  tbvir  jM^wcr  to   recover  thoir  debU  or   to  oi 
their  aocurity  by  turning  personal  debt  into  bind    inorr^(r<%i 
lastly   to   check    furtlicr  advances   to   hosbaDdmen.*       l>uriiig 
E&mo  period  there  was  a  marked   incrcaso    in    tlie     dithcultf 
collecting  the  laud  revenna.     Not  only  in  th«  sub-dlvtitiuii*  ml 
the  enhanced  aaseiwtDents  pressed  directly  upon  tbe  inoD»yed  cL 
who  wen!  nblv   to  orgaaizo  and  susIaiq  rosistancv  to  the  duranmlit 
GoYcrumcnt,  bot  in  others,  the  period  from  I8W-69  to  ls7a."t 
marteed  by  nn  nnuftiiAl   amonnt   of   renfissioaa   and    arrc^ra. 
husiDess  of  loudcrH  wan  alMt  reduced  to  the  last  point.     At  tbo : 
time  tho  ari^u  held  for  Ltllsgo  considerably  contracted. 

The  pressure  on  tbe  laDdholdor  to  pny  what  ho  owed  and 
luiwilliDgno«8  of  the  lond^  to  nuko  furtbor  advances  were  gradt 
increaeing  from  1869  to  1875.     Aa  order  of  Goveminont   in 
Itevenne  Dc^partment,*  framed  with  the  object  of  preventin| 
of  landj   direoUxI  that  process  to  recover  land  revenao 


>  1^6  (ollowiag  t*1>I«  ahowa  Um  rwolu  ol  tbo  ravuiou : 


Boa-DivtiHi'. 

rtirmrt 
Umixjd. 

VimuiuL 

tngM. 

IiHUpur 

BlllfltUlull 

ItoirJI 

at. 

n.iM 

ci.trt 

Ha. 
i.i».nie 

ti  aw 

HJtM 

um 

»l»T 

*TI»«  lon-ior's  dimruit   in  the  lx>rTa«i!r   wm  vIiowii  l.y  the  riM  in   tlio  nnmbetrf 
xi*t«rtd  d«4i)i>  ill   Blilnitliaill  iLut)    I>i<lit>ur  froni  T&2iQ  iStitt  t«1  ~ 


Wa  m?  ia  1971,  1874  in  187%  »»i   Ufi  is  1873. 
-■SMolBtiooTaO,  Sth  Fcbniftry  ISTS. 


Itr74ia  166».  JlsOii 


POONA. 


lid 


Srst  ftgainst  Oxo  moTablo  property  of  tho  occupant,  and  tbaC 

ke  land  sbould  not  be  !>oId  antil  oftftr  tho   «nlo  of  tbp  movable 

>prrty.     This   order     the   moDcylendt^ra    turned   to    their    own 

IvantAtrn  at  Iho  oxpcmo  of  tho'lantlliuldors.      In  t'cbniHry  nud 

iirch  1875  tho  lendtfrs  refused  to  pay   tho  second   iuBtahncat  o£ 

renoa  nn  land  who»e  produce  they  had  received  from  their  debtors. 

idholdvn*  who  found  thoir  tnovablo  property  atbachud,  after  tbey 

handt'd   thoir  creditors    the    produce    of    Uie    land    on    the 

3er»taadiQg  that  thoy  would  pay   tho    rents,  luitnmlly   ft-lt  that 

Bj  were  thu  vicltms  of  dcUbomte  firaad.     The  foeHng  of  ill  will 

I  strong  and  widt-spreat). 

In  1874  a  b«Q(l  of  Koli  ontlan-s,  od  the  western  hitU  of  Poona 
ad  Ahmadnatfar,  direcCed  thf'ir  robherii-K  nlinoKt  ontiroly  ngninst 
le  losdinjf  claaa  So  great  waa  tho  twrror  that  for  many  months  a 
|ive  tract  of  country  enjoyt'J  complete  freodom  from  the  exactioni* 
p  MflrwjLricrediiorHand  thuir  iifjoola.'  ThisfncL  aud  tbu  atory  that 
Enf^lishmau,  who  hml  been  ruined  by  n  Miirwl^ri,  had  petitioned 
ie  Etnpres:)  and  that  ahc  had  HCDt  orders  that  thu  Miirw&ris  were  to 
Ive  ap  their  bonds  broaght  mattem  to  a  criiiL*.  Even  the  tnoro 
lacat«d  Tilla^rH  believed  thiit  on  n  report  from  India  orders  hud 
>me  from  Eii}{lund  that  the  MftrwiLria  were  to  have  their  bonds  taken 

im  them.  In  Ktiine  form  or  other  this  rqjort  was  circulated  and 
[belief  establialied  that  acting  under  orders  from    England,   tho 

>TerDmeiit  ofTicer*  'would  coiiniro  ni  tho  «xt*>rli(ni  of  the 
Iftrwilria*  bonds.  During  1874  the  district  offioera  had  boon  called 
3D  to  furnifh  information  regarding-  the  people  of  the  district 
kr  tho  compilation  of  tho  Bombay  Gazetteer.  Among  other 
ibjeots  the  hoBincwi  of  the  money  Icndor,  tho  loading  chnractoriatici 
"'tis    prof«gsioanl    di-iling*,  und   hin  relnlioiis  to   thu   Inndholdiog 

assea  had  been  iuquinxl  inU).     This  lifavts  room  for  supiMsing  that 

JO  GoTcrament,  hearing  of  the  ilUtreatment  of  the  landboldera   by 

ie  londorjt,  bad  caused  inquiry  to  be  made  and  had  now  given  an 

ler  which  woald  redress  their  wronga.    This  resulted  in  the  Duccao 

liotaof  1876.' 

The  first  sign    of   open     boatility   to  the   Mrtrwiiri    monoylcndor 

song  the  orderly  villagoDi  of  the  Poona  plain,  was  shown  by  tho 

>plo   of    Karde   in    Sirur.    A   deahmnkh,   or   district    hcn-ditary 

leer,  named  Bib&a^bob,  a  tnaaof  good  family  and  gome  inHnence, 

hoA   made  a  fortune  iu  the  serrice  of  ilis  Highness  Biudia, 

settled    in  the  Tillage.       He  spent   his  fortune  and  fell  into 

Dbt.     Two  of  his   creditors,    Kfllur&m  and  BbagvilndlU,  both   of 

^eni    M&nrrtlri!!.    got    from    the  Talegaon  court  decrees  agsiost 

'ibis^heb.     K&larto  took  out  a  warrant  of  arresL     BjIblU&hob 


Chapter 
Capitol- 

BoKKon'Jtn 
Huahmdme 


DtM^nShH 


Belvan  1870  and  1974  maiMTlendcra  BUflsTCid  in  mm  ouw  oi  fnunlvr.  wrmti  of 
J>  olghl  at  tniKtiW,  iwocty-fvur  li  ihtitt,  tw«ntf'ninai>(  faurt,  tnA  eight  of 
aitiM]  force,  or  a  total  of  Hvcnty-Mven  vtficaec*  ia  live  yean.  Veccui  Biol*  Com- 
rioii  Raprirt,  9. 

The  iMliiig  oi  Uoitility  IwtWMn  th«  Uoilholdon  %aA  bhdr  cretlitm  vbich  foood 
pnwinn  in  the  rioti  bod  been  inemuing  for  lome  lini«.  unl  hod  it  not  bees  to*  a 
jiui«nt  p«rtod  of  nroapmtj,  tb*  mmt  wwJd  bsvo  h»m«ned  lonji  before.  Bom. 
W.  Sd.  CLVU  (K«w  8«riMk  2. 


tBemb&jr ' 


DISTRICTS. 


gare  KAtardin    persooBl    ornaments    aad    thewarrftot    was 

BJCCOiitTMj.  \bout  (oar  moolUs   later  somo    omnntoDta    and 
bflimtciog  to  tUo  U'lnplo   of  Vithubs  at    BAb&wUieb'a    hooiw 
altoclieil,  l)iit,  »i  thn  lostAnM  of  iht)  villa^rs,  KlLIariai  allowtd 
attached  propcrtr  to  romnin  in  dopoait  with  a  bhird    pnriy  for 
■nonthv.     At    the  «ml  of  th«  twu  maniha,  a«    biib&«Abeb  bkd 
pakl  itie  ralue,  Kiilurim  carrit-d  uff  Vitlioba's  uraamcDls.     Al 
axMulion  wta  imiiod  on  K&IurAm'a  docn<«.   and  BltbAsAbrb't 
■nd  lands  were  attached  uid  sold  to  KltlnrAm  for  the  tnQing 
of  £15  (Rs.  IMf).     In  December  1874  Killuriim  bogan  to  poll   ' 
RiilMl^heb's  house,  and   rt>fit>i('d   to   lintcn    to  bis    entroattw  Dot] 
rotntbe  hotiite.     Kiimgcd  at  Kiiliirtim'H  condaet  BiibAis&bofa  nt 
tho  Tillagm-a  Bod  persuaded  ibom  that  ai  tbo    MtLra-ariK    had  hci^. 
to  ruin  tliem  tliey  mast  ceoae  to  borrow  from  tbem  and  T«fiu«  j 
work  For  th«ta  or  to  hay  from  thom.     Tho  villui^rs  agnrod  aod  • 
of  tbem  opened  a  ipocer'a  shop  at  whirb  all  the  ril]Rg«  pnrcb 
were  made.     The  MirwAru  were  put  to  the  groat^st  incr.nviiii 
for  want  uf  servaotsi     Besides   refusing  to  mitv?  tbcoi  a^ 
earners,   barbers,   or  hoaw-«erviuita,    thn    TiHagfra    oniiAj-**) 
MdrwAria  b;  throwing  dead  do^  and  other  fillb   inco  their  biwi 
Tbeao  sigua  of  hat«  so  scared  the  Mitrwiris  that  they  t^tn?ateii  i 
Sirar  fur  polioe protection  and  represented  to  tbo  Miig-istniti*  tbnt 
were  in  bodily  fear  of  the  rillaKera.     At  the  same  time  the  TJlh 
safamilted  a  petit-ion  to  Goremment  prating  that  na  they  had 
their  ^niin  to  thu  Miirw&ris,  the  MArw^ns  should  uut    I>e 
toloare  the  village  until  the  Government  a<«e«ein'>nt  Imd  bouo^ 
The  Magistratu  reported  to  tbo  Commissioaer  tbo  dau<remii]  sp« 
shown   by   the  people.     The  example  of  the  poopio  of    Kan^e 
followed  liy  other  villiigea.   Bvforoany  onthreakocoarr»l  the  Mitr 
moneyleuclerv  had  in  tieverul  nlaoes  bees  subjected  to  fiimihir  : 
outluwry  and  fwtty  aauoyance.' 

The  6rst  (Hitbreak  occnrrod  at  Uupa,  a  largct  Bhtuithadi  village,  i 
the  12(h  of  May  Ih76.  The  victims  wereatargv  oumberof  Gniar 
Vani  moneyleaders.     Their  housed  and  shops  w<>re   attacks  bj  i 

I  Th»  fnllmnH  U  tha  aabttaim  of  a  »am4patm  at  affnemeat  exoeotAl  br  A*  i 
pM^Uot  K4IM  in  rn(U|iiiT.  IVIilabclnoging  toOujan  wliioli  najr  hii*«  beeu 
la  Titligen  thall  nut  l»  tillAil .  No  iiuia  nor  woniftn  Khali  talu  Mrvlc«  unlli  *  On, 
Any  ■'tto  tilliitii  s  (injiir'a  fii-M  or  vtirliiiig  (or  him  wi>l  b«  (l<tu«i]  tha  Bm-rjtt*  tl 
lillauB  bnrlfor.MuiiinruMui.Ciirjierit'r.  in>iimiiii|J>,  *li»ciii>l[cr,  kUil  (•UieirviUa)ptacrTas>k 
Firl'In  tii'lonffitig  lo  IcuiUr*  oihcr  thuii  '  iajitn  iIiaU  not  bo  Inkrti  on  Iwe  lijr  ao/  om 
Fi<:1ilaalroaJ)<  I(mkI  iihUl  In  mvni  ny.  II  lli«  vtlla^  MhAn  undcrUkt  tc  '  ' 
tb«  villnvvraan  b«|i*U  (4  Iho  Gu}»n  tlioy  ahall  be  refaav-l  ttivir  uaoal  aliw 
bnnriki  of  graiu  lUlka  The  nilBfcmliall  abide  bj  thSM  conditiuna.  If  Uh)  h 
nail  joint  thc<>ii JAM  ,ku<loUi(.'rli-u<)«n,  liuberMlIlai7ri(;ht«fcaUcc«aaanilhiaautAi 
he  i1i>rcgHr>!«il.  If  thr  vtlli^n  priaat  ot  Mooantant  joiaa  tha  mweyiBoAtnn  bit 
alinll  not  Ix-  iiniil.  Tlia  villMOfi  ahall  ongage  aar  jmoat  thny  clioma,  and  tii«  «laii 
ot  thu  horMlilary  pn'Mt  will  ant  ha  rteogmaaH.  If  tha  heathnao  or  tha  paiMt 
vot  to  anr  oxpeaaa  on  }tAtU  ot  tint  vUlagera  the  villa£«ra  ahall  Mbaerib«  t)>c  • 
All  lan(llioli1«n  shall  bahairv  in  acc«rdaiioa  with  th«««  nilea  ;  aay  naa  actinic  ^ 
fiontntywill  nfitberSe  allowed  to  oomc  to  caatc-dinocra.  nor  tomarTr  wilh  tb* 
of  lilt  Gnat*.  Hd  *h«U  lie  conaii^Mwl  an  ontracto.  Hr  vill  aot  be  nllnwixl  to  } 
onnunnnitf  trith-ciut  their  luiaainioua  oonacnt,  nnil  mil  hare  to  f»y  tha  Gno  which 
vommiiaity  may  inSirtniihimaQil  further  willhava  togiva  aditinor  toLha«Mnta«ai 
f  Datad  VaUluitA  ShuJ-Ih  2nd  Shatf  1791,  that  i*  71b  May  1875.  AfUrwu^  uuhr  . 
induvnue  aarl  advico  of  the  !4uperialBn<lent  ot  Ptiliec  tbo  TiUagcra  agreed  to  reWa  W 
their  aid  retaCtonti  with  the  money  lend  en. 


POONA. 


121 


ah  racroited  from  the  liaa)1et«i  mand  Snpa  wlio  had  met  nominalty 
ifttteiititlie  weekly  uiorkvt..  Ono  Giijor'n  noiiHO  wtt»hnrnl  down,  und 
9oat  a  dutvu  ulber  boaBeti  and  nht^ps  were  broken  into  and  gutted, 
ouut  |japera,  bnnd»,  grain,  aiid  oonntry  clotb  woro  bnrni  in  tho 
Nu  pLTsonal  Tiulenoe  van  oaed.  Tlie  chief  coniitable  of  tbe 
ih-diTt&iou  withhix  or  »OTon  ooiutUkliloti  iteourod  ubout  iift/  persons 
aod  recovered  sloku  property  worth  £200  (Bji.2U00).  The  loss  was 
^eptvaeoted  by  tb^  dtijnix  &i  £1&,000  [Un.  1^  lakks) ;  it  wu-t  not 
«Mlly  more  tbuii  JE2JW  (Ka.  25,000).  Wilhiu  twenty-four  hours  of 
Hie  Hut  Hi  8upa.  the  leading  MAm-&ri  leuder  of  Kedgiion  about 
PK^nrtetta  miles  to  tlienorlh  *>fSiip»lu>d  Iii»Ettiu;lcsburtit  J'jwn  iiud  his 
lionite  8«t  on  flrw.  During  the  foltowiug  days  riola  occurred  in  four 
ter  villa^s  of  Bhimthadi,  and  were  threatened  iu  Hoventtiea 
ara'  Tlie  coutapon  spread  to  this  neighbouring  sub-dimions  of 
kddpur  and  Paraiidbar.  In  Indapur  a  diaturbancej  which  from 
leniiinljers  preeeor nould  bare  becu  serions,  was  averted,  as  were 
10  riots  threatened  in  the  aereuteeo  Supa  villages,  by  the 
Mnptitude  ot  the  police.  A  detocbmcut  of  Native  Infantry  arrived 
SupAj  tile  police  were  relieved  audaraiiable  for  other  duly,  and 
li>rwas  quickly  reAtored. 

'  Abuut  the  aame  time  riots  occurred  in  Siror.     The  first  &c6  of 

.TJolpnce  was  oonimitted  at  Navra,  where  a  MArwdri,  who  had  left  the 
Tillage  for  safety,  waa  mobbed    aiid  prevented  from    moviug  his 
iiifropercy.     An   uiicto  uf  tbisSJ^nrdri    KOtue  two  years  before  had 
»D  murdered  by  bis  debtors.     Other  Simr  villages  foHoiPed    the 
kuipio  o£  Kavra.'    In  fiftveu  Sirur  aud  three    ilaveU    villages 


I  tlie  vIlbKe  or  M<>rx»rn)  a  crowd  ameniMcd,    VAnia  wi-ni  threatentil  ami  iModa 

ded,  violcBce  vm  pmTentod  I7  th«  timrly  u-rivtti  of  Ifie  nnlicR.    At  Dhond  a 

VMWTvrely  treat«(lbec»u*«li«  would  not  {[iv«  up  hia  tMiiil8.aiicl  a  Urn  crowd 

■■aiitilul.     Viiv  rin^oadvn  wtra  paiii>l>"(l-     J^t  Ambakhurd  two  V^iia    huuMs* 

tn  fiTinbly  enterad.  their  •Mioiiiit-booludMtrcvuil,  aud  tktiniln  takou  awny,    ^ix  «( 

.!•   nn>.'l«a<laT«   ««rD  jynntabwl.    In  AliftnOQ  aUiot  two   butidivd  toeii   from  tba 

■rru<i<i'lii>KidlngCBoENar^noD.  XandgioD,  Andbalgaon,  Kolitn<m,  Ifolaf,  aiid  Vitdnon, 

iwniilcd,  bevlod  la  noriK  iiisUixi'-'  l>y  tlioir  beuluian  aod  vtUaga  pulico,  add  de- 

Ddod    tiivir  twoila  froni  t1>«   VOnia  tkrcAtcnitig  if  tijey  rvfumd  to  trw»l  tlirni  ■• 

It*  .Sai>a  Viiiii  bad  l>M«t  tc«at«d.     'l'\tt  [lolicn  [iat«l  iif  tlm  village,  nntb  tfao  awiatance 

fiibnoahii  Ulmri  and  otticr  vioU  >liipc<»il  [n-oplo,  diB]wmd  Uio  ammublv  who 

ftttned  Uw  Vtou  with  aiivthi-]'  vuJt.     'fliciiibiibitaiiiH  lirVadgaoaagalu collected 

amlwn  and  cutapcUcd  <hh  of  tliu  Viui*  uf  Uiclr  TilJnxc  to  girc  np  bis  bvnda. 

ut  thii>u^'h  ha  buiuti,  liroke  oiicn  Iho  liack  entMoce  u(  tiiu  ii<;il  bouM,  illtrcatod 

fiMnalc  V&ni  owner,    CDiit{ielled  hw  lo    point  oat  whrcr  the  bnniU  wrrc  kqil, 

aku  opiTii  th>-liox,  audtucik  tlietinndi,  biiriiiniinrDthBrwiaod«*Ut>yinKpa|i«n«ortll 

~~   L>£li.>lXl  iKi.  li»i).|'i.OiK)).     A   aimllar  aMtmbly  at  Uandcam  took   poMoa- 

urbond*  oIUm  *alii«  of  £«lM)(ltj.  G<KK))  and  abont  half  oltlum  w«ndwt««T«d. 

"liuaMdTWAnwkDhad  been  JTf-tnr'V  Ibnatvaoil  flvil  to  Plmlnoa,  BAd  WM 

lowcil   bo  n-inove  liin   pTt>(Mrty  and  family.    A  large  atoek  «( fciad<T  beloagiw 

lUni   waa  doit  rated.      At    I'uotMJ^Bon.  the  villasoTa  took   away  bond*  froia  •mall 

rtoei'lendaT*  ainun^  wJKiiii  vaaaChinibhar  wliolivfonly  aa«boadfor£dlO«.  lRa.35), 

1  polinu  patd   on  bii  way  lo  report   tho  mattei  to  tha   Pollou  Baparintaodaat 

I  itnnad. 

At  Dbirani  tite  hoaan  of  two  Mirwtria  wars  nmultaucouvly  att»ck«d,  t>Mida 

nrih  I't-JOOtKs.  IS,O0O|  wote  forciUy  takim.  aud  tbe  unntn  »«>«  atotied.    Onoold 

rarori  bail  hu  los  broken.    Ho  mai  vouliiiei]   in  lii*  hniiut  and  the  bmue  act  oa 

He  wu  aareiT  btil  hn   and  tli*  ollitr  Mdrwarii'  bousM   wori    hnrnl.    Tlifl 

f  ooaatabte  wm  alio   thrMtMMl   md  waa  cot  alliiwvd  to  carrv  on  tlt«  work  at 

•tigktion.     Tbiaabow*  that  ovcryiihani  llio  mrw  influAiPC*   hnd   bninght   t^s 

«n  to  tho  >a>BB  (aadiBea*  to  rcMirt  to  fuic*.     gtilMoqu«nt  biqniriaa  Inva  BO 

that  tba  rioton  at  Supa  bad  tb«  ayiDpathy  and  ooontcnaDoaof  aome  influential 

1327-Hl  ' 


(Aapter 

Capital. 

BORKOWBBS. 
ttuabaadiaoiL 


HU 


tBomb«y  QKxnm  i 


122 


DISTRICTS. 


pUv  T-        riou  »Hhe<r  broke  out  or  were  tlir«at«iied.*   The  regiment  of  FmiI 

^^  )la|fiatr>b)  and  poboe  in  restoriuf  and   uuuiitainin){  urdtv.    " 

or  1«M  stnoBa  (Ukturbuusea  tonk  |&o»  in  five  vill«|||^  of  Bkin 
and  lix  villagM  of  Sirar.    Tbrj  were  thrv^tonod  bat  arertcd  1 
amral  uf  t>io  police  in  «evet)te«n   villages  of   BhitntVwdi,  in  1^ 
Kiror,  in  one  of  IndApur,  and  iu  tbreo   of   UutvU.     Of  bh9 
arrc«t«d,  801  wore  oonvicled  and  2^8   discharged.     Punitiw' 
poato  mrs  establukod   in   die  dtstsTbed  villagos  at  the 
upnwa.    Tba  riot  at  Supa  was  aingalar  in  Lbe  wholflealeplnBdwi 
proporty  and  tbo  Uanisre  rtoi  in  Ibe  mnrderous  aawuiH  on  tbo  metM^j 

placM  ctaoka  tif  prodaoebeJot^Dg  tomoneTtend^rs  were  bttrnL  ill 
a  rule  tbe  distarbaaces  trere  marlced  bjr  Ibeabsonoe  of  oerioiucnBA 
Id  9V»ty  MM  tlie  objiict  of  tbo  rioters  wn«  to  obtain  mai  iaubv;  lb  I 
bonds  mid  decrees  in  tbo  poesesnon  of  their  creQitorti.  When  boitJi| 
iriTv  pcuceftblj  giren  the  mob  did  no  fartbor  nisckief.  Wht^e  d>l 
moD^londer  rofnsed  or  shut  his  booM  Tioleuco  wu  lued  to  fn|tMl 
him  mto  tmrrender  or  to  mi  pewenrion  of  the  papot*.  In  naij 
ptsOM  tbe  police  interfered  dorinjif  the  first  stacfo  of  asaenblio)!  i 
prevented  violooce.  From  many  vilUgea  the  MArw&ri  monejlei 
ned  on  the  first  news  of  the  ootbreak.  In  oUiar  villuge*  tboT  oi 
nagoliaLioiuiritbtbeir  debtors  for  a  general  reduction  nf  tbvircl 
and  in  aoine  caa«s  profnttat^d  tbeir  debtors  byvusjr  settlcniitota. 
almost  every  caeo  inquired  iulOi  the  riot  began  on  bearing 
fiomo  Doighbonring  rillage  bonds  faatt  been  oxtortod  ao 
GoTcnuaeat  ^proved  of  tbe  proceeding.  AbnoBt  the  only 
vere  MlinrAris  and  Uuinra.  In  moat  ntlagu  where  Br&bm 
obhwr  caatoa  shared  the  leodinff  boeineas  with  MArwdrts 
Him-^riH  were  alone  molested.  In  WHlle  villiiffpa  where  there i 
no  MlirwAris,  Br^mana  were  attacked,  llio  Ta«t  o(  tlie 
serka  of  otitbrvaks  occurred  at  Mundhali  io  Bhimthadi  on 
15lh  of  June-  Aft^rwHrds  two  tsulnl«d  cam**  in  Kionn  mho** 
tlial  thv  Ion>;  calalogae  of  conviotious  and  punisbmonta  and, 
imposition  of  ponitive  police  posts  had  repruaaed  not  queurb«d  i 
people's  rago.  On  the  22nd  of  July  svven  men  of  luo  riJlag*i< 
Nitobbat  in  Bhimtadi,  besides  robbing  papers,  oat  off  the  bqmi 
a  man  whu   wa^  onfurcing  a  civil  decree  which   bad    pub  biiai 


psraoai  of  tbdr  TiUifs.  sod  tba  pnMnoc  of  tlwM  Mcaooa  nay  ]f^»t» 
lh«  fitM  BOBanasiH   of  opoi  tUuiea  at  Sups.    Bot  th»  cuniutiiHi  of  tba  i 
ttiriMgk  Uw  whoia  afMm  am  wu  meh  tb>l  emi  IimI  ifutn  noi  ukau  tba  iaitatm  I 
MBS  otbar  ptaeea  ««ald  JonbtlMS  1mv«  done   m     Tl*  cunibnutiUa  aluaaAt*  <Mi| 
vrtrymhttt    rwidy  :  dniita.  nwUk*.  or  M<eidMt  would  k4««  SOTsljr  mh 

asrk  ia  igaHe  tbam.     Tbe  rio^Midora  senonUy  b«1«aK«d  i»  tho  cultivkdaj 
«ir  only    objoct   MnK  tn  awui*  fnxa  tti«    IuwmIs  oT  tb«  aiaite}-l(«i<lfv«, 
riot  bwM  all  Ilia  bad  oCanMtan  Ca  tha  rillaga  took  put  in  bo|>«"  »f  plnndar. 

>  Wklla  thaae  dktorbaaaaa  wora  Saing  oa  in  Vvim*  ilwIUr  outhniakn   ootn 

tb«  aaMAounng  dUtnct  at  Ahusdna^r.   Danag  Ui«fMV>i||hlfoUawM^   Ui»  %fn 
fli«rteaUw)3tb«JKUyTwla  twh  plscaia  alavaaTUlsnaof  St>rirMda,oix  vIVu 
four  of  Nagw,  and  me  ol  Earjat  sad  bwidaa    sctuM  lioti^  toar*  vrmi  Mm* 
0«licriac>  wtakh  wera  preTentod  trcmooaaiag  to  ttolaaae  bj  tba  timi-ly  trnm  4 
mopoUoooraiititary.    Adatachisaaiof  NativalsritutTr  aaaraondioSbn^Mi^i 
puttaa  of  tka  foona.  Uoaw)  wero  actim  in  iwtr jUidii  tbo  villacw  in  Uia 
raaah  of  Uair  bMit-^aartara  at  Stmr. 


oaaiifa^d  I 


POONA. 


1S3 


■sion  of  land  beloD^Dgto  one  of  the  laen  who  atfacbcd  him. 
tatlie2^tIiof  July  Iho  villagurs  uf  KnrhAti  in  Bhimlbadtliruke  into 
house  of  a  SMrtrari  money U-ndur  and  tuok  &  stora  of  grain. 
tbo  U&rwfiri  had  ref  lucd  to  oUvuuco  gnuti  except  on  terms  to  which 
Tiey  eoald  not  agree.' 

The  most  remnrkablo  feature  of  these  disturbancefi  wb«  the  BtnaJl 

lonnt  of  sorioos  crime.     A    direct  appeal  to  pliysiunl  fnroo,  ovopbi 

rgearea,  vAsusnnlly  reslminod  within  the  limitf^ofndemnDBtratton. 

lie  ivw  i-asea   which   bear  the  vindictive  spirit   uaunlly  iJiown   io 

^rinn  disturbances  were  probably  due  to  the  prc8enc(^  of  otfaor 

>ter%  bcsiides  the  ordioury  Knnbi  peamntry.     Tain  moder»tion  is 

eomc  meaaaro  to  bo  attrihuti'd  to  the  nature  of  the  moTOmont. 

waB  not  BO  much  »  rcrolc  nf^inst  the  oppressor,  aa  an  attempt 

acconi])li)ih  a    dofinito  and   practical  object>  the  <Ii!>armiug  of 

'  enemy  by  taking  his  wenpoQS,  his  boiida  and  acenunta.    For  this 

a  mere  demonstration  of  force  wan  iisanlly  enough.    Another 

imstance  vhich  contribul'Od  to  the  Dioderatinn  of  the  peaiiautry 

I  that  iu  many  cnaea  the  movement  was  lod  or  Bbnrod  hy  the  heudjt 

'  iim  Tillage.     It  was  doubtless  an  af^grarBtiou  of  the  breach  of 

that  thoso  mho  Klioiild  Lave  maintiiiuud  order  r<.iHtributed    to 

torb  it.     Btill  an  asncnibly  of  rillngers  acting  under  their  nntyral 

ideni  f^rn  dc&nito  object  «a4  a  lesti  dan^erons  body  than  a  mob 

riotera  with  no    responnibte  head.     The   chief    canto  of    the 

leratioa    waa    the    natural    law.abiding  spirit     of    the  Kunbi 

snntry.     In  so  orderly  and  peacefnl  n  peoplo  such  a  widespread 

irt  to  force  proved  the  reality  of  iheirgriuvauees.* 

I  That  the  riota  ceased  wag  due  not  merely  to  the  prompt  action  of 

policm   and   the  military,    bat   to   the   aasnntDcu   of  the   civil 

Ithuritii-a    that  complaints  ehoald  lie   inquired   into   and   proved 

riovaacea  redreased.  Accordingly  in  187.1  the  Bombay  Oovemmont 

Bointed  a  comiDtssion  to  intiuiro  into  the  causes  nndoilying  the 

^tbrralc    The  members  of  the  commission  wereMeBsrs.  Kit'hyy  and 

^oD  of  the  Rovouiii!  and   Judicial  branches  o£  the  Uombuy  Civil 

rice,  Mr.  Colviu  of  the  IJenga!  Civil  Service,  and  lUv  BubiUlm- 

ambhupra-tiid  LaxmiifU  a  diKtingiiishcKl    QninrAti   administrator. 

^bscquently  Mr.  Carpenter  of  the  Bengal  Civi!  Service  toolt  the 

of  Mr.  Colvin   whoso  sorvicca  wcro  elsewhere  reqaired.  The 

immissionerfl  held  inquiries  in  diaturluMl  pai1«,    rvcordud    the 

lt«>ment»    of  landholders  and  of  tendors,  and   compiled    other 

pdeoce  obtained  ou  tho  spot  and  in  tbo  records  of  Oovcrumcnl. 

leir  report,  which  van  submitted  to  Government  in  1876,  contained 

Idetailed  hi.slory   of  the  relations  of  tho   Deccan  landholders  and 

pueyleuders  sinoe  the  Iwginning  of  Briti-sh  rule. 


Chaptw  V. 
Ca^. 

COKdriWEaa, 


DeecoM. 


'^Bniile  Ui«iM>  two  eu«>  in  Pmo>,  nn  tlw  Sth  of  SaptMnbor  in  the  villag*  iit 
nr  in  tb«  VllvaauK-iliviokpn  of  S4Un  mora  tlun  IvO  uUm  (rain  tlio  tienrasb 
'WJ  part  of  Potam.  a  rinUnu o«1r^*  vui  coumittfid  in  M  traprrta  wniilar  to 
I  pMiMt  kiul  AhtimliMcitr  riutfc  Aboot  lt>0  or  morn  >tlUi;o>*  altAckiNl,  |iluiidur«d, 
1  burnt  tbv  home  of  alfiBdiDS  Oit|«r  IMneflSBiiur.  gaUwrtfl  all  tlio  l";*?"**  ^"^ 
mhU  wU«h  iluy  faoad  ia  um  hmm,  dntrortd  tkem,  and  dimrMd.  Hi*  gmM 
idedand  toba^liarafa  prtKeedlnnef  tbe  (aoiK7l«n(Urag&JaBbhit  dibton. 
'  D«ccau  Rlota  Comminiun  R«|>ort,  7. 


IBombay 


IM 


DISTRICTS. 


The  riatilt  of  tlio  commiMionorii*  !nquirt(<s  into  the  relationi  bt- 
twaea  nioiMy)(>aden  nnd  bnxtnudnipn  in  ihn  DcoLmn  w&s  ihM  tiu 
normal  cooaiUoQ  of  tbo  bulk  nf  Oio  )an<Jbf>Mi>ra  was  one  of  d«bt 
Alwat  ann^lbinl  of  tliD  Inndbold^n  wt'Tv  [irr»«vd  b/  ilobt,  svL'nginf 
■boat  i'i||^iUvn  timt-i  tbi-tr  ^<iirljr  ri'tital  nnd  siioiit  hvu.thtnls  of  i 
pecnrod  bj  murtga^  of  land.  (K  the  two-thirrtfi  wbo  wore  aH 
«mbuTBW«d  •otue  were  wi>1l.to-da.  Bui  imni(.-diat«ly  ab»Te  the 
emb&ms&ed  was  it  clnaa  wiLb  Ittllu  [iropertj  tu  fall  back  OQ  whoM  a 
neoauioa  of  ba4  jean  or  n  fnll  in  produoo  pricos  would  pluas-e  ia 
debt.*  The  c»UU«  of  «a  «r«mgT-  Kunbi  InDdholder,  exclusivuof  hJs 
Uod  and  ibi  proiliioe,  waa  estiuukled  to  hM,v«  a  solo  falne  of  liUli 
moivOiAn  £2D(Il«.S00).i 

Tb«  distrit*!   Ictidora  bdongdd  to  ihroo  olaowfi.     The  SM  cUm 
included  eoiall  tradL-rs  Rod  village  moooylcndDrA,  mostly  it: 
nod    Guj»rAt   VAuiH  ft&d   a    few    LingAyikt  aud   Vaieb    V&nis 
BnUitnuie  cbicQy  viUni^o  accountants.     Thutto  advanced  graiti  Icr 
•wd  and  food  and  munej  apon  plodgv.  taorigBf^,  and  ^od  B«rai 
Ther  were  spt^cinllT   batuful   to  tho  people  n»d    on.   them   fsU 
bardeuof  tbe  ISfotroubles.     Thes<>rond  c\nss  wero  tiio  rich  ban 
or  trader* of  largfl  lowos.     Atoon^  tln->n>,  IwhwIcm  (iiijaMt,  Linj^l 
Ui^wAr,  and  Taish  Yinis,  wem  tnanir  Yajurredi  DetibfuHi  Bniliua 
Tbo  villaffe  nocoantanls  or  kulkamu  wbo  rtani  stnntl    uiuat-vlt^wdi^ 
were   gvoernlly  closely  connMlvd  with    thosit    Brahinan    ban! 
Thcr  had  niBn  rolaliouii  with  pl«Mdor«  oad  to  some  ext^-ot  with 
oCiciiiJs.    They  di,-alt  uoch  less  in  grain  odTSDoos than  tbe  lower 
of  traders.    In  tho  some  way  ai  kutkaritis  ooK^d  osi  nj^^entato' 
plcailent  »tid  other  money  lending  BrAhraaas  «o  vmoll  vUla^  Vi 
were   often   the  BRents  of  their  rirh  oiRipfi'Uows,     Tb«  BrJibi 
and  Vitni  Irudors  who  workod  through   firiihtnau  and    V^i 
agentji  vera  less  unpopular  than  tbe  MArwAr  lenders.     Tbote 
were  Brdhmana  derived  eome  adrantago  Erom  their  caste  and 
muuity  of  Louatiy  and  religion.     Still  as  a  body  they  w«b 


■  Id  twnlvo  vilUfM,  of  1876  hol'lon  nf  UnJ.  B2S  who  ptid  ft  tbtal  yc-Ar)^  mtal  < 
Ba.  10.dtiS.  wtT*  «Bi)HLma>«d  witli  Jfbt.  The  debt  SMunuitoil  to  Ra.  1,!M.SI3; 
which  lU-  I,l8,009wor«onianoa«]  MKHiritTmad  Ba  Tt.^SS  on  nor()CBga  of  taal.  ' 
naoUirr  Siii1t*|t""  tba  nuiubM of  oecDfaDcioa  Wd  bjr  leadtnin  the  jeais  ISS^t" 
and  1»74,  Willi  tkcir  arc*  mmI  tha  aaM-wment  pftyftble  at  wch  period,  w«m  : 


liu. 

tsu. 

UM. 

U74. 

AtM* 

Ai— MBBBI        ... 

IH 

,).,.  1. 


.  —  ^,_  J 


In  notins  Ihme  flgnra*  it  tnnvl  bo  runambtined   t '    ■    < 
Bwioil    onirinujDil.    Iharo  wu    UtU*  onoccnnicd  '  ^  ^Im 

baldlriR*  JmpliM  a  cotifptiiuHpg  il«ariiM>iiiai<  lii<i  i  i  .,  >,•     1>  I 

Wilt  t'Oiibicrvetl  Ibwt  1  ha  incrcMB  to  Un ■  M<iwB«nt  a  gwUw  Mifta  U)«  ii<vmir<i«uw 
■hiiwintt  llitt  th«  better  olnu  of  Und  wMpWMing  into  ibc  Icndera'  hftniU,  uid  fiutt*] 
that  the  incr«a**iu  tbe  Dunihorol  luilOioga  ahowa  u)   incrwau    in    lti«    ni    * 
tonden.    Drmaa  Biota  OommiMian  Rapiirt,  SS^ 

■  Th«  dotftUa  ar«  t  lir«  atock  ha.  135,   tool*  and  *tuela  Rk  20.  bnnaa  Ba. 
Cnia>dlaneoua  Ba.  SO :  total  Rs-  915.    Tlwaa  itama  an  >ub)«rt  to  d«|a«elati<ni 
Imply  yMrljr  ohargca  tot  maiotaniaca  aad  naowal. 


FOONA. 


125 


r 


landlords  and  most  intn^iin^  and  luliotnii]^.  Tlia  third  diua 
^DBJateil  of  liimbiiudaiea  who  had  kept  out  of  debt  and  wcrp  nblo 
to  ulnkt'theirneigbbourBiinuillndvhnroR  in  monc^  and  grain.  Thf-y 
wero  oftfii  gnutpiug  and  dishonest,  but  thi-ir  ilcbtwra  dealt  with 
theo!  much  inorc!  on  an  c()iinlily,  and  community  of  nee  and 
residouco  nnt  only  tended  to  kindly  trcnLmcDi  but  brotight  any 
□Dtiauid  villainy  under  tbp  l>nn  of  tbe  public  ciptntun  of  the  cnsle 
and  viUa^fO.  Most  of  llicin  wi-ro  bu^bfindnMrii  and  vitlnublci  Intid- 
holders.  Htmbuuduit^Q  IcndiM's  wwro  wimcLinips  tlireatoncd  during 
tbe  1875  riots  bat  in  no  ca«e  -vram  a  lender  of  tbis  cinss  injured.' 

A  noiiiblo  feature  of  tlie  moneylenders'  dealing!)  was  tbo  fyeiora 
o(  retail  businees  wbicb  reduced  even  iho  ino.ii.  trivial  trsneactions 
to  written  coutrftctB.  The  invariable  uno  of  bonds  was  probably 
pnrtly  due  to  the  precArious  cbaract(>r  of  the  landliuldtrr'a  aseeta 
and  pnrtly  to  the  uncertaiaty  of  the  cliinato.  Tlio  t«rm«  on  which 
tlio  moneylendere  denlt  were  that  every  debit  was  to  be  j>ro(<«t«(l 
by  a  bond  giving:  them  aulimited  powers  of  reooTory  and  that  tho 
credit  side  waa  to  be  left  to  their  own  honesty.  Account  ciin-ent 
iraa  hardly  kueiTu.     'I'ht-ra  was   ueiually  a  debt  of  ioag  KtHudiu<^^ 

frobably  iuhoriled,  the  interest  of  which  made  a  yearly  debit, 
lendest  thiii  dobit  thcro  were  thi!  give-and-tnke  ot  cUvghfv  (loaling?, 
it)  vrhieh  thd  debtor  delivered  his  product*,  or  ax  much  produce  aa  hs 
Yras  forced  to  deliver,  to  lii«  creditor  aud  the  creditor  supplied  tho 
debtor's  upedK,  clotliing,  asseesmeot,  seed,  food,  and  cuah  tor  luiscel- 
laneoua  expcnsr>!i.  Every  now  und  llicn  a  turner  it«iii  appeni-ed  on 
eitbt-r  sido,  a  stAndinff  crop  was  prrhapa  sold  after  a  vniiiitlinn  (.'itUcr 
to  the  creditor  hiini't'lf  or  anolber,  this  creditor  in  tbe  lattiT  case 
grt-tliug  tho  price  paid,  or  a  pair  of  bullocks  or  a  cow  uiid  cnlf  ni-ro 
givoa  to  tho  croflitor  on^  account.  Againat  this  the  debtor  drew 
OeciwrioDally  a  considerablu  sum  for  a  marrinf^e,  for  the  purchase  of 
'land  or  balloekti  or  a  Btandin^-  crop,  or  (or  digging  a  wdl.  Bonds 
were  conliuutilly  paKxed  as  the  account  went  on.  t^omotimes  a  bond 
'WM  taken  an  n'depoBit  aud  tlio  debtor  drew  agninst  it,  or  a  .imall 
trausaction  wa«  included  iu  a  larger  bond  and  tho  debtor  wus  to 
draw  against  the  balance.  MfirwAri  money loiidcra  kept  accounte, 
bot  often  only  in  the  fonu  of  a  memorandum  book.  Moncylcndora 
vrbo  did  not  belong  to  tho  trading  chisses  often  kept  no  accoaata. 
With  all  the  bona  was  the  recognized  record  of  llio  tran^aciionB. 
Bonds  were  nerer  or  vcrj'  rarely  made  for  large  amoontB.  When  a 
large  debt  waa  to  be  reduced  to  paper,  Boreml  bonds  were  drawn. 
Thus  a  debt  of  £1"  10*.  (Ra.  175)  would  be  represented  by  one 
■bond  of  £10  (Ks.  100»,  another  of  Jt5  (Rs.  60),  and  a  third  of 
Jt2  10».  (Ra.  25).  Tho  chief  object  of  thia  arrHngPtnont  was  that 
the  moneylender  might  get  a  decree  without  much  cost.  A  decree 
on  the  £2  \0s.  (Its.  25)  bond  oBually  gave  him  power  enongh  to 
force  his  debtor  to  meet  demands  on  accoont  of  tbe  entire  debt 
«f  £17  10*.  (Ks.  1 75).  Agniu,  interest  usoally  ceased  when  a  bond 
was  turned  into  a  decree,  so  that  it  was  not  to  the  bond-holder'a 


Chat 
Capital 

BoaBowuM, 
Btubandman^ 


[BointMj< 


ue 


DISTRICTS. 


iptarT.         ftdi'antiiffe  to  take  •  decree  to  luoet    the  whole  debt.     Wb»o 
koit4i  <)cbt  baa  reaohed  an  amount  to  nteiet  whicb  the  borrower's  pentW 

Moarity  wu  ool  sutBdeni,  it   ma  ouinnidQljr  oouTfrted  into  a\aai 
morttrngvv     WbrfQ  the  ilc^tilor  owuod  A  Wi'll  or  a    uWrv  in  a  well  tit 
well  or  nboro  UM^tli^r  witU  rbe  waurtil  laud   witi?   iirvfcrrcd  at 
flfcaritjr.     SometilBM  the  ioiot  e^cnrity  of  anuLlior   landholder  wm 
added  u>  ibo  poraouil  bond.     lu  nicb  coks  tbejutut  earvty  ummU; 
luul  k  diroct  inlvnst  in  the  Ioad,  or  u  «  near  rolAtion  helped  tbi 
debtor,  or  Iiim  >«ciirity  «hs  obcnined  by  private  arranffcuieDt.     (Km 
before  the  mortgaffe  of  bis  Uud  tbo  debtor's  buuau,  bulludcB,  cnfa, 
•ad  cortu,    or  <iluer   tnundde    jnopert^    wcro   tuortff»g«d.     Vfim 
bnlkclcB  woru  mortgaged,  ibe  debtor  bad  tu  pay  fur  tui*ir  hire  ml 
became  the  iutereat  of  the  loan.     Wheo  the  tnort^go  of   laud   m 
cumplelcd,  tbe  leader  aliuoet  alwa/9  began  bj  Itiaving  the  debta 
in  oocapfttioti  aa  tcDitDt,  aud  a  fann  of  im>rl(»age  existed   in  wliiri 
tbe  prutita  ul  the  land  were  all  that  was  mortgaged  a;!  the  teout 
was  loft  in    pudseeaiou    witbuut  any    tmiiflfor  uf  afknowledgiMji..! 
of  the  OMrtgagoe'ti   right,  ao   long  as  the  mortg^^r   deliven*'^^^'^ 
produce  yvany}   If  the  debtor  bilcd  to  duliver  tho  prodnt 
mortgagoo  ttflnally  touk  poueesioD.     Sometimes  tUi»    prodace  of  I 
land  waa  madu  to  roprcsont  the  iotereet  of  tbe  loan  ;  more  xist 
a  apecifio  rate  of  intereat  vraa  cited  in  tbe  bo»d.     Tbu   debtor 
u  tenant  on  every  varioty  of  terms  and  couditioas.*     Another 
of  mortgage,  which  was  uEn&Uy  entered  into  only  when  the 
Lad  come  to  a  6nal  gettlement,  wa«  the  transfer  uE  tfao  land 
enjoyed  for  a  Cfi-taiu  number  of  yean  in  satisraction   of  thn 
When  an  agreement  of  this  kiud  wa»  made  it  usoally  happeacd 
before  the  period  ended,  the   murtsa^eo  had  establiiihed   eta 
giving  him  a  farther  lien  on  the  land.     A  similar  method  of  bo< 

ment  by  an  inBtalmont  bond  was  gladly  ofeoepted  by  a  debtor, 

here  again  tbo  failare  to  pay  one  inatolmeat  in  a  bad  year  u»uallr 


'  Tbt  right  uf  tiucufnooy  wm  not  trMicrqnvd  to  the  cT*<lil«T  In   t^    Qamunienl 
buolu  u  won  {(Eii(tr«Jty  tb«ciks«  in  the  nctgliboufiDg  Jutrict  od  AlUDBfttuwar. 

*  ThMO  «ora  ofton  nxluowl  to  vritinit.  They  tnn  oithcT  baiM,  il<«ib  of  panttf* 
Mu.  or  tiiBida  coDUaeto  In  vhiili  a  rent  In  luoney  iru  *tipuUtnl.  It  would  oAa 
ba  fmuid  that  tb«  rate  wni  aiijttatod  to  onrar  tlis  into-Mt  agrMd  on  in  the  mortaj* 
bond.  Ai  tho  antount  of  tapitai  iu  Ui«  mortsage  bond  wu  unUly  man  UuntL 
valua  o(  tbe  land  at  tmlvB  per  c«nl  intar«it,  aii>I  at  the  rate  af  tnlarMb  !■  Ui«  I- 
wa*  uanally  lit  lout  ej^taea  per  Mnt,  it  (oUawrd  that  th«  lanil  woaU  not  ji«|d  i 
re^Diml  aum  and  thtu  the  ra«rti[agi.>a  ounitAntly  nwived  the  full  aotaal  («>t<|[] 
tud  BAd  ill  adiliti«n  aiaoted  GomU  for  thr  ymrlv  dafldt.  Tho  tr-nt  \rm» 
Mttlod  iakind  and  tile  ralea  wmv  tnainl}'  determined  by  ihe  powif  of  tlio  ntort) 

tn  grioA  lit*  tvnsnt.     One  mortgi^ee'a  tenant  in  hie  mlatemoat  l«  tli«   Dcccau 

CuminiMioiiorsuwdtlioIuUowiiiK  WDi^,  *  I  till  the  UinI,  bdt  t  bare  i>v  light  to  take 
for  my  ii»«  any  of  tbe  prodnoo.*  OunbtltH  iiad«r  the  barduel  cODdiUoiM  the  tMtaol 
who  wan  bgnnd  to  hand  over  the  entire  praduue  of  a  field  to  hb  oraditur  did  lake 
Boraothinj!.  Oa  tbe  otbor  hand  mach  Land  waelialdtiy  niurt|{a{[ea^tciMUttii  atlhouaal 
natal  tormi.  that  ii.  half  of  the  irraae  prodiiM  li  tlry  end  oM-tlilrd  of  w^tiMod  lead, 
the  mortfpvee  pajring  the  aMwemeut.  anil  tbo  lusnd  and  cxpcuiaiM  betas  ehared  in  tlM 
nrepcoiion  at  tbm  reepeotive  intereete  in  the  eeop.  ft'heii  the  teaumt  paid  in  kud. 
aie  payniMito  taij;ht  eteoed  the  auonnt  of  intereat  etipuUtAil  b  the  nMrt«we  bond  | 
bnt  lie  kept  no  acmmut  of  euah  paynente  itnd  wae  gencrellv  found  to  have  do  cea- 
o*|>tton  of  bii  r«epo»ibdily  foracoaunl*.  A»  tbo  rMp<iD*iUU(y<«id>l  ii^l  bv  cnfoeovd 
by  tho  landholdor  it  prMrtiually  did  out  eiliiL  CoabUeM  mott  mon^-Bgeo  [andlord* 
liad  an  aooonnt,  but  tbo  landbotder  vonld  not  get  it  without  goiov  to  court  Whiah  •> 
him  wae  ont  of  the  i|u«tti9n.     Dcccau  lUote  Coumieeion  Bepert,  fiS. 


|j)cccAn 


POONA. 


gAvtt  the  debt  II  tnA  ddpartoro.  ITio  mortgajfee  landlord  osnftlty 
ollowed  tho  laodholderto  tall  the  moi-tgaffod  laad,  and  bo  lonff  as 
V  the  Iiolder  wa.1  loft  in  thia  reliUion  to  liiii  holds  lio  mooepted  bin  fi»t« 
r  without  much  bittemesa.  It  ofteo  happened  that  owing  lu  drfaulb  in 
'.  paymeiit  by  tho  tenant,  or  to  bettor  toriua  being  oflored  by  another, 
:,  or  to  (lie  tvnnnt's  cattio  and  fteld-tooU  b^^iag  xoM  in  vxcciilioD  of 
i,  docTPo,  it  ceaaed  to  bo  the  interest  of  tho  mort^gec  to  leavo  the 
KiBultivatioii  in  the  tonaut'e  hands  and  the  Und  ntui  i»ki»i)  from  liim. 
HBesidea  thu  secunty  of  tho  tnndholder'x  personal  credit,  stoclc, 
movablea,  houso,  land*,  and  tho  joint  eacurity  of  a  "urety,  the  labonr 
of  ibe  borrofrcr  wob  also  mortgaged  to  the  lender.  The  terma  of 
form  of  bond  weru  that  the  debtor  mu  to  sur^o  the  creditor  and 
hat  bis  vrag«e  mtro  to  be  credited  nt  the  end  of  thu  rear,  or  tbnt  a 
rtniu  sum  was  to  bo  worked  out  by  Henrice  to  the  lender  for  a 
in  period.  Sotnotimea  the  wife's  labonr  waa  also  included  in 
bond  The  laliour  waa  ^7on  ffither  in  house  or  field  survice. 
e  labourer  f^tt  his  food  and  clothing',  and  a  monthly  deduction  ot 
I.  to  4»r.  (ftii.  I 'S)  was  made  from  tho  debt.  The  labuaror's  whol« 
le  was  at  the  londer'a  diapoaaL* 

TIio  obief  complaints  mado  ngninst  monoj-londera  wore  that  bond* 
iually  ran  at  exceasire  interesti'  that  at  every  nUigo  thu  borrower 
defrnnded  by  tho  lcnd«r  aod  eepocinlly  by  the  petty  usarerj 
at  ttio  loader  often  declioed  to  give  accoaatJa,  refused  r&ceiptti, 
ifflitted  to  credit  payment*  or  eivo  interest  on  paiyments,  and  decline 
"  corry  out  such  stipulntiono  in  the  bond  as  wvni  in  the  borrower's 
>vour.  Forgery  was  somolimeH  practised  nod  the  landholder  from 
ignorance  waa  uoable  to  prevent  his  creditor  from  tiiking 
iTBntage  of  these  uefurioua  practices.  Another  way  iu  which  Lhe 
idholdur  suffered  wad  bf  (bu  reduction,  under  tho  Act  of  IBoS, 
f  tbe  time  during  which  money  bonds  were  curront  to  the  small 
iriod  of  tbrco  years,  A  now  bond  must  Iw  entered  into  every 
yc*ra  and  the  interest  boiu^  added  up  aud  a  new  account  stnick 
unoODt  of  componnd  interest  was  swelled  evuntiially  to  a  vi-ry 
rgc  sum.  In  addition  to  tho  oompfwnd  int»?rt?s(  the  creditor  usually 
ic  the  opportunity  of  rcnewinga  bond  to  extort  fresh  and  bunlen- 
some  BtipuIiLtiouB  andor  threats  of  suing  his  debtor  in  ooort,  all  at 
which  aaded  to  tbe  total  of  the  debt.* 

fiesides  these  aaual  complaints  of  the  culliyator  against  tho 
moneylender  be  had  the  following  grievances.  When  the  ctdtivator 
was  sued  in  court,  at  the  outset  be  wos  met  with  fraad.  From  tho 
creditor's  inflaenoc  over  the  Btibordinatos  of  tho  court  no  sommoos 


*  Dr.  Cuts  {Tnaa.  Boia.  bit.  Sml  m.  SH)  bw  Ike  (oOawiag  aoti««  of  Ubour 
■kVlMM  Bt  Uol  ia  ISiO.  Inratnratuf  an  odi-anco  ofnMimy  roraaunwo.  ovrvanta 
•MiMiMMa  bind  thoBMlvM  to  auro  tlit^  maiten  Un  a  tnnn  of  ytmn  lor  cIoUim, 
hotrd.  and  lodging.    About  m  jraan  wvuU  Im  «aotv<l  to  cWar  an  arfiranoo  of  .£10 

■  la  ottay  oMci  in  wliicli  Ilia  [«m  iatelli^Mt  litubaii'lmen  wan  tlia  borrawcn,  tba 
{nt«i««  I'liarvvl  WM  *u  «xci»iiv« at  to ammial  t^ intml  aad  opprraifm 

>  Iq  Uw  budU  of  Mr.  ^iLWDbhupraaSJ  who  ut  on  iJi*  Conxnunan  of  1975.  a  oaaa 
iaoU^in  wliiAan  aJraooe  o(  £1  {Ra.  10)  w»  made  in  1863.  Sum  MMutJn|te 
<ll  (fto.  IIO)«w«pai<l  frooatiiB*  totiBM,  sad,  at  tlHinndol  teo  jMn,fn<Ha,lW) 
•tai  liBa.     fkttnbay  Govcnunent  ^loctinn  CLVII.  13. 


Chapter  Y. 
Capital. 

B^na^n-aHS. 
U<MbaiMliiMa> 


Oapiul 


ovnuL 


1S8 


Ml  ProowTurv 
W7\. 


DISTRICTS. 


WM  torrod  aod  tbo  cooii  Ixdnj^  lnl<l  that  tlio  sommotis  bad 
Bornxl  gare  a  docrtio  a^pkitutt  tbe  debtor  in  bia  AbMtnce.  Tbe  d'ta 
Im  had  U)  trarel  to  a  aiurt  prevuuU-d  adufettdant  atieodiu^;.*  Tb 
defonco  of  n  tinit  t^vok  longer  tluia  tbo  dt^Fondatit  ci^lj  iip»iv, 
and  the  jad;;v  bad  n<jt  timv  tv  go  mtu  tho  right  o£  the  dL-fvDiiKnt't 
ciflo  and  maLo  u)t  to  him  far  tlie  waot  of  coudao).  Tbe  litgh  caA 
of  euits  wasnnotliur  roaxon  tvliji  tbi^  defcrudauut  (lecliucd  lu  cuaittt 
th^ir  ca»e9.  It  wna  after  Iho  lender  lind  pMined  his  difcreA  thnt  Uii 
borrower  Buffcrod  most.  He  tniglit  be  arreKtod  and  iinpriv'^Del. 
CiTlJ  iroprifloiiuietit  was  pKUliarly  open  to  abuse  and  was  uftea  nuids 
DM  of  to  imiKMO  on  pruMners  more  auvt-ru  tcniiH  thun  could  oihrrwaa 
be  obuitipd.  Tho  nest  bardabip  to  tbo  luoJliolding'  deblor  va«  tint 
m07al)W  property  of  all  IciruU  A»d  litnd<*oiild  be  sold  witboui  rt«erfe. 
Id  apitv  of  the  liarabDe&s  and  tbodisbouptttjrof  nuinj  of  its  iDembeili 
tbo  clftss  of  money )cn  dors  was  of  the  preotiMt  scrrice  to  tbehad- 
holders.  Tbey  helped  tbeon  to  mc«i  tnvir  special  family  expntM 
aiid  loeularg^  tb«ir  holdings  and  incniase  their  slock,  they  ti^ 
them  OTor  seaaons  of  scurcity  mid  uoablud  tLeni  to  pay  thmr  renia. 

The  ComTnisKioDors'  chief  recomiiioudnl  iontt  wi>ru,  milt  nnrdi 
the  iiuslmndmpn's  poverty,  to  improre  agriculture  by  im'gatwor" 
to  tihHlify  the  Land  Improvcmeut  Act  so  as  to  mako  the  help  «k 
Govcrnuieiit  wna  rcadj'  to  giTc  more  HTmlablv  to  the    husbattdmu! 
frith  rpffurd  to  I  ho  reveniid  nyslero^  tbcy  ndviitod  the  adjuatiognf 
the  Government  demand  to  the  husbaad men's  caparity    nnd  wlKl . 
the  nssoiexiiiont  vriis  euhaticod  that  the  increase  should  be  gradoil] 
with   regard  to  the  defec-ta  of   the  taw   thoy  advised    thnt  a 
iboald  be  passed  to  prevent  fraadg,  and  to  protect  bDabanduicni 
the  first  Btagps  of  debt   before  the  creditor   b«d    gone  to   the 
court.     Thi-  chief  proTuiuns  uf  tbo  propo»ii>d  Bill  vreru  the  np; 
nMiit  of  public  notaries  and  the  enforoinf;*  of  tho  delivery  of 
and  ncroimts  by  cn-ditors.    Tu  ueet  hardHhipe  incurred  by  the  < 
through  the  exoessire  poirero  given  to  tho  docre«-b  older,  the  a.\ 
of  all  prelection  to  the  inaolvent  dehtor,  and  tho  anv  of  decrees  i 
tbrMtt,  the  Commiasionont  advised  tbo  paasing  of  another  Rill,  thi 
chief  proruioQS  of  frhich  were  the  abolition  of  imprisonment  f      '  '' 
the  exemption  of  neoeBaariea  from  aalo  io  elocution,  the  pruti 
the  judgincnt-dubtor  from  thi^  wrong  use  of  a  dccnw,   ninkiujif 
decree  the  uud  of  the  miit,  niid  the  limitation  of  dpcn.-e4. 
CommisHioiieni  al.-co  re^^onimcndcd  certain  changcf  in  tho   conduct 
judicial  business,  the  ^tablitthmuut  oE  village  courts,  and  tho ; 
of  an  Inaulrency  Act. 

Meann'hiln  tbo  rotation  of  the  debtor  and  the  creditor  somewli 
improved    Tho   I87+-75  distarbanoos  liad  openi-J  the   eyea  of  I 
creditun  to  the  daiigt^r  uf  treating  their  debtors  too  harshly,  utid 
famine  of  lS7tl-77  turned  the  thoughts  bolh  of  oroditora  and  debt 
intootlior  channels.     A  new  Civil  l*rocedui-e  Code  <Act  S.  of  187? 
came  into  force  in  Octubor  1877.     Sectioo  26t>  of  the  Codo  made  I 


*lBth»tiu}orit]r(i(«aMSit  wuklkuud  Hut  tbo  rcwun  «lij  Ui«  ddcudani  did) 
aWfru-  WM  lliAt  bp  hwl  no  ilcfoiKa  to  nuikB,   tli*l  ho  had  so  maaty  to  r»y 
p]<MdM    ttinl  1"^  »"  unwilling  to  low  ths  time  involvcil  in  <)«rcoiUiiK  ■  i 
iJbal  ba  WM  >fr»<l  ol  tbe  auUtqaent  vwguaea  of  the  cmlitor  wbon  he  bad  • 


POONA. 


1S9 


iTnpnrtiint  cIiADg«of  fxoinpting  from  aUachmotit  or  siito  id  execution 
^f  (iecreoe,  tools,  iupleiii(tnt8  of  liusbAndrj-,  Cftttle   enough  to  enaltlo 
» indgmoDt-dobtor  to  com  hia  lirolthood  as  a  liiiabftDdmaQ,  and  Uia 
ftteriats  of  luHues  and  other  buildings  belongingto  aud  occupied  by 
riculturists.     Under  section  326  tho  Colloctor  of  tfao  diHtrict  ia 
ipowcred  to  rupn>H«nt  to  tho  coart  thub  tlio  public  Halo  uf  Inod  wliiob 
bcoti  atuichcd  in  execution  of  a  decree  is  objixitionnbto  and  that 
lltnfaction  wf  tlimlci.Teo  inny  I>nEnMduby  tho  Lvrnponirj-  nlicimtionor 
inagemeDt  of  lliu  luud ;  that,  tlioivforu.  tbo  court  may  Authorize  the 
>)1eotor  to  provide  for  the  satis&ctioa  of  the  docroo  in  tlio  manner 
b'hioli  ha  recommoads.     Section  320  enables  thu  local  Governmeat, 
ith  the  sanction  of  the  Governor  Qcoeral  in  Coanoil,  to  doclftro  that 
suy  locaJ  ai-ca  the  execution  of  decreen  of  any  particulnr  kind  in 
rhicli  thu  salo  of  Iniid  in  inrolvod,  sh&U  bt)  truuaferred  to  tho  Collector, 
ad  aectiona  321  to  S2it  iuveat  the  Collector  with  powera  to  luanaf^ 
to  deal  with  the  land  »a  if  it  were  his  own  and  to  adopt  cue  or 
>re  of  sevemL  modes  of  satiafyio^  the    decree  without   selling  th« 
id  eitcept  iu  the  last  resort.'     Ity  eectioQ  SS^,  the  local  Govuru- 
il«nt  may  direct  that  overj^  judgmont-debtor  brouf^ht  before  a  court 
.  arrest  in  excattioa  of  a  decree  for  moDey  shall  be  inforoied  by 
itt  oourl  that  ho  may  apply  to  bo  declared  iasolvODt.     Section  3oS 
'lows  spedal  coneidemtiou  to  the  dobtor  if  the  debt  is  leaa  thau 
BO  (Rs.  20O).    Thn3  in  wTei-al  respect"*  the  new  code  improved 
JO  debtor's  position.     To  pinco  tho  rulations  of  tho  debtor  aod  the 
sditor  on  a  better  footing  it  was  deemed  necessary.  To  provide 
DO  safof^iard    sgninst  thn   luonvylcndcnt  ooinmittiae  frauds  in 
•ir  accounts  and  obtaining  from  igooruut  peasants  bonJa  for  larger 
Boaatq  than  were  nctu&lly  paid  to  or  due  from  thorn  ;  As  for  iw 
gible  to  arrange  dinputortby  ooncilialjon,  toiocroiwc  tho  number 
courts,  and  so  bo  simplify  and  cheapen  justice  that  husbandmen 
Light  defend  suits;   To  iusist  that  in  Boiten^ain^  landLoIdors the 
>Qrt  shall  in  certain  cases  of  its  own  motion  mvastigate  the  entire 
3ry   of  the  transactions  betwocn   the  partict  atid  do  substantial 
loo  betwccu  them  ;  and  To  rcslrict    tho    salo  ol  the  debtors' 
id  in  cxocntion  of  a  dorroo  and  to  provide  an  inaolvonoy  procc* 
ire  more  liberal  to  the  debtor  tbau  that  of  the  Codo  of  Cird  Troce- 
To  secuK  those  objects  tho  Deccnn  Agriculturists' Beliof  Aob 
st  XYII.  of  1879)  waa  passed  by  thoGovc^raor-Oeseml's  Council. 
bo  principal    object  of  legislation  waa    to  restore  tbu  dealings 
^tw&eo  louder  and  Iwrrowcr  to  aii  equitable  basis.     The  aid  uf  the 
Dveroment  is  withheld  in  tbo  cosu  of  demands  mauifcHtly  unfair 
extortionale,   and  i»  rendered   more  apoedy  and  effective  in  tho 
avcry  of  just  duea.     As  far  as  possible,  credit  is  restricted  within 
limits  Bct  by  the  proflpeota  of  th«  cortaia  recover)*  of  the  value 
tho  amount  Ivnt.     Tho  (ir»i  con-Hiderablo   change  introduced  by 
the  Act  was  tbo  appointment  of  village  registrars  before  whom  ovory 
instramout  to  which  a  landholder  is  a  party  mast  be  regiaterod  beforo 
it  can  bo  used  against  bim  as  oridcDCO  of  bis  indebtedness.     At  first 


Chaptvr 
Ca^l. 
BoattowtKi. 
Uiubaaij 


Agrtenlm-i, 
JttOtfAeL 


■  Poowa  mw  ona  of  four  distriote  to  whiob  Uii*  HwtiMi  woa  {uUBedtnUly  spl>li*iL 
Th«  oU«r  dtotncta  war*  AIiaiMliuviir,  Sli»lipur,  umI  SiUn. 

a  1337-17 


(Bombay  QaMtm 


130 


DISTRICTS. 


»pUr  V. 
[CapiUl 


niflst  of  tho  iwmonft  ft]>|>oi»t«d  m  TiIUg:o  Kgialmrs  voro  tho  bonxlitBif 
TillsKo  MCoHStAntH  of  tbo  largor  villM^es,  but,  u  their  M-ork  was  tut 
sa(ia£nctory.  BpMiia]  rt<|j|iBtrara  have  been  snbstitutetl  each  beini^ii 
«hAri|^  of  A  circle  of  about  tn-vnl;  vi1W.f(».     Tbo  svcuml  nolahlr 
point  in  the  Act  is  the  itpiioiutiutint  of  sixiy-twocwnctliatDr^    it<.-i.  nf 
lufluenco  before   wliom  toe  creditor  udsc  briD^f  bis   vlaim  ' 
cao  file  a  suit  iu  tlie  ragular  courtn,  ftud  whose  dnty  it  is  Ui  o.-vi'im  m 
or   bring   Nbutit    the  compromise   of   money  dispute*.     To  coiafti 
lih'^nintA  to  btTO  i-econrse  to  these  ooticiliators  it  is  rnncted  (bad 
claim  for  money  against  a la&dholdor  is  not.  to  lie  ontertAincd  hj  lk« 
Civil  L'niirla  uutess  aocoupaniod  byaconciliutor's  CLTtificaiu  thiit  bt 
iins  attciiiptod  to  «ffeot  a  wmipromiw.     Huch  eouipromifeuorc  Si 
in  the  records  of  tlie  Civil  Courts  and  hava  the  force  of  decrees. 
nest  measure  by  increasing  their  number  brought  tbu  ooorts  di 
vrithiu  reach  of  the  people  nnd  made  thoin  !(.-«&   tccInucnJ   andttv 
ooetly.     Tbo  result  is  that  only  a  few  Tillages  are  moro  than  ten  miln 
distaat  from  a  civil  court.     Village  musKiffit  were    also  appoiBlad 
and  iaraetoi  with  sumtnory  powers  cxtpndiag  to  suits  for 
Meorery  of  ftinounta   not  oscocdinp  £1    (Ua.  10).     Twvuty.tt 
villsg?  muoBiffa'  appointmeuts  wore  mado,  and  tbo  iadividuais 
ppoiKitinced  fairly  competent     The  office  was  jinnfly  hoDorary. 
diKpottodof  alarge  number  oFiuiU,  butaa  few  of  tht<«e  vroru  bi 
by  or  nguiuRt  landholders  their  institution  nITordpd  1itt4u  or  no 
to  tho  itiittiTiilinf;  otaasea.     A  special  Judgo  ami  iiaKistant  jad 
spi'cial  suhordiiiiuc  judges  Imvc  boon  appointed  for  tbu  Poooa,! 
rahoUpur,  and  Ahiuudoatrar  distncts  to  iitapoci  nod  ruviso  tt>o 
of  the  Kubordinuta  ostaUishmeutd  inateikd  of  the-  unliuary  ri 
appeal  which  has  been  withdrawn.  Frofeaaional  legal  advHsera 
been  excluded  froin  the  conria  of  the  conciUatora  aud  villn^  tii 
and  aUo  from  the  courts  of  the  Hubonlinate  jiidf^es  wlmn  tho  mi 
matter  of  a  aait  is  loss  than  £  10  (Ii»,  100)  in  vabio,  unless  for  s 
reasons  profassional  n».si»tanoc  ttuims  to  tho  suburdiiinl*;  jud^  io 
fieoaaaary.     Thta  provision  dofu*  not  soon  to  luive  proved  jtrijiulnr.    Iq 
tJie  altsence  of  tite  agent  or  vakil  frequent  persona)  atl^fandaoco 
required  of  tho  parties,  and  the  vaste  of  time  and  looDcy  ia  sai 
bo  greater  tlutn  tlio   cost  of  retaiuing  ouuomI.    A  very  im 
section  makes  it  binding  oti  the  court  to  inquire  into  tbo 
and  merits   of  orory  claim  brought  Ifefore  it  with  a  view  to 
ita    good  faith.      Tbia    provision    is  unpopular    vritb    tbo   . 
and    is  believed    to   have  greatly   inlluencou  the  tiuinlH.>r    of 
instjtutcd  since  the  Act  canio   into  operation.     Interest,  too,  is 
to  be  awarded  to  an  amount  exceeding  that  of  the  onpital 
as    nscortaiued    on    taking    the    account.      Tho    person     of 
agriculturist  is  oxomptod  from  arrest  and  iroprisonmout,   nor  can  . 
land  bo  attached  or  aold  DolesB  it  has  been  specially  tnortgaged  (or 
the  repayment  of  the  debt  in  queiition.    If  the  court  so  direi^t 
tho  land  may  bo  made  over  for  a  period  to  the  maaageinout  of 
chief  antbonty  of  tho  district  with  a  view  to  tho  liquiilation  of 
debt.     Again    tlio   limitation  io  rexpovt   of   money  suits   has  I 
extended,  payment  of  amounts  decreed  may  be  ordoroit  by  in 
mente,  and  a  landholder  can  DOW  be  declared  insolvcut  and   lie 
charged  summarily  when  hia  debta  do  not  exceed  X5  (Ha,  50), 


rOONA. 


131 


I  Qtfaer  cases  after  a  proeixlarc  Bpudfieil  in  llic  Aut.     The  iDsolvoacy 

kpter   continuos    wholly  inoperative.      Tlie  iiidilFcraiice    of    tho 

sr  cannot  be  alto^ther  cx|iiaiuMl  oii  Lho  eroiind  of  religioua 

sltw  or  lUc  four  of  tha  loss  of  cralit  wdsooia]  sUtitK.     The 

oliof  Aft  hae  conforrml   so  many   other  privileges  and  iinmunititis 

the  indobted  landliolder*  that  the  uecossil;  of  having  resort  hi 

oxtppmo  itii.>«u<nre  of  socking  relief  by   insolvency  hiM  not  made 

'f  ito  innch  felt  as  might  hiiTe  been  expected.     Tlie  debtor's 

lotn  from  •rroxt  »nd   impriBonmontf  t<b«  oxoniption  of  Lin  ini- 

bblu  unuiortgngod  property  from  attachment  and  sale,  lho  lar^ 

_  jjlionfl  ill  the  amount  of  his  debt  cffcoteil  by  conciliation  and 

iprooedoro  imdur  thu  Act.  tho  privit(;;^u of  p«yiog  tho  balance  by 

y  instolDit'nts,  and  the  confeiiuont  ceHtintinn  from  tho  porpottial 

irryiti]^  of  bix  cruditor^,  hnvo  ^iven  tiuch  rtnil  nnd  substantial  relief 

tho  huHlnndmen  somctiniea  dvclaru  lliat  iJiuy  trant  tia  more. 

re^rd  the  rosorl  io  ituioli-eucy  tie  a  step  into  tho  unknown. 

pritvi.iiou    of  the  Act  is  more  TaJued  by  (he  people  than  the 

Je  which  admit«i  of  a  decree  beiOf;  paid  by  instaJmenta.     Whu- 

•  uluim  is  admitted  or  cout^iitcd  tbo  lundliolilur  rarely  fails 

I  iu  a  ploa  praying  that  tlie  auiuiiuc  fonud  duo  may  Ik)  mado 

lie  by  instalmeats.     At  the  same  time  the  circumatancee  of  the 

are  inquired  iiito,   and  instolmeDts  sre  not  allowed  india- 

itoinatoly. 

~  Spociat  Jadf^e  botieres  (1882>S3)  that  tbe  Tteliot  Act  has 
le,  and  is  doio^,  a  vasi  amount  of  good,  ft  has anoceedod  in 
liag  many  of  its  prinripal  objects.  It  lias  chock&il  the  dowDward 
18  of  tho  IniidlK'Idur^,  and  given  tliem,  what  tlioy  so  Borely 
led,  an  interval  of  repoHo  after  a  trying  period  of  <b'6tre8S  and 
ioe.  'J'be  landholding  claucs  ba%'e  never  been  no  contontod 
liey  arif  at  present  (1 8tf24i3).  They  can  reap  tbo  fruit  of  llicir 
ir;  tboy  are  protected  from  tbo  constant  baruaHing  to  wbichtboy 
formurly  mibjvet ;  they  Do  longer  live  in  cjoaseldsa  terror  of 
renting  uriution  aud  iitipri^onment.  When  the  worst  oom«6 
J»n  sure  of  obtaining  a  fair  and  patient  hearing  in  tho  court*, 
f,  if  Ihey  have  a  good  defence,  tbey  are  in  a  better  poBitioa  (o 
ave  it.  They  aro  allowed  to  pay  what  is  jn^tly  due  by  them  in 
Btalmcuta,  and  this  privilege  tliey  eeom  to  viduu  more  highly  tliaii 
y  other  graule<l  by  the  Art.  The  courts  are  now  moro  aoceaaiblo, 
9rc  absolute,  leaa  technical,  Iisis  alow,  nod  leas  costly.  The  pre- 
noRH  of  Ihe  Act  have  tended  to  auftun  tlio  extreme  severity  witb 
lieh  tho  W\v  prt.-sM.'d  on  di<btors,  and  tho  jndgeearc  able  to  modify 
p  cuntrocta  in  an  p'|uitablc  spirit.  Tbe  moBeylcndora  complain 
I  the  Act,  and  middlemen  leaden*  bavo  suffered  and  are  likely  to 
lar;  uor  una  it  bo  denied  tbat  to  eome  oxtaiit  tho  Act  hau  chocKod 
old  system  of  agricultural  loans.  The  huflbandman's  credit  has 
en  greatly  curtailed.  Still  this  ia  a  gain  aa  tbe  ayetem  under 
ch  tho  huabandmau  need  to  obtain  advances  had  no  elementa  of 
idneu.  Tho  hiubandnuin  waa  not  an  indopondont  borrowor; 
awing  was  a  aeceasily  to  him  oriaing  from  the  very  fanlta  of  the 
jt«in.  Tho  cliange  baa  been  wroogbt,  not  by  the  power  giren  to 
tbe  coDrt«  of  going  bolilnd  the  bond.or  of  graatiag  inHtalmenta,  but 
by  tho  proTifiiona  which  exempt  the  landholder's  peraon  from  wrest. 


CliRpt 
Capital. 

BOHIOWIBa. 

H«>li«u(Jina 


%, 


awwuk. 


crcdtb 


nod  liis  neoosaarieg  and  his  itnmoTsblo  jiropertj  from 
The  powoni  which  the  creditor  enjoyed  under  the  old  Uw  were 
not  to  rwolixe  his  loan,  bat  to  prolou^  indefioitwly  a  statAi  of  iad«bi- 
edcPttH  which  enabled  him  tn  tarn  hia  debtor  and  his  debtors'  it- 
acendaots  into  his  family  «'rfs.  A  debt  was  a  lasting  and  in  the 
long  run  s  eafo  and  paying  inTcmiiieiil.  The  security  nii  which  the 
greedy  middleman  nited  to  Irod  n-aa  the  knowlodgr,  that,  with  tlie 
■id  of  the  rigid  mechanism  of  the  civil  courts,  ho  could  gain  and 
keep  an  hereditary  hold  npon  the  labour  of  hin  dvbtor  and  hit 
debtor's  family  and  grind  them  at  hia  will.  Ucuce  it  waa  Qui 
the  cnxJitofH  used  to  ppy  their  debtor*'  asaeaametit  and  help  to  Id 
them  alive  by  doles  OC  food  doriog  timee  oi  dtstroee.  They  ' 
aeitiated  by  aelf-intereet  not  by  bpnoTolencc.  They  coald  not 
tbeir  iavoetmenta  to  j>eri3h.  The  lU-lic-f  Act  baa  catiscd  a 
ohftago.  By  withdrawioK  tho  special  facilities  vhich  at 
CDJoyod  for  putting  all  kinds  of  pressure  on  the  dubtor 
made  the  debtors  more  independout  and  self-relinDiand  the  < 
leas  ready  to  make  advances.  As  the  hutbaDdnaan  can  no  toi 
depend  on  the  moneylender  be  has  fnr  the  necwBiOTes  of 
adopted  a  new  rule  of  oondnct,  the  conscqoenoe  of  which  is  tin ' 
only  arc  moueylenders  more  disiadiood  to  lend,  but  thnt  the 
BMBMity  for  borrowing  no  longer  exists.  Formerly  tho  hunband' 
man  when  bis  crops  were  rcapvd  thrashed  and  garnered,  carLod  iheai 
in  lump  to  bis  creditor's  honge  or  shop.  The  creditor  took  then 
over  and  ontarod  in  bis  books  Tery  niHcb  whnt  vnlue  hn  plomatd, 
generally  in  eatisfactJoa  of  arrears  of  iR(erL-:«t.  As  ho  had  ported 
with  all  his  crop,  the  hnsbandntm  hiid  to  borrow  )'rc«h  fiunin  iaeael 
or  gmin  to  meet  tho  iastBlmenta  of  laud  rcvL-nue,  fur  \i'\»  ow* 
BOpport,  and  for  seed.  For  each  fresh  advanre  he  had  to  exoeott 
a  fresb  bond.  Kow  the  husbandman  cawicH  tho  {>roducie  of  his  BM 
to  liis  own  houM,  and,  keeping  what  he  thinkH  sufficient  for  hi* 
household  purpoaeflj  sella  the  reat  in  tlio  best  market  ho  eai 
He  baa  learnt  m  b  meoanre  to  be  thrifty  and  prorident^  He 
longer  besH  by  the  ncceasity  of  borrowing  at  every  turn, 
months  beforehand  tho  hasbandrnftn  now  begins  to  make  prc]^ 
tiona  for  the  payment  of  the  asae»smeut  by  selling  ^aas,  buti 
^ate  and  cows,  and  laat  of  all  their  grain.  This  seetus  ' 
the  chief  reason  why  loans  to  the  poorer  classes  of  landholdi 
BO  greatly  diminished.  This  is  the  claw  who  were  formerly  ■ 
dependent  on  tbe  money loDdors.  Now  they  are  obliged,  and 
how  manage,  to  shift  for  tlicinaBlvos.  The  solvent  and  indepeu' 
landholdera  form  a  class  by  thciiiselvos ;  the  Act  has  imprrired  ibrit 
oondition  without  in  tho  luast  impairing  their  credit.  MenoftI 
class,  if  they  have  a  character  for  honesty,  can  borrow  money  I 
neoesaarv  parposofl  at  roaaonablo  interest,  and  their  borrowii 
powers  liavo  not  been  iujarioualy  affected.  To  this  class,  unfi 
tunately,  bub  a  small  proportion  of  tho  people  belong.  Tho  bulk 
tho  landholders  cousittts  of  men  who  have  not,  and  who  long  ha** 
ceased  to  have,  any  credit  in  the  true  sonso  of  the  word.  'I^oncb 
nominally  perhaps  ownera  of  their  h^tid,  they  liave  actually  been  tW 
rack-rented  tenants  of  the  rillagc  mono;  lender  tu  whom  beloi 
the  fruitfl  of  their  toil.     If  the  tnonoylondcr  c&a  no  longer   aqi 


POONA. 


1S3 


Dhoui.I 

Sm,  be  wilt  no  longi^r  help  thom.  Houoo  tlio  dislocatiou  of  tlte 
retalioDs,  and  the  fall  in  loans  bo  hnaboodnieD.  The  cliange  is 
a  cbange  for  tlio  beit^tr.  The  ([UC!<t.iuit  ttrista  wlicthor  tbo  goncral 
IXKJy  of  biadbflldera  can  get  on  without  boiruwing.  Experience 
Beems  to  show  that  thoy  can  and  do  get  on.  Sinoo  1^79,  tticro  haTo 
been  ao  unusaal  difficulties  in  rcoli^inf;  tliu  OovcrDtnvat  laod 
revonno;  there  has  btK-n  no  large  or  sudden  throwing  up  of  land; 
there  liftve  been  ii')  extiMinive  trsosfora,  cither  hy  n-vcnim,  judicialj 
or  primte  sales.  The  landholders  seem  to  W  better  off  than  they 
were  before  the  Relief  Act  was  passed.  The  de(;reii.«)  in  fresh  lonoa 
baa  ted  toadimiuQtioD  at  iudubtuducss;  old  dubt^ioro  boing gradually 
workod  off,  conipromisied,  or  barred  by  time ;  a  good  beginning  b«! 
bepn  made  towards  clearing  olT  the  load  of  debt;  the  people  us  a 
'»,  are  etMiaible  of  the  change,  and  in  eonseqnence  show  a  growing 
to  pniotiso  thrift  and  to  combine  for  purposea  of  iiintiuil  help. 
ay  experienced  revenue  and  judicial  officers  hold  that,  if  tho 
B«nt  conditioiiH  remain  unchanged,  a  fevr  more  years  will  see  the 
landholders  to  a  great  extent  free  from  debt  and  able  to  stand  on 
tboir  own  legs.  At  the  same  time  it  ta  to  be  I'emembcred  that  tho 
last  Ihroo  seasons  linvo  been  seasons  of  nrerage  prctsperity  and  that 
the  Act  has  not  jot  stood  the  test  of  a  failure  of  crops.  Mattent 
are  still  iu  a  traoiiitioa  atatc,  and  donog  a  tmusitioQ  period  it  would 
b«  nnrra-ionrLble  to  expect  the  Act  to  onduro  a  severe  strain.  Onoe 
freed  from  debt  the  landholder  will  be  able  to  get  on  without 
borrowing  iu  ordinary  years.  In  periods  of  scarcity  or  distress  he 
will  haTo  to  look  to  Government  for  help,  uolcsa  in  the  mentitimo  the 
reklicina  of  the  lending  and  the  borrowing  clasHea  are  placed  on  a 
more  rational  footing  than  that  on  which  they  rested  in  times  paaL 
Tho  Belief  Act  lia'^  done  much  to  restore  aolvency  to  t])c  moBt  ira* 
jrtaot  class  to  tho  district  with  the  least  possible  disturbance  o{ 
rulationa  helweca  capital  and  taboar. 

!  Under  the  P««hwii^  Hbivviy  wa.«  an  acknowledged  institation.  In 
lid  in  the  town.>ihip  of  Loui  in  a  population  of  557  Dr.  Coata 
lod  eighti'cu  slaves,  eight  men  seven  women  and  thrcegirls.'  One 
of  the  familieH  though  not  formally  free  had  practioilly  been  set 
free  by  its  mnster  in  reward  for  good  conduct.  Thi»  faintly  lived  in 
n  separate  house  and  lilk-tl  on  their  own  account.  The  other  elnvos 
livod  in  their  mantfra'  houses.  All  were  well  treated.  They  were 
clad  and  fed  in  the  Kame  way  aa  the  membura  of  thoir  masters' 
faoiilics ;  almoKt  the  only  difference  was  that  they  ato  by  theiujMdves. 
IS  tliey  bohttvwl  well,  they  had  pocket- money  given  tlioro  on  holiduys. 
Mid  their  masters  paid  £&  to  ZQ  {Rs.bO-GO)  to  nie«t  their  wedding 
expenses.  The  men  worked  in  the  fields  and  the  women  helped  their 
^liatresacs.  Sumo  of  the  girls  were  their  master's  conoubineis.  All  of 
le  eigbleen  slaves  wera  homo-born ;  the  mothers  of  nonio  had  boon 
ttgul  front  Hiiidusliin  and  the  Karaitak.  Slaves  wuru  soinotimos 
free  as  a  religious  act,  sometimes  ia  reward  for  good  oondnct, 
ftmctiuiov  bocanse  they  were  bordensome.  A  fi-eed  sUiVo  waa  called 
iBhirda ;  they  were  looked  dowu  on,  and  people  did  not  marry  with 


Chapter  7^ 
Capital. 

BoMtownSkJ 
Butbundine 


Silvia. 


1  tnoK  BtMbft?  Lit  Son.  HI.  191,  S39.     t^M  alu  St«d«'B  UiiiiJui  Uw  aad 


snluiy  GueltNT- 


134 


DISTRI0T8. 


fcpUr  V. 
tCiilHta]- 


Waom 


thiia.  TrafBc  in  slaToe  was  tboag'lit  ilisropninblo  an^  wma  aaooro- 
muo.  Uiijd  vera  ruvly  brought  to  tnarket  Sulcs  of  girU  trare 
Ion  ODconiraon.  If  Lcautifal  tno;  were  bouglit  lu  tnUtrossc*  or  by 
ixNirtexaiiii,  the  price  vaiying  from  £)U  to  £50  (Rn.  I(K}>  500). 
Pbun  giris  were  boogltt  as  sorruita  in  Brabmati  bun^cs. 

In  1821,  the  ColU'otor  CftpUiin  Hol>nrtsoii,  n^jkirted  tbat  th(>  nuly 
form  uf  HUrery  la  Poons  was  d«tiiostit:  nUvcrj.     A  pcrsuu  bvcatme 
A  aKve   wbo  wng  sold  in  infAocy  bj  his  |inrentar  or    who  wu 
kidnapped    by    TAmAnn    and    tbwvcs.      Pew    slaTtw    kucw    tbrir 
ki»«[K''t[tle  (IP  wvrt!  related  to  the  pec^e  of  the  inrromidiiijf  cv>ant  rr 
Cbililn-ii  kiilnnppod  in  dist*nl  provitiotw  were  bn»u;;bt  t*)  1' 
mlo  niid  Pouna  cbiMn'ii  stolrii  or  )«r>M  by  tlieir  {lorvQLs  in  ' 
fnniine  wt>ro  carried  ta  otiier  parls  of  Indift.'     A  man  also  bcfninu  a 
itlarc  to  hia  crcditur  wIiuq  hu  could  aol  pay  liia  debt,  bat  tbie  lut{i- 
p«nc<I  only  when  the  debtor  was  a  Kunbi  or  a  Dhangar  nnd  tin 
rrcditoraBnibuiBU.    Only  ibreoinataDceacaineto Captain  Rol>    ' 
kitowI(Hlgi>  iu  vfhiob  cn-di tors  had  chosen  to  ouelurc  their  .: 
Slavos  vrcTO  treiiti>d  witb  greet  kiudneas.     The  ^nertil 
tbataoonoaboub]  illaHoa  slave.    Cases  sometimes  happ'  n      <     t| 
slaveM  were  seirprcly  beaten  by  thL-tr  lOfvsUrrs  or  had  tbotr  poweni 
work  oTcrtnxod.     fn  such  c&ncs  tbo  Ilmda  law  oflicors  gum 
rMomtuo&ded  tliat  tho  hIath  shonM  bo  Mt  froo.     When  tualo  aUi 
grew  to  manhood  their  mactore  often  act  thorn  free,  bat  fci 
tdares  were  Roldom  frood,  and  their  cbililrpn  wero  aUo  slaves. 
■lareSj  cspodnily  tbi-  fminlus,  wbon  they  lost  tfu'ir  frcvdutn  in  infauc 
baMnteutLiebt^  to  tbt-ir  mode  of  bfo  and   hud   no   ivish  to   bo  fr 
Tboy  were  |]^-iuTalty  foiiJ  uf  thoir  um^tiTH  family, or  of  some  mcul 
of  tbo  family,  and  would  havu  fvlt  mora  puin  in  boing  aepamttid  (ron 
Ibciii   than  pleasure  in  gaining  their  liberty.     IiiBtaim<w  oot-urred  i' 
which  fcninle  slaves  complained  of  the  crseUy  of  one  momher  of  t\ 
family,  but  wlion  ofFered  thoir  liberty  refused  to  leavo  the  dtmS 
oitlxi'r  bucRuso  of  tbcir  luvc  for  other  mumburs  of  it  or  bocKuao 
fonrod  to  bo  sot  adrift  ia  Lho  world. 

Fifty  yoara  ago  tho  daily  wajjes  of  adult  male  city  labourom  rai 
From  iy.  to  3<i.   (1) -2  <]«.),  of  field  labourers  from    I  j^f.   to  i\ 
(1-1^  n».),  and  of  the  nrtiaiin  clasaes  from  4|<1.  to  9d.    (y.(lru| 
Tbo  wng«»i  rtf  Wftm»»n   Wfti-o    twu-thirds    and   of  eiiiMn.'n   one-li 
of  nitrnV  waffcs.     Ectwccu  istii  and  IStf!>,  owing  to   tbw    AmchtM 
war  and  tbo  tMuntrnction  of  tho  railway  and  Upr«  Goverrinieiit  at" 
private  build!ii:{«  in    I'ooua,  wagt-s  coasidi-rably  rose,  boii);^-  balfi 
iriwcli  again  a^  at  iwraont  At  present  {18ftJ)  tho  daily  w.-»ffoa  of  i 
and  city  labourers  mnfre  from  Xl[it.  to  G't.  (:J-4-  a».)  ;  of  field  labonr 
from  'id.  to  i^d.  [Z-^aa.);  and  of  skilled  iirtiAaiia  from  9d.  to  la.: 
(6-10  ii/.)  for  bricklayer*,  1*.  to  1«.  6d.  (8-12  at.)  foreArppafcor 
mMOQS,  and  6d.  to  1«.  (i.Sae.)  for  tailors.     Can-hii-u  ia  U 


I  RMt  Inilu  pApm.  IV.  SSOM.  Ina  mnntrj- like  ladUmbjMt  to  mvw*] 
tltnrtlid  which  vuaffordBd  bytbe  labkbtunUofa  niiuhlioiuiiupfMtiloo  pnr 
tli«  ulillilran  nf  limiihed  [Aronta,  pwAUv  oountoMaiKvd  tko  low  of  h 
o«ptoiiJl*a«  tboktnte  ofslariiry  wka  aootbcd  by  kind  treaicDCtit  aa<l  r<i)t*rd. 

"  tn   I6SI   imuiy  drbtora  lihiIcI  not  (tUoluu^  llivir  obUntions  but  Uia  ctcMi 
Alinori  n«v«r  iruiUd  tonwkctbcirdtMoraikvm.    BMtlndu  P.iiwn,  IV,  M9-MI 


DseeaB-J 


POONA. 


13S 


(14  at.)  and  cunel  hire  1b.  (8  as.)  a  day.  Field  labour  is  partly  paid 
ia  kind  and  partly  in  coin  ;  town  laboarers  are  paid  wholly  in  coin. 
In  TillaffeSj  irages  are  paid  daily,  and  in  towna  by  the  week,  fortnight, 
or  month.  Except  field  laboor  which  is  chiefly  rcq  uired  from  Angust 
to  March,  labour,  both  skilled  and  unskilled,  is  in  greatest  demand 
daring  the  fair  season,,  that  is  from  January  to  Juue.  The  demand 
for  unskilled  or  cooly  labour  in  Poena  city  ia  greater  than  it  used 
lobe. 

The  oldest  available  produce  prices  are  for  twenty-nine  years  of 
scarcity  which  happened  daring  the  forty-eight  years  ending  1610.' 
Daring  these  twenty-nine  years  of  high  prices  the  rupeo  price  of  rice 
TEried  from  forty  ponndain  1788  to  five  pounds  in  1804,  of  biijri 
from  fifty-siz  in  1768  to  nine  in  1804,  and  oijidn  from  fifty-six  in 
1788  to  seven  in  1804.     The  details  are  : 

Foona  Produce  /Vfcr*  Pound  the  Rnptf,  1763  ■  1810. 


ITAB. 

i;(u. 

1770. 

ITTS. 

iim 

IT7«. 

im. 

ITTS. 

is?e. 

im. 

r». 

ijsr. 

irte. 

1780 

I7SI. 

tlH           - 

M 

» 

90 

M 

a 

14 

m 

as 

80 

33 

a 

40 

Ml 

M 

MM 

U 

s 

» 

m 

t* 

«t 

14 

44 

u 

bl 

M) 

44 

Ml 

44 

«1 

f£i      ^ 

M 

ill 

4M 

411 

u 

Ml 

Ml 

4M 

j« 

M 

M 

VIMM 

tl 

tj 

.■id 

*t 

M 

SA 

to 

Si 

t? 

M 

4* 

M 

M 

f« 

■H 

Tmr 

u 

M 

IS 

40 

« 

!li 

»* 

40 

4fl 

t£ 

*t 

w 

M 

U 

Jl 

U 

Id 

ni 

U 

M 

24 

4Z 

S» 

44 

*» 

so 

la 

ITK. 

an. 

lix. 

ITM. 

ISM. 

taw. 

laos. 

ISM. 

iiis. 

isaft. 

lan. 

i8oa. 

la». 

leta 

a 

a 

M 

W 

U 

tl) 

fl 

S        14 

14 

14 

n 

3S 

ae 

Miu 

T 

_„ 

M 

Si 

la 

9        SO 

44 

lAaf 

» 

, 

jj 

.1- 

W 

tt 

It 

7       U 

«l 

-'H 

... 

1^^^^ 

a 

« 

9J 

IH 

ID 

A 

G 

\t 

ini 

*J> 

M 

w 

«4 

Iy^ 

« 

« 

IT 

W 

St 

H 

It 

If) 

ifl 

2U 

as 

24 

1» 

l«f«> 

e 

14 

IB 

■  'Jt 

!U 

10 

13 

90 

■ic 

IS 

a) 

30 

Doriog  the  twenty-nine  years  ending  1837  the  prices  oijvdri  and 

bain  are  available  only  for  Ind^pur.     During  this  period,  except  a 

.'  dufat  rise  in  1811  and  1816,  prices  gradually  foil  from  48  pounds  of 

jmri  and  59  ponnda  of  biijri  in  1609  to  97  pounds   of  j'fiirt  and  80 

|eandi  of  hajH  in  1817.     In  1818  there  was  a  considerable  and 

■  1819  there  was  a  still  greater  rise  in  produce  prices  to  tbirty- 

fcw  ponnda  for  jvari   and  thirty-one    pounds   for  bdjrl,  from  an 

Mngeof  fifty -six  pounds  for  jviiri  and  fifty-five  pounds  for  bdjri 

iaring  the  ten  years  ending  1817.     In  182U  the  spread  of  tillage 

vUdi  followed  the  establishment  of  order,    again  brought  down 

|rioH  till  in  1824  jvdn  was  sold  at  73|  pounds  the  rupee  and  bdjri 

M  forty-uz  poands.     In  the  famine  year  of  1824-25  yrtfi-t  rose  to 

tlRBt^'fire  pounds.     In  1826  and  13^7  prices  fell  to  eighty-eight 

"■id  IZSpoonda  for  yvart  and  sixty-eight  and  sixty-four  pounds  for 

^ri.    "riiey  rose  slightly  in  1826,  and  in  1829  again  fell  to   130 

Mods  iov  jvari   and  186  for  bdjri.     In  1830  and  1631  prices  rose 

lightly  and  in  1832  once   more  fell  to  120  pounds  for  jVhW  and 

>  HTsa^  for  bdjri.    This  terrible  cheapness  of  grain  reduced  the 


Chapter  1? 
Capital. 
Waqis. 


I'llICE!), 


'  IiMt.-CoL  A.  T.  BUteiUgs's  Bapcvt  on  FmI  Fftmises  (t8C8)  Appendix  D. 


tBamtaj  Ou«tteer 


IS6 


DlSTRrCTS. 


huslikndtttna  to  poverty  kod  eutaed  Oorornmout  vory  Rr«&t  Ion  of 
rvvcntiu.  Tlioagli  tbeycar  1S33  in  remembered  as  m  year  of  •cartity 
jr<iridid  Dot  rise  ftbore  &3rt,v-siK  poands.    Tlie  deteiU  are : 


kt*tpt» 

not. 

IMl 

tai. 

tsu. 

UtL 

M 

l(Ii. 

inL 

una. 

tUT- 

tmm. 

MH     - 

m 

14 

"I 

M 
M 

B 

a 

n 
n 

•I 

M 

MU.    MUi 

l««L 

un. 

wn. 

int-lMt. 

ins. 

■Ih. 

UM. 

l«K. 

» 

-- 

s* 

« 

a 

M 

Ifl 

UK 

M 

UN. 

UM. 

un. 

Utt. 

inL 

UK 

UMl 

itn. 

MB      M 

!7 

M 

■9 

19 

■=1 

From  1838^9  U)  1S&3  prioee  are  available  for  eoveml  pUces  in  tbt 
district. 

The  fortr-MX  yenrv  ending  1&82  may  be  diridcd  into  foar  peril 
Thv  first  period  iucluiles  iho  twelve  ye*»  vudiug  1349-50.  Tl 
was  a  time  of  low  and  stationary  pricoa  nithoat  any  more  marl 
ohao^M  than  yr&ro  dae  totlie  sacoossiou  of  coinparativoly  good 
bad  DBtrT'eats.  The  Average  rupee  price  of  jtvin'waa  lOS  pouiids,a]i 
the  same  OB  in  lb37.33.  a  price  too  low  to  allow  of  any  incroaM  a1 
TTooltlt  ID  ito  laodholding  ola«aea.  Tlie  aecood  period,  tlw  eierea 
years  ending  1860<61,  expecinlly  the  lattor  piu-tof  the  period,  is ooa 
of  advanoing  prices  probably  due  to  the  opeDing  of  roads  and  io  tlii 
last  years  to  the  brg^DDing  of  cxpcnditDre  on  railwaya.  Duriog  tht 
ol«7eQ  years  eodiDg- ISCO-til  tbeAT«rago  rapos  prioo  of  Jviiri  wu 
sereo^oeigbt  poaods  sndduriagtlio  tost  fire  years  seventy  paand& 
The  third  period  is  the  ten  years  ending  1S70-71.  The  finit  fin 
years  of  this  peritid  was  n  timoof  oxtrfinoly  bigh  prices,  yvtiri'uvcraK* 
ing  thirty-six  pounds  the  rupee.  Thc-so  high  pricoft  wore  due  paruy 
to  the  BDundance  of  money  canned  by  tho  iu^ow  of  ca-pital  di 
the  AoieHcan  war,  partly  to  a  Bocoession  of  bad  years.  Wil 
iho  clofto  of  tho  American  war  in  IS6&  part  of  tho  iaflow 
(apital  ceased  After  1865,  though  the  inflow  of  capital  conn* 
ed  with  tho  Amoriain  war  ceased,  ontU  1871  tho  diatrict  n. 
tiDUfd  to  bo  enriched  by  tho  coostructioB  of  great  publif  worL 
To  thia  increaMof  wwdth  wasaddedaBcarcity  of  gram  caiisi>d  h\ 
tho  mjrvredroaghtof  18t>6-67,and(hepartial  failures  of  ltKj7-tiSa  ' 
of  1870.71.  During  the  five  years  ending  1870-71  ytnfn'  varied 
rupeo  price  from  twenty-soveD  to  sixty-eight  and  avenged  tbirty-8' 
pounds.  Tho  thirteen  v«vr3  since  1S7I  may  be  described  as  a  time 
fftlling  prices  checked  by  the  famine  of  1876-77.     The  five 

ending  1670  were  years  of  good  harvests  and  this  together  wii 

great  raduotioa  in  the  local  expenditnroon  public  works  ccunbiijod 
cheapen  gram.  Daring  the  famine  of  1876-77,  that  is  from  aboi 
Koveinber  1870  to  tho  close  of  1877,  jvdri  varied  from  thirteen 


re  and  avem^oi]  tffonty  pooads.  Since  1877  lurre  mam 
Again  been  spent  in  or  near  the  district  in  public  wonea,  and 
"^t  increase  in  the  trade  and  pros|>eniy  of  Bomb«y  have  drawn 
numbers  of  workers  to  Bombay  and  done  mncb  to  replace  tbo 
E  capital  caused  bj  the  &inii>e.  Tlie  aeosoas  havo  been  fair, 
pnce  of  jviiri  liA«  varied  from  eighteen  to  soventy-six  Hud 
^d  forty-two  pounds.     The  details  are  : 


CliapterT. 

Capital. 

PUCB>< 


» 

PotaiA  Prodmet  Prka 

in  />0Hfi<{«  fA/  Jhi/MT,  ISSSSO  to  tSSiSS, 

oa 

1 

>      a. 

.1 

N     1  - 

^ 

1 

1 

0 

4 

i 

i) 
1 

1 

1 

1 
3 

iBi8«.                        tnMa 

»I(MI. 

t  ... 
i  ... 

lU  ... 

M     .. 

>w 

■  •< 

... 

..    «s 

_. 

- 

-. 

™   -. 

isJ...    -.   n 

V-  - « 

■-. 

i 

IMI-tA                                       lHt-«l. 

)3«-U. 

1 

till  »h  m 
M  n   IB 

n 
«a 

n  1  in  uo 

M 
M 

M 

10 

lU  N 
TO  «B 

ui  ml  00    in  U4  190 

H     MOD       80     n     M 

l»U'f&. 

)M»-U. 

IMA4T. 

t  ... 

Il 

'^■j^:; 

IS 

M 
00 

M 
84 

4« 

49 

30 

SI 

4«    « 

41     » 

It 

40 

M 

as 

1 

1117.40. 

IS48-<a 

IHS«. 

1 

At 

M 

A 

nJ 

"1 

1*4  IK 

ni  IDS 

110 

It) 

inoi 

tM|  141 

"V" 

114 
IIV 

lU 

*4 

14 

IK 
104 

IM 

loa 

ite 

84 

ta 

i*j<Mi.            |[           lau-M. 

Utt-K. 

w 

n 

n   no  ai 

T«     M     IW 

MM      04 

n 

0* 

n 

I*    to 

00 

an 

N 

» 
TO 

104)  H 

,   1S(«4«. 

iaS44fi.                   H                 MMC 

1  _. 

1  -- 

lU  III    M 

■n   m  rt 

1«    TO 

M 

to 

44 

4« 

40 
44 

40||m 

OJ 

w 

40 

TO 

to 

4i 
U 

iaM.«7.           ||          im4«. 

1 

lOHMO. 

1  - 

r  ... 

u 

U     4J 

tf    M  1  M  '  rt 

ID     ft  1  W      T4 

o«Im 

M     40 

4S(|H 

•• 

a 

u 

IS 

u 

to 
ot 

IIM-W.         _       ' 

arn-a.           | 

UCl-Ot 

1 

OS 

M 

n 

M 

JU 

n 

OB 

-    . 

00 

w 

M    41 

U     »« 

9a 

«o   » 

a    aa 

ST 
44 

40     40 

■ 

IWM*.              H              ia»M. 

1044  «. 

1 

43 

M 

"     " 

11 
at 

n 

IS 

S7 

to 

to 

M  its    tt 
tsHio    n 

14 

to 

M 

to    » 

U»« 

IMMT. 

isn-**. 

1  ., 
[  ... 

U     M     U 

- 

M    at    n( 
*    "    « 

■t 

M 

40 
M 

IS 

If 

»   40   a 

M    S    »t 

m 

-I 

s 

mm 


k 


ClupUrT- 
Pum. 


tBontUjr  QucttMT. 
1S8  DISTRICTS. 


iwwu. 

1 

u 

! 

1 

1 

1 

1 

i 
S 

1 

i 

1 

I 

it 

i  1 

aifit  ... 

i»J::: 

MM 

1WS4S. 

>•«»■». 

im*n.           I. 

.1! 

*• 

M     M     W     «l» 

n  «•  u  "  n  -■ 

*0 
n 

H 

41     ■• 
M     » 

.     IP 

wn-m 

HTB-n. 

U»>T4. 

M 
M 

M 

1* 

n 

U 

M 

M 

u 

u 

m 

a*   A 

(0    H 

M     U     M 

M     MM 

U 
U 

IS  m 

ifr«-n>^ 

)f>b-7«. 

(ira-n. 

n   n 

70     M 

mIm    n 

KM     W 

H 

n 

M 
U 

M    W    «    « 

n   u   u   n 

M 
M 

u 

M 
M 

II      M 

u 
a 

IKT-!*. 

lR»t«i, 

lar»». 

3 

n 

U 
M 

U 

M 

'  » 

r 

B 
M 

M 

u 

u 

M 

w 

M 
M 

IS     » 

>• 
U 

intkA                 1                  1811-Sl 

l«Mt               1 

n 
to 

U 
H 

14     M 
U     H 

M 
U 

n 

U  ,  on    M 

M     U  1  R 

a 

u 

SI 

M 

4B 

m    M 

Artwles  aro  aold  b^  Treigbt,  I>y  lucasurc,  and  hy  Dambor.  PeAili^ 
precionB  stones,  cotton,  tobacco,  raw  and  clarified  butter,  tA, 
spiow,  fcroceries,  firtrwood  in  Pooda  citVj  opiam,  BweettoeAta,  tat 
some  Te^tsblt^B  Hwi  fniits  are  ttuld  by  weig'Iit.  In  ihe  case  of  peuit 
ftnd  prvciuDit  stones  tlie  weif^flits  usttd  tittf  fcrains  of  barley  J'^^t  lie* 
tdndul,  -vrheat  gahu,  Rod  rntt.  Bati,  onginhWy  Uie  iMted  of  dn 
Abrna  prccntoriua,  la  now  f^enl);  a  small  pteco  of  copper  or  filnl 
weighing'  2|  io  2{  grains.  The  price  of  peftrls  in  Dot  6xod  ti  m 
Qiiioh  tlw  rirfi  Viut  at  flo  much  tht  thav  a  mca«nr«  or  st^tadnrd  obtais- 
od  from  a  cak'ul»lioit  bathed  on  tlie  number  and  veie-lit  of  Ik* 
pearU,  and  diTided  into  100  dok/idt  or  parts.'  'llie  tabfa  obacmd 
in  the  cave  of  gold  is  eight  gunjt  one  mita;  2i  guJija  one  vcU;  six 
mdttis  one  lahamtitai  two  MAdfx4«id  or  IwwTe  mdioM  or  foftj 
ixi^j  oao  ^u.  Tlic  yviy  is  red  and  about  the  ai>6  of  a  anukll  pn  it 
the  seed  of  a  wild  creeper  and  the  mf  whiob  is  also  r«d  aad  > 
Httto  lsrg«r  is  tbe  w>c(l  of  tbe  chUhdri  tree.  The  mdsa,  tmkdmdt^ 
and  tufa  are  square,  ejgbt -cornered,  or  oblongs  pieces  of  brass  am 
toinetimc«  of  China  or  of  delf.  The  lota  weigha  a  little  more  tloB  t^ 
ayen^  Imperial  rupee  in  nse  which  is  equal  to  11^  mdsda.  In 
wmg^hmg  silver  and  fragrant  oils  and  eeaences  tbe  Imperial  rapeeii 
alwa;rauMKl.   Bui  a«  owing  to  wear  it  u  not  always  of  aniform  weigU 


*  To  ndoce  rnlw  Ut  (Acin  the  aqnant  o(  th*  nnmber  at  raMi  li  mnlUptiMl  h| 
W  and  th*  product  diridtd  by  W  liioM  Um  nanliOT  of  pcMli.  Thai  tf  n 
MM-Ia  (Tci^lns  34  ralit  ijre  U  )w  booght  «l  Ra  8  tlu  c^kM.  tlw  prioe  -Kotii  tt, 


tt 


I 


I>4Maii.1 


POOMA. 


139 


duoountftttheintdof  eiglitper  coQtiaallowod  in  wholuaate  purcliafifu 
of  *ilr«r.  For  cheaper  metala  and  other  urticJes  sold  by  weight  ibe 
■attuf  weight  in  A  f^K-r  wuighiog' wvcnty-wx  rap««9,  with  its  fnwlioQS 
the  »a*UUt  or  on(»-eigbtb,  pdvwr  or  oiie>fourtb,  and  achker  or  ono- 
htil.  For  qoautitiea  of  over  «  tKar  tlio  t«ble  for  tnutAln  and  otbur 
■iticlas  sold  bj  weiKbt  is  four  thert  one  dK4xdi  and  sixteen  therB  one 
■a.  In  Lbe  caae  of  oils,  raw  nnd  clarified  butur,  tipiceit,  raw  vngar 
jrW,  groceriM,  and  tobacco  the  table  is  forty  eh^t  ouis  man,  and 
thtto  w^ama  one  jmHo,  For  firewood  where  tiold  bj  weight  the 
tabitt  tisod  i»  eighty  pounds  one  fminand  twenty  mafM  one  khaniii. 
Sieept  in  the  esse  of  firewood  and  simitar  nearj  sobstAnnes, 
whoro  stoae  weights  are  u»ed,  all  the  woighta  are  made  vi  iron, 
pnenlly  English-made  avoirdupois  wuigbt«  with  the  pound  unit 
•cooped  out  at  the  baok  to  bring  them  to  ibe  exact  weight.  Qrain 
is  neasured  by  woudon  cylinders  with  uarrow  necks  in  the  middle 
lo  admit  oE  tbeir  being  bold  in  the  hand  with  ease.  The  unit  oC 
■nisnrnnifinf  ia  also  a  slter  having  the  same  fracUona  as  the  weight 
Bait.  The  contents  of  a  «A^  meaxnre,  wfaicb  is  equal  to  2}  pints 
Kvigb  aerenty-stx  to  oiuety-ei^bt  rapees.  The  table  obeerred  is  four 
iken  one  ftij/li,  twolve  juiylit  one  man,  2|  man»  one  palla,  and 
eight  paJliU  one  khandi}  Standard  weights  and  mcasuree  are 
kept  in  erery  infiuilstdar's  office,  and,  once  a  year,  all  weights  and 
neaanrM  are  tested  aod  Gtamped  by  tho  police.  Bmsa  and  cupper 
pola  leiTing  as  a  quarter,  a  half,  and  a  whole  7Q-nipee  «A«r  are 
Bsed  for  meacaring  milk  and  small  tjuautities  of  oiL  Clarified  btitter 
vb«a  bcottght  for  sale  in  small  quantities  by  the  people  of  the 
VMtem  hilU  is  also  sold  by  those  capacity  meunretf.  Leaf  vegetables 
•resold  by  the  bandle.  grass  andyrdn' stalks  are  sold  by  the  poMuMt^ 
or  five  bundles,  firewood  ia  sold  by  tbe  bendlond  or  the  cartload, 
sad  oowdo  ng-oakes  by  aombor.  Mungoes  are  sold  wbolHsate  by  a 
hmdrTdor«A«tda  equal  to  312.  Betel  leaves  are  sold  by  the  hundred 
or  the  tbuusaad.  In  meanuritig  clotb  either  tbe  yaj  or  the  yard  is 
BMd.  Id  tbe  ckm  of  the  ^iij  the  tablu  used  is  oight  yovtr  one  anguli 
or  thumb  breadth  ;  two  a»jrN/i«  one  ((Mu  of  I^  inches ;  twelve  tatu» 
I  Udi  or  cubit  of  eighteen  inches,  and  two  halt  vnvgnj  of  throe  feet, 
dr-made  clothes,  waiatetothaor  dAoldrx.aod  scarfs  or  vpartui*  are 
m  pain  ;  other  articles  of  clothing  arc  Rold  singly  exoept  sboed 
■d  aiookicgs  which  are  sold  by  the  pair.  Bricks  lind  tiles  are  sold 
ij  iLe  tboos&nd,  rafters  and  bamboos  by  tbe  bundrocl,  squared  timber 
its  onbic  coi.tenbe,  and  iinitquared  timbtn'  by  the  piece.  Heaps 
frarpl  or  fNurum,  of  road-metal  or  kJiadi,  and  of  sand  earth  and 
I  are  meaaared  by  their  cubic  contents,  tho  usual  unit  of  mea- 


CaiapUrt) 

Wstaunai 

Ms*naK 


>  la  USl  tbve  w««  thrM  tabloi  of  mhi  mounna    Tha  thtr  wu  th«  muiw  fn  tU 
~ ,  lakiac  tka  snnua  irf  th«  w&ot^  tha  wdAU  «f  oae  oiMuaFed  il«i>  ot  ^H, 
'  1.  Mri.  Mid,  mlUN^i,  whMtt,  ua  OMUNr,  wm  OM-fonrtMntli  of  a 


>>  maf  Una  XJ  |M«mto  avmnlopou.    Tlia  fint  taUo  wm  four  A^t  onn  r^yfi. 

|iit4«  «M  MOM,  and  twonty  mant  mm  tJiaaJL     Tbi«  tiroS  ur   tw«Iv»p4|M 

-  M  tW  oonmoo  man  uaA  tlic  otw  id  m«  in  the  town  ot  Poem.     Tba  Mcond 

n*    (oar  Jun   cue  pdpU,    tlxttBB pdyUt   cino    nmi*.    and    twoatjr  man*  uii» 

k.     TVla  aofaft  or  ■liUMm'piyC  nan  waa  tuod  in  the  village  group  ol  SmoAut  in 

mM  IO  Um  KMLhwanl.      Thn    Ikwl  taltlo   Wl«   SJ  fArr*  ono   pdyli.    tortj-liio 

"M  *  twdn  pd|rNf  vDc  min,  Mi<!  t<ir«atr  bmm  om  Iftnifii.     Thii  waa  ti»wl   in  tli* 


rBombo,;  auett««r. 


ChftpUr  V. 
Wuoan  xsp 


140 


DiSTRicrra 


GDroinoat  being  n  haras  of  100  cubic  feet.  Cat  stoa«  U  sold  by  tfae 
sqnaie  mi;  oqnnl  to  oiglib  equaro  feei.  Before  tJie  revenue  sarttf 
the  taiia  measare  was  throe  mtuhiis  or  fists  one  vit,  two  vii*  one  hdl, 
h^  hdtt  ODS  k^UU,  ivnntj  k-ithin  one  j.'<indf  twantfpiiitds  one  bigha, 
and  fire  bwf&u  ODD  rNtl-in,  eix  rufrAvM  one  khmuli.  Iwenty-four  nuirtti 
OQC  chdhur^  or  falria;  and  two  ehithurs  or  f<i/^«  otic  /xiX'in.  Tha 
samsy  motuaromoitto  are  a  ohntii  of  thirty  fe«t  ona  anna,  sixtMO 
ann^it  oDo  fruntAo,  and  forty  ^uuMd*  ono  acre  of  4S40  sqniua  yards. 
Thirty  guntlids  ikre  equal  tu  one  trigha  or  1^  btghai  aro  equal  to  one 
sore.*  Parian  tu«uuiu{^  two  or  four  bighd*  is  a  word  oftou  used  by 
Konbifl  Hposking  among  theiD Bel vea.  'I'rrenty  paridna  taako  aa%  mJ. 
Tfae  old  tablo  for  meunriBg fcimo  w  risty  vipals  or  winks  onft  p<f. 
rixty  pab  one  gkadi  of  twonty-foar  miautes,  2}  ghadis  one  AiTnt, 
31  ghadig  odo  chtinghaiii,  71  jiwltiur  oaojiraAAr,  eight  prahart  una 
dirav  or  day,  scvon  tlivas  ono  lUAar'Ja  or  week,  two  lilA/irJiu  one 
ftakt&a  or  fortnight,  two/»iijiAai  ono  mia  or  month,  twolra  nid*  ona 
varah  or  year.  In  (orioor  times  thv  HinduM  luul  neither  ivatcbM 
Qor  DUDKliRls.  Their  time  mcasuiv  vras  the  wati*r<clook  n  copper  pot 
&Ued  with  wat«r  in  which  fluiito<l  a  bnws  cup  with  a  ataall  bolB 
in  the  bottom  which  took  an  hour  to  Oil  and  eink.  Tho  water-clockt 
thoagh  never  referred  to  in  ordinary  life,  is  still  nsed  at  numriAgeaad 
thread  ceremonica.  Bosidosby  tho  wutor-olock  time  was  catculattd 
by  the  length  of  shadows.  To  tell  the  time  of  day  from  a  ahndowoM 
plaD  is,  in  an  open  sunlit  spot,  to  ineasnni  in  feet  tho  length  of  oao's 
shadow,  to  add  wx  to  the  number  of  feel,  and  divide  121  by  tho  stua. 
The  qnotient  gireathe  time  in  ghaJia  of  tweuty'foar  mioutos  after 
Bnnrise  if  the  snn  hM  not  croasea  the  tncridiau,  and  before  sansofc  if 
tho  enn  has  crossed  the  moridiao.  Another  plan  is  to  hold  npricht 
atbia  rod  eighteen  dnglis  or  Soger- breadths  long,  bond  tt  so  that 
its  shadow  will  touch  the  other  end  of  t'he  rod  on  the  ground  and 
measareia  dngiU  the  perpendicular  height  of  the  rod.  This  lika 
the  other  plan  shows  tho  nuoibor  of  gkadit  either  alter  sanriso  or 
before  nonset. 


*  The  arw  ol  lh«  cAdAur  ilapamM  in  niAny  cuea  on  tha  ijiutlitr  of  Ui«  land. 

'The  Uthi  Kv«  oubitalong  bjr  oce  oibit  broad  i«  uiil  ia  hava  bean  «am4  b 
BtdMln  the  UU  Sbanvir  Vtdik at  Foodu.  It  wu  huMt  oo  tiie  tflnzth  oS  Ua  haa4(t 
Peihwa  Mldharrav  II.  (in4.n96).  Afur  a  tiiiio  tha  bnctb  o<  Uia  Paohwa-a  bi^ 
baouna  axscgmaim)  and  the  haoA  wai  takon  tn  moan  tte  lenfftli  of  a  tamaU  uu 
iMia  tha  albow  to  tho  tip  of  tiu  middU  liai^er  with  an  addJUonal  upma.  Uooos 
•ona  vtrialiobi  in  Uts  oiae  ol  a  bigJka.    Mr.  J.  PoJUo.  C.  S. 


^^ 


CHAPTEil    VI. 

TRADE. 

COMMDNICATIOKS. 

The  history  oF  Cheul,  Kah'^n,  Sup&rs,  and  Th^na  in  the  Konkan, 
antl  of  Jmiiiar,  Niliik,  tiud  Paithan  iii  the  D«ccau  mIiows  that  fivui 
early  times  several  importnut  trade  routes  pasatnl  through  the 
Poods  di-strict.  From  at  leant  ba  far  bactc  as  the  first  century 
before  Christ,  Junnar,  about  a  huiidrod  milus  west  of  Paithan  sixty 
south  of  h'flnik  and  tifty  uortli  of  Poona,  hod  two  tnoiu  rouUs  to  the 
coast  through  the  M:ilMoj  and  through  the  Nina  passea.    In  tlic 

|K4na  paw,  inwnplioik*,  sU,^[>^,  rock-cut  rcst-hovue6,  and  ciatcmn 
show  that  8.S  far  fjack  as  the  lirat  ceiiturj-  Ix-fore  Christ  much  was 

fdono  to  mak<L'  tht;  rotito  vasy  an<i  HAt<\  TIk;  ilne  BuddKUt  citVi-»  at 
Bedsa.  niuija,  aiid  KdHii.  the  lur^c  hut  plain  cavf  h  of  doubtful  date  on 
Lohogml  hill,  th<j  rock-hewn  Shiv  teniphi  at  iJLilmburda  aiul  the 
small  Ganas]]k]uiid  cavca  of  unct-i-tAiu  date  near  Poona,  and  the 
^otips  of  Buddhist  cavea  at  Amhivli,  J&nihmg,  and  Kood/me  in 
Thina  make  it  probable  that  the  Bor  pans  was  a  highway  of  tratlc 
between  B.C.  100  aiid  a.d.  GOO.  Of  Poona  tradi'  routo-s  and  trade 
centres  under  the  Hindu  djTiasties  which  tlourUlu-d  between  A.D,  700 
and  A.D.  1300  few  Iraces  rarnain.  Two  great  rock-hewn  reservoirs 
on  the  top  of  Shi\-ner  show  that  thi;  hill  was  held  an  a  fort  by  the 
Devgiri  T^lavs  and  make  it  probable  that  Junnoi'  wax  a  place  of 
irodu.  Under  the  fiahtiianis  in  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth 
centnries  Jonnar  and  Chiikan  wore  fitcong  niilitary  po^  and 
probably  local  trade  ceiUres.  In  IWi),  aftor  a  J>ricf  stay  at  Jurmar, 
Malik  Ahmad,  the  foiuid-.-r  uf  thu  Niziiui  ShAhi  d^-naety,  moved  his 
capital  from  Jnnnar  to  Ahmndnagar.  During  the  sixtoeoth  century, 
when  Uic  wealth  of  tin;  BumWy  Ucccan  was  divided  betwvcn  the 
mlers  of  Ahmatinagar  and  Bijitpur,  proIn>>]y  no  main  line  of  traffic 
pMnoc!  through  tlx^  Poona  diitlnct.  About  1038,  whoa  it  wan  mado 
part  of  BiJfLpur,  Poomi  probably  roee  in  importAnoo  as  a  centre  of 
trad«,  and  at  the  name  tune  Junnar  gain&d  in  eonHefincnce  a^  the 
southmosi  poot  of  Moghftl  power.  Shivuji'a  disturbances  soon 
followed,  and  little  trade  can  nave  ccnti-ed  in  Poona  till  1750.  when 
it  became  the  canital  of  the  MarAtha  empire.  Afu-r  the  comitry 
passed  to  the  British,  trace^t  of  pavement,  steps,  and  wat«r-cii4ti?rnK 
allowed  that  thu   Pej<hw&i   Imd    attempted   to   impiMve    the   Mlina, 

'  M^lsej,  BhimiUhankar,  and  Kuriur  poaeee.* 


>  lIoB.Kcv.  Kw.  144  oi  I8IP.  3317. 


ClupUr  TI, 
Trade. 

RoCTKIk 

a.c.  100-4  MM 


rSoiibij  Ou«IMr. 


DISTHICTS. 


ChiptorTI. 
Trad*. 

Bwrrm. 
1779 'IStS. 


\wK 


The  first  rood  made  by  th«  British  was  the  Pqona-Pamvil  rowi,  from 

PsnvclinThAnathroQgn  the  Bor  pftsa  to  Pooiu.    In  the  cloeeof  1778 

the  le«d«ra  of  the  unfortuaate  eip^ltUon  that  ended  in  the  Va<JL{(aoD 

CoDTontioD  spent  four  woeks  (23r(l  NovcRibor-S^th  IX-cember)  is 

makipg  a  pacli  fit  for  Artillery  tip  tlie  Bor  pass.'     Is  160+,  tieoenl 

WeUeuBV  coii»tructe>l  h  eood  military  road  from  the  hew!  of  the  bat 

poas  to  Poona.     Tliv  iuakuvc  tttODO  ramps  or  pavings,  which  in  ISU 

were  %-isibIe  in  plncen  for  the  oDtire  dii^tance  a  utile  to  the  aoath  of  the 

line  which  i»  uow  thv  old  po«t  rood,'  and  tTHOos  of  which  m«y  still 

bo  seen  at  tltu  eaatcm  foot  of  tlw  Is&pnr  hills,  belong  to  Genonl 

Wcllealo/a  rood.     After  tha  fall  of  the  Peabmla  in  1817,  owin^to 

its  import«nco  ia  joiain^'  Botulii/  and  Poena,  ono  of  tht;  first  caiM 

of    the    Bombay    Govi-mtnont    w«/t    to    improve    the  road  (rotn 

Poona  to  Panvcl   in  TKiiiia.     In    1819    it  wkm  proposed  Uiat  tfa« 

Nitna    an<l   Knsur  pnaies  sliould    be  repaired.'     In  1825,  thoogfa 

still    st*i?p.    Bishop    Heber    cotiHidcred    that   the   Bor   pasa    road 

waa  probably  sufficient  for  the  iiiturcourw  that  either  waa  or  was 

likely  to  be  between    the  Konkan  and   the    Deocait.*     In    1826, 

aecmding  to  Captain  Cluncs,  the  chief  lines  of  oofamnnicatJon  io 

PtMHw  lay  throngb  Poona  and  Junnar.*    Th«  Bow  bat- Aamn mail 

road  of   148  inite^  from   Fttnwl    through  Clmak,  RhAlitpur,  aad 

Kliopivli  ID  ThAna  aNceoded  the  Bor  pasH  and  entered  Poona  n«ir 

KhandAla,    and    stretching    through    Lonitvla,    K^la^    Khadklla. 

Vadgaon.  Kuvla,Tathavade  Aund/Poonu.'^  V^hoU.Lom,  Kotegaoi. 

Oanpati'a    lUnjangBon,  and    Kai^alviUti,   left    it  uear  Sinir  and 

continued  its    course  to    Alimodnagor   through    Uingni,     Kadn 

lUi^oDgnon,  Sirole,  Akuln^r,    and    Kedgaon.     Besidu  tha  abuM 

bridge  over  the  Indntysni  between  K^la  and  KhadkAla,  whidi  ha4 

seTi?nto€n  archos  and  a  total  ktigth  of  about  400  ft;et,  there  were  m 

this  road  two  (lying  bridges  one  acroas  tlie   Mula  near  Pooaa,  tl« 

other  across  th«  Bliima  near  Korcgaon.     From  this  road  a  new 

excellent  military  road   bi-anchod  to  the  right  near  Vadgaon  and 

pafwed  by  the  villages  of  HheWrvAdi,  Kinai,  Cliinchuli,  Nign,  AkunU. 

Chinchvafl,   Dhosri,  and   DJtpari.     This  waa  the   abortost  road  tO 

Poonn  if  tho  tmvoUer  had  no  wheel  carriages.     It  oontinaed  from 

near  Bhosri,  pa»dog    Kalax,    and    crot^ing  the  Kizfcae    liridM^ 

making  a  diflerenco  of  about  two  miles  between  Bhoeri  and  ua 

Sangam.    The  KAtTiK-ACRAKOARAP  rowl  of   185   miles,  paasing 

through     lUhAtA,     MurUd,    Tmbarpdda,    the    TaloH    paaa,    a»l 

Knmlwlpiida  in  TliAna,  and  ascending  the  Mitlyijim*   cmtareid  tta 

district  Dear  Karanj£le,  and  stretching  through  Knipalgartn  ami 

Junuar    left    it     near    Otur    and    continued  its    couroe  througk 

BrtUiman  vft^lo,  the  Sdvarchur  pat^,  Sangamner,  RihAta,  B&inangaat, 

Bhoi^aoi),  and  Tiagoon.    This  road  had  two  brandies  from  Jannar, 


>  Aceonnt  of  Borate^,  176-7.  '  D«<cca&  Scmm  (I8S4),  330. 

*  Mr.  Uamott,  2Sth  ScpWoitMr  l£lt^  Oo*.  B«v.  Rml  144  «( 1SI0.  SU7. 

•H«bn-'tXuTatlvo,lL  900.  •Ittacrajy,  IE). 46. 

'  FWim  th«  tMr«lkn'  buDf(klaw  mmt  iKa  ratnuic*  ol  Ui«  ruUmuMmt  io  th*  ekaiA 
WM  14  milea  and  tlie  coiitinii»tioii  a(  Uh  rout  to  xht  mioa  af  Sinilio'*  r«Ue«  nir 
nluch  U)«  oMtonaowU  endttd  «h  1  i  nilM  /lutkr.    Clnaaa'  IttMnry,  1^ 


nxiy-four  miloft  tliroush  Oj1iiir,PinipaIran<ii,  aiuI  Ikihe,  loaviug 
itrict  near  Alkuti.  ana  continuing'  its  coume  through  Timer, 
sod  Keclgaoa    to   Ahmaclnagar;  the  other  hratich   forty>five 

thrQUgh  N^^'aiigaun,  BivTa,  the  Utti  pass,  Ptirgnon,  and 
lur  to  Sirtir.  "Hio  PooyA^SURAT  road  of  264  miles  Uirough 
n,  NiSrayangaon,  ami  Hivi-a,  leaving  Ute  district  near  Otur 
Qcd  itscouree  through  the  VAshera  pass.  Devthdn,  th« 
r  paiw,  N&isik,  Diiidoti,  the  Bahud  pass,  UmbAtth&na,  the 
I  past,  the  V^b  pasa.  Uaudevi,  aud  Navaftri.  In  the  fair 
Uiis  wa8  a  good  c«rt  road  throughout  except  st  the 
ra  and  Sinnar  passes  in  Ahmadnngar  aud  N;iAik.  The 
[  paw  in  NSsik  offiiroiJ   oo  ob«t<u^lo«  to   carta.     Aiiotlicr  road 

miles,  the  usual  line  of  march  for  trwm  f  roui  Foona  to  Sorat, 
trough  lUvot.  Vad^aon,  Kiirla,  and  Knnud^a  on  tW  district 
■,  and  KliopivU,  Chauk,  Punvcl,  Amhagaund,  KaJyin,  Titvila, 
TyrtbAi,  Ariin,  Bntna,  Daii»ar,  MahagiSon,  TAnlpur,  Baunta, 
■Burdi,  Umhargftoti,  Oaniti,  Pnu^-iidu,  Pinjera,  Rola, 
ivi.  Navsiri,  Uinclipnr,  (uid  Sachin.  From  Panvt)  in 
t  there  was  another  r'Mul  to  Surat  \>y  8ca  and  land  of  about 
niles.  The  Pqosa-Kai.tAk  road  of  scventy-tive  milea 
;h  Riiv«t  aiid  Vaflgaon,  hy  the  Kusur  pass,  oontinuiil 
mrsc  through  Ncnu,  BodJApur,  Bcluli,  aud  Kansa.  The 
^-^CHjyn>^i.A.  roAil  of  forty  niilcR  pai^sed  through  Banent, 
tai,  Dhaman  Khind,  and  Lonivla.  llie  PooyA-JussAR  road  of 
lilcs passed  through  Chiikau,  Peth,  N&rAyan]gaon,atid  K  hAn&pur. 
0«d,  tliouch  in  placctt  difficult  for  carta,  van  a  fair  rood  for 
Mttle.     The  PooyA-DHUUA  road  of  201  miles  through  Chikan, 

Nirdyangiion,  Piropalvandi,  and  Ale  left  the  tlistrict  near 
ind  oootiuuod  its  course  through  tlie  Abora  pass,  Kikangaon. 
im,  Kopargaon,  Ycoia,  SAvargaon,  ManmAd,  UJ&lcgaoa,  the 
;aon  pafis,  Arri,  and  Laling.  Die  Pooka-  A  uaANOABAn  road 
I  iniliw,  tlirough  Ijoni. Koregaon.  and  tianpatiTTSSjaM^on,  left 
strict  near  Sirur  and  continued  its  ooutkq  throu),^  NArAyan- 

Supo,  AluDadnagar,  ImAmpur,  Ke^TO,  1'oko,  Dahigaon, 
alnoD.  From  AhtmidiiMgnr  tuiothcr  road  went  through  the 
a^hera  paas,  VAmliori,  and  Kevra.  From  Aurangabad 
nch    led      forty     miles      to     JAliio,     and    a    Une     of    lOA 

vent  direct  from  Ahmadnagar  through  Paithan.  The 
rSholApur  road  of  157  miles,  through  Hadapnar,  Loni, 
Yevat,  Patas,  Cttichuli,  and  IndApur,  loft  the  dintrict 
TemUiumi,  and  continut-d  its  course  throngh  SavaJf«hvar 
Iraidi.  Another  road  of  157  miles  to  SholApur,  through  Urali, 
)iva  pass,  Belsor,  and  Jejuri,  aud  leaving  the  district  near 
at,  continued  ita  ooursR  through  Baneya,  ISAtaputs,  TallApur, 
larpur,  Debgson,  BAbhulguoii,  aud  Singoli,  E-Vom  PAtas 
I  oi  136  milee  branched  towarda  MominAbad  or  AniK^jc^Ai, 
ig  through  Pc-dgaou,  PimpalvAdi,  Kliurdit,  Beh,  aod  S&vai^aon. 

the   Diva    pSM  the    ro«*i  branched    five    or    tax  milea  to 

d,  and,  from  ChindboU,  a  bmnch  led  (o  SholApor  through 

;>ur,  nmking    the    whole  distance    from    Poons    343  miles. 

SholApur    the    road    waa  ooatinued   to  SikaiKiambod    by 


Cbapter  TI. 
Trad*. 


[Botabiy  OutttMr. 


iste-isK. 


DISTRICTS. 


N«lilure.  n  dudauce  ot  182  miles.  The  PoosA-BKLOAtm  roai]  ot 
S41  miltts,  through  Jejuri.  left  the  disirict  near  Mimbat  and 
continuiHl  ibs  courso  througb  I^liimatpur,  Paseaavtj,  T^agaoa,  aud 
Kdur  whpro  was  a  Hyiu;;  briilge  uid  boot  scroM  the  Krishna. 
Ghotgiri,  Murvhal,  Axhti,  and  KAnbor^  From  Edtu  a  road  led 
to  DMrwir  thn>u;;h  Fiid»h^pur,  Nesarci.  8hi<ltipur,  and  Uadag. 
Another  road  of  2l3iiiilf«  thnjugh  ihu  KAtrnj  pasn  coatinued  its 
conriu!  throiiKh  Kik>i.  Shin-ai,  Khaiidata,  .Suml.  Bhuiiij,  SAUn, 
Mirni,  KonLd/litUmpiir,  Iclialkaranji,  Sondalgi,  Chikodi,  Uokcri,  and 
YamKAainardl.  From  Kor&d  a  braitch  waut  to  U&lvan  throii>;h 
lUkdpur,  tho  AJiaekum  peas,  and  Kh&replitan.  and  another  throuj[fa 
B&ui»-flbir4la,  KolhApur,  thu  PhoDda  wm,  and  Jaiiavti.  The  Pookx- 
DjLpou  rood  of  ninety-seven  nules  went  through  Vai1<;aou, 
KhadalcvjEala,  Khttndpar,  tlic  Panba  pom,  aji<l  Tonia-piitii,  luft  tlio 
district  hy  the  Dhoiii  pans  and  the  ShwLi  pa^,  and  continaed  it« 
coiirae  through  Uah^,  Pllli,  and  M&hluuga.  A  liranch  from  BLrvadi, 
saventeen  miles  from  tlit;  Shcvuti  pass,  went  to  Batnilgiri  ihroujjh 
the  Qhogra  pans,  Chiplun,  and  Uikhjan.  The  PooMA-G^Moj^og  raid, 
eixty-aix  miles  throogh  Khadakv^rslo,  Qorha,  and  the  Kxuva  paas, 
conUuuftJ  it»  eonme  through  the  Kumbha  pass.  Another  road 
fifty-flovon  miles  branched  from  Kumn  and  went  by  Uio  Devi  pow. 
The  Popm^-Nm'Ami  road  o£  211  milea.  throii{;b  Loni.'tho  Klior  pasN. 
Morgaon  (Cliii>chvad),  and  Gulanohe,  left  the  district  mvat  the 
Nira  and  contiDued  its  course  throogb  TAni^roon,  Kahimatpur, 
Hiugongikon,  and  Edur-MAnjri.  The  Poowa-NAootbha  rood  oE 
sixty-fuur  niilu»  Uirouj^b  Chaiide-Nande  and  Aketa,  left  the  district 
by  the  Sai  pas^  and  conttuuod  its  course  through  VAsunda, 
JlUibulpiUla,  Ilahubj^aoa,  aiul  Cliikni. 

SiDce  1820  all  of  these  loading  routea  have  been  taken  up  and 
made  into  fair  or  good  rowla.  In  IS3S  the  Poona-Pftnvel  road 
was  great!)'  improved  and  was  opcaod  in  state  by  Sir  John 
Haloolm,  the  Ouvvnior  of  Bombay.  At  that  time  the  mail  cart  to 
Poena  on  this  roa-l  was  tht  only  mail  cart  itt  India.  Some  years  pa^sei] 
before  the  road  was  generally  used  for  carriages.  In  IS^JO  hardly 
aaitiglc  cart  was  met  betweoa  Khandiila  and  Poona,  and  lens 
droves  of  pack-bullock8  liad  posscaaion  of  the  road-*  In  spjto  m 
the  improvomcntH  the  Bor  pasH,  though  it  did  credit  to  the  time  in 
which  it  wa'*  built,  waa  far  from  cosy  ot  ascent.  The  gro'lit.-nb* 
were  steep  and  the  curves  sharp  and  numerous.  In  1  S.t2 
M.  Ja«|iicmoiit  dl^scri1x■d  the  maA  a*  mnkailamisotl  aii<]  ki^pt  by 
Pioneers  in  such  order  as  would  have  l»ccn  considered  good  in 
France.*  In  1836  Uie  opening  of  roads  ami  the  improving  of 
traosit  were  among  the  poiute  wuicli  received  most  attention  m}ca 
Uie  early  survey  officero.*   A   marked  change  in  the  number  of 


'  DtOMD  ScenOB,  S3.  ■  Vm«M,  111.  S%S. 

*  Amoas  the  ImprovQinenbi  plaimed  by  tb«  nrcune  wrrt;  oSi««rm  Um  "i^tng  of 
a  Mw  Ugat  <ait  wu  one  ol  the  gnataat  impoituiee.  In  I80S.  Is  ■  lUMoh  In  on*  id 
iho  daUtM  CO  the  tiiirvey  BUI,  SirBartIo  FYert,  then  aovcnur  of  BduImij-,  tiM 
Mm  (am  ta  1BS6  were  miwljr  Man  bojond  Tuoaa.  lu  fiic  mnntlui  he  reaMUnMnd 
■eelnji  only  tlirM  carti  in  tlie  coontry  ottweeti  Poonk  and  8hoUpiir,  ud  Uhb»  «w« 
brougtit  from  nonie  Madru  (Utioo.    At  that  time  the  only  1m»I  cut  nbaeb  wo* 


ids  took  place  tu  woine  parts  of  tlie  ditftricl  during  Uiu  tlkirlv  yvant 
of  the  aret  Hun-cy  (Id35tli(i6).i  In  lH:t(t  wh<<n  Ibn  niirvey  wfu 
■^inKluo^  tliorv  W)u  nut  0  utile  of  Toati  iti  Imliipur.  Thi-  roi)»truclion 
^t  the  liii{H>rutl  lino  nf  rnail  from  Poorm  tA  SlioUpiir  policing  by 
t(i.*  tiiwii  of  lixliipiir  wiw  thi*  firitji^i'i-nt  iii»|)rovori»'tit>  By  IHWl,  fiv« 
lirii-H  of  mmfi- nwil  pB-wwd  throiigti  tlieilistrirt,  The  chief  roads  were 
tlm  otd  Poniiu-Pnrivc-I  niml  tlinHi^li  tliv  Bor  ptus  nlmiit  wiviinty 
iiUm,  Ihti  Pootia-AhtnAdin^ou*  i'immI  aho  nhout  nevnity  inilet,  ihu 
^ooiui-Juniini-  rottd  alioiit  tifty  mik-^,  the  Poona-IiutiipurroAiI  iiintty 
piles,  antl  the  Pooiia-S^t^ra  road  .scventy-Mx  miles.  Thf  Pf><>NA- 
fAXVKi.  roiwl,  thw  ehiof  irwid-work  nf  thf-*Boml^y  Oovommont.  wa* 
fvW  nicUilh-'l  tlinjujfhout.  It  h»d  many  lon^  and  some  fairly  st««p 
iopesdnwn  whinh  tni-  supprflnon.'*  surfao!  wnti*r  woidd  havp  nished 
Kth  d«stnictive  violence  hut  Fora  aimplvcontriviuiCR  which  broke 
)s  force  and  made  it  conipai-atively  liarndesM.  At  abcwit  otic 
kundtL-d  fi>rl  apart  ndgt-s  of  vartb,  thrt-^-  to  I'oiii'  iiiohi'-s  high 
Hid  nboat  a  foot  wide,  were  dmnn  !«lAQtinj;  across  the  ro^. 
The  ridgee  were  formed  by  loosening  tlm  titones  and  cnrth  with 
pickaxe.  Their  object  wax,  before  it  ojained  forw  or  volume,  to 
irn  thd  iiurfacd  water  into  one  of  the  side  dit«hcft.  Thi»  the  ridg«» 
|id  very  effectually  wlten  they  were  properly  watched,  so  as  to 
epair  the  bruachi^s  made  in  them  by  cart  wheels.  Ulxiii  they 
rei-e  kept  in  order  no  more  water  could  rush  down  any  portion  cm 
'to-slope  than  fidl  botwocn  two  of  t))o  little  rirl^us.  'When  tittip 
un  fell,  the  spar ea  between  the  ridges  were  kept  comparatively  dry 
ad  finii.  for  the  xinall  iguantity  of  wntt-r  which  wa.i  then  to  l^e 
of  MakiHl  (juiutly  into  tlie  ditch,  along  the  loo-<o  tttones  and 
rtll  of  whieli  the  ridges  wore  made,  Towards  the  close  of  the  rainy 
iflOD  the  ridgea  were  allowed  to  be  worn  by  the  trafTic  to  the  lev«l 
the  ruoil.  In  tliLt  way  ^hc  road  escape<I  the  petiU  of  the  rainy 
!>n  with  comparatively  liUJe  damage.*  Within  Fuona  limits  the 
was  well  bridged.     The  gr«at  obstacle  to  Iratlic  waa  the  Bor 


OkBptcr 

Trad«. 

ISM. 


USOm 


t  of  Btoov,  and  CVta  war*  Ibt^  tBmlwrinE  cootrirBncM  whlob  nidAinad  M  liearlooRii 

IknuUe*   lor  gonenitioa*.     Lteabfuant  StSaiarA  apjilied    hioiMlI  M  improrv    tli* 

Dtitry  oarlandtk*  vrduiary   DtvEaji  c*rt  ^•■s  t^  nwnlt  «r  Ma  Inlioan.     Tlienaw 

rt  waa  to  bo  M  Ugbt  and  olicop  ai  pocoiblc,  awl  ysK  ttrotig  vnongli  tu  b«  atoil  in  a 

njr  DOBiilry  wbererOMb  wen  almoatuuknuvn,  ao'l  whtiD  wnr1kiii*aBfalabor*ialr 

QDMt  irimEto  tth««lnil  vcUiute  wcmoftMi  not  to  Iwfonni)  within  filtf  milM.    lie 

:  np  a  lactaiT  foe  these  carta  at  rembhiimi  ia  ^holipur.  and  iiut  only  nuda  carU 

il  tnUNMl  wnriuMK  from  tb«  villigra  raond  to  repair  Xhma.    At  Arnt  it  wu  dJIBonlt 

I  tiiul  anr  oae  who  would  bn;  Iha  carta  ovea  at  cMt  price,  bnt  in  tunc  tbctr  nniabcr 

i>is»!fr*Mf  incTMiMHt.     la  ladipar  alo«i«  tboy  nne  (rum  301  in  ISSH  to  1  IS'i  m  1854. 

be  c%t\a  *i\ui\\   r«pLK.-oil  tbe OM  atonwboci  carta  aud  tbe  ViuijAri  liiillniik*    luve 

thuir  iBTn  he]i)«l  to  iiaprov*  otd  niada  aoid  op«n  taw  linu  of  oomiuunication. 

vn.  Oov.  S*L  CU.  3.1-34. 

I*  LieaitMiaat*  Wingate   and  Oaiiford  apolied   thomwIvM  to  inercaM  tha    facilttiua 
^twurft  ia  tbo  Dwcan.     At  fint  thoy  lud  vvry  amill  i&«aiia  at   tlioir  ju|>(Hal. 
neat  gate  raaU  mmj  often  as  low  at  Ra.  i  a  mile  tor  the  unprovenivat  ol 
Liulc  coulil  be  dona  for  aiich  aa  unouot  bevcnul  raiiiarint  tbo  noit  lerteua 
itncDta  to  whaeled  traffic  atong  ulatlng  Uaciu.    %r  Bartu  (Vorc.  Gov,  Set 
.S3. 

>  MagIuj'*  U'Mtani  lodti.  379.  Mr.  Micluy  vLU  :  F'>r  about  liaK  ita  mxirw  tho 
MUM  lliraii)[h  Ana  of  (b«  •roltmt  dialri^t*  of  Woalorn  ladU.  Tbo  onantitv  oJ 
whidk  falU  Juriug  the  touUi-wcat  moiwoon  bciwocn  Panvol  alul  thoSahylaris, 
I,  for  nhtHit  lw»tv«  niitiw  to  tli«  viaat  of  Kkuidfla  at  tko  topol  Ui«  Bnr  pajta,  » 
uut  SO  percent  moro  than  th«  avorajpt  (all  at  Bombay. 

■  1327—19  -    _ 


[BoDtbuj  OtatiUcr. 


DISTBICTS. 


Chftpter  VI. 
Tnds. 


rise  ] 

oct 


ffm.  where  tlic  asc'Mit  from  the  low  lan<]  to  the  high  laaJ.  was  a  rbe 
of  2U0U  fvrt  l>v  ft  KigMg  an^l  frt^tlcnU^  precipitous  course  of  about 
foot  inilL-fL  'I'his  vna  one  of  two  nointf^  at  wliich  tliw  Saliy4«lris 
ooiil'l  Iv  a*c<'ndo(J  or  dMCt^iuleil  by  wh(wle<l  vohides  with  utivtliio^ 
like  saftty  nlong  a  cour»j  <»f  about  500  miles.  Still  so  iliflicull  <a 
ftseent  or  deMCfiit  was  the  Bor  pas.-^  that  no  one  thought  of  drixHog 
up  or  down  it  in  a  ciu-riagi',  riisjst-ugcrs  travelliiifj  by  the  public 
conveyances  weiv  carrii>d  np  antl  down  in  palanquins,  therv  being 
(]it{*erent  sett  of  coarhv?*  fur  the  hi^li  and  low  portions  of  the  rood 
Pri  vat*  caiTiagm  were  pullrd  up  or  let  down  by  nuroeroas  bodies  of 
worknteu,  ur  tiny  wcn>  earriud  up  and  down  swtuig  from  a  number 
of  poles  whirh  rcnttnl  on  men's  shotildera.  Empty  carriages 
had  Im-^u  pulled  lip  by  hor«c-«.  but  thi^  was  g4<n«3ra]ty  consider^ 
A  good  day's  work  for  the  animals.  A  mati  who  haid  any  rv^^ 
For  hia  horac  would  not  even  ride  him  ap  or  down  the  paas,  prof^ r- 
ring  to  have  him  led,  and  betaking  himself  either  to  a  pony  or  & 
palanquiu.  bi  the  Konkan  the  road  croaaed  a  rich  rice  ouuiitr\' ; 
but  its  chief  traffic  came  from  above  the  SahyMria.  It  was  priiici- 
pully  owiuK  to  the  traffic  of  districts  beyond  Poona  tuminu  lu  thi^ 
route,  becauw  therw  was  no  other  iiienns  of  eaay  communicatioii  wili 
the  coast.  The  conntni'  from  the  SahyMria  to  Poona  w&a  ^cii<.'rall)r 
of  a  poor,  thin,  Hght&oil.  which  of  itaelf  could  ausiain  no  great  traffic. 
The  PoONii-AHMADMAGAii  road  started  almost  at  right  au^lw  to  the 
Poona^anvol  road  from  which  it  differed  simply  in  not  Iwing  metal- 
led. It  was  bridged  and  fairly  ditched,  the  surface  being  co%'ttrtd  ao4 
will)  broktoi  stone  but  in  soiuc  plaeiM  with  Ioo»e  round  atonw  or 
coarse  gmvol,  and  in  others  with  amall  fragm«nt.s  of  hardeuml  clay- 
Occasionatlytliegravel  and  clay  were  combined  and  there  the  road 
was  goneraily  in  the  beat  condition.  During  the  dry  aeaaon  it  wao 
practicable  enough  and  could  be  driven  over  without  difficulty, 
during  th^  i-aina  it  was  indifferent  throughout  and  at  many  points 
bad.  It  was  dosigued  att  a  militaty  road  as  Ahinadu^ar  waa  the 
hcAd-qiiartcrs  of  the  Bombay  artiller}'.  Like  the  raona-Pannt 
rood  it  had  proved  of  advantage  to  the  gcut.'ru]  troSic.  Ah 
though  it  crossed  a  comi>arstiv^  poor  country  it  waa  the  c^ief 
feeder  of  the  Poona  roud.  Wltli  Ha  continuation  through 
the  Nizim's  territory  to  Aurangahod^  it  rlrew  to  Puooa  toacfa 
of  the  traSic  of  Uerar  out  of  what  would  liave  Vieon  its  natunl 
course  had  coinmiuiicstionH  been  oprn  iN-twcen  that  importaAt 
valley  and  the  coast.  To  gain  this  cirvuit>iiiN  lino  of  tmidu  nwL 
iQOch  of  that  traffic  turned  south  to  AJaiita  from  which  it  caM 
reach  Bombay  only  by  the  made  road,  which  it  sought  by  traversing 
nearly  tbi'ee-quart*:r3  of  t-hc  circumference  of  uu  enormoua  cireU; 
The  ni;xt  of  the  made  road.4  was  the  PnoSA-^fyss.^R  road.  It 
was  designed  either  to  proceed  by  the  Ale  past)  across  sevord 
atreama  and  several  .Hpurs  of  thf  Ssliywlris,  to  Sinnar  aiid  - 
with  the  view  of  uniting  Poena  with  ^fAlvgHon  the  great  in' 
sLaiioQ  in  the  north  Deccan;  or  to  take  the  more  direct  roaw 
from  the  Ale  pass  to  Mfilegaoii,  avoiding  N^tik  and  flanktiij 
the  spurs  of  the  hilla.  The  Pooha-IxdApur  road  li-d  aoutb-eaii 
from  Poooa  to  Indipur  about  hajf -way  to  BhoUpur.  Of  all  iheraadt 
that  conrer^edoii  Foouu  Uiia  fnddpur  road  was  most  iu  the  diivct 


*tho   Poona<Panvel  motallcit  ronJ,  so  that  traffic  dircctoct  hy       Okiptti  VL 
on  the  I'oona-Panvel   road  with  h  \-it'w   to  reaching  Uonib«y  Vnia- 

searoety  besaid.so  fnr  at  least  a?  the  distiict  between  PooBa 
luUpar  was  concerned,  to  have  heen  taken  out  of  its  coiirae,  as  B»"». 

at  have  been  from  other  districts  by  any  of  the  roarLs  leading  '***■ 

gh  Poona.  The  i-oad  was  by  no  means  (u  perfect  a  rood  as  (hat 
)g  to  AhmadDaear.  Kven  the  Pooua  end  of  it,  after  a  little 
was  little  inoi-e  than  passable  for  a  carriage.  It  eroased  a  very 
[cable  line  of  country,  aa  ugarly  its  whole  courw  to  Indtipur 
■ig  thu  right  hank' of  Uie  Bhima.  If  Iho  traSic  was  not  at 
|Rat  it  wan  because  the  country  was  ]x>or.  At  Iiidiipiir  the 
crossed  the  Bhuua  aud  ptoceedt-d  thi-ough  a  rivher  country 
it  in  ft  straight  line  to  ShoUpur.  The  Puoxa-SAtXha  root! 
he  he^  specimen  of  a  made  road  in  the  iWcaii.  li  was  not 
ed  tliroughout,  the  only  completed  bridges  bail  been  hiiilt  by 
B  chiefs.  Tht!  road  Huruiounted  two  paesf^s,  one  of  ttiein,  tlic 
ey  pA.<»  nliout  eight  miles  soutli  of  Poona,  being  one  of  the 
)  spcciiut.-u»  of  a'  pas»  in  Weateni  In<Iia.  Ita  angles  and 
auu  Were  frightful,  its  ^liai-p  tutus  being  in  bouiu  plaoeii  tlaiikcd 
w  wallx  whioli  a(ForJed  hiit  a  alight  }iulwark  againfct  the  preci- 
which  tJiey  crowned.  The  road  in  tJie  steepest  part*  was  coa- 
ly rough,  t>eitig  coveiW  to -''onie  depth  with  loose  round  atones. 
!»>  some  extent  .served  to  chL-ek  the  iutputu.i  of  a  descending  load, 
reutly  increasi.-d  t)ie  toil  uf  dntgiring  a  toad  up.  Deyond  the 
of  tlie  psAs  the  roai.1  etitcre<l  u  broud  plain  botuidt-d  ou  the  »outli 
e  Sillpa  range  and  watered  by  many  »trcamft.  The  first  stream 
tt  the  vill^ru  of  Hivru  past  which  it  brawled  over  a  somewhat 
and  rocky  channel ;  it  was  unbridgcd.  llie  next  was  beyond 
m3,  a  narrower  but  deeper  streAiii  with  a  fierce  current  during  the 
J  it  was  also  unbridge^  TheJX!  was  no  other  sln^nm  of  conse- 
:s  until  the  Nirawasreached,  oneof  tholargiritt  tributaries  of  tJio 
la.  The  iSira  bridge  waaa  well-known  point  on  the  road.  Tlie 
d  wbich  wat  a  long  wcMxlen  one,  resting  on  atone  piunt  R])ringing 
ne  height  froio  the  rocky  channel  of  the  river,  had  been  built 
a  PwhwiA.  I'liere  were  several  bridges  M-ithin.  Sdtiira  limits. 
G8  the.-*-*  main  routes,  as  in  the  rent  of  the  country,  were  several 
reather  roads  practicable  for  carts,  freiineutiid  tracks,  and 
I  tracks.  The  (air-weather  louds  were  nuturni  trucks,  merely 
Ag  the  course  token  by  an  irre^lar  trafBc  over  the  open 
«  of  the  country.  The  ixwt  of  them  wcr«  practicable  during 
At  weather  fur  carts,  <uinply  l>e(»uHe  at  that  time  carts  eoolu 
over  mHcb  of  the  surface  of  the  country.  The  fre<|Uented 
*  were  numen>iLs  in  every  thickly  peopled  part  of  the  country 
irere  a  grade  lower  than  the  fair-weather  cart-tracks.  The 
laid  down  as  post  tracks  were  no  liettvr,  the  mail  K'ing 
illy  carried  by  foot-runners.  All  tliCiW  roa<lit  were  ii»cful  am 
ng  tho  natural  Iinc«  of  traffic.  Of  the  roads  the  Poous'Pnnvel 
ie  Poona- Ahmad  no^r  mads  wer«  alone  thorooghly  bridged 
v»!lab1o  for  traffic  throughout  the  year.  On  the  other  roods, 
f  the  greater  part  of  the  rainy  season,  traffic  was  stopped  liy 
breams  which  eroased  them,  Tlie  suddenness  with  wUiaK  Orv, 
w  stopped  tratlic  was  sometimes  .•startling.  \  sttiiaivv  "wWu^x 
jgfie  less  tlian  a  quarter  of  a  luile  diKtuiit,  waa  Vu(iv>'U  W  W 


CliaptOT  VI. 
Tradfl. 

Uovna. 
tKS-lgSi. 


5  n 


prActtcable,  1>y   the  lim«  i-Mpiired  to  reach  itu  l>ank»,  b»alni;  n 
ruaniiof;  ami  impassable  turrciit  and  ivniftiiicd  iiDpwwaUIu  for  dayj 
To  Kucli  inU-rriiptioriH  even  mmt  o!  tlm  inatle  roads  w«re  liublu. 

Siuoc  1863  wlieii  local  fundx  wei'a  a'ealwl  the  work  of  nneiii: 
ruwU  has  l>een  steadily  pressed  on  and  tiie  district  is  tiuw  well  p 
vided  wiUi  liiict  of  coiiiriiiiiiication.  At  pi'enent  (I8d4>  in  the 
Poona  ainl  Kirkce  cantonnicnU  and  ill  tlif  civil  limit>i  of  tliu  two 
islattous,  forty>twrj  iiiileK  of  Ituporial  roadn  and  twenty-eight  niilfw  of 
provincial  roads,  all  mf^talled  and  bridged,  arc  kept  in  repair  at  a 
yearly  cost  of  £1700  <R».  l7,UlH))to  ImDerial  and  X17O0  (Rn.  17.000) 
to  nrovincial  fund<t.  Of  dihitrieb  roada  tlmre  arc  scvonty  miles 
bridal  aitd  metalled,  104  milcK  pai'tly  bi<idged  and  metallMl,  and 
493  milus  iiartly  briJgL-*!  and  mvruMMd.  The  old  Po^yA-j'AMY.  ~ 
road,  t!iit«nng  tlm  tJintritt  at  KhamUla  and  pasainff  soQlh-east  I 
LondvU,  Talpgaoii.  Kirkuo,  Poena,  Piitas.  and  iDufiptir,  is  a  Wi 
made  road  nielallKd  as  Far  as  P&taa  and  tlien  murumeJ.  The  cross- 
ing of  Uitf  Bliinm  oi  Hiii^anKaou.  where  u  ferry-boat  is  worked 
during  thesoutli-weAt  rains, and  the croa&ing of  tboDalaj  arc  aerious 
ohataoles  to  trafBc  during;  tJiv  Tatii&  This  rood  wa»  of  immense 
atlvant^o  to  the  diHtrict  till  th«  opeiun^  of  the  railway  in  1862. 
It  broug^it  Poona,  which  i^  the  ^reat  ^ain  in>Lrki.it  of  this  part  of 
the  Deocan.  within  vusy  rvacli  of  grain  and  hrouglit  iiiUHt  vUlageM 
in  the  neiuhlioiirhood  of  Poona  in  din!ct  commiinicafjon  wttb 
Indapur  which  is  midway  between  Poona  and  ShoUpur.  Dealara 
exporting  produce  toPuiinik  and  ShuUlpur  natumlly  tried  Ihe  half- 
way  market  of  Iiidfipur.  Mwiy  airtltuwU  of  merchunrlise  intended 
for  Poona  or  Sholapur  wonr  often  ili^iixiwnl  of  in  transit  at  Indiptir 
and  the  return  i-arL'*  wvxv  Iwleu  with  pnxlucR  wliiuh  would  commaDd 
a  better  price  in  the  reflpectivc  mnrkeU.  The  openinp  of  thi"  railway 
iu  1862  dix>v<'  the  cariincn  from  tins  rotH  aud  consideraltly  affected 
ibe  iiDfKirtaiien  of  tliQ  Indapur  market  Though  tlm  number  of 
rorts  making  u-te  of  i\w.  rood  has  JttniniB})t-d  tlios^e  that  have  been 
driven  off  the  line  are  prohablv  xuch  as  mme  from  lime  dlKtaocea 
and  the  toivJ  trnllir  by  the  roiLi]  in  still  consi durable.  The  road  is 
atill  of  tiN:al  iniportanco  in  supplyinj;  the  Ind&pur  market  with  the 
product'  of  Uie  Nub-<liviMon.  The  Poos A-AP1|LfH0A  bad  road  la 
motallH  forty-one  miles  oa  far  &t  ijirur  and,  except  at  Roregaon  on 
the  Bhima  and  two  or  three  nnimportant  streaiDx,  is  hridged.and 
drained  throughout.  The  old  Powu-SatAra  road,  ihirty-ninn  milej* 
as  far  as  the  Nira.  through  ihi>  Uivn  pasK,  SAsvad,  and  .lejuri.  in 
a  fnir  reiwl  partly  briil^t.il  luid  drained.  It  is  at  present  ki-pt  at  a 
local  fund  road.  The  new  PIjo.na-SAtXra  road  of  thirty  mtli*, 
pacsing  Lhrtmgh  the  Kiitraj  pass  and  Shirval^  ts  u  lirsi  clax*  metalled 
and  bridged  road  kept  in  f:!Oo<l  order.  The  POOSA-NASIH  road, 
ftixty-two  miles  ihixiugn  Khed,  Monchar.  N^rayaogaon,  ajid  Atnbe- 
ghargaon,  in  a  mur-uiaed  unbridged  road.  As  the  principal  rivuni 
mn>  ttnbridg.-'d  Hying  bridges  are  vorked  in  the  monsoon  at  Noahi 
on  tile  Indr&yani,  at  Khed  on  the  Bhima.  at  Kalamb  nn  the  Ghod. 
and  Dt  Pimpalvandi  on  tlHv  Kukdi.  and  at  Arobeghnrgaon  on  the 
Mula;an  ordinary  ferry-boat  plies  at  V'tikioa  the  Bhiuna.  A  branch 
from  this  road  goos  from  NArAyangaou  to  Junnar.  The  local  fund 
ronds  besides  the  already  mentioned  old  S^ttlra  road  are,  th« 
SiEUB-SATiaA  road  fifty-four  miles  as  far  a:^  the  Miia  bridge. 


POOKA. 


U& 


I 


k 


pH-stiitif;  Llirough  tlic  railway  stAtion  of  Kcd^on  and  cros<tinK  the 
Bhimii  ut  Pai^aon  by  a  Hying  bridge.  The  twonly-eight  milos  of 
this  roa'l  fioin  i^iruT  Vo  KiHl^'oon  nru  kujit  as  a  mail  jtony  cart  rovi 
Tlic  P<io\A-Si.MiuAP  rojui  t'xt-^iuls  over  tw.-lve  link's;  the  POOSA- 
/t-LAKOl  roftil  iif  tliirU-on  milcn  ruiia  purnllvl  and  close  t:)  the  NiWk 
roa'l .  Uie  SAsvau-JxhAplr  roail  of  lifty-four  miles  euet  and  wust 
passes  througli  I^iiiikiiiuli,  litUtiTnu,  awl  NiiiiWaon ;  the  TaDOaoh- 
SlUKKAnrK  roai)  uf  thirtv-thref*  inilea  tliroumj  ChAkan  joins  the 
BoiiiI-ay-A)inia<liiAf^r  roail  ni.Sliiknlmir  ;  tin-  Khed-BhimAshaxkab 
roiul  tliirty-oiic  miles  joins  the  NAmU  road  nit  Klicfl';  the  Khkd- 
SlKUU  roa<l  thwHigli  I'ilial  vxtt^^niis  over  thirty-two  miles;  the 
I'iViSA-l'At'n  roail  cxt*fnlH  over  tweiity'Onc  miles;  ond  tlic  Uiksal- 
BaIluiati  roa<l  over  scv<-nt«en  miltw.  All  ihma  local  fiiml  rrvadii 
aro  muranif^l  and  (UK  moteorles^  bridged,  crowing  some  of  the  rivets 
by  llyiny  l>ridg*>a.  Ihirin^f  tiie  rains  when  tJio  gronml  is  wot  many 
of   tfio   rfuiiU  arc  ilidit'ult  for  wheels.     Yearly  n-pairs  arc  iiimlu  mid 

iniprxn'  ute  boiny  mwliially  intro»hicw(. 

'  \s  I  .  -sb  of  the  Deccan  the  local  bill  passes  or  ghate  belong 

Ut  twu  icatiing  systems,  thoso  that  cross  ihe  Sahyrtilris  and  those 
lliat  rriDM  tliu  spurs  that  stretch  east  and  south-cast  from  tho 
'  SahyAdris.  Down  the  MiUacj  paaa  about  sixty-wx  miles  north  of 
Poona.a  line  for  a  cart  road  ha*  Wn  surveyed,  and  it  is  cxp«;ted 
that  III  a  few  yt-ar^  the  rooil  will  Iki  l-ej^ii.  At  present  the  only 
road  down  the  Foona  SahyAdris  6t  for  wheals  is  tho  Bor  pus. 
Except  this  and  the  MAtsej  and  >iAna  passes  tho  ret^t  of  the  openings 
in  tl)<>  I'oona  SaliyAdris  are  foot-patJis  and  havu  no  conaidurable 
traffic'  The  M^sej  and  Nil»n  niu«ivi  have  considerable  V'ai^iLri 
traffic  ojirried  ou  ijack-bnl  locks.  Of  tho  SuhyAdri  passes,  becinning 
from  the  north,  the  first  i»  NiSMor  th«  Ijndoer,  a  itteep  and  difficult 
h'Ute  froui  Tilumiichi  in  Junnar  to  DivupAnda  in  the  MulliAii  fnih- 
divisiiMi  of  TbAna ;  ittx  im]in>«siil>l<'  fur  ciUtle  and  U  liiLla  U-ted  by  foot 
travellers.  J^a^ukj  at  thr  head  of  thi^  Madncr  valley,  2062  feet 
shove  the  leveHinrif!  sea,  is  the  straight  route  between  Abmadnafiar 
utd  Kalvnu.  It  descends  about  five  miles  from  Ktiubi  in  Juonar 
to  Thidbi  in  MurhAd.  In  1826  it  was^  pas.'able  by  camcU  and 
ekphany>,  but  was  steop  and  In  some  plaow  narrow  with  a  precipice 
on  one  ajd(^*  The  de!>oent,  in  M'hich  tht<re  is  an  e-xruvation 
eoot^iniii};  cnrvciJ  ttniii^c.i  of  the  Hindu  gods  OiuH'-hIi  iiiid  HhiiutiiAii 
and  a  cint*?ni  nf  tine  wnti^r,  is  paved  with  largit  Ntonr_s_  In  lS.iO, 
wheu  tJie  enfjineer:*  of  the  JVninHuk  Railway  i-ame  to  India,  the 
llAlnej  {Nuis  tintt  mgai^fd  their  attention.  On  examination  the  route 
prMeiUvdauch  formidable  •litlieulties  that  it  hail  to  bealjondoncd.and 
irttti  it  t)ir  general  system  of  line  of  which  it  wan  a  feature.  In  1882 
in  connt.-etion  with  the  proposal  to  op«>:n  a  cart  road  down  the  pajw, 
toll-bata  ¥r«re  cetablished  for  six  mouths  bo  a»cortain  tho  traffic    The 


'  Ur.  John  Mcl«od  Cwnptwa.  C.». 

*  Th«a«  luot-intlia  an  irafy  intrinata.  Il  U  trlUi  the  oreakat  (Uabully  tiut  pM>pl> 
xrant  alang  tham  wbaa  loaaad  with  the  produoe  of  Uimt  field*  for  tho  local  Dunola. 
tV'hoM  Ui«  rAck  u  vtrj  "ttp  Uov  niwi  ■  Bninl*  ^uaboo  Iflddcf  with  Uh  help  o(  wbwh 

tlHij'<sn  tf*vdby  thDmostdiniirt  TooUs.     Til'    '    ''  ^  ■       •  ■    ■      .-•i.-_i--- 


t('«| 


■nr: 


1  llHla<: 
^its  Vranfhri»  wiUi  awtull  cluitiji  *t<Wi;h  joint  i>r  <!n 

uiih  0A3A>  in  Traiu,  Been,  Gcog.  So«,  I 


.t«  of  a  mibatantul  bambao 
11  on  to  bo  luad  M  a  «ttp. 


Chapter ' 
rrad«- 
Hoom. 

im. 


Paui 


^ 


Out 


it  i«- 


DISTRICTS. 


Chapter  11. 
Tradft- 


mi-v 


rar^H 


rcbunw  iiliowed  a  conajderablc  VaiijAri  Luilock  traffic  outw 
in  wheat,  intUan  millet,  tur,  gram,  tnyrobalariit,  batter,  oil,  raw  x\\ 
chillit!«,  bet«l  leaves,  coriander  seed,  pulse.  turiDuric,  plantains^ 
cattle  iucliidins  sheep,  aiid  covntiy  blank^itn  ;  and  inwards  in  rice, 
suit,  N«iy/i,  vart,  eocoaiititu,  date8,  aenamuui,  metal,  clotb,  banslcx, 
betel,  fiiih,  rags,  papi-r.  and  ttuibor.  The  exi>ort  and  import  tnidn  is 
with  Juonar  and  otlK-r  large  village!*  in  tiio  JuniiAr  sub-ilivisio: 
Besides  th«  goodH  traflic  there  ia  a  targe  piiASHnger  traffic  chie~ 
husbandmen  froiu  Junnar  and  the  neighbonring  part^  of  UiodiKln 
on  their  way  to  and  from  tlic  great  labour  uarkot  uf  Bombav.  t 
Six  mik'.t  M>utli-west  of  the  Mtibti'j  paxH  nt  tint  biMtd  of  tlx'  KuktftaH 
valley  are  two  passes  MAkgar-daiia  and  BlioitAKPlCHA-PARA  4^^ 
RiTHVACHA-BARA  from  Anjanvpl  in  .IimiKjtto  BhorJtndc  in  Mtirbdd^  i 
Tliceearestocp  anddiiBcuU,  aiidarcuGodonly  by  KoHs.  AUiubuin"" 
further  south  at  the  head  nf  thn  samo  •vallftv.'is  ^n  ^.\kx  pass 
miles  in  descent  from  Ghilt^ar  to  VnisSgrc  and  Dhasal  in  Murbi 
Next  to  the  Bor  pass  thw  ix  the  most  used  route  between  1 
Doccan  and  thv  Konkim  wiiliin  Poona  liioits.'  At  tiivr  iop  tho 
road  runs  through  a  narrow  gc)rg«  between  two  steep  rocks,  J]ie 
rock  on  Uiu  noHh  buing  known  us  N&ia's  Augtlia  or  tnuinU 
entrance  to  the  pasa  in  liy  a_»taii-case  cut  deep  through 
rock  and  descending  tifty  to  a  hundred^  foeFrtom~The  l& 
of  the  plateau  to  a  narrow  terrace.  Flanking  the  artificii 
staircase,  in  tJie  precipitous  rock  wliich  falls  from  the  Deccan  level 
to  the  terrace,  aro  rock-cut  caves  which  appai-cntly  were  originally 
made,  and  which  still  servo,  as  travellers' i-ost-liouses.  The  walU 
of  the  chief  cave  are  covered  with  a  famous  inHcription  of  the  thitd 
AndlirAbhiitya  king  Vedishri  8hdtakami,  whose  probable  dat«  is 
B,a  90.  From  the  terrace  a  stair,  partly  built  partly  rock-hewn, 
descends  through  heaWly  wooded  slopSs  into  tne  Konkan.  The 
lower  portion  ia  eatiy  and  runs  along  i-ounded  hills.  At 
Hcveral  places  in  the  pass  are  rock-hewn  cistema  with  excellent 
water  wnose  PAh  iuaeriptiona  show  that  they  wpte  cut  about  a 
hundred  Ye«i-8  before  Christ  In  1675  _  the  English  phj-sician 
!Fr>'er,  who  had  been  asked  to  Junnar  by  the  Moghal  governor, 
rehiriied  by  the  NJtna  pass  and  found  it  shorter  and  uasier  than  the 
Avipa  track  up  which  he  had  been  taken  liy  mistake.  At  th« 
top  he  was  kept  waiting  by  300  oxen  Inxlen  with  salt,  then  so 
precious  that  the  saying  was  whose  salt  ivc  cat,  not  whose  bread 
we  eat.  After  standing  for  an  hour  he  persua>le<l  the  hullocV- 
men  to  stop  and  let  him  paiis.  Once  psKt  the  sidt  bullocks,  the  road 
was  feasible,  supplied  at  distances  with  charitable  ciste-rns  of  good 
water,  aad  towards  the  bottom  adorned  with  buaiitiful  wooda.'      In 

1  Near  the  Nina  pua  th«  ?ooo*  bviiaiUrjr.rnKB  far  Ento  the  KonliaB.  The  ttotj 
is  thai  in  a  <liBiitiU-  betwMn  tlic  □«lglib«untt){  ThUiis  and  Poona  rillaget  the  Hlor 
of  the  f  (toRii  villiiKii  )miiitt<d  out  frnm  tlw  top  cf  the  SaliyUriB  a  lloe  a  long  v^ 
w«at  of  the  liUM  uf  tliv  cLiir.  The  Thiiia  TiUngvra  ieerad  at  bin  telliaj  him  ta  n 
Onir  th«  precipK'v  atiil  tbow  th*  ItBs,  TliA  Poona  Uhir  tied  wumowug  tant  nitdv 
hii  amu  anil  to  hja  Icfo^  and  throtring  himaoU  ovn-  Lho  diff  floatud  dowD  snliart. 
On  rCMliing  the  cronoa  k«  twgan  to  run  we»t  to  what  he  oallcd  the  Poooa  bonnilafy. 
The  KonkiaD.  vil]ag««  M>rii>g  their  land*  nnaftinu  awa;  mcbbnl  him  to  death,  and 
iff.  W.TJ,  Unlock,  aS.&iIIietOTcCrhiM 


lix«<l  tha  bQU&dajrv  where  hja bod*  lay.     iff.  W.  B,  Mnlock,  Ok^,  ^ 
U882).  '  Frjer'i  East  iodia  and  rcrwn,  128- 


12J. 


I 


Deccatt.] 


POONA. 


1S1 


l^JLihe  pass  was  frggaeiited  by  VanjAii.s  iii  the  di-)-  season.  Init  in 
tlie  rains  tlig  gtepa  iato' which  tlm  rock  Yisui  l)e«u  cub  were  in  placov 
danjireroas  for  cattle.  ThougFTthi?  rqqjft.»Yy^jtgi(ai4?raibk<Urt*"''-** 
in  going  from  Ahinadnftg&r  to  K&lyAli.  C«oplc  J^ith  bnfgod^  and 
followei-a  pr^brrcdto  go  round  by  the  Bor  paiss.*  At  present  (1884) 
the  pa^  is  moeni^ed  iu  tlie  fair  weather  ny  inarki-t  gardcnera  aod 
oilmen  from  January  These  men  loading  tbuir  bullocks  wiih  packs 
of  chillies,  ouiuns,  and  garlic,  uuu'ch  fram  Jonnar  to  titUtgax  at  the 
top  of  the  ftoBH.  Here  they  stop  a  night  and  next  day  tbeit  own 
pack-bullocka  eo  down  the  pass  unloaded  and  the  pocks  are  carnad 
don-Q  the  pa£al>y  Hpecial  paaa  buflaloes  belonging  to  the  GhAtgar 

■  villagcm.    The  builiuoes  arepud  ^d.  (8  as.)  a  trip,  liesidcs  this  there 
h  A  considei-able  Vanjfirt  tnuEo  in  grain  from  Junaar  to  Murhad  and      , 
Kalyiiu.    t^till  the  ptuts  can  never  b«  more  than  a  foot  and  cattle  path^^ 
About   ttfU    miles  ttoutli-wcjit  at  the  ]i«ad  of  thu  Miua  valley  is 
AJtpCLl  a  »uuill  ru^^dpasa  loading  from  Ajiibuli  toPalu,  nota  trade 

■  roata  Tiiu  thoiurli  onfy  a  footuatli  iii  much  lued  as  it  Is  the  most 
direct  rotitt:  from  Junuar  to Ealyao.  ICi;TK-nAp^^i^'y|[|ni?'t.nAKA. 
(ootpathH  leailiiiz  from  HatviJ  in  Juimar  to  Soiulvle  iu  Murlud  are 
uaril  only  by  Kou8,  and  are  m  stcvp  tluit  in  plaoes  hU-pm  an'  <:iit  in  th« 
rock.  -  dorELt. also  a  footpath,  leaua  from  Khodto  Uhrulv  in  Murbeld. 
It  Lt  -ilti-p  Aiid  little  iiw;<L  AviPB,  a  deaoeni  of  four  miles  from 
Aviipt:  iu  KIuhI  bo  Khopivli  in  .\liirb^,  IspaiiKabli!  only  for  men, 
hut  in  tL4ed  to  carry  headloadii  of  clarified  butter  into  the  Deccau 
uid  myrobalaiw  from  the  Deccan  cooativards.  Iu  Hi75  the  E^ltsh 
phyaiciaJi  Fyor  on  his  way  to  Junnar  bt-iiiy  inisguiiied  had  to 
elimk  the  Sahyddns  apparently  by  this  path.  Tliu  ascent  was  v«ry 
ditGcalt.  'ilierc  was  no  path  and  the  V>nwthlBs.s  bearers  threaded 
their  way  atiiid  hanmng  tre«s,  the  roots  of  which  W(>ru  Imd  bare  by 
the  falling  eartli.  To  lodk  down  made  tiie  braiii  turn,  and  over- 
hand peiiduloiu  rocioi  threatiL'iie^l  to  entomb  the  tTavvllur.  lutetute 
labour  dn^w  teaj-s  of  annui»h  from  the  .servant*)"  eyes  and  with 
much  dilEciilty  th«y  carried  their  load  to  Ili«  top  bj  a  narrow 
eaveni  cut  through  rock.*  Fryur  relunitxl  by  the  NAnapaas.  SlltiKiAD 
deacendmtfti-omKoiidam-alin  Khedto  Js'arivli.is  impassable  for  cattle. 
boi  ia  moch  used  by  foot-paattcngere.  Tlin*  patlia,  UtUJt.  Umbba.  and 
.      QggAH  It-ad  from  the  Shidgad  fort     About  one  mile  west  of  the 

■  trtnple  of  Bliiiiiufthnukar  are  twoiMWMMOueto  the  village  of  Balhiiier 

■  a|t>''l  Itiv^Hii.  and  thf  other  to  the  village  of  KhAiidaa (.•alletJ  BhimA- 
^^Ka  Iq  ld2tj  the  fihi ni4.shaiiknr  patli.<  ha<l  much  traflic  iu 
^^^1.  t.  ^.)i  (tud  raw-sugar  (rumtho  Deccaiito  Panvel  and  a  return  of 

aalt  from  Panvel  to  the  Doccaii.     Along  much  of  their  length  old 

CQi'hiag  and  in    uiariy  places  old  paving  reinaiii.     Thr  |mths  are 

novF  out  of  repair  anil  ari>  us.^!  oidv  hy  a  fnw  laden  bullocks,  horsM, 

aod  travellers  who  aru  carritnlin  llttt^m  from  Khjindaa.     Two  other 

1^  footpatliH  close  to  the  Bhiraitehnnknr  pa%s  are  called  HATKARVATand 

HsXKkaRjiKi.  AuBANALi  two  luilf-^soutb  of  BhimlUhanicaris  uot  p«uis- 

^able  for  cattle  .    'VjUASTra  a  mile  further  is  pa&table  for  unloaded 


Chapt«r' 
Trade. 
PAanu. 


'  CIum'  XiitMnfy.  lis. 


•  Pry«r'«  Gut  India  Mid  Parata,  128  -  IS9. 


pUrVI- 


C4tt}u;  NiSNi,  wltirli  LI  iliflicult  f\'>-ii  for  tn<>i>,  »  Dm  ooiitiniiation  of 
ViJjLNTH.i.  At  tile  lieaJ  of  the  Bhiiiia  valley  it  Kolamb  also  calle«l 
BuATl,  two  iTiilea  NouUi  of  Kotelj^ail,  now  out  of  repair  nii<l  tit  oiilv 
for  fool  puseoucR  uud  uiiUulcu  cattle.  It  had  f!Q^rj.i\!;rly_  tiiuctt 
traffic  iu  rice  and  salt  from  Kalyfin.  Clcnw  io  Kolaiub  U  a  st«€'p  foot- 
path  by  which  Btli;tiw.'hiiiviitof  the  Itli  R*-i;iiiieiit  cliiu)>eiJ  to  Lii}flB<i 
in  Fohninry  l**I8  ati'l  Mir^iriiwii  a  party  of  Kolis.'  About  rtv.i 
milva  uoutn-wcst,  at  thu  hcail  of  th«  AiniliravAllfiy,  three jpassoH 
PhemXiikvi.  A-PKI,  aiiii  S\VLE  lead  from  Savly  the  iirst  to  Mwegaim 
aniVtlii;  l«At  two  to  Piiiijiulpdda.  Silvte  pawt,  which  is  navi-d  hut  U 
in  bad  rvixiir.  n'a«  foruiisrly  UHcd  for  drocffing  wood.  In  1S24)  the 
yuarlv  value  of  the  timber  dra^gAd  up  tnu  pawt  was  estiinat<Hl  at 
£5(M)6(R5.  l>O.UOa).'  FuuriiiiK^N  further  HOutli.  and  ulso  at  tlie  h>ttul 
of  the  iciJhra  valley,  U  I'^isyn  :il4!t  fwt  aW>vo  the  &«a,  ft  winding 
path  itiadinji  2)  iDiIe«  from  the  villa^v  of  Kusnrgaon  to  Bhivpuri, 
and  in  Kood  repair.  The  do(«c«nt  is  at  Hrst  Huy  posdu^  amler 
fine  sltiiidy  trcoe.  After  wme  distance  it  is  a  steep  Kigza^;  down 
the  hill-.sida  Most  of  it  is  roughly  paved  with  large  atonw  which 
are  stud  to  havo  bven  laid  hy  oue  of  the  PeshwA^.  At  Bhtvpuri 
thers  is  a  tine  ntone  reHer\-oir  built  at  a  cost  of  £7500  (Rs.  7r>,00il) 
by  FArvatibiti  widow  of  Sadiwhiv  OiSuitiiiji  of  tJio  Pc^Iiwa'h  ftnuily. 
TTie  road  u  paiuahlt;  for  mounted  hoi-scineu  or  ladcu  bulkicks,  but 
not  for  carts.  It  w  a  great  line  of  traffic  from  Talcgaon  to  Kai-jafc, 
MOTal.  Kalyfai.  aud  Fttnvel.  The  yearly  toll  reveuuc  of  aboat  S&O 
(I».  200)  i»  spont  on  r^imi'^'iK  *-^^  paiM.  CaldevichaIUsta  leading 
from  Junihatli  to  DiVk  m  Kur jut  and  VALVAJJDlJDi^Rt^M'*-  MA"-  leading 
frwi  Vftlvandi  U)  Khadviii  aitj  iLHed  T.y  f(xit-pa.saen^t!ra  and  unloadeu 
aniinaU.  Nine  miles  .■wuth-we^'t  <<f  Kuf<ur,  wiiidiii*;  elo»e  under  the 
ati^pesof  liijmilchi,  isthe  fmtpatli  of  R.iJMXcHt  known  iu  ThAna  a)t 
thtt  Konkiui  DAnraja  or  KonUou  Gate,  TeoAingntiout  five  niile'^  to  the 
village  of  Kharvandi  on  the  UlhiU  river  in  Kai-jat.  It  vran  formerly 
vnsMablo  by  loilen  cuttle,  l»it  i.s  now  out  of  n-piur  and  i.4  u.'wtd  only 
Ijy  foot  travellers.  Hisi>ol  and  Miriia,  l«tli  of  them  footpaths, 
lead  from  NAni^jjaon  and  Kuiie  in  Mival  to  Kodilnno  in  Karjat.  Kight 
miles  south  of  Konkati  J)ai-\&ja,  at  the  tup  uf  the  IndrAyaui  va3loy 
about  2000  feet  above  the  Icrel  of  the  sea  is  ^JjeBoRM^,  a  winding 
made  road  from  Lomivlaeight  miles  to  KhopivlT^sTOi^ose  of  1779 
the  leaders  of  the  unfortunate  expei.iitton  which  ended  in  the  Vod- 
gaon  Convcnliou  sptnl  four  weekn  (23ril  Novcmbcr-23rd  Diwember) 
m  making  a  y>»ih  hi  for  artillery  np  the  Bor  pass.  The  traek  watt 
inipn)ved  in  180i  by  Geiieml  \\\-llesley.  From  it.-s  inijKtrtancc  in 
joining  Bombay  and  Puoim  the  improvement  of  tlie  Bor  jhihh  road 
wa**  one-  of  tlie  first  eare.i  of  the  Bombay  Goveriiincnt  after 
fall  uf  the  Pashwo.  In  IdiH,  according  to  Bishop  IIclKrwho|>a;«soiL 
through  it,  the  road  throngh  the  Bor  paas  though  Itroad  and  good 
st«vp  that  a  loaded  carriage  ur  pfuanquin  could  with  difliculty 
iken  up.  Every  one  either  walked  or  rode  riml  nil  merclinndino 
wa«  conveye*!  on  bullocks  «)r  horse-s.  To  li«ve  can*ir-l  «  irwl  over 
tlieHC  hills  at  all  wa».  Bishop  IJeber  thought,  bii^hly  rreditahle  to 


I 


■oad     , 
thoM 

waafl 


1  Cldtics'  Itinerary,  HG. 


'  Clonn'  ItliMtary.  IM. 


Dwcan 


POONA. 


153 


Boimb«y  Oov^rnmont.  niiil   llie  roiwl   as  it  stood  WA8  ptobkbl^ 

icleot  for    the  iiitercoiinw  thut  citliur  waa  or  waa  Hkely  to 

be  l»etwe«o  thf  IJtccan  and  Konkftn.'    A  few  yc-ars  Inter  the  pom 

(nad  WBs  greatly  improved,  and  in  1830  it  was  opened  in  ^tatu  by 
Sir  John  Malcolm,  the  Governor  of  Bombay.  In  ItWOthepaaR 
road  wna  motalU-d  tlii?oughont  and  ooinplctcd  witJi  t)ridgn8  an<l 
drains  w  as  to  be  pa»tablo  For  cartH  ilurtne  the  rains.  In  tuis  year 
th«  traffic  yicl.lwl  a  toll  revenue  of  £277*  (R«  27,7+0)*  In  spita 
of  th«  improvement,  in  IKoO  it  was  so  dillicult  uf  a-tcent  and  descent 
that  no  ono  «vc<r  thought  of  driving  up  or  ilown  in  a  Cftrriago. 
PaBsengcn  travflling  by  tliK  public  conveyoncL-a  were  carried  up 
and  down  in  pa]an<|uttu,  there  ueing  different  «ets  of  eoiKhcs  for  the 
high  and  low  porUou.-*  of  the  roatl.  Privato  carriages  wvru  pull«d 
up  or  let  liowm  by  numeroUH  bodiwi  of  workmen  or  elue  they  were 
carriwl  op  and  down  .swung  from  a  niimVier  of  poU-s  retting  i>n  mcn'i) 
sliuuldera*  At  present  (lts84)  it  i»  a  tirMtclawf  mt-talle^laiid  curbed 
roftd  tw«nty-two  ft-^t  wide  with  ma-wnry  briflgi'-f,  culverts,  drainit, 
dry  stuuR  retaining  walU,  and  an  cany  gradient.  It  Itan  con-siderable 
eart  traffic  from  Poona  to  Panvol  and  Pen.  Wheat,  raw  sugar, 
<d],  darilied  butter,  uiillct.  and  cotton  pass  wcKtwanls,  and  salt 
DMMS  inland.  In  I8H1  the  Bor  na^i  toll  yiel<l(M)  £7»0  (Rs.  7900)l 
In  1860  the  Peuiu^uls  Railway  lino  to  Pofjua  vras  taken  acrotn 
the  SohyidriH  at  the  Bor  paiw/  South  of  Kliand&la  Naopiiaxi  or 
Colca'a  HocxI  b-iuliiij4  fnini  Ktirvanda  in  M&val  to  ChAvri  in  Karjat 
'  ia  used  by  foot  iiia.<uK<ngerH  and  unlt»ukHl  animals.  Two  mileti  Hoath, 
H  at  the  head  of  thu  Indriyani  river,  KoBONPl  pa^tsable  for  laden  cnttl«, 
,  oIm)  leads  west  to  Chavri  in  IV-u.  l-'urther  south  are  Kevni  five  milca 
Imtween  Yekoli  and  PiioliAimr,  DerTA  foor  niile»«  between  Ohiilka 
and  Nenavli.  Avu  five  miles  btTweeiTPimpri  and  Alvane  um-d  by 
foot  pBsaenfferH  carrying  no  loads,  and  Pr«PRi  hx  milo«  between 
Piiupri  and  Potntu  used  by  pack-bulli>ckit  carrying  myrobolaai 
^salt  and  coats.  Furtbiir  douth  in  tlm  MuUhi  petty  divinion  are 
M  NiHSi  Ajibonh  four  inilea  from  M».biAt«  to  Itf itngnon  ;  Ambavke  or 
H  g^j-tMBVA  five  nnles  from  Ambavne  to  Kalamb ;  VABASDiB  four 
f  Bulea  from  SHltar  to  Kon<Igaon  ;  Temieja  Savakni  four  inileH  from 
Telbcla  to  Dhondse  ;  NiVEor  Bavatya  four  inik-;*  from  Nive  to 
Patnoa ;  Tamki  or  SXTafjCrm  three  imlea  fr-omTamni  to  Vile,allusfd 
ly  foot  paaseogera  who  oftau  carry  beail-Ioads  of  uiyrobahuw,  butter, 
(oala.  salt,  and  rice;  GapLtrr  on  the  direct  road  from  Poona  to 
NAgothna  leading  into  tlitTPaDt  Sachiv's  slate  of  Bhor  ;  Lenpb  or 
Lwji^Ni.HNt,  aiiiT  Tamhasa,  in  the  extreme  HDuth  and  fit  only  for 
men.  Ivoil  into  KoUho.  South  of  these  connecting  the  Bhor  state 
and  K.olAba  are  several  pamea  PEV^  KL'mbuf.  'FHiimuiiE,  Ivavlta. 
SHEVTr.1,  Madhta  A-MBOTaLj  Oopya,  Yaraxdha.  and  Shevta,  all 
of  w'Kcli  ore  useful  for  Pooaa  traffic 

Of  the  paasea  over  tiie  spars  that  nin  east  from  the  SahyAdri* 
tfa»  chief  arc  in  the  Sinhgad-Bholeshvar  range.     Four  cart  road* 


'  Raber'*  Tnvdi,  MM.  *  UMtttnv'*  W^tma  India,  879. 

■  Tmrf*  Itawxu,  lM0-4t,  390-81. 

•  Datalb  of  th«  Bgr  pMi  railwajr  m  jItot  btkw  pp.  IW>I*I. 

a  1377-90 


Cliapf 
rrade- 
Pawu. 


tBombftj  GuettMr. 


Ch&ptvr  TI. 
Trade. 
Pasa 


?> 


1S4 


DlSTItlCTS. 


rrosa  tlie  Sinhi'a'l-P'i"'*"**!"*'*''  rwigoat  tlie  KjJtrni.  BAbdey,  Divft,  and 
Bor  paawca.  Tlic  K^traj  j»m<  is  on  the  new  o&ULtb  roa^i,  a  fine 
piiMX  of  modem  i-i.^-wict-nn^',  crossinf;  the  cre^t  of  the  rango  in  a 
tunnel.  The  Babpry.  o}>nnt  ton  uiilea  from  Sds^-nfl  aiid  Wtwec 
Bluviiri  ami  Komlliv«.^  Budrukh.  is  on  the  old  Sitata  ro«J  tlir 
liavfli  nnil  PuriuiilhiLr.  In  1H03  Holk&r  brought  hit  plumlcrini 
Ixiiids  lip  t)ii»  jxiKH.  It  wa.s  ptit  in  ordtjT  attiul  tliv  year  iHi4,  aitd 
{or  ycAm  afterwanlii  was  in  a  prosporotis  coivlition.  Until  18S3  it 
WOK  \uicA  for  wlMM'led  carriagva,  hut  since  tliv  opening  of  the  Diva 
aiitl  fior  ]m&ai:Ji  m  the  aomc  mnge  of  hills,  it  tiafi  beui  alnndoued. 
lu  1853,  it  was  one  of  the  wont  iipeciiiK-it»  of  a  |ia!«  in  Wi-sl«t 
Intlis.  Itaaii;>lcsaii(l  ^'ntdiuiite  were  frightful  to  coutcinpliLt^,  it 
sharp  turna  heing  in  hodw  p\aoes  ftnnkol  hy  tow  waIIh  whicli  atTurd? 
but  u  xlij-ht  hiilwaik  agaitut  th«  prccipiixia  whicb  tliey  cro»nt< 
The  roairiu  tliu  stt^epesKi  piirtd  woh  constantly  rou^fh,  being  cov«r< 
with  loose  roaitd  Atones.  Thin  to  sonic  oxtunt  Mirved  to  check  t} 
iinpetiu  of  a  dviHM-iMliufr  loul  but  ^roatly  increased  the  toil  of  draw- 
ing  u  loAil  up.  At  present  it  is  unpracticable  for  l&di-n  carts  imd 
is  u»od  by  pnck-bnllockH  nnd  toot,  pu&s<^^ii;y^r8  carrying;  headloads 
of  inHngo«»,  figs,  and  veget&blea  to  I'oona  from  Supa  and  the  ncigh- 
lK)uriiiK  villaifeA.  Tlic  outwatd  ti-atBc  i^  taliuialed  to  be  worth 
nbnut  £200  (Rn.  2000)  a  year.  Tiw  Di^^jass,  between  Diva  and 
Vadki,  sevfiii  miles  further  east  and  sffinuwt  north  of  Sitsvnd  was 
mod*!  in  \iio3  at  a  coc^t  of  £8500  (lis.  S^j.OOO)  from  Iiiipenal  furid« 
to  <iU]K'i'HuiI«>  thu  Uabilttv  pass.  Thu  pawt  is  kept  in  good  ordt^ 
bj-  j-eaily  rppain*.  and  wlioclcd  carrias«t  can  easily  go  over  it. 
Considcrabli?  traffic,  couidsting of  gntinuf  every  sort,  fruit,  C^ecially 
maii};oc»  and  figs,  vt^utablcs,  taw  migar,  tircwood,  bnttt:?,  oUj  cloth 
and  othci'  articles  of  foroipn  nianiifActur<v,  niotal  work,  timly^r,  jmgar* 
and  epioe^  pai»sc8  hv  Hw*  route.  The  int^rd  ti-alTic  U  woilh  about 
£20.000  (Re.  2.00,0011)  and  the  outward  alwHl  £10,OUO  (Rs,  1.00,000). 
The  Bon  or  SiXDAVXEptisn,  iiint'  miles  furthcT  ea^t,  lacar  tli«  end  of 
the  spnrTbotween  Viighnpur  luid  Sin(la\nie,  is  the  oldest  route  acrocis 
the  Sin1i;,'iid-tih<jlt'»Iiv(ur  ranyc.  It  wiu;  erot«wd  by  the  Duke  of 
VV^fHlp^f^tii  in  his  famnufi  foired  march  iii  IfiOij,'  and  by  Pcalivra 
Biiiiriiv  whonlio  tied  from  Poona  in  lftl7.  Tlwugh  wupcrsn-deii  hy  tlie 
Biiodttv  paw  for  traffic  witli  Pooua,  tht-  roaiJ  is  Btill  kopt  in  repair 
as  it  is  A  lioi-  of  communication  Uitwcen  the  Urali  railway  ttlatioa 
and  )%i>i?ad,  Jt:juri,  lunl  ntlu-r  pliice^ou  the  oM  .Siitiira  roml.  It  was 
nmrlr  in  IH<t2  at  a  cost  of  about  £100  (Rs.  1000)  from  locai  funds. 
At  privsi'iit  t.li<^  ro»>l  IS  in  good  order  and  fit  for  wheulod  carriages. 
The  pa!w  in  cliiflly  o.'sed  by  pilgrims  from  the  Urali  railway  station 
to  Jejnrj.     Tlie  IraBic  chictiy   in  ooni  and  oUier  articles  of  daily 

UM  is  worth  aliout  X2.i00  [Its.  25,000)  ft  j-tjur, 

6eRidoi3  four  large  hi-iilgi>.t  ami  one  dam  fa  dharaa  and  several 
minor  bridges  in  the  tuwu  and  cujitonment  of  Poona  and  Kirkee, 
the  (IiBtrict  has  forty-two  briLlgtaofuot  luss  than  fifty  foct  long. 
C^   (be   Pootut   and    Kirkee    hridges,    the    Wsu^aLET    Brid^ 


1  Tb*  Dnka'a  fuwxaB  tnftrch  ot  aiity  mtlca  in  tbirtr-t«ro  ba«n  wu  fmn  BtriBMlJ 
^  PoQML.PB  Vtv  mh  tMJ  eOtk  al  AjgU  1803.    Orwitip^ri  yiritb**.  b^  "* 


tecaii.l 


POONA. 


155 


,n«il    aHcr    Uie   Marqais   of  WullealHy  over  the  Mutb*  river 

at    the   Siui^ni,    4D8   feet    long,    of    stoirn    and     lime     masonry 

titroiiffliout,  with  einht  524  fwt  sian  sagnifjitaJ  urches  ami  cnt- 

stont-   parspet   walls,   mduding   «   roadway   iH^    fiwi     widt;     and 

forty-tive  te«b  above  (he  fouiidat.i<Mi  or    river-bcd,  wan    built  in 

1674  at  a  co«t  of  Jeil.0d3  6«.  (VU.  1, 10,933).     The  ortgiual  hridgo 

wUch  wu  cittireJy  of  wood  .was  built  in  1H2^  and  wa»  removod  iu 

1^839.  A  3ton«  bridge  was  then  built  which  continued  in  use  till  it  was 

■ciiujved  ill  187-*.     The  aew  bri'Ip.-  keeps  the  Dame  of  the  forn»:r 

oridge,  thi*  people  chani;;!!!}:;  thu  wunl  Wollesler  into  Vasii.     Not  far 

from  this  brid)^  to  the  west  is  the  railway  b«Pidj{e  ovor  the   Mtitha. 

The    [jkK»in;L  oa   the  Alutha  river  at    tliu  north-west    end   of 

city  wa«  built  in  1847.  at  a  cost  of  I2m7    lOi-.  (Its,  20.075). 

iioagh  of  stone  it  18  called  tJte  t/aiuU  Put  or  Wooden  Bridge,  becauao 

,  is  on  the  site  of  a  -wooden  hrid<Ai  \vliich   vtas  built  by  one  of  the 

i-aliwis  and  gave  way  in  the  iTooHs  of  18*0.     The  present  bntln[o 

:  323  foot  Ion*;,  with  nine  forty-oi<;ht  feet  span  BociiKiital  arohea 

stone  and  lime  and  parapet.^  of  coursipd  stone  ana  time  ntasniiry 

Binding  ft  roadway  181  feet  wide  and  3+i  feet  above  the  foundation 

rivcr-bu<l.    The  h'trrxiERALn  Bridge  over  iltc  Hula-Mutha  river 

»w  the  Bnnd  Gaitlnns,  1 0O2  feet  long,  of  stone  and  time  masonry 

ut,  with   thii-teoii  sixty  fcctspon  somi-cltiptieal  ai'div^  and 

.litpt^t  walU,  ineluditig  a  roadway  26)  feet  wtdr  and  47t  feet 

«jv«>   llw!  foundation  or  rivor-lx--!,  was  built  in  I8G9,  at  a  cost  of 

!4,l>'i>')  is,  (Ba.  2.41,5:11).     Holkar's  Bndgu  uvlt  the  Mula  river 

at    Kirkoe,    548  feet  long,  is  btiilt  of  stone  and  lime  maiunry 

iliroQ^hout.  with  ninct^^n  ai-vciitwii-ffet  SL-gm^-iital  arches,  and  a 

jwrapt't  of  cut  teak  wood  rniUiig.  including  a  roadway  Gftccn  feet 

■ridi.'  aii'l  tweuty-t'ifjlit  ftet  alwvu  tin;  Fuiiudutiun  or  rivor-Uxl.     The 

kDCIiy-iB  Vks  or   Pottfts^  Gate  JIuuan  or  causeway  is  the  oldest 

ising  over  tho  Mntlia  river  near  Kasha  P«tli  to  the  north  of  Poona. 

r  oUl  causeway  gtivc  way  in  the  beginning  of  British  nilc,  and  the 

icot  maaeway  wa«  bndt  between  1835  and  18M-at  a  co$t  of 

jt  £3000  (Re.  30.000).  paid  partly  by  Qovernuiciil  -nud' partly 

by  the  people.      It  i»  built  of  solid  ittone  masonry,  and  is  2iii  ynrda 

long  and  aevcn  yards  broail.      It  ha«  twelve  nine-feet  wide  iJuicea. 

Xhiring  tlie  monsoon  floods  it    is    under    wat«r    and   iinpiwlable. 

^Bie   other   brtdgoa    iu  the  town  of  Poona    are:  the    }1a1Xi.kuok 

K^Sweepere"    bridge    over    the    M&nik    Nila  sixty-eight    yards 

^k^    a    ma-'siw    Rtnictma    of    cut-«iono    masonry    with    throe 

Hhre<feet  broad    vents   or    waterways    leatling  to    the  HaUlkhor 

qiurt«t«    in    Mangal^'ir   Puth ;    it  was  built  between  1835  and 

^040.      Tlic  JakAt  or  Toll  Bridge,  connecting  the  Mat^alvttr  and 

^panvitr  Petbs,  with  tliroe  twelve-leet  vents,  was  built  Iwtween  183fl 

^Kd    18*0.     Here    tbc  tolls   were  levied    in    thu    PvvibwAs'    Hmu. 

HmAtipuka  Bridge  on  the  Miinik  strfiun  was  built  in  1870  at  a  coot 

^  £300  (IU.  8000).     It  i:<  a  <]oub1e  bridge  at  a  point  whcro  the 

main  road  branches.    Thf  arches  are  sniglc  of  twenty-two  feet 

«psD.   The  DABLTiiji  or  Fireworkers'  Bridge  on  the  Nigzari  stream, 

joining  the  Ravivir  with  the  Nyaliil,  Bistiii,  and  Somv4r  Petlw,  wa« 

birilt  ui  1670  nt  a  cost  of  S.I-jQU  <Ha.  15.000).     It  U  lifty-eight  yards 

and  baa  four  twelve-feet  bide  vcnt^s.     The  BtiaTTi  oc  Bridts-. 


I 


Chaptor 

Troda. 


U6 


DISTRICTS. 


Cbaptrt  TI. 
Trade. 


Kiln  Gale  Bridge  on  the  MAntk  iitrcam  joining  Riuitia's  Petti  with 
the  Civil  Lines  was  liuilt  in  ISi-V  It  is  a  small  culv'ert 
two  acv«n-fMt  v«nto.  The  Pirsi  biidgo  or  cauwway  on  tt 
N&gjhari  stroaiu  joining  Gani'sli  Peth  with  R£stia'&  Peth  was  bui 
in  1 830  l>y  a  Poona  Parai.  It  has  ihrtiv  f ive-foct  wide  venta,  and 
is  occasionally  under  water  durinK  the  rain.-t  wlicn  it  beooiues 
impAasahlc.  The  GANi:sn  Peth  Bria^e,  joiiung  the  GanesL  and 
Nana';*  Pctlis,  was  built  in  1835.  It  is  a  cut-sumt  bridse  with  three 
sixtvcn-feet  arches.  The  BuBL'Dor  Gaaket-umlceiV  Bridge  nvarthe 
BnniUo'  ouartei's,  joining  bin;  Ravivdi-  oad  Blmvdai  PeUu),  was  bailt 
between  1J^40  aud  1845  of  KoUd  cut-Htoue  masonry.  It  hni;  foui 
nino-fcct-  arches.  The  GuA^iiicri  Bridgo,  joiikhi};  G&nj  and  Vet&] 
1'etli  with  fihavftni  PetU,  was  built  in  1845  at  a  cost  of  £180 
(K«.  1800).  It  is  of  solid  cui-stoae  laasonry  and  has  three 
eighteen>feot  arches. 

Of  the  forty-two  other  liridRCfi  In  Uic  district,  twcnty-thrcs  arc  on 
the  Poona-ShoUpur  road,  six  on  thePoniin-Alimadnagar  ixiad,  three 
on  the  Poona-Nfaik  rood,  six  on  the  Poona-Fuuvcl  road,  and  four 
on  the  Poona-Sfit6ra  road.  Tlie  bridgen  on  Uie  Poona-Sholiiptir 
road  were  boitt  about  the  year  IS36>37.  Motst  arc  of  cournvd,  0D« 
isofuncoorsed.  and  four  are  of  partly  coursed  rubble  masonry.  They 
ar«  fifty  to  17B  feet  long,  with  one  to  fire  ten  to  fifty  Fettt  »egtiiontaJ 
arches  aud  eighteen  to  twenty  ft-et  wide  roadway  from  nine  to 
twi-^iity-one  feet  above  tho  foundation  or  river-bed.  The  bridge*  on 
the  new  SAtdi-a  road  which  Were  built  in  1856  are  nint-tv  to  162 
f«el  long,  of  coursed  rabble  with  thi-ee  or  four  twenty  to  forty  feet 
span  segmental  arches  and  twenty-four  feet  wide  roadway  from 
twelve  to  twenty-one  fef>t  at>ove  the  fonndation  or  river-bed.  Of 
the  threo  bridges  on  the  Foona-NAaik  i-otu],  whidi  were  built  iK-twoea 
I8.'>4  and  1856,  two  are  nxty-five  feet,  and  one  over  the  Hina  at 
N&r^yungaOQ  is  320  f«ei  long  of  Hone  and  mortar  niasonrv.  Thvy 
have  from  one  tu  nine,  lifteeii  to  tiftv  feet  «pau  segmental  ai-ehex, 
aud  a  roulway  twenty  to  twenty-Hvo  feet  broad  and  10}  to  twenty- 
five  feet  above  the  fouudatiou  or  river-bed.  TJio  sLx  bridges  on 
the  Ponna-Ahttiadnagar  road,  with  the  exception  of  the  Ghod  bridge, 
were  built  in  1542-43.  Four  ai-e  lifty-five  to  nixty-three  feet  long, 
one  on  tho  Vel  river  is  lifty-two  feet  long,  and  one  on  the  Ohod, 
which  was  built  in  18C.S,  is  800  feet  lontf.  They  are  built  of  stone 
aud  mortar  maiwnry  with  two  to  Rixteen  cif[lit  to  fifty  feet  span 
segiuentai  or  semicircular  arohca  aud  a  romiway  sixtopn  to  twenty 
feet  wide  and  7J  to  ;17|  feet  above  the  foundation  or  river-lted.  The 
Vol  bridge  cost  £2205  (R».  22,050)  aud  the  Ghod  l.ridg««10.359  16a. 
(Ra.  1,03,5&S).  Of  the  six  bridgeH  on  the  Pooiia-Panvd  rood,  th« 
Inrtrirani  bridge  which  is  Wut  of  atone  and  lime  masonrj-.  has 
sevcnteiii  twcnty-fvft  Mpiui  two-ocntrc  art-bo*  and  a  r.^ndwuy  fourteen 
feet  wide  aud  fourteen  feel  above  the  fouudatiun  or  river-bed. 
The  D^puri  bridge,  which  wm  built  in  1842  at  a  eost  of  £G8S8 
(Rs.  68,580),  is  994  feet  long,  partly  wooden  and  partly  of  aton« 
and  time  masonry,  with  thirteen  thirty -five  feet  span  arches  and  a 
roadway  twenty  feet  wide  and  tweuty-sLt  feet  above  thi?  foundation 
or  river-bed.  Tlic  other  bridges  are  "fifty -seven  to  oighty-four  fe*t 
long,  of  stone,  or  stone  aud  brick  and  fiuic  masonry,  with  two  to 


OONA. 


* 


¥ 


five  tvato  Iwenij-tvo  feet  npui  segmental  arctics  taid  a  roa<lway  17A 
feet  wide  and  nmu  to  18)  fo«t  *&ve  the  foundation  or  river-bed. 

Of  thirteen  public  ferries,  one  U  a  secoud  cla&a,  one  is  a  third 
class,  and  eleven  fourtb  clnsa  ferries.'  Two,  one  acro.'ot  the  Ohixl 
at  Kidiuiib  ftiid  Uip  otber  across  the  Kukdi  at  Pimpalvaudi  on  the 
Pocin«-X4sik  road,  am  in  Junnar ;  two,  one  acro&a  tlie  Dhiina  at  Khed 
and  lite  other  across  tiic  BhAiua  at  "V&ki  ou  the  Poona-N^Mk  road, 
are  in  Kbed;  one,  acroiiH  the  IndrAj-ani  at  Induri  on  the  Talegaou 
Station  rood,  is  in  M&vaI  ;  one,  acroas  the  Bhiuia  at  Kofogaon  ou 
Uie  Ponna-Ahmadnagar  rond,  is  iu  Sirur :  two.  one  acroM  the 
IndrtiTaDi  at  Afwihi  on  the  Poona-Nfisik  road,  and  the  other  across 
the  Siutlia  Inko  at  Sangrua  are  in  Uavt<Ii :  one  acisis^  tho  i^ira  at 
Pimpri  Khurd  on  th..-  Poons-^tttra  road  U  in  Purandhar;  two 
acrofw  the  Rhima,  <Hie  a  third  cla&s  ferry  at  Khitnot«  and  the 
other  at  Pargaon  on  the  Sirur-Sit^a  road  are  in  lihimtbadi;  and 
tho  rBmaioiog  two,  also  acroaa  the  Uhima,  one  a  s«coml  class  ferry  at 
HhfieikBgwiD  on  the  Poona-ShoUpur  road  and  the  other  at  Chandj^'aon 
on  tho  rcttd  to  tho  PomaUitiii  rnihTny  station,  are  in  Tndi(pur, 
Except  the  Sanf^run  and  Indurt  ferries,  which  were  establi^Jifra  ia 
Id77-7H,  at  a  OMt  of  £116  (Ks.  1 160)  and  £350  (R«.  3500),  all  those 
Cerriea  were  Mtabli.^hed  before  1875.  The  two  ferries  at  Saiijn^n  in 
Haveti  an<l  Chan<lgaon  in  loditpur  work  throughout  tho  year,  a^  tlio 
Wftter  there  i.4  always  niifonlable;  the  rest  work  during  the  rniny 
•Maonooly.  In  1881-32,  the  thirteen  public  furrit.-H  yiuldcd  a  revL-nu* 
of  about  1388  (TU.  3fi80)  affainst  £W7  (Ra  4;170)  in  l«7+-76. 
During  the  current  year  (1884.86)  they  have  been  farmed  for  £555 
(B&  6000).  Rales  framod  under  the  Ferry  Act  (II.  of  187&)  fix  the 
urvs  tm  paasengers,  animals,  carriages,  and  eradle.s.*  B&iideit  these 
ihere  im  one  furry  ut  Netva  in  Junnar  across  the  Puxlipiivnti.  It  U 
maintained  by  local  fund.s  aiid  passengers  are  carried  free  of  charge. 
Th*rp  are  stvi-nd  privati'  fi-mcs,  whicli,  i^xci-pt  thi-  ferry  oenKis  the 
Bf ulu-Mntha  below  the  Sangam  bridge  near  Foona,  work  during  the 
rains  only.  Th«  ferry  Ixwtj*  are  gwicroliy  buill  in  BoniliaT  or  in 
Thtos,  Init  somo  ha'vo  been  made  by  men  bi-ougbt  from  Bombay 
in  the  public  works  workxhopa  in  Ponna.  They  are  built  on  the 
lines  of  ordinary  boat«,  of  wood  brought  from  KaUkat,  and  at  a  cost 
varying  from  £100  (R».  1000)  fur  a  small  boat  to  carry  atuut  fifty 
paaseogeRt  to  £3S0  (Rt.  3300)  for  a  largo  ferry  boat  to  carry  hones 
and  cattle  as  well  a&  paawngers.    Tim  most  Buocessful  foiTU  of  ferry 


Cliapt*r  7t- 


I  Thsni  *K  foer  duM*  of  public  farie* :  1.  those  that  da  not  nrnks  tntm  thui  aix 
I  trip*  in  ■  dftjr  of  foart«cn  ^ovn  t  II-  thoM  tlwt  <lo  not  m»k«  mora  than  t«n  trip*:  IU. 
Uma*  tint  <l<i  not  nukn  more  than  fiftccu  trip*  ;  IV.  aai  tliOM  tbtt  la&ke  mar«  thkn 
flflocn  trit>. 

■Th*  uxictloiuu)  chMfMant:  Fat^iagatt  oiclnxlro  of  children  id  onn*  {d.  (}  a.)  in 
wiiiiiil  »a<1  IJ.  0  'I.)  in  third  koil  fourth  clas*  fcrrii-B i  foiir-whcclot  cAiriagai,  Ia 
CS  (ultn  »«-'^i'I,  iB'l'V.  (Su*.)  iBlWt.|«.n<lfoiirthi-tnjuif«Tir«  ;  tiro-whcrlpd  oarriuc*, 
M.  (Gcui}io«cDoad,  (W.  l-tfu.)  in  third,  uid  4J<i.  (3a«.)iii  fourth  dUjb  fen-iM;  liulwit 
eatOtt,  b«ni«(l  cattle,  «iid  mtilus,  3ii.  ('2  a*. I  in  M«otid,  And  lid.  U  a.]  m  third  md 
Isurtb  cUm  fonics ;  iinl«d«si  poniw,  homed  mttle,  wkI  male*,  ami  ubm,  114^(1  a.)  in 
•Kund.  uid  ill.  [ia.)inthinlw)dfi»irthcUaiforTles;CMncls.4U.|8a<-)inawxuKliuuI 
U  tSiu.)  intlilril  an<lfn(irthdaaif«mi«:iheep»iidKnita,  4^(:t<u.)  in  •ootinil  and 
Hd.  na-)ii>  tliirdao't  fu«rtliol>nfMrtM;pa]Mn«i<i  withb««nnl(.  (So«.)i)iKCoad 
SM  t&inl  ud  id,  (4  1*.)  in  Iwrih  dnt*  tetrid  ;  and  lilUn  or  jkIAhM  witk  bnrtn. 
U.  (i  nj.]  iu  Hcond  uid  third  and  &/.  (3  at.)  in  fourth  «Um  fanic*. 


[Bomlwr  SuettMT. 


U» 


DISTRICTS. 


M  Ivo  boAte,  »ch  twenty-two  feet  to  thirty-seven  feet 

W  ^  to  lea  fwt  brOH>l  joined  together  t^  a  top  fratne.  tba 
(^A«eB  in  Kuiia  by  csslv.  Ferrj-  bontft  luu  in  matiy  CMes  worked 
Iff  AyOtt  boiscs.  A  wire  rape  Is  buiig  from  bank  to  ImhIc  above 
inlor  fevd  vrtli  a  pully  ffoi'kin«  on  ib  to  wblcb  ihv  boat  i$ 
al^ilirifl  ud,  b<^  kept  at  on  on^To  t<j  tlic  nin  of  the  utreom,  gam 
t^tm  br  A«  pn»sur»  oi  the  stream  water  a^'diD^t  tbu  Ixiat,  the 
MJBfj  iJiding  dong  tJic  iraa  rope  and  so  briugiiig  the  boat  ^tmi|;ht 
Ao  river. 

I  five  Kuropean  travollcrs"  bungalows,  ten  district  rereniu 

_»■   bongalowi,    and    nine    public   works  bungaiows,    tbuno 
\S6   rmt-boases    or    dfiarmKhd  UU,    for    tlie  ate    of   oatiro 
Ull'iB'T*'  tnd  ^vo  for  tbo  use   of  troopa.     Of  thi*   five  Eoropeon 
^gfJIvs'  buni^alowa,   four,  at   Lonikaiid,  Koiidbapuri,  Sirur  or 
^^1^  «u>l   IXumd.  are  on  tho   Foona-Abmndnikgar  rood,   aod 
)il  IpMn''*'*  )"  on  the  PoonA>rAiivcl  romt.     Of  tlic  tvn  discrid 
cfficprs'    bungalows,    one  is   at  iMnr  in  Juimar.  one  at 
f^lr^  !  ■'""-'  fci  S/iflvnd  ill  Purnnilhar,  one  at  I^iii  KnlbhAr 

tafc*'-^'.  -  ■      ■"*'  I^™"*!"*""  Siipa  and  Yoval  in  Bhinithaiii,  aiu] 
K  at  iDiUpiir  K«mbhi4rf,'aon  rihI    Loni  in   ludApur.      Of  tbfl 
pnU^  works  btiUfCslow^,  two  at  Knrla  and  Vadgnum  are  uu  tJie 
^SoMbay  road  ;  one  near  th<t  Xjra  1<rid|*c  in  on  the  old  Pootta> 
f^  ;  one  at  P4r([fton  on  the  Sirur-Xira  briiij,f  road ;  one  at 
^  on  tbfl  huWpur-Niaitiiftt  roa<l ;  one  at  Vir  on  tli«  Nira 
^^  hoaii '"**'*  I''*';  i>n«al  NArAyanfTtton  on  the  Poona-NAMk 
■■T.  ^  |«u  »|  I'Atas  and  Itbiyvan  on  the  Poona-ShoUpur  uwi. 
JJ^i^  IB(  p<«(-hou.-Me  or  dUarmafuiL'M   for  the    ose   of  natira 
~  ^ff^    all    of    which     are    not    Bit^iat«d    on    hi^h    road*. 
EZ^iB  jnauif.    '*»"■■    "*    Khubi.    Dingora,     lUjuri,     and 
\1   III*    lUl»<i-Ana    pnaa    road,    and    three    at    Kalamb, 
y^taA  Jonnar  on   the  Poona.NA«ik  roml  ;  thirty  nrv  \n 
.  isn  a«v  hifibnvid  ;  t-ku-fii  art.-  in  Miival,  five  at  Tal^^yaon, 
KUhlk"*^*-    VaUvIiiin.    and    Khnnditla    on    tlie    Poona- 
V^.  (tichln*)!   "»'  i"  f^irur.  four  at  Korcgaon.  SbikrSpiir, 
mA  t3anp*ti»  HinjaiiKaon  on  Uie  Poona-AJiniiwinagaf 
*"    -^*w-4Ct  «•  *"  Hawli,  two  at  Vofiboli  and  Lonikhund  on 
^    '"*\1W»«1"'P""  "**'•  ""*"  **  S'l'Y^pur  on  the  new  PotHia- 
*t  lUHwri  on  the  I'oona-NAhik  rooi],  ono  at  Cajmri 
t,\A  r«nl-  wd  ono  at  Urali  Konchon  on  the  I'ooua- 
,.„(..'«  nrt-  in  Purandhar,  two    at   .Siisvwl  and 
111  Kikvi  on  the  new  Pooiiu-Siitara  road; 
,  li.  live  of  them  at  Vcvat,  Kedgoon,  Pafcaa, 
ti  the  Poona-Slioldpiip  road;  and  thirteen 
,    r  llhiji^'an.  Pnij.  Loni.and  Indapnr.  ou 
I  tltrcL-  at  Nlmbgaon-Kutlci,    I^L-suma, 
lUninmli  road.     Thtre  aru  also 
,  urw  n»""l  by  native  travellers  as 
no  other  n-sting  plawK     Of  the  fi* 
>op)i,  two,  at  V'adsaon  and  KhandiUj^ 
1,  ouu  at  Lonikana  la  on  the  Poon^ 
^.wUtiApuri  and  Sirar  (Qhodnodi)  arc  on 


T^-' r^   !■— 

aft7«KTi 

'  '     '*!*?-'  ~ 

T:»ir 

kl     -  li"~. 

:.c^ 

Oncu.] 

The  district  roftds  hsv*  ci^TV-^i  vll-'-tr-.  iim-^i    :■ 
provincial   naif  ha-i  'is   :r.  ".:■:-*!  ^-^zii    r  *>.        ■;   *..:. 

Sroi'inda]  toU-bu^.  six  &:  K'r^ii^s  •*-.-.':.  k  '^■--:-^ 
Apiiri,  HsdApsar,  Y-:v&;.  Kuii' ':.irj-i:-.  s.-_  1  Ir/ii^ir 
Foona-Sholapor  MiA-i :  iw:-.  iT  Si:ri,;  i:_:  Rik-r:  u-t  c  -.'-t  itt 
Stlt&ra  road;  two,  &l  L:-:-:kai:  *■.:':.  &  j-i-:.-..  u  Vij':L  L:  ir.! 
Ranjangaon,  are  on  ih-:  Pvla-^l.-tt  r:^i  in:  -.'j^:.  i:  S-::ril:, 
Peth,  anii  XSreranacc,  ir;  •=.  -.:.-  P-  r.i-Ni.?:i  t:h,.  ■  -f  :!-:  ?ii 
local  fund  toU-tATS  or.^i-a:ii-.- N:r&  rr:'.-^  -  'JLt  ;.:  >k-_ir4  t-:*.:, 
one  at  Hingne-Ehuri  c>i  x:.~  t'  •::.%-': .-':.s\'.  :i>l.  :r.r  i:  rJiTLji..- 
OB  the  Poona-PaU'l  r:<i.j.  iht  i*.  :*:.-::  "r.A^-_-si:.r  .r.  -Jir  Ljj-!.:_-k;i- 
Ebinoti road,  one  at  KJial-iHi-^  :. '.':.-  Vi;^-i.-.>:.:jLri: -r  r  ;kl  i^i 
ooeat  Aimd  \riih  a  --li";.-'...'^  a:  LiL^ri  ■,  -.:.-:  A--_  :-"^>.TlAr.iL:  r:*!. 
All the toU-baRi,  t»th  o:.  jr:-.-J:;;:*l  iL  :  l.-i-il  :i:.:  r.o.1-  irr  -;'.  i 
every  Tear  by  auction  lo  c::.:ra.,:r-.  Ir.  Irii-S'  :>.-;  i-i'.:  -  '::L- 
am(rantedto"£7430iR-.  74.:j:v  :  r  :■  „-  :.  t.-  --lii.Lil  ro,:-  ir.- 
£i3«(Ra.23,+tO,  for  loll,  ^l'-..^*:  :- :  t^:.,":.-  i.-TTi  r.^.  /TT*-.'. 
in  all 

Daring  the  last  qsartvr  i :' a  c-:"-^-   ::r.---;rjr  rs  liT-»  l^^a  ELkt;.VAT. 

greatly  improved  Loi  c!;>  V.y  Trjik-:::^  tv;-.   - -:   i",-:-   •-    -zkz:'^ 
the  Great  IniJian  Per.ir;'--y.a  Rai'.T^y  wL;.":.   ::r '.-■'■    rzl'.-'-:'^^-^ 
through  the  district  fr-.m  ■^ir.  :■:   v-^t.     1:  i-r-r?   :'--   Ii^-.ric:   a: 
Khand^la   near   the  crtii  ci  :Le  S/r^vilHs  wL:.;.   i^  i'--:;:    "^v^j 
feet  above  the   Ievc-1  cf   ib;  t^a.      i"' :■    i-.  u:    -.tvl-tt    :;.■::..■■    :be 
tine  rans   throogh   a   ron/a   ai.1  },:'.'.t   ■    ■■.■..■.-■.:      1:    -ci*.   i.i*ies 
Uiroiigh  the  fertile  pkin  ]}->._■ ''..i-tw.v.;!.  -:.._.  iLirl-.-i--:   a-.l  l'ij:;a 
rirers  twenty-one  rail-;s   s"*-,: :;:--&;»  :  >    1'     -...i        i\-  in    lV-:-a   i:3 
conne  is  east  alcins  the  vii'.kj*    .:    :;.->  M-^'i-M  .::;»   &-_■!    Bbii:i3, 
forty-eight  miles  to  Dti'.in'l^ii!;*i  -.■.  :.  , . .:-;::-;:.?:,  -vT-.T.:v.r.  :i;ik-*  to 
IMlra&l,  where  it  enters  Sli:lapHr.   1:  La^  •.-'.L'LMvr.  s-a::.:i=  :  Khnr.'la'ia 
■renty-seven  iniks  from  Boii^^.iy,  L.t.^.vIj  TJj  ::,:'.-.■-,  K;i;'.a   ?+\ 
fflfleB,  KhadkAla  h[<^   mi]-:--^,   V:,.i"_-;i.r.    !.:::■.-:■.-■■. ix  u-'.'.-.s,  T;i'iL'a':ii'- 
Dttihide  ninety-eight  railtR,  :?Ko'::'.':-v;i.ii   li.>r:j-.::t-.  C!ii:;chv:i.l  1"!) 
■iltt,  Kirkee  U5i  miles,  p...>ii.i  1 1;-  i-i'..^.  L..:.i  liI!-,!  .iSic,  l'r-.iU  137 
■nJw.YeTOt  l-15miles,  KcdL-aoii  l.>2i  i:.;'.-.-^.  IVit^^  f.'.'.'  iiiiks.  Dhoiid 
IKl  miles,  Boribyal  172t  mil.  s,  an.!  Dik^ai  \^-y)  \:v.\i:S.    T!ie  Uuo 
mbegan  in  ISoG  imd  tho  ^tt-ti'.ii  h-r-m    K;i;i:i.lii'.;i  to    lVuii:i   was 
fened  tor  traffic  on  tholkU  of  June  l>-'tr  :uid  iruui  IViiia  to  Dikssil 
*ftie  15th December o£ the samoviiir.   Fr-nn  lJ!i..ii'l.  whit'li  isontho 
™*  frontier,  runs  the  Dliond  and  Mamniil  Stati-  Hallway.  tbei'UorJ 
■W  which  joins  thfi  north-east  and  suiuh-casi  scotionTi  of  the  Oi-eat 
^fiwi  Penmsala  Railway.     This  linu  fmni  Dhi.nd  to  Ahmadua^r 
»iiiopened  on  the  ItJtb  March  1S7S.    Dhoud  is  tho  only  .-tatiou  on 
fteline  within  Poona  limits.    Thronghuut  tbo  district  tho  IVninsiiln 
iflway  line  was  easily  mado.     KhaudiilM,  which  is  provided  with  n 
•fety  Hiding,  is  the  fourth  and  Londvla  is  the  fifth  station  on  tl'o  "^J 
PM>  incline.'    Besides  ordinary  buildings  costing  £'250  to  * 


'HlB  Bor  incliiw  bc«ini  at  Karjat  aUtion  near  tlio  villngB  of  ''"J"^' '('tUo'wuoil  m 
"      ■  d  206  fact  iibovo  mcuii  son  level.     As  tho  cruKi. 


■fid  from  Bombaj  ua 


Chapter  TI- 
Trade. 

lUlLWAV. 


^Bombay  6autt««r. 


(Rst.  2300  -  1  iS.OOO)  with  qoajrlera  tor  a  station-master  and  a  Ijookiag 
office  ntid  n-niting'  rooniH,  «A  Kliandiil»,  KliadkdU,  Tnleg«>n,  Kirkm, 
Poutu,   Drali,  Kedgnon,  PaLaii,  and  Dhuud,  and  rafreAnmeut-rooms 


ttl7  iMt,  lb*  Iw^t  of  tbp  iiinlln*  t*  1831  (ect  nad  tbv  dUtMieo  fiftcea  niiloB,  or  n 
•veia^  p«di«Dt  ataaic  in  (art;r'"''-  At  Thftkurvldk  tb*  fint  •tAtiAa,  about  Mir 
mUm  frvm  tb>  bottwii.  Uifuly  aiding*  mm  proTidod,  into  wliivh  aaj^  tr>iii  can  b* 
hinwd  antd  atoppoj.  Tbr  ntxt  Italian  ii  *i  Ui«  B&tt«>>-  hill  wtil  the  ibml  i«  ■!  ilw 
nvenriag  (Utiou  ftl  tbe  clernih  mila,  whvra,  by  dmwm  oJ  b  (idiiiSi  tin  tmn  Imtm 
Um  lUHoii  in  the  oppMito  itinotico  to  whicfa  it  entered.  Tbi*  ouag*  i*  rcry  t>l 
vutagBOU  it  thli  plirticuUr  puioL  It  kllowi  thcbneto  bnlAJd  ia  Uic  beat  dirwtiw 
urt^tnla cndimtaand  work*,  and niisNiUlvrnl  alUiattMMiiCntt  of  Uia  |cmI* 
ploe.  The  foartb  ttatlan  ii  U  KbuwUU  at  Hit  tfalrtrnDth  mile,  wbcn  alio  ■  mtUj 
Riding  i*pmvti)#H.uiflth«tifth  iatt  LonftvUoa  tba  otmL  KtaMiilllAaDd  X.oairla  if* 
wiUtiu  rootiit  liniiU.  Ud  liHving  I>«IaKUtkri  or  KujattbcluM  kMl*  toCba  VMtan 
flank  of  tbo  Knwt  ^micin«|nir.  In  thuflnl  hrur  iniUaare  v^tyheatrj  worka,  wbieb  • 
■aoond  avrvajr  •bavoil  to  bo  ne^raiury  to  ralnco  tho  gndieala  that  ira«  firat  laid  out. 
Sou*  beavy  ainbaukntoala  Lrii^  tliv  Ud«  tiiTouijb  ttie  flfst  mUc.  It  then  keep*  mnnd 
tlwSoiigin  hill,  jiwinng  oo  ita  CKMIM  throngb  ms  tooDeb  of  $fl,  133.  1^1,99.  136;  ami 
143  yarrln.  rh«ii  bnidiiu;  nortli  wllb  vary  hoavf  woriu  th>  liiw  oliniha  roand  Uw 
ilAhukinaUi  and  Kbanii  bilU  to  tbo  ^tatioo  at  ThAkiarvaila,  (Ij  mile*.  In  tbo  Iwt 
two  milM  then  arr  ciubt  luuadH  vt  2S6,  Sill,  262,  49,  1*0.  SO,  437,  and  lUS  yarOi. 
And  livt  vuducts  w-hick  thoDgh  not  rcry  long  are  vrjy  lofty  AlluicepttbetaalM* 
of  Diwuury.  Willi  llftytect  archut,  aiu)  vinduct  haviiw  cigbt.  one  aiv,  and  twofoar 
OMuiugi.  Tbo  fifth  viftdaot.  originally  of  Mi;bt  litty-lMt  aniha*,  vra*  njilaood  1^-  iva 
Wamn  girdenol  WJ  fort  1  pan.  Thelcoat  u«a|[hto(pkr  ia  Mveuty-ieven  feet.  t«» 
KM  ninaty-MJC'it.  on*  139.  and  i>n«  U3.  LMvinft  tliu  wetian  of  laanolt.  fior  two 
milt^iberaoidtlie  Kliami  bill,  the  liiie  raam  aloes  n  nateral  (smce  or  oaM  in  tberatk, 
nitlitiut  any  obataclw,  a»  faraiUamlibimitli  wbirre  tb«  t«mM--o  i' uet  by  two  ebfM 
rocky  mvinea.  CniMing  thcM  raviiii«  by  two  amall  viaducts,  one  «itb  nx  fovtyfict 
and  tbe  other  with  four  ttiiit}--(m.'t  orchus,  witb  pien  turiy-vl^t  and  ai^ty-n^l 
foot  hid),  tbe  Mae  keopa  aliuig  tho  aatti«  ueaa  far  two  mllia  to  tb^bold  oataunjuig 
rock  euUd  Kfttbii^ha  Iti'ogar.  In  tb?  [ut  t<rr<<  mile*  arc  hrary  woiLv,  niat  tuantli 
of  ai,  198,  N,  <i9,  120,  ;!>,  71,  SaO,  and  121  j'tirds.  Bayond  tbli  tbu  railway  anlm 
aa  tM  ktag  and  (airlv  level  nook  that  formi  the  link  hotwion  tbe  Saojpri  (par  anl 
tiu  main  rmgn  of  the  Sahyidri*.  At  Uie  end  of  tUi*  ncdt,  1  Ii  inUea  from  tbe  loot,  ii 
tbo  Tei-ening  •tation.  wbich  wac  i>nn«idort<d  tb«  iie«t  aTranfJMMnt  for  ■nrmoantini 
tbelaatgraatdilfiaully  on  tbe  incline,  the  aaceut  of  tbe  aearp  tt  tbe  Sabytdri  Eaei^ 
By  mimiu  of  tbo  rov«r«ing  ttbatMn  the  lino  i«  Uk»n  up  tb*  rmainiocfl**  ni-i>- i-' 
■mdienta  of  one  in  tbiity-aaveo,  one  u>  forty,  and  one  in  fifty,  witb  two  tn  ■■ 
SUand  of  alxly-twoyanla,  and  with  a  viaJuat  of  one  atsty-fool  and  eleven  fi-:'. 
arch**.  The  lino  leavoa  tbe  nTeraing  atation  by  a  curve  of  fifteen  ebaina  on  •  eiaditat 
of  one  in  eavaaty'llve,  jnema  Slphinatone  Pnint  by  a  long  tvanel  of  346  yardi^ 
koeps  alioic  tho  «lge  of  the  great  Klutndilla  ravine,  roacbca  tbo  boUuw  wbetell 
Xhui.lala  italion,  and  then,  fe4lffwiiig  thv  ouurec  of  ttia  KbatidAbi  ravine,  creeta  tbe 
tiahyldrie  Hi  the  vilUife  ol  LouAvliu  fheidce  the  leailins  viaducts  tbe  iaclinc  he* 
twenty-two  bridRci  of  icTcn  to  tbiitv-frrt  ipaii  i  aiij  eiKbt}''oneculr«rta  kwd  to  ill 
feet  wide.  The  t'Ftal  mltiiiK,  ubierfy  tlimiiKh  mck,  ij  two  millione  of  cnbtc  yirdi ; 
•nd  the  itreatett  diTplh  U,  on  tbe  ceiicml  liue,  aeveuly-eix  leet,  and,  ou  tbe  boa  of 
the  tannol  Ihroiiuh  Elpliiiutonv  Point.  IMfeet.  TboKiibio  motenu  of  the  embufc' 
menu  ar«2h  miliums  of  yarda,  tbe  nvatoit  heifbt  of  bank  on  ibe  eeatral  line  bc^ 
MTTCBty-flTe  fevt.  thanffh  many  of  tbe  outer  alopoi  an  l&M  Br>d  aoaie  nf  them  atoH 
mncb  a«30()[>-*t.  Thprearain  all  twenty -mx  InanoU.nf  nt»Ul  Ifrnittbof  3996  yank 
or  taorr  than  2i  inilu,  aix  c(  Ibem  being  more  or  leaa  lined  with  maaonry  for  a  totel 
teciittb  of  312  yarila,  Thvr«  are  elgbt  viailueta.  Tho  lenutb  iif  tlw  tiK^iae  ia  fiftltf 
mile*  end  Bixcv'rightchaiiia,  of  which  five  mile*  and  tbiilyfour  ebaina  arsstrai^btMil 
ten  ntitaa  andUitrly-fourcbaiiu  ourvoil.  Tlia»h*r|i0iti;urreaarean«ot  llfleen  obsim 
radina  f'>r  a  len^  of  twaoty-two  chatni,  and  aubtbcr  of  twenty  chain*  ndiai  tl* 
Went j-aigbt  cbaina.  Between  a  radius  of  twenty  nud  ul  tbirlyubaiaa  there  atv  curttf 
«f  a  total  length  of  one  mile  and  forty^eiiibl  chains,  and  tbe  cetl  hare  a  radia*  o(  br 
tween  thtrtythree  and  dghty  cbnina  The  eteepeet  gntdienU  an  one  in  tbirty-ene* 
for  one  mile  and  tblrty-dgtit  chains,  and  one  in  forty  for  etjtbt  tallei  and  (oar  cKilnfc 
thnreimuuilvrbeiugbetaeeii  uuc  in  f »ny> two  and  r)ne  in  ti^venty-Bve.  Ute  only  eiciip* 
boae  are  one  in  3.t4J  for  twenly'thnw  uhaumand  a  level  of  one  nil*  ^d  fifteen  rblne. 
The  Una  ie  double  tbrongbont.     It  eoet  £e^7M  <Ba.  6,87.SDe)  a  naie   or  abevl 


Deccu-P 


POONA. 


lei 


I 


ftt  Pootia  ftnJ  nhnnd,  ft  Inric^  stAiion  hns  htcn  built  nt  T»n£vla  ttt  a 
coet  of  lUO/HM)  (Rb.  3,00,<K>0)  with  largu  waiting  and  r«frceliuient 
roomi.  Workfihopg  liA.ro  aIm  h«oQ  consiractod  nt  ]ion4vta>  aa  well 
a«  »  cbarch,  a  scbool,  a  library,  and  quartvre  for  tlio  eogiiie^rivers 
uid  other  gorrnnta  of  the  company.  As  tho  wnlor  of  tbo  Indr&yant, 
wbicli  runs  ootsido  ttio  LodAvIa  station-yard,  was  insiifticiont  daring 
the  hot  weather,  a  roservoir  wns  bnilt  at  a  consideraljlo  cost  at 
BUiuhi  about  two  milos  to  tlio  south  uf  Lonitvia  from  which  an 
abtmdact  supply  of  fresh  water  Ls  nnw  available.  Tho  water  a 
oarriod  bjcost-ii-onpipos  to  IfOQitrla,  Khaud&In.and  to  tho  ravcrsiog 
attttinn.  The  company  has  lately  a-^rood  to  aiipply  (be  Tillage  of 
LnniivlA  with  water,  tho  cost  of  tfao  oonaoction  oeinff  borao  by 
Municipal  and  Local  Funds. 

Since  it  waa  opoaod  largo  qnnntitien  of  goods  bavo  bcon  drawn  to 
the  milway.  Much  tnflin  wbtoh  tuted  to  go  down  tho  rough  tracka 
I  of  th<*  S&hyiidri«  fruin  Juiinar  and  Xhcd  now  lindx  ita  wny  by  the 
NlUik  hif^broad  to  tbo  Talvgion  railway  station.  Much  of  the  oxport 
trade  which  u^  to  go  to  Bombay  niongf  tbo  old  RAtilra,  81i(>U]>ur, 
tmd  .Ahinadua^^  roads  tbruugh  I'uoua  is  now  attracted  to  the  luiarpst 
nilway  station.  At  tbo  same  time  the  ordinary  roads  ato  by  no 
uoana  BbandoDod.  Bitriimati  and  Indiipnr,  tfaolarj^o  oiHrkftain  (bo 
east  of  the  district,  tbongh  only  Reventeon  and  twelve  miles  front 
the  nutway,  buve  a  direct  rond  tntdo  with  Bombay  and  Iceep  up  tbo 
Klatively  biffli  position  they  enjoyed  before  Uie  railway.  Tbo 
nulway  has  inorM»o<l  coinpotition  by  throwinjf  open  Iho  local  trndo 
M  it  were  to  tho  whole  of  India  and  huA  uliuuat  defeated  combi« 
nations  to  lce<^p  up  tho  price  of  gntia  or  other  artiolea  of  general 


,100,000  (Ra.  l,IO,fla,OOI>)  in  >"•  Thctniuela  were  the  mart  difficult  |art  nf  tho 
<*Mk.  Kmrljr  all  were  oE  vmy  IiatI  trap.  Tito  at«ttp  tovmsof  tholiilla  |>revciit«<t 
•balta  tieiBg  aunk,  and,  ^  tbc  dnlLs  luul  t<>  bo  miMlo  miitiy  from  tlic  onda,  muck  skill 
Bad  emn  went  nqnin^l  in  utttinn  out  the  work  an  the  xltu'uIy-curToit  injelinai,  ao  as 
(oeaann  purtaoti*  tru«  jiin'.'tiuii*.  Tin  tiadDctnxrop«ri1;uf  ilockinowuna  nutaoory. 
M  i}iiuiitai>oa  aTailniinibU!  biiil<Iiii)f  «t<>no  waa  cviir^wliorn  at  lianil.  Bot  Ittg  niuumry 
v>«k  waiHAt  good,  and  then  hnv<!  bven  mm*  lailuna.chiaflvtlicMfiliiiknnalUt-iaduot 
vhiefa  h»d  ta  tw  rvbailL  AD»tlMir  ojuw  of  ^latiftBr  U»i  tmnlilv  i*  thn  altppinc;  of  rain* 
Inwul  tualdera.  To  «Baiire  ita  aafety  all  buiildeni  lioJ  ti<  Im  tnovol  fn-m  tLu  hill 
Mm  itlmiv  Itiit  ILocL  Tlia  lasd  *Uyt  war*  laartioiilu'Iy  truu1'1«*i'iii<'  in  tlio  l>m'cr  )iuB 
•(iba  locUuc.  Abortly  after  tbu  flnt  c^iiio  (»a«Ml,  on  tho  SOtb  Mnrch  18(13,  ttio 
vkdla  of  ouc  of  Uie  m)ob  eutlinj^  ow  tLo  foot  ul  the  liu:llii«,  itm  (tllnl  imil  luul  to 
Irtnlirr^iit  by  a  liuuiAl  «j  anibed  mmtonrj. 

Tlug  iiMUoe  touk  mtmi  yaan  mi<1  a  tjoiu-lvr  to  comulct*^  It  waa  carrivd  out  entirely 
if  tontncL  TIm  csontnet  wm  6nt  let  to  Mr.  FnvicI]  in  Ui4i  an  tamn  of  )8AS,  oud  tlio 
*Mb  «rcn  bcf^n  on  blieMth  JanuvyiaM.  lu  June  IflM,  two  iiulw  at  the  np|ior  part 
(t  Ika  umUbo.  Iroin  Khaadlla  to  LoudTla  wen  opmed  (or  trolBc.  InMsnib  I859l 
Xi.  f ai-iall  gttv*  up  hU  uoiitrsct;  ami,  for  a  thort  tiiiw,  thic  Comiwuy'a  uoDioetn 
«nu4  Oft  Uw  workii.  In  ll)i»  bdio  j«ar  the  w>ntr««t  wm  rolet  (o  Mr.  TndWfttT  But 
ilAad  viliiiD  (ift««a  dayi  of  luiJiitK  ui  Inilu,  and  tlio  work  waa60iiiplct*d  lij  Maavk 
Jibuon  and  Cla^rao-,  mmtgar  for  the  oontiaettv  lira.  l^cdwolL  lIviBa  jtontloniaR 
■died  «a  Um  work  witL  tia  givtttost  mal  Mid  ahility.  Their  tnod  and  Iffaanl 
MaagcMTDt  ooUact«d  and  kept  an  the  vrork  a  fono  of  2S,O0O  lava  dariaj;  two  naaaoa, 
mi  ta  IMl  of  mora  Uian  43,000  men. 

n»  nUa  VKd  on  tbo  iacUiM)  woigh  ai^ty-fira  ponodii  to  the  yard,  aitd  vara  maila 
iflk  apasUl  <aro  ao  aa  (0  leonn  hardueaa  and  floxibility.  Uiulei  tbo  fiah-jaint*  & 
(Hi-iron  chair,  vpfkcd  to  longitadUia]  timber  boarcra,  in  lixed  as  aa  to  auppgrt  Uui 
Wttom  of  tha  rail  aad  to  si<r«  additional  attrngili  imd  aecurily  to  tho  jtNal.  The 
iooliiM  li  worked  hf  pSra  ot  doublMank  oEiaiiirs  of  neat  atrength  and  puwor. 
TUm  Slati«tica1  Acouuat,  Bombay  Quollvcr,  XIII.  32U-9. 

■  1527-21 


Chapter  W 
Tr 
BaiLwi 


rBns^aj  Oftsettetr 


DlSTltlCTS. 


ChipUr  VI. 
Trade- 


PomOmem. 


locnl  luo.     Tb«  nierchaiit^  complnin  tliat  tboujjii  tmdi:  lina  greailv 
incroased,  profits  havo  groat  1/  faircn. 

The  tnakiDg  of  the  Weslom  l^ocsn  neetion  of  the    Soui 

MarAtha  railway  wiu>    iMt]ctiunt*d  iti  Dcci'iiiKt  18^^,  kiitl  tho  '• 

woLfi  licgaii  it)  ftfarob  1884.     Of  the  whole  Icti^h  of  24S  miles, 

miteslie  within  Foonn liottta.     Th«liDe»t*rt«  from  PooBtv,  110}  miles 

from  Bombay,  and  for  about  tea  mtleit  mtu  almost  piu^lel  to 

Peninsnla  raitwny  ut  a  dtstiuict!  of  aWut  throo  miloH  to   the  txM 

Nenr  Iinni.  ton  miles  oast  of  PooDa,tho  linotumit  tnaroto  tho  ttou 

and  skirts  t  lio  Sitihgad'Bhnleahvarrange,ming  witit  A  rnllbg  gradii 

of  ono  in  a.  hmuIrtHl  till  it  croala  the  lihwr  incline  alwut  Iwcoty-o 

miles  sonth-CAst  of  and  abont  Ii75  fcot  above  tho  Poena  railr 

station.  From  the  top  of  the  (toss  the  Iidc  turns  south,  nn>l,  ]«ar 

SiUtwI  about  (ng'ht  milos  to  the  west,  ^«Etes  Klmoaifltniifjht 

Jcjuri  thirty. two  niilea  sonih-caAt  of  Poon*.     At  Joiiiri  it  c 

the  Pnnmdhnr  hills,  snd  nms  jir^uerally  nouthwanU  till  near  Nitnbol, 

4o{  iniliv-«  from  Pooirn,  it  crosse-t   tho  Nira  rivL-r  nliuut  thrcit  miles 

WL-sb  uf  thu  rooon-Ttogaon  ruad  and  onlors  SAblra.     Tho  cumury 

over  whicli  tho  line  poBAea  is  a  aeries  of  pornllol  hills,  ninninj^  cast 

and  west,  aod  divided  hy  luoro  or  less  wJdo  T»l1oys  whicli  slope 

from  w«8t  to  oast.     TLiti  eocttan  of  the  line  will  bo  difficiil. 

costly.     The  great  length   of  hill   lino  inrolvos   binry 

many  cnrvoe  and  ttiiinuls.  nml  uiiieh  bridging  nnd   valliii^. 

counting  tho  toruiiniisat  Pouaa  there  vritl  he  fuiir  thin)  cIh«m  statioiBi 

Phursangi  ten  miles  from    Po(m»,    V'Aghpur    twenty-four    milai, 

Jeiati  ^1  mile*,  and   Vula  forty-ono   niiluH.     Thu  ruling  gradioal 

will  bo  one  in  a  hundred  thronghout  and  tho  sharpest  curvo  will  be 

abot-e  500  foot  mdiiis.     As  good   stone  is  plentiful,  all  tho  bridgm 

are  intended  to  bo  arched.     I'he  important  bridges  will    bo  tbe 

KaritB  bridge,  twenty-nino  miles  from   Poonn,  with  five  t!fty-foat 

ar«bee  and  on  estimated  coat  of  £7300  (Rs.  79.000),  and  the  Nire 

bridg«,  4Gt  miles  from  Poona,  with  eight  fiflv-footarchps,  atao 

estimated  cost  of  JC87U0  (Ra  »7,000).     Thcro  will  b«  two  tunnels  >a 

tho   Dbor  incline,  one  500  Coet  long  estimated  to  cost  £11,400 

(Its.  1,14,000)  and  tho  othrr  COO  feet  long  »»timatod  to  oo«t  £1.1,700 

(Ra.  1,37,000).     Thcro  will  be  about  63,8.12  cubic  feet  of  retaining 

wall  on   the  Bhor  pas«,  co#tin^  about  £2820  (Rs.  28,200).    Tlw 

pornianent   way   will  cost  about  XI 890   (Rs.  18,900]   a  milo.     Tho 

estimated  cost  of  the  wholo  Western,  Deoosn  aoctioa  is  jESMO 

(Rs.  83,000)  a  milo. 

Tho  district  of  Poona  forms  a  part  of  tlie  Poona  postal  diviska. 
Bcaides  the  chief  rccriving  and  disbursing  office  at  Poona,    tho 
district  contains   thirty  sub-officea,   two  of   them    in    Poona,  asd 
tweoty-four    vijlugo  post  offices.     Tho  chief  disbursing  ofBoe  »* 
Poona  is  in  charge  of  a  post-nuwler,  who  dniwH  a  yearly  salarr  o^ 
£300  (R*.  3000}  rising  to  £3C0  (Bs.  3600).     The  two  Poona  snb- 
offioes,  one  in  the  city  and  another  in  the  Now  BA^sir,  and  thtf 
tweatv-eishl  sub-offices,  at  Dhond,  Biininiati,  ChAkau,  Uhinchrad, 
DiksAl,    Ohmla,    Indiipm-,    Jejuri.    Jnniiar,    Kodgaon.    KbadkAla, 
Khaod&U,  Khcd,  Kiikee,  Lomivula,  MahdJuoga,  MftDChar,  NfU^yan- 
gaon,  Pitae,  Puraadhar,  Sfiavftd,  Sinir,  Supn,  Talogaon-DAbhUde, 


sgaoQ-I>amdbera,Otiir,  V&dgaon,&nd  Kirkee  Baz&r,  are  in  cbarg^ 
sub-postuasUtrs  drawing  yearly  Bolanes  varjiug  from  £18 
Rs.  180)  to  £72  (Rs.  720).  Ttio  twonty-foiii-  villiijro  post  offiron, 
.t  Ale,  Alaodi,  Alegaon,  Avsari,  Av.iai-i  Dudrulcb,  Bollio,  C'lil^^ 
3(ivdi,  Kadud,  Kulamb,  Kik»i,  Maltlian,  Moi-ffaou,  Nanuu^iir, 
■Jiiabmon,  Pibnl,  Pannctia,  Paud,  Petb,  Piiu|Mdvandi,  lUjuri, 
Tada.  Vaiha,  and  S'liphf^ou  arc  iu  charge  of  village  8L-lioolifiuatera 
rlio  receive  yearly  allowaoces  vnrying  from  £3  (Ka.  30)  to  £6 
Bfl.  60).  Thore  am  fifty-nix  postmea  fur  duliverv  of  comwpon- 
iecoG.  Of  tlieso,  one  receives  JtI8  (lis.  180)  a  year,  elevoD  roceiva 
'A-i  8f.  [Ks.  14i)  a  year,  aud  tbo  reiiiainder  CO  IZu.  (Rs.  06)  a  year. 
rratuities  to  runners  for  delivering  letters  at  some  of  tlia  vilfa^ea 
mry  from  £1  tm.  tn  £2  8s,  (Rs.  12-24')  ayear.  Scvoaty-ono  villafifa 
ptmeu  dolivor  luttera  at  small  vilk^;[<«.  Of  Llio»e  tn-Hiity-four, 
l»C(.-ivinf;f  yi^^rly  aalartca  of  £10  l€t*.  (Ra.  108)  oacb  and  tbirteea  of 
pl2  (It«.  120),  are  mid  from  Imiiurial,  and  uiglit«iMi  reoiiring 
irly  Balaries  of  £1^  (Ra.  120^  and  »ixt«ou  of  £10  16«.  (Ra.  108) 
paid  from  pruviucial  fuoda.  At  the  rillajfc  posti  offices  only 
itey-ordera  are  issued  sad  at  the  othor  post  offices  both  money 
ler  »nd  aaviugit'  bauk  basinesa  ia  carried  on.  Maila  for  tho 
istrict  of  Poena  to  and  from  Bombay  are  ean-ied  by  tho  Peuiiiaula 
ailvay.  A  pouycnrt  posl  rnU8  between  Sirur  lutd  Kcdgnou  and 
notbor  from  J'ooua  to  SAtAra,  KolhApur,  mid  tiflKauui.  ThodiB- 
umin^poBt  office  and  tbetovn  sub-offices  are  directly  Bubordinaloto 
digbureing  postmaster  of  Pouaa.  The  siib-otBce  at  Uhuud  uad 
I  Tillage  poet  office  at  Narsingpuraro  under  ilte  Buperrision  of  the 
sriuton^ul  of  post  offices  Ahmadoagar  diTision,  and  llto  Ttllogo 
office  at  Kikri  is  under  tho  enperintendent  of  the  Deocaa 
lioQ.  The  remaining  offices  arc  saporrised  by  the  superiiitcndeDb 
ottt  oQicofl  Poona  divisiun  whoso  head-qunrtem  aro  at  Foonar 
who  ia  paid  a  yearly  aaliiry  of  £iSO  (Ba.  4800)  rising  to  £000 
GOOD)  ID  five  years.  Ho  is  helpod  in  tho  Poona  districl  by  an 
ctor  whose  bead-quartora  are  at  Poona  and  wlioso  yearly  salary 
(Ks.  1200)  paid  from  provincial  fuud». 

the   Peninsula   railway  telegraph  oIGcoa  thoire  ia  ooq 
imont  tclcgritph  ofBoo  at  Poena. 

SECTION  II.— TRADE. 

|0{  lato  years,  except  the  derelopmont  caused  by  cheap  and  rapid 

there  ban  been  no  marked  change   in   trnd(>.     Amon^   the 

I  thoTD  18  a  growtog  fondnusTt  fur  furoicii  urticlou  of   drosu  and 

.     Hnshandmen  also  ahow  more  intelligence  in  meeting  the 

for  pnrticular  prodiioo.     Of  lato  yea,r«  tho  groit  incrcaso  in 

id  for  oilseeds  and  ran  BOgar  has  led  to  a  large  incrcn-tc  in 

luclion  and  ozport .     This  increoae  Uaa  boon  niodo  posaiblo 

opening  of  conab  and  otbcr  wuter-worke.     The  oilaeeds  go 

to  Bombay  and  the  ravr  iinguT  to  Bombay  and  Gujantt. 

paMea  from  ajid  to  the  Slrur  sub-diviaiou  by  Iho  Pooua- 

asgar    road  to  Poona    or    to    Kedgaon    imd  bo  by  rail  to 

shay ;   it  pasMs  from  and  to  Ibc  ludapnr  su1>diTiaion  by  the 

v-ShoInpnr    road    to    Poona   or   by    rail  from  CtiHixIgnon  or 

to  Bombay  i   it  piassea  from  uud    to  llio  Ubimtbadi  sub- 


Chapter  VI. 

Trade 
Post  Orncfi 


Ciunaas. 


Thadi  CcniRaa. 


[Bombay  Onultsflx. 


Chitptar  TX- 
Trade- 


TlUbK  CutTBBS. 


164 


DISTRICTS. 


dirUion  by  the  BAnlmnti-Nir*  briilgc  0«  the  Jojiiri  road  to  Poena, 
bj  t!ie  SlioWpur  roaJ  to  Puonti,  or  by  rail  to  Bombay  from  Dbimij 
or  Pfttaa ;  it  ptwscH  from  aiid  t^  the  Piimiidluu-  Biib^lirixion  by  tlio 
old  S&t6ra  r\>ad  to  P<xina  nud  thcacu  by  rail  to  Bombay,  or  by  tlie 
new  ^Ura  rond  to  Poomi  nnd  thenec  by  mii  to  Bombfty  ;  it  pasiei 
from  and  to  tbu  Hiwdi  Hub-ilivieioti  by  tbu  Poooa-SIiolipur  road, 
by  tho  Ponn:b-Ahniu(lnngarrond,  by  tne  now  SiU&ra  road  toPooiM, 
by  tbe  Poona-P'irivfl  roatl  wnd  by  tliu  Paod  rond  to  Poonft,  aod 
tbonoo  by  rail  to  Bombay ;  it  psssiw  from  and  to  ihe  M&val  sub- 
dirinon  by  mil  nt  Talognon,  LoiiAvIa,  or  KhimdAt*  to  Bombay;  it 
Musoa  from  and  to  tbo  Kbi-d  and  Junnar  sub^Wisioiis  \rf  tfa« 
Fcona-NAeik  n>tui  to  Poona  or  by  tlie  bnuich  from  tbo  N&»ik  road  to 
TalegaoD  and  thi-uco  by  rail  to  Bumbay. 

The  obiof  agtiicioa  fur  dprenditig  imports  and  gathering  exporta  ar* 
trade  oentroa,  matk«tflf  tain,  Tillagu  uiop8,aDd  peddler's  packs.  Tka 
cbiof  tmdo  ceotres  are  :  Juniiar,  Ndr&yangaoTi,  nod  Ale  in  jDtinar; 
Kb«d,  Mancbar,  Qboda,  Ambegiiou,  Avxnri,  VAphgaon,  Pimpalgaotij 
and  Mah&liiiiga  iu  Khed ;  Birur  and  Talegaon-BliamdWre  in 
Sinir;  K b ail ilftla mill  Tal(>gaon-I)dbbiidoin  Miirnl ;  Poonn,  Cbitrholi- 
Budmk,  Pliulf{iK)n,  Paud,  Vdefaoli,  aud  Loni  KAlbhar  id  Haveli; 
S^vad  and  J«iuri  in  Purandhar;  Suj>a,  Bi'inliiiati,  and  P&t«R  IB 
Bhimthadi ;  and  Icd^pur.  Of  t^ifiso  Kbaudtiln,  TaI^aon>I>A^badCi 
Poona,  T^oni  KAIbhar,  and  Piitaii  aro  on  tbe  Peningnla  railway. 

The  loading  mcrcliunts  arc  M&rwilr  Vdkaia,  QujuM  YtUiii,  Bubor<i» 
Piirain.  and  Briibmatiii,  with  capitals  of  £100  to  £15.000  (Ra.  1000- 
l,c»O,000).  Except  Junnar,  Ai»bogaoii,TnJ(^aoa-1HbKido,  Poona, 
ChArbuh-Budruk,  Snsvad,  BAnUnati,  and  ladipnr,  wbidi  trade 
direct  n^th  Bombay  and  other  lar^e  marketa,  the  Lrado  of  the  otbor 
centres  ia  motttiy  local,  uot  passing-  to  iitaccit  outside  of  the  district. 
Tbo  morc^nta  that  deftl  direct  wita*  Bombay  and  othvr  largw 
mftrkcts  aro  ^'uuerihily  MArwi&r  Yiiuia  and  Bohnr&a.  They  oxpMt 
grain  and  other  prodnco,  principally  garden  croj)!*,  nod  import  hard- 
ware,  country  uod  £uropt-au  piooo-gooda,  hubvrduhory,  slationory, 
dried  fiitb,  Halt,  rice,  aud  cocoouute.  The  aaine  merolinJits  deal 
both  ill  imiiortH  mul  oxiioi-ta.  Though  e%'ory  branch  of  trade  is 
Djwn  to  all  ulaa8c-8,  BoliorAs  bavo  pmcticaJly  a  monopoly  of  tlw 
ha nl ware  trade,  and  most  of  the  larger  grain-dealcrt  .are  either 
Miirw4r  or  Gnjanlt  Vfinia.  Id  tho  difTcrcut  local  tmde  centrce, 
tbongb  thoy  do  basiness  only  on  a  small  ocale,  the  traders  ai« 
independent.  Begnlor  trading  is  not  generally  carried  on  throng 
flgciits,  but  largo  tnwierfl  occaflionally  make  nse  of  the  serrioee  of 
agents  n-br>n  thoy  are  iinnble  tbouiselres  to  make  parchasOB  eitlter 
ill  tbo  villagTK  or  in  Poona  and  Bombay.  Field  produce  posM 
through  Bnvcml  bands  before  it  leaves  the  district.  It  goes  to 
mikrket  generally  through  the  village  ithopkooper,  who  passes  it  on 
to  a  dealer  in  Kome  birgu  town,  who  sends  it  direct  to  Bombay  or  tfi 
some  expert  merchant  in  Poona.  Some  rich  laudholders,  but  thcae 
aT«  exceptiona,  themjelrea  bring  tht>ir  produce  to  the  largo  maiket* 
of  Poona  and  Juanar.  Tirgul  Briibmoas  and  MdliSi  who  geoerally 
grow  lietol  Icavea  vogetabloA  and  fruit,  sond  the  prodnco  of  their 
gardens  to  Poena  or  to  Bombay.  The  TiUago  ahopKeeper  generally 
gathers  nrtioles  of  export  in  cxchango  for  money  advanced  oi  lent. 


X)cc«ut ) 


rOONA. 


105 


[lake  exporta,  imported  artklea  pasa  through  nerrrnl  Iwnds,  tho 

Fwhiili-jMile  iiiercliftnt  i»  Boniljay,  tlio  importer  in  Prtoim  or  other  loctil 

Iceotrt),  tbe  d«altir  who  buvii  from  the  importer,  nnd  the  petty 

[TPtiiilor  who  hay»  from  the  denier  and  »e1l8  nt  bis  villngo  shop  or  ai 

fsomo  fair  ormukct.     In  Fooiia  itself  imported  articles  sametimeB 

I  pass  through  two  ban^  only,  the   wholenali:)  niorchaiil  ia   Bombay 

and  tho  importor  if  he  ia  also  a  rotail  merchant.     Tho  ooneanier, 

f.    rmrcly  huyt  from  the  importer.     OccaEtiondly  another  middleman  tbo 

fcliaiiifiiiiiil    pcddlur,  coiuea  bclvrucu  tho  cuusuajor  and  tho  importor. 

B     The  brol£<>r»  »ro  mostly  Lia^vAta  but  a   fevr   a.re   Qujardt  nnd 

B  llArwdr  Villi!*,  MarAth&8,    KfLchuia,  luid   Muhamuiad&ns.       Tbcir 

numbin- to  email,  perhaps  aboat  s  htmdred.     'i'liey  are  usually  paid 

Ilhrco  per  cent.  {{  o^)  in  bill transactioDs  and  l^d.  to  Stt.  (I-Zas)  od 
tbn  palla  of  320  aherg  in  corn  tmnsactionfi.  In  ctoth  purchases  their 
lirokorago  is  as  muoh  as  two  per  cent,  and  in  dealiogB  in  gold  and  silver 
omamenta  it  ia  a  quarter  per  cent.  Aa  a  role  brokers  carry  on  no 
other  basiness,  but  there  la  no  rule  or  custom  to  prevent  their  engag> 
ing  in  othor  businues,  nor  are  thoir  tmnaoctiotu  limited  to  any  one 
bmncli  of  trade. 

Next  to  the  chief  trade  centres  in  tho  spreading  and  gathering 
of  goods  come  the  markot  towns,  where  a  market  is  hold  on  a  fixed 
I  dar-iirthe  w«ek.  Of  forty-fofir  vitla^M  ^herc  ircokly  markets  are 
lield,  six,  ^e,  Anne,  Jounar,  Madli,  N&rdvangaou,  and  Otur,  are  in 
Junnar  ;  nine,  Ahirc,  Amhrgnon,  ChiUcan,  <fhodo,Kbod,  Mah&luoge, 
Manchar,  Vftde,  and  V^phgaon,  are  in  Kbed;  ton,  AmbegaoQ, 
Chaudkhcd,  Kdrla,  NAna.   Nilshi,  Shivane,  Tdkri-Iindrukh,  Talo- 

givrm-Odbh4de,  Umbre,  and  Vadgaon,  are  in  MAvalfBro,  Bhilmbarda, 
borkas,  Ghotavde,  MtilBhi,  and  Paad  are  in  Hareli ;  six,  Gbodnadi, 
Kavthe,  Kendnr,  Malthftn,  P&bal,  and  Talcgaon^DhnrndfaorD   are  in 
Sirur;  four,  Kikvi,  Parincbe,  Sfisvad,  and  Valhe  are  in  Porandhar; 
five,  Birimati  and  Dbctnd.  and  PiitaR.Karkamh  and  Yprat  on  tho 
l^)ODa-SboIllpnr  road,  an;  iti  BhimthaUi ;  and  four,  Bbigvan,  Indapur, 
Nimbgaon-Ki'tkl.and  fttlasdev  are  in  Ind^nr.     Of  these  the  most 
tnporta&t  aro  B^nlmnti,  BbAmbtirdo,  Dhond,   Ghodnadi,   Ghotarde, 
Jonnar.  MnncUar,    Sfiarodj    and    Talegaon-Dbamdhere,    with    an 
Kteodance  of  150  to  700  sollors  and   SOO  to   2S00  buyors.     Id  tho 
ittt  tba  attendance  varies  from  twenty-Gvc  to  1 50  seltent  and  from 
lorty  lo  200  biivora.     All  Ihonn  markitla  aro  diiitribiiting  contrON,  nnd 
■bout  one-Histli,  Burdmuti,    Ghodnudi,    Indjipur,    Junnar,    Khed, 
6fand,  and  Talegnon-Dhamdbcre  are  also  gathering  centres.     Tho 
<hsC  ortiulea  brought  lor  sale  aro  graiu  of  all  sortft,  cloth,  vogo- 
Mb  and  fmit,  grooeries,  spioes,  and  other  artfclea  of  daily  use. 
Bandcs  tbeso  articles,  «ho«8,  ropea,   brooms,  baskets,  and  blnnkots 
■re  offered  for  Kale  at  Bdr&mati  and  Sdarad,  and  cotton  at  Ind&par. 
•ollursnro  VAais,  Hilis,  Uomina,  Kiohhia,   Td.mhats,   TilmWIis, 
_.  Bctioneni,  M&ngs,  Kolis,  and  otherB,  some  of  them  prodiicorBand 
rihers  aither  deiilors  or  dealeio*  agents,  belonging  to  the  market  town 
K  to  soma  neighbouring  Tillage.    The  bnyere  are  people  of  all  coatee 
il  the  market  town  ana  in  tho  neighbouring  rill^^s.     There  ir  no 
Wter  vxoept  that  small  landholders  and  others,   including  Artiiirs, 
Xii^  CfaAoibhars,  lUinuuhis,  Kolis,  and  MusnUniUiB,  who  have  no 


Chapter  VI. 
Trade.      I 


I 


Mahskt  TuWNt 


IBi>m1n7  Quettocr. 


Cliaptfli  TI. 
Trade- 


Paids. 


Tii.i.tnB 

iBMOPKKEPKRIt. 


)«« 


DISTRICTS. 


moiKiy,  receive  oil,  tobacco,  vegetaliles,  clilUiee,  and  fish  in  oxcliaiigs 
for  grain.  Cattlo  markuts  are  neldat  Gbodmtdi.  Mannliar,  IiicUpnr, 
BitM»i&ti>  and  Junnar  once  a  woekj  and  at  Bb^mbardo  near  I'oona 
a  half-iTCckly  caltli!  marlcet  is  licld  on  Wedneada/s  aad  Sundays. 
Horaea,  ponies,  cows,  bofihloes,  sheep,  and  goata  are  broufrbt  for  mIa 
by  Kutibis  and  others.  Tbo  chivt  biiyera  ara  I^uubi  aod  other 
liiudUolders,  and  bntcbera  at  tho  Bb£mbarde  markot. 

Of  aixty-Sre  yearly  tain,  seroo,  at  Ale,  Otur,  Nlmdnri,  Ojbar,  and 
Nilr&yaiigaoD,  Belbc  and  ilivre,  are  held  in  Jannar;  otf^ht,  at 
N)cubxaon<Retki  (tirice),  Kbarpadi.  Kelgaon,  Chtikan,  KadadlK*, 
DbamQO,  and  Jthorargiri  (Ubiin^baakar)  in  Kbcd  ;  two  at  Vcbcr^aoa 
and  Vadgaon  in  M^val;  eigbtoen  at  Biiiinibnrde  (twice),  Pash&n, 
Par%'ati  (tvrico),  Higne  Kburd,  Kondliaupur,  Vadi,  Bolliai,  Dchn, 
CbiDcbrad,  Uiivet,  Faud,  CihotaTde,  Sbora,  Tamaobi-Budrak, 
Vadgaon,  Aksai, and  NjvainHaveli; eleven, at  Sbimsgaon,  Vadgnon. 
MandaTgan,  K^njangoon,  Maltban,  Mukhai,  PimplD,  Jambat, 
Kartbe,  Talojjnou-Dbaiudbcrc,  and  Kanhur  iu  Sirur;  ten,  at  Sisvad 
(twice),  Jejuri  (four  times),  Pur,  Vir,  Mdlabiras,  nod  Uivn  in 
Purandhar;  eiglit,  at  Valki,  PArj^son,  Niiiigaon,  Varvand,  Snpa, 
Dhond,  and  Morgaon  (twice)  in  BLiintbadi ;  and  ono  at  Nar«in^pcr 
in  liidftpnr.  All  of  these,  except,  tbose  at  Bellie  and  Hirrc  m 
Junnccr  wbiob  ar«  chiefly  attendea  by  Muealmins,  aro  Hindn  Uan 
bold  in  hononr  of  some  local  dei^.  The  alton^nco  Tari«8  front 
200  to  25,000.  IjBTgo  dcalors  do  not  attend  and  there  is  not  mncb 
trade,  tbo  oetimatcd  valae  of  articlea  sold  genemlly  varying  horn 
£1  to  je-lO  (Rs.  10-100).  At  Dbond,  Moi^pion.  .Tojuri,  Vir, 
M&Ubinis,  Nimbgnon-Kvtki,  Ubovargiri,  Vohargaon,  Kundbanpor, 
VadgaoQ,  luid  Ak.sai,  tlie  traDsactiouB  amonnt  to  not  Ic^is  tWi 
£100  (Rs.  1000).  and  Homotimes  to  a9  mnch  as  £2500  (R«.  25,000). 
The  nsuftl  salesmea  are  Bweotraeat-niak^rs,  gardeners,  and  grain- 
parchcrs,  bnt  coppersmiths,  weavers,  tailors,  grocers,  tosicl-niaken, 
and  betel-teaf  growers  goDorolly  attend  some  of  Ibo  larger  fairs 
with  stocks  of  metal  vcaselo,  cloth,  bangles,  blankets,  groooriee.  oil, 
and  claritied  butter  and  spices.  The  buyei«  are  conanmors,  villagef* 
from  tbo  neigbbonrhood,  and  pilgrims.  Oceogionally  MbAm,  Kolis, 
and  auuio  Kiinbis  exobango  groin  and  fuel  tor  oil,  Bait,  and  obilliea. 
Otherwise  there  la  no  barter. 

Exoepl  small  groups  of  hut«  in  the  hills  every  villago  has  ita 
fibopkoepor.     Tho  village  sbopkeopcr  in  nsunlly  a  Oujanit  ot  a 
MirwirvAni,  but somelimos a  LUigAyat  Vim,  a  Teli,ttnd  oct-asionaUy 
&  Koabi   or  Musulmr&u.     Kxcept  gmiii  which  he  buys  from  locu 
owners, the  village  shopkeopor  ifraws  his  «tock  in  trade  from  thclars* 
townn  with  which  he  has  bu-iineRs  relationn,  and  where  probably  tW 
moneylender. on  whom  bo  jaoftcn  dependent,  livi^t.  Hi«  stock  in  trad« 
geni^rally  incluiK'3  grain, groceries,  raw  and  refined  xugar.salt.oil,  and 
clai'iBcd  butter  t\tp,  spiees,  cocoanutA,  and  all  other  artid«it  rM{nirefl 
for  daily  uw  by  the  people.    Thetigb  every  Khopkt:upcr  dom  no*' 
keep  a  store  of  cloth,  it  is  not  necessary  to  go  to  the  Mib-divisional 
centre  to  bay  clotb.     In  each  sub-division  ton  or  twelve  villages  have 
cloth  shops.     Except  in  the  western  hills  cloth  can  be  bought  iu 
one  village  out  of  uvcry  ton.     Cloth  can  also  be  boDght  at  all 


T  mfttTect*.  Bt'siiL^s  roU-M  or  Itujjas,  wnistolollw  or  iIAo/ar*, 
rnu  tlongri  clotli  wuvcu  tti  iliu  <lb)trict  at  BurtimaLi,  Juntuir, 
I,  KAvtho.  and  In<l(lr>»r,  thn  vloth-ni<^rchant-*«  hnve  Rtock»  o^ 
vy  andEuropwui  clotli  which  Hwy  gouiTiilly  buy  inBoiul«y. 
is  boaght  by  people  of  ull  casttid  frnm  Um>  villHge  in  which 
rp  is  ttH  vriitll  oa  f roitt  viUagvs  ucar  whic))  have  no  aJio]).  Shop- 
saometimes  «\chai)g8  their  waiwi  for  grain  to  KmibU  and 
xior  peopl<i  who  have  no  teaAy  uioiioy.  'Die  villneo  »lM>p- 
s  ha\-o  tLiually  monoylcn<lnig  dcAliuipt  with  ^xniplu  of  all 
except  BrdhmanA.  in  the  village  aa  well  as  id  the  neighhoar- 

Thcy  Imvc  uo  comioction  with  large  trading  firiiia.  "Tlioy 
(Ivtis  or  soniotimus  thuir  agents  or  rulations  go  to  fairs  aiul 
t  towtw, 

»w  the  viltago  shopkoopom  como  the  travelling  pcddleni, 
vd  geDerally  (iajanit  MArwtSr  or  Lin^ityat   VriLnis,  Kliiinpis, 

BAgyias.  Kasdrs,  Kon&rs,  SaD;^s.  TAmbolifl,  Telia,  AUin. 
;i>t  and  Kotntia  They  have  their  head-quarters  at  Poona 
le  other  larfri;  town  where  thoy  buy  or  prepare  the  contontfi 
Ir  packa  They  carry  their  gooda  on  horse  or  bullock  back 
metiiues  on  their  own  slioulilers.  They  no  from  village  to 
)  and  visit  Uiu  innrkob  towns  and  faira  within  their  circuit, 
B  tnown  to  thflir  cuHtomers.  VAnis  take  groceries  and  spices ; 
as  cloth  and  ready  onidc  elothos  ;  M&lia  fruit  and  vegetables ; 
us  groceries,  npicoa,  and  vi^tables;  K&sArs,  Bair^fris,  and 
is  metal  vessels  nnd  dishes,  niKl  the  other  Kfts£rsbanf*lc»;Soiuir3 
oruanii.-ntA  ;  Saii^ara  blankets ;  Tdmboliu  betel  leaves  and  aut« ; 
ulis  oil  Cloth  iH  also  hawked  about  by  MusalniAn  pi>ddiers 
^  leto  haw  Ix't-n  hawking  pcrfumea  and  pearls.  Alt  these 
b  thH  last  sell  their  goodn  on  credit  or  for  canh  to  Kiinbta, 
miUM.  MIiHrs,  MiingR,  liiid  ethers.     The  Halo  of  perfumer  and 

ta  reatrictcd  to   tlie  higher  clatweH  and  to  cn^li  payinents 

MtUiB,  Biigvdns.  and  fwnmtiiuai  Vinis  Iwu-ter  their  goods  -with 
k  and  otliers  for  (cruiit  Buirdgis  and  Kointia  aomctimcH 
Bse  their  uooda  for  old  elothiis,  face  lx>rders  of  turbans,  and 
cTotbea.  Except  iWi^  and  Hiigvins,  who  travul  throughout 
Bar,  the  pcdiUers  s&i  out  on  their  totir  at  the  end  of  September 
t  begiiiQing  of  October,  and  return  Wfore  the  rains. 

ercaae  in  cost  both  of  making  and  of  carrying,  and  a  lai^r 
to  of  earnInj»H  iLiiiong  lh«  bulk  of  the  lower  classeit,  have  of 
'ears  led  to  a  grfat  i'uorease  in  the  amount  of  imports.  The 
rter*  are  c)utdly  Cliijardt  and  MinvAr  VAdib.  The  chief 
ts  are.  grain  includiii;^  nce.b'jjri.jv^iri.  wheat,  pulses  including 
titr  hui^a  malh  uittd  and  ^nug,  oilseeds  including  earthnuba 
Aurdimi.  cotton  sc&da,  vioha  Basaia  latifolift  (lowers,  siUt,  fi;sh, 
a,  raw  and  refined  angar,  tobacco,  timber,  hardware,  indigo, 
,  piece-goods  and  silk,  matches,  kerosine  oil,  haberdashery, 
lam,  and  Euroneaii  liquor.  Kic«,  wliich  h  u^d  in  small 
otiea  only  by  tno  upper  classes  of  llindas,  is  brought  from 
idnigar  and  'Thiina.  IStijri  is  brought  from  Ahmndnagar  and 
Ipnr,  and  f'vtin,  hvUfa,  math,  udul,  Mhq,  tur,  aurl  graiu  are 
pt  from  ShoUpur.  Wheat,  especially  the  excellent  bakshioT 
ID  wbcat,  comes  from  the  Ni»im's  country,  Shoi&^ttt ,  K\\&.i\'i.ft^ 


Chapter  17- 

Trade- 

VlLL»1IK 

SuorKjxrkiLK. 


Pedouuui. 


liiroBm 


AaptorlT 


a»'I  Onjarzii.    Oibeeds  atvli  rought  Into  Pamn<]h&r  aD<!  the 
^(uMivist'jiH  I>y  Tdis  ami  the  ORoal  import  biuicn,  frots  Alunai- ' 
tiAgar  and  Shot^nr,  sod    bj*  llar^bis,  Umahiiiiui,   tuid    laagini 
Vjbus  from  PhalUn  *n<l  SAttm.     CoUdo  ««ds  wMdb  are  osedi 
fe«Jii^  milch-eows  ktb  broogbt  from  Ahmadnagu.  EhAodttah, 
SboUpiir.     IfffAa  Oowen  come  &aai  nCoa.  Batntgiri.  Gujar^  , 
Jabatpnr.  and  are  sold  to  Kqiior  emfermetora.     Salt,  w-hich 
formerly  broQ^t  bj  padc-hallock^  bow  cones  moatiy  bj  niil. 
■  little  by  the  Nina  and  Mils^  paases  tiom  Th^a.     Dry  &A  I 
Itroo^t  from  Bofnljay  iui<]  Thtam  hy  rail,  and  1^  the  Nana  PasI 
Unsunubu,  Kmms,  and  batcfaeis.     Uader  imporhnl   metabed] 
goU,  ulver.  copper,  brass,  iron,  lead.  dnc.  and  tin.     Dnrit^  ,^ 
American  war  Iai;gQ  qaantities  of  gold  and  jdlrer  found  their  w^ 
into  the  diatrict.     lliMt  of  the  md  and  Kilrer  were  tukde  ' 
omamentei  the  rest  ma  boardea    During  the  1876-77  famti 
lar^  qnantity  of  gold  and  diver  ornamenta  left  the  district 
to   Bombay.     Since  the  famine   Tear  better  harvests  havo 
started  the  import  of  iilver  and  gold.    Copper  and  bimn 
formerly  Imported  in  blocks  and  worked  £rst  into  sheet*  and 
into  veasehL    Of  late  years  ready  made  abeeta  have  been 
imported  tiora  Bodthav  and    oonaidersUy  lowered  the  pnce  -^ 
brassware.     Copper  and  brass  ready-inado  c<x>ktng  and  drinkl^ 
etipfi.  of  which  tVrc  is  a  pvwinc  manufacture  in  t)i«  city  of  I^xll^ 
Me  aim  brought  from  N&sik.     They  arc  lued  by  all  but  the  poorai 
duBOS.    The  import  of  iron  has  of  late  greatly  increaaed  aiul  ittc 
made  in  considerable  cjoantitics  tnto  water  p^b  and  bottvr  and 
cans.     Iron  is  also  mocli  a^ed  for  cart  tires  and  axltf«.     All 
eones    from    Bombav,    btooght    chiefly   by    Iluhora   Mom 
Imported  crroooriee,  cliir^fly  dates  cocoanuta  and  spjce^  are 
used  by  all  claaeee.    They  Ar«  brongbt*bv  rail  ax  vrvU  as  on  ^ 
boUocka  by  the  Nina  and  M^sej  passes,  from  Boialay.  and  by 
&om  ShoUpur.     IWtin«d  sui^  comes  from  Bombay,  umI  raw 
of  which  siiKe  the  opentnc  of  the  Mutha  CooiUa  a  large  qt 
is  pruduwd  ill  Uaveii,  is  hroti^t  into  Poona  from  PhaJtan, . 
Koihiptir,  and  the  Bombay   KHrniltak.     In  Pooiia  city  then 
Urge  trade  in  raw  sogar.     During  1875-76  nearly  S750  tans  (i 
kh4tndi9)  va1uo<]  at  £4S.!3e  (Rs.  4,92,360)  were  importod.     A  ' 
proportion  of  the  iiui>orta  are  exported  chiefly  to  Jumia<ialwl. 
ana  coffee  which  are  URi^i  only  by  &  few  eUtsHes  are  brou^^bt  „ 
Bombay  in  snioll  i)uantitie«.     ToMkoco  ia  l^roaglit  by  Ling(i>'n(  \i 
and  Ttoabolis  from  Siitjira,  Shol&pnr.  Uiny,  StogU.  and  KM\ 
MnlabAr  teak  couics  From  RatuitfHri  and  Thfina.     Other  b 
also  comes  from  Bhor,  NaUik.  aiuT  Th&aa.     Indigo  and  silk 
imported  from  Bombay  by  rail.     £ngli»)i  sod  Bombay  eottoa  t> 
isbrought  by  Boliur^  and  Uujarftt  V&tiis  and  distrilAiced  orerl 
district  to  handloom  weavers.    Of  Uto  the  uuUtun  of  tho 
fiu^tones  haa  to  a  great  cxt«nt  taken  the  place  of  Enj^liah  yam. 
goods  urn  of  two  chief  kiiidii,  hand-made  and  steam- tnsdo. 
hand-uiudc  ifoods,  waiintctoihH,  lur)«ns,  and  wonieu's  robost  ~ 
arc  prepared  in  cou&iduntblL>  quanLitiai  in  the  district  at  S 
are  also   brought  from  Uurii&iiiiiir,   Vvoln,  Ahtnadnagar,  P 
Ahmadaliad,  ukI  N&gpur.      Too  machine- mode  pioce-gowt 


POONA. 


109 


tntMy  coarse  ntrong  cloth,  cliiei);  for  waisbclotluf,  sheebi,  aud 
towels  from  Bomlifty,  anH  European  finer  fnlirics  and  pruitd 
brought  by  Boltortto  and  Oujartit  \'6ms  from  Bombay-  Of  late 
years,  except  during  tho  lH7i!-77  famine,  the  import  <rf  steam-mado 
pMee-gOf>d<i  biw  rapidly  incn-jiMcd.  thu  cheapneHs  iMrth  of  Manchester 
and  ot  Bonthay  goods  .•stimulating  the  trade.  Silks,  like  piece- 
Lj.  are  of  two  kinds,  niacKinv  and  hand  raada  There  ia  little 
I  dt'DUUid  for  Ht«ani-mado  Earopean  ailka,  but  the  produce  of 
Bombay  »ilk  milU  h  gmdunlly  taking  the  place  of  band- 
it silkd.  Hand-ioade  silks,  chicHy  turliuiid,  scarfs,  and  bodice- 
otoths,  from  Ktirluinpur,  Yeola,  iind  Puitiiaii,  and  brocades  from 
Surst  ami  Abinadabad,  arc  brouylit  into  tht;  diHtrict  by  Marwii- 
"  (Jiyiu-Mt  ViiniM,  BohonU,  and  tailors.  The  chiL*f  dealers  in  silks 
£t  and  OuJaMt  V^im,  Hol)Oi-n.s,  Momins,  and  Patvcg&s, 
of  morchanbi  deslH  exclusively  in  silks,  but  almost  all 
tuerchaQia  keep  nilk  fabrttst  iti  slock.  Carpets  or  »atrat\fis 
brought  from  A^ta.,  Ahnindnagiir.  and  Khtotiea]).  Qtaasware 
By  Umna  bangles  ar«  broti^bt  by  Kfi^rs  and  other  glass  articles 
Bohonb  and  othvr  Mu^aluitbut.  KuropeftU  liquor  comes  from 
Dibay.  Of  lato  the  import  of  matches  and  of  ktntuiue  oil  bas 
ly  increased ;  they  are  now  found  even  in  small  villages.  Well- 
Mo-salmAas  and  Pisnin  have  taken  to  use  EoglixC  furniture 
Cliina  ware.  The  u«e  of  tea,  coffee,  and  European  liijuor  by 
thy  riindiu  bas  also  becorao  common. 

Of  Exfjoru  the  chief  are.  of  vegetable  proiluoto,  grain,  cotton, 

raw  sugar,  vegetables,  betel  leaves,  myrobalans,  and  roots  and  barks 

lyr  dyeing  ;  of  aiumal  products,  honey,  hides,  and  horns  ;  and  of 

naoafoctured  artJclcs,  clarified  butter,  brassware.  shoos,  silk  cloth, 

pun  eotton   cloitb,   ivory  and    wooden    toys,  and   perfumes. 

grain,   heKides  bd^ri    and  jmri,  come    wheat  and   gram. 

the  opening  of  the  railway  the  export  of  pttrisliabiu  protluce 

greatly  increased.     Among  the  chief  branches  of  this  trade  are 

export  of   Iietcl  leaves,  vegetables,   and  frvsh  fruit   From    the 

veli  and  Puraiidhar  aub-divisions,  and  of  potatoes  from  Junnar 

'    Kbed.     Tho  trodo  is   rapidly   growing    on    account  of   the 

given  to  market-gardeuing  by  icrigation  from  Lake  JBlfc. 

OS  are  sent  from   Ale,  Otur,  and  Junnnr  to  Bombay  by 

ab»o  from  Valha   in   Purandhnr   by  tltu  old  SAtira  road 

'ooDa.     Crapct  are   sent  from  Wlgann,   Kanddli,  R&juri  in 

,  and  from  Piliitl  and  ICcndur  in  Sinir.     Figs  are  ttent  from 

.  Parincha,  ^onilvri,  Qurholi.  Mahor  in  Purandhar,  and  from 

GiKalvtLdi  and  Aland i>Clionicbi  in  HavclJ.     PoRK'gi-anoleA  ore  sent 

Wi  Sops,    Devalgoon,  Ga(\ag.  Vadgaon  in  Bhimthadi,  and  from 

^niti-Cbonichiand  Urali-KSichnn  m  HnvcdL     Mangoct  an>  grown 

ly  at  IChcd   ShiviLpur  in  Havcli,  ulnoat  S&svad,  Chitmbli, 

'     (ird,  Bhivri,  and  Bapgaon  in  rurandhar,  and  Auitari-Kbuni 

I    Kaiitu  in  Khed.     In  onlinary  years  small  i|tiantitie.t  find  their 

,    ^1}    to    Bombay.     Oraoges  and  guavas  are  grown  at  Kothrud, 

'    mtndavnn,  Mundhva,  Porbnti,  Bidi,  and  Mumeri,  and  sent  for 

■le  to  Poona.     Umca  arc  grown  at  Kuiti,  Patbati,  YerBiida-\'na, 

Vioavdi.  and  Mnudhva.    Potatoes  are  largely  grown  in  th«  Khed 

wbJlviMon,  and  from  Khed  as  .from  Junnar  they   ate  ijij^V  V>n 

u  Tikgaofi.    They  arc  aJsosentftvm  Talegaon-DhamdiiCTC  anA  Va\«\. 


Chapter  T 

Trade 


^ 


KIPOBTS,. 


IBomli«y  Oa*ette«F 


iro 


DISTRICTS. 


Tr»to 


lUtLWAV 

Tuirrtc- 


Ouions  arc  sent  from  thv  Talcgaon-Dlibhide  atstton.  Chilliee 
sent  liy  the  same  route  from  E^alia,  OnUni,  Viphgaon,  Ci  _._ 
Blios  in  Kiktd,  and  from  KltO(]»<i,  Nlln&7«ng«on,  Mid  Arvi  in  jaiuur. 
Cabbages  and  other  fre-th  ve^Ublen,  as  green  chilli«^gi«Ri<i  Dolidioi 
lahlab  anil  govari  Cyiuiiopsix  pM>rs)ioiie«  poil^,  &ti>l  the  yanng  shoots 
of  coriander  or  kothimbir  go  m  cotisidi^rBbtL-  i|aautilit»  to  Bombajr. 
In  th<^  villagi'  of  GhArholi-Bintmkh  nn  th(>  Indrdyftni,  opTranLt 
£4000  (Rs.  40.000)  arc  said  to  be  invwrttil  in  j^'ntwinn  bet«l  Icai 
Betel  loAV&t  are  libto  produced,  princip&ltT  by  Mar&th^  and  Mi 
inBcllie  in  Junuar,  Pikrlnoba  Mahur  andbiva  lu  Purojidhar,  / ' 
and  Uoiidi  in  Khed.  Uahamadv^i  and  Vdnavdi  in  Hsveli,  NimI  ^ 
Ketki  and  Viliali  in  riid.-tptir,  and  Vapanda  in  BhimlhadL  The  tnwk 
in  bet*l  leaver  is  rapidly  growing  on  account,  of  tht?  impetus  pvpji  to 
market-gardening  )'}'  ii-rigation  from  Lake  Life.  From  the  nortli  of 
Ui«  district  there  ia  a  ooi^tderaUe  export  of  myrobalam  to  Bomhajr. 

Colouring  roots  are  prepared  bv  Afhflra,  Mtogs,  OhAtnbAra,  and 
MiuahnlUu,  and  sold  to  P&rsifi.  Dhors,  and  Musalm&ns  who  aeaA 
them  by  rail    to  Bombay,  Poooa,  Ahmadnngsr,  and  other  plaooL 
S4/ri    is   sent    from     tiavcli.     Purandhar,    Khed,     and     JoDBar 
by  cart  to  Poena  by  Udrw&r   and  Oujarit  Vinis  and  cuHiraton. 
Jvdri  in  sent  from    Ind&ptu-,  Bhimthadi,  and   Simr  by  rail  antf 
cart  to  Poona.      Nearly  three-fourths    of  the    cotton  grown    i* 
sent    by    rail    from  the   east«m    sub-divisions   to    Bombay    bj 
hh&ti&»    and    MiVrwir    and   OujanU    V&nis.       Raw  sugar,    vrhica 
is  imported  iu  Uirgc  qnantitic-A,  ia  also  exported  to  Ahniadabai 
Junnar  liand-mado  pancr  wn*t  fonnorly  Urgoly  exported,  but  of  l«l* 
the  trade  hoK  much  fallen.     In  Haveli  mctal-trarc  Is  mude  in  lais^ 
quantities  in  tlie  city  of  Poona  by  ooppirsmiths  and  otliere  wl 
send  the  artldca  by  rail  to  Bombay  and  SJiolllpur,  aud  by  rood 
SdtAra,  Kolh&pur,  and  other  places.      In  Junnar  the  metal- 
auffioca  only    for  locnl   u»e.       IndApur,    Simr,  ^fllvnl,   Bhim 
Puroodhor,  and  Hnreli  export  hides,  lionu,  and  bnn<^  eliictly  to 
Bombay  and  Poona,  and  Junnar.  and  Kb^d  export  hidoN  and  hornd 
only.     The  dealers  arc  generally  Miings,  Hhan.  Musolnitoi!,  and 
butchers.     About  200  cariloatU,  each  containingtwenty  hides,  g9 
«very  yMrfrom  Juimar,  and  tOO  varlloods  from  Khed  each  contain- 
ing tweuty-fivu  to  thirty  hides.    Indfipur  tjendit  about  M)0  nsiu 
of  these  articles,  Purandhar  a1>otit  T.OO  to  1000  hidea  and  200  to  2O0 
horns,  and  Haveli  five  t*>  seven  Uiousand  liidcs.     A  Pilnd  bos  »(«rt«d 
a  bone  store  at  Bh&aibunlo  nviir  Poona.     In  Junnar,  the  ojcportoi^ 
hides  and  horim  is  on  the  increa.%-.  ^ 

A  comparison  of  the  Peniiutula  railway  traflic  returns,  dating 
eight  years  ending  18S0.*  Hhuwo  a  rise  iu  tlit.'  number  of  poateni^ 
from  767,186  in  157!!  to  1,140,136  in  ISSO.and  in  goo<U from  60; 
torn  in  1H73  to  112.682  tons  in  1880  against  125,245  in  1878.  The 
chief  pasmnger  station  la  Poona  with  an  increase  from  462,145  ill 
1673  to  593,897  in  1880  agMust  608,039  in  lS7a.     Other  important 

Eassenger    station)*  with    a  comparatively  small  goods  traflic  ard 
'hoDdj  the  junction  of  the  Peninsula    railway  and  the  Dhond- 
Hanmid  State  railway,  witli  an  increase  from  24.ti73  in   1873  to 


hnea 


I  DebOed  traffic  rctuRu  an  uot  avaiUbJe  (run  1^81  lo  ISSS. 


ISacean-l 
135.699  i 


POONA. 


171 


135.699  ill  1880 ;  Tttl«^aon  with  an  incteaM  from  63.071  in  )S73  to 
98.085  in  19S0  «^ust  1087S1  in  I(>7S  ;  Lotiiivlu  witii  Hii  increase 
ntrom  44,8.17  in  IB7:1  to  57,209  in  1880  ^lut  66.**1  in  1878; 
inchvad  with  a  .Irtsrefts.:  fniin  i*,017  in  1873  to  SMS"  in  1880  ; 
^ee  with  kn  iiici-cAsc  fnim  110,224  in  1873  to  4),308  in  llfSO 
si  42.730  in  lS7d ;  Khandilu  with  an  increaHe  from  13,115  in 
}73  to  Z$jdU  iu  ISM  isndKliodk^la  with  an  iavxtmc  from  19,127 
1S73  to  26,921  in  1880  agaiust  2&,935  iu  1878.  Iu  ISSO  the 
[Musenger  traiGc  at  the  reniainins  staLionH  varieJ  from  5115 
faaamgfivs  at  Borihy^  to  2S,I38  at  biksfU.  Pooita  in  alM  the  chief 
goods  station  showing  an  increase  from  47,226  tons  in  1873  to 
54,845  toils  in  1880.  Other  imi*ortant  ^;ooda  stations  l>ut  with  a 
t|)aratii-ely  small  traffic  are  Talegaon  with  an  i»craas«  from 
toas  in  187S  to  10.732  tons  in  1880  ;  Dhotvd  with  au  incroase 
4590  tons  in  1873  to  4738  iu  1880  againat  25.976  in  1878 ; 
with  au  incr«ai>«  from  1532  tona  in  1^73  to  40^2  tons  in 
against  4283  in  1878;  Kirkee  with  a  doci^ose  from  '1152 
in  IS73  to  3il4  tons  in  18^  ;  and  Lonavla  with  a  decreasij 
lo30  tons  in  1873  to  1262  in  18S0.     The  t;oods  traffic  at  tho 

Kimainiag  statians  in  1880  varied  from  330  totH  at  Loai  to  78H 
ns  at  Urali.  There  waa  no  goods  traffic  al  K^rla,  Vadgaoa, 
h«l&rvil<li.  Vevat.  and  Boribj&l. 

Tlie  following  statement  tihows  for  each  station  the  changM  in 
traffic  daring  Uiv  oight  years  ending  1860  : 
fiooMu  PvanctA  RAtLw^r,  PjMKitatii  ^kdOoom  Tiurne.  iS?S.  1978,  ISSO. 


UlLBt 
WHOM 

WTS, 

isn. 

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vuftn 

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ft»-       ...     ...     ... 

lUt 

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£f.       -      ...     - 

S£     =    "    - 

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ua 

MM(£ 

iT.ta 

•«,« 

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lU.CSl 

In  Uio  goods  rvturus  the  chief  changes  ar«,  andvr  exports,  an 
KniasutninjitHand  vogtitalilea from 87GU  tons  in  1873  to  13,736  tons 
lJS80iigain»t7l8f}tonsin  I87S;  in  migar  both  raw  and  rttfiiicd  f  rom 
■^usm  la73  to  2080  tons  in  1878  and  to  3595  tons  in  1880;  in 
ifrom  lOIO  tons  in  1873  to  7514  tons  in  1878  and  to  1797  tonain 
I;  in  metal  from  678  in  1873  to  1573  inIS78nndto  1419  tons  in 
1*80 ;  in  fii-ewood  from  101  tons  in  1S73  to  770  ton*  in  1878  and 
^  1172  tons  in  1880;  in  oil  from  213  tons  in  1873  to  728  tons  in 
IS78  and  to  630  tone  in  1880;  in  hides  and  horOB  from  259  in 
1873  to  506  tou^  iu  1878  and    to  587  tons  iu  VSSO  ■,  m  WwitfWi 


Chapttr 
Xritds. 

R«ILW4 

Tiurnc 


[Bonibiy  Gonttoir 


172 


DiSTRicra 


Chapter  VI. 

Trmd*. 

RAtLirjkT 

Tr  ATTIC. 


from  etshti>en  ton»  in  1878  to  fifty-two  tons  in  1878  and  227  tom 
in  1880 ;  iu  lirMenl  atid   svaamom  oilseeds  fi-oni  eighty-two  toua 
in    \87'i  to  ISG  tuus  in  1878  and  to  104  in  1880;  in  cotton  au 
inenwM  from  \&&2  U>n»    iti    1873    to    Sfi84    lon»    in    lt{78  and 
ft  docrease  to  704    lu  1S8U;    u   dvcrcase    ia  salt  from  322  toiu 
in  187S  lo  Hevu[itT-»ix  toiui  in  1878  and  to  twenty-seven  tonii  in 
18a0;andin  timber  from  22&  tona  in  1873  to  100  tona  iu  1876 
and  to  Uiirty-thre«    tons    in    1880.    The  other  exports    beuideii 
8UiidTi<.-»,  wliicli  aiuouotvd  to  8304  louis,  variiMl  in  1860  fioiu  two 
t*MLs  yf  Eui-upe  twiat  to  hevtuty-aix  tous  ot  country  pieoe-gootU- 
Uiiiler  iiii]>orb4  thert>  was  an  incrvasu  in  grain  from   18,077  ionn  in 
187;3  tu  41,856  Ldqh  in  1S7S.  and  to  47,m  torn  in    IS»0  ;  in  iik-uI 
from    19U2  tons  in   1873  to  3774  tons  in    1878,   and  a  decrease 
to  3276  torn  in  1880;  iu  sugar  IjoUi  raw  and  rctined  an  increaw 
Erom  l\iG  in  1873  to  1406  tons  in  1878,  and  a  decrooee  to  1224 
toufi  iu  1880  probably  due  to  tho  large  production  of  raW'Sugu 
in  the  district  conaeqnent  on  the  increased  cultivation  of  gagai- 
caau  along  the  KliK^lakvflala  canals ;  an  ioorease  in  firewood  from 
128  tons  ill  lS73to734  u>n8inl878.antIadecroa8otoG4-lin  1830: 
in  moha  tiowen  from  nothing  in   1873   to  214  tons  in  1S78  ui<l 
to  560  tons  in  1880.     Than  was  only  a  slight  increase   in  tbo 
imports  of  Europe  piece-goods  from  685  tons  in  1873  to  743  in 
18/6  and  to  774  tons  in  1880 ;  and  in  country  piece-goods  then 
was  an  increase  from  721  tons  in  1873  to  8t>3  lorn  iu  1S78  but 
aftervrsrd»a  decrvasc  to  67ti  V^Qs  in  1880.     In  Europe  twist  Uter* 
vna  a  decrca.«e  from  Stil  tons  in  1873  to  332  ton^  in  1876  and  to 
108  tons  in  1860.     In  country  twist  there  was  an  iucreaso  toM 
234  tons  iu  1S73  to  342  in  1878  but  afterwards  a  decrooso  to  244 
toim  in  1880.     Othor  iniports  bemdes  sundrieo,  which  atnountod  to 
l!l,410  tons,  con«tst«d  of  cotton  eleven  tAns  and  of  wool  tm  tons* 
Thero  was  a  docreaso  in  fruita  and  vegetables   from  1204  tons  irt 
1873  to  1090  in    1878  and  to  78t)  in  ISSO ;  in  oilseeds  from  109* 
in  1873  to  tiSO  in  18^8.  but  afU<rwarda  an  increase  to   7.50  tons  il* 
1880 ;  in  oil  there  was  a  decrea.<ie  from  994  tons  in  1873  to  80$ 
iu  1878,  but  a  slight  incrense  to  910  in  1880.     The  details  are : 
foaKA  Pkximsvla  Bailwat Gmps  rMArrn  187S,  1878,  iStO, 


ina. 

an. 

IMO. 

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'OONA. 


At  I>lion<1,  the  only  station  of  thu  Phoml  otid  UAiunfLd  railway 

itlii»  Pooiia  limitA,  the  traffic  connUtvi)  of  2!t.S64  in  and  31,977  out 

angers,  aoii  610  toiis  of  exports  and  130  tons  of  imports  in  1879 

Fiigunitt  64,406  in  and  61,410  out  passengers  and  4780  tons  of  exports 

and  112  tons  of  impurts  in  1880. 

ThvrofLre  no  tradea-nniona  or  ma  Afyan«  in  tlie  diittrict,  nor  i»  thero 
any  Nsganhet  or  recof^ized  head  in  matters  of  trvlc  DayAntm 
Abiiiniiii,  n  V&ui,  who  diixl  Bftoea  yean  ago  end  was  the 
krcc^oised  head  of  the  baaking  business,  was  the  Last  Nitgarahet 
Hof  Poond.  Difiputea  betwuon  traJL-rs  ore  froqaently  referrtyl  to 
Hibtt  whole  body  of  traders  in  any  one  branch  of  trade.  Hit;  chief 
Ptu^mUirs  fonu  a  committee  or  jianeh,  and  thoii- di.<cisious  are alwavs 
•oci-pU-d.  Foi-merly  a  fow  n--cognizcd  head  traders  formed  the 
uanrA  in  each  trade,  hot  here  as  ehtewhere  the  levelling  tenduncy 
>f  British  rule  has  had  it«  cHcvt,  and,  except  that  petty  dealers  are 
fnot  consulted  and  do  not  expect  to  he  Bfikcd  to  join  a  tratic.-»  m*^^tiiig, 
-all  the.  uitimhers  of  a  trade  havo,  and  oxcrciAc.  an  c^jual  right  to 
appear  at  a  meeting  of  a  track's  /kiim-A.  l(c^lar  strikes  arc 
ntumovn,  but  a  failing  market  or  scarcity  of  labour  from  time  to 
time  caoaes  changes  in  wages.  Wlien  any  change  has  to  be  made  the 
elijtif  uembcre  of  the  trade  meet  the  arti«Uk8  and  after  discus&ion 
fix  a  revised  rate.  In  this  manner  iu  1881  a  claim  by  the  silk 
,  wtavvrs  for  a  rise  in  wage-H  wba  settlwl  in  their  favour  after  the 
;  iiiutLi^r  was  dutcassL-tl  witli  the  rtilk  mercluuits.  Thv  dccistomi  of 
IhcfK  committees  have  hitherto  been  accepted  as  linal.  At  tlie  same 
Ume  there  is  no  rccoffnized  meani*  of  enfoi-cing  them  except  that  if  an 
uliaa  rafotXH  to  work  at  the  rate  sottled  bo  reocivos  no  employment 
So  Ubo  traders  will  cease  to  deal  with  any  member  of  their 
btJe  who  refuse*  to  alHtle  by  the  decision  of  a  trade  committee  or 
fuuh. 

SECTION  111.— CRAFTS.' 

Sxcoptcottonbaad-loom  wearinff  which  to  a  smaU  extent  is  carried 
to  in  thirty-aeven  towns  and  villages  and  some  small  metal  work, 
tilk  weario^,  and  paper  making  at  Jnnnar  the  indostrios  of  the 
ditrict  ceotro  in  the  city  of  Poena.  For  Poonn  city  details  of 
ttrdre  craftB  have  boon  coUcclcd.  Tliese  arc,  in  order  of  impor- 
tMt,  the  making  of  copper  and  bra^a  vcnscls,  the  weaving  of  silk 
■kl  ootton  cloth,  the  making  of  gold  and  silver  thread,  glass  bauglea, 
R«y  comhrt,  clay  figareB,  iron  pot»,  felt  and  paper,  tape  weaving  and 
•ted  turning.  Of  these  the  making  of  copper  and  brass  vessels 
■■d  the  weavug  of  silk  and  cotton  cloth  with  or  without  gold  and 
<Blnr  thread  aro  the  most  importantand  Sourishing.  Glass  boaglos, 
miy  oombs,  felt  and  tApe  aro  in  good  Uxvtl  demand.  Poooa  clay 
igtneB  are  admired  and  are  bought  chieSy  by  Europeans.  On 
vteoaot  of  their  cheapness  iron  |>otd  are  taking  tho  phico  of  the  largo 
hw  and  copper  vessels  nsed  for  Htoring  water  aud  grain.     Papur 


Cihaptor  VT. 

Trad*.      | 

RAiLWAr      ' 
TaAfTia 


Cnfti.1 


*  Pimn  outcnab  n|<rlic<l  by  Mr.  B.  A.  Gupl«,  Utod  CleA  Sir  i.  J.  Svliiwl  «i  Art 
■alliidurtry- 


IBombajr  0«zet4««r. 


DISTRICTS. 


Cliaptor  VX. 
Crafts. 

Bs*m  Work. 


makine  ts  declining  and  none  of  tbtt  wooflturners'  work  has  man 
than  a  local  sale. 

The  Poena  braas  industry  sapports  (18S3)  about  aarenty  dealers 
and  S320  worlEon.     This  namber  iaclodea  dlO  Tubals  or  inalcen 
of  large  articleR,  500  Jiii^rt  or  makers  of  small  articioa,  50  Otam 
or  ca«t«rei,  and  J>(JO  KA»ilra  or  brasiers.      The  hereditary  copper 
brssH  and    beltmelal  workers  of    Poona,    the    Timbata,  Jingan, 
Otdris,  and  Kda^bv  are  qaiet  esajr-gY>ing  people.     Alt  Bpe«k  iacorreot 
Mar^thi  und  live  in  one.4U>re70d  booses  of  which  seven  belong  lo 
the  Tambala,  fifty  or  fiijrty  to  tho  Jtogaffl,  and  thirty   to  the  OtanL 
They  generally  lire    on  vegetable   food,  bat  are  allowed  to  eat 
mutton  and  liehas  well  as  to  drink  liquor  which  tboy  take  on  holtdaji 
and  special  feasts.     The   K£s^j«  and  T&aibat8  dress  h'ke  BnUiinatis 
and   the  Jingars   and    Otiris    like  MardtlUis.      As    tbe    demvid 
for  braaa  ware  is  brisk  and  growing,  no  T&mbaU,  Jingare,  OtHns, 
or  Kisirs  have  of  late  given  up  their  hereditary  craft.     Williin 
the  last  fifteen   years  their  numhora  have  btMin  iiiora  than  donbled 
by  local  Mnr^tha  Kunbis  whom  the  high  profile  of  bnua  working 
have  drawn  from  the  fields  and  the  labonr  market  bat  who  so  for 
oonBlw  themsolveB  to  tbe  rough  parts  of  the  work.    The  hereditary 
ooppersmith  classea  work    from  seven  to  ten  or  eleven  and  again 
from  two  to  six.     In  the  busy  seoson,  that  is  between  November  ani 
May,  they  work    extra  honrs    oven    til!    midnight.      Like   other 
local  Hindu  craftsmon,   KiU&ni  etop  work  on  the  no-moon  day  or 
aninwva  at  the  ond  of  every  lunar  month,  on  kar  tho  day  a^ 
the  iiahiuankranl  iu  Janunry,   for  lire  days  at   JToli  or  Shinty  is 
March- April,  for  two  during  Divtiliin  October -November,  and  on 
the  day  nftor  an  eclipse  either  of  tho  sun  or  of  tho  moon.     Theyabs 
rest  on  Qanpati't  Fourth  in  August  and  ox^Qaun't  Day  about  tho  aamt 
time,  and  tor  ten  days  at  Da.*ara  iu  October.     All  rest  on  any  day 
on  which  one  of  the  community  die^     They   have  no  trade   guil')* 
but  join  iu  paying  a  half-yearly  tai  to  the  (goddess  If  &Iika  fur  whum 
they  have  built  a  temple  in  Kasba  ward  which  costs   ll«.  to   16/. 
(Rs.7.8)   a  mouth  to   keep  up.    The    Kits&r's  JUli  differs  from 
other  local   KAIii)  in  having  camel  supporters  on  each  side  of 
instead  of  elephant  aupportors.     Aliw  instead  of  offering  her  aj 
or  baffalo,  on  tho  eighth  day  of  the  Navraira  that  istvod^f' 
Dasara,  they  offer  bor  tho  false  calabash  gourd  ilwAofa  Cue 
lagenaria,  which  perhaps  from  its  dark  colour,  is  beliovod  to 
tnuutormod  giant.     Four  pegs  are  driven  into  tbe  fruit  torepr 
legs  and  arms  and  it  is  out  with  a  sword,  and  thrown  into  thosaor 
fire.  A  little  brass  and  bellmetal  is  smelted  by  the  Jingars  and 
ris  but  tho  bulk  of  the  copper  and  brass  comes  in  ahoets  about 
feet  by  four  by  rail  through  llombay  chiefly  From  England  and 
tralia     Tho^  ore  bronglit  from  Bcmbay  by  MiirwAr  and  Ouj 
V&nis  and  given  to  bo  worked  by  Timbats.     Tho  »boots  or 
are  of  throo  kinds,  thick  middle  find  thin,  which  differ  little  in  pric 
as  thoy  ore  aold  by  weight.     Tho  copper  coats  £4  8s.  to  £i  ID*. 
(Ks.  44-45),  and  tbo  brass  ti  So,  1e  £3  10^  (IU.  3-1.3.1)  the  hondrod- 
weight,  with  two  shillings  extra  one  for  brokerage  and  one   for 
carnage.      A  oopporsmitb  has  flEtoon  chief  tools  and  apptiancoa. 


BtoQO  or  <7/i4;ni]  aboat  throo  foot  above  antl  two  feet  nndcr 
>aiid  oa  whicu  the  copper  and  brass  plates  mndo  by  melting  old 
iken  pot8  arc  boaten.  As  it  haa  to  stand  very  roti^b  nsagu  this 
le  is  chosen  of  flawless  black  basalt  very  carefullj  smootlied. 
I  of  tliose  BtoQea  is  said  sometimes  to  cost  as  much  aa  £10 
.  100).  Binco  ibe  import  of  mutal  shoots  hae  ^rown  so  oommoa 
atone  has  almost  fallen  into  disn»o :  Fire  haaimors  or  ghaiu 
■th  8#.  (Rs.  4)  each :  A  pair  of  bellows  or  AArti<b  worth  12s.(Ra.tf): 
iron  hooks  or  orapnia  each  north  (id.  (4  as.)  :  Pour  pairs  of 
^ or  aandsi  worth  \0s.  (Ra,5):  An  anvil  called M)t/f A<m or  m^icA, 
ong  upright  iron  bar  polished  at  one  end  on  which  the  pot  ia 
ced  and  beaten,  north  about  ic  (Ks.  3) :  Twenty  to  twenfy. 
ial  anvils  or  kharvait,  thick  iron  bars  beot  and  smoothed  at 
id,  together  worth  £12  to  £16  (Rs.  120-160) ;  Four  ordi- 
anvils  or  airana  together  worth  £2  (Kb.  SO] :  About  fifty 
ammera  or  hathodtU  with  which  the  pot  is  beaten  when  it 
ilaoed  on  tho  bar  anvil  together  worth  about  £10  (Hs.  100) : 
pairs  of  scissors  for  cutting  the  copper  or  l^rass  sheets  each 
is.  (It<.  2) :  A  wooden  stand  or  stool  ndled  khodw  for  sup- 
ing  (he  bar  anvil.  This  is  a  block  ef  wood  with  two  legs  about 
apart,  and,  in  tho  angle  between  the  legs,  a  solid  block  of 
ith  a  pole  in  the  middle.  Tbroagh  the  nolo  in  the  block  the 
.vil  is  passed  slanting'till  its  one  end  rests  on  the  ground  and 
end  romains  Kt^nding  oat  about  a  foot  from  tho  liole.  The 
..__it1)  sits  on  tho  low  end  of  the  bar  anvil  puts  the  pot  at 
ho  is  working  on  the  top  end  of  the  bar  anvil,  and,  holding 
pot  in  his  left  hand,  beats  iC  into  shape  with  a  hammer  held  in 
right  luuid  :  Two  files  worth  2«.  (Re.  1 )  each  which  last  for  only 
:r :  Two  pairs  of  oompaeees  or  kaivart  together  worth  Aa.  (Re.  2) : 
hollow  gtouGS  or  uiillals  each  worth  Si.  (Rs.  4]  on  the  top 
h  tho  sheet  is  laid  and  roanded  hj  faammoring :  Gight 
or  c/iAofiu  for  cutting  tho  metal  together  worth  about  'it. 

H). 

Jingnrs  or  bmss-cAsters  have  sixteen  chiuf  ti^ol.-)  and  appliances: 

uril  or  aira»  worth  10«,  (Rs.  5)  :    Four  bar  anvils  nrkharvaiit 

ilhar  worth    16t.   (Rs.  8) :  Fonr  hnmmerfl  or  kathoddt  togetbor 

8«.  (lU.  4)  :   A  pairof  tongs  or  santlsi  worth  l».  (8  at.)  :    Two 

'•otssDrstogetherworth  2a.  (Re.  1) :  Five yearly'renewed  filai 

each  worth  3ii.  to  9d.  (2-G  eu.)  :  A  vice  or  ehagJa  worth 

4) :  A  pair  of  bellows  or  bhdtdt  worth  1$.  (8  an.)  :  A  saw  or 

urth  U.(8(W.):  Aniron  baror«iinJ/utnwithoneond smoothed 

aa  an  anvil  worth  about  4-i!.  (Ra.  2):  AthU  iron  rasper  or 

six  inchea  by  half  an  inch  with  one  end  bent  and  sharpened 

scraping  and  polishing  pots,  worth  la,  (S  aa.) :  A  Dorar 

worth  l^d,  (1  an.):  A  twenty  •four  inch  foot  mie  or  gaj 

9J,  (2  w.)  :  A  square  iron  tray  or  fci«  worth  Gd.  (4  as.) :  A 

leaf  taa  or  hadpaaa  used  in  fanning  the  fire  worth  )d.  (^  a.)  : 

two  or  three  crucible  catchera  or  ehydJts.    Thec^yii^  in  an  iron 

about  three  feet  roand  with  two  long  iron  ban  listened  at  equal 

m  ^larL     Over  the  ends  of  these   bars  a  socond   ring  about 

_  iDOhea  across  is  passed   and  moved  op  and  down  the  bars 

to  increase  or  reduce  the  apace  above  tho  base  ring.  In  wotkia^ 


Chapter  71. 

Crafts. 
Brus  Wore. 


iink&r  Ou«tU*f. 


Sk&ptar  Vt. 
Cntto 

W9U. 


DISTRICTS. 


Iho  ckijtik  tlic  bftso  nvg  is  lowered  into  the  fornace  bo  aa  to  surronnd 
thd  crucible,  and  the  woTable  ring  U  forced  down  the  bars  till  tbe 
cniciblu  is  tigbtljr  prened  between  tbe  bare  and  cao  bo  drftira  ODt  of 
the  furnace. 

In  making' bnus,  bellmetAl  orkiitr,  and  white  taet»\  or  paiu-haraii, 
the  alloy  is  fuuelt«d  in  a  pit  about  tbreu  fcot  rotrad  and  four  or  fins 
foet  diwp.  At  the  bottom  of  the  pit  a  bellofrs'  tube  is  firuilr  Sud, 
and  o7er  the  bellows'  tabe  aro  Uud  threo  or  four  flat-bottomet)  dome- 
topped  cntctbles  or  pi>t«,  abont  eightoea  inchos  high  and  a  foot  roand. 
The  crnciblo,  which  is  called  nut,  is  made  by  tfao  brass  workeri 
themselves  of  powdered  broken  Cbina,  flint,  and  aabes.  After  puttiog 
some  borax  or  gardgi  into  the  cnicibtos  to  Borvo  na  a  Bux,  if  bnus  m 
to  be  mado,  they  are  filled  with  broken  pieces  of  copper  and  zinc  aai 
dosed  by  an  air-tight  plug.  Charcoal,  dried  cowdnng-cikos,  and  wood 
are  heaped  over  the  crudbles.  The  6ro  is  lighted,  and,  with  the  help 
of  the  hollows,  ia  blown  to  a  white  heat,  llie  men  know  the  time,  gent- 
rally  (our  to  five  koora,  which  the  alloy  takes  to  form.  When  the  metal 
is  ready  each  crucible  is  grasped  io  the  chydic  aud  lifted  out  of  tho 
Furnace.  On  taking  it  out  the  tide  of  the  crucible  ia  bored  by  tho 
point  of  a  oail.  and  the  molten  metal  dows  into  shallow  clay  trooghj 
whoro  it  18  loft  to  oooL  Whon  cool  tho  solid  maea  ia  draj^ffcd  (roia 
the  trongh  by  a  pair  of  tonga  or  sdndai,  tud  on  the  stone  or  Ja^ai, 
andlieat«>n  to  tbo  niquired  thinnosii.  Tn  form  motol  shoots,  whether 
local  ur  imported,  into  the  retjuirod  shapes,  tho  sheet  is  laid  on  the 
floor  and  the  workman  traces  on  it  with  a  pair  of  ooinpasses,  the  piecei 
roquiTod  for  tho  nppor  nad  tho  undor  parts  of  the  Teasel  to  be 
andcutsonlthotwo  pieces  with  actsaore  or  with  a  chisel.  Theme 
is  then  softened  in  the  firo  and  hammorod,  and  again  Boftooed  i 
again  hnmmored,  the  alternate  hami^oring  and  beating  beia 
ropouted  throo  or  four  timos  till  it  is  beaten  into  abapo.  The  U 
pieces  are  then  soltlered  with  bmss,  borax  or  »avdgi,  and  chloride  i 
ammonia  calloil  tiavay<i')ar.  Tbo  men  work  in  bands  of  firo  or  : 
dividing  the  labour.  Homo  msko  tho  rough .  oatline  of  the  shi 
others  shape  the  nock,  a  third  set  form  IbeloVqr  piece,  a  foarthsold 
tho  shaped  pioooa,  and  a  fifth  polish  4ho  wBdIu.  All  the  polishi 
which  tho  Tfimbats  give  is  a  rongh  Bctnbbiag  with  a  mixtnre 
pnwHerod  charcoal  and  tamarind  pulp,  followed  by  boating  wit 
sninll  bummer  till  tbo  whole  sarfacv  is  covered  with  hammor 
or  facets. 

Fooaa  copper  and  brass  articles  may  be  arranged  under  foil 
gronps,  llioae  used  in  tho  kitchen,  those  usod  In  onting 
driukin;:;,  Ihosu  nsod  in  storing  and  carrying  water,  nrticli 
used  in  serving  botol,  miisioal  insti-umont-i,  measures,  larapa.  diab 
and  vessels  uaod  in  wursbip,  images,  peasant  jewelry,  toilet  recall 
sites,  appliances  usod  in  the  dining  hall  bnt  not  for  eating  or  drinl 
in^,  misccllaneoua  ware  aud  toys.  Twenty  pota  are  used  in 
kitchen.  The;xi/«/«(l)ac^lindncalcopperorbras9  pot,  with  slight: 
ronaded  bottom,  varying  in  size  from  two  inches  round  to  toar  i 
Sve  feet  across  aua  two  or  throe  feet  high.  The  tapele  (2}_ 
somewhat  conical  pot,  with  round  bottom  and  narrow 
TapetM  Tory  from  tbreo  inches  to  four  foot  across  tho  bowl. 


Emm  ^>Bg  DseJ  fur  boilinff  rice  nud  lioliling  tnilb  and  tlie 
\  ODOB  for  8torin(5  waU-r.  Tne  knhit^itnr  (3)  »  c^lindricAl  pot 
the  ptitele  (I)  only  with  a  more  bulging  bowl  and  soldoTn  more 
n  toot  in  dmmeter.  'Die  htrantia  or  Modate  pAtnt  (1)  n  stuwMlisIi 
^king  modakt,  sheiigds,  uid  ouo  or  bwo  olner  native  d^intieK.^ 
Ifcaron^  tB  mode  of  three  piecoe  ;  anderttentk  a  oylioder  witli 
|ide  handles ;  in  the  middle  a  metal  siove  with  two  hook  hnndlos ; 
U  the  top  fitting  the  rim  of  the  cylinder  a  domo  with  a  cap* 
■d  baadlv.  Water  is  bailed  in  the  cylinder,  tlie  »ieve  is  lot 
B  place,  the  daint  toa  aro  pluccd  oithor  on  the  siers  or  on  a 
I  of  plantain  leaf  laid  over  it,  and  the  lid  is  Awtesed  dowu. 
)  in  applied  to  the  lower  part,  and  the  steam  gatheriug  in  the 
rat«nr«  tho  daintioB.  Thi?  purmi*  (5)  is  another  sieve  or  per- 
bd  di»h  nsod  to  carry  off  the  enrplus  greane  when  kanuiji* 
\ifias  lira  fried  in  clanfiod  batt«r.^  Tho  rotati  (6)  i»  a  cjlinder 
b  nijiu  iuchcD  across  and  nine  to  twelve  inohcA  high,  with  a 
[ftt  the  bbttoni,  usod  for  washing  rico  before  it  itt  boued.  It  is 
ishnpcil  liko  the  tapole  (2).  Tho  jk4ra  (7)  is  a  long- 
|xieve  tuwd  for  frying  the  gram  flour  pasta  re(|airod  for 
■  In  making  hunithis  gram  flour  mixed  with  wat«r  ia 
|d  into  thin  sieve  which  ia  bud  over  a  frying  pan  with  boiUng 
led  batter  and  ahakcn.  Tbv  gram  flour  paate  falU  iiil'O  the 
B  drops  which  become  solid  us  »oon  as  thuy  touch  the  boiling 
ud  butter.  The  dmptt  ar«  then  tak»n  out  iu  another  niere 
li(patn«(8)  which  diffvra  from  the  jhdra  (7]  chiefly  iu  not 
kg  a  rim.  Tbo  ekahdddni  or  kitii  the  English  kettlu  is  now  in 
i  oae  particularly  nmong  Englieth-speukiug  natives.  The 
Bt  (10)  or  frying  pan  is  a  hemispherioal  [lun  six  inches  to  six 
Kiroas  and  one  inch  to  two  feet  deep  ;  it  baa  two  handles  opposite 
[Other  and  ia  used  fur  fi^-iug.  Tbepanii  (11)  ia  a  Ivge  dish 
five  feet  in  diameter  with  a  rim  two  to  four  inches  high.  It 
aa  a  cover  fur  ajxUnU  (1)  or  other  large  pot  when  anything 
f  cooked  in  it.  It  also  aervM  for  carrying  cooked  rice 
kbies  from  the  kitchea  to  the  dining  ball.  A  email  fxirdt 
\  a  foot  in  diameter  and  made  of  brass,  caJlod  pitali  is  used  ia 
I  way  as  the  paral,  and  in  addition  among  Kunbisttnd  other 
Ian  Hindus  serves  ae  a  dining  di»h.  Tho  pa/>  (12)  is  a 
I  with  a  rounded  body  and  a  long  liaudlo.  It  is  uaod  na  a 
Idk  md  or  ladle  while  vegetables  or  pulse;  are  being  cooked  and 
distributing  «poon  in  the  dining  hnll.  The  dofta  (13)  is  a 
Idrical  box  with  a  top  for  storing  daiatii».  Tbo  v«Int  (14) 
I  saacer^sbapcd  dish-like  pot,  naually  one  or  two  feet  in 
■  and  somcitimcs  polished  in  which  enough  rice  for  two  or 
■te  is  toten  from  the  pardt  or  tray,  and  poured  into  the 

I  aaA  lim^  arc  made  of  i1«n  flour  and  oontein  oocoa-fccmel,  inpr,  ou-da- 

^lld»,  •»d  wflkni.     Hietr  duty  dilbraiKN  ia  Ut  ah*^     JtfMtaJb  an  ibapoi) 

rUe  B  flkt-boCtonwd  lota*  bnit  kiid  tKenj/cm  m  MBUoirculMr- 

fb  lik«  ihatgOt  are  MinicircuUr  and  made  of  flonr.  couoa-kflrael,  angac, 

._  f,  almoadl^  sad  aaflron.     JTaranjit  differ  from  lAai^  in  beinj  made  of 

[totir  iaataad  of  rioa  and  in  twioji  Inod  inatnd  of  being  Bt«wed.     AiuirmU  an 

1  riM  Hear,  raw  ausar,  uid  pfyppy  ae«d.    They  ar«  Mund  take*  nboiit  aa  big 

.  of  tfce  kaad. 


Chftpt«r  71. 

Bstia  WOKX. 
Artki-. 


DISTRICTS 


Chftptn-  71. 

CnJU- 
Bkjuw  Wobk. 


plato,     Tliia  disli  atso  scrrcs  as  a  oorcr  to  a  pot  in  wbtcL  vege 

or  pulno  ans  bulled.     The  ehatnelta  (15)  or  spooa  iiindo  ol  tn 

aseu  for  pouring  liquid  butter  on  rico.    Tlie  kdi^n  { 16)  or  jAu 

ft  tooth-edged  circular  plate  fitted  in  a  clefi  lundle  ix  nsed 

catljng  iho  nutcbcvl  borden  of  kamnjia.     'llu)  jri«ni  {17)  or  CX9 

kerne)  nticer  ia  «  nhoet  of  braaa  about  six  inches  by  four  on  foar 

inch  E)g;li  foot.    Tbo  BurEaoa  of  the  sWcot  ia  broken  by  aewral  i 

of  Ion;;  narrow  boUorr  ridges  with  raiaod  sharp-ougvd  openi: 

agaitist  which  tlie  konid  is  rubbod  and  cat  into  lun^alices: 

idtatu!  (18),  n  slightly  tapering  brass  rolling-pin  a  foot  tu  eigfa 

incboH  long  used  for  Baitonmg  poiie,  a  Tsriety  of  knranjvi 

<inaraiD  :  Tho  ehalaa  (19)   ia  &  brass  sierO:  llifi  jtancJulmrU  i 

(20)  is  a  aet  of  aevea  brsiu  cups,  aix  cupa  ranj^  ruiiud  n  ceutra) 

witJi  abandlo;  it  ia  used   for  carrying  koshtmhirs  tlwt  is  pi«k. 

fruit  and  Tegetables  from  the  kitcfaon  bo  the  dining  hall.     Fifl 

eating  and  drinking  -paUt  are  made:  The  alrmdy  described 

Iray  (II)  and  the  tvlni  (14)  oomo  again  in  tbia  gronp  as  thoy 

usod  to  aerring  ric«  and  regetablea,  and  so  does  tao  cgralr. 

mu'UiU  rtc«  Indlo  (21)  ;  tho  velni  is  nited  for  tbo  aooond  nnil  \ 

conniBH  and  the  ogralo  for  the  first  course  only :    The  ttU  (I 

a    polKthod    brass   dining   dish    with   bnlging   rim   six    incbes  ' 

tn-o  foot  aoroaa:    'i'he  vtiH  (23)    a    roaDd^ttomml    cytindji 

brass  cup  otM  to  four  inches  acroaa  is  oscd  to   bold  eaeb 

share  of  curry  uud  broth :     Tbo  gadea  (24)  a  polished  o: 

nocked    copper    or    brass  dinner    pot,   nsod  to  bold  oach  tORB^ 

supply  of  dnnking  irnter,  rariea  from  the  siae  of  a  pcnr  when  it  is 

catlod  apkam  to  the  sixe  of  a  full  grown  pomngcio ;  a  spont^mootbri 

gudva   ia  called  jhdri:     Tho  tvt/ydr^iA  tambifa   (25)   &)so  made  ti 

oo)^>er  or  brass,  is  flatter  than  the  gadva  and  bke  it  is  used  as  a 

water  cap.     The  /oft  (26)  is  a  par-shaped  pot  liko  2b  and  20  in 

tue  Bute  and  material :  Tbo  haai  <37)  is  a  ring  with  a  baodlu  for  (hs 

gadva,  tumbya  and  Mi:    Tbd  manaiamika  (28)  ts  a  small  brasi 

drinkingciip:  The  cAa«6K  (2f»)  is  a  small  miter  jar:  Tbo  paswAp-if" 

(SO)  is  n  cyliiidneal  water  cop  with  a  rim  :  The^amb  or  pydia  (3l )  ii 

a  drinking  cup  act  on  a  round  stand :  Tho  rAmpAtra  (32)  >s  a  jamb 

(3))(vitboutastand:  'Pha  phttlpdtm  (5^)  JsacyiiiidricaJcnp  likothd 

yuncljMilTi  with  n  Uiickor  and  broader  rim.     The  fteven  chief  ressell 

fur  storing  and  carrying  water  are:  Tbo  pdtele  (1)  and  t<iptlM  (8l 

alrvndy described  :  'Vhi>hinda  (34)ashort-necbadoylindricalpo4owd 

b(>th  lor  carryiug  and  storing  water :    The  ffhtgar  longer-oecbsd 

oJid  with  a  more  sborply  sloping  lower  part  tban  the  hania ;  wbw 

sinidl  the  'jhayar  is  cabled  Imtan:  Tbo  gkangiH  or  ^ngalaua  (36) 

a  oOMOT  jur  t*ii  tfl  foortooii  iuches  aeroas,  and  four  to  nine  deepj  il 

used  for  holding  hut   bathing  water  and  for  steeping  olothes :  Tb< 

yanckyritra  (37)  is  a  large  copper  cylinder  two  to  three  foot  ncrosi 

and  three  to  four  feet  deep  with  a  rounded  rim  and  two  haodle* ; 

some  panthpairds  now  have  a  stop-cork  at  the  bottom  and  an  iroi 

stand :  Tbc  »unit  (S8)  is  a  glohular  pot  with  a  long  narrow  neoll 

aged  by  travellers  for  carrying  water.     The  fiftwn  arliL-les  used  « 

serving  betel  or  ;)tin  oKpfiri  are:  llie  lahnk  (:jg)  a  round  dub  nl 

inches  to  two  feci  across,  with  a  rim  half  wn  inch  U>  two  inches  bigl 

the  whole  embossed  witb  lotus  Uowera  and  other  designs ;  it  is  otei 


!}no^  tlie  fourteen  Bmallor  nrticlos  bcilongin^  to  the  Bet  of 
at  dishcB:     Tho  chauphttla  flO)  is  a  box  with  sti  or  eight 
rimcDta  and  throo  or  fuur   lugs;  Utah   cotupartment  has  a 
t«  top  or  lid  shaped  Uko  the  pohil  of  a  lotus  or  like  a  mangD 
mctimps  oniaincDt«d  with  apcucock  which  scircs as  afa&ndle; 
lids  cloae  inwards  whero  a  srruw  Dhapod  likv  a  lotus  bud, 
urood  iuto  the  centml  holo,  keep;)  the  Itdit  tightly  hgtoDed  ; 
mphula  is  aaod  for  holdiuf;^  the  cm-daniutntc,   c1ovc<i,    niituKjgs, 
uuTroQ,  and  perfuniud  cat«chu  pills  which  are  eaten  with  betel : 
ofri   (41)  is   a  cylindrical  box  for  the  olidced  liinOf  aU«chu, 
tier  spices  which  are  oatco  with  bctol :  The  wlkita  (42)  ia  the 
tier  for  slicing  the  bet«lDut;  it  ia  of  three  or  four  differenb 
:    The  jtatuiud  (43)  is  a  squ&rc  box  for  keeping  tbc  Iwitil 
!  The  tanbakwhi  tluhi  (4-4)  or  tohaoco  liox,  is  a  cylindricttl 
ih  a  sniall  hole  at  the  top  and  a  lid  movinff  round  ao  axiSi 
umilor  holu,  thruui^h  which,  when  the  two  hulee  aro  brougbL 
(T  Uio  other,  tobacco  is  poured  to  be  chewed  with  the  betel 
loea:  The  fhuntil  (4tj)  isaboxfor  keeping  the  slaked  lime 
i«  0At«n  with  betel:   rbo^'^4idMi  (46)  and  tho  latt  (47)  are 
<B»:  The  alar  Mni  (48)  isanniallcap  fixed  in  the  ccnlre  >)f  a 
tab  for  holding  the  atar  or  perfumed  oil  which  ia  served  after 
llo  gutdlf-diim  (49)  or  rosv-water  bottle,  it  a  bottle  with  a 
UTOvr  nock  perforated  at  the  cud  and  Rxod  to  tlie  body  with 
Vf  fn)iu  wli  icL  rosevriitcr  h  jipnukluil  nrov  iho  gtieata  af lior  tho 
leil  oil  ban  been  served  :     llie  mar  (50)  is  a  peaoock*shaned 
the  lUiia  (ol )  is  a  square  box,  luid  the  fxiiuieha  jfonj  (52)  m  a 
ylindricol  box  with  oompurlinODtH    n»ed    for    holding    tho 
Jeata  trbicb  aro  oatou  with  li(<t«l :      The  Ithal-l'oUa   (53)  is  a 
mos  murtur  and  piHtou  for  pounding  betel  for  the  aged  or 
M.     The  twelve  mibbcal  iastrumcuta  aro :  Tho  bell  'jhaiUa 
lither  plaiD  or  deooratod    with    figures,  has  a  baudlo  cither 
r  fliiaped  lilto  U&nili  the   monkey  (rod,  or  ^arud  Viahna'a 
!  charger:  The  jhdnj  (55)  a  Oat  and  tbe  tal  (56)  a  rounded 
,  both  used  aa-no  acconipauiincnt  by  reciters  uf  psalmii  or 
<y  liyina-aiiiging  heggam,  and   by  »cniion-aDd-floiig  or  Icirl'iH 
tn :  'Hie  rh'tl  (£7)  a  row  of  little  bella  worn  round  tboankles 
oinggirle;  Tho  ghungura  (-W)  arc  bigger  bolla  worn  round 
'uf  nocks  aud  i-uimd  tbu    wiust  of  bouio  low  daaa  begging 
Ml  of  Kitii :  The  rhiphjan  (59)  aro  two  fiah-aliapod  flat  bars 
o  Rcvon  inches  long  and  one  and    half  inches  broad   osob 
ad  with  a  ring;  the  ring  of  tho  up]Mir  bar  is  passed  over  tlie 
M)d  the  ring  of  the  lower  bar  ia  parsed  over  tho  socond  oiid 
loeert  ami  the  performer  claabos  the  bars  together  by  tbe 
M  the  tlimnb  and  fingora  :  The  karl-il  (00)  is  another  pair 
il  aoHtanulH  which  aro  Miunded  by  shaking  the  baod  iuaload 
buviDg  the  fiugors  :  Tho  Uitha  (61 )  or  kettle  drum  ia  a  hollow 
hetical  ooiipcr  pot  with  a  thick  rim  and  ti  small  ccntml  hole  ; 
\a  corcreu  with  gcat'a  skin  and  bouten  with  n  pair  of  rattan 
Jong  with  the  dhol  or  wooden  drum  :  Tho  iJirtM  (Gi)  ia  * 
[lot-ghaped    dnini    covored    with   gnat's    skiD ;     Tho 
.     ■)  is  a  child's  rattle:  The  hirua  (64)  is  the  large  bi-asa 
uttijtut:  Aud  the  Mng  (6o)  is  the  brass  bom.     The  threu 


Chapter  VI- 
CrafU. 

lUUBM  WOBB. 

Artkiis. 


measares  are:  The  tuihuli  (66)  and  the  sher  (67)  copper  cytindi 
uced  in  tneaetiring  gmin  :  The  pavghcr  (6K)  is  a  smtll  globi 
brass  pot  ased  for  nicafiunn^  milk  or  a  cjlindiT  with  a  small  book- 
shapoa  bandlo  for  mcesnring  oil.  The  eight  lamna  are :  Tbtf 
vamot  (69)  and  the  handil  or  lumandiva  (70)  both  Bat  saucer-liki 
broil  plates  with  hollowH  iu  tlio  lip  fur  niclcB;  the  tamai  ie  Uid 
OD  a  high  bnua  stand  and  the  ilanifiV  on  a  shorter  stand  and 
bas  a  braaa  cbsin  bj  which  it  is  haiig  from  the  ceiling  or  (mm 
adoor  lintel :  The  tftra  lante-  (71)  is  oi  twi>  varieties,  a  smallw  an 
inch  or  two  inch  broad  fist'bottoiaed  aaucer  witfa  a  wick*hoUow 
the  lip  and   a   Ur^r  with  a  long  flat  hook-like  handle :     tbt 


niTdit.jan'(^2)  is  a  small  cup  set  on  a  long  or  a  short  stand,  for 
bonung  Oftrifisd  batt«r  bofurc  the  goda  -.  I'fac  pfmehdrti  (73)  is  a 
crMC6at-ah^wd  pot  on  a  stAnd  with  five  wick-openiogs  which  is 
som»tiine»  fixed  in  the  hand  of  a  female  figure :  The  divti  (74)  ia 
u  hollow  conical  braxs  bundle  in  which  a  roll  of  oiled  ragK  U  fitt«d 
and  bomt  aa  a  torch,  being  fed  with  oil  from  a  spoutra  oil  flask; 
it  is  much  nscd  hy   llio  devtil«e.'i  of  Kili  or  BharaDi :  Tlie  miuU/ 

(75)  is  a  bruss  cvlindcr  through  which  a  roll  of  oitod  ra^  is  pMwi 
and  burnt  ah  a  torch ;  the  torch  baa  to  a  great  extent  given  way 
to  the  InnlerH,  bul  i*  Blill  uned  by  the  gentry  in  native  «l»tv«  aad 
it  is  burnt  before  ShankArfichirya,  tne  Smfirt  Pontiff,  wh?n  h« 
tra^vela  during  the  day  time  as  well  as  at  night :    The  chimnu-k-t  diro 

(76)  is  the  English  binp  with  a  glae*  chimney.  Tweuly-siK 
worship  vosaela  and  applianc«s  are  made  :  ThetUikwIiekapiilr-i  (TV), 
a  DBrrow-Derked  copper  or  brass  pot  is,  somewbat  like  the  jr^'lM 
(24)  except  tlint  its  bottom  tapers  to  &  point,  stands  on  a  tripod 
with  a  ring  at  the  top,  and  has  a  hole  in  the  bottom  through  wbich 
water  dripH  on  the  object  of  worship :  The  eampusht  (78)  a  holkm 
cylinder  two  to  six  inches  iktosb  and  one  to  two  high  is  ns^-d  (or 
washing  images :  The  ehauki  (79)  a  low  four-footm  stool,  roaal) 
sqnare,  or  nix  or  eight-conierod,  fs  u»od  as  an  image  stand  nrsl 
a  support  for  ua  image  stand  :  The  ddni  (Sd)  is  a  stand  on  wtucfc 
the  oonoh  or  aftanlch  h  placed  ;  it  is  goncrolly  toHoise-shapod,  sad 
is  about  half  an  inch  in  diniuetcr:  Tbo  ghanta  {bi)  is  the  al 
described  long  handled  boll :  The  fh'trtt  or  halfciirli  (HI ),  is  a  t 
four  incht?9  long  fish-shRped  pot  for  bunnDg  cuuiphur  bofurs' 
gods:  Th«  jtanrhnrti  (7(1)  is  the  already  descriLed  five-vie 
utrnp  for  burning  clarified  htitter  before  the  gods  :  The  dhofdiH 
(82),  a  stund  with  homisphorical  top  aud  bottom,  is  used  fur  biinuoff 
inccn.w:  The  nirdnj an  (72)  is  tho  already  described  !r" 
burning  cturifiod  butter  before  the  gods:  The  arght/a  {'•■ 
narrow  cup  hall  an  inch  to  three  inches  long  and  a  qQartproI** 
inch  to  an  inch  brond,  with  a  flat  handle  and  long  flat  auoal  f< 
which  sacriticial  water  is  poured.  The  panthpdie  (84)  is  a 
■with  chambers  for  tho  variuus  powders,  turmeric  guUtt,  ohifi 
kttnktt,  with  which  during  the  worship  iJie  god  and  the  woi  "" 
are  from  time  to  time  marked:  Tho  iamal  (85)  is  a  round 
shaped  plate,  sometimes  fixed  on  the  back  of  a  metal  bull,  od  ' 
the  gods  are  placed,  llio  tdmhan  (86)  is  a  shallow  batb,  exc 
its  Bligfatly  bulging  rim  not  unlike  tbo  tdi  or  dining  dish 
which  images  are  wsshed  :  The  simvatan,  litomlly  Inm  thioBtj 


POONA. 


181 


r-footed  low  stool  with  plntea  on  tiro  aidea  mid  a  Joooitttocl  ai\.'hc'l 

Jt  ill  front  of  wbtch  the  gods  are  kept :  The  tabakdi  {BR)  is  a  Btnall 

plate  an  inch  or  two  l>road  for  holding  the  brow-iiiKrkiii|^  flniidiklwoot) 

M6le  and  red  tonnerio :  The  kot:ho^  (89),  a  platv  with    three  oval 

ATudosii  for  k««ping  the  wliito  and  red  saadaln-ood  paatos  and  the 

iDoiBtoued  rice  with  which  the  brows  of  the  goda  arc  miirkud  :  The 

tandhei-hifiaii  (90)  is  a  Bin&ll  ladle-shapod  spoon  for  pouring  oat  the 

Mi^rificinl   wator:    Tlie   vati  (23)   !s  the  slreadj  aeecrtbed   small 

ejliodrical  brass  cup  with  rousdod  bottom  froui  half  au  inch  to  an  iuch 

acroM  in  which  su^ar  or  naivedya  is  olTDrod  to  the  ^da  :  The  luUi- 

vnmMean  (91)  is  the  omantented  square  pot  in  which  the  holy  Iu/«i 

Obtdou)  sanctum,  tho  wife  of  Vishna  ia  grown  :  The  devkdra  (92)  or 

god  thrinc,  is  a  dome  with  a  stand  on  which  the  gods  are  arranged 

■od  vonliippod  :  Tho  ptijefha-daba  (9S)  or  worship  box,  is  a  round 

W  with  a  tapuring  lid  baring  a  hole  iu  tbo  centra  in  which  the 

gidsare  placed  at  night  and  the  lid  faateued;  while  worship  ia 

gtug  on  tlifi  lid  is  nsM  as  a  sivTO  fi-oin  which  mter  is  sllowcd  to 

drop  over  the  Rod-i :  The  gangajali  (94)  ia  a  aniall  gadva  (24)  or 

Mepotwitha  iidomainunU-d  with  the  buatof  awoman  to  rcprawnt 

Ihetiaogcs,  whose  water  ia  ki'^pt  in  it  and  ia  wortthifiped  alouff  with 

tlu Itoase  gode :     Tbi*  t/hitnijuli  fiela   (95)   is  a  handleleM  gSangal 

ibqted  (36)  cup  iu  which  suf^iir  or  naittedva  is  oETcrcd  to  the  goda 

It iecloae  of  the  worship;  The  lahak  (39)  the  dif(!Uw»e  (71)  and 

IhtJirti  (74)  are  aim)  used  in  worshipping  tho  gods.     Twenty 

Ndisg  brass  images  are  made :  Qanpati  (96),  tlic  god  of  kuowl^ge 

laj  lord  of  the  spirits,  a  fat  four-haoded  man  with  the  head  of  an 

itohant;  Shankar  or  Shiv  (97),   the  desirojer  who  has  a  trident 

k  nia  luCnd  aad   a  necklace  made  of  homan  skulls  round  his  neck, 

tilb  bis  wife  PArvati  and  bin  mm  Gtanpati  on  his  lap.    M&rati  (98) 

the  monkey  god  :  It^m  thb  doitiod  king  of  Ondh  snpposod  to  bo  tho 

•neclh  incamatioD  of  Vieboa,  with  bia  wifo  Slta,  his  two  brottwra 

BWftt  and  Shutntghna,  and  his  general  M&ruti  (5$) :  Vithoba  (100) 

«iUi  bis  vrife  Rakbmiii,  aapposcd  in  some  places  to  ho  Bsudhya  or 

Bodha  the  ninth  incarnation  of  ViHhnu:  B^lkriafana  (101)  or  babv 

Krishna,  the  eighth  iacarDution  of  Viithou  cmwiing  like  a  child  with 

■  bailor  butter  in  one  hand  ;  Harlidhiu-(102)  ortheflatiog  Krishna: 

&Uhn-KnHhan  (108)  or  Krishna  and  his  beloved  Hidha:  BbaWini 

I^  ( |U4)  ar  Kiili,  an  cigbt-hnndcd  femalij  li^ro  slaying  tbu  buQulo 

jeaat  MnhiiihAsar:     Datt^itraya  or  Trimurti  (105),  ia  tho  Hindu 

niaity  with  three  boads  and  six  bands  guarded  by  four  dogd  which 

Dean  the  Vede  and  a  oow  which  means  the  earth:  Kbandoba  (106) 

tlegtiardhin  of  tho  Doccan  ta  shawn  on  horseback  :  F^rvali  (107), a 

MUed  female  figure  the  wife  of  8hiv  the  destroyer  is  wurahipjicd  by 

U)$  bride  when  tne  bridegn:>om  is  brought  to  the  marriage  bower  and 

i*  given  to  tbe  bri'Iugroom  who  tAkea  it  hoine  and  puts  it  with  hia 

Khaute  gods:  Gatiri,  the  head  of  a  woman  is  the  goddess  BharAni 
ikich  is  wonshipped  d&riug  the  &aQpa.ti  foatival  in  August :  Sbesbasb&i, 
or  Vishnu  (109)  the  protector  sleeping  on  the  coils  of  the  thouHand- 
hiaded  soako  with  his  wife  Lassbmi  shampooing  his  legs  and 
(tWTid  Blanding  io  frout  with  folded  bnoda.  Other  brass 
figures  cast  in  Poona  are  :  A^  cow  and  u  calf  (100) :  A  woman 
(110)  holding  ud-battis  oi*  iucenso  sticks:  A  GosAvi  or  religious 


Chapter  TT- 
Crafts- 

Artittu. 


Ch»pt«r  TI. 
CnttM. 

Br  AM  Woke. 
Artklm, 


hvftfptT   (111)   IioMing  u  fly-nliUk  or   chauri;    Riildlii  luiil  SiJIilil 
(112)  Oanpati's  female  fly-whisk  beftrers:  ThaNamli  (lia)or  Sliir'a 
bull :   A  pair  ot  nunpiuit  uitolopoa  (11-i)  cooli  holding  an  vd-baUi 
or  iaceoae  stick:   A    pair  of  gandu   (116)   or  BttoDdantii  of  ShJv, 
one  blowing  n  concb  iOi«tl  aoa  tbo  otlier  a  horn,  to  be  placed  oa 
GAcb  side  of  8hiv.     Tliirtoen  Mticlca  of  peasnat  jowolry  arc  mado: 
The  eiuindraicor   (116),  tbe  Aafofc  (117).  aad  the  pA«M118)  for  th« 
head  ;  Ikusit  (11?),  sari*  (120),  vajratikt  (121),  aod  ptttlU  (122)  for 
the  neck;  imI^m  (123),  gott(l24).  aai bdngdj/dt (12^)  for  Clie  anna 
jtnllijan  ()2t>)  for  tbe  wrisU ;  ehtialt^  or  tallet  (127)  for  tbeCagerft 
and  tadet  (128),  vales  (128),  and  ;M»i<;'ati<  (129)    for  the  ankl 
Five  toilvt  articles  are  made:  Tbo   kara-nda  (l^tO),  a  dotoo-sha 
bnn  box  for  keepioR  red  turmeric  powder  kunku  or  iunAutn: 
menaJui  karanda,  Blicfatlj  different  from  tho  karnnda  is  ns«d  for 
keeping'  beeawax  which  women  mb  on  their  brows  before  tliejr  pat 
on  the  red  brow  louk  ;    Tho  am  (131)  a  bnraishcd- brass  mirror 
with  a  lid,  is  either  round,  Hqiuiruj  oval,  or  hoart-shaped  :  The  ^aif* 
(132)a  mango-shapod  phial  for  keeping  the  dafpan  or  tooth-powdor' 
wUich  streogthons  tliuugli  it  blaolceiu  tno  teeth,  nad  i»  nscd  hy  lying- 
in  women  :  Tbu  pliani  (133),  a  braas  cumb  which  has  now  alninsl 
cntirtOy  ^vou  way  to  ivory  and  sandal  or  blookwood  ooralw :  'Ilw     . 
ehank\fa'S  (134),  little  round  studs  or  apaaglesapplicd  to  the  brow  bclu'^H 
thcnnl  mark:  The  ^(imf/i'id/iidaM  (135),  a  cylindrical  brasa  box  witfl^ 
a  looking  glass  fixed  to  tho  lid  in  wluch  high  class  Hindu  nicu 


!)Ior 
rtna^j 

kle^ 


roll  pierced  with  loitvett,  flowers,  niitmols  and  other  designs  in  dotted 
lines ;  it  U  fillod  with  powdered  culcspar  or  rdngali  and  passed  ever 
partsof  the  floor  wbicn  have  been  markodawith  rodpowdor  ;  before  a 
dinner  the  scat  of  each  guest  is  uutrkcd  oS  with  thi-so  linos,  aod  on 
groat  days  tiie  rdnaoH  is  sprinkled  on  in  front  of  the  door  sto] 
The  tid-haUuhfjha4i  (137),  a  treo-«Kn|K)d  hmsa  stand  on  wtiii 
incense  sticks  are  burnt;  th»  jhtid  is  generally  placed  near  t 
jAaio  of  the  bndrgroom  or  other  distinguisli&d  guest:  Thvj'fmlt/ 
(138),  drcular  pieces  of  brafiB,  shaped  like  a  flower  with  n  hok>  io  the 
centre  which  arc  nailed  along  tbo  edges  of  the  low  Hindu  dining 
atoola. 

Fifteen  misccllaneoaa  brass  and  copper  articles  are  made  :  T! 
rAarrn  (139),  kojiundi  (HO),  and  gnnJi  (141)  globalar  uiilk  pots' 
'ITic  fci«  (142)  an  oval  brass  milh  pot:  Tho  bomlle  (113)  h  spojii 
<rilh  ft  fliiC  handle  oud  a  lung  snout  used  in  giving  milk  to  children  : 
l^e  vajri  ( 14i)  is  a  metal  plate  with  roughonod  surface  and  a  bandlo 
used  as  a  foot  scraper  :  The  daut  (14&)  an  ink  bottle  t-ilher  n>»m 
square,  six-sidod,  or  eight-eidod :  The  sqaare  or  »ix<mdod  box  ( 1  ■ 
containing  two  ink  bottles,  one  for  red  and  tbu  other  fur  black  ti 
aeandbox,  and  a  square  gam  bottle  is  aUu  called  <(auf:  Abddgirdch 
Jcalas  (147)  a  bod-shapeo  oniautent  fixed  at  the  top  of  the  al 

I    TIm  tngra^Dt*  «l  Ui«  tnoth  pow^ar    or  Mtaan   are :    flanta  koA    Me  _^ 
myrnbidatu.  galli  Qiiorco*  iuToolori*,  Mt^t  iMrk  Acaciea  anlncut,  wad  wpperM  or 
gNeii  vitrh>l. 


OQ 

I 

"g 


POONA. 


Biato   wodaing-  nmbrella:     The  kniup   (148)  or  jMulIocfc,  tho 

uyr*  {140)  or  hiiigtt,  tho  tany'i*(lM>)  or  scales,  tlie  y«i/ft  biir  (151) 

vniHlon  rail,  the  Mat  (1J}2)  the  English  bolt,  arid  iho  Jiadi  (XoS) 

rinf^-abapcd  hnndlc     Kxcopt  the  vessels  and  &p|ili&i)cea  used  iu 

vorship  the  inu^oa  of  tho  gods  aad  the  uisoollaueous  irare  uU  uf  tboBO 

1irBHartic)D8Rn)DiadoHRin.I)atitoy8  forchildroa.    la  additiou  to  ttiase 

poto eight  special  tojrs  are  made  ;    The  khitrehi  (15+)  a  small  chair; 

Ihtfolang  (155)  &  sofa;  tho  vaina  (154J)  n  cradle;  tho  Rnglish  couch 

(15^)  which  has  boon  adopted  into  Slantthi  amlvr  that  naino  thongh 

mnouQoed  moro    like    coach  thiiD  coach  ;  tho  mangdla  a  sitiglo 

m-placo   (150)   ttod  the  cAui  u  double  fireplace ;  thu  tahlo  (IGU)  ; 

udiho  Mn/:  or  boaofa  (161). 

Tbo  Juigars  mostly  do  tho  finortiada  of  brass  work,  nukiDi;  falso 
jevdry,  f>ildiiiK  cloclcH,  turning  metal,  casting  and  polishing 
001,  making  lock«,  and  shorpiiiiing  KwonN  and  knives.  Tho 
iBoiiis,  who  bavB  lately  taken  to  hraSH  work,  ore  of  two  classes 
QMdiiArB  or  beatcra  ami  Oliii^rs  or  cAAters.  Ot  tho  bnatent  about 
wit  faondrod  »ro  cmploynd  id  Iwoaty-Gvo  cetebluhmouts  and  of 
tk  Alston  about  four  bandred  are  employed  tn  twenty  establish- 
moIh.  The  first  ouUiidurs  or  uon-hereaitary  workers  who  started  a 
ln«i  beating  cetabliHhraent  in  Poona  were  Kliaiidu  a  SdtAra  Mali 
w  AbduUa  uilla  an  Alimodnagar  Mnaalm^n.  The  present  workers 
Bteill  Pooaa  Kuabis.  Xhoy  spoak  iucorroct  Mar&lhi,  live  in  one- 
tbtiTod  hired  quarters^  eat  coarne  foodchieSy  vegetable  food,  dre§a 
Qa  cap  or  coarse  MairAtba  turban,  a  kerchief  bonod  round  the 
waj,  a  facketaod  somolimes  a  scarf  round  tho  shonlder.  They  are 
UxNinra  being  paid  by  the  outturn  and  earning  4Jd.  to  7^4. 
9'iiu,)  ft  day.  They  soldom  suflttr  from  want  of  work.  Thoy 
■wit  from  sunrise  to  aouset  with  only  rest  enough  at  noon  to  tako 
I  ttwJ.  Thoy  stop  work  on  tho  last  or  no-moon  day  of  cncb  lunar 
Ooitfa,  on  tho  day  aftor  Sanknint  in  Janaarv,  for  fivo  days  nt  Shim'ja 
mMarch-April,  and  0(1  tho  day  after  an  oo'lipso.  They  keen  these 
■Jnas  days  of  rest  from  rcligioQBmotivos  not  from  a  lore  of  idleness. 

Tie  materials  which  these  Kunbi    ooppersmitha  work    up  into 

<Mgk  pots  arc  odd  pieces  of  br&zicnt  loft  over  by  Uic  Tuiubata  iu 

nUiag  oat  veasoh) ;  the  remains  of  copper  sheets  punched  at  tho 

aiut  or  the  cartridge  factory ;  and  broken  pota.    Thcae  materials 

to  an  arer&ge  cost  b^d.  to  lid.  a  ponnd  (iU.7|-10  the  man  of 

SEIbs.).     The  material  is  supplied  by  the  owner  of  the  establish. 

■MDtwho  id  fithcr  a  Kasilr  or  a  V&uia,  and  sometimoa  a  Kunbi^  and 

ttaro  oftoo   by   a  dealer.      The    Kimbi    copjwramith'B    tools    and 

upUances  differ  slightly  from  those  uaed  by  tho  Tfimbats  although 

tne?  sometimoa  go  by  the  same  namos.      iQnteod  of  a  flint  and 

pbinawara  crucible  tho  Kunbi  brasa-smith  uses    iron    cnpa    oiuo 

'w  across  and  three  to  four  iochos  deep.    An  establisluoent  of 

workmen  use  1(H)  to  125  iron  cups  in  the  year  as  tho  cups  burn 

iff  and   break  by  conetaot  heating.     It  ia  said  that  about  every 

iBsdred  poundaof  braes  smelted  wear  out  an  irou  cap  ('i  cnps  in 

no  then).    Two  or  tliree  large  tongs  or  tdndasU  about  Chroo  feet 

Ido^ and eiglit  lot«npoaods  in  woigliteaoh  worth  3».to4«.  (Rfl.l  )-2). 

ax  bellows  a  year  each  worth3ff.to&(.  (B«.ll-2l).    CircoW 


Chapttr 

Crafts. 

Bbjuh  WnaiT. 
Ariieka. 


(Bonilnjr 


184 


DISTRICTS. 


Espter  VI. 

Bham  \VoM(. 
Artktf*. 


wooden   moaUfl  or  gaetuit  with  a   hati<ll«.>  cadi  ivortb  ili/ 
(Z'ias.y.     Pour  to  six  iron  Imrs,  Ibrec  to  live  fe«t  luug  nail  au  iiic^ 
ruuod,  culled  sedagiu,  together  worth  2*.  io  i».  (Iia.1  -2).      A   lur{,tt 
Strang  an^-il  dxeaiBAD  eqnally  ttrong  bdbhul  hUtck  irortli 
tS  10«.  (Ua.10-35).     8ix  strong bammeTS  with  wooden  handlesi 
worth  &r.  to  3«.     Four  psirs  of  strong  sciuon  each  worth  ts.  tn 
(R8.I>li).     Fonr  or  five  four-inch  nqiuure  MtviLs  cAch  worths. 
6«.  (Rs.2>d).     A  seooDtl  »ot  of  Iwooty  to  twunty-livu  hammers 
Aa/AoiM*  to  match  tlie  geonnd  anvil  each  worth  6d.  to  la.  (4  ■  8  cii 
Half  a  doxon  bont  bar  anviU  or  khare-tu  five  to  six  feet  long,  t* 
inchee  sqnaro    at  one  end,  and  four  inches  sqnare  at  the  otlie 
UDlilce   LliA  TAttibata   the   Kunbia   have   no   khadva   or   triiu^li 
wouduD  Htaiid  fur  thoir  bar  auvil,  a  small  block  is  placvd  bolow 
bar  anvil  and  the  workmen  sita  on  the  Iwr  with  hw  legs  on  eti 
side  of  it.     Four  to  five  hammera  to  match  the  bar  auTit  or  khar 
each  Worth  1*.  to  la.  3J.  (8- 10  a».).     Four  to  six  small  aovils 
iDchOHby  three  to  four  feet  long  called /loAiirat  each  worth  29.  to  3t, 
(Its.  1  - 1|)  which  are  fixed  in  suuiU  bdhhul  blocks  buried  tii  the  grout " 
eight  to  twelve  amall  hammers  to  match  the  paJidrm  anvil  tog 
worth  Gt.  to  \2a.  (Rs.  3-6).     A  pair  of  casks  four  feet  high  and 
feet   in  diiunot«r  for  holding     tamarind    pulp    mixed  with 
eacb  worth  4s.  to  6«.  (Bs.2-3).     A  boUow  etoue  or  uh/iat 
Z$.  (Re.  1).     The  sinsH  piooes  of  braziers  arc    gatborod  tog 
and    sbapx]    into     cjliitdricnl     lumps.     A    few  ptecos    of    copf 
and  xinc  are  aUo  put  in  the  iron  cup  or  tmy  and  a  small   quanti 
of  borax  is  added.     The  iron  ctip  is  sot  in  the   fumooo  which  is  a 
pit  throe  foot  roaud  uad  two   feet  deep  with   the  aides  raised  two 
foot  above  tlie  floor.      Driud  cowdung   citkos  cbaroool   and  wood 
are  hoapud  above  nod  around  the  cup.     Two  hollows  are  placed 
one  on  each  aide  of  the  opening  in  the  kanked  sides  and  workwL 
till  the  alloy   is  molted  and  the  parts  thorongUy    ataalgamatajB 
The  ccp  is  then  lifted  up  with  the  large  tongs  and  the  liqniP 
contents  poured  into  a  circular  hollow  atrack   willi  a  wooden  mould 
on  a  bed  of  clay.     When  aolidifiud  the  rounded  cakes  of  brass  vm 
taken  to  the  large  auvil  or  fci*M<Ia  when  one   tnau  holds  tho  oaki 
firmly  with  pincers  while  five  or  six  labourers  hanmur  it  in  orderw 
fiucceasion.     When  it  is  beat«n  to  a  (pven  thinness  the  cake  ia  pifl 
aside  and  aa^tber  cake  hammered  in  tho  same  way.     The  cakes  MM 
afterwards  taken  in  heaps  of  ton  or  fiftoOD  and  again  hammered 
When  thin  enough  th^  are  cat  by  scissors  into  circular  pieces  <H 
the  required  size  and  taken  to  tho  sooocd  anvil  and  tho  holloa 
stone  or  ukhal  to  bo  shaped,  and  are  passed  Erom  hand  to  hand  aiH 
from  anvil  to  anvil  till  tbey  are  completed.     Bach  pot  is  stiapdl 
in  two  separate  pieces  an  upper  and  a  lower.     \V'1ion  tho  two  poffl 
are  ready  ihoy  are  dovetailed  and  beaten  together  at  the  joiniD^ 
They  are  then  again  takes  to  tho  furnace  and  a  ootnpoaition  3 
bmsa  dnst  and  borax  is  thrown  ever  tho  joint,  tho  pot  is  boated,  anl 
the  joint  is  once  more  hammered.     The  next  proooss  ia  polishinil 
To  polish  tJiem,  a  number  of  poLt  are  steeped  two  to   four  day*  il 
a  solution  of  tamarind  pulp,  rubbed  with  powdered  charcoal  anfl 
bricks,  and  hammered  again   till  the   whole  surface  is  covered  wilfl 
hammer  marks,  I 


POONA. 


US 


fiMUA  bni(t.i  making  orif^JTially  cikme  From   Altiundaamr,  all  of 

^]H.-rHrtiitb»  hiivo  qow  moved  Vo  Pix>na,     Pun  and  B«Tduida 

wUioh  iispil  t^  iQiilcc  ixinsidorable  qiuinlitios  of  briusware, 

U-mircty  without  work  ;  Cb^dor  is  Jecliuing,  and  though 

tprmctice  of  pilghnu  bringiDgawayN4.silcbnutsware  will  probably 

Tvtokftrrp  up  tho  Homiuid  nt  iuaiit  for  thu  hitfbor  clasH  of  artioleft 

wlcot  N^&'sik,  UDlcs»theychaQKctheirs/8teiii,uiewholeof  tho  NisJk 

' '  in  ortlinury  i^uokiti^  iiiitl  driiikiiig  V6M6la  nill  ptna   to    Pooaa. 

I'uuuu  coppL-n-mitlutarv  ablv  to  uudersoU  Chcir  rivalM  br  adopting 

»ink>a  of  romhinntinn  amnng  tho  workers  aud  separation  among 

auticlvsiniidewliicb  >.<  tlx^svorctof  vbenp  production.  Tli«  cook  tag' 

]  mtt-r  Teasels  made  are  all  of  one  sixe  and  of  ouo  shave.    And  in 

it  each  ve»w\  is  paftscd  througli  a  aucceaaion  of  grviipa   of 

wbosu  whole  at loutioii  is  given  to  perforutiag  one  stage  oC 

tWDik.  (Quickly  and  thorough!}'. 

:  wravinff  in  Poonacity  :b  at  prosonb  (1883)  flourishing,  and  lit 
t  ext«uC  boa  Qclipsed  the  silk  weaving  of  V^ola  in  Nfksik.  Of 
1 600  loonu,  neftn;  twi>-thirdsaro  owned  by  Mumin  and  Jnlfiha 
ina  who  have  settled  at  Mominpiira  in  the  Jnna-Oanj  ward. 
I  Hindu  Bilk  workers  are  fonud  in  K.^bi-ili  and  near  Someslivar. 
lUiuwlinaa  silk  workers  belong  to  two  aoctions,  Momicia  proper 
.  JnUhAs,  and  tbe  Ilindn  worknRi  to  three  sections,  khnLria 
and  SilliB.  According  to  thdr  own  aceoont  most  of  tbe 
(tMloidns  ramo  about  thn>e  generations  ago  from  Haidarabad> 
DMrwiir,  Xariyan  Pcch,  and  Qnlmntk&l  to  tho  Ni&iim'a  country, 
ud  ihii  Hindn  workcrSj  according  to  tbcir  own  account,  came  from 
htthaa  aud  YmtU  three  or  four  geiinrations  ago.  As  a  cla^n  both 
NaMbnins  Hnd  fIiDdusareniild,hitnlwoi*king,and  itol>or,tho  Hindus 
tfiiw  harderworking  and  thriftier  than  thi!  ^ftisalim'ma,  Tbe  home 
Ipeadi  of  the  MusalnuUu  ia  HiudiiKUtni  and  of  the  Hmdiu  Mar^hi. 
Uinj-  Uto  in  their  own  honscs  aud  thu  rest  in  hired  qaurters.  The 
H<i<|i»,  though  tho/  cat  mutton  and  tish  on  hohdaya,  generally  li«o 
i^etablc  toed ;  the  Masalmdna  am  auimal  food  oUnust  dailj. 
iiAfi  Uindunand  MusalmiiiiB  wear  a  Ihret'-cornerwl  turlian,  bot  the 
Xualmiiu  tnrbnn  difTurH  :>ltf^litly  in  tthnpo  from  tho  Mardtha  turban. 
Bdh  classea  wear  long  wbilo  coatti  reaching  tho  knees.  Itound 
IW  loius  thd  Hindus  wear  the  dliofi  or  waiatcloth,  and  thu 
ICaialin^ns  wear  trousers.  Tbe  demand  for  Poena  silk  is  growing 
nd  tbe  workerR  arc  we1Uto-du.  Tbeir  busiest  season  is  the  Hiada 
Bvnage  time  between  Noromber  aud  May.  Tbe  Musalnuln  workent 
M  (mm  the  6th  to  the  1  dth  of  Mukarram,  on  the  Samzdn  and 
Salar^idt,  nod  on  Sdbfin  and  Wa/ldn.  Hindu  silk  workers  rest 
do  tlio  taunthlv  uo-mouu  day,  on  tho  day  after  tho  winter  Sattkranl 
"  '  ia  callod  Kar  in  Junnary,  for  two  or  thruo  days  during  the 
holidays  in  March-April,  during  two  days  ab  Dimli  in 
r- November,  and  on  the  day  aftur  all  oclipscs.  Poona  ailk 
i  work  from  seven  to  ten  in  the  moraing  and  from  one  to 
Their  women  and  thcjr  childron  ov«r  ten  help  the  men 
K,  roeling,  and  sizing.  Since  tho  1876-77  famine,  about 
cimiil^hi  K oahti  faniitiea  have  come  from  KafAyao-Peth  in 
Hnlni'H  country  and  settled  at  Poona.     They  own  aboat  100 


"Z 


Ohtpter 
CrafU. 
Ba^sa  Woi 
Ciaaftti 


Srut  Waavnra 


Grftfte- 

IlLK  WsiVIKO. 

Worimen. 


arvtb. 


siilc  Io('m.-<   fui<l  Arc  liivdco-workin^r  »»(]  ucire  sucoesaful   tlian   eitlie^ 
thn  Muaaliaiu  Khiitna  ortho  tocni  Ktalitis.     Tiie  onlj  eilk  uneU  u 
China  silk.     It  is  of  four  Tarioti4>«  dtt^ni  or  eecoad  quality,  Win 
third  quolit;,  lunkin  a  variety  of    the  aecoud  quality,  and  «An<dl 
giat.    All  of  it  comes  to  Poona  from  Boiubuy  ha  personal  lug 
The  duem  in  baught  at  Kw.  GJ.  a  pound  {lis.  \Q{  s  aher),  tho  si\ 
16*.  a  poDud  (Its.  IG  a  titer),  the  {<irijl-iti  at  lu«.  tid.  a  poDDci  (Ks. 
a  sA«r},  and  the  theval  or  .riul  at  13«.  6d~  to   I4«.  r  (Mund   (Itt*.  1 
to  Ba.  14  a  aAcr).     The  Poona  silk  wesTors  either  borrow  mnnsy 
from  Shimpi   and  Mim-ir  V&ni  mlk  donUrs  and  buy  aillc  yarn  and 
gold  thread,  or  they  work  as  hkboaren  recoiviug  tho  iDatcritJn  fi 
Shimpi  and    Mftrvdr  Vtioi  dealera  and  being  paid  by  tho  pii 
Wbon  money  is  advanced  the  silk  dealers  do  not  cLar^  intorvat 
get  1^  per  cent  od  the  eoIo  proceeds  of  the  fabrics. 

Five  tools  and  appliances  are  oHcd  in  a  Foooa  silk  worker's 
rahaikari'it,  litcraUy  wlieulniftn's,  factory.      TbMO  are  three 
cages  caUcd  phalhde  and  onu  nmuU  cage  called  phdlki,  each 
3d.  to  6d.  (2-4  (u.);  and  fifteen  or  sixte^)u  reoU  or  nsdri»  each 
3d.  to  d^  (2<4  (w.);'  a  siiiall   wheel  for  winding  the  silk  from 
reds  to  the  bobbins  wortb  Im.  (Rs.  3) ;  about  500  bobbins  or 
togothci-   worth   about     7^d.   {^  a«.) ;     and    tho    Urge    tb 
machine  or  raA^if  worth  about  £3  G*.  (Its.  3U)  incln[ling£:2  IOa. 
for  tho  big  driving  wlmeU,  An,  (Ua.  i)  for  Ibe  upright  woodou  fi 
or  tat  on  whoite  pe^s  tlie  bobbius  turn,  and  8«.  (lis.  4)  for  the  ' 
or  dMol  roond  which  tho  twisted  thread  from  oacli  bobbin  is 
To  start  a  silk  re<<ling  and   throwing  establiahmoiit  roquiree 
£4(Rk.  30.4t>).     On  getting  to  Poouft,  tho  raw  silk  is   n: 
to  the  reolur  or  raUalkari  under  whoso  care  it  i»  tx-c-lctl,  Hurl 
twialcd.     It  next  goes  to  tho  dyer  or  rangdri  to  be  coloured, 
when  received  from  iiiui  is  sent  to  tho  ■itoftvor  or  magv/tUi.  by  w 
it  is  warpod,  mKed,  and  worcn.     At  the  rooler's  or  mhiUhari^ii 
first  thii^  dono  U  sorting  the  silk.     To  sort  it  the  silk  is  tl 
round  &  (nroe  feet  bamboo  cage  or  phdlka,  with  n  central  baadlo 
two  feet  long,     fn  front  of  this  oago  tho  »ortor,'wlio  is  gener 
woman,  iiitn,  and,  fiutu-ning  tho  end  of  the  bank  to  a  reel  or  < 
fixes  the  central  rixl  n[  tbo  cage  agaitiHt  her  k>ft  fuol,  and 
spinning  rapidly  by  t\M»tiug  tno  end  of   tho   tod    bolween   _. 
her  tooa     The  qnaiity  of  tho  fibres  in  the  sk«iu  is  nneTen,  rai 
through   five  or  six  gradations.     It  is  the  sorter's  chief 
watch  tboso  gradations  and  to  wind  all  of  oach  variety   hhim 
separate  reol.     With  tbia  object,  before  she  begins  to  wind, 
gwthera  near  her  6ve  or  siic   r«els  or  aadrifi.     On  Boding  the 
of  tho  skein  she  knot-*i  it  to  oue  of  the  reelit,  and  placing  the 
agaiust  her  loft  foot,  spins  it  round  between  two  of   ber  toua. 


■  To  aiKke  a  ro«l  or  otAri.  a  pieoa  oi  slick  m  paueil  thraui^b  a  lialluW 
&XDd  IB  th«  d«n  end  ol  a  pi«os  m  Iwmtmo. 

■  Tbc  Uirdwing  madiias  cr  raJuU  ii  in  Uiiwe  Mrtu     In  the  mitro  u  tb»| 
frame  or  Mt  witE  m  otntnl  and  twa  M«   nfci^M.  on  oa*  Mo  of  Um 
Itritc  HhBri  or  nthat,  »\x  ta  elj-lit  Id  in  diucoter,  which  givet  iU  uu 
nuM'hina,  and  in  Innt  of  th«  Idt,   lupport^d  by  twa  usrigbu,  ii  Um  InUM  I 
KtHHit  two  (e«t  la  tl!An>«t«r  and  ux  to  eight  foot  iu  l«agth. 


rOONA. 


187 


'  passos  throupch  bor  fingers,  aud  as  soon  as  ita  qoftlity  ohnngcs, 
bo  breaks  the  eUk,  picks  up  b  seooii<l  reel,  knots  tlio  enu  Uj  it,  nod 
_  inds  till  tlie  quality  of  the  silk  again  cbaupfoit,  whua  oiLber  a  third 
w!  <ir  th<f  first  reol  i«  taken  up.  If  tho  new  quslity  is  tho  smno 
Bs  Uiat  on  the  6r8t  reel  the  ftortcr  pat«  the  ends  of  tlio  silk  iuto  her 
notith  and  knots  thorn  with  her  tooffuo  with  grfat  neatness  and 
tpeed.  Id  Lhis  way  otsd  a  young  worker,  without  bitch  or  tnistake, 
«n1l  aort  a  hank  over  fvn  or  six  reels. 

Thp  Br.Tt*Hi  silk  is  rc-ndy  for  twisting.  To  twist  it,  with  the  help 
plainnnll  wheel,  the  silk  i«  wound   from  the  rwsia  on  hoDow  njcd 

ibbins  or  ^arnlxs.  These  bobbins  are  then  arranged  on  the 
OS  nuu'hine  or  fiiJ,  aud,  bv  nie(U3.t  oFn  wbiwl  and  nxle,  the 
ni  each  bobbin  are  twiBtea  togotbor  and  gnidod  through  a 
(hat  or  molol  ring  round  tlirt  dram  or  dhol,  and  thnn  rcelod  on  the 
ubUgt  cago  or  ptdlki.  This  Iwo-tbrciid  or  ilontur  yarn  is  used 
tamaking  soma  fabrics,  bat  most  of  lliu  jam  is  again  vround  on 
k  T&gl  and  from  the  reel  to  the  boldiins,  and  a  ai>coud  time  ptit 
Ihn^igh  the  throwing  machiuo  so  hh  to  make  the  regular  or  ehdrtdt 
I4*t  i»  four-tbrond  yum.  Tlio  rrtkatkari  or  wheel  man,  wTio  takes 
la  Qune  from  the  largo  wheel  that  drives  the  throwing  machioa, 
Iw  (low  completed  hi.-"  work.  Silk  yarn  ja  called  sheria.  In  sorting 
aJinLilmg  it  the  mw  nilk  loaea  about  elevun  nnd  a  quarter  per 
W  ID  woiffht.  To  make  good  this  loas  a  corresponding  dodiiction 
owdo  in  iho  standard  weight,  that  is,  the  »fu!T  for  wt-igbing  nilk 
vIm  handed  over  to  the  worker  is  rcduood  in  weight  by  eleven  and 
tqnwlar  nor  cent,  and  la  attllcalledas^r  for  weigiitng  tbo  ^Aorta  or 
ltst«d  Eilk.  The  rnAufJtarirecaiTMl&d.  to  16d.  (10-I0|  aa.)  for 
jadipciund  of  mik  that  passes  through  his  bands.  His  monthly  incomo 
■  mU  to  rango  from  8jt.  ts  10«.   (Rs.  4-5).     When  the  raitdtkari 

ijili)y«  Ubouren*  bo  pays  them  &s.  to  lOs.  (Rs.  4-5)  a  montli. 

Alter  the  nlk  is  twisted  it  is  bleached  and   dyed.     In  bloaching 

the  raw  silk  is  steeped  !n  a  botling  solution  of  coantry  soap, 

in  an  alkaliuo  ley  cal\ei  ukkdr  prepared  by  boiling  togetlu>r 

lUtvd     lime    and    pt'ijwdkKdr    or    impure      onrbonato     of     soda. 

While  steeping  in  the  boiling  liquid  the  silk  hiu  to  bo  carefully 

Mrho-J  as  it  spoils  if  kept  in  it  too  long.     All  the  Poona  silk  dyers 

19,  whoso  foivfothers  are  said  to  have  como  from  Paithaa 

ir  ganorntionn  ago.    Tu  compete  with  foreign  silks  they 

ire  givfu  np  their  old  processes  and  taken  to  the  utio  of  aniline 

Tbo  ease  and  speed  with  which  aniline  dyea  can  bo  osed 

than     make    up    for  their    fleelingn<;88.     llieAe  cheap  dyes, 

r  with  the  inferior  silk  used,  give  the  f^ilks  of  Pooua  a  gnalb 

itage   in  competition   with  the  hjgb   class    fabrics    matte    in 

A  sUk  dyer  is  said  to  make  12*!.  to  14*.  (Rs.  6-7)  a  mouth. 

laaving  the  dyer,  eilk  goes  to  the  weaver  or  ni^tiia  who 

ifomw  tSr«e  prootssea,  «zing  warping  and  weaving.      For  a  sitk 

brer's  oetablahmeut  twelvo  appliances  are  wanted.    They  are: 

pmpara  tho  wurp  the  tantola  or  npnghts  witli  rings  worth  1 0».  to 

«a«.  (Ks.  S-0)  ;  20O  reed  bobbins  or  Ukhadia  for  winding  the  weft 

Ic^hcr  worth  about  lit.  (8  as.) ;  n  small  wheel  or  rahai  worih   6*. 

to  8*.  (Ha-  3-4)  ;  a  Urge  cago  or  phdlka  worth  Od.  (log.),  and  fire 


Chapter  VI. 

Cnfta. 

Silk  Wuvimi. 

PrWM. 


rBMBb«7  &< 


Itt 


MSTBICTS. 


▼1. 


lU.  00  aL].     For  the  loot 
or  torvB  worA  1U^  (B&  1}) ;   the  ned  Cbmd»  or  fihat 
Jhitoa.  aid  «■  •  teM«D  or  lay.  vocth  7«.  to  8*1  ( lis. 
tUtovdAMwaWddk*  wrtfa  1(W.I»1S#.    (B&5-6); 
faifMi.  IV&  kad  flkft  beMces  A*  th»d>  ct  ibe  mwp  to  keep 
fawnnlngb^  wMtk  U.  to  ItU.   (S-IS  w.) :  the  wmn> 
itu  wtwlb  X&  to  Si.  (B&  l-li>;  thna  ■hallira  warth   U  to 
(8-12  W-)  ;   — d  a  piiee  of  pu&Atd  sgata  wajfi,  aaed  to  nibl 
gflid  bovdera,  wntb  6«.  to  £S  (Bs.  S-^. 

SQfciKRMd  tiidoan,thewpdkmftdtSeFeot  vmi-Erom  the 
rBc     ne  wmrpnik  knad  oa  ibo I— ffa, «  pairfirqpriglil 
bMsaboot  eigbt  faetbi^i,  wMjafffwoCghMormcUlringsl 
rrh  hmr  thmagb  wlncb  tbe  jmm  bpUMO,  drawn  tigbl.  anu  stil 
by  btOBhing  into  ii « ilreaimgut  gam.     la  Enio^  U>c  vuft,  tbe 
[liamfl  OB  •  cago  woaad  on  reeb,  &ad  wlul«  on  the  rtel  it  is  moii 
withsba.  TbesBer,wboni  theoace  of  tfa«  weftTaniualwsjsawoii 
■tawitb  tbe  red  cm  bar  left  side,  aBd.ua  her  right,  s small  w^ 
whoaaaxlo  is  BnnljrSttod  apMoo  of  re«<l  bobbin  called  fVI^Aaj*. 
picla  the  md  (rf  the  bank  ban  Ifae  ivei,  Gsea  il  to  the  bobbto, ; 
hj  working;  ih«  wlieel  witb   &er  ri^lit  harnl  makec  the  bobbin  i 
qoicklj  ruuod  wiodJog  tbe  silk  toqikI  tiartf.     Aa  tbe  wheel  ta 
Ibe  worker  damp*  the  jrare  on  the  reel  with  siw,  and  pasaea 
thread  tbroogb  her  kft   &ugen  so  that  the  siie  is  eyeol; 
ewr  th«  wlmle  line.     The  wmrp   U   next  made  ready.     Wa 
ioolndaa  tliror  pmcno-xin,  hfJiUf-BUiog,  joiaing,  aad  amojiing. 
beddlr-SIIer,  acoonlini;  to  the  patt^Tn  of  tbe  borders,  panes  thi 
throogb  the  loope  in  the  oords  of  tbr  diJTcrvat  hcddlps  and 
the  teeth  of  (he  reed  or  phami.    M'ben  this  has  been  done, 
joiner  or  nandhnar,  ooonects  the  euds  of  tho  warp  threads  with 
beddles,  by  tying  the  oofrespoDdiDg  uironds  of  the  warp  to  tt 
pa«!wd  ibroDgh  the  heddlea  and  reed  by   the  hoddlo-fiuor. 
threads  aro  fiaally  arranged,  through  the  whole  length  of  tbo 
in  accordance  with  tb^  posiiioii  tbo  juioer  bns  giTcn  them, 
silk  loom  is  three  to  fonr  and  a  half  feet  broad  nml  i^i^^t  to  fit 
feet  long.     At  one  end  sits  tfie  wearer  with  his  fiwt  in  n  large ; 
and  immediately  in  front  of  hbn    is  the  square  cloth  beam  or  h 
which  sai^nrts  tbe  warp  and  round  which  as  it  is  woren,  the  SI 
is  rolled.     In  the  wearer's  pit  arc  two  or  fonr  treddlcsor  foot  bo« 
by  working  which  the  woaTOr  raisee  oad  lowers  tbo  warp  thrc 
The  two  or  four  treddlea  are  joined  by  strings  with  tbe  hec" 
two  or  four  fraiuen  which  hang  from  the  roof  acro«etbe 
of  the  warp  each  nitb  »  set  of  tnreiuls,  the  sot  of  thrtvids  of  tho< 
heddle  holding  in  their  loops  the  lower,  nnd  the  set  of  threada  in 
other  heddle  holding  iu  their  loops  tbe  upper  thretwls  of  the' 
As  the  treddles  are  worked  tbo  hcddlos  mora    the  threads  of  ^ 
warp  in  turn  up  and  dowu,   wliilc,  hctwoea  each  moTemonli, 
shuttle  loadod  with  the  woft  yam  ia  pasHkl  across  the  warp: 
front  of  the  beddles  and  like  them  hung  from  the  roof,  is  tbo  : 
or  phatii.  between  whoso    thin  dips  of  bamboo  iho  warp  thr 
have  been  passed.     The  reed    ia  set    in  a  hi>uvy  (rainoj   the  shni 
beam,  which  the  wearer  works  to  force  home  the  threads  of  the 
after  the  shuttle  has  passed.     Behind    the  bcddh-s   honaonlal  rods 


POONA. 


ISO 


telong  and  two  inches  round,  is  fastened  in  the  middle  to  n  rope^ 
ilaek  ii  kept  tight  by  being  passed  round  s  post  or  pulley  and 
falBwd  dcwe  to  the  weaver's  siae  to  a  peg  or  to  one  of  the  uprights 
rtieh  mpport  the  cloth-beam.  The  weaver  from  time  to  timt>  loosens 
ttsropeuthe  cloth  is  wonod  ronnd  the  doth  beam.  To  woavo 
dk  «ith  gold  bordera,  besides  the  asuat  large  beddles,  two  sets  of 
■darheadlea  are  ased.  The  first  or  large  set  of  heddles  governs 
"IhnDOtion  of  the  whole  of  the  warp.  The  second  act  of  four  heddlos 
wyUiik  the  gold  thread  in  the  border,  and  the  third,  which  consists 
rftaro  heddlee^  controls  certain  gold  threads  which  form  a  tooth  or 
WKHSmpeA  edging  to  the  inner  side  of  the  border.  The  border- 
dlpng  or  third  set  of  heddles  are  not  connected  with  any  treddles. 
Vaf  lie  simply  worked  by  the  weaver's  hand  and  kept  in  their 
fhoB  W  amall  sand  bags  hung  as  a  balance.  Aftur  two  movementn 
rfAenrrtormain  heddles,  the  second  or  border  hcdiUes  arc  put 
n  notion  t^  the  weaver  pressing  the  left  trcddlo.  The  set  of  the 
•  rods  that  support  the  edging  heddlus,  is  lifted  by  the  weaver's 
,  and,  at  every  movement  of  the  tir»t  or  main  heddles,  one  of 
4ha  nda  which  support  the  edging  heddles  h  lowered.  When  all 
fine  are  lowered,  they  are  again  raised  by  the  hand  and  again 
■■■ed  down  one  after  the  other.  In  the  Kam&thi's  loom  even  tho 
Wdfea  of  the  second  net  which  control  the  gold  border  tbreadH  have 
■straddles.  These  heddles  are  supported  by  »inaU  Irngs  the  work- 
Wnliftine  all  of  them,  and  pressing  thorn  one  after  the  other,  in  the 
'  *CT  the  Sam  or  Momin  wearer  moves  his  third  or  tooth  edging  set 
■IwddleB.  When  any  silk  design  is  to  bo  worked  into  the  body 
tf  the  fabric  the  K&toSA&\  weaver  takes  a  greater  number  of  tho 
kge  heddles  and  interposes  them  between  the  first  or  main  sot  and 

■  tti  noond  or   border    set.    The  oumber  of    these    extra    heddles 
d^endi  on  the  design.     Like  tho  second  or  border  set  of  hoddlns 

'wy  are  supported  by  sand  bags  and  moved  np  and  down  by  tlio 
vwrer'a  hand.  The  loom  for  weaving  brocade,  that  is  a  silk  fabric 
■idi  sold  flowers  or  other  ornament  woven  into  tho  botly  of  tho 

■  wA,  IB  veiy  elaborate,  the  arrangement  of  heddles  beitig  very  in- 

tute  and  the  work  of  weaving  very  tedious.     Tho  brocade  loom, 

is  addition  to  the  three  sets  of  heddles  used  in  weaving  a  bordered 

A  &brio,  namely  the  main  hediilee,  tho  border  licddlea,  aud  the 

Midlea  for  the  border  etlging,  has  a  fourth  set  of  heddles,  tor  tho 

MBament  that  is  woven  in  tho  body  of  tho  web.     The  lirnt  or  main 

«t  of  heddles  consisting  of   two  heddles  and    two  tniddloa   comes 

cloM  on   the   other   side    of    the    reed    or    j>hiini.     Then    comes 

ihe   second  set   of   four  heddles    for  tho    border.     ThcRo   border 

keddlea  are   supported    and  balanced  by  bags     of   sand  and   for 

(he  heddle   frames   iron   rods    ai-e    used    instead   of    tho    wooden 

mdl  used  in  the  Soli's  loom.     This  sot  of  heddles  controls  the  gold 

ttnad  in  the  border  and  is  worked  by  the    weaver's  hand.     Then 

Itdlows  the  third  or  border-cdgiiig-hoddlea  which  are  also  fastened 

to  izDD  rods  supported  by  sand  bags  and  iiro  worked  by  tho  woavor*8 

bud.     Behind,  that  is  further  from  tho  weaver  than  tho  edging 


duptarVI. 

Cr*^. 
Silk  Wuv»o. 


fBombft^  Quctt«er. 


1)ID  ■ 


hedd\es,ivn)  tho  brocade liodJIcA  Tliwe arc  a  (ring© o[ loops  uf  whi 
t]iread  which  ore  passed  roond  fibres  in  the  web  and  me  about 
iocbee  abuve  it.  Hie  topa  of  tbe  loops  are  Ustened  to  u  bell 
white  eorde,  whioh,  aouordiu^  to  the  patlern,  vary  from  twanty 
forty.  Thesa  cords  are  closely  strung  at  each  end  to  a  irooilen  bar 
■bout  a  foot  and  a  half  louu'  which  aro  fastened  in  a  posiUoo  lorel 
witli  the  web  bo  two  opright  polee  at  the  sides.  Frotn  the  loiddlo 
of  this  belt  of  cords,  or  ttie  heddle  back,  riaes  aboro  the  oontm  of 
the  web  a  bunch  of  whito  strings  one  for  each  heddle  which  aro  held 
upright  by  being'  fastened  to  a  piece  of  cauo  which  haiign  from 
oroM  bar.  On  the  wcavur'a  rij|;ht  of  tho  bunch  of  aprighc  strii 
a  cord  slaats  from  the  upright  threads  or  nakthat  to  a  cord 
OMMs  from  side  to  side,  a  few  iachca  abovg  the  belt  of  cords 
oeddle  bock.  On  this  slanting  string  are  stmn^  a  numhor  of  Ic 
IcDoUod  loops  or  pagid»  which  are  mstsaed  to  the  upright  threadit 
These  loops  are  most  difficult  to  arrange  only  one  or  two  of  the 
cleverest  workers  being  able  to  prepare  tbem.  Wht-n  a  brooadod 
lignre  bogtos  to  bo  woven  tho  wmror  drawn  certain  of  tho  looM 
loops  orpa(ft(U  down  the  alaDtine  string,  and,  by  drawing  the  loop* 
down,  draws  np  Mino  of  the  nprignt  thrviKlt  or  HokthAt,  wliirh  in  tnm 
rnisG  thu  cordB  of  the  cord  bolt  to  which  they  arc  fhstoncd,  and  ng»U^ 
tho  movement  of  the  corda  raises  \ho  loopn  which  Imtig  frotn  ^§fl 
conlK  and  with  tho  loops  rikisvs  oortain  of  tho  librut  of  tlio  wob,  1^^ 
keep  the  belt  cords  raised  the  weaTer  inserts  between  them  and 
tho  remaiaing  cords  of  the  belt  tiro  wooden  wodgo-Hhnncd  hnoka 
which  hang  Tnm  (ho  roof  each  about  cightoun  inches  to  too  side  of 
the  central  threads  or  nakahda.  After  the  required  set  of  fibres  Iisa 
been  raised  from  the  rcKt  of  the  web,  with  the  help  of  one  urtwo 
lK)ys,the  weaver  arranges  ucms."!  the  brottdth  of  tho  web  a  number  of 
boubius  full  of  gold  thread.  TIio  nninber\)f  bobbins  depends  on  tho 
Dumber  of  Hewers  in  the  breadth  of  the  web.  Tlion  the  weaver  and 
tho  boyit,  at  each  of  the  brocade  flowcra,  pass  the  bobbin  of  gold 
threads  under  the  threads  of  tbe  warns  wfaicli  have  been  nticied  abora 
the  rent.  The  wooden  books  are  tnod  drawn  out  nod  tho  brocade 
troOiJtcHiirciillowcd  to  fall  to  the  general  level.  The  main  and  border 
lieiklles  are  then  worked  and  one  fibre  of  wvft  is  added  to  tho  fabric. 
Then  again  certain  of  the  brocade  pattern  loops  are  drawn  down  and 
certain  cords  in  tho  brocade  treddle  drawn  up  and  kept  np  by  tho 
wodgc-Kliaped  hook.  Tticn  under  oach  of  thu  rairicd  libres  in  tho 
brocailo  pnttem  gold  lhrea«l  in  pamod,  and  then  again  the  main  aod 
border  1i«.>dd)o8  are  worked  (>ud  a  second  fibre  twlilod  to  tho  woft. 
Brocade  weaving  is  rei^  slow,  a  man  and  two  bo}'»  in  a  day  of  nino 
boon  weave  only  nbout  nino  inches  of  fabric  oraboutonc-lhird  of  tbe 
amount  of  plain  silk  which  one  man  can  weave.  While  the  bmc 
boddles  are  being  worked,  tho  first  or  main  licddlcs  are  slackenc 
by  nnfa^uning  them  from  an  iron  hook  with  which  they 
coonectod  while  in  motion.  When  htbourDrAareemploj'edas  wearera 
they  arc  paid  l».fco  2*.C</.  <R*.  \-\{)  a  yard  of  uie  fabric  woven, 
which  work  he  performs  in  a  day.  The  owners  of  the  looms  M-ate 
that  tJioir  monthly  ooniiug  averngo  £1  10«.  to  tt  10«.  (He.  15  -25). 
rUdmbarg  and  jmithanU  that  is  men';)  and  wunion's  robee  aro 
the  only  articles  woven.     Khana  or  bodice  pieces  are  cnt  out  of 


jcad^ 
:enaS 
f  a«^ 


POONA. 


191 


flkiobeR.     TTnliko  tlio  Tcota 


silks  tlte  Poona  silka 


women  i 
brocaded  a«  well  as  gold  bordered.  W'bon  ready  fur  aalo 
U«  iilkft  «t«  t«keii  to  tho  local  doiUors  and  Bold  hj  the  weAvere  od 
fcir  own  mocoanl,  or,  in  rare  rases  when  toer  ure  made  for 
k  4«ler,  aro  taken  »u<l  paid  fur  by  him.  Thu  denlers  sell  them 
kcally  or  aood  tliom  bo  Botnbar,  randharpnr,  R&lAra,  Sholilpur, 
■ad  biher  tmde  oentroit.  The  demand,  ospooinlly  Uir  tho  li^^htor 
mi  cheaper  varieties,  in  etcadUy  oa  tho  iucrcora.  The  value  of  tho 
jMtlyoatluru  of  Bilks  in  Poona  is  eaid  to  nveraue  about  £25,000 

Mi  and  silver  threa<1  mnkiu^  iii  a  proaperoas  indiiKtry   in  Poena 

^-   It  is  a  loDg  estal)lishuii  craft,  whea  or  by  ivhom  i(lnrF«d  ia 

OOtkuvn.     The  forabthers  of  the  present  workers  are  said  to  have 

MM  from  the  Nix&in's  couulry  nud  (hu  fact  that  their  family  deity 

ii  fihsrini   of  Tuljnpur  in  the  Nizam's  country  to  sonic  extent 

■ipparts  this  lietief.    Most  of  them  are  settled  in  the  ShokraTiir  and 

AaATir  wards  of  Poona  city.      Gold  and   silver  thread   inakiu)^ 

npfortaaboui  250  fmnilies  or  800  p«opIe.  LAd<Hon^rs,  Kokni-Sooitre, 

Kwidosli-SoniLrii,  Adhpr-Sonirs  and  Vaisliya-SonSre,  Ldds  proper, 

Huitiiin,  and  Ptirdfehis.    About  twenty  •five  families  aru  Pivtckni-is 

trW-nnkerK,  soventy-cight  are  Tdrkaslis  or  thread- drawers,  and 

I  HTMly  to  cngbty  families  oro  Oh^padjiU  or  wiro-boatorB.     Thero 

W  alto  about  200  Valnitrs  or  thread-twietere  motttly  women.     All 

ikol'ilvti'kariaorlMirmnliers  aro  Sonilr*.     Of  the  thread  mabors  OP 

<MmiI«,  thv  thnvul-buiitvre  or  ChilpttdyAs  and  tho  thrcad-twitttom 

I  (r  Vi)n:lrB  most  aro  I^dn.   Tho  name  TJid  seeou  to  point  to  a  South 

I  wjarAt  origin.     But  jic-cort! ing  to  thi'ir  own  accounts  tlioy  miiiu  to- 

rmna  from  Aumngftbud,  Paithan,  and  Karanje  in   the  I^ie^w'a 

(ointry.     Tim  lAdi  nay  their  forcfitthurs  worshipped  Pdman^th  ami 

8*Iiii  and  afterwards,  thc^  do  not  know  how  Iook  ago,  they  forsook 

I  Ku  Jiin  faith  for  tho  worship  of  the  goddcM  of  Taljlpur.    The  rest 

I  veJEunbis  nud  other  cUusQs,  including  a  fuw  DcHhasth  Unlibmaufl, 

Itlaiook  to  thread  nrnkmg  because  it  waa  flaiiriahiug.    Thoy  are 

U  amtentvil    and     hnrdworking    class.        Tlio     Pardeshis    speak 

ISiwlflstiDi  at  borne  and  the  rest  M&rithi.     Th^  hro  cenerally   in 

1  cDp.storeyed  houito!<,Home  their  own,  others  hired.  The  Lftoa,  Fardoshia, 

I  Mil  Brflhmans  live  solely  on  vegetables,  the  rest  may  eot  flesh.     All 

jtRept  the  Brdhmnns  are  allowed   to    drink    liquor    hut    all    ftro 

[moderate  in  ittt  use.     The  dilTerent  divisions  of  workers  dress  like 

[otliar  men  of  their  own  caeto,  the  IlrAhmans  in  the  broad  flat- 

ned  PrdhmaQ  turban ;  the  Manith^  in  a  three-cornered  torben ; 

I  the  Pardosbia  in  a  cap.     Tho  shape  of  coat  also  djffcrs  slightlv. 

Aa  a  class  thoy  are  weU-to-do.     Their   bu^  time  is  the     HinJu 

BCuoa  between  November  and  ilay.     Their  rest  days  are 

>  nontlilT  no-mooD  days  or  amdvimaji,  tho  day  aft«r  tho  uiid- 

aler  SitHXTiinl  or  tmpic  in  January,  five  days  at  Shimga  or   UoU 

March-April,  two  days  nt  Divaii  in  October- November,  and  the 

day  afbftr  every  eclipse.     The  day  after  Ndgpanchmi  in    Ao^ast 

^wh'ich  is  called  Shinilihel'c  Day,  is  kept  as  a  holiday  and  called  Kar. 

iccpt  in  twiating,  gold  and  iiilrer  thrend  makers  get  no  bulp    from 

womea  uor  from  their  children  till  they  are  over  twelve.     Moat 


Chapter^ 
Craftt- 


/Vmvw. 


SlLTKU  T.lWfti, 


(Bombty  On 


in 


DISTUICTS. 


CbiptcrYl* 
Crafti> 

LB  tXD  SiLvax 
TrasAu. 


of  tho  gold  Add  silver  nscd  iu  niukin^  tlie  tliraad  ia  broufflit  ta 
PooDo.  d;  M&fw&f  V^ui  and  SUiuipi  dL-aJori  who  btijr  it  in  Bomt 
otthvr  from  Eumpciui   6nn8  or  fi-otii   TlHrv&r  T&nis  near  Ktt^c 
Knva  iu  MumMdevi  ward.     Tbo  meUJ  must  bo    perfectly    pi 
Sharnhhantaatbri  that    U   100  per    cent.      Kvea  tbo   best    met 
according  to    the  tliread  tiiak«rs,    in  the  beating  antt     piirifyii 
tbrougli    which   it    has   to   pasa,  b«fore   it  is    Gt    for  thoir   wor 
losra  a  twelfth.      When    rcsdj  for  oae    tlie  gold  ia    worth 
4«.   lo  £2   G*.  (R8.22-2S)A/o/a.    Jlcsides  iiiiport«d  f;old,  di 
tb«  last  thirtj-Bro  years,  a  cortAin  quantity  aas  boon    prodac 
locally  by    oxtmctiDg  with    oilrio  iu>id  tbo  gold    from    left 
gold'«nibroiclorvd  cloib.     This  haa  beon  practiced  auccc^ully  nil 
Bilver  M  veU  as    with    gold  tinno.      Tlie    metal    obtained    fi-ora 
embroidcryis  celled  ;;of«i<A»  or  ball-ahftncd.     Tliv  dikq  who  started  tLu 
idea  irae  a  Gujiirilt  Viini  whose  fauiilr  made  a  fortune  and  , 
Dp  thu  industry.     At  present  (ltJ81J]   throe  rich  Bohor&a  follow 
craft.     Four  kinds  of  silver  arc  iuihI  patachi  or  bar  silver  whic 
comes  from  EUirupe  and  pitacht    which  cornea  from  China,  gSvi 
or   local,  and   i/oliichi  or  b&ll-shaped  made   in    Poena  from  sili 
embroidery.     Local  or  gtirthi  silver  is  already  mixed  with  a  se 
proporttou  of  alloy  and  ia  ueed  without  any  oluuige.     Pure   Euglii 
silver  ban  to  be  mixed  either  with  ten  to  fifuiuit-foriietlis  of 
ailver  or  local  silrer  orwrththree-fortietha  of  copper.    Thesilver: 
brought  in  ingots  or  balls  and  banded  to  the  bar-maker  or  pdvU 
Trho  is  also  ttto  gilder.     A  bai'-maker  neos  twenty  tools  :  Crnciblj 
or  tmuhia  of  which  each  establi«bmenthas  about  ton,  together  wor 
Ediout  Ss.  (IU.  't)  ;  a  ciny  fin>4roiifj;h  or  gh^di  coeting    I  ^J.  lo 
(1  -2  a4.)t  an  iron  HioTo  vrjharci  tn-o  to  three  inches  in  dianiot«r  wit 
an  iron  handle  costing  Ijd,  (1  <i.) ;  three  anrils  oriitran«,  oae  wor' 
*2  Ifc.  (Ka.  27),  a  second  worth  £2  8^.  <R«.  24).  and  a  third 
\i».  (Bs.  7)  i  three  bammerii  or  luiiotLlg  together  worth  about 
(Ra.  2} ;  one  iron  bar  or  oUmi  hollowed  on  one  sido  to  iscrre  as^ 
mould  worth  aboat  S«.  (Ra.  4) ;  ton^a  or  ehimtaa  worth  Gd.  (4  a«.) 
a  Btooo  water  trough  or  ^MTiiit  for  cooling  tbo  heated  bar  worth 
(4  <t4.)i  apairof  WllowK  or  hlinia  worth  4*.  {Its.  2)  ;   n  pair  of  lileai 
ftdncw  worth  la.  (Has.);  a  wtnoh  or /oilolways  of  AdAAiW  wood  wc 
14*.  (7<M.)i  about  fifteen  draw   plates  or  janlars  each  aaid  to 
worth  10a  to  £5   (K6.&-5U);  bliroo  nippera  or  tvjjbu  costing 
(Ha.  2),  2»,  (lie.  1 ),  and  U.  (8  at.) ;  a  obain  or  *iiAal%  worth  2». 
(Us.  li)  i  two    scales  with    weights  iiiia  and  vajan  worth  £1  to 
£1  10<.  (Bs.  10- 15);  two  nails  or  bluiruj  for  cleaning  draw-plate 
holes  worth  3d.  (2  as.) ;  a  pair  of  iron  pincers  or  karlit  worth  9d. 
(4<u.}]  two  small  cagOB  or  phtilku  for  wiudiug  the  wire  togotber 
worth  \e.  (S  a*.) ;  and  a  poir  of  smaller  reels  or  aadrU  each  wor^ki 
6d.  (4  as.)    Under  the  rar  maker's  bands  the  metal  passes  thron^| 
two  main  proccasos.     Tlio  gold  ia  puriiiod  by   boiling  it  with  U^H 
jnioe  in  a  pip^in  ^^^d  ia  then  beatod  several  tiiuea  and  beaten  iofl 
gold  foil.    Tlio  silver  is  melted  in  a  crucible,  poured  into  a  movlfl 
and  bsmmored  into  a  tthort  rough  bar  Gftcco  to  eighteen  inohfl 
long  and  one  and  a  half  round.     It  ia  then  worked  into  a  mofl 
perToct   ahape   and  the   surface  roughenud  with  a  file.     Next  g^J 
loil  ia  carefully  wound  round  the  silver  bar  so  as  to  complelafl 


POONA 


'it.     Tho  bar  is  wottod  mid  rolled  by  tlie  workman  i)|>  ani3 

I  Ilia  Lliigli  tiU  the  gold  foil  clinf^a  to  tbo  Biiv&r.        Tbcn  »  lliick 

mr  in  wound  tightly  round  the  Inr  and  it  is  Inid.  with  tho 

lot  tbo  gold   {oil    undomeatb,  in    tha   clny    trough    fiUcid    with 

1  charcoal  which    is  hiined  into  a  white  heat.     It  is  Doxt 

ont  And  hnmineivd  on  a  hii^hly    poljithcd  f^r  inch  steel 

Dader  this  healing  and  hammering  which  is  repeated  three 

,the  bar  frmdiinlty  ]on|:rthoD8    but    n-ithotit    disturbing    the 

I  o(  ibo  gold  or  exposing  the  silror  which  iiovt'r  sgttin  shows 

rer  fine  thread  tho  motal  niny  be  drawn,     'rho  gilding 

jitetod  wben  tho  ingvt  has  been  boaben  cighifon    inches  long^. 

tbe  gilding  the  bar-maker  or  pdcUkart  turns  the  bar  into 

"T  ^'^f^'^S  '^  time  after  time  through  gradually  bmallor  holes 

the  drawplato.     For  this  the  bar  is  agaio  beatod  and  pointed. 

I  point  is  poshed  through  tli«  Inrgoiit  bole  in  tlie  drawplate  which 

'  igiuQst  two  wooden  nprightfl  bxod  in  thu  ground.     When  it 

I  uroagh  tho  drmwplnte  tho  point  is  caught  in  a  pair  of  strong 

who«u  bimdios  arc  joined  bj  a  chain  and  ring  to  one  of   tbo 

of  a  winch.    This  winch  has  n  drum,  a  Coot  in  diameter  and 

f«ot  loDg,  fixed  ia»ido  sockvt^.     At  nght  anglai  to   tJio  drnm 

IS  thrpe  arms,  each  two  and  a  half  feefc  long,  which  work  in  a 

,  about  six  feet  by  thrtf,  and  three  deep,     when  tbeeiid  of   tho 

Is  firmly  grasped  by  the  pincers,  a  workuiau,  laying  all  his 

;ht  on  ODO  of  tb^  arniH  of  the  winch,  draws  it  down  and  drags 

point  of  the  bar  through  tho  hole   in  the    drawplato.     As  it 

Ihroagh  the  drawplates  both  the  bar   and  ths  hole   of  ths 

are   smcnrod    with    a   oomposilion    of    bceawax    and    other 

1CC8.    Wheo  the  bar  has  been    drawn    through   tbe    plat«, 

hint  is  agsm  hammers],  and,  in  the  same  way,   is    dragged 

a  smuler  hole.     T&ia  dragging  is  repeated  about  iwonty 

Tbo  bar.  which  has  now  become  a  wire  about  six  yarda  long 

b  tola,  of  metal,   ia  cut  iutu  lengths  of  fifty  yards  and  made 

the  thread-maker  or  larlnut.     Tho  iMvUkarii  or  bar-makera 

I  tbetr  bar-making  and  wire-drawiug  are  paid  4#.  (Rs.  2)  for  every 

or  one  pound  (40  loUi*)  silver  bar.     Of  the  4«.  (Rs.  2)  1«. 

I.)  is  paid  to  two  labonr«nt  at  6(1.  (4  as.)  a  jiAata  or  one   pound 

bar,   Od.   (4  tw.)  goes  in  coal,  and  %s.  6d.  (Rs.  1|)  are  lefb 

I  bar  tnaher'fl  >>samiiigji  for  two  da,ya.     AUcMviug  for  breaks   lu 

ark  and  For  buliduys  the  bar  mnker's  average  monlbly  income 

fr»m£l  44.  to£l  U«.  (Rs.lS-l?).       . 

i  the  bar  maker  the  wire  goes  to  the  thread  maker  the  tana^a 

iWrliu  who  uses  fourteen  tools,     lliesa'aro  -.  Tho  pofdt.a  wooden 

kpedreel^rortb49.(R9.2)  ;ihe^f«If  a  smaller  drnm  alsomada 

worth  1*.  (8  an.) ;  tho  Jt/iodsa  a  stool  on  which  the  drams  are 

I  worth  2«,  fid.  (Ite.  1 1) ;  a  doxen   drawplatoa  or  iantars  varying 

loe  from  I«.  to  10».  (Rs.  1-&) ;  the  tAe«iii  a  small  sharp  pointed 

"»er  naed  for  stopping  old  drawpbto  holes  worth  tid.  (4a«.);a 

1  aaril  or  niraA  worth  3d.  (2  iw.)  ;  a  pair  of  piaccm  or  t4ndn 

h  ildL  (3  as.) ;  a  file  or  Mna^  worth  9d.  (6  as.)  ;  a  small  hammer 

4t0da  worth  Gd.  (4  an.) ;  a  ttail  or  chauraai  for  CDlargiog  tbe 

>l»te  holes  worth  6d.{4M.);o  shiu-poning  slono  or  hiUpalhri 

uSd.  (2  a«,) ;  »  crank  or  pi4io<ln  to  turn  the  drums  worth  l^d. 

►  ISST-Cl 


Chapter  TI. 
Crmftt. 

GULU  ASD  .SiLvas 

TlIRUO. 


Cliapler  VI. 
CrtlU- 

Tiiiiuii. 


DISTRFCTS. 

(1  a.)  :  a  reel  axis  or  bhon^H  wortb  l^J.  (1  a.)  ;  and  a  small  bobbii 
or  ekairktir.  To  draw  tlie  wire  into  a  thread  the  palda  tbat  is  iba 
larger  reel  or  drnm  seveu  or  eigbt  ioches  ia  dinineter,  »nd  titt 
smaller  thftd  inch  rc6l  or />«/(/»  fei-«  eupportod  horizonUtllj  na  tin 
upright  piYots  about  twenty  inch«a  apart.  Between  the  big  dma 
and  tbe  little  dnim  u  small  drairplato  ia  fixed  to  two  uprignl  iroc 
rods.  Tbia  stosll  drawplate  is  a  piece  of  an  old  sword  blad« 
piei^ied  with  holes  of  aiffen>Dt  siKeH.  Tbs  wire  ia  wound  roaiH 
the  amall  reel  or  paldi  and  its  point  ie  Bharpennd  by  two  bitso 
China,  till  it  ia  fine  enough  to  paA8  tfaroiigli  the  largest  of  tha 
dntwplnto  holofi.  When  it  «howa  on  tho  otber  aido  of  the  plnt^,  tin 
point  of  tbo  vrirc  is  caogbt  in  small  pinoera  aod  ptillt-d  ihrKUgb. 
The  end  of  the  wire  ia  then  fi  tod  on  the  lai^r  reel  or  paUa  which  ii 
turned  by  a.  inutal  liuadlo,  and  drags  the  wire  through  the  bola 
then  the  whole  ia  wound  off  the  aoinli  reel.  Tbo  wire  ia  then  truniif 
bacV  on  the  amiill  rcol,  oiid  drawn  through  tbv  next  largest  bole 
Tbia  drawing  and  winding  ta  re))eated  till  the  wire  has  b«en  dniwt 
to  tho  rM|uirO(l  ftnonoiu.  To  dmw  a  tola  uf  lautal  250  ^anlM,  ih* 
wire  bas  to  vas-i  through  at  loaat  sixty  boles.  Elaborato  as  this  ti 
80  great  ia  tlie  worlciiiai)'.i  .«kitl  atid  dvlicacy,  tliut  he  i.s  said  to  bi 
iiblo  to  make  90O  yards  of  thread  frotn  one  tota  of  luotul.  A  threw 
maker  lahaj/a  or  tarkan  ia  paid  £2  10*.  (Rs.  *26)  for  every  100  tMit 
of  metal  be  draws.  Hia  avemgo  monthly  incoiao  rangw  from 
£2  to£2I0c.  (Hs.20-25).  Some  of  the  thread  niakers  empio; 
lads  as  apprentices,  who  at  Srat  wirk  For  nothing  and  are  then  pau 
2r.  tol2«.  (Bs.  l-6)amoDtb,acconlingtotbt>irwork.  Tbetbreadll 
now  baaded  to  the  flatt«Qeror  ch'ipadt/a  who  uses  aerea  toola  Thi 
maaipati  a  small  board  about  a  Cool  square,  with  too  upright  naib  U 
servo  as  bobbin  axles;  the  anvil  or  aiVaa  about  two  locliea  squan 
and  the  hammer  or  hdtoda  two  incbca  »quaro  kept  highly  poliabei 
by  otaory,  together  worth  about  Ills.  (Rs-  5) ;  honoa  or  oponig  ol  ll 
and  emery  powder  worth  £2  to  £7  CR".  10-70)';  Iho  fcAodfv, 
buriod  block  of  biibhul  wood,  nn  which  the  anvil  is  Gxod  worl 
4».  (Ba.  2) ;  the  chippa  a  piece  of  leather  wjth  small  alibs  for  th 
thread  to  psas  through  ;  the  ghodi  or  ranaikdms  a  hook  fixed  in  tb 
ground  to  ^de  tho  flattened  thread,  worth  &d.  (4  ocj;  and  tb 
atdri  a  small  reel,  worth  3<J.  (2  as.).  Ia  llattening  the  thread,  t« 
full  bobbins  are  set  oa  ths  m&tepati  or  board,  and  tbo  threads  w 
gathered  together  and  passed  through  the  bHIs  of  a  piece  of  lea>tlw 
or  chippa  which  is  placed  in  front  of  tie  stand  atid  drawn  acroM  : 
highly  polished  8i^>el  wnvil,  fised  in  a  block  of  babkni  wood  ver 
little  raised  above  tho  level  of  tho  ground.  In  fiatteniag  the  threa 
the  workman  Einnly  graaps  his  hammer  handle  bet^^een  tho  thua 
and  tho  forefinger,  and,  with  hia  left  hand,  draws  the  tbrsftd 
over  the  polished  steely  aud  begins  to  bent.  The  threads  are  paae* 
steadily  over  the  anvil  and  the  hammer  strokes  fall  at  the  rafi 
of  sixty  to  a  hundred  in  tbo  minnt«j  and  with  such  iH^gnlarity  tfa. 
no  particle  of  the  thread  is  left  unbeaten.  Ae  they  aro  fiat 
the  threads  arc  drawn  away    by  tho  flatt«nor's  Itift   1iuk1» 


'  The  vorlccn  lay  pciub  mnA  cotiJ  aie  tnix^A  wiUi  Uie  txatty  but  tba  >■  dMbifuI. 


POONA. 


[tin  etrotcfaud  tu  anus  ItiDgtb.urD  caught  uoder  some  ooDvemently 
Wmd  article  aacii  as  a  broken  oqji  knndlo  or  »  brasB  hook  fixed  to 
pktmaod,  and  n  fresh  gn\i  is  taken  closo  to  the  anril.     Wbon  all 
LtiULreads  have  been  QKtt«Ded,  they  are  ou-ofnlly  Beparatad,  wound 
Itond  a  reel  and  sent  totlietwuterorra/«tdr.  l*ho  thread  Sattmer or 
\AipaJya  is  paid  £1  IOf.  Uj  £2  (Ra.  15-20)  for  beatiog  1(H>  fofa^  of 
U  during  tliB  bogj-  seaaon  be  vcnploys  a  laboaror  be  paja  him 
llSi.  to  £1  ItJjt.  (Ka.  14-18)  tbo  LOO  totaM.    The  twister  or  vo/ndr, 
I  gtmcrally  a  woman,  ia  the  latit  of  tbe  work  people  ihrougb 
bands  tbe  tbreAd  paaa«9.     Slio  umm  three  toola.     A  hook  or 
<  callod  dtriufa  of  a  DOtuinal  \'alu6;  two  suindleB  orrhAtwwortb 
Ifj.  to  &:t.  (l-la«.)f  sometimes  made  br  fiung  a  round  piece  of 
'^~ken  Chinato  a  uoiU  and  s  wooden  cylinder  or  g<y  with  naiU 
',  ml  given  distajices  worth  6d.  (4  ae.).      Contrary  to  the  prectice 
toCber  biADchee  of  gold-thread  making  tbo  twi8t«r  or  valndrhM 
Tido  part  of  tbe  material  ahe  works   up.     What  abe  has  to 
:  the  Mlk-tbrend  which  is  twisted  with  the  flattened  gold-thread. 
Ik  QMd   in  making  gold-thread  ia  twietod  and  dyed   by   a 
>  Mt  of  workers  catlea  dkurewiUlii,  of  whom  there  are  twooty 
ily-6re  establishments  at  Poona,  including  sixty  bo  eighty 
Thvy  arc  i-Jtber  Mar&lbaa  from  Paithaa  and  Barb^pur 
ara   I^irdeahis  from  Delhi  and  Agra.     They  are  believed 
ive  ooojo  to   Poona     three    to  four'  genorationa  ago.      They 
Mar^hi  or   UindastADi  and    live    in  one-titore;ed  houHos 
'  which  five  per  cent  an>  thuir  own  oiid  the  rost  arc  hired.     They 
~  arally  lire  on    Tegctoblo  food  though  they  are  allowed  to  eat 
land  Gi<b  and  to  dnnk  liquor.     They  dress  in  a  three-cornered 
,  a  I'JDg    c<Mt    rtiaching  to    the  kuuusj  a  scarf    round  the 
aud  a  second  Ecarf  round  the  shoulders.    As  a  olata  they  are 
ty  oS.     Their  busy  aeason,  workiiig  hours,  and  holidays  are  the 
as  those  of  the  bar  makers  and  othera  omploydd  in  making 
tlm«d.     They  use  nilk  of  three  kinds,  aitn,  lanJtiit,  and  bdnak, 
•re  broQgbt  from  Bombay,  at  aud  about  \t.  to  KM.  the  onnce 
ia*  the  rupeo).     The  silk  iu  the  property  not  of  the  tbread- 
but  uf  Miirwiraud  JShimpt  dealers  who  pay  them  by  tbo 
,     A  iMun-m/a  or  twister  and  dyer  of  the  silk  which  ia  used 
dag  gold  and  silver  thread  vraote  throe  toola  for  the  twisting 
I  looUi  for  the  dyeing.     The  appliances  for  twisting  the  silk 
)  half  a  dozen  buiiiboo  oagea  or  fhdlkdi  each  worth  IjJ.  to  ^d. 
r.) }  about  thirty  xniall  reels  nr  aiarit  each  worth  Zd.  to  6(f. 
I.);  and  two  or  tbre«  !(i)indlest»tch  worth  \\ii.  ia'id.  (I  -Sof.). 
I  silk  (winter  places  a  skum  of  silk  on  uaob  of  tire  different  cages 
I  fik&tkcM,  and  from  them  winds  tbe  silk  ou  fifteen  different  reals 
\ttiri».    These  Sfteeu  reels  are  then  arranged  ia  a  semicircle  all 
Of*  the  same  way.     The  twister  drawa  a  thread  from  each  reel,  and 
ng  faciei^'  the  point  of  tbe  reels,  fastens  the  threads  to  a  spindle, 
rolling  ibe  spindle  sharply  along  his  thigh,  twists  a  yard  or  ao, 
~  I  the  twisted  thread  round  the  bar  oi  tbo  spindle,  gives  the 
Is  another  smart  roll  along  hia  thigh,  and  twists  another  yard 
Ithrcad.     The  silk  m  eometimes  twisted  out  of  doora.     In  out  of 
twisting,  two  ccaploe  ol  uprights  arc  drirea  into  the  ground. 


Chapter 

Crafts. 

Gold  ANn  bavu 
TiiaMD. 


iBoiabaiy  GftsoU 


1M 


DISTRICTS. 


Cbftptor  VI 
GrkfU, 


Cvm»  Guow. 


ttifl  ooaples  twonty-Sveto  thirty  feet  npuri,  and  llio  npngliU 
couple  tuar  io  six  feet  lii^h  aod  ten  feet  apart.  A  bonzoat«]  bamba< 
18  [n^UiDud  across  betveeneaohpairof  iifn-i^htB  andon  tlie  upper  nd^ 
of  iMUib  ot  ihe  b&mboo&  pairs  of  pegs  are  ^toacd  doau  together  at  tbt 
bamboo  and  gndunlly  separatiog  id  a  Vabape.  In  oat  of  door  silk 
twiatiug  tlia  lifteeQ  fibroa  from  the  6fte«o  rcola  pM9  tliron^h.  tlia 
bollow  eA  tbo  foot  of  the  V.  When  the  ailk  twiater  is  ua  macb  at 
twooty.Gve  to  thirty  f&H  fron  the  r&ela  ho  can  twist  n  ronch  Inogwr 
piece  of  ttir^ad  at  a  time  tbat  bo  con  twist  wbon  bo  stumls  clo«o  to 
the  reoU.  Tho  twister  is  paid  i^d.  (1  a.)  tor  each  Ud  of  ailh 
twist  tbat  U  equal  to  7i<f-  ao  ounce  (8  lolu»  tbs  ntpao).  Whi.ii  tlitt 
ti'jUi  tliraad  twister  or  ra^mir  geta  a  sapply  of  tba  proper  twisted 
tfilk  he  wintU  it  off  tbo  r<.>«l  on  to  u  Kpinate.  Ono  end  of  tlie  silk 
thread  ia  then  ptwaed  tliruiigh  a  banglu  or  steel  riog  Cascencd  t<o  lli^ 
ceiling  of  her  bouso',  drawn  down,  ai^  tied  to  a  aeoood  apindlo.  Tl 
flattoiied  gold  thread  is  tboa  unwound  from  the  reel  or  atari  i 
dropped  in  a  looM  heap  on  the  ground  aeor  the  twister, 
tmtiter  sits  on  u  Uigb  stool  ur  chair,  mid,  (a«t«iiiug  tho  enc 
tho  gold  and  tho  silk  thread  togolfaor.  rolls  th«  spindle 
along  bor  thigh  and  givea  it  so  rapid  a  whirl  that  it  tv 
together  two  or  three  foot  of  the  guM  thread  and  lite  silk  n1« 
kucpiiig  tho  gold  on  the  surface.  When  the  spindle  stops  the  workiBia 
winds  the  finished  guld  thread  round  the  rod  of  the  Bpiudle,  drs** 
down  a  freeh  yard  or  two  of  the  silk  thread,  and  gires  tho  spindlfl 
another  whiri  by  ebarpty  rolling  it  again  along  her  thigh.  1^ 
drawing  down  tho  silk,  whirliug  thu  spindle,  and  twisting  togetb^ 
the  gold  and  the  silk  are  repeat^  till  the  whole  ((Dautity  ia  complet** 
The  tinirihed  gold  thread  is  then  wound  into  hanks  and  akoina  t> 
passing  it  round  two  noils  6sed  to  a  rod  or  gnj.  The  ra/iidrortwisb^ 
is  paid  Is.  an  onnce  (a  lotde  the  rapee).  *PooQAgold  thread  is ohiedl 
used  locally  in  ornamenting  torbao  ends  and  tbo  bordon  aiP 
friugOB  of  robes  and  djning  clothca. 

Cotton  weairiug  is  cairied  on  in  thlrty-soron  towns  in  tho  district- 
Jasvad,  Kavtha,  Ptibal,  BArilmnti,  Indfipnr,  KmpalrAdi,  Junnu 
and  Dtar.aro known  for  ItujdUor  women's  robes;  BitHtmati,  Knvtbn 
and  Jasrad  for  silk-bMrderud  dhutit  or  tnun's  woistt-'loths,  ant 
upamut  or  silk -bordered  shnnlderclotha ;  and  r»dA]>nr,  PalasdeV 
Iiasurna,  Mimbgurketki,  and  Kalas  are  known  for  khddi  or  coarn 
cloth.  Of  those  the  only  important  centre  of  ootion  cloth  haiid 
loom  weaving  is  Poona  city.  Poena  city  baa  -WO  to  000  cottoi 
hand-looms,  of  which  abont  -150  boloug  to  ilinduB,  300  of  Ihett 
Kosbtis  and  150  Sdlis,  and  the  remaining  fifty  Uusatnuhts.  Mo^ 
Uindus  weave  women's  robes  or  mdit  and  most  MasalmAos  wear 
tiirbnn:<.  Cotton  hand-loom  wearers  are  chieBy  found  in  tbo  Bomviti 
Vetal,  BhavAni,  Rdste,  and  Sliukrar&r  ward».  Besides  in  thea 
wards  one  or  two  cotton  looms  arc  fonnd  in  almost  ovory  part  a 
tbo  city.  Except  two  families  who  hare  come  from  Hadrae,  thi 
Hinda  weavers  are  said  to  have  come  nboiil  throe  gonrratiom 
ago  from  PaithaOj  Yeola,  ShoUptir,  ludiipnr,  and  NarSyon  PoU 
io  the  Ni^m's  conutry.  The  MnxHlm.in  weavers  cimo  to  Poont 
only  fonr  or  five  years  ago  from   Milognoii  in   NAeik  where  tbej 


rOONA. 


197 


iMm  ■  larve  colooy.'     Except  the    two    Madras  farailicf^,    whoso 

kme  speech  is  Telogn,  the  Hindu  weavors  of  cotton  goods  spoak 

Kirithi,  and    the    Musalm&n   weavers    speak    Hiridiistfiui.      All 

fin  in  one  or  two-storeyed  houses,  fifteen  to    twenty  of  which 

Wong  to  the  oocnpants,  and  the   rest  are  hired.     Thu   Hindus  oat 

laih  Mid  drink  liquor  and  are  a  temperate  class.     The   Musalnidns 

rtdom  eat  fieah  except  on  holidays.     Many   of  them   drink  liqnor 

hit  eeldoni  to  excess.     Those   Hindu  weavers  who  belong  to  the 

Koiliti  and  S&li  castes  wear  either  the  Deccau  Brahman  or  the 

lfctee>comered  Mar&tha  turban,  a  jacket,  a  long  coat,  a  scarf  round 

the  loiQH  and  aootber  over  the  shoulders.     The  Musalmans  wear  a 

cqi  except  a  few  who  have  taken  to  the  Manltha  tiirbriu,  a  jacket,  a 

lamg  CMiat,  and  tronsers.     The  robes  woven  by  the  Hindus  und  tho 

tadbens  woven  by  the  Musalmans  are  generally  coarse  and   cheap. 

The  Hindna  work  from  seven  to  eleven  and  again  from  ono  to 

■Ruet  ;  the  Uasalm&ns  work  almost  the  whole   day  except  a  short 

tJBW  for  their  meals  which  they  generally  cook  in  the  name  shod  or 

nam  in  which  they  weave.     The  chief  demand  for  their  wares  is 

tuing  the  marriage  season  that  is  between  November  and  May.    The 

vticlea  they  weave  are  intended  for  overy-Jay  use  although  they  are 

iNd  as  marriage  presents  by    Kunbis  nud  other  middle  and  low 

diflB  Hindus.     Hindu  cotton  weavers  stop  work  on  tho  last  or 

■D-moon  day  of  every  lunar  month,  on  Nd(fpanchmi  Day  in  September, 

fin  Auara  Day  in  October,  on  the  day  after  the  grent  Sankrdiit  in 

ihiUHUry,  daring  three  days  of  iSAiVi^a,  during  fourdaysat  Mukarram 

6me,  and  on  the  day  after  every  ecHpse.     The  Musalmdns  stop  work 

mly  on  time  Uuharran  days  in  Ramzdn  and  on  tho  Bakar-id.  Both 

ffiodn   and  Musalm^n    cotton  weavers  get  great  help  from   their 

women,  in  reeling,   dyeing,    warping,    and   sizing.      Some   Hindu 

women  even  weave.     With  all  this  help  cotton- weavers  barely  make 

\  living.     The  articles  they  tarn  out  are  very  inferior  and  are  worn 

only  by  the  poorer  classes.     The  average  daily  earnings  of  a  cotton 

weaver's  family  are  said  to  range  from  Qd.  to  7i't    (4-5  aa.),  and 

daring  the  rains  they  are  often  short  of  work.     All  the  yarn  used  in 

the  Poona  hnndlooms  is  steam-made  partly   from  iho  Bombay  mills 

ud  partly  from  Europe.     Tho  yarns  generally  used  are  twenties  and 

tbir^ea.     To  buy  the  yarn  most  woavers  have  to  borrow  at  two  por 

cent  a  month.     Tho  tools  and  appliances  of  a  Hindu  cotton  weaver 

resemble  those  of  the  local  silk  wearers  of  which  anaccount  has  alreiuly 

been  given.     The  Musalm&n  weaver  is  satisfied  with  cheaper  and 

Bmplcr appliances.     Hehasasmallerloora  andhasnotmorothansovon 

tools.     The  shuttle-beam  hatyn,  in  which  tho  reed  or  yhani  is  fitted 

worth  Gd.  (4  as.),  two  bars  or  afhiiijda  to  keep  the  warp  stretched 

worth  tid.  {Ian.),  a  beam  or  iitr   round  which  tho   woven  fabric  is 

wonod  worth  1«.  (Ban.),  a  pair  of  shuttles  ordholda  worth  la.  (8 <(«.), 

■  large  bamboo  cage  or  jihdlkn  worth  GiK  (4  as.),  a  reed  or   phiilki 

worth  Sd.  (2  as.)  and  a  small  wheel  or  Tahdt  fur  sizing  tho  weft  yarn 

worth     8».   (Hs.  4).     Tho    foi-oign    and    Bombay    yarn    nndcrgoea 

eigfat  processes  in  being  tiiruud  into  robes  or  sddh.     It  is  Bteo]K!d 


Chapter  VI 

Cr^. 
Cotton  Oooi 


'  Conpuo  the  Hiiak  tiUlintival  A<:uounl,  iJombay  liiucttcL-i',  XVI.  1(>7. 


IfiomkayOatetU 


19!t 


DISTRICTS. 


Clmptflr  Vt 
Crtftc- 


ID  wntdr  anil  ])lnce<1  on  the  btunboo  cage  or  jifuilka.  It  U  cliaat 
from  this  nago  to  the  i-eel  or  ludri  by  a  woman  of  the  wearer's : 
who  hoKIs  the  end  of  the  conl-ntl  rod  of  llio  cftgo  in  her  boma, 
with  her  right  hand,  drawing  off  the  yara  from  ibo  skeio,  windt^ 
on  ttc  smiillur  n.«1,  wliich  nhe  holds  in  her  loft  liand  and  wbii 
roQtid  in  &  small  cup  oE  iiinooth  cocoauut  bhell.  To  tnuku  the  ske 
of  A  couvcnteut  luzo,  the  yarn  is  next  woun<l  off  the  roe)  or  at4r%, 
to  a  smnll  conical  reul  ciUlud  chnrki.  The  yarn  i»  tbcu  traasfet 
to  tiie  rakdi  or  wheel  to  bo  twisted  aud  v;ouud  i-ound  bobbin* 
kAn^*,  It  U  next  worked  by  winding  it^  two  thresda  at  a  time, 
and  out  among  the  rows  of  bauiboo  rods  about  four  feet  apart. 
is  then  opened  on  two  bamboos,  stretched  tight  between  two 
and  sised  by  a  larfo  brush  dipped  in  ri(%  paste.  If  ii 
colouring  it  is  dyed  before  it  is  sized.  The  weAVcrs  tbemseli 
dyo  the  yam  either  with  Ciitrman  aniline  dyes,  or  tbey  hare 
yam  stcepc^l  6rst  in  the  indigo  vats  of  the  IochI  indigo  dyers 
then  in  salBower  dye  to  make  thorn  greon,  a  colour  which  quick 
fadoft.  llio  f*onoral  practice  is  to  buy  dyed  yam.  Afcor  iho  yc 
is  dyed  and  sized  or  sised  without  dy»ing,  it  goos  to  Ibo  heddle<titl^ 
and  joiner  who  is  always  the  aame  man  an  the  weaver.  1  le  joins 
warp  threads  with  thu  threads  of  an  old  used  warp  which  he  pn 
keepA  to  save  the  trouble  of  pasaing^  thread.^  id  c^-h  cane  throng 
the  loops  of  iho  bcddlc,  then  throngh  the  bamboo  slipR  of  the 
or  phaifi,  finally  tying  thorn  to  ibu  ivrai  or  warp  bvaui.  Af| 
joining  the  warp  threada,  the  weaver  has  to  stretch  the  whole  of 
warp  and  tx>  seo  if  any  of  the  strnndit  of  the  witrp  aro  wrongly  joind 
or  are  outaii>;led.  VVliuu  all  is  ready  the  warp  in  stretched  and 
rope  tied  toite  farthest  eud,  [u»sed  round  :u)  uj>right,  and  brougl 
back  to  the  ])lace  where  the  weaver  Hits,  It  ia  thero  tied  either 
a  peg  liicd  m  the  floor  to  tho  ri^ht  of  tlfe  wearer  or  to  one  ot  tl 
uprights  which  support  the  cloth  beam  or  turai.  When  tbo  weai 
has  provided  himaelf  with  a  pair  of  ahattlea  and  a  small  basket  fu 
of  loaded  bobbim<,  hu  i<it«  buhiud  Iho  duth  beau,  puts  bis  loga, 
the  pit  below  the  loom  aud  with  one  foot  un  inch  of  the  treddli 
Itegins  to  weave.  He  pa^isoa  the  shuttle  with  the  loaded  hobb 
iietwceti  tho  two  «ot8  of  Ihe  wirn  threads  which  are  by  this  ( 
B«parat4xt  by  hmUllvs  worked  by  tito  tretldivs  under  the  neaver'a  I 
For  Ihu  boraor  a  seporatB  set  of  hcdilica  banging  from  the  roof 
balanced  by  Band  bags  and  ore  worked  l)y  thoTiond.  The  Hosali 
turban  loom,  except  tliatit  is  not  morcthaneigbteon  inches  broad 
has  uo  hcddlc».  in  tlie  same  ae  tho  robe  loom.  Tho  Poona  eott 
weaverH  take  their  roboa  and  turbims  to  the  local  Shimpi  dealers  oC 
whom  about  fiftv  have  shops  in  nudhavtU*  wnnl.  The  robes  fetch 
4«.  to  JEI  (Rs.  2-1(1)  und  the  turb«nB  3«.  to  lOx.  (K«.l  J-S).  The  local 
demand  e(?i>ccially  during  the  marriogo  season  will  probably  keep 
up  hand-loom  cotton  weaving  for  momo  tiino.  otill  it  soot — ' 
probable  that,  in  a  city  where  the  prico  of  groin  and  the  cost 
living  is  high  compftrod  with  most  parts  of  the  Deccan,  the 
loom  weavers  of  rubes  will  be  driven  out  of  a  living  by  Bt«am-i 
fabrics.  Hand-loom  tnrlwn  weaving  will  probacy  lest  longer,  as,  i 
far,  it  has  been  free  from  uiacbine  compelition, 
GIms  bangles  are  made  in  the  village  of  Shir^pur  on  the 


POONA. 


im 


t  seven  inilea  soutli  ut  Pooiut  hja  iicUleineat  of  Liafifiyftt.s 
wu  callwl  KAch&rjg  or  jfiaas  makera.  Al  prusent  (iBS^tbur 
kbliahmenta  employ  twenty -tiro  to  thirty  roea.  Tk«j  say  tlwt 
came  to  this  district  Erom  Tillages  near  8holiii)ur  tiro  or  nix 
aeratioiu  ago,  that  they  uB«d  to  marry  withother  Liog&yata,  but 
.sinoe  bbey  have  takes  Ui  baaglo-mftkiiig  they  fona  a  soparata 
e  marrjring  amoa^  thenisolvefl  only,  TI107  sp^k  Martthi  ai 
'ictatj  live  ia  their  owu  uae-slorevcd  bouaes,  and  novor  touch  auimal 
faod.  They  say  that  they  (In-sa  like  BniliDiaai!,  but  when  at  work 
I  they  -wen  only  a  dirty  it-aintcloth  and  a  rag  roand  the  bead.  They 
rk  From  nine  io  the  morniiifif  to  niue  at  night,  and  it|yp  wfirk  on 
Moadajr8f  on  the  great  ii^ankrdtU  in  January,  on  Mahagfiivrtllra 
iFebrBaiy,  for  four  dnya  ilnriaj^  •iltimtfa  in  blarch-April,  on 
i^Afflt  in  Auguat,  on  D'liMta  in  Octohor,  and  during  6to  days 
f^iti  in  October- November.  Their  women  and  children  help 
eortiQg  broken  pifioea  of  Chiney  glMP  bmglca  which  the  mou 
<U  luid  work  into  new  baDgloal^  Ther  bny  theso  broken  bangles 
IB  the  Kdneli  bdngdi pAutanevdlut  that  is  gUu»  b«ui£l9  ooUwlora. 
Minrir  Vants  of  whom  there  aro  tiftcon  to  twonty  abops  in  tha 
.r4tm  and  VeUi  wards  in  Poona.  They  gather  the  glass  beagles  by 
£n>ni  bonao  to  houHo  »olling  parched  gram  in  oxchungo  for  its 
t  in  broken  banglttf)  which  thci  children  of  the  Imuao  cnrofnily 
and  Veep.  KA«jtrg  or  dealers  in  hanglt-s,  also  ask  foraod  gnthor 
L.  banglca  at  aoj  haiuca  thvy  may  visit  to  pat  now  oaoa  roond 
voBen's  wristd.  They  sell  the  broken  piecas  to  K&ch&tin.  Thn 
cBiTMit  price  of  tbo  raw  matorinU  is  1)'J.  (1  a.)  tho  pound.  Though 
ItUie  money  is  wanted  the  Kdchilris  generally  burrow  it  in  Poona 
omm  to  two  per  cent  a  motilh.  Tho  glass  ia  EtoinattmitH  supplied 
Kfaira  or  bnoglu  dealcra  who  pay  tho  Krichiiraa  S^rf.  to  3rf.  a 
pMltd  (S-ia^.  a  ther)  t«  work  it  up.  Kouud  balls  of  country 
Bida  ^laaa  used  to  be  rficvirod  at  Poona  from  Gutur  in  the 
.^^conntry,  bnt  fortbelaat  eight  ot  ten  yean  no  glasa  baa 
IW^B^usDwroui  GnC^ir  aa  broken  bangles  fumish'as  much  maturiiU 
tlie  trade  requires.  A  K&cliAri's  appliances  are  simple  and  cheap. 
'ladoxen  bamboo baekols  smeared  with  cowdang  serve  to  store  the 
~  piece*  of  gla^s  ;  six  thin  two  feet  loBg  iron  bars  pointed  at  one 
[at  f(/.  (1  a.)  each  ;  alx  home-made  clay  cracibtes  at  a  uoioinal  cost. 
'  mould  called  mdtra  or  miclm  an  Iron  bar  with  a  oouical  clay  bop, 
aboat  3d.  (2  a«.).  One  end  of  this  iron  bar  in  supported  by 
.  upright  peg  aeau"  the  fire>place  or  kiln,  the  peg  having  a  looped 
ce  of  iron  00  the  top  to  lot  the  bar  uovo  round  its  own  axis  and 
to<beread  rest  on  a  slightly  grooved  stone,  llalf  a  dozen  six  taeh 
>  fl^lJTOi  paper-ciitl^^'f  »ha^  blades  called  pattda  each  worth 
ik  Sd.  (2rt«.)T  Tho  dK'tdi,  a  wooden  bandied  iron  rod  slightly 
9Dt  lit  the  point  worth  about  dd.  {ia*.).  Six  to  eight  six  inch  nails 
T^KaiM  with  handles  each  worth  about  \\d.  (I  a.).  Six  hamoMra 
orth  dd.  (6  OK.)  each.  Six  flowerpot-shaped  earthen  pote  or  lamdia 
worth  {d.  (\  a.}.  A  scalb  with  weights  oretonee  and  bamboo 
>l  pans  worth  8il.  (2tu.].  Half  a  dozen  long  handled  h«mi< 
ical  iron  spoons  or  jiaiis  cnch  worth  2.\d.  (Ij  a.).  A  Kachilri's 
\ar  firu-plnceiiialBO  kept  id  a  sep^ratubniMing  or  in  a  small  wing 
of  tbc  bailding  in  which  the  workmen  hve.    A  sepai-ata  bangle- furnace 


Chapter  TI. 

Crafts- 

I 

UMn  ltjm«i.as,j 


WDliiTl 


200 


DISTRICIT8. 


Cli»pteT  TI- 


consists  of  a  alieil,  ftWiit  twenty  foet  by  twonty-five  luid  ton  h\gh, 
witli  brick  wallH  with  Lwo  doors  ou  tliB  suulb  and  ou  the  wrat,  aod  six 
windowH,  two  uticli  on  tbo  north,  tlie  sodUi,  and  llie  woat.  The  oast 
wall  has  neither  door  nur  itidiIow.  Tho  ruoC  is  tilixl,  tho  coatxal 
boBDi  bclnj;  ahuul  twenty  faet  from  the  floor.  Nearly  in  thfi  cvnlro 
of  tho  buildiuK  ia  the  furuuco,  &  round  pit,  throo  to  Eour  Ceot  deep,  with 
»  dome^hnpoa  cUy  top  and  &rcUed  windows  each  ahont  four  inches 
by  eix  aad  a  hole  at  the  top  of  the  dome  pi-OTided  with  a  clay 
ltd.  lostde  tha  dome  is  a  raised  platform  on  which  rest  tho  cnidihlea 
or  olfcy  nmttlling  pota  «ach  opposite  its  own  window.  Id  the  sjmco 
betwoen  ench  pnir  of  wiudowa  and  a  Utile  way  from  the  kila  art)  six 
aprightft  wlticli  to^^ther  with  the  cross  stick  form  a  six-cornerod 
bowtiF  over  which  two  to  three  fe«t  of  Erceh  cut  brenclie»  aro  heaped 
to  dry.  In  front  of  each  of  the  kiln  windows  a  pair  of  thick  rag 
screcua  aro  hunff  ou  tho  cross  eticks  of  ihe  bower  to  abado  tlio 
workmen  from  Ihe  fire.  In  front  of  thi^e  itfaadoB  sit  the  half  do»>n 
workmoa  oucb  with  hie  tools  and  a  basket  of  hrokeii  banjos  near 
him.  Wh(!n  the  cmeiblos  filled  with  ^loss  are  sot  on  the  plntforra 
inrtidc  the  tlomo  of  the  kilo,  the  fire  ia  kindled  by  brineinc;'  fn«l  into 
thtJ  pit  through  au  under-groiiud  pn.>«safje.  At  the  ead  of  about  an 
hour  the  glass  melts  and  each  of  tho  workiapa  sittt  oppottite  onu  of 
the  windows.  Ue  stii-s  the  half  fluid  gloaa  with  the  bt^nt  poinlei) 
iron  rod  or  akadi  to  sec  if  it  is  uniformly  melted.  When  it  is 
properly  melted  the  vvorknian  passes  into  tho  multcn  gUma  a  accoatl 
sharp  point«d  iron  rod  and  with  it  picks  out  a  drop  of  fiuid  gl: 
Ou  taking  the  drop  of  gflaxs  out  of  tbo  kiln  with  u  jerk  ho  mu 
tho  rod  spin  roand  and  the  spinning  motion  turuK  the  glaaa 
into  a  globe.  A  ithiirp  blow  to  tliu  iron  rod  from  the  patia  or  i 
blade  shivers  the  globe  and  turus  it  into  a  ring  cm  the  point 
iho  bar.  Itppcatiid  blowv  with  the  blade  nn  the  bar.by  ah&kiug  il 
widen  the  ring  into  n  long  loop.  Aa  aoon  as  the  ring  ia  big  eoough, 
it  ia  dropped  otct  tho  conical  olay  point  of  the  mould  or  Marha  am) 
fitted  into  it  with  tho  help  of  the  bhido,  the  left  hand  all  the  timu 
keeping  the  mould  .'(pinning  in  thn  ;(roovcd  stone.  All  this  ia  dooo 
with  surprising  cloveruc-^n tuid  sp(.-tti),  ivan  lliau  half  a  minute  eorvia;^ 
to  turn  the  glass  drap  into  a  fmisbod  bangle.  If  from  any  delay  iho 
gla«ti  cooIh  uitd  hardoQs  out  of  shape,  the  mould  or  weha  is  held  in 
tho  kilo  flames  tilt  the  glass  is  itoftencd  and  can  be  worked  into  tho 
proper  shape.  Tho  formed  bangle  is  dropped  on  tho  floor,  the 
sharp  end  of  the  iron  bar  is  heated  and  hammered  atr&ighc,  aod  a 
aecond  glass  drop  is  hronght  out  at  the  bar  point,  whirled  into  a 

globe,  struck  into  a  ring,  widened  by  Tibration,  and  ftuishvd  off  on 
le  tnmiug  mould  poiut.  Tie  Shivapur  KAcluLns  make  three  kinds 
of  htmgles  &(i)i<7'/t,  gitl,  and  liaul  or  karla,  the  bdtigdi  \&  slightly 
conical,  the  ffot  globuiar,  and  the  kdrla  conical  with  a  notched  siirfaco. 
Finger  rings  arc  made  in  tho  same  way  as  bangleet.  The  bangles 
are  m  great  demand  sioong  the  poorer  classes  of  Hindu  women,  and 
the  rings  are  boaght  by  girls  as  toys  who  sometimes  wear  thom 
round  their  own  luigora  and  sometimes  put  them  round  their  dolln' 
wrigta.  Tho  Kichiirte  carry  their  bangles  and  rings  to  Poona.  If 
tho  ghua  is  supplied  by  a  K&s^r  dealer  the  K^h&ri  is  paid  6g.  ( Rs.  3] 
for  thirty-two  pounds.     If  the  gfaiss  is  the  Kik'tiAn's  own  ho  gets 


POONA. 


801 


ibcKit  lOff.  (Rs.  5)  for  ttie  man  of  tliii'tj-two  poundtf.    In  a  da/  of 
ibout  twelve  hoars'  work  a  good  banxle-makor  can  ttmi  oat  four  to 
Ire  poanfU  of  glnaa  bangleo.     Deduolmg  thu  cost  of  tb«  gloss  and 
fael,  this  price  repre)u>ntg  a  doily  wiige  of  6d.  to  7\d.  (4- jax.}, 
tE^b&ri^'  iiKluNtrj-  i.sdbcUpiogDDdertlie  i-ompelitionof  Chitteso 
baot^les. 
8afii  MddhiivriT Po«liwa <]790- 1705)  the  tender-licnrtcd  soositive 
iih,   whom    NiLnu   Fadnov-is'    restnunts  drovQ  to  iiuicidci,   liad 
nples  about  BrAhauin  ironiea  tuting  uet^l  hiur  combs.     It  was 
uiut  the  socrod  books ;  hur  oombe  fthould  bo  of  ivoiy  not   of 
To  supply  the  oftw  deraand  for  irory  eombs  one  Andnt.rav 
Ikar  came  from  X(wik  and  opened  tho  first  ivory  comb 
fiieiory  in  Poona  city.    His  nxainplo  wits  followed  by  Ab&ji  Ava  of  tha 
nrpMiMr  casto.    Tbofamilrof  Aiidutrilo  cnnaol(18B3)  betrucedand 
it  aid  to  have  died  oat.  Tlio  original  carpenters  hare  also  left  Poootti 
and  agnin  (aWod  to  wood-cutting-     Tbo  prcsont  ivory  comb   makera 
an:  thu  d«icendants  of  tho  Knnbi  servants  of  tbo  original  workers. 
Tluy   ourohcr  about   Gfteen   and  k«ep  Bvo  nrorbshops  opposite  the 
Imatplt  of  Qanpali  in  Kaabn  ward.     They  are  a  qniet  people,  speak 
MahU-lii,  livo  in  their  owd  one-Btrf>royed  bouses,  occaaionally  fat  flosb, 
and  drOKs  Uke  ordinary  ]i>cal  Kuubi  ManitbAs.     Cotnb  making  is 
cmMr  to  learn.     &Tauy  Kanbia  noald  haro  talion  to  tho  craft  if  it 
baa  offered  a  fair  chauc«  of  making  a  living,  bob  for  many  years, 
owing'  to  tho  ooinpetitton  of  cfaoap  foreign  bono  combs,  the  induatry 
tuu  bwn  d«>prea.sod.     Within  thelaat  ten  years  fourahopahare  bwo 
cloaed  and  those  who  ate  left  thnngli  abore  want  are  poor.    Ilia 
pr««oDt  small     ivory-comb  indnafry  will    probably  long  continue. 
Bf^man  and  other  high  caat«    tliudu  woman  think  bone  combs 
impuro,  and  three  irory  cotyba  alwaya  form  part  of  the   vayan   or 
[bride'a  outfit. 

Comb-makers  work  from  seven  to  eleven  and  from  two  to  aunaet. 
stop  Work  on  Kar  that  is  the  day  fullowing  Hahdaankrdnl 
liB  Jaaoary,     and   on    Xnifpanchmi   in  August.   Their   women  and 
Iduldren    give    them     no    help.     During     the     marnago    season, 
I  Votweoa  Octoht.^  and  Mny,  the  demand  is  brisk,  and  somotimea  a 
^ismut  or  two  are  employed  to  help  in  doing  the  rougher  porta 
'ulh©  work.     Tlio  ai*rviiiit  ia  i>aid  8*.   to  lt«.  (lU.4-7)   a  month 
>rdingto  tho  nature  and  quality  of  his  work.  The  average  monthly 
ae  of  a  coinb-imLkor  varies  from   £1   to  £1  IO0.  (118.10-15). 
irory   itt   very  coslJy  ranging   from  about  $».   to  about   11«. 
[ft»  jxiund  (Rs.  150-SOO  tbo  ^S  lbs.  matt)  the  money  required  for 
"""png  it  has  to  be  borrowed.     The  nstml  rate  of  intcrent   paid  ts 
tjttr  cent  a  mouth.     The  advances  are  generally  made   by  a 
Bnyleiuler  namod    Jipa    UiirwAri    in    whoso  hands    the   whole 
itry  practically  is.     In  addition  to  interest',  he  ohiirgos  1}  to  1^ 
cent  a«  commission  on  tho  ivory  ho  brings  from  Bombay.     Tkd 
■irkmuu  hare  to  sell  the  articles  they  make  on  tboir  own  nccooot 
(j  to  pay  th«  standing  balance  inclding  interest  and  commission 
tthoat&rw&n   moneylender.     What  they  arc  able  to  keep  back 
-^lut  safficiont  to  maintain  themseWos  and  their  families.     Alt  are 
dpbtod  to  the  Mirwiri.     The  nppliaoees  of  a  comI>.ntaker  ar« 
alSS'Se 


Ckapt«r 
Crafta- 


Coui 


TI. 


DISTRICTS. 


IK*. 


Hiiiiilar  to  tbosa  uf  an  urjiiiary  ciiriHtuter  only  a  lilUe  Biter. 
shop  requireo  Hre  to  six   sairs  of  different    aixesi  ivortli  Qd.   to 
(0-8(«.)  ;  hiiKii  dozen  Ules  wortli  iV(.  to  "i'/.  (4-5ti».) ;  four  ur  : 
bororii  worlb  ^'f.  (2  eix.)  each;  Italf  aJo^cn    viccn  enuli    wcrilt    ' 
to  £1    I0«.  (R«.  5-15);    u  i"ijt(ui  or  udae    worth  i»,  (Re.  1]. 
i'A<i/air(i«  worth  l^J.  (I  a.) ;  tkDtl  a  compass  worth  6d.  (4ajr.). 

When  tho  ivory  is  broii^trht  froia  the  M&rwfiri's  shop,  aft«r  he 
b»a  weighed  it  mikI  eutercd  thu  price  in  hi«  account  book,  it  is 
steeped  id  wnt«r  for  two  or  Ihrea  ilayn.  It  is  thuD  cut  iuto  ptecen 
of  thu  rff|utriHl  xiKouiid  sawn  throuKo,  keeping  it  vertical  by  holdinf; 
it  in  the  vtcu.  It  ia  then  filed,  rubucd  Boa  polittbcd.  SometimeA  the 
ODcli  and  itidwi  are  deconitotl  with  mrvingii  and  the  pUia  Mirfncu  i« 
brokon  br  (racing  on  it  n  few  curroil  nud  straight  lines.  Ctiaibs  for 
th«aMoi  wdmcnarerootnngubkr  andhareadoablAsctof  teeth,  while 
dmq'b  c<)ii)b»  itrtf  cruMmot-Bluiped  auJ  buvo  ontjr  ono  Mt  of  teeth. 
The  imall  pieces  of  ivory  loft  over  in  catting  out  pieo«!*  for  combs 
are  used  in  mitkin^  dice.  'VUe  prico  of  a  cotnt)  rrnigon  from  RU.  to 
2t.  (Rg.  j  -2)  according  to  the  sues  thickness  and  workmannhip  of 
Mtch.  Tho  combs  and  dico  are  sold  in  tho  workshops  by  tlio 
workers  on  their  own  acconnt  Their  only  cngtomern  are  high  class 
Hiodas.  Other  classes  une  cithvr  wood  cOmbs  or  foreign  bom 
combs. 

AuQung  Earopeua  rcsideuts  and  trarellero  a  fnvountc  prodm^t  of 
Poona  arc  clay  ligDres  six  to  ciphtcon  inches  high,  witb  in  their 
appenmuco  colour  and  dre«s,  all  ibat  is  cbaracteristie  of  tho 
dilfereut  castes  and  classes  of  Western  India.  Ttiexe  figunss  are 
known  as  Poonn  fi^n-s  and  are  made  nowhere  but  in  Poona.  At 
present  (188+)  there  are  only  eight  figure -uiakem  in  Poona  city. 
The  moHt  famous  makors  of  Poona  figur^  bave  been  lUpu  Supokar 
a  Jingar  and  KAIurdm  Cjavandi  a  bricklayer.  These  two  men  were 
contemporaries  and  lived  about  forty  years  affo.  The  pronont 
workers  belong  to  the  (Jold^inith,  Jingar,  and  Maratha  castes. 
They  speak  Marithi,  and  genemlly  live  on  vegetable  food,  but  they 
eat  fieah  ou  holidays  and  special  feast  day^,  The  goldsmiths 
dress  like  Hnihrnani;,  in  a  rounded  turbnn.  jacket,  long  coat, 
waistclotb,  and  s boulder-scarf ;  the  rest  di-ess  like  Kunbis  witb  a 
three<comrred  tarban,  long  coat,  and  waiiit  and  shoulderclotb. 
Bvsidva  the  eight  workers  who  make  the  highly  Sniahed  Pfx>na 
figaros,  twenty  to  twenty-five  Jingarg,  and  about  two  hnDdre<l 
KumbliArs  make  rough  baked  clay  figures  costing  about  -i^d. 
(3<i«.)  the  doaeu.  Tho  Jingars  ui>d  K.timbbilrs  mould  or  shape 
these  rongh  figures  a  little  before  the  Oaapati  bolidiLys  in 
August  and  the  Pivali  holidays  in  Ociober-Noveiuber,  when, 
eRpecially  at  DivdU,  they  are  in  great  demand.  ShllIivA.han,  the 
legendary  founder  of  the  i^Aufi:  cm,  wbose  initial  date  is  ji.d.TS,  isspid 
to  hare  led  an  army  of  clay  figures  from  the  Deccan  north  acroM 
the  Narbada  and  defeated  Vikram^itya  the  chief  of  M^wa.  In 
honoar  of  this  triumph  for  the  Deocan  during  Dicdli  the  children 
of  lower  class  Iliadua  build  small  clay  castles  in  front  of  their 
bonsM,  and  round  Iheiu  arraugo  an  army  of  day  Bgurca  footmeu 
horsemen  and  gunners.  It  is  the  opinion  of  many  well  informed 
people   in    Poona  that   (bis  ptaolice   wiis  introduced    by    ShivAji 


{JGil- 1680)  with  ttio  object  of  foalorinj;  a  warliko  spirit  ainot^ 
An  children. 

Tlw  Poona  figure-iuakers  an*  pci-hnps  thn  only  «rork«rs  in  Pi>oiia 
ahow  artistic  skill.     The  materials  uwkI  hy  (lie  Poona  figum- 
ken  are  :  Wliit«  clay  or  thd^lv  g<>n«ralljr  bought  from   Jlibirs  at 
W. »hifa(i-load  (8  for  ite.  I) ;   Qombay  khadu,  a  chalky  ctay  wfbicJi 
II  bon^t  from  Poona  Kohorau  nt  etxt^eu  ponnds  tdo  ihtlliDg ;  torn 
(Oaotrjr   paper   cftlled   ^Kii'iri't'i^tij    costing   about    2)d    a    pound 
{10  lbs,  tbf  ra])©**)  ;  finely  j^iuriod  cuftou  worth  aKbilliup  tho  pound  ; 
orfitinoDt  or  hartdl,  ilie  j-ellow  aulpbido  of  anenic  wortb  a  shilling  tho 
poond;  ochre  omoii  ypi-u,  jtiir,  worth  l)'f.  (1  a.)  the  pooud;  ciunabar 
or  hitufsl  red   iodi<£)   of  luerourj    worth  two  shdlings  the  pound  j 
wrdigriaorj«Mj/4I  gfeen  arsoniato  of  copper  worth  ita  own  wei^t 
in  copper  coin  ;  white  itinc  or  imphrAa  oxiau  of  iyac  worth  a  shiUio^ 
ths  pound;  iudigo  or  n^  wurlh  it's  own   weight    iu  copper  coin; 
*^"'  '    carminD    worth   its  own   weig^ht     in   ailvor;  lamp  black 
at  home;  gomulra  pevdi  a  j'cllow  pigment  obtained  by 
<t«eptn^    the  powdered  flowers  of    the  Butea  frondosa  palat  id 
«iw'«   arine,    worth    itx   own    weight    in     silver;    gloo    or    «>«*, 
worth  6<l.  tha  pound  ;  ininglasis  worth    a  shilling  a  pnckci  bought 
from    E!orap«ian    nbopH  ;    luc    bought    (rum    Bfthoms  Hb    QJ.    to    lit. 
(6-»a»,)   the   pound;   copal   varnish   worth    Sir.  to   4«.  tho  pound; 
blue  Vitriol,  Kii][))iat«  of  cappor,    and   rice  fluur.     TIiobo  uiateriaU 
an  so  cheap^Hud  in  most  cases  arc  rrquircd  in  such  email  quantitiua 
thai,  no  leas  oQQ  cnBtoinor   want^  a  large  number   of  fignre«,  wtwn 
iBome  adranco  in  rpqaircd,  cvun  the   poorest  workers  buy  thorn  on 
lUwir  own  account.      A    Rg^rf^-^ukor'n  tools  and  appliances    ar« 
Flew    and    simple.     Thoro    arc  lire    scooptMV    or  gougvs,     niiincly 
'hymne  which  is  flat  and  sltAiting  af.  the  end,  tiakkurde  nail  •shaped, 
Imrmi  spear-bend  Khu|H<d,  kfmi.-he  korm-  flat  and  ridged  ou  one  side 
aibing  bnir-ltko  lines  in   the  clay,  and  dolj/ncht   kan\«  grooved 
en   one   rida.     Boitidw  tho  gouges,  thpy  reouire  a   pair  of  pinoem 
vf  chimt/u  worth  a  shilling  ;  n  drill  or  $mnta  worth  6rf.  (4a«.)  ; 
halFs  dozen  files  orAnintut  worth  togothor  2m.  (Ro.  1)  ;  and  »  pair  of 
leiMora  worth  a  shilling.     The  brushes  arc  made  of  tho  tails  of  tho 
Indian  eqiiirrel  which  cost  alKiut  \<{.  [{n.)  tho  pioe«  nod  are  bought 
IfrtMD    the   wnndi-riog   druggista   called     Vaidas   or    Baiduft.      The 
ldbd<fN  or  white  c-tiiy,  the  khadu  or  ch.<ilk-y  clay,  and  tho  torn  paper 
I  we  ieparat«ly  sUtipod  in  cold  wator  for  one  day,  apparently  ])a«sod 
I  ibrough  a  sieve  though  this  tho  workmen  deny,  and  pounded  together 
l<rith  the  ginned  cotton.      The  proportion  of  each  ot  these  articles  is 
tri\  uniform,  each  workman  using  his  own  discretion  on  each  occasion. 
When  the  clay  is  ho  thoroughlr  mixod  as  to  loito  all  grit  or  grain  it  is 
mdy  f or  Qso.     Thn  workman  shapes  the  bend  puttinu  in  u  small 
^^■g  to  prop  the  nock.      Tho  arms  are  next  eliapod  and  propped   on 
r~g8  at  the  shoulder  joiots.     The  truuk  and  legs  ar«  liwl  shaped 
I     tJi  two  |wg9  passing  through    tho  soles  if  the  figure  is  standing 
I      f  oae  we  pivtsing  below  the  end  of  tho    bnckbune  if  the  figure   ia 
1       ug.     liDeiBe  separalo  piooe^  arc  joined  and  the  figure  is  left  to 
I        two  to  six  day*  in  the  enn.     When   dry   the  clay  is  painted   a 
I       I  o(dour  and  the  eyebrows  and  nioustacbc,  and,  if  the  figure  in  a 
I        du,  the   brow   marks  arc  painted-      The  colours  are  made   by 


Chapter  VI. 
Crtftr     j 

Clat  Fio trail! 


[BomliA7  Qucti««r- 


204 


DISTBICTS. 


Chapter  TI 
Crafts. 


I'ATBR. 


wwtliiug  tlic   laiueral   pigiaenU  80V0r«l  timeB  over  anii  mutag 
thoroiiglily   with  gkeit-faste  for  a  dark  and    vfith  iaingliisii  for  ~ 
light-tuii.     When  the  paint  drie*  tho  worlcmAn  dresses  tne  Spire  by 
gioing  on  pie<:('s  of  diftereuC  fabrics,      rinally  ttiu  fi(,'iiru  is  fixed 
into  a  atAnd  brooglit  from  the  local  lunior  either  with  the  kelp  of 
the  peg  pEussiog  bolow  the  feet,  or,  if  aitting,  by  the  p«g  wKich 
puses   bolov    the  back.      Of  the  Poena  figures,   vrbicli    include 
atmoet  all  CMtva   and  cIsBsea,  perhaps  the   moat  tnterestiug   aud 
cbariictomtiti  we:  A  fully  equipped  elephant  with  a  nativi-  print-w 
and  his  attendants  in  the  car  or  hatida  ;  groups  showing  how  Fliudus 
cook  And  dine;  a  scene  ut  a  public  well ;  a  danciug  party  ;  a  Umdu 
spianeTj  wuavvr,  and  guldeiuiith  at  work  ;  a   Burupcan  goutlfuati 
carried  in  a  pahmquin;  a  Koli,  or  otJier  highwsymiu)  i\-uyIayiDg 
and  extorting  money  from  a  Mdrwiri  trader  ;u  tigor-shooting  scone  ; 
a  prince  or  princv&s  attuckod  by  u  li^cr  ;  a  Dative  fniileellL-r'a  sbup  . 
anatlTowoiimn  carrying  water  ;aiiiilkuiaid;  aOiirodi  or  juggler  with 
tamemoukeT3,8Duk(Mi,gOAtj  and  hiou^oomm  i  a  Duru't'xhi  wilb  a  t»iiiu 
bear ;  a  Oos&vi  or  Hindu  ascetic ;  a  Fakir  or  Muaalindn  beggar ;  a 
Br&hmaa   woman    worshipping   the   !tat-r«.<^    lulii    plnnt    Ocymutn 
auuutum;  an  astrologer  telling  fortunes;  a  Vuidn  or  wuDdering  ([uack ; 
a  Pirsi   nuw  aad   womiin  ;  n  waterman  with   his  bulKiok ;  a  camd 
driver ;  a  loessenger ;  and  the  cholera  oTJarimari  wurshippor.    Thu 
pricvsof  those  figures  range  from  I8».  (Rs.  VJ)  n.  dozen  tn  10*.  (Rs.  h) 
each  according  to  size  and  moke.    Among  the  Sgun-srctniirt-d  for  the 
Idbut  or  Muhnrram  bier  festival  the  most  common  arc  a  dancinp  girl ; 
a  MarAtha  horsoman ;  a  chief  on  an  olephunt;  a  pair  of   Biilhman 
Maritha  officers  on  horseback  ;  a  pair  of  gymnasts  ;  a  prince  on  an 
elephant  attockixl  by  a  tigor  j  a  Mardlhu officer  on  horseback  helping 
a  oamitel  to  monnt  bis liorse;  and  n  prkice  oil  foot  struggling  wiili 
a  tiger.     The  Ggnrea  required  for  the  Muhumtm  biers  are  the  largest 
made  in  Poona  ranging  from  two  to  tJiree  feet  high  and  costing  £2  to 
£50  (Rs.  20-500).   The  iignres  intended  for  sale  among  European  sud 
P&rsi  customers  ordinarily  rauge  from  six  inches  to  eighteen  inchoa 
in  height  and  from  l».(8(ix.)to  £1  (Its.  10)  in  price.     The  average 
Qtontbly  income  of  the  Poona  figure>makt>r8  is  said  to  vary  from  tZ 
to  j£2  10^.  (Rs.  20-25).     Thu  figures  art;  t'itber  made  to  order  or  ai« 
sold  at  till'  wtirkuiim'*  house.  The  larger  figareertxjuirud  fvrMuborratn 
biers  are  bought  by  Hindus.     The  demand  for  Muhttrram  figures  is 
not  great  us  one  figure  lasts  for  years.     The  chief  demand   is  from 
Europeans  and  from  the  PArsi  ownorsof  Bombay  curiosity  ahop«. 

Paper-making  is  eaid  to  have  been  brought  to  Poena  from  Jnniur 
four  or  fire  gonemtiona  ago.  The  leader  of  the  movAmeat  is 
romom'bercd  an  AlUbb&i,  a  Mosaliuiln,  as  arc  alt  tho  workers  in  Poena. 
At  present  (1883)  Ktigdipnmor  the  papermen't  qaarter  a  port  of 
the  Kasba  ward  has  wvon  work.placea  or  pitpor  factorioa.  Acoordiiw 
to  the  (lapcr-workera  the  site  on  which  they  built  their  houses  ana  I 
factories  was  given  free  of  charge  by  tho  Pefthn-a  to  oncoorage  the 
craft.  Of  forty  factories  only  eight  remain,  seven  in  Poena  and 
onoiitRluimbiirdainitacroaetbo  Mutha  from  RHgdipuru.  Thepapor- 
makcrs  know  MarAthl  but  apeak  Hiudualjuii  at  borne.  They  cm 
afford  to  eat  6esb  only  on  holidays,  and  drink  lifguor  hut  not  to  eiceiu 


rooKA. 


2M 


I 


lire  iu  oDo-storvyod  houses  of  tboir  ovra.     llic  mca  dress  like 

lUsia  a  throe-coruorEMJ  tTirbac,  nlong  coat,  a  scarf  ronnd   tliR 

',  and  ono  rousd  tbo  alioaldcrs.     T)icir  women  wear  s  robe  and 

lica  like  Knnbi  vramon.    Th^ir  pnper  is  strong  «Dd  ktlinK  bni 

W  DO   special  peculiarity  or  eicollouce.     They  earn  barolv  enough 

~^live  oa  aad  nre  coDatantly  borrowing.      They   work  from  seveii 

twcUf  and  from   one  to   saOBet.      Thoy    stop   work  on    Fridays, 

BaioT'ldn,  fire  days  ot  Muharram,  one  of  tHuibiiMT<U,  and  throe  days 

«a  tbo  dtfsth  of  a  member  of  the  community.    Their  women  and  tboir 

cluldrea  over  eight  help  ia  sorliog  waste  pnper.  Ualike  the  practice 

at  Ni«ik  und  .Iiiuiinr  whori>  mcrs  aro  ii»ei3,  at  Poona  paper  is  made 

tiMv  from  wasto  paper  bought  from  GroTernmeot  offices  at  £1  to  £2 

tpu/d  of  240  lbs.     As  tbo  wai^te  papitr  is  goDeralty  bought  at 

aocttoQ  Bales  itB  price  varies  considembly.     The£2  to£5(Ra.  SO-SU) 

reqnirfld  for  bujitig  tho  raw    matLTinl  hiiK  to  be  borrowed  ^m 

Marw^  mooeylendera  at  twoor  three  per  cent  a  mootb.    The  Poona 

paper-makers  hare  stopped  UMinc  ropes  aud  guonybagi  aa  they  require 

SKirclimeBodUboartopoundana  bleach.   Six  chief  tiiols  and  njipliancee 

are  aited :  The  dhi^i  or  great  hammer,  a  long  heavy  bc^tu  poised 

00  a  central  fulcrum  worked  in  a  long  pit  iwo  or  three  feet  deep. 

The  bead  >if  the  hammer  in  a  heavy  block  of  wood  fixed  at  rigut 

utglM  to  ouo  end  of  the  main  beam,  with  its  face  strengthened  by 

fear  thick  polished  steel  plates.     On  the  upper  surface  of  the  other 

nd  of  tho  main  beam  two  or  thret>  Hlep>i  are  cut,  aud  the  hammer 

is  worked  by  tbreo  or  four  men  together  forcing  down  tho  beam  and 

letting  it  rise  by  alternately  stepping  on  the  beam  and  on  the  edga 

cf  the  hole.     The  cost  of  the  dlifgi  including  the  coat  of  the  pared 

[Mt   or  hole  in   which  it  is  worked,  is  calculated  at  JCd   to  £6 

(Re.  50-60),     Though  every  one  of  tho  Poona  paper  fuotorlea  has  a 

d/ityi,  they  have  not  been  iu  use  for  tea  or  twclto  years  as  waste 

paper  does  not  re^uiriT  heavy  b&mmortng.     A  roctargidar  teakwood 

frame  or  xicAu  two  and  a  half  feet  by  two.  with  vight  cross  bars; 

it  ooHls  fit.  (Rs.  3)  and  u  used  in  fi.>>hing  out  filinB  of  paper  from  the 

cbtern,     A  screen  or  fhhapri  inado  of  Uio  stalkx  of  the  white  conicnl 

hifaded    amaniDtb   Ainaranthua  globulus,    on    which   the    film   of 

paper  retits,   when  the   fmiiie   ix  brought  out  of  tho  cistern  and  the 

T«Ier  alluwed  to  pass  through  it,  cost^  Zs.  to  -ia.  (Ha.  1-2).     A  soft 

itt^  palm  brush  or  kun<ha,   costing  I  ^H.   to  ^ti.  (1  -2  aa.),  ts  u»ed  in 

IINTAdiug  thuith(x-ts  a;^ainst  tho  oomuntc^  walls  of  the  room.      This 

bmsh  ia  not  alwaya  n.-<iuired  an  tfao  nipper  is  geucmlly  jtprtMid   iu  the 

tan  nu  old  carves  or  i%gs.     The  polisliing  stoucs  a  piece  oE  agate 

wotth  is.  to  is.  (Us.  ]-2y.     Tjirgo  shellii  Cyproift    tigri:),  which  ara 

in  DHe  iustead  ot  polttiliing  stones,  cost  \».  to  l«.o<I.   (8-12  n*.}  a 

douD ;    Hmooth    teakwood    bonrdii  each  about  two  feet  by  three, 

coaling  2*.  to  2«.  C</.  (Hs.  l-lij.are  ntuiiirod   to  lay  tho   paper  on 

ttltilo  it  is  being  rubbed  with  the  pouNhing  stone  or  shell.     The 

prooeft»  of  milking  pitjior  fn^m  waste  pn|>er  is  not  so  elaborate  as 

Ike  process  of  making  it  from  tracking.     Tn  Toona  tho  paper  is  torn 

to   piaoes,  sorted   according  U^  colour,  moistened  with   water,  and 

taken  lo  tho  rivor  and  pounded  with  stones  and  washed  for  three 

days.     It  ia  then  tnkon  to  the  cistont     A  paper-maker's  cistern  is 

«    cement-lined  tank  about  seen  feet  by  four  and  four  deep  half 


CbRpUrTI- 

Crsrti> 

t-AFI 


DISTRICTS. 


ChapWr  VI.        Q]]od  with  «ratar.      The  paper  pulp    is  thrown    into  this  cistern. 
Crafts-  When  it  i<  thoironglily  disRolved  the  worhman   sitting  at  the  side  of 

p  thfi  pit,  leaning  oviT  thu  wnter,  takes  in  both  lutnds  (he  square  framo 

which  holila  tlic  acroGD  which  serves  as  a  siere,  passes  it  under  the 
vratersnd  drnws  it  slowly  Hiiil  ewuly  to  ihc  surface,  working  it  a<>  tliat 
as  the  wntor  passes  through,  n  uniform  film  of  pulp  is  l«(t  on  the 
screen.  The  scroen  is  thvo  1ift«il  up  and  tnruoa  over,  and  the  film 
of  paper  ie  spread  on  a  rag  cushion.  When  layent  bsTB  been 
heaped  on  ihis  cushion  ntno  to  fourteen  incheH  high  a  rag  is 
spread  over  them,  ajid  on  the  nig  is  hiid  a  pUutk  weightt-d  with 
beary  stones.  Whon  this  proMture  has  druiued  the  piiper  of  some  of 
ite  moisture  the  stones  are  taken  away,  iind  tw<i  men  oae  standing 
at  efteh  end  of  the  plank,  eees«w  over  the  bandlo  of  paper.  Wlien 
it  is  well  pressed  the  paper  is  poeled  off,  layer  af(«T  layer,  and  spread 
to  dry  otlher  on  the  comeotod  wn.ll.i  of  the  building  or  on  rags 
laid  in  the  sua,  Whon  dry  ench  sheet  is  hiid  on  tho  polishwl 
wooden  board  and  nibhed  with  a  shell  till  it  nhines.  The  paper 
made  by  this  process  though  rotig'h  find  of  a  diuf^-  yellow  is  strong 
and  lasting.  The  makers  sell  it  to  Marwari  Vdni.  Bnhoi-a,  and  Gujarit 
Vioi  dealers.  The  price  for  each  ^W'^'i  of  2M  (sheets  mngos  frum 
8«.  to  I0«.  (fU.  4-5^.  The  cheapor  varietiee  are  generally  bought 
by  QoTernment  officials  for  enTclopcs,  a.nd  th«bett«r  kinds  oommand 
a  sale  among  native  merclinntH  who  one  them  for  account  honks  for 
which  their  toughness  and  durability  make  them  specially  suitable. 
The  retail  price  .varies  from  8«.  to  £.'i  (Ka.4-2U)  thereamoften 
quires.  Tho  papor-niakorR  almost  never  eniph>y  ontsido  labour.  The 
men  and  women  of  the  family  work  together,  the  men  doing  the 
b«svierand  the  women  the  lighter  parts  of  the  work.  From  themncb 
greater  cheapness  of  macbiRe>made  imposed  paper  the  demand  for 
the  local  paper  is  small  and  declining.  The  makers  are  bttdly  off, 
barely  earning  a  living.     ITjey  have  no  trade  guild. 

Xaoir  Tm,  Poona  city  hastwonty-soven  iron  pot  f  actorios,  four  of  which  belong 

to  Telia  or  oilmen,  three  to  Bobor&s,  ten  to  Kunbis,  and  ton  Co  Milta. 
The  industry  employs  150  to  200  workmen  BrUhmans,  Kunbin  nod 
Musalmino.  All  the  iron  pot  factories  In  Poona  city  are  in  the  Aditvar 
ward.  1'he  whole  of  the  iron  used  in  brought  in  sheets  throngh 
Bombay  from  Eun:>pc,  \V'hcn  at  work  iron  pot  makers  wear  nothing 
but  a  wai.gtcloth  tied  round  the  hipa.  On  hnfidays  the  Brthmans  wear 
their  own  dre^,  and  tho  rest  the  three-cornered  torban,  a  long  ooat, 
and  all  the  MoEalmfios  a  waist  and  Hhoulderclolb.  They  epeak 
Marfithi,  and  live  in  one-storeyed  hired  quarters.  Thoir  evory-day 
food  is  6ajVi  or  millet  cakes  nndduf  or  pnUe  with  afew  ground  chillies 
and  some  simple  vegetables.  Except  the  iJrdhmaus  both  Hindus 
and  Masalmins  occaaionnlly  eat  Aeah  and  drink  liquor  tboDgb  not 
to  ezoMS.  The  workers  inako  little  more  than  a  living  most  of  tha 
NofitB  going  to  the  dealers.  They  work  even  on  no-moon  days. 
Their  only  hotidayn  arc  ifur  that  is  the  duy  following  Mahdauttkrant 
in  January,  five  days  during  Shimga  in  March-April,  Ganpati's 
Day  in  August,  and  the  d»y  »fter  nil  eclipses.  Their  busy  seuon 
begins  in  lihddrapad  or  July-Augnst  aud  laxts  till  Ckaitra  or 
M«rt:h- April.  I'he  women  and  ubildreo  do  not  help  the  men  ia 
their  work.     They  work  from  sasrise  to  suaset  witb  half  an  honr'a 


POONA. 


207 


mtHt  midilay.     The  iron  tibituU  are  bou^lit  in  Bombay  uear  tbo 

Qunac  Bridgo  nt  1  la.  (Rs.  5  j)  the  cwt.  to  which  cart-iAge  to  Poona 

>dJa  \t.  &d.  tbo  cwt,    Tho  di'ulvro  ]iay  tlio  iron  sbooU  with    Ibuir 

own  Apiial.     Tho  iron  pot  maker  nsm  nioo  nppliaDcee.     Twenty  to 

lirco[y-£ve  cbiseU    or  ehhani  each    wortb    lid.    (la.);  tvrolvo    to 

ifteeo  bammen  of  tlilTerfiit  si»ts)  eacb  worth  6<i.   [itts.);  half  a 

lloani  piticors    or    tantJait     (?ach    wortb  3ri,    (2  a*.};    two    or   thrtM 

httry  iron  cjlinilora  each  wortb  4«.  to  i)«.  (R«.  2  -SI);  haJf  a  dosen 

uapiusra  each  worth  64.  (4  as.);  eix  to  eigbt  l&rge   DngUah  aiiriU 

Mch  worth  JCl  to  £1  10«.  (R&  lU-U) ;  half  a  dosten  thick  rounded 

unU    ftlioui  six  iuche«  across  fixed  in   biihhul  bloctca    and    half 

boned  in  the  earth  &t&h  worth  6«.  to  8«.  (It«.  3-4) ;  about  a  doz^a 

ibick  puiiitod  iiails  for  puncbinf;  faolea  togetbor  worth  i{ii.  (3  cu.); 

Wlf  a  dozen  yearly  renewed  files  at  Is.  6(1.  (12  aj*.)  cacli.     Tiintnkiag 

tlie  iron  vessels  the  iron  «beet  ie  laid  ou  tbe  iluur  and  the  ahapo 

required  for  tlie  pot  ia  traced    with   compaBses   on    the  nheet   and 

eat  oot  with  a  cbtsel.     Tbe  piooe  of  iron  thus  separated  is  tben 

batnmered  on  a  solid  iron  anvil  or  btinffJi,  and  roughly  tihapod  into  a 

beaiispbere.     It  ia  next  biiuimered  on  the  lar^n  and  small  anvils, 

till  the  shuting  ia  completed.   Tbe  piece«i  formiu)^  parts  o£  a   jiut  are 

thea  nailea  toK«tbur  and  tbe  joint  tilled  up  with  putty.     Ita  brim 

is  filed,  and  the  handles,  made  of  iron  rods  flattened  at  the  ends 

are  riTelled  ou.     Tbe  articlua  made  arc :    Tbe  tava  a  grid-Uo  for 

bskiiig  tiatire  dainties;  the  ^d(<?/« a  cylindrical  |xit  with   a  »li^btly 

niondcd  bottom  varying  from    a  (L>ot  to   throo  foot  across  and  two 

lo  three  feet  deep;  Atiaffdra  or  large  drum   pot;  tanks  or  kavdt 

for  aloriii^  water  and  grain  ;  n  pnhora   or  uyliiidriunl   uraitfT'd rawing 

pot  nine  luchos  to  a  foot  across  and  Hcren  Co  fourteen  inches  high  ; 

m  duve  or  chatan  used  by  gmin  parobora  or  hhatibunjds  ;  n  k^iihai  or 

fryiD^  pan,  a  bomiaphorical  pot  one  foot  to  six  feot  across  and  two 

inebea  tx>  two  feet  d€«p  with  two  opposite  bandies  ;the  fccitior  largo 

flat-botloDiMl!>ugar-l>niling  pan.     Of  theee   articles    tbo  pdtelo   or 

round  pot,  tho  n-udtira  or  orum,  the  tank  or  hand,  and  luo  frying 

pwi  or  kadhai  used  to  be  made  of  copper,  bnt  among'  tho  poor  iron  is 

iakiDg  tho  placo  of  copper.    The  lata  or  griddle  is  used  by  all  classea 

eepecnaily  by  tbe  poor  for  cooking  their  millet  cakea.     The  domaad 

for  iron  ware  is  Bteadilj*  on   tbe  increase.    Tbe  yearly  import  of 

iron  sheeta  into  Foona  ranges  from  H,44U  cwt.  to  S!4,908  cwt. 

Tape  ia  woven  in  Poona  city  by  one  hundred  to  one 
httudred  and  fifty  Rivals,  who  have  come  from  Mohol  and 
ShnUpnr.  Tbey  ara  not  pormanontly  settled  in  Poona  and  visit 
their  homes  every  year  generally  during  the  rains.  In  Poona  they 
hve  io  apart  of  tbe  Ganj  ward  which  is  Known  as  tho  LtAval  quarter. 
They  look  like  UngAyats  and  worship  ShiT  but  do  not  wear  the 
flat;,  Tb^ir  borne  tongue  is  MarAthi.  A.t  Poona  they  lire  in 
hired  oue>storeyed  quarters,  eat  no  fleeh,  but  drink  liquor.  The 
mon  dress  in  a  rumdl  or  headscarf,  a  short'  coat  reachmg  to  tba 
waiat,  and  a  ucarf  round  the  middle.  Tape  weaving  reoniroa  Httld 
skill.  Most  of  the  wearers  are  in  debt  to  tbe  tape  dealers,  and 
tbey  keep  hardly  any  holidays.  They  nae  maehine-msde  yarn  for 
tbe  woof  and  band-spun  yarn  for  the  warpi    Tape  is  almost,  the  only 

iclfi  in  which  hand-Bpun  yarn  is  still  used.    Tbo  maobine-mada 


Chapter 
Crafts. 

laoK  Pa 


vr 


Tatk  Wajtvixa, 


IBOMBftyOatrtt 


208 


DISTRICTS. 


Cliapt«rTI< 

Cr«fta- 


Fklt. 


yam  wfaicli  it<  slmoflt  always  twonticK,  is  brotiglit  from  noiitbHj  hj 
tbe  tape  de&lere.  It  is  sold  or  ratbor  given  to  tlie  iveavere  on 
credit  at  lOt.  to  Vit.  (Ra.  S-G)  tbo  pound.  The  coarse  haud- 
epun  yam  ootneit  from  Sholilpur  into  which  it  is  broaght  from 
tbe  Niz&m's  oouutry.  It  is  sold  oA  Poena  at  7\d,  [5  as.)  the  pound, 
T)io  lupe  wt^sver's  appliiiDcesareBimple.  A  bamboo  cai;;;^  or  j>hdlka, 
or  large  reel,  worth  6d.  (4o<.);  fkcoadn  or  email  reel  worth  3d, 
(2<u.) ;  a  apindlo  or  phiraki  of  nominal  valne  ;  a  bamboo  HhuLlle  or 
kdnde;  and  a  3at  wedge>shapi>d  piece  of  wood  with  which  tho 
woof  is  driven  home^  worth  Hd,  {2  tu.)  The  tape  loom  is  of 
primitive  make.  Betwaen  two  uprights,  from  a  foot  to  one  foot  and 
nino  inches  higli,  are  placed  tno  hori£onta)  hars  one  joiniu^;  the  topa 
and  the  other  the  costroa  of  the  uprif^htB.  To  the  central  horisonta] 
bar  are  tied  a  row  of  loops,  each  loop  ti^o  incheH  long.  Id  arrang- 
ing the  warp,  one  thread  is  paesed  through  a  loop  and  the  other 
over  tho  upper  horizontal  har,  at  a  apot  junt  above  the  Hpnce  betwoea 
two  loops.  The  weaver  sits  in  front  of  tiio  uprights,  aud  balding  in 
his  right  hand  n  buudle  of  woof  yarn,  paasea  it  acrosa  through  tho 
warp  into  bis  left  baud  aud  forces  the  woof  home  by  u  blow  from 
th<)  fiat  u-edg&>shaped  hatt/a.  Aa  he  weaves,  be  slaoKeas  the  wnrp 
which  bo  keeps  tivd  to  a  peg  or  beam  on  the  other  aide  of  tbe 
□pright  fram&  Tbe  broadest  and  thickest  tape  woven,  called 
padam,  is  six  to  nine  inches  broad  and  twelve  feet  loug.  It  ie  sold 
at  9^.  to  mid.  (6-7  as.)  the  pioce.  It  is  wliite  with  black  aud  red 
bands.  A  smaller  variety  called  I't^/ia,  two  to  fitx  inohea  broad 
and  seven  to  fifteen  feet  long,  rurics  in  price  from  I  H .  to  la.  (l-8tu.). 
Tbe  narrow  tape  which  is  lesa  than  half  an  inch  broad,  is  wovea 
by  poor  Mnaalm&a  women.  It  in  believed  that  at  present  (1862) 
in  Poona  city  aa  many  as  150  Muaalm&n  women  weave  narrow  tapo 
in  their  leisure  hours  carniug  a  shilling  or  two  a  month. 

Felt  or  bumu»  in  made  at  Poona  by  PinjAria  who  are  settled 
near  the  Naiosnk  police  Btaticn  uod  near  the  tcmpio  of  SuraesbTar, 
Kightor  ten  shnps  or  rather  finiiliea  are  (1883)  engaged  in  making 
felt.  They  camo  to  Pwna  thrive  op  four  gcnorations  ago  from 
Ch4kaD,  Khed,  and  Mancbar  in  Jminar.  They  have  bern  working 
in  felt  for  generations  and  say  they  do  not  Wliovo  their  forefathers 
ever  did  any  other  work.  They  speak  UinduslAni  at  home  and 
MoriVthi  out  flf  donrs.  They  live  in  one-ntor^iyed  hired  houses  and 
eat  flesh  tliougfa  they  gtMiemllv  live  on  a  vegetable  diet.  Tho  mrn 
wear  a  three  •cornered  turl>An,  a  ahort  coat  r^^tacliing  tho  waiot, 
and  a  Kcarf  for  the  loimt.  Tbey  are  poor.  Their  working  boarn 
are  from  seven  to  eleven  ajid  from  one  to  sunset.  They  stop 
work  on  Fridays,  Bakar-Id,  and  two  days  in  Ilaimdn.  The  wool  is 
brought  from  the  shepherds  orDhangnraof  the  Tillages  near  Poona  iu 
Ashddh  or  Juno-July  and  Shn'ivan  or  July-Augast.  Goat's  hair  costs 
IJrf.  to24(i.  theponnd(IO-14Ihs.  the  rapee)  and  sheep  wool  3d.  to+rf. 
the  pound  (6-8  lb)>.  the  rupee).  Tbe  tamarind  seeds  reouired  for  sizing 
are  bonght  in  Poona  at  l^ri.  to  2\tl.  (l-ljrt.  asftfr  of  two  !bs.). 
They  generally  borrow  what  money  ia  wanted  at  twelve  to  twen^- 
foor  per  cent  a  year.  Iliey  work  the  raw  material  on  their  own 
acconnt  and  pay  their  ereditors  out  of  the  proceeds  of  the  felt. 
The  demand  for  £elt  is  said  to  be  on  the  decline  on  account  of  the 


» 


POONA. 


soe 


inporutioa  ot  ckoap  £uropi-au  UuikuU.      Tbe   odIj    instramont 

they  require  is  the  teaser  vhich  coDmu  of  tliree  parts,  the  bow  or 

feflwan  which  U  fanog  from    thv  ceiling,  the  harp-shaped  t«aaer  or 

Lrfaild,  nod  the  donibbell -shaped  Htrik^r  or  muth  with  which  the 

Hwrorker  etrihee  the  thoDg  or  leather  siring.     The  whole  teaser  cost* 

Wt0.  to  lUi.  (Ha.  4-5).    fieaidM  tbe  dumbl^ll  striker  the  worker  has  ft 

W  liick  about  two  ^ards  long.    Tba  wool  is  &ret  disentangled  hy  the 

women  of  the  house  and  Icttsed  ou  the  dcuta  bj  tbe  iik^b.     lien  or 

Koimea  then  spread  it  on  pUnks  or  mats  aod  the  tamnnnd  seed  peste  ia 

ifn««d  over  it,     Another  Isjer  of  wool  is  spread  on  the  paste  a&d 

a  Uyer  of  paeto  on  Uio  wool  till  it  is  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  thic^. 

It  vt  bkstly  laid  in  the  aun  and  dried.     It   is  sold  in   the   -workmen's 

bonies  at  &d.  to  4».  (Ba.  J-S)  the  piece,  tbe  price  depending  oo  the 

MS*  of  the  article.     The  whole   j-eexlj  outturn  in  not  worth  more 

Ihaii  £200  (R.O.  2000). 

Bic  Kit&ris  or  hereditary  Wood-Turners,  ton  Kunbis,  and 
too  Brahnan  earn  their  living  at  Poooa  by  turning  wood. 
Thaj  Uv8  in  Aditv&r  ward  near  Snbhuaha'B  mosque  and  the 
Gajri  market.  Tbe;  speak  Mar&thi,  live  in  onc-etoroyed  hired 
(raattem,  and  except  the  Brribman  wbo  live«  gololy  oo  vegetable  food, 
'  thej  occiwioaollj-  cat  fleeb.  The  Br&biu&D  wears  a  rounded  (urban, 
a  long  coat  reaching  to  the  kneet,  a  jacket,  a  watttcloth,  and  a 
thoDldereloth.  The  Kdt&ria  and  Konbis  wear  a  tbree-cornered 
isrbati,  a  long  coat,  and  waist  and  shoutderclotha.  Thej  work  from 
■ereii  to  elerea  in  the  nooroing  and  from  one  to  auoRCt.     They  reat 

koB  all  no-tuooa  days,  on  the  day  after  tbe  chief  or  wintor  San^rxint  in 
January,  for  two  days  of  Shimga  in  March -April,  and  for  two  days 
after  an  eclipse.  Tbe  women  and  children  do  not  help  thi^  men. 
Their  average  monthly  earningB  range  from  10#.  to  £1  (Ea.S-lO). 
titB  only  kinda  of  wood  th'ey  use  are  tbe  kuda  Wrightia  tinotoria, 
•od  Chs  ranu  Heteropbragma  rozboi^hii,  which  they  buy  &om 
UhAr  women  who  bring  it  from  tbe  forest  lands  near  Pouna.  A. 
head-lead  of  sticks  one  to  two  inches  ia  diameter  costs  them  2s,  to 
3r.  (Ha.  l-H).  A  wood-turner  has  two  tooU,  the  lathe  and  the 
chisel  The  latbe  or  Ihadge,  consifta  of  two  upn'ght  blocks  of  wood 
■boat  two  feet  long  six  inches  broad  and  six  ini^es  high,  and  two 
i»et  apart  with  a  abort  iron  peg  or  spike  on  the  toner  face  of  each. 
Of  the  two  btockti  of  wood  one  is  kept  in  its  place  by  a  heavy  stone, 
ib«  other  is  movable.  The  pioco  of  wood  to  be  turned  is  drilled  at 
each  end,  tbe  movable  part  of  the  lathe,  always  the  left  block,  ii 
taken  &wiiy,  tbe  wood  to  bo  tumi-d  ia  slipped  cv^r  tbe  two  iron 
■pikes  uiid  the  Tuorable  part  of  .the  lathe  is  pnt  back  in  its  place. 
The  workman  sits  on  a  board  opposite  the  lathe,  and,  with  his  left 
(mi,  koepK  the  movable  block  in  its  place.  Be  takes  his  bow  or 
kmmdn,  a  bamboo  about  three  feet  long  with  a  loose  string,  and 
paasing  s  loop  of  the  atrisg  round  tbe  ri^t  end  of  the  wood  to  be 
tamed,  tightens  bis  bow,  and,  by  moving  it  sharply  at  right  angle* 
to  the  lathe,  makes  the  wood  spin  quickly  on  the  two  iron  apikea. 
As  it  turns,  the  wood  ia  worked  into  shape  by  the  doable<poiBted 
ehiael  or  t^ka*  held  in  the  left  band.  When  tbe  wood  has  been 
shaped  and  smoothed,  a  piece  of  eealiog  wax  is  held  close  to  it,  and, 
by  the  friction,  melted  and  spread  over  its  aurfaoe.  The  final 
a  1327-27 


Chapter  Tl- 
Crafts- 


Woo»-1 


(BombRy  Gautteer. 


210 


DISTRICTS. 


Chapte  VL 
Crafti. 

WooD>TcBiiiNa. 


polish  IB  given  by  robbing  it  with  a  leaf  of  the  kevda  Pandanns 
odoratiaBimtia.  The  chief  articles  tamed  are  :  The  Idtne  or  rolling 
pin  used  in  kneading  wheat  bread,  a  plain  wooden  bar  one  to  two 
feet  long  and  two  or  three  inches  ronnd  ;  it  costs  Id.  (^  a.)  and  is 
not  lacquered.  The  gudgudi  or  kukka  the  hubble-bubble.  This  is 
of  three  parts,  the  bowl,  the  handle,  and  the  pipe.  The  bowl  is 
made  of  a  cocoannt  shell  with  a  hole  at  the  top,  polished  and 
smoothed  on  Uie  lathe.  The  handle  which  is  eight  to  twelve  inches 
long  and  three  to  foor  inches  roond,  is  hollowed,  and  the  outside 
carved  and  covered  with  lac.  The  pipe  is  a  hollow  round  stick, 
nine  to  twelve  inches  long  and  one  inch  round,  smoothed  and 
lacquered.  A  habble-bnbble  costs  i^d.  to  9d.  (3-6  aa.).  Clothes- 
pegs  or  kkuntia,  four  to  six  inches  long  and  two  to  three  round, 
cost  2s.  (Be.  1)  a  score  or  hodi.  Children's  rattles  or  khulkhulds 
a  lacquered  stick  two  to  four  inches  long  and  half  an  inch  ronnd, 
with,  at  each  end,  a  hollow  lacquered  ball  three  to  five  inches 
round  with  a  few  pieces  of  stone  inside,  cost  1  \d.  (1  a.)  ;  kathadda 
or  balusters  upright  sticks  six  inches  to  three  feet  long,  and  half 
an  inch  to  six  mi^es  ronnd,  lacquered,  and  varying  in  price  from 
l^d.  to  6(2.  (I '4  as.)  a  stick.  Bulers  or  dkkanis,  one  to  two  feet  long 
and  one  to  two  inches  round,  are  not  coloured  and  cost  1  ^d.  to  i^d. 
(1-3  08.),  Walking  sticks  or  kdthia  are  generally  supplied  rough 
by  the  customer  and  turned  for  Sd  to  Gd.  (2-4  as.).  All  of  these 
articles  are  sold  in  the  turner's  shops.  They  have  no  special  merit 
and  are  not  in  much  demand.     The  women  do  not  help  the  men. 


CHAPTER     Vlf. 


f 


H  ISTORY. 

Is  probiatoric  timeii,  liko  tlie  rest  of  the  Doccan,  Poona  is  snid 
lave  formc^l  p^rt  of  tlio  Uaadak&nuiya  or  Daodaka  iorast, 
wbich  the  EUtnAyaa  rcprveeota  u  infested  b;  Bikshasas  or  wild 
mea  n-bn  diiitnrbctl  the  religious  ritas  of  BrAhman  sages.  A  high 
and  ancivnt  bolincss  uUac^Ps  to  Bbiitntekankar  the  soarce  of  me 
Bbtmn,  fort7-&vo  uiiltui  north-weat  of  i'oona,  the  Shi?ling  of  wlioM 
tempio  Lit  oiiu  of  tho  twelve  great  tinff9  of  iDdiiiJ 

Prom  vory  carl;  ttmoa  tr*da  routes  must  have  ctosfiod  the  Poooa 
dbtrici  ilown  the  Isaliyildri  posses  lo  the  Koakan  seaports  of  Sopara 
Kal^Anqni^  ^Jl^oiil.  UoL'lc-cut  ttiiuplos,  rvst-cbatnbers,  and  inacrintions 
■liov  that  aa  far  back  as  the  first  centuries  bofora  and  after  Cbrixt 
tmie  went  to  uud  from  the  coast  bjr  the  NAiia  and  the  Bur  passes. 
'I\e  ricbuosa  of  the  rock-cot  temples  both  above  the  paaa   at  heJi.a 

IBhijsnud  KArli.  and  Iwlovr  the  pass  at  Koudiiuc  and  Atabivli  luulfo 
it  probable  tkaTin  tho  first  coatunea  after  Christ  a  great  traffic  movfU 
Snug  the  Bor  pass  route.  Tho  early  history  of  too  district  ceutrt-s 
injjpinar,  on  tho  yAnanaas  ronto,  fifty  miles  north  of  I'ootia,  a  city 
"trongiy  pla<;ed,  in  a  ricn  country,  with  a  good  cliiaat«,aiid  fadJitica 
for  trade.  Two  considomblc  groups  of  cavos  one  near  KiUamb  obuut 
tweJTD  milrs  south  of  Junttar,  tho  other  round  TalcKSon'aTio'n t  thirty 
Diileis^iulh-west  of  KiilamV,  now  on  the  main  hne  of  traJfic  Fnum 
Jikaiiu-  to  the  roilway,  apparctally  mark  thi>  old  trado  roiito  frout 
Jnnr.  ;)r  t  n  t  bo  Bor  |bss.  Of  tho  founders  of  Junnor  notbing  is  known. 
Er  L  ly  tiATni?  hiL.«  porinhed,  if,  aa  is  generally  supposed,  the 

fn,vv  uv  UL.UIU  Junuar  menus  Old  City.'  The  town  is  probably  as  old  as 
the  largo  inscription  on  the  walln  of  the  rock-cul  chamber  at  tha  head 


'brflan  AntLqouy,  II.  I.tnuilnoto  I.    ThodaroBotbngnatNM^i 
Mr  Uljkiu  1    <  iaut&Biwibvw  uiikniiim;    KMlAraahvu-  m    Out  tiiin: 


lore  t  Ai»n«li%*ar 
TiiiUUrM;  linlithil 
BUjjaui;  MUlikiijmon  the  Sbmluul  bill  ia  T«liiigw>tt)  OrakAr  in  Uw  Nmibailii  i 
^VMhr^r  uu  BAiMthw  iskad  Mar  Cm  Coinoiia ;  SoivnlivM-  in  SaUBBitlt-Fitui 
aCUhUwtr;  THarinknhrarktTriiahak  in  Kiaik;  Vudruith  al  Darwin  tba 
mhil  diatrict  Of  Bengal ;  an<t  THiireahvar  at  Bcuarea. 

'hadit  BJia^TUlilftirM  Jamariti  oiri  muno  by  edMitifying  It  with  the  Tasini 
"PtctMny  (A.O.  ISO)aiiil  ol  tJha  Periplua  (*.d,  247).  The  argnmcnt*  id  niitftott  ol 
'telrimtifleali^inam  tlwi  aotiqitilj' of  JuBiuraappovvd  by  it«  numetuui  «avM  ami 
tanptiooa.  lUpMitfonat  tli«  bead  ol  aliiirhvay  of  oanuMVoa,  and  it*  ctnnfuiratiro 
to  Shobrr^i   wliich    Pmfcaaor  IlhladiTku-    flmU    lobe  tka  only   naOMi 


"KiiKted  with  tiiv  Konkaa  StUMfH.  vha  call  Tagara  th«ir  oHginal  alt*  iBoubay 
<!»>etu*r.  XIII.  433i;  PratMKr  BhlaAirkar'a  Deocan  Rail/ Hiit«vy) ;  andatilli 


n»  footiaii  (if  the  city  betircen  tho  tluve  hilla  or  trigiri  ot  Lenitlri,  Uiomoda,  and 
^mcr,  Ir^iin  which  it  might  tiaTo  bcon  cnllnl  Trigiri  cdfruptod  iota  Toffora.  Tlw 
•Wanpiinoot  a^DAIhu  idoitilicatiDn  is  that  tha  poaitiaa  «(  Junaar,  lOOnuloa 
•wt  ofpalthtn,  dofi  not  ictm  wilii  Ptokmy  of  iritfc tla  aotboToftka  Purtpliia 
M^ <<  whom  placa Taipin t«a  daracMtct  Putttan.  A  niaot  objooUon  ii  that* 
ytaiit  centuiy  eoppetplatc  reoordinc  a  graat  to  as  ioluibitaat  o(  Ti^ua  hai  Im«d 
Hiiidiu  th«  Nijutini  Haiilarabad  which  agroM  iriili  the  pooiliou  ol  Ptolemy'*  and  Uia 
IWjilua'  r»t^ra  (lATW^are  Bambay  GaMtlSor,  XUL  423). 


Chapter  VU. 

History- 
Eaklt  UuTtiKV. 
sx.lOO-A.i>.t29 


212 


|C3ifcl>t«r  VZI. 
Binorj. 

LI  HoTTORr. 

.10D.A.D.1SS0. 


.y^v. 


(BomlCf  Quftttcer' 
"WSTRICTO^  M 

of  the  ii&a&  pass  vliicli  was  engrared  by  a  Doccui  Icia^  ooo  ol 
whose  capitals  wua  probably  at  Junnaraad  wboto  datvprobablj 
liaa  between  B.c.  00  ai>a,A.l>.  30.  Next  to  Aahok's  (b.o.  250)  ediata 
at  GirD&r  In  E^tiiiwdr  und  Sopim  near  Baew-in  ia  Tbdon,  the 
y&aa  pag8  inacription  is  the  oldest  writing  in  Wtistcin  India.  It 
IB  believed  to  be  tEeearlieat  LiBtorical  record  in  the  Daccui,  and 
lias   the  8peciul  intereet  of  beiiig  the  oldeat  known  BrKhmanJcal 

ff[  Jadia.      In    th»    beginning  salatationa 


inscn 
areo 


'fiDred  tol 


ic  and  I'ur&nik  gods,  to  Dharma  and  to  ludra,  to 
Chandra  the  moon,  Sur^n  the  iiun,  A ^i  fire,  aud  Marat  wind,  to 
Irbe  four  Tegion-giiardiaDS  or  lokapdti  who  provide  over  the  four 
quarters  of  the  universe,  Tama,  Taruna,  Kubora,  aud  Visart, 
and  to  Sankarahana  Kriithnti'a  brother  aud  Vdsadevaor  KrishiLa. 
It  moationa  a  pious  kiiu  of  Oakshiaipotha  or  the  Deccao,  a 
atauncli  supporter  of  the  Vediu  roligtOQ  and  strictly  Br^manieal 
in  his  beliefs.  It  gives  u  lon^  account  of  Vedic  aacrificea  from 
the  first  ceremony  of  fire-placinp  or  a^nyddhdn  to  the^roat  bono 
or  athvamwiha  aud  other  socrifloes.  Mention  is  nnde  of  gifta  of 
villogea,  elepbaots,  horses,  chariots,  and  of  thoosatida  and  ten 
tboDsaoda  of  cows  and  kiirghdpan  coins.  This  inscription  has  tb« 
high  value  of  showing  tliat  about  b.c.  90  Buddhigm  bad  not 
TOt  triumphed  o^f'y  ^h^lij^ft.ni^tn  and  that  the  sacrifices  of  iho 
Vadic  age  were  still  in  o»&.  The  inscription  was  cngrarod  by  king- 
Va^jgl(ri.  who,  as  ^if\g  of  ^Wfll>fniLpa>.>ia  probably  impn^vvd  the 
N&na  ptMs,  cot  the  rent-chamber  for  the  u^e  of  trareUere,  and,  in  this 
large  inscription,  recorded  the  power  and  the  piety  of  hia  family. 
Veoishri  belonged  to  the  gi-cut  Andhra.brity.a  or  ShitaUnrni  dyuaaly.' 
^ereral  inscriptions,  over  what  once  wore  atatuea  in  the  HaaA  pass 
obamber,  are  supposed  to  give  Vedisbri's  pedigree  mentioning 
Simuka  dhiltaTlUiana  his  grandfather,'  Snri  Shatdtarni  and  qoeen 
Na/amka  his  mreut«,  and  his  two  sons  l^nnoe  jjafcaafari  «nd JETJOoa 
SbAtttT&haDBi'linter  in  dato  than  tho  Kieat  N&oa  pass  inscription  are 

twelre 

probably  _  _       , -^  . 

These  rock  temples  contain  Berenty-five  inscriptions  also  of  the  first 
and  second  centuries  after  Christ  The  KArle  aud  Jnnnar  inscriptions 
give  the  nanieit  of  kings  I'ulum^vi  and  NahapAna,  an  inscription  over 

'  TLa  ShSMlumii,  who  mr*  better  known  by  tluilr  l^rtUiili  nunc  ol  Andhrabbritfas, 
wn«  *  powarful  Dounu  dynutir  whicb  ia  tnppoaKl  to  Iuts  tloundMd  is  lli«  twa 
canttirlM  Wore  ca^ltliv  three  ceomnM  a(Mr  toe  ChtiobiMi  <rw,  TbcirorigiBBl  wai 
wwAndhni  or  T«1«at[«a  «n<l  tli sir  capital  Dliarnilccitiit  Uw  montbof  tba  SriUuia. 
Attbohcigbt  oCtbairr)o«r«r(A.n.  10-14uT|t)l«y  ■ppovtoharsbeU  Uic  wfaolabreadtl) 
of  the  DoooHi  from  so]Hkn  In  Thu*  to  DhMuket  nnr  the  month  of  the  Kriahaa. 
Their  Inicrioiipni  mi;!  wm»  have  bMn  (onnd  at  K^nilMiri  llfl  BdBir*  in  ^^^  Konkui, 
at  JnnnirrKMDitd,  Kolntpaf-  wiriy^Bi^ '"  the  nwiMW  »*BaptirM'n  Kortb  Klnan. 
■ttKT'XSBaS  >''t<»  >a  MS  AMBaSaUwl,  and  in  etbar_parta  ot  tka  " 
Prstulmm.  SeUiI^  am  givtnfn  BmilyTflt^ttay.  lUI.  408 1 XV 
^  AMerding  to  Iho  i*u[teilt  li«(a  Simuka.  SitidliukB,  or  8ip»fcA 
til*  AndhMbkrltn  dynMty.    Scnll'*  Byniatiea  ot  &aiith*m  India,  5. 

*  The  Qttih  Khind  mi  Bbimblinnla  cbvob  hmt  Pood*  h>v«  no  tiuorlptlona.  Til* 

I«  app«ar»  to  bo  a  ^rtbggMUs'  work  of  afajyt  ^  ^'ft!??*' 

[  hina  cava*  ar«  plain  ocllt  wbOM  'ffUlBTlff  W  f '"-     t^* 

whicb  are  mentjooed  by  Mr.  £lptiln>t«ii«  ta   1$19  (Cotcbvookeli 

,  383]  havt  nol  ytt  (Ma?  ifelj  botn  cramiaed. 


kft  WM  tbe  iMiadaF  of 


Dttcu) 


POONA. 


> 


I 


toe  of  the  NAnigli^t  oBfaenu  eiTOe  tho  Dame  of  Cfaatarpana  Sfa&takaroi 
•oaof  VAyhtbi,  and  a  QsfiaLmscriptioa  mentions  »  SJ&bdbhoja's 
^Ugliter aiid a  Malitiratlii'Bwife.'  Anioiig places, aBed8a inncri prion 
maatioosNAsik ,  two  J  ununr  iDscriptionit.  mcDtion  Broncli  p'"^  jiilTftTn 
ud  the  K^le  ioscriptious  mealitin  Abulama  perhaps  Qbollah  at  tha 
hmA  of  tlio  PcKUD  gvli,*  Dli«pnlcAk»t  or  U)in.mikot  nt  tbc  moutb 
dtte  Krishoaj  Sop&m  ia  Thioa,  un<l  Vai|ayanti  or  Bunavfa'  >n 
North  Kilnara.    Among    donors  tho    Junaar  inscriptions  mentioQ 

of  bampo^makera.  coppgnimitha.  yjid_  ym  dealera ;    the  K^rlu 

itjjp  oarpeiitenif  two  Yj^^yiM.  «nd  two 

irorkmansliip  tit  luan^ot  thu  caresj 

the  Ganesh  Lena  group  at  Jannar  tlie 


nuonpitons  mf-ntiou  ik 
Pwwyig  or  Pdrtliiong.' 
M^edallf  of  the  chapel  in 

ngoifioent  cntliodrol  at  Kdrlc  au<l  iho  temple  l-hvc-  ut  Budxii*  havo 
lb*  ipwial  iDtei-eat  of  showing  in  tliu  aiiimai  .cajiitals  of  tlieir 
pillant  a  alrone  fnroign,  probii-bly  PArtSlau.  elemeDt.  Of  the 
UiUbboja  loeutioned  ta  the  Bddaa  cavra  DoUiing  18  knowu  except 
UaTinttcnpt  ions  iu  the  Kudn  cfl|Vgy  jp  KfJAlm  abow  that  about  the 
BMu  tiiuu  a  g[yaMty  fff  pl^qil^l  was  ruling  in  the  Koiikao.*  The 
Puloni^vi  roentiopej  in  the  jimnar  and  KArlo  inacriptiona  seems  to 
bfllti!  Piilumavi  VAHishthipiitra  of  tLc  bifeilt  itiscriptioas  whoso 
iti  lies  between  A.o.  10  ami  a-D.  150;*  Chatargana  ia  known  to  bo 
tho  father  of  a  later  A.u<11irDbbrit;a  kini;  VaTnaBbn  Shitakaroi 
one  of  whose  silver  c-uius  baa  been  found  iu  SopSm;^  and  Nabapfaa, 
""koae  name  occora  iit  on  iuBcription  of  hia  mipiater  at  Juonar  aaid 
of  his  Bon'in-lHff  Usbapd6t  at  KArle,"  is  supposed  to  be  a  I'ltrtfaian 
n Shalt  viceroy  vboae  3ato  probably  lies  between  ii.c.  4-0  and  &.n. 
ISA.*  In  trofeseor  Bbinddrkar's  opinion  KabapAn'e  minister*!!  and 
ctbor  inscriptions  at  Junpur  favour  the  ticw  that  Junnnr  iraa 
X«lm)Ao'6  capital"  Sot  the  liOO  years  oodiPR  early  tH  tha'  tony toenth 


Chapter  YO. 
Hietory. 

Eazly  Hwtoar.i 
a.cJ0OA.n.l39a 


'Qieal  tbe  NAna  jmu  aUiLtio  limci-IiiUam  (d.  r.  00)  aUo  mBntiou  m.  JfaM- 
•■iMtnHitu  •  vthiob  may  mean  oitlicr  a  laiidor  ut  Laru*  chkrfoC  flftitan  or,  as  unotc 
inUble.  ■'  leafier  nf  UkrlihAn.  lii  the  latt^  Moao  UoMtbAa  wotiM  Btciti  to  tnsaa 
OnMt  ItaltM,  or  Kfldii,  aftflrBariB  (760  073)  ttic  RatU  and  hiahlrakitla  kiogi  of 
da  Deoc«n  and  Kariuluk.  Sm  Pio«t'«  KinacuM  Dyaartie*,  31-38,  79-$3.  Til* 
B>te  bwchpttoa  •ccnw  to  ihow  that  ttie  MabtMwjM  nawrtod  with  tlic  MahArathw. 
,  DtSu  G4tIv  liutoiY,  IU  *  Compu*  BooEa  yci3gREtT.''?n  It  ITI'nSlv'S. 

'BentMTArobMtrarjiMlSiirray  R«parl,  IT.  89114;  Separ*t«  Ho.  X.  2S-W. 

'  Tha  Bbojwaad  MaUblioiM  nnpou-  to  tw  »  rery  old  Dwoui  djnuty,  m  atong 
■lit  th«  P^fiphpa  or  nd«n  of  Valthan  on  tlw  doHIi-mM  border  of  Ahnftdaaoar, 
BbeJM  appear  tnoDaDeecankinn  in  Ui«tkirtMiith  of  Aaliok'a  rock  Klicta  (B.C.  SSO>. 
hd.  Aat.Xr«7S. 

^    *  O-MMMt  Eartr  tlUtorr.  90 :  BmuU*  Oucltotf.  XVI.  623. 

■  '  Bombav  <>*MtbMFr.  XlV.  268.  313. 


1 


'  tTiiia<rdlt*ppoarB  to  hare  bwn  lbs  OujarU  and  Koekaa    vimtot  of  Nahaiiima. 


k4rlo  aiid NiiHk  is<Kn|rtii>ni  ia«i(ionsilta  tnaila  ■!  Somulllt  Pattan  ia  Klthi; 

at  Broacb,  a«  wcU  oa  at  Sopdra  in  Tliiicia  and  M  (joraidhan  ixar   Ninik,     9«« 

ir  Plaeva,  K&'to.  >  UccoaQ  Earlf  U»tor«,  37  i  B.>mUy  Cau-tUcr,  XVI.  CIO. 

■■  pecoao  Early  llut«ry,  ii.     U  -inaDai  vm  i^«  «aiMtal  «(  MahApaaa,  (b«  aaoB* 


Janaar  may  bcabt  the  Ditldlj'.wliicb,  where  Uiarai«n«  aeir  city,  ia  nnmcMiiagi  bat 
Iha  Yamta'  city.  Ia  Miiport  of  this  lUggMtion  it  may  b«  noticid  tlial  at  tbe  heed 
rfPtolemy'i  (i.a  ISO)  NuMeiuialwIiich  Bpiiu-eutly  J>  the  Nina  pan  ihoof^  Ptolemy 
■aba  ■(  X  rirvri.  t«  the  tonth  of  Nlaik  and  to  tb«  Mut  of  Sopiis  ii  •  town  caLba 
Onaoann  (b«rtiua'  I'tM«my  17t  and  Aai«  Map  X.).  wUeh,  u  tho  Yaraai  wan 
alMoaUed  Uiaa  lArvluvologicRl  Survey  ot  India  Roport,  II.  49.  M)  may  be  Hiaagaia 
Of  Yavanagw*  Ittat  n  JuBBar. 


CliapUr  Til. 
History. 

r^lKLT   UlfftOHT. 

B.c.lO0'«.».ISf^, 


century  with  tho  Mnsnlniiln  oTBrthrow  of  tlio  Dovgiri  YAdavs  no 
hiatorical  infomiatJoo  rvirnrtliiig  Poena  is  available,  jjjo^a^^go 
stone  or  copperplate    iiiscrintioii    haa   been    found  iaTl^^Eoaa 


district  belongin;^  t>^  tliu 


f  ayoaatieeot  t'halnkya^  11550-760).' 
RfahlraltotM(7H0-!)73),'iuidDeTRiriY6davs(Jli)U-lAlJ>].'    Still,  aa 


ioscribodatoBMitiid  copperplates  bavebeen  found  in  tli«  D&ighlmnring 


districts  of  Mimadn^gar  SlioUpur  and  SAUJra,  it  is  probabla  tliaC 
tho  ^rly  anlrWesler^TESIfflWi  I!?!'l  l!u^  Foona  dirtrict  from 
about  550  to  700 ;  tlie  iUsbtrakuivs  to  'JJii  ;  the  Wmtero  CfaillakyM 
to  US'!:  and  Ibo  Oevgiri  Yidavs  till  tho  MasalniAa  oonqneit  of  the 
Dcci^nn  aboDt  1300/ 

Uader  the  Dergiri  Yddavs  mach  of  tbe  country  is  said  to  ttavu  boon 


*  The  name  Cbtlukjni  ii  tefvtd  by  traditjon  (Km  -*jt|T'i  fferH*^L^  rtwhutn.  a 
*tlfTy*i  fn><i>  vhicb  tiuir  anoMtor  »  mu>1  to  hkra  q*unf.  115  tmMB  U  h*  a 
Uu  BtnTy.  M,  though  dUi/ata  or  diuluba  a  watorpot  may  lu  Ike  orifin  <^f  tfa«  fatter 
foimi  Chiliilt/s  ia  Um  Dmou  and  (^aalukvft  in  (Jajortt,  it  cMiaot  be  tlia  nriftn  at 
tho  larly  Dune  whidi  b  written  Clullcja,  Chalikvi,  *ai  Ctulnkjm.  Tliay  <hum  to 
Moag  to  Uia  SM»-vMiak  or  lanar  nen  and  Aoatwo  ■  nioocanom  of  fiftjr-uinc  kjna^ 
ruled  ol  Ayodhya,  andaH^r  tbvm  uiteea  mun  wfau  niod  oriirtbo  rvgiem  of  Uia 
MonUi.  Tho  nanioa  ol  ■even  mrlj  Chalukya  kion  bar*  beeu  fo>atid  wko  tcjyd  (ron 
about  UU  to  910'  la  910  tbc  Ch&lakya  dooiuiivQs  were  <livi>i«d  into  aa  «Mtttni 
Unborn  wliCM  bcad-^narton  wcm  Venfl  la  tha  dolta  of  th»  Ktiahan  kod  tko  Oo* 
dAvari,  and  •  wntem  kin^lom  hIiom  lUMd-quartera  are  belicvud  to  have  braa  at 
Bddintl  Id  lUjipur.  Of  Uui  vctteru  braocii  called  the  WMtarn  CiitlnkyH  the  aaiBM 
ol  fix  kinjp  hara  beea  foaoJ  trho  rnlad  frain  SIO  la  760  abont  urbioli  time  Uu^  wan 
ov«rtbniwB  by  the  Rltknakalai.  Sorvral  attempts  vera  madu  by  Lliu  dfntuty  la 
rq|[uB  it*  i>air«T  but  nniuooMafnlly  nntil  973  vbea  Taila  H.  dMbojrdd  t1i« 
It&«btraVntaa,  and,  DoHiir  tbo  Btisbllj  chaiij^  aant«  oi  (Wenteni)  CliiliakTM^  np  to 
aboat  IIM,  tbirtMMi  <if  hia  (OOoeMiin  mlod  over  tbo  mpuntar  part  o(  Ui*  Daooan  and 
tJiB  Kamltak.     DvtiiiU  orvgiwn  in  Hfol'tt  Kinareai!  I>yii««tio«,  17 'M,  W'K. 

*  It  it  out  cortam  wbctlior  tlie  Itiabtrak utaa  w«ro  Dortberuen  ora  (udl^oi  Rattaa 
or  Kcddi*  tbo  widMpruad  Iribv  n(  KAiiarVM  bni^ailDica  who  were  formeily  tbc 
atrongcat  dgbting  «Um  in  the  Kamltak  and  Maiauc.  Mr.  Flett  •eow  to  uuliaa 
to  a  aorthoru  vri^bi  and  to  trace  tbo  notno  to  Kuhltaknta  or  fUshtnt|nti,  a  title 
nioatutiB  a  diftricC  bead  who  la  atibgnlinalo  to  aijiuc  overlord.  Uut  it  sccnia  avl 
improbable  that  tbe  Kaihtrdtutaa  ««rc  BatUa  or  R nldia,  and  tbat  the  taaio  broncti 
when  ther  nne  bo  auirano  power  SaoacritiMd  tbelr  oniDe^  trblle  the  aide  btaach  ut 
Kattaa  wliu  nded  as  nndrrlords  at  SauadattJ  and  Balgsauin  and  «laia»d  a  oown 
on^tt  with  the  KAihtnkiitaa  kept  th«lr  ongiaa]  name.  Tbe  namM  of  aboattw« 
Kijilitnkntalungi  barebooD  foand,  th«  aovoatb  of  whoni  UaslivannA  II.  nvertbp 
the  WMtiini  (^lialukyu  ah>>ul  "SO.  His  tiftuon  tuci-pBioni  won-  poworfiil  Hxrercii 
who  ruled  till  U73  vrli«ii  tbv  Lut.  at  llieir  [u:«.  Kkkka  III.,  wu  ilcruiilwl  aivl  aliilil 
tlut  revivod  Wcitem  Uhalukyaa,  b*tl«r  kitQwo  uiiilHr  tbe  idigbtljr  ohanfed  uaino 
Woalttra  CLlliikju      Dctoila  are  mven  ia  noot'a  KAnareae  DytiaaUaa,  Si-aH. 

■  The  Dei-pii  ViJaT*  (lISO-1310}  wereadj-tuuity  ol  hin  powerful  kjo^  who,  beforv 
tha  Moaafaaia  ooaqatet  (139fi}  bold  alaioat  tbo  wholo  of  tbe  l>ecaui,  lliv  Kmikau.  and 
tlw  Botnbay  Karnitak.  Their  canltal  «m  originnlly  at  a  plave  callvd  Tcnevalwe, 
tlran  at  Vijarpur  or  Bijtpor,  miA  lartly  at  DcvKJri  tbo  uiodom  DaulaU)*d  in  iba 
Kiaha'a  temfariaa  Tbsir  grcalnl.  kiuu  wai  the  ninth.  Iliitichaudn  or  Ettndrv 
(1Z71- ISOSI,  vhaae  mliiiater  waa  nemAdn  or  IlonUdput  tli*  niiiaied  builder  vi  tba 
wideKprood  Hvmldnanti  tsmplea  ol  the  Daeean. 

*  Th«  o«iIy  T«iHV(ied  tracea  of  tbeu  oarhr  Hiadn  dytuatim  are  the  Shal^rtfee  rack 
tmpltt  at  BliAwbburriiL  twomilM  west  of  Poona,  And  acatterod  UemldiiauUrMaatna 
vafyil3~fRE&rTlie~faiith  lotim  thirtecath  eanlury.  Tl>e  vbK-f  HcfuJMl|>aiitiT«siaina 
ar«  Ui»  Kukdeahvar  teiD|iU  at  Pmton  mil««  aorth-weat  of  Junnar,  [MniU  at  Bob)* 
twcn^-cuie  milra  □orth-coat  of  Junnar,  and  at  JI^^mI  twenty-five  diiIm  uortL-eul  of 
Fmim,  traoafomiod  iWfHBnt  at, Em|)M»^3 "■■•'•"  -"''  ''^■^ad,  an<1  Um  Gaiiffa  aud 
JaimiaNiek-out  rcacrvaanan  the  topotaii.  imar.  Tbe  hrokvu  llanpati 
at  tba  foot  of  tho  diimantlo'I  roek^at  UkI'I'  ktle  of  tho  caat  or  Jonaar 
face  of  tbe  ghivser  eoarp  appeon  ■!*«  to  beleng  tu  the  tiino  of  th«  Devviri  V*dav*, 
and  tu  ebow  that  SbJvMC  n-ta  naml  by  then  ai  %  fort.  Acceriting  to  Fonshta  ( Brigca 
Ediiion,  IL  4K)  ChiklP  ■•  «isU  M  SbivDCr  wu  an  caily  Hiadn  fort.    9«  mam 


riiiuca,  JuBuar  ui 


taotft  I 


POONA. 


£19 


dirided  amoD^   MaraUia  or  Koli  hill  chiersor  ;}iifi(/aM;)    oxoept  to       Cbaptei  TU. 
MfcKAikfche  KoU  chief  of  Siohgwl  no  roformica  to  anv  Poona  local  HirtorT. 


Co  first  Mnsalm^n  invasion  of  the  Deccan  took  plaoc  in  1201. 
bat  Xhp  power  of  tlio  i)i.>\'f;fin  Y&dara  was  not  onisbed  till  ^]^; 
Fiwit  1318  Mah&nlsbtra  bcgna  to  be  ruled  by  goreraors  appoint 
ftwD  Dolbi  Mid  gtfttioDod  at  Dcvgiri.  At  fire t  tbo  conquegt  of  the 
(cmtiT  ws»  imperfect.  In  13H)  Ibo  Delhi  euineror  Mnhammad 
iIMlut  (1325>1U51)  whn.inlSSS,  had  made  Devf^iri  hisotpttat  and 
An|lFd  its  name  to  I>niil»j^Jm||^  or  the  City  of  Wealth,  Toarched 
ifaiiuit  thn  fort  of  KonmiSimlne  luodern  l^mj|gg|j  abont  teu  miles 
■ooUi  of  PooBfi.  N<g,  N'Aik^  the  Koli  chicfum,  opposed  him  with 
enai  Iravory,  but  wiis  furcvd  to  take  rofueo  witliin  the  walls  of  the 
tffti.  As  the  only  way  to  the  hill  top  was  oy  a  narrow  pASi«»g«  cut 
ttlhe  nwk,  Miihuinmnd,  after  fniitlcM  attompitt  on  thu  worktf, 
Uodaidvd  the  fort.  At  the  end  of  eight  months,  ai  their  ntom 
Eul»d  tbem,  tho  garrison  left  the  fort,  and  Muhamuad  returned  bo 
Dnolalnbad.  Thrvo  years  later  (13411  MuBolmAn  oxaclioua  caused 
*  ptteral  reTolt  to  the  Deccan,  which,  according  to  Ferishtn,  was  ao 
iiUQessfuI  that  in  1344  MuhauiDiad  hod  do  part  of  biB  Doocno  torri* 
Uffiw  left  him  eiwpt  Daulatabad.*  In  1 8-ltt  tbers  waa  widefipread 
^iwrder,  and  the  lielhi  ofRoera  plundered  nod  wastod  the  coQUtry.* 
Thm  oniuUiou  led  to  tbo  revolt  of  thii  Decoaa  nobles  under  the  able 
Jndershipof  an  Afghan  soldier  of  fortune,  named  Haaan  Gaiijipi.  The 
noMcs  wore  successful,  and  freed  Iho  Deocau  from  depetiaecce  od 
Northern  India.  Uaaan*  founded  a  dynasty,  which,  in  honour  of  hia 
patjtin  a  Itr^hman,  he  called  I3afamani,  and  nfaich  held  oommatid 
<4  Iho  Doocaa  for  nearly  loO  yeors.    The  Bahmani  capital  was  6ist 


I3<H-I7U0.    ,| 
131S.  1347. 


1347-14 


1      ■  Elrlgn'  Fcnihta,  I.  %1.    Ju  1394  Rimdor   th«    ruling  kins  of  D«vgftJ  nji 

latprlicU^  in   hi*  i^niiiul   1>y  AU'iiil-'liii  Ktiilji   the  nopheir  af  tno  Delhi  nnparar 

Jftlilnd-diB  Khilii.  iikI  Imgbi)   t«  [njr  trilnito.     In    IStf?.    BAmdev  s&v«>lM)lt«r  t« 

1  iUi  K-1I3II I  li«  rMugM  kins  of  Gvjiintt.  uid  D«^l«cl«d  to  ^j  tribute  Toi  three  yaan 

l4[>itl'>.  L   3(l.t).    la   IMAMatik  KdfurAld-nd^io'aKViMirKl  nducwl  the ^-rater put 

\wl  Umh*T*ah(ri>,  ilbtributMl  it  ftnong    bla  oltictm,    knd   oonBraod    BAmder    tn  fail 

lantgtiMW  jKeta,  I.  3G9).     In  laiO  lUmasr  wwraoMc^ca  bj- biawnSlMakank^wlM 

WM  not  w«ll    »ffN;t«<l   to   the    Muraliu&n*    (Ditto,   1.    373),     Iii   1313  Malik  KAfor 

luntnl  a   tliiril  tiniti  into    the    Dcgcau,  iciicd    and    put  S)iaiik«r<lcv   to   (lonthi 

traitfi)   M.tl.irislitra,  and  Ii(«d   his  n^idcnco  kt  IMr^  (Ditto,  I.  379),  itbere  Imi 

mil.  I  '  MA'iid'diu  ID  his  lutilhinHonkrod  him  to  Delhi.  Ihiring Uidik  KAfnr*! 

b1'»  I  i,  IIirpildcvtlieaunui-lnwoIKiiiLilcv  BTfrrvtibe  UcMuitounK,  drove 

(Mrtciiuiy  .iiiii.-ilDi^ffarrvK>iu,a(id,  with  thsaidof  tfa*otliorUMioM)i)li»r«,  nooven^ 

ItablMutn.    In  ISIS  UnbArik  Khiiji,  AU-ud-<lia^  ho  and  moocMor,  marclicd  fa> 

tfa«  DaocMt  tocbMliie  BarplMpv  who  llod  at  tha   niippttuh  of  the   UoMlmiiut,  4ud 

*tu  [>D»Mi<l,  leiied,  and  flayed  aUi-«.     Mnbirik  appoiiitod  Malik  Bog  Lnki,  one  of  kis 

iitlicr'*  alavisi,  to  ccmmaiHl  in  tho  IVoBSa,  and  rctnnti>d  to  Delhi      (Ditto,  I.  3$0). 

■  Rricgi'  Puriahta,  1.  4S6-  <27.  Thia  attiteiiiMit  MieitiB  uxa^nntw).  In  I31C  Ukts 
w«*«  Uuntmin  nvernoT*  ntHdicbur,  MmlkiJ,  Kulburga,  EtedAT,  BijApur,  Oanjauti, 
RAiMc.Uilhari,Hukcri,  aodBcRir.     Ditto,  437. 

•  Bngga-  r<Ti»liii^  1.  433-«3. 

*  Brinp'FeriakU,!!.  3IM-S0I.  IImui  Omtiu,  iksGist  BtUuaaaikiag,  whm  AfehAa 
of  Um  loimtrMik  And  AiiAtirnof  \MX\\.  He  runDodaamall  ptotof  MndbdcoHjliigtO 
aBralmiB AxtnilogM'.nAintidUiinjii.  uhowasinfavtinrwitlitbGkingDtDelU.  uAving 
aoaid«nuI]y  found  ■  tnuaro  in  faia  field,  Uaaiuhad  the  houMty  to  giv*  ootinof  El  to 
Ui  lAadlonl.  IVastrologtrivMRoatTQiik.  with  liia  tnt«|[rit)'  lliat  ha  «sect«l  hii 
iaflstaea  At<x>tirt  to  AdvAn«a  Haami'h  (ortunM.  HuAnthntroM  toamAtibtiaBhitlM 
DMfiAa,  wh«re  hii  mtfit  matfctd  lum  onl  naiong  hii  eqaAli  lo  b«  U«ir  leader  ia  their 


Chtptm  TH. 

HiaWry- 

MOALMANR. 
BaJunaMJ; 
IS47-14SO. 


fixod  at  Ktilbarga  about  225  miles  Bouth-oast  of  Poooftj  aod  in  1426 
was  moved  to  HeJar  or  Alttnadabad-Bedar  about  lOO  mites  farther 
ea»t.  ]iy  \'A'-i\  AlA-ud-dJu  Iia«iti  Gaugu  Babmaoi,  by  treftting 
tbe  local  c1ii«ts  and  autliarities  ia  a  liberal  and  frit^ndljr  spirifc, 
had  bmught  under  his  power  every  part  of  the  Deocan 
which  had  previously  bc«n  subject  to  the  throne  of  Delhi.' 
In  1357.  Aljt-nd-dia  divided  bis  Kingdom  into  fonr  ni-oyinoes  or 
tan^t,  over  eaoli  of  which  ho  eot  a  provincial  governor  or  lira/dar. 
PooBB  formed  part  of  the  proyiuce  of  Mahdrishtra,  of  which 
Panlatabad  was  the  centre  ana  which  incTaded  the  ooQotiT  between 
Junaar,  DautatabacI)  Bid,  and  Paithan  on  the  north,  and  Foona  and 
Ubeul  oa  the  aoatJi.  This  was  lhg~ybief  prpyince  of  the 
kiaffdom,  and  waa^placed  uikW  timnharya  of  the  king'*  naphaw.' 
Id  tbe  later  part  of  thu  fourteenth  centuir,  under  the  exccUunt  rute 
o(  ^{gJiunm^  gb&h  fiahraani  (1368- 1^&).  the  banditti  which  for 
ageaEo^Mraascd  (bo  trade  of  the'  beccan  were  broken  and 
Boattered,  and  tho  people  enjoyed  peace  and  good  goverDmeot.* 
Tfaia  pt'riod  of  proMpcntj-  wuk  fallowed  by  the  awfut  calamity  of  the 
DuTtf^Dev^amini?,  when  twelve  raJalesa  vearti  (1390-1407^  are 
saJ^oTSv^wasTod  the  country  to  a  desert.  In  the  first  years  of 
tho  famine  ISUhmud  Kb&h  Jjnbmoai  (1378<1397)  id  said  to  have 
kept  ten  thousand  bullocks  to  bring  groin  from  Gujar&t  to  theDeccan, 
and  to  have  founded  an  orphan  school  in  each  of  the  seven  leading 
towns  of  bifi  dominions.*  No  efforts  of  any  rclers  conld  preserve  order 
or  life  through  so  long  a  serieaof  fata]  yeara.  Whole  dittricta  wero 
left  without  people,  and  tho  Btronff  placos  fell  from  the  MnaalmAna 
into  tho  hands  of  local  chiefs.^  Before  the  country  could  recover  it 
was  again  wasted  by  two  rainless  years  in  1*21  and  1422.  Mnlti- 
fcodee  of  cattle  died  and  the  people  broke  into  rcrolt."  In  li29  the 
leading  Bahmani  noble,  whose  title  was  always  Malik-nl-'rnj^r,  that 
is  Chief  of  the  Merchants,  went  through  the  ])eccan  ri'.^toring  ordto-. 


rtvolt.  Beaunmail  tltc  name  otOangn  in  gmlituiJe  to  hi>  l«it*fM*or,  aoA  trtaa  m 
aiMiiUr  mntit'e  nddwl  that  of  B*hBiiLni  »r  BrAlmisni  by  whiub  his  dynaatjr  n« 
a(t«nrarda  duti(i{;ui«had.  Qphuialooe'i  lliitory  of  lodia,  OStS.  Tlie  Bahnami  djUMty 
oonrfaUd  of  Ui«  (oUvartng  eiglitweQ  king*,  who  wer«  xuprooiB  lor  swuiy  190  ytm 
|l9i7'H90)  and  coatinaM  to  bald  pow«r  for  about  thirty  ]■«•»  mora: 

Tk*  AiAmanti,  at,}  -  ISM. 


Vun. 

Vt»M. 

AcMHlan 

1  AIL-n]>dla       Bmm 

11  Hnmtyun    

ItK 

Bmiu   ,,. 

U«T 

H  MAm         

IWI 

■  Mnhamnul  1 

lU* 

II  Uii|i>Tiiniu1  ■■ 

UM 

aHuJihU... 

mi 

U  lUbnud  II- 

IMS 

4WuJ          ..          

IKS 

iUUimudl. 

an 

ftmlnal  Jtin^. 

«  OhAU^ud-diD  , 

iw 

7  SABU-ud-dln 

un 

U  Ahmu)  n. 

I9U 

•  Flni      ...       . 

UBI 

U  AUud^Uilll. 

tIM 

tAlnuMl  1. 

nm 

II   T»ll     ... 

IftH 

10  Ut-od-dliilL 

MM 

u  luiim                  „ 

I«W 

■  Brigg*'  Ptrill]ll4^  II.  SOI-SK  i  Onot  DnlTi  UiuaUiA*.  3S. 

*  Mg8^  Fsriahta,  IL  3911.  >  Brigga'  Fmuhl^  IL  32S  -  32S. 

*  Qdfflp'  FdTuhta,  U.  349-3C0,    Thm*  mvw  towni  were  Cbonl,  DAbliol,  Eltohpttr, 
DaBlatZhMl,  Bwdu,  KnlUrn.  aod  KAodhar, 

*  Grant  DutTt  Unrithit,  26.  ■  Brigg*'  FBtutita.  II,  405  -  406. 


entirely  had  the  conntry  fallen  waste  tbat  the  old  villages  tiad 

Fdisappearcd  and  fresh  onea  bad  to  be   formed  gonernlly  iacliiditig 

;  the  buds  of  two  ort)ir««  uM  viiliij:;es.  Land  was  given  to  all  who  would 

[till  it  free  of  ri>iit  for  Ibe  Hrst  year  ami  for  s  horM-bMf  of  gnun  tor 

flhe  second  jEAr.     Tliissettletiieut  was  uutrnstodto  D&duNanaEAle 

an  experienced  UMhD)an,aDd  to  a  Turkish  eunuc-h  of  the  court.'     In 

14^  the  Malik-uKTujAr,  who  was  ordered  to  ruducc  Iho  seocoaai  or 

Konkan  forts,  fixed  his  headqaartem  At  C]|^J|ymK  n.  eauill  forteigbteon 

mil«s  north  oE  Fo&nii,  uud  secured  Shivntfr  thu  famoua  hill  fort  of 

Junnar.*      From  Jimnar  he  Bereral  times  sent  detaobmonts  into  tbo 

Konkan.     An  expoiliiitui  which  Ik*  couiiuaudvd  in  pentou  ended  in 

dunater.      His  Deccran  aud  Ah)'(>!>iutnn  troops  refused  to  adTOOce 

intothe  woody  cotinh-y,  and  tin-  MHlilc-iil-TajAr  with  SOO  MoghalawHs 

■nrroundcd  and  slain.'  The  Tc»t  of  the  Ktogbals  retired.     Contrary 

td  t&e  atiivico  of  iho  Dnccan  offiwrn,  who  tried  to  poraoade  them  to 

vitlidraw  tothuir cstatc.4, the MoghatHfpU  back  onCfallKan.  TheDecc&n 

oGcem  AODt  fahe  wonl  to  the  king  that   tho  disvsler  was   due  to  tbe 

Malik-ul-Tuj&r'a  rashness  and  to  the  turbulence  and  disobedience 

rf  the  if  oghalB,  who,  they  said,  were  now  in  rorolt     The  king  ordered 

ib  Moghnts  to  be  put  to  doatli,  and   tbo  Doccaii  nobles  nttackvil 

Chtlcan.     After  thn  siege  had  lasted  for  two  monthit,  the  Deccan 

dEoers  forged  a  letter  from  the    king  and  persuaded  some  of  tlie 

Mofthala  to  leare  tht;  fort.    They  gnve  an  entertainment  to  the  rest 

B  the   fort,  and  wbJIo    ilio     fun-tt     was   going    on,  attacktnl  them 

nd  pot  them  to  death.     At  the  xnme  rime  one  parly  of  Moghals 

GSbiuo  of  the  fort  wore  nttaclcod  and  «vory  male  waa  put  to  death. 

Aoolbcr  party  who  wont  moro  on  their   guard    made  good  their 

enpe.    The  aorrirors  guocooded  in  conrieting  tho  Doccan  nobica 

of  their  trc<acliory  and  proctyvd  their  punishment.'   From  this  time 

CUkan  and  Junnar  onntinoed  military  peats.     In  1472  and  \'^7S  a 

mare  uf  mm  so  w.-vstud  thy  oouniry  that  in    1174  when  rain   fell 

acaroely  any  one  was  left  to  till  the  land.*^     The  power  and  t  urbulenoe 

of  Ibeir  provincial  gorvnior»    wan  a  isoarcu  of  weaknosn  and  danger 

to    Bahmani    rule.     To    remove     this  evil  M&hmnd  Q&wAn.  the 

very  learned  and  able   minister  of  M^iljan'mad  Sh&h  Bahmani   II. 

(14^3-1462),    framed    a    schomo     unOix     wuioh    the    ttirritories 

were  divided  into  eight  inatead  of  into  four  prorinoea ;  in    each 

prOTinco  only  giiy  fort  was   1(^1  in   tho  Uovomor's  tuinds  ;  all  others 

were  entrusted  to  captains  and  garrisioaH  appointed  and  paid  from 

headquarterfi ;    tho  pay  of  tho  captiuuH   was    greatly    increased  and 

they  were  forced  to  keep  their  garnsons  at  full  strength.*  This 

scheme  for  reducing   their  power  brought  on  SIAhnaud  GAw&n   the 

hatred    of  tho   leading    noblea.     They    brought    false  charges  of 

disloyalty  agaiaab  him.     The  king  waa  weak  enough  to  believe  them 

and  foolirih  enough  to  order  the  ministtir'a  execution.  Jiohmani  power 

DOTor  recovered  the  murder  of  MAhmud  Gawfiu. 


Chapter  TU. 

Hlitory. 

.MeuLUitn. 


'  Or«ut  DuiT.  Marithis.  36. 

»  Milik-til-TaiU'*    (ort  b  prnWUr  the  prcMtit  fort  of  ClillcM.     AeeopdiMto* 
IbomI    alvrr    Lb*   original    tor%  was    bailt    by  an  AliVMlnlaa    »  IS06.     Gnat  Duffs 

■  Brtgg*' K*ri*hU,  11.  436   «!».  •  EriggB'P«Ul.ta,Tl.  440   447. 

■  Brifip'  Fcriihta.  II.  4S3,  493, 4»1.  *  Crisp'  Feriahta,  11.  W3, 0Q4. 
■  13Z1-W 


ISonbaf  Gazetteer. 


DISTRICTS. 


Cba.pt0r  VII. 
Riskiry. 

SaJkauifU, 


Uader  ihe  Babmanis,  to  oootrol  tbo  Kolis  and  oilier  wild  )iil}  (ribi 
their  chiefs  were  given  the  rank  of  noblos  or  Marddra  and  Komti 
Ibem  were  called  manaabfidrs  or  honoiirnblcs.  Ono  of  tho  headmen 
of  each  mticai  or  w&al«rD  ralley  vcaa  made  a  cuptaio  or  m'tih,  imil,  over 
the  whole  west,  a  tract  which  was  known  an  tho  Fifty-two  VnlloyH 
or,  Bdvan-Mdvals,  a  head  captain  or  tarnaik  was  named  vrbosc 
hmidquartors  were  at  Junuar.< 

Of  the  tttnt*  of  the  I'oona  Decr-an,  at  tho  tirm;  of  tho  ducajr  of 
Babmani  power,  thu  Uii8»iaDfravollt>r  A.llii»DiittiiiH  N3|^Li{l46H-1471i) 
has  left  some  particulars.*  Atiianasin?,  who  waa  aniitMinic  IrndisK 
in  horses,  aftor  a  voyage  through  a  soaewamung  with  pirat«A  reached 
Cheolia  Kol&ba  about  thirty  mites  sooth  of  Bouiboy.  Aflvr  a  ircck's 
stayot  Ch«nl  ho  started  uith  a  valuable  stnllion  and  wont  by  land  eight 
daye  to  Pili  to  the  Indian  niouutain,  apparently  Piilu  .SoMaIn  iu  Thrioa 
near  the  foot  of  tbo  Ndna  pass.  Kpoiu  I'uIh  he  woni "In  teii'davH  to 
Umri,  probably  for  his  horse's  sake  avoidiiiy  iho  Xiir»  dob*,  and 
aaoeodiD^  to  the  Deccan  by  some otlier  ruiito.  From  umri,  which  has 
potheQBideDtified.be  wentin8ixdaTstoJoo^ee^.tbati8Jll^lll^^,b^^Hg■■ 
iDg  his  horse  nafely,  but  at  acostof  abuut  £lft{100  roubles).  On  the 
way,  as  was  the  custom  for  forcigu  travellers^  Alhftniisius  eCoppcd  at 
inns  where  the  landlady  cooked  tho  food,  made  the"  bed.  and  slept 
with  the  etrati^'r  Juiinar  ittood  on  a  stony  island,  no  human  hands 
had  built  it,  God  made  the  town  ;  a  narrow  road  which  it  took  a  day 
to  olimb.  broad  onotigh  for  only  ono  mau  at  a  time,  led  up  the  hill. 
At  Jnnnar  lived  Asat  Kh&n  a  tributary  of  Ualiktiicbsr  that  ia 
Ualik-ul-Tiij^r  the  gorenior  of  Dauhlabad.  Asat  K him  held  hcvch  of 
Malik-ul-Tuj^r'a  Iwetity-aevon  tmi»  that  ia  Ihina*  or  posts.  Ho  bad 
beccD  fighting  the  Kfifars.  that  is  theinHdelsop  Hindna,  for  twenty  years. 
beiDf^BOmetusM beaten,  but  mostly  beatitig  them.  Asat  KhAn  rode  on 
moD,  thoQgh  he  had  many  good  elephants  and  horses.  Among'  his 
attendnntft  wore  many  KhoraaaniaDs,  eome  of  whom  cnise  from  tho 
countries  o£  Khorasao,  Oroban,  Sarkeniskj  aod  Cheyotan.  All  came 
by  sea  in  idvdn  or  Indinti  BhipR.  The  winter  beifan  from  IVinitj 
0Sy  ia  Jane,  and  Atbanasina  n-intered  at  Junaar  living  tberv  fur  two 
months.  For  four  months  day  and  night  there  was  nothing  but  min 
and  dirt.  The  [H>oplu  wort'  tilling  the  ground,  sowing  grain,  fii/«f 
regan,  pvrhaps  tur  and  ratfi,  peasnnd  alfsortd  of  TegotabiCfi.*  Wino 
waa  kept  in  large  Indian  goat  skins.  Horses  were  not  bom  in  tho 
country,  but  oxen  and  boffaloea  were,  and  wore  used  for  rtdtQg, 
carrying  goods,  and  every  other  purpose,  Tho  horscut  were  fed 
on  peax,  aUo  ou  khicf'iri  boiled  with  sugar  and  oil.  In  the 
early  morning  they  got  nfiuhenivtC!).  In  tbo  winter  tbo  common 
people  put  on  a  /aia  or  shoulder  cloak,  somutiiticA  wearing  it 
round  the  waist,  sometimes  od  the  shoulders,  and  aomctimea  ou 
the  head.     The  prinoea  and  nobles  wore  trooscrs,  a  shirt,  and 


*  OipUiD  Macltiototh  in  .Toar.  Bom.  Com.  Soc.  I.  23S.  Tbi*  amuiRUfiMt  wu 
MUlR»«d  by  the  AhmnAaneat  Idogi  uil  l>y  Iha  Mt^als.  TW  last  h«ad  cai>t&ui  wiu 
HullMninAd  I^iir  aboul.  1670. 

'  Mkjor'a  IndiA  id  the  Fiftcenlli  Coalnrr.  At1iBn>aia»NtUlin.  ft-)3. 

*  Pram  the  fraaalktion  Atliaaanua  Beemi  to  luve  u*id  the   RtUKNi  whMt  in 
g«n?nl  aeoae  olptua.     Th«'gi-«in  mnst  hnve  bt«ii  miUeC, 


* 


DOCAIB.] 


POONA. 


m 


long'  coat,  Bsd  thrco  ocarfii,  oco  on  Ihe  ithoiililer,  onother  round  the 
waist  M  a  b«lt,  nntl  ft  tltinl  round  tlio  bend.  While  he  wsa  at  Junnur 
Aa»t  Kb&D  tcN)k  Atlianasian'  horse,  and,  hearJue;  hti  naa  no 
Uabatnma^lnn  >>at  A  Kuesinn,  snid  ho  would  t^We  litm  back  the  horsu 
wid  a  thousiind  ijicces  of  gold,  if  he  would  embrace  ilie  Mubammadan 
faith;  if  bi;  rcru^^&d  to  embrace  tbo  Muhatnmadiu)  bith  he  wonid 
keep  the  lior^oniid  fine  Athnno^iimathousaod  pieces  of  gold.  During 
the  four  dayn  which  Aiuit  Kbda  gave  him  to  conHider  hie  offer,  a 
maa  nuniLHl  tkho;(n  locha  Mahmet  camo  from  Kbor£san  aud  took  pity 
uu  AthttoaaiaH,  went  tn  the  K  hiin,  pmyed  him  not  to  insist  on  Atha- 
na^itts'  r<jnviT«ion  and  bronchi  hini  ha^-k  his  horse.  Clirintiaa 
brethren  nf  Uassin,  eaya  Athaiiasiii!=i,  whoerer  of  jou  wisbot  to  go 
to  the  Indinn  country  maj  Icaro  his  fitith  in  UuHsia,  confess  Muham- 
tnuil,  and  thun  proi-ccd  to  the  taad  of  llindu&ltin.  Those  MumlnuLn 
dngi  bare  )i«d  to  me,  stLying  I  should  tind  hero  plontj  of  our  goods  ; 
tLerc  is  nothing  for  our  coantry;  the  goods  are  for  the  land  of 
Mu£alin4ns,  as  peppor  and  colours  aud  thcso  are  cheap.       

Tn  l-t""  MAhiniid  G&wilii    was   succeeded  in  the  office  of  minister 

About   1-185,  Bid    and   other  districts 


by    NijZllty-Ml-Miilk    Hlmlri.' 

including  Poona  were  adi.1e«l  to  the  estates  of  Niwlin.ul-Mulk.  and 
the  tnanngemcnt  of  part  of  it  was  made  orer  to  tho  miniator'a  («oii, 
Mulik  Ahmad,  ihc  founder  ol  the  NiasAm  Shilhi  dynasty  (M9Q-1C361. 
Mnlik  Ahmad  mode  juunar  hie  hoadquart^ra.  In  J-lflfl  Zain-nd- 
din,wbohadcommaDdofQ|iJjg^  went  into  revolt, aadNizAm^unTuIk 
ordered  his  sou  MiiUk.  Ahmad  to  reduce  .Chdkan.  Zain-ud-din 
applkM  for  help  to  Vusuf  Adil  Kh<(n  oi'fej&par,  who  ijent  600O 
bone  which  be  ordered  to  encamp  near  tlie  fort  of  Indfipur, 
which  belonged  to  Tuaof  Adil  Khdn,  and  watch  Malik  Ahinad'a 
utovementa.  Besides  the  Uusalmttn  cominaadaut  of  Ch&kaii,  other 
chi*-f<t,  fl«i7eral  of  whom  were  Uiudas,  held  places  of  strength  iu 
Malik  Abmad's  new  estates.  Some  of  these  chiefs,  on  the  plea  that 
the  kin^  was  a  boy  and  that  sncb  chan^cB  should  not  he  taade  till 
be  came  of  age,  refused  to  give  up  their  forts.  Among  them  was 
the  MariVMm  mminandant  of  Sliiv^j>r,  tho  liilt  fort  of  Jnunar.  Uatik 
Ahmad  attacked  the  fort,  ao Jatter  a  long  si^[e  the  garrison  sorren- 
dero't.  The  cftpturo  of  Shivner  wns  of  tho  greatest  importance  to 
Afnlik  Abmfttl,  na  Gva  years'  rerciiue  of  Mahilrilsbtra  waa  stored  in 
the  f'lrt-,  This  t:-c»3Hi"e  enabled  Ahmad  to  make  rich  presenta  to  his 
offi(!cn  and  troops,  and  holpod  him  to  secure  all  tho  places  of  tho 
greatest  strength  in  west  and  aoiitb-wcst  Toona,  Among  the  forta 
which  foil  into  Ahtnad's  liands,  in  conscqnonco  of  his  sdoooss  at 
Jannar,  are  mentioned  Ch^lvand  and  Jivdhao  within  t«n  milee  weat 


I 


I  Njgtia-BlMnlk  Bbjuriwa»»\'iUyam^Mr Rahman  ftowPttri  wboae  vrigtnal namo 
WMTijuipp*,  thvMnurbluini,  In  Fus  IAlia8yleV&takcnjiriMD«rby  tbaUub«tain»diui 
Minr  ol  Ahuiiul^liitb  lUbDiMitt  tltJ;.'-l43S).  On  IwcomuiB  a  MoadmAn  he  rccvirwt 
Ibe  naiDD  of  lluaii,  ami  wia  iirdiiKht  ii|)  m  nii«  of  tbe  rojai  alarn.  The  kins  wia  »o 
ilTUck  witli  hif  alillitii'B  thnt  1il>  mii'k-  hiui  awr  to  hU  eldest  koi  Prinoa  MntiuniDad 
a>  a  eompMiioD,  with  nhron  h<i  wu  udnoatnl  andbacain*  mi  «xcelleDt  Atabio  and 
Perriaa  ichoUr.  Knnn  hit  father'*  nikne  Uuui  wu  («II<d  Bbaim  tail  tfaia  tlia  priaca 
duuieed  t<>  BKairL,  tbu  Faloon,  or,  noooHin]{  t»  loino  Account*.  tli«  fakeacr  an  Mo* 
wliiclt  he  i*  (aid  to  hATeticld.  Wliui  MuhuDiiuul  BtK^ceHlnd  to  (lie  ^TODr  )■•  nad* 
ITiiaii  a  cuntnaiKlf-r  (it  >  tltonnni)  It^i^u.      Briggn*  Poiiihla.  111.  I8!l-190. 


Chapter  VH 

Klstoiy.    ■ 

Saltmaait, 
U4J1490. 


[Sombay  QoKttoor. 


220 


DISTBICTS. 


Ckaptor  VIL 
Hiftory, 

UDUufim. 


of  Junnar,  Lohoj^aJ  about  thirty  miles  north-wostof  Poom, 
aboat  fire  miles  To  tbe  Houth-wersl  of  Lubogad,  Kondh^a.  tho  moil  era' 
8inhj^  atx)ut  ui^^lit  uilos  south,  and  Fumndtutr  about  eight«ea 
miles  aoDtb-eaat  o£  Pooaa;  Miibuli  iu  'i'b&na,  and  VAW  in  Hlior 
about  twiilve  miles  »oulh  KoUba.  In  14?0  Nizim-al-Malk. 
thfi  Babamni  minister,  was  aBaassiaalod  at  tho  Bodar  court.  On 
hearingof  his Eathei-'a  assassination  Malik  Ahioad,  wbowaa  besie^D^ 
lUjdpurin  Janjira,  r«taroed  to  Junnar,  asstimod  tli«  litlo  of  Abmud 
Nis^m-ul-MiilL  Bbntri,  and  »et  himself  to  improve  tbo  Ktato  of  ifao 
conntiy.  Aa  Malik  Ahmad,  thongh  ho  coatiTniodto  resA  tlie{>nhlic 
prajen  iu  his  master's  narae,  bad  practiccdly  throwo  off  his  ulk'^^iance, 
JC&Iimtid  Sh&h  Bahniuu  11.  (1^2-1518)  ordorod  YuaaE  Adil  Kh/iu  of 
Bi)tporandZaio-'id-dinofCbAkantottttack  hini.  But  Yuaui,  who  soon 
after  followed  Mulik  Ahmad's  example  and  assumed  independence, 
iDBtead  of  advancing  sgainHt  Mulik  Ahmad,  withdrew  hia  troopa 
from  Iud<lpur  which  was  part  of  the  Bijiipor  territory.  Malik  Abroad, 
or  as  ha  waa  now  styled  Ahmnd  Nixilm,  appointed  Ziirif-ul-Mulk 
Af^fhan  his  commnndor-io-chief  or  Amir-ul-Omra,  and  Naelr-al' 
Mulk  (lujanitij  minisi^r  of  hQanoo  or  Mir  Jumia.  Ahmad  tried 
but  ^lea  to  win  to  bis  side  Zatu-nd-dia  tbo  commandant  of 
ChAkan.  As  tbo  Babmaiii  army  was  advancing  tgaimt  him,  Ahmad 
lofb  hia  btmily  in  Sbivnor  and  mnrchcd  to  moot  thu  Bahinani  force. 
During  tho  night  bo  middonly  turned  on  Cbakao,  whh  himstilf  tbe 
lirst  to  Mcalu  tbo  waliii,  and  hud  livlpud  sovcntocu  of  hit  loou  to  gtuu 
a  footing  before  the  garrison  took  alarm.  yiHtn-ud-din  and  bis  men 
fonght  with  great  bravory,  but  tb«ir  lender  was  Icillud  and  tbe  reat 
Gurrvndured.  From  Ch&kan  Ahmad  marched  agaio&l  and  duftiultid 
the  Bahmiuii  army.  Ho  returned  to  Junnar  and  bnsied  himself 
with  improviog  tho  internal  munagemen^of  bis  t«rritory.'  On  tbo 
28th  of  Mity  l'ti)U.  at  BAgb  or  tho  garden,  now  tbe  site  of 
AhoiadnsgRr,  Ahmad  gaipod  a  complete  victory  ovor  tbo  Babmani 
fovceg.*  Aflflv  bis  return  to  Julmar,  wTlhout  a  rival  or  an  enemy, 
on  ibe  advice  of  Yusuf  Adil  >Sh&b,  Alimnd  assumed  tbe  p«JHittou  of 
kisg,  had  tbe  public  prayers  ruad  in  hia  own  name,  and  had  tbe 
white  canopy  of  sluto  borne  over  hi:i  bend.  But  tbJH  a8aumptioa  of 
kingly  power  was  so  dialoDtcful  to  some  of  bis  leading  6np|>orter8 
that  Ahmad  etopped  tbo  reading  of  prayen  in  his  name,  and  allowed 
bis  noble*  to  use  u  e»n"py  which  difTt-rvd  from  his  own  state  canopy 
only  in  not  being  lioed  nHlb  scarlet.'  Shortly  after,  at  Lbe  reqaest 
of  bis  offloers,  AbmiKl  again  aMttuned  tbe  rank  of  king  nud  bud  i  ' 
prayers  read  in  bis  name.* 

In    1493   Ahmad'a    Bister,    wlw   was  the  wife    of    one    of 
Dnul&taba4  family  uf  Anbi-afit,  cumo   to  Junoar  t-omplaining  of  the 
murder  of  her  sou  and  of  bcrhti&band  Uy  hor  bunband's  brother  Malil' 
Asbraf.    Ahmad  marohod  Against  Malik  Ashraf,  and,  after  bosiegiaf 


*  Brigga-  FcrUhU,  III.  190-19S.  *  Brigga'  Pehshto,  IU.  107. 

*  Brigip*  FotiahU,  UI.  IfiS. 

*  Cr'Sgi'Pcr^alitA.  III.  19t,  Alxmt  (be  Mmg  time  out  oT  tbo  niiB««r  tli«  B*hniuil 
kingdom  row  tlic  Adil  Sh<tbi  drnMtjr  of  Bijilpur,  tho  KutbtflUthidyiiutToftiolkDiidk 
Mven  nikv  wett  of  UaiduabiMl,  «id  the  liniLd  SliAhi  dvuiutjof  Blktinur  in  East 


Smou 


POONA. 


221 


Duilatsbad  for  two  months  without  success,  returned  to  Junnar.' 
In  1494  Ahmiul  moved  liia  capital  from  JoDnar  to  BiLgh,  tho  site 
of  his  groat  viotorj  over  the  Bahmani  troops  in  I+'JO,  where,  about 
hftlf.n;  betwoen  JutioAr  aud  Dnalat&badj  he  bftd  fuiindod  tho  now 
city  of  AbmadDi^r.'  Kxcopt  pcrhapa  Ind^pur,  which  boi»ugod  to 
Bij^twir.  the  territory  of  HooriA  renmiced  subject  to  tho  Ahmodiuigar 
king*. 


Under  tho  Ahinndiuig-ar  kings,  thongh  perhaps  leu  reguliu-ly 
tlt&a  afterwards  under  the  MoghalB,  the  country  was  divided  into 
districtit  or  tarktirn.  The  dintriot  \ira»  duitribatod  among  sub* 
dirigious  which  wcro  geiwrally  known  by  FcraJan  uameB,  pargana, 
karyM.  tatnmal,  mahai,  and  tiVtJ!a,  an«l  sometime«  by  tbo  niadn 
DMBM  ot  prant  apd  (JnL  T£o  hilly  woat,  which  was  generally 
managed  by  Hindu  officers,  continaed  to  be  arranged _^j^™ngj» 
with  their  Uiudii  iiamcj!  ol  kfiora,  jn^ff^ff,  ^dtmtuaJ.     Th^>u!wtioi 


the 


loa 
farmH 


of  (be  revBDUt]  was  generally  entrusted  to  formorfl, 
sooiotimes  inclodirig  only  one  villnKO.  Wber»  the  rorcniiu  waft 
noC  farmed,  its  collection  was  generally  entruHt«d  to  Hindu  offioors^ 
Orer  the  reronne  fanner*  wus  a  Oovuniment  agent  or  amil,  who, 
besides  colli^cting  tho  ruronao,  managed  tho  police  and  settled  ciril 
BOtte.  Civil  suibi  relating  to  land  were  generally  referred  to  juries 
or  paHchii>iatjt.'  Though  the  chief  power  in  the  ooantr}'  was 
Mnhnmn]adn.Ti.  large  numbsra  of  Hindus  wero  employed  in  tho 
wrrico  of  the  Btut«.  Thu  garriauus  of  hilltorla  seoui  generally  to 
have  be«o  Uiudua,  Manitli^  Kolin  and  "DKangora,  a  few  plaooa 
of  special  sti-»tigth  being  referred  for  Musidni^u  cominaadants  or 
HHM/irt.  Bwiiiles  the  hill  forts  same  ports  of  th«<  opeo  country 
were  left  under  loyal  &lar&tha  and  Briibmiin  oflicers  with  the  titio 
o(  estftteholdt'f  or  ydgiriir,  and  of  district  head  or  dethmtikh. 
Esiates  were  generally  granted  on  miiitai-y  tenure,  the  raluo  of  tho 
grunt  being  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  troops  which  tho  grant* 
bolder  maintained.  Family  feuds  or  personal  hate,  and  in  tho  case 
of  those  whosv  buids  Uy  uoar  the  borders  of  two  kingdoms  on 
intelligent  rogurd  for  the  chances  of  war,  often  divided  Uaritha 
families  aud  led  tnetnbera  of  one  family  to  take  aenrioe  under  rivul 
HasatmAii  utatos.*     Hiuilus  of  distinguished  sernoe  ware  rewarded 


Chapter ' 

History. 

MitiuLirjLM 


■  Bngp'  ForialiU,  III.  !200. 

■  Brl0«k>  Porwlib.  III.  SOi.  AX.  AbaudiMgM-  tha  NiMLm  Ahltii  <lyitMt7  lonndcd  bjr 
Afciwl  ooetirtaed  tbroagh  ten  wieeiMtoni  to  ttsun,  wbcot  AhiDMlnagar  wan  Ukon  bv 
AUmt  tlic  Moglud  ««ap«rar,  Oim  hmiw  kioK  a(ti-rww<U  rnifpiTBl  at  I>auUUI>t»l,  lill 
lB30wh«i  b*  warn  d^toaod  aod  p«t  to  dMtlh.  Two  idotv  tnfut  kin^  were  nami- 
UAiod  juid  lu  1630  tha  ktBgttoa  wh  d«ln>ytU  by  ^Uiki  Jfthia,  TIm  nuan  aud  iUt«a 
of  UieNiEiia  Shihi  kinga  m  : 

SiMm  SUM  Kii<9:  ltB9HM. 


IdtlH. 

DM*. 

Naii>. 

1      Ctot*. 

Umaa     

IlfiO 

DstUa  II. 

IM» 

■aiMn    

IMC 

Iliittlilm  ... 

ItM 

BokId     ... 

1&&I 

ALoiMtU. 

...1         ItM 

ICilRi»l 

IVU 

IMUdur ... 

-         U« 

mi*!!  BuMn    ... 

ItM 

MBItaM  ... 

^  MM'IOB 

iMitel 

)us 

1 

>  Onnt  DuU'b  MArUUiM,  iiti,  3t<. 


•  Gnat  Dor*  Mvithte,  36,  381 


rBooibAj  Guettser. 


DISTRICTS. 


Cbapter  TIL 

Hutory. 

MU^  ALU  ASS,  ft 


4 

Lrtlt 


^ 
© 


ivilli  the  Iliudu  titles  of  rdja,  ndiJc,  ami  rdv.     Nambers  of  Hind 
were  employed  in  the  Ahtnadoagar  armie«. 

In  lo29  Bnrhilu  Xiziim  (I508- 1.35:3),  th«  socond  of  the  Ahmada^ar 
kiugB,  WHS  delealeii  by  the  troops  of  Bahddur  Shiih  of  GujArtlt 
(152^-1535).  This  dofeat  lod  to  on  importaut  chaugo  in 
m&Daf^ineiit  of  the  Ahinadi)a«;sr  state.  Borh&a,  vrho  bad  ret) 
to  JuDuur,  believed  that  his  railuro  vras  duo  to  the  unpupulnrit; 
of  liis  Diioister  or  pethwa}  ShaJkh  J^far  was  deprivoa  of 
office,  aud  it  waa  giTCn  to  a  Brihniao  whom  Ferishta  chIU 
Kivar  Son."  Krom  the  time  of  Kivar  Sen's  appoiotment  to 
bu  minister,  Hiodua  gHincd  great  inftaence  iu  the  Ahnmduagar 
go7ernujont,*  Under  iho  Ahmadoftgar  kings  few  references 
to  pinoea  within  Poooa  limite  hare  been  traced,  thoogli  in  ordinary 
times  both  Siuhgsid  and  PuraudUmr  in  South  Poona  were  in 
their  bauds.*  Iu  1^62  UoBaJo  KiE^m  ShAh  the  third  kiag  of 
Abmadnagur  (155U-156j),  ptirauod  by  RAin  Kfija  of  Vijayanagar 
and  AH  Adil  Shih  of  Uijripur,  retired  to  the  Jannar  hills,  and, 
employiiijf  his  owu  troops  to  lay  vwta  the  districts  of  Jnnnar 
aud  rurandbikr,  prevented  tho  uoemy's  advance.'  In  1564,  on 
the  acoeasiou  of  MurtAi^  Niz&ni  8hiih,  one  of  his  brotbera  Borh&n 
Ki»im  with  hia  sons,  was  placed  io  confiiioment  on  Lobogad  bill 
about  eight  utiles  south-east  of  EhsndAhi,  and  a  secODd  brother, 
Shiih  Kasim,  was  confined  on  Shivner  iienr  Junnar.  In  IS76, 
that  his  brother  was  butod  at  Ahmaduagar,  Burban  won  ovei 
cuniQianditnt  of  Lobogad,  and  tidvauocd  from  Lohogad  to 
Ahmsdnagnr  at  the  head  of  GOOO  borsc,  but  was  not  b 
BurhiLu'a  two  aons  Ibrihim  and  IsmiWl  continued  ia  Lobogad 
1588  when  thoy  wore  carried  to  Ahmaduogar  and  IsmAel  wan  pi 
on  tho  tbi'ODC.  ■ 

Uc-tween  1564  and  1589  SaUfet^  j^hau.  the  leading  mnn  at 
Ahiuitdiiugar,  according  to  Fertsbta,  made  the  country  mort!_ 
pi'osperona  than  ithad  lioen  ainco  Mihm^d  Bahmani's  time  (1378/ 
1397)>  Iu  1 5(f9  court  factious  forced  bim  to  retii«  to  Barhiupur,  an  ' 
from  Burhfinpur  ho  wont  to  TiilogaoD,  twenty  milon  north-east  of 
Poona,  and  died  there  before  tho  close  of  the  year.'  In  1594 
Boh^nr  tho iniiKDt  son  of  Burhin  Niz^ut  II.  waskept  in  coMnemeiit 
for  over  a  year  at  Ch^vaud,  and  wo^  then  raised  to  tbo  Abmadoagar 

throneL*  ■ .' 

ff^^i  /adir.          The  rtsb  ot  tbo  AlaMlUuU  may  be  trocod  to  thd  Uoghal  attack  on 
Ahmndnagajr  m   159S.      In  1595  king  BahAdor  Kizim  11.  (1595< 
]  Q05)  onnoolod  a  Mnrfttkin,  named  MrtlojiBbonala.  with  the  title  ofrtja 
and  ouricbed  him  with  tho  estates  or  j<igif«  of  £m)|| 
nud  tho  cliargo  of  the  forts  and  distrJctB  ot  ShiTn<^ 


'  The  P*r»ian  litt*  of  P**lig«  wm  Wvuglit    iiito  umi   in   di«  I>uoc«ii   in  1397  I 
rihailS'fla-an    UUnni^flSDri.      Ii   wu   ■do^tcal    ttoni    tlie   Bahnonia    hy    UuR 
Ahmaduogtrkiiigs,  uiil  (iwii  Uio  AtuBaduagkrlcingilivFinvitii,  'Kriggs' Fcrivhta,  II. 
SIiS.  *  ttrigxa'  ForitliM,  H.  3n.  ■  \JiKui  OiitTB  UuAlht*,  34  will  ((^, 

•  Klilll  Khin  ut  Klliot  Aiiil  Dovauut  VII.  STS, 
■  l.nuiin.    IV.    21-t.    0/    t)kc  Aluiudongkr  generals   kt  lbi»   tiiiM    osa    inn 

AtMruuil:^r-  "<f  ~  n^ccAH  McmIiiuIii,  and  ODO  a  KoU.      UMa, 

•  Bri^  ^,  III.  Kl.  3«. 
»  Brigj.     I         I-,  iil.  -X-l,  T,\).  •  Brigjs'  Fohsht*,  UL  SW,  atM".,  Wt, 


Seeoui- 


TOOK  A. 


> 


Tbe  1^p?u^<l^M.r^<T*  <^f  t^i^  Mdloji  I3hons1a,  who  is  said  to  hnvc  held 
flercrat  ■putiUhipt,  were  at  V,S£aL»or  Idlku^  near  AnrangsbAd. 
M&loji'a  faihtir  itribji  mioa&lft  vraK  descended  from  Btiosdjij  n-ho  is 
Boid  to  have  teen  the  firsl  o£  the  foimily  to  sottle  in  the  Deccart. 
Bhos&ji  claimed  descent  from  a  younger  or  from  as  iUegitiuialn  xun 
of  the  roya!  fiimily  of  Udepur  in  RajputAua.'  Mdloji  married  Dipfibiii 
the  eiulcrof  JivgpAlr&r  Niik  XiinbiUkar  the  tje^hmuhhyt  I'lmltaii. 
Th*"  tlory  told  of  his  rise  to  power  in  tho  Xbinidnngnfctuirt  is,  tfcat, 
'  Id  lo^d^  at  the  time  of  the  UoH  festival  in  Murch-Apri),  M^loj!  tonk 
his  »n  ShihAji,  a  boy  of  fivo,  to  pay  hia  respecta  to  Lukhji 
JidhaTrfT,  Mfiltiii'a  patron  and  the  chief  ManJtlia  Jn  tho  Ahnindiiayni' 
Btete.  liasltji  J&dhav rftr,  pleased  with  ite  boy,  seated  fehihiiji  neiir 
JjjJ  Ijia  dangliter  a  child  of  three  or  four.  The  children  )>cg»ri  to  play, 
and  Lukliji  jukiiig  said  to  the  girl.  How  would  vou  like  liiui  for  a 
hoahand?  TJiognefitalanghod,  bnt  MAlojt  rose  and  Boiomnly  accepted 
Lakhji'a  offer  of  marriage.  Lukbji  and  his  wife  were  furioai<,  but 
Miloji  etuck  to  his  point  and  carried  it,  when,  in  1639.  his  KucreHaful 
services  wore  rewarded  with  the  title  of  i^iy.'  In  1600  tho  city  uf 
Ahmadnajfar  was  Uiken  by  the  Moahals.  "Kirtly  from  tho  digordore 
oaased  liy  the  rebellion  of  JahAagir's  son  Khuaru,  which  followed 
JabflDgir's  accession  on  the  deatli  of  Akbar  iu  lti05,  Muabal 
power  in  the  Decoon  declined.  Their  generata  in  Ahmad nagarliad 
ateo  to  deal  with  tbo  Abys&iniau  slavo  Sd^ijcAm^r,  a  man  of  the 
highest  talent  both  in  military  and  in  cBwanarS.  Though  tho 
Mogbalg  9lill  li«ld  Ahmadnagor  in  ItJOS,  Malik  Atnbar  rai«c-d 
Murlaza  Niz5m  II.  to  the  thruue,  and  encceeded  in  recovering 
Jmrar  and  making  it  tbe  head-auarters  of  a  Ktiitc  whiclt 
iDClnaScl  the  greater  part  of  tho  fanner  posstmsioas  of  AJuuadoagar. 
yrom  Junnar,  he  tnored^in  the  same  Tear  to  ^^t'WTfej^ftiWLifiilP'^' 
a  place  which  was  afterwards  named  AnnuipaJiaj  Dy  rnnec 
AurangZieb).  Malik  Ambar'H  power  reinaiaed  unshaken  till  his 
death  in  IGltS  when  he  was  eiioceeded  by  hiH  son  Fateh  KhfJo. 
Great  as  wa8~hia  auccesa  as  a  general,  Jilniik  Amber  is  beet  known 
by  his  excellent  land  arstom.  Ue  stopped  reTCDue-f armin g.  and, 
under  MusaJmiUi  supervision,  entruflted  tho  oo'llGotion  of  tLe  rovonoca 
to  IWhmau  ageuta.  Ho  renewed  tbe  broken  villftKe_e3;Bteui,  and, 
when  BOveral  ^eara  of  eit'periments  bad  enabled  bim  to  aaoetlain 
the  arerage  yield  of  a  Held,  took  aboot  two-fiftha  of  the  outturn 
in  kind,  nnd  afterwards  (ICH)  commuted  the  grain  puyracnt  to 
a  cawh  payment  representing  aboat  one-third  of  the  yield. 
Cnlike  Todar  Mai)  Akbar's  famous  minister  by  whom  tho  lauds  of 
North  India  wore  settled,  Mahk  Ambar  did  not  makohis  aettlemeut 
permanent,  bat  allowed  tbo  demand  to  vary  in  accordance  witk  tbo 
harvest.  This  syatora  was  so  auccessfiil  that,  in  spile  of  his  heavy 
WBj-  charges,  hia  Bnances  prospered  and  his  oountTy  throve  and 
grew  rich.'* 

In  AlaY]627.in  Shimer  fortnearJunnar,  JijibdiSbAhitji'swifogBTO 
birth  to  Sbiriii.  the  fonnder  of  the  Mar^lha  emuire.*      In  1629  tbe 


Chapter 
Hittcry- 

MrMLMim 


>  Grant  Dair«  MuAUft^  41 1  Soott'a  DtCdOn.  11.  4  :  Shlviljt's  lUkhnr  If  UalharriT 
KAm  Chltiiia  (1811).  *  Gmit  Dura  MaMtlida,  4l. 

•  Umit  Dnri  Uultbfts,  U.  *  iiita\  Duff's  ^Iftrtlhu,  £». 


DISl'RICTS. 


EUlfcptor  TIL 
Historr- 

IVBALMiJta. 

•MS. 


9-jest. 


ntius  failed  and  a  second  failare  in  1630  caused  grieroas  snfFering. 
Thoufiands  left  the  IX'Ccui  and  nambora  pArifthod  in  their  homes; 
whole  districts  wei-e  emptied  of  people.  The  famine  was  accompanied 
by  an  almost  complete  loss  of  cattlitaod  was  followed  by  a  peetilcnccJ 
la  1S29  Sfa&h&ji,  who  had  snccocded  his  fathor  Miloii  in  Vf^^$t  and 
Soma,  proka  his  eoniiocnon  with  the  NJafan  Sfeflii  goTernnieot  lie 
reiired.^  y^.ffft  ftnflJ,^jtflaan.  oWeT^S^MrnpWLtg  tEoMoKbaJ 

r.  WM  oonflrmBa  m  bia  J 


TipMttO   tho  Mogb 

red  ttaa  command 


empaiOT,  wu  oonarniBd  m  tia  laMB.  ana  receiTed  tha  command  of 
5000  how©,  s  drees  of  bonoorTand  £20,000  (Rb.  2  taH»)  in  coeh.* 
lu  1032.  iti  apiteof  these  and  other  gifts,  Shabiiji  left  the  Moghal 
aervice  and  aided  with  Bijapur  ftgainat  tho  MofffaalB.  At  tbi«  time 
Shirtiji  and  EI^lR91!lRR^aa  Boveral  narrow  escapes  ofbving  caught 
by  the  Moghals.  On  one  occasion  Jijili'Li  wag  taken  prisoner,  but 
was  released  and  coDvejed  t»  the  fort  of  KondhAna  or  Sinhgsd.' 
In  1C31  Murtftza  Nizaiu  II.  was  thrown  into  prison  and  stiynpled  by 
order  orFstelTlvhsn  the  son  of  Malik  Atnlwr,  and  titc  infant  sod 
of  Mortals  was  r&ised  to  the  throne.  In  16JU  Shdh  Jah&n  captured 
Daiilatabad  and  took  prieoncr  the  young  NiKilm  KliAhi  prince.  Tho 
Moghals  supposed  tliat  witli  tht:  fall  of  naiilatabad  and  the  capture  of 


the  prince  tho  war  with  AhmOrdnagikr  WAS  at  an  unA.jJ  But  ilillAMj 
who  bad  the  support  of   Bij^parj  PTgllffT*'^.  "^^^1^"'  fipco  ^^^^ 
to  the   Nisilin  Shihi  kingdom,   and,  with  tho  help  of  tho  local 


Br&hman  oflicors,  suococdiid  in  overrunning  n  great  port  of  tho 
Bonthgri;t  ^hpi^dpagar  _tpn3l^""Bg  and  seizing  most  of  the  plncos  of 
s^engtV  Al  Q»tt|rApar  ou  the  ludrdynni  he  weighed  htinsolf 
againat  money  and  ohuiffcd  tho  name  of  the  town  to  Tul^pnr,  the 
Weighing  Town.  In  ^Jj^ut  Moghal  army  of  20,000  horso  tok  tho 
fit-Id  u^^uct  Shi'thdii.  and  hu  was  forced  to  retire  into  BijApur 
territory    in    ti;  ith    of    the    Nirn.      According    to    HarMha 

truditi^'ii  \\n:  U-.n  -i  Poona  was  dcalroyod  Igr  tho  Moghala  aa^_ 
an  ass-drawu  plough  drawn  over  the  site.*  In  ld36  Aluhamma^B 
of  Bijitpgr  :i»ed  for  ptare  jind  concliidod  »  treaty  with  (be  MoghiJs, 
under  wbicli  t-itc  Almmdnagar  territory  .WJM  diTJded  between 
Bijiipur  niid  tho  Moj^hnlH,  Piijiy^f  securtog  the  Mnntrr  lietwoen 
the  Bliiinu  nnd  the  Nim  aa  far  north  na  CtflEMi.*  In  jM,?.  »s 
ShiihtCji  declined  to  ejHer-jJijapQC-Berrice  and  refused  to  give 
Juuniir  luid  other  fortreaaes  to  the  MogbtUs,  Muhammad  of  Bijdpur 
hL-lpod  liflBdftula_  Kbto  tp^^  oVBrcomo  ShAhfSji.  They  blockaded 
^Fmmgg  and  |)orsued~ShihAj'  from  Lohogad  to  Sinhgad,  and  from 
Sinhgftdto^JwKon^^ft'^  ""bMeSliiJh^iia^rt'tfJ  toeulorBJKpiy  ggrvice 
and  gJTO  op  the  forts  <.'i  Junnar,  Jivdhao,  Ch&vand,  IJarshira,  and 
KonJl^ilina  ni-  :^in1(i/ad.  Of  these  Sitihgiad  seems  to  have  pittsed  to 
Bi  jdpii  r  uiid  the  rust  to  the  MoghaU."  Muhammad  Ali  treated  Bh^hltii 
with  honour,  ''-qaPf^^  biJBl Jli  llJa  f'l^tf*^''  io  Poona  and  Siipn,  ana, 
wttb  the  Bijd^pnr  nriaigter  MnrArpimt.  employeJ "Era  in  settling  tho 


*  RIpbtaMoM/s  Hwtonr,  SOT  ;  BiLdihilh  Vimn  in  Ktllot  ud  Dair«on.  VII.  •!* 
•Il4>1*bili}finu.l»Kllii>tu>cI  Howw-ii,  VII.  lo.    Tho  a«UJIs of  ShAhAii'a  w 


SidliAji'a  tvnuiiiuiil 
or  maminh  vnn  tram  lUMO  to  10,000  liarac.    Ditto  *iul  foutnot*. 
*  Otaat  DvTi  UutXiiAt,  OH. 
<8Mvnji>  Bfikhar  by  UatlUnaT  JUm  CbitnU  (16)1). 

■  Cmni  UuSr%  Kiarlthis,  fiS. 

■  liiulali&h  Niflut  in  Elliot  and  Dowaou,  VU.  dS9 ;  Oranl  DatTa  lUtUhit,  63. 


SncuI 


POONA. 


225 


saw 


1^  gainod  territory  between  tbo  Niraand  thftBhiauu'     So  slrOrg 
ienaBhip  spmu^  up  betnLytD  Huf^rp^orBnc^Boaji,  that, it)  the 
,ine   yeAT,  vrhea   the   settlement   waa  oomplotod,   Otey  led  ft  joint 
~  ~  ^'.tioaint^  lLq  Karn^LAr  ivhoro  tho  districts  of  Kolliir.  Bangalnr, 
ifti  ^l'i'l^P"''r  *"^*  Rtirx  were  afterwards  made  orer  to  Snfttiiiji. 


r 


'i 

I 


When  SliAU^jt  atnrted  vrUh  MurArpaut  for  thu  Kanuiluk,  lie  arranged 
that  Sbivfiii  and  bis  inotlier  JijJb&i  eiiould  live  in  Poooa,  and  that  his 
eatatea  in  Podiib,  wbicli,  in  addition  to  Puona  agd  Su^l^qow  included 
Ind^pmr^nd  Birfmat  i  in  the  east  and  the  H'^valain'tSeweat .  stiould 
1>e  managaoDy  a  ^rilkman  named  Djtdiji  ^ndadev.  Dtldiji 
maiuged  Sbfihflji's  estates  with  gi-eat  succwm,  ooatinning  the 
ty^m introdnoed  by  Malik  Anibar.  He  waa  partioalarly  successful 
in  tie  Rivals  or  hiUj  weot,  wfcere  the  people  bad  fallen  into  groftt 
mieery.  He  remitted  rents,  foand  employineiit  for  the  people  as 
guards  and  mees«DgorB,  and  extirpated  the  wolves  that  iiu«ated  the 

t  country.* 
North  or  Mo^lial  Poona  was  also  about  this  time  (1636)  improved 
by  the  introdiictioD  of  K£ja  Todnr  Mai's  rereuue  ayatem,  which 
consisted  in  ascertaining  by  experiment«  lasting  through  a  long 
wriea  of  years  the  outturn  of  tiie  land,  tixing  a  share  of  the  grain 
as  tho  government  share,  eommnting  the  grain  share  into  a  moaey 
payment  estimated  at  one-fourtb  of  the  produce,  and  enforcing  this 
oau-fourtb  us  a  permaneot  rent.  Krom  the  silver  coin  in  which  it 
vas  collected  this  eetllement  was  known  as  ihojmkha.  After  twenty 
yeara  of  labonr  it  was  ititroduoed  into  the  Deccan  by  an  able  officer 
named  Marshed  KuU  Khtio.'  Murshed's  system  differed  from 
Ualik  AmW's,  chteBy  in  being  a  penPMiMit  settl  ement  while  Malik 
Ambar'e  varied  from  ycAT  to  year!"  Another  change  about  this 
time  (1687)  introduced  in  the  Moghal  parts  oE  Poona  was  tfaa 
introduction  of  the  Faaliyo&r.  The  Fash  year  which  was  started 
by  Akbar  (1550 -liJO^)  was  a  solar  year,  whoso  era  or  initial  date 
was  tho  Hijm.  Tho  Ftuti  year  began  from  tho  mrt^  or  opening  of 
the  south-west  monsoon  early  in  June.'  As  no  Attempt  was  mode 
to  reooDcilo  tho  FiwU  or  solar  Mosalm&n  year  with  the  lunar,  the 
Patti  differed  from  the  regular  lonar  Musolmilii  year  more  than 
three  yeam  every  century. 

j^t^jjoDH  l>AdAji  built  (or  Jijib^li  and  her  son  Sbiv&ji  a  large 
maoaio^^ned  Rang  Mahiil.  lie  taught  Shiv&ji,  as  a  Mar&tha  chief 
ought,  tobc  »  good  arohor,  shot,  spearsman,  and  rider,  and,  as  a  . 
UarAtha  ought,  to  be  iguoraot  of  all  clerkship  orcn  oE  the  mystery 
of  writing  his  own  name.  'Ho  taught  him  the  rules  of  hi«  caste  I 
and  raised  in  him  alove  (or  old  Hindu  religious  and  warlilct<  stories. 
From  about  his  t^ixteortth  year  1*1643)  Shiv&ji  took  great  delight  in 
the  stirriojT  ftiUowebip  of  freebooters,  and,  in  their  society,  ainyod 
away  f  rom  nis  home  for  days,  nursiug  the  hope  of  one  day  becoming 
iodepoodont.  Uis  kindly  obliging  temper  made  him  popular 
with  the  Marfitha  gentry  round  Poona,  and  ho  was  prouably 
none  the  worse  liked  when  reports  got  abroad,  that,  yotmg  as  he 


'  Gr»nt  Dna">  Mu«thia,  M,  U,  •  Eut  India  Paptn,  IV.  430, 

■Grant  DuUk  MMmiAa,  ST. 

-•GrMit  Lhirs  MaT*UiM.IK,57  :and  £li^artoti«'a  Hiatorjrof  Indi*,  6)4. 
Ih*  LntrodDoilou  ol  the  (ili'cr  liuiJUa  a  copper  (anJtAn  wu  is  g<nmJ  um. 
'  Cinnt  DafTs  Martthlo.  56. 

B  1327— 3d 


Bwon 


Chaptsr 
Klstorj. 

AdaSltdAU<uut' 


jsjs.iet — 


mSTRIOTS. 


ciiipt«ryn> 

Blstorj' 

KVHAUKijUL 

SAitdjft  gitt, 
,  I64S.K47. 


was,  he  h&d  a  sbare  in  some  large  gang  robberies  in  tlio  Konkan. 
To  wean  him  from  thcso  dnngeroos  porsuits,  Dddiui  entruste^^ 
Shivaji  with  the  maosgemeDt  of  lii«  fntWBMtatns.  U!«  favoaril^^ 
pagtime  waa  huntipg  in  tho  western  hilla  with  his  frienda  the  M^ralt^' 
to  whom  his  akiU  wad  aucoees  as  u  Innitcr  «ii  JMirvit  him.  lie  gained 
atborongh  knowledge nf  those  wild  diHtricta.  Hv  Inorned  how  easily, 
under  the  preBent  carwlcHs  laBnagotiK-nl,  llie  hill  furfs  iitight  be  sctiea, 
and,  if  onre  ftcized  how  easily  they  might  bo  huld  uf^inst  uU  oomera 
ITie  hill  forta  wore  oaey  to  aoiso,  becnnse  as  the  country  reuud  thorn 
was  generally  nnh^-althy,  the  MasalmAn  garrisons  w«ro  often  with* 
drawn  and  the  forte  left  in  clinr^  of  an  amildar  or  oilier  local 
agotit.  Besides  this,  tho  BijApiir  Rovfrnmont  wg«_atDgiioe  with  the 
Moghals,  and  the  bolk  of  tne  regnlar  BijiSimr  tnmpa  dm  beeo  sent 
to  tho  KuroMak.'  In  1646,  when  ho  wiw  niiioteenytarB  old,  Sbiv&ji 
tcwk  i\m  hill  fort  of  'L'orna.  in  Bhor  territory  about  twenty  mitea 
Bonth-woMt  of  Poena,  and  in  1647  ho  took  tho  sinivU  inncceasibU  peak 
of  migad  about  three  mi)«a  BOatb-eoat  of  Torou  aud  began  to 
strongcnon  it  with  the  view  of  making  it  his  headquarters .  Shfih^iii 
wroto  aad  blannMl  ShJvitji  for  this  lawless oonduet, and  DiJrijT  JiJ  all 
that  oJ  rice  could  do  to  tarn  him  from  his  purposo.but  ShivAji,  tJiongh 
ha  made  many  proinisctt,  ciontiniutd  uamoved.  Soon  after  D4dAji  fell 
ill.  On  his  deathbed  ( 1 647] he  Bciit  for  Shiviiji,  adviswl  him  topreea 
ouhis  plans  of  itidepeudeuce.toprot«ct  BrdhuianHcattleandcultiTators, 
bo  guard  Hindu  temples,  aud  to  follow  tho  fortQUe  which  lay  beforo 
bim.'  On  DUdaii's  death  Shiv&ji  took  complete  charge  of  hie  father's 
estatea.  Soon  ait«r  a  mesaeagor  come  from  his  father  asking  ior 
the  payment  oi  arrears.  Shivflji  evaded  imyment,  and  at  laat  told 
his  &ther  that  the  expense  of  itiani\^iiig  biy  Dvocan  estates  had 
become  so  great  that  m  future  be  had  belter  trost  to  his  KamAtak 
revennes.  Before  his  authority  could  te  supicrae  in  his  fatber^s 
estates,  ShivAji  had  either  to  win  oror  or  to  overpower  two  officers, 
PhirangAji  tiars&la  who  was  in  charge  of  ChAkan  and  B^Ji  MohitA 
tbe  lunnager  of  Supa.  PLiraugAji  be  won  urcr  without  macb 
trouble.  But,  aslBSi  refoaed  to  listen  to  any  proposals,  Snpft  was 
aurprised,  he  was  made  priaoner,  aadaent  to  Sh^tli&ji  in  the  Kamtftak. 
SLivdji'fj  next  acqnisitioo  was^ondMoa  bill.  This  he  gained  by  a 
large  bribe  to  the  Musjhtollin  comtnandaut,  took  possesaiou  of  it 
and  Dsmed  it  SiiihffuJrtSr  the  Tiioo's  Den.  j 

III  1047,  about  tliu  tiiiii;  of  Piidfiji'a  death,  the  commandant  o' 
Puramlh;trdieJ.  As  the  faniilios  wore  friendly,  Shi  vfiji  wa«  a^kedto 
settle  some  potota  id  dispute  among  the  comuiandant's  thrco  voas. 
He  went  to  tbe  fort,  peraoadcd  the  yonoger  brothers  at  nigbt  to 
make  their  elder  brother  priaoner,  and  during  tbe  disturbance 
secretly  filled  the  fort  with  his  own  M^ralis,  and  took  it  for  himself. 


P 


>  or  tbece  jttn  of  SUvdji'a  lifci,  Kliili  KUilii  tli«  MuHklmin  hIatoriAn  givoa  tb« 
fuIUnriiig  uwunt.  lUklv&li  becunn  mannKnr  nf  tiio  two  uautra  of  TooDa  and  Sum. 
which  at  thia  titnc  bclnnjieil  to  Li*  fjl)i«r  HhiUAjL  llv  loaki.il  vuvtully  after  Ua 
rtith«r'>  ftOktra.  H«  itm  diatingiiuilipd  in  liiii  tri>i«  (or  onoragi-  uiA  iDtstfisHieo.  1b 
that  ooaatrjr  whan  all  the  hills  t(*p  I'l  the  iky  aucl  tli«  lonwta  am  f«ll  of  trom  and 
biuhM,  bit  Imi4  Ml  Uiaeo<M(ib)n  ahi»lr>.  Ukw  atber  local  ohiifa,  ka  tft  abaot  building 
fortt  on  th«  hills  uii  In  tli»  bloimi  inuj  (orto  cMlUil^ihttk  UanUkbut  lnb«bi 
BUiotaodDaixon.  VII.  2K  GT. 

'Qraiil  DuTa  UlrathAi,  CO  ;  Wilki*  dootb  of  Indi*.  I.  TS-T*. 


Dmuik 


* 
t 


k 


rooNA. 


227 


I 


kvojiiii^  the  brotbors  w»ll  diaposciL  to  bJiu  by  tlio  gntnt  of  lands 
and  village*.  Thns  Sbi7^i  without  bloodabcd  Bocured  tha  terntwy 
botwAOQ  Cbiilitin  and  the  MJra.  It  ia  ja^r  land,  and  Sh^hi^ji  tlie 
hoI3er  of  the  land  U  in  my  power;  if  Shltfa^i  does  not  objocl  to 
let  bis  Hori  biko  bis  lunds,  what  matters  it  to  mo.  Thus  perliapa 
Uubumtnod  Adi)  Shiih  reasoned  aod  devoted  bis  thoughts  to  his  two 
chief  intorMts,  hid  Knta^tak  coQ<{ueBts  and  bis  BijApur  buildinga.' 

Meanwhile  Shirliii  busied  himsolf  in  gathcnog  Mfiralis  and 
LoreemeiL  His  next  exploit,  hia  first  opon  brotwb  of  peace  with 
Bijiipar,  was  in  16  ts,  when  he  was  twenty -one  yearn  old,  the  plunder 
of  a  rich  cantvim  iiringjag  treaaure  from  KalyAo  to  Bijipur.  Tho 
apoii  waa  carritHl  to  RAjpd  which  waa  now  Sbiifiiii'a  hcfta-uuartera. 
Tbia   succosM  vr»»  followod  bv  tbo  centum  of  Bhurap  aii^^BnK<!ri 


\ty  tbo  capture 

ia  KolAba.  of  Tung  and  Tikpnain  Bbor.  of  SWf' '"  """tb-'yw*  Fooaa. 
and  of  Lohogad  about  six  milu«  to  thoaontn-eaat  and  mimtobi 
about  ten  anted  to  tlo  north-woat  of  KhandAla.  In  the  same  year  tb« 
KoWba  fortaof  Tah  Oho^Itt.opdK^ri  tho  modern  RAvKftd  weretaken 
and  Biryiiili  uitil  ^jyj^a  were  built.  In  TliAiii*,  Kalvin  and  all 
the  foi-t«  ill  the  neighbonrkood  woru  taken  and  several  ncn  toims 
were  plunderfd.,y  In  1610,  when  tor  ShivAji'a  ravi^fea  Sb4biji  waft 


impriwmod  by  Muhatnntad  Adil  ShAh  of  Bijipur,  Shiv4ji  ent«red  into 
a  corre§po»deuco  with  the  Mogfaal  omperor  Shih  Jah&n  who  a^fpeed 
to  admit   Shiviji  into  the  iinpcnal  servico  aniJ  to  give 


Five  him  the 


--      ._- r service  anJ  to  „. 

rank  of  comiuandaotof  5000  horse.  Shab4ji  watireloaAsa  and  Shiv&ji 
contrived  to  evado  his  promises  by  preferring  ccrloiu  claims  oa 
the  roveunes  of  Junnor  and  Ahmadnngnr.  In  1653,  after  an 
onBQccc&iful  HtUttnpt  ou  the  part  of  Bijapur  to  Ktiiso  bim,  Sbiviji 
began  tu  deviHo  schemes  for  poaftosaing  himseU  of  the  whole  of  the 
Gb^mAcba  or  hilly  west  E^ccan  and  of  the  Konkan.  In  1665  he 
caused  tho  Hindu  lUja  of  JAvlj  in  .SAtAra  to  be  mnrdorod,  took 
Bojbirahia  fort,  and  built  Pratflpgad.  ShivAji'a  principal  miniator 
at  tins  time  woa  ShainrAjpaut  whom  bo  now  dij^uilieil  with  tho  UUa 
of  p« til ifa  ftuJ  nlri/j  gave  him  a  high  miliUiry  comniBad. 

In  tho  north  of  the  Poona  diatrict,  Rince  1636  Hoghal  power 
had  remained  nnchallenged,  In  1650  Prinoe  ^jm|m^b  waa 
appoinlwd  viceroy.  Ho  mndo  Aurangahod  bi^nemntiuarterB 
»ud  manaj^d  Iiis  chargo  with  vigoor  and  aticcoas.  About  1657 
Anrangaeb,  who  was  planning  the  overthrow  of  his  eJdw 
brother  Dira  Sheltkob,  wnt  to  ask  ShirAji  if  he  wotild  enter  his 
wnrioo.  Shivaji  pretended  to  be  horror-struck  at  tho  proposed 
rebellion,  treated  the  mcssongor  with  indignity,  and  orderod  the 
letter  to  be  tied  to  the  tail  of  a  dog.  At  tho  time  Aumngaeb  took 
DO  notice  of  this  inittilt  but  it  apparently  lay  at  tbe  root  of  hia 
nDoeasing  bst.i-ed  <.>t  Shiviiji.'  At  this  time,  apparcnlly  stirred  by 
BhirAji'a  snccesH  agninst  Bijipur,  the  KoUa  of  porth.weat  Poona 
rose  la  rebellion.  Kbent,  tho  Sar  NAik  and  many  leading  Koli 
obieti  agreed  to  try  and  shake  off  MusalmAn  rule,  and  traaefor  their 
altegittncetosomo  Hindu  princo,  probably  Shivfiji.  A  Moghalanor 
was  sent  into  tho  hilbi,  tbe  lull  forts  wci-e  strengthened  andgarruoned. 


■  SooU'a  Dcccw.  11.  7  i  Wwiofi's  Uartthis,  «S ;  Gwat  Duffa  MuUhie. Ts. 


Chapter 
Hifltory- 

SMvUff. 
U 


DISTRICTS. 


EitUtty. 


tbe  people  irero  haoteddown  and  either  mudu  prtboucrs  or  slaughtered, 
the  Sat  Niik  and  hi«  clnn  wcro  destroyed,  and  tbe  prisoners  were 
taken  to  JaQnaraDdlheirhoadscutoflaudpiJodiDtoftpyrftCDid  and  a 
plfttform  built  orer  th«m  which  is  still  knoini  hs  the  Black  Platform 
or  Kdlu  Chabulra} 

In  1657,  lyith  no  furtlior  rc*Hon  thiui  that  the  state  was  weakened 
bf  the  death  of  king  Muhumniad  AdU  SfafLh  and  that   his  snccesaor 
AH  A<iii  StiiLh  Tra«  a  child,  Aurangyeb dedarfld  war  agaicat  Bijipar. 
Shiv&ji  took  advantago  of  llita   wur  to  increaae    hia    re^Qorces  bj^H 
plnnder.    In  May  1657  he  committed  bia  firat  act  uf  hoslilitv  ogaiiif^| 
the  Moghauli*.     In  n  ni^ht.  attjick  he  surprised  and  plaDderodJuonaT^^ 
and  carried  off  aboutjElIOO  ["Alnkhsoipagodai)  in  cash,  2lHTOrrei^ 
valuable  cloth,  nod  other  nrticlus.      Ho  escorbed  his  booty  as  ^ 
as  Poena,  and  then  banded  it  to  a  parly  to  be  takes  to  li&j^ad. 
From  Foona  SbiT^ji  inurclied  b;v'  iinirec[uented  roads  and  surpns«d 
and    parttHlly    pluodured  Alunadnagar.       He    made  great  elTorta 
to  strengthen    nia   cavalry.     He  bought  horaos  from  alt  qoarH>r3, 
engaged    horsemen    whom    he    cuuld    trust,     began    to    emploj" 
Maritha  shilediira  or  aeU-mounted  troopers,  and  appointed  n  ne1i_ 
maater  of  horue,  Keldji  P&lkar,  a  man  of  vigour  and  infltiencfl  but 
crael  and  unprincipled.    The  riwid  aacoBaa  of  AuranRteb'i  advance 
on  Bijipur  mwrea  Shiviiii'f  jlwia.     Be  aent  one  iae680DgeF~vft«r 
another  praynig  for  forgivoneaa,  promising  amendment,  and  offering 
to   hcrlp    Aurnn^zeb  tritb  a    body  of  bortte.      AumDgxob,    who   WAS 
suddonly  called  to  Delhi  by  the  nens  of  his  father's  serero  iUsoss~ 
agreed  to  pardon  .'5hiV4ji,  to  enquire  into  his  hereditary  clliims,  an( 
to  rvcoive  a  body  of  50D  of  hia  horse,     bi  16&9  Shiv&ji  soot  a  lari  ' 
force  under  Shftmrdjpnnt  Foshwa  against  the_  Sidi  of  Janjira  in  tl 
Central  Kon  ksn,  but  the  Sidi  defeated  th^  Peshwa'a  army  with  groat 
sl&nghter.    SbtlmrAjpant  wa^  recalled  and  More  Tritnal  Pingle  was 
named  Peehwa  in  his  place.     A  treaty  was  made  with  the  Silvatit«  of 
YAdi  in  the  SoQlh  Konkan,  under  which  ShivAji  obtained  oiii'-taUof 
the  revenue  oE  that  state.     In  tbe  same  year,  near  PratJipgad  Shiv&ji 
assassinated  Afzul  Kiiin  tbe  Bij4pur  general, 'who  was  sent  to  rcduco 
him,  and  destroyed  his  army.     !Soon  after  this  Panh^and  Pdvaogsd 
in  Kolh^pur  fell  to  his  officers,  and  Vasantgad  in  Si&t^ra  was  taken 
by  Sbiv&ji  himself  who  levied  contri'bution«  along  the  bonkn  of  th^H 
Krishna,  and  left  a  ikdna-  or  garrison  with  a  reveuuc  collector  in  tk^| 
mud  fort  of  liattia  Shir&la.    On  Shivitji's  arrival  at  Panhila  the 
forts  In  the  neTghbonriood,  both  bolow   and  ubure  the  Sahy^ria. 
submitted,  and  Ittiogna  and  Viah^lgad  were  taken  by  Hurprise.     In 
the    next    month   (Deoembor "T639r~SbivAj i  plundered    as    far  aa 
Bij[ipur,  levied  centributicns  from  market  towns,  and  spread  terror 
over  tite'  whole  country.     In  lOGO  ShivAji  wm  engaged  with  the 
" '  jur  troops,  who  retook  tho  forts  near  PmihiiU  exo^  HAngna 


and  Visb^lgad.  In  January  1061  Shiv&ji  took  and  plundered  RAjftpur 
io  Ratudgiri  and  attacked  the  po»RC««ioaB  of  a  lucal  Mar&tba  cbief, 
tbe  DaJvi  of  Shriugttrpur.  During  tbe  raiiia  he  built  a  temple  to 
the  goddo^  Bhavdni  in  the  fort  of  PraUlpgad,  and  from  this  time 
bia  religious  observances  WcAmo  exlrcmuly  strict.  He  chose  tho 
celebrated  RAmdiin  jSvitmi  as  his  spiritual  guide,  and  aspired  to 


DcoculJ 


POONA 


hi(fh  charuct«r  for  sanctity.  Ife  in  eren  said  to  have  offered  all  liia 
territorios  to  lUtnHit^  Srtimi.  Tho  SvAmi  bod  no  need  of  lands  but 
oskod  Shiv^ji  to  use  the  colour  of  faia  clnthcH  in  the  Dhngva  Jhenda 
or  Saffron  Banner.  In  the  saoM  year  1661  ho  mad«  a  rapid  march 
across  the  conntry,  and  to  aroDge  hie  father's  wrongH,  who,  at  tha 
iDStancc  of  tho  Rnimir  gnvermnent  had  boen  trcachoroiiply  poized  by 
Bdji  OhorpiMlc  of  Aluiiliol  in  1649,  aiirprisod  nnd  killed  Ghorpode 
with  most  of  his  relationa  aad  followers,  and  plundered  and  burnt 
Miidhot.  Tho  SAyiint^  of  Vidi.  who  contniry  to  thoir  engn^gements 
had  token  an  active  part  against  him,  Kbiviiji  attacked  and  pursued. 
and  aftc-rwnrdt*  recoirod  as  raaaali!.  ShivAji  next  built  the  forts 
of  R&iri  and  Siadhndurg  or  M&lran.  both  on  the  Ratnigiri  ooast. 
and  tilted  onit  a  navy.  He  .itrengthened  KoIAba  and  VijaTadurg 
in  Rutnagiri,  and  prepared  vostm  ut  all  those  ptacee'  KoUba 
being  his  chief  navid  centre.  On  condition  of  being  supplied 
with  guDS  aud  witrliko  store*  ShiTfiji  did  no  hnnn  t"  \hv  ForUifueaO* 
ShlTiji's  power  was  now  so  great  that  the  BijApu:-  Tiiui]>-!pr  putored 
iatoasecrct  oompnct  with  him,  which  wiw  probably  broiiglit  about  by 
(be  intervention  of  liis  father  SbfihAji,  who  iit  this  time  risited  ShivAii 
with  tho  nppruvul  of  ibo  Bijipiir  government.  Shirdji  treated  hm 
father  with  the  greatest  distinction.  On  hearing  of  his  approach  he 
went  80Tcral  miles  to  meet  him,  dismonuted,  and  saluted  him  with 
the  obeisance  due  by  a  sorraot  to  his  sovcniigD.  Ho  iasiated  oa 
walking  by  the  side  of  hia  father's  palajiquin,  and  would  not  sit  in 
hie  fatbcr'n  prvsunoo  until  repeatedly  cominnnded.     After  somo  weeks 

S spent  in  pleasure  and  in  vtsiting  the  temple  at  Jejuri  and  other 
acea  in  Shiviji's  territory,  Shiiluiji,  highly  gratified,  re  tamed  to 
iiipur,  the  bearer  of  prosonts  from  Shiraji  to  the  king.  From 
this  time  until  ShAhAji's  death  in  1664  Shiv&ji  nevor  uttackod 
Bij^iBUf.  nor,  when  hoistuitioB  wore  renewed,  was  £^ivii]i  tho 
aggressor.  Soon  after  Sh&h&ji's  death,  ShivAji  "toflgftd  ^yg  tppiMl 
froin  Rdiigad  to  the  inland  Rairi  iu  the  Central  Kunkan,  which  he 
gTdaUy  sirongthencd  and  cnilod  RAygad.  Shivilji  now  held  the  whole 
Konkan  from  BTalyitn  to  Go»,  iind  Uio  Kookiin  Oli^tiDatlin  or  liilly 
west  Deccsn  from  theBhinia  tojhe  Vima.  His  anny  of  50,000  foot 
and  7000  horse  was  muoVi  largcr^tlwiu^ia  territory,  which  at  tt« 
greatest  breadth  from  8apa  to  Janjiru  did  not  exceed  100  miles, 
either  roquin-d  or  could  aupport.  His  power  waRforniidabloand  tho 
truce  with  BijApur  gare  hini  tho  opportunity  of  turning  it  ngaiuBt 
the  MogliaU.  lu  1G62,  as  Auntngaeb  was  longer  and  more 
busily  employed  in  Northern  India  than  was  expected,  Mora 
Trimal  Pingle,  Shiv&ji's  minister  or  peshwa  posseBsea  himsf^lf  of 
several  strongholds  north  of  Junnar.  In  tho  same  year  Net&ji 
PAlkar,  ShivAji's  master  of  the  horse,  who  had  swept  the 
MoghaJ  territory  close  to  Aurangabad,  returned  safe  to  Poona.  To 
puDuh  this  daring  rwd,  QMjg^^JKJ}^,  the  new  Hoghal  goveroor, 
marched  from  Aorangabad  with  a  great  fore©  toward  Poona 
and  ChAkan.  SkivAji,  who  was  in  Supa,  retired  to  Sinhgad; 
Qgjjt^wns  taken,  and,  in  spite  of  mnch  annoyance  from  Shiv&ji'a 
horse,  tho  MusaliDtos  pressed  on  and  took  Fooaa.'  From  Poooa 
Shiiste  Kh:ia  marched  north  to  ChAkftP.      llio  fort  was  held  by 


Cbapt«r  V] 
Siitoi7- 

SJiMji'i  Sit 
1C6S- 


/!.- 


1  Elliot  Aod  DowiOD,  VXl.  SCl-2«2. 


iimb»7  OatettMr. 


830 


DISTRICTS. 


Clupt^  VII. 
Hictory. 

S61  ■  166i. 


SbivAji's  old  ally  Pliitaiigilji  Nars^  and,  in  spite  of  a  most  skilful 
and  vi^roas  attoclc,  was  defended  with  such  oonru^  that  it  did 
not  fall  till  two  inoDtlis  had  passed  and  900  of  tbo  besiegers  were 
sJaiu.     When  Phiranf^ji  aurroDdorcd  the  Mogha)  general  treated 
him  vrith  great  rospcot  and  sent  him  in  safety  to  SbiT&ji  by   whom 
be  was  praised  and  rewarded.     Sb&iste  Kh&n  placed  uxbelc  KhAn 
in  charffo  of  CliAkun,   cnllud    JiUur    Rlian    from   Milwa    to    bis 
aid,  ntta  marched  after  Shir&jt.'     In    1663,  under    Anran^sob's 
ordore,  KAja  JiisvnntsJ^y  tlio  Uajpat  princv  of  Jodbpur  arrirea  with 
a  targo  rcinforcoiuf^at.      The  uur  eeasoa  waa  far  adrancod  an* 
tbfi  wnolo  army  Uy  idle  noar  Poo&a.     Sbiiste  Khiln,  after  takin 
aoTonil   forta  and  strong  plaom  bad  gono  to  Pooaa  and  wgus  livin_ 
in    Iho    Uaog    Mabiil    which    Didiji     Kondadcv    had    built   for 
Sbivi&ji  and   his  laothi-r.    In    fipite    of  the  precautions  which   had 
been  taken  to    prevent  arnied  MariUbis  eatering  Poona  ShivAji 
dc^orminod  to  surprise  the    Uoghnls.     Ha  aunt  twu   BrAhinann   in 
adrance  to  make  preparationa.     One  OToning  in  April  a  little  before 
aansot  Shir&ji  set  oat  from  Sinfagad  with  a  oonaiderablo  body  of  foot 
w^dien.    Theee  he  posted  in  amal)  parties  along  the  road,  and  touk 
with  him  to  Poona  oaly  Yas&jiKank,  T^Q&ji  Milnsro,  and  twonfcy-fire 
M&ralia.'     The  Brdhmaas  had  won  orer  some  of  the  MarAtbAa  i 
Shfiiato  Khiln's  employ.  They  arranged  that  two  parties  of  MarAth; 
abould  untur  thti  town  OQO  aa  if  a  woddtng  party  the  othor  aa 
bringiug  prijsonera,  and  that  Shir^ji  and  bia  twenty-five  should  pi.-_ 
in   with  them.      SliivAji's  party    paaoed   in    safety,   put  on    Uieir 
armour,  and,  at  tbo  deed  of  night,  by  eocret  ways   reached  the 
Khin'a  house.     They  entered   through  the  cookhonse,  killed  the 
cuoka,  and,  a.a  they  won)  cutting  through  u  built-up  window,  the 
alarm  waa  raised.     Three  of  the  M&v^lis  forced  themaolTes  into 
ShAittte  Khiii'a  room,  but  two  M\  into  a  cistern  of  water  and  the 
third,  though  he  oat  o3  Sh&iste  KhAn'a  thumb,  was  killed  by  hia 
MM>ar.     Two  sUvo  girls  dragged  Sliflislo  Rhiin  to  a  place  of  safety.' 
The  Maratli&a  killed  many  of  hia  followent,  oat  to  pieces  some  of 
tho  woinon,  and  cut  ofT  tlio  homi  nf  an  '>lil  iiiiin    wlicim  Lhey  took  for 
ShAifito  Kh^n.     The  kuttlu-druma  bt^   ivu  ulurm  und  tbu  MarfilbAa 
retired,  lighting  torches  and  burnins  bonfires  as  ihey  went  opStnhgad 
bill  in  deriaioa  of  the  Mogbals.*     JSext  morning  a  body  of  Mogn^ 
hone  gallopped  towards  the  fort.     They  were  thrown  into  confiuion 
by  an  unexpected  fire  of  musketry  and  retired  in  disorder.     A  party 
of  Sbivftji'shoree  foil  on  them  and  they  took  to  flight,  Uie  iirst  limo 
that  Moghal  cnvalry   had  been  ohaaed  by    Muriilbna.     Th«  Hurprise 
in  Poena  and  other  small  rereraee  filled  Sh&ista  Kbitn   with  the 
enspiotoD  that  Jssvantaing  waa  in  league  with  Sbiv£ji.    The  disaea- 
stoDs  of  their  leadora  crippled  the  Moghal  army,  and  both_Sh|listo 
KhAn  and  JaaTtotBing  were  reeallad.    Jaavantsing  waa  aiterwarda 


I 


are      \ 
I  in      I 

i 


t  UnataklMbii-l-Lutab  in  fjlivt  «i>d  Dowton,  VII.  263  ■  263. 

*Xa<MnllDS  to    Kfaifl  Ktua,    $luvaji,  bcat«a  kail  (Utplritod,  had  retirod  into 
monoteliii  duaoolt  of  acwM.  u*d  was  caiitinaally  dundos  hia  uoaitlon.    Rlliol 
Dcnnun.  VII.  2S9.    Bee  ytuiagu  Ms>Ailila.  74,  7fi. 

*Thii  itKUtI  KltiD'a  account  iu  Elliot  and  Dowioa.    VII.  270-1.  Accofdini; 
Orant  DuS  (Multhte,  68)  Shaiate  Khin'i  fingers  vtn  cnt  off  as  he  vtu  kttlag  hiiUEcli 
out  of  a  window. 

*  KluUi  Khin  ia  ElJk-t  tod  I>ow»w.,  VII,  !?;0.271. 


4 

into     I 


Deccan'l 


POONA. 


231 


• 


I 


allowi^d  to  remain  as  second  in  oommand  to  Prince  SuU&n  Muazr.mii 
who  was  sppoint«d  TiMTOj!  ^asvantsin^  mado  a  feeble  ntt^fflpTTo 
inrwt  Sinfigiul,  but  did  oot  press  the  siege.  Strong  dotocbments 
were  left  at  CMkan  and  Jnnnw  and  the  main  body  of  the  army 
retirad  to  Aunmgabad,  Aboab  this  timo  Sbiv^jt  tront  to  Poonit  to 
hear  aiojJliaorsoitg-scrmoii  by  (he  Viini  Mint  TukiSrdm  and  narrowly 
escaped  being  madu  jmsonttr  by  tliu  garrison  of  CWWan,'  IniGfl4, 
after  hia  return  from  aacking  Surat,  SbirAji  heard  of  the  death  of 
his  father  ShAliAji*     Uo  CHine  to  Siiiligftd  and  spent  eomu  days  in 

Sjrfvruiiug  his  Other's  funorul  ritoa.  Ho  thou  took  tlie  title  of 
i!Ja,  struck  ooinn  io  his  name,  and  spent  some  months  at  RAyprad 
hill  ia  KvUba  arranging  bis  goTcmmont.  Uis  flovt  scoured  tbo 
coast  and  enrnged  ttie  Mnsnlmiing  by  seizing  some  holy  Meeca 
pilgrims  la  Aiigvet  SbivAj!  enrpmed  niid  plundered  tho  tovm  of 
Abmadnagar  and  Rwept  Hcrosa  the  eotmtry  east  to  Aurangnbad. 
1q  October  the  Bijitpnr  troopH  broko  tho  truce  aud  mado  a  vigorooB 
eftbrl  to  regain  the  Konkan.  Sliivfiji  seemed  to  be  CTcrrwberG  aod 
ready  at  all  pointK.  Ue  met  the  BiJ&pur  armj^  and  defeated  tbom 
with  grcut  Insa  lie  burnt  Vongurlu  m  Hatnfigiri,  aod  hastened  to 
Sinligad  to  wntoh  tho  Moghals  who  had  sent  a  strong  reinforcement 
to  a  camp  at  Junuar.  Finding  the  Mogbals  did  not  iiitvnd  to  act 
on  the  offensivo,  ho  rotarnod  to  the  coaatj  embarked  from  MHIvan 
with  4000  men,  plaadorcd  tho  rich  town  of  Barcelor  about  130 
mHoB  Bonth  of  Goo,  sailed  back  to  Ookam  in  North  Kinare, 
soonml  tho  oonntry,  ro-embarkod,  aod  roturaed  to  his  onpital. 

In  February  lt)r>i>,Jftfinmtainga&dSultJLn  Muaxzam  werorocnlled, 
and  Mirza  H&ja  Javpinir  anothor  Bajput  prinoo  and  Dilor  Kh&n 
were  sent  to  condnot  tJio  war  against  ShirAji.  TheT  reached  the 
Deocan  early  is  April  16€£iaail(lTost  aotimoiaboginaingopcrutioas, 
Jayaiog  went  to  Poona,  arranged  its  affairs,  and  spread  abroad  hia 
Forces  ravRgiag  the  country  and  attacking  Shiv&ji's  lorta.  He  himself 
went  to  attack  Purandhar.  about  twenty  miles  south-east  of  Puoua, 
ono  of  tho  iRO«t  uotod  fortrossos  in  the  Deccaii.  Diler  KhAn,  who  waa 
seot  io  oommand  of  the  odTBoced  force,  begao  (he  siege  and  invested 
both  Purandhar  and  the  neighbonring  fort  of  Vnjragad  or  Rndra 
Mah£l.  Javain<,'  left  Diler  Khlia  to  prooecuto  the  siege  of  Purandhar 
and  blockaded  Sinhgad.^  The  oommandant  of  Pumudhnr  was  B&ji 
Pmbhu,  tb«  tlfithpandui  of  MahAd  in  KoHbn,  and  the  fort  was 
itroDgly  garrisuned  by  MiTelis  and  Efetkuri^  that  in  Ratn^giri 
MarAthAa,  The  Jrvknandia  maintained  hia  ]>09t  with  bravei-y  and 
ability.  He  dispnteu  erery  point  of  tho  approaches,  bnt  his  out* 
postawere  di-ivea  in,  and  Diler  Kh&Q  began  to  mine  a  rock  under 
one  of  tbo  towers  of  tho  tower  fort.  The  garrison  made  freqnoub 
sallies,  and  repeatedly  drove  off  the  miners,  but  they  were  at  lasfc 
firmly  lodged  uudtjr  cover.     After  aumcrooa  failures  they  sooooeded 


■  Onul  DuSTs  Muith^,  89.  Aocordinit  Ia  tho  M*rAthl<  Shirtji  Moapad  by  the  Iwlp 
«f  Um  )wd  Vilhobft  i)i  Pjittflh4T]>ar. 

*SbLii}i  li*d  oontinQwl  foitlifol  to  BiUsnr  sad  liaJ  ^^|<|a  aB.  -ej)  Uia 

Mt«t«>  ill  tliiBKM]i41*k  Mid  tho  fort  of  Awwii. '  Portn-  JMo»o^.  aai  ■    ..lorj'  ot 

•ttaiuM^   Onnl  DaVVUaiAth«a,  60  - ». 

■Uiut  D>S^  Muithiii,  » ;  ud  ElUot  and  Dowwn,  Vtl.  3T3. 


Chapter 
Bistory- 

Unkl1.MA.3tt 


!> 


ion  My  Huei 


I. 


Hiitarr- 


DSiLMAKS. 

bum;  Jtitt, 
Jtes, 


232 


DISTRICTS. 


■o  sbatteriag  the  rock  so  as  to  enable  tliem  to  attempt  an  assauli 
Theassnilniiti  gainpd  the  lower  fort,  and,  while  Cho  garrison  wa 
retirioff  to  tho  "pper  fort,  began  to  plonder  caroloes  or  ig^ootitnt  of 
tbeir  danger.  The  Iletlcari  TDBrlcsmen  from  above  opeoed  so 
destmctivo  a  firv  tbnt  many  of  the  iivMulaDtc  sought  shelter  in  evce^ 
comer  and  others  ran  onlfiidn  for  corer.  Tho  MAralia  beaded  by 
thoir  commnncW  sullied  oat,  attaclccd  thn  KoghiUs  sword  in  h&nd, 
killM]  all  that  opposed  thorn,  aud  drovu  them  down  tho  bill.  Diler 
Khan,  who  was  KAatod  on  hia  elephant  noar  tho  hill  foot,  seeing 
the  Sight  ol  hia  moDj  bvnt  bin  bow,  called  on  a  body  of  Palhdoia 
about  him  to  adrance,  and  rallying  the  fagitires  pasbed  bis  elephant 
fon^'ard.  Tho  garrison,  like  all  MarAtbtls  daring  in  ancoesB, 
closed  with  bia  mea  and  the  powerful  Afghans  recoiled  trom  tbSH 
swords  of  the  Sfivalie.  Dilor  Khin,  marking  tbo  conspicuous  oondnd^H 
of  tbeir  leader,  with  his  own  band  pierced  bira  with  uu  arrow, 
and  killed  him  on  the  fipot.  On  the  losa  of  their  leader  the  garrison 
fled  Dor  stopped  until  tbcy  reached  tho  upper  forL  The  Moghala 
again  took  possoBsion  of  the  lowei*  fort,  bat  the  fire  from  abovo 
once  more  forced  tlieni  to  leave  it,  After  this  failure  Diler  Khin, 
considering  the  uorthem  face  impregnable,  determined  on  attempting 
to  osoalade  the  Riiiall  detached  fort  of  Vitjragiul  or  Rudra  Hahdl,  on 
the  DortL-east  corner  of  Fumudhur  whicb  commands  a  great  part  of 
the  main  works.  The  attempt  succeeded  and  guns  were  broaght  to 
breacfa  the  upper  fort.  The  setting  in  of  the  rains  greatly  retarded 
operations.  Tho  MoghatartiUei7wasbad,aad,aJthoughthey  continued 
firing  for  weeks,  thej  made  little  impression  on  the  defences.  Tbo 
garrison  bocnme  diiipirited  and  scat  notice  that  they  could  hold  out 
no  longer.  ITiey  would  bare  left  the  fort,  but  Shiviji,  who,  after 
his  successes  at  sea,  had  at  last  returned  to  Riygad,  asked  them 
hold  on  until  be  should  send  tbom  vdtd  to  retire.'    Shiv&ji    sc: 


1  Khaa  Khto't  MCQunt  l^uDtakhbn-l-LubAbia  BtUot  and Dowaon,  Yil.  2T2),  whilo 
in  the  mkia  ■gi^eiog  with  the  Mardtha  vcniou.  g^vM  aome  iatftrastiiij  additionAl 
d«Uil«.  Tbo  yarnNn  iif  runuidbar  mniii-  >  vit:nn>iii  doTniMaiid  jHiinganlveil  with 
bia  lOD  KMuiring.  Aittr  a  tiMtiuu  liul  Wn  bluwo  up  on  oncadvA  nuJc  nii*ci 
the  ijafeodeniifthc  foot  of  the  hill.  Tho  bcariocvra  attsek^d  tium  nad  MiaMeded 
in  nwktaj  th«tr  wajr  to  tho  t«p  of  th«  UU  Than  tbe  dtfcndoti  uUad  forqnutat- 
wliieb  vru  gruttcd  thta  hf  the  R*j>  itnA  Dilot  Kliin,  Th«  tw«  MnuBUidutta 
vkttwd  upon  DiUr  KhAii.  and  war*  tamt  to  the  £Aja  irho  diiarmcd  tfa«  f^mtoa  and 
toi^poaaMaioDof  thr  furta.  Eighty  meD,  boraauaD,  iiifsnlrjr.andiappan  wore  to«t  in 
the  naga  M>d  nu>ro  t)>ui  a  liundnil  wan  woanilad.  Aftar  thoooniDeat  «1  th«  tvo-'nrta 
Klja  Jayaing  aont  Daud  EtuUi  vith  7000  botae  to  pluader  ajtil  Uj  VMto  th*  eountiy 
whioh  SiiivAji  Iim)  <Koa  by  foroaand  riolenoa  Ciwt  cffartaworo  madaon  bolhaidaa, 
and  for  fivo  tnontha  the  iiDMrial  foroet  never  nated  from  IiaraaaiiiK  and  ftghtiDg 
Um  aamy.  At  SbivUpar  whioh  wh  bnilt  bv  Shiviji  and  at  tht  forta  of  KoodluUM  or 
Siahnd  aijuht  miloa  aouth  ot  Foaua.  andKanvari  pvuArijiKitanetnou  otmltiratiou 
vaa  Mt,  aail  uumbera  of  oittla  wora  takan.  On  th«  otbor  hand,  the  Mart^h^'  anddm 
attaoki,  thair  tciUiant  auooMwa,  thetr  night  aaaaulta,  their  lanure  of  ttie  teada  and 
psMiH,  and  the  Itriiig  of  the  fontt,  aavanly  triad  th*  imperial  feaetB,  and  mao  and 
bcaato  p«riihad  in  numbon.  The  Marith&a  had  alao  niS«r«d  hoavy  leaaea  and  no 
lottBW  had  ha*rt  to  faco  the  imHrial  troojia.  Tlie  ttrrt  of  Sijiptd  about  thm  ni!W 
aonth-eBrtofTorua  and  about  fifteen  Mulk-ireat  of  Poomft.  which  Shiviti  himialf  bcM, 
and  tho  foHoif  Kondhtea or  Sinl^adln  which  woic  hit  vife  and  hiamotliaT^  raUtivna 
w«re  both  invaatad  and  baid  preaaed.  Tho  roada  on  all  aidea  war*  htoekaded  and 
Skivtji  kaaw  that  he  oould  not  raaona  hia  [aimlv  aod  that  U  Siahaad  **■  taken  th*y 
wooJd  be  Uable  to  anffer  tbo  «aa>e(iD«ncaa  ol  Us  aril  daad&  Amndiagty  he  sent 
aoia«  istedlgoat  mea  to  Biia  JayaiDs,  btg^^  tarcivMitea,  proolaiBK  th«  nrrender  of 
torcral  loriavbic))  beatiU  aald,  aaapropotiag  to  rfstt  tbe  nlja.    Tho  BAja  doubting 


Deeem-t 


POOKA. 


238 


RaghuiiAthpantSbd«btritoJa>jrtiiiig,  who  sgrecdtoShivAji'n  pmpoml 
to  enlflr  th«  Moglial  eerrice  Andgivo.uppnrL  of  bis  lerrilory.  At  the 
»Aine  timo  dnvHing  placed  no  tniKt  lu  Stiiviiji'a  ninocrity  until  the 
Briihmnn  confinced  birn  that  Shiviiji  did  not  intoad  to  dpccive 
bim.  JnVHing  thvii  deaired  hiui  to  lutsurv  SbirAji  on  the  honoar  of 
II  Ksjpnt  that  be  night  roly  Dot  only  on  the  emp^i-or'9  pnrdoa  but 
oa  hia  favour  and  protectiou.  While  thin  iirgotintlun  w«»  pvoding, 
SbivKJi,  with  a  Blunder  retinae,  to  the  month  of  Julr,  proceeded 
from  Prftt^pg"*!  'o  Sdiirs  to  Jayeing's  camp  beforo  SinbgiKl,  nrbore 
he  aonounced  biinficU  as  tjfaiviiji  KAja.  Jaysing'  nent  his  soa 
Kimt«iii(;  io  load  him  to  bia  preeence  with  all  the  hoiiourH(]u«  to  his 
rank.  Tbti  wfaole  camp  pressed  forward  ro  ten  tbia  colubrnted  hero 
and  on  hi^  nppi-osL'b  Jayaing  advanced  from  bis  t«nt,  met,  and 
embracfd  Inm.'  Juysing  seat«d  Shlrliji  on  bis  right  bund,  treated 
bim  with  reepe(.'(:  nnd  kindness,  and  repeated  the  asaiirancee  sent 
by  RaguiiAl hnant.  After  some  txinveraalion  in  tbe  buniblost  strua 
on  the  part  of  Sbiviji.  be  waa  allowed  to  retire  to  teuta  near  those 
of  Jnysing.  Kext  day  Sbiviiji  went  to  ^-iait  Diler  Kbdn,  who  was 
still  beforu  Piirandbar  and  n-an  ezceodingly  uiurttf^cd  that  be  vros 
not  iiijuie  privy  to  the  negotiation,  tie  threatened  to  persevere  in 
reduciii^  Faraadhar  and  putting  every  man  to  thn  sword.  This  vaa 
bat  a  ibreat.  and  ho  wag^oothetl  and  grntilied  by  8biv^i'a  presenting 
the  keys  of  the  gate  with  biit  own  liitnd,  telling  bim  that  all  hia 
forta  and  country  were  bis,  that  he  merely  sought  pardon,  that 


Chapter 
HistOTy. 

lees.    , 


UtiiiiMriijr.  ordeiwllbattlia  attack»htM!clht  pmaodirith  twnevad  viitoor.  At  last 
twooenfiilDntiBl  Br^nuuisonie  from  SliivAji  and  vithtliB  oiMt  biniliiif;  lAthaconiiniiad 
bw  DSprcMiooi  of  aubmiaaion  utd  ri^nteDca.  The  Rdja  promiud  him  Mcurity  of  life 
«nJ  lionouroucntiilitiimtkat  be  «wit«d  on  the  «n>peror  and  Rmed  taratcf  his  Benico. 
Ha  alfO  proraiaa*!  blai  liigh  atatioo  or  muMnb  ia  tli*  iRi|isri^  aarvioa  and  ui4de  pro- 
Mralion  (iirnc«ititigbiaiHtieoMn«faMnnk,  8bivijiapprMcli«daritb|[rM(buinuitr. 
Tha  RAJK  wDt  Iiiaag«nb  or  nuinaU  to  hmcI  him  and  he  alau  nnt  Mined  RAJputa  to  i;iiard 
kfniiut  tncwbary.  The  mniufci  oirriod  m  metjugc  bi  (aj*  that  iT  ishirlji  iiibmiltwl 
fruibljr.  gAva  up  hii  fofia,  and  agrwd  to  obey,  iha  Mopcror  would  gnat  bia  pctilkn 
tor  lonhvcnstt.  U  b*  dul  not  •cccpt  Uioac  tttrmi  h«  had  bvtUr  raturn  ui-1  r«ii«w  the 
war,  Whan  EjhtvAjirMt^Te'l  tha niMi^lw  Mid  with  {neat  bvmillt;  that  h«  kaaw  bia 
lifo  and  honour  wwv  a^e  ir  lia  m*d«  hia  aubRiiaainR.  "fh*  Kttjn  thtii  a«i>t  •  p«r*oa  of 
hij^  raak  to  briaf  bim  in  wilb  hnnotir.  Wbcn  .'^hiviji  cutcrod  tba  1U}«  loaa, 
•inbraoed  bim,  and  natod  ktiu  naar  hiiiuMlf,  Shivljl  tlixii  with  ■  thouaand  ^ga»  of 
abaiiM  cIiMfnil  hla  band  and  uid  *  I  have  come  lu  a  g»illy  ilavc  to  aeek  forgivaueaa, 
aud  it  ia  for  you  eitlicr  to  paixluii  or  to  kill  iiin  at  juur  plvaaarv.  I  will  make  cnrtr 
my  great  toria  wtih  the  conutry  ol  the  KoukMi  M  tbo  •mpanir'a  ottoota,  and  I  wUl 
■andaiT  aoa  tu  ctttar  tbt  imfitud  Mtvica,  Aa  for  wyttiUt  1  hopa  that  afUr  tha 
interrat  of  one  year,  whoo  I  have  |iaid  my  rmprct  to  the  cmiMrvr,  1  nuiy  b«  allowod, 
lika  other  ■enranta  of  Dm  ante  who  ei«rci*t<  auiluxrity  iu  tbeir  uwd  provincea,  to  lira 
with  my  wife  aad  family  in  a  ■mall  fort  or  two.  Wbuncror  and  wbartver  my 
a«rviM>  ars  rMuired,  1  will,  un  PMsiiiiiii  ■inldia.  diiuliaige  my  duly  I'jynlly.'  Tha 
lUjt  cbeertd  bim  ud  Mut  bin  to  Dtlrr  KhiJi.  Afur  lh«  (ieji«  wai  atom>id,  7000 
peraooa,  ni«a  wixnau  and  oihiMraii.  came  out  of  SinbgMl  fort.  All  tbat  tlvoy  eould 
not  CAtry  beeanta  the  property  of  Ibe  govamment  aad  th«  forces  took  poaaweiow 
of  tbe  fott  Dilei  Kh4n  tn«««nted  Sbivajl  with  n  iword.  Ho  took  bim  back  to  tba 
Raja  who  prtaonted  bim  with  a  rol:«.  uid  imewoil  h'a  aiaurmcea  of  tsfHy  and 
boiM>rahl«  traatmant.  Sbivifi,  wtib  n-aiW  laot.  bouiMl  on  tha  aword  in  an  iiuitaKb. 
aod  prMnUod  to  randcr  taitbtal  acrcira.  Wb<n  tbe  ()u««tiqa  about  thn  time  SblvAji 
waa  to  remaia  andcr  parol«i  aad  of  hia  rtturn  h«m«.  cam*  uixhi  e««ai<leration,  Kaia 
Jayiiag  wnno  to  tbe  emp«r«T.  aakint  (or^renoa*  for  ShivAti  and  tbo  grM)t  of  a  rnba 
t«  btm,  awl  awaited  inttrucUona.  A  nKO-boarcr  arrlvrd  with  tb«/armd«aad  a 
coba,  tad  ShivAii  wu  ovariuyad  ai  iflc«d«iiiff  roreivaoaai  and  bonoor. 

'  ScoWl  Dron.  D.  II. 

,lS27-30 


tBombaj  Oasettcer 


ISA 


)ISTRICTS. 


ChiptMr  Ylt. 
Hiit«T7. 

HtnuLKim. 


experiflooe  bad  satisfied  him  lliat  it  was  foil;  to  resist  aacb  soldis! 
u  Auran^^b  conld  bonst  of,  aad  thM  now  his  one  hope  waa  to  ba 
enrolled  among  the  scnraDts  of  the  empire.  Ad  Armistice  took 
pl*e«  fts  soon  as  Shiritji  camo  into  cunp.  After  sovoral  ^'onfereuces, 
Bnbject  to  Cbe  emperor's  approral,  it  was  agreed  that  Sbiv»ji  should 
give  Dp  whatever  forts  or  territory  bo  bad  taken  from  tbe  Moj^hals. 
Of  thirty-two  forts  takes  or  bailt  by  bim  in  ibe  tcrrilory  which 
had  b«)oDgod  (o  the  Niz&m  Shtiii  government,  he  gave  up  twenty  to 
f  .t\  Ja^sing,  among  which  wi>ro  Parandhar  aad  Sinbgiul  with  all  their 
1  ^  /  dependent  districta.  Ac4!nrding  to  Kh&G  Khiia  Sbiv&ji  gave  twenty- 
throe  out  of  thirtv'fivd  forts  with  a  yearly  reveuuo  amoiialiDg  to 
iAOOfiOO  {\0  idkha  oi  hunt  or  40  Idkka  of  nipcee).'  The  territory 
beloDgitig  to  the  remaining  twelve  forts,'  of  which  Koari  and  IgvAdi 
wore  m  f  oooit,  ostimatod  to  yi«l<i  a  yenrly  rovoauo  of  about  £tO,OOQj 
(Pagodas  100, QOfi)  and  all  the  rest  of  his  acquisitions,  were  to  form  ht^H 
•state  which  ho  wnit  to  hold  from  the  emperor,  and  Lia  tK>a  Sambli4jij 
then  ID  his  eighth  year,  was  to  receire  the  raok  of  a  commander  of 
6000 horse.    The  rooat  remarkabl«  pnH  of  the  ^reemenl  wiMRLtt-AjiV 

Sroposal  to  be  allowed  assign  tot;  ntn  on  Bijupnr,  eatiinutud  at  about 
]80,000(Pa^o<:Ia«&OU,OOu)«beingafotirthaiidatouthortlit>r«venDe, 
termed  by  htm  tlie  cheiuth  and  sardtakmukhi.  of  certain  diatricl^  abovD^^ 
the  Sahytidris,  the  charge  of  ooUectiug  which  he  took  npon  bimselF,^H 
So  eager  was  Shivllji  to  obtain  the  imperial  authority  for  ihis^^ 
urangsmeat,  that  it  was  gmtitod.cu  oofidiiioQ  he  efforod  to  pay  a 
tribtitoor/>«A'tiM/>of  abont  £1,400,000  {Pagoda*  4.000,T]00)  by  yearly 
insLnlmonts  of  about  £110,000  (foQotUU  300,0U0),  and  ta  k<'rp  au 
additional  bodv  of  troops.  ShiviQi'apropoeftls,  according  to  custom, 
were  sent  to  tlio  emperor  in  the  form  of  a  petition.  On  Jayeing's 
floggestion  Shivaii  intimated  his  desire^to  kiss  tho  royal  threshold. 
AnrttDgx«b  agreed  to  Shiv&ji'e  proposal  on  condition  that  he  and  bia 
troops  went  with  R^ja  Jaysing  against  Rij^pur  and  that  hepnid  the  first 
iiuttalmont  of  tho  promised  tributo.  According  to  thin  ngrvomont, 
Sbiviji  CD-opemted  with  Jayxiog,  and  the  combined  army,  including 
2000    horKO    and    8000    infantry   belonging  to  ShivAji,    ninrchea 

X'ast  Bijiipur  aboat  the  month  of  Novumbor.     In  the  opemtiuna  ^ 
hfollowod,  Phaltan  was  redu»-d,  Qiofort  of  Titthavad  t>3CaladeJ,^H 
and  all  the  fortiSbd  places  on   their'-foqte  were  token  possession ^^ 
of  by  SbivAji  and  hut  MAvalis.     In  oonsequence  of  these  Berrioes 
Anraogzeb  tuvited  Shivdji  to  oonH,  promised  to  ooufor  on  him 

nt  rank  and  honours,  and  to  allow  him  to  return  to  the  Deccan. 
866  Sbivflji,  after  visiling  alt  bin  forts  and  holding  a  coimcil  of 
bis  ministers  at  Itity^ad,  went  to  D<*lbi  with  his  ituo  >Sambbjtji.  At 
Aurangneb's  con  rt  hewas  treated  with  indignity  aiid  wan  watched  as 
a  prisoner.  In  the  Deooan  Jaysing  had  not  tlie  means  to  garrison 
many  of  the  forts  eitrreudered  oy  ShiVifijL  He  placed  strong 
garriaonsio  Lvhogad,  Siobgad,  and  Purandbar ;  a  few  men  were 
left  in  such  of  tho  others  asliad  supplies  of  provisions ;  and,  of  the 
rest,  be  ordered  that  the  gates  should  be  burnt,  and  such  part  of 


*  BUiot  and  Donoo.  VII.  ST6. 

.  Tt..  ._-._  <..^^,g„  ,  [iiij^_  Ton,^  rUygaiU  Linffuw,   MahadgJul.    Migad, 
Bhof^  Keiri,  ud  IMedurg 


Gh 


Dacoui.1 


POONA. 


Uie  (lefCDces  deatn^ed  as  could  )>e  hastilj^  thrown  down.  After 
Shiviji'a  eac&pe  from  Delhi,  iu  Di^ccmhor  IRMI),  ha  lost  no  timo  in 
rej<aiuiu(^  hia  forta.  Morupaat  Fushwa  repaired  them,  rephwred 
tbe  garrisona,  and  drofe  out  the  Moghaltt. 

1q  1667,  by  tho  roprescntatioua  ol  the  new  viceroy  Siiltiln  Moiaani, 
who  waa  accotopanied  and  mach  awayed  by  Jasvautaiug  a  BtauQch 
Hindu,  Shiviji  obtnined  froiu  A-urangzeb  tbe  title  of  RAja,  a 
conSrmatioD  of  Samhhftji's  rank,  and  luud  in  Beritr.  The  distrioto 
of  PoooiL,  Chilknii,  and  Supa  were  aliio  restored  to  Slii?)iji,  but  tha 
commnndin^  forts  of  8ti>bgnd  and  Purandhar  wei-e  kept  by  the 
Uoghala.  Thnn^'h  Anraugzeb  at  6n)t  agreed  to  Sultiii\  Mnazsam's 
proposals  in  fnvoiirof  Shivif ji,  ho  ftfterxrards  showed  marked  hostility 
U}  Shirdji.  AccordiDf^ly  Shivilji  determined  as  hooq  as  possible  to 
min  the  Btrongly  gairisonod  fort;*  of  Siuhgad  and  Purftndhnr  which 
ulockod  his  coiiimuiiicitlion  with  Poona  and  Ch&kan.  Sinhgad, 
Shivdji  jnstly  oonsiderod  one  of  the  gtrongeigt  forts  io  the  conntry, 
and,  *»  tnc  commandant,  Ude  Biin,  wa»  »  celebrated  soldior  and  bad  a 
choice  Rajput  ^rrison  it  vaa  suppnaed  impregnable;  Security  had 
made  thtt  8iiiligiLd  garriaon  Kouii^wlint  noglif^ont,  and  Shiviji  laid 
a  phiQ  for  tukiugtbo  pliKe  by  sarprise.  T&niiji  MAlusre,  whom  be 
ooDsnlted,  offcriKl  to  Biir{)ri!>e  Sinhgnd  if  ho  wa«  allowod  to  take  his 
younger  bn)iher  Snr^-&ji  and  100i>  picked  Milvalis.  Accordingly,  in 
Fehriiaiy  1C70,  one  thousand  Mrtralia  niidcr  TitnAji  and  Sury4ji 
Htitrted  troti)  Kllygad  in  Kol&bn,  aiid,,Uiking  difFi.-rcnt  iMiUia,  met  nenr 
Siubjfad.  TAnfiji  divided  hiii  nwri  into  two  [artieii.  One  party  under 
bia  brother  Surydji  ho  left  at  n  littlodiHtanco  with  ordors  loadrance  t£ 
necessary;  tbe  other  party  nodor  his  own  oommand  lodged  tbemselrea 
nndisoovered  at  the  foot  of  Siuhgad  rock.  When  it  grew  dark, 
cbooainff  tbe  sheerest  par^of  the  ro<:k  as  the  least  likely  to  be 
guarded,  one  of  the  Mdvalis  cHmbod  tho  rook  and  uad»  fast  a  ladder 
of  ropc«  np  which  the  rest  crept  one  by  009.  Eachashegmti»dtli6 
top  lay  down.  In  spile  of  thoir  oaro  before  300  of  them  had  reached 
the  top,  tsonio  movement  drew  the  attention  of  tho  garrlaon  to  the 
Mi&vaha.  One  of  the  ^rrison  drew  near  and  was  ailcntly  slain  by 
an  arrow.  Still  tbe  alarm  spread,  and  tho  noise  of  votcea  and  of  a 
running  to  arms  showed  ..Tilu^ji  that  a  ruah  forward  iraa  hia  only 
chance  of  a  snrpriw.  Tbe  Ititralia  plied  their  oitowb  in  the  direction 
of  the  voices,  tdl  a  blweof  bluelightsandtorohoohowed  the  Rajputa 
armed  or  arming,  and  distirnvorod  their  assailants.  In  the  desperate 
fight  thiit  followed  Tftitiiji  fell.  The  Miiralia  lost  heart  and  wor* 
running  to  the  ladder,  when  SuryAj'i,  TAnfiji'a  brother,  met  (hem 
with  the  reaerve.  .  He'ralticid  them,  aaked  them  if  they  would  leave 
their  leader's  body  to  bo  tossed  into  a  pit  by  Ubdrs,  told  them  tha 
ropes  were  hroki.-u  nud  there  was  no  retreat ;  now  was  the  time  to 
proTO  themselves  Sliivdji'f!  M&valis.  They  tamed  with  spirit,  and, 
ghontiu;:;  ihoir  war  cry  Bar  Har  jVaAutlep,  dashed  on  the  garrison, 
and,  after  a  de§peraLo  fight  in  which  800  MAvalia  and  500  Rajputa 
were  sisia  or  disabled,  gained  the  fort.  A  thatched  house  turned 
into  a  bonfire  Saahed  the  news  to  ShivAii.  Besides  those  who 
were  slain  or  woonded  in  the  fort,  many  Bajputa  who  venlored  over 
the  crest  of  the  rock  were  dashed  to  pieces.  Contrary  to  his  custom, 
Shivaji  gave  every   man  of  the  asaailaats  a  silver  bracelet  and 


CUptar 
HiJtorj. 

HrsiuliMi 

litn. 


3iapter  VIL 

Hiiteiy. 

MuuuUita. 


/nmaar. 


hoDoared  their  leaders  with  rich  rcwttrJs.  lie  gricvoiJ  overTAtulii: 
Sinbgad  tho  liou'n  boaae  i»  taken,  but  the  lion  U  shiia  :  I  bav« 
guinvd  a  fort  aud  loal  T&udji.  iSury&ji,  TdUi^^ji's  brotlit-r,  -nan  taada 
oomm&DditTit  of  Sinh^pid,  auil  vrilliiu  a  munlh  (Mnrcb  lti70)ng;niQ 
distiDgaiehod  himaeKbyeacaWdin^Puraodhar.*  MiihuUand  ICnniBU 
in  the  Konkan  were  also  taken,  and  the  whole  proviooo  of  Kalj&u 
was  rocovtTvd  by  the  end  of  June,  lu  July  (1670)  Lohogtul  was 
surprisod  and  taken,  but  an  attempt  on  Shivaer  failed.'  Next  year 
(1671)  Dilor  Kh^  who  waa  at  Jiiunar  with  a  considerable  Moghal 
force,  retook  Lohogad  atid  cnptnr«d  ChAkan.'  In  1674,  after  great 
snooosacs  in  Soalli  Giijarnt,  Khdndcsh,  Golkonda,  S&tAra,  the 
Bombay  Karu&tak,  and  ^ortb  K&oara,  Shiv^ji  was  crowned  with 
groat  pomp  al  R;iyi^  in  KolAbft-  At  the  time  of  his  crowning 
tibiv&ji  is  dc'Wiibtd  aa  forty-eeven  years  of  age,  of  a  handaoma 
and  inteVligent  countenance,  and  for  n  Mar^tha  fair  in  skia.  His 
eyo  wofl  keen,  bis  nose  long  aqailiae  and  somewhat  drooping,  his 
beard  trim  and  peiik«d,  and  his  monstncbe  slight  Wa  expression 
wtts  rapid  mid  resolote,  bard  and  felins.* 

In  167o  Sliiv&ji  m^Ae  atwther  nuBQecessfnl attempt  on  Shiroor  his! 
birth-place,  which  was  never  destinud  to  fall  into  his  hand^.^    About 
this  titno  tbo  services  of  Pryor,  tiie  Eiigiiisb  physician  and  trorellor, 
were  sooght  by   thu  M<iglinl   governor   of  Joneah  that  is   Junnar. 
Fryer  ntnrted    from    Bombay   on  St.    Georce's   Day,  23rd   Apri] 
167^,  and  piLised  tlirongh  Kalydu  and  Jlurbdd  which  was  nil  wastod 
by  ShiTAji  and  thw  Rlo^hals,  up  the  terribly  Btwp  Aviipa  pass  or' 
Oppagaot.*    At  the  top  of  the  pass   was    a  bad  starvling  tona ' 
woicb  he   calls  Oppagaot.     There  waa  a  fort  or  oastle  on  a  bill 
top,  and  near  the  bead  of  the  pass  a  aiti'heilar  or  enstomer^  blown 
up   with    the   conBdence   of    nali   a    d^nwu   hiltmeu.      From    the 
top  of  the    pasM    Kryer    entered  a  deep  valluv    wlioro  he  met  a 
caravan  of  oxen  laden  with  proTisiona  which  liad  hardly  eacaped  the 
Moghal  army  which  was  not.  far  off.     Fear  of  thif  villainy  of  Shiv^ji'a 
lueu  made  Frj'or's  guide  nse  great  baate,  and  by   ten   at  night  he 
had  travelled  twenty  miles  [10  kot)  to  Auabegaou.     In  AmbegnoaJ 
there  was  no  one  bnt  n  single /aJtrr ;  the  rest  bad  tied  from  a  part^ 
of  Moghal  horflo.     An  thoy  could  gvt  nothing  to  eat  but  a  few  greea 
figa,   Fryer's  people  pressed  on  through  throe  or  four  wretched 
Yillageo,  to  Beetaeer  or  Bilear  tbr<»e  niilos  eouth-west  of  Jnnnar. 
Here  h^  people  rested  aa  they  found  some  provii>ioD8  in  a  wretched 
hamlet  which  was  liable  to  conlinnal  pillaging  at  the  b:ijids  both  of 
the  Uoghak  aud  of  the  Marntbiis,  and  bore  the  pillaging  welU 
beeaose  U  was  in  the  condition  of  having  Little  or  nothing  to  loeeJ 


)  Grant  ihtttf  MinitliA*,  M.  3  Orant  Dofi  Muitkfl*,  IM,  110. 

*  Or«iit  Duir.  MiLTMhM,  IIOl 

*Mr.  Dou^liu  (ram  th<  VlgtMlteiu  Orma'a  Hiitonoal    t'ngmenta.     Soott   Wa. 
(M*r«th^,  ST  -  SS)  givw  th«  IvUawing  detail* :  Shivili  wm  vhort  and  darit  vitL. 
fcri^t  pdercing  ey««,  ui  BotiT*  body.  Mil  *oU-KOv«nivd  t«En|icr.     Ho  wsa  rall^M*' 
above  bis  oauatiriiMit    He  wm  s  Mod  Eolbor  to  a  bftd  Ma.    Thougb  bo  iiumwmJ 
high  taloola  u  a  aoldMr,  be  mti  fonder  of  cunniRit  thm  counge  and  ol  dianmtilatiaa 
thsawladom.  •  Gfant  Da(r«  Martthi*.  119, 

"Flyer's  p*itj   ioolud»d  tour  itoiv  puons.  a  Purtuguvs*,  bis  etm  sopvmnte,    a 
BnUiDua  liogtiwt,  a  hoimikwpar.  «igbt  p«luii|iu«.bearant,  »  datta  /nivUi*  that  i 
lunbv  or  bs^ga^-cwrJen,  ud  a  TiitUsb  bone.    Eui  India  and  Fefwa,  133. 


ItaceaBl 


POONA. 


287 


Next  daj',  the  last  of  Apr!),  be  went  on  to  Junnar  the  froaiier  town 

of  the  Moffhals,  for  many  yeiirg  tbe  seat  of  war.     There  was  a  castle 

at  Junnar  nnd  eome  pal&ces  with  gardens,  and  the  f^veruor  wna  ia 

command  of  17,000  horse  and  3000  foot.    The  governor  of  the  citjr 

and  district  waa  different  from  Iho  commandant  of  Shiruer  fort  who 

never  left  tbe  hill  top.     Juooar  city  and  the  fort  in  the  [>laiu  were 

ill-prepared  to  etand  a  ei«f;o.    The  Mo(!:hnls  vroro  OQcamped  thero 

rather  than  wttled,  and,  when  ShivAji  c-ume  in  force,  they  retired 

speodilytothamiLinamtynnder  llahdiliir  Kli^iiwhobadahostof  40,000 

horsoat  Pvdf^ion  thrcudays' journey  off  in  AhmadDagarontheBhima. 

Frver,  in  English  interesta,  tried  to  piirsaade  the  govenior  of  the 

value  of  opening  a  tradu  with  Boiiihny  through  which  the  Deccan 

mi^ht  lie  Kiijipliod  with    Arab  and  Purainn  horses.    To  do  this  it 

was  niJceHKflrj'that  thti  Kr>nlcau  shnnid  be  cleared  of  ShirAji'e  troops. 

Thu  governor  uiaJo  li^ht  of  Sbivuji,  but   Hcvnied   little   inclined  to 

drive  him  out  of  the  Konkau,  oithfr  beL-au»!  he  knew  it  was  more 

dilltcult  to  do  tlian  bu  protended,  or,  because,  if  Sbiviji  wns  driven 

out,  tbe  excuse  for  keeping  np  a  Inrge  army  and  therefore  faia 

cmplormviit  aiul  tlic  iHouro«  of  bi»  reveiiuv  would   cvase.*     When 

thu  ruins  b(.-gnn    to  fall    cotton    waa  planted  in  the  fiplds  about 

Jonnur.     Tho  land  also  yielded  wheat  in  abimdanco  and  ottior  grain, 

though   the  hiu  bond  men's    crojw    wore    often    burned    by    tboae 

iDouDtain-foxea  the   Uardth^.     It   waa  not    safe  to  move  about 

Junuar  iu  Siinull  parties:  troopci*!!  were  often  scut  homo  disrobod 

nnd  dismounted.     Except  Shtrner  most  of  the  hill  forla  wore  in 

Sliiv£ji't<  Iia»d8.     In  »  Htill   night  many  of  hiif  garrisons  might  ho 

heard  by  roice    and    more    by    trutnp»t.      The    goveniment    of 

Junnar  wita  like  the  guvcmnuiat  of  itlt   Mogbid  cttiv«.     Tliu  wnlta 

were  broken  but  tfae  gates  remaiued.     Ui-wrdcr  had  scared  trade, 

though  the  town  waa  well^laced  and  fumiahed  with  coarae  caliooea, 

'  30  lawns,  and  plenty  of  cotton  laud.     Tbe  ploughmeu  and  weATcra 

!td  followed  the  iradora.     A  Heh  craftsman  or  landholder  waa  not 

to  be  heard  of  in  seven  or  eight  days'  journey.     The  marketa  had 

little  but  promions  which  tbe  rulers  coupollad  tho  country -ptwple 

,  bring  in,  and  aouetimea  took  them  by  force  by  roaaon  of  tho 

aDerarporerty  reigning  among  tli«m.     Fryer  returnt>d  to  Bombay 

by  the  K&na  pass,  a   far  shorter  and  easier  way   than  he  came. 

Between  Juunar  and  ibe  head  of  tbe  pnas  he  went  by  three  of  ShivAji's 

caallee.     It  was  doubtful  if  the  Uoghals  could  pass  by  that  way. 


'  Fr7«r  expUina  whj  th.«  guvtrtioir  w«i  ao  tUriedinei]  (a  reduoe  hU  anoy.  Bo 
k«ptoalj  hair  the  Dominal  miutar  <rf  omh  aad  drcir  thtpay  «f  (btratt,  divUiBg  bia 
prafita  irith  tho  notarica  wtiA  were  unl  b;  Aaraiuicb  to  ■ee  thai  no  fnuda   irero 


laOietninrclyj^t  mora  than  iharaoaef  tbs  wantry  wbUh  wtnflary  andiaetUmfime, 

lint  Tcryjbahiiig  probably  boOHiue  tie  oflioenjiiacliBdtbeif  borsM'lwUicatoputiDto 

raiair  nwB.     Tlivr«  Mm  aatiy  Hiailia  in  Lb«  Miighk]  nniiy  anil  uiaiiy    Moaalmin*   iu 

thivlji'a  Kimy,  u  lh«y  tbvaght  act  of  tfaoir  coantry  but  wtioac  ult  tboy  at«.     Ilio 

if oahal  army  wa*  cbi«llj>    lia([bal  cavnlry    an<t    Oantoo    iufwniry    with    nial«hloek 

riwurta     ^nkcir  [ia;f  «-••  foorteaa  monUu  behind  luunL     StUI  tMf  atayod,  lor  they 

'ware aare oT  tomettuag  with  Ma«,  whU«  SbkAji*  ruk  was  Ui«  (nobootar'f  rule,  No 

p9ami<r  ao  pay.    Fryer's  £an  India  aud  Pertu,  139,  111. 


Chapter 
History. 

id 


[Bombftj  OasettMT. 


S8B 


DISTRICTS. 


Ehaptsr  VII. 
Histoi7- 


Paring  the  lost  four  yean  of  his  life  Clfi??- 1680)  ihe 
bis  famouti  czp«ditioo  to  tbe  Madnu  Knrnitak  grMttiy 
Sfaiv&ji's  power. 


On  STiivilji'B  Jea-th  on  tlic  Stli  of  April  1680,  Smiiljhfiii  bia  son 
aod  SQCoessor  showed  Home  of  his  fatner'a  vigour  and  skill  in  war.' 
He  ihcD  fell  into  a  life  of  pleaanre  luiil  vico,  wiwting  lo  difsipntion 
the  wealth  which  hiii  father  had  atnassed.  Kaliuha,  hin  friend  aad 
councillor,  raised  the  land  rent  by  levying  many  freeh  cphmw.  Still 
the  receipts  fell  abort  of  the  funncr  runtal.  Tbo  raaDSRCrB  of 
districta  were  removed,  the  revenue  wfta  fanned,  many  landholders 
fled,  and  spuody  ruin  tbrcatcufd  S&tnlih&ji's  territories.* 

Ib  1062  to  ravage  tbe  Koukan  a  body  of  T^foglial  liorse  oudor 
Husan  All  Kbiin  adviuicod  from  Ahuiadnajfur  by  the  route  of 
JnonftT  and  deacended  the  Sahy£dria.  In  ItrSi,  Aurangzeb  iasaed 
orHers  to  levy  a  poll  tax  orjixia  on  all  aou-Muliammadau  subjects.* 
In  1685  Auran^tzeh  ordered  Kh&ii  Jab^n  to  place  postfl  or  Ikanas 
in  tbo  country  between  Jaimar  and  tjinbgad.     Kb&ii  Jubun  took 

round,  and  appointed   KhAkar  Kh^  as 

tbe  same  year  (168o)  n  body    of  troops 

at  Juouar   was  directed  to   mova 

npport^iuity  aud 


* 


connlry  betweeD_ 
Foona  and  the  country 
gOToruor  or  foitjd'ir.*  lu 
stationed  under  GbfaJ-ud-Diu 
towards  Ahniadnaear.  "i'tm  Mnp^tlj^  seised  tWm 
made  a  rapid  maroh  northwards  and  pluudi.'red  BRiacli!  Aurau^Mb's 
rebel  BOQ  SnltAo  Akbitr,  whotu  SainKtiji  treated  with  thegnataab 
reapect,  mstigatiD?  if  not  leading  the  enterpriao.  Be  was 
intercepted  near  t^liAkfln  and  defeated  by  the  Slogbal  forcee.^ 
In  ISSti  Bijapur  [e\l  and  the  Adil  Shabi  dyoaety  came  to  an  end. 
In  1689  AurangRob'8  cninp  morod  up  tbe  Bhtma  from  Akiuj  in 
SboUpur  and  cantoned  at  Tulapur  at  the  meeting  of  the  ludrAyaui 
and  llie  Bbima^  stxtoen  mHo*  norlbx^st  of  Poona.  Wbila 
AumngiebwafioninpedatTuIApur,  Takarrih  K.bdn,  who  had  surprised 
Sambh^ji  and  biR  favoiirita  Kalusba  at  SangumeKhvar  iu  Ratnllf^ri, 
arrived  with  bin  priaonerg.  The  Marilth^  made  no  effort  to  rescns 
Sambbiji.  KaluWa's  oppression  and  ijambbitji's  misconduct  had 
iiiitde  them  hateful  to  the  bulk  of  tbo  people,  and  even  bad  bis  army 
been  disposed  to  undertake  any  cntrrpiiae  in  hts  faronr,  its  loose 
and  disordered  state  would  probably  have  prevented  the  attempt. 
Wbeu  the  pn!wner»  were  l»i-ougbt  doao  to  tbe  imperial  camp  they 
wer«  bound  and  Bet  upon  cnmols.  Uis  turban  wau  taken  o9 
Bambbiiji's  liead,  drums  a<id  other  noisy  music  aonnded  before  bim, 
and  thoiisauda  fli^cked  from  all  nidos  to  seo  his  entry  into  the 
oatnp.  Tbo  pmonnra  wero  shown  to  Anrangzeb  and  ordered  into 
conUDement  till  their  nontenco  wan  decermiued.  Homo  of  the 
Moghal  noblea  Hiigg&tted  that  Sainbbiji'ii  life  should  be  spared  oa 
a  DHUU18  of  inducing  bis  troops  to  surreoder  the  forts;   Auraugxeb 

>  At  tbo  &mt  id  kit  dntb,  Shirtji  beltl  tim  KooJtan  from  Ouidcvi  jn  Sunt  to 
Ptioada  la  Kolbipor.  except  tho  «mall  poMeuMas  of  Chn  Ptntaautafc  tlic  Bnriitli, 
aad  Ibe  Sidi.  H«  had  potto  in  Klnan  ud  greit  poHMnoau  io  tli*  M>dna  Kaindtak 
aiul  in  'nui jar.  He  hela  th«  WmI  Doocui  trim  th»  IlintsynJwiIii  m  BtJnan  to  tk« 
ludnljrKDi  ta  Pboa*.  b«Md«i  atroog  poiati  in  Ahnuutiuvw,  Nsoik,  ulRUMlMb. 
Xu  SifgmA  h«ba<t  aornral  ouIImim  oil  cub  oendaav«]ual>Ie«KiiiUi. 

•  Onat  Dufl*.  Mftritliia,  Ul.  »  Gnuit  DoffBiliuHihW.  US. 

■  OranI  JhtiTa  M>rath&i,  US,  *8ooU'kDMaw,  II  70. 


I 


Doccaa.l 


POONA. 


239 


I 


I 
I 


himself  seemed  inclined  to  this  ooarse.  Bat  Sanibh&jij  ronwd 
to  &  AonsQ  of  hi»  disf^ntcv  nnd  stDDcr  with  shame  and  remorS8) 
expected  aad  wiAbvd  for  nothing  but  aenth,  aud  made  ui>e  of  everjr 
epitbet  o£  abuna  to  itidnuo  itutxio  r»sb  aoldier  to  kill  bitii.  In  ihiii 
fraiDv  of  iniud  wbi-D  Auranfir^cb  sent  bim  a  iiie»^«ge  oOariag  life 
on  oonditioa  of  his  becoming  a  Masnlmin.  SambhAji  anaiverect : 
Not  i£  you  Kivc  utc  your  daugblur  io  marriage,  and  ended  by 
corsinff  tha  Aopbet.  Tbe  enraged  emperor  ordentd  a  rod-hot  ii»n 
to  be  druwn  acr<oii<i  bis  eyes,  hi»  tongue  to  be  cut  out,  and  bis  head  (0 
beaevor^  from  bis  budy.  These  orders  were  pablicly  cnrriod  out  in 
the  camp  at  TuUpar  abont  the  begiuniug  of  Angiut  1680.'  After 
Sambliiiji'a  execution  R6jjiritui,  tSauibblji'a  younger  brother,  was 
declared  regent  during  tlie  minority  of  Sanibbiji'o  son  ^bir^jj, 
afterwards  Itnowa  as  SMhu.  In  1 09O  R^ygad  foil  to  the  Ihloghabi 
and  young  ShivAji  and  hia  mother  SoyrdbAi  were  taken  priitonors, 
li^jflr^m  who  was  raoriog  from  plaoe  to  plac«  escaped  to  Ginji  in 
the  Karniitiik  Hud  from  Oiajt  managed  bitt  Deccan  a&irs.  RAj&itfm 
remained  in  Ginji  till  1608,  when  he  was  forced  to  flee  to  Vit<bjilgad 
in  KolU^tpur.  From  Vislialgad  iti  1699,  RdiArtlm,  juiuimI  by  PantAji 
Bbonsla,  Uaibatr&v  NimbAlkar,  Nimiji  Smdia,  Athavie,  Sainshur 
BahAdur,  and  otber  MarAlba  commanders,  proceeded  with  a 
gTOAter  £orc«  thau  Shirltji  ever  commanded,  and  paseed  throogli 
Gangthadi,  Ntiader,  BeMr,  and  Khiindesh  claiming  chauth  and 
tartieihrnukhi.  When  ho  had  completed  his  tour,  lUj&rdm  left 
Kbanderiiv  JXbli^de  in  Bi^Sn  or  North  Nflsik,  XemAji  Siudia  with 
the  titlo  of  Sariavhknr  iu  Khilndesh,  Parsjiji  Bhonsia  with  the  title 
ot  SenaMhsh Subhe  in  BerSlr,  and  Itaibatrdv  Nimbdikarin  Oangthadi 
to  collect,  iks  was  said,  the  outstanding  balauces  due  to  the  Kjlja. 

In  February  1700,  It^jdrAm  took  Bheltcr  in  ginfagad,  and 
died  one  month  later  from  inflammation  of  tha  luogn  hrooght 
oa  by  violent  exertion.  VTheu  K&j^r&ai  di«d  leaving  only  widows 
and  infaute,  the  powor  of  the  Mardth^a  soomud  at  an  end. 
But  T^rtliAi,  the  efder  widow,  with  the  aid  of  Bdmchandrapant 
Am A(ya,'5han kraj i  NixAvba,  and  Ubitittiji  Jitdbav  Senftpati  aeaamed 
the  goveruineiit,  seated  her  aon  Shivaji  a  boy  of  ton  on  tha  cushion 
ai  Btttte,  and  placed  BAjash&i  the  younger  widow  in  couQueinunt. 
TArib£i  did  not  Bx  her  residence  in  any  one  fort  but  moved  from 
place  to  pluco  as  seemed  adrisable,'  Between  L700  and  1703, 
Aorangseli  besieged  Sinhgod.    Aiter  a  three  and  a  half  months 


Cbapt«r  TQ 
HlMory. 

UouuiiirsJ 


JTcyAafa. 


lesc. 


1700. 


'  Grwl  Dvff^  Mu«U^  IGO-M ;  mmI  Orme'*  HUtorieal  Pn^Monta,  164 
■  A<xorAai^  to  Khltl  Khin  Tlrib4i  van  tho  be>rt  of  her  offioen  uid  took  vigoron* 
mewsn*  (or  nT«|piig  tba  inp«ri4l  t<imt<>r}-.  I»  *pitc  of  aU  AonngBtb'*  stniKlMi 
and  Klieawa,  ounpalgM,  And  •iogat.  Hm  power  of  th«  UankUU*  wwtcd  iuMd  «I 
vaaio^  They  penetrated  iDtotba  oM  itniieniU  tcmMric^  nhuidnii^  Hid  ikirtnTiiis 
Whenvcr  tlwy  wul.  In  imiMtion  of  tho  nniporor,  who,  with  hi*  unj  and 
entomriiiiif  ooMu  wm  Kt«>iui[  in  th«  Ueccaa  nioBBtkins.  tMiM'%  «>m«uu*d«n 
cut  tha  ADohar  of  penaaaenoe  whvrovor  thvjr  iMMtnXad.miid  bftvinjt  kppointad 
luBOMMiir*  or  NrvoBBs  eollMton,  p*Mwd  tho  tuna  to  their  utlif*ctloa  with  their 
wJTM  ftnd  childron.  m»A  tents,  aiwl  •l«phftnt«t  11)«ir  duing  wtnt  bojond  all  bouiMlA. 
Tho^  divided  mil  th*  dittricta  or  pirjaiidi  kmoog  themMlraa,  and,  foUoving  th« 
nrnctfco  of  tha  imperial  rula,  appotuMd  Uialr  tittAfddn  or  praviooUl  pntmott, 
«Bmft(a'l(Alra  or  revraoo  cullefUin.  and  raKMan  or  toll  aolk«toi^  KUft  RhAn 
MuDtakhha-ILuMb  in  Elliot  and  ttomon,  VII.  373-97&. 


caiaptorvn. 

Kiitory. 

TMidi. 
noo. 


bouffbtfrom  the  com niandaQt 


name 

chsng^i)  to  BakaLindabfttiili  or  CrcxI's  Gift.  The  ann^'  Imlted  for 
A  month  at  FouDH  aud  the  npighbnuritiz  villages.  At  Poena 
prinoo  Altiliiul-Mulk  tlic>  sod  of  Knm  Dakab,  llie  sod  of  Aunuigseb, 
died  and  AuranTy^b  rbanged  the  namo  uf  Puona  to  Mubiabad. 
From  Poona  the  Moghal  army  marched  against  RAjgad  in  Blior,  and 
bj  17U5  Panuidbar  was  taken.'  In  MOb,  after  bslthif;  7^  months 
Dear  Jnonar,  tho  oniperor  qnitted  the  nciglibuurhood  of  Pcwna  and 
marcbcd  tovrardu  Bijdpur.^  A»  Boon  ns  tlie  Muglia.1  troops  witbdrow 
Sbaokriji  ^^rAjran  Sachiv,  the  chief  inaDu^^er  of  tiie  country 
round,  retook  tJinhgad  and  »omo  other  ])1aoe&.'  The  loss  of 
Siohgttd  and  of  Panhfila  in  Kotbdpur  was  a  ^eat  grief  to 
Anrsngseb.  It  inoreaned  the  iUndss  from  which  lie  vras  suffering; 
and  from  irkich  bo  rocorflrcd  very  slowly.  ICulfikdr  Kbdu  was  aeot, 
to  retake  Sinhga*!,  ami,  before  bis  departure  tho  emperor  cominitlf>d 
Somblulji's  sou  Shi&bu  to  bis  charge  and  ZatGk&r  tried  to  bring  tW 
MaritbiUi  to  bis  side  by  sending  Wttors  from  SliAtiu  »&  their  lafrfiil 
prince.  From  wjint  of  suppliea  Sinhgnd  yielded  to  ZulSkir,  bnt,  an 
aooQ  08  he  rotired,  frum  tlia  same  cause,  it  was  speetlily  retaken  by_ 
_^ Shaokrdii  KAMyan. 

jHU^.,  In  1 707  on  the  occasion  of  ShAIiu'a  mari-iage  ■witli  tlie  daaghtcrs  ol 

jhMrariaiv  the  J&dhav  of  Siodkhed  and  oC   i^iudb   the   j>dtH  of  Kinnnrkhodj 

J707.  AuraiiB7.^b  oouferrod  on  him   Indilpiir   and  Supn  in    Poona    with 

other  uintnct*,*  TitrilbAi  and  bor  niiitinttTe  took  adrantago  of  tlie 
abaenoe  of  the  main  body  of  the  Magbnl  anny.  Dhaaiiji  JAdhar 
defeated  Lodikbitn  tho  oominandant  of  Poona,  and  retook  Chikan, 
and  tho  Marilthiis  rapidly  occupied  aa  well  tu  plundered  the  country. 
In  the  same  yunr  (17<)()  Aorantneb  died,  and  steps  were  taken  to 
reletM  S^hu.  On  his  arrival  in  roona  mvaus  wcro  succcMfolly 
ennpioyeoKi  detach  DlianAJi  from  the  cause  of  Tiiriibai  Au  action 
too*  p]ft«e  ut  the  villnuv  of  Khod  twenty-two  miles  north  of  Poono 
iu  which  the  Fratintdlii  was  not  supported  by  Dhan^ii  and  was 
obliged  to  fly  to  SAtiira.  Dhonttji  joined  Sliiihu  ai)<1  proovi^cd  towardi 
Chandan-Waadaa  in  Siit&ra.  SoAbu  sailed  the  mmilies  of  all  tl 
men  of  rank  who  were  acting  against  him;  and  summoned  SbnnkrAji 
I4£rtiyan  the  Pant  Sachir  to  delirer  Piinindhar  ^hit^h  he  had  taken 
shortly  before;  but  Sbankr^ji  did  not  obey.  In  17)1,  as  be  ittill 
adbored  to  ihe  cause  of  T&rdbdi,  Shihu  determined  to  reduce 
Sbankritji  N&rfiyan's  territory,  which,  as  it  indudt'd  Kajt^ad  ShirAji's 
fir«t  capital,  was  considered  ibo  centre  of  Mar^tlia  rule.  An  army 
was  sent  townrde  Puona  and  took  liiljgad.  Shihu  was  spared  the 
{Trent  labour  of  besieging  the  Pant  Sacbir'a  other  forts  by  the  nowa 
that  ShonkrAji  had  dron'ned  himself,  it  -km  said,  onb  of  remorse 


n 


>  Khl£  Kbiii  .\{uiit>l(Ubu-l-LuUb  Id  Elliot  u,A    Dovioii.  VIK  373i  »i>.l  Or 
D>a'•MarltU^  1T7.        '  Qruit  DnlTit  UaiitlUa,  ITS;  EUliot>titt  Do<*-«od.  VII.  STt 

■Gnnt  DuB'i  &Uritbi«.  IM. 

*  Onnt    Dnfl^*  Uanktba),  )$4.      On  tlil«  ommiod  Aorangteb  Mnong  other  jireMnifi 
to  Shlbu   mvB  bim.  a  nrord   b«  had   biowcU  fraqnwitly    worn,  woid  m>4<ir*d    t«' 
Rwordi  whiati  8bAlia'*  a(t«nilMit*  )in4  alwaya  tirgM  t^iutbo  to  roooror.    On«  of  tba 
wa*  Shivtii'v  funoM  HuvUii,  Mid  tbe  obhwr  ltt«  tvunl  o(  JUtol  Sbin  tbc  uBrdcr 
g«Mr>J  of  Sijlpur  ■U  el  wbiefa   wae  Ukea  at    Ravgkd  iu   ISW.    Th«c  ivonb 
were  in  the  poasMUon  of  tbe  fUj»  of  StUn  ia  1626,  Uttio, 


DseOBin 


POONA. 


211 


t>ocnii«c  ho  hail  Sonnd  hitnseH  by  oath  to  T&rAh&i  to  Ught  ngaiiiBt 
bis  lawful  prince.'  Shiiha  with  charncterigtic  conciliation  sent  robos 
t>f  inrostituro  to  Sbftnkrftji'H  son  K&ro  Shnnkitr  n  child  of  two  jeara 
old  and  confirmed  bia  niuf<i/i%  or  deputjr  in  thnt  post  llie  Pant 
SacLiv's  part.^  novvrngAin  xwvrrcd  from  tboir  ullu^inncoto  Bh&ba.* 

In  Marcb  1708  Sh&hn  was  wtablished  at  S^t&ra,  nnd  in  1710 
TirAb&i  with  ber  son  Shirtlji  *  went  to  Kolblipur  and  cstabUshcd 
berseH  there.  Chsodrasen  J&dhar,  who  had  been  appointed  fienapati 
or  commander-in-chief  on  bia  father  Dhaniji'a  death,  was  sent  from 
SfiUira  with  ft  cousiderablowmy  to  levy  the  chauih,  Bardenhmukhi, 
and  gha^dfina  from  the  Uoghal  diatncts.  On  thia  ocoadion 
Chandrasen  was  Attended  by  his  father's  a^ent  or  karhun  fidllii 
ViahvanAtb/  the  founder  of  the  Peehwas  of  Poona  who  was  now 
charged  with  collecliti^  the  lUtja'a  share  of  the  reTenue,  a  position  of 
control  Tory  frnlHng  to  Chandrasen.  A  dispute  about  a  deer  which 
bad  been  run  down  by  one  of  BtiAji's  horsemen  forced  B^lttji  to  See 
for  his  lifo.  He  fled  first  to  SAsvad,  where  the  Sachiv's  a^nt 
in  Pni-andhar  did  not  tliink  it  prodent  to  protect  him.  Hia 
pnrfiaera  were  in  »^ht  hot  the  commander  of  the  fort  woidd  not 
allow  him  to  onter.  With  a  few  followers,  among  whom  wore  his 
Ronn  lUjir^T  and  Chimnriji,  HCiiaji  VishvanAth  attempted  to  croBs  to 
Ptodngad  fort  in  tho  opposite  valley,  but  the  J&dh%T'0  horenion  wore 
OQ  hia  track  and  searching  for  bim  in  every  qaarter.  Bdlaji  mauarcd 
lo  hide  hiingolf  for  a  few  days.  Th(vn  two  ManLth^  Piliiji  Jfidbav 
and  Dhiimal,  two  of  his  eelf-boreed  Irooperfi, undertook  to  carry  him  to 
a  placo  of  Bflfety,  'J'lioy  (fathered  a  snmil  troopof  hnrse,  and,  thnngh 
Utey  were  attacked  on  the  way  and  n  man  on  each  aido  of  him  hud 
to  hold  on  BfUllji  vhn  could  not  ride,  they  carried  him  and  hia  aona 
out  of  danger.  After  thi|  ChandnuMTii,  Bi&ldii's  riral,  left  tho 
Mar&thto  and  took  ei-rrico  with  the  Niziim,  and,  with  the  Nizim'a 
help,  drove  back  ShAhn'a  forces  from  the  Godivari  to  the  Bhima. 
To  wipport  hts  local  troops  Shilhu  eent  3&Uji  whom  he  di^nilied 
witb  the  title  of  nena  kurt  or  army  agent.  Bdl^ji  joined  Hailjjttriiv 
Nimbilkar,  and  they  together  fell  back  on  Purandhar,  A  battle 
was  fought  which  the  ManUhia  claim  as  a  victory,  bnt  which  seems 
to  have  been  a   defeat  aa  they  afterwards  retreated  lo  the  SAlpa 

Sou».  Poona  was  overrun  by  a  detachment  of  Ufanlthds  in  toe 
Iiz4m*8  service  under  Ram6h6ji  NimbAIkar.  An  agrecraont  waa 
made,  and,  aa  was  their  custom,  the  Moghal  troops  retired  for  the 
rains  to  Anrangabod.     As  soon  aa  thoy  were  gone,  under  different 


Cbapter 
HiMoi7< 

8Mh.il, 
1707-1717. 


I 


*  AliAnkrlji  pMfoTDMd  tliB  ^lomnuiiM  or  irst*r-bniri«I  by  iltdnn  tied  to  *  wowUa 
raft  which  doaiteJ  on  •mpW  jftra  piaroad  with  hob*.  A*  tlie  jam  iUIih]  th*  nft  laok 
and  th*  ptnoa  t«ftt«4  «ti  tb«  nit  \n»  droKii«d.  Uindti  il«voc««a  wmo  rUkcr  pwtul 
tothw  form  of  death.    Gnuil  DalTa  Uaritli^  ISO  loot. 

'  Grwit  Dufl".  Mtnithi*.  180. 

*  In  Jnuuary  171'.!  Stiivaji,  the  toa  of  Tintbil.  who  WH  of  weak  mind,  di«d  of 
anull'iHix.  l>u  Ilia  daath  T.irabii  wu  maor**!  frxwa  tbe  Mlmiiu*tnti«D,  aad 
Sunliliiji  th«  MO  ol  fUiutdl  tho  yonnRn  widow  of  RljArlm  vu  nnpoiatMd  tn  her 
ateMl  Tiidbdiaad  Bb^viiuMi  hor  sun'n  widow,  wliau  MtitobAvabMnpnanaatBt 
UiatiRiA  of  h*r  hiaabaiul'ailcatb,  irvn  pat  into  c<>ii£Deinmit. 

*  B&Uji  ViiOivanUb  wm  Uu>  tulhtmi  ih-  rflluc  Docouetant  of  ShriTftrdhan  in 
Jaailrs,  »  tilla^  than  claitncd  by  tl^s  Sidi  [ram  wliicb  in  oaa»viiuejic« ci  ibmo  intriga^ 
rMinedted  witb  t}i«  Sidi'i  onraiv  Angrin  be  had  ded  taSiavad  in  Foona.  U'd  wai 
recMnmitDdad  to  I>h»n*)i  J.tilhnv  by  Abaji  Pumnd liars  aitd  P*r«BtinrAm  Trimtak. 

a  1.137-31 


aoraDKyi 


S4a 


DISTRICTS. 


Cl)Bpt«r  711- 
Skiikm. 


i>irW /Vtthra, 

'  '714  -ITO. 


luadon,  ibc  llariilUlU  spretKl  vluudoritig  over  tbc  cotiiitry.  All  tlio 
leading  Uiutlu  de»hmukks  auu  lUahfxindiiU  iu  the  Hugltal  uarls  of 
the  Muiiitha  oouotr;  fortiCeil  tbeir  villages  od  pretence  o£  deleDdtng' 
them,  but  often  joiiif.'xl  und  bvtped  their  <%iimti-yiaea.  As  Nia^tin-ul- 
Mtilk  {iivoutvd  tae  Kolh&pur  part/,  Sh^bu's  iuflueooe  coutiaued  to 
dccliuu.  Ill  (be  pi-eviiiljaK  onaroby  Dauiilji  Tliorat,  who  waa 
atlAL-hetl  to  tlie  cause  of  KoUulpur,  strengliieiied  a  luuil  fort  in  tbo 
Tillago  of  Hin^i  or  Uiogaogaoa,  near  F&t&s,  about  forty  miles 
eaet  of  Poona  and  Icviod  oontribationg  about  thirty  miles  round. 
B&JAji  Viahvandtb,  who  8«t  oat  to  rodoce  DamAji,  was  s^duood  to 
a  ouufcrouoe,  ti-cnchcron^ly  soizod.  and  throwu  into  coofinometit, 
togstber  wicb  bis  frirod  Abftji  l*uraDdliare,  B&l&ji'a  two  aona 
BjijirAv  and  ChiiiinAji,  and  HoveraL  of  their  itumediate  retaioen. 
Tbunlt  tb^(^a[ouod  tbctn  witb  torture  and  doutb  tf  they  did  not  f^y 
a  large  ransom.  Tho  mosoni  w&h  pnid,  and  (he  Sachir  waa  seati 
agninst  DBtnAji.  But  Iiu  ttuh  dofootod  and  biinsoif  uud  biN  cbie^^ 
agettl  toade  priaoaon.  ^H 

Aboat  the  eaino  time  Babiropant,  Sbihu's  minSstor  or  pe*hvraf 
nndertook  an  expndiUon  into  the  KoDkan  to  repel  the  pirate  chief 
Anuria  u(  Kotiiba.  Baliiropnnt  nan  dc:^feiki<>d  and  mnclu  priiioui^r. 
Angm  advanced  and  took  ibt-  forta  of  KiLimichi  and  Lohogau  in  ireat- 
Poooa.  Angria  ioteuded  to  inarch  od  S&tAra,  but  ho  was  met  and 
defeated  bj  BAliiji.  Aft«r  the  defeat,  Itt^lAji,  by  thsgraDt  of  ten  forta 
end  sisteen  fortitied  placea  in  tho  Konkan,  persuaded  Angria  to 
fonsukt*  the  cauie  of  Kolh&pur  uud  beoome  tnbutnrv  to  Sh&ha.*  la 
couaequL'uce  oC  thta  valuable  cervice,  in  1714,  Balaji  VishvanAth 
waa  appointed  Peshwa  in  place  of  Bahiropant  IHit^le  irbo  waa 
remoTea.  fi&lAji'a  friend  Abjiji  I'urandhare  was  oonliriQed  as  bis 
deputy  or  muta^lik  and  U^auijipaot  ^bilnu  the  ancestor  of  the 
celebrated  N&ua  Paduans  aa  lua  eocntary  or  fonlitarn*.  After 
Obaadraaen  JjUlbav  deserted  to  tbe  Moghata  in  1710,  M&n&ji  Uoro 
had  been  appointed  Sb&ha's  commaoder-in-cliief  or  aendpati.  Siooo 
then  he  hod  porformcd  no  aervico  of  distinction.  BJil&ji  Peehwa 
noiT  amvnged  that  MAntiji,  the  commandcT^in-chief  «Hth  IlaibatrAr 
NimbiUkar  should  reduce  Dain&ji  ThorAt.  Before  hostilities  began 
Bdliiji  BucGuodod  in  procuring  the  rcleoso  of  Damiji's  prisoner  tbo 
Pant  Sachir,  and,  iu  ffratitude  for  thin  senrice,  the  Pluab  Soclur's 
mother  presented  JtilAji  with  all  tbo  Pant  Suohiv'a  righta  ia 
Poraadhar  nnd  gavo  him  tho  fort  aa  a  place  of  safety  for  his  fatally 
ivfaofle  head-qnarters  had  hitherto  been  at  S&svad.  Tbis  traaiiEer 
was  confit-DiL-d  by  SliAbo,  Tho  force  sfsomblvd  in  the  Poooa 
district  under  Mauuji  waa  too  powerful  for  Thordt.  He  waa  drivea 
ba«k,  Uingaugam  hia  fort  wax  Miorniod  and  dotitroyed,  and  himself 
made  prisoner.  In  1715  Bilitit  Peshwa  induced  the  Moghal  agent 
toT  tho  Poona  district,  a  Mar^tha  named  Bi,ji  Kodam,  to  make  over 
the  superior  aathonQ'  to  bim  on  tho  promiau  that  KambhAji 
MimbalifAr's  estates  eboiilil  bo  roap«cted.  Aa  »oon  as  he  acquired 
this  authority  D^l&ji  turned  bis  attentioQ  to  putting  down  the  '     ~ 


m 


t  Tha  t«n  foTts  iFtr<^  KliAnilcii.  KolAbk,  SavaradurK,  Vilayadns,  i'jrmii  DOTdiirg, 


Kafilkdaru,  Fatouail,  Auctiitfiid,  and  ' 

Ikbirojiftd.  Kotia,  Veakatipd,  MAnikaid,   aimtd.  t 
Khorapttw,  lUmiarg,  Kajitpur,  AulMr.SJitavli,  lOmtv, 


vnnUiai^aiMr  Mj   - 


I^ONA. 


I 


r 


booters  with  whom  the  conotry  swarmed,  ho  stopped  reventie" 
farming,  and  encouraged  tillage  hy  granting  leosoa  at  loiv  ratoa. 
NegotiatiouB  between  ohiUin  and  the  court  of  Delhi  were  set  on 
foot,  ID  coneoqiieiioc  of  which  in  1718  Bdldiji,  in  command  of  a  ?Argo 
contiDgeut,  was  sent  to  Delhi  to  assist  tho  S&jads.  This  wan  tho 
heginnine  of  Marilthfi  inHiicnro  at  Delhi  with  which  till  1803  they 
wore  BO  closely  connected.  'Iliu  hntUo  of  Shilhiipur  dustroycd  tJio 
power  of  the  Sayndn,  and  established  Muhammadiihfib  anon  the 
throne  of  tho  decajnng  umpire.  B^dji  succeeded  in  obtaining  from 
tho  imporia]  court  thruu  gruits  odo  for  the  oHanth  or  one-fourth  of 
the  whole  revenue  of  the  atx  *uh}ta4  of  the  Deccitn,  including  tho 
UaidarBlMtd  and  Biiripur  ttirritories,  the  Kuru^tAk,  uaid  the  tributary 
states  of  Tanjor,  Trirhinopoli,  and  Maisur,  and  a  second  for  tho 
tardttukmuhki  or  additivmu  one-tenlh  of  the  Deccan  revenue.  The 
third  ^aut  was  for  (be  Hvardj  or  home-rule  by  the  MarlithtU  of 
sixteen  districts,  which  they  stated  Shiriiji  held  at  the  time  of  his 
death.*  Under  this  arronr^meut  almost  the  whole  <^  Poons,  Snpa, 
B&r&mati,  Ind^pnr,  and  Junuar  hecaoie  part  of  bho  Murdtlia  home- 
rale.  In  reward  for  bis  aerTicea  on  the  occasion  BiiUji  VishinuiMh 
r«eei7cd  seveml  d)9trict4  near  Pooob  in  peraoiud  grant  or  jiUfir 
including  the  fort  of  Lohogad. 

Not  longafter  (1720)  Chiukulicb  Kh4n,  better  known  as  tho  Niz^m- 
nl-Malk,  who,  after  tho  ninrder  of  the  einneror  Ferokahir,  had  been 
appointed  fforemor  of  Miilwn,  revolted,  nnd  cro4(--<infr  thoN&rbadaand 
defcatine  the  imperial  forcua  at  Bnrh^npur  and  BdUpur,  mndu hiuiM;lf 
tndoponaeDt  in  the  Dorian.  U^ji's  health  had  9.ulTei-ecl  considerably 
from  the  futigue  of  the  jonmoy  to  and  from  Delhi  nml  ihu  lubour  he 
bestowed  on  the  management  of  affairs  after  his  return.  Ho  was 
allowed  to  retire  for  reat  tojiis  family  aeat  at  S^vod,  where  be  died 
inafewdftTsin  April  172).  He  lefb  two  sous,  B&jirAr  and  Ohiinniji^ 
and  two  ilatighlors  Bhiub^  married  to  Abdji  Naik  tho  brother 
of  B^nji  HiSak,  a  rich  banker  of  It^iimati,  and  AnnnbtU,  the 
wife  of  NArAyanwlv  Uhorpado  of  Ichnlkaranji  in  the  Bombay 
Kam<ltak,  For  oeai4j  seren  montbsaftor  his  father's  dcnth  Billiiji'a 
eldest  SOQ  IMjir^T  was  not  formally  invoeted  with  the  dignity  of 
Peshwa.  At  lost  Bajirttv  receirod  his  robes,  bis  brotbor  Chimniiii 
received  the  command  of  an  army  ander  the  Peshwa  and  the  district 
of  Supa  in  gmut  or  J<igir,  and  Abajinanb  Pnraiidluire,  thi' 
futhcr  a  head  a^'out,  was  rcinTGetod  by  Sh^n.'  Soon  alter  his 
appciiutment  lUjir&v  Peshwa  set  oat  with  au  army  for  Kh&ndeah, 
but,  till  1724,  he  was  forced  every  yeur  tu  return  to  fjiltiiru. 
UdjirAv's  great  design  was  to  extend  Jdarstha  power  in  ^ortb 
India.'  In  a  debate  before  Sh^u  he  mid|  Now  is  oar  time  to 
flrivestraDgOTsfrom  the  la-ud  of  tho  Hindus  and  to  gain  undying 

*  Tho  urarti}  or  hotne-riile  iliatriota  wcra  P<xwa,  Hops  {noludiiis  BlrlnwiU,  ladtaWt 
VAi,  Uie  MivaU,  SiUni,  lUrliAil,  Kb>Uv,  Mdo,  PlialUu,  MnllOpar.  TUl*,  FMUb, 
Air*,  Jiuutv,  aiid  KoUiApui ;  Utv parjnnilii  at  Knpul,  l>adj«,  llaljlU.  aad  ail  tha  lorta 
wnioh  wore  cu»tur*il  bj  ShivjUi  to  Uio  uurUiutLheTuiubliAiIra,  miiI  RimiuKu  ia  tka 
Koiilun  indnJing  Outilvri,  JawbAr,  dwul,  BhimgMC  Hbitruili,  K*l]rin,  (Uipnh, 
Dibhol.  JivU,  RsjApnr,  rtiODda.  AkoU,  sad  Kadi).  Themi  nhlid*  of  the  Ueocwi  wera 
Annm^bad,  Bodkr.  Benlr,  Hijitpur,  HaidM«,liiid,  onil  KhAndcah,  yidding  ut  Mtiinil«d 
vevenneof  Rt-I8,<K.I7.%(^  Ih*  MrrfMJtmiwUt  on  whiah  wu  lU.  1,80,^1,730,  and  Um 
ekaaih  Uid  othet-  H^hU  (U.  11.75,16,763.     Oraat  DaflTa  KurAtkU,  900. 

■■I  Una%  VaS't  MwithAa.  2Ua  *  Gnat  DudPi  ManUlida,  SIC, 


Ckap^VI] 
Histoiy. 

)7»-1617. 


Srttmd  PnSn 


rSombay  CwEattetr. 


244 


DISTRICTS. 


AptMT^TII. 

UlHiTHjLlt, 

I7W-1W7. 


la*  A'dmOMtAfb, 
"hird  />«*««■, 


renown.  B;  tumiiig  our  efforts  to  HmdtiDlio  llie  Mariitliii  flag 
eiialX  fly  fruin  tlio  Krisliutt  to  the  Attok.  Let  ub  strike  at  the  trunk 
of  Iho  Trithi'riug  tree  and  the  branches  must  fall  of  llieiitselve!]. 
Sli&bti  for  the  tnomont  rouUHl  to  somelUiag  of  his  frrsadfalhcr's  sptnt 
repliw].  You  shall  p)aat  my  flag  oa  the  Himfilayiia.  Yoa  are  a 
nolilo  HOn  of  n  worthy  fftthor.  At  this  time  &«Tera]  Maratha  ofBoere, 
who  nFt«rwunl8  bccatnc  iadependeat  leaders  or  fonnders  of  states, 
row  to  distinction.  The  ohiof  of  tbeso  were  MalhArji  Holkar,  the 
ancastor  of  thu  Rolknniof  Indar  tbea  ckau^ula  or  s&aistant  hoadmao 
of  tbo  villacc  of  Hoi  on  the  Nira,  Rrinoji  "Siudia  the  ancestor  of  the 
Sindiia  of  Qwdlior.  thu  Pvshwa's  slipper-bearor,  Uil&ii  Pov£r  the 
aDcoabor  of  tho  Puv^ns  of  Dh^r  an  enterprising  wamor  of  M&lws, 
and  Ptl&ji  GAilcwdr  the  son  of  Dam^ji  U^ttwAr  too  aQ««ator  of  the 
Btirodu  Giiikwttm.'  la  17m  BajiMv  remainecl  at  Poocii  nttd 
employed  himself  in  the  intemal  management  of  Alar&tha  affaire. 
His  Tiotory  over  hi*  rival  TrimbakrAT  DdbhAde  tbo  Mnrdtha 
comuiaiidei'-in-chief  or  Semipati  like  the  isEme  of  erery  cirtt  war 
left  uufrieudly  fooliogH  in  mBny  minds.  BAjirAv  took  every  meana 
to  rfgniii  guodwill,  among  others  contiociag  DAbb&de's  practice  of 
feeding  some  thousand  Bnihtnans  for  i-ov«ra1  dayn.  Thia  charitable 
practicu  Bttjtrjiv  continned  at  I'oona  and  gave  sumii  of  money  at 
the  flame  timo  to  the  ajwembled  ShAstris  and  Vaidika.  This  festival 
waa  coDliaued  by  bia  aucceesors  and  mus  known  by  the  aame  of 
Vakehina  or  mouBy  gifta.'  In  1734  HH&ji  wan  must  eacaousfut  in 
the  Dorth  gaining  MAtwn  and  tho  U-rritory  between  the  Chamb«l 
and  the  Nuri>ada,  aad,  in  1789,  bis  brother  Chimn&ji  drove  tbo 
Portuguese  from  alinoKL  nil  tboir  iMiding  poBsaasions  in  the  N'ortb 
Koukau.  MjirAv  died  in  1740.  He  loft  three  aons,  B*14ji  tbo 
eldetit  who  succeeded  biin  a»  Pewbwa,  RrtghanitbrtlT  tbo  second 
afterwards  eo  well  known  to  the  GngtiEti,  and  Jantirdao  Bdvu  who 
died  in  eurly  youth.  He  lott  on©  illegitimate  son  by  a  Muhamroadau 
niolber  whom  he  bred  as  a  Aliualmlln  and  named  ^amsbcr-BubAdur. 
Bajir&v  was  ambitiouB,  a  thorough  soldior,  hardy,  self-denying, 
p«]-aeveritig,  and  patriotic.  Mnrittba  pictures  rcpr^-»ent  biiii  <«ting 
fried  Jvdri  ears  or  hurda  an  he  riilejs  at  the  brad  of  a  troop  of 
Uai-iitha  Botdiere.  He  waa  no  unworthy  rival  of  Niaam-al-Mnlk, 
and  wielded  the  mighty  arm  of  Maratha  power  with  ineomparablo 
energy.  While  the  main  body  of  his  army  remained  encampea  on  tho 
Sbivgauga,  Itaghuji  Bhunala  the  Sena  Saheb  Svbha  or  commandor-in- 
chief  rutii rued  to  Sittara,  and  ende&ToUTed  to  prevent  BAl&ji  ^j^^'<^ 
eucceaaion  aa  Pealiwa  by  proposing  for  the  TucauL  office  Bitpujt 
N4ik,  a  Brfibman  banker  of  Bir^ali,  a  conoection  bur,  an  enemy 
of  the  lat«  Pesbwa  who  waa  B^pnji'a  debtor  for  a  largo  sum. 
Chiefly  by  the  help  ol  his  uncle  Chimnilji,  Bfiliiji's  claims  prevailed, 
and  he  waa  inveatod  in  Axigaat  1740.  The  disappointed  Bipajt 
Nilik  at  Brflt  pressed  BiSlaji  hard  to  pay  bis  father's  debts.  BiiKji 
waa  roticTod  from  thia  annoyanco  by  the  influence  and  credit  of  his 
agent  or  dira'ii,  Mabddlijipant  Purandbai-e.  lu  1741,  on  the  death 
Ofhia  ancle  Chimniji,  BAIAji  Posbwa  roturaed  from  the  northern 


•  Oruit  Ttoffm  Manltliis.  2(5.  .  ,  ,_ 

'  GtKiit  D..rs    Mi.t*l!i»»,  205.      TUiB  dattMnn  fond  li  o"*  «■"  '•^  ^"^     _5 

rern*cuUr  IiUraliirc  *u>l  (wovtdiiig  I«U«vi»hij*  in  ibe  two  «t»  n'UtS«*  '•»  '^0»  ' 

tliinab*r. 


4 


Dmcu- 


POOMA 


IICT  1 


dntriofet  Uiid  W40t  nearly  u  year  in  !inproving  tho  civil  iidm  in  let  ration 
of  PoonftUd  Bil^ra  From  thin  till  174o,  a  tiino  of  compnrauve 
quiet  iu  tlie  Deocson,  BillAjl  ODcoamgcd  ugriculturo,  protoctod  the 
TillugierB  ttnd  ffrain  moruliantSj  and  caused  a  inurlccd  improvement 
iu  the  BtaLo  of  the  cotuitry. 

Sh&ba  died  io  1740  and  was  sttcoeeded  by  R&m  Rdja,  tlia 
po&thuinoii*  8011  of  tbe  second  Sbivtiii  whose  birth  in  1712  wu  kept 
^  B  secret.  Before  Ms  donth  lU14ji  obtAiued  a  deed  from  Shdfau  R^ja 
""wipowering  liim  to  manage  tbe  Mar^tba  empire,  on  condition  of 
p&^tuaiing  the  R&jn'a  name  and  Iceepioj;  np  the  dij^uity  of  the 
nouBoof  Sbir&ji  through  thograadsonof  THr^b&iandbisdoaceDdauta. 
BiWji  left  the  RAja  in  Raghuji'achargpanrl  went  to  I'oona,  and  from 
thistimo  IV>riualjocaino  the  CftpiUl  of  tbo  Mnrittba  empire.  TArabSi, 
vrhom  BaiajnuKnumoSr  ovcTtookod,  ollhoogh  soveatjr  years  of  age, 
ihowfld  him  how  dangerous  it  was  to  alight  n  woman  of  bor  spirit. 
Oo  protenco  of  paying  ner  doTotions  at  ber  hnsband  tt^jdrjm's  tomb 
in  the  fort  of  tSmhgad,  nhe  endenvourod  to  perenade  the  Pant  Sachiv 
.to  declare  for  her  as  ihv  head  vf  the  Mardtba  umpire.  After  mucb 
uaaion  BAIiji  induced  TarJth^i  to  come  to  Poona,  and,  flattering 
br  ninbitioii  wilb  the  hope  of  a  largo  ahare  in  thu  administration, 
]>L-rsaadt)d  her  to  uaa  bor  infiuunce  with  B&m  lUlja  lu  confirm  bia 
achemes.  The  Mardtba  cbtefa  were  snbiteTTicnt  to  the  Peahwa'» 
views  and  were  nob  likely  to  cnuso  opposition.  BilUji  owed  much 
of  bia  success  to  bis  miuiater  or  dirin,  Mah^dajipant,  who,  except 
BnddMbivriiv  bin  cousin  bud  nnjrv  intbionco  tbiiii  iiiiy  ouo  orvr  Btifiji. 
Tbrough  SadoKbivrdva  influence,  Kam  Riija  tbe  new  SitHra  cbief 
a^oud  to  renounce  tbu  entiro  power,  itnd  Iv  lend  hia  sanction  to 
whatever  measures  the  Pcshwa  migbt  pursue.  Alter  BilAji'ii  scheme 
had  80  far  proHpored,  it  wja  nearly  ruined  by  u  quarrel  between  him 
and  bia  coasin  Saddahirr&r.  ^ad^abivr^v  applied  to  B&Uji  for  the 
Hiimo  share  of  authority  a»  bad  l>con  enjoyed  by  Sad&shivniv's  father 
Cliimniiji  Appn.  To  tbisBt&blji  wonld  not  i^roe  na  bo  wna  anxions 
that  tho  aeoond  place  should  be  held  not  by  Sad&Hbivriv  but  by 
MahtUldjipant  Purandbare  to  whom  BtU&ji  waenndordoepobligiUiona. 
^BadiishiTriLT  in  anger  accepted  the  poaition  of  Peshwa  to  the  chief 
of  Eotbftpnr.  Aa  ibiu  qaarrrl  wan  likuly  Konotiuly  to  weaken  the 
power  o£  tJie  Peshwa,  Ma.hMajipnnt  gave  np  bia  poat  and 
SadAabivriv  came  to  l^oona  m  tho  Pcshwa's  minister  or  divdn.^ 

In  1750  Biil&ji  Peshwa  arranged  that  the  Pant  Sachiv  nhoald 
give  biui  Siubgad  in  nxvlmnge  for  'tunfg  and  Tikonu  in  Wo)(t4-n) 
Poona."  He  then  marched  with  au  army  towardti  Aurangabad. 
Id  1751  as  DamAji  GiLikwir  did  not  comply  with  B^l^ji's  commands, 
tho  Pesbwa,  sent  prirato  orders  to  aeuw  aome  of  the  GAikwdr  and 
Dabbado  Families,  who  were  living  at  Talegaon,  and  imprison  them 
in  tbe  bilUfort  of  Lobogad.  Ha  also  treacherously  surrouDded, 
ittackod,  and  plundered  Dninaji'a  camp  which  was  near  faitn  at 
~     '  %,  and  kept  him  iu  uotifiaemeot  in  the  city  of  Poooa.'    During 


CbaptwT 

Kiitorj 

MAai-niJ 

17* 


>  Grant  XtafTw  Martlhi*,  "TI.STZ.  '  Gmot  DolTs  UantthU  27l-27'i. 

*In  oooMqucDue  at  tlii«  treach«ry  Dunaii  ii  nid  eit-r  afur  to  litre  r«fiiMd  to 

'ilntliaPwkwaexoeirt  with  his  l«fth*B<i    CraalDurs  hUntbU.Tii. 


ISoimbay 


2M 


DISTRICTS. 


JbxpterVTl- 
1769. 


tli<}  same  yoar  (1 7-'>l )  llw  tfoghn.1s,  juipportocl  hj  tlie  Prencli,  aclTanced 
towardfl  Poona,  totally  deetroying  every  village  in  tbcir  routo. 
BAUji,  atlhrmed  at  tbeir  progrms,  ondunTourod  to  negotiate,  and  at 
the  saane  time  to  aronM  susptcioD  and  jealousy  of  the  Frent-ti  araoof 
Salibat  Jh[i^«  officers.  Mouaieur  Buttfij^}  tlit;  French  gviivr»l,ftHthe 
best  meoaa  of  oonntcrooting  sucfa  Bobomea  itml  aucuriD^  mfluetico  with 
Ike NiiAm,  exerted  htnuielf  with  JDdgmeDt  and  mtergy.  He  planned 
an  oUack  on  tbu  MnMtlia  cnmp  at  KAjuptir  on  tbu  Ultod  livur  on  tbo 
night  of  the  22iid  of  Nuvombcr,  ut  the  mumeDt  of  an  oclipso  of  tlia 
mooo  when  the  Uindae  were  at  prayer.  Tho  Mordtlia  urmy  flwl 
befoiQ  him,  and  though  only  one  man  of  couseqaunoo  was  wounded, 
some  mlnablo  booty  vhm  taken  particularly  aomo  guld  vuMti'ls 
bclout^ng  to  the  Poshwa.  This  sacceBS  added  greatly  to  Busay'a 
reputation.  J  n  spito  of  the  surprise,  next  day  the  MuriLthlis  wore 
as  active  as  ever.  Still  the  Moghala  pressed  ou,  plundered  KAujau- 
ffBon,  and  totally  destroyed  '^loi^aon  DAbhodc.  At  last  on  tho 
27tL  of  NoTomber  tbey  were  attacked  by  the  Uar&tbis  with  the 
ffroatost  detormination,  and  nothing  bnt  too  French  artiltary  &avod 
tesm  from  totAl  defeats  The  Jkfar^lhAa  were  led  by  MahidAjipatit 
Pomodhare,  the  lat«f  >Hvnn,  supported  by  the  two  »ons  of  Iwiioji 
Biodn,  DattAji,  and  Alahddji,  and  by  Konher  Trimbak  Ekbote  who«o 
feata  of  valoor  gained  him  the  title  of  Phiikde  or  the  hero.  6tiU  tbe 
MogrhnU  pTOMed  on  to  Eorognon  on  the  Bhima.  Negotiations  wore 
opoaod  but  woro  atoppod  by  tbo  oc-vrs  that  tbo  Mar^tblLa  bad  taken 
tbo  Moghal  fort  of  Tninbak  in  N&stk.  SaUbat  Jung  demandod  that 
tho  restoration  of  Trimbak  should  fonu  part  of  aity  sottluinunl.  Thia 
Biliji  refnaed  and  the  Mogbals  moved  tuwards  Junnar  continually 
baniaaod  by  the  Uardih^  At  la.-4t  an  itrmisiioo  waa  concluded  . 
and  tboMoghuls  rcturni'd  to  llaidarabadtt752).  Durbg  the  next.^H 
year  kho  aruii^tice  was  turned  iuto  a  (l^acc.  Buluji  returned  to  S 
Poona  and  Boou  after  propaixid  a  largo  ftircu  for  on  uxpudition  into 
the  Karn&tak  which  turned  out  to  be  the  uioitt  proBtublo  in  whicb  he 
was  ever  engaged.*  Dcforc  bo  loft  for  tbo  Kuruitiik  B&\&\\  endea- 
voured to  arrange  a  coin  promise  with  TArAluU  against  whom  »  (ores 
bad  been  sent  in  tho  previous  year.  La  Jnne  175'!  BAUji  returned 
to  Poona  from  the  Knruilt^ak.  DomAji  Giikwtlr,  who  had  been 
imprisonod  at  Ponna  since  l7ol,  was  anxious  to  procure  his  release, 
and  IMIiij  i  no  tcrod  into  terms,  when,  among  other  puintK  it  was  arranged 
that  Damdji  ahanld  pay  a  Hum  of  £150,000  (Rh.  1.5,00,UOO),  khonld 
set  apu-t  for  the  Pe»hwa  half  of  tho  territory  conquered  by  him  in 
Gajarat,  and  should  pay  a  large  sum  oh  deputy  comniAndei-- in-chief. 

In  \7h\,  with  the  object  of  guiniug  poHsettsion  of  Snrat  then  the 
chief  centre  of  trade  in  Western  India,  RaghunAthr£v,  BAliii'a 
brother,  bad  been  acntto  Gujarfit,  but  was  recailod  witbout  offcctong 
bis  object  Notbiug  more  was  done  till  at  the  close  of  the  rains  o! 
17&4,  to  spread  MardiLha  power  iu  Gujardt  and  to  carry  oat  tbe 
Rottlement  made  with  Dam^ji,  Koghuufitfiriiv  atariod  on  a  Bocond 
expoditioa  to  Gujantt.  Shortly  after  a  second  expedition  which 
B^fiji  ocoompanied  for  some  diataoce  in  poraoo  proceeded  to  tbe 


>  Uiuit  I>nirB  UMAtlid^  360. 


rOONA. 


247 


Koniutak.  Bul^ji,  wlio  ntu  nalnrally  iadolent,  left  ^he  burden 
of  military  aSairs  to  liia  brother  I{ag;]iuiifltbrdv  atid  tho  oivU 
adiuiuutntioQ  to  his  cuuiiiii  Sudlitiliivnlv.  For  more  than  the  life 
of  a  mail  pluiiiler  and  violeuce  lud  beea  RDueraL  Au  improTOiDOnt 
waa  bttfi^uQ  at  this  time  by  RAtnchaudra  B&ba  Sbeuvi  tUo  £rieud  and 
advitier  of  tSadiialiir  and  altar  hiti  d«atli  was  carried  on  by  SadiUbiT 
Cbitiiniji. 

In  March  1753,  Itaghnji  Bhonela  tho  Sena  Saheh  Sttbha  diod. 
Before  his  death  be  coaneellod  his  son  to  proeervo  unioa  in  the 
ManUha  empire.  Soon  after,  with  the  object  of  bt'ing  confirmed 
in  hie  father's  office,  Roghuii's  eoo  JduQJi  came  to  Poona.  Encouraged 
by  Jinoji's  approach,  and,  on  tho  Poshwa's  aesaranco  of  safety, 
TitrAb^ii^  tlio  ngod  head  of  the  S&tAra  state,  came  to  Poona.  Sho 
va«  recsired  with  greab  attention  and  agreed  to  the  Peshwa'a  former 
:  propoula  IlAUji  professed  mucKHiixiHiy  fdrtfaoreleaaeof  RdmRttja^ 
the  S&t&ra  chief,  who  was  thoD  in  ccmtinumeitt  id  8^ra  fort.  Bo 
preModtlio  point,  being  aaxions  that  H»m  RAja  ahould  be  kept  ill 
ooafinemeat  and  judging  tluit  to  profoes  tho  opposite  view  was 
the  tikelieat  meanii  to  bring  Tiinib&i  to  take  the  course  ha  wished. 
This  oiilculntiou  wtm  corrvut  and  tho  chief  roiaaiuinl  a  priisonor. 
Jiboji  Bhousla  agreed  to  the  temiB  snbscribed  by  his  Father.  He 
nndertook  to  furniith  10,000  horse  for  the  aerrioe  of  the  xtate  and 
to  pay  £90,000  (Rs.  9  IdAlvi)  a.  year  to  meet  tho  cost  of  the 
eetaolishment  of  the  6&t4ra  chief.  Jdnoji  was  forru^y  inveatecl 
SB  8ma  H'jhei;  Subha,  aitd  BiUAii  approved  of  the  treaty  J/lnoit 
lisd  made  in  17i>I  with  Alivardi  Kh&n  of  Uaidarabadj  under  whica 
the  ilar&tb&s  were  to  receive  a  share  of  the  reTenuea  of  Orissik. 
Jinoji  then  loft  for  Berfir. 

In  July  1756  R^Uji  Peehwa  returned  from  an  expedition  into  the 
EarnitaK,  Shortly  uflor  BitUii'ii  retam  Uosafiar  Khan,  who  had  b«ea 
difitnisaod  from  the  Ni7jtni»  service  appeared  at  Fooua,  made 
humble  apologies  to  the  Peshwa  and  promwefl  of  good  conduct,  and 
watt  u^a  L-utortaiuod  contnuy  to  t>adilahivriv'»  advice.  In  April 
ITSO  the  capture  of  Angria's  stronghold  of  Gheria  or  Vijaydnrg  in 
Ratn^ri  and  the  destmotion  of  Angri&'s  powur  at  seft  was  tho 
first    schiovenient    which  raided  the  English  to  importance  ns  a 

Klitind  power  in  Western  India.  A  land  force  Mftbo  Pcahwa's 
d  uctcd  with  the  English  fleet.  They  bad  givon  little  aid  and  by 
intrigceB  with  Angria  had  tried  to  Beotit«  QhertafortheniRelvoa.  This 
attempt  was  discovered  attd  prevented  by  the  Englinh,  and  thoEngUab 
wore  it]  tho  strong  position  of  holding  Gheria  of  which  B&litji  wm 
moat  aaxions  to  gain  pOBCeasioD.  In  Octuber  1 7^C,  Mr.  John  Spencer 
and  Mr.  Thomas  Byfield,  memberfl  of  ilie  Bombay  Council,  came  to 
Poona  and  had  a  long  interview  with  BAl&ji  Pcahwa  at  which 
RaglmnfitJirAv  the  Peahwa's  brother  and  Sadishivrfiv  the  Peahwa'a 
ooQUD  were  preisentL  Aa  news  had  reached  him  that  M.  Bussy  had 
been  restored  to  power  at  Uaidambod  BJUdjl  wa8  aiixious  to  obtain 
tho  sorviceB  of  a  body  of  English  troops.  To  this  Mr.  Spencer  waa 
instructed  not  to  agree,  though,  at  the  tfomt:  time,  he  was  to  let  the 
Peahwft  know  that  Salilbat  Kh^n  bad  been  asking  the  Madrae 
j  GoTemment   to  sopply  him  with  i^nglisb  troops  to  aid  liim  in 


cb&ptvTn. 

History. 


(BoDtUiy  OutfkoJ 


DISTRICTS. 


driving  ont  Ihe  French.  Biilfiji  cxTir(<saed  strong  (It sapproTtl  of 
alliance  between  tbeEnglisli  ftnii  tboNixfim.  Undern  trentjr 
oatlie  iZihdit  October  1756  B&lw  Mpreed  to  allow  the  Dsl 
BO  sltAr«  in  the  tr^e  of  tbo  MorAliin  a<Mniotons,  and  tl»o 
■greed  to  ced«  Gberia  to  BAl&ji  recciring  id  ctcban^  ton 
inelnfUug  tUnkot  in  tho  Centnl  Konkon  and  tho  soverei^^ 
B^nkot  riven  BdUJi  engsgod  to  ^to  qo  toiritoiy  to  Aogmnd 
settle  with  tho  Sidi  of  Janjim  regnrdinff  his  costoms  dues  in 
Bdnkot  liver.  He  also  agreed  to  waivo  nJl  otftinis  on  the  Enj 
company  aud  to  levy  on  GRglinh  morchandiso  no  additional  ~ 
datioe.'  Shortly  after  (17&6)  IlaK^ninithrdT,  with  S4UEhantm  Bim 
u  hia  agent  or  Jitdn  started  for  HindtLst&o.  Tboy  weru  joined  q 
KalhiriT  Holkar,  and  together  ftdnuiccd  to  Belbi  And  broke  tk 
power  o{  Ahmad  Abdalli  who  wm  forced  to  rotiro  to  AfjgbaoiitMk 
ThiB,  thongh  ono  of  tho  most  Bocoogsfiil  of  31arAtiw  caznpaigH^ 
■WBB  costly,  and  wrs  not  renmrdcd  wilh  any  larg«  share  of  btwl?. 
At  the  doM  of  17->(1  BAliji  led  an  army  south  to  tho  Kamitu. 
and  crosKed  the  KriMhoa  io  February  1757.  Mfanwhiln  newa  bad 
coma  that  tho  Kngliah  wore  in  trnublo  in  Calcutta,  and  that  war  liad 
broken  out  in  Kuronobo4vruen  Eiiglnodnud  France.  This  CMtsei 
a  change  in  B&Ujis  attitude  to  tho  English.  He  wrote  to  the 
Madras  Ooremmont,  forwnrdinga  letter  to  tbo  king  of  Eoghuid, 
writtvii  with  much  less  (rictidlincKS  than  he  tad  rHowq  ia  tk» 
negotiations  with  Mr.  Spencer,  and.  in  Bpile  of  tho  prorifiioD  ia 
the  1756  treaty  afrrceiug  to  waive  all  claims  on  the  English 
Coinpanjr,  B«kiDg  for  the  trtiAHure  and  stores  which  the  Engliih 
had  carried  off  &om  Gheria.  This  reijnest  was  probably  mada 
not  iu  the  hope  of  getting  the  Uheria  spoils,  btit  preparntoty  to 
demands  for  a  share  in  tho  revenues  of  the  Moghal  provincea  of 
tbo  caatem  or  FAyin  Ghlt  that  is  lowland  Kamlltak  in  whicli  tba 
English  had  now  a  direct  interest.  About  May  1767  BilAji 
returned  from  the  Karo&lok  with  the  greater  part  of  his  anoy 
fiuocesxftil  to  Poena. 

During  the  next  two  years  BAUji  took  a  considerable  part  ia 
BnidKrAhiid  afFairs  where  a  plot  was  on  foot  to  canso  a  revolation 
and  drive  out  the  French.  In  March  ITfii' BAliSji  succeeded  for  a 
time  in  kcoping  the  English  from  takinR  Siirnt  castle,  bnt  through 
tbo  abilJIj  of  .Mr.  Spencer  and  tho  military  talents  of  Admiral  \Vat«oa 
tbo  castle  and  with  it  tho  post  of  Moghal  admirAl  passed  to  the 
English  intbe  same  year.  At  I'oona  the  civil  administration  continued 
under  Ihe  managomontof  •SudfUhivi-fLv.  IJikl&ji's  cousin.  Sad&shivrtlv 
was  Tiolcnt  nnd  grasping  but  active  and  vigorons,  nnd  though  proad 
and  unbending,  bad  a  large  shn  rt*  of  ii^oS  nat  ure  and  good  sense.  He 
was  open  to  bribes  hot  not  nuder  circumatnnofts  to  which  Mahitha 
ideas  ultiu:bfi]  shame.  Slkta^hivrfiT  hnd  a  bitter  cnoiny  in  BAI&ji'a 
wife  Gopikdbiii,  who  foarod  that  SadAshivriir  would  prevent  her  sons 
&om  goiniDK  their  proper  position  and  power  In  the  stato.  To 
remore  her  kstb  SadishivrtLv  was  urgent  in  rcoommouding  to  Biliiji 


)  Onmt  PnfTa  «arttlri>,  398; 


BUJ 


POONA. 


249 


1 
?. 


I 


tlie  early  employment  ot  liis  eldest  eon  VishvfarAv  m   war  and  in 
civil  nffairs.     In  apiie  of  Sml&Uiivriy'B  goodwill   in  tlitH   matUirj 
Gopilc^biii  nnraed  nbittor  dislike  of  Sad&aaivt&v  and    did  what  8Le 
ctinid  to  arouse  uiifrit>Ddly  feelings  between  him  and  her  bnHbond 
IJhUji.     This  ill  fonlbig  did   not  tarn  to  opeo  discoartesy    till  tbe 
returnof  Itugimtltbnlvfmm  NurthIndJaiuI7u9.  SadAshivrtlT blaoseil 
an  arrangomeotof  R&giiii&thr&v's  which  bad  cixnsodaloss  tothestAte, 
and  Kagiiti^tliri&v  left  bini  iu  anger  telling  him  he   lia<l  betttn*  take 
command  of  tbe  nest  expedition.  Ilio  qaarrol  between  [Ugonithniv 
and  Sadd8hi7r&v  upread  to  other  members  of  the  family,  and  tho  ill 
feoliiiR  became  still  stronffer  after  an  attempt  on  SadAshivriv'a  life 
by  MusafTar  Khilu  whoni,ct»tHrary  to  SadilahiTriv'sadviceiBiliji  h;nj 
ren-ired  back  tu  favour.     I'hore  was  no  proof  that  either  Baliiji  or 
IlA^uniithr^T  wa.1  a  pnrty  to  the  plot.    In  1 7G0  tho  arrangetneut  which 
had  been  suggeslud  by  Ragunlithrdv  iu  anger,  tliat  fUgbuD^tbnlT 
HhouldtakoSa(Uahivr^7*aplaceattboheadofcivilaffairaia  theDoccan 
and  that  Saduhivrilv  should  take  Bagon&tbr&T'B  place  at  tho  head  of 
tho  Uar^tha  Army  in  North  India  was  carried  out.  Before  Sad^birr&v 
left  with  hia  army  for  North  India,  news  came  of  the  success  of  sn 
intrigue  for  the  snrrender  of  the  atronp  fort  of  Ahmadnagiir,  which 
for  a  sum  of  money  wtui   betrayed    into  the    hands  of  a    Br/ihmaa 
agent  of  Sad&ihivrAv's  by  K&ri  Jnng  the  Mughal  commandant. 
This   act   of   trcuchery   brought  on  a  war  with  tne  Ntziim.     Biiliiji 
marched  with  a  laivo  army  to  Ahmadnsgar,  and  SadiishivrJiT  moved 
eastnardx.     The  Moghal  army  under  Sahlbat  Jang  and  Niiifim   AH 
met  BdlAji's  army  at  Udgir  on  tho  bunks  of  the    Mlinjra  atwnt 
one  hundred  miles  cast  of  AJimadaagar,  and  chiefly  by  the  brilliant 
couragu  of  Sad^ahirrfiv  ended  in  a  soToro  defeat  to  the  Nizdm. 
Under  the  terms  of  n  treaty  concluded  nfter  this  important  rictory, 
Shivner  in  Pooua>  Daulatabad,  Asirgad,    BijAnur,  and  the  provtoco 
of  Anraog&bad  were  made  over  to  the  Mar^tliia.     These  territorie.i 
yielded   an   estimated   yirarly    revenue   of  over   £C20,000   (Rs.    G2 
lakhe).      Of  the  whole  territory  portions    yielding  an  estimated 
yearly  revenue  of  £410,000  (Rs.   11  Idkkg]    were  according  t-o    tlie 
Peahwa's  practice  granted  as  military  ostat«s  or  jdqir a.     Towards 
the  cio«e  of  17l>0  Sud&thtvriiT  marched  to  North  Incjia  in  comnund 
of  Lbu  richest  army  which  tho  Mar&tb&i  over  assembled.     In  the 
middle  of  January  1761    news  of  tho   ruin  of  the  MarMh^  at 
Pduipat  reached  Po»hwa  BAlnjir&v  in  the  God^vari  v^ley.     The 
measage  ran  :  Two  pearla  have  been  dissolved,  twenty-seveo  gold 
mo/iarv  have  been  lust,  of  tho  ttilver  and  onppcr  the   total   cannot 
be  caal  up.      B^liji  imderatood   that  the  two  leadera  his  cousin 
BadilsUivf&v  and    his  eldest  tton   TitthvlUrlv  were  slain,  nnmbcrs 
of  his  nobles  lost,  and  tbo  mas»  of  the  proudest  army  the  Mar^lh^ 
ever  put  in   the  field   deidroyed.    BAliji  retired   slowly  to  Poona. 
The  blow  crusbud  him,  his  mind  gave  way,  and  he  diud  in  the  end 
of  June  in  the  temple  he  had  bailt  on  Parrati  hill  cloita  to  tho  south 
of  Poena. 

.  Thoogh  under  BalAji  tho  Mnrlitha  power  waa  at  ita  highest, 
and  though  tbe  Mardlhils  pmiso  tho  time  of  Ins  rule,  BiUji  owed 
more  to  his  fathc^r  and  ^andfnther  and  to  his  brother  Kagbnuithrtiv 
and  his  cousin  SndilshivrAv  tban   he  owed  to    himwlf.      He    was 


Chapter' 
History. 

17W'I8I7. 


F4aif 


lB«DbiL7 


TMP. 


g&O 


TlISTRICXa 


ChAptor  VII. 
History. 

MAitAiiiiai 
1714-1760. 


FovriA  /'uAm, 

mi- ml. 


la^y  sensual  and  dbsipAted,  but  kind  geseroiia  aact  cliAritable.  He 
loved  intrigue nii<l  hftted  violence.  Ho  had  great  address,  polished 
mauDera,  aod  considerftblo  politico)  aogacity,  tempered  bj  a  ounning 
which  pnssed  for  wisdom.  Though  perbaps  less  welUonlered  tfaan 
it  becaino  about  thirty  years  later  under  N&ua  PadnaviA,  under 
BAlAji  IWjintv  the  administriition  of  the  coimtrv  round  Poons  waa 
greatly  improved.  Biliji  VisLvanAth  the  first  Peshwa  (1714-1720) 
bad  done  good  bv  Btoppiiig  rerenue-&rming,  by  grtititiQK  land  on 
cheap  le-iKM,  iLnd  by  enconraging  villagers  to  protect  thetuaelra^J 
froDi  the cxaciious  <j£  petty  chiefs.  Still,  tit)  about  ]7&0.  the  oount^H 
round  Poona  was  full  of  turbaleuce  and  disorder.  B&Uji  BAjir^^ 
appointed  mo'tnlaliiiin  and  aubheddr*  to  the  difierent  districts  and 
orer  them  in  the  more  distAnt  pnrts  placed  a  narsubhedar  or 
provincial  governor.  Foona  and  the  other  lands  between  the 
uod&van  and  the  Krishna,  though  the  beat  protected  terri  lories 
Qodor  M«rAtha  rule,  bad  no  governor.  Instead  of  being  under  a 
governor  th«j  wore  under  the  Pesbwa'a  favourites  and  oonrtiers, 
who  hod  absolute  police,  revenne,  and  iadicial  power.  They  alayoil 
at  court,  governed  by  deputy,  allowed  their  districts  to  fall  into 
disorder,  pojd  to  the  state  bnt  a  small  share  of  their  revenues,  and 
fnraiahed  no  ncoonnU.  IWU^ji  B&jir&v  waa  too  indolent  to  refo 
thoBO  abuses.  Bnt  Sad^ahivriv,  acting  ou  a  policy  which  was  Rta 
by  Bdrochandm  BHba  Shenvi,  appointed  a  governor  or  garavbhed.- 
and,  in  spite  of  opposition  which  in  one  case  bad  to  be  met  hy  for 
oonipell<«d  the  ninnagera  of  the  districts  to  produce  their  aoeoun' 
and  to  pay  tho  atate  its  shore  of  the  revenue.  A  respectable 
ShSsf  ri  wo-s  plapod  at  the  head  of  juRiice  and  the  police  was  greatly 
improved.  Thcso  rcforma  and  the  Pbshwa's  aiiccasa  in  war,  which 
enriched  the'Dcccanwith  the  spoils  of  great  part  of  India,  improved 
the  atate  of  tho  people.  The  Manitlta  peasantry  have  ever  since 
blessed  the  days  nf  Bil&ji  BAjinlv,  or  oa  ho  was  commonly  called 
NAna  Saheb  Pcshwa.^  m 

Thongh  power  liad  so  entirely  passed  from  tho  SAtira  chief  tiJi 
he  bad  to  get  leave  from  the  Peshwa  to  appoint  an  agent  to  collecf 
bis  dni»«  K*  hereditary  iitahraukh  of  Indiipur,  BiUji's  second  son 
Mfidhavriv,  then  in  his  seventeenth  year,  in  Sontember  1761  werut 
to  SAlara  to  receive  investiture.  The  yonng  Mitdhavr&v  and  his 
nnole  Ragliuiiitthi-Av  who  was  appointed  regent  had  to  faee  the 
difficulttea  which  the  ruin  of  Panipat  had  bronght  Hpon  tho  heads  of 
the  Mfinitha  empire.  Tlie  fimt  difTiculty  was  in  the  Konkan  whor^ 
the  English  sided  with  the  Sidl  of  Jaoiira,  saved  his  state  fn^H 
destraceioQ  by  tho  Marith&s,  and  forced  tho  Mar&thike  to  restoff 
part  of  tho  Hidi's  hinds  which  they  had  taken."  Baghun&tfariT 
agreed  to  theiie  terms  because  he  know  that  N'isilin  Ali  was  collecting 
a  large  force  in  the  hope  of  winning  hack  the  tcrntoriei^  which  had 
been  lost  to  Boidarabad  by  the  defeat  of  Udgir  in  1760.  The 
Pcshwa's  finances  were  low  and  the  Mar&tba  nobles  held  b 
from  coming  to  the  Pesfawa's  help.     Kaghun^tfar^v,   in  the  h< 


t,  and 
efor^y 

ountin 


*  anat  DuITi  U«r<lhi*.  M7.  '  i\tt.«K.  Dura  Uudtfaia,  M0-3S. 

'  Grant  DvtfTt,  MutthAs,  324. 


Deccan) 


POONA. 


£51 


of  securing    iko  services  oC  Buglisli  Lroops,  uffcred    Uio   Boinl]»y 

y60T6miQE>at  largG  ressioDS  of  territory  near  Jambusnr  in  Gujarit. 

'^hat  iho  BijinWy  Oovcmment  M,-BDteu  was  the  i»lim'l  of  S^sottc  but 

^this  JtHglmD&tlir&v  was  iDoat  unn-illiDg  to  give.     While  oegotiationit 

'  Went  on,  the  Moghnl  Htmy  li&d  admuced  olo»e  to  Ahmudnngnr-  At 

Toka  about  fortv-five  mileii  oast  of  Abmadaugar  tlio  MtiuUmtoa 

E:deetro3'ed  somo  itinilu  tompteH,  and  most  of  the  Maratli^   in  thvir 

lanny  desorted   to  iho  i'vshwu  curryiuff   with   thtui   Mtr  Uoghal 

NiziiD-ul-Mulk'a  youngestt  boq.    The  MogliaU,  though  opposed  with 

spirit,  coalitiued  to  stdvanco-     At  liuit  ia  176^,  williiti  (ourteoo  mites 

•  of  Poumi,  Degotiationfl  were  opened  and  on  the  cession  of  laad  in 

Aurnngabftd  *ud  Bodur  yioldiug  £270,000  (Rs.  27  hikka)  ■  year  the 

Mogbulurmy  retired.     \N'hen  the  danger  from  the  Moghals  was  at 

an  end  Rai^lmnithrir's  anxiety    for    Englifth  soldier*  ceiucd,  ojid 

tho  oegotiutiuQs  about  ceding  Sdlaette  to  tbo  English  wore  rudely 

broken  off.' 

When  the  treaty  with  the  Nizam  nas  coacIudi>d,  MadUavrar  the 
yonng  Pe»Kvru,  attoudod  by  THmbakr^v  Mdma  tha  uiatiiTnal  uuctv 
of  the  late  Sadtohirriv,  was  sent  Houth  to  collect  the  rerenue,  and 
NiKim  All  retamied  towards  Bodar.-  Shordy  after  M^dharrtlT 
retamed  to  Poona,  bis  anxiety  to  share  in  the  ud ministration 
brought  on  disputes  bolweeu  him  and  his  uncle  Haghtiu&thriiy. 
RaghuudibrfLv,  Sakhdrtiin  BbagavaDt  Bokil  better  knovrn  as 
SakhAram  Bapu,  and  seroral  other  ministers  resigned.  U^havrdv 
prwsptiy  iwkud  Trioibakrdy  M4ina  to  act  as  minister  or  d<vdn, 
and  next  under  TrimbHkrAv  appointed  Gupdir&v  Goviud  Patvardhan. 
J^girdltr   of    Miruj.      At  the  snmo   time  Miitlltiivrftv  chose  as  hiu 

etrBonal  agents,  or  kdrkutu,  Haripant  Phadke  and  BaUji  Jan^rdao 
binuj  afterwards  the  fai&ous  Nana  Fadnaris.  The  failure  of  his 
plao  to  force  MidharrfLv  to  keep  him  in  power  and  the  mutusl 
hati*edof  i.nandib&iBaghmiathr(Lv'8wifeaod  Cropik&b^i  MlldbavrlLv'a 
motiier  80  enraged  llaghimathriiT  that  he  retired  from  Ndsik  to 
Anrangabad,  and  on  promise  of  ceding  Daulatabad,  Asirgadj 
Ahtoaoiiagar,  Shivuer,  and  territory  yielding  £310,000  (Be.  H 
Idklu),  he  was  assisted  by  a  Moghal  army,  with  which  half<way 
between  Poona  and  Ahinadciagar  ha  met  and  defeated  Hildhavr&v. 
M^dhavrdv  saw  that  a  war  between  him  and  his  uncle  mast  cause  a 
complete  Hplit  in  the  Mariihn  statA.  He  accordingly  threw  himself 
into  ftnghuuiithrdr's  power. who pluced  him  iocontioement  but  treated 
him  with  respect.  RaghaodLthriT,  being  now  in  uucontroUed  power, 
appointed  SakhtU'&m  Bapu  and  Nilkaalbrfir  Purandharo  his  principal 
ministers,  bestowing  on  Sukhir&m  an  estate  worth  £90,000 
(Ra.  0  laltha]  and  giving  Kilkaothrir  the  command  of  Paraadhar 
fort,  Ho  raised  his  own  infant  son  Bfadskarriiv  to  the  office  of 
PratJnidbi  or  deputy,  and  made  K^ro  Shaokar  his  deputy.  These 
and  other  changes  gave  much  offence,  and,  wheu,  to  gratify 
personal  hatred,  Uaghun£thr&v  took  the  fort  of  Mimj  from.  GopJilrtlr 


Clwpler  V| 
Hist«ryJ 

1720-191 


''Giaat  Duri  MankUiSt,  328. 

■  Odooel  Willu  Aota  not  raeutioo  thb  eipeditiou  uito  tba  KaniAlak. 


iLpter  Til. 
Hlatorr. 

1730-1817, 


I'ntTArdbnD,  Gop&lr<iT  and  mnny  Mtr^tha  nobles  went  over  to  Uie 

Id  tlic  war  whicli  follovrcil  tliP  M»rAtb»  tmops  ravnged  tfai 
KixtLm's  €0011117,  and  Niz^m  Ali  advanced  nnd  plundered  Poons, 
talcing  mncli  property  und  dubtroying  and  baminif  nil  liotieea  which 
were  not  rtmsomed.  Shortly  after,  in  1763,  the  violence  of  theraiiu 
forced  the  MogbaU  to  nnttidraw  to  AnrttogaWd .  In  tbo  namv  yoar 
JAnoji  Bhonsia,  who  had  been  won  to  the  Ntzlim's  side  hy  tbe  promise 
of  the  Si(4m  regency,  found  tho  Niaim's  promuw  deoioptivo. 
aad  returned  to  the  resbwa.  In  the  battle  which  foUuvTod  ab 
lUhiabon  or  TindQJja,  in  gront  measure  owing  to  the  courage  imd 
military  tnlent  of  Jtl^harr^r,  tbe  Mar^thAs  gaiDcd  a  coinploto 
victory.  After  peace  was  conclDded  with  the  Niiiiini.oii  the  death 
of  itaghDD^thr^v's  son  BhisUarr&v,  Bhav^nrtlv  was  rostort^  to  his 
r»nk  of  I'nttiniiihi,  Miraj  was  given  back  to  Oopilriv  PatTftrdhan, 
aud  on  ikiliji  JauilrJao  BbAmi  aftvrwtirds  known  as  NlluA  Fadnavis 
was  beetowed  the  ^oilice  of  Fa^lnaris.  In  1764  a  large  army  was 
ouembling  at  I'oona  to  act  a<>sin8t  Ilaidar  Ali  who  had  n«on  to 
power  on  tbe  ruins  of  tbe  Uinda  Btste  of  Maisnr.  Midbavrfir 
insisted  on  his  right  to  comiuand  this  army  whilo  his  uncle 
remaiDed  at  Poona  to  conduct  tbe  g^orornnient.  Sakbdrittn  B&pa 
joined  in  siipporlinff  MSdhavrAv.  Raglnin^thr^v  yielded  bat  retired 
in  angor  tu  A'oimdvt.-li  near  Ndeik.  'Hiesediecuesions  delayed  the 
Pcahwa'a  advance,  nnd,  before  be  could  reach  the  KaniAUk, 
GopAlriv  Patvnnlhun  wa»  di-foatcd  by  Uaidar's  gonoral  I-'axal- 
nllaKhan  with  great  loss.  M&dbaTr&v  was  more  Buccessfot.  In  the 
month  of  May  he  entered  tho  Knmfitdk  with  an  army  of  30,001) 
horse  and  aboat  the  same  number  of  infantry  and  near  Anni.vatti 
infliotod  a  severe  defeat  on  Haidar  Ali.  'Thia  led  to  a  IrcAty  nnder 
wbicb  naidar  engaged  to  restore  all  placoa  wreeted  from  Muriimtv 
Ghorpodo,  to  relinquish  all  claims  on  tho  Naw&b  of  Saranur,  and  to 
pay  £320,000  (R&  32  ItikU)  to  tbe  Peshwa.  After  this  treaty  waa 
concluded  MfidhavrAv  leftthe  Kamfitak  and  recrossed  tlie  Krisbaa  by 
tho  end  of  February  1765.  Tho  ill  ft-oliDg  between  Midhavitlv  ana 
Ragbunitbr&T  contmued  to  be  fo)ih;rod  by  the  hatred  of  Gc^kAblEi 
and  AnaadibiLi.  A-t  MitdhavniT  know  tliat  KaghundithHiv  ooold  bt 
tliiit  tirao  gaiu  the  aid  either  of  KiaJim  Ali  or  of  J&noji  Bhonsls,  he, 
in  17fi6,  concluded  a  secret  alliance  with  NizArn  .Ali  who  honed  to 
pentuade  M&dhaTnlv  to  join  bJm  in  attacking  Haidar  Ali.  Uuring 
the  same  year  Nizlm  All  entered  into  na  nllianco  with  the  English 
with  tbe  object  tifoTOrtbrowing  Haidar  and  rostraicitig  tho  Spread 
of  the  Manithit!!.  In  1 7(37  M^barrtlT,  who  probably  felt  that  tho 
ooml»natiott  of  the  Engliiili  and  Ni7.nin  must  bo  partly  dirooted 
against  him,  advnncod  by  bimaelf  into  tho  Kantittak,  levied 
4800,000  (Ra.  30  IdJiht)  from  Haidar  and  £170,000  (Its.  17  M***) 
from  other  powers  in  the  Kam&tak,  and  retamed  to  the  Doocaa 
before  the  Niziini  had  taken  the  fiold.  Tho  Englidh  and  tho  Niutm 
sent  envoys  to  claim  part  of  the  MarAtha  plander,  but  they  were 
treated  with  broad  and  nadingnisod  ridicule.'  , 


1 


litsBt  DoTe  ManlUii*,  8XT. 


I 


I 


la  1768  Mr.  MostjD  came  to  Pootm  as  earoy  from  the  Bombay 
QoTomment  to  try  miH  secure  aa  ussunuico  that  the  PciJiwa  wuuU 
uot  join  iu  alliiLDou  with  Hnidar  aod  the  Niz4m.  M&dhavrAv  refased 
to  give  an}-  promise  luu]  toM  thv  uiivo/tbntbo  wutiltl  be  giiii]od 
bj  circuiii3Uiuc«s.  In  April  of  the  same  year,  with  the  hi'ln  of 
I^miji  Q£ikwilr  onit  GsDg^dh&r  YtwhTant  the  Jixfin  of  Holkar, 
Bofrhuuitbr&v  coUiicted  a  Inrge  army  at  N&oik  oud  marched  about 
fift^.Sre  milea  north  to  tbo  noighbouruood  of  the  hill  fort  of  Dhodftp. 
Aa  ho  was  wuiliug  ul  Dhodap  in  the  bono  of  bciog  joinod  bj  Janoii 
Bhonsla  of  Ilenir,  M(id liJivrAv  siirprisea  Rnghuniithrdv'a  army,  took 
him  prisonur,  and  carrivd  him  to  Poona  whcru  bo  coufiiwd  bim  in 
the  PoHhwii's  pnlaRo.  In  1 769  to  punish  Jfinoji  for  the  support 
be  bad  givea  to  Rvg'baiu&tbr^v,  the  I'cshwa  ndrauocd  tow&rdx  BorAr, 
and  J&noji  wheeled  to  the  west  and  began  to  plmider  the  coontry 
on  the  way  to  Poona.  After  Pooim  was  doatroyed  hy  Niziin  Ali  in 
1703,  MddhamiTb&dpropOBedtOBurToatid itwitbawa]].  ThisdcM'^ 
WAA  afterwards  abajidoDed  on  the  ground  that  do  fort)fio<l  pliuti  city 
could  bo  as  safe  as  Sinbgact  aud  Purandhar.  On  Jiinoji'a  approach  tbo 
people  of  Poona  eent  OB  their  property.  Midbarrdr  ordered  Oo^lriiv 
Patvardban  aad  Itdmcbandra  Gajieab  to  move  against  Jiiooji  with 
30,000  horse,  bat  GopdlrAv  was  in  league  with  Jinoji  and  took  dq 
Ktcps  to  stop  his  plnnaering.  MddbiTrtLv  shortly  after  wsa  forced  to 
make  a  tro»ty  with  Jiinuji.  He  nest  ordered  Vi^ji  Krituhnn  Bini**!ile, 
accompanied  by  Rdiucliaiidm  Oanesh,  Tokoji  Holkar,  and  Maliji'lji 
Sindift  the  illegitimate  sou  of  HAnoji  Sindia  aud  the  successor  in 
the  family  cAtate:^  of  bi»  nupbew  Jankoji,  to  start  at  onco  with  an 
army  to  MAIwa.  In  spite  of  these  argont  orders  MiidhaTrav,  two  or 
three  days  after,  when  riding  Ui  hia  favourite  village  of  Thour  tbirtxon 
miloBooatof  Poona,  founil^ahAdji's  camu  without  a  sign  of  moviag. 
He  instantly  sent  word  to  Mahidji,  that  «  on  hia  potiirn  from  Thcur 
bo  funudatcnt  atandiog  or  bia  troops  in  ai^ht  be  wouM  plnmlor 
the  camp  and  take  biB  estates.  This  oxpoditton  to  Northern  India 
WB8  extremely  sucoessful,  and  a  heavy  tribntw  was  im|HMt«-«l  on 
the  JfUa.  Though  so  constantly  pressed  by  wars  and  rebaltions, 
a&Ah&VT&v  did  mnch  to  improro  the  civil  government  of  his  country. 
His  efforts  were  greatlv  aided  by  the  celebrated  R^m  Sb^tri,  an 
upright  and  pnro  jadgo  in  almost  nnirersal  corruption.  One  of 
M^dhavrfLTs  iirat  actii  waa  to  stop  tbo  practice  of  forcing  rillagora 
to  carry  baggage  without  pay.  'f^e  practice  was  bo  common,  that 
tbo  order  putting  a  stop  to  it  occasioned  much  discontent  and  many 
of  the  leading  tnon  di8rc«arded  the  order.  MMhavrftv,  who  had  an 
excellent  sjstemofspiesjcamvd  that  some  vol  oable  articles  bctougiug 
to  Ihesabhediiroi  Bassein  were  beingcairied  by  forced  labonr.  Ha 
aeizod  aad  confiscated  tbo  property,  and  levied  a  heavy  fine  to  repay 
the  people  for  beiup  taken  from  their  fields.  He  isaoed  fresh  ordurs, 
which  none  who  knew  his  ejrsl«m  of  spies  dared  to  disobey.  In 
the  fair  season  of  1770,  Alddbavr^v  hud  luiauro  to  lam  hia  attention 
to  the  Kamitak,  where  llaidar  Ali,  having  mado  peaoo  with  the 
English,  not  only  evaded  the  Jlar&tho  demands  but  levied 
contributjous  on  the  Poshwa'a  vaesnla.  To  punish  tbia  insult,  ia 
Novoinber,  Midbavriv  sent  forward  a  Urge  body  of  bors«  under 
Gopjilrfiv  PatvardhoD  and  Malh&mlv  R^tio,  bim&elf  followiog  afc 


Chapter  VI] 

Hiitory. 

XlAiUTais, 
l',W-lU7. 


IBomboLy  Gjiicit«er. 


DISTRICTS. 


Cliapt«r  Til. 

Hiatory. 

lAUATIliH, 
■    "1817. 


XTtt. 


tlio    head  of  S0,000  tioree  and  15,000  foot.      Hia  progress    wi 
miecessful  and  he  reduced  several    places  of  strength.     In  Jane  an 
attack  of  the  disease  which  was  wasting  him,  a  coiisumption  which 
he  bolieved  was  hronglit  on  1)^  the  cursoof  the  mother  of  the  Kolh&pur 
chief,  forced  Miidliavriiv  to  retuni  to  I'ouua,  U-aviug  Trimbaltr&r 
Mima  to  CAiry  oo  the  war.     In  1771,  as  soon  as  the  seaaoo  allowed, 
Mfbdharnir  marched  (rem  Poona  intending  to  join    TVimhaliriT 
Mtlma.     He  was  again  talcea  ill,  and  made  over  the  command  to 
Apa  Balvftut  who  defeiit«d    Uaidnr    and   forced   him  to  oome  to 
terms.     Dtirinjir  tiiQ  rainy  season  Miidharr^v's  health  ao  frraotly 
improved  that  ha  seemed  to  hnvp  shaken  ofT  bit)  diaeaao.    But  in  March 
1772  hi^  5!ckuciis  rulurtiud.     Thia  uttacb  vas  pronounced  iucurahle, 
and  on  the  moming^of  thu  ISth  of  Kiivember  be  died  at  TTieurin  the 
28th  year  of  hia  ago.     He  left  uo  children,  and  his  widow  Xtam&lMU. 
who  had  a  grcAt  lore  for  him,  burnt  herself  with  his  body.     Thi 
death  of  MtldhavniT,  eays  Oraut  Duff,  occasioucd  no    immediai 
oommotion.    Like  his  own  diiwasu  it  was  at  Brat  scarcely  perceptible, 
but  the  root  which  ooiimhod  the  fur-flpreudintf  trcie  wait  cut  from  the 
stem.     The  plainii  of  P^nipat  wero  not  more  futal  to  the  Marttha 
empire  than  the  early  end  of  this  oxcellent  prince,  Uraro,   prudeut, 
fund  of  his  people,  firm,  and  BucceuBful.     Midhavrdv,  who  is  known 
aa   Thorale   or   Great   MiidhavrAv,    ia  entitled    to    special    pmiso 
for  hia  support    of    the    weak   against  the    oppressive,    of     thg-j 
poor  a.gainst  the  rich,  and,  so  £ar  aa  the  constitution  of  Bociet 
admitted,  for  hicj  justness.    JU^baTt^v  atarlud  aothiug  new.     Ho 
improved  the  L'xtHliu?  nystem,  tried  to  cure  deftM'tn  without  chanKing 
forms,  and  restrniiieil  a  corruption  which  hccouhl  tiut  njmovo-     Tb 
efficiency  of  bin  early  Kovernment  was  clogved  rather  than  aided 
by  the  abilitieii  of  Sakhintm  Bipn.     1^10  old  minister'a  influonoa 
was  too  grout  for  his  young  maaier'a  talents.     All  aaefnl  acta  were 
aetdowatoSaklulrdiiu  mpimtid  all  tliat  wasunplcAKanttoAUdhavrdv, 
an  allotment  of  pmisc  and  blame,  which    MAdhavniv's  irritable 
and  ungovemed  tompcr  itvemcd   to   juatify.     When,  tthortjy  after 
Bagbunithrtlv's  coafioomont  (1766),  tuidhayniv  removed  Sakhdnlto, 
be  allowed  Moroba  his  saccesetor  io  do  nothing  wiltioai  hia  orders, 
and  Mtabliahed  a  aystem  of  inteUigonce  which  gave  him  prompt  aod 
exact  information  regarding  both  domeetic  and  foreign  er&nt«. 

For  some  time  before  Miidharniv's  death  RoghuniiUirftv's 
contineiueut  had  been  much  relaxed.  As  his  nephew'ahMlthdeditwd, 
ItaghtmAthniv  opoued  intrignes  with  Haidar  Ali  and  tbe  Niz&m  to 
obtain  his  freedom  and  secoi'O  bis  succession  as  Peahwa.  During 
Mi^havrATs  lastdlnees  the  ministers  intercepted  thecorrospoudtnoc. 
Nineteen  poraous  were  sout  to  hill  forts,  and  Raghunithr^T's 
confincuientwouldhavebecomeatrictei-  thauevcr,  had  not  MidbaTT&v, 
feeling  that  death  waa  near,  interposed,  observinff  that  it 
waa  nataral  for  his  nncle  to  desira  hia  lihei-ty.  Hia  sound 
discrimination  showed  him  that  his  brother  would  fail  to  condoct  tbe 
administration  i£  BoghuoAthriv  were  neither  effcotuidly  reatmioed 
nor  conciliated.  Jodging  conciliation  bolter  than  restraint,  bo 
appointed  RaghtmithraT'a  frjewd  SafehitrAm  B^pg  minJafaw^.  and 
eummoucd  Haghuu^itbritv  to  Theur  audHicre  solemnly  placed  hie 
youngurbrotherNiirtljanrav  under  RaghuDftthnWs  charge.  Shortly 


ue 


eeean:] 


POONA. 


S&G 


I 


I 

I 

I 


\ 


before  M(S(lIia\T(lv'a  dcatli  Mr.  Tfaomu  Mostyn,  of  the  Bombay  C'iril 
Service,  eamo  to  live  Bt  Poodb  as  an  euvoy  of  the  British 
Governinent.'  In  Deoombor  1772  KAriyioriv.  tho  tbird  of  BiUji 
BijirAv's  BOns.  then  seventeen  ynnrs  old  wont  lo  SAtAra  aad  wot 
invested  ae  Pesbwa.  HakhiiriJiii  Ha[m  i-ocoivcil  ihv  robus  of  primo 
mioistor  nnder  tho  nam^^PTtiTiXin'.  Baj&bs  Puraadbare  was 
appointed  minister  or  diiyin,  and  HAua.  FadaftTiB  \tM  oppointod 
recorder  or  fadnavu^  JSiriyuiT&v  aad  BagbuniUbnir  for  some  time 
coQttnued  in  Appftrcnt  friendship.  But  tho  oM  botrod  bolwcpn 
NdrAyanrAv'fl mother  GopikiibAi  and  BashuniithrtlT's  wife  AnandibAi, 
and  ilie  jenlonsy  of  the  Brdbman  mroistari  sooa  produood  digoord, 
and,  on  tbe  1 1  th  of  April  1778,  R»KbuoitbHtv  ir»a  confined  in  a  rooDi 
in  the  palace  I'n  ivbicb  Kiiriiyatir&viiHuiilly  Iifednban  atPoona.  Nfiaa 
Padnaris  etixxi  high  in  N'ai'ii.yaiirAv'»  fiivour,  bat  BajdbttPuraDdbaro 
nod  Haripant  Phadkc  tvero  bis  cbiuf  confidiuilH.  The  conduct  of  tbe 
loading  affaira  of  Htute  nominally  continued  with  Kukbiir&m  BApn, 
hut  the  hvoQrites  were  opposed  to  his  poiror.  Mariyaanlr,  Trbo  had 
a  loQ^np^  for  military  fame,  looked  forward  with  oii[rcrDosa  to  tho 
next  aeason's  campaign  iu  thv  Kamntnk.  Trocps  wi^ro  told  to  be 
in  reiidiBess,  and  ordent  were  de.tpatobed  to  recall  tho  armies  fi-onj 
North  India.  On  tliv  morning  uf  tho  -lOtb  of  Au^ist  a  commoliou 
broke  out  among  the  Pesbwa's  regular  infantry  in  Poooa.  Towards 
noon  tbu  (lixturbnnce  so  greatly  inorcosud  that  NiirAyaarAv,  bofore 
going  to  dino,  told  Haripaot  Pbadko  bo  restore  oraer.  Haripant 
neglected  thoso  ini^truclions  and  wont  to  dino  with  a  friend.  In 
tbe  afternoon,  Ndrdyanrdr,  who  bad  retired  to  rest,  was  wakened 
by  a  tumult  in  the  palace,  whpro  a  largo  body  of  infantry,  led  by 
two  men  named  Sumersing  and  Mnhamniad  Yusaf,  wore  demanding 
arrears  of  pny.  Kharakaing  who  commanded  tbe  pa!a<'G  gnnrd 
joined  the  riotent.  lustotfl  of  entoi'ing  thu  opon  mmn  gato, 
they  mado  their  way  through  »u  unfiniidicd  door  on  the  east  nide, 
which,  together  wibb  tbe  wall  roond  tbe  palaco,  had  .tbortly  beforo 
been  pulled  down  to  make  an  entrance  distinct  from  the  oatranco  to 
Roghan&thrdT's  quarter.  On  starting  from  steep  NSr&yanr&r,  closely 
pucmod  by  Samenung,  ran  to  hia  uncle's  room.  Uo  throw  bimMU 
into  his  uncle's  arms,  and  called  on  him  ta  save  bim.  Raghun&thrtfT 
begged  Suuict^ing  to  nparo  hi3  life.  I  have  not  gone  thus  fur  to 
enauro  my  own  deatniction  replied  8umersiog;  let  tiim  go,  or  you 
shall  die  with  him.  Raghnn&tbrdv  disengaged  himself  and  got  out 
on  the  terrace.  Nirfiyanrfv  attempted  to  fullow  bim,  but  TraJia  PoTir 
an  armed  Mar£tha  servant  of  BaghunMbi-^v'a,  sei7.ed  him  by  thv  1^, 
and  pulled  him  down.  As  NAr^yannLv  fell,  Ch&pdiji  Tilukar,  one 
of  his  own  6errantB,  came  in,  and  thongh  nnanned  ru3bsd  to  bis 
master,  i^&r&yaur&v  clasped  hia  anna  round  Ch^pAji's  neck,  and 
fSBmorsingaudTraliaulow  tbom  both  with  their  swords.    Meanwhile 


Chapter  W.' 

History. 

I7a01817. 

yttmyaitrdv 
BaJUl. 


ifiinhfamihi 
30lh  AnQiM  I77i 


iBilnictMiu  fron  thoConit  of  Direeton.  Tb«  objeot  of  tbe  KppoitiUn«i]l  noniiiMUjF 
•ru  to  ke<>p  th«  diOitrvKl  PrMl4M>olM  infoniMd  o(  Ui«  looTaaeuU  «iid  intentKHH  of 
tlw  ^tlrtl^^.  Tbe  nti  i>b'mtit  »T  the  liMJon  wm  to  obtaio  tlw  mwloa  «l  841wtt>  ainl 
Um  iiUnili  of  tho  BomlMf  nvbonr. 

*  The  Brai  object  of  the  ntw  adnuaistnitMn  iru  the  rrincHen  af  TtArauA  in  KoUba 
H7731  which  ra  hald  b¥  the  Moghrii.    Grwt  Duff's  f 


[Bombay  Oati 


Chaptor  VII. 

I730-Ittl7. 


RaghvmirJirdv, 

Si>fA  /V«Aira, 

J77J- ITT* 


256 


DISTRICTS. 


tbc  conspiratora  secured  the  whole  of  the  outer  wall  of  the  paloo 
The  tumult  passed  lu  the  city,  armod  moo  thronged  the  streets,  t( 
iihui)s  were  shat,  and  the  townsmen  ran  to  and  fro  in  constertiatioi 
SakMr&m  Bflpu  won  t  to  the  police  mag^ietrate's  office  and  there  hcai 
tlitkt  Ragliun&tbrAT  bad  sent  asaumnces  to  the  people  that  all  vn 
quiet.  SakhArflm  U&pu  directed  Ilaripant  PhsdJce  tu  writua  nnt«  I 
KaghuiiAtliMv.  Raghun&thrATauBn-cred  telling  him  that  some  sold  ie 
had  murdurvd  his  nephew .  Uaripant  declared  ibat  HughuufLtbniv 
iba  murderer  and  fled  to  B&r&matt.  Sakb&rtlm  B&pa  told  tho  pooj 
to  go  to  thuir  homes  and  thai  no  one  wonld  barm  thein.  On  u 
night  BajAba  Poratidliare  and  Milloii  Ohorpade  had  an  interview  wil 
lUufbiiiiAUir&v,  and  Tnraliukr&y  IfiUna  bore  off  X&i^ynrinlv*M  bod 
and  burnt  it.  Visitors  were  reoeired  at  the  palace.  Mr.  Hostyi 
tbe  Knffliifh  envoy  and  rlio  different  agents  paid  thoir  roapect 
but  Rag^inn&thr^v  remaiiied  in  couGncusent,  dotainiMl,  tut  was  sak 
by  tbi>  coiispimtors  att  a  security  for  the  payment  of  their  arrean 
ItaghunAthr&rwassuBpootodfbattherQwas  no  proof.  Ho  woaknowi 
to  have  ]urc<l  bia  nephew,  and  the  ministers  decided  that,  nnti 
the  contrarr  was  pruTvd,  RaKhuudthrdv  tthould  bii  bold  innocent  nni 
be  aocopted  as  the  new  Peahwa.  Itdm  Shistri  approved  of  thi 
deciaioa.  At  the  same  timo  ho  made  close  inquiries.  Mtor  abou 
flix  weeks  he  found  a  paper  from  Ra^DDflthr&v  to  Suineraing,  givi ., 
him  antbority  to  alay  KinlyanrAv.  RAm  Sh^tri  showed  this  paper  t 
Ragbu  tiAtbrflv,  who  admitted  that  he  had  given  an  order, but  p<<rsi8t«i 
tbat  biH  order  was  to  aeiae  N^Lnlyanr^v,  not  to  nlny  him.  Rxaminatio: 
of  tho  paper  couSrmcd  RagbnnAtbntv'u  stortcnient,  Bbowing  that  tbi 
word  (JAoniM  seise liad  been  changed  to  m'iriiri:  kill.  This  cbang«  i 
woa  generally  bt-licvcd  was  tho  work  uF  AnaDdibiLi  Raghun&thrdr' 
wife ;  it  was  also  beliered  that  it  waa  nndor  her  order*  tbat  th 
seryant  Tralia  Pov&r  had  taken  part  in  N(h'(iyanr&v's  marder,  ^Vbei 
Raghnnithrftv  confessed  his  share  in  NjinlyanrilT's  murder,  ho  aako 
BAm  ShA&tri  what  atoDument  ho  could  make.  Tho  sacrifice  of  yoa 
life,  replied  theSh-lstri,  ia  the  only  atonement.  The  SbiUtri  refuse 
iostay  longer  in  Poona  with  llaghunitbrtiv  at  the  bc-ad  of  itffairs,  lef 
the  Olty,  and  ipout  tbe  rest  of  hia  life  in  retirement  near  V^.  Meaa 
whilothonrroiiraof  pay  werodUcharged,  Raghanikth nlr  wa*  r^^loaaed 
and  his  adopted  eon  Amritr^v,  nttondod  by  Buj&ba  Purandharc 
waa  sent  to  oAt^is  to  bring  tbe  robes  of  office.  RaghnMUlintT  wai 
proclnlnied  Peshwa.  Sakhdr&m  B&pn  woB  confirmed  aa  pnmo  niiniato 
or  klijihiiri ;  and  Cbinto  Vithal  ana  SadtUhir  RAmchaodni  the  son  o 
RAincliaiidra  Bilbe  Slionvi  wore  tho  most  confidontial  of  Ragbiinith 
lAr's  advisers.  N&rAyanr&v  was  Dinnlered  in  hia  eighteenth  yeai 
Bis  follies,  which  were  the  follies  of  a  hoy,  have  boon  blackoncd  iaU 
crimes  by  the  feelings  and  interosts  of  his  livaU.  He  wasafTectionab 
to  his  relations,  kind  to  his  serrants,  and  loved  by  all  hut  hii 
enemies.  Dy  the  end  of  tho  rainy  aeefion  (Kovuiuber  1773)  tb4 
Posdiwa'aarmy  in  North  India onderVisdji  Krishna  returned  to  Pooua 
Tboy  bod  defeated  an  attempt  of  the  omperor  Sbih  Alum  II.  to  fret 
himself  from  HanUha  control,  and  liad  greatly  ntrengthonet 
IfanUfaa    power    at    the    Delhi    conH.*      Haidnr  A.H  of    Maisu 


>  Orut  Doffi  UuittbAi.  963, 


\ 


» 


I 


POONA. 

outt  NiiuUii  AU  of  Hoidtinibftd  lost  liltlo  limo  iu  tuking  atlraulago 
of  the  disorders  at  Poons.  Bacrban&tbrAv  reaolred  to  oppose  Niulni 
AU  and  cripple  his  power.  It  wms  ifheii  tto  army  bud  marched 
and  Raffhuuiithrdx-  was  lea\-mg  Poodo,  VbUi  Rftm  Sh&tri  produced  the 
proof  of  Uaglian&tbMT'a  kitnwledge  of  thu  plot  ugainst  N&r4j*ar<l7 
aad  Btat«d  that  so  lou^  as  Kof^huu^thr^v  remniued  at  ths  he&d  of 
aSairs  he  would  never  return  to  Poona.  Though  the  othor  miniftters 
did  not  opeuly  withdraw  from  Haghuniithniv's  support  the;  sood 
becsme  Mtranged  from  his  counciU.  nnd  Sad^stiv  BAmohaodrB, 
ChiDto  VitbaJ,  A'bAji  MahfUler,  and  Sakh&r&tu  Hurt,  the  peraoaa 
of  whom  ho  made  choice,  wore  ill  qualified  to  supply  th«ir  placo. 
Sakluiram  Bipu  aud  Nrtna  FadaaviaoD  different  pretences  withdrew 
from  the  army  nod  retiirnod  to  Poooa.  They  woro  soon  followed 
by  GanpatrAv  matia,,  BitbAjt  Nait  B4r4matikar,i  and  several  other 
parsons  of  oonseqnence.  Except  BajAbA  Purftndhare,  Moroba 
V*diiaTi»  was  tbo  lait  of  ItsghaD&tbraT'a  minixtcr  to  quit  his  camp. 
All  bat  Ragbaoatbrtiv  and  bis  dependeots  saw  there  was  some 
sohomo  on  foot.* 

The  leadiug  members  of  the  Poona  miDistry  were  SalthAnim 
B)(pa,  TriinbakniT  Mintu,  Nitna  and  Moroba  Fndnavis,  Baidba 
Parandbare,  Anaodrir  JiT&ji,  and  Haripant  Phadke.  All  tneae 
roeo  bad  been  jwsed  by  the  Pe»hwB'a  family  and  had  do 
oonnectiop  with  Shivfiji'.i  .-imT  ^IilTIim's  oitght  mmisterar  The 
lottddrs  of  the  ministry  ..ri-  Niii- 1  I'lL.ir  n,  i-i  ami  Efaripant  Phmlke, 
Itwasfoaad  IbatGuiigab^JNarA'-  i-iiir'i  widow  was  prcpaaat.  and  it 
wss  determined  tliat  she  stioul  .1  1>l-  i  ik.ti  for  safe^  to  Pumiidbar, 
and,  according  to  some  aocounU),  that  other  pr«gnaatBrAbn)un  womea 
shoald  be  sent  with  her  that  the  risk  of  mishap  might  be  avoided 
and  the  chance  of  Oang&tCii's  obild  proTing  a  girl  be  amended. 
On  the  morning'  of  the  30th  of  iTamiaTy  1774,  N&na  Fadnavia  and 
Haripant  Pha^lUe  carried  Oangibii  from  Poona  to  Piirandhar.  She 
was  accompanied  by  Pfirratibjii,  the  widow  of  SadfishirrAv,  a  lady 
held  in  high  nispect,  and  the  reason  of  h?r  romoval  was  publicly 
annonnced.  The  ininiBtcra  formed  a  regency  under  GangAbii  and 
began  to  goTera  in  hor  uamc.  All  the  adheronts  of  Rnghanlithriv, 
who,  by  this  time  had  advanced  beyond  Balliri,  wore  thrown  into 
cooBnemont.  Negotiations  were  opened  with  Niffim  Ali  and 
Sib^ji  Bhunsla,  both  of  whom  agreed  to  support  OiinglibAi  and  a  wide- 
spread iotrigoe  in  BaghaortthniT's  camp  waa  organiaed  by  KrishttariT 
Bolrant.  When  Raghan&thr&rhfard  of  t ho  revolt  in  Poona,  with  the 
Pant  IVatinidhi  and  At ur^r^v  Qborpade>  he  began  to  march  ton-nrds 
the  city.  Haripant  Pbadko  camo  from  Poona  to  meet  him  at  the 
head  of  a  division,  while  Trimabkrdv  Milma  aad  Sdbiiji  Tlhon.iln 
were  advancing  from  Piirinda..  On  the  4th  of  March  177-t  Ragbu- 
nAtbrAv  met  and^  dofcat^d  tho  minister's  troops  under  Haripant 
PhndlsB  uoftr~Pandharpar  lin  ShoUipor.  Tho  news  of  this  defeat 
fiUod  Poona  with  alaria.     The  people  packed  their  proper^  and 


I  >  TIm  nephaw  or  gruiJjhin  ot  B«{)«ji  Xtik  IMrSBuUkkr,  who  waa  nftrriod  to  tb* 

■  ftoat  ot  BsUji  BijirSr  >nd  who  cndMVaurtd  with  the  fupport  «(  JUgliuJi  BbotwU  to 

■  mrelMM  tli«  offioael  PMh««  in  IT40i 

■  •  Oraac  DoR-a  UarStJil*,  36S. 

I  siar  n 


Chapter  Tt! 
History. 

M^BiTUiS, 

1730  1917. 


Segncy, 

SOCh  Janvan 

1774~ 


IBoutbny  Gsaft(< 


sss 


VRicrs. 


Cluptor  VIL 
Hlstorr. 

17in- 1817. 
[StmtmA  fuiim, 


fled  for  Bsfety  to  retirod  villi^s  aud  hill  forla.  IiiBt««tl 
mBrahing  od  Hoona  RAgfaunAthr&r  oaued  noHli  to  receive  the  ait 
of  Holkar,  Siadia,  QlLikvilr,  and  tha  Barlisli,  On  the  lath  of 
April  1774,  a  son  wis  bom  to  Oangibii,  NarAjratiraVa  wiJow.  Ii 
OrSlin9Sff*a  OfHoiOD,  iiotwithst«ndiag  the  easpicivus  circuiaatancai 
which  formed  part  of  thu  rninistor's  scheme,  there  ia  Uttio  doubt  thai 
the  child  waa  the  bod  of  the  miirdeTotl  K&rliyaiinLv.  Tho  ohild  wai 
named  Mi|^ha7|^]^l^^|m),  nfterwards  Icnown  uSaT&i  M4dhsvi1&r 
QaDg^btusenfBaKMnrml^pM  nnd  Ni&nii  FntlnnTis  to  receive  heroos'i 
rohes  of  iovestiture,  which  tlte  R^ja  sent  from  S&Uira  in  c-har^  of  Nil' 
lnothr£v  Purandhare.  The  infant  MA'llmvr&T  was  formallv  installed 
Peshvra  when  he  was  forty  ihtys  old .'  Jealouey  soon  apraoK'  up  aiauDtf 
tbemioitton.  Niloft  Fadnavio  wo-ttoo  cautiooa  totakethe  lead  and 
supported  SakhAr&m  B6pa  ae  tbv  head  of  th«  gt>Ternnietit.  Thtf 
condnot  was  as  much  duo  to  timidity  an  to  deniRn.  SalcbfLMiu  Bapu 
mts  ao  old,  cautioua,  tinie-s«nriDg  courtier,  hut  h«  waa  a  tnaa  of  mach 
mora  courage  than  Nina,  and,  in  bin  humble  and  asitidiious  colicafinM 
and  adherent,  ho  did  not  wo  n  fiiniro  rival  and  a  poworfol  foe. 
80  great  was  SakhirAm  Bapu'ii  influence  that  his  seces^ioD  would 
have  mined  tho  ministc'r's  causi*.  Nina'a  position  wa«  greatlj 
•brengtheoBd  by  Gangitbdi's  passion  for  him.  Heconid  thorougblj 
truBt  her  and  teach  hor  the  host  means  of  governing  iha  old 
miniBtcra.  Ndina'a  couain  Morobu,  who  lad  been  MAdhavri^'a 
oatensible  prime  ininiater,  was  disaatisCted  to  tind  that  littlo  dofi»reDC8 
was  paid  to  bitt  counsel.  If  he  oould  have  done  it  with  safety  anc 
made  sure  of  a  future  rise  to  power,  he  wonld  readily  have  gone  bad 
to  RaehunAthnlv.  Such  of  ifae  other  miuistera  as  would  not  sabmU 
to  SMhAr&m  and  N&na  woro  soon  united  in  common  diboontenb 
This  apUt  among  the  miaiiiters  became  generally  known  by  the 
diBOorery  of  a  corrcxpondonco  on  tbo  part  of  Uoroba,  Baj&ba,  an4 
BablLii  N'&ik  with  Raghan&thr&r.  Letters  intercepted  by  Uaripaot 
DMr  Durhiopur  showed  that  those  three  had  formed  a  plan  to  aecar« 
Sakh&r^m  BApu,  M&oa,  Qong&bAi,  and  thL>  iiifaut  IHadhnvniv,  all  of 
whom,  during  the  rains,  to  escape  the  chill  damps  of  Purandhar,  had 
come  to  live  in  SAavad.  They  heard  of  thisconapiracy  00  the  30th  of 
Jane,  and  with  undisaemhtcd  panic  Sod  to  tht>  fort.  I'ho  discovery  ol 
their  plotdefcatcd  the  deaigna  of  the  feeble  trinmvirate.  The  miniAten 
BOntagontsthrongb the  country  to  blacken  the  crimes  of  Kaghnnithr&Y 
and  liold  forth  on  the  justice  of  the  ministers'  cause.  At  tht-  moia 
time  thoy  breathed  nothing  bnt  union  and  concord.  Thoy  dotor- 
mined  Ut  giiiti  Rftghondthrav's  ahaolnte  Biibmiaaion;  and  their  rwtiv' 
and  judiciouH  preparations  for  war  showed  that  they  understood  the 
beat  means  of  ensuring  peace.'  When  KaghnnAthrAv  pastwd  north 
iDBt«ad  of  marching  on  Vonns  he  sent  an  a^eut  tn  the  British 
resident  with  hurried  und  vague  applicationK  for  aid  iu  men  and 
money.  The  British  woro  willing  to  help  htm,  bnt  before  any 
agreement  conld  be  made  be  had  retired  too  far  for  communication 
from  Poona.  Negotiations  were  next  opeood  with  Mr.  Gambior  the 
Eoghah  chief  or  civil  governor  of  SnraL     In  the  latter  part  of  177 


■  OtMl  DuC*  MkrtthOii,  36.4. 


=  finwl  IKiCj  M»ritliAs  .rO. 


B  the  ministers  won  both  Sindia  aod  Holkar  to  tlieir  side  and  Beat  an 
army  of  30,000  mon  niidor  BaripaoCPIiadke  to  pursue Raghun^tbritv. 
In  tbebt^giQnmgot  1776  SakhAram  aod Nflna  retarned  toPui'&iidhar 
auj  from  it  traoitaotod  all  iLffairs  Oti  tho  6t)i  of  March  1775 
Bughnn^thriv  vntcrod  into  n  treaty  with  the  English,  which  is  known 

■  as  the  treaty  of  Sural.'  With  their  help  he  went  to  Cambaj  in 
I  GajanU,  and  on  tho  plain  of  Aria  about  ten  milea  east  of 
I  jlnand  in   Kaira,    defeated  Haripant  Phadke  and  his   adherent 

Fatehsiuff  G&ikwir.  This  sews  caused  the  miniscerial  party  gnut 
alarm.  Niz&m  Ali  pressed  them  hard,  professed  sympathy  niUi 
Raoliundthr^v,  and  doubU  of  the  legitimacy  of  the  young  MidhavrAr, 
and,  to  remain  <!«>«(.  receiveda  gram  ol  laud  worth  £180,000  (1U.18 
tdkha)  a  year.  The  MarAtha  ooblea  had  no  dislike  to  R&gbuQ^thi4v, 
^  and,  if  the  next  campaign  proved  aa  ancoossful  as  the  laiit,  woatd 

■  probably  have  made  no  objection  to  his  being  named  regent  of  the 
young  M&dhavriv.  RaghuotithrAv  n-as  disliked  by  many  Foons 
Brdhmans,  even  by  those  who  did  not  believe  he  was  a  party  to  the 
morder  of  NiirAvuiirriv.  Tho  bulk  o£  the  p^^ple  seemed  to  bare 
no  stronger  feoling  against  him  than  that  he  was  unlucky.*    The 

■  anccesH  which  haa  attended  the  efforts  of  the  English  Co  help 
*  KaghunAthtiv  and  the  advantages  th«  English  had  gained  by  their 

alliance  were  loat  by  the  action  of  the  lately  arrived  membera  of  the 
Bengal  Council,  who,  contrary  to  tho  opinion  of  the  Resident,  Mr. 
ilaetiugs,  declared  the  Bomlia,y  treaty  with  Itagnnathrdv  impolitic, 
daogeroiis,  unauthoriead,  and  unjust,  and  sent  C-oIooel  Upton  to 
Poena  to  conclude  a  treaty  hetneen  the  miniatera  and  the  Bombay 
Gorerument.*  Thia  ill-judged  int«rfci-ence  slrengtbened  the  haada 
of  tho  miniatora  at  Purandhar  and  ultimately  cementod  thototlenng 
HarAtha  confederacy  under  the  admiuistration  of  KilnaFadDavis.  In 
December  J  776  SakhiSritra  uipu  received  a  letter  from  the  Governor 
Oeoeral  stating  that  tho   BtHobsj  Ooveramflnt  had   uctcd  beyond 


Chapter  VII. 

EUtory      | 

liARirHis.     I 
ITSOISIT. 
Trtaif  Hf  Sural,  i 


'  Uad«r  tli«  Irnnty  <A  Sur>t  lh«  Bamlwf  O#r«nunont  acifac«ilalMM«  to  MiidSOO 
BoropoMi  and  1000  Natiro  troop*  vntb  •  due  proportaon  of  uiillory  to  h«lp 
Bocmaatkii*.  Thoy  pkd^  tAcOMilrM  to  aink*  a\t  thn  nunlm  t»  TOO  or  MO 
Bnrapeatw  knci  I'M  nepoya.  with  gun-Uscttra,  ortificen,  aai  pUwecn,  tlia  irlial* 
MD'miitiag  t«  9100  m»u.  RaghtinAlhrilv  engagad  on  »cooiint  o(  S200  laen  to  p*/ 
£190^000  fRa.  1}  Uiht)  »  mnnth  with  a  {Moportioaatc  fnercthM  or  d«oreH« 
Moordiag  t«  tli*  nnnlwr  Of  onen  •applied.  A*  ■  wcaritj  (or  tb«  p«]rn><HBl  h*  tMdc 
OTor  Umpnmnly  tbodJatrioU  o(  A  mod,  Htiunt,  B»l*Ai,  *Bd  part  eC  AitklMvar 
_in  CVnlrd  Oujarlt,  and  Mded  in  peiMtiiity  BMwin  witli  ita  ikpcndeiidM,  t&a 
KjbUikI  of  SaliMtt*.  uid  tbt  otbsr  iilutiU :  thn  diitriota  of  Jamhuar  Mid  Otpad  ia 
VCidtnl  (iuJarAt :  ind  an  ajuKninont  of  Ki.  73.000  aimnally  Qjiao  AnklMvar  ia 
Bnuch,  iJia  whole  unonntm^  to  £192.500  (R<.  10,33.000)  a  n»r.  Ha  Mgagad  l» 
proeorc  the  cMMut  of  tin;  Odikwu'*  khtirc  of  tUe  rercna*  oi  llr«*eh,  *nd  to  {Uky  alt 
•xptnasi  th«  Compunjr  might  idcot  in  oblaioiDf;  poaacanon  of  tbe  apaoiKud  osmiod*^ 
wliieb  WOK  til  hi)  ciintltl***')  t»  b<>l<insin|[  to  th«in  from  tbo  dat«  of  tha  ti*»tf. 
Aa  ftacliuaUJtrtv  was  iloatitDta  of  otb«r  funds,  h«  dcpa«ti«d  jawek  valatd  at 
Ufwardb  of  £60,000  ttU.a  IdiAt)  Matatcantj  tor  t>i*  ['rotJiitad  MvuMa,  fJedgUM 
bnnMlf  to  ndacm  tbvm.  Th»  protaction  of  tha  Couifunj  '•  pcMiariowa  ia  B«n«t  MM 
ttlOM  of  their  ally  tbcNkwAb  of  Arkol  wna  alioprovided  tori  aodsU  Critiih  (hipaor 
Tcueb  wiling  umlor  th«  protection  of  the  Sritiih  flag  wliich  mioht  hats  tiM 
mialortaue  tn  be  wrecked  on  tha  Manitha  coart  were  to  be  givea  to  Ibe  owiMn. 
(Jtant  [luET*  IterAlbla,  377.  In  1S03  Ibe  J«««la  »«r«  reetiirad  lo  Bajlriv  at  ■  fm  g^i 
from  tlM  f'nmpany.     Ditto. 

>  Grant  Dnrs  .MarllliA*,  387.  ■CmtDaTi  Muilh&i.  390,301. 


rBomMySi 


260 


DISTRICTS 


er  Vn. 

917- 

LTtllt, 

•1817. 


t-lifir  powers  in  goiug  to  vr«r  widiout  tbe  badcUod  of  Uie 
GoTernnient,  tliat  they  liad  liven  ordered  to  i^ithdn 
troops,  and  tliat  an  envoy  bad  be«ti  sent  to  cooolude  p«aoft 
Colonel  Upton  urriTed  al  Pnmudhiu-  on  tlie  S8lh  of  Deoembor  177$ 
The  minist«rM  took  full  advantage  of  the  power  which  ibe  tmstak«ft 
policj  of  the  Bongnl  Goremmcut.  liftd  placed  lu  tkuir  liand».  Thtj 
aasutned  a  high  lone  of  demand  and  menace,  which  Colonel  Uptoe 
judKiMl  to  be  firm  nnd  sincere.  Colont-1  Upton  though  oprif^ht  aiui 
moderate  was  Jll-qnaliGed  to  oouduul  a  negoUalion  with  Mar^tha 
firdhuians.  The  miniaterK  fpreatljr  extolled  the  just  and  honouraV 
motives  which  bad  deUjrmioed  the  t^rreat  Quvernor  of  Calcutta 
order  peace  to  be  concluded.  But  when  Colonel  Uptou  pro 
that  the  BiigliHhshoutd  kitTp  Sthlscllo  and  ibe  Ltlnnda  in  tlie  BO' 
harbour,  the  cession  t>{  BuHaein  which  they  had  obtained  io 
late  war  togethur  with  the  revenue  of  Broach,  the  ministers 
astonished  that  a  Ooveroment  which  bad  so  jnstj;  condemned 
war  could  be  ho  ready  to  koep  the  fruits  of  it.  Colonel  Uploi 
arguud  that  S^tiolte  was  taken  posseesioa  of  as  a  procautionary 
measui<e  loujf  deemed  necessary  to  the  safety  of  Bombay,  and  the 
prosperity  of  its  commerce.  But  the  ministers  wo»la  listen  to 
nothing.  They  had  beea  put  to  immense  expense  by  keeping  armies 
idle  at  the  wish  of  the  Ueogal  Qovenimeni.  wliirh,  if  they  bad  no( 
been  int«rferf>d  mlh,  would  have  long  aince  settled  thowholo  matter. 
They  demanded  the  inimediato  suireuder  nf  Kaghunalbr&T  and  tiio 
entire  restoration  of  the  territory  occnpiod  by  tho  Bombay  Gorem-- 
nientninco  tlio  be^nning  of  the  war.  If  RaghunitthrAv  was  given 
np  and  all  the  territory  rastorod,  tho  raiiitgtorg  as  a  favour  to  th9 
Governor  General  would  nay  £150,000  (Us.  IS  liiftk»)  to  reimbarse 
the  East  India  Company  for  the  expenxes  incurred  by  the  Bombay 
Qovernmcnt.  They  seconded  their  arguiuimtK  with  threats,  and 
mistook  the  mild  remonHtraDcca  of  the  envoy  for  timidity.  As 
Colonel  Upton  conld  not  agree  to  these  proposals  on  the  17th  of 
Fehroary  he  wrute  to  the  (iovemor  General  that  ho  snppoeed 
nogotintiotiB  were  at  an  end.  But-  almost  immedtntely  after  they 
bad  earned  their  meant^cs  to  the  liigbcet  pitch  tho  iiiioiiiteTS  ngreed 
to  the  greater  part  of  Colonel  Upton's  original  demands.  Before 
accounts  hnd  time  to  reach  CaloutUi  that  the  nesotialion)*  were 
broken  off  the  treaty  of  Furan dhar  was  settled  and  signed  on  tha 
Istof  March  1//I).  i'ho  cbiet  provisions  were  that  SilseMe  or  a 
territory  yicliTin^  £30,000  (Ra.  8,00,000),  and  Broach  and  territory 
worth  £3u.000  [U».3,00,000)moreKhouldbDleft  with  the  English  nnd 
£120,000  (Rs.  12  takhii)  paid  to  them  on  account  of  war  expenisce  ; 
that  the  trraty  with  Raghmiiltbniv  was  annulled  :  that  the  EagliahJ 
were  to  return  to  f^urrisoii  nutl  UitghtinAthrdv's  army  be  disbanded  V 
witbin  a  month  ;  and  that  RaghuuAtbr&v  was  to  get  an  establishment 
and  live  at  Kopar^aoa  on  the  QudiLvari.'      The    Bombay  Govern 


'  Gmut  Duff's  ManUbta,  301 

*  Onat  DatTi  UarSUiia,  39S-SM.    1!1i«  Peahirs'K  ntune  wu  not  mmtiaital  in  th<  ' 
traatv.    Th«  mfaiilHv  Ntoa  u>d  SitUilrSai  probably  kft  ont  the  lunie.  that  ui  oi 
tb«  child  Hltthjivniv  thould  die  GugitMi  might  wlcTt  annUiar  ton. 


moubslil)  cluDg  to  ItaghuDatlirar's  omse  and  received  liim  witli  200 
followers  at  Sarat,  wlit-ra  he  Appealed  to  tbe  Directors  and  to  tlie 
I  KJDjT.  The  ministers  threatened  wnr  if  KaghiinAlhrAv'a  anoy  whs 
not  diabaudod.  To  this  the  Bainbay  Govenimoiit  Jiaid  no  atten- 
tion, and  their  position  vims  Btroiigtbt^ued  by  the  arrival  at  Botubiiy 
lOD  the  2(itlt  of  August  1776  and  again  iu  Nov«nibcr  1777,  of 
Ideapatclies  from  the  Court  of  Directore  approring  the  BoDabay 
.'treaty  uf  Suntt  with  RHghuii&tbrAv,  and  conHnrin;^  the  freat  ana 
nnDGCessary  sacrifice  of  the  Bengal  treaty  of  Pumndhar  with  the 
minigl^rs.  Though  hostilities  bad  ceased,  pence  was  not  catAb* 
liebod.'  la  October  177t3  a  man  cUiming  to  boSaddshiv  Cliimtil^i, 
tho  leader  of  the  Mar^thflt)  at  PSiiijKit,  vrith  the  support  of  the 
Bombay  Oorerumont  putwesscd  hiutsolf  of  the  greater  part  of 
the  Konkau  Bud  seised  the  Bor  pasa  and  R&jmfiohi  furt.  Near 
Riimichi  ho  wa«  AttBuk«d  and  doicntcd  by  a  minifttorial  force,  Hod 
tu  kolabi]  was  given  Dp  by  Angria,  and  wasdraffgtid  to  duath  at  an 
l«leph»nt'8footinPoona.  On  the  1 1th  of  November  nAglmnAthr&r  waa 
allowfil  to  livv  in  ftombay  and  aoaltowaoce  of  £11)00  (IN.  10,000}  n 
mouth  waH  settled  on  him,"  Id  November  Colonel  Upton  wai*  recalled 
pfrom  Poonu  und  Mr,  Mostyu  was  SL<ut  a^  envoy  in  hi»  uIilcc.  Tlio 
Poona  minisbors  noxb  showed  their  dislike  to  the  English  by  trying 
to  establish  their  CDomic^  tJu  French  in  a  position  of  power  in 
"Westom  India.  At  Poona  an  agent  of  France  was  received  with  dia- 
tinotion  and  Mr.  Mostyn  was  troated  with  studied  coldness.  In  the 
middle  of  Maroh  1777  several  Frfnchmon,  whi-  UndeJ  nt  Chvul  in 
KoUba  went  to  Poorlft,  and,  enrly  in  May  1777,  one  of  them  fft. 
Lu^inwini  rt'Cdivcd  in  Poona  as  an  ambassador  from  FmnCf.  The  port 
of  Chcul  was  promised  to  (he  French  and  anagreoniect  made  for  tlio 
introduction  of  troops  and  warlike  SDpulics,*  Though  the  Iroaty  of 
Purandhurund  thoauppresliian  of  Sud^niv's  rising  had  strengthened 
fho  miniHt^Ts'  government  iu  the  Deccan,  in  the  Bombay  ICarndtak 
they  bod  suffered  Bovend  reveraes  from  Uuidar  and  ttie  Eolhitpur 
chief.  Id  September  1777,  Oang^bai  ibo  infant  Poshwn'e  mother 
died  from  a  draf^  taken  to  oonoeat  tho  efFects  of  her  intimacy  with 
Nina  FadnaviM.  In  October  1777.  Mr.  Hornby  tho  Governor  of 
Bombay  reviewed  tho  position  of  the  Poona  miniaters,  and  showed 
how  their  difBoultics  were  increased  by  8iudia's  and  Uolkar's  want 
of  sapport,  by  the  defHctiou  of  other  Manttha  nobles,  by  Uaidar's 
victories,  and  hy  Qaugiibili'a  death.*  Tho  effect  of  Mr.  Hornby's 
minnte  must  have  been  greatly  increased  at  Calcutta  by  tho  length 
which  N&na's  hate  of  the  Kngliah  carried  hinn  in  bis  dealings  with 
St.  Lnbinand  by  tho  Directors' despatch  received  in  November  1777 
strongly  oonsoring  the  Calcutta  treaty  of  Pnrandbar,  and,  under 


I 


■  (Jraai  SoIPb  UutUiiL  Me.  >  Oaatl  DolTi  HartthM  3t». 

*AM0unt  ofBamlwylirSl).  St.  Lubin  Wlbwn  ia  India bafora.  Tltoagh  1i«  was 
not  Ml  unbMMUtw,  8t.  LqUb  hid  aitthority  from  Iba  FrMtd)  Is  find  what  •dvantoM 
(viiilrl  be  Kaiuod  fnun  ui  bllUnoo  iritli  tho  Maritliia.  Ho  «ff«r*d  Kilns  to  bring  !ISOO 
Eiirujirajis  uid  lOjOIKI  ili>c9|iliii«l  n^y*,  u>d  AbnnilMoo  ol  <mt  storw- 

'  Umnt  DiiB*«  MarlUiA*.  401. 


Chapter  VII. 
History. 

Bt.MUltlAt, 

il-S}-  18W. 


fBoinlmjr  OalMt 


262 


DlSTKICrS. 


CbApUr  Til. 

I79)-18I7. 


suitttblo  circnmslancee  Approving  ao  altiaucc  with  Ra^huii^thra 
Meanwhile  (1778)  st  Poona  dieaePAiona  ainoDg  the  muterial  par 
increased.  NAna  Kadoavis  despised  tbu  abilities  of  his  couai 
Moroba  Faduavis,  but,  with  a  Brdliman'ti  4.<autioD,  he  was  at  moi 
pains  to  conc«i>l  faift  coatempt  than  bin  eaniitr.  Moroba  wi 
rtapport«d  b;  a]l  Begbunalhrav'tt  partisauH,  particularly  by  Bajil 
Purandbare,  8akhdr^  Uari,  Chiuto  Yitbal,  Vishnu  Xarhar,  an 
lately  by  Tokoji  Holkar.  Still  Nina  was  confiiient,  a  spirit  whicbM 
Moatyn  beIi<!T(!d  wa»  due  to  assurance  o£  fluppcirt  from  Fmoce.  Aftt 
tho  dt.'ath  of  GaiiK'^bd)>  Sukh£r£m  bt^o  to  be  jralous  of  J>&aa,  an 
cxpreeaed  a  qaa1i6ed  approval  of  apian  to  restore  RagbuD&Uirav,  art 
Moroba  wrote  to  (he  Huinbay  QoTerutneut  propoaiof^  the  rcatoratioi 
of  Baghun^thriv.  Tbe  Bombay  Government,  who  from  K&na'a  deal 
iugtwilli  the  French  were  anttafied  that  their  safety  dc[>eudeJ  on 
rluanfTcof  DiiniHtry  at  Poona,  agreed  to  reatore  Kagimfilhriv,  provide 
SulchitMm  Biipu,  thetrliief  authority  in  Pooua,expressed  his  approval  c 
the  scbeme  in  writing,  ThedectBJon  of  thH  Bumbay  GovemtneDt  wi 
approved  bv  the  Governor  (loiteral.  To  help  their  plans  and  t 
coimteract  Freucb  dcsigiiH  in  Wcstoni  India,  a  force  ander  Colow 
I^nlie  waa  ordered  to  cross  the  oontinent,  and  place  tliemselveauadf 
Ibc  ordcrB  of  th«  Govcrninoiit  of  Bombay.*  Sakbdntin  Bipu  refused  t 
record  in  writingiis  approval  of  tbe  plan  to  restore  BaghnnAthrAv  ao< 
further  nctiuu  was  stopped.  At  Poona  Kitua  attempted  but  failed  t 
e«ize  Moroba.  In  Hpite  of  this  failuri>,  with  the  beJp  uf  Sakhar£i 
Bipo  and  with  tbe  offer  of  a  position  in  tlie  ministry,  NAn 
80oceed«d  in  inducing  Moroba  to  joiu  his  party.  The  effect  < 
this  changt!  was  at  6rst  a  loss  Ut  Kdna.  Moroba,  with  the  help  ti 
Holkar's  troopn,  was  more  powerful  than  Nina,  who  retired  t 
Pura&dhar  and  agreet]  to  the  plan  for  ^bringing  RaghoDitbrav fc 
Poona  providud  do  barm  should  come  to  himautf  or  nis  property 
But  Nanij,  by  reminding  Sakhiirim  B&pu  of  the  evil  refiulta  c 
ItaghuDiltlir6T'ii  former  term  of  rule-  at  P<K.>ua,  persuaded  SatbArAi 
B&pu  and  tbroogli  Sakbdr&m  Oiipu  pf>rsuaded  Moroba  to  give  np  tbi 
idea  of  bringiog  RaghanAiliriv  l>ack.  The  oiijoynient  of  powe 
under  the  existing  arraoRenient  and  N&oa'a  persiiasiou  led  Morrtbi 
atill  further  to  adopt  Nina's  views  and  tavour  St.  Lubin  and  i 
Frencb  alliance. 

Tbe  Bombay  Oorerninent  remonstrated  with  Ihoministoraforkeep 
ing  St.  Lubin  in  favour  in  Poona.  N4na  saw  that  the  Knglish  woub 
Dotstand  farther  frieudship  between  the  French  and  llio  Mar^th^s.  Hi 
accordingly  dismissed  St.  Lubin  tu  July.and  gmnted  passports  for  thi 
Bengal  troona  through  Mar^tha  territory  on  ihf'ir  way  across  India  ti 
ooonteracl  French  influence  in  Western  India.  \Vhile  disniisAinf 
Si  Lnbio,  Kina  assured  him  that  if  St.  Lubin  conld  bring  a  Frcnc) 
oorpe  to  India  ho  would  graot  the  Fronch  au  ontablishtnent  it 
MarAtha  territories ;  and,  while  granting  i»aasporta  to  tlio  Brittal 
for  safe  conduct  through  Mnnttha  territory,  N&ua  was  sending  secre 
orders  to  the  Mar^tha  officers  and  to  tbe  Bundelkhand  chief  to  d< 


1  <Innl  ]>ofr«  Mtnibia.  40«. 

I  T1i«  toKM  coniiBbtd  o[  ui  ViattaUoas  ot  Mjiny«,  |inip«rtian4tc  wltltciy.  Mid  i 


cmn 


r 
I 


POONA. 


203 


I 
\ 


what  they  could  to  stop  tbe  Englisli.'  N&iia  allowed  Uoroba  to  re* 
inaio  in  power  for  nbout  a  year.  On  the  Stli  of  June  177S  UaripaQt 
Phadke  and  Uak^ji  Sindia  jotued  N^aa  at  Porandliar  and  a  bribe 
of  £90,000  (Rs,  9  Idk/u)  reniorod  the  suurco  of  Moroba's  etrength  by 
tho  transfer  of  Hollcar  from  Moroba'a  interests  to  the  interests  of 
Nflna.*  On  tb«  I  Itb  of  July  1778.  Moroba  ^aa  seized  by  ft  party  of 
Sinditt's  horeo,  nuidc  over  to  Naoa,  aod  plocod  in  ooDtinetnoat.  '1^ 
whuleof  Moroba'a  party  nere  arrested  except  Sakharf^m  Bspn.wbo.for 
tho  sake  of  the  FuraDdhsr  tre«ty,  had  to  bo  loft  at  liberty.'  In  spite 
of  NAna's  triumpb,  tlio  Bombay  Goverutnent  resolved  to  conlinao 
their  effortatonlaceRagiiDiitbnir  in  the  regency,  and  directed  Coloael 
Leslie  to  marcli  Od  Junuar.  At  Pooua,  Nitna  Fadnavis  on  the  ploa 
of  age,  rt- moved  Sakhirfim  BApa  from  the  administration,  and  placed 
a  body  of  Sindia'a  troopn  over  bis  person  and  houaa.  Belf-mouiiU^ 
boraoiDcn  or  ahilcdara  were  recruited  ail  orer  the  country  and  ordered 
toacsenible  at  tho  Dnaara  fetitivul  in  October.  Id  tho  different  ports 
TeMeld  woro  rclittod,  forts  wore  prorisioned  aud  ropoirod,  fresh 
tnstrnotion!)  were  denpiitchcd  to  harass  Lostlio's  march,  and  an  agent 
was  sent  to  Buinbiiy  to  amuse  the  Governmout  by  malciag  overlures 
to  RafirhunAthniv.  This  last  deception  failed,  ns  the  Boinlwy  Govern- 
ment knew  from  Mr.  Lowis  what  was  going  on  iu  Poonu. 

On  the  22nd  of  NoTOinber  177A,  under  i^reemont  with  Raglia> 
nAtbrAv,  an  advanced  party  of  British  troop  under  Captain  James 
Stewart,  consisting  of  sir  coRipanies  of  native  grenadiers  from  dif- 
ferent corps  with  u  small  detail  of  artilk-ry,  morcd  frum  the  port  of 
Apti  in  Koldba,  took  possesaiou  of  the  Bor  pass  without  opposition, 
and  encamped  at  KbandAla.  The  main  torco  landed  at  Panrol  in 
Thinaon  ttioS&thNoTember,  but  from  delay  in  makiuga  road  for  tha 
guns  np  the  Bor  pass,  thev  did  not  reach  the  top  of  the  paas  till  the 
2drd  of  December  1778.  The  force  was  uoderlbeoCHniaaud  of  Colonel 
Bgerton  and  Mr.  Carnae.  It  incIndedSdl  Enroi>eao»,2276yatiw  In- 
fantrTandSOOgnn  laacars.  They  were  accompanied  by  KagbunithrAv, 
hifl  adopted  son  Amritntr,  and  a  few  horso.  Some  fiklrmisbing  had 
taken  place  between  Captain  Stewart  and  small  parties  of  the  eovmy, 
in  which  the  British  sepoys  showed  groat  zeal.  At  KhandiJa 
Colonel  Egerton,  the  commanding  officer,  reserving  the  advance  a« 
a-  separate  corps  under  Captain  titewart,  divided  the  main  body 
of  his  forco  into  two  brigades,  one  commanded  by  Lieutenant 
Colonel  Cay  and  the  other  by  Lientenanl  Colonel  Cockburn. 
Through  foirly  level,  thongh  in  places  somowhat  marshy  land,  theso 
three  divisions  advanced  at  the  rate  of  about  three-tjuarters  of  a 


<  Orsat  Dan^  Marttliia,  «0B  .«10.  *  Gnuit  DuCTs  MarSU^  40H. 

*  Otut  Dafr*  MatithAa.  401.  Aai^ng  tba  lwU«r  typ*  of  UsMtUds  who  Avn/uA 
tiMU  live*  to  Um  kttnnpt  to  pUcu  at  the  b«ad  of  tlic  ri«t«  tb«  gonoTMii  MldMr 
Ri^tianAthriv,  ia«t«a>i  of  Nitui  Om  nliemiag  amd  cuwanlly  conTtl«r,  wiu  it  Klyuitlik 
Pratibu  DRinail  SaUiirlMi  Hari.  iiiakbirim,  who  had  ipoat  bia  life  to  Ragbui^lliriT'ii 
•crrioe  and  n«ver  woTered  from  bU  mutfv'i  intorMt,  vaa  amaWJ  with  oUi«n  of 
UonU'*  party,  He  was  chainMl  la  iroa*  m  hMry  that,  tbous^  ft  tout  «[  oatunal 
atreogtb  we  coald  hardly  li/t  tboa.  HiaaUonnuKM  of  toodaad  waWr  wa*  »low  aUrva- 
tleo.  StitI  ai  tli«  «ad  ol  fourtaoa  nMatlw  whn  too  woak  to  ri»«,  hia  apoitand  hia 
lova  tor  hisBDaatoT  nunabwd  aoohakan.  Hy  atraoctt  i*  Co**!  ^f  ^^  '*  BOing,  wheo 
voice  and  t>r«sth  ful  my  benei  aball  about  Ran^anAAntt,  BagkwMhrdr. 


Sistory- 

M  It  RATH  AD, 

i;».i8i7. 

htUafadnnw,, 

tns. 


[Bombaj  Oazettepr 


iptor  m 

Historj. 

lUniTiiifi, 
1730- 1817. 

ms. 


mill!  a  day,  orr  division  alwnya  ocuupjing  tlie  grouDd  irbich  tlie 
other  luul  quitted.  Tu  this  wnyc^lcTOii  (!«./«  p«8«od  bi^foro  tlivy  raached 
K^lu  a  Tillage  eight  mik-n  from  tho  grooad  which  OapUin  Steimrt 
bod  owiipicd  nboub  six  wc«k«  before.     Tho  extraordinary  bIowqch 
of    this    march   eDCOumgcd    thu    oucmy'a  BdTMicc  guard,   whir^ 
under  Bhivritr  Ynshrant  Pinse  brought  infantTy,  rookoLs  and  gum 
to  haroM  them,  but  on  orvry  occiuion  wuro    iLttnckcd     iind     driven 
bftclc  with  the  greatest  Hpirit.     During  the  march  from  Khaadtia 
the  army  lost    LiciitODiint.   Colonel    Cay  an  oxcolleni   otTScor,     who 
waa  mortally  wounded  by  a  roc-kol  on  the  31  st  of  December.     A  still 
more  M^riotifl   loos  waa  at   Karla,  on   the  ^ibof  Jaonary  1779,   llie 
death  of  Ouptain  Stewart  tht;  iL-nJcr  of  tho  adntnoe,  a  true  Koldier 
active  gallant    aitd    iadicious,    whoae    distinguished    coarage     M 
impressed  tho  MunltMs   tKul  for  years  bo  woe  rememberod  as 
Stewart  PhSlcde  or  Hero  Stewart.     This  erecmng  advance  of  the 
Bombay  nnny  gnrc  Nitaa  Kadn»vis  and  Mnhilfiji  f>i)idia  ample  tioM} 
to  gather  their  forc^it.     A»  the  chief  Bigner  of  the  Parandhar  treatr 
Satchlirdiii  Ftiipii  could  not  well  be  lonf^rr  kept  under  r«»tTaiiit,  ana, 
afteraformalreconciliutiun.he  uomiiiulty  returned  to  hisoffico  of  minis- 
ter.   Kdnft'it  iiiililary  loaders  were  Mah&dji  Sindta,  Haripant  Phadke, 
and  Tukoii  Ilulkar.     But,  a8  la  spite    of    his    bribe    of    £90,000 
(Bs.  9  lAkks),  X&na  mistrusted   Uolkar,  he  was  kept  in  a  poaittoD 
from  which  it  was  almost  iiupoesiblefor  him  to  join  KftghuoAtbrtv. 
As  tho  English  drew  near,  the  MaxAtha  armr  advancod  to  Talegaou 
about  twenty  miloH   oast  of  Khand&la  and  m^hteen    miles   wemt  of 
Poona.     On   the  6th  of  January    1779,    ill  hntlth    furced    CoIoduI 
Kgerton  to   rciaign  the  command    to    Colonel   Cookburn.     Coloael 
Rgerbon  started    for   Boniba.y,    bob  as    the  Marfth&s  had  cut    off 
communications  he  was  foi-c«d  to  return    to    the  army    where  be 
coQtinued  a    member  of  tbe  committee.'     On  the  9tb  Jof  Janu&iy 
1779,   when  tho  Bombay  army  reached  Talegaoo.  the  Marilhia 
retired.     The  village  was  found  to  be  banit,  and  it  was  said  that 
if  the    Bombay  army    advanced  further  Cbiucbwad    aad    Poosa 
would   aUo   be  burnt.     Though   thc^y   wore   within   eighteen  milea 
of    Pooaa    and    bad  storea  and  provisions    for    eighteen  days  the 
Comniittoo,  that  is  apparently  Mr.  Oamac.  scMed  by  tbe  nnton  and 
tho  determination  of  the    Mard.tb&a  proposed  a  retreat.     In  vain 
Ragbundthr^v,  who  hod  onco  lod  50,000  of  bia  couDtrymen  fivim  the 
Narbada  to  tliy  Attok,  pluadod  for  an  action,  one  success  woald  bring 
forward  numberB  of  his  partisans!  in  vaiu  Mr.  Roid.XIr.  Moslyn'a 
OBStBlaat  Ktntdd   that   a  jiarly  of  horse  in   Moroba's   interost  were 
on  their   way  from  the  Konkan  ;  in  vniii  Colonel  Cockburn  engaged 
to  take  tho  army   to    Poona  and   Captain  Hartley  and  Mr.  Holmes 
argued  that  if  an  advance  wa.i  impossible  negotiations  ahould  at 
leaet  be  began  before  a  retreat  wtts  onlcred.     The  committee  had 
determined  to  retreat  und  did  not  delay  one  day.     At  eleven  on  the 
night  of  tite  Uth  of  January  the  heavy  gnns  wore  thrown  intoa 

end,  stwn-s  were  bomt,  «.nd  2(iOO  British   troops  begMi  to  rstrest 
tore  5(1,000  Mfirrtthfis.'  Tho  Cominittoe    imagined  tb«r  rotroiit 


1  Crut  Duff*  Mwitixb.  (IS.     Mr.  Uwii  luUoutod  tho  UmrtUlu  fMot  at  SS.IHMi 
lh«  M»itti»a  at  lOA.OOn  ;  QnVaA  Tockbum  .il  ISO.OOA  ;  Gniil  Duff  ■!  fAOOO. 


I>a<4&n. 


ft 


would  remuia  uaknowa.  By  two  oext  morning,  vitbia  three 
boara  oE  tliar  start,  h  party  of  Mar&th&a  fired  od  the  adranood  guard ; 
■hortly  after  tlio  nwr  also  wm  attacked  and  the  ba^jrag©  plnnderod; 
at  (layl)rpak  ike  army  vraa  anrrounded  and  large  bodic-a  of  borso 
were  cotntng  tu  tbe  Htlock.  Tbe  weigbt  of  tbe  assault  fell  on  tbe 
rear,  corapMed  of  tiero  Stewart's  six  compftnioa  of  grenadiers  and 
two  gons  DOW  under  tbe  command  of  Captain  Hartiey  a  distiDeuished 
officer  and  well  known  to  the  m»n.  Shortly  after  Bimriso  the  rear 
was  agva  attacked  by  tbe  main  body  of  the  MarHth^,  horse  foot 
and  gaoa.  The  sepoys  fought  with  oBtbuBiasm,  the  red  wall,  as 
Sindia  said,  bBildiDg  ttAclf  tip  ag^oi'n  as  soon  as  It  whs  thrown 
down.'  Five  companies  of  Ruropeans  and  two  corapanie?  of  sepoys 
wore  sent  to  sapport  Captain  liartley,  who,  inspit«of  coostantiittaclra, 
continued  till  noon  to  keep  tbe  Mar&tbs  lorco  at  bay.  Daring 
the  whole  of  tfao  morning  tbo  main  body  of  tbe  array  wore  engogod 
ia  retarning  the  firo  of  the  Mardlha  artillery  and  stiffBTod  little  loss. 
Aboat  noon  Major  Fredoriek  wn.t  sent  to  take  the  command  in  the 
rear.  A.boBt  an  bonr  nftcT  ^fajor  Frederick  wa«  ordorod  to  retire 
on  tbe  main  body  and  the  whole  force  moved  to  the  village  of  V^dmon 
whore  tbe  lulvanee  guard  wa«  posted.  Crowds  of  followers  pressed 
in  and  the  entmnco  into  Yadgaon  waa  a  ftcene  of  f»nfu8ton  and 
lone.  At  last  the  troops  cleared  tbemaelren,  drove  off  tbe  Maratha 
hor»o,  got  guns  into  position,  and  by  four  in  the  afternoon  tbo  army 
had  some  respite.  Early  next  morning  {13th  January  1779)  tho 
ODODiy's  guns  opened  on  tbe  villagu  and  a  body  of  infantry  advanced 
to  attack  it.  They  were  repuUeil,  but  a  fettling  spread  ainouK  soma 
of  rhe  oiBcors  thai  tbe  men  were  dispirited  and  were  ready  to  desert. 
The  commaudur's  example  enoouraged  this  feeling.  A  fortber 
retreat  was  deemed  impr^ oticabloj  and  Mr.  Farmer  the  secretary 
of  the  oommittee  was  sent  to  negotiate  with  tbe  ministers.*  Tba 
miniaiers  demanded  Raghanithritv,  bnt  the  oommibteo  wore  saved 
the  disgrace  of  surrcndt-ring  him,  by  Itaghunat brer's  agreeing  to 
give  himself  ap  to  Sindia.  Tlit>  ininiKtern,  that  is  X&na  and  Siodia 
who  between  them  h<-ld  tbo  real  puwer,  insisted  that  tbe  oommittee 
sbonid  agree  to  surrender  all  tbe  territory  which  the  Ikimhsj 
GDVcmmont  had  oix^nirod  since  tho  doiktb  of  M£dhavT/lvBallAl  {1773), 
together  with  the  Company's  revenue  in  Broach  and  Snrat  which  the 
Uar&tb^  bad  uevor  pos>es«oil.  When  tlieau  t«rnis  were  Inid  before 
tbe  oommittt-o  Captain  Hartley  pleaded  that  one  more  effort  might 
be  made  to  nttreat  but  bia  proposal  wa«  rojected.  A  message  was 
sent  to  tbe  miuistera  Ibat  the  commitu-u  had  no  power  to  enter  into 
any  treaty  without  the  sanction  of  the  Bombay  Government.  Still 
Mr.  Camao  immediately  after  )»ent  Mr.  Bolmes  to  Siudia  with  fall 
power  to  coQolado  a  treaty.  Siudia,  tbouc'h  highly  flattered  by  this 
direct  negotiation,  gave  in  nothing  from  tlie  Mar&thn  demands,  and 
Mr.  Holmes  had  to  agree  that  ovorythiog  should  bo  restored  to  the 
Mar&lfaiU  as  ia  1773  and  that  a  mess^fe  should  be  sent  to  stop  the 


Chapter  VII., 
History. 

1779. 


1  OisBt  DsfPa  Mariltfau,  t2S. 

i^Ming.    W  Ut*  kilUd  sad  wonaiUd  &lU»a  wm  Eiuvpeaa  oSo«n. 
Ua^i>,  417. 

ft  1387-31 


r evaded^ I Aft 
Otut  Dnr* 


[!htpUr  VII. 
Hiitory. 

17TOI8I7. 
tt7». 


y 


advance  of  the  Bcngnl  troops.  Sindia's  favour  was  purrlwRed  b;  ■ 
private  promise  to  bontow  on  him  the  Engltab  sluire  of  Broaali  iaA 
bythoKiftof  £4100  (Rs.  'll.OOU]  to  bis  Krvwit&  The  Bombaj 
artnj.nflcr  Leaving  fifrPiirmcr  aoiICotonv]  Stcmirt  aa  bost&gcs, wera 
n.llowed  to  withdraw. 

Mr.  Carnac's  liritt  act  on  reacbing  thi>  Konkan  vriut  tn  iiiispMid 
bis  order  stopping  the  advance  of  the  Bengal  troops.*  Whoi 
newB  of  t)io  di»gmce  at  Vadgaon  reacbod  Bombaj  Mr.  Bombf 
diBarowt-d  3Jr.  Carni^-'n  puwor  tu  mako  n  Ironty.  Ou  tbe  19M 
of  Fobritnry  he  proposed  to  the  council  that  their  object  abonld 
be  to  Bccuru  peace  so  us  to  exclude  the  French  frr>ui  the  MiinLtha 
doininions  and  to  prevent  the  cession  of  Koglisb  territory.  He 
tLought  the  £t1l>0  (Rst.  41,000)  Rp«at  lu  preaeuts  to  Sindia'a  9orvanl> 
aboufd  be  paid  and  thu  promise  uf  the  groat  o\  Broacb  to  Stndi| 
co&6rm«d.'  m 

Tho  posilioD  o£  tbo  English  which  was  altoost  ntioed  1^  tn 
disaster  at  A'^^adgnon  wa.1  retrieved  by  the  sucoms  ot  QUmK£^ 
march.  On  hvarin^  that  the  Bombay  army  bad  suffered  a  defeat  n 
Vodgaon.  Goddard  preHsed  on  with  speed  fmwf  RAjoyad  in  Buadel- 
kband  and  rejiched  Surat  on  tba  25th of  Febraary  1779.'  Wben 
nown  of  Vadgnon  reached  ilio  soprenne  UovemmenC  they  ordered 
Goddard,  whom  they  had  already  appointed  tbeir  ploiiipot«ntiafy, 
to  conclude  a  treaty  with  tho  ftUriitti^.  The  new  treaty  was  to  be 
OQ  tho  ba.'^i.s  of  tho  Piiraiidhar  Iroftty  with  an  additionnJ  article 
excloditig  the  Prt-ncb  from  any  vstsblisbtnont  in  MarfLthn  t<»rritory. 
Qoddard  wax  alito,  if  ht*  gained  thB  opportunity,  to  mine  to  a  Heparan 
anrangemeiit  with  Siudia.*  Siiidin  who  coiitiiuiod  to  keep 
Raghuuithr&v  in  bis  power  arranged  that  lands  worth  £1,200,000 
(Rs.  1,20.00^000)  a  year  ebould  be  Bottled  on  Rnt^iunAtbrir  in 
Buiidi'Ikhaod.  On  his  way  to  Bnoddkhaod  Ragbuu&thrav  oscapcd 
from  hin  guard  and  reached  Surat  where  he  prayed  General  (ioddatd 
to  give  him  shelter.  Goddard  agreed  to  shutter  him  (12ih  Jane 
I77V1)  and  gave  hiiu  an  allowance  of  £5000  (Ra.  50,000)  a  month. 
Thi.t  cxi'iino  <if  R aif h u Dittb r^v  caused  some  ooldnoas  between  NiLna 
and  Sindia.  This  passed  off  and  Holkar  and  Sindia  with  16,0i 
horse  agrget^.to  qpi'PSP, Qoddard  in  Oaiaj^t.* 

When  the  rainn  of  177^  vere  over,  *a  tho  Mnritbte  refosed 
Come  to  terms,  troops  woro  seat  from  Bombay  and  oTorran  North 
TluLnn  and  scunred  the  revenue.  On  the  1st  of  January  1780 
Goddard  marched  HOuth  fniin  Siirat  to  act  with  the  Bombay  troope. 
In  Dfceirilier  1780  ho  captured  Ba^eein,  while  Bartley  defeated  the 
Mar&tli&s  with  heavy  loss  at  the  battle  of  Uugad  about  twenty  mil«a 
north  of  TliAiiJu  After  tboeo  snccesseH  iaTbe  Konkao,  in  the  hope 
that  a  display  of  vigour  wonid  bring  Nrina  to  terras,  Goddard 
advanced  and  took  thn  Bor  paa»  on  the  Ist  of  February  1781. 
Qoddard  kept  his  ho(vd'quart«r&  at  'Rhopivli  or  Kfioftpplii  at  tbe  foot 
of  tho  pasa  and  sant   proposals  to  N&nn.     Nfina   who  wm  buy 

I  Onnl  DufT*  HarithAt,  41B.  *  Gnnt  Ihiff's  \UTttbto,  430.  ■ 

widBD^hLlnpiir.    After  re'iMKnt^TUMrnj^mrffiASpiu^^SaaSelFTO^^^ 
tlto  0th  of  Vebraofy.  uwl,  in  twenty  A»,y»,  rettAteA  Satat  ■  distance  «l  300  mtlMk 
•  Orsint  Pur.  MarikUiA*,  421.  •  Grant  thiBT.  M«i.thi,».  43). 


JIB 


Dmbm-I 


POONA. 


367 


I 


co1tectin|^  troopB  nc^tiat^cl  for  a  t.iino,  and,  whon  his  prcpanUoms 
wore  read;,  returuedOudfliird'ii  proposals  on  the  groand  tbat  soleniis 
could  be  considered  which  did  uot  provide  for  the  SHfety  of  llie 
Muritliiis'  ally  Httidar  of  Maisur.  On  tbo  ISlh  of  April  Goddard 
begfan  to  retreat  on'^mbav.  Prom  the  first  he  was  sorely  presaed 
bj  tha  Mnr&th&s.  Only  bis  skill  aa  a  general  and  the  courage  of 
hia  tnxtps  miablod  him  on  the  iSM  of  April  to  bring  them  safely  to 
Pan  vol.  The  Har&tbfe  oonBidere>d  this  retreat  of  Goddard's  one  of 
tboir  f^roatest  guceesaas  over  tbo  English.  Id  Seplotnbor  1781  Lord 
Macartney,  Sir  Eyre  Coote,  Sir  Kdward  UuRhpfl,  and  Mr.  McPberaoD 
addresaed  a  joint  letter  to  the  Pi««h«ra  Htating  their  wi»h  f  or  penc», 
the  modenittoa  of  the  Compnoy'tt  vicvs,  tho  dosire  of  the  British 
iiation  to  conrlade  a  firm  and  lasting  trenly  which  no  semiDt  of  the 
Company  should  have  power  to  bronV,  and  ftamringf  the  pMhwa 
that  EUtisfection  should  be  gircn  id  a  ainciTi'  and  irrorooablo  treaty. 
Gen«ml  Goddard,  who  tttill  con^iderod  hiuiseU  the  accredited  agent 
on  the  part  of  the  Mopromo  Govoroment,  alao  openvd  a  negotiation, 
acd  assamed,  what  wan  privatoly  agreed,  that  Sindia  should  use  his 
codearotir  to  obUiin  a  oe«*ntion  of  botitibtiott  botwoen  the  Peshwa 
and  the  KngliKh  until  thu  terms  of  a  gouetal  pcaco  could  be  adjusted. 
In  Jaauary  1782  the  Bombay  Goveruinent  eeob  Captain 
Wttthcnttouo  to  Poouit.  but  »liortly  after  his  iirrivul  ofhcial  iutelligeDoe 
was  received  that  Mr,  David  Anderson  had  been  deputed  to 
.Mahddji  Siadia'd  camp,  as  Agem  of  the  Governor  General 
with  full  powers  to  negotiate  and  conclude  a  treaty  with  the 
MaTi£tb£s.  On  this  Captain  Watliorstone  was  recalled.  At  laat  on 
the  I7th  of  Muy  the  treaty  ot  Salbai  was  concluded  uud  ratified  by 
the  Peshwa  on  the  ^Uth  of  December  1782.'  Its  chief  provisions 
irere  that  BaghunMfar^r  should  have  £2500  (Ha.  25,000}  a  month 
and  live  where  ho  chose ;  Aat  all  territory  should  remnin  n9  bcfor* 
the  troatj  of  FiiritTiilharj  that  all  Europcaoa  pxoept  the  Porlusfuese 
abould  b<}  eicdiided  from  the  Mariitha  dominiomi ;  tuat  Ilaidsr  ^onld 
be  conipolleu  to  rolinquiith  hi«  conqtiotits  from  the  Engb'sh ;  and 
that  Broach  should  be  givea  to  Sindia  for  his  humauity  to  the 
English  nfk'r  the  oonreotion  of  Viidgaou.  Raglinn^thrdv  accepted 
the  terms  of  the  treaty  and  fixed  biit  residence  al  KopariraoD  on 
tbe  God&rari  in  Ahmndnngar.  He  aurvive^l  only  a  few  montha. 
His  widow  Auundibiii  shortly  nfler  gavo  birth  to  a  sou  Chimu&ji 
Apa.  The  infant  CbimnAji  together  with  BAjirtr.  who  at  the 
time  of  bis  father's  death  wm  nine  years  old,  remaiDed  at 
Kopargaoa  till   1793  wheo  Kana    FadnsrU   removed    tbain    bo 


Chapter  TU- 
Hiatory. 

MakatuJ 
1720- 18 


Trrttig  nfSul 
ITSt. 


In  1784,  a  conspiracy  formed  with  the  object  of  deposing 
M&dhavrar  N4r^yaa  and  raising  B^jir4v,  the  son  of  the  late 
FCagbiin&thrAv  waa  discovered  and  ornehed  bj  N&na.  In  thesame  year 
MudAji  Bhonsla  the  chief  of  Berir  visited  Poena.  He  ahowed  a 
eincero  desire  to  connect  himself  with  the  bead  of  the  state,  and,  in 
the  name  of  his  sod  Knghuji,  entered  on  a  new  agreement  pledging 
binaelfaeverto  aaaist  the  English  against  the  P»Bnw«'«  Oovrrnmenli 
and  promising  to  co-operate  in  the  expected  war  with  Tipu.    One 


t  Glut  DatTi  MarltlijU,  452. 


1  Orut  DiiR'«  MaiatbU,  U?,  530. 


■1817. 


in  I'ontta, 
I7»t. 


bScot  of  the  tf«aty  of  S&lboi  wa«  greatly  to  favour  Siodiu's  donit 
to  farm  an  iadopondent  MarilUia  daniiliOD.  Id  1784  be  took 
Ow'alior  from  tho  UAiia  of  GoliatI  vlio  had  forfeited  his  olnim  to 
British  protection  ;  be  obtained  supreme  autborit;  at  Dellii ;  he  wu 
appointod  oommandcr-ia-cUief  of  the  Mogbat  foroes  and  tnaoogm-  of 
toe  provinces  of  Delbi  aud  A^ra  ;  and  made  a  claim  on  the  Britiab 
for  ehaulh  for  their  Ben^l  prorincea  which  fras  diaaTOved  by 
Mr.  McPbcraon.  In  1785  the  newa  of  Sindia'fl  BQCocBa  in  Nortbcn) 
India  wail  receired  at  Poona  with  anrpriRo  and  joy.  A  Hinalt  body 
of  the  Peahwa's  troops  was  sent  to  join  bim  as  a  meaaaiv  of  policy 
to  preserve  the  appearance  of  toe  Peshwa's  co-operation  and 
Bupremacy.  In  tbe  same  year  at  N^nn'a  desire  Ur.  Cburlca  Malet 
WM  cboscn  to  be  Urititib  r^ident  at  Poona. 

In  December   178!),  on    hoaring  of   Tipn's    moTCiooDta.    Ifim 

Fadnavis  mado  spociBc  propowts  to  the  Governor  General  in  tbe  nama 

both  of  hie  tnastor   and  of  Niztim  Ali.     These  propovOit  with  alifffab 

inodifieationH  wore  accepted.     A  preliminnry  ngreemeut  waa  settled 

on  tho  2dth  of  Mnn-h  1790,  and,  on  tho  Ist  of  Juno,  for  tbe  ftupprea- 

Bion  of  Tipa  an    otTuniiivf!  i^nd  defenaire  treaty  waa  concluucd  at 

Poona   liutwooii    Mr.    Unlet   on   tho  part  nf  the  Company  and  Nilna 

Fadauvis  on  tbt-  part  of  the  Pevthwa  nod  ^'i&&m  Ati.'     In  1 792  Sindiai 

who  wag  auprome  at  the  Oehli   Coart,  marcb«i  from  tbe  north 

towurdu  Poona  bearing  from  the  Emperor  of  Delhi  to  the  Fesbwa 

tbe   duedt)    aud   robee  oC    the   hureditary  ofBi'O  of   Vakil.t-itutlak 

or   Chief  Minister,   whose  hereditai-y  deputy   in    North   India  was 

to  be  Sindia      Nttna    Fadnaris    applied  to  tbe  Eagtisb    for  the 

permanent    vorvtcos   of   Captain    Little's    Delaobment    which   had 

acted  with  Parastini'&ia   Ohfiu  iu  the  wat  in  the  Korndtak   in  1790 

and  1791.    This  proposal  was  notap-dod  to.  Sindia,  afraid  that  NAua 

might  enter  into  some  soch  arrangomedt  with  the  Enj^liab,  and  to 

allay  Ntioa's  wolt-foiinded  jealoii«y  of  lim  regular  infaolry,  brought 

with  bim  only  a  small  party   andcran  EnglisbiRati  named   B[ese<iag; 

and  a    couplole     battalion    cnmmandcd    by     Michael    Kiluse   a 

Neapolitan.      Sindia    roached    Poona   on    the    11th   of    June   and 

pitched  his  camp  near  the  Sangam   or  meeting  of  the  Metba  and 

&1ula  rivorn,  the  place  aligned  by  tho    Posbwa  for  tho  residence  of 

tbe  Bt'itiah  envoy  and  bia  suito.     N6na,  who  waa  jealous  of  iSindis, 

did  all  he  could  to  prevent  tha  Peahwa'fi  accepting  tho  titlc«  and 

insignia  brought  from  the  emperor.     Ho  roprcaooted  ibc  impt\>priety 

of  adapting  some  of  Ihe  tillea,  eapooisUy  tbut  of  JfaAdra;  Adhr>tj,  the 

greateHt  of  groat  rdjia,  which  waa  iueousistont  wilh  the  constitatioa 

of  the  MnMthii  empire.    iStill  Siudia  peraisted  and  tbe  lUja  of  Sdtint 

gnvo  the  IVshwa  leavo  to  accept   the  honouni.     Nine  days  after  bia 

arriral,  N&na  rieiled  Sindia  who  received  him  in  the  moat  cordial 

manner,  refuiicd  to  eit  on  bia  state  ctiahion  in  the  minister's  presence 

and  trcHtt-d  him  with  tho  greatest  reepect.     Next  day  Sindia  paid 

his  restiects  to  tho  Peshwiv,  carrj'ing  with  him  numberless  rantics 

from  Nurlh  India.   Thi-  following  morning  waa  6xed  for  the  c(.Tcoiony 

of  investing  tbe  young  Peshwa  with  tbe  title  and  dignity  of  Vahil-i- 


POONA. 


269 


I 


Mutlak.   Sioiim  spared  no  pains  to  make   tlie  investituro  imposinc-. 

Pooiui  hod  never  man  so  grand  a  display.     The  investitnre  of  Sindia 

as   (he  Pealiwa's  d«pnty  Ja  tbe  office  of    VaHl-i-SIuliaii  filled  llio 

next  day.     Id  spite  of  (he  oiitirard  soccefis  of  these  ceremooiea  the 

Msrith&s    and    Bnlhrnaoa  of    Pooan    luicl  the  Decc&n  romAined 

uoErioQdljr  to  Siadia.     Siadia  hopi'd  by  tbo    mitgoiGccaco  o(   bis 

{iroeonts  to  gain  tho  f^dmll  of  tiio  Peshwa.     He  al>)o,  iu  contrast 

to  N&oa's  8trictiic»«  iind  docoriiin,  took  pains  to  pleaaa  the  Peshwa, 

makioR  hoDtitiff  and  water  parties  for  his  amnMmeot.    These  efforts 

of  Siouiu's  liaa  f)  mQcli  sucoea*!  that  Nilaa  in  an  interriew  with  tlie 

Pcabwa,  after  reminding  him  wltat  services  lie  bad  rendered,  n-arood 

liim  of  the  danger  he  ran  if  he  put  himxaelf  in  Sindia's  hands,  and 

asked  leave  lo  retire  to  Jieaaree.     Midhavrfiv  was  much  affected 

and   promised  that  Qotfaio^  wontd  p«rsuade  him  to  detiert    Nina 

fur  Siudia.     So  bitter  was  the  feeling  between  Ktoa  and  Sindn 

that    disputes  nearly    eoded  in    au  uutbreak.     TbiH  danger  was 

removed  by  tJie  deato  of  Mahildji  Sindia  of  fever  after  a  few  days' 

illoese  at  Vilnardi  aboat  two  miles  east  of  Poooa  on  the  12lh  of 

Febmainr  170't.'     Mab&dii  Sindia's  career  had  been  most  erentfnl. 

He  was'lho  chief   Maritiia  leader   for  ahoiit   thirtj^-five  years,  he 

mediated  between  tho  Peshffa  and  the    Kiiglisb,  and   he  ruled  the 

poppet  emperor  of  Delhi  with   a   rod  of  iron.     He  was   succeeded 

by  his  gmnd  nephew  Daulotr&r  Sindia,  then  in  his  fifteenth  year. 

VAam    Fadnavia    waq    now     the    only    Mnrlitha     statesman.     The 

UarAtba  confederacy  still  maintained  the  nominal  gupremacy  of 

the  Poshwa;  bat  the  people  wore   losioj;  their  adrentaroas  spirit 

•nd  each  chieftain  wa^  gniduBlIy  becoming  independent  of  any 

oontrnl  authority,     Betw<!«ii  Sindia'a  death  in  February  1794  and  the 

close  of  the  year  the|proKre&i  of  events  wsn  iu    Xana'a  favour. 

Bat  the  diapntea  between  him  and  Niz4in  Alt  regarding;  arrears  of 

tribute  (frcw  more  and  more  complicated.     Sir  Juhn  Shore  would 

not  interfere  and  war  was  begun  in   179t.     For  the  last  time  all 

the   great   MarAtha  chiefs  serTod    together   under    the    Peshwa'a 

banner.     Daulatrtv  Sindia  Mah^ji'a  successor,  and  Tokoji  Holksr 

were  already  at    Pooiin,    and  the   R^ja  of  IJerAr   had  set  out  to 

join;  GoTindtdv  Ot^ikwiir  sunt  A  detacbtnent  of  hia  troops;  the 

groat    southern     vassals    the    Briihman   families    of    PatTardbao 

and  JUstia,  the  BrAhmao  holden  of  MAlegaon  and  Yinchor,  the 

Pratinidhi.tbe  Pant8aohiv.theUanltbaMdnkurui,Nimbitlkar,ObAtge, 

Cbavhiin,  DaRe,   PovAi-,  Thordt,  and  P4tankar   with   many  others 

attended  the  Kummona,     The  Peshwa  left  Poena  in  Jannarr  1795, 

and    the    great  Mar&tha  army  marched  at  the  same  time,  but  by 

different  rontoa  for  the  ooaronieooe  of  forage.     The  army  innlndod 

upwards  of  130,000  horse  and  foot,  oxclosivo  of  10.000  Peodbnris.* 

>  Ontat  ihilTa  U.-tMUhla,  EOS. 

*  Of  tkit  foroc  npvanU  of  ome-liaU  WW*  «ltb*r  Mid  by  thm  FMhwa'a  troMory,  or 
Wtn  troofM  "f  Twnal*  vndmt  lili  direct  contra).  LMabAKv  Sindia'*  Iorc«  wm  toon 
nmiuirttiiB  aixl  more  offl-iicot  tlian  tliat  vt  aoy  otl)«r  «hi«ftftiti.  kltboni^  Um  gT«at«r 
nartotbfttartn^mttaiiie'linXoith  [iidia  nml  MiIhx  JivltftlMda  BabaEloomjundod 
{iiiaMdiaitaly  nndsr  DaaUtrav  juil  hui  l»t«lv  joiaed  klm  with  a  itashireMtitnt.  The 
wholu  coi»ut«d  of  20,000  nitD.  o(  wtiom  lO.OOO  w«m  ngalir  iatuiUy  imdw  Da 
Brnnj;'*  (Kmnd-ia-ooiniDBiid  M.  Pottdo.  Buhall  BlMnnla  iBDK«r»d  18^000  hotw  toA 
foot.  Tukoji  Haiur  had  only  Ifl^OOOi  bvt  nf  thuo  9000  wcrv  ragulan  ludM- 
Dndrenaa  uid  mott  of  tke  PendUiii  w«n  foUowera  ol  UoUur.  PafMhutiu  BUa 
had  7000  ncn.  Gnab  DnffailarttU*,  614. 


Chapttr' 

Hittoty. 

MaiUthjU, 

Ua)-tHIT. 

Siiviia 

in  F«ona, 

int. 


!b»pt«r  Vn. 

Blttoiy- 

U**  Triumph, 
17V$. 


>. 


ITU. 


Ndoa  Fatliiavis  consulted  tbe  cliief  ofBcors  wparntcly,  and  8«cib| 
to  have  adopted  the  pluiia  of  Jivba  Dilda  Boluhi  the  8hen' ' 
cotmuoDder  of  Studift'a  troops,  and  of  TuWoji  Holkar.  He  app(.)in 
ParaliurAm  Hhau  to  act  as  commander-iD ■chief.  The  war  (^ded 
the  I  llh  of  March  hj-  tho  lUifwit  of  tho  Mogltals  at  Kharda.  in  ili« 
Jimlihod  8ub<division  of  Ahmaduntfar,  a  defvul  due  more  to  Moghal 
panic  than  to  Mar^tha  brnvory.  Nizdm  Ali  vaa  obliged  Co  treat  and 
eurrendei-an  obnoxious  mtniator  Ma«hir-ul-Mulk,  who  had  resisted  tht 
HJaratba  daims.  Aft«rtho  battle  the  Peabva  returned  to  Poona;  Nftn^ 
Fadnarie  wa«  otnpWyod  iu  diittribatiug  the actjuiBitions  and  id  »&tt)iti|^| 
affairt  with  the  dineretit  chiefs ;  Panthurdm Bhiu  aud  Eaghuji  Bfaoiul^^ 
remained  nuur  Pooiin;  Rolkarunt^miped  at  Jejuri  about  twcnty-flre 
miles  aoiith-east  of  Poona  ;  and  Siudiu  at  JfimgaoD  in  AhmadoAgar. 
By  the  nii<l(llv  of  Scpt«inb«r  179'^  DaulatrAv  Sindia  had  taken  leav«  of 
thePeshwaand  gone  toJim^aonon  his  way  to  HindustAu ;  Parashurim 
Bhiiu  hndrc-turnod  to  TAiiffaoniii  Sit^ra;nolkar remained  at  Poona; 
and  Bag-hu})  Bhonslu  left  Pooua  at  the  middle  of  October  beiojf 
dismisaed  with  groat  honoar.  N&na  Fadnavij  was  at  tho  h(^iffbt  of  bk 
proepcHty.  Witbont  callinf^  the  help  of  any  foi-eign  pon-ei-  he  bad 
gained  every  object  of  bis  ambiliuu.  Daiilatr^v  Sindia  was  -wrell 
uiaijioaed  towards  him  and  Siodia's  miQiators  and  officers  were  more 
iDteut  ou  forwat-diiig their  own  views  in  the  gorernineut  of  iheiryoonti 
master  than  in  achomcs  for  controlling  tbo  I^oona  Coort.  Tukoji 
Holkar  had  become  imbecile  both  in  mind  and  body  and  bis  officers 
wore  in  Nitnn's  btinde.  Raghnji  Bhonela  was  cotnplctoly  eeeur«d  in 
his  intoroet«,  and  thoBrdhman  estate-holderswero  of  hie  party.  Tht 
fair  prospect  that  the  Pesliwa's  Goveminoot  would  regaia  the  toM 
and  vigour  of  tho  first  Mddhavniv's  time  (1761  - 177£)  waa  ruined 
by  Nuia'H  fundneoA  fur  power.  Bis  iinwillingneHK  to  let  even  fail 
muter  nliaro  with  him  thu  control  of  th\>  stoki  bruug'fat  on  N&naa 
catastrophu  which  undermined  bis  authority,  nwrtaroed  tlie  laboar 
of  his  life,  and  rlnndcd  bin  last  days  with  trouble  and  misery.' 

Though  MAdhavriiv  was  npvy  (il79&j  f,\yeifty  years  old,  NdM 
loosened  none  of  the  restraints  under  which  he  bad  boon  reared. 
At  the  same  time  he  beeaine  muro  tbuii  vvor  wiLtchful  of  all  the 
state  prisoners  whoso  liberty  might  endanger  hia  own  power,  la 
1794,  before  the  beginning  of  the  war  with  NisiAm  Ali,  Bijir&T  and 
Chimniiji  Apa,  the  bops  of  R^bunAUirfiv.  with  their  adopted 
brother  AmritrAT  were  taken  from  N^k  to  the  gadhi  or  mud  fort 
of  Jannar  ond  were  kept  there  in  closo  ca&tody.  The  bulk  of 
the  people  tbonght  the  inipriHonment  of  theso  Vnuths  hnrsh,  cruel, 
and  uniiocdcd.  The  old  partisans  of  RaghuuiUhriiv  and  all  who 
disliked  NAna  strove  to  atrengtheti  aud  embitter  this  feeling, 
praising  tho  jouths  and  overdrawing  tbe  hartthnoaa  of  their 
oocGaeinent,  Tho  knowledge  bow  widely  this  feeling  was 
spTMd  made  Nftna  tttiU  warier  and  more  careful.  He  felt  tW 
BAjir^r.  the  elder  bn>thor,  though  a  youth  of  only  nincleen,  was  a 
rival  whom  ho  had  reason  to  fear.  Gmcefut  and  handsome,  with  a 
mild  persuasive  manner,  BdjirAr  was  famed  for  skill  as  a  boraetnan, 


» 


archer,  and  svrordsman,  and  for  a  knowled^  of  tbo  Mcrod  books 
greater  than  xay  Msrilcba  Br^tnaa  of  his  ago  Wl  ever  been  known 
to  poitsesa.  MddbftvnLv  heard  with  delight  tbcso  aooonnta  of  Ma 
cooHin's  skill,  and  prayed  tbat  he  might  no  eet  two  And  become  his 
friend.  la  vain  Nina  wamect  bioi  that  Bc!iir&v  was  no  friood  to 
hitn  but  a  rivitl.     Tho  moro  NKna  warned  and  Wtured  the  ati*oiigor 

Srew  M&dhavriiT's  longing  to  know  bis  couiiiu.  Bijirav  hcurd  that 
[lidbavri(r  loved  him  and  WKH  anxioQS  that  B^jir47  should  be  set 
froo.  Through  bia  kctipor  BuLvitnLrfir,  wboui  after  long  penuasioB  he 
at  laat  won  over,  B&jir&T  seut  Madbuvmv  a  messago  of  respoct  and 
sympathy  :  ^^''(<  ard  both  prisonem,  you  at  Poona  and  I  at  Juanar, 
«tiU  oar  miudii  and  atrei'tiuna  are  free  aud  should  be  devoted  to 
each  other ;  the  time  will  come  when  we  two  together  will  rival 
the  doods  of  our  forefathers.  When  NAna  heard  of  Ihia 
correspondence  which  bad  lasted  for  somo  timo  be  showed  an 
altogether  aansaal  rage.  He  upbraided  MAdhavrAv,  doubled  the 
oloaenoss  of  B&jirdv's  conSuomont,  and  threw  BalTantntv  into  a 
fort  loaded  with  iroaB.  ifjidhavrav  galled  by  restraint  and 
ovorwbolinod  with  anger  and  griof  for  day^^  refused  to  leavo  his 
room.  A-t  tho  Danara  on  the  23n(l  of  October,  bo  Appeared  among 
his  troops  and  is  the  evening  received  hia  chiefs  and  the  ambassadors. 
But  hia  spirit  waa  wouiidud  to  doapair,  a  molancboly  eeizud  him, 
and,  on  tho  morning  of  the  25tb  of  October  ITgS.  ho  threw  himself 
from  a  terrace  in  bin  patnco,  brokn  two  of  hia  IinHw'  mid  died  after  two 
days,  having  particularly  dc&imd  ihat  Bfjj  Jriv  should  aacoecd  him. 
When  he  heard  that  MAdhavrfvIiad  thrown  hTmBellffroni  tho  terrace 
and  wru  dyinf^,  Xllnft  sammouwd  Pamahurdm  BhAii,  roc<itlod Baghaji 
BhODsIa  and  Daalatr&v  Sindia,  aud  called  in  Tukoji  Uolkarwhowaa 
in  Pooaa.  He  bid  from  thgm  M&dbavr^v'a  dying  wiah  that  B^jir^T 
sbould  succeed  him,  and  warned  them  ihivt  ItiijinLv'a  snccessioD  would 
be  certain  ruin  to  any  one  who  had  sided  against  RaghuQathr^v. 
He  enlarged  on  (be  family  connection  between  B^jirtLv  and  the 
Engliflh;  hie  accoaaion  wonld  end  in  tho  Engliah  aaemK^ftncv  :  why 
not  continae  the  presporons  government  which  the  Deccan  had  for 
years  eojoyod.  Ho  proposed  that  ^tAdhavriiT'a  widow  YashqdAbfU 
should  adopt  a  son  and  that  Kiiun  should  conduct  the  government 
till  the  son  came  of  age.  Holkar  gave  this  scheme  bis  support,  and 
by  January  (1796)  the  lending  nobler  had  agreed  to  itaod  withdrawn 
,  from  Poena.  This  dociflion  waa  told  to  "hit.  Mallet.  The  English 
could  nuae  no  objection  imd  nothing  remtkiuod  but  to  chooae  the 
child.  Bdjirdv  wail  informud  of  these  moMorOB.  He  knew  that  Baloba 
T^lya  one  of  Sindia'a  ofGoem  waa  well  dispoaed  to  him ;  he  heard 
thaconbisdvath-bod  JivbaDiida  Baknbi, Sindia'a  prime miniater,  told 
bis  master  that  he  wag  ashamed  that  bo  bad  agreed  to  keep  BdjiNiv 
from  bii*  rights,  and  he  promised  Sindia  territory  worth  £k),00O 
(Ba.  4  laklui)  if  he  would  bolp  him  to  become  Peahwa.  Sindia 
promised  and  a  formal  agreotoent  was  drawn  up.  When  Nina  heard 
of  the  agreement  botwecD  BijirAv  and  Sindia,  ho  sent  in  haato  for 
Parashurd-m  Bh&a  who  marebed  from  T&agaon  in  Sitira  to  Poena, 
120  miles  ui  forty-eight  hours.  Ndaa  aud  Paraghtiriia  Bbitu  agreed 
that  their  only  chance  was  tobff  before  aiodia  and  at  once  offer  the 
PesbwBship  to  Bijir&v>    Pkrasharim  BhAn  sitarted  for  .Jnnnar  and 


ChapUrVU. 
Hiftory. 

MAHiTHiS, 

17SD-181T. 

Bdfirdv, 
179S. 


MtSdkm 

ins. 


bapt«r  VU. 
Hittorr- 

17W- 1817. 


imnilji  Mililh  avrd  t; 


made  the  offer.  When  PmrsKburim  Bb&o  had  held  »  cow  bv  the  Ui 
and  ftworaby  thoGodATari.BiiiriTwaKaatiafiCTinad  wo  at  with  bimto 
FooDa  AssooDOS  IIJjir4vreacDed  Poena  he  had  a  meeting  with  Stim. 
BAiirAx,  usHurod  of  the  ■aoocnioo,  a^rood  to  kiwp  NAdh  at;  the  he»i 
oCbut  admitiiatratioD,  and  both  promised  to  bary  former  ennsitj. 
WbOB  BiWobft  TiUyft  iind  hig  magtor  Siiidia  hoard  that  Bftjiriiv  hoi 
deeerbed  them  in  (avonr  of  Nina  tboy  innrii))y j  ofi  Poonn  with  a 
krge  force.  The  timid  N&na  was  dismayed  and  told  IVmshonlm 
Bhiit  that  as  it  wu  ngainitt  him  that  Sindift  was  oomin^  lie  had 
better  retire.  N&na  accordingly  withdrew  to  Purandhur  and  ch«D  to 
S^Jim.  When  SiiidiareochMl  Poena  ho  had  a  friendly  meeting  whfc 
Bi&jir&T.  But  bits  miniatur  Balota  Tiitya  ouuld  ool  forgive  Bijirir*) 
deaertion.  Ho  proposed  that  M&dhavriv'a  widow  should  adopt 
BijirJv'gyoungcrbrotbtfrCbimnjiiii.  acdthat  Paraa1iDr4ca  BbAn  «booH 
be  prime  miDiater,  I'araahurjim  Bh&n  cousnlted  NAru,  and  H&aa  mid 
the  schomo  n-nx  ^rxMl,  prortilod  PuniHliantin  Bh&u  got  Biiir&T  into  hi* 
baoda.  Parashurim  lihiu  overlooked  this  condition  and  told  BAlobt 
thni  hia  scliAmo  had  NAoa'a  approval  BtUoba  expressed  bimmlf 
plmaud  Ui  ho  feared  that  H&aa  might  orsanize  a  ooflibinatioo 
agaiDst  hia  master.  K^na  obtained  the  robe  of  invMtitore  from 
tbo  34itAm  chief  and  was  on  his  way  with  ic  to  Poona  nbei)  be  beard 
that  FarashDMlm  Bbda  had  not  sectirod  possossion  of  BAjirA?.  B« 
Buspected  treachery,  seal  on  the  robe,  aiid  halted  at  V&i  in  S&tira. 
Daring  all  this  time  BdjirfiT  knew  nothing  of  the  plot  to  pass  him  over 
in  bis  brother's  favour.  To  settle  some  diepnt«,  regardios  certain 
arrears  of  pay  he  had  promised  to  inako  good  to  Sindia,  fiAiirATweot 
to  Sindia'a  cainp.  Towards  evening  confused  newe  came  UnI 
Paraehnr&ni  Bb&u  had  seized  Chimmtji  and  carried  him  tA 
BAjirdT  was  keen  for  pursuit ;  bnt  no  on?  know  where  the  boy  bad 
been  taken  and  till  morning  pursuit  was  tuelosa.  Bijiritv  etay 
the  night  iu  Sindia's  camp.  Next  morning-  bo  saw  the  snnre  ini 
which  he  had  fallen  when  he  wae  advised  to  n^main  with  Sindia 
no  place  OQtside  of  tbo  camp  was  safe  for  him.  Parajihanlm  B 
had  taken  Chimndji  to  Poona,  and  on  the  2(jt^o^Mavl7W 
contrary  to  his  wish,  Chirnn&ji  waa  odoptotTc^uieTanflrof 
CbimpAii  JUAJUtTriv  and  formally  invested  aa  Peshwa.  The  day 
oRcT  thu  new  rcabwa  was  inatallod  Parashunim  Bh4u  propoi 
that  N&na  Fadnavia  ahould  come  to  Poonn,  be  reconciled  to  Sindi: 
minister  Bdlobo,  and  nesumo  the  civil  MlminiMtration,  while 
command  of  the  troops  should  remain  with  Famsliur&m  Bbfiu.  Ib 
reply  Ndaa  Fiidnavin  requested  that  Parai^h untni  Bhdn'a  eldest  bob 
Haripant,  might  be  sent  to  Y&i  to  turtle  preliniinariefl.  Instead 
of  coming  as  an  envoy,  Haripant  crossed  the  Niraat  the  head  of  4000 
to&OOOchueen  horse.  Ndun'sausptciuua  wereatrengtbened  by  a  letter 
from  Bab^iiv  Phadke  advising  him  to  lose  no  time  in  putting  himself 
in  a  place  of  safety,  and  N&ua  retired  to  MahSd  close  to  Riygad  ' 
ID  Kol&bft.  Nitna's  fortunes  now  soomed  de-aperate.  Bnt 
forced  him  oat  of  his  timid  and  half-hearced  moaaurox.  Hooxi 
himself  witbavigonrofjadgmetit,  a  richness  of  resource  anda 
of  oombining  men,  which  from  his  European  contemporaries  ) 
him  the  name  of  the  M^f^h^  Maff^jjfty"'-  N^na'a  bwo  chief  oi 
were  ParaahaAn  Bh^  who  waa  acting  as  miniator  at  Poena  and 


bad    ' 

I 

da, 

in 


I 


I 


I 


Dtcen-l 


BAloba.  Siuditt'ti  roipigler.  Bis  chief  hope  U;  in  persuudiiig' B£iirfiv. 
like  himself  a  cliief  Io«er  under  llic  pro^ont  Armngemont,  to  throir 
in  his  tot  with  him.  In  these  extremities  N'&d&'b  wraltb,  which  be 
bad  be«a  la>-ing  hy  for  yAan  Mid  bad  phwwd  with  traity  banters 
^1  oTcr  the  country,  was  of  the  greatest  sorvicc.  Money  could  hay 
some  leading  m&n  m  the  Pcahwk's  ftrniy  to  coantenwt  Para^hurftm 
Bhiu  ;  monoy  could  buy  a  party  in  Sindift's  camp  to  oppose  Nana's 
other  chief  enemy  Riloba ;  if  only  Biijirdv  wore  on  bis  side 
promiflos  of  territory  wonld  win  Sindia  and  tbu  Misiim.  Niloa's 
negotiations  with  B.4iiriiv  were  made  easy  by  the  arriral  of  a  trusty 
dvpL'tiilvnt  Dovr  in  Bitiiriiv'E  Mrrvii'e  bringiDg  friondly  assuraooea 
from  B&jirAv  who  urgnl  Nana  to  exert  himself  m  their  cauM  was 
the  satnc.  NiVan's  Hrhf>m?«  8acoe«ded.  Hv  bitd  Tukoji  Holkar 
ready  at  a  signal  to  help  him  with  all  his  power.  He  wou  urer 
BilblGniv  Phadke  who  was  to  cotnoiand  of  too  Poshwa'a  honsobold 
troops  as  a  make-weight  to  Parasliiir&m  Bh^ii,  and  gained  SakhflrUm 
GblUgo,  whose  daagnter  Sindia  was  most  anxious  to  marry,  an 
enemy  of  B^loba  Sindia's  minister.  He  offered  Sindiii 
Parasharlint  Rhiu's  eetates  in  the  Bombay  KarniiUk,  the  fort  of 
Ahn:adnagar,  and  territory  worth  £100,000  (Its,  10  lakli*)  oo 
condition  tint  he  would  place  B^Ioba  in  con6uem«Qt,  establish 
b&jirdv  as  Peahwa,  and  withdraw  to  North  ludia.  To  these  terma 
Sindia  agreed.  When  BAjirtlv  and  Bdbiriiv  Phadko,  the  command- 
ant of  the  Peahwa'a  Koaacnold  troops  know  that  Sindia'a  alliance 
was  secured,  thuy  bejfnn  openly  to  ix)Ilnct  troops  with  fuuda  placed 
at  their  disprtiuil  by  Nitna.  Biilobn  Tiitya,  Sindia 'h  inini.<4ter,  found 
out  that  B^iiriv  and  Biibai^r  were  raising  troops,  Uu  seized  and 
imprisoned  BAbJlnLT  in  Cbftkan,  snrronnocd  BdjirAv'a  encampment, 
and  dtabanded  h\n  ttpops.*  R&loba  thought  BAjiritv  wits  the  root 
of  the  whole  conspiracy,  and  arrangftd  that-  he  should  be  sent  to 
North  India  under  the  cliargo  of  S»kl)t(rflin  Gbitge.  On  the  way 
BAjir^v  used  every  endeavour  to'win  over  Ghitge.and,  on  thepromiaa 
that  B^jiriLv  when  he  Came  to  power  would  get  him  appointed  Sindia's 
minister,  Qh&tgc  allnn-ed  BijirAv  to  halt  on  the  plon  of  ill-health. 
Maahir-ul-MuIk,  the  KizAm's  minister,  whom  ho  had  lately  freed 
from  couSnument  in  Puona  was  allowed  by  Parn.shunijn  Bb^u  to 
collect  troops  to  be  used  against  N'llnn.  But  Nana  bad  already 
ffiiiiiod  the  Nisdm  and  bis  micr,  promising,  if  the  Niiatm  helped 
Udjiriv  to  bo  Peuhwa  and  N4na  to  be  minister,  that  the  lands  won  by 
the  M;tnithiiM  after  the  battle  of  Khardu  {179J)  should  he  restorod 
to  the  Niz&m  and  outstuuding  claims  caucelied.  Oa  Da»am  which 
fell  on  the  lltb  of  October  the  regular  battalions  in  the  Fesbwa's 
aerTioci  under  Mr.  Boyd  marched  to  the  Nira  bridge  and  a  brigade 
of  Sindia's  regulars  started  towards  RAygad  both  apparently  with  the 
object  of  cnMhing  Nina.  Nina's  plans  were  now  complete.  On  tho 
27th  of  October  biiidin  arrested  his  niini»t4.T  B&loba  and  sent  a  body 
of  troops,  accompanied  by  some  of  the  Nisutm'a  to  seize  ParnshuNiui 
Bhiin.  ParashuAm  BhAa  was  warned  and  (lc<l.  taking  Chimndji  Apa, 
hot  was  purauedand  cnptnred.  B&jiriir  was  brought  back  and  camped 
at  Koregaon  on  the  Bhimo.  NAnn  loft  MahAd,  met  the  troopa 
which  be  h*d  i.-ollefted  at  thr;  .SfUpapass  in  Sfilrira  and  w«3  joined 
by  the  Peshwa's  iiifjuid-y  under  Mr.  Boyd.  Bpfnre  advancing  Nina 
BiaZ7-U 


Chapter  VII 
Bistetf. 

Jfaiia.'4  T'iumfi 
noe. 


^tcrTII. 

hitaXt, 
B  lSt7. 

$ 

Ik  and  but 

kHM, 

t-t8t7. 


required  a  fjuurfintce  from  Btljir^v  tliot  no  treacfaor;  waa  intendetlt 
una  tliftl  if  be  ever  wished  lie  mig^ht  reai^  bis  poet  as  u)!tust«r  in 
the  coruiiiity  that  bis  person  and  property  wonld  he  rvupecUiA. 
NAna  FiKlitavIs  reaiinietl  tbe  dulit^fl  ot  priiuo  miiitHt«r  oo  tLe  S&tli 
of  Novomber and  BtyirAv  wiia  iuatollcd  Pt-»bwa  on  tlie ij^^jijiLQfiQ^^ 
1796.  The  Sb^Btria  qeclared  <;iiimmiii'«  >do|>tion  tueS^na^fter 
a  nomiiwl  penronce  UbiiODftji  wiifl  appoint.^'l  yn^'^rninr  nf  OuJMr^t^' 
The  EiijiUsh  and  Rftgliuji  Bnonsia  of  Ki^ur  approved  of  BAjirf&r's 
acceeeioD.  At  tbe  time  of  liis  uc4.'cseioii  Mr.  Tuuv,  vtho  wus  thvtx  in 
Pooim,  dft^cribpd  Bdjir^v  om  nror  middle  size,  fsir,  and  graceful,  n-itb 
a  tiiaa)y  sensible  unil  nmj<*ytic  1*00  Bud  itnprcssiTc  nuinnvnt. 

During  those  irregnlftrities  the  army  bad  fallen  into  dwopdeo". 

In   1797  a   dosperat*)  affn^y  took   p\i\e«  in  tho  iitroota    of    Pooiu 

between  a  body  of  Arabs  aud  a  party  of  Mr.  Boyd't  sepovu,  in  which 

upwards  of  100  persons  were  killed  and  many  shopM  und  vriiruhoaMi 

were  plundered.  Tlio  treatiea  with  Sindia  and  Riighnji  niiauslawem 

fulfilled,  BJ)d    Itaghnji   loft  fur  Nnpcpur.     But  as   B^iir/iv,  iinloss  A 

WM  greatly  modified,  refused  to  ratify  the  treaty  of  M&h^  with 

KixJtm  All,  Mashir-ul-ranlk  quitted  Poona  without  takinf>  leave  of 

tho    P<.-ahwa  aud  returned   big'bly  iacoDsed  to  Uatdarabad    (I3tli 

Jnly  1797).     Thie  dispute  with  the  NiWlmaod  the  doaih  of  Tukoji 

Holknr  in  August  1707  coiisidt^raldy   we.\k«ned  N&na'a  power.     Od 

Holkar's  death    (13th    July    1797)    Malbsrriv  quarivlled   with   bis 

brother  Kisbiriv,  who  was  imbecile  in  mind  and  body,  and,  with 

bia   two   illegitimate  brothera    YashfantrAv   and   Vilhoji,  remoTed 

to   nhiiinburda,   about  two  mil«s  iiortb-west  ot  Poona  city.      Kink 

favoured  MalhilrrAv,  and  Ki^Jthir^r  applied  for  belp  to  Hiadia.     Sindia 

proiaimMl  help  with  tlie  greatest  rcaditivss,  Httnt  a  strong;  furoe  to 

Bhimbarda,  and,  lu   MulbdniT  nifufcd  to  yield,  biu  camp  iru 

iiurrciidcr«^d  and  he  was  killed.     His  half-brothers  YitahrnntrAv  aad 

Vithfiii  oscapfd.     This  bucco&s  gars  Sindta  power  over  tho    whole 

of  Holknr's  resources  and  was  a  dpathblow  to  the  schemea  nf    NAna 

Fadnavis^     Bnjiritv  aocrtntly  oticuuragod  Sindia,  who,  in  tranfsferrin^ 

A.ngria'8    eatatea    in    KoUIn  from    MAoiji    to  bis   own  relation 

Bibur&v  and  in  other  mntterH,  bcgaa  to  exercise  a  more  arbitmry 

power  than  the  Peshwa  had  ever  rlaiuiod.*     Hitherto  Bijir&v  whose 

appearance  nod  midforlnDcs  always  won  aympatby  was  boli^vod  to 

have  an  excellent  natural  diBpOBitiOD.     This  belief  was  thp  reaalt  oi 

his  talent  for  cajoling'  and  deceiring.     From  the  beginning  bi* 

conduct  was  governed  by  two  principles  to  ti-iist  no  one  and  to  _ 

deceive  every  one.     Hie  grent  object  wna  to  free  himself  from  thafl 

control  of  Sindia  and  of  N&na.     Bindia  he  regarded  aa  a  tesa  evil" 

than  NAdu.     At  the  worst  he  thonght  thut  nt  any  timu  ho  could  get 

ridof  Sindia  by  persuading  bim  logo  to  N'orth  India   To  free  himself 

from  NAna's  control  BijirAv  entered  into  a  plot  with  Ohij^t*,  whose 

daughter  waa  not  yet  married  to  Sindia,  nna  persuiided  oiia  that  >o 

long  BS  NAna  remained  in  power  Gb&tge'a  hope  of  becominpr  Bindia'i 

minister  twnld  never  be  realised.     Thvy  agreed  that  Nina  should  be 

placed  in  confinement.    On  the  9lrt  of  December  I7&7j  HA^  irbile 


I  r:r*ut  PulTfl  M*rft1iJ>K.  Si7-S29. 


■  Omnt  V^tTt  M.rllWt,  SOI. 


Decciial 


I'OONA. 


575 


I 


» 


I 


I 


roturuinga  formal  visit  to  Sindia,  waa  seized  with  all  bis  retinue; 
his  ^aroa  n-cre  uttiLckvit  uad  dUpcnHiU  ;  unci  uudvr  ObiLtgo's  ordtra 
Nina'a  bouHe  aiid  the  hoiiftes  of  his  a^lbercnis  were  pluudi^rud. 
Man^  rceiHUict  J  firii)^  went  on  for  a  niglit  uiul  ditv  ;  llii^  whole  oiij 
was  in  an  uproar  ;  all  went  amied  and  in  banda.  \Vli«;n  Nina  waa 
seizod  ID  Siodiik'scump,  Biijird.v,  as  if  on  bu3iiieflci,tteutfortbe  loadiiiff 
members  of  Nina's  pnrtjr  and  pat  tboni  in  couSnomeut.*  N&ua 
was  HoDt  to  Abiuiuiuagitr  furt.  BiLjir&r  appointed  his  owa  tuUf- 
brother  Amritnir  prime  uiiuistvr  uud  niisutl  tbv  uouxpericncod 
BiilAjipniit  Fatvanlluin  to  the  command  of  Ibo  array.  When  M  he 
supposed  bo  biid  got  rid  of  N'niiu's  contrul,  Bnjiriiv  bc^un  to  deviso 
Rioans  for  dismisHlog  Sindia.  Bat  he  had  first  to  cany  out  the 
prutnieBS  bo  bad  inndo.  Hintliu  vrut  niarrind  to  Ghifcge'g  daaKbtar, 
and  money  difficaltiea  cauaed  by  marriage  uxpcnses  attd  the  coit  of 
his  oroij  at  I'oonu  pressed  bard  on  Stndi»,  ko  that  ho  urmd  BijirAv 
to  give  him  the  £i.UOO,00(>  (Ra.'ilcrorii)  he  had  promiaM.  BAjirAv 
aaid  he  bud  not  the  money.  If  Sindin  would  innko  Gh^tgu  liis 
niiniater,  IMjirAv  would  give  Ghdtge  leare  to  recover  from  the  rich 
people  of  Poona  as  loucb  aa  wa«  roquinKl.  8iudia  ngrood  and 
tib&Cge  waa  made  minister  and  empowered  to  lery  the  amoaut 
required  from  the  poopio  of  Poona.  Crbat^o's  first  step  was  to  roiae 
money  from  ibe  members  of  Hinh'a  party  who  were  confined  in 
BijirAv's  palace.  I'beee  men  of  hif*)i  poNiliou  and  i-bputatioii  wero 
drag(fed  out  and  sconrged  till  they  guve  up  their  property.  One  of 
them,  a  reUtioQ  of  Nana'^,  watt  lied  to  aheated  uuu,  and  as  he  would 
not  |nrt  with  his  properly,  remained  tied  to  toe  gan  till  ho  died. 
Tltesc  crudities  wurc  not  coiifiocd  Co  N&ua'a  friends.  Merchants, 
bankera,  and  all  in  the  city  who  were  supposed  to  have  wealth, 
were  seized  and  tortut-ei^nitb  such  cruelly  that  Bereral  of  tliera 
died.  'JTiOHgb  tbo  pUia  of  levyinjf  money  by  force  from  the  people 
of  Poona  was  BAjinir'a,  Uajir&v  never  supposed  that  the  money 
would  bo  collected  with  eocb  cruelly.  Ilo  remonstratod  with 
Sindia  but  bia  compbuuta  were  of  no  effect.  Amritritr,  B&jiriv'a 
brother,  who  did  aot  know  that  Uijiriv  bad  any  share  in  the 
matter  proposed  to  seize  Sindia.  To  this  Gdjiriv  willingly 
ugi-eud.  Before  Ibia  B&jirur  and  AmritrAv,  to  make  the  PcHhwa'a 
infantry  more  uemly  a  inabcli  for  Sindia's,  had  agreed  lo  engng» 
Bncifih  oQicvnt  and  Mr.  Tone  was  chosen  tu  ODratnaad  tho 
Rtat  brigade.  l*heir  relations  with  tbo  Nixdm  were  put  forward  as 
the  renooD  for  tbia  iucreaao  of  their  truopu  and  Sindia  was  naked  to 
ioiu  iu  an  expedition  to  recover  tJie  arrears  due  under  the  treaty  oE 
Kharda  (1795).  Sindia  ntadity  agreed.  About  thitt  time  there  was 
much  ill-feelinjir  among  Sindia's  officem  and  Sindia  became  very 
unpopular.  RAjtriv  fu«i(!red  the  fooling  of  dulikc  to  Sindia, ao  that 
if  DO  seised  Sindia  he  mi^bt  bare  lesa  difBcnlty  iu  preventing  an 
onlbreak  among  Siiidi.-fc'n  followem.  BjijirAv  arranged  with  Amrit- 
T&r  that  Siodia  should  be  invited  to  his  palace  and  should  be  seised  by 
Aba  Kflle  who  commanded  one  of  the  Pechwa'a  roguUir  baltalioDs. 
Sindia  was  aakcd  to  como  but  excused  himself.     B&jin&tr  ordered 


CIiaptwrTU. 
Hiitory. 

i;W-l617. 

A'rtwa  Srfjerf, 
17Sr, 


Poottn 


17S7. 


■  S«e  Mr.  IbtoA'*  D.»i<«tcli(i. 


[Bombcjr  OaMttcsr 


276 


USTRILTTS. 


CUpter  TIL 
Elitory. 

nao-isiT. 


War, 
1797. 


hini  to  alUmd.  At  their  meeting  lie  upbraided  Siudiu  fur  hu 
disobedience,  aad  for  all  the  sufferings  wbicb  be  had  caused  in 
PooDU.  fie  ordered  8tiidia  to  witlidrnw  from  Poona  tu  -IlUngmht 
iu  Abiiiiidoa^r.  Sindia  expressed  the  greatest  williDgnesa  to  move, 
bttt  n-grL-tlud  that  until  tbe  ]>re!sent  arrcurs  of  pay  weru  inado  gooi 
bif(  army  ootild  not  leave  PooDa.  Wbea  tbe  time  came  to  ^ive  tbd 
aixu&l  fur  oci-Ainff  bim,  IMjirfiv'a  oourago  failed  aud  Bindia  mm 
allowed  to  leave.  Bajir&v  bad  afterwards  the  ineannoaa  aod  uroalC' 
ues8  to  tfU  SiuOiu  wbat  Aiiiritnlv  bad  iuCt-ndud  and  to  advise  hio 
to  be  un  bta  i^n^ard.  Fresb  difficulties  anBe  from  tbe  arroar*  o 
BM  due  lo  tbe  Pealiwa'a  array.  Tlivy  wero  ordunsl  to  niarcli  U 
□AtAra  t(j  put  down  a  rising'.  iDsteud  of  startiDg  tbey  raided  a  rio4 
ID  Pooua  and  kicked  about  tbe  Htreot  the  tarlmn  of  out*  of  BAjiniT'j 
hvouritos  who  tried  to  iDtvrfvru.  Govindrdv  Pintle,  one  of  tlu 
mitiiiters  who  was  in  conGneineut,  Hont  word  to  BajiMt  thai  the  onlj 
man  vrbo  could  bring-  the  (roous  tu  order  was  Niirnpant  Cbakrader, 
till)  former  cotntuander  who  had  been  impnsone<l  wt  n  friond  of  Nnna's, 
JMjirdv  rBstorud  butb  I'iuglo  niid  Karopant  to  libertjr,  andNnropaitl 
qnollcd  tbo  tamult  in  a  day.  But  as  B&jirAv  could  not  tntst 
K^rop&nt  at  a  di^laucv  hu  bad  to  rclc-aso  P&rasburdim  BbiSu  to 
restore  order  at  SAtaru.  Bitsoi-ders  increased  at  Pooua.  Daulatrii 
Sindia's  undo  Mitbidji  on  hitt  death  in  1795  had  left  three  widows 
1)nuUitriir  promised  to  make  ample  provision  for  thrm  nnd  ihe] 
coiitincii-d  to  livo  lu  his  cnmp.  No  provision  was  made  and  ema 
their  comforts  were  scrimped.  The  ToungL>3t  of  tbe  three  widowi 
was  a  Ixmntiful  wotaan  and  the  othors  cither  discovered  or  inventet 
a  cnminal  intimacy  betwren  her  and  Sindia.  The  ladies  upen^ 
accused  Sindia  of  the  crime  and  Ghat^  who  was  tent  to  quiet  ibea 
oomplaiots  being  refused  aa  etttraoce  forced  bis  way  loLo  tbcti 
trots  and  seized  and  flogged  them  (1798).  Tbe  Shenvi  finLbmaps, c 
wbom  mioba  wns  tbe  head  and  who  before  Gb^flfe's  rise  to  powsi 
wt>re  tbe  etrongeitt  party  iu  Sindiu's  army,  took  the  side  of  tbe  widows 
After  luQok  discussion  it  was  arranged  that  the  widows  aboiild  Im 
taken  to  BurbAnpiir  and  shcald  be  kept  there  in  a  elate  oE  auitabll 
comfort.  On  their  way  to  BartiAupur  tbeir  friends  learned  tbnt  tbi 
widows  were  being  taken  not  to  HurhAnpuv  hut  to  Abmadiiajn^r  fori 
Under  tbe  influence  of  the  Shenvi  brdhmans  a  Pathin  named  Musinffai 
KMn,  who  was  in  command  of  a  choice  body  of  onvnlry,  aesailcd  tht 
escort,  rescued  the  widows,  and  carried  thpm  back  close  to  Sindia'j 
camp.  Gbi.tgo  pei-snaded  Siudiii  to  Ivl  bim  attuvk  Mozalhr 
IJnmffar  Iiad  waniiug  aud  retired  with  tbe  widows  punmod  In 
Gb&tge.  lie  left  tbe  ladies  in  the  camp  of  Amrifnlr,  Biijiriri 
brother  who  was  oenr  the  Bhima,  turned  on  Ghiitge.  defeated  bint 
and  put  bim  to  Higbt.  QiLjinlv  approved  of  Wis  lirothcr's  kindacss  U 
tJie  widows,  andasked  OoloDel  Palmer,  the  British  Resident,  to  mediate 
betvTutiu  tbuui  aud  Siudia.  BiuJiit  refused,  nnd,  un  tlio  uij;ht  of  tlu 
7lh  June,  sent  Gbiltge  with  five  buttuliuns  of  rognlar  infantry  tindei 
Bn  Prat,  a  Frenchman,  to  anrpriso  Amritr&r'acamp  and  seize  tiu 
ladies.  Gbatgv'a  uttcuipt  failed  and  ho  bad  to  retire  with  loss 
Sindia  then  pmniised  to  armnge  for  n  suitable  esitnbtisbmcnt  ff>r  t\u 
ladies,  and  Amritrdv  came  into  Poods  and  camped  cloee  to  Sindil 
It  was  the  Mnharram  time,  and  Gbiitgo,  under  pi-etcnco  uf  koepin 


Docciut 


)ONA. 


277 


order,  brouf^ht  iwo  brigades  of  ioEuitry  and  twcoU'five  sgaas  close 
to  Amritrtlv's  catnp,  suddenly  opened  fire  oa  it,  ctuu-^;^  and 
dispersed  Aturitriiv's  troops,  and  pillu^ed  bis  caiup.  This  outragu 
was  not}iiag  less  tliau  war  with  the  Pealiwa.  Holkar  came  and 
aided  nitk  the  Pe^hwa,  tbeotlier  lUftr&tlia  nobles  joiaed  his  stondardj 
aud  the  Peshwa  negotia.todau  olliiuice  with  ^isani  Ali.'  Sindia 
ularuod  by  the  Ireitty  between  the  Feshvra  nad  the  Xi&iim  triwl  lu 
arrange  a  settlemont,  but  the  demands  of  the  ladtca  bc«nine  so 
cxtravAffnot  that  Dothing  could  be  settled.  To  intituiduto  BdjirSv 
Siudio  SL'Ul  au  enroy  to  Tipu,  but  Bijirfiv  bad  doue  the  samp.  A 
more  powerful  TDeans  of  influencing  BfLjiniv  and  nliW>  ti  m<.-aDS  of 
raisiupf  money  was  to  set  Nina  Fa-fnaviii  free.  Sindia  bpought 
Nina  from  Ahmadiiagar  and  received  £100,000  (Rh.  10  liikhg)  as 
the  price  of  hia  liberty.  The  release  oE  NAua  waa  shortly  followed 
by  (he  reTocation  of  the  treaty  between  the  Peshwa  aud  Ni&iin  Ali. 
These  cveuts  furoed  Biijirav  U>  begiu  uej^oliatious  with  N^na 
Fadnam,  and  Sindia,  who  did  not  know  that  the  treaty  betweeo 
tbo  Pushwii  aud  the  NiiMlm  hud  bve-u  rt^vokedj  wus  anxtouii  tu  como 
to  temift,  inMHtiug  only  tb.it  Nana  should  be  placed  at  the  bond  of 
Bijinlv'i}  nlliiirs.  MeAuwhile  OhAtge  ha<l  been  acting  wilb  such 
reoklesa  cruelty  that  t:>iudia  felt  that  Ubit^^V  difgrnoeful  acta 
wore  aliciuUiiig  the  minda  of  all  hiK  anpporters.  He  iiccurdinglj 
nve  onlera  for  Gbllt^'s  arrest  which  wu  tuiccessfully  effected. 
GhAtge's  arrest  helped  to  reooncilo  Sindta  and   BAjtritr.      llie  need 

I  of  reconciliation  was  also  preased  ou  them  by  thr  change  of  policy 
on  the  part  of  tho  Knghsh.  The  timid  DCiitrnlity  which  had 
marked  the  English  policy  under  Sir  John  Hhore  was  reveraod  by 
the  Marquis  of  Wcllealey's  arrival  in  India  on  the  2tlth  of  April 

'1798.  Soon  nftor  hi»  arrival  the  Mar<:|uis  of  WcllMlcy,  then  Lord 
MomingtOD,  directed  the  Political  AcoutK  at  Poouii  and  Hnidarabad  to 
socnra  thcalliiLiiceof  thoiieatatesao  that  at  lea^t  their  rcNt>ur(x*s  might 
not  be  applied  against  the  British  Uurerumeut.  With  the  object  of 
rumoring  Sindia  from  the  Beccan  who  was  known  to  bo  always 
aoxioas  to  obstruct  British  influciu'e,  the  Brilieh  agent  at  Poona 
set  fortb  the  reported  do?iignit  on  India  of  Zatnto  Shah  kiog^  oE 
K&bul,  tlie  granaKon  of  Ahioad  SU4b  AbdiUt  terrible  to  Manitbiis. 
The  Britiah  agent  also  offered  the  Poshwa  n  body  of  the  Company's 
troops  to  protect  his  territory  und  roTi%-o  tho  authority  of  hia 
Ifovfrnnieut .  Biijirav  had  not  long  l»efore  asked  for  the  help  of 
British  troops  and  hta  oflfer  Iwd  bc-en  refused.     Hu  could  explain 

this  sadden  ohange  in  the  view  of  the  English  only  by  an  under- 
standing vrith  Nana,  and  bis  suspicion    waa  conRmied    when    tho 

LEiiglish    agent  spoke  strongly    in  farour   of  N&na's  restoration. 


Chapter  VII 
History. 

UAR4rHJu<t 

l-W-1817. 


4 


1703. 


VoAve  tha  tcvat^  Iba  PvohHs  cmirirniod  Uiq  •rticlM  of  Um  bwtty  ti  Mahid 

I  which  waa  paawd  betwvoit  Niiut  CwliiKvi*  utd  tbo  Nixim  in   I7H  i   MariUbi  daiou 

ItM  B«br  w««  mnittwl  >wl  a  tnut  o(  Urmtory  Tlolillng    £90.000  (Ba.  S,0<\OIW>  of 

|r«v»ua«  inu  oedad  to  Kixiin  Ali.     NiUUn  AH  it^7e«il  to  aupporb  the  Paafawa  aMidNt 

ly  «ucrMtcblMnt  of  Nana   Padnavii,  bat  tu  o>m)  Vtam  waa  aal  tt*»  bjr  Sindia  it 

t»  igraed  that  BAiit&v  woald  aUow  Um  ■  ycailjr  pcanon  of  £10,000  (Ra.  1,00,000). 

{■dniji  Bhonaia  ofntepur,  if  hevliuHi,  waa  to  ba  oonridcred  a  J>Miy  to  thii  trtaiy, 

[aii-r  «ru  trt   rrceire   llie   wliolo   of   Dark    Slaudla    (rotn    Bljintv.    Grant    Daffs 

[  Mariitbia,  fiSU. 


raoaUjr  Or] 


ClapterTU. 
Hlitorj 

MARiTllAf, 

17MI.  1817, 

Kdiut  MmUrr. 
179S. 


278 


m 


m 


object  of  l^jir&v's  alronffost  hsl^  an 
wisli  lu  prerent  an  uadersrtandiDg' between  N&oa  and  tho  El 
t>vercain«  all  otbor  considenttioDK.  Siiidia  wus  ready  to  leav 
NorOi  India  but  iJAjir&v  at  a  private  meeting  p«reunded  li 
stay  to  prorttnl  Nans  from  briDgiug  ISn^iab  troops  into  I 
SVbilo  tnc^H  pnrat«  negotiations  witn  Siadia  were  on  foot  E 
was  secretly  prayiug  N&du  nhu  wua  then  ia  Siodia's  can 
return  k>  Fooon  and  take  his  post  a&  nitDister.  Nana  at  first  n 
uoleas  andcr  a  ^iiamrit«e  fruin  the   i3ritish  Goveramont    thi 

Einon  and  propt>rly  shuuld  be  Hafe.  To  orercome  NAna'a 
ijir&T  wont  alone  at  niglit  (o  Nina's  liouto,  and  asing 
utmost  bis  oxtrnordinnry  powers  of  persuaaion  and  dec 
indaced  (loth  October  179K)  the  old  man  to  rv«nnio  hia  po 
minister  without  any  ffuarantee.  Within  a  few  months 
Nitna  was  told  by  Yaslivnntriiv  Ghorpade  and  by  Kindu 
nfijirAr  was  agniii  trying  t^i  pnrniindo  Sjndia  to  pnt  him  in 
Bnement.  Nina  went  to  Bijiniv,  charged  htm  witli  this  treM 
nud  implored  him  to  let  him  fpve  up  hia  poiSt  as  mintatui 
withdraw  to  privAto  life.  Biljiriv  deaiod  any  knowledge  i 
proposals,  asked  who  had  dared  to  make  nee  oE  his  aam 
told  Sindia  to  arrost  thoin.  Sindia  nnt^stod  Bdjiniv's  m 
GovindHk7,  and  Shirr^m  another  of  Bijir&v's  agents,  who 
the  loss  of  thoir  pr(i|>orty  and  their  liborty  M'iihout  impM 
their  master's  trulhfuIneBs.  After  this  satisfaction  N^nih  n» 
bis  duties.  As  far  as  possible  Nitoa  avoided  public  business, 
for  aoRie  months  affairs  hod  been  ui  progress  which  no  o 
Poona  but  N&im  oould  prerent  from  Berioaaly  affecting  feha 
of  the  Peshwa.  Un  the  firet  of  S«pt«iiihcr  1798  a  new  troa 
concluded  betwcea  Nizim  Ali  and  nlhe  Euglish  under 
Nintm  Ali  agreed  tu  diiband  his  French  troops  and  replace 
with  English  Iruoffe,  »Dd  under  which  the  Euglitih  undorto 
nedinto  between  the  Nizdm  aud  the  Pe&bwa  and  to  do  thoir  b 
bring  the  P««hwa  to  a  friendly  seCtleraentJ  Tho  MnrAth^a  Y 
this  treaty  with  much  jealousy  and  tlm  Critisb  agent  argt 
Peahwa  to  conclude  It  etiinilartntatv.  He  evaded  thu  subjeot 
a»iuratice  that  bu  would  fuithfuUy  uxecuto  the  ounditiona  of  es 
engagemuntA,  and,  in  the  event  of  a  war  with  Tinn,  proiuia 
alTora  his  aid.  In  these  ropliott  U&jir&r  fciUowcd  KtlDa's  a 
Nana  prcs-sed  him.  after  Ki^'ing  these  promisea,  to  lako  can 
his  promises  were  fullilled  ;  any  instanoo  o(  bad  faith  wonli 
gr«>Atly  to  tho  power  of  the  Knglisb  id  their  fnture  dealing  wj 
Marfilh^.  In  thia  matt«r  Bjljirilv  followed  his  own  ioclin 
ThonRh,  with  the  help  of  Parashnrain  Bhau,  Ndna  arruiijiw 
as  in  1790  a  Blar&tha  contiogenl  i^Iiould  be  ready,  in  1700,  wh^ 
fourth  Iklaisor  war  broke  oot,  the  Engliiih  instead  of  Manii  ha  si 
found  that  Tipu's  envoys  wore  publicly  rwcfived  io  Foona,  an< 
Tipu'a  ag«ut  had  paid  Biijirav  £190,000  (Us.  13  UOtfu). 
Governor  Geoerul  noticed  tbo  conduct  of  the  court  of  Poo' 
coontermanding  the  detachment  which  was  in  readiness  to  ao 


I  UiuDt  Duro  Mtrttbti,  MS: 


cein-l 


POONA. 


270 


imsliQrain  BhAu,  •!)   actioD   wbicb   SAna   tWasvis   who   Jid  not 
low  that  Bttjirir  had  reoeirect  the  £1^,00(1  (Ks.  18  ltU-h4)  could 
Dot  naderstand. 

■  When  be  heard  thai  ( tth  Uay  1790)  Seringapatam  had  hlten,  that 
Vpa  vraa  sIkio,  and  that  his  power  wasat  ao  en'J,  Bitjiriiv»freoted  tlie 
attnoat  jo^,  triud  to  pursundo  Colonel  raliutirthut  tLolmL-kwardQess 
of  the  Murittlia  contingent  was  dae  to  N^aa,  and  eieui  urgent 
ordoFH  to  the  govvniur  of  tho  Mariitha  Kiiru^tuk  to  )uIv»Doe  into 
Tipa'a  oountry.  Sindia  aiao,  while  seci'etl^  titriirinj^  to  enooarage 
nsistaocc  amon^  TiDu'a  partbans,  sent  nbuudanb  congrntnlatiotis 
to  Cotnuel  Pbliner.  Fhough  the  Peshwa.  had  failed  in  hJH  promise  oE 
help,  ia  the  hope  of  inakiag'  him  a^reu  tu  a  trcittj  liku  iho  treaty 
ho  l)«d  coacludtd  wilh  the  NizAm,  the  (Jovernor  Genaral  sob  apart 
a  portion  ol  Tipn'a  coiKjtioreJ  coimlry  for  the  MarAlhds.  'ITiia 
tract  of  (erriUiry,  which  included  Mie  great^T  part  of  Ihc  8unda 
lands  now  in  north  Kitnikni,  yielding  ati  ostiixated  rvvcniM  of 
£26,300  (Rs.  2,*13,(K>0),  was  rejected  by  the  Feahwa.  The  Poom 
GoTemmcnb  rugn-tttxl  dial  the  diHorder  in  tho  Mai-fltba  conntty 
had  pre?ented  them  from  aending  the  promised  contingent  to  act 
ftgainat  Tipti  ;  in  the  nuc  of  tlio  French  landing  in  Indin  the 
Pesbwa  iindprtook  to  join  with  Ihp  l^ogliHh  in  lijfhtiiig  them,  at  the 
same  time  tho  P^ishwa  would  not  agreo  to  exclude  J.<^rctichnieD  from 
bia  Ewrvjce.  He  rofna«d  the  Company's  offered  mediation  in  bis 
existing  dispDt«s  with  tho  Xisim,  &od  treated  as  absurd  the 
proposal  to  include  Raghuji  Bhonsla  of  Nigpur  as  a  principal  in  the 
m(«iided  allisni^.  Sindia's  affairs  contiuned  in  oanfui^ion.  After 
Ghatgc's  attaclc  on  AmritrtLr'a  catiip  in  1703  the  ladies  sought 
refuge  with  the  Kolhiipur  chief.  In  Kolliapur  they  were  joined  by 
tlie  leading  Bhcnvi  Brdh&iana  in  Sindia's  service.  Nunobera  oE 
horacmca  tlockod  to  their  standard,  aod  they  marched  north 
(Febroary  I7U9)  burning  all  Sindiu's  villnges  between  the  Krishna 
and  the  uod^Tari.  Siadia's  horse  fled  before  them,  and,  though  they 
ffne  way  to  hia  regular  battalions,  as  soon  as  tho  regular  troops 
tantcd  to  gu  bnck  to  Poooa  the  isdiea'  troops  followed  thciu  and 
continncd  their  work  of  ruio.  The  country  swarmed  with  horsemen, 
and  though  plunder  was  not  indiscriniiuate  the  deraatatioii  wnn 
great.*  In  addition  to  bis  troubled  with  the  widows  Sindia's  power 
was  threiitcnod  by  a  revolt  in  North  India  and  by  the  eacnpe  ntid 
rapid  success  of  Yaahvantr&v  Holksr  in  Mslwa.  Id  these  straita 
Sindiu's  headmen  advised  him  to  aet  B^loba  T&tya  Free  and  appoint 
him  miniater.  lUlotn  promptly  made  a  sebllemcul  with  tho  ladies. 
But  after  all  wow  arranged  the  mnrder  of  onn  of  their  followers 
enraged  the  ladies  and  they  withdrew  and  again  marched  through 
the  oonntry  plundering.'  In  Auginst  1799,  with  the  approval  of 
their  chiuffl,  UiUoba  and  Niiua  deliberated  on  mftaeuros  to  couotorHCt 
the  close  alliance  between  the  NirAm  and  the  KiigliRli.  For  eoma 
time  SMre  and  Kolhipur  had  fallen  ioto  complete  disorder  nnd 
P^rasbarim  Bh&u  Uie  P(fKhwn'»  commaudcr  bad  lately  been  killed. 

■  combined  force  of  the   Peshwa  and    Bindia  marched    towards 


ChapUr  VII. 
HJstorj. 

1790- 1817. 


ffW. 
171*9. 


I  nrant  DaSTt  MiiritliA^  r>45. 


9  RniBt  [>ur>  Mamilii*,  tH& 


IBoBlbftr  Quett 


28rt 


DISTRICTS. 


Cbaptor  m. 
Blstorjr. 

I7«).ISI7. 

ISOO. 


Kollutpiir,  defeated  the  chief,  forced  bim  to  seek  safety  in  Fi 
bcsiegod  KolMpur,  uid  bad  nearly  takeu  it  vfaon  (1800)   eve 
Poona  forrad  a  prompt  settleiiioat  and  saved  the  oxistenoe  or 
liMBt  tbti  iudopeodeuce  of  the  Kolbfipur  state. 

Nittin's  health,  which  had  lone  heen  declining,  failud  rapidly 
tho  beginning  of  1800.  and  he  jied  at  PoQaaQaTthe  13lh  of  Maw 
Thifi  event  nealed  the  ruin  of  the  Peshwa's  guvemmti 
In  figure  NiiaiL  wa»  liill  and  thin,  dark  in  oomplexioD  ti 
gTATO  in  manners,  with  a  quick  searching  and  intallin 
exproaaion.  In  private  life  be  was  truthful,  frngal,  aud  chnritab 
a  moat  orderly  and  painstaking  worker.  He  re»pect«d  the  moctT 
and  vigour  of  the  Bnfrtish,  but,  &a  politim)  cuomieaj  locked  i 
thcQi  with  the  keeneHt  j^otisy  and  alarm.  Ah  a  politician  hia  ea 
life  was  di)ifigi<r<>d  b;  timiditv  and  nmltifiun,  Diiriiig  his  h 
years  ho  acted  with  the  courage  and  aincerity  of  a  pntriut,  regardlo 
of  coa8Ci]iiunct<)i  to  hitnsielf,  counselling  Hiijirjiv  to  do  what  1 
believed  wa.t  for  the  good  of  tho  staCo.  In  hi.4  early  liCa  he  derot^ 
his  eaergiea  to  maintain  tho  improved  civil  mana^meat  which  In 
beeu  established  by  Mt^dharriiT  BalUt  (1761-1772).  In  lat«r  yn 
home  intriguoa  and  foreign  tronblea  nn  filled  his  time  and  bia  tboogh 
that  in  practice  almost  oU  check  on  ubuaoa  diasppeared.  Eriii  i 
Poona  city  so  ainck  was  tho  control  iliat  GhAsirAm  we  head  of  tW  a 
police  waa  able  withont  check  to  commit  a  series  of  murders,  anil  i 
last,  when  his  guilt  was  prarod,  waa  puniahod  not  by  tho  law  but  br 
rising  of  the  towoamen  who  stooed  him  to  death.  With  Hii 
paaaed  away  all  that  was  wise  and  moderate  in  tJie 
__gOTemment. 

K&na  died  loaving  a  yonng  widow  ant^no  children.     Tho 

seize  liia  wealth,  which  in  spite  of  all  be  had  latterly  beea 

part,  with  was  said  to  be  still  imnsi^nse,  soon  set  SindJa  ai^d.  Blm 
qiiarrcllme.  When  the  inanrrection  in  J^orth  ludta  was  craiw 
Sindift.  under  the  influence  of  GhAtgo  det^nniued  t^i  deatroy  fitUob 
Ue  wiu  st-ir.^Kl  and  thron-n  into  Ahmadnagar,  dontb  freeing  hi 
from  the  tortures  which  HhAtge  had  planned  for  him  and  whicb  I 
carried  out  in  the  case  of  two  of  Bmoba's  stipportera  blowinii  oc 
from  a  gun  and  mangling  the  other  by  tying  round  him  and  settin 
firo  to  a  belt  of  rockets.  While  Sindia  rented  bis  hnte  oQ  ll 
Bhenvi  t)riihmau!>,  RitjinUr  gratified  hiu  rorongo  by  seiaiug  to 
Ihrowiiig  into  confinement  tho  former  supportors  of  NAoaasdi 
Parashumni    Bhiiu  and  other   Patrurdhuus.       Sindia  wa»  now  il 

Eowerfol  at  Puona.     tie  hud  B^jir&v  so  entirely  in  bis  hands,  tbi 
0  for  some  time  kept  a  guard  round  Bftjinlv'a  palace  teat  he  tifaoal 
attempt  to  cscnpe.     Before  tho  close  of  1800,  the  mpl.'  ,^ 

YashviHitr^^  Hylkar,  who  bad  overrun  almost  the  who!-  ,  ^j^ 

compelled  tiindiatoteave  Poona  Hnd  march  north.  Before  lio  IfftHoos 
he  forced  BAjiriv  to  give  bira  bilU  worth  £470.000  (Ra.  17  iaiJ^J 
Sevoinl  bloody  batlica  wore  fought  Ix-tween  Siiidia  and  Hnlkar  i 
MAlwa.  The  iniamona  Ghjitgc  joined  Sindia'a  army  and  gaineJ 
completo  victory  over  Holkar.  YashvantrAv,  though  nearly  niiwd 
by  a  skilful  march  arrived  nnexpoctedly  in  the  neighbourhood  i 
Poona.       When    Sindia     left    Poona,    inattad    of   Iryinp    to  m 


ith  m 


POONA. 


281 


tiie    respect    o£     his    people,     BAjirfiv    gave    hia     attentioo    to 

diBti-oaiing  and   pillaging  all  who  had  opposed   either  himself  or 

Ilia  father.     One  of  the  first  who  saffered  was  Mddhanllv'  lUstia, 

whom  he  invited  to  visit  him,   seized,  and  harried    to    prison. 

niia  act,  followed  by  others  like  it,  caosed  general  discontent. 

Xiawlessness  spread  and  the    Deccan  was  filled  with    bands    of 

rinndering  horsemen.    Among  the  prisoners  takes  in  one  affraj  was 

Vltlioii  the  brother  of  Yaahvantrtly  Bolkar.     According  to  Muitha 

pTMOce  the  jpamalunent  to  prisoners  taken  in  a  plundering  raid 

■ma  not  always  death.     Something  short    of    death    might  have 

aafficed  in  the  case  of  a  son    of   Tnkoji    Holkar.      Bat    Takoji 

Eolkar  had  been  N^a's  friend  and  the  Holkars  were  Sindia  s 

enemieB.     So  to  death  B&jiriv  added  disgrace  and  sat  by  as  Vithoji 

waa  bonnd  to  an  elephant's  foot  and  dragged  to  death  in  the  streets 

of  Poona  (April  1801).     B&jir&T's  cmelty  brooght  on  him  the  hate 

of  Vithoji's  brother  YashTantr&r,  a  hate  which  for  years  haanted 

B&ptAt'b  coward  mind.     Shortly  after  Vithoji's  death,  the  news 

of  YasliTantr&T'B  vow  of  vengeance  and  of  his  sncceasea  against 

Sindia's  troops  at  Uiain  (Jnne  1801)  led  B&jir&v  to  address  him  in 

friendly  terms  as  tne  heir  of  Takoji  Holkar.    Ah  Sindia  was  fnlly 

oconpied  with  his  fight  against  Holkar,  who  had  more  than  onoe 

defeated  his  troops,  fidjiriv  thoaght  the  opportonity  suitable  for 

seizing  Sindia's  officer  Qh^tge.  Ghitge,  whose  plandering  was  causing 

mnoh  miseiT  in  the  Deccan,  came  into  Poona  and  in  his  demands  for 

money  insulted  the  Poona  Court.     Bil&ji  Kunjar,  B&jir&v's  favourite, 

asfced  him  to  his  house  to  receive  some  of  the  money  he  demanded. 

OhAtge  came  ;  but  noticing  from  a  signal  given  by  B&Uji  Euniar 

that  treachery  was  intended,  he  forced  his  way  oat,  leaped  on  his 

borse,  escaped,  and  returned  to  Poona  with   a  force  threatening 

to  sack  the  city.     The  British  Resident  was  called  in  to  effect  some 

settlement  of  Qhiltge's  claim,  and  Poona  was  saved  farther  loss  by 

an  ni^nt  message  from  Sindia  requiring  Ghitge  in  Milwa.     Early 

in  1802  ShAh  Ahmad  Kh&n,  an  officer  detached  by  Yashvantrdv 

Holkiur,  carried  his  ravages  into  the  Peshwa's  territories  between 

the  God&vari  and  Poona,  and  cut  off  almost  to  a  man  a  force  of 

l&OO  horse  nnder  Naraing  Ehanderflv  the  chief  of  Vinchar,    The 

consternation  at  Poona  caused  Bdjir&v  to  renew  negotiatjooa  with 

the  English.     He  wished  to  have  a  force,  bat  he  objected  to  its 

pTQsence  m  hia  territory,  and  he  atill  refused  to  agree  that  the 

Bnglish  should  arbitrate  between  him  and  the  Niz&m.     YashvantrAv 

Holkar  himself  soon  moved  towards  Poona.    The  Peshwa  did  all  in 

his  power  to  stop  him.    Yashvantr^r  said,  Yon  cannot  give  me  back 

Yitnoji  but  set  my  nephew  Khander&v  free.     BAjir&v  promised ;  bat, 

instead  of  setting  him  free,  had  Ehander&v  thrown  into  prison  at 

Asirgad.    Meanwhile  Sindia's  army  joined  the  Peshwa's,  and  together 

they  prepared  to  stop  Holkar  at  the  All  Bela  pwM  m  ^"Ttfa  rMP* 

Yoshvantr&v,  knowing  their  strength  paased  eaat  by  Ahmadn^ar, 

joined  his  general  Fatesing  Mine  near  JeToni~marcbed  3own  the 

lUivAri  naaa.  and  on  the  23rd  of  October"~TB52  encamped  between 

Loni  and  Hudapsar  about~Sve.  miles  eaat  of  Poona. 

About  eight  days  before  Yaahvantrdv'a  arrival  the  joint  Sindia- 
Peahwa  army  had  fallen  back  from  Ali  Bela  and  taken  a  poaiHoQ 
B  1327-36 


Chapte  Tn. 
Hittarr- 

1720.1817. 

KHM, 
1801. 


Fatkoatitrdv 
Invatiati, 

laot. 


IBomlay  Oi 


282 


DISTRICTS. 


:bApt«r  VII- 
Eistary- 

r**  rfatory, 


AWM. 


^ffl^ 


ojSautin, 

isoa. 


doM  to  Poona  ncT  the  prewnt  cantoomeDt.  The  Peohwa  or_ 
YasbvaolrAv  to  retire.  Ilo  repUocI  bo  was  willing  to  oboy  ;  bal 
Siodia,  not  he,  was  tho  rebel  aodhadrafusBd  to  gire  npTasbTaotiii< 
Dephpvr  KbanderllT  whom  B^jir&T  bad  order&d  bim  to  cet  free.  Otf^ 
the  morning  of  tbo  25th  of  Octolwr  the  armies  met,  and,  sfbff  j 
well  contested  Gaht,  the  battl*  eacted  in  a  compleio  ricUifT 
Ya»byantr6v  which  was  diiefly  doe  to  his  own  oaergy  ao(i 
Bajirar  malciDg  sure  of  victor;  oitme  nut  to  SM  the  battle  hat 
firing  fngbt«ti(^  him  and  bo  tcirnod  Houthward.  Oo  leamiiiglli^ 
&t«  of  th«  batLlo  h«  fl»d  to  Sinhgad.  Prom  Sinhgad  he  sent  m 
eago^omcut  to  ColoDol  Cloeo  biodiog  hitneoU  to  aabsidise  ml 
batulionsi  of  sepoys  and  to  ucde  £250,000  (Rs.  25  Ulclu)  of  ytuU 
reTonoe  for  their  support.  He  bad  nlnuidj  ftj^roed  to  waive  Ul 
objection  to  allow  tbo  troora  to  be  stationMl  in  his  territprj.  Fir 
some  days  after  bia  victory  Vashvaotriiv  shownl  great  moderMioi 
at  Poona.  He  placed  goardg  to  prot«ct  Ibe  city,  treated  Bdjtrir^ 
dependents  with  EindDeee  and  mnde  several  att«iupU  to  persoab 
Biijiriiv  to  oomo  buck.  IMjirl^v,  nft«r  stajing  Ifarec  aay±  in  Sinhga^ 
fled  to  Rijijgad  in  Kolaba,  and  fi-om  R&ygad  retired  Ui  the  ifilaDiltl 
SnTyn^Tf  oO  the  Dorth  cooet  of  Batu^f^L  From  SavaruddT^ 
atarmed  by  oewa  of  the  approach  oE  one  of  Holkar's  gODer«ls,  to 
passed  to  BfiZduda.  and  from  Bcrdands  sailed  in  an  English  sbtp  to 
Bassaju  whk-h  bercaoliGd  on  the  6th  of  December  1802.  Meanwnito, 
at  Poona,  when  Uolkor  heard  that  Blijir^v  bad  ll»d  from  Sinhfid, 
he  levied  a  coiitributiou  from  Ibe  poojile  of  Pooua.  Hm 
ooniribotioQ  was  arranged  by  two  of  BAjiriv'g  officers  and  it  wu 
carried  oat  iu  od  orderly  manner.  Whoa  Yaahrantr^T  found  that 
B&jinlv  would  not  return  he  nent  a  body  of  troopa  to  AmntrAT  wit& 
the  offer  of  the  Peehwasbip.  Amritriiv  »t  first  rofufved  ;  but,  whM 
Sajiritv  tlirew  bimseirinto  the  hands  of  the  English,  Amritrttr  bdl 
that  lio  bud  abdicacod  uiid  toolc  his  j>]aco.  Aftor  much  heoitatiini 
he  was  oonfirq^  |y  Peghwa  by  the  Katiira  chief. 

This  settlsmeDt  of  affairs  at  Poona  was  followod  by  a  plunder  of 
tlie  city  as  complete  and  as  wickedly  cruet  as  Kindis's  plandnio 
17&8.  Every  periton  of  substance  waa  Rcised  and  torturod  oat  of  thnr 
[ffoperty  and  ttoreral  out  of  Choir  ]if&  The  loss  of  property  «u 
nntuoally  severe  as  some  time  before  the  battle  of  tbuSSth  oi  October 
BAiirAT  had  set  guards  to  keep  people  from  leaving  Poona  and 
Eolkartook  care  that  after  the  victory  these  gnnrd-i  wero  not  vitb- 
drawn.  These  excesses  were  bepiin  cvea  before  Colonel  Close  left 
Poona.  Both  Auritriv  and  Hulkar  were  anooni  ,  to  Itftep  Colon*! 
Close  in  Poena.  They  wished  hiin  to  mmliatein  tboJrdiffereacos  with 
Sindia  and  the  Pexhwa,  and  his  presence  seemed  to  show  that  the 
British  Government  approved  of  tli»'iriwiirpi\tion  of  power.  Findi 
that  no  persuasion  coutd  alter  Colout-l  Close's  purpose  he  was  alto 
to  leave  on  the  20th  of  Novt^niber  1H02. 

On  the  Slst  of  IJeoembar  1302,  at  Basqejp  in  the  North  Kon 
BAjiWLv  agreed  to  a  treaty,  ander  wkicn  Ike  English  undertook  to 
restore  BAjiritv  to  power  in  Poona  and  to  maintain  permanently  ia 
the  Pefihwa's  dominions  a  Bubstdiary  forco  of  6000  regular  infao 
with  ibe  nsual  proportion   of  field  artillvry  and   European  artill 
men.     In  return   for  these  troopa  the  l^eshwn  agreed  that  di 


i  ine 
ding 

i 


POONA. 


388 


Idiiig  a  jekriy  revenue  of  £260,000  (Ra,  S6  laUiti)  shouM  be 
igDed  to  tho  EoglUh^  that  he  vrould  keep  a  force  of  3000  infantry 
~  5000  home  ;  that  ba  would  entertain  no  Europeaa  of  aiiy  nstioD 
kostilo  to  Iho  English  ;  luid  that  ho  woald  baro  no  dealings  with  any 
iwer  vrithout  cooealtinK  the  British   Government,     Tlie  treaty  of 
in  made  the  Eoglish  lorcreign  in  tJie  Ueooan  ;  B&jirAr  boagbt 
at    the    coat    of     iadepondence.      la  March  ISOi)   to   re- 
lish Bijiriir  nt    Poena  the  stibsitliary   forco  at  Haidarabad 
:er   Colonel    Stereospn  took    a   position    at   Faripd»    near   ttie 
^eshwa's  eastern  frontier.    General  \Velle»ley  iras  detaoned  from  the 

army  of  Mtnlmg  which  wao  lussomblDd  in  the  north  of  Mai»nr, 

1,  with  0606  infantry  ojid  17U0  cavalry,  wieta  directed  to  march 

>irard8    Poona   to   co-oporato  with    Oolond  Stevenson.      General 

feltesley  left  Hariharin  Maisur  on  the  9th  of  March  and  oroBaect 

IS  Tungbhadra  on  the  i2th.     On  tho  banks  of  th«  Krishna  he  was 

by  tliu  Patvardban  and  other  Mariithaand  Br&bmau  KuruAtak 

itoholdera,  all  of  whom,  especially  tho  PatTBP*ihaii8,  aliowod  luucli 

7eDdlini.-ss  to  the  Bntiab.     On  the   10th  of  April  aa  ho  drew  near 

Poona,  General  Wfillesley  was  warned  tliat  BAjirsiv'B  brother  Amrit^ 

tAt  was  Ukvly  to  burn  tho  city.     Toprvvuat  thin  mislortuue  General 

^Wellealey  pressed   on  with  the  cavalry  of   his  diriMou,  and  tho 

■laMUha  troo|>s  onder  Apa&Ahob  Qokhia  and  othera  of  the  Peshwa'a 

Officers,  naing  anch  apeedj  that,  though  kept  six  hours  in  the  LitUa 

Bor  pMS,  ho  reached  Poena  on  the  2Qth  p^  Ap"l  "■f^''  ^  march  of 

aixty  milea  in  thirty-two  hoon;-'     Iii  the  country  soath  of  the  Bbiraa 

stn^gling  bodies  of  tIollcar'!i  phmdeieTs  were  seen,  who.  ou  being" 

ordered  to  doeiat,  had  rutirod.     Boforu  Ooneml   Wrllosley  reached 

Poooa  idl  hobble  broopa  had  left.     Holkar  had  gone  to  Ch^ndor  in 

Niaik  SOCIO  days  before,  and  Amritrdv  had  started  that  morning  for 

Sangaraner  in  Ah madnagsr.*    On  the  13th  of  May,  egportedfrom 

Panvel  hy  2300  infantry  of  whom  l'.:ulj  wf.rt'"P!uropoan8,  Bijiriv 

flotered  Poona,  waa  inatallcd  aa  Peahwa.  and  received  presents  from 

th*  leading  men  of 


tOMMral  Wellflil.y'B  rcmte    warn    to  — ,.^ 
ped  ftt  BArimati  co  tbc  lAtli  of  Apn]  UM  at  Uocwahvar  «n 
hvanl  Ifcftt  AiBTitrtr  mcut  to 
Mbvir  bi  moved  vttk  iMia  aatiTs  hbttalionand  Ui«  wboU 
, 


ting  fur  • 
ofUa 


i>U.    Ha 

urcshrar 

lew  banra  at 

cavalry,     lliotiiftf 


Chapter  Til- 
HUterr- 

MARiTaifl, 
1720- 1817 

3I*t  Jhennbtr 
U 


fiw 


JMJifxiv  JteittraJ 


itotained  sis  "imini  jfl  thB  ffffT  IT"  !>"  unttrod  Poona  at  tiro  tm  tbr  30th  of  Ann), 
a  VUToti  of  tbitv  mile*  ia  tJility>lwo  liaiira.  TIn  iafantry  J<ilii«d  Ititn  on  tit*  SZnd. 
OoLCkMtnWBlliDKton'aDMmtcliM,  I.  166.  DuriaotliM  war(ico«nl  WaUaala^imda 
IWH  nmiil  Hill  ill  thaa  tU*.  wbn  angand  00  tfaa  Oodlvari  b«  atarted  on  tlia  mem- 
lafM  BU  4lh  At  F»bjtiyy  1  HO*  with  th*  Britiih  cavaliy.  tli«  74tk  Rtglmml.  the  6r«t 
battalion  ol  tlia  Slh  kcgimmt,  £00  own  livIon|[ia^  to  ather  native  corps,  ami  th* 
Matnr  and  Marailtk  cavairr  Aftor  a  march  of  tnm^  milM  on  HtD  4Ui  word 
WH  brmigbt  tliat  tbe  aiMinT  wen  tw«aK-.roar  mfloa  off.  B«  marclwd  aMin  od  tha 
nU»t  «4  tlwi  4l)t.  tnt  tJM  rand  waa  bad  and  th«f  did  not  raaeh  tlia  pLtM  aanwA 
tiU  nins  aaxt  taoraaaf.  Tla  iafaatnr  arrived  at  the  point  ol  attack  alonor  witb  lb*- 
oavalry.  Tits  vMiay  bad  hcanl  ol  tn^  advanoo,  war*  tn  nttraat,  but  atUl  in  iltlit. 
Tboy  irvra  ptmaed  froa  bncbt  to  bd|{bt  till  tlM  wbote  b»l;  waa  teatwnd.  AU 
waa  otar  bj  lwel*«  on  tbs  Mb.  Tba  troopa  bad  Durobed  '^_'*T.Mflff  In  tllirfr 
hoan.  Qnmal  Wan«tle7  thoatht  tUa  vaaiiafckor  oron  than  Hartthaa  Ha  ottia 
moko  of  it  a*  the  vr«at«t  march  b««v«r  mado.    Wrltioglui)'*  DtapatehM,  II,  VJ, 

m,  100. 10!  1  lu.  44». 

>  AflirttnLv   fooght   tad  ^^yM  fhp_m»  Jhlifclur  nl  ''*'"^     U"  aftarwarda 
•Btarad  iala  an  aMypint.  «jft  Ganapl  Wallaalay.  and  ftnaUf  Mtlfag  tO  BenffM  <«t 


IBombajr  tiurtlM 


Ch*pt«r  TIL 
Hiatorx- 

M*|UtIIiI«. 

1720-1917. 
UMMtUw, 

taos. 


284 


DISTRICTS. 


Id  oonaequeiKH)  of  the  nvmeos  from  wLich  tbe  conntr;  bad  f<i 
KHne  yean  suffered,  and  eapCTnallj-  from  the  niin  caused  by  HoUii 
and  bU  Peudliilri*,  1803  was  a  y&tur  of  scarcity  id  the  Oecoi 
luid,  iu  coDSoqaenco  of  the  t-omplcto  failure  of  rain  io  tieptenbt 
and  October  1^03,  the  hst  moDtba  of  1803  nad  the  first  half  t 
1804  'was  a  time  of  deadly  fttmine.  Mcanvrbile,  secretly  onctmTtgf 
by  BfijirAv,  Sindia  and  Raghuii  Bhonela  were  premrinj;  to  ootttBi 
Brittsh  aupremacy  in  the  Ueccan.  Yfae  cwttire  of  AJtmadna|ptf  fai 
on  the  12th  of  Au^uat  1808  and  the  fainoug  victory  ot  JLsts. 
1 60  milee  north-eoat  oT  T^oona,  on  tbe  23rd  of  September  nw 
the  BrJtJsb  supromo  in  the  DoccanJ  For  some  time  tho  counti 
round  Foonft  continaed  disturbed  by  inanriTents  and  freebooW 
When  Ibey  were  ornshed,  until  BJijird?  stirred  war  ia  181 G,  U 
preaoncfl  of  British  troops  _at .  Poonuj  Sirur.  and  Ahmadnagi 
prw©".**'  P^^<.'e-  When  it  passed  on3cr  British  soyeretgu 
Poona,  liTce  most  of  the  Doccan,  was  little  more  than  a  dean 
In  January  1808,  writing  from  infonnation  roccivod  B~Uaua 
Genend  Wellesley  described  tbe  country  roand  Pootia  as  entire 
oxWisted.*  It  was  in  great  confusion.  Tbu  Iiuida  of  viUagi 
and  districts  no  longer  obeyed  tbe  chiefs  who  bad  ^oromed  tb« 
each  had  assumed  anpreme  authority  in  hiji  own  district,  and  tfa 
wore  CATiyiug  on  a  petty  but  destructive  war  agaiaet  each  otk 
In  April  1803,  after  bis  innrch  from  Miraj  through  Bjirftmati  K 
llie  Little  Bor  pass.  General  Wt-Ilesley  wrote:*  In  tbo  countty 
the  &0Dtb>«a8t  of  Puona  Hulkar  could  not  posaibty  maintain  an  urn 
Tbey  have  not  left  a  Hticlc  standing  wiuiio  150  miles  of  Pool 
lliey  have  oalen  tbe  forage  and  grain,  have  palled  down  hoDsea,K 
have  used  tbe  material  as  firewood.  Tbe  people  hare  flod  wi 
their  cattla  Belwoen  Miraj  and  Poonaj  except  iu  one  viltage,  o 
a  human  being  bad  been  seen.  General  Wellealey'i  rapid  mar 
saved  Poona  from  boming.  The  people  showed  the  moat  lin 
gratitndo  and  great  namlH>ra  retnmed  to  their  hom©!.'  The  Pbo 
market  was  well  tiupptied  with  grain/  but  forage  was  so  acarce  tl 
General  Wellcaloy  dotcrmined  to  march  west  to  the  hilU.  He  w. 
no  further  than  ^Dnavle,  about  fifteen  miles  te  tbe  west  of  the  c 


*  The  Hon.  Moantofaiyt  Eiphiintece.  who  was  on  Ocnenl  Wellctfoy'a  staff  ■! 
bud  ot  on*  of  Um  Uanohw  or  tbv  iBUUauwa  f)»partii>ent  md  took  part  in  all 
•BfigBaunta  ia  tbii  war.  diawtbM  the  HaiAtha  castpoa  an  UMonblage  ot  •very 
of  eovwing  of  <i7*rj  Bhkjw  ±aA  oolow,  •pnuUiut  for  mUa*  on  ftU  i&df  orer  kiu 
daloiius«d*rfthUmts,  flag*,  tr«M,  and biuldlnnjCoIobtiMke'sQnhiubiCM,  I,  ITA, 
137).  Wben  the  Mar.ithis  maraliad,  a  saa  of  Iiotm  foot  aad  dua|[oaa>  pound  c 
th*c<MU^tTyfiJte«niniltw  long  by  tWD  or  thrca  Woad.  Ilara  and  th«i«  wtro  a  Tea-  hi 
vitk  •  dog  anil  a  <lruin,  iiiiiod  >rith  a  Ioom  and  ctiaggllug  msh  «I  oamela,  cl«p|M 
bullorlu,  dancing  Kutt,  boggnra  and  buOUooa,  tronpi  and  followen,  lanMutn  i 
matclilDcknivn,  tradara,  aadaganU  QtmiU4a<Iit  (Uittol.  01  bU  Ulo  in  Um  Kag 
camp  Mr.  El{jitDiU>&c  i;i<rca  tlio  folkiwiu  dotalla :  T«dU  sm  atnck  baton ll 
aod  osrly  bivakfoat  is  Ukeu  about  six.  Then  we  mount  and  ride  ooaralag  a  1 
or  two  vat  on  the  fiank,  ranch  the  cunplug  gniuDd  bciwMO  ten  and  twdva.  : 
alt  U  tbe  chain  hive  ootoe  or  lie  oa  tbe  gnniiid.  Wbcn  tbe  teata  ar«  iiit«b«l 
moT*  Into  thun  and  talk  till  bicakfaat.  After  breakfut  w«  work  tend  talk  or  «^ 
the  t«nU  till  dark.  Tli^n  comes  lomo  ex«r«ii«,  dreeiing  for  diuuft',  dbiaw, 
tAlk  till  tune.    (:o1«brAok(i'>  fHi-hinsUnio.  I.  M-ItS. 


V  W«lltngtaa'a  SonplctnefittUT  DwpoUbo,  III.  AS),  &S9. 
■  WcUineton'a  IhapatebM  I.  iti.  •  WvUington's 

*  WoUJBitton'*  I>oranbahc>  I.  H7. 


De*l>Btcba«,  L  M 


becau&e  be  fouiid  tbat  as  soon  as  lie  moredall  Uie people  of  property 
loft  Poona.*     From  PaDavle  lie  sent  bia  cattle  further  up  tlie  valley  to 
gTBXid.'    lu  the  country  to  tbe  uortL-i-aat  of  Poona  (I  Sth  Juuo  1 803) 
tie  [wopie  were  itt  tho  villagea  and  tbey   Lad  grain  in  uoder^roand 
pita,  but  there  waaDOgftvernmeiit,  oriiidefd  anything  but  tbiering.* 
The  coanti'jr  wiui  %-ery  poor.     From  tho  Poshwa  t;o  tho  lowest  horw- 
IQ&n  uo  one  bad  a  shilling.*      Thu  entiro  MarHtba  territory  waa 
nnsottled  and  in  rnina.     Owing  to  Holkar'g  plander  and  oxtortion 
whole  district  wore  unpooplod  and    lb«   towns  destroyed.     As  the 
estAtoholdcnt  for  sereral  yuars  bad  received  no  rent*  thoy  were 
forced  to  allow  thoir  troope  to  plunder  th«ir  own  tcrritorios.     Kvery 
man  was  a  pluudvaT  uod  a  thief;  no  miin  wbo  could  seixe  or  steal 
would  till.^      Tbe  Peshwa's  rosourcea  wore  amnll  and  tbv  lund  about 
Poooavras  waato."      lo  1803  tht*  niafall  in  Judo  July  and  »rlj 
August  was  sufficient,  apparently  abundant.'      But  the  lat«  rains  ot 
Sovtembor  uid  October  completely  failed  ;  except  in  tho  west  tbo 
biillc  ot  the  early  harvest  must  hava  perished  and  the  lat«  crops  were 
probnlily  never  sot*D.     Tbe  failure  of  rain  wss  specially  seirere  ia 
the  central  and  ea^tera  porta  of  Poona  and  Abiuadoagar.     By  the 
eleventh  of  Octolwr  there  was  every  reason  to  espect  a  gmat  scarcity 
of  grain  if  not  a  luniine.     Tbe  troops  in  Poona  could  bo  snppliod 
only  from  Bombay  and  Bombay  oaly  from  Kdnara.     lu  Bombay  tbe 
fear  of  famine  was  so  strong  that  Gorornor  OuQcan  kept  for  the 
ase  of  tbe  settlement  grain  wbich  was  meant  to  have  gone  to  the 
army  in  thu  Oct-cau/      Eveo  in  tbe  billy  west  of  Poonu,  wluch 
depends  little  on  the  late  rains,  early  in  October,  famine  was  raging. 
The  Engliqli  traveller  Lord  Yalentiit  reached  K1iandi£l»  from  Bombay 
on  the  9tb  of  October.    Close  to  the  pond  ruItureH  and  dogs  were 
feeding  on  about  a  hnndrej  dead  bodies.     Pamiue  was  in  every  face, 
BeTontl  bouses  were  empty,  and  tho  laet  victimn  liad  never  been 
removed  from  the  plaocs  where  they  perished.     This  terrible  suffer- 
ing eeems  not  to  have  been   due  to  a  local  failaro  of  rain  as  the  hilts 
were  greeo  to  tho  top,  thero  wcro  many  poddy  Bolds,  and  the  barreet 
was  Dearly  npe.     Kttrla  was  the  6rHt  stage  from  Bombay  where 
Lord  Valuntia  saw  no  fnmino  corpses.     Tho  coantry  near  xalegaon 
was  lerel  and  without  tillage  or  trees,  and  a  little  beyond  Cbinchrdd 
were  signs  of  Holkar's  devaKlations  :  tfae  Tillage  of  Aondb  on  the 
Atutlia  vraa  nearly  io  ruios.     Tbe  streets  of  Poona  showed  no  great 
sigait  of  snffering,  but  the  sight  of  dead  bodies  on  the  river  banka 
in  every  stage  of  decay  waa  distressiag.     Colonel  Close  tho  residont 
distributed  chanty  chiefly  from  a  fund  of  £-(000  (Rs.  40,000)  which 
Lady  MaokiDtosh  bad  collected  in  Bombay.     He  at  first  gave  tho 
people  boiled  rice     But  tho  sight  of  tho    food  drovo  the  people 
Dearly  frantic  and  nnmbers  lost  their  share.     Money  (2  as.)  was 


<  WeUiagton'*  DM^Uka.  I.  in:tlt.0l.       nVollinctou •  I>e«(«tcha. UI.  SI. 

*  W«I){ngtoo'liI>«i*^tcb<«.  m.  1$3,  188.  'Wellii^ton'a  Dai[at(J»ii,  111.  IM. 
■  VVoUii^tcaili  DetpuohM,  I.  240,  *  WoUin^n'a  DMp*t«bc«,  1. 333. 

*  Wotlinsti>a'«  Dmimlcbw,  1.  S88  ud  oiber  Manmu. 
«  WalUagtoo't  I>MpMchM,  I.  41 1 -447 . 

■Tnnla,  JI.  112- 1S9.  Ion]  Toltstia  n«lli»d  tliat  tfceIadrAy4ni  or  Bor  paw  valley 
bttwcBii  KAtIb  uitl  TaloeuMi  wm  ttmrn  with  »R*tM,  onyx,  tuiiT  camelka.  UIim  )>« 
ina in  Poona h« midc  ilusx  coUectloo  ol  aratai  whkh  ««rc  to  be  b«d  ia  {irofaHao. 
Ditto.  U.  113. 


Chapter  Tl 
Hiftocy. 

1 730- 1817 
J80S. 


lb«7 


Clwpt«r  TU- 
aiitgrj- 

'   1790-1817. 

J908-4. 


28$ 


DI8TBICTS. 


accordingly  gitoQ  insttud  of  gruitj.  About  5000  people  were  reliei 
every  day.  The  Pesliwn  confined  his  charity  to  the  relief 
Brihinans  of  whom  bo  fvd  an»t  onmbcnt.'  In  December  18 
GeDer*!  Welloidey  wrote  :*  The  I'eshwa  bM  not  io  bis  sorriof 
oummoD  writer  or  citiI  officer  to  wlioin  lie  can  truat  tbe  max 
mont  fit  It  single  diatricl.  Uis  territorint  art*  all  either  in  tbe  hu 
of  liiii  uucmiQH  or  arc  witliout  mauftgera  on  bin  |)nrt  All  tlie  penH 
capable  of  arranging  bis  stale  arc  ei  tber  in  tbo  eervioe  of  faiH  enemi 
or  are  tmimsoned  arid  oppresficd  by  bimaelf .  Ridi  di«lricL«  are  goi 
to  ruin  becaasu  all  tbe  perdoiu  &l  to  manage  Uuud  ant  in  prison 
oppncMd  by  tbe  Pesbwa.  Uolees  the  Pesbm.  aets  those  pec^ 
tr09  and  employ*  cb«m  io  aeltling  tbe  coonti^  tbo  Poona  state  n 
Dever  rerive.  Id  January  1  SO-l  tieut>ral  \\  elleitley  desoribed  I 
Deccan  OS  a  chaos.  If  a  cailitta  %<'aa  Dot  raised  and  goTorDmeot  p 
in  Kme  regular  train  all  must  fall  to  pieces.*  Tbo  Puabwa'a  goTfr 
ment  wan  only  a  name.  The  country  along  the  Rbima  Bve  tml 
north  of  Pooua  was  unsettled,  a  dreary  wasto  overnin  with  tbier< 
Tbo  Pcebfra  fras  unfit  to  manage  tbe  government  himself.  He  ga' 
no  trust  or  poit'or  to  any  one  and  bad  no  person  about  bim 
condnct  the  common  business  of  tbo  oountiy.*  Towards  tbe  a 
of  Febroary  {23rd)  General  WelWaley  wrote  *  :  Tbe  Poebwa  do 
nothing  to  improTe  faia  govornmeut.  Uis  only  system  of  goverDmsa 
is  that  of  a  robber.  He  does  not  chooso  to  keep  up  aa  ttnny  ai 
his  territories  are  overrun  by  ai-med  men  wbo  are  loaaj 
enltat  with  any  ono  wbo  will  lead  them  to  plunder.  Kxcept  I 
British  troops  there  is  no  power  in  tlie  coantrr  to  support  t 
government  and  proteot  tbe  titdui<trinui«  cIsMixi  of  the  poopi 
Conceive  a  country  ia  uvvry  vilhtgu  ul  vrbicb  twenty  tv  thirty  hon 
men  have  been  dismiiucd  irom  tho  wrviee  of  the  etato  and  'havo  i 
means  of  Uving  except  by  plunder,  Tbvre  is  no  law,  ao  oi 
goverBinent,  no  army  tu  keep  tbe  plunderers  in  order ;  do  reveoi 
can  be  collecled;  no  iiibnbituiit  will  or  c»n  remaia  to  cultivate  aala 
he  is  protected  by  an  armed  force  xtationed  in  bis  villnge.  Habi 
of  iodnstiy  are  out  of  the  qiK^atioi) ;  rne»  muai  nlundor  or  atari 
The  state  of  the  police  was  ulsu  luiuuutublL'.  Tbo  Pcabwa'a  ministe 
and  {avouritfs  wore  tbe  patrons  and  tbe  abareraof  the  profits  gaiai 
by  the  thieves  in  their  plunder  of  tbofte  wboao  oooessities  forea 
them  to  travel  through  tne  country.'  In  March,  General  VVuHmIi 
wrote  :  Bijiriv'a  great  ohjoct  is  to  gain  mouey  to  meet  the  cspena 
of  tbe  pleasures  of  hia  courL  Ue  makes  no  attempt  to  organuM  A 
force,  which,  nnder  tbe  treaty  of  Paasein,  be  ia  bound  to  supper 
and  is  anxieos  tu  employ  Engliab  troops  in  putting  down  robba 
and  helping  his  reveaue-oolleotora.     Geueral  Wellesley  refuasd  1 


'  Lonl  ValciiUa  ww  prcHst  at  Um  DaMn  on  tbe  IMfc  at  Octolio-.     Tbon  « 
a  great  roTwir  In  wbicli  tit»  Britteh  troopt  took  ^»A    Tba  I^Mbwa,  an  an  alufai 


._- J  aioAS  the  lioe  to  a  ipot  where  the  hnooi  of  a  tree  bad  boca  atasfc  . 
greaiuL    He  got  off  tbe  «]e|>iuDt  ui  twrfonaod  the  eerHaoaiae.    He  plucked 
ean  of  wm,  a  aUtte  wm  fired,  umI  he  weal  off  In  a  looklor-gUn  alwiibeiil-a> 
Ponrnerlv  whale  lieldi  of  tarn  ueed  ts  be  wa4t<d,  the  Pcehw*  leediiiK  |^ 
TreTeb,  U.  l'23-l-». 

>  WclUngtao'a  Unpetclite,  I.  547.  *  Welluigtoii'i  Deipatchn,  H.  If,  I7 

*  WeUingUm'a  De*ptttc)i«8,  IL  42.  *  Wellincloti'a Deapatcbta,  U.  IM.  Ifl, 

*tt-elLb.5ton'«Dwp«Uhe>,  iMtS,  129,  167.  ^^w 


liare  aQything  to  do  with  the  police  of  the  conntrr  or  the  little  dirty 
aimiUiAri  exftctions.'  At  ih«  end  of  April  (331x1)  tbo  nccoonts  of 
the  slate  of  the  Oeccan  were  very  dislrt;s»ing.  Evun  in  tbe  NisAm's 
cotintrv,   which  wu   bttter  off  than  tho  wost,   tbo  suffering*  were 

I  eztrooK*.     It  was  scarcely  possible  to  get  foisfre  or  grain  ;  a  detaoh- 

jment  was  some  dnys  witoout  food  and  lost  1(10  bontee  id  one  day. 

JAt  Poooa  the  British  curolrr  horse*  had  for  some  timo  b««D  fed  on 
Bombay  rice.    Rioe  was  not  wholeeooie  fuod  for  horses,  but  it  was  the 

jonly  ^Diin  that  could  b«  got.  Qenem)  Wellealey  doubled  if  he  could 

imoTe  Jiis  troops  from  Poona.*  Iii  May  nistters  were  worBe,  lo 
PooDa  all  but  the  fighting  men  suffered  tnucb  diAtresa.  By  eroat 
exortionii  grain  was  procnred  but  it  sold  for  five  pounds  (2J  then) 
the  rupee.     Forage  was  very  scarce  oxoopt  near  tne   Bor  pns«,  and 

.erea  there  it  was  dear  aad  bad.'  !□  tbo  begiDning  of  Jane,  bo 
iQaoy  cattle  died  and  Oeaeral  Wellealey  reooived  iiaob  dreadful 
BOconntii  of  the  want  of  forage  that  he  dotermined  to  stay  in  Poooa 

las  a  oifia<;iire  of  prudence  if  rot  of  ueopssiity.* 

""Towards  the  end  of  Docombor  1805   Sir  James  Mackintoab.  the 

. Becordep  or  Chief  Jnsl  ice  of  Bombay  (1804-1 811),  came  from  Bombay 
io  Tiait  Colonel  Close  the  R«sideat  at  Poono.  Ho  wtut  pleased  with 
Cbinchvad  and  tbi  sacred  family,  in  one  of  whom  Ute  god  Ganesb 

.dwelt,  wod  whose  siicredniMa  bad  wiTcd  tbo  village  from  ntiD  in 
Holkar's  ravages  in  1802.    Just  before  reaching  Poena,  Macktntoab 

'  waa  intereated  to  see  a  tbousand  MiiMtha  hi;r«e-,  a  hir  vamplo  of  the 

'terrible  cavalry  who  had  wasted  and  won  slmont  the  wholeof  India. 

'Their  nir  was  martial  oTon  fioroa  and  next  to  tho  Bombay  watermen, 

Jrobably  the  EoH  fi8bcrtIl^'Q,  thvy  wore  more  robust  than  any 
ndiaQ8   MBclcinto»h  had  soeo.     They   had  no  nniforra  and  their 

idothes  and  arms  were  mqpt  neglected.  Tboir  faorsoa  varied  j  some 
-were  very  wild  and  oome  very  mean,  none  were  showy.  The  English 
in  Poonn  moved  with  considerable  state.     In  front  went  two  scarlei- 

|ooat«il  couritca  or  harkaras  on  caniela,  thea  an  escort  of  sepoys, 

Ithen  aovenU  sonrlot  mace-bearers,  then  Aomo  of  thn  party  on  horeos 
and  the  rest  on  elephants.  The  Rcsidonoy  at  tbo  Hangam,  which 
Mackiato«b  describes  as  a  set  of  bungalows  spread  over  the 
oaclosiire,  was  fitted  conveniently  and  bixnrioasly.  Poona  city 
had  its  principal  streets  paved  with  stone  and  was  reckoned 
one  of  the  best  built  native  iowoa  in  India.  The  Poshn-n'a 
Tesidence,  the  Satarday  Palace  or  Shanvar  Vdita,  from  its  size  well 

ideftorvod  tho  name  of  palace.  A  ^teway  opened  into  a  l«r;go  rather 
handsome  sqnare  surrounded  by  buildings,  whose  walla  were  painted 

.  with  soeues  from  Hindu  mythology.     The  staircase  atone  corner 

'was  steep  and  narrow,  an  odd  ooutroat  to  tho  faandsomo  square. 
The  aodience  ball  was  a  long  gallery  sapported  by  two  rows  of 
niMnivo  wooden  pillars.  Tho  buU  was  carpeted  and  at  onu  end  oo 
a  white  cloth  were  three  pillows,  the  Peshwa'a  state  seat.  B&jtrltv. 
who  WON  thou  itbout  thirty-four,  was  a  fair  man,  very  handsome,  with 

^a  perfect  gentlemanlike  air  and  manner,  simply  and  neatly  dressed 


1720  1 013 


J.ffeHiniftftii'»  Dnitttcha.  II. S5,  M7. 197. 

^■'oUlaetan'i  DomtilMa.  II.  214.         '  Wellington' ■  Deipatctiea.  II.  33t-S25. 
rslUogtaa'a  DMpttdNS,  11.  388.        '  IiUckinto^'i  Life.  1.  274  -  -JSS. 


(iSombay ' 


288 


DISTRICTS. 


Chapter  Til. 
History- 

MAUTHiA, 

1790-1617. 
IMS. 


in  white  muslin.     He  had  the  easy  bearing  of  one  who  bad  &  lot 
EliiniliKrity  with  a  aoperior  stslion.     Though    more    elegant  ik 
dtgniGcd  ho  was  not  i-fTciniuate.    OE  the  three  chiefs  of  luUiOOl 
whom  UackiDtoah  hati  beeu  presented,  Georf>«  Ilf.,  NafMleoa*! 
B&univ,  MacktDtosli  pru-ferred  the   Br^raan.'      The  etiqaetM 
Bi^ir&r'!i  oourl  was  a  whisper.     When  they  movod  Ui  K&iirkv'a  01 
room,  au  uufuruiahed  bare-vralled  clowt  with  a  white  floor  cloth  m 
some  snmll  piUowtt,  Bijxri.v  spoke  wariolj  of  bis  happineea  andt 
the  British  iiiUa.nce.     Mackintosh's  assurance  that  the  Lnglidh  wool 
atnajs  protect  hia  securilj  and  comfort,  brightened   bis    fac«  wii 
appureutly  genuine  tlehg^ht.     Mackinteah  thought  B&jiMv's  Eeelinj 
natnm),  uurhup^j  reasouable,  aud  ohrionslj  anaJSected.     He  had  la 
independeDce  but  had  gained  rest  for  himself  and  his  p«op]e,  penoi 
enjojiuout  and  oomfort,  and  outward  dignity.     An  ambitioua  b 
might  prefer  the  independence,  a  philoBopher'a  choice  might  nr 
BijirAr  was  neither  a  hero  nor  a  sage  ;  he  was  devoted   to  notlai 
but  to  women  and  to  the  gudt).     On  leaving  the  palaco  a  dianue 
crest  was  faatened   in  Mivckiutoeh's  hat,  a  diamond  neoklmoe 
thrown  round  hie  neck,  and  M<^voral  pieces  of  gold  and  silver  doi 
and    fine  mosliii  were  laid   before  hia   feet.     Aocordiug  I0   msto 
these  presents  wore  gireo  up  and  sold  on  aoconnt  of  tho  HoQoaiita 
East  India  Company. 

Iq  epiie  of  the  unfeigned  obviously  natural  joy  and  tliankfobi 
which  carried  copviction  to  such  shrewd  and  practised  obHt^rvers  j 
Lord  Vnlentia,  Sir  Jamea  Maokinteabi  and  Colouel  Cloae.  since  I 
reatoration "  to  power,  B^irtiT  had  been  ateadilj  dialoyal  to  1 
English.^  Uo  wrote  (1803)  to  the  chiefs  who  wera  ra  lea^e  agio 
the  English  explaining  that  hia  wretclit!<T  i^'r>Mti.ip.nce  on  bhe  euu 
was  due  to  the  treachery  of  the  Koutlu  jlfjore;  ho  fail 

to  giro  Geneml  Wellesley  any  help  in  his  t-arapaign  against  Sim 
(1803),  and  did  hia  be«t  to  stop  his  itupnlicn;  and  incouductiog  I 
ftfhira  with  the  Eui^liuli  Ile^ident,  bo  employed  Sad&shir  MAnke^' 
whose  chief  qualilication  for  the  post  wiu  his  open  enmity  to 
English.  That  the  ^igliah  rocommvoded  it  was  enough  to  rm 
the  failare  of  any  plan  for  the  good  of  his  goTerumeut.     Darii 


I  Mr.  BljililiiaUinn  on  fint  mooting  IMJfriv  (April,  1802)  fniuiil  hia  a 
niuiffootcd  penoD,  witb  a  good  uid  digtiiflvd  faoii Uiouch  tfaon  WUKUne 
kbuut  tli*in<iutii.    C"1cWuijko'i  EaiitiiiuUnic,  I.  4$. 

•  Colcbnrak*'*  ElpkimtuHo,  L  29).     Lord  Vatentm.  mho  had  Uim  iat«rH««A  W 

Bijirtv  uiOutcbwl803.w»irtfaaedth»tTBnSE» highly  «jBodtl»Knitli«li.nk 
Mua  VTM  MiiMrety  ddi^trd  whan  he  btard  tba  omra  that  Bolkw'i  fartAF  CbtodM 
Kiiik  h»d  faUM  to  UieBiBlbh  amy  (T»veU.  II.  130).  ColonMOow^ 
ValMtta.  bad  iw  doubt  ^t  tJi»  P«>hwa  wm  tuiMn  in  bb  gnOtadm  t.>  tlM^Rd 
H«  hui  Bonn-  «Mn  the  PMhw>  w  •ridmtly  t)lM«>d  or  kMiJ  him  nor*  nnSl 
mUt dNlan  hu  wntinwota.  Tho  wajf  ia  vUe^  the  Pnbwa  aad  bU bt«U)«r^&H 
liTWd  luwihor  wilhuut  ipalonif  jmR-wl  bow  eioalI»ut  wm  tbe  P«hwa5l^ 
(Ditto.  1381.  With  Ij>nl  vdootia',.  Sir.lunm  Mwkintadi't.and  Colunel  CloM^^ 
-"—no  of  BAjiMv  ■  vvidiiit  •iueority  it  ii  intcrotiiiLT  i"  •.-nniMre  U>'^  i>"'--if  11 
|^ci£,iiiionj^^i|Ojiwd   Mr.  B^ittHOut'    1.:  nflur-iior.  Ti 

— ,,JESign  «h'>t»iHrtoJffiofaw[iiiKmorTUiiti,-  ■■....:.  "TSorii.  .  •:  aSb 
tea,  ijyo  Grwt  l>aB  (Muitbto,  S7S  foot).^»d  (1603)  lowartrtLuanact  »i**« 
Unritlu  ohoraictcr  ;  buoplotou  at  KdjiriT'i  fatara  conifSCCvm  nn«E«nc  In  )i 
1803,  when  FWjiriir  wm  Mtablbhed  at  I'fton*.  Cobmol  Clow  (Wdlfwton**  DwM^ 
I.  llOIUescnbed  the  Peihwa'i  dispontion  u  whoUr  sstirfwtoty.  Ibe  DaluTiiti 
ttme  turn  tUtli  Hay  )8(t9)  wroU  <Ditto,  184) :  11,  pwh^.  »hlw*H  m.cb  <,ak-1n 


l»0ONA. 


S8» 


ettra  between  ISQ^and  ^^11.  undor  Colonel  Close  and  for  a 
tiino  aft«r  under  Mr.  Rnsaol,  aBaint  went  amoolhly  at  Poods. 
ijir^?  £or  a  time  seems  to  have  bouesUyoouaia^reatJje  EaglUb 
liftuco  It  piece  of  good  fortuno  nnd  tho  coaiitry  f^roatly  iinprovcH].' 
J  On  tbc  lOtJi  Iff  Novomburl808,  Sir  James  Mackiatosh  paid  a  second 
I'Visit  to  the  Beccan.  He  found  KdrU  a  miserahle  village  of  fifteen 
lor  twtint;  hutSAud  about  Hfty  pt-oplo.  It  pud  £100  (R«.  1000)  a 
year  to  a  inaa  of  ruck  at  I'ooDa,  who  had  lately  throatcnod  tu  raise 
tho  rent  to  £120  (Ra.  1200),  and  the  people  had  threntoncd  to 
riearo.  Miwkintonh  thought  iho  stato  of  tho  people  wrotchod, 
iThey  felt  they  were  governed  only  when  thny  paid  taxos,  in  every 
lother  roHpect  they  were  left  to  tliemnulveti,  without  polico  or 
Ijnatice,  exctijit  such  aa  tho  viUsge  s;^stem  supplied.  It  whs  hard  to 
ay  why  t&xes  were  paid,  uuless  to  bribe  the  aovereiga  to  abHtoin  from 
Imurdtir  and  robbetr.  M  Tale^noo  the  wood  entirely  oeaaed.  The 
'  id  naa  bare  and  little  oaltirated ;  there  wore  no  Tillages ;  the 


CliapterVn- 
Hlatoiy- 

1720- ISU. 

180$, 


l«Dd  sbilUy  1  h«*f»p«wri  partleitlM'ly  lutxIoDR  to  porfiM-m  th«  ittpulitlona  ol  the  trfsty 
kt  tlko  oiutUaife  poMtblo  Mponaa  to  himtcU.  iMrly  in  Jud^i,  whan  h«  faod  to  lo»v« 
pMWa  to  Kl  agabwt  Sindb  mi<1  Ui«  B«nlr  cblef  without  any  holp  (lam  BlJIrtT,  tli« 
I>aktt('MbJaMi  Ditto,  I.  I7P)  felt  that  tbeFoiliwa  lud  tTOb«citli«  treatj  by  not 
Itnmiihbif  ui  wniy  and  tiA<l  brokcu  hia  word  to  tbe  Duke  by  not  wttUag  wtin  tli* 
Mvs  ehiotm.  StUl  h«  Ixdicvoil  tho  pMhwa  wu  not  tnsuliarnu*.  On  UiaSthoi 
(Ditto,  ni.  1«)  ba  tM^u  to  4loubt  U  thePMhwawu  only  iucKpal'le.  Stub' 
faate  pravod  tut  KnDatbiBg  boddos  tha  Pt«h«i**  incaiKicitv  im  Uusiuou 
iniBd  a  Muithaumr  hdplM tha EngUib-  Oa  the  lIHh  oi  Junu  llHtta,  I. 
186-lSSt,  when  IivmbM  mtnafappIiMud  wa«  woneolTthuilB  an  imsmy't  rauiitiy, 
' b* owil'i no lupflw twig fnwtiiith*t w* P*l*''''7t ITW thwrnrtuut him.  On iita'lQliiot itai» 
ba  t»Uaiyl  tly  P^ira  iltjIluJ  fth*  '^ Will  IT*''**      "    ^'^  founi}  ootlliar  t>t« 

at  Poaaaknow  nolbtng  tl>l"^  ^I.  191).  Ootlia  23rd  af  Juno  (Ditto,  III.  201)  h* 
dMcrflM*  BijirAv  ■■  BDwiUiiig  aa  well  aa  incapable,  a  |irtn«o  th«  mily  Iuiuvd  prin- 
^le  of  wbgas  eharaot^r  li  1n«lDt)crity.  Od  tha  iMth  of  Juno  (Ditto,  t.  IMJ  tbo 
Duka  «U   laltofietl  that   the  PMbwa  wiui    aol  tnu  to  tbo  EnglUb  vkuwi  anil  wag 

ritentUugtaJti  oomlagto  hJa  anny.    On  tha  <t$th  of  8ept«inlMir  ho  wrotv  (Ditto, 
410) :  Tbo  Peahwa  ii  linoen  In  hii  foteotlon  (o  keop  taour  allbnco,  bnt  tbera 
la  croakcdnaa  In  tus  voUef.  ,Qf_^|^_Bj^^Jgf2^Bi^;  he^Ji  oveTythln^bliDtelf  and 
In  Juiii 


STsrytliiuf  ia  litUa.  In  Jinouy  1801  Sa  wSote  (mtto.  II-  87- SS):  Tbo  Poahwa'a 
oalrprin^Lotof  coramamtuaKvaiiseanil  joaloutyofmo.  Ho  nil)  Iwgin  again,  ur 
nlBor  will  canttDoe  for  [  bclftre  be  haa  nover  itomMvl,  hU  intripiM  with 
ftiailia.  1  crtrtaJatv  liafa  a  bad  npinicin  n(  hint;  ho  hjj  oo  public  faeUn;  and 
bia  privato  lUipmtl'in  ■•  tcrriblo.  1  hare  no  iicnitiva  nruof  that  ho  luui  beca 
traakcburciua,  l>ut  I  bav*  a  atrunjc  avafitelMi  o(  (t,  and  I  know  thdt  ainuc  ho  \tam 
aimed  tbo  tnnljr  □(  B^f  Iti  ho  boa  dono  no  ono  thing  that  va>  dcnml.  In 
Fafanaty  1(MM  (IKlt's  HI.  'KiS),  wh«ii  ha  tniisd  that  tUitrAr  bad  I'rMMhBMD 
hid  for  a  laoath  In  Poooa,  ho  wrotv :  I*  nut  thia  abookbis  T  What  it  to  bo 
doaa  with  thafvllow  f  l*iilil«  oar  good  and  faithXul ally  I  AudOfpla  on  tbnTlbof 
Uarob  (Ditto,  U.  138} :  Tho  Poalitn  if  oaUoaa  to  ararTtbing  «x«*pt  raanoy  and 
vmnajf^  If  be  la  aineere  bow  can  we  azpUia  hia  aercr  teUtnc  tbo  Beald«iit  lb«t 
tbe  Kwidiiawi  had  ci>ni*i  tn  Toon^  Acoordiag  to  Mr.  KltiTitDitnae.  wbo^  aftar 
■bulftDg  hia  charwtw  (or  aevHral  yaan(KonmurISIA];  BijirAT'i  nitingpaaaSuni 
waraEBaraiulravanM.  Hiapaal  artwaa  dJadmiiUtion.  Uh  wm  habitually  lanaMNw 
{olniagatalaBtfar  uulmubantoaaatarallavoofaitiflcauul  istiigna.  UU  araat  of 
MUMga  aad  Ma  lova  olaaao  thwaitad  hlaoagtrasM  (erpawaraiid  bia  (ondnaaa  for 
dafaraoM.  Ha  waa  proad  and  hughtjr  bat  la  lam  nla  and*  atoopad  to  any 
■eanoeaa.  Cbancaabfa  hnmoun  hid  flied  daal^ia.  R«  *»««  able,  hiuuuio  wbon 
n«itb*r  afraid  nor  vaogafnl.  frugal,  oourtaeaa,  aad  dlfialABd.  Half  htt  Ufa  waa 
apont  in  taaU,  pvayara,  aJiid  plgrimagaa,  and  a  lu^  ahara  ot  hia  nrvnoa  on  magical 
aiaaMoaa.  Ho  waa  moat  atriot  to  (jnard  agalaal  oayaaaonlal  laipBrlty,  auil  atinnal 
dailj'  apant  boon  in  dWwatiag  debaacbcry  in  targa  aaawihlin  at  women  o(  rank. 
lOoAbroolM-a  ElphioaMiu,  I.  W7-188. 

1  Colcbrooka'a  ElphiiKtoav,  I.  SW. 
a  IS27-S7 


(Bombay  Guettevr. 


Chapter  VU. 
I     HiflUry. 

UAKiTRia. 

1720- W17. 
IMS. 


tSlt. 


29U 


DTSTRICPa. 


ro«d  iras  lonely ;  and  the  whole  conotry  seonied  eniptr.  At 
FaiU'vlo  wuro  the  niinR  of  a  large  castle  or  vcida  which  had  beta 
destroyed  hy  Uolkitr  in  1802.  It  bnd  both  aqaareand  round  tow«n 
and  was  not  unlike  an  Eofflttth  feudal  cftstlcoF  themdost  form.  Sir 
Jaoifs  waa  met  by  Colonel  Close  oa  the  tDoroiog  of  the  IStb  o£ 
KoTember  and  tak^n  on  an  olophaot  to  the  Sangam.  Ho  deacribn 
Colonel  Cleso  aa  mthout  aoootnpliBbment  orshow,  plain,  cantiens, 
and  with  a  defrree  of  mildnoas  that  formed  a  Bioffnlar  coDtraat  witii 
the  GnDoeaa  and  even  sternness  which  ho  biuj  tihofra  on  trTpg 
occaaions.  Ue  bad  a  calm  underatandioi;,  wholly  employed  u 
practice,  united  to  a  strength  of  nerre  which  (jnalifitxl  him  oqiallj 
for  a  caiition»  or  a  ri^rons  policy.  Ho  was  a  Toiy  saperior  aaa 
who  among  common  onMstrcrs  midht  easily  have  passed  for  a  nrj 
common  maxu*  According  to  Colonel  Close'n  ioforroAtioo  tlii 
population  of  the  trity  of  Poona  watt  about  a  bnadr«d  thoa&and.  Tlu 
police  was  ontmstod  to  a  mitiliu-y  Pnihman  of  the  family  of  Gokkli 
nbo  liad  a  conGidemlilH  establinhment  and  bis  doty  was  eitliel 
so  oaay  or  so  tJcilfully  perfoi-ined,  that,  notvritlistaudiog  Ibi 
frequent  mectinu'  of  armed  men,  instanoes  of  diHorder  wcra  f«m 
Goklila  puuitthed  all  smaJl  offences.  Great  crim^  were  panisltff 
by  the  oSioorB  vntrasted  witb  the  districts  and  in  rery  aeriona  caM 
hy  the  ^remment.  Capital  puui>«hmoDt  was  rare.  Ciril  dikpota 
were  settled  by  arbitration  under  the  sanction  of  the  niiatBtws> 
There  was  not  a  court  of  judicature,  nor  a  jadgo  in  the  whak 
Martltba  dominions;  nor  were  thore  nny  regular  forma  itt  triaL' 
Alnckintosh  speaks  less  civilly  of  n^jinir  than  he  spoke  of  him  ia 
1806  :  The  Poshwa  has  just  come  back  from  Pnndhsrpnr.  Ho  >*a 
diii^sting  mixlnre  of  superstition  and  diuolute  manners,  a  combi> 
nation  which  was  not  nnnatural  among  Hindus,  who^  in  Mackiutotb'* 
opinion,  badcspangod  purity  of  mauuora  from  their  catalogue  <i 
Tirtiica 

During  UiB  six  years  ending  18 1 1  the  biilk'of  the  reaidoncy  wotk 
was  ill  tlio  ImtiilH  of  u  PAm  natnod  KhiiwrHii,  n  man  of  jadgmml 
and  great  address,  who  had  been  won  over  to  the  Pesbwa's  iDtere&lfc 
la  1811  Mr.  Ruasel  waa  succeeded  by  the  Honourable  Monutatimi 
Elphinatone.    Mr,  Elphinstoae  bod  been  at  Toona  in  ]802  aa  Coi 


■Mr.  (n]ihiniiUin«(21it.H«pt:^ml<nrl8l2)dMeribMSu'  'Bury  CleM  Mi  a  i_ 
ktrODg  Mid  hardylrtnie.Aclear  bund,  uid  Vigorons  miA«nt»aJiit^  fixed  »»■ 
nakhaltan  oovrftj(<^  4tii)  a  oniit*inpt  for  pomp  uiJ  [dBwnire,  Bta  utitire  ffiimUM^ 
tha  public  wm'iov  a.ad  kii  cxtrotiia  modoitjr  asd  wmpUdty  emntnm.xi  to  for^  mmI  al 
dianwtcT  la  ona  would  eiiiMnt  to  meat  inanctcal  Rome  rftthor  Umh  in  otir  mra  ^1 
and  DBtion.    Coktwoake'cElpIuartciiio,  1.210.  | 

*  Nothing  iiMm*d  M  ttranga  t«  tha  B*conl«raslhatBa  great  a  oonatry 
withoat  a  jud^.   Twa  cuTcitnutaiiot*dimau>b«d  lui  ironavr.  TboBntwa 
•(  theoffiomof  lillagM  vmHttr  towndupt,  who,  Uuvncbovl  India,  pn 
of  rapaUlcu  MoitiOitiaD  luidsr  despotic  ^nooM  and  loUlianl  ihdf  ant 
Hiidn«(  tka  rernlHtlaEu  among  their  supenare.    Tlie  aecoiul  wu  thoi — 
the  Rnkhni&n* and  heads  of  cHtM  vtio  wvn  •  kind  o(  aatural  aii 
dHputet.  Kud  wlio  could  piuiish  .oITaiuai  by  eipiiUina  fram  «Mt»,   a  n«nalt 
tcrril)]«  than  aay  which  th«  law  ooalrl  infliot.      Tliua  two  antlierltiiH,  " 
imwalar  jiiriadlctlon  of  the  «iecittivD  ofl)c«r«,  wre  auffioiatit  to  uaiatolB  tM 
Stiir  th«  ahMfice  of  raiiuUr  forma  of  crimioid  JDitico  kad  the  omul  «ffeot  la  I 
aatioiuaoiinffrTtiui&tautobcdMtitutooftlut  vroatacbovl  of  aorality. 
MMVUtmh'c  Lir»,  T.  400  I. 


hmmu-i 


POONA. 


B91 


I 


Cloae'a  assiBtantj  in  1803  bo  wu  on  General  Wcllueley's  staff  in 
'  ths  war  ogata&t  Sindia  and  tbe  cbief  of  BerAr,  and  bebvraeu  1S03 
I  aod  1807  he  was  lt«si<jciit  at  the  IJenir  okiof'H  uourt  at  ff&gpiir.' 
Mr.  UIphiustoLo  wita  well  voraod  iu  Manitha  politiiis  and  MiintUa 
state-craFt,  and  did  all  bosmeaa  dirnct  uot  throagh  Kbaaraii. 
This  change  was  moat  distasteful  to  Kliusniji  who  succeeded  iu 
raiding  in  tbo  Posbwa's  mind  a_diBliko  of  Mi-.  Eliibimtone.  This 
dislike  was  to  a  gves^b  extent  retnoreir  in  1812,  when,  na  the 
Fatrunltimi  itnd  otber  s^juthera  estate  holders  rofuMd  touokaow- 
Icdgo  tbe  Peshwa'a  suprvinao;,  Sir.  Elpliinstone  ossDmblod  no 
army  at  Pandbarpur,  tunrchcd  t^iw&rds  tno  Kriahiui,  and  forced 
tbe  estuteliolders  to  abide  b;  tboir  orig-iuivl  agroenicnl  wilb  tbu 
Poutta  istaU>.  B&jirAv  was  profuee  in  his  sckDowledgmeata  to 
Mr.  Kljtliiiiatoae.  In  iHlSj  in  connection  with  these  troubled,  bo 
declaretl  ibat  be  wished  to  bavu  uo  more  raawd  liorse.*  Hu  was 
anxioift  to  raise  a  brigade  of  Dative  iufantry,  dril!  it  by  Buropeaa 
officers,  aad  pay  it  from  his  tretuory.  To  this  tho  Uovemor 
GeDera)  readily  agreed  (181-1).  and.  at  Khusmii's  sitggBetion,  Cnptain 
Joha  Ford,  of  tbe  Madras  ostabtiahmeut,  who  b&d  been  long  attached 
to  Colonel  Clone's  eseert,  was  appointed  commandant  of  tho  brignde. 
Able  ollicors  From  tlto  lino,  chosen  by  Cnptain  Ford,  woru  iil«<> 
lent  from  tho  Bombay  estabtisbmeot  to  help  to  form  and  difuripline 
the  corps.  Bxcopt  a  smnlt  proportion  of  MnriltbnH  the  men  wero 
cbiody  miaed  in  tho  Compan>''3  prorinces  in  Nortbom  India.  On 
entering  tbeir  battalions  tncy  swore  Itdelity  to  tbe  Pesbwa,  adding 
of  thoir  own  accord  tbe  oenditioa,  so  long  asbucootiDUod  in  alliance 
with  the  Britiiib.  I'bo  cantonment  allutlod  for  this  brigade  ws«  at 
tbe  villuge  of  Dtlpuri  about  (uur  miles  uortb-weat  of  Poona.  One 
brij^ade  uE  British  troopa  was  itatiouod  at  Poopa  DCar  Qfcpir.  a  spot 
originally  cboaen  to  guard  the  city ;  the  rest  of  the  aabsidiary  foroo 
were  posted  about  half-way  lietweon  Poena  and  Ahmadnagar,  on 
tho  rivor  Gbod  near  the  v-illaKO  of  MJrur.  Somotimo  before  1SI3  a 
qoamtl,  whiob  seems  to  hare  beon  altrrud  up  by  B&jir&v,  brake  out 
I  between  KhuHrnji  Ihe  ratidnnt'ti  agent  and  Hadnsbiv  Mankeshvar 
'  oneotBAjirtiv'rt  RiitiixtcrH.  Kliusruji  hiul  received  from  tbu  Pesbwa 
tho  raluablu  post  of  garsiiliheddr  or  governor  of  tbu  Mar^tba 
Kam^tak.  Sadd«hiv  Mdnkeshvar  who  <xivoted  thia  appointinout 
•ooused  Khusmji  ot  miamaaiiKCtoeDt,  and  Mr.  Blpbinatone  told 
Khosrujt  that  bo  must  cboo«»  between  his  agency  at  the  roaideocy 


cauptBT' 

History. 


>  Ur.  RIpUiwtonv'a  pfata  «f  tif*  at  Pnona  mm  to  Hda  ton  to  twenty  mD««  in  tbo 
•nonung,  do  etnb  exercm,  btvaktut,  apply  to  public  tnuliiMa  kiul  prirat« 
coiR^oadeiUN  tmm  about  ecu  to  t«o,  luucli  ou  a  few  audwioJiM  figa  ui>d  >  gUM  of 
wslw,  nat  hklf  an  lionr,  rokd  dad  write,  drira  iu  tha  waalnf.  tak«  mora  «1>I> 
■  CiMidsCidlnoonafcwpMalaeaaDd  one  or  twoglMaoi  et  eUret  and  wat«x.  Mid  rMd 
IfU  alaep  at  ataran.  npacially  in  tlw  hot  vttUier  In  aaffacod  much  from  tow  aptnta 
■nil  bad  haaltli.    Ogl^moke'i  Efpliifwtow,  I.  235. 

*  The  Paahwa  bad  acoa  a  freth  iiutaaoa  of  Che  value  of  tbm  BritUb  forou  wbont 

h*  lannd  ft  -- -j  to  <all  in  ■ainat  Apa  Deaii,  who.  retawd  to  oontply  vub 

iMrtBin«Uimade<«)*uuamth<il'«&w*by  tbel>l«a«tltaaa«at  and  to  giv«  op  aama 
tarhbory  belonging  to  t!>a  Uija  oi  KoJUpnr.  Tha  Britwb  iintlioritiM  intarpoaed,  bat 
lUjirir  Brtially  o.intriv«l  to  Indilco  .4pa  Doaiii  to  truxt  to  hi*  lomty.  Mid  ''•Wt  tlU 
dDii.»i«U.  By  thU  iiuidioiu  coiwWt  tbe  Dwii  »m  l«l  to  (tat.-.*  *»«  [onrth  ol  liii 
aMatvtotbc  PoUivra.  Crtnl  DuflTa  M»rMl»*«,  MI.C«Mir«"Oc.kbrook*aElphlaBU)M, 
1.  2U. 


rBambay  i 


8M 


DISTRICTS. 


History- 
MahatiiiU, 


and  hit  govonnDOUt.  Ktiusruji  oliofto  tlio  residency  agency  and  Vid 
appointmtint  aa  governor  of  the  Kamfilak  ma  giwen  to  Trjmbikii 
Dgnglia  one  of  BAjirAT's  chief  fnvooritee.  ThU  Trimbakji,  afUr- 
var£  cue  main  cauw  of  B&jir&v's  fall,  was  originally  »  spy  who  had 
riaea  to  notice  i>y  the  Hprnx)  with  which  be  broaght  Uijirav  an 
unawur  fiviii  Puoiiu  wlivu  (1S02}  he  vna  at  jIahAa  in  Kc^Ab*  ta 
flight  from  llbikar.  Trimbakji  contioned  a  moot  nctivo  Dflvfal  aoi 
noscropoloua  aerrant  to  B«jiM7,  supple  in  adopting  liia  ■Daotei'a 
TtewB  and  bold  in  carrying  ibem  oat.  He  boasted  that  ho  was  nadj 
to  liiU  a  oovr  if  bis  mnater  told  hiin.  Ho  was  perhaps  thu  only  ouo 
vboover^ained  BiijirAr's  confidence,  as  he  was  boo  low  to  bo  Eaand, 
too  dosptc^ablo  to  uxcito  jeuloasy,  and  tuo  MTvild  to  irritata  W 
opposition.'  B^jiriiv's  suooees  against  his  aouditira  (wtaluhotJm  In 
bim  to  speaV  mgooly  of  «nforcing  hiaclaims  on  the  NizAtu,  Siaim, 
and  the  Otiikw&r.  At  this  litau  UAjir&v  apparently  had  no  Ukw^ 
of  acting  atfuinat  llio  Britiiih  Guremm«Dt.  It  was  Xdfflbskji'j 
bitter  hatr»fl  of  Kuropcana  which  aiieoeeded  in  flattering  tmntf 
intd  the  belief,  that,  if  be  only  etoadilj  added  to  bis  army,  bf 
tnif^ht  in  time  he  able  to  make  iiimself  iadependont  of  the  Eii(fliali. 
AccordioKly  tbo  Foahwa  bogui  systematioalh'  to  atren^Lvn  hii 
force,  ckiefly  6n»;agiug  Oosavi  ftnid  Atab  infttBtrr.  Mr.  Elphia- 
BtODO  raised  do  objeotioa.  Ou  tbe  contrary  be  was  anxioos  tOMsttl 
Poehwa'a  forco  sttcn^hened.  ao  tbot  they  could  more  offeetT«l|y 
losist  tbo  attacks  of  the  Pendljlins  «bo  wvro  now  causing  gml 
loss  in  many  ports  of  tho  Doccan.'  At  this  time  Ehaaraji  ex^mmH 
an  evil  inflaDnuoon  tbo  Posbwa  by  convlantly  nnlar^ng  on  tbegnrt 

Kiim  nbtch  tll(^  Britiiih  GoTernment  had  roceivod  from  the  trGa^<l 
asein.  Mr.  KIpliiiiHtuno  was  awareof  KhiiRruji'a  views,  do(«rmtD*l 
toroinoTO  biiu,  and  tnade  a  liberal  provision  for  bim  in  GajarfL 
Aa  bo  nas  leaving  Poona  Khuftniji  died  of  poison.  Though  ■ 
searching  intiuirj  was  Duide  it  rotitaioed  doubtful  whetbor  Kbntn^ 
committed  snicide,  aa  be  knew  hia  corrapt  practices  would  beoow 
pobtic  as  soon  aa  he  loft  Pooua,  or  whether  he  was  poisoned  far 
TrimbakjiatBdjirliv'ssutrxi^tH)"  becauseKliamiji  knew  too  tnsoyoi 
theirtiocreta  In  1815  TrimlMikji,  who  continiiud  to  ri»o  in  faroor 
with  Biljiniv,  wna  mndo  n^eut  iu  the  affairs  with  tho  Britiah  Gonnr 
mont.  Tnmbal^ji  studied  hia  master's  bnmotini  and  gained  eotiit 
ascendancy  ovvr  bis  mind.  Uis  meaeurce,  though  igtiuraat  vioteot 
and  treaclieroas,  were  vigorons.  Hia  punishments  wera  at  ooot 
lenient  and  sevonx  Kohbory  and  murder  might  be  compensated  by 
a  fine ;  a  failure  in  a  revenue  contract  was  an  unpardon&ble  uSeoA 
The  Peahwft  fannvd  bis  districts  to  the  highest  bidder.  Tlioao  wbs 
failed  in  their  contraots  bad  to  give  up  Uieir  wfaolo  property  nai 
that  of  tbair  aecaritiea.  If  their  whole  ppopofty  was  insnffldsri 
(boy  wore  thrown  inCu  hill-forta  and  treated  with  the  greaMrt 
rigoar.  IMjiittT's  net  rcvenuo  was  about  £1,200.000  (Ba.  12V  Uiil) 
out  of  which  he  saved  about  £500,00'J  (Rs.&OUJt/i>)ayeaT.  In  18lS 
ha    was    belioTed    to    hare  oollecl6d  £6.000,000  (Bs.  5  kroa>)  ot 


>  CokbrooloV  ElpkiiwtOBo.  II.  2S8.  393. 


*  la  1SI6  (Z7tli  NoTDinbiirt  Pvndhins  war*  njwubril^  •ritHiii 
uul  drlviog  tk«  pcofJc  iiil^  fWtu.     CoIabtouVc'a  El (lunit <•■>«. 


L  343,  Me. 


'Deocu-I 


POONA. 


298 


» 


eaBar&'  BAwciv'^  coart  was  gay  and  Heonlioas  bojOBd  that  of 
rBD]rformeTFestifra,Aclitkmotoriiitica^reoabletomosfcPoDQftBri^hitmn8. 
His  timd  was  passed  in  tlie  pi-actioo  of  grpi^  dahttaohory  «nii  of 
raligioua  ritea.  Ho  claimed  groat  bolinoas  and  wus  most  oarcfal  bo 
keep 'Ml  polipiooi  rales  and  oeremoniea.  Apparently  to  Uy  tlio  ghosb 
of  NflriLyKQrdv  Peshwa,  wboni  bis  parents  bad  murdered  aiid  who 
seems  to  hnvo  Iiaiit)C«d  htiu,  Bitjirtiv  planted sorenil  hundred  thoasand 
nuuign  tTKoa  abuat  I'oona,  gave  largesses  to  Bnthmaos  luid  r«ligiuus 
catahliiihtoentB,  and  was  paiticalarly  geoeroug  to  ViClioba's  temple 
at  Paiidharpur.*  Ho  novor  listonod  to  his  people's  complaiuts. 
if  villagurs  tried  to  approacb  him,  his  attendants  drore  tliuu  off. 
Tbo  rev«!anc-fnnncrs  had  gonorally  the  RapenDtcndcnco  of  clnl 
and  criminal  Justice  and  thcso  powers  onablod  thuin  to  increase  their 
colk«tioiis.  The  court  of  jaatico  At  Pooun  wan  so  corrupt  that  a  uuitor 
without  money  or  iiifludnce  norcr  won  a  case.  In  ISI&  tho  Pmhwa 
continocd  to  send  agents  to  Sindia  and  Bfaooalaaod  for  the  first  lime 
sent  agents  to  Uolkar  and  the  Poudhiris.  These  agents  were  sent 
with  t£e  object  of  forming  a  loaguu  to  prevent  any  aggreaaion  on  the 
part  of  tfao  Brilisli,  or  to  taJte  sidTantage  of  any  rererse  in  the  Nepti 
(1SI&)  or  other  war  which  might  wealten  the  British  and  give  tbe 
leamiera  the  chaoco  of  ebaking  off  their  power.  BAjiniv  hod  no 
d«flDit«  phuis.  Still  ho  hi^l  gonoso  far  that  his  iutrignes  would  hwre 
jaBttfied  the  English  in  d^jpriving  him  of  power.  From  time  to  time 
B^jir^T spoko to  Mr.  Hlphintttonuof  tbo  □Mesdty  of  aottlingliis  claims 
on  tbo  NiBt&iQ  and  on  thu  GAikw&r.  Mr.  Etphinstene  was  at  all  times 
raody  to  arrango  for  on  inquiry,  bnt  Bitjifiiv  always  let  the  subjoct 


Chapter  TI] 
HUtorj- 

1730- 1SI7. 


■  Onut  DafTs  MkritUa,  C-2A.  Gimer&I  Brign  aiyi  (CoUlwoolw'aEtphimtoDii,  1. 303): 
Out  of  ■  f  f-wly  tiivuiiuv  uf  h  Eiirllsii  uij  &  biUf  «t'<rliiig  BsUtAt  laJil  by  lull  *  nulliua, 
Id  IHlS-l?  be  uaat  bavc  h*d  *t  hii  dupg— 1  npwanlt  uf  uight  uiiUiDD*  of  trta«Qr«  in 
Jewell  sod  in  •^wla. 

*  71ia  MifitBrtion  cfiercd  In  tbe  text  bo  sxpUia  the  pUnUag  ol  the  manuii  ktutm 
■ay  MoiB  (o  dItr«T  tract  the  asiul  w(|iUiifttlcn  ttet  tti*  mangoM  vcm  plantod  to  ttaoa 
tat  tiM  aimt  uiA  to  nja  purihr  or  ntnyo.  The  anggflitlon  that  ibe  atotiouMut  uid 
Mrinr  BlJiriTSmisht  mstrMaom  from  thehaantiBgof  nfthcatar  nnclun  spirit  it 
nwH  OB  Um  follMrlnc  ooMUwatiou  -.  Tb4  nuago  U  oim  of  tiw  h«lieBt,  ihalt  i»  Ifaa 
■test  att^ettTn  ■piriiacocwi.  tatottg  Rinda  brass.  TbAt  tlvo  objaet  ef  plantini  Um 
m*n(0  grovca  wma  to  keep  Ntrdynnriv's  fhoit  at  a  diataao*  » inpparl*!!  dt  the  atacy 
told  bf  Orut  DmfT  (Marilhia,  t3S)  that  ona  <t  GKJM*'*  rolinon*  adviwn  asw 
NArt/acrAv't  ^cat  and  tluC  It  orJcmd  a  dioner  for  100,000  BrAbmuu,  an 
uitattalDmaae  w^fokwaaat  ouo«  proTidcil.  IWo  pataogaa  In  Mackiiil<«h'i  aoconnl 
of  tha  MwhUar  Kolia  of  AIutuulnuMr  11636  Trana.  Bom.  Geo([.  8u«.  I.  323  luid  2M> 
taken  la  tR«  lot.    ^     


faiUiar  aapport  tlw  viv*  takes 


Tho  Kolli  at  ttmaa  naT  itiHnu  hwxxiTa 


to  partona'  who  ham  died  ■  vratcat  death  'partMnlarlj  if  UMy  w  tMtf  anvaaton  oanavd 
Um  daaUu  Thtry  mf  Uieas  hoooiua  to  Ibe  apiiit  of  tha  nardorvd  laaa  t«  wia  lU 
lavmr  anil  that  Um  part  may  faa  birwDttca.  The  lecooil  pasawe  ibows  tliat  Um 
HanUha  ItrAhniani  la  BAjinkv  a  tlaia  held  tlie  aaow  Viaxn  aa  tha  Kolia  about  g^oat' 
hamtlDft.  In  1777  Balraatiiv  llala,  tkebKitlier-ta>Uvo(N<Da  FSdaavb,  treaobsrauly 
•elaail  aad  killad  fiva  Kali  outli%r«  al  Janaar.  Altar  Hut  exacalioa  of  tha  Kohs 
BalnnMT  baeama  v«ej  aahappy.  Ila  lust  all  fmitm  »(  mjad.  T«  regala  liii 
traaquUlity  ba  built  a  Itunple  omf  Jnonar,  and,  in  it,  aa  the  ol>i*«t|of  wotahip.  aat  Avs 
stotMaoriMiuAiuwrtprMoatiafftba  fivaKotia  wbonha  had««M(«d.  "riial  i»  tlM 
gboata  at  tha  flva  Kt^ia  hatinta)!  BalvaatTiv  aud  ha  act  up  ttuMtiCoDca  ea  hMac*  for  tba 
gtiaaW  that  Uiey  might  Ik  [>le— eJ  with  tka  oirility  ihavntlioni,  l!v«  la  Iha  atijtwa,  &nil 
mro  owM  IreaVlu^  him.  It  waa  pcotiably  HMyBuriv'a  gbrnt  that  ao  oft«n  tn>k 
n^iiAv  lo  fkadharpor.  It  waa  aUa  apparwitly  to  KOt  rM  of  tlila  aafoo  gboat  that 
B«i[hiiiUthr*v  puMd  throaeh  tfc>  holad  «tooe  ta  MaUiar  Poiat  in  Bombay  wiiraa 
|nanlianinfla<n<«i:loaaat<l  lAa  pawor  throu|[fa (r«Bi  ain,  tlMitti£n«l  Unfivai  (iHMa. 
n«ipaic  MooTD'a  Oricotal  Fiagmeuta,  606. 


20t 


DISTUI0T8. 


iptorTIL 


.ISI7. 


ItAtuMat 

Foona, 

ISIS. 


(Irup.  At  heart  be  bod  do  wish  to  baro  hta  claiioK 
his  claims  n'ore  sottlod  his  cbt«f  oppurCtinity  of  iutn^niog' 
KizlLiu  and  Chu  Ouikwiir  woold  oeuo.  At  lut  in  1(115,  u  fMi 
ft  schoiuo  to  wtftblish  his  acooDdaiio;  over  OaJ8x£t>  ho  again  pi 
ui  adjustment  of  bis  oUinw  on  the  Giikw£r.  Tbu  Git 
General  Uiot^hl  it  adrisable  to  lot  tbo  two  statea  settle 
afiUra  by  direct  nc^tiatioa,  nod  that  tbo  Britbb  Oovsmmpnt  hI 
not  arbitrate  unloaa  the  utatce  htilcd  to  aeree.  At  od  eerlr 
in  tho  diDcuMion  an  Agent  of  tbe  GtikwAr  nam^  Gopdlnir 
had  boon  eoab  to  I'uoua.  Tbe  claims  of  Uie  Giikw&r  aod  ihc  fc 
were  very  intrioate,  and,  whoa  Bijintv,  ndopungTrimlmkji'a 
dotoriiiiiied  for  purpoece  of  iutrig^e  to  keep  opon  tbo  liisci: 
no  progreea  was  mada  For  tba  intngaes  which  BiljiMv  bopel 
develop  oat  of  theao  dtacaasions  Qopfilriv  Mairtil,  who  waa  opv* 
sousible  and  cautious,  was  unsuited.  In  IhH  the  Peshwa  naked 
another  agent  ahoald  bo  eenl  both  to  adjust  the  Kccotinta  and  to  gWBl>^ 
ronewal  of  (he  lease  of  the  Peehwa's  share  of  QujaiAt.  'l*he  G&ikWi 
DBwagewt  was  Qang^har  ShiUtri.  Gangiidharahitstri  hadortgbaBj 
been  u  the  ctnploymoat  ot  tliJ  Pbadko  ftimDy  in  Poona.  He  hi 
gained  a  place  a1  Hnroda  through  Fatesing  G&ikwiir,  hadprondt^ 
the  grootest  oervicu  to  Colonel  Walker  in  settling  tbu  olaiinsol  Ul 
G)likw.-ir  on  his  feudatory  cbii*fB,  uud  had  recently  been  the  leadoi 
moil  nt  Biiroda.'  Sostronf^n-iiM  Ihodiatruatof  B&jir^vand  tbe  dissds 
Trimlmkji  tbat  tbe  GiUkwilr  uskod  and  obtained  the  foniuU  guanOim 
of  his  mioigtcr'fl  sofoty  from  tbe  British  GoTemmeoL  On  a  proriMi 
ocaaaion  in  1811,  Biljir&v  bad  approred  of  Gauglldhar  Sbistit^ 
appointmenL  isincuthLmboliad  h^urd  from  bis  auppurter^  in  Bu<odk 
tout  Gaogiidhar  Sh^tri  na^  a  friend  to  tbe  Eogliab.  lu  1814  wlM 
Gangfidhar  ^>h.<Utri  was  again  propoead  as  the  QiitkwAr's  agent. 
lUjintv  objected,  stating  that  when  wwatfaclerk  under  Phodkc,  tha 
Sbiisli-i  had  once  been  iutwtent  to  hiui.      As  IMjirAr  had  not  raised 


_,     —  ^  —  ■  — -  --  '■- — u  r t  __ 

determined  to  return  to  Bsroda  and  loave  tlio  a('ttk'in<.>Qt  to  British 
arbitration.  Thin  determinatioQ  produced  a  Rnddon  cbango  oo 
HAjirtiTuoilTrimbakji.  If  tbeaeqaeetioDBwerolcfttoMr.  Klpbiostone 
all  excoeo  (or  correspondeaoe  between  thti  Pusbwa  and  thti  Giikwir 
wonld  cease  nnd  iotrigae  against  tbe  Engltsli  would  be  made  must 
difficult  and  daDgerons.  At  any  coat  Gangidhar  Stuijitri  muat  be  won, 
to  their  iutorcete.  Gang&dhu'  Slt&stri'a  weak  point  was  vi 
Trimbnkji  told  him  wbat  an  oxti-euioly  high  opinion  Biijinii_ 
formed  of  his  talents  from  the  ability  with  wliich  bo  bud  supported ' 
GAikw^d  iutorosta.    Tbe  Peobwa  was  roostauxioua  to  get  Oauj-*" 


I  Mr.  ElpUnatoiwIlOth/iiRe  iai4|<I«»crtbcaCaogftribar  Shdiitri  aaatwnalicf| 

ahrowdneai  uul  taleiit  wlui  keejm  tlia  vthola  ntoto  of  £anNla  in  th*  nJabMl  a 

•ml.  at  roona,  Urubia  tnoaty  and  nMnhida  hu  ratinDs  In  Nioh  rtylc  as  W  dntW  tte 
iLltcntJaii  of  tba  irbole  plnte.  Thooxti  a  hanwcl  Suiakril  ■eholtf  Im  afeta  tbs 
KmrlUinimn.  w*lki  taut.  Ullu  Itnl.  intcmiiitJi  anti  mDtndlrti.  mixM  KiutUi  mint* 
vrlUi  M  cry  thing  he  mvi,  uid  c«lli  th«  I'mIiwa  «)d  hu  miouttnold  fooMMddJiMi 
raMiL    Odolirouke'a  lOpliiDiVMia,  I.  87fi. 


POONA. 


295 


l)£atri  into  his  service.  TTe  roost  not  leave  Poona  at  once.  Tfiis  vna 
lowed  by  tnnrkod  friondlines*  on  Bijir&v's  p«rt,  even  by  iha  offer 
his aister-in-Inw in  tnarringe  toGao^^har  Sluislri'ii  son.  BAjiriv 
)m  n^mcd  to  nn  n<l jastment  of  tho  P(«hwft'it  claims  on  the  G^ikwir 
■whicti  Uaiigniilliar  Sbiatri  proposed  The  nwimiijfe  prt^^mnitioiiiH  were 
{wabed  on.  But  as  no  nnswer  canie  f  rtim  the  Giiikwilr  to  the  proposed 
settlement  GADgildlinr  Slulsiri  Wgita  tnfc^rthal  hi.t  master sospectad 
that  this  offer  of  tnanisge  had  woa  bim  to  the  Peshwa'a  aide. 
GangAdltnr  Sfaiatri  hesitated  abont  the  marriage  and  much  to 
B&jinlv'euuioyiuiceili  ma  put  off.  Ho  further  enraged  BAjir&v  by 
rehiaing  to  alloiv  bia  wife  to  viait  the  Peebwa'a  palace  bocaasA  of 
^0  debauclicrj  from  which  it  was  neTor  free.  Still  Trimbafcji 
potiDued  more  cordial  and  friendly  than  over.  In  Jaly  (1815) 
l(}in(T  aaked  Gang^dhar  Sb^tri  to  go  with  him  on  a  pilpitnage  to 
raodliarpur.  ContrarytoGupiilMvMainll'aadvioe  Gan^dharSh&ttri 
rent.  On  the  I4th  of  Jnly  GaagAdhar  Sh^tri  dinod  with  the 
^Mhwa.  In  the  evening  Triiubakii  asked  faim  to  Vithoba's  temple 
I'here  tho  Peshwa  wsa,  GaogtldBar  SbA^tri  went  and  foand  the 
^etihwa  most  gracious  and  pleasing.  He  left  the  temple  in  high 
^irit«,  and  before  be  bad  gone  300  yarda,  was  nttacked  and  killed. 
Tho  boiuooaness  of  this  crime,  the  muvder  of  a  Brdbtaan  in  holy 
Pandharpup,  raised  n  strong  fooling  against  tbe  mnrderera.  Oop&lnlv 
UitiriUopeDly  accitsvd  Tiimbakji,  and  Mr.  Blphinatooo,  after  a  long 
iaquiry,  proved  that  Trimbnkji  had  hired  the  assnasina.  B^jtT^v  was 
callod  on  to  give  op  'rriRibakji  to  tho  Britiftli  Govommoat.  He  put 
Tritnbukji  under  arrest  but  refused  to  finrrondor  him.  Briliah  troops 
were  moved  on  Poona,  BiJ!ni%-'ji  bwjrt  failed  bim,  and  Trimbakji 
was  surremlered  on  the  i5th  of  RupttimbtT.  SitkrAm  tho  llaroa& 
mini8t*.>r,"wHo  was  in  the  Peshwa'n  pay,  had  helped  TrimbakjL'a 

Slana  for  morderiog  Qangatdhat  Sb^tri.  between  tbe  time  of 
fangAdhar  SfaiUtri'a  murder  and  Trimbakji'a  SQireader  SltArtlm 
busied  himeolf  in  raisiag  troops.  He  waa  taken  into  cuatody  by 
the  Resident  at  B&roda  nnch  agaiiiBt  the  will  of  the  regent  fatesiog 
GAikwAr  whoso  conduct  ahowed  that  like  Sit4nlm  he  had  become  a 
part^  to  B&iiriv's  intrignes  against  tho  Hritish,  Trinibakji  was 
coafincd  in  the  Tlutna  fort.  In  the  evouing  of  tho  18th  of  October  bo 
~  and  reached  a  safe  biding  place  in  tbe  Abmadnagar  hiHa.' 
the  nurrODdor  of  Trimbakji  Bfljiritv'tt   cbiof   advisera  wore 


ir  Bluliu  ^Uokosbvar,  Horo  Diksbit^,  and  Cbimntlii  Nitrttyan. 
two  laitt  were  Konkanaath  BriihinHnB,  who,  like  most  of 
BAjirtv'a  courtiers,  bud  gained  their  prince's  liivour  by  their 
families'  dishonour.  The  agentbotween  B&iir&v  and  Mr.  Elphinatone 
was  Captain  Ford  the  commandant  of  the  Pesbwa's  regular 
brigade.  Trimbakji's  escaiie  seemed  to  restoro  BijiiAr'a  good 
homonr  and  he  ooDtinaea  on  tho  most  cordial  terms  with 
Mr.  Elphiostone.  lie  was  now  busier  than  ever  organising  a  lengne 
against  tho  English.  With  Sindia^  Uolkar,  the  lUja  of  Niigpar, 
and  Uio  Pendhilris  constant  negotiations  went  on.  He  greatly 
'  led  to  the  strength  of  his  army  and  supplied  Trimbakji  with  fnnaA 


Chapter  Vn. 

History- 

17W16I7. 


Omufilinitr 

WS. 


(far, 

me. 


^  Gnint  Duff*!  AUrithAa,  C32: 


IBomlMjr  Quettecr- 


DISTRICTS. 


ChftptarTIL 

Hiftoty. 

MAUraa, 


to  raiae  tho  Bfaflaj  Kot'"!  RAmoshis.  and  Mtoiara  of  Klidailttth  Nisak 
an^  Aiitoad-aogir.  (Jtlier  RangB  wore  organised  in  diflereub  pstfto 
oC  U&jir&v's  torritorit^,  wtilcli,  if  ihey  atiracted  Mr.  Elptiiaiiton^fl 
notioo,  woro  instracted  to  pUy  tho  pftK  of  Fontltifiria  or  insnrgeata 
(1817)<  Mr.  Elpbinstoue  bau  exact  knowludgu  of  what  was  going 
on.  lie  sent  word  to  the  uiiuister  tbat  a  large  bodjr  of  troonci  <mu 
assfntbled  at  K&ULputa,  a  \-illng«  soqUi  oE  tho  Nira  and  withiu  fifty 
milea  of  P000&  Were  these  troops  tho  Peshwa's  or  weru  the; 
ionurgonta  ?  The  mitUBtcr  r«pliod  that  the  Poshwa  had  do  troops  in 
that  part  of  tho  country,  and  that  Bdpu  Gokhla's  horsa  had  dmo 
MDt  against  the  uunrgODtA.  When  Gokhla's  honw  Poached  Lfae 
Nire  thejr  camped  amoiig  thv  iusargont)  aud  could  hear  nothing  of 
tbeni.'  Still  Mr.  Elphinetoao  pemisted  that  a  Lorve  insDrrocLiun  wsa 
oa  foot  in  tliat  part  of  t^  cooobry,  and  IMjirir  ukwl  Him  to  take  lia 
own  measures  to  goppreu  it.  (fflont-l  Smith,  who  commandod  tlid 
Pooaa  aubaidiftTf  forco^  marched  bo  the  ^'im,  tho  iiisargonfca  tnovad 
to  Jaty  Ootonel  Smith  foUowod  thum,  and  thoy  rotirad  north  throu^ 
a  littl<>  known  pafts  in  the  MahAdev  hilla  to  join  a  oecond  IxtAj  of 
iasiirgentfl  which  had  gathered  in  Kh&ndesb  under  Trimbakji'a 
relativo  Qodiji  Dun^flia.  B«fure  the  arrival  of  the  Nira  iDSar^aotS 
Qodilji'e  Iroomhad  l>oeu  diitpt-riMxl  by  Lieuc<euaot  Etan  Dariawitiba 
body  of  the  Nizam's  horse.  lUiirHv  could  no  lougerdenv  that  there 
were  iruiur(]^uts.  He  ordered  the  chief  of  Vinohur  in  N^ik  to  a« 
a^nsb  them,  and,  soon  after,  forwarded  »  letter  from  the  Vinuhor 
<£ief,  giving  ficbitioua  detitils  of  a  defeat  of  the  iomrgmti. 
SJeoQwhilo  B:tj)i-&v  continued  to  levy  both  infantry  and  oavalty. 
Mr.  Elphinatono  wamsd  him  of  the  danger  he  was  nmniug  and 
aekod  biu)  to  stop.  B&UrAr  in  reply  aaaoioed  a  peremptory, 
tono,  domanding  whother  Mr.  Elphinstone  rocant  war  or  peaea 
Mr  KlphiDBtoao  directed  Colonel  Smitfn  to  move  towards  Poosa 
with  toe  li^ht  division  and  told  Bijiniv  that  he  had  callod  Colonul 
Smith  to  Ids  support.  Affairs  were  urgent.  Tho  insargenta  were 
making  head  in  Khiindosh  ;  May  was  turoady  begun  ;  and  BAjiiiv 
might  retire  to  a  hill  fort  and  duriof*  the  rains  organixe  a  genen] 
risuig  of  all  tho  Marlitlui  powore.  Diaturfwnccs  in  Katak  proventcd 
OommunioAtioa  butwe«n  Poona  and  Culcatta.  Bnt  a  pnTSte 
letter  from  tho  Governor  General  reached  Mr.  EtpbiuGtono  advisinf} 
him  to  make  tho  surroader  of  Trimbakji  a  pruliininary  to  any 
nrrangoment  ho  might  come  to  with  Bajirdr.  Mr.  Elphinstone 
det«riuined  to  set  withoat  delay.  At  the  Peebwa's  desire  ue  visito] 
him  and  Bi^jirAr'sporsuaAiTOnOU  and  tho  sonndncesof  hiaargtiiDiiota 
woald  haye  convinced  any  one  to  whom  the  tacta  were  not  known 
thnt  ho  oonld  not  poaaibly  be  unfriendly  to  tho  Knjijtish.  Whtlft 
BiijiriT^e  acta  contradicted  hia  worJ«  Mr.  Elphin&tonc  was  not  to 
be  (loceivcd.  He  wamod  BijtMv  of  the  dangers  he  had  brought 
CD  himHoir,  and  told  him  that  uoleaa  Trtrabakji  was  either  gins 
up  or  drivun  out  of  the  Peshwa's  territory,  war  with  the  Bngli^ 
miiMt  follow.  Several  days  passed  without  an  answer  from  Bdjir^r. 
Then    Mr.    Klphlustono     formally     demanded    the    anrreuder  tA_ 


t  OruitDiiira  MttriiUt,  63S-SS3. 


POONA. 


»7 


h 


I 


Trimbokji  withiD  a  mcmtb  and  tbo  imniGdiate  dclircry  of  the  tlireo 
bill  forts  of  Sioligad  luid  Purandhariii  Poonaaud  IWy^d  in  KoWlja 
•aapli>d(fo  th&t'IViiabakji  vruiild  t>o  Huiruadcrod.  Uiijii^r  had  an 
flxaf'g(ir»t«d  ideaoftbo  importanwof  bisfricndHhiptotho  Knglieh. 
He  uelievedMr.  ElpbtnstoDewooldiiotgotocxtromiliesand  heliAped 
lie  migbt  tide  over  the  few  wo«k»  lliat  romkiucd  till  ibc  (i^btiug eeoson 
waapMts  Ou  tbo  7th  of  May  Mr.  Elphinstone  Keut  word,  thnt,  in 
case  IlAjirttr  did  not  agree  to  band  over  the  three  furtN  in  pledfi^e 
of  Tririiliftkji's  surrender,  Poona  would  ba  surroi^idtid.  At  oue 
o'clock  in  tbo  mominf?  of  tb(>  8th  B^irAr  sent  &  messenger  in  the 
hopo  fchab  Mr.  Elphimtone  might  be  porsaaded  not  to  surrouDd  the 
[Cil^.  The  disoassion  IftDied  all  night ;  dAj*  hnd  dawned  before  tha 
messenger  told  Mr  ElpbinHtono  that  BliJir&Tagrct>d  to  band  over  tbo 
three  Curtis.  The  troupti  ware  already  moving  round  the  city,  and  had 
completely  surrooiidea  it  before  Mr.  Elpbiuatone  reached  tbo  bead 
oE  the  lino.  As  soon  as  Bijinlv  Uauud  so  order  for  the  sarrender  of 
tbo  forts  tbo  troops  were  withdrawn.  The  Peahwa,  aa  if  he  at 
length  bad  reeolfeu  to  give  up  bis  favourite,  isaued  a  proclamation 
oSeriog  £20,000  (Rs.  2  Ukht)  and  a  villngo  worth  £100  (Rs.  1000)  a 
JMT,  to  any  one  wlio  would  bring  in  Trlmb^ji  dead  or  alivO'  na 
seised  some  of  Trimbakji'n  adborenta  and  seqoertrated  tbo  propoHy 
of  otliera  who  wore  coiic«riied  in  the  iosurrection.  Though  the«6 
proooedingH  doceived  neither  bis  own  subjects  ttor  Mr.  ElpbiaHtone, 
tbey  were  taken  a&  thci  preliminary  concesaiona  without  wbigh  the 
Eogtish  ooald  eatertaiu  uo  propowils  for  tho  future  relations  between 
tbe  two  states.  Two  days  later  (10th  May  1817]  Mr.  Elpliinatotie 
received  inatractions  from  tbo  Governor  OoneroJ,  the  Marquis  of 
Hastings,  which  wore  framed  with  the  object  of  preventing  B^jirdv 
•gain  organising  or  taking  part  in  any  combiualion  against  the 
Engliab.  Under  these  imtructiooa  Mr.  Elpliin-stone  drew  up  the 
treaty  of  Poona  which  vrtw  ugiieJ  by  iJAjirtlv  on  tho  I8tb  of 
June  lol7.  lu  this  treaty  BAjirAv  admitted  that  Trimbricji 
mnrdered  Qanjp;fidhar  Sb&stri ;  be  agreed  to  hare  no  correspondence 
with  any  ibreiga  power  that  is  with  any  other  state ;  he  renoaaoed 
all  rights  to  hmda  baym||jM|J|^^ufa^^  on  the  oortb'and  the 
TaDffyu|d[^  oa  the  aouPB^n^gSS^oreceire  a  yearly  payment 
ofltS^Sw[Ra.  1  tdJifu)  AS  a  settlement  of  all  hia  claims  on  the 
Giikwir;  to  cudo  to  the  English  the  fort  of  Ahmadnagar; 
and  instead  of  tho  contingent  of  5000  horse  nnd  3000  foot  which 
be  fumJAhed  under  tho  treaty  of  Bosaein  to  cede  to  the  Ecgliah 
territory  yielding  a  yearly  roTOnne  of  £340,000  (Ba.  34  Idfilm).^ 
BAjiriv  di.<t))anded  a  number  of  hia  horse,  bat  it  was  found  that 
each  tKilf-boncd  tnioper  hiul  received  eight  montfaa'  pay  and  had 
promised  to  attend  if  summuued  and  to  bring  friends.  The  Peshwa's 
rognlnr  battalions  were  transferred  as  part  of  the  force  which  ths 
Knglish  were  to  keep  up  iu  return  for  the  freah  grant  of  territory. 
On^  onebattaliou  u odor  Captain  Ford  waa  kept  in  the  Peghwa'apay, 
and,  in  tboir  stead,  tlie  i^ogUsh  raJsedaaew  corps,     lu  July  1817, 


Chapter  TIL ' 
Hiatorj- 

MAKiTHia, 

1730-  ISI 


Tttatu  if  r»sod 
J«A  />M  L6ir, 


>  Thiatorritory  l&olnded  DfaArwir  ftnd  oUi«r  parte  at  tha  Kanitalc.  Oie  Xortb 
f  Keakaa.  u>d  the  F«itiwa'a  nvenue  in  Ouiarlt.    Omnt  DoCTa  HarttUa,  $39. 
B  1327-38 


288 


DISTHICTS. 


ciispt«t  riL 
'Bistatj. 

ITSO  •  1817. 


when  tbu  amogemetits  uodvr  the  treaty  of  Poooa  wei-e  adjusted 
BijirftT  left  Poons  on  his  ;earl^  pilgrima^  to  Pandharpur. 

At    tliia  tline    (1816-  1813),  uuder  tlie    Marquia    of    Hasting 
(1814.1823),  the  wbole  power  of  the  BritUb  ioltidLA  was  let  v 
tnotioD  to  crush  the  PcnAAria,  a  horde  of  robbers,  wlm,    under  tbi 
patronage  of  Sindia,  Molliar,  aud  the  Pesbna,  and  ander  the  abado 
of  thn  wjwtlt  ppjipy  which  had  paralrted  the  English  Mnce  thu  cloi 

^^^^^^"^^"^"^^^^^  had.   risca  I 

gerooa  stroiigtli  and  sprMa  unrest  nod  niiu  qvbf  suUwa,  Ceotn 
Indui,  and  much  of  iho  British  |>o88«8Uoni«.  Dariug  ISltJ  «tid  lb 
early  mootb^  of  1817  the  Marquis  of  Hastings  d«t«raiined,  beside 
suppreaaiiig  the  Pendhilria  whose  faBad-quarters  were  in  M&lwaaa 
Central  ludia,  to  ODter  into  freoh  tnMiiies  with  the  powen  i 
RajputAoa  and  Central  ladta  whose  relations  with  Iho  Britia 
GoverameDt  and  vhth  eaoh  other  Iiod  remained  ungatJafactorr  me 
At  the  aame  time  he  dotcrmioed  Jo  put  an  end  to  tho  gra 


larAtba    league  whose  head  waa    the  Poshwn    and    whose  cbi 
membors  were  the  Bhonsla  of  Nitgpur,  Sindia,  and  ilolkar. 

As  a  port  of  tho  Marquis  of  llHstings'  grout  scheme,  ut  tho  doi 
of  the  rainx  (October  1817),  all  available  British  forces  were  I 
be  eent  from  tho  Ooccnn  to  MfUvrn.  Thu  inteotion  of  moring  th 
English  troops  norlhwards  was  not  kept  accrcft,  and,  when  Bdjtii 
came  to  know  of  it,  he  detenniDed  not  to  miss  the  chance  whic 
it  gave  hint  of  being  reveiiged  on  Mr.  Glphinstone.  Part  of  tb 
arraogemeut  for  the  Poudh^rt  and  Central  India  campuiffn  wa 
tho  appointment  of  Sir  John  Malcolm  as  Political  Agent  with  th 
aroiy  of  the  Deccan.  With  his  uaoal  rigour,  before  moTing  north  t 
MiUwa,  Sir  John  Malcolm  visited  all  tbo  Keeidunta  and  native  eoort 
iu  thu  Oeccan.  When  Sir  John  ifaltrolm  roached  Poena  in  Atigiis 
Bijir&v  WAaat  MAhiili,tho sacred  mrrlingoC  the  Vena  and  the  Krisha 
in  SitAra.  Uo  asked  Sir  John  Malcolm  to  visit  him  at  M4holi  am 
Sir  John  Malcolm  went.  Bdjirdv  compliuued  of  bis  crippled  siaC 
under  tho  treaty  of  Pooua  and  of  the  loss  of  the.  friendship  of  tb 
£ngUah,&ud  declared  lua  longing  to  have  tbo  friendship  renewed.  Si 
John  Malcolm  advi&ed  him  to  collect  troops,  nud,  in  the  coming  wai 
vriih  the  PendbiirtH,  to  show  his  loyalty  by  sending  a  contingent  to  tbi 
KngliEh  aid.  B^jirAv  warmly  approved  of  this  plan,  and  spoke  wit) 
such  cordiality,  candoar,  and  aeuso  that  fSir  Juho  Malcolm  wra 
hack  to  Mr.  Elphinatone  nitislicd  tlint  oil  that  was  wanted  to  maki 
B^jir^v  a  firm  ally  of  tho  Bngltsh  was  to  trust  him  and  to  encourage 
him  to  raise  troops.  Mr.  Elphinstone  told  Hir  John  >[alooUi 
that  in  his  opinion  to  trust  Bitjiriv  and  to  let  him  raise  troops  wooli 
end  in  making  him  not  a  fast  utly  of  the  English  but  their  open  foe 
Stilt  tboQgh  thia  was  his  opinion  be  wonid  not  oppose  Sir  Join 
Malcolm's  scbemo.  In  August  B&jirtlT  received  back  Sinhgod 
Puruudhar,  iiud  lUygad.  He  stayed  at  Mdhuli  till  the  end  o 
Be ptember  doing  his  bent,  na  he  had  promised  Sir  John  Malcolm,  t4 
collect  a  strong  army.  Bdjir&v'a  chief  adviser  n-as  BfLpu  Gokbla  i 
brave  soldier  of  much  higher  position  and  character  than  Trimhakjf 
Under  fiokhla's  infiueiice  B^jirAv  behaved  with  generosity  to  manji 
of  his  great  vassals  restoring  their  lands  and  striving  to  make 
himself  popalar.     Perhaps  because  he  knen  that  no  one  trusted  him 


[DetCAn) 


POONA, 


I 


bound  himself  under  a  writiop  and  by  aa  oAth  to  be  guided  hy 

pa.  GokliU.     To  meet  ttie  expense  oC  lus  preparottoDa  BAjiriiv 

70  Gokbla  £1,000,000  (Hs.  one  kror).      Forts    wero    repaired, 

Ties  oE  Bbils  and  olIiat  liill  tribos  arranged,  nod  missiooH  wont  to 

Ibonsia,  Siudia,  and  Holkar.    Tbe  part  of  tne  whemB  which  Mjird* 

liked   best,  and   whose  working  be  kept  in    bis    own  hands,  waa 

the  norrantioD  of  Ute  Euf^ieh  troops  auA  olfioera  and  the  inardor 

,©f  Mr.    Elphinatone.     YasbvantrAv    GUoqiade,     a    friend    of    Mr. 

BlpbiDDtooo'tf  and    of  man;   British    o£Bu«ra,    was  si    this    tirn* 

in  diHgrsce  with  Mr.   Ulpbinar-onc  on  account  of  some  iutri^w. 

Under  an  oatb  of  aocrocy  BAjirtiv  inducotl  YasbvantTilir  to  iindertake 

to  buy   over  the  British  officers,  and   to  this,  on  the  advance  of 

5O0O  {Ra.  50,000)  YashratitMv  agreed,  and  kept  his  vow  of  eecrocy 

itb  such  care  that  be  uerer  mentioned  lUjiniT'B  Hchomn  lo  a  soul. 

Yashvantmv  bad  a  great  regard  for  Mr.  Elphinatone.     It  vroa  to 

YashTontntr  and  to  a  Brtibman  named  BiUjipant  NAtu  tliat  Ur. 

Kiphin.<ttnno  owed  his  knowled^  of  Biijir^y's  plans.    The  Peshwa 

returned  to  Poona.  at  the  end  of  September.     Rervorls  of  attempts  to 

corrupt  the  British  sopoyscame  from  all  sidea,  unu  ther«  wis  the  still 

graver  danger  that  Bdjir&v  would    iullaance  others     by  threatening 

to  persecute  their  famitieii,  many  of  whom  lived  in  his  ^ath  Kookan 

territories.  Bijir&v's  plan  waa  to  aak  Mr.  KIpbinitooo  to  a  ooof er«aoa 

and  murder  bim,  but  to  this  Bdpn  Gokhia  would  not  agree. 

On  the  lith  of  October  Mr.  Elphinatone  and  BAjirdv  met  for  the 
Ihst,  time.  Bdjiriv  spoke  of  the  loM  he  suffered  under  the  treaty  of 
Poons.  Mr.  Klpbinstoae  told  bim  that  his  ouly  cbauce  of  refining 
Ibe  goodwill  of  the  KnglUb  was  to  lose  no  time  in  eendmg  bia 
troops  north  to  aid  the  Knglish  in  puttiuFf  down  the  Pendhllris. 
Bijir&v  assared  htm  thai  hi*  troopa  would  start  as  aoon  as  tbo 
I>a&ara  waa  over.  Da«nra^?ay  fell  on  the  1 9th.  of  Octubor.  It  was 
the  line.st  military  spoctaelo  since  tbo  accossion  of  Bdjirftv.  During 
the  day  two  incidenls  showed  the  ruling  fceliugR  in  Eitjintv'a  mind ; 
he  openly  slightect  Mr.  KtjihinKtnnc  and  he  ordered  a  ntaas  of  his 
horse  to  gallop  down  on  the  BritiBb  troops  as  if  to  attack  and  then 
to  whool  off.  Tho  next  week  (19th -26th  October)  was  full  of 
interest.  By  night  and  day  parties  of  armtd  men  kopt  flocking 
into  Toona  from  oil  sides.  Oenoral  Smith's  force  waa  now  closo  to 
tho  C'b<ndor  hills  in  Nflsik,  too  far  to  help  Mr  Elphiastone,  aud 
the  Kuropoag  retrinipat  wliict  waa  on  ita  way  from  Bombay  could 
not  reach  Foona  tor  ten  dayn.  The~British  trooja'  at'  Poena  were 
cantoned  to  the  north  of  the  town.  Oardi-ns  and  hedges  in  many 
places  led  within  half  muaket  shot  of  tho  lines  offering  every  help 
to  Attacking  Araba  or  to  disloyal  HOpoys.  First  small  parties,  then 
large  bodies  of  the  Peetbwa's  troo|M  came  out  and  settled  round  the 
British  lines.  Vinchurkar'a  horse  with  some  infantry  and  guns 
camped  to  the  west  of  the  residency  between  it  niid  Bb&mburda 
Tillwtf,  The  fwhwff  ira^  |lTgp4  W  tinke  before  reinforcemenba 
could  read]  Mr"  KipIiinstoDe.  On  the  night  of  the  2flth  of  October 
the  gUDS  were  yvked,  the  honea  saddled,  and  tho  infaslry  road^  to 
surprise  the  British  lines.  But  Bijir&v'a  force  was  daily  increaain^; 
bis  intrigues  with  the  sepoTS  were  not  completed:  there  was  atill 
time  for  delay.    Nejt  ^y  (29th  October)  Mr.  Elphiastone  complained 


Chapter  vn. 
History 

IkUsiTDAS, 

1720-1817. 


[Bomba/  Oftietteti. 


300 


DISTRICTS. 


History- 
1720  Wl  7. 


Batilt  nf  Kirktt, 
iSiA  tfootmber 

tan. 


io  the  Pesliwa  of  the  crovdiog  of  tiio  Muitba  troops  on  tlie  Bril 
lmea>      When  tlio  message  waa    receiTcd  Bipii  Gokhla  wm 
iQstAnt    attack.     But    the    orgmnents  of  the  night  before 

Srevailed,  the  Prahwa's  scheioM  wore  not  jot  oomjiiloUa),  iht 
iiropeau  regiment  wne,  lie  believed,  still  far  distant,  nnd  ertn 
hour  the  Marsha  arni^  was  grovring.  At  four  nest  afteraooo  (SOtB 
October)  the  European  regiment  after  great  exertioiia  reached  llit 
canbonniout.  N«xt  day  (Ut  November),  except  250  mon  who  wen 
left  to  guard  the  rv:^idtiucy,  Mr.  Elphiostcme  moved  the  troope  l* 
a  good  {Hisitiua  at  the  village  of  Knjeee  foop  piilfla  north  of  tVKOL 
This  movement  gratiSed  Bkjir&v  as  he  took  it  for  a  sign  of  foe. 
The  British  cantonment  wag  plundered  and  parties  of  trw^ 
ooDtuiuod  to  posh  Eorward  as  if  id  d«liiuico.  BujiMr  let  tlireo  dnjl 
more  pass  to  allow  the  PatTordbans  and  his  olhur  Kium&tMC 
foodatorios  to  join  his  iirmy.  Sfeanwbilo  Geccrat  Smith,  warmed 
how  mnttont  stood  at  PooDa,  bad  ordered  bis  light  battalion  to  fsU 
back  im  Sinir  about  forty  milea  north'east  of  Poonn.  On  the  3rd  of 
KoTemWr  Mr.  Klphinstone  directed  tho  light  battalion  and  part  A 
the  auxiliai>'  hurxe  to  moTe  from  Sirnr  to  Poona.  When  o&iiriv 
heard  that  these  troopa  had  been  itauiinoiied  h»  determiuod  to  deky 
DO  longer. 

The  Btrongth  of  the  two  forces  wn«,  on  the  Bngltsb  side,  inoludiag 
Captain  Ford'a  Imttalion  which  was  Kfalioiieu  at  _  PiipB_ri  abool 
four  milea  weebof  Kirkee.28Q0  rank  and  tile  of  whom  obont  800  were 
Europeans.  Tlie  Mardtha  army,  besides  &000  horse  and  aOOO  foml 
who  were  with  the  IVshwu  at  IWvati,  included  18,000  horae  and 
SOOO  foot,  or  83,000  in  all.  Mr.  Elpbinstono  bad  oxaminEKl  tbe 
ground  between  the  Bricinh  head-qoartere  at  Kirkee  aud  Captain 


Ford's  encaropmept  at  Diipuri.  The  tv[o  villages  were  aoparat«3 
byTKeTirer  Mgla.  tmt  a  ford  was  found  which  Oaptaiu  Ford's 
three  six-ponn&ra  ooatd  cross.  Mr.  Elphiustone  arranged  thai 
in  cam  of  attack  Captain  Ford  shonld  join  Colooel  Rurr'a  brtgade, 
and  explained  to  all  concerned  that  nt  any  bnxatd  thoy  must  act 
on  (he  offeneire.  In  the  afternoon  of  the  fifth  Bliiir^r'e  urmy  ponrrd 
oot  of  Poona,  CTOrythtng  hushed  bnt  the  trampling  aud  tbe 
neighing  of  boreoe,  till,  from  the  Mutlin  to  the  Ganeah  Khiud  bilU, 
the  valley  was  filled  like  a  river  in  flood.'  The  residency  was 
left,  and  wa»  at  onco  sacked  aud  burned,  and  Mr.  Elpbinafoao 
retired  to  jntiithR  trixips  at  Kirkee;.  A  message  to  advance  waa 
Rent  to  Culviivl  Hnrr  who  moved  towards  DApuri  to  moot  Captaift' 
Ford's  corps ;  ihe  corps  united  and  together  pushed  ou  Io 
attack.  Amazed  by  the  advance  of  troops  whom  they  belie 
booghfc  or  panto-slruok,  the  Mar&tha  nkirmiBbers  fell  back,  ood 
Marfttba  army,  already  anxious  from  the  ill<omened  breaking 
their  standard,  began  to  lose  heart.  Gokbia  rode  from  rank  to  rank 
cheering  and  taunting,  and  opened  the  attack  pueihing  forward  bis 
cavaliT  so  as  nearly  to  siirronnd  the  Brituh.  In  their  eagoraoss  to 
attack  a  Portagnese  battalion,  which  had  come  up  under  cover  of 
endosares,  aomeof  Che  EngUah  sepoys  became  separated  from  tbe  rest 


I 


■  Coldwcok*^  Elpfaiiutow,  I.  3S3  -.  Ponetfa  BIphiiwiaDe,  50. 


of  the  line.     Ookhla  aeiv^  the  opportunity  for  a  ohiu-go  with  6OIXI 

BQ  dorse.     Colouel  Burr  who  saw   tho  morcuient  recalled  his 

m  and  ordered    them  to  stand  Snn  and  keep  their  lim      The 

pliole   luasa   of   ]kIaMtIia  cavalry  camo  on  at  speed   iii   the  most 

idid   style.     The  nisb  of  horee,  the  sonnd  of  the  curth,  the 

ig  of  tia^,  nad  the  bmndishin^  of  spears  vas  grand  beyond 

ription  bat  porfuctly    iueffcctaaL    The  cliarge  was  broken  h^  a 

depp  momM  in  front  of  the  KngUah.     As  the  hon»omon  flonndeteain 

lLionI<x  tbo  British  troopa  fired  od  them  with  deadly  effect.     Only  u 

iwof  the  Mar^tha  horae  preaaed  on  to  the  b&yonetn,  thereat  retreated 

ded.     Tlin  fajlura  of  their  greet  cavalry  charge  disooncerted  the 

[anSlhfis.     Thoy  began  to  drive  off  tbeir  gona,  the  inhntry  retinxl, 

knd,  OQ  the  adrance   of  the  British  line,  the  Geld  vewt  cleared. 

lextraoming  the  arrival  of  the  light  battalion  and  auxiliary  horse 

Dm  Sirar  prevented  Gokhia  from  renewing  the  attack.  TheEaropeon 

M^aa  sixty-eight  and  the  Mardtha  loss  SOO  killed  and  wounuod.* 

le  opening  of  itio  13th  General  Smith  arrived  atKirkec.     Since 

>th  the  Peebwa's  army  had  received  the  itnportAiil  reiDforcomentn 

\e  had  been  expecting  from  the  Patvardhans  and  other  goutkem 

feudatui-i(!H.     They   tnoved    frorn   tlio   city  nad  to<^k   their  position 

^witb  tbt'ir  left  ou  tbo  late  British  cantonment,  at  Gilrpirnnd  their 

ight  stretching  some  miles  east  along  the  Haidarahad  road.     Aboat 

meet  on  the  1t)th  General  Smith  threw  ao  advanced  gaard  acroes 

lie  river  to  take  a  position  to  tbo  east  of  the  Peshwa's  army  at 

le  villnge   of  Uliorpadi.     'l*he  Bntish  troops  were  met  by  a  body 

"  the  Pcshwa's  infantry,  hnt,  after  a  severe  stniggle,  they  gained 

air  position.     During  the  night  they  wore  not  moloeted  and  next 

ling  the  Peahwa's   camp  waa    empty.      B&jir^v    hjuLiie^^to 

Daring    the    dav  Poona  was  snrrendcred.     Tb«  ffrestast 

I  was  taken  to  protect  Hie  peaceable  towns|)GopIe  and  order  and 

were  soon  establiiihed.     On  the  22nd  of  November  General 

aith   puraaed    j^jir&v  to   Mi^huli   in     SAtAra,    from     M&huli    t<i 

^ndtiarpor,  and'ffom  Pandharpnr  to  Junoarj  among  wboao  hills 

lajiTviT  hoped  that  Trimbakji  would  malce  him  safe.     At  tho  end  of 

December,  finding  no  safety  in  Junnar,  Bajirav  fled  south  towards 

"^oona.    Colonel  Bnrr  who  was  in  charge  of  Poona,  hearing  that 

bio  I'ouhwa  meant  to  attack  the  city,  acnt  to  Sirur  for  aid.    The 

Dond    battalion    of  the    Ist  Regiment,   under    I3ie  command   of 

iptain  Staunton,  started  for  Poona  at  eight  at  »!g1it  on  tho  Slab  of 

__  ©cember.     fhey  were  500  rank  and  file  with  3W)  irregolar  horn 

and  two   sii-poiinder  gans  TCeU-manned  by  twenty-fonr   European 

Madrafl    artillerFmon    under    a    aergeaat  and  a    licutenaut.     Ou 

caching  the  high  ground  abovo  the  village  of  KorW)aon.  aboot  ten 

the  morning  o£  the  first  ol  January  1819,  the  batt^oa  saw  the 


I  Oetiiilaof  th«batl)cof  Kiikee  utt^mnaDdtrKtrkc*,  flaCM  of  interest.  BUoker 
1  bb  Mu4tka  Wv  103-691  puMs  ovtr  Mr  BIpblDotaw't  khM«  in  tin  victory  o( 
irkce.  Than  it  no  dasbt  tliftt  Ur.  nphtiutaiia  pluui(d  and  iron  tbe  battU. 
uniii^  ID  t)i«  Ho«M  of  C«niiaoBB  nuil :  In  thHtlBSOMf  cunpai|f;n  ftlr.  Elphia*bnH 
bpUy«<1  Uletita  wid  kwiuom  wbiflh  womld  bave  r«i)<!er^  hin  no  ntaa 
Uioral  in  •  tountir  wImco  fWMnia  ue  ol  trn  mun  utAllcooe  and  rt^tatMD. 
UToat^  BliibiDttoiM,  56 1  oompare  Colaln-ooke's  Elphiutoa^  II.  187. 


Chapter  Til 
Hiatory. 

JLtKiTRiH, 

1720- 1817. 


Pooita 
IS17. 


[BombfeT  a&MiUn. 


302 


DISTRICTS. 


Cha-pUr  VH. 
History. 

BatTVB, 
1817  -  IS84. 

FigSt  at  JTorr^Mt 
1818. 


1613, 


Peshwa's  txmy  of  95,000  Mar&tlia  horM  od  the  eastern  bank  ol  tlw 
Bhinui.     Captaiu  SUiuutou  coattuoed  bta  march  and  took  posseHioo 
of  tho  mnd-walled  rillago  uC  Iforvgaon.     Aa  »oon  ks  the  HarilMl 
csagbt  sigbt  of  the  BtiIibIi  troops  tbey  r»called  a  body  of  SOM 
in^Dtry  wbicli    iras   some    dietaoce    ahead.     The  infaotry    wxw 
arrivod   nud  formed  a   otorming    force  divided  into  tlirco   parti«s 
of  COOeocb.  Tbeiitoroiing  parties  brcAcbedtlie  wall  in  several  place* 
uxpocially    in   the    ctMit,  forced    tboir   w&jr    into   Ibo   village,  and 
gaiDud  a  strong  positioo  ituido  o[  tbo  walls.     Still  id  eptt^e  of  heat* 
tliirst,  and  torriblo    Insa   thu  besieged  held  on  till  eruning,   when 
ibe  iiriueocaaed  and  tbe  P««]ivra'a  troops  vrilhdruw.     NVxt  tnorai 
Captain  StauDton  retired  to  Simr.     UiB  loau  was  175  muo  killed  a: 
wounded  including  twenty-«ne  of  the  twoatj-rour  Eurxjpewn  nrtillei 
men.     Aboal  ono-third  of  tbe  auxiltaiy  borne  ncro  killed,  wound 
or  misaing.     Tbe  Mar&tbiU  lost  five  or  aiz  bandred  men.*       Uorf 
the  wbulu  day  BAjirAv  sat  about  (tra  miles  off.  watching  800  Bri 
troops    keep    30.IWU    MarAthJa    at    bay.     In    hia    aoDoyatice 
ubliraiiloS  hU  "officers  Gbkhla,  Apa  Des^!,   and  Trinibakji  all  o! 
whom    directed  tbe  uttnaks :  You    boasted  you  could  dttfrat  tba 
English  ;  my  whole  army  ia  no  niat<;b  for  one  battalion   of  them. 
From  Tnlegaon  B&iiMv  fled  to  the  Karn&tak.      He  found  it 
Major  iliinro'H  banda  aad^turnod  north,  avoiding  Inn  pnniucni 
the  skill  ol  (ioklila.     While  tbe  pursuit  of  B^jirir  was  gning 
the  JIarqoia  of  Unatirgs  hud  ordered  Mr.  Elphinstonc  to  lakii  ovet 
the    nbolo  of   the  Peehwa^B    posaOMJona.    except  a  amall   Iracl  to 
bo  80t  apart  tor  tbe^  imprifloned  cbiof'of  Sitira.     Sittant  fort  ww 
taken  on   the  tenth  of    rohnisry    IslS,  and  a  proclainstioB    waa 
issued  timt  for  bia  treachery  the  Peahwa's  territories  had  passed  to 
the   British.     Tfae  proclamation    promtsod  that  no   religion  should 
bo  interfered  with:  aud  that  all  poosions  and  allowances  ahould 
be  respected,  provided  the  holdera  withdrew  from  Biijinir's  aerviee. 
Ivotbuig  was  said  about  serrioe  estates  or  Jagirn.     It  waa  fioeo 
tmderstood  that  tboy  would  be  confiscated  or  oonlinacd  according 
as  the  holdcre  showed  rcadineas  in  tendering  allegifnoe  to  tbe  a«w 
govemtuent. 

Beforo  the  country  conld  bo  settled  BajirJlr  had  to 
caught  and  hie  biU-forts  to  be  taken.  On  the  14tb 
f  c'hruary  Brigadier  Cteneral  PrilKlcr  marched  from  Stit^ra  by  _ 
Kira  bridge  tg  Sniliiwul  The  mege  was  begun  on  the  2itb  of 
Febmary  and  on  the  Sod  of  March,  after  1-117  abolU  and  22S1 
ihot  had  been  spent,  tbe  garriaon  of  70U  GotsA^-is  and  400  Arabs 
held  out  o  white  flag  and  next  day  surrendered  the  fort.  From 
Sinhgad  Goncrul  I^itzlor  tnarobed  to  Punmdliar  which  waa 
surrounded  by  the  1 1  tb  of  March.  A  inorTStnEnRory  wua.  opened 
on  the  14tb  and  on  the  l.^lb  a  Brttiah  gamson  occupied  the 
ueighbouniig  fort  of  Vairugud.  AaVaimgndcoinmand-s  Purandbar, 
tbe  Purandbar  gai-nson  nt  ouc4!  surreuoorvd,  and  Uiv  Bnliidi  coloura 
were  hoisted  on  the  lOtb.     In  the  north  Colonel  Descon,  on  the 


JSVT 

J 


'  DeWli  of  till  furmii  tfiA  m  jgivta  naclcr  CongKin,  PImm  «f  lBl«r«it 


e«u. 


POONA. 


303 


2O1I1  vi  February,  after  taking  soiue  places  in  Ahmatlaaj^r,  came  lo 
Sirur.  Uu  tho  25lb  he  reached  Chiikftii.  but,  in  Bpito  of  its  atreoiflb, 
tbe  carrisoti  h«ld  out  for  only  oae  dajr  uirreiidoi-ing  oa  tlie  2(}th.  Tlid 
Brituh  loss  wag  four  Fiiirop«ao!i  killed  luid  wouaded.  After  Olii^k&Q 
Colonel  Dtfucua'd  dolacnmcDt  went  to  Lohygyl  And  TaApyr. 
At  Lobogad  tbcre  yfos  already  a,  besieging  ionx  nnder  Colonel 
Proth<rr  wlio  bsil  i-ea^lied  Lobogad  on  t}io  4tli  of  March  frum  tho 
Koukau  by  tliu  Bor  pus.  ledpur  was  tukvn  vrithoat  rvHtstnoce  on 
tba  4lb,  and  on  the  5tb  Lobogad  was  suireadered  before  the  bnttery 
ffona  were  plac«d  in  position.  ^Ij|mi|^jm^jjjjmpb.  in  Blior 
iiiiin9diat«ly  xurrcDdered  and  RijmAchi  was  occupied  witlioat 
resietssce.  KoAi-i.  a  place  of  importance  commanding  a  paas,  irax 
attacked  on  tlie  lllh.  Oa  the  13tli  a  ftre  broke  out  aud  on  tho 
l-4ih  a  maeaxine  exploded  and  tho  garrison  of  600  surrendered. 
Tho  dopenoent  fort  of  Ganjm  Tras  uccapied  on  the  1 7th.  Oa  the  fall 
of  Ko&ri  the  troopa  rotumon  to  Poona.     Afonrth  d&tachtDent  under 


Of  iheao  Oh^rand  uid  Jivdhan  alone  mode  a  show  of  resistance. 
Chivaud  iraa  bombardnd  on  the  first  of  &lay  and  nexi  moraiafif  after 
ISO  sliulla  bnd  been  thrown  tbi:  garriiion  of  100  men  surreodorcd. 
Jivdhan,  olose  to  the  Nana.  Pass,  waa  attacked  ontbetliird  of  May, 
and  aitrrondered  aft«r  an  hour's  firing.  This  comploted  the  nkptaro 
of  tho  Pooiiu  forl«.i 

Aboat  tbo  middle  of  Febmary,  after  the  fall  of  SiU^rn,  Qeneral 
Smith  went  in  pgrroit  of  t^ffl  fephya  who  waa  at  Sholitpur.  After 
aerwal  forced  murchee  Oenml  StmUi  camo  in  aiK^t  of  the  llariUhfa 
at  Axhtaabout  fifteen  miles  north  of  Pajidharpar.  ThoPc»bwa  taunted 
Golc^TTwith  the  success  of  htk  arrangemrats  ror  preventing  his  mnstor 
bciiug  Miq)ri«od.  Ookbin  vovrod  tbut  at  least  tho  approach  to  him 
would  be  well  guarded.  He  waited  with  600  horse  for  the  English 
cavalry,  attacked  ihem  an  ihoy  passed  ont  of  a  river  bed^  caused 
soma  loss  and  oonfimoD  bub  was  killed  and  the  Mar^hAs  put  to 
Sight.  The  Bija  of  SAtira  and  hia  mother  and  brothers,  to  their 
great  joy.  were  rescned  froin  'b^nrftv'a  power.  Thja  sarprise  and 
ucfcflt  and  the  death  of  UokhIanp«etifie  Mantihn  plans  and  did  mach 
to  baatea  sabmiseion.  B&jirdv  Sed  to  KopMyaon  in  Ahmad nagsr, 
nd  from  KotKir"!Uin  to  ChAndpr.in_  N'iUik.     From  Niisik  ho  panROd 


By  tho  end  of  Hay  the  Poona  force  was  divided  between  Siror, 
tinoar.  and  Poona.     At  8irar  were  stationed  the  head-quarters  of 


f 

■  >  PaaOhiriaBdUarMlK  Ww,2H-31$.    Detail* aro glron  uador  PUcc*. 

*  Onnt  DaJTa  ^ulllii«,  S74-&.  la  tilt  MBOunt  oj  Um  iBJUDt«iuuMt  sad  la  wna 
ether  stimliitioiM  9ir  John  UoJiwlm  ■taowad  that,  ia  nrilo  of  tlw  lomoa  ha  bad  leania) 
■t  Hikuti,  he  wu  unable  to  teuM  BaliniT'B  (Mdi>at»n>.    B<jlr*r  died  at  Bl(bu  in 


Chapter 

Hietory- 

Tat  UutTia 
1817- 188 


X 


anf<  ii-uui   iv<>ii:ir"-Tii 111    wj  viuuiuijr.iii.  .iiiutia.      I'l^iiii    .iiisik  iil<  jiitiiKmi  j 

Hutu  the  Ct-ij  yincoa,  whoro,  on   tho  linnk»  of  the  \'.tr\ibft  ho       jTV" 

*iras  defeated  iimi  i;i^  Lrooim  dinperaed.  From  the  Vardba  he  tried  to 
p&sfl  nortlj  to  Sindta.  At  luiit  Eroiu_I)Ju)lkot  near  Aairgnd  ho  aent 
to  >:;ir  John  Malcolm  ai;i .offer  of  surrooder,  nnd  on  tho  ord  of  Juna 
aurrendered  and  received  a  m&intenanco  of  £80,000  (Rs.  8  lAklui)  a 
yeaj.'  " 


Biwr  Qftuttw) 


DISTRICTS. 


ClupterTII. 

Hiitorj. 

Tm  Bmitiui, 
1817- I8U. 


the  force,  Uio  boad-qaartcrs  of  bho  cavalry  brigade  and  lie 
ar^lory,  the  renuina  of  the  tooi  artilleiy.  His  Majestj's  6hi 
Hegimout,  the  lielit  battalion  and  tbe  rigbt  wing  of  tLe  l« 
battalion  of  the  tOt  Bombay  Native  InbuMj.  At  Juooar  wen 
placed  one  battalion  of  Bombay  Native  InEanby,  two  uix-pounden, 
and  a  paHj  of  CaptAiu  BwaiiHtoD's  Horse.  At  Poooa  city  ttwl 
caotoiiinoiit  were  |)lac«d  details  of  Xrtillory  and  Pioneers,  ods 
Beginicat  of  Light  Cavalry,  ono  European  itegiment,  and  tlirav 
bi^talioua  of  Bombay  Native  Infantxy.' 

To  tbo  moaMceiDeiit  of  the  city  of  Poooa  and  the  tract  which  Uj 
between  the  Boima  and  the  Nira,  Jlr.  Klphinstone,  vho  had  bwn 
named  sole  Commissioner  to  settle  the  conquered  territory,  appointal 
C«ptuo  Uenry  Doadas  Bobertaon  Collector,  Magistrate,  and  Jadgft. 
The  north  of  tbo  conquered  territory,  now  intilnding  North  Poom 
Ahmadnagar  and  N&aik,  which  stretched  between  the  Bhima  river 
and  the  Ch/iiidor  btlia,  was  vnirasted  to  Captain  Henry  PotLiogec- 
NV^ith  each  of  those  ofhoora,  whono  aatliority  oorrespondod  to  that  ol 
tbo  I'cehwa'B  tiamubkeddn,  experienoed  natives  were  appointed  to 
namerous  isubordinate  sitostiona  on  libera]  Balarioe.  To  reetots 
order  in  the  coantry,  to  prevent  the  revunne  being  tamed  to  ho«tiIt 
pui^MBUM,  to  guard  and  to  plcuse  the  people,  and  to  improve  not  to 
obaoge  the  uxisting  syatum  wore  tho  first  objects  to  which  Mr. 
Bli>bin8tone  directed  the  Collectors'  attention.  As  almoat  all  tW 
British  tnwpB  were  either  porsuing  the  Pesbwa  or  taking  Uio  weaten 
forts  tho  Coiloctors'  power  of  rostoring  order  was  (tt  first  small.  Still 
by  raising  irregulars  something  was  done  to  reduce  the  smaller  placw 
and  destroy  straggling  plnnderers.  Mr.  ElphiDstone's  ^r(!at  objeci 
was  to  Ic'i^rn  wLut  s^ratoni  vrtv^  id  force  ana  to  keep  it  uuimpoired* 
lie  wasanxionstostoppeoploraakinglawiiforthp  cnnntlT  before  th^ 
knew  whutbt-T  the  couulry  wanted  Uwa.^  In  18l9  Air.  Elpbinstons 
made  arrangeraents  for  ubtaimug  a  knowledge  of  local  cnstotns  and 
laws.  Inquiries  wcro  circulatod  to  all  penion.4  of  known  intolliffenet. 
A  mass  of  valuable  information  was  gathorpd,  and,  from  Ibu  jadicioiii 
aatare  of  the  queationa,  the  inquiry  tended  to  gain  the  confideoca 
of  the  people  mtber  tlian  to  arouse  tbeir  Knaptcions.  To  provanl 
iuBHrrectiou,  to  settle  claims  and  rewards,  to  provide  for  all  ythj 
bad  Hufforod,  and  to  hotter  the  condition  of  tfaoee  who  were 
worthj[  of  favour  were  among  the  dntiea  which  devolved  on  the 
Commisiuonor.  At  Brst  to  prevent  disorders  or  risings  a  etnol 
systexD  of  private  intoUigooce,  which  was  agreeable  to  Mwitha  ideas 
of  government^  was  kept  np.  Armed  mon  travelling  without  paai- 
porta  were  forcMl  to  lay  down  their  arms,  And  tho  hoiu^cd  resooroei 
of  the  late  government  were  apiKcd  wherever  they  were  foood. 
After  the  first  year  Mr.  Elphiniituno  was  nbto  to  relax  tliese  mka. 
No  passport  was  required  except  from  armed  bodiea  of  more  than 
twenty-five  men,  and  no  search  for  treasure  was  allowed  nnloss  there 
was  good  reason  to  beliove  that  tJie  information  regarding  it  was 
correct.  A  ntrong  military  force  held  positiooB  at  Foona,  Sirar, 
and  JuQoar,  and  Dumben  of  the  oaomy^s  irregahtr  infantry  wen 


BlAckcr*  Muithi  Wir,  315,  31S.        *  Colebnrake'a ElpliiulMU,  U.  «6. 


smployoJ  ID  the  Bnliiih  iiervice.     The  mnlcii  of  tb6  auxiliary  horso 

'were  already   Iillixl   by   mon   onlistod    lioyond  ih«   bord«»  uf   llic 

MnrAtba  country,  bat  more  than  half  the  lioniea  which  rolumod  from 

BijirJr'a  army  died  iu  tbo  courtw  of  six    munth^  from   tho  fatiffuo 

they  bad  undurgoaa     Few  attompta  at  iusurrvctiuu  occurred,     ^hie 

conspimcy  waa  dchcctod  which  hud  for  ita  object  tho  release  of  tbe 

^Ketended  Obitunsiug,  tbo  uiurdvr  of  all  the  Europeans  at  Pvoua 

bud  SlLt^m,  the  surprise  of  seine  of  the  priiici|w]  furie,  and  (be 

capture   of  the    R&jtt  of   SAtiAni.     The  oonspiratora  were  oien   of 

desperate  fortunex  among  tb«  unemployed  soldiery;  Qiauyoftbeia 

woro  apprehended  and  trieilj  and  the  leiulcrSj  BOtne   of  whom  were 

BrilbniaBs.  were  blown  fnjiu  gnus,     Tbia  example  had  an  escelleot 

effoct    in    restraining     conspiracies      Except    service-eatates    or 

jdgirt,  which  could  not  bo  coDtiniied  on  the  loriuer  basis  of  sufjply- 

iDg    continents   of   troops,    every    species    of  hDrodiUiy  right, 

all  established  pensioiu,  charitable  aud  religious  assignmentia,  and 

aerviif-euduwrnents  were  oontiuued.     Regardiugthe  fiorvioo-mtateH 

"ar    jagira    many    points    r«quirod    cotisidei»tion.      In     the     first 

QStance,  nnlesa  specially  i*xenipted,  CTcry  stirvico  estate  or  jii^ir 

ras  taken  poasesflion  of  in   the  same  way  as  the  territory  in  the 

mediate  occupation  of  Ihe  IVshwn'a  agents.     Katates  which  bad 

Xtn  soanestrated  by  the  Pesbwa  were  not  restored.     Some  of  the 

stateholdera  bad  esinbli^bed  clatnis   by  their  enrly  submisainn  or 

by  former  Bervicea  to  the  British  Gov^mmont.     Tho  rest  might 

jnstly  be  granted  a  suitable  uiaiuteiiaQce  but  could  bare  no  claim  to 

tbo  ostatos  which  they  formerly  held  ou  condition  of  fnrnisfaing 

troops.     Liberal   penaiona  in  land  or  money  were  gi-antod  to  those 

rlio  bad  aided  the  Britush  QuT^rnment  daring  the  rerolution.     The 

oinisters  of  tho  late  government  and  of  the  time  of  N&na  Fadnavis 

rhn  were  wholly  unprovided  with  means  of  iiving  received  life 

Uiownnccs.     Mr.  Klpbinetone  was  anxious  to  maintain  the  *ar^iirs 

or  gentry  and  nobles  in  the  posit  iou  tlicy  had  held  under  the  Teshwa. 

..To  deprive  thorn  of  nil  signs  of  rank  would  bo  folt  as  oppreesivo  by 

tbo  npper  cla^acs  and  would  be  disapproved  as  nnasua!  oy  the  lowor 

orders.    Tbo  chiefs  were  classed  according  to  their  mak  and  the 

oatimation  in  which  they  were  beld  nnder  the  former  govomment. 

bey  wpre  freed  from  tho  immediate  juriMliclion  of  the  ciril  conrt, 

I  upptinl  being  allowed  from  the  Agent  to  Sard4rs  in  Foonn  to  the 

^ovemor  in  Council  or  to  the  Sadnr  Conrt.'    The  jury  or  panchdyat 

18    the    Ordinary   tribunal   for  the  decision  of  civil   suits.     Tho 

criniiual  law  was  administered  by   iodjvidu&l  judf^ca  aftsistcd  by  the 

authority  of  Hindu  law  in  regitmting  tho  measure  of  punisbmeut. 

In  all  important  cases  the   oont^-'nccs  wore  pastM^d  subject   to  the 

U^ammifisioner's  approval     In  rovcnne  matters  the  farming  Byat«m 

praa   aboltxhcHl  tind  the  revenue  wnn  collL-cled  through  goTemmeat 

agcnte.     Many 'poor  Briibmans  had  become  greatly  dependent  on 

tbo   ohariiablo  giftsi  or  ditMiina  which  B£jir&r,  iu  the  belief  that 

they  atODod  for  sin.  bad  lavishly  distributed.  To  have  at  once  stopped 

'  grants  would  have  cuuHcd  uiucb  suSering.     At  the  aamu  time 


Cbftptw  TIL 

Hlstery. 

Till  BHrrtiK, 
1817. 18S(. 


1  ColcbTMko'*  Elphitutocie,  U.  G\i,  75. 


aim-aa 


[Bomla7  GuetUer. 


806 


DISTRICTS. 


.  BxrT»B, 


fto  mnch  ovil  was  fonnd  to  attend  the  grant  of  moDcj'  iii  prumiscsooa 
charity  tbut  the  greater  part  was  devoted  bo  founding  a  Uiado 
college  a.t  PooDft. 

Of  tbo  Diunu^cme&t  of  tbe  country  at  tlic  time  of  i(e  transfer  to 
Bntii^h  rule,  Mr.  Elphinstono  (28{li  September  1819)  hnd  no  gr&aX 
fault  to  find  cither  with  tbe  criminal  Justice  or  tho  police.'  Tbe 
j9an«hi^a(«  or  dvil  juries  wer«1oKSsati8ractory.  Tliey  were  diflicutl 
to  eniDtnon,  and  they  -were  slow  and  in  nil  bnt  mmpte  cases  wore 
pnzzled.*  The  mass  of  the  peopln  were  not  oppofloa  to  the  change 
of  rule  from  tho  I'cshwa  to  thu  British.  Thev  werti  strongly  in- 
clined for  peace  and  bad  by  no  means  beon  iftvoured  under  the 
Brahmaii  gororamoDt.  Still  there  wore  manv diHafFocled  lir&hmass. 
dethmukhs  tmd  other  hereditary  officers,  and  disobargetl  soldier^'.* 
ITio  country  hnd  greatly  improved  during  the  sixteen  ycMrs  of 
Britiah  prot-ection,  Tbo  pi'oplo  wore  few  coinmrcd  to  the  anble 
area ;  tho  lower  orders  were  very  comfortable  and  the  upper 
proBp«roiia.  ThL-ro  was  abiindane«  of  ciiipUiynK^nt  in  tbo  domestic 
evtabtishmenta  and  foreign  conqneats  of  the  nation.*  A  fort:>igti 
government  must  hnvo  oifadniiiti^^:  nuuiy  of  tbo  upper  claaaes 
must  sink  into  comparativo  poverty,  and  many  of  those  vrho  were 
employed  by  the  court  and  tho  army  mngt  positively  lo8«  their 
bretMl."  la  Auf^Ht  1822  wbou  an  Governor  of  Bombay  he  came 
on  tour  io  tho  Deccan,  Mr.  Xlphinstone  found  tbo  road  .so  )>nd  in  placee 
that  bit*  viirly  had  to  ditourjimt  and  reached  Pix>na  with  lame  and 
shoeless  Dorses.  IIih  country  was  not  changed.  Tbe  town  wag  tho 
■ame,  only  alt  of  tlie  hor&es  and  taoitt  of  the  f^'ntry  were  gon&*>  On 
hia  next  visit  to  the  Deccon  lu  1826  Mr.  Elphinstoiie  found  tbat  by 
redncUon»  of  asAe&sment  and  atill  more  by  tttoupiiig  exactions  tk« 
burdens  of  thu  people  bad  been  touch  lightened.  "&  spite  of  bad 
seaRonn  and  redundant  prodnos  tbe  condition  of  tho  poopla^^^^ 
probably  better  th&u  iu  the  best  years  of  ihu  Pi-^hvra's  goTemid^^H 
The  pulico  was  worse  than  under  the  Marflth^a  thongb  porluips  not 
BO  bad  oa  he  hud  expected.  Even  in  tho  neighbourhood  of  Poot 
there  had  been  two  ur  three  bands  of  banditti  and  there  was  stil 
one  bend  headed  by  persona  who  bad  been  capturvd  and  rolcai 
from  want  of  proof.  Except  gang  robbery  and  perhaps  ilrankennt 
Ur.  Elpbinetone  did  not  think  crime  had  iiior«iuied.  Tn  Uif  opiuion 
the  most  unsucceesful  part  of  tbe  new  8y8tt.-m  was  tho  admin iatratio^ 
of  civil  jnsticc.'' 

"Id  the  same  year  (1826),  partly  owing  to  the  scarcity  of  ]| 
partly  owtug  to  thu  roductiun  in   tho   local  garrison,  the  tlamoalii 
of  south  Foona  rose  into  revolt  and  outlawry,    for  three  yt 


I  Co1ebnH>ke'i  KIphlDilano,  II.  S3.  ■  Colabrook*'*  EliikuwloM.  It  54. 

'  ColtbronWn'ii  r.lliliinntotii'.  III.  ST. 

*  Id  the  fUtdin  i'mulunstion  of  9tb  Febmaij  l&lft,  Mr.  KIpliiiulaiKi  pointpd  not 
kb*t  wliixi  Uin  KnsUfJi  ntHiorml  Bijirtr  to  powor  tho  coanuy  W3,»  woMCi 
tfaa  people  wntchfld,  and  tbe  EoveriuDsnt  [iriiiiiloM.  ifiiuue  1803,  in  lyiM  of 
nr^nucfarmins  find  ciMtiiim,  nixlttr  Britiili  pn)t«<jti«n,  Iho  k-ountrr  kad  rocovgnd 
knd  Biiiriv  l»d  boaped  to|;«tbcT  about  uKbl  milliiMia  ttcrliiiK  of  jewoll  and  trniwnL 
FoitMt  •  Blpbioawnc,  03 ;  C'ultjlirovke'n  IQphiniUmc.  L  303.  _ 

•  Colebraoke'j  Elphioitone,  II.  "»,  80.  *  Cotebnwkc'i  Elphiiutone.  I].  141. 
'  Colebrookc'B  Elphinitoite,  It  191,  J92.         "  Mr.  A.  Keywr.  VS. 


I>Kcai).| 


POOKA. 


307 


I 


I 


I 


I 


bnndx  of  Rilmoshmwcro guilty  of  atrocious  actit  ol  violeiioe.  TJoder 
the  leading  of  onoUmAji  they  wore  so  enterpriaing  and  auccfsaful  that, 
ill  Ib27,  (ut  tbe^  could  not  bu  put  down,  tlitnr  crunch  were  pardoaed, 
they  iveni  fcakca  into  puy,  rmployt.'d  as  bill  puUuo,  and  enriched 
witn  land  ffntnts.'  Tho  success  of  tlic  Riimosliis  stirrad  tbo  Kolia 
of  tbc  nOTlti-wcst  Ptiuaa  and  Atimoduagar  bills  to  revolt.  Larji^ 
gangs  went  into  outlawry  and  did  much  iniscliiof  iu  Pooaa,  TluUia, 
and  Ahtnndnagar.  Strong  dotaclimenta  of  troops  were  gathered 
from  all  the  diatricta  rouad,  and.  imder  tha  skilful  manaeeinent  of 
Captain  Madcintosli,  by  1830,  the  rebel  gaoK^  were  broKen,  their 
leaders  secnred,  aud  order  restored.*  The  ucxt  aeriods  di^tnrhaDCes 
were  risiugfi  of  hill  tribea  between  1839  and  1846.  Early  in  1839 
bands  of  Kolia  appeared  in  vaTiODS  portd  of  the  Sahy^ria  and 
attacked  and  rohbea  several  villages.  All  cas1«s  joined  them  and 
their  numbers  woo  rose  to  three  or  four  hundred,  undor  the  loading 
of  Ihrod  Bnihmaue  Blitiu  Khare,  Cbimndji  Jadhav,  and  N&na 
Darb^re.  The  rising  took  a  political  character;  the  Uxiders 
d«clared  that  they  wore  aaliiig  Tor  the  Peshwa,  and  assamed  chni^o 
of  the  gorommeDt  in  bis  name.  Ab  farther  reductions  hnd  lulely 
been  made  in  the  Poena  garrison  tho  Br&bmans  persuaded  the  people 
that  tho  bnlk  of  tho  British  troops  had  left  tho  district.  The 
prompt  action  taken  by  Lieatenant  Rudd  tho  suportntondcDt  of 
police  and  Mr.  Hose  the  assistant  collector  prevented  much 
mischief.  Hearing  that  an  attack  was  intended  on  the  Minhiilkari'a 
Ireaaurj'  at  Ghode,  Mr.  Roso  hun-iod  to  Ghode,  collected  a  force 
of  moMwngura  and  townspeople,  and  snc^NMUiEiilly  renulaed  the 
repeated  attacks  of  150  inaurgenta  who  besieged  .tbcrn  tnrough  the 
whole  night.  Thirt  wiw  their  only  feriouH  venture.  Shortly  after 
Lieut«DaDt  Kudd  with  a  pikaLy  of  tho  Poena  Auxiliary  lior&e  attacked 
and  diepereod  the  band,  taking  a  number  of  prisoners.  As  soon  as 
the  tnain  band  wae  broken  the  uiembers  were  caught  in  detail  and 
the  rising  was  at  an  end.  Fifty-fonr  of  tho  rebels  were  tried,  o£ 
whom  aur^hman  liamchandra  Gsucsh  Gore  and  uRo!i  were  hanged, 
Iweoty-four  were  pardoned  or  acquitted,  and  of  the  rest  some  were 
seatenced  to  traoBportation  for  life  and  otherv  to  vartons  terma  of 
imprisonraent.  Ine  prompt  and  vigorons  action  of  ilessrs.  Hose 
and  Uudd  rocoiTod  tho  thanks  of  tho  Court  of  Directora.  In  1844 
the  hill-tribes  again  became  troublesome,  and,  as  ufiual,  they  were 
joined  and  helped  by  diaafFcctod  pcraons  of  various  oastM.  The 
loadors  of  tbia  n;>ing  were  Bighn  Bhitngria  and  B^pn  Uhiagria  the 
sons  of  a  jnin&]^  of  the  Abmadnagar  police  a  KoU  by  caste  whom 
tbe  Kolin  carried  oif  and  forced  to  join  them.  Tho  Sfa4agri&s* 
head-quarters  were  tbo  hilly  country  in  the  north-west  of  Poona. 
They  attacked  and  robbed  several  Tillages  generally  witfaont  doing 
much  buna  to  tbe  people,  hnl  in  two  instoocea  catting  ofi  headmen's 
noaes.  Tbe  police  made  several  captores.  In  one  cose  Cautain 
Qibeme  the  saperinteudent  seized  as  many  as  aeventy-two  outlaws. 


*  Okpt.  Macikintosh  in  Traat.  Bom.  Q«og.  Soe.  I.  MO.    Detaib  o(  BAawalu  ritiaiK 
ore  tAvnu  uniler  J  nsti*.-*. 
■TruH.BcaB.Geos.Soo.  I.  !U>9-3«1.     DstalU  are girea  Id  tbe  AJuudokgu Stotii- 


ChapterVU., 

Histd 


Tna  Bni 
1817- l»»l. 


irrnH 


Ileal  AcoMbt. 


CUptarVJI. 

History. 
tut  British. 


though   bi.pa    Bh^agria    tbo    loodur    escaped.     Od  tte^  SOtti 
6epleitib«r    1844   tUghu  Bhdugria's  gang  cul  off  a  natJvo    officer 
of  polioe  and   ten    vuustahles  who  were  1jeaigbt*jd  ia    tho  bill-i 
and    killed   nil     but    thr(?«.       In    IS45,    tlio    diRtarbuiceN    >(pn.-iu! 
to  the  I'ltrauilhnr  euli-ilivisioR  soutli  uf  Fcoua,  luid  Iroui  Purandhar 
Booth  thpongh  Kitira.     Tbo  Poona  police  were  streogthenod  Ijy 
sixty-two  K^moshis,  aud  on  the  IStli  oC  August  184d,  ia  vuuscqaimcv 
of  a  quarrel  with  ooe  of  his  own  men,  Biipo  Bhingria  was  eaaglit. 
Id  spite  of  tho  loss  of  their  leader  tho  guiifr*,  who  hod  tho  sccrvt 
support   of  Revenil  iiifiuontial   nersonj!,   vuntiuued    to    barawi   the 
country  and  ptundor  fillagcv.     uoveniraent  inouey  was  aeizi-d  whi" 
it  was  being  collected,  npalil  was  miirdcred  because  ho  Lad  lielpi 
the  police  U>  dotoct  GOmo  Formor  outrage,  several  moae^Oeudt^m  wvrv 
rohhud  and  one  or  two  were  inutilatvd,  aud  a  writer  ia  tlio  Punuidhu' 
u&nilatdjtr's  ettbibliidiment  was  mardered.    Ia  Parandbar,  with  the 
aidofaGavU  uuncd  Kcmaaud  u  large  baud  of  (olIowerBj  tbu  ■oos  ^^ 
Umajt  the  loader  in  the  1825  rising  coDimitt«d  aimilar  depredatwa^| 
On  one   ocvuion  ut  Ji-jiiri  they  can-ied   off  tho  litter  witJi  the  holy 
image  but  they  brought  it  back.     Ah  the  police  wore  not   stron^^ 
otiuugli    to   rcetoro   ord4>r,   in   May   1845  a  detachment    of  Kati^H 
Infantry   was    quartered   ut  Juirnar,  other  troops   were  scut  ^^^ 
Puraudhar,  and  one  hundred  tueu  were  set  to  watcb  the  M^lsej  and 
Nina  passes  by  which  the  rebels  moved  up  and  down  to  the  Koukaa 
Early  in  1846   the  Magistrate   reported  tho  country  quiet,  thoBglt, 
ID  epite  of  rewards,  the  ringleaders  were  still  at  large.   Doriog  1646 
Umfiji's  8onB  wore  caught,  but  they  escaped  and  wore  not  rotoken 
till  April  1850  after  heading  a  gang  robbery  which   resulted  in  the 
murder  of  two  persons.    Except  tlie  chief  B^hu  Bhilugria,  the 
other  leaders  were  all  fiecured     A  rewaritf  of  £500   (Ka.  5000)  was 
offered  for  IWghu  IJhftngria  who  -wna  Bupposed  to  be  gifted  witj^ 
supcrDQtural  power,  and  oxereiecd  groat  inHnenco  not  only  orer  h^| 
own   men    but    over  all    the    north-wcHt    Poona   hills   where,   for 
years,  ho  lived  on  btackmnil  leviod  from  Poona  and  Th&nn  rilhigea. 
At  htHt  OD   the  2nd  of  Jautitiry  1648   Rjigha   Bh^gria  was  caught 
by    Lieutenant,  afterwanU  General,  Gell,  and    a  party   of  poli 
at  Pmidhnrpur  whore  be   hud  gone  dreiwod  im  a  pilgrim.     Si 
1846  tho  outlaws  hi»d  coaBod  to  give  much  trouble,  and,  on 
19tb   of    April   185D,    the    capture  of  nmitji'ti   sons    Takya    and 
Mankala  brought  the  disturbances  to  a  close. 

During  the   1857  Mutinies  Poena  was  free   from   opeo  acte 
rebellion,  erec  fr>3tn  oHencei  reqairiog  political  proaecatiens. 
June  1857  a  discharged  constable  was  flogged  for  attempting 
nise  a  disturbance  in  the  city  of  Poona.    Later  in  tbe  same  vear 
the  maiilvi  oi  Pdona,  Nural  Uuda,  who  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
WAhAbi  sect  of  MusaimAns  in  Weatem  India,  was  detained  in  the 
ThAna  jail   undpr  suspicion  of  carrying  on  a  treasonable  correspon- 
denco  with  tho  Relgaum  and  KolbApar  Muaalmins  who  bad  joined 
the  mutineers.    One  or  two  suspicious  characters  from  Plortbem 
India  wpro  forced  to  return  to  their  own  country,  and   Chatursiog 
a  noted  bad  character  who  had  given  trouble  K>r  forty  years  was 
made  a  prieooor  od  suspicion  of  intriguing  with  the  rebels.     The 
Eolis  ana  other  hill  Iribee  attacked  a  few  vtltages  and  robbed  their 


olio^— 
3ia^ 

uid    I 


Deccaa.) 


POONA. 


oM  foos  the  uoneylendera,  but  even  among  Uiem  ihero  was  no 
outbreak  of  importaiicu.  In  1808  a  oiaii  vras  proaecated  aod 
eondemned  to  tleaih  (i>r  pablishlu;^  ft  saditious  proclamaiioD  iu  favonr 
of  NtUia  Sdltcb,  tlie  late  Peshirfr'a  iwlopted  aou.  But  tbe  ooaTicUoa  was 

Juashed  as  iaquiry  B«etned  to  sbow  tbat  tho  ohau-f^  nut  maticiona. 
B  Soptombar  1S&7  a  seditious  p»per  naa  p08t«d  near  the  college 
and  liorary  in  tba  city  of  Pooas,.  The  authors  were  not  disooTcred, 
and  80  little  importance  m^b  attacbod  to  tbis  demonatrelion  tbat 
DO  rcwurd  vrtm  offered  for  tbuir  apprebensioo.  The  local  autlioritiee 
were  wntcbful,  and  the  dangorona  alomoDt  in  I'oona  city,  which  is 
always  considerable,  waa  overawed  by  the  garrisou. 

lu  ld7it,  in  iho  north-woitt  of  Pooiul,  Honya,  an  ioflnoniinl  Kuli,  al 
the  head  of  a  well  trained  gani^,  began  a  series  of  attacks  on  tbe 
monoylcii'lvrs  who  bnbit.itally  uhoat  anil  oppress  the  hill-trilMiit  and 
at  intervals  drive  tbom  into  crime.  Many  of  the  inoauylondors 
wore  rob1)ed  and  nonio  Iiml  thoir  nostta  cut  <>R.  Honya  vrafl  caught  la 
1876  by  Major  H.  DaDiell  then  Boperiotcndont  of  police.  lo  187&  tbo 
Spirit  of  diaordor  spread  from  the  Kolisto  tbopeaco-loving;  Kunbisof 
the  plain  country,  and,  between  May  and  July,  cbitiBj  in  Sinir  and 
Bhimthadi,  eleven  asiiaalts  on  moneylenders  bv  bnnda  of  Tillagera 
woro  coiitmittod.  TroopK  worecall^  to  thonid  of  tho  police  aud 
quiet  waH  restored.'  In  1879  the  peuce  of  the  district  was  again 
broken  by  three  gi^ags  of  roblK>ni.  One  of  thoM  gaon  waa  of 
Poona  Rtoioshis  leu  by  YiiiiadeT  Biilrant  Phndke  a  Poona  BrfUunon, 
another  of  Eolis  under  Krifthua  S4bla  and  hi«  aon,  and  a  third  of 
BitAm  Rdiaoabia  under  two  brolhora  Ilari  and  Tdtya  Makfiji  and 
one  R£raa  Kri<ihna.  VTithin  Poona  limits  no  fearer  than  fifty- 
DIDO  gang  robberies  wero  onmmittcd.  Thc9Q  throe  cnnga  and  a 
fourth  gang  in  tho  Kiz^mia  countiy  were  put  dowo  before  the  end 
of  1879. 


Chapter  T 
Hiftory 

Ths  Britih 
1817 -l&M 


>  DctkUa  an  given  midn  C»piaL 


pt«vin 

117-1969. 


Thk  land*  of  the  <liiitri<it  of  Poonn  Imre  been  gaiaodby  conqawt. 
oaaHicn,  exchange,  and  lapse.  Moat  of  thetountry  fell  to  the  British 
OD  the  overthixxv  of  the  Peshwa  in  I8]7.  In  1844.  under  Govorn- 
mont  Kt-solution  1290  dated  Ibo  20lli  of  April  18H,  on  tlie  death 
of  the  Chief  of  Kol&ba,  the  half  villaiTe  of  Ch&kan  in  Khcd  lapsed  to 
thu  Britiiih  GovornoiL-Dl.  lo  11^61  Uis  IBighness  Siadia,  by  a  treaty 
d&tpd  thn  11>th  of  Decomber  IS60,  ia  exchan^  for  other  Isods, 
oodud  twch-o  rillngc's,  throo  in  Siritr,  §e9eo  in  Bhimthndi,  and  two  in 
Hareli.  In  1806  lliii  Uigbneu  tbe  ti-^iknir,  under  (rovennneot 
Political  Rc^otuiion  21*7*  datod  ibe  Itth  of  October  1866,  in 
uxchango  for  otbt^r  lauds,  cerled  the  half  villupe  of  Ch^an  in  Khod 
and  one  other  village  in  Hareli.  In  1868  flis  Highn««8  Holkar, 
under  GoTcrnment  Kevenoe  Order  4470  dat<»d  the  2Sth  of  November 
1868.  in  exchange  for  other  lands,  ceded  six  villages,  one  in  Jntmar, 
four  in  Rhed,  and  one  in  Sinir. 

The  revenue  itdministnktton  of  the  dinlrtct  is  catmstod  to  on 
officer  styled  Collector,  on  a  yearly  pay  of  £2790  {R«.  27,900). 
This  officer,  who  i»  &[eo  chief  ningislratv  ^nd  the  executive  bead  of 
the  district,  Ih  helped  in  hia  vtovk  of  general  supcrriBioa  by  a  staff 
of  four  aseii^tantB,  of  whom  two  nro  covcnnntod  nnd  two  oro 
nncorenanted  gervaats  of  GoTomntoot.  The  tsanctioned  yearly 
ularicA  of  the  covenanted  assistnnts  range  from  £840  (Rs.  8400) 

I  Mtit«rin]*  IfT  tlio  L*ni!  tliatnry  of  Pnon&  inalvd*,  fcMidtxt  4il*hnr*ttt  «nFv«y  t«l)]M 

6rapi*r«d  in  l!<^l  by  Mr.  R.  It.  I'itt  of  ths  Rvv«tiiie  Stirvcv,  Mr.  i^lphiiutoiic^ 
larnrt  rUUxl  the S-'ilh  of  Udob^r  IS19  Ktlition  1873  ;Mr  C'lii>|>'liii'*  Rcp'Ti  <Ut«>l  ib« 
Seth  of  Autfiid  I6S3,  Etlitimi  1^7  i  ^ft  Inilin  l>apcni  til.  and  IV.  Edition  tS2S; 
Mr.  rriDBh'a  Lithogm|iliod  Itopurt  datod  UicCtli  at  8i>)>Uiml>nr  1S28  ;  Mr.  BbJr'i 
Litbocn^nvi)  K«iurt  ^  datM  tha  9lh  of  D»(ieaibor  1S28  )  UMiiucript  Svlpcttao* 
lAT  of  1831-29;  Mr.  Williiuiuati'i  Report  2«10  daM-Itbo  ^rd  of  Kov«inb*r  1^30  ; 
Mr.  Vihart'*  I{p[>uTt  311  datml  (b«  tHtb  of  VtUxwy  1B4S;  B0B1IM.T  Oovcmncat 
8ol«<ttoDaNawt>cric«LXX.CVlI.  aiidCLI.  j  tDdflKTVO^ABdytiMWjaiiuihurfiuIiiiliiU- 
tratlou  and  svuiau  nrimrtaiindotliFt  rp)N)rt«Miil  (tutarnctntaiB  Bombay  GflvemmeDt 
|U*win«  Krciird  111  of  18'-' 1, 60 of  1822.  t»  of  lsa.f.9«f  1823.  TOnt  1833,71  ot  1823.  72 
oli82»,T<olI8>3,  95on8'.M.I17cf  l>t2.1,123of  182.%,  174  011827,  179  of  1827.  SlSol 
1828,  3A1  of  lJt31.  3A2  oflS.^l,  4U7  o(  1S32,  4S(i«f  list.  477  of  183S.  434  of  IS3S.  4S4  of 
I8S3.  917  of  18:13,650  of  1S3-I.  595  of  1834.  SSa  of  183R.  CSA  of  I83fi,  eWof  183S.  «»« 
ol  1836.  e9S  of  1836.  706  of  \mi,  77S  of  1837.  074  of  1836.  1012  of  1S30,  lOM  nt  tUO. 
1241  of  1841.  1344  of  1843.  1414  of  1843.  1493  of  1843,  ir>CSof  1844,  17  of  l»4e,  17  of 
IH7.  15  of  1848,  23  of  1849,  905  of  1849,  10  of  18^0.  24  of  18S1.  18  of  18S-J;  173  of 
IBG3.  16  of  isao,  17af  IBS8,  1?  c<  13«i.  ISof  IStiO,  17  of  ISffl,  00  of  18«1.  13  of  18«». 
K  aaa  of  1862-«4.  75of  186fl,  B7  ol  1807.  09  of  186S,  65  of  18«9,  93  ol  1871.  81 
of  187%  89  of  lit??,  97  of  1873  |  Govcmraent  RMolution  on  K«v«ibv  S«tU«aMt 
RoporU  for  1873-74,  Bcvmuv  Il«{Mnu]«ut  0093  daXoi  ttuS7th  of  October  1879; 
Bcabky  Pre*!deui:y  Q«uaral  Admuiiftntion  Rvporta  from  1B72  to  IfiSS  ;  and  tlie 
rrintediLcqaiatloD  itatcmTOt  of  tbe  Bomtmj-  Presidency. 


I 
I 


FImmT 


POONA. 


I 

i 

I 

I 


I 


to  £1030  (Rs.  10,800];  snd  tbu  e»lBrioe  of  the  uucOTcnant«d  ussisLftnts 
BTd  £36ii  (Re.  361KI}  and  £720  (Rs.  7200).  For  fiscal  and  otlicr 
admiDistrative  purposes,  the  lauds  uuder  tbo  Colleobor'a  cburgo  aro 
(lisLrtbuted  amung  nine  subilivkionu,  ioclading  the  city  of  Foonn, 
which  for  revenue  purposes  ia  a  aeptirato  sub-ilivisiou  kixjivu  mt  thv 
Pooaa  aub-divisioii  uud  plnotid  uudtji-  l)io  city  uAuilnUltir  who  is  % 
second  class  magistrate.  Of  the  niDesub-divtsioQii  tiveai-e  eutru.->tiMl 
to  the  covenauled  first  asnislaiit  and  the  remaning^  four  to  the  cove. 
naat«d  second  asaistttnt  collector.  Of  Lbo  uncovenaated  assiatanta 
onOi  styled  the  head-quarter  or  huzvr  acooaiit  ofBoer,  aod  who  Is  a 
deputy  cO'llcctor,  is  ontruKtod  with  tho  suporTiaioD  of  the  account 
ofhco  nnd  stamp  and  opium  deportmeats.  Tho  other,  styled  city 
magistrate,  who  in  also  a  dcpnty  aolloctor,  does  the  criminal  and 
iniBC«lln.Deoufl  rovonnu  work  Donnectod  with  the  city.  The  treasury 
lain  charge  of  tho  Poona  IJi-anch  of  the  Bank  of  Bombay.  Tho 
oqvonnatod  aHsistnTit  iioUuctore  aro  aUo  assistant  mugiatnttes,  and 
have,  under  the  presidency  of  tho  Collector,  tho  chief  maoagemeDb 
of  tho  different  udmitiiwtrAtiTo  hodioi,  locnl  fund  and  municipal 
committees,  within  the  limits  of  their  rovonuo  ohargoB. 

Under  the  auperviaon  of  the  Collector  and  his  assistants  the 
rerenuo  cbar^  of  encb  fiscal  diviition  is  placed  id  the  bands  of  an 
ofBoer  atyled  mdmlatJdr.  llieee  fnuctionanes  who  are  also  eutruitt^id 
with  iiiuj^istorial  pdwfri^  hnvo  yearly  ssbiries  varyiag  from  £180  to 
£300  (Ua.KSiJO-aiiOU).  Threoofihe  fiscal  divieioDB,  Hawli  Khed 
and  Uhiiutbodi,  coiiUiio  oivi'h  n  suhnnJiiiatc  dtvieioD  orptriu  iiiaAa/, 
placed  tinder  the  char;>u  of  an  officer  slylod  muhdlfain.  who,  except 
that  he  haa  no  treasury  to  superintend,  exerciuea  the  rercDuu  and 
magiiiterial  powcvH  frfuomlly  ^ntnixted  to  a  m^mlatd^.  The  yearly 
pay  of  iho  innhdlkiLri  is  £7j  (Ks.  720). 

In  rOTOaue  and  police  mnttera  the  charge  of  thu  [1971  Qovera- 
mcDt  Tillages  is  cntmslod  to  1 12S  hoadmon  of  whom  aix  are 
stipondiiiry  nnd  1122  &n-  hercditaiy.  Most  of  them  are  Kunbiii,  bnt 
Gomo  arc  Uiwalniiina  nud  others  beloog  to  tho  Brlihuiau,  Shenri, 
tiarnv.  Nluivi,  Dliobi,  Dbangar,  and  Koti  castes.  One  of  the  atipon* 
diary  and  1 16  of  the  horoditary  headmen  perform  revuuuo  diitiea 
only,  one  of  the  stipeodiary  and  117  of  the  hereditary  attend  to 
mattftn  of  police  only,  nnd  four  atipeudiary  uud  881>  hcruditary 
headmen  are  entrusted  with  both  rt-venuo  and  policu  charges.  The 
yearly  pay  of  the  headmen  depends  on  the  village  revenue.  It 
rarios  from  4«.  (Rs-S)  to  jE23  Ifc.  (Rs.  237)  und  averages  £H 
(Ra.  30).  In  many  villaffos,  b«8idca  tho  headman,  mcinber*  of  his 
fumilv  are  in  receipt  of  state  tand-gmntd  representing  a  yvnrly  sum 
of  i290  (Ra.2900).  Of  £022^  (Ks.  52,230)  the  total  yearly 
charge  on  account  of  the  headmen  of  villages  and  their  fniuities, 
£435  (Kg.  4S50)  are  met  by  grants  of  land  and  £4788  {Rs.  47,8SO) 
are  patd  in  cs«h.  Several  of  the  larger  villages  have  an  asaiataut  boad> 
man  or  chaughula.  He  ia  geueralTy  a  Mnrfttha  Kunbi  by  castti  uad 
is  paid  10«  to  £o  (fie.5  -SO)  a  year.  To  keep  the  vilUge  accounts, 
prepare  Btatistica,  and  help  the  rillago  headmen  tbore  ia  a  body  of 
H}7eutc^D  Htipoudiary  and  8141  hervditary  or  in  all  of  8'i'i  Tillage 
accountants.  Most  of  them  arv  Brdbinuna  and  others  belong  tO 
ihePrahbii.^uiiir.GuraVjaQd  Ciolak  oastos.  Every  village  accountant 


Cbaptar^' 

Stavt, 
1«8I. 

DiMHdi 
Oft*r4. 


Sub-Divitio 


VOhgt 

OfUiTM. 


[Boning  OairttM^ ' 


tptwTUI. 

LkdA. 

mt. 


naufo 
StrmtMii. 


AunjiTZD 

VlLLAOU, 

1884. 


ai2 


DISTRICTS. 


bu  an  UTentgc  cbar^v  cf  about  one  ritk^c,  conUming'  ot 
900  ioliftbitaDta,  and  vifrlding  on  average  yoarly  revauue  of  £11 
(RR.IGOO).  Their  yearly  atdaries  vaxy  from  (i«.  to£28  14«.(Ba.  3* 
Ha.  207}  and  arerage  £7  I2«.  (Ka.  76).  Tbo  total  yearly  charge 
iuii9uiit8  tu  £Gb70  (Ha.  6&,7O0)  of  which  £90  (It^.^W)  are  toct  by 
leud-granta  and  £GoH)  (Ila.  6&,40U)  arc  paid  in  cask 

Uuder  the  headrocu  and  aocnaatants  are  6195  village  servants, 
who  are  liable  both  for  revenue  and  police  dnties.  Tbey  ara  Kolisj 
Mh^rs,  or  RAinosbix.  Tim  Tenrlv  cost  of  this  estahlislimeot 
amounts  to  £:H)27  (U8.30,270)'heing  abont  8*.  (Ha  4)  to  each  man 
or  a.  cost  to  each  viUiige  of  about  £3  [Ra.  30).  Of  the  whole  amonnt, 
£2Q0-2  (Ke.  26,020)  are  met  by  grants  of  land  and  U25  (Ks.  4250J 
are  paid  in  caslu  The  aversge  yearly  cost  of  village  establish  meats 
may  bo  thue  suoimarised : 

PooM  nUaft  XttnbaAatHU,  18S4. 


BaadnwB          _ 
AMwontaaM      _       «. 
Sirvuu           _       „. 

Total        _ 

£ 

b 
10.>?D 

•  I4,<M      1       1,U,1»> 

This  is  equal  to  a  charge  of  £!-(  16?.  {Its.  149)  a  village  or 
thirfascn  per  cent  of  the  district  land  rovcnuo. 

Of  the  1201  viliageH  of  the  district  9'J7j  ara  Government  and  203} 
are  nrivnte  or  iilieuated.  ^lieniiLed  villages'  are  of  Ihree  ctaaaoa, 
aharakali  or  share  villageii  whose  rcvcniii'a  aro  divided  between 
Qovennuent  and  private  holdi^rs,  mrtinj<ititi  or  military  itervice  grsnt 
villages,  and  inint  or  grant  villuges.  By  caeto  the  holdcm  uf  tbuee 
villages  are  BrAbmanii,  llardth&s,  Prnbiius,  M^hs,  Vjmi!i,  Gosavin, 
aud  MusalmiiuM.  A  few  proprietun  of  nlionnttxl  villages  live  in 
their  villages  and  ihemsclves  manage  them.  Few  alienated  viUagefi 
lire  in  the  liaiids  of  one  proprietor  ;  hut  it  is  the  rental  of  tba 
Tillage  not  its  lauds  which  are  divided  among  the  sharers.  Tbo 
eeitateK  or  eatate-abarea  are  often  mortgaged  bub  rarely  aold  to 
croditotci.  The  condition  of  thu  pooplo  and  the  cbanictor  uf  the 
tillage  in  alienated  and  neighbouring  Government  villages  ahow  no 
marked  diSereDce.  Most  holders  of  land  iu  ulioiiatod  riUagos  pay 
a  fixed  rentf  hut  gome  are  yearly  tenants.  Tenants  generally  pay 
their  rent  in  cash  ;  but,  in  villagee  where  the  survev  ratea  arc  not 
fixed,  in  a  few  cases  tbay  pay  their  rent  io  grain.  Vho  acre  ratca 
generally  vary  from  Sti.  to  'As.  (lU.|>li).  In  villages  where  tli« 
survey  rates  have  not  beeti  introduced  the  rent^s  are  not  fixed  uuder 
any  uniform  aystflm.  In  some  villages  the  rent  is  so  much  thd 
bigha,  ia  others  it  is  so  uiuch  the  khandi,  and  a  lump  payment  is 
sometimes  charged  on  a  certain  plot  of  latid.  In  villagoe  under  tho 
survey  sottlemeot  tho  mcs  are  the  same  as  in  Govemmeut  viUagos ; 
and  ID  villages  into  wliich  the  survey  has  not  beou  introduced,  the 
alieucos  levy  a  rent  etjnal  to  about  3d.  to  8*.  (Ks.  j-1^)  the 
acre.     The  alienees  make  no  special  arrangemonts  to  meet  the  caw 


>  Collector  of  Pooni^  .SCTTO  of  Sfitfa  April  ISS4. 


Decctal 


POONA. 


of  a  tonftot  improving  his  field  by  digg\ng  a  well  id  it,  or  hy  turn- 
ing it  from  dry  crop  to  rico  Umd.  The  alienoea  set  aside  land  free 
of  ossoesmoDt  u  Tillage  gnuing  land.  In  aurveyod  nlicnatod 
riUagea  tho  occnpiuits  Iimto  thit  fnmo  rights  as  rof^rds  trcos  aa  in 
GoTerdment  rillagos.  If  an  nlieneo  applina  tn  tun  Cnllector  fnr 
help  to  reooTor  hifi  duos,  a(iAi.-4tnnoo  is  gtvou  in  accorJanco  with  tho 
prorisions  of  tbo  Luid  Rcroauc  Codo. 

SKcriON  ii.-nisToay. 

The  MTliest  revenae  system  o(  which  traces  remained  at  the 
be^amnff  of  British  rale  wan  tho  jnlhit  thnl  in  tho  funiily  estato  or 
ihe  thai  that  is  tho  s»ttlamoiit  aystom.  In  1821  from  crery  original 
paper  ho  ootild  liud  rolataog  to  settlors  or  Hvilknrln  and  thdr  occu- 
patioQof  land,  the  CoIloGtorCiiplaiu  Robert^sou  found  that,  at  a  former 
time,  the  whole  amblo  land  of  each  village  was  apportione<l  among 
a  certain  nombor  of  families.*     The  numb«r  of  camilice  sooms  to 


Chapter  Til 
Land- 


Hi*     

Barlg  fftarfi 
That  vr  JM 


I  CanbOn  UofaerUoD,  OoUaebir,  lOth  October  1S21,  Eul  IndiKPapcn  IV.  630- 531. 
In  1831  »  mno  ritl«UM  th«  JatUs  nr  buiiljr  valuta*  «'«ni  (Sitisct  R«vnias  Le*t*r 
from  BomtMi/Stb  N'ov^intMr  ls:23,  Eutlnili*  Wp>>nlII.  MW}  Ur^  fdoU  of  land  u-ith 
4  fiiod  rMtu,  oall«d  amad,  uid  in  othar  vilkgttt  Um  lary*  baldmK  wm  divided  into 
ftaJd*  Mck  with  a  fixed  rat*,  called  Mta  or  fUn  i  tb«ie  worcli  Mcm  to  bo  nf 
CkrsTidiui  orfglu  muI  p«rlw{i*  balonji  to  tiM  tiiiMof  tiia  D«vgiri  VAdiiv*  [IISO-  ISIOt 
wbo  had  aatmn^MntheravlainHit.  ^eiliviaicm  uid  poMDHlanof  Und  aod  tlie  bimn- 
duH«*  of  ¥{UagM  ware  wwU  datlnail  bufnrn  a.d.  ItiOO  th«  liinu  of  Malik  Ambar  %ha 
ministor  of  ASwi«dik>g»f  uul  Captain  Robort^on  wu  of  opininn  tliat  jirivaio  pmpti-ty 
is  land  aittvd  fron  a  ^*tj  mimli  avlicr  iii^riiiil  In  lui  ulil  account  of  th«  villj^jv  uf 
Vina  of  tli«  Nirlhadi  (liatrirt  tt  u  dated  that  '  duriaif  th«  muMU(«uiwit  ot  Natii  Vir 
of  na  Kiillmrica  SliIUiibI  tlit-'rc  vtao  udthera  divijinnn  of  thetielda  nnrofthaboands 
of  tbs  rillaj^,  tb«  |i!nin*  being  oovrrcd  ^vrtTi  KTM*,  uid  tho  occupation  ot  the  Mupla 
tha  fMdtag  nf  bnmal  citUe  or  ^in  tat  wbicli  a  lUad  miin  w%»  exacted.  Imnttij 
Uu)  naaageraoiit  nl  tlio  Uariitia  iif  n«<1ar  <I498-I926)  and  in  tho  Hdminiatratlon 
«l  tlia  black  and  white  Khojta  (prahablj-  Kliikjin)  the  iiIk((U  houmlit  were  fixod ; 
portiena  of  laad  wore  ifiv*n  to  parttratar  i>«riAnii  v)in*ii  iinrniui  wrri  Trgiiit>>reil  and 
k  Mat  M  doM  waa  Mt^bliahed.'  The  proamlile  to  ■  pap«ir  «xUbitiiig  a  raunred  diatri- 
tmtion  of  laada  in  tlic  vJUua  of  fiord  in  a.D.  1503  after  tlial  vJDaga  had  fc««n 
d«papDUto>l  and  jiroliablj  reread  like  tlia  nUage  of  Ving  Itboagh  at  a  ntneh  later 
period)  to  be  a  paatare  larnl  for  oattla,  provea  alau  aomethlng  muAnlliif  tbv  diviiion 
of  ludbt  a  rwiiMta  period.  'KanatBM  fUhob  Navib  wnt  JiUiB.Sihob  t»  xcttlo 
Uwe«antry.  On  reaching  the  vill^puf  Suina.u.  1S9S,  vhrru  hebaltMl  foraiDOaUi, 
Jtam  SUieb  atlaclMd  the  pttftfahlp  olth«wkolu  cauutry  until  tho  pdfilf  pntaalop  to 
MCitara  of  eedition  aod  to  plmiitBR:ra  uoim  ahuut  the  oooBbrr.  Ha  Uoo  made  on 
aac«Nn«iit  with  tkMD,  which  eel  lanb  inal  m  govemmenl  had  cooie  lo  know 
t&t  the  ooaatr;  had  bain  oompleUilv  ntiiwd  from  thacUrturbuiMa  and  raboUioaa  o( 
late  v«an,it  waadeajnuaot  repaopltn£  It  and  bringing  it  sflaln  into  a  0ouriaUug 
eoDiIition.  tad  therefor*  that  it  igraatad  jbaub  to  th»  poiit*  to  aaaaaible  the  villa^on 
wito hail  ll«d.  llM]HU<iibavingb«Mp«>}mieBdCh«iriviMiir)righli,asrMdtotheteriiia 
snil  weal  tfi  tlwir  different  rilla|{«a.  Anwnsthe  nat  thopdriJof  tno  viUaceof  Oord 
whioh  waa  waato,  aaaemUad  lh«  inhaUtaDta  aad  went  bo  tlie  aorliclr,  where  they 
laqaeeted  that  t)i«r  lae»da  might  be  aieaenrMl  oat  and  aaec—d  aeoordina  to  the 
lai—miinl  In  eoweem>««iee  of  thia,  gevernjiieat  ordered  that  tho  aeMletnont 
Made  in  Kutab-ad-dla*e  time  ebonU  be  renewed.  The  people,  eatiefied  with  thia 
Older,  rttnniad  heii»e,  and  having  metU  IkeifciraAaof  Syod  Ajnbar  Ckaeti,  tkey 
dalenniaad  thai  the  old  ptinUJara  ahouU  reeiuae  lliedr  aM  ortalea,  and  Ikat  Ihoee 
luda  wboaa  fonaer  proprieton  ww«  not  (raacnt  ifaaald  bo  bectowed  on  naw 
pnpMota  Aa  alt  a^«ed  to  the  jnetiea  ol  tkn.  the  landa  wen  oocanied  u  toUowa : 
kunyidj  nalkari  or  origiaa]  laadlard  and  Inlmdin  Jajtt,  PAti),  fUb  Mnhidaa 
•o  BiiMiea  (I)  tue  awnOald  tailed  I'arindaoentaitiiiqr  tmlvaUaarib  of  wbicfa  too  and 
a  half  UanJu  are  aiable,  and  (3)  throe  and  a  half  Uamlu  ol  the  Held  called 
Chiachkelo  which  eontaine  eoTcu  Ha-^ia  utendioa  frona  the  ruad  to  the  river  aad 
of  wliuk  Uw  foramr  aUrdadir  ie  not  preeeol.'  Captain  H.  0.  BobartWMl.  CoUMter, 
letUajr  tSU,  Baet  India  FaparalV.  418.416. 

1X1— ta  .^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^m 


tBamtuLjOui 


S14 


DISTRICTS. 


Cliapter  Tin.      hiire  Kcldom  been  fewer  tlian  four  or  more  bluin  tvoDty-Bn)  e 
rTTj  io  Inr^u  villages  nilli   tlejieiident   liiuuWts  or  t^iidi»  wfaicli   in 

caaeH  HL'umi'd  to  lukvti  tliirlj-  to  forty  origiual  famiUtut.     Tbe 
IIwTOKr.  encb  fnmily  occupied  were  <)iatii>^iiiH))e<l  l>^  the  ocvtipnnt'«  (iir 

naiorjatluu  Thus  is  a  Yilln^o  the  »c'ttletiie»t  or  lioldiug,  OttU.  uf  a  (nmilj  c 
Jltdhav  tribe  wna  called  Jadimv  Thtil ;  tho  holdi.U]|p  of  a  S 
fttiuily  Hindis  That;  sod  of  a  I'av&r family  Parir  'J'Aal  ;  and  U 
noQo  of  their  dutsCfudHutti  romaiuod,  iho  estates  attll  (October 
k«|>t  tlie  uame  of  iho  onginal  eetder.  Tbcao  boldin^  wore 
iathuf  or  family  estates.  Wbtttbereacb  estate  at  lirat  betrintrw 
s)ii},'le  pcr»oD  is  not  known-     It  aemed  to  Captain  IliiWrt  "  j 

tlifa  time  of  the  ori^ual  settlement,  one  niai)  with  liis  cbi.  d 

fourth  orafifth  ora  sixth  ftharo  of  tho  Tillage  lands.      His  rcit<<c 
thia  opiuion  was  IhiU  Id  the  Cainity  ostates  wbicb  rcmaiaud  pi 
iu  1821  the  original  estate  wna  h«ld  in  small  portioTia  l>y  po 
of  the  satuo  faaiily   and  sarDaiao   who  bad   act)aired  tUuir   aeji 
sbaraa  by  thu  Hindu  law  of  suoceasion.     These  d^coudants 
eollsotJTely   termed  a  jaiha   or  family.     Among   them    tbt<y 
BDppOMd  to  possess  tho  whole  of  the  ori^nal   t^^tato  ;  and  at^  a 
tboy  were  reeponsiblo  for  tho  jwyni'^iit  otwhatcvorwas  due  to  go 
mcQt  and  others  for  the  whole  ctttato.     If  the  owner  uf  one  c 
shurealetbia  Undfall  wasto,  the  whole  family  was  reBpottNihlffi 
share  of  the  rental  ;and  the  land  of  bin  sharo  wa^  nlucot]  nt  thei 
po«a1.  In  tho  same  way,  if  aiiioniber  of  tbefnmilydiod  witliouluu 
his  portion  of  tho  fnniily  i>»tBto  was  divided  amony  llie   snrv; 
rolatioiiH  according  to  the  Hindu  law  of  inhi>Htanca    Tho  indiv 
membvrsand  sharers  of  tho  Inud  of  a^'n'Aaor&imilyestatonppq 
always  to  have  been  at  hbcrty  to  do  what  tliey  pleased  with  tbcu- 
portiona     Tbvy  might  let  them  out  for  a  yunr  or  for  seroml 
or  they  might  allow  (hem  to  lie  fallow.  *  But  whaterorUioy  did 
their  laud  thoy  wore  responsible  to  tho  other  mombei-a  for 
share  of  the  govornmont  doouuid.     It  was  therefore  an     '  t 

tho  whole  of  tho  mcmborx  of  a  family  estate  or  j'atfm   -.  \ 

no  iodiviilual  by  oxtravagnuci)  or  cnrolossnoss  ruined  himself 
burtlionod  the  rest  with  tho  payment  of  his  share  of  ihu  n 
Any  inomlMr  of  t;ho  family  estate  wait  also  froo  to  diaposo  v 
share  of  tho  patrimony  or  '  briproti'  literally  father's  brnid. 
aharor  of  a  joint  eeitate  winbud  to  tM;ll  hiti  shAiv,  it  vras  novor  idli 
to  go  to  a  strangiT  if  luiy  of  the  fniuily  was  able  to  buy  it 
DO  member  of  (he  family  wA.snl>lo  to  buy  it,  and  if  the  hold< 
the  i>baru  woa  forced  to  sill,  the  i<bun)  was  made  over  to  any 
a  Bi-ahinaa  ora  ICunbi  of  another  fnmUy,  or  a  Mumilmjln,  wb<] 
might  ofTor  to  buy  it.  The  adiuiti.>(ion  of  outKiden  ae  tneinbei 
the  joint  estate  by  purchase  gave  rise  to  a  distinciion  botween 
Bbareholdvm.  The  sliarerd  who  Iwlonged  to  the  ori^nal  fu 
wore  known  oa  ghar  bhdns  or  house  brothers  and  the  shi 
who  ontored  by  purchiise  were  known  as  hir>UI'ir  hU'run  lit*) 
ba-tbren,  brothers  apparoutly  in  the  sense  uf  lcgn.1  brothocu* 
new  brother  bocamo  liable  to  all  the  particular  customs  and 


■  Eut  [iiiLiit  t*>pei%  IV,  Ul.     BifdJtcr,  s  bntbor,  a  Pentaa  w«nl 


Leccan 


POONA. 


SIS 


irliicli  bound  tbo  body  of  sfaaron*  he  liad  joiued.     lo   181 

Itbere  remained  no  trace  of  tbe  practice,  scvtTa!  old  eel  tiers  or  tkal- 

karii  flgrcpd  iu  staling  that   very  lung  ago  iLo  reprc-seutativM  of 

the  eldest  braDcU  of  llis  family  t'Stato  or  jatfia  looked  after  tlto 

cultivatioD  and  gatbi-rcd  tbo  dues  from  thu  jrutiaj^er  bruuclie;^.     Tbo 

hend  of  the  faoiily  stood  between  the  younger  braacbe?  and  the  bead- 

I  man  or  tntiktitlam  of  the  viltngo.     Wbeu  fram  any  rauso  tbo  family 

'  estalo  failed  to  pay    tbv  gnvnmmunt  rentnl,  tbo  vlllngg   Itcadmaa 

□ever  lookpd  to  the  iudividiml  mcnibors  but  to  the  nend  of  the 

I  fiamily  li>  luiilce  good  what  wim  wimting.     1'hough  thia   pritclico  hud 

.  rcatiod  long  before  the  buginning  of  Ilritisb  rulci  n  trace  of  it 

■  romainod  in  the  custom  of  having:  one  family  estate  chosen,  cither 

by  frovemmonl  or  by  otbcr  fiunily  estates,  to  iiudortake,  throu^ 

'  its  nend,  the  duty  of  eollectiug  their  shares  of  tiic  gOTonimenfc 

[demand  from  the  dilTi.^rent  e«tat««.     To   this  duty   wmt  joiuod  tlio 

responsibility  of  nrnking  good  any  failure  in  the  nmnant  of  the  gov- 

orniiK'ut  deiiiiiiid.    Tho  iiu.'iultom  of  the  fatiiily-pii-fjtto  who  wi-re  thus 

choncii  to  reprLvsent  the  village  wm«  all  ntylrt]  wif t j«,  and  the  bmd  of 

'  the  p'Hit  t-tttatc  wno  called  the  midnhiam  or  chief  of  the  piitiU  and 

'  therefore  thu  ubief  of  all  the  oth«r  joint  ostatus  of  ihu  village.'     In 

some  villages  for  the  same  reason   that  it  was  found  convenient 

to  have   one   rcspousible  fnmilj-cstate   it  vtwi   found  desirable  to 

have  a  swHJud  joiut-OBtalu  to  btdp  the  first.     In  this  way  atoho  the 

\eha.ughuhi»  or   Eamiliea  of  an^iaUint  pti  I  it*.      In    1S21    the  menibera 

I  of  the  family-cslaK;  which  waa  redpiinBible  for  the  village    rental  or 

ihvjalfiii  of  piUiU  were  reRpect^l  more  than   the  members  of  the 

[other  family -iistatas.    Tho  posiliuu  of  head  or  mufuidam  of  tha 

village  was  attended  with  stTveral  advantages.     }Ie»idca  bis  own 

Hbaro  of  bi-t  {uiuily -estate  tl)p  boaduiau  held  grant  or  in<im  lauds  free 

from  tax.     Ho  also  had  the  control  of  tbe  village  exponsoe  and 

eeveral  other  sabstimtiul   pcrqnisilea.     In  tho  same  way  as  all  the 

'  members  of  a  family-extate  orjntha  were  obliged  to  innlce  good  the 

I  share   of  any  defaulting  iiiuiiib<rr,    ho    the    body  of  familf'ttstotes 

'  were  bound  to  make  good  the  share  of  any  debuJttng  estate. 

In  Captain  RobortBon'a  opinion  tbe  village  head  or  mukadamhad 
I  formerly  been  and  still  was  as  mnch  a  natural  head  of  the  viljogo 

society  as  u  Borvant  of  govornmvnt.  It  wae  a  matter  of  no  email 
'  inipoilsnce  to  tbo  mombers  of  tho  joint  estates  to  Imve  a  represen- 
ituttvo  who  could  meet  and  aottlv  tbo  claims  of  the  oflicura  of 
[  gOTemmeat.     Tho  headman  had  boen  and  was  still  a  magistrate 

by  the  will  of  the  community  as  well  as  by  the  appointnit^nt  of 
;  gnveminont.      Lie  enforced   the  observances  of  what  in    England 

would  be  termed  the  bye-hiwa  of  the  corporation ;  he  formerly 
'  miscd  by  eootribution  a  sum  of  money  to  meet  tho  oxpensea  of  tho 


tfaongh      Chapter  VII 


'  C»pUin  RobsrtMa  thonght  that,  horn  tbc  nicaniag  of  Ui«  word  pMit,  wUlch  ha 
appininllj  dnivnt  Imm  pflftoCUtlial  n  the  hnlcliu'iHagnMit  nr  Inun,  tho  am  ot 
'Ktlil  IU  It  inuuiliur  ot  the  rainoDaibie  otute  km  iu>t  tlie  on)(luiil  use  of  tlie  wnnl. 
Jn  Ui*  opiiiiim  Ui«  word  piUlt  waKtrigiiutllf  njipltiKl  l«B)wrHiii  b^  whuin  tJio  wImIc 
«(  •  a«w  villaae  WM  wttlMl.  He  netlocd  that  th«  iiae  ol  the  F«r«iin  t«ra  nutadam 
■liAwed  tlut  too  nraoUco  vf  choocinfl  onfi  niiin  lO  Ih^  rmponiililn  for  tlM  wttotc  vtllj^ 
twnitiip  iliJ  not  aula  froni  befon  Uiu  kl  unalmita  coDii>iMt  oE  lliv  tt»Msa.  C*pbuu 
KobcflMm,  Collector.  tOUi  October  ISVl,  K*tl  l^tu  Pkpera  IV.  531-5U 


\l 


Land-f 
Umqhv. 


[Bombay 


S16 


DISTRICTS. 


chiipt«r  vm. 

Lud. 


corporation  ftnd  to  snpport  bU  own  digoi^  OS italioad  ;i  be  mgg* 
iniprovoDi«DU  for  the  DeneGt  of  the  amocastioD  uid  marftbaUe 
rnvmborfl  to  aid  him  in  iimiTifAining  the  pnbtio  peace  ;  ho  dtipi 
civil  jn&ticc  lu  n  putriarch  to  thoM  wtto  choaa  to  Bttbotittt 
decision  as  refere<e,  or  he  presidtfd  over  Uie  proceedings  of  o 
wbom  either  bo  or  thu  parttvs  concomud  named  as  arbttra 
0B4)taiD  Robertson  wm  of  opiiiion  that  in  virtae  of  his  potttic 
prwideat  of  tbo  corporation,  tbo  tnttlcd^m  -wtta  oi-if^nalljr  gn 
the  managomcut  of  its  kEEbitk,  and  thct  regulation  of  too  ri 
feasts  aud  tinnples,  and  that,  like  other  prasidenta,  bo  bad  tt 
thii  |H>wor  to  hiii  own  wlfaiititgej  and  by  degroea,  iacrtMsw 
anitmnt  uf  tht>  village  charges. 

Inacountry  Ukethe  Deccan,  which  forceataries  hudbcenm 
to  perpetoal  rcToIntioQa  and  dist<irban<»9,  tnany  villages  mii«t 
fonnd  the  benefit  of  forming  a  eocnetj,  all  of  wboae  mtnnWrs 
bound  to  support  each  other.  The  strength  of  tho  feeling  of  te 
ship  or  association  was  shown  by  the  walls  which  guarded 
villagos  and  by  tho  bravery  with  which  in  distarbed  times  ( 
walls  hod  ott^jx  boon  dofonded  ogoiiut  largo  bodies  of  troopa. 

Though  in  theory  the  leading  "family  est&to  oud  its  bead  ' 
responmble  for  the  whule  rciiitul  of  tho  vilhige  and  nere  bon 
naxe  good  tbe  failnres  of  minor  family  eetates,  this  rospon^h 
could  he  enforced  only  in  ordinary  years.  When  any  great 
general  calamity  huppenod,  and  tho  ruin  of  villages  from  waror 
pefitiionoo  was  not  uncommon  and  in  niuo  cases  out  of  ten  wni 
result  cither  of  tho  weakness  or  of  the  greed  of  the  government 
government  was  forced  to  fake  less  than  the  full  rental,  aomot 
to  retwer  only  from  the  ground  whrch  was  actualiy  andcr  til 
Still  in  timiys  of  disordi>r  and  misrulo'  the  reiuissions  wore  c 
insufficient  to  prerent  the  impoverishment  if  not  tho  ruin  of 
rosponsiblfi  head.  Uo»lmcn  woro  forced  to  part  oither  with 
whole  or  with  some  of  their  rights  and  privilegee.  When  a  head 
was  forced  to  sell  his  rights  and  privil^ea  two  or  thrro  sharer 
parobaso  wero  occasioually  ratablisheo,  and  each  took  a  cei 
nnmber  of  family  estates,  or  if  the  original  f»mily  cstafcea  bad 
broken,  i\wy  toitk  a  oorbuin  number  of  iudiviilunlH  fur  whose  abai 
ihu  rental  thoy  became  reeponaiblo  and  from  whom  they  rece 
mdn-piin  or  tokens  of  respect.  These  dirinons  of  tho  bead 
were  Known  as  thaikarit'  tar/dt  or  mrifd^  that  is  sottU-rs'  dne-fl. 
sharer  or  faAxAim'idr  of  tbo  beodahiphad  alsoossigned  tobiioai 
of  tbe  waste  or  <jathul  bind  in  proportion  to  his  sharo  of  tho  fa 
ship.  This  plan  of  ranging  a  certain  number  of  family  ostntoi  i 
iiiifindaulB  under  each  sharer  in  the  htiadnhip  was,  no  doubt,  a 
arran^cunient  For  the  individual  landholder  as  it  saved  him  bvm 
risk  of  having  to  pay  headship  does  to  more  tliau  oue*person. 
respect  or  nmn'piin  enjoyed  by  the  bead  or  vrnkadam  was  n 
shared  by  his  rtdationa    unless  when  tbe  offioa  had  been  U 


'  UdUI  tk«  iamdJ  or  high»t  thbt  »  Um  UwAUu  MAtlasMAt,  which  wm 
hXwwew  1708  util  X'ext,  t\m\tt*An\a.a  whsUow*(I  loapnid  wkkkkmoont  b« 
tm  vflUg*  MtpMuoa.  In  170O  eorvmnmit  nndactook  to  ninlKto  tilli^  vx\ 
■ivl  Uio  lams  ipeot  urn  ciiturod  ia  the  yesrlv  rent  ■(■taaoU  or  iSMHUoattt 
lud»  rBp«n,  IV.  &3Z-&33. 


POONA. 


S17 


I 


I 


acqoirrd  hy  parchaso.  When  a  headship  -iras  bought  the  Btmis  of 
re^et  or  miiiffKin  vero  geuerslly  abtribnted  among  n)l  tlio 
UKinhcrs  of  the  purolinsiD);  fnuiily,' 

Another  reveiiue  RTStein  of  which  trnccs  remained  at  the  he- 
gtDUin];  of  Brititih  nilo  waa  the  eystcin  of  Malik  Anbsr,  the  bunous 
Abjasiaiioi  miDister  of  the  laal  NiKfim  SlifUii  king  Mortaea  II.  at 
the  beginning  of  the  flovootcoath  contiiiT.  Mftlilc  Ainbar  hopdm  to 
have  adoptea  many  of  the  principK^s  oi  Todar  Uttl'n  8«ttlvnieut 
which  WHS  introduced  into  parts  of  Upper  India  and  uf  GnjarAt 
daring  tho  rvign  of  thu  Hmpvror  Akimr  {1556-ICOfi),  and  into 
Khjindesh  and  parts  of  the  Deccan  during  the  reign  of  ShiLh  Jabilii 
(lt>27-I(>58}.  AoourdJDgto  Cftptuin  Robertson,  thu  object  of  Todar 
Mal'a  aettlBtnent  was  to  measure  the  land  undi-r  tillage  iiilu  In'iihaa 
and  to  divide  the  lands  into  four  oJofues  according  to  tlioir  qnnlity, 
to  ascertain  Emm  jcor^to  year  what  crops  had  boon  grovrn,  to  strike 
a  uodium  of  th«  value  of  the  crops  grown,  and  to  takeono-fourtb  of 
tlie  cstiinutcd  vnlae  of  tho  nrops  in  cwb.  This  was  cnlkxl  the  vaah 
runt  settlement  or  jaiitdbandi  nagdi  and  the  holdinga  which  vera 
held  tiniler  this  SKittlcniitnt  woro  known  an  rakl/at  or  areata.' 

Like  Todar  MhI'h  iK.-ttIiunont  fiTalik  Atubsra  Hvatc-in  wa»  based  on 
a  oorn.'<Tt  kiiowluilgu  of  tho  area*  of  the  laud  tilled  and  of  the  money 
value  of  the  crop,  and  tho  dflormiautioa  to  hmit  Ibe  sluUi  domand 
to  a  amall  share  of  the  actual  money  Tslue  of  the  crop.  MaUk 
iVtubar'a  ectllemoiit  was  introduced  between  ltJO&  aud  IC20.  In 
1820  he  waa  Rtill  rememberod  as  the  benelaotor  of  the  people. 
According  to  a  Mar6tbn  legend  vrkiofa  narraK^  crents  that  occurred 
abuat  1018,  Malik  Ambar  was  said  Co  have  doubled  the  reveuuE?s 
of  the  goveniineiit  at  tho  aagae  tame  that  be  tuiproved  the  atate  of 
thu  pouplc.  Arcor(liii>c  to  another  tradition  it  was  Malik  Atnbar 
who  esttiblished  the  Titlag^^ervantsor  balulaf.*  One  chiof  point  of 
difference  between  the  ajstems  of  Todar  Hal  and  of  Malik  Ambar 
was  that  ilalik  Amhar  converted  faia  grain  demand  into  Bxod  cosh 
rates.  These  conyersion  rates  did  not  vaij  with  tho  flactuatioos  in 
tho  price  uf  graiu  and  from  thfir  extreroo  fownen  were  probably  at 
the  time  when  they  were  iatrodiiciHl  greatly  below  tfco  aotoal  priooa. 
Tojjir  Mai's  converiuou  rales  from  grain  into  cash  s'^eni  to  have  been 
bailed  on  the  produce  pricoa  which  woro  mliug  when  his  sunroy  was 
introduced.  His  syalem  provided  for  a  revision  of  the  coDTcrsion 
rates  so  that  they  might  continuo  in  agreement  with  the  actnal  mar- 
ket prioea  of  gniiu.*  Malik  Ambar's  experimenta  to  Gx  thoaverago 
octtnni  of  the  different  plots  of  villago  land  wore  confined  to  the 


ChapttrVni? 

LaBd> 

BuToav. 

MakkAirAar. 


■  CtL-pt.  JUAttrUim.  ColWtur,  lOtbOct  1821,  But  tutin  Pftpen  IV.  131.BU. 

*  Eut  IlvtU  P.i(>«rm,  IV.  -UIQ. 

■  It  i*  liixil^ul  if  Miilik  Ainbar'*  (^Aif*  ir«r«  ol  muforsi  lita. 
<CMiUuiKvb«nM4i,  IftMar  16W>  EMlladiaFapcnlV.  4<W«ff. 

.  •  EMt  India  e»pm,  IV.  4I0l  AccanUiw  to  Oruit  DuB  (ManUba  Uistofy,  4» 
Halik  AnbH  atwtubail  mrcaiH  tanniag,  mm  <aniinitt«l  tha  maBagEBoat  of  the  Ium 
recuBoe  to  UrlbmaD  tgmU  aadn-  UnhaninukUii  mperlnundaica.  tl«  rartorod  «acb 
put*  ot  Uia  rilliim  snulNhniaiit  m  fajd  hllMi  into  iatmy  umI  h*  Kriwd  m  mode  of 
aucMtnit  tht  Baku  by  MDtatiBg  a  iB«d«rat«  proportinn  oi  thv  lulital  nrodnee  in  kiail, 
whicli,  aftar  tb«  uspMicac*  of  Mvcnl •«d*crfu,  wm  (l(il4)  oommutod  lor  a  pajruicntiB 
monoT  nrttkid  Mtnnally  Mcordiag  to  ths  iiulti**tinti.  Hi*  iweiiwio*  WM  uid  tO  b* 
two-utlM  and  bit  Buoay  cooKulatioD  ooit-tliird  oi  liio  prodaoo. 


tBotubAy  QftMt 


318 


DISTRICT 


chuptM  vin. 

UaA. 

UraroRr. 

J/aUlAmiar. 


nrahto  IukIb  of  Uio  Tillage.  Hill  Innrla  woro  not  ineladed.  Bt 
Malik  Aaibar'fl  time  tlie  booadarieB  of  tbo  irilLaj^os  were  kui 
Wliut  hi!  did  was  u>  iiitroduco  into  Uie  iimble  UuJ,  for  -n-ute 
hill  Innd*  modi  not  to  haro  lieeu  inclmlcd,  thi<  practieti  of  iliv 
iato  oqiid  btoub  or  hi'jhtU  nnil  uf  rarying  tlie  dtMimntl  uD  tbcM  i 
»cciiriliiif{  to  tbe  qualitjr  of  tho  soil.  Cinder  Mulik  Aniharii 
whvn  tltu  whulu  artible  loud  of  the  village  had  beeu  OMwrtAiM 
woH  cliiridod  according  to  ancient  pmclico  into  two  oUssM  ha^ 
ov  ou^6fi\t*^^^^^  }i''*'J'if  ^f  cothAomA.  Tlio  arable  arcu  was 
divided  iu(o  kJuiUa  or  land  wliicli  yioldod  a  ruvotiue  tu  t^>verf)' 
ttiid  I'li'tnufJ  or  land  whimc  govenimeDt  rental  liad  Imk'H  iiliru 
tbrotigh  farour  or  in  r^Curii  for  serrice.  After  dcdurtiny  tho 
wlioae  gDvornmont  rentnl  hatl  boon  alicniitod  from  tte  toLuJ  nrrs*, 
kh&litaian^,  that  is  the  htnd  which  paid  a  ruut  Co  ^rornuunt, 
entered  as  including  so  inach  ganton  or  Mjr4y'>'  aod  an  much  c 
land  or  jirdtjal.  In  tlio  accounts  two  clasHCS  of  rcnt^aticnutcil 
were  distia  puis  hod,  dunuilaoT  two-ownerrd  in/xtn  which  waa  hc-Il 
vnl'm'itir*  aud  wholly  iiulm  wliit-b  was  hold  by  inoHqiio-4  utid  le«i 
ftud  hy  Tillago  pt^rvmits.  Afl*>r  tlio  entries  rpgtirdiajf  tho  i 
alienated  laacU,  were  ibo  dt-udlif  of  tjio  assosHmont-of  chtr  rent>pa 
or  khtiUa.  lands  And  lastly  there  was  an  entry  of  tho  ccisttes,  aova 
tliem  6xod  otliors  varjing,  which  were  Icviod  nn  Lhe  omfts 
sliopkeepers  and  village  aerrants  or  baiuUU}  Captain  Kabsr 
found  no  vvidence  to  «how  what  portion  of  the  prodticv  Mnlik  An 
look  as  the  goTornuDDt  i^hare.  JIo  thought  it  (uir  to  coiicltidc 
Mnlik  Ambar  fixed  the  share nt  loss  than  one-lhird,  which  bail  1 
tho  usual  vxncliou  before  bis  time.  In  Cnptui'i  Kobcrtsoo'it  bpii 
be  probably  adopted  'J'odar  Mai's  plfm  and  fixed  the  ront  at «: 
Fourth  of  tho  produce.'  Malik  Ambtir  enoouragMl  the  higher  ki 
of  ealtivation  by  lovying  no  Hpocial  garden  rates.* 

As  regarda  the  chnractor  of  Malik  Anibiir's  survey  well  infora 
natives  were  of  opinion  that  the  tirtnvn  were  fixed  not  by   intuisui 
but  by  a  utimco  c«timat«  ur  tiozar  p-ik'sni.    This  vivw  suontud  lu 
SQpporteu  by  the  fact  that  he  continued  to  use  the  old    ((.irmit 
raeasnnng.     He  iietiiiitif]   to  huvv  dtridud   tho   laud  into  ^ud 
bad  without  attouiptiug  no  elaborate  a  cla«si  Gcatiou  as  was  lutun 


>  But  IsJU  PaiHtn.  rV.  415, 

*  OkpteUi  Rol>*Tte«n.  Ut  Uay  IS20.  Boat  In<lu  Phmt*  IV.  418  i  Capt.  RoImHi 
BvpoHof  Ut  FpbruiLTj-  1825,  Bom-  Gov.  Rer.  Hoc  In  oi  I8SS,  4T0.  t'om^iw*  Q 
I>nff  (MarAtha  IlUlory,  VA]  wlin*UU«  lliat  Mslik  Ainb)tf>«tuut)  «Ucn  mluoiMl  to  i 
t<<|U"llRlaii<j-tbiril,  Auil  Kl|)liii»tuiia'i  Ilinlory  ol  IndU,  M3.  Grant  liad'i  ntin 
bM  Iwcu  aBocpUrJ  Uy  Itttir  wriii-n^  S«)  Bom.  (im*.  Sol.  CVU.  '.'.  A<«ot^(i>g  ta 
tirnHo  ameMmrnt  nliiih  wu  iclmilurrd  by  TwUr  Ual  tA«  cvkhntnl  mioMtn 
Ak1»r,  oud  u  hivli  duiiiul  it*  nnnis  Imin  t)»  (aull  rilnr  coin  in  wliMh  tbo  rvnu 
w«T»  callvotnl.  thr  Innij*  worr  in  tho  flnt  instuiw  unaMd  wiUi  raforaic*  to  th* 
tUitjt  In  a  tnuportum  varyiiig  Iromme-tidf  tnnao-Mventhof  thegroM jirMiiccaeo^ 
ing  to  tliOMMnMaftfultuKMid  to  th«d«MH|itioii  o(  cro>p  grown.  Tha  Rortnui 
ttur*  WM  Ucn  ootonmkd  lor  »  mnncy  pujniMnl  and  in  tunc  nlwn  >  taanraw 
duBifluUua  Ami  R|[i*t«r  Wl  taken  pluoe,  the  r«^Ut«iI  wnMunout  w»a  Sxod 
foitrtli  of  tbo  whole  prvJiioo  of  *ach  tlclJ  ilin>ti)jfaual  iko  yamt  tatA  •<■'■-  V».— -v. 
jiwrnMimt  MMHinoiit  i>(  tb«  ImiiI.  Tliia  is  <.'j|it«in  Unuit'oilcaorii' 
clpl«n  OP  which  tbeduiit^  muciameiit  wiin  l^xwl.  Mr.  Uilli,  Prauaj'- '  ' 
llfDMiWr  IS^li,  Iloin.  Our.  lEcr.  Itcc.  tXViA  of  ]S;36,  iV^. 

*  Upbun  Kobtartacn.  lit  Fcliruary  1S£>,  Vi^iau  Uur.  [Uv.  V>t)u  tl7  of  1829, 


Dmwui' 


POONA. 


319 


in  Todar  Mai's  schomo.  Msilik  Ambar  tboagh  ho  may  have  calkvi 
Llic  divittioui^  of  luud  or  liulding!;  bigkan,  seems  to  hnve  used  tlie 
word  hi^ha  in  ite  ori^nal  seoso  of  iihttre  and  not  in  it«  lut«r  skhbu 
of  an  area  cootaioing  a  definite  niimli^r  of  square  ynrdfl,  He  s««ius 
to  haro  Rxod  the  amount  which  a  hoKlin^  i?oald  httit  hj  o.  t«st  of 
tlio  produce  it  yielded,  la  sotug  cases  a  man  tuig-ht  bold  double  as 
largo  a  higha  as  uQutlier,  but  the  land  was  pi%d»iib!y  nnly  half  as  rich 
,  and  so  the  pressure  of  the  douiJind  wnn  tli<'  same.  It  wax  tlio  crop- 
[  yielding  powers  of  tko  different  estjtte><  which  were  (iced,  not  their 
anitts.'  At  the  sanio  time  thu  fitct  thnt  wlion  tf»lvd  by  mea^uro- 
menU  the  quantity  of  grain  taken  on  an  estimate  hujha  varied  from 
about  o4  to  9U  pounds  (^  to  -f§  of  a  nuan]  showed  that  Miilik  Ambar 
had  taken  pains  to  aaoertain  tuo  capubiliUuH  of  the  Tillage  lands. 
According  to  a  tradition,  which  Captain  Robertson  b^lioved  was 
corrout,  the  plan  he  followed  in  aiicertaiuiu^  the  productive  powers 
of  a  lieltl  iVA.t  by  a  test  ovnimtdjia  of  the  product}  ityioldf^d/  Ab 
harvest  timo  tho  tihearaa  trvro  counted  in  n  field  of  aa  ostimiitod 
namber  of  highA*.  Three  sheares,  a  ^aoA,  a  middling,  and  a  bad, 
TCoro  picked  out  and  tlit^  <|iinutity  of  graia  each  coutaiued  waa  ascer- 
I  tainea  and  the  averagt;  of  tho  throe  yield^i  was  Mtruck  aud  this 
'averago  ntuhipliod  into  tho  whole  number  of  xhoaves  gave  the 
gruiii-yiuld  of  tho  Bold.'  Theeo  ox))orimoiita  were  repeated  iliroiij;h 
a  aerioii  of  years  some  say  as  many  as  ten  years  to  ascertain  tha 
oSout  of  thti  BOoeoQ  on  the  yield  of  the  land.  In  this  way  tho  yield 
in  an  average  season  was  UKcertaiued. 

Thoamonnt  ronliuvl  by  die  trade  and  other  cesses  varied  from 
year  to  year,  and  thu  shiire  of  the  village  revenoo  which  continued 
to  bo  taken  in  grain  fluctuated  with  the  price  of  grain,  but  under 
Malik  Ambnr's  xyatoiu  the  bidk  of  the  demand  on  each  ?illago 
became  couatant.*  MalilF  Ambar's  sottleraeut  contains  no  roforence 
to  watite  hiud.  According  to  Captain  Uoberteon  be  baaed  hia 
estimate  on  the  whole  arablo  land  of  tho  villago  without  roforonoa 
to  the  state  of  caltivation.  After  fixing  what  rental  it  should 
pay  to  gorenitnent  bo  liauded  tho  nuiQagomout  of  tbo  rtltsgs 
to  the  jMiitla  with  orders  that  thuy  should  realize  the  amount.' 
It  appears  that  under  Malik  Ainbar's  syRtem  the  whnlp  of  the 
detailed  srraagoraCDi  with  tho  actiiul  Inndlioldora  was  loFt  to  tbo 
villagu  head.  Under  this  system  the  headman  was  either  a 
contractor  who  vae  boand  to  raiM  a  cortain  sum  from  tho  Tillage 


Chapter  Tin 
Land. 

Malik  AnOar. 


I 


1  Captain  Rnbutaon,  lat  ISay  1820,  KMt  Iiuliu  V^pt-n  IV.  AM ;  CaptAJn  Robwt- 
MU.  lit  Fobnuoy  18!».  Bom.  r...v.  Ruv.  Rm.  117  «f  1939,  463.  C»pUin  ItobortMn 
tfainka  it  nut  otnain  wImUiot  Malik  Ainlnr  niwwwJ  Um «qMni  uuntcwts  u(  tbo  l«ail. 
Bom.  I'rtT.  RcT.  Roc  i  17  «f  IfttiS.  <fiO. 

■  Dtptain  Kaburtaon  If^i  Imlia  l'u|>ui,  IV.  430)  notlcM  Uial  tlie  test  or  ninttaaa 
iiyttuin  ni  rtiU  oonuRon  in  N»rth  ImlinuKf  in  iiarbi  a(  Kbiwluh  snd  Gii  juit.  It  was 
tha  ha^  o(  tho  baiai  or  cr<i|i-«luin<  •yat«in.  Th^  t««t  i^^ateiii  mi  tho  lyiutn  tuiopUA 
by  Shtrljt's  fstluT  Shtliiji'i  hm/liiwii  Dibliji  K'>ndkd«v  when  ho  latfMnoed  ■  untie- 
■■Mint  into  the  Mir»l*  or  w«<t«ni  hUJ  Xneit  td  I'orma  in  ll>45. 

■  Kact  Inilta  Pnptirt,  IV.  430.  '  fJi^l  I».lb  PH|><Tt.  FV.  418. 

*  C^Uin  RobcrtsoD.  )*t  Uuy  IS2I).  Gut  India  Papua  IV.  410.  It  ha*  alruily 
b«Mi  noti<«tl  thni  Mnlik  Amlinr'* oiirr^y  •lU  n^/t  iucliid"  iiiunitilo  tratto  Und*.  U  Um 
»*ttlain«>l  wu  the  boon  which  it  wu  txlioTcH  to  be,  it  h«iim  dtfficolt  to  undentaail 
how  li«  ooiild  hare  mllcil  (M  the  vUtagctopay  farmon!  Uud  ttijui  wai  Mita*llf  uikUt 
ttUAg«  or  at  tmt  tm  ImU  for  cultivanooi 


tBomtMj- Ou*tM 


0upt«r^Tin. 
Umi. 

Malik  AwAvr, 


Tin  ManUMt. 


S30 


DisTRicra 


or  he  wu  Iho  ropresentatiTe  of  the  wbole  body  of   limdholdei* 
minwitdn.     Aa  Uio  luMduui  or  thi<r  reprusenlatire  wne  iKiutid  M 
tho  ^*fed|  rillago  renin),  so  oooh  bolder  was  boond  to  pmy  tlio  «) 
of  tHBKattt  or  the  rental  to  which  bis  laad  was  lukbla  whetber 
bind  w»s  under  tiUaore  orwM  waste.' 

Aftor  Mali^  Amhur's  exatnination  orgbwoe  earrej  of  ibe 
Und  of  a  villa^  the  qaantity  of  ffmia  which  it  should  be  eal 
npoQ  to  pay  wiw  Bxed.*  Ait«r  tbe  quantity  of  grain  which  t 
wbold  villagu  Hhuuld  yield  was  fixed,  the  reiiLs  of  nlieuntod  laodi 
dodaot«d  and  either  the  whole  of  tho  grain  or  somo  part  1ms  lb 
tho  whole  wu  turned  iuto  a  cash  payment.  There  neemed  to  bo  : 
inataooe  of  a  fixed  nioQoy  uUlamont  whieb  had  not  bofore  be 
tt  fixed  gmio  aettlemenb  Aa  Malik  Ambar  made  bia  oomtnatal 
ntea  permaDent  be  waa  forced  to  fix  thorn  very  low.  lo  Ha 
Ambara  eetilDates  the  prico  or  monoy  Tslae  of  grain  waa  not  dm 
tbao  one-seTODth  of  the  average  price  of  tho  name  lunoaafc  of  gn 
Lutween  1820  iind  1825.  I'his  Captain  Hnb^rt^on  waaasmired  bjr  tl 
bereditsry  rereniie  officcra  was  not  due  to  any  change  in  fcbe  nae 
the  grain  measures.'  Calculations  made  by  Captain  Robertaon  atjoin 
to  ahow  tfa&t  on  the  shcnshtihi  bigka  of  3^20}-  sqnora  yards  or  abc 
}thaof  an  aoK,  which  was  tho  land  mcosant  in  aae  m  tbo  Dooi 
since  the  time  of  tho  MoghuU,  Slalik  Ambar'e  domand  amoonted 
graiu  to  aboot  82  ponnds  (Hths  of  a  nan  at  twelve  pdyUM 
about  101  pounds}  and  in  monoy  according  to  Ualik  Ambnr's  gn 
prioea  to  7i<i.  (5  as.)  and  aooordiug  to  the  prioea  of  grain  ia  IS 
varivd  from  3«.  6d.  to  4#.  (Rx.  Il-S).-*  According  to  Cta.pt 
Bobertson  the  low  rat«fl  fixed  by  Malik  Ambar  greallv'  onriched 
country.  Tho  heodmon  wore  ablo  to  Ivt  out  wastv  binds  at  ra 
which  sHcnrod  cultivators ;  the  iaterwft  of  landholders  w«ro  foetor 
•nd  calti^tors  appeared  in  Tillagea  which  had  before  boen  ompl 

About  ll337  whuD  Mnhoiuod  Sbitli  (li>2ij-L03<>)  of  BijApur  mi 
an  alliance  with  Sh^  Jahdn,  the  Bijiipnr  king  gave  to  Sh£hi 
Shirt^i's  &itbor,  tbo  greater  part  of  tbo  present  district  of  Po 
imslodjog  the  divisiona  of  Chilean,  Foona,  Supa,  B&r£mati,  IndAp 


I 


>  XMt  IndU  Vwpm,  IV.  4I8-410L 

*CLptiun  R<jbartMii(l«tPct>niuv  1B2S,  Bom.Oov.  lUr.  IUe.ll7«f  182S, 
'the  whole  oralila  and  aaBetmed  tAnda.' 

•CHMkta  BobartnB.  Ut  Mny  ItOO.  brt  ladU  Pnpvr*  fV.  41D-420  ;    IM 
1838,  Boia- Go*.  K«r.  R«:   llfot  1S2A.  481. 

^OkptelnBobtrtMVi,  mUaylsao.Eut  India  I>Ap(ini  IV.  430.  C*p«ila  KiihmU 
otiemmiim  of  tbo  arctasv  amouiit  ol  Einin  ukcn  aadtr  M&Uk  Ambar'i  ■jMmb 
band  to  aknavledgo  <■(  U»  um  of  urnUt!  hod  uoertMntd  h;  aotoal  irMMmw 
liPtwncn  *.u,  inoa  and  ISfittand  of  th«  (iiuntitf  of  gnlo  tokm  u  »  flx«d  rent 
Alulik  Ambv  ouii  hit  luooonon.  The  qnaali^of  gr^R  wm  li»d  nn  •  jAcmuUjU  H 
Tho  mduDraniaita  Inttoduottd  by  the  UoAtu  ibawed  that  En  tn  anifotm  ana 
StKKl  MiiBM  jnrda,  tiuX  is  on  a  AnwAdAf  ^gLt,  th«  rsUa  introducml  1^  HUik  An> 
ImmkI  uhMly  on  lU  MMrlaiiMd  ouHnm,  ruled  hvmt  -Atitt  lo  f|tltf  ud  UUia  i 
nam.  TU*  avMWgo  WM  ^tha.  Thii  trorua  waa  aaocrialuad  by  •amnlnA  tb«  n 
land  in  (or^  viUwaa  and  oonaparinu  it  wiVt  tbo  wholo  fixad  quntitj  c7  p«In  j 
ahla  \ij  thaao  vlIUgM  tmdor  Ualit  Ainhar*a  imiDBBOBt  aaltltoMnt.  AeearAini 
C^fitaitt  Kobcslaon^  ««lwila«*oa«,  on  Ui«  tnngt  prtca  of  gnda  bttwcen  ISSQ 
ia»  whldi  waa  43  Muada  for  St.  {i  jNltrfif  tiio  rvpet),  Atlw  of  a  mm  n-iinwooi' 
jAmkdAt  Mote  ntta  of  Ba.  1  OA  &t  i  tttha  of  Ra  U  t  Httu  of  Re.  I  «.  lOJ  t  (tU 
Bo.  1  Of.  IZf  ;  Htha  of  R*.  1  a*.  10  ;  (Itlu  of  Ra  S  at.  U  :  anl  Htlia  of  Ba.  S).  O 
Boibcrtaan.litFcbniafy  IS2fl.  Bom.  Gut,  Rcr.  It«i«.  117  of  ia2&.  480^1. 

*  Capt  Bobortwa,  lit  February  I^  Bom.  Gov.  R«v.  Bm.  117  of  um,  481-46 


POONA. 

Mid  the  tfralve  iDouutaiii  Talieys  culled  Mivala.     SliilMjt  entrunted 

ho  managenient  of  his  land  to  O^iji    KoiuIaiIcv    »  Brdbmon  who 

8  said  to  haru  been  extremely  just  aod  pnidont,  but  vpry  severe. 

lAdiiji  Kondadev  took  advaiita^  of  tBo  uutresit  in  I6!t0  t<^>  totnpt 

nrga   nuoibera   o£  cultivators  tu  eettlo   io   the    landn  under  his 

tharge,'  and   took   siicK  pnina   to  iiupn^ve  the  country  thnt^  if  wo 

DO}'  credit  his  biatorinu,  tbcro  wore  not  twenty  cabitu  oE  arable  waste 

n  the  whole  of  his  charge.     This  atatoincnt  itcoms  to  bo  mainly 

>oeti<;al  as  uiiothcr  Mariithu  occvunl  dtvcribcs  the  MAtuU  or  tho 

p-cater  part  of  the  hilly  wi-st  of  Punna  as  misomlilo  nTiil  ctupty  of 

people,  overrun  with  wowlfi  and  with  wolves.     Dadttji  deatroyed 

the    woWofi  and  clearod  much  of  the  forcnts  and  introduood  or 

itfinnud   MiUik    Aiiibar'e  M-ttlomcnt,    fixing  the  amount  of  the 

nvernment  demand  by  a  tost  or  nimidna  of  the  aottial  outturn 

f   the    crop.     In    connection    with     D/id^i    K-OBdadev's   revenue 

maDagement  it  is  worthy  of  note  that  when  ShAbiiji  oven-aii  the 

eaatern   Knrn^tak   be  drew  Dnmbcrt)  of   Mar&tba   Brdbmans   front 

'oona  and  appointing  them  (ftv/rnuH^,  'tdrhfuindest  ^nd  kiUkximit, 

troduced    D^aji's  rerenuo    aystoui    into    his  eoaqueets.-      The 

tne  practice  woa   introducet^  by  ShivAji    about    1G52    ink)  bis 

biUcon  and  other  oonqueatfl.' 

la  1661  when  the  MogbaU  under  prince  Utuztam  drove  Shiviji 
at  of  biB  father's  lands,  they  found  the  country  much  reduced  by 
'lie  rarogm  of  war  and  peti'tilcricc.  Betwoea  1062  and  IGGG  they 
made  a  correct  measureineot  and  division  into  uniform  bi^ht'm  of 
|892fij|  square  yard*  «f  a  large  arm  of  land  near  I'oona.*  Bat  io 
Plhu  di<[>ret--wd  state  of  the  country  they  were  not  able  to  oontinuo 
Irlulik  Ambiir'u  system.  lu  1661  in  its  stead  pi-iui-e  Mitnzxam 
introduce*!  a  crop  division*or  baitit  iiyatem  under  which  the  tmiturn 
as  dividi'd  cqtiidly  betwe«a  the  goTtn'nment  and  the  btndholder  or 
ya/,  who,  besides  paying  half  of  ois  crop,  bad  to  meet  the  cost  of 
IO  diittnot  suporint«ndoiit  or  tlenhmtikh  and  the  acceuntant  or 
nkpaude  and  also  of  the  village  hesidmaa  and  village  aocountaot.^ 
pecial  gardes  nUea  of  £1  7*.  7\)i.  the  acre  (Ra.  1\\  the  hlyha)  in 
connnel  watered  or  pdtasUutI  and  of  ISx.  -i^d.  the  nt^rc  (Rn,  71  the 
bigha)  in  well  watwred  or  moloMhal  Inndx,  were  fur  the  6r«t  time 
'iDtrodiioed." 

In  1609  when  ShinLji  rocoiiqnercd  Foona  he  introduced   a  caah 

nial  insitcad  of  a  payment  in  kind.     The  rates  seem  to  have  been 

nsod  on  the  cuittom  or  ritMij,  which  wan  apparently  in  use  before 

alilt  Amlnr'a  time,  of  guveiument  taking  one-third  and  U^iving 

o-lbirds  to  tfav  landhulderx,  Tliis  one-third  demand  represented  an 

rate  of  about  260  pounds  (2  mant  2\  pdytui  the  ahauhiihi  Ugha) 

it  rate  land  ;   177  ponndH  (1}  muna  the  hiijha]    in   second  rate 

and  1 18  poands  { L  maa  the  bigha)  in  third  rate  land.     Oo  the 


Chapter  VIII. 
LamL 

H  IWTliKV. 


ntUo 


TlxXa 


'   BMllD.iuiPapera.1V.  413. 

»  R»Mitndim^V»ven,lVAi2      U.  Col- M.rk  Wilts" floaUi<rfInaim  1810.  I.  75-74. 

*  Em)  Indw  I>ap«ni,  IV.  413-411.    Jwna'  Kontui,  9U.92. 

•  BMlIndwPiwra,  IV.  lai  J  Bgia.a»».R«v.B«).  117  0*1828,  <30.-l81.«e-«7. 

*  Bom.  Gov.  Kev.  Keo.  1 17  ol  1825.  4W-4a7. 

•  Capt  Rolwtoju,  Irt  Fflix  1825,  Bom.  Got.  Rer.  Kw.  tI7  (rf  1835,  488- 

8  1327-41 


IBoinbay  Qftsetf 


ChftpMYIU 

Hntoar. 

Tkt  MariUU: 


322 


DTSTBICTS. 


gmio  prices  rnling  about  \H'Vi  Uies«  itmoanta  represented  n  o 
iicre  rnte  of   13r.  (Bs.  5  <u.  4}  the  &ijrAa)  in  fintt-  mt«  land  i 
8».  10(f.(R».3  as.  Di  tho  WjrAa)  in  wsoond  roUt  land;  uod  of  5*.  1 
(Ks.  2  ru.  6}  tilt:  bitjliti)  in  tLird  rate  land.     Sliivliji  coiitiuitt.-d  firi 
Maiizxam's  gardonrate  of  i,l  7a.  lid.  the  acre  [Kh.  II|  the  Irigkit 
channel  and  of  \8s.  4}(l.tUe  acre  (Bs.  7)  tbo  M>7^)  in  well-wate 
Uad.    No  change  was  made  in  the  rulations  between  rho  ^VLtran 
and  the  landholder.     Tho  settleiueut  was,  an   it   luwl    been  ai 
Malik  Ambar'K  RettU'mrnt,  by  village  0Tmauu<iuir.     1'he  village 
tomakogooda  lumpsum.     Tte  vill^era  wcr;lcfi  toarran^anu 
tbemiielTes    for  the  paj-meub  of  abares  which  had    Full<_-n  wi 
Land  dcisurtcd   hy   it«  ownur  became    the  joint    pro|>orty   of 
Tillogo.     The  remaining  rillagors  tilled  it  either  dividing'  it  am 
thEtmseWes  or  clubbiDg  togoUicr  to  caltivatd  it  »s  common  land, 
this  system  had   been  continued  CnpUtin  LlobertJM>u  tkoug-ht  1 
individnal  properly  in  land  woiild   have  dteappeared.     Under 
tyijtem  Sbiviiji's  rental  was  uncertain  and  the  people  soJTered,  I 
in  1074  Malik  Ambap's  ajstom  of  n  fixed  money  rent  for  the  w 
Tillage  waa  restored.' 

The   troubles  during  tbu  wars  botureen  Shiv&ji  and  the  Mog 
ftnd  between  AHningseb  and  BijAnnr  which  omU-d  in  the  orerth 
of  Bijipur  in   1686,  and  the  still  ffrcatoF  disorders  which  filled 
first  twenty  years  of  the  eighteenth  century   must  borTe  oattsi 
decline  in  iho  o-roa  under  tillage  and  in  the  prodnctioD.     Tlieiv 
also    according    to  Captain    Roherisen  (lat    February    1825)- 
iBcreowd  sbuodanco  of  money ;  partly  booaunfl  mouey    bad  \ 
cheapened  by   the  continnous  workin)^  of  the  Americun  miuefl, 
partly  because  in  the  spread  of  Mariltha  power  the  spoils  of  a  g 
part  of  India  were  brought  home  by  the  rooaa  soldiery.     The  e 
of  the  rise  in   tJie  price  of  produce  was  greatly  to  r«dnce 
goTemuent  share  ia    the  outturn  of   the  Land.     To  mnko  thin 
good,  or  probably  rather  to  adapt  the  system  tu  ihodisordervil  s 
of  the  country,  fretih  ceases  were  le7i<^d  at  any  time  and  andor 
form  which  ttoomed  to  be  likely  to  jii-Id  n-veouo.     This  conti 
till  1758  when  under  the  rule  of  Peshwa  BiilAji  Eijijir&v  (I74U.1 
a    new     and    very     elaborate     mcnvuromont    uud    setttetnont 
introduced.    The  unw   settlement  was  introduced  into  groat  pm 
Junnar    between     1758  and   176S    nad  at   n   l«t«r   date    iuto 
neighbonrhood  of  Pooua.    The  rates  under  thb  new  systt-ni 
termed  the   kavtdl.     The  amomit  uf  monvy  levi^-d  iiikUt  tby  (;. 
was  about  twiocas  grcot  as  it  bad  been  under  Blalik  Anibar's  ta. 
iwttlfmftnt.     The  land  was  measured  and  entered  in  nht-nshahi  hi 
Mild  iho  higha  rates  were   fixed  occordioff  to  the  quality  of  the 
TheftamdiorPeBhwasyBtem  alaodiffered from  the  faaA'Aaor  Muaali 
system  in'lovyinjr  the  village  ryntal  ou  tho  an-a  actually  under  CJl 
■ndnoton  the  wnole  amble  urea  of  the  village.  Under  thonewsyi 
the  whole  rental  or  kavidl  dkdr  of  a  vilhigo  was  composed  of 

■  Ckpt.  ItobortoOD,  lit  Feb.  ISIA,  Bom.  Oor.Ret.  K«o.  117  of  lS2St  487-48B, 
=  Bora.   Gov,  Rev.  Kec.  117  of  1826.  4S9-49I.    Alto  Ul  M«y  ISSO,  Emi 
Pipcn  IV.  ««.tr7, 


ecean.1 


POONA. 


final  rontal  or  ttinjataa  and  of  extra  or  ahiniyn  jama.  Thus  in  the 
laffeoEAvsariKtinrdtlieAvimif/  aetllementRavethc  followinjf  details. 
iTho  tiiea-Hua-nents  showed  an  ai'Wi  of  2i>iH)  acres  or  3120  Acit*kahi 
|fri<//*fi'*  ill  nctiinl  cuitivatiou,  assessed  at  i.ii93  (H».  3930).  Of  the  whole 
19  acrpH  (:iaS  hi<jhd»)  wore  jtrardon  land  or  Jogrfyoi  nttfissed  at 
l4».  9^d.  nn  acre  {Us.  6  a  ijjAa);  I92acre8(236}  Inghat)  weregreeo 
jiroducts  and  fruit  tteo  Inad  called  jnnla  and  asaessed  at  7*.  'i^d.  an 
zrv  {R«,  3  a  bifha);  336  acres  (41-^  f/ii/fidn)  of  black  or  first  class 
lin  land  (-alM  M/t  AodMsasged  at  4^.  lie/,  an  acre  (Rb.  2  ubigha); 
"■  acrott  (53(i}  biyfids)  of  second  claa^  ^raiii  laud  avM^itsnil  at  3»,  ^d. 
an  ftero  {Rb.  U  «  friflAw) ;  478  acres  (589?  bigkaM)  of  third  class  grain 
land  assicssod  at  2a.  b\d.  an  acre  (lie.  I  a  &)'jrArt),  nud  1070  acres 
(1319}  bighas)  of  fourtb  class  tr^in  laud  aeswsed  at  1«.  10^  J.  an  acre 

P(Ks.  }  a  higkn).  To  this  orifrina)  rontal  or  ain  jama  wn«  add«d 
onder  xhivt^n  jama  or  extras  fc*  16«.  [Its.  48)  under  Mbdra'  land  or 
Iklluir  hadoUi,  £15  8s.  (Ra.  154)  as  trade  tax  or  mohtar/a,  and  £6  I2«. 
(Bii.  66)  from  rillugo  servant*  entered  an  halutn.^ 

Kl  But  India l'ft[>eTa.  IV*.  437-  ItM*ii^do)ibtfalhowfar  thectabor>teRjitt«iiid«»crib- 
)  ill  tli<r  l«xt  wu  iiitnxlno«<l.     la  Hie  Pursnilhar  nulr-diTislon  a  Yery  muoh  roogbur 
■vatoiniPMni  taKavcbaeninfoKa.     TtiaamblolAadBW'MvnrcKllniliutoaAdAK'^aadi 
rftaAiir  teiirvMntlog  al»iat  ISO  fryAdj.     TtieM  whicli  oosbuiuxl  linili  v&rjriug  tnnch  In 
qaoliti' wire MMMod  fn  poor  rilluna  at  Ra.  3et«  Ra.  00,  In  iniil.llv  villiig*aat  Ka  60  to 
Ba.go,andtaKwdvaiuMatRa.Wto[U.I!IOorEU.I30.    Lt.  S)j-^rtrclc  M  Oct.  1S3B 
Bom.  Oov.IUv.Ite&eOSDflSSS,  fiGi  Ur.  Mill>,  S3rd  UwclKtS.  Do.  AS.    Cupt.  BoliMt- 
Mlon,  lit  Mkj  1830,  East  India  Paprni.  IV.  427.    Other  itcnu  of  eitra  MMtomtnt  or 
^^ioAyaJama  are  tnrntioiuid  by  Mr.  l{l|>liiii«tOi>«  :  On  tlic  cnltimtan  dahat  paUi  or* 
^bx  of  one  year's  revenue  in  t«n  i  on  tlie  land*  o(  tbe  liiuAmuM  and  tttthpdndt  thoMAdi 
^br  a  fniirth  af  the  foM  l«H»d  «v^ry  your ;  i>ti  lh«  Mhin  a  mAdr  mAdrii ;  on  minUifdrf 
^9   iviirdi)  /M/ii   onoe  in  three   y*Uif;  on  inrfmt'di-*  an  HWfm  fgdi  or  one-third  of  th* 
govemnuiiit  ahara  of    Uiair  Innda  «ii<)  kii   tiutm  paiti   or  occaaioual  tax  imnoaail  in 
tim*«  ot  oeeA ;  pdniiSar  j^ana  wr  additional  18  par  oentoo  tke  lankhrt,  Ioti«<I  onea 
in    tweli'c  jriiajii  t   and   riih   Aunitrt  tir  an  extra  tnx  on    lanila  watnrcd    from  w«IIi. 
Othvr  taauB  vero  on  tradon  Klone.    Tb«*B  wera  miAlarfii  or  a  tax  on  Kboplc(e|icra 
varying  wltli   tlicir  moMia,  in  fact  *n   iucoina  tax  ;    tmluti  or  a    tua  on  th^i  twrvlva 
vill^e  MWMiU;  thMo  too  wcr«  (omcUmc^a  inoludod  in  the  ftinjania  an<1  in  aomn 
pbcM  tbcmoAdii^a  forutnd  a  dittiaut  head  by  itooU  i  baUr  btiMak  or  m  Xn  on  ilalla 
at  fairs;   kimbMr  UtOm  or  a  tax  am  earth  dnc  vp  by  tbo  pottan.     The  folloviuz 
Ml  indiacriniinatalj  en  both  rlanaa  ;  oftor  piSn  or  nmUr  «fri  or  bonse  tax  levied 
hfr'un  all  1)ut  Btihinaua  nud  viUo^  offioen  i  baeMat  pMami  or  a  f««  on  tho  nanual 
Bn'niinatton  of  veinhta  and  maunrM ;  fii#  er  a  nmtlar  f«a  on  enminioji  the  tiralen 
Hkaod  for  balky  arttclea :  iU»ka,  or  Junta,  or  a  tas  «n  tbe  right  to  beat  a  dram  on 
H^rttoular    raLj^inra  nnd  olhcr  oooaaiona  ;  kfuiriJi  j'iiuuu   or  purrayanca  or  a  tM.x 
'on  the  right   to  pnrcluu*  artiolaa  at  a  oortain  rate  ;  iltia  wn«  gcoenlty  commntad 
fora  raon«]r payment :&i0i>n(4iUaoratax on  ■narTJagee;l>rit<Minai'  a  pttrtlciilar  tax 
on  tlu)  marriafp  of  wldiiwa ;  HAnia  paIti  at  a  ta«  on  buffaloc* ;  hatri  paIti  or  a  tax  on 
ahva|i.     TliOTV  wvtv  aliu  Dcaa«ional  oootnlnttiooBin  itiud  ^*U^  fiul  JarmiUh  melt  an 
buHvokB'  hidea,  i:bai'i:ual,hDmpi  ropo,  and  butter,  which  wer«oFt«neonunated  for  lixod 
money  pnymonta;  many  other  iniDB  vera  pud  in  coramntation  foraervics.    AU  tlieee 
coUectiuna  worn  made  by  Uie  pittU  ia  udbQ  vUlagea  thoujth  in  t«wna  tbtro  wm  a 
Mpaiata  ntncw  to  le>y  IIiom  ont  oanantad  with  Uh  Uad.    Govemuient  bad  other 
•onnei  of  revsnac  inofuded  fa  the  aAinljm  fama  or  extra  coUeetione  in  «>ch  viJ  Laga 
bandca  thoM  eaancmted.    Th«  pHndiwl  ware  bamdvit  i/mAtgdri  or  Umtd/arAi  u 
fiBoa  and   forfdturca,  bditdamd/   eaobcata  and  profit  from  d«pa«ita  and  tenponrr 
Btuincal  rations  :  mndknntl  naiWfcea  i  yAiitbiUt  gntu  (m*  jdreiufUn  dati  dwirod 
from   ofTen'ii^  to  idoln  ;  kliartiij  vilil  «r   a  lax  on    Melon  garden*  in    Uie  1i«da  of 
ri*arB.     Kosidea  all  tbis  and  beaidea  the  village  espODwea  or  (TMoa  MorcA  there  dor* 
taxaa  to  defray  th*  makat  tOililnir  or  diUrtct  axpenaca  not  already  |iruTidod  for  by 
gOTWnment,  in  which  were  tn«lad«d  many   pereonal  expenaea  of  tbe  nimlatiltra 
»n>l  a  larije  Coud  for  embeuJementand  comiplioaforihe  nUmUtdarandtbecnurtiora 
who  beftinndri]  hini.  Id  wtditioii  to  all  Ihmc  nactioue  there  were  eocMieoal  intp<»ilMM 
i>n  aitiaotdiuaiy  emergcouiM  tliich  were  calltd /dali  jnuf i  or  extra  ceu  and  riMltl 


ChapUr  Till; 

Land-       I 

Hnnvar.     I 


I  Bombay  Gue 


Und. 
lIiHTOiir. 


324 


DISTRICTS. 


After  1720,  in  porta  oE  Poona  not  iacladed  in  tho  mtaraj}  Ibi 
rental  or  A-Minif  was  diviilnd  between  the  MnrAihAs  anii  ibc-Moj^ 
or  wboii  the  Nts&m  becntno  mdfipondcDt,  bctwcou  Llut  Mar 
uud  tliu  Ni/^m.  To  the  full  rental  or  kamai  tvo  fiur  cent 
added  for  the  Mar^thu  tmrilrnkmukhi  or  OTerlordship.  Takiof 
wbotu  demaud  ioclading  the  overlord's  char^  at  100,  ten  we> 
tha  ovfirlord.  (>f  tho  peinaiiiiiig  riiiioty.  furty-five  went  tfl 
Ikfi>i,')iiilH  Hitil  Forty'flve  to  llie  M:trittUiU.  The  forty-five  parta  Ii 
ihu  iMo^hnls  wcru  dividvd  iulo  two  ffronps  one  of  33}  callvd 
uud  llitt  otbor  of  11^  caWeA  faajdiiri.  The  Marathft  share  lik 
Mitglml  sharo  Trim  divided  iutu  tiro,  oDu  of  ^]  callud  hdbti  a 
chivf'ft  »hni-(!,  nud  oiio  of  1 1^  culled  ifioKutvi  or  the  aharo  (pvan 
bjr  tba  chief.  Bat  ihu  divisions  of  Ifac  MariLlha  share  were  once 
■a  TftrioDB  claitos  or  amaUyiere  grAnt«>d  to  tho  I'ant  Sachiv 
other  hifj'h  otficerfl.'  lu  other  onaCH,  some  of  the  MarAtha  i 
tut  habii*  flootD  to  hnvR  boon  nddcd  to  the  nriginiU  luntal  or  <i>ii  j 
Thns  in  an  ezanplu  K^y*^'"  ^y  ^'r.  Clmplin  liio  (^ri^iniil  hiyha 
IN  RhoxTiiat  8  mant.  To  thi8{thao[ainrtii  nnd  thnw  sA^rx  ar*a 
for  aarJtahmukhi  aud  for  tiuthaluutjkuTf  (  a  man  for  jt-thotra,  \ 
man  for  hak  ehantJidi,  nnd  2^  gJtert  for  derdt.  Jn  addition  t 
ori^nal  asaosametit,  oxtnt  c<!f>so«  RtvUtd  pattif  wcro  tevivd,  a«f>zaj 
of  which  Mr.  Chaplin  cites  a  batlor  cess  ij/iiptilti.  a  grain  cess 
piitti,  and  a  present  or  mttlar-bhei.  A  hou»e-tax  and  a  fi 
baffalo  tax  were  also  levied. 

In  nplands  or  wtrto*,  where  coarse  grains  wcro  olono  grow 
eBtiinate  of  thocropnas  made,  rtnd  from  a  half  to  one-third  was  I 
as  the  govomniont  share  which  was  cerjimtuoil  for  i»  money  pay 
at  a  rale  wtiich  wns  established  for  each  village,  ^^^en  ralos 
fixctl  at  a  pdhani  or  snrvcy,  the  amount  of  gOTi^ruiiti-ul  rout 
uot  ckaDged  autil  a  fresh  snrvey  was  made.' 

In  large  villnges  and  in  market  towos  called  vethi  and  kaeUi 
non-agriculliiral  cossea  were  oollcctod  throa^h  liio  »het$  or  loadt 
the  merchant  aud  craft  guilds,  who,  among  tho  mvn  of  their 
elaaa,  held  u  positiuu  of  hdidship  corrosponding  to  tho  pu 
held  by  a  pdtd  mukiitlam  in  a  vilhge.  These  boudtnon  diatnl 
the  sesossment  among  the  members  of  their  caste  or  trade,  aocoi 
to  their  knowledge  of  their  circumstances,  and  with  the  conoun 
of  llie  indivndunls  themt^etves  in  full  aaaembly.  The  gororn: 
demands  on  trnders  and  craftsmt'n  wore  regnlatcd  by  a  refei 
to  what  it  bad  been  naual  to  collect.  New  cesses  wore  aV 
resisted  witli  great  clamour,  and  unless  tho  agent  of  govern: 
could  support  his  demands  by  the  docamcnts  of  previous  year 
had  greut  trouble  in  levying  tbo  o&sa* 


paHi  at  ytmr  om».     If  thno  lutppMiail  to  ha  eoutiuu<<cl  fur  KvenI  jrian   U\ty 
to  bo  oouaidarod  ■•  occamonal  fiiipuntioni  Aii4  M)  iiit<>  tlia  rt^lai  'Aioiiki^^iim 
until  tlio  introduvtiuii  of  thi*  fftniiin^  ajtUaa  tboy  vcro  «ud  to  hav«  bean  m 
«•  tit*  occMiona    nhich  (Dmuliod   tbe   j>ret«xt   for    thsm.    Mr.   Klpliliyrtom^ 
Octotm  1819  |Ed.  18f3.S«-87). 

>  The  Foooa  dbtrlote  inotndod  ia  tlio  rant  of  tbe  nanff  wen  Pomw,  Sopft  Inoli 
Btrtmati,  IndApur,  and  Junnsr.    (inut  DuiTe  UarAtUs,  SlW. 

*  Kut  India  Papers,  IV.  SOG  -  SHT. 

*  Mr.  ClupUn,  20tli  Aug.  1S22,  E>i.  1877.  3S-27.     *  But  India  T»fm,  IV. 


bccnui! 


POONA. 


Alter  tbo  introdautiuu  uf  the/'atriufoTfunecttlemenluboubl/GOLhe 
roTOaa«K  ware  managed  hy  nguuLii  who  examined  tliu  villngu  nocotints 
in  detail  and  settled  or  were  iiapposeJ  to  settle  for  Lbe  revenues 
according  to  the  uctujtl  KUte  of  cuUivaLioD,  or  I>v  fixing  with  tlio 
head  of  the  TillaifL'  for  the  mymcut  of  a  stipuliitod  sum  for  one 
yeur.  The  ka-m'tl  which  bod  takt^n  the  pluco  of  tho  lankhu  in  Lho 
village  Bccoants  was  the  basis  of  till  tliceo  Hottk-tnenta.  In  Tillages 
which  wore  jnst  able  or  wero  biirely  able  to  pay  it,  the  Itatndl  iru 
always  detnaodcdaad  became  almost  a  fixed  scttlemeDt.  Iq  villages 
wbtL-h  hnd  )^wn  richer  since  tho  k<im<il  wa&  fixed,  an  additioiukl 
amount  was  levied  cither  hy  gncss  or  after  examining  the  increaaed 
cuUiviitioii.  'riie  ndditiotiitl  amount  levied  in  this  Tray  was  generally  a 
[K3i-qaisite  of  Oie  local  agents  and  was  entered  in  the  accounts  under 
miihdl  majktir  that  is  ftDb*diyii*iotiBl  charges  or  nuder  some  other 
suitable  head.  These  agents  wore  spread  over  the  whole  Maratha 
empire  and  were  iui>u  of  iutliicnce  andabilily.  They  were  of  two  claseea 
*.ir*kA/n'rf4rJtor  provincial  goveniors'  and  »«fcAerf<4r«  who  corresponded 
to  the  Kuglish  Colittitors  and  had  charges  yielding  a  yearly  revenue 
varying  from  £10,(100  to  £50,000  (Rs.  J.OO.OOO-Ks.  o.00,00U).« 
Nvitbor  the  minriMrddr  nor  thg  tuhkeddr  was  hound  to  live  at  the 
hend-qnartem  of  hiit  charge.  The  management  of  lUTairs  was  usually 
oiitnuited  to  tin  able  and  confidential  agent  or /.'ifrf>h<!n,  on  whom  all 
the  power  of  the  office  devolved,  Whuu  a  districl  chief  or  giibheddr 
vtnSi  appointed  lie  who  furnished  with  an  e^tiiiiute  of  tlic  reronuca  of 
his  district  witli  aliatof  uU  tho  niithorijivd  charges  iocluding  miljliuor 
»fiihaniii«,  peiiAion.t,  religiouit  expenEe^,  and  salarimt.  I'hii^  e»tinmte 
wiw  prtparud  by  tlio  sucrt-tiiries  or  Jttftartkini  of  tho  state  under  the 
eye  of  the  Peshwa  or  of  his  viiuiater.  The  lanJrha,  and  after  the 
middle  of  the  eighteenth  c^itury  the  hftmil,  formed  tbo  baia8  of  these 
govertUDeut  estimates,  and  the  changus  which  had  taken  place  since 
the  introduction  of  the  kamill  wore  I'aluulated  on  the  basis  of  the 
payment*  of  the  laat  year.  The  subkaidr'a  salary,  wliicli  waa 
generally  calculated  at  one  per  cent  on  the  revenue  of  hia  charge, 
or£AOO  to  £600  (lis.  ^000  •  GOOO)  »  yeur^  and  his  establiBbmcuL 
were  next  fixed  and  the  amount  deducted.  The  balance  which  was 
led,  wag  divided  into  scrurul  sums  which  at  stated  periods  were 
reqaired  to  bo  paid  ioto  the  government  treasury  at  Poena.  The 
9HeA«ddrIiad  to  pay  tho  revemiu  in  adraiico.  He  gcnomlly  had  U> 
uay  half  of  the  amount  at  tho  begiuiiing  of  the  year  and  the  rest  by 
instalments  but  always  in  advance.^ 

When  the  account  year  wa«  closed  (4th  June),  the  eubhedtir  was 
obliged  to  famifili  detailed  atatemeuta  oC  the  auua  heliadroalixcd. 


ChaptCT_Vi: 

Hiarony. 

TAt  itardUu 


*  According  to  Ur,  KlpbiDitcDc't  Report  {S5th  October  ISIft.  E>).  ISTS;  SS)  on  tli« 
tcrnt<>riaa  «oiuitM«»d  (rcan  Uio  pMhws,  tli«  torniUtMlAr  wt»  appointed  in  Oujwlt, 
KhlniUab.  t)i«  Kkmltkk.  u>i  otticr  rainot*  ptnvinoWb 

■  Mr.  ElplitiutMie  {lUpurt  of  S5th  October  18)^  Ed.  1873.  3426)  axs  Um  title 
milmUiiliir  iiutoMl  ui  mJikmtitr.  Bn  ekyi  tbo  o(Ko«r  in  «liAc;g*  ol  a  la>^  tlutrict  «■■ 
omIIc'I  mrfmJn/'t'lr ;  tbew  tnm  MinotiNM*  »  pravincial  goremor  or  aarmMttUr 
betwocn  tho  mdmlratUr  anil  MT«tBin«(it.  CapL  KuIwitMa  (Uxy  ia!^))«u>Ti  tli»t 
a  ««MnUr  nBiettinM  Cuioed  part  of  bia  cbarcc  to  •  mdmialdar.  Kati  India  rapen, 
IV.  431.  r-  •  K"  . 

■  Mr.  Klphinttnno,  1819,  Ed.  1872.  SS.H.  Cant.  RuhnUon.  ISSO.  Ea»t  India 
Vaiwi  1 V.  i9a-434, 


326 


DISTEJCTS. 


Chapter  TIIT. 
Iftud. 

nt,Jlai\Ulub. 


If  it  appeared  tbal  he  liad  collcct-ed  more  tlian  bad  been  ontimn 
the  nabheiii'if  wMt  ciklled  on  to  pay  tbe  uirplus ;  if  any  dcfii?i«ooy 
nriHen,  and  if  thcru  won  un  rcoaon  to  suppoae  that  his  accoiuite  1 
{also  or  kin  mnnagvincnt  nefrli^ttt.  bo  was  not  obliged  to  tnako  g 
the  deficivucy.  Ah  thu  trvhheddr  nlwaya  psid  in  adraoce,  at  tlie  «lo( 
tbe  year  there  wur  fjenfrallv  h  bal&u(.<o  in  bis  favour.  Deductions  i 
sometimeit  mailo  fruin  this  linlniice  nu  the  ncore  of  embeKslame 
Tbe  rest  was  carried  over  from  y^ar  Uyye&r ;  the  balance  was  bo 
tamefl  rodncvd  \>j  partial  paymontB  but  it  vraa  aeldora  denred. 
bahmcca  due  to  gnfemment  wen*  exacted  udIcsh  the  Kubheddr  o 
show  that  thv  rct'vipti!!  )uul  fiillvii  short  oE  the  eatimatea  without 
cui-clL't<»urHH  or  dishoneHty  on  bia  part.'  The  cigbteeDtli  ccdI 
suUhtdAt  WUB  a  govominent  agnnt  whoso  chief  dutip  iu  iimM 
peace  was  to  more  about  hin  chuTKV  redressing  g^rievan 
Huperintondinff  his  ofliopni,  and  oulhietiug  the  revenne.  He 
alito  iL  jiti)|;o  and  n  magistratv,  but  il  wak  liccnotto  ho  was 
collector  of  the  revenue  that  he  held  the  oITiceH  of  judge  i 
uiBgistrate. 

When  the  guhheA&r  or  his  reprviiontatiTe  cnme  to  hiit  clinrTO, 
first  dutjr  was  to  ascertain  with  prtviBion  bow  mucb  frtwh  lain  | 
bccD  or  w^  likely  to  bo  bronj;;ht  into  cultivation  in  the  coaree  of  i 
year.  Fur  this  purpot^v  he  dcpnbt>d  local  managers.  Tliose  sonl 
HUpvrintend  liirgo  groups  of  villofrps,  called  k  taraf  jmnjnna  or  med 
won.!  tornifd  luinnivivii drg  op  tarfdd'n  and  tlio«e  who  had  charge 
a  few  TillugeH  were  called  kdrkwu  and  »htkh'hirt  that  is  elerl 
llio  kamdtnmidm,  tttra/iMra,  kArkium,  und  ghekhdAri  were  appoin 
liy  the  f uftAeddr.  Aaa  check  iipoa  them  and  npon  tbe  »ubhty 
there  was  a  sot  of  hereditary  offit'iaU  called  feo-men  or  AarahA 
bocauso  tlioy  wrre  partly  p»id  from  tocnb  feeo.  Among  these  V 
the  divan,  or  niiui^tur,  the  /(cittaW*  or  rogistr-ir,  and  the  pm 
or  treasurer,  whose  duty  il  was  to  draw  up  and  tsign  a  yea 
Btatemoni  of  the  receipts  and  expenditure  in  tbo  euhhtdiir'^  office  i 
to  report  to  gnvcrnmout  any  evil  practices  of  the  )iwM«Mr»,*  Tb 
was  a  second  «»t  of  hereditary  officops  who  like  the  i/iVda  and^dmi 
were  intondud  to  exercise  n  check  on  the  enhheiinr  chieny  in  \ 
interest  of  the  landholders.  These  were  the  district  snperintcndi 
or  ilevkmukh  iind  Um  district  nccoiiiitant  or  iteshptinile.  Both  wi 
genOTally  known  by  the  title  of  Inudlnnls  or  tamtnHArt,  1 
ifp^homkii  hrld  for  a  group  of  Tillagoa  much  the  same  position 
the  village  headman  held  witb  re^rd  to  one*  village  and  the  positi 
of  dtHhpAnde  or  gronp  nocountnnt  eoiTi*6pondod  to  the  position 
the  kiuiiarni  or  rillago  accountant.*  As  these  boreditary  distf 
officers  or  zamitiddrn  were  coimidurod  ch  iofly  to  represent  the  int«ra 
of  the  cullivutors,  the  villag-e  headmen  looked  to  thorn  (or  help 
reiii^tinK  oxuotionn  and  in  ublatniog  remissions.  The  subhedtlr'gtt 
of  kamavisdtin,  kdrkitn*,  and  Bh&chdArx,  was  employed  ia  fmmi: 


•  Mr.  BI(>liui*t«na,  t»l{l,  1^.  Ift73,  2S-3I. 

t  KwtLxlitt  Pajwn.IV.  430.  Acc<>r<li»ii  t->  Mt.  l!l)>V>nHt«ne  0810.  Bd.  1973,  ' 
til*  kdrhu*  hftd  cnar^  nf  s  coiuiderKlitfl  number  of  villw^  huI  kivd  Uilor  kuH 
<ifRrcr«*llnl  iJirl-hihii-  whi*  huA  foiiror  fim  villages. 

'  M>.  Itl|.hinMt..ii*-.  18II».  Fjlili.iii  IS7-',  SS-S*. 

*  Mr.  Blfhinrtoii.-,  ISIli,  Iwltliuu  1872,  tS  9i>. 


POONA. 


3i7 


.Dm  actaal  iuspbclion  suil  with  tbo  holpof  v(Ui7«  and  knl/^Titie, 

I  return  of  the  area  of  rent-nlionated  ln»3   belouging  to  indmddrs 

id  ochi?r8 ;  of  the  arcs  uf  umblc  waatc  nbich  £nil  been  lirougiit 

idor  tillage  during  tbo  y«ir ;  and  of  the  area  of  apftble  which  alill 

BtQamed  waste.    Aftvrthia  uiEamiuatioD  wiiaoomplvtod,  thuroveuue 

[etkch  village  for  the  currv^ot  year  wu  calculated  from  the  minijt  tand 

ider   till&g«  or  which  bolooj^od  toroiiidcnt  tninisdiirt  iogelhoT  with 

M  rents  duo  from  short  rnte  or  lutrft  aad  lease  or  bauli  land.  Thin 

Itim&te  was  not  tbo  final  wttlcoioiit ;  it  was  only  tho  hrudu  on  which 

I  dates  of  paying  certain  snms  were  fixed,  until  at  the  close  of  tho 

the   actual  goTenuneitt  demand  was  finally  dctcrmitiod.     Still 

tlo  cstiinalti  was  always  near  enough  to  the  final  aasessment  to 

is«rt  it  in  the  pdlifa  agreemoat  to  pAj  the  village  revenue.     When 

ju  iu&pcctora  of  the  cultivatioo  were  ready  to  submit  their  labours, 

wa9  usual  for  the  aubMilr  to  visit  each  village  group  called  taraf 

tahdl  or  f}arffatta.     Tho  fidtiU  of  the  group  met  at  his  office,  aud 

"Br  receiving  a  geaenil  aasuranoe  that  the  mbhcddr  wotUd  not 

more  than  wtui  ii-mikl,  gavo  a  writton  sngagumout  specifying  tbo 

itity  uf  cultivated  land,  the  area  of  waste,  and  the  area  granted 

now  floitlerii,  and  prominoil  to  jiWizo-  nnd  to  |iay  th«  rcrcnufl  uiid 

ccived  a  couutorpart  fnim  the  lubkcdiir.      Ou  their  retorn  to  their 

jilli^OH   thu   pAlifn  bvgau   to   collvct  tho  rovcunc.      IE  any  crops 

sd   after  the  estimate  was  framed,  the  ^lure  was  taken  into 

jut    lu    Itxtng    tho    final     demand.      It    was    understood    by 

Dvemmont  that,  unless  he  farmed  tbo  rcronueii  for  the  year,  the 

til  was  purc^ly  a  gorcrnment  agent,  and  rhat  neither  he  nor  the 

^ttamiwaa  eotitled  to  any  advantage  beprond  their  established 

^"^hts  tmd  salaries.     For  tha  aamo  reason  if  the  amonnl  rocoivod 

>m  a  village  fell  short  o^  tbe   estimate,  no  attempt  was  made  to 

over  the  balance  from  tlie  headman  or  from  the  accountant.' 

10  puymonts  of  revonuo  woi-e  generally  in  three  inBtalmenta,  one 

~  Bsponding  with  the  ejirly  or  mocsoon  crops  or  i-Ann/ which  w»s 

Faboat  Kovombor-Decomber,  a  scicond  corrt-spouding  to  tho  cold 

reather  or  rabi  crops  which  was  due  in  January  and  February,  a 

"lird  corresponding  to  the  hot  weather  or  (iwdr  crops  which  was 

lue  in  February  and  March,  and  a  fourth  which  was  somet-imeti 

Bvied   about    March-April  to  recover  oatetundiug  balances^'    In 

3taber    or      November     when     tho   early    or     principal    harvest 

ru  nearly  ready,  the  irub/ut/dr  moved  through  nia  cliarge.     The 

Imea  and   socountauta,  who   were  gcnurony  nccompauied   aud 

ipported  by  some  of  the  leadiug  landholders,  laid  before  him  the 

ftpers   showing  the  old  settlement  rates,  apparently   both   Malik 

Lmbar's  tankha  and  tho  kamdl  of  1760  tt^tbor  with  the  latest 

ar'a  payments  or  vatut  akar,  aud  such  a  statement  of  extra  iioms. 

gave  a  full    view  of  the  stale  of  thu    village.     The    minutu 

lowledge  whidi  the  BubhfMr's  staff  of  clerks  called  kdrlcuM  or 

iheJchddra  bad  of  the  villagus    nndcr  their    charge,  enabled  tlio 

tubhet^liir  to  cbeck  the  correctness  of  the  villnsv  accounts.      Soma 

liscussiou  generally  foUowod  in  which  the  rillagont  looked  to  the 


Chapter  Till. 
Land- 

Hibtorv. 
Tie  ManUhOa. 


But  India  Tapen,  IV.  431.        'JOi.  El(ihuut<>ii«,  1919.  EditMin  ISTZ.  U-sa, 


fBombtjr  i 


CbapbnTlJl. 

UUTOKT. 

•  IfanUMt. 


MR 


DISTEICTS. 


lu-roditarjr  district  ofTicvni  tho  de«hmuJih  and  tlio  ihvhpiiatlti  to 
tbfim  to  g&iii  any  rotnission  or  ooi»:eaai<)R  whicli  tboy    Lbou^t 
requirod.     Tho  diKcuiteion  genomlly  andod  ia  tho   prepurmtion 
final  root  FtAtf^mout  f^v  JamdMntli  pJttUi  to  vrhich    the  fNitH  g» 
formal   sgn.'omGDt.     If  tho;xUW  rL^foBed  to   (urcupt    the   CQodit 
offend  b;  tho  gubfietldT,  an  officer  wo!^  nc^iit  to  pxuinino  tho  stol 
tbe  Tills^   oro[>9.     If  even   thun  noagrocmunt  ovnid   bemuds, 
tutiheddr,  tlioiif*h    this    rarely    bappmied    in  Poona,  arrABffc< 
take    odo-1ibU     of    the    crop.     The     practice    of     keeping 
▼Ulage    crops    under    gnftru     tiutil     Che    settlenioot    was  n 
Uioagh      nnVniown      tminodiat^^Iy     round     Ponca,     waa     oon 
When  one  of  the  Ihreo  revouue  iustalmeats  fell  due,  tho  tntiha 
clerk  sent  a  mesMnger  to  each  villago  to  help  tbe  pdtit.     Tha  1 
Bammoned  the  laudiioldera  who  paid  their  root    to  ibuptitUa 
presesoe  of  the  village  goldBmitli  or   piyUidr    who    mam^jad 
stamped  tho  mono^,  and  oE  tbe  aooountAut  who  f;frBQt4?d  a  rec 
^Vhcn  the  iiiiitiilmt>iit  wait  collected,  tlic  hi-adtnaii  tuiat  it  hy  the  V 
Dodur  ofaargo  of  Uio  andcr-^f^i^    or   rlutttghula   >vicli    i      '        n 
the  dethmuik  and  noother  to  (ho  vidm!at'idr.     At  tho   t/i  i 

oflico  (bo  money  wax  ngaia  ti-«tod  hy  *^  inoiit''yohiin^^r  &nd  if  ax 
it  was  foQod  to  he  bod,  the  villago  gold&niitli  tyr  potiidT  waa  d 
rcspoBsiblo.  When  the  monoy  was  aoceptod  the  nuhhtul^T  gtai 
a  reoeipb.  When  the  account  year  dosed  theae  receipa  i 
reaninvd  jind  Iho  i>iUH  was  fnmianod  witli  u  statemont  ahoitintt 
amount  of  ru%-euoe  fixed  for  the  year,  tbe  dates  of  its  reolin 
and  tho  hnlnnce,  if  imy,  outstanding.  This  8tat«meat  wna  rat 
by  the  aubluiddr  io  the  uanal  way. 

A  mbheddr  held  hia  appointnwmt  for  only  one  yoar. 
reappointmeni  to  liis  charge  depcndt.'-d  /chiefly  on  his  ioflueflO 
court  and  they  ceneralty  bjid  anfiideDt  addrotis  to  hold  thoir  cdi 
for  a consideratilo  period  in  Homocaees,  nocordinf^  toMr.  Klphiost 
for  an  inacb  aa  fifty  years.'  Though  ihe  mthheddi^t  noiniual  puy 
seldom  moire  than  £50(1  ()l».50O0)  or £^)U  <Rs.GO0O}  a yonr,  uiiJ tb< 
tho  system  of  paynient  in  adraact'  neoined  to  raake  any  conxider 
profit  imposKible,  tho  Ati-tAt^W  valued  tboir  potilft  and  clan^  to 
aaloDg  us  tbev  could.  They  gnnenUly  sncceodod  iu  hriiifriug  on 
their  aide  both  tho  di^^trict  boreditary  officers  who  worf  unpnoM 
repreaciit  tb«  pcoplw,  und  the  tUvdn,fadnavU,  aoApoUtdr,  whoi 
soppoeed  to  repreaeDt  the  gopemment ;  nod,  Co  answer  appoiib 
oomplainta  to  head-quarters  which  ander  good  rulora 
encouraged  and  atteoded  to,  the  suiJli<!<i(fr  hadan  agenc  or  ml 


court  rbo  subhi-ddra  added  to  their  income  by  concealing  oni. 
receipts,  by  making  false  entries  of  remiasions,  and  fals«'  miu 
and  by  holding  bark  allowancee  and  pcosiona.  Tbcir  cbiof  00 
of  profit  WA8  under  the  hecul  of  wtrfi/cffr  that  is  extra  or  coatiiif 
charges.  As  a  portion  of  the  money  spent  nnder  thia  head  wen 
bribe  the  winisterB  aud  uuditont,  the  details  were  nut  clu 
examined  and  (ho  itii2*/i«<Mi' generally  succeeded  in  hooping  mat 
himself  thao  he  paid  io  bribes.*    Some*«Mw<dara  let  oat  a  fow  oft 


'  IStli  Got.  1819,  KU.  187S,  2i. 


>  Hr.  ElphiaBtoue.  laiB.  Etl.  18*1 


DeccAO-l 


POONA 


hdla  in  farms  to  pereoiis  Btjled  vminlalddrw.  Tfaoy  woro  vested 
Htball  the  txbh«ddr*»  mn^Istoml  powvRf  except  tbot  tk«y  could 
paw  sentence  in  capital  or  ollior  lieinoiis  crimes.  Wbi>u  ilie 
jantymr  cnmo  tn  an  end  tJio  jnUU  Iiiul  to  continue  to  pcrfoiin 
dntjes  with  vigoiir  without  roceirinif  any  orders  from  tlie 
Meddr.  It  mado  no  difTureitco  to  tk«  patil  (rhvthpr  the  subheidr 
centiQDed  in  office  or  a  now  man  watt  appointefl.  Somctinic<8 
or  thrco  mouths  of  a  now  account  year  pnsHcd  Iwfore  the  paiiU 
Eaew  who  waa  to  be  their  saporiur  fur  the  Dominf^  year,  ll  was 
aeon«Lry  that  tho  palxl  elioiild  tnke  thii<  indopcndont  action,  b«caiue 
whoa  a  SHhheddr  was  changed,  the  former  holder  of  the  otiico  was 
natarally  reniisg  for  some  tiino  before  he  left  and  bis  successor  was 
at  first  igaoraot  of  bis  charge.  Coiwidorablo  bberty  whk  tUvrofore 
l«ft  to  the  iidiilt  in  using  their  discretion  as  to  the  means  best  suited 
to  Btimulate  the  cultiTators  to  indnetry.  Excopt  in  years  of  famine, 
pestilence,  or  war,  the  headman  wan  generally  able  to  itidiiL-«  the 
people  acain  to  take  the  laod  which  thoy  bod  tillod  in  the  previous 
r.  Those  who  were  not  vvirdsdara  or  hereditary  holders  and 
once  tilled  a  field,  wero  gonernlly  willing  to  till  it  again  so  lon^ 
tbey  had  a  sufficient  stock  of  oattle.  At  the  beginning  of  tho 
ir  (June  5lh)  tho  p<iii7's  chief  cnro  was  to  encourage  hereditary 
>1dors  to  invest  their  gains  in  bringing  arable  waatc  under  tillage ;  to 
obtAin  new  temporary  holders  ur  upris  and  to  help  the  old  temporary 
liolduri*  \At  freo  thumBKdpe.i  from  the  pressure  of  crwlitors  and  to 
prevent  the  sale  of  their  cattle  and  goods  or  other  extreme  meaRiires 
which  might  forco  tbout  to  leave  the  vilLigo.  With  this  objoct  tho 
■jpdtil  went  to  tbe  creditors  and  persnodod  them  that  if  the  debtor 
nad  time  he  would  pay  what  h6  owed ;  or  ho  promiftod  to  lay  tho 
<lehu>r's  ooso  boforo  tho  sttbtuddr  and  obtained  from  him  Bomo 
mlt-nace  or  takdm.  To  tempt  hereditary  holders  to  tiU  arable  waste 
the  huiiJiuaa  undertook  to  procure  a  lease  in  which,  according  to 
the  length  of  time  the  land  hiul  lain  waste,  the  cultivator  was  allowed 
part  romixaiou  of  rent  during  terms  varying  from  four  to  ton  years.' 
Holders  of  these  leases  were  free  from  the  demands,  which  the 
hereditary  holdurs  generally  had  to  pay  as  donations  to  holy  men 
eapecialty  gotidris,  and  oontrihations  to  tmvelling  tumblors  and 
tnusiciana.  Tho  hendmon  expected  that  a  uaii  who  had  onjoyud  n 
rising  lease  wonld  continue  to  bold  the  land  at  loast-  for  a  year  or 
two  aft«r  tho  full  rent  bocnmo  dne.  Daring  those  years  thoy  con- 
tinaed  free  from  the  extra  Iutios  to  wbioh  the  regular  holders  of 
village  lands  were  linhlo.  B««ido8  tho  village  rent  tho  ixifif  had  to 
that  nil  payments  in  kind  to  govommeut  were  duly  made  and 


E 


I  n«nn-«il7  wbwi  tha  Uad  had  lain  WMta  (or  fiJtees  jraut  an  tDorwuiiiii  laue  ov 
a  wntMu  UUtta  loui  was  gnatcd  lor  tan  yMra.  Untur  than  Iomm  uu  root  wu 
chnrg«<1  fortli«8Nt^rMr,  aatothfart  oCtlwfiiUnat  mtGhaffMl  in  tboMcoDdyoAr, 
two  ninUi*  in  tlw  thud  7««r,  thrve-niiitlu  in  Uie  fonrth  fHT,  sad  to  oa  till  thi>  bnlh 

Im*  tluui  A[to«n  ytMw  waa  aSa»i  on  m,  Iomm  of  lU  y«»r«,  free  in  Iho  fir»l  you  and 
oTiATgednfUth  la  tha  taoonditwo-SItha  in  tlii>  Uiir.1.  and  aoon  till  III  Xhe  tilth  jatkr 
Qw  mil  rent  mw  l«vf»d.  IabiI  whl^  hod  lain  wgute  leaa  than  mx  and  iDor«  tfaan 
two  )-«ftn  wu  giroQ  oa  a  l«Me  ol  (our  yean  w  iUt  a  padually  i&orMaii;^  nataJ.  Em  I 
ludkt  Papas,  IV.  43S. 


Chapter  Tilt- 
Land. 

HiKTUKT. 

TU  Mar 


1 1327-42 


rSaiatiA;  Oi 


3S0 


)1HTIIICTS. 


QiApter  Till. 
Land. 

Tlu  MarOlhiU. 


thnt  the  villags  aud  group  oOtpprs  raceivod  their  dnoH.     If  % 
racor  eitlier  r«fased  or  evaded  payment,  tbe  fatU    caWi^  i> 
^vemment  meeiwDger  to  iut«rfeiv.     The  messeiigBr   lienni 
till*  drfiiuluT  Imd  Iti   say.     If  he  tboti^>lit  tho  heatlmaii  was 
DnjnBtly  nr  that  the  dcfHidtcr  wiu  ivally  au:t.b1ij  I-o  p&y,  lie  tno: 
lo  thu  vu'iAWtir  vrhi>,  if  tltt>  defanltor's  cxplanaliou   satisfied 
granted  liiin  a  oumpk'to  ur  it  partul  rmoistiJuu.     Jf  the  itioan 
UiDuglit  tlio  liutdbiililor  )iii<l  no  f^od  rcMon   for  reftistn{(  to  ]x 
would  puDJiil]  liim  by  mskiug  him  sit  in  tho  su»,    by   keeping' 
futiiig,  cr  l>y  placing  liim  in  dnnuK^e  iu  tko  villajrc   ffnnnl- 
or  ehdiViU.     If  tliiu  trcntinoot  failed  to  miiku  lht>  dofaulMr  w 
moeseDgcr  took  him.  to  the  mamtahUir,  nho  if  he  pfosaed  : 
inflict  slighi  curpurat  pnnwhinent,  handing  him   rong'lily,  pi 
aod  pnsblOff  faim  about,  and  Ihutnping  bim  on  thu  sides  and 
U  Uie  m&vuaidnr  was  no  niort^  sncoossfiit  ihan  tho  tnesM'Dgci 
dfifiinltcr  was  report^"!!  to  the  nuhheddr  who  ordered  that  \\\*  Im 
and  property,  and.  if  ho  wiw  a  mtriiWar  and  Iho  case  was  ext 
bia  land  Bboiild  lio  attached.     IE  the  atnooat  raalized  from  Ibc 
was  teas  than  tho  anm  be  owed,  the  dobtor  wu  thrown    into  \ 
with  tetters  on  his  legs  until  it  was  fully  ascertained   tLat  hi 
CO  other  resources,  when  he  was  But  at  liberty. 

If  n  pitlt  proved  refracloir  luid  refused  to  obey  the  snmoto 
the  luoul  oiTieor,  the  mihheddr  sent  a  meascngcr  or  a  horsen 
the  Tillnge  with  a  wrilc«u  ordor  to  tbe  pdtil  to  pay  the  bcs 
certain  sum  every  day  rarying  from  ir.  to  Lb  (Ks.I-50)a 
portion  lo  tbe  jtatil's  wealth  or  to  ttii-  gnivity  of  bin  ofTtmca. 
piitit  persisted  in  out  obeying  the  sununonii.  and  also  io  reC 
to  nay  the  fine,  militia  or  nhilMtuditi  Were  Mmt  to  bnng  him  by 
BDU  he  was  then  fined.  Rigoroas  treatment  cithi-r  of  a  lunuli 
or  of  a  hendman  was  Belilr.ni  nGcesury  in  Moox'erin^  tlie  n 
reycuuo.  It  was  uiurv  employed  io  exacting  extraord i u ary  I 
The  ;K(ii7  waa  bound  to  recover  within  a  ywir  all  ndvann-a 
is  ((i^t  or  fo^nt'i  which  the  auiheddr  had  niadu.  ThctHj'  advi 
were  never  made  to  the  landholders  direct.  Tliey  weroinadn  th( 
the  pdiil  and  at  his  request  And  thoogh  the  persona  to  when 
advances  were  made  were  still  iosolveut  aud  required  further 
from  governuieiit,  thir  money  was  generally  rcstnuM  at  thu  cl( 
a  year  nud  if  tho  tubhriidr  cnose,  a  fresh  advam"*?  waa  made  U 
new  year.  The  j>nlil  frwjnently  furnished  cultivators  wilh  mnt 
Tccoveriiig  Ihomscives  by  lending  them  money;  if  thecaltjvata 
unworthy  of  this  indulgence  and'  failed  to  pay  back  tho  adv 
the7>fi/i7wa«  bonnd  to  make  it  good.  Under  this  system  o 
management  distrainta  were  rare.  If  a  temporary  hoblor  fflt 
fled  and  tho  rest  of  the  vilhigent  would  not  make  good  wli 
owed,  his  bnllocks  were  suld.  Government  never  sold  a  im'ru 
field  or  his  bullocke  though  a  miroi/tUir'tt  relations  might  ooCI 
ally  force  bim  to  part  wiUi  aonic  of  his  proporty  to  make  good 
which  they  bad  paid  to  govemraeat  on  nis  account.' 

There  were  local  varielit-s  in  tho  system  of  land  mnnag-emenl 
conditions  varied  with  the  cliBracl*r  of  thu  times  and  tho  chai 


'  Mi.  BIpUnstotje,  1819,  Edition  1672,  22.36. 


<EulIii4iii  1*1 


krar^l 


>occan  I 


POONA. 


831 


!  Pesbw^.  Till  tliu  boginuiojjf  of  Brttisb  rule  tlie  Feshwa 
fidbavr&v  {1761-1772)  was  remembered  with  affection  fur  liis 
noclertttioD,  and  Hakli^rim  B^pii  and  Naoa  FadoaTts  witli  respuct 
sr  their  maaterful  kDovrledgt*  torapcred  with  justioo  and  kindDCSM,' 
cultivalors  wuru  siiid  to  have  bc-un  in  a  atate  uE  oompariLtire 
Jrosperity  tiudLT  Pesihwa  MidharrAv  Ndrdyan  (1774-1790}  and 
cv!t  oi  ioriavr  pi-usjHtrity  ruiaaiaed.  iu  those  times  the  goreru- 
geat  colleeted  ita  reveuneB  throafib  its  uwd  ageiits  ;  tlia  tnaximum 
iha  land-tax  ws^d  fixed,  and  only  charged  on  lands  actually  under 
il1age;.whilH  reuitiisioiiii  were  made  i»  bad  aeaitons,  and  ia  cases  of 
eat  dintreda  huiiih  of  mmivy  wtre  advauoed  without  iiiter«st  or  on 
iriuiii^ratt.'  intort-st.  'ITio  rcvcauca  tluctuated  acoordJDg  to  the 
prosperity  of  the  country.' 

Botwet-u  177^  and  ISUO,  tho  ycom  of  tbe  admiuiatralion  of  N&db 

Inavis,  tho  inanng«inont  of  tfao  Petdiwit's  land  reveniie  was  perhaps 

[>rc  ufBoioiit  thtin  at  any  other  time.   The  nuimlalddra  or  aitbhfd'ira 

FBpe  chnsen  from   fnmilit>3  of  ehwactcr  and   reapec'labilitj'.      Tbe 

^CO  WBBt  given  to  trustworthy  persons  witbont  any  spctria.1   agrcu- 

it  as  to  tho  nmonnt  of  r«vftiiiie  thoir  chnrgo  would  supply.      On 

iicir  n[>[>[>intini^Jil  they  Homotim^i  though  not  nlnayM  piiid  »  portion 

if  the  ruveuFie  tn  the  treasury.      Kach   reoeired   a  deed  or  Manad 

tnjoining  thu  faithful  diaoharge  of  thoir  duty,  and  dirvctiug'  them  to 

tdopt  na  a  goidr>  a  separate  account  of  the  assets  and  expeosea  of 

llieir  clmr^c.     The  deed  or  s^tmtd  also  inatmctod  tliom   to  wnccrtaia 

rliat  collci'tionK  i>f  the  current  your  their  predeceasora  hati  made,  to 

predit  thcrii  for  the  charpM  in  proportion  to  tho  poHod  they  wore  in 

Ice,  and  ts  realiise  the  batauce  afler  taking  the   lat«  mdmlaUidr'a 

obnon-Ied^iotit  of  tbe  aiiiouilt  outsluiidiui^.     At  tho  same  time  the 

rmor  TiHimlafi/itr  rec(>!vod«Bn  order  directing  him   to  give  over  to 

lis  micressor  the  <'harg(>  of  tho  district  with  all  ita  forla,  ^arnBODs. 

tud  mu.'i^Ktncs,    to  tmnsfer  to  him  all  oollvctions  afttT  uuductmg 

"jwanCTs  (ir  chnrj^es  i]p  to  (he  period  uf  hisreinosal,  and  to  certify 

I  liiin  thu  amitiiut  »i  arrears  diip,   whethur  from   tho  district  land 

jveniieor  from  other  30iirc«8.    The  cominandanta  of  th»  forts  were 

Jso  ordored  to  place  themselrea  under  the  dirpctioa  of  tho  n»w 

\umtatddr,  and  ibo  bon^itary  dintricL  officers  or  zaminJdrs  were 

»iiiin(>d  to  aciiuaint  tho  new  miimlntitnr  willi  tho  rmourcoa  of  tboir 

bliurjifi-.      if    hi.s    (diitrgv  whi«  important  atid  coulainad    a    fort,    the 

fL^irly  \K%y  aud  tillowauve.i  of   a  mdfnMitiif  amuunted  lo  about  £430 

\}iri.  t-'tOO).     IF  h!»  <ihiirg(>   w»»  rich  hut  i-outaiued  uo   fort   his  pay 

lid  allowanrtts  amounted  lo  aboat  £2'K)  (Ra.  24O0).'    Whvu  a  Dew 

ii(£w)ia/d44r  came  to  liU  chargu,  if   it   waa  an   iinportaat  cliarge,  be 


Chapt^TIIL 

land- 

Hitrrouv, 

Tkt  Mardlhdi. 


•CapL  ItQbertina,  roflcntitT,  tut  May  tSW,  But  Initift  I'open  IV.  437 -4Hi  IM- 
frfmiAry  IKS.  Itoni.Ciw.  Ruv.Rtw.  IITol  I82A,  «9-00«. 
*I«Bii  Actxiuul.  rH20.TranR.  Bum.  Lit  Sac.  III.  2-27. 

*  Tbo  piy  nnil  nlhwaiiom  of  the  .SUiinor  <'turs«  wlik-h  hii)  a  fnrt  uul  yieldtd  » 
early  r«r<iiiii»  of  £10,^00  (ItH.  I.Oi.OOOl  Bmi>iint«il  tn  Ki.427D.  Tha  datub  worn 
ay  Ka.  lOOO,  a  pnlauqiim   1(>.  tWO.  oil   IIm.    18,  {Mtut^tiia  luniitarc   lU.  63,  ololk 

otal  h».  4279.     The  ael«ib    for  JaDnar.  wbicK  tmd    bo  hit  anit  yialiUd  £ll,57'i 
l.lii,740>,  ven<ray  Ra  2O0O.  cIwIIhh  Ra.tfl.  ludAnniiln  (n<nitur«  R*.  75,  fir*!*^-! 
375,    tola)    l{s.2»TI.      AmwoiIix    Ui    Mr.  <1iiplio'i  Report,  2PUi    Augnat    16£2 
iti«a  1677,  lU-Hti,  Gaat  lodH  fnixisiV.  «'_•;. 


rBoisiA^ 


332 


rusTKicrs. 


Chapter  Till, 
lud. 


found  two  Btris  of  locnl  heinyditary  officials,  one  set  called  fe< 
darakJ'irti'  becauao  they  were  partly  paid  by  local  fees,  Romo  o 
mere  dtHtxict  and  others  were  fort  olncerfl,  and  another  set  ki 
Inndlorda  or  r'imtn-/'ir«,  the  hereditary  EDporititunctuiit  or  dti 
and  the  bcreJitury  aooonntatu  or  ili-nliHtule  of  ft  gnrnp  of  v 
None  of  these  hereditary  officers  could  bo  dismissed  t>y  the  nni» 
Dor  coold  ho  cmplov  theia  uti  any  dotiea  except  those  whic 
Bp«cially  prcai^ribed  to  them.  Ilia  foe-mon  or  darakiiara  I 
nlla^  gronpH  and  of  fort«  received  their  pay  and  alia 
in  the  lanie  way  sa  the  mdmiatidr.  They  wcru  of  three 
auhha-niMhati  or  provincial,  mahdl  or  diTi^iona],  and  tttUn 
IfclongiDg  to  fortA  ;  in  the  provincial  staff  there  werij  besidet 
hdrhun»  or  clerUxj  eight  members,  the  miuiater  or  diviin-,  tho 
or  imujnmdiT,  the  registrar  or  fitdnaKta,  the  aocretorjr  or  da 
tho  irciovuror  or  points,  the  aaaay  clerk  or  potddr,  th« 
regutrar  or  $abhasad,  and  the  uader  Kocretary  or  chitu 
the  divtricl  or  provincial  fee-men  or  daraJtddn  the  chivf  i 
tninistor  or  dicdn  trho  ua  chief  factor  under  tha  nutmlatddr  e 
signed  all  letters  and  orders.  He  received  abonb£69  (Sa 
year  of  which  £3o  (lt«.  35V)  wore  j»y  and  £24  (Its.  240)  e 
or  kdrkuni.  The  oiiditor  or  nrnjumanr  approved  deeds  and  a 
before  they  vrvnt  to  tho  rc}^strar  or  fadnavia.  Ho  reoeii 
(Rs.  490)  of  which  £26  (Ra.  SSO)  were  i»ay  and  £24  (Ra.  tW 
expotisv«-  'ilie  rofrutrar  or  /adnacU  diitcd  ntl  deoda  aud 
prepared  a  daily  waste  book,  fastened  notes  to  the  monc 
dated  the  yearly  rillago  root  settlement,  and  brought  the  b 
hood-qaartors.  Uc  received  £61  (lis.  610)  of  which  £20  (1 
were  pay,  t9  (R«.  00)  altowaooes  for  assistants,  and  JC32  (fl 
cxpeuses.  The  aecretary  or  dafUird^r,  ,fjx>m  the  regiatnar*i 
book,  iiitulo  up  tho  ledger  and  sent  a  monthly  abatract  U 
(]uartere.  He  received  *28  (R«.  280)  of  which  £16  (Ra.  151 
pay,  11  (Rs.  10)  for  cluthea,  and  £12  (Rs.  120)  for  Bxpenao 
treasurer  or  ;}(i/niV  kept  a  r&cord  of  collec-tious  and  iho  bal 
cash,  and  helped  iu  writing  the  waste  book  sud  the  lodgi 
rocrived  £15  (Rs.  150)  of  which  £13  (Ra.  130)  wcro  pay 
(Rs.  20)  expenat-a.  The  assay-clerk  or  jwtddr,  of  whoi 
were  always  two,  examined  the  coins.  Tlicy  received  £21  f 
bntwoen  them.  The  pettv  rogiabw  or  Mbheisad  kept  a  ro( 
petty  Buita  and  reported  them  to  the  mdmlntdiir.  He  recoi 
(Ra.  2&0).  The  uudor-secruUiry  or  cAitnis  wrote  and  i 
deapotchea.  He  received  £17  (IU  170]  nfwfaicb  £12  (R«.  1 
pay,  £1  (R«.  10)  wore  for  clothes,  and  £4  {He.  40)  wero 
The  twelve  clerks  or  hirkuns  had  nn  ovem)»o  pay  of  £20  ( 
If  any  of  them  wimt  to  1ieai]-<ju&rtors  for  the  aadit  of 
lie  wan  paid  £.35  (Rn.  3-^0)  extra.  Each  division  or  village 
called  makiit  or  I'trn/,  had  three  revenu©  ofBcera,  «de 
havAlddr,  an  auditor  or  nm/uaiddr,  aud  a  registmr  or  / 

■Theft^-mra  at  danriddrA  w«re  macnlly  thcmiih  not  alwayi  fcvredft 
Kh-liiurtojie,  1619,  Edltioi.  1S72,  23. 

■iDioma  tracts  there  w«re  no  h«Mdit*ry  ttutriol  o<H««ni.     In  mrU  pi 
dntiM  wore  puttirmtA  bjr  the  tot-^acah  or  Jamidart.     ArpeaAix  U>  Mr 
Beport  gf  18S3.  B^litioD  ISH.  ]»  ;  Stat  Intli*  F->p«n>  IV.  631 . 


Deecsn-I 


POONA 


and  four  militia  or  ahilandi  ofTicora,  the  otham-navU,  the  registrar 
or  a*ham-Jadnavi»,  tho  rull-mwttci-  or  haxiri-navitt,  luiil  tho  secretary 
or  aahant'daftanidr.  Of  thu  thrc-u  roTcnno  officers  the  deputy 
or  hi t'ai<l4r  xande  axui  romitted  colleotiontt  and  inqainHl  into  petty 
complaints.  Bc-sidca  on  anccrtuin  sum  for  oxpoosoa  or  /idrkttnij 
ho  recoivoa  £29  (118.290)  of  which  £20  (R8.200)  were  pay,  £5 
(lis.  bO)  vrcro  for  oil,  ti  *>9.  (R«.  23)  for  na  Mfti«taot,  and  £1  14s. 
(lt«.  17)  for  clothes.  The  divisional  anditor  or  mahdt  mtyutndar 
had  on  a  email  scniu  tlio  Kano  <liitit>s  tw  tbu  proriiicial  aucliUtr. 
He  received  about  £35  (Ra.350)  of  which  £10  (Ra.  100)  were 
pay,  nii<l  about  £25  (lis.  250)  allowaTi<;<.-!iL  Tho  divisional  ro^i.strnr 
or  mahiil  fadnavia  bad  dntiea  cxirnis ponding  to  the  dutit-a  of  thu 
prurincial  regutmr.  He  rocoivod  about  £37  (Ra.  1)70]  of  which  £1 2 
<Ra,  120)  were  pay,  and  about  £25  (K&  250)  wer«  allowauccs.  Of 
tbe  four  militia  or  thihandi  oRicera  tho  atkam'nairia  kept  n  roll 
showing  each  man's  namo  family  name  and  village,  his  aniiB,  and 
his  pay.  tfo  received  £o3  (Ra.  530)  of  which  £25  (Ks.  250)  were 
pay,  t7  {Ra.  70)  were  for  oil  and  an  umbrolia,  and  £21  (R»,  210) 
for  ox|kunse8.  The  militia  registrar  or  asUttm-fadnavtii  kept  tbo 
aocoonta,  and,  if  there  was  no  muster-maHter,  wrote  oat  the  muHtcra. 
He  rooeiTL'd  £;J0  (Ha.  300)  of  which  £20  (Rs.  200)  wenii  for  p&j  and 
£10  (lU.  lUO)  for  expeoseB.  llie  ninstbM--niaster  or  hiinri-ruvnt 
mnstored  and  made  out  the  abstracts.  The  inilitAry  Hccret«ry  or 
attham-'ififlarihir  made  ont  tho  militia  lodg«r-book.  Ho  received 
£27  (lU.  370)  o£  which  £15  {R«.  loO)  were  for  pay  oud  £12<IJ«.  130) 
for  exiienaes.  To  all  furts  of  any  size  a  staff  uf  nix  ciril  oHiciaU  was 
■Ititchcd;  »  Adi-(il<I»ror  deputy-ciomiQandnQt,a«arfi'iH^/orafi»istaat 
deputy,  an  accountant  or  aabnit,  a  registrar  or  /ad«avi»,  a  store- 
Icooper  or  fadnovia  of  stores,  and  a  clerk  or  kdrkuH.  Tbe  deputy 
oomraandant  or  havalddr  arraDgcd  all  guards  and  patrols  and  gave 
loaro  to  people  to  go  out  and  iu.  He  received  £36  (R«.  360}  as  pay. 
The  assisUut  deputy  or  sarnauhat  wiifl  u  iider  the  deputy  and  superin. 
tonded  public  workit :  he  received  £21  (Hs.  210)  pay.  1  he  accountant 
QT  aabnui  wrutv  out  the  gurriaou  accuuut«  and  reported  eulistnwntii 
and  di»cbargo«.  Hia  pay  was  £22  (Rs.  220).  Tho  registrar  or 
/adnnvU  dated  and  certified  the  occoimta  and  kept  a  record  of 
receipts  and  pnytneatB.  He  received  £19  (Rh.  190).  A  alorekcoper 
or /iidntteif  ot  atoros  waa  eoaietitnes  kopt  on  £16  (Rs.  Iiki).  The 
writer  waa  paid  £10  (Ra.  100).  In  addition  to  their  pay  and  allow- 
ances these  feO'inen  or  daruhlart  had,  according  to  their  rank,  a 
following  of  A  certain  number  of  mililianien,  and  those  who  were 
connoctL-d  with  forta  mode  porouatoges  in  supplying  wood,  betel> 
and  other  articlee. 

When  n  mimlaiddr  was  appointed  to  a  new  district  he  cither  went 
bimself  or  sent  his  agent  or  hiThhiiri  to  tsko  over  chargu  from  the 
former  mivdatddr.  He  next  Hnmmonod  tho  dintrict  horeditwy 
ofTIcers  or  tamin^art  and  the  heads  of  villages,  each  of  v^m, 
according  to  rule,  fnmi  the  di\8hmuith  or  district  superintendeut  nnd 
the  drshpands  Or  the  diatrict  accoantnnt  to  the  «Ar<  mahajan  or 
aldrrmou  and  the  village  mtilcddam  or  headman,  paid  his  respecta 
and  pn-scntcd  thu  noW  innmltilil&r  with  nn  ofTcring  or  nazar.  At 
llii»  ivcupUou  tbe  iiuimlaldiiv  UcliTctcd  lo  the  district  ofBcurs  tbo 


Chapter  Vni 

lAItd. 
HisniaY. 


Chiipt»VIII. 

Lutd. 

HUTOKV. 

TUJtanUJM. 


1 


boii(l-()uai'tcrH'  mand&tc  enjoiDinj^  obedience  to  Iiisanthoritf .  Wlaqi 
tlie  reception  vras  ovor  the  niamlaldiir  transnciod  busino«a  iu  oOw 
whiob  wns  Lsually  attended  by  the  district  euperintenJeats  aod 
occooDtants  or  bjr  their  depatiea.  The  district  EUperintendE'st  w 
fUtkmiJtk  and  bis  people  helped  ia  the  ^noral  mauageiueut  of  the 
rereniK'  and  the  district  acvouutaot  or  tteghpdnde  ruriiittbiHl  n-cordi 
and  kept  »ii  ii<-cou»c  of  the  collections.*  Hia  clork  wrote  aU 
requisiiious  to  the  villagers  which  were  dat«d  and  sigoml  in  doB 
form  by  «ume  ■>(  tlio  fee-men  or  J/iraJcddrK  and  couGrmed  b^  the 
mamlntiidr.  Whou  tUo  hoiMii  o(  villages  wero  preseuc  an  accoom 
of  oBoh  villa^  wat  drawn  up  and  oigued  by  the  heudmiui  anA 
ocooDntODl,  and  oouDtonngnod  by  Lhc  out^iuf;  mdrntatdiir.  Wbea 
this  vna  fiaished  a  Atatctnent  of  the  actuals  of  the  paftt  year  was 
made  roady  and  sent  to  hcad-qnurtcrs  by  the  mdmlntcUir'a  a^vnl. 
Next  an  estimate  or  ajmdn  of  the  next  year's  refioarcee  wad  prepaivd. 
The  tritditionsl  total  runttti  wKuthnr  Mnlih  Ainbar'a  lan-hKa  t>r  tba 
MarAtba  htmiit  was  entered,  and  from  it  was  taken  the  valoo  of  all 
rcnt-grantB  or  tiuijns,  Tho  balance  formed  the  ain  jama  or  raguhe 
receipts  a8  opposed  to  ithituya  or  cxtraii  which  included  cfxib 
£uin8>  fine^,  aad  proHunt*.  ^ 

Under  tho  b(Mtd  of  charges  camo  pormnnont  military  and 
allowanooH  and  revenue  afisig^montc,  cost  of  catablitihrnonl'S,  pajcf 
militia  and  meueogem,  and  religions  and  cbarituble  allowaneoL 
The  balanco  was  then  Btructc  nnd  divided  into  two  part«j  one  \a 
bo  forwarded  to  governnicnt  tho  other  to  ho  kept  in  fiaad.  Tiia 
amount  to  bo  Kout  to  guvemiQeot  was  Bxod  with  reference  to  tlu 
remittances  of  the  previons  year  with  such  changes  aa  tho  characTcr 
a£  the  season  made  necessary.  Part  of  tho  amount  du«>  to 
goreroment  was  usually  paid  in  advance  .in  Jaly  or  Anguat-.  llu 
rest  was  divided  into  three  or  four  tnatMlmonta,  tho  pAvinii-nt  J 
which  was  not  vciy  uniform.  The  share  of  the  revenue  which  «M 
kept  in  hand  was  on  account  of  iotor^t  dno  by  gov«rnini>nlM 
advances,  premium  paid  £or  bills  of  ejtchnngo  or  remi  ttiuicos.  ncK 
allowance's  granted  during  the  year,  and  remissioiiB  for  dostniclion 
of  crops  or  oiher  contingencies.  The  nuiinUiMtir  was  cujoint-d  not 
to  hold  back  any  ilom»  which  could  be  recovered  and  wbioli 
beloTiged  to  government  and  to  take  care  thai  all  produce  stales  wem 
nmdi^  at  the  season  when  the  best  prices  wore  likely  to  be  8»cural 
After  tbeao  furmalitieH  the  estimate  was  approved  by  tho  mini&tec 
and  confu'mcd  by  the  Pushwa'ii  aign  manual.  A  copy  vas  tbci 
doliverod  to  the  mdinlatJtlr.  In  Rome  part^  of  tho  district 
espocirtlly  noiir  the  NiaiSiu's  poBsessions,  the  lands  were  fannod  frod 
year  to  year.  Ahivtemcnts  were  granted  to  the  farmer  on  nccounl 
of  tho  charges  of  rhe  government  offiocr^  aud  of  charitiiblu  atn! 
religious   allowances.      He  was  madu  to  promise  that  he   wonb 


^  JJnitit  Xdiia  KadnaviB  tho  tlutiat  «f  the  duitrict  ocHiitntant  or  •IfMipttnth  < 
take  from  cncli  *iUk^ ftcoiiunliuit  I'l  liisulinrgs  j  Htntttnantof  the  villngu  mdwi. 
tlio  rnlaw  <>(  riMKNaTncnt  in  hia  villogiMuiil  from  thcau  ivtuniil  l^i  (Inw  up  comuualill 
&l>rin<;U  ■licwioB  how  ttio  ilirlailii  «r  tlic  current  vcat  dUTum)  frmo  Utu«e  of  |br  yH 
Morr.     TbuxM  difTcniaccs  be  bail  t«  oxiiUm  Co  tho  ntriritfatdiir.    Eut  IrnAa  Pifai 


ri.  631. 


I 


rOOKA. 

Icccp  back  noDO  of  tbesc  payments,  and  an  assurauoo  woa  given 
tbftt  ID  the  event  of  any  calamity  he  should  receive  the  luual 
consiOcnitiou.  As  ro^urdu  tbu  relations  of  tho  m<imintiidrK  nilh 
the  people  the  mnmUtdart  managed  their  chnrgeR  throogh  tho 
licrvditury  ofBccrs  nnd  iho  vilUgo  lioKlnioD  iliiJ  ncconDtaats. 
Id  onob  village  the  mdrntutitiir  examined  the  jamin  jhiiiln  or 
register  of  tnada,  tho  ntcL-ipt^  mid  c)i»r|^M  ol'  thu  past  year, 
and  the  present  state  o£  cultivation.  He  called  for  accounts 
of  tho  particular  liolJs  under  tillage,  aticortaiucd  whether 
they  grow  dry-crop  garden  produou  or  rice,  irfaetbcr  they  ■were 
tillod  by  hereditary  or  by  tempomry  holders,  whether  they  were 
held  at  a  fixed  contract  rent  or  on  a  lenso.  Ho  learned  from  the 
Tlllige  and  district  officers  what  nrra  of  amblo  Innd  lind  become 
fellow  and  why  it  bad  bocomo  fidlow.  If  ncccssnry  be  appiOint^d 
n^^iits  to  proEuotci  cnltivatioo  in  particular  villages  and  oiupuwered 
these  agents  to  grant  leaaes  for  thu  tiling  of  wiuiuj  lands,  or  made 
mob  ooDCMsions  to  the  heads  of  villages  as  ic  their  opinion  ivould 
persuade  tbe  people  to  enlarge  tho  area  under  tiling.  He  also  by 
adraoces  or  reini^isious  belpetl  the  people  to  buy  seed  or  cattle.  In 
fixing  tbe  rent  wttlement  or  ^'iiHw'/iflHfii  of  a  village,  particulars  of 
the  cultivation  were  entered  aud  i£  aece&eary  checked  by  on  actual 
inspsctioa  of  the  lands.  With  tho  help  of  the  beadnaen  and  tho 
accouDtaote  the  whole  of  the  villa^  Lands  were  entered  and  all 
f^raiits  were  deducted.  The  rest  was  divided  into  waste  and 
cultivated,  aud  the  uultivated  area  was  divided  into  dry-land  and 
garden.  It  was  stated  nhetlier  t.h»  gardeo  was  watered  by  wells 
or  by  wntorcour!sii«,  and  whether  it  was  held  by  hereditary  or  by 
temporary  buabanduien.  Tbc  details,  tho  rates  of  usscsainent,  and 
Uie  produce  of  the  whole,  jvere  shewn,  together  with  the  Itema  of 
tbo  different  ctwscs.  From  Ibo  gross  assets  or  jama  wcro  taken 
tbe  ntnounta  duo  to  district  and  villa-ge  ofiicem,  tho  village 
charges  and  tho  pormanoDl  aaslgnmeuts  on  the  village  revenue. 
The  balance  formed  the  settlement  or  heriz.  Krom  the  setttemont 
in  some  cases  a  satn  for  ofiicial  expeuttos  or  Jarb<!r  iihanrk  was 
takoD,  and  in  others  for  grantees  and  alienees  to  whom  cortain 
shares  in  the  village  revenue  hatl  boea  &«ai^aed.  When  all  these 
dcmandtt  were  adjusted  what  waa  left  was  aont  to  the  pablio 
treasury  by  instalments  in  November  Deoember  and  January. 
Tbo  inatalments  seem  not  to  have  been  flxod  according  to  aoy 
uniform  scale.  They  dopondod  a  good  deal  on  tho  agreement 
between  tbe  mdmlatddr  and  tbe  villngor»,  and  oa  the  time  at  which 
tbe  BOttlonient  n&s  concluded.  If  tbo  settlement  was  not  made  till 
(be  year  was  far  advaoeed,  the  same  instalments  were  paid  as  in 
the  post  season  and  tho  aaioont  was  adjastod  when  tbe  rent 
Bettlemont  was  nnded. 

The  following  were  the  proportions  in  which  rents  wore  collected 
ftt  differcQt  datea.  In  villages  which  bad  both  an  early  or  kharif 
aod  a  late  or  rain  crop,  tho  first  or  D<i*ara  instalment  was  toriod  in 
October  or  Axhvin.  Tbe  amount  was  small.  In  Kiirtik  that  is 
November  twoDty.five  per  cent  of  the  revenue  bc<'nme  paynblopn 
Jaouarv- February  twenty-five  per  cent  more;  ia  Febnmry  -  March 
twentylfive  per  cent,    ami    the  remainder    in    March. April.     In 


Chapter  VW 
Laad- 

Hnvmar. 
TAt  MarOlhai 


IBomtev  Gi 


336 


>1STRICTS 


•VIIL 

lASd- 

Umtdiit. 

The  MartUltd: 


Titla^s  which  hotl  a  small  early  hftrvwt  nnd  a  heavy  late  bftrn 
tli«  early  instalmeoto  M'ere  lightened  and  about  ono-balF  wia  k 
for  the  afarcb-April  paymcut.    On  the  other  hand  in  villages wli 
harvest  was  chioflj  of  early  crops  the  early  iDstahnonts  irera 
heaviest.    TIil-  villuge  collections  were  gener&llr  begun  eigbt 
t4)D  day8  bflforo  the  aaie  fixed  for  sending  the  instalment   to 
mAml^dAr,    If  from  special  circumatances  reute  were  difficalti 
rcalixo,  the  mamUtldar  Forbore  from  preesing  the  people.     VtUi 
rentA  woro  often  partly  paid  by  oruera  or  kavdtds  on  bankfl 
similarly  the  hoabandmon  paid  the  headman  by  ordera;  and 
gcnvrul  wiLS  ihh  practice  thac   not   more    (ban   one>fourtb  of 
revonne  was  paid  uireclly  in  caah. 

Though  as  a  rule  the  distribution  of  the  asseflsment  among 
Tillaff(*H  wan  made  by  tlie  headman  and  village  accountaot, 
mdi^alddr,  if  be  doubtod  cither  the  hooeety  or  Uio  autboHly  »{ 
headman,  might  dialribute  theasMsament  among  the  villngori«i^it 
himself  or  by  an  agent.  All  local  coins  wore  accepted  iu  paymeni 
tho  govorament  does.  But  if  they  fell  much  below  the  propor-n 
an  additions)  ccr^  or  allowunco  was  levied.  In  collecting  am 
oonsidorabtc  indulgcnre  was  shewn.*  If  tho  exaction  of  arrears  ' 
likely  to  cripple  a  ringbnndmnri  ho  that  he  could  not  till  Kis  land, 
demand  wns  pat  off  till  the  next  ycuir  or  it  was  cancelled.  It  wis 
practice  for  the  miiml.aUhir  to  grant  rtiCcipt  s  for  all  formal  paym«i 
ont  as  a  rule  the  village  accoantanta  gave  the  hnflb«Qdme&{ 
receipt^.'  At  tho  end  of  tho  year,  after  all  the  collections  had  h 
made,  tho  mdml-atddr  dolirered  to  the  Tillagors  a  demand  coUeci 
and  balance  acconnt  showing  the  original  rent  settlement,  inclaj 
alt  bruDcho)  of  rcTcnue  both  in  money 'and  kind  except  the  sed 
Bcrvico  or  atitast  itemR,  the  remittances  that  had  been  mada  tai 
treasory,  and  tb«  charges  that  were  admitted.  In  exchange  fori 
he  took  a  voucher,  in  the  handnriting  of  the  village  aoooantanti 
signed  by  the  headman,  of  the  actual  receipt«  and  disbaraemd 
together  with  a  copy  of  the  vatiul  baki  or  balance  account. 
vouchers  given  in  actnowlodgment  of  remittances  wore  then  rooei 
back  by  the  mimlntdiiT  and  deposited  among  the  divisional  recoi 
Tho  chief  items  of  extra  rcvonuo  or  thimya  jamt  which 
m<imlatddr  entered  in  the  public  accounts  were  :  amarrinTe  ts 
lagan  tnkka,  a  romarriago  tax  or  p<{£  dam,  thithi  nioadfo,  Jil 
gunhegdri,  nazar,  karki,  karz  ehautndi,  and  baUanmdt.  ^M 

At  tho  cIoBu  of  tho   year,  either  the  mamlaiddr   him!«o1f   ap 
registrar  or  secretary  delivered  tho  following  accoimta  into  bq 

rirters  :  tbo  jnahdlki  jhadii  or  rough  statement  of  receipts  I 
rgea;  tho  rout  settlemeatof  each  Tulago  with  the  sigDatur««ofi 
hereditary  district  officors;  a  master-roll  of  tho  militia  and 
receipts  for  their  pay;  an  eslablishmeat  list  or  nK'tRj(i6la  wil{ 
record  of  absentees ;  a  statemont  of  receipts  of  penaions  | 
allowano^B  ;  a  euBUmiB  contitu;t ;  a  list  of  articles  supplied  to  fol 
and  a  statement  of  official  cxiwuses  or  darhdr  kharch. 


t  Appendix  to  Mr.  Chaplin'*  Kcimrt,  SfHti  Anguit    IS22  (Ed.  IS771.  144- 1 
li»di»RLpe«.  rV.  MM -«35,  A-W. 


B0Gaa>1 


POONA. 


33 


At  head-qoArters  these  aofiotints  wero  oomparod  with  thppslimftte 
ch  hani  been  framed  at  the  liej^iaiiiiix  o£  the  year.  If  the  statcmeiils 
aed  and  the  fnll  rovenuo  was  i-ti!ili%4.>'l ,  tbo  clii<?f  olork  rend   Iheui 
>ver  to   the    Peshwa   and    they    were   jMissed.     If   there  were  any 
liffereiic^s  in  detuil  between  the  Gsttiiist^s  Mid  the  iictuaU  a  tiileb'ind 
>r  variation  statement  was  prepared.     If  tho  varintiona  resetted  in 
I  failure  of  revenue,  unleiia  tbe  manUatddr  was  u  confidential  sorruoi, 
la  inquiry  was  mado  aud  if  neoeasary  thg  vnamlatiinr  was  called  on 
pay  the  differences.     If  a  vMmUildir,  by  paj'ing  the  rercnno  in 
kdvanc«  and  failiiif:;  to  roatixd  tbe  whole  of  it  or  by  being  forced  i<i 
fia  a  tjpecial  body  of  militJatneQ   to  keep  the  peace,  spcut  more 
ho  luul    r«cpivod,  auhjocl   to    certain  aumlt  dedacttuu9,  thu 
^vemment  f^ranted   interest  at  twelve  per    cent  a   y$ar  on    the 
paiQonnt  which  stood  at  tho  immJaldiir's  credit. 

The  particular  points  to  which  the  attention  of  the  heml-qiiarter 

"Hcvra  was  directed,  woro  to  collect  from  time  to  time  balancoa  duo 

mdm/a/(itir^ ;  to  inqnire  iato  aud  redress  complaints;  Co  mako 

Lrrangcments  for  eetablisbing  the  authority  of  gorernment  in  an^ 

'''net   where    it    might    bo  disputed;    aud  to    Buporiut«ud  tho 

i/nMdrVadininistrationof  ci (11  and crirDinal  justice,  who  generally 

Iicted  all  sort  of  capital  punishinentti  without  a  refei-euco  to  lieau- 

larters. 

Mumiaidnrs  vera  seldom  removed  for  petty  faults.     Many  of 

liein  remained  thirty  or  forty  yeara  In   the  charge,  and  on   tlmir 

|eobh  wero  succoodcd  by  their  Bona.    So  too  thoftsctueaort^traA'ddrtt 

sre  cot  remorabln  oxcfljit  for  iniscondaet  and  the  office  fro(|u<>ntly 
icH  frum  (iithur  to  huh.     I&ii  iibargo  of  miitcouduct  was  brought 

ninsl  a  mamlaldar  iho  a«;user  was  required  to  givo  security  that 
would  prove  tho  charge.  If  bo  proved  tho  charge  he  wan 
awarded  ;  if  the  uharge  soemod  to  have  been  bouestly  brought  and 
fcto  mamlixLhit'ii  coudnct  seemed  doubtful,  tho  iaformor  waa  allowed 
to  go  without  punishment;  and  if  tbo  cbargo  seemed  grouwllesa, 
the  informer  forfeited  htji  security.  Chargea  of  misconduct  werw 
^mn.1.     The  MurAlhAo  diHliked  informcra  aud  niado  sport  of  tbt-ra 

lling  Iheui  Tankar  VafU  or  Mr.  Thief. 

The  revenue  functiona  of  the  mimlaiddrg  differ  little  from  Ihoea 
which  have  been  already  dt'^MTibod  aa  belonging  to  the  time  beforo 
Ml^  Faduavii).  The  tndmlatdtiT*  woro  expected  to  promote  the 
improvement  of  the  oouutry,  to  protect  all  classes  from  oppreasioo, 
to  diapeuso  civil  justice,  and  to  auperiutend  the  police.  They  wero 
not  forbidden  from  taking  any  advantage  they  could  irovi  trade  or 
from  lending  uionoy  at  iiitoroet,  and  they  wera  oftea  connected 
with  the  money  lenders  who  advanced  part  of  tho  revenucn  of 
villager.  Sucb  a  a>nnoctioa  must  oftcu  have  becu  prejudicial  to 
tbe  people,  but  under  Nina's  maooffQment  abuses  were  restrained 
witUia  narrow  liiuita.  Tlic  ^Hltageoeadmeii  and  uccoantants  had 
tbo  immediate  duty  of  superintending  the  cnltJTatioD  aud  of  seeing 
that  it  waa  kept  up  to  tlio  aanni  stAiidard.  If  there  waa  any  falling 
off  owing  to  the  death  or  emigration  of  hereditary  holders,  the  other 
hereditary  holdei-a  wore  cxjk'cUsI  fo  cultiviito  tho  (leldif  whtcli  were 
given  up.     If  the  falUug  off  waa  due  to  tho  porertj  of  temporary 


Owptw  VIII 

Land- 

llisnoBv. 

Tht  ilardtitdi. 


[Bombay  Oi 


338 


DISTRICTS 


ChAptM-  VTH. 
Hmomr. 


mine: 

1 


holden,  it  was  the  duty  of  the  headman  to  persnada  others  to  | 
the  vnciuit  laud.  Tu  help  htiu  to  peniu»di.i  people  to  take  up  ni 
ihe  headman  vraa  allowed  to  make  trifling  abatemeots  of  | 
But  if  Qsy  great  or  ouusuiil  rcductioa  was  requirvnl,  ho  hai 
apply  for  sanction  to  the  7niimlatddr.  The  headmeu  and  accoant 
funnsbod  all  tbo  village  accontit*  to  the  tadmluhiarf  aooMti 
through  the  hereditary  district  officers  and  sometimes  diroct. 
country  towns  thu  culloction  of  the  faoaseaiul  other  uon-agricall 
MSBCa  was  entra^tcd  to  aldermen  und  heada  of  Iho  commnnitie: 
mercfaantH  mill  oniftHinon.  In  the  KmaUer  towaa  theae  coll 
were  uukdu  by  the  Tillage  hoadtiuui  aud  acconnlant. 

The  rent  settlement  or  jamdlamii  of  tbe  Tillages  ttos 
the  vidmtafdiim.  lu  tnahing  the  individDal  settlement  the  ril 
h«n<1niE!ii  ii(l(I(;(l  to  tlio  roil  i«cttlemeDt  the  Hum  deducted  in 
Ih'imv  yddi  on  account  of  village  chargeM  aud  other  expenses, 
diatribiitod  the  whole  auion^  tlio  people.'  A  ny  doEcieucy  that  m 
arise  in  distributing  tho  settlement  was  made  R^d  by  a  lec 
lory  or  paltt.  It  even  after  tlio  Hocond  levy  a  detictency  rean& 
the  amonnt  was  raised  by  a  loan  from  a  moDcyleudur.  The  I 
WM  somctimos  repaid  by  a  npecii^  ccsa  or  patti  in  tho  foltuf 
year,  or  if  this  waa  Ulcoly  to  cuusc  distress,  the  mdmiaUliir  got  l| 
to  remit  an  cqnat  amonnt  to  enable  tho  villagera  to  liquidato' 
debt.  If  thw  loNn  wart  Ui^c,  this  wtu  tho  u«<unl  course  ;  if  it 
amal),  the  iuhabitanta  themselves  usually  agreed  to  make  it  gi 
Tho  first  innbalmfiatt  of  tho  rcToauo  were  collected  before 
BettJemont  was  made,  according  to  the  individual  payments  of 
preoodicg  year,  and  comtidcrublo  indulgence  was  ohown  in  oxad 
balances  who»e  realization  was  likely  lo  caune  sevora  pressure. 
regards  the  local  charges  od  the  village Tcvonno  the  amouuia  c 
sanctioned  were  continued  without  fi^h  instructions  until  resun 
The  permanent  yearly  Tillage  charges  wore  also  incurred  on 
authority  of  the  headman  und  accoantantibatexoessiredisbareeaM 
wure,  when  ascertained,  retrenched  and  brought  to  the  pa 
aciiount.  IE  a  village  fell  into  arrears,  lands  thrown  up  by 
holder  or  left  waste  were  s&metimes  sold  and  tnumferrcu 
hereditary  tenure  to  othM*  holders.  Petty  (^narrela  among 
villagers  as  far  as  possiblo  were  settled  by  the  htjadmen  | 
accountants.  Etcept  when  they  were  serious  and  tho  mdml/UA 
authority  was  required,  disputes  about  land  wore  i!6ttlvd  on  the  si 
The  petty  village  officors  ur  ttaluliddra  received  their  asniU  | 
from  the  villagers  for  whom  they  performed  the  (nistoinary  eerril 
These  potty  uflieers  could  not  bo  removed  by  tho  headman  I 
accountant.  If  tliey  wore  guilty  of  grnve  misconduct,  tho  ms| 
waa  represented  to  the  w(im/(i/<Mr  who  punished  or  dismissed  | 
offenders.  At  the  end  of  tbo  year  wlivn  the  hoadman  and  acconnll 
rendered  returns  of  receipts  and  charges  and  received  a  twlnnci! 
jama  rimul  hdki  atatonicut,  tho  mdmlalihtr  presented  thorn  with, 
honorary  dress  or  »hirj>dv.    It  was  not  usual  for  tho  headman  i 


can.] 


POONA. 


339 


onntaDt  to  grant  landlioldera  any  reoeipt  for  their  payments, 
lie  relations  betircen  them  made  sach  a  security  unnecessary.' 

Under  the  system  irhich  lias  been  here  described,  irith,  as  a  role, 
OOD  of  ability  and  poaition  in  char^  of  the  same  districts  for  long 
~rms  of  ye&ra,  aut3  vrith  the  provision  that  tho  weif^bt  of  all  general 
Jnraities  and  of  most  minor  loHges  sbould  fall  on  tho  gavorument 
id  not  on  the  people,  in  spite  of  the  terrible  period  of  distress 
iiised  by  the  ^miinoof  1792,  the  bulk  of  the  Innaholdera  remained 
thoir  hereditary  estates  till  the  cIoko  of  the  oigbteentb  century.* 

Early  in    the    Qinetosnth    century  tho    VAeting    of  the  district 

Holkar  in  1802  and  the  failure  of  tho  late  raina  of  I^O;}  caused 

movouB  diatrces.    For  a  yenp  or  two  the  assesemont  foil  to  about 

DDo-fourth.^    At  the  close  of  1302  whon    the  diiwrd<>rs  among  the 

larJithfis  had  reduced  the  country  to  &  desert,  the  Peshwa  saved 

is  paasesaiona  from  futare  desoUtion  "by  placing   himself   nnder 

Intish  protection.     So  great  was  the  secority  which  acoempaRied 

^e  transfer  of  tbe  sovereign  rights  to  the  Jtritieh.  that,  within  a 

»w  years,  the  Peshwa  was  able  to  collect  as  large  a  revenae  as 

athedeBtmetioooflSOSand  1803.*    Partly  nppnrcntly  from  the 

lered  state  into  whioh  the'  miseries  of  lHO'i  had  thrown  the 

mnna^ment  of  tho  oonntry ;  partly  perhaps  booaaso  tho  support  of 

'le  British  to  a  great  extent  made  it  indiCferont  to  him  whether  the 

eople  wore  contented  or  wore  discontented,  Biljiritv  gave  up  the 

rrmor    attempt     to    improve    the   country    by    securing   men   of 

JDOur  and  position  to  admioister  it»  revenues,  and  to  prevent 

air  misconduct  by  compbcatod  cht-cks.     In  its  stead  ho  introdnced 

lie  pmotiee  of  fanuiug  tbu  revenue  for  short  terms  to  the  highest 

udder ,"    Tho  now  ^«toin  had  the  two  grMt  advantagca  of  rolioviag 

w  central  govommont  of  a  groat  maaa  of  labour  and  reepoosibility, 

id  of  trausforring  a  great  part  o£  the  loss  from  failare  of  crops 

id  other  causes  from  tbo  stiilc  to  the  revonno  contnictor  and  to  the 

ciple.     According  to  Hr.  Elphiustone  the  changes  introduced  by 


ChaptwVUL 
Laid.    M 
nunuiT. 

3V  ifanUAtU. 


)  Atipendix  to  Mr.  Chaplin 'b  RcgKirt  of  aotli  Ancnst  1822,  GU.  1877,   144-  IBS  uut 
lut  tadih  PHpen  IV.  (I»4-fi3(5. 
'  CupUm  Rohurtinii .  lit  M.iy  181*0,  Kut  ImlU  Papon  IV,  434. 

*  Bum.  liav.  Ki-v.  K«i.  C'J8  of  IKSU,  S5, 
I  *  Bom.  tiat.  Hcv.  Kec  A08  of  IS36,  8^.    The  inenrvi^iu  of  iilundcnog  umioa  snd 

^  mnaetaion  of  caliunitoiia  atanoiu  hul  oeirlj' ilvpopuJAteil  the  Ir;>)li[iiiraub-diviak>ii 
vbon  iu  ISO?  tha  viU>,g*s  vera  ro-aatakllahad  on  taal  or  iittlta  lat»e»  proriding 
for  a  j-oorly  Uicnuo  of  revtnoe  till  Ui«  ninth  jrekr  when  tho  (nil  Utntha  (kamdl  T) 
rat«a  waro  to  b«  talian.  Thl«  Mitlenunt  only  iiutiklly  ■-nccocdciJ.  A  farther  l«m 
«■■  ftddod  t«  tho  Imuh  diiriaa  tii«  Qurroncj' ol  uhich  the  war  broke  out  and  the 
PoocMi  Ml iato  thvliHidi  oIUieBritUli.     buiri.  Uov,  R«v.  Hko.  066  of  IS3C,  «-;. 

*  Soon  kfWr  Bijiriv  bvouw  FMbwa,   the  iTitoiii   of  oollc«tiiijt  reT«Du«  Umncb 

Evonunent  agenU  Wfte  htd  Mide  and  tli&t  of  iiu-miDg  tha  rer«auea  trom  year  (oyov 
ttaoMghcM  bidder  waculoplcd.  All  interconne  bntveeo  the  goneraBcnt  and  tha 
landhotdon  ccaaod,  mad  tha  landholdera  fell  iota  tlie  faanda  of  a  i«b  <rf  gn*dy  and 
nnpnniniilcd  oontnoton;  Tha  oaueqaencea  war*  oertain.  Ths  aratncton  nada 
li«  DiMt  of  thetr  Ic^Ma  by  every  tMnporaiy  ttxparitatnt ;  the  bubsDdinao  vera 
nwged  to  cultimta  beyond  tluur  ni«uui,  and  taxed  foi  lamds  not  oven  eolttTatad; 
reniJMion*  wara  not  made  tn  time*  at  calamity.  The  pecjila  beoame  load  la  tbctr 
oofaplointe  aoaimt  tbo  prinoe  wlio  thus  abendoited  tkein  i  and  nlttmatcly  thorc  vara 
^aquent  i]e&te*lIoiu  of  reveuua,  Ironi  tho  contraoton  boiiu  ankhle  to  rcAlicc  tbair 
a.     Dr,  CMta*  AoMoat  of  loiu,  1890^  Twmt.  Bow.  Ut.  3oe.  Ill,  ^. 


Chapter  Till 

Luid. 

HlflTOltT. 


DISTRICTS. 

Lu-ining  ifae  ror*nitoa  woro  aggrmrntions  of  the  eviU  of  tho  for 
nystt-iti  rattier  ttinn  rntnpteto  jnnovatioos.     Tbo  nffioG  of  mdnJtt 
insteatl  of  Iwiug  confc-rrcd  as  a  biruar  on  a  person  of  oxporicnOO 
prvbily,  yraa  put  bo  auctiuD  among  tbo  Pwbwa'e  nttcudaats, 
were  encoaragod  tu  bid,  and  were  soiuetitneB  dtagmcod  if  tbo;  i 
baokwttrd    in  bidding.     Next  year  tbo  «aino  oiK^rattOD  was  vwpm 
nod  the  diatrict  wu  transferred  to  s  bigber  bidder.     Tbo   rsfa 
famior  bad   no  time  tor  int^uiry,  and  no  motire   for  forbeam 
Tie  lettuut  bis  distrtcb  at  an  oimanced  rate  to  nndcr-fannen 
rojMtntod   the  proceM  nntll  tbo  fnrtning  vamo   down    to  iba  v3 
hcodmcti.     If  a  village  hcndmnn  farmed  biA  own  village,  ho  boc 
iibAolate  master  of  every  ono  in  it.     No  eomplninta  were  liBt«twi 
and  tbe  mdmlatdar  who  was  forucrW  a  check  on  the  beadmas  i 
urf*ed  him  to  greater  oxoctioiig.     If  tho  hoadman   reftued  to  fi 
the  villitge  at  tbe  rate  proposed,  the  case  of  tho   vitlagen 
porhapa  worso,  ns  tho  mdtnlaUidr't  ovrn  nfficors    levied  the  i 
rc<|uircd  with  Icsa  ktton-ledge  and  Ivss  pitjr.      In    citlier  cau 
actual  state  of  cnltivntion   was  riisn^gnnled.     A  man's    maoni 
pnying,  not  tbo  land    ho  hold,  fixod  tho  amonnt  at  wbidi  ho 
assessed.     No  moderation  was  shewn  in  lerjing  tho  aam  & 
Ewty  pretext  for  fine  aud  forfeiture.  0TM7  racaos  of  rigour 
confiacatiou,  wore  employed  Co  sqne«ze  the  people  to  the  uU 
before  the  day  when  the  -milmlatddr  had  to  give  np  liia  da 
Amidst  all  bbis  riolcaco  a  regular  aoconat  was  prepared,  oa  if  a  1 
dt'Iiborato  eottlouoiit  hod  been  mado.     In  thiu  tlctitious  ooo 
the  ooUoctiuDS  wero  always  underratod^  as  this  ennliK!i]  tho  bi 
to  impose    on   tho    noxl  mdmUUMr,  and  enabled    tho  oai 
mrhit/atililr  (o  deceive  (he  gororumtiiiL  and   his  fellows.     The 
mdmlaidtir  pretended  to  bo  deceived  >   ho  agrG>cd   to    the 
modcrato     tonne,    and     except    making     advances,     gavo 
cacoumgemciit  to  incroosc  tbo  cultivation.     Whoa    tho  crops 
in  the  ground,  or  when  tbe  end  of  his  term  drew  near,  bo  tArei 
the  mask,  and  plundered  like  his  predecotaor.    lu  oonseqaeoc 
thie,  the  nsiU'SKnient  of  the  land,  being  propOBod  early  in  the  so 
would    be    nmdo     with    soioo   reference     to   former    practice, 
rontingont     nud    other    eharves     would    acramiilate,      until 
vt'imtal'ldr  <'Hiiia  t/i  uiako  up  biit  nccrriuiitK,     Then  bin  oxuct-ioiM 
most  Hevore.    Ho  had  u  fixed  Kuni  bi  complete,  and  if  the  colleo 
fell  short  of  tbe  ftum.  he  portioned  the  halnnce  among  the  exhai 
TilUiges,  imposed  an  extra  asncssmonl^and  loft  tho  bcwdioan  lo  e: 
it  on  wliatever  prolenco  and  by  whatever  neaiu  he  thoaght  on 
As  the  villagers  were  wry  often  unable,    with  any  amoni 
pressarej  to  jwy  tbo  snms   which  were  demanded  of  thomr 

Eaynimitx  werv  usually  made  by  drafiB  on  tho  monojionder, 
sd  tbe  cbiff  linoking  hnAinoR.'i  in  tho  village.  Little  wvbcoUmI 
cacb.  Tho  moQcylonder  stood  itecurity  and  in  retnm  was  all 
to  collect  tbe  revenue  und  hi^  own  debts  together.* 

The  section  of  the  people  who  Mnffered  chiefly  nnder   tlie  £ui 


■Mr.  ElphicitOD?.  Ul«,  F:J.  IS;2.37  28,EMtlDdiBpj>pcre  IV.  160- 1CT. 
'  Co],  S>  AitdtiMD  in  DeccAD  Biota  CODOninkwen'  Btport.  l«Ta,  pan  32  jf  I 


^eccan-I 


POONA.. 


841 


j  nyBteo)  wero  the  faereditaiy  und  other  wDll-to*<lo  boldera.     In  spite 

I  of  the  disorders  of  the  otglitoCDth  ooutury  and  of  tho  funiiiic  of  1792, 

at  tbu  close  of  the  contiiry  the  bulk  of  tUo  minUdcini  were  Btill  in 

tpo-tM^-sHioii  nf  thuir  hcrgdiUry  holdingit.  But  nitdcr  Bitjiriir'fl 
lurtDiiig  nyni/cva,  irhen  the  amouub  of  hin  collections  foil  nhort  of 
whatk  ^  liad  andfiitftkon  to  p«y,  tlio  fftrmor  turned  on  tho  hcrfidiUiry 
w 
thi 
t\.. 


oltkirs  and  rubbud  tbcm  with  sacli  ingonitiusgrucd  that  ninny  lofb 

to  the  brink  of  ruin.'    In  spite  oE 


thoir  landii  and  all  woro  brought 

ilio  vxnoLions  of  the  farmors  wlitcb  reduced  almost  nil  tho  land- 
holdtira  of  the  district  to  one  level,  so  j^xnt  was  the  advnntAgo  of 
,llie  aaourity  cnKure<I  hy  tho  Britiah  protcctornU;  that  in  Uie  tiurtcen 
■'■jean  before  the  overthrow  of  ibe  Peebwa  in  181 7  the  district  increased 
grenHy  in  weitHh.  Hdjirav,  vrhoso  chief  interest  iu  gorcmmcnb  vru» 
te  collect  n)Oucy,iunaitsed  a  sum  estimated  at  £i>,000,000  (Be.  5  krars). 
And  the  atate  of  tho  bulk  of  the  people  is  said  to  havo  improved 
from  whut  it  was  ut  tho  be^nning  of  the  century.  They  had  much 
wealth  in  llecks  and  hcrda  which  wore  leas  pxpnsod  to  tho  groed  of 
tho  niTCuuu  fiu-tner  than  tho  outturn  of  thoir  fields.* 

SECTION  IIL— BIJITISH  MANAGEMENT. 

As  rv-pnrds  land  administration,  the  sixty-sii  years  {1S18-1S84) 

[of  BniJHh  nnanagouioLt  fall  under  two  uoarly  equal  divisions,  befora 

Aod  iiftor  tho  year  1851  whoo  the  introduction  of  the  rogulitr  thirty 

years'  rorenue  survey  scttlomcnt  was  completed.      Tho  thirty-nix 

jears  coding  1854  include  two  periods  before   and  after  the  Intro- 

rcaction  of  the  survey  seUleincnt  of  ISSO.     Of  those  periods  tho  first 

[on  the  whole  woa  a  time  of  stafni&tiou  or  decline,  and  the  second  wtu 

[a  lime  of  progress.     The  estlibliahmenl   of  order,  together  with  tho 

reuKJvul  of  nfangosnod  thf^high  prices  of  fiold  prodnco,  canned  in  the 

Ifint  fouryonre  of  Hritish  mnnngQinicnt  (181 B- 1332)  nn  increoao  both 

Jin  lilla^  and  in  revenue.    This  was  followed  by  about  fourteen  yean 

lof  very  little  progresBor  rather  of  dochno,thfl  dulrict suffering  from 

llmd  harvests  or  croTn  tho  ruinoas  cheapness  of  grain  duo  to  largo 

[ciYipH,  Hinftll  local  demand,  tho  waut  of  mcnns  of  oxport,  and  a 

luotion  of  money  caused  by  the  stoppage  of  tho  infiow  of  tribnto 

~  pay  wh  ich  used  to  centre  in  I'oona  ri«  tho  Pcshwa's  head-qaartecs. 

The  rcHult  was  a  coofiidcrable  fall  both  in  tillago  and  in  revenue.     TIio 

IBBseiwmont  introdocod  at  the  liegiiining  of  Uritish  rule  when  priooa 
were  high  about  forty  poands  the  rupee   for  Indian  millet,'  pressed 
heavily  oD  landholder  in  seasons  either  of  bad  crops  or  of  low 
<  Eut  India  Pofwr*.  IV.  iM. 
*  Col.  S.  AndviftOD  in  D«acan  Rtott  ConunMonon'  RM»rt,  1875,  forft  22  pp.  17-18. 
'  At  fUjirtv*!  rcMonttiAii  tho  cnantry  wu  bid  WMta   by  mr  uid  liauaa,  tbm 
MopU  wore  rcdaoad  to  mberjr.  mi  th«  |H)T«rMi«nt  ilonTMl  toMutly  uif  nmaam 
from  iti  land*.    Sinea  tlivn,  in  npite  at  tha  EumiBg  wytAata  aad  the  exaotiotia  tff 
Itejii^v'a    officen,  tho  country    ban  catnplctiely  T«oovcred.  tliniiigk  tli*  profeelMHI 
kSordod  it  by  tlin  Britinti  CluTKmuiciit  :  nnj  BAjirir  biu  iionimti luted  tltoaa  trvaaara* 
whicti  he  )■  now  Pinpl''yinf;  kgninit  liu  bfncfiuTtiwii.     Thp   Brittnh  (iovrnuiwat  not 
^only  proUcUil  tkn  rMJiwa'i  »wn    powMwioiM,   hut  n>aiiiUuw>d  lui  rigbta  KbrwHL* 

■  Mr.  KlLtimttoiw'i  Sitit*  rroclutwttoa,  1818,  Ib  Pomrt^  ranUnsMM,  loM,  fiS. 
H    '  At  hidlpurtbvIodiantuillatarjirirtrntMiiriccB  wcT*nbMt97p«iiB4i  fn  1817) 

■  4S  in  ISIH.  34  iii  1819,  39  ia  189)0,  udSI  in  1621.  18IS,  and  182S,    B«m.  Gov,  BA 
■CVIX  iIH^arCU.M, 


Chapter  Vlllt 
Lud-      I 

niSTOKV.       \ 

The  Maniftia. 


1818  1981. 


(Bomb«7 


ChaptCT  VUI. 
lAnd. 

Tii«Btmw. 
1818-1884. 


JStT-tStO. 


nSTRICTS. 


Ericea.  Conaeqnonlly  the  leading  fDotime  of  the  revenii 
uiow  1836  wore  liigh  asscssmeat  aad  1arg«  remissioiu. 
1825,  with  A  view  to  relieve  Die  distress,  Mr.  Priugle  wu  i 
to  stirvcy  Ihc  clistriot  and  rorUv  iho  OMWSiDeDt.  Hi 
sollluiaent  was  introduced  over  Iho  irfaole  district  between 
1H31.  The  mcoKuro  proved  a  fHtltiro  parUj  from  tho  hoav: 
iDOQuality  uf  tho  assessmont  uud  bad  boosoiu  uid  low  pi 
mrtjy-  ^m  (be  evil  t)nu:tic«a  of  Mr.  Pringla's  native  o«Ub 
Tho  dofccts  of  tbu  scttlumeul  wore  early  forosocn  by  the 
oflioer-s,  lUid,  in  Indiipur  and  other  parln  of  the  ooUectonitc, 
rates  wcru  vithor  not  levied  or  were  eoon  diacuntinuod, 
difference  bctweoa  the  amount  dae  and  the  amoDDt  colla 
ehown  us  a  rumtstnon.  About  1835  tho  rcgnhu-  rurenae 
ondortaken.  The  first  setUement  xnaraateed  for  thirtj' 
introduood  into  Ind4par  ia  18d<^w,  and  tho  last  ioto 
1»53.54. 

Aft«r  tho  battle  of  Kirkeo  in  November  1817  tho 
the  proHont  district  of  I'oona  foil  to  tho  Brilisli  and   hy 
of  the  ycflrali  local  disturbance  bad  ceased.     The  only   p: 
district  which  lixifferod  from  tho  war  yroro  Haroli,  Juunar, 
throQgb    which  tho  Poahwa  Bdjiidv  passed  on  hi»  way 
Borfra.*      Tho  chief  measaroe  adoptou  by  the  English 
appoint  (April- June  ISIS)  a  Collector  of  Poona  to  travot  * 
di.ttrict  and  control  tho  collection  of  the  roTonuO  and  also  I 
district  magistrate  and  circnit  judge.    The  officer  appoii 
Captain  H.  D.  Robertson.'    Tho  Htmggling  charge*  of  Uie 
mdmlatd'ire  wore  formod  into  compact   sab-diTiaions    yio 
yearly  rovonno  of  J£yO(H)  to  £7000  (Rs.  50,000 -R«.  70,OOO;, ; 
each  a  m&mlntd^  on  £7  to  £15  (B«.  70-  >  50)  a  month  was 
One  of  tho  chiof  diificnitica  in  startitiff  the  now  adminiatrat 
tho  wnot  of  moD  Euit'od  bo  bo  nt^mlata&nt,    Ae  tho  Britiafa  < 
the  country  before  the  Peshwa's  cause  was  desperate,   few 
looid  poeitiou  or  training  at  first  ontorod  tho   English  servK 
English  were  forced  to  employ  what  men  they  oonld    find 
mnob  regard  to  thoir   morit.       Still    whoa  the  atnigglo   i 
Peshwa  was  over  and  the  Qnal  troa>ty  was  concluded,  tho  C 
was  able  to  secure  a  fair  nnmbor  of  rcspcctablo  wjrvants  of] 
government.     A  few  mfimlatddrs  were  brought  fromMudraa 
m)m  motives  of  genRml  policy  and  that  thoy  might  act 
on  local  cormption,  and  partly  to  introduce  some  modola  of 


>  MottwriUn  bara  tgr*ul  tlitt  the  nitea  firat  introduoed  bj  tba  BrI 
too  Ucb.  8u  O.  Wingato  wroto  ttltonl  IMO  :  Thore  could  be  tittle  donb 
curly  CDtlcetoTs  ovor-eMimaUMl  tho  cnptliilit)-  at  thn  Dcoou  and  that  ' 
•Ininod  the  ooimtry  of  Its  ftgricnltural  capitttl.  Uucuaa  ttiots  Oaiiuniai(«nM 
IS7S,  («ra  33  pp.  IN  -20.  AcconlinK  to  wnui  aoooaaU  ona  oaoN  of  fliilimi 
faliiK-inj;  of  vnhgo  recoi'di  by  tbe  Iwnditur  offioen.  liraUnaat  Slior 
Oolobcr  1835,  Hum.  Gov.  K*n-.  Kcc  69Saf  t$3e.8».86. 

'  <'iipt«iti  H.  D.  BolMrtMa,   Colloctor,  lot  rDbrakry  ISIS,  Don.  Gt>v. 
117  «f  1826.  509. 

*  H«b«r'B  NamttiT*,  III.  190.  Captain  Uonrv  DdhiIu  RolwrtaoD  liad  ^hat 
ta^  and  diotriot  of  I*<>iiiia  of  whbh  tin  wsaColJiKtur  of  KflvcaBo,  Jain,  ai 
tnile.     Ilia  illsuicl  lay  bctwviMi  the  Nin  ud  BhlmA.     Graat  DuS**  Hani 

•  Hr.  Elphiutosc,  Outaber  1&19,  £d,  1872.  SO,  31,  Cut  India  Papon  ~ 


DeccftD-l 


POONA. 


343 


I 


and  regulftrity,'  llie  chief  clum^,  in  fact  nlmOiit  tlie  onlj  intcn- 
tioual  change,  iutruduci'rl  iu  tberereniiB  managemaDt  wiitt  ulioliKhing 
reveiiuu  fiintiin^.  Faruiing  was  aboliabed  iu  all  depariiuviitt*  vxocpt 
in  the  cuatoiDH  where  tbcra  vera  no  complaint;),  and  apparently  do 
oppre!B:;ion.  la  other  respects  as  far  as  ponaUiIe  tbe  oxt&tiug  system 
wait  maintaiucil.  The  object  waa  to  levy  the  revenue  uccurdiug 
to  the  octiinl  cultivation ;  to  tighten  the  assesamest;  to  iutroduoo 
QO  new  cvssua  ;  ucd  to  abolish  tio  cesavs  except  the  obviously  unjust. 
Tho  orders  were  abovo  nil  thinuM  to  avoid  innovationa.  In  spite  of 
the  efforts  ti>  avoid  in>iov»lio[iH  the  iiitrtxluction  of  foreign  rulvn 
and  of  foreign  maxims  of  government  canoed  many  changes.  In 
the  rerenuo  department  Mr.  Elphiostone  believed  that  most  oC  tho 
changes  were  beuuficiEil.  The  improvement  was  not  so  much  in  tho 
rule»  an  in  the  way  oi  carrying  out  tho  rules.  Faith  was  kept  with 
tho  landholder,  mora  libonu  advances  wore  mode,  ho  wua  free  from 
false  charge*  «a  pretexts  to  extort  money,  and  his  couiplainta  found 
a  readier  buoring  and  u  surer  redress.  Ou  the  other  hand  somu  u£ 
the  new  ways  wore  distasteful  to  certain  sections  of  the  poople. 
There  n-«re  more  forms  and  there  was  moro  strictness.  Tho 
m&mlatddrs  disliked  the  narToig  limits  within  which  their  discre* 
tion  was  boanded ;  thoy  preferred  the  old  Kystem  of  perquisites  to 
thu  new  (^stem  of  pay.  Tho  heads  of  the  villagM  saw  tiiat  the 
mintiU^r  lucjuiry  into  tlie  distribution  uf  the  Government  rental 
among  tho  villagors  wuokvDcd  their  power,  and  that  the  closer 
examination  of  the  village  charges  or  sadihdr  kliarch  redaced  their 
iocomos.     In  tho  roindti  of  thu  people,  against  tho  adrautsge  of  a 

!  decrease   in   village  charges,   was  set    the  blank  caused  by    the 

I  stoppage  of  toTiiior  chn.riti<.^>  and  amusements.  Every  effort  was 
made  to  aiicertain  the  cuiiditiua  of  the  laodhuldura  and  to  make 
the  aaseiiameiit  light.      \Vliere  there   was   any   suitpicioo   of  fraud 

'lands  were  moaaurei  During  the  first  two  ycara  (1817-1819)  the 
Collector  settled  with  tho  headman  for  the  payment  of  tho  whole 
revenue  of  the  village,  and  gave  him  a  deed  or  jxUla>  After  tho 
first  season,  before  the  settlement  was  concluded  the  Collector  ascer- 
tuinud  how  uiueh  each  landholder  hod  to  pay  and  that  he  agreed  ihnl 
the  amount  sot  againut  him  represented  iiin  fair  share,  Iu  all  ca^^^^ 
tho  fuuiidatiuu  of  the  assessment  was  the  amount  which  the  village  luul 
paid  when  the  people  considered  themselves  well  governed.     From 

I  this  amount  deductious  were  made  either  because  of  a  reduction  in 
cultivation  or  on  other  specific  grounds.  The  osseaunentB  were 
much  lighter  than  formerly  and  much  clearer  and  more  uuiform.- 

Thc  chief  difljculty  iu  the  way  of  a  satisfiictory  village  scttlemoDt 
was  the  want  of  records.  Under  the  forming  system  the  village 
records  ccoaod  to  he  used.     0(;ca3ioually  papers  handed  down  from 


Chapt«r^VI 
Land. 
Tui  BsrniMi. 


.1 


I  Th«  MttdrM  mimUblAn  wnv  inor«  octlro,  moro  obcalionl^  mora  oi>c4,  uid  mora 

I  lactliodieiil  than  Uoriithk  BnkhmAii*.    Tbvy  introduood  now  tonnm  ot  rvapect   lor 

tbeir  iai(iiuiUBt«  vuperiure  aud  «t  tbc  noina  timu  uttDWod  hn  ooasIdcratkiB  to  tho 

t  great  men  of  tbc  cnunlrr.    Tu  tho  bnik  of  (he  people  thoir  bosring  wa«  roii^h,  hwali, 

[and  ioMlcat    li  waa  uiterMtiiig  to  cauiiUt  w^ioh  of  th<M  cliaraolenitici  tbs 

MidiMM  had  taken  (nnn    tlie  AttttalmAna  sod    which   from   the    Rngliah.      Mr. 

Elpliiastoiin,  SSth  Oelober  1819,  Ed.  Iir72.  30-31,  E^iM  lodu  Pabert  ]V.  lUS- 169. 

pbinstoae,  181%  Ed.  1872,  30-32,  EMf  India  Papon  IV.  16Q-169i 


Qnluastoiia 


iBombaT' 


Apt#r  VIII- 

Land. 
HI  SKmui. 

isn-is. 


344 


DISTRICTS 


tho  earlier  m^Dilatdilra  and  fee-mea  or  damhUirtshrm^  lb<>r«Tei 
of  vrliolc  villn^-!*,  but  ibej  were  seldora  tor  any  sericM  of  ^-uors. 
nti,  whilo  tbL>  (uriuiuf^sjrsiom  wu  in  force,  the  herediLary  di: 
ofilcem  btul  lost  llieir  importaacfl,  few  of  tlium   had   prcwrvod 
record^L     Tlic  ifcords  uf  llio  village  accountants  wcrvulsu  uiuLi 
fnll  of  fnlrtilicntionB  and  iuli^rpoUtJoDs,  and  nuvi-r  tnutwortlipr.' 

In  1817-18  tbocxisliug  Manitlia  seltlcmeufc  was  oiaintuiDvil  nd 
d«ductioDR  were  granted  for  any  paymonta  which,  had  boon  noAt 
Hince  tbu  bf;:iuuin};  of  ihe  year.  Tie  eotlloment  was  vrilh  the  rillagt 
bendnivn,  who,  C!i|>tain  RubertsoD  eaye,  iniposod  upon  him  nnd  dnum 
thu  [ioojiIa  as  much  as  they  co«M.  Tho  peoplo  claimed  to  hn« 
auffiu-Lil  from  thu  waroud  cutuiderable  ileiluctioDS  bail  to  bti 
on  tJiU  aoroiint,  though,  except  id  tbo  tracts  of  BiljIrtiv'H 
Captain  Kohertoon  bc-liovod  tho  people  bad  suffered  less  tliau 
wer«  aocuKlouiod  to  suffer  in  yeara  ot  peace  and  remilar  tazati< 
At  tboclcksc  oE  th<i  year  all  balauces  wcreromitted.'  ]ti  1818-19 
crops  were  flonriahing  and  the  returns  good,  Od  a4:ooDnt  of  lk« 
dimonlly  uf  collcctiog  detailed  village  informatioa,  Ca])Uiiu  RoIkvI' 
son  oootinucd  tho  settlament  with,  uie  lioadmeo.'      Thero  w«re  do 


i 


•  Mr.  Cliaflm.  9>th  Aajput  ISS3.  Hmo.  Got.  IU«.  Km.  6S  of  1623.  ITO-RI 
Comparo  Plut  India  PkMna  III.  MM  M»d  Liviil.  SJwrtmlc,  lit  October  IS»A  fl<»- 
tiov.  Kuv.  ItM.  608  of  ISSlt.  m. 

•CoptMn  Itobortaou.CoUootor,    Ist  February  1825,   ButD.  Oav.    Ror.    Rfc.  Ilf 
IB3S,(KI0.     Aooordlns  to  Ut.  C\>aU  |:!9lh   PRt-ninry  1830,  Tnuai.  n»nt.  Lit.   Soc. 
S3S)  tli«  people   at  loni   village  haUcd   tlicir  tnnaXcr  to    tW  Britnb  ■■  «  iiapl 
Avcat.    Tbo  wolitioti  of  Die  rcviiiuv  couUwtiiiu  ijiUiu,  xoA  the  UlienU  mniulaM 
ovMOOHeitoa  of  lowen  by   tho  war,  oonlinncil  the  high  cxpectntioua  tliAt  hod 
formed  of  Britiih  JutlL-e  niiil  Lbuntitr. 

•  (laptain  Rabertnn,  lOth  (tolober  1821,  Gut  liwlis  Panen  IV.  5'26. 

■  Dr.  Coala  HriU»  nn Uia SOtti  of  Febtitkr)'  IS3U(Tnnii.  Hotn.  Lit.Soo.  lILoTJ.?:*:. 
kbout  th«  t«Tcnu«  M<ttl«u«nt  of  th«  \jim  Till«d«  oL  th«  Abaudnkgar  n«il.  Tk* 
diitalU  nmity  to  Ui»  wbotu  f onmi  ilutrict.  "  Tli«  rsveniiM  a>«  darrved  fnm  A  dltitt 
\ax  aa  tbc  liui<l,  knd  majae  citrn  impoaitioiu  wliioli  Bmwt  alao  indirwotly  mmm  tnd 
till'  citiiiv  wiuiTO.  Tha  IsiDi)  tax  varia*  Troon  yaar  to  IT**'  aeoonllu  ta  t))«  ijaaiiti^ 
utiiKToultii-alioii.  LaDili  aro  oloaacd  into  tbtc« Una*  M>d  pay  a  tiiiHt  tax  ncconUv 
to  thcii  quality,  agr^blj  to  a  ntM  ux)  «M«auMmMit  mad*  SDO  yoan  ago  by  lit 
Mnbanidudant ;  prvnaualy  to  vtikli  tJan*  tb«  cvttom  M«ma  to  bavo  been  torifat 
KByrwnent  to  hava  a  ocrtalu  pfuport ion.  about  half  of  the  mduco,  or  tu  yamnif 
»  for  mono/  at  tho  markrt  pncc  The  land  Iax  u  out  uitrcaaBd  ia  faToarallt 
■aaaon*,  and  in  very  niifarourabk  jwiMoii*  the  Govenunnit  aiakaa  a  ranilwiia 
Waste  and  fool  lands  pay  anoh  small  rent  as  nay  beamed  on  hrhrrssn  tb i  t«^Mt 
and  thc.>  (:oi'«ruiitnta)[iwit  tillthay  hava  bcon  brooKht  ratly  nader  ooItivatioD,  ahea 
thi^y  twooma  liabla  toth*  Mtablished  t»x.  Of  £130  JBa.  1300^  Um  amoantoftis 
ravoDuo  •ettlMUcnt  for  litlH.  £lSO(Ra.  1200)  «r«r«  darirod  (mm  tboJinct  tasM 
tho  laiid  and  £10  (lU.  100)  from  taditcct  tatc*  ;  £21  8*.  (H*.  244)  of  tUs  rmwat 
wero  gniitcd  to  dvfrsy  tbu  vipunMa  ol  tha  reli^oua  aikd  charitable  «at>blialMHMto 
of  T»iii,  anil  vikrivQB  ctutomaiy  chiLrgco  and  prtacnta  allowed  l>y  tbo  GeraranHIti 
an'1  CiO  (Oa.  200)  ver«  Mmittod  by  tha  Collecior  in  ooaaMjMnoe  of  tha  ifr 
favKiirablaaeaaoQ  and  tha  povarty  «f  tho  cultivaton.  Tkayeaffy  ■eUloBMtit fkr 
tbe  niTcaao  the  T[||age  ia  to  pay  fur  the  ensujiig  yaar,  takea  puoe  a  uttla  bafars  tte 
bwiimiiiK  o(  the  rainy  seiioa.  The  pdfw  and  kmlkarni  fint  aaieRible  all  tk« 
GUltlvaton,  wli«n  thu  ligvad  jUda  or  written  details  of  oultintion  foe  tha  Mil 

Enr  an  pmlnocid,  and  au  aEreement  niade  with  vnch  of  them  for  tht  quaatity  ha 
to  cnltivato  in  the  am>roaehia)[  taaaoa.  As  the  pMiTt  credit  with  the  OovavuBWl 
dependa  on  the  prcaperity  of  hia  vilUx«  and  the  atata  of  cultivation,  be  oodtatvtnm  lo 
Bxtand  this  by  all  naani  in  hiH  |u>v-i>r.  The  headmaa  will  not  allov  a  tAaOtar*  <r 
herAditary  land  bolder  to  tbrnw  op  Ian  4b  he  had  cnltivatod  lbs  year  before  i^»4, 
■liouM  auT  part  of  faia  t^l  "t  mtatt  be  waat«,  he  opbeatda  hin  and  »J^rTi>tw  t* 
exact  tha  laud  tax  for  it  if  h«  doo*  iiot  brlriB  It  nndar  calUratioa.  Ihc  bMHilMa 
ha*  («■«  bold  OD  the  virri  or  caaiuil  holder  w-bo  will  tC  vhcf«  Uo  caa  get  land  oB  tll> 
b«t  tcmta,  and  ia  obtind  to  Iruat  tiini  w  iib  tfftaX  ouB4tderatioa.  U  (ran  an*  caaae 
tho  Hf-ri  thrtat«w  to  taro«r  vp  hia  Unda,  bv  ii  priTitct)'  prouiisnl  better  tenn  and 


JmcbdI 


POONA. 


34S 


Inints  of  over>ass(«isimoDt.      Porhnps  tho   dread  of  tfae  new 

Suvummont  provcntod  tlio  lu'udmoa  £rom  oppressing  the  people; 

prhaps  they  took  advaotoffo  of  iho  change  nnn  frtghUfiiod  tlio  poopla 

>nt  com p lain inf^.     Cftptein  Ho1iort«on    mao'c-rcd  nml  tnetunred  thtt 

Mara).    The  survejore  were  men  from  ttiiUri  in  Mivdnu  and 

\ioy  were  allowed  to  carry  out  Sir  Tbomos  Mtmro'u  wirvoy  rules. 

.  the  surrey  vraa  'budty  douo  luid  showod  bo  enormous  an  assess* 

it  that  Captain  Rohertsnn  did  not  adopt  it. 

Tn  OL-U)bcr  1^19  au  attempt  va&  made  to  introduou  a  rayatrdr  or 

_  adividtia.1  landholder  sottl^nent  instead  of  a  manjuvdr  that  is  a 

\ii\aK'^  vr  liiriuliimn  ti^ttleinont.     The  cluuigc  had  to  bo   iutrodiwed 

einwiy  nnd  with  cautiou.     lu  the  first  st^osoD  the  ini«tHke  waa  made 

>  of  iwttling  wifcli  tho  people  for  tho  customary  or  rrtttit^nt  rates  aad 

I  not  for  the  full  or  kamdl  mtca,  and  either  tbu  village  headnieo  ot 

I  tho  hon'dit«ry  oIKcerfl  raised  large  aums  from  tho  people  iu  addition 

to  what  thoy  paid  to  GoTornmcnt.     Iu  this  ywir  the  crops  wen*  fair, 

and  tho  price  of  grata  was  high  about  twenty-four  pounds  tbu  rupco 

(2f--3  payUs).     But  an  epidemic  oEchulero,   wbtcb   bad  broken  out 

1  tho  prerioaa  seaBon,  proved  so  fatal  that  the    popoktiot)  wa« 

Brioosly  r&ducod  and  tuUiratior^  spread  but  little' 

.._.'tadiilg«nae;  or  if  h«  u  ia  dutrcM  for  uoa^  be  w  pronuMd  Adrftaco*  or 

ii  from  Ilia  GoTcnuniMit.     n'bcn  thonUlfHidjtnaarMi  )iKveiiuiil«i  tliMo  proliml- 

'  agtMicauU,  tbty  jaocotd  to  th«  Collector,  or  bt>  agcot,  uid  e*btr  luto  sootlier 

-nfiBt  for  the  aiuonnt  of  rovenue  to  be  p&id  for  tbe  approuliing  year.  inbJMt  tA 

dans  on  account  of  aimdui  Bni]  tulUru,  thftt  i»  thn  dMtraTing  luAttHWC  cj  alrie* 

nilon  or  tlie  tuuid  oHiod  ui'i  th«  ktos.    Tho  revumei  ue  luiially  onIlMt«d  by 

ktr  UMbtliucDla.     Thv  fir*t  bngiiLB  al>out  Octa))«r,  tuid  in  tvrmeJ  tli*  timir  fitUl,  in 

Iwilon  to  tlio  ouue  of  tho  cmp  rnawd  at  thia  time  which  conaiat*  of  rdir,   mmj, 

J,   nuain,  aam,  anil  mrl.     Tlii»  iiwtolllMnt  i»  In  thii  )iRij><irtioa  of  Doeeightli  or 

i-U«th  (if  til*  whole  revenue.     Theeeeoad  taVe*  ]>U«i  in  Juiaary,  atiil  it  termed 

'  Utarif  pttUi  or  tax,  tu>d   is  lb«  lurgeM  Imtalntniit,  iMniig  about  tiun'haU  of  tha 

olik    Tho  third  is  tannod  tfae  roAj  poitt,  and  bcfiina  in  March  ;  cod  tliv  fourth,  tbe 

rdflpaUioraliiialMtUement,  neuftlly  takeeploou  iu  May.   Tb«  folkiwingMtlM 

«(•  uau&Uy  obicTved  in  realinDg  the  nvcnaoa.    Tlit  notitc  ooltoator  or  tntnilftt- 

_. .'  of  tbo  dlviaion  Bend*  an  armea  inetMiigor  with  a  w  ritten  on]4!r  on  the  pdtil  to 

pay   bim  xa  init^ment  oS  tie  menus,  iMntioning  tbe  unoaDt.  on  uiMUiit  of  a 

apeclfied  CTDip.    Tbe  order  ruaa :  '7\iJitamiildamiui!l.onitarafSaiuli$prtltit  Paoua 

(the  Arabic  year  follove)   tnau}*  nadiivr  tOt  naeAkitr  Min  fiMrti*  patH  ItidJat 

Sk.  too  fiKtnohveur  whi/'i  iilmiii  liiMH^dtttMadht.'  (fltgued).  Tlut  ijiIj)  the  boailtnaa 

«(  Loiil  r  ilUsc,  in  the  grnnp  of  Saixba,  b  the  diatriet  of  FmMu,  in  tho  AraLie  y«ar 

•0  and  ao,  ofttis  said   villn^  for  the  aoid  year  on  aoooout  of  tbe  l!nl   inntalniBnt 

Ba.  S()0  to  luring  t«  bcad-^artcra  a  meeawiger  ia  aent.     Tlio  pdlU  on  tlua  ■enda  tli* 

fccaillB  or  rutur  to  tho  booaa  of  ouib  cnltivator,  an*l  eununoti*  him  to  attond  at  the 

cAuWi  or  viUn^e  office  next  nKimtngj  and  b«  prwnuwd  U>  pay  hi*  pnypintion  «f  tha 

iuKtaimoDt  of  Uie  nvonuo  tlutt  ia  due.    The  Ewdman.  viUage  cbcK,  and  aeawngor 

gn  to  Bh«  oQloa  and  aquafc  on  a  doth  on  tlie  ea«rdiiii(Bd  mot  and  tbe  Uadholdrn 

attnd  in  mcccMrim.    Some  at  ooce  uay  their  abaroi  awS  take  a  receipt  or  ptttti  from 

tta  clerk,     btany  hog  for  ■  few  daj«  reapite,  aeldont  man  tbon  a  wook.  to  coahle 

t)i«in  to  diacbarge  their  ibtre.    Tha  anouut  of  annnal  tax  paid  by  any  individual 

in  thfi  Loui  village  ia  not  more  tluB  Ba.  BO,  and  that  of  tho  majority  le  R*.  'iO.  ao 

thnt  tliM  *um  to  bo  fiaid  at  an  iDatalimnt  i*  often  only  two  or  three  rux>t«*.     The 

nwoBf  ia  paid  tu  the  lieadmac  who  hand*  it  to  the  vitiate  pMitr  or   treMnirsr  to 

^Mocrtain  whether  it  ia  good.     If  it  ia  good    tho  p«tddr  ataoipa  bie  marli  on  it,  aad 

!-«rl>ea  the  ocJle«t>oiw  of  tbe  day  are  over,  he  l*kta  it  M>  bb  boaae.     Aa  aoon  aa  tha 

^bole  iuatalriiniit  hoa  been  maiiKd,  it  ia  »ew«d  in  a  leather  bag  by  tbe  a]iat«aak«'( 

■  (Mlrl  by  tho  hfodman,  and  annt  hy  a  Mhllr,  undar  eharge  Of  the  weaamger,  to  tha 

■lAntbtdar.     U Lha  pM'%1  bai  uot  bc«n aUe  to  realiia  tbe  aoonnt  of  tbe  «nl«r  oa  bini. 

b«  leiiili  all  ha  haa  «nllcotod  with  aa  aapIanalo(7  letter  to  tbo  mAmlaldtr,  bat  tbo 

■BMioiiiardiwa  not  in  this  caeo  quit  tbe  viUafc  till  be  bae  beea  ordored  to  doaoby 

da  empTorar." 

\l  Caplaio   RobHtaea,  Collector,  lat  Febi  1S29,  Bota-  Gar.  Bev.  Rec  1 17  ol  182S, 


ChftptflrVUL 

Land, 
IBt  Bail 


isti 


rBomlnri 


340 


DISTRICTS. 


Ch*pt«r  VIII 


Of  tli«  otato  of  tbe  district  and  of  thi>  syslCMii  of  Innd  ad 
in  1820-21,  whoa  the  pcner  of  the  British  had  been  l< 
osUkbliahod  for  their  officc^ra  to  gftin  a  btmiliar  Icnowlodge  ■ 
people  nnd  of  the  conditiou  of  llie  district,  Bi'rcral  reports,  i 
tlione  of  Captain  Kohertaoii  the  C-oIlrctor.  have*  Ittft  iuwr 
and  fiurlj-  complete  and  clear  details.'  After  Jdd6  1820, 
Indipiir  aad  Shivner  or  Junnar  vere  transff^rred  from  AliEnad 
to  Pooiia,  the  district  atrotchi-d  (Ociobor  1821 )  about  120  roilrt 
north-wi-st  to  south-east  with  anafeTngebivadth  of  about  thirl 
miles  And  an  area  nf  ahoitt  4200  sqattrc  miles.  Tlie  popi 
nas  about  &00,OI>0  cr  119  Ko  thu  square  nilcj  and  the 
rereuue  wbs  about  £100,tHiO  {R8.  10,00,000),  of  which 
iEG&fOOO  (Rs.  6,50,000]  beloDKwl  to  (ioTcmnicat  and  aluut  L 
(Bs.  3,60,000)  were  alienated.'  The  1213  Tillages  of  which 
woro  alienated,  wore  grouped  intoniov  mib-dinsiDnB,  Poooa 
Bhimthadi.  liidiipnr,  Pibal,  Khpil,  Pnrandhar,  Haveli,  tAixvi, 
i-ihivuiT  -6r  Junnar,  tho  Inst  vight  j^ii-lding-  an  averaj^  re 
of  £12,500  (no.  l,S5,O0O)  and  under  tho  churju^  of  mimh 
whose  pa7  Taried  from  £84  to  JtlHO  (Ra.  MO- Its.  180U)  a 
About  700  meu  wero  engaged  for  the  protection  ol  tho  dirtj 
whom  102  were  cash-paid  fort  giiard»  or  diihandit,  407  w«re  rw 
ii)L-H)tcn{^ers  or  peons,  and  100  weru  land-paid  militia  or  sftptaa* 
Tho  country  was  divided  into  two  chief  parts,  rho  Huni<n  or  i 
lands  in  tho  hlll^  west  from  which  Sbivrfji  had  dran'u  thi;  Hoi 
hia  troop!),  and  the  eastern  plain  or  detUJ"  The  wealeni  bilk 
covered  with  timber  and  brushwood,  and  the  oasbem  hilla  am 
whole  plain  country  were  hare  of  trees.*  Many  rivers  paMn 
and  aouth-enst  from  the  Kaliy^dris^  Tbnr  valleya,  which 
known  od  hliorft  and  ncr»,  had  rich  soil,  and,  with  suioo  excep 
were  well  pooplod  nnd  fairly  en  tlirntod  though  there  woro  noin 
crops  or  high  tillacc.  The  etork  of  tish  wac  by  no  means  pile 
and  fow  of  the  tisn  were  good  eating.  Tigors  were  found  i 
west,  and  nil  over  tho  district  were  punthers,  hyDnim,  wolvv 
wild  hog.  The  hilln  fielded  little;  the  supply  of  teak  ani 
{Catophylliira  olatnm)  was  scanty,  and  the  tiinlxT  wiut  amalL 
hill  grass  in  tliu  woat  wna  good  for  homod  cattle  though  n 
ahoop  or  for  horsoii,  and  on  tho  skirts  of  the  eastern  ^'lU 
wan  exoclleut  gr«isH  bgth  for  iibo«p  «iid  forhoraos,  CotnporM 
other  pert8  of  India  the  climate  wu  good,  the  air  was 
the  cold  bracing,  and  tho  heat  not  oppreinro.  During  ]8 
DUtnbora  had  perished  in  a  deadly  plague  of  cbolent;  bu 
was  onnsual ;  tlie  chief  disoaaes  wero  f evor,  agnc,  niToctions  < 
liver  and  bowcltt,  and  violent  oolda.'     KxcejA  a  few  ahowon 


SOS  SU.  Sl«-Sl7i  lOtJi  OotoUr.lsai.GMt  Indu.  PRponlV.  SM.     So  „„ 
thia  ctiolsra  that  in  Mia  rillag*  ot  1000  pMipU  'MQ  diod,     Boin.  Gov.  s^  GIaL~ 

<  Okntain  U.  D.  KobociMU,  CollMtor,  lat  U>;  laSO  and  10U>  Ucwihcr  Ifl 
ladia  P»p«n  IV. 

■Captain  Aob«rtwu,  lat  May  1S30,  East  Indu  Paoora  17.  403  •   lOUi 
1621.  BmI  lii<lia  rApon  IV.  M4  -035. 

■EMtJnilu  fauvnlV.  525.  fi2G.  S8».  Rut.  Rer.  Letim-from  8«uUt  B 
1S2>.  BmI  Iixlin  fnpfni  III.  SM.  Mr.  El|>liiiiit(>na,  IHI9.  Rd.  I87'>  S|  u 
India  Paper*  IV.     ISU,    <  ICml  rndin  ra[>fra.  IV.  S'H).     »  Eurf  InJi.  I^ip-^  1 

f  Bypt  XiidJa  Papow.  IV.  Wi  :  iieUri  Swretive,  Ed.  ISffljl,  Ul.  1  U    '       ' 

<  Eut  India  fat>«r^  IV.  404. 


^Iie  norili-caitl  in  Noromber  tbo  supply  of  nia  was  from  blie  sonth- 
it.  Within  abr>at  6ilj  miles  frum  iho  Sabyddria  tlie  fall  of  niin 
genornlly  i^ufficiunt.  East  of  this  the  suppty  waa  EKantjr  and  in 
Sapa  and  Pdtas  great  scarcities  wero  frcquOQt.  Of  the  1213  Tillages 
maujes  some  were  alono  and  others  had  hamleta  or  vddit.  B'orty 
ninety  villagoa  formed  a  group  called  a  Utrf  or  mahiU  with  ia 
:b  i^roap  n  market  town  or  kasba.  Fivo  to  eight  viilago  groups 
formed  a  divisioa  cnllod  siihhti,  prdnt,  or  aeth.  The  villaga 
l)oiiiid»ries  wnre  in  mo8l  cases  natural  boundarii>8,  the  limiting  lina 
litlt^-  d)Ntrii;ttt  as  a  rule  carcfuUj  following  the  pcinlol  or  water- 
bbed.  Kost  of  the  villages  wore  open.  Some  had  wa.ils  of  mud  aiid 
itono  and  in  others  iho  t)idi>s  and  gablo  eoda  of  the  out«i*  houses 
roTo  so  coDnvcti-d  as  to  form  a  valuable  dofenca'  There  were  three 
bbiof  variptiea  of  soil,  block  or  k'il!,  white  or  piindhri,  and  rod  or 
'ifimbrtt.  Of  tbo  black  soil  there  wero  three  varieties;  the  first 
Failed  domhi  and  kn^valtlhiiie,  the  richest  variety  bnt  not  the  most 
ipiiiur  bot;aii<w  of  titu  Inrguiinioiiut;  of  water  which  it  rcqairiMl ;  thu 
Rtony  called  khaiikttl  ordhoiidul,  the  mo!>t  esteemed  van'oty  becauRO 
lb  wiitited  comparatively  littlo  water,  though  it  required  manure  and 
In  spite  of  the  buabandmnn'a  skill  in  mixing  crops  was  bolioTod  to 
losing  it«  jKiwcr  ;  the  third  rorioty  of  black  was  when  the  blaok 
mixvd  with  sand,  clay,  or  limeetono.  Of  tbs  white  or  pdmUtri 
there  were  several  varieties.  Most  of  it  was  charged  with  lime. 
tilt  <liv  biiiilMniliiion  lilci-d  it  as  it  was  a  clean  soil  growing  few 
ntedii.  The  red  or  c^tpper  soil  was  of  several  shaaes.  It  was 
tucraltir  a  poor  Hoil  along  the  akirte  of  the  hills  rough  aud  attff  to 
rork  and  reqairing  deep  ploughing.  If  well  worked  it  sometimes 
fioldtHl  largo  crop*.  The  chftjf  \iiri«tiv!i  wore  pure  red  or  mrrmii 
'AmbiU,  Lh(^  iighUist  and  rKhost  varietr.  doeporiuid  sandier  than 
ay  other;  upland  or  r>i/il  jamin  thin  and  with  rock  near  the  surface  ; 
tiilmir  or  ftaiidy  fiurly  rich  when  l^lorubly  dwp  ;  and  chopftn  th'jdvat 
\tiT  ehitcni  a  clayey  soil  found  near  river  banks.  Of  other  soils  in 
livampy  lands  there  wasaclavcy  variety  imllod  ehembad  or  ttpal. 
"  jnghly,  of  the  whole  area  of  arable  land  perhaps  about  Sfty  per 
Bent  were  black  or  hili,  twelve  per  cent  white  or  pdndtiri,  thirty  per 
Bat  red  or  tumbdi,  and  night  per  cent  of  other  soils.  Of  the  fifty 
er  cent  of  black  land  about  forty  yielded  dry  grains  or  Jirayat  or 
rero  waste  ;nad  of  the  remuiniog  ton,  two  per  cent  yiotuod  garden 
Broim,  fivo  per  cent  cold  weather  or  Tabi  crops  watorad  by  channels, 
knd  three  per  cent  cold  weather  or«|w  watered  from  wells.  Of  the 
twelve  per  cent  of  while  land  one  per  cent  yielded  garden  crops,  two 
_  >r  rent  cold  weather  crops  watered  by  channels,  two  per  cent  cold 
wrnthor  crops  watered  from  wells,  and  sovon  por  cent  dry  cropa.* 

tOf  till'  thirty  per  oont  of  rod  land  t  wpnty-sevfln  per  cent  yielded  dry 
cn-'psor  wero  wnslo.  Of  (he  ri'iiiaining  three  per  cent  half  a  pi-r  cent 
yiL'Idi'd  (i:nrdon  crops,  one  and  a  half  por  cent  yielded  chiuinel 
watered  cold  wwther  crops,  and  one  percent  well  wa*erod  cold 


Chaptor_TIlI 

Land- 
Tns  BurnsR. 
ISiV-Jtt. 


*  Bxtract  R«<r*nne  taller  tnm  Bunbay.  27th  Honuntwc  1822.  r.aA  iMlia  r«[»n 
III.  791  -  TIM.     RMt  India  Vtmn.  IV.  406. 
■CftpUui  Uobertsoo,  IQUOetotwr  IS3l,iii  SsitliiduPa(>er«IV.  M5-566. 


[BomfaiLj  Qui 


DISTRICTS. 


vreatfaer  crops.  Tlic  eight  per  cent  of  ocbor  soils  cither  jrieUa 
cropH  or  were  noL  under  tiluig«.  Acoordinf^  to  these  return 
twn  per  cent  of  tbe  Arable  land  rieldod  dry  crops,  aod  uightM 
c«ot  yidlded  watered  crops.  Of  tho  watered  laiid  ten  per  ceni 
black,  fire  wbitc,  aud  Uu-ov  rod.  Of  tbu  cightj:-two  per  orat 
crop  land  about  fortj  per  cent  block,  saven  per  cent  wfaib 
toveu  per  centred,  or  fiity-fonr  per  cent  in  all,  could  grow 
wiatlior  crop* ;  the  remiiining  twenty^eiglit  per  cent  ^rew  onlj 
or  rainjr  weather  kKarif  cropA.  Ol  these  eightj-two  par  et 
nnwst^^  laod  only  tweiity*two  per  cent  were  nndsr  htXe  ■ 
aboiit  forty  per  coat  wero  andoi-t'Mirt/' crops,  and  about  tw«iil 
cent  were  wante  or  fallow.  Of  Ibu  arnblo  uod  of  the  diatrioi 
twoB^per  cent  or  one- fifth  wore  waatc,  aod  eighty  per  c<oat  n 
fifths  wero  uudor  tilla^.  Of  the  eiK'ity  per  cent  nndor  I 
aboat  half  were  nnder  dry>crupB.  Of  Uie  remaining  forty  pe 
thrco  and  ft  bnlf  w<>ro  under  garden  crops,  six  tmclor  wcU-«i 
late  crops,  eight  and  a  half  under  ohannol  watered  late  crop 
twenty-two  wcro  not  wntered.  Of  tho  forty  per  ccot  uadw* 
crops  thirty-6To  per  cent  grew  the  better  dry  grains,  fonr  pe 
ipvw  rice,  itnd  ORO  percent  grew  bill  gtaina  or  rarJeati.*  0 
gniius  ^Town  in  the  Poona  drstrict  soTCoteen*  wbicfa  were  i, 
priKod  by  tho  people,  were  known  oa  the  great  gifta  or  auA 
TbesD  were  aUhi,  chavlt/a,  harhhan,  hntgn,  javat,  joadklr,  J 
l&kh,  masnT,  tnujr,  rice,  Kaf  it,  til,  lur,  vdid,  vuUine,  and  whtnl. 
other  prodncts  wore  Kintdl  j^imx,  ambiidi,  bajri,  bhadti,  tthv* 
Itarik.javae,  kathan  of  sorts,  Aardai,  maka,  malh,  mohrya.  I 
f^cte,  rdn-^nug,  ran,  wMli,  »ira»f  til,  niiti  mri.  Besides  thesB 
were  Rcveral  wild  or  self-sown grWDs/cliieflv  IfirOiKl*:,  dovbkit, 
kamal'bij,  pdkad,  til,  tidid,  and  ■ntrj'h-iiij .  'L'he  crops  geo 
grown  were  on  ^rden  land  hotel  loaveSf  chtlliea,  cnrruts,  f 
giager,jvdri,  Indian  ooro,  Itadval,  kothtmlnr,  oQlona,  peas  or  n 
radishes,  nijgiru,  rate,  t<itu,  sugarcane,  sweet- potatoes,  tot 
wheat,  and  yaina  j  on  black  land  an^ddi,  bdjri,  gram,  hultjt^, 
fnnth,  mug,  pdvte,  rtile,  tobacco,  tnr,  vAtdne,  and  whtMt; 
poor  land  bdjri,  hhtidii,  huhe,  mathy  nagli,  nirit,  til,  nnd  ni 
upUiidit  AiJjW,  hhddli,jorulhls,  ndyli^  »dvo,  fur,  and  ran';  i 
puhse  or  /i<it/tan  land,  gram,  kardai,  maanr,  mtu,  ru/,  villim 
wheat.  The  following  u  a  rough  eatiniate  of  the  qanatitioa  ol 
required  to  sow  a  bigha  or  about  Ihrce-foorths  of  an  acrB 
different  crops:' 


'E»AlMlwpBl>on,rV.  $«5-S€T.  B}- UmyUlo  baradtnUkod  cram  fam 
naturitjr  by  Uie  monwoii  i&ioi ;  iuu.1  by  rufti,  tiMM  thfct  *re  nuttarml  by  d«m 
IrHgalioii  oud  pArtJAl  ahowon  iu  tho  falrscMiMi,  fraw  N«vt«nUir  till  Muoh. 
be  rsinarkMl  ihM  no  rice  U  onltdvatoil  hy  inightiao,  all  nhich  in  ainni  d«| 
toWj  OB  tli>  MOBUi-vnt  ninn,  anil  •  pwUkJ  wid  nnMrtain  tupply  irvm  atnaa 
cputiDiM)  lo  Duir  for  a  lortulcht  or  tbn*  wwikf  aiter  tb«  Miuth-WMt  nfai 
CwiUin  Rolrertii.>n.  imii  Oolobar  1821.  Eiwt  Tndu  Papon  IV.  SiW. 

*Id  the  WMtUielAixl  wudi«-i(t«d  into  thro«  cIhmi^  ninlu  or  apl«i,J    bU 
pulMi.  anil  6AiMtr  or  rioa.   Cn'taiaffcAortiKin,  lOtk  0«t«b«rl831,    £*•»  laju^ 
i\ .  b'i-Slt. 


rDeccanl 


rooxA. 


3iO 


.Pmuu  Ohm.*  PUvim  wSgn  M  rjR  BmvA 

mj. 

Cusr. 

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Middle. 

TcKir. 

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The  rcsuU  ot  two  expenmenta  ou  firat  rat«  bluck  land  tatule  by 
JCftptoin  Rtiburtfiou  ou  tile  31  St  of  OctoLor  1820  was  to  nhow  an 
average  uuttura  of  gi-oiD  to  tho  English  aoro  wortli  about  tS 
*  (Ua.  :jO),  the  oiiUurii  being  turned  into  money  on  the  linsis  of  about 
.'  forty  pr>uiids  of  uiitlet  (6  ptitfjiti)  to  the  rupe«.'  Estimates  of 
'  J  tlio  btiHt  bluck  land  iu  three  good  and  tLrco  bud  y«ars  gave  a 
un  higha  oattum  of  103  paylxa  or  about  824  pounda  worth 
£t  \s.  (IU  22).'  From  this,  Captain  Robertaon  thought  tliat  to 
giro  a  fair  retnm  for  ft  s«riea  of  ycftrg,  oiie>fonrth  should  bo  token 
roprviicnt  tho  failure  of  crops  on  accouLt  of  want  of  min.     Tho 


Chapter  Till 

TlIK  BitiTun. 

isiosi. 


*  Tlie  trial*  on  vbloh  this  eititnftt^wu  btoMl  wwo  i  In  TskcaoD  I>liAmilbcr«  in  one 
tad  nr  Qna-twcntiotli  of  *  bijiia  of  ttw  &<|il  caUd  Gclul  which  had  tb«  Imt  aoil  uid 
|rVM>M  the  lK3«t  crwp  of  Iho  yeM  (•  niddluif  ytmt\,  f  ittui  of  thr  crop  wtn  MM  Mid 
',tb  >nir£.  It  rielUod  5)  jiAvli/,,  tlut  it  110  mWm  vorth  Ra.  22  tv  tho  %ba.  The 
MXind  trialvHluliieTillagc  of  Titnkli  in  tho  uuhlufoiic'i'ultii  KiKin  unB-twmtirth 
IaI  k  %&d  ef  the  bMt  Idulc  tind  uF  ■  mitldlinR  cran  nf  iipik«(l  mlUtt  «r  Arfjri  mi»il 
I  with  other  miibt.  llie  Mfri  yielded  3Jk  ;>4iil'i*  that  ia  kt  Um  rat«  of  62)  pif/lit  tlw 
kAwin,  worth  n*.  IS},  ftcid  tho  other  producb  worUi  Rai  14  aa.  li  or  •  total  nlao  «{ 
;&  3J  1M.7  V-^i  loJin  I'npmi.  IV,  5B8. 
■EUt  IndU  I'lpcn,  IV.  Sbfl.  ThcdctniU  an  : 


- 
Cmn. 

BMt 

tthUte 

Kont 

TVUI, 

turn. 

Cum. 

BCit 

HUdto 

Wont 

TWdL 

VJu 

K?  ::: 
la.    ;:: 

T*(4l.~ 

BK  ::: 

fdtal... 
MM    ... 
ra 

TeUl... 

U 
W 

w 

U*. 
(I 
» 

u 

u 

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tVy- 

tu. 
as 
u 

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u 

1 

KiT 
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u 

10 

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II 

3 

tto 

S*. 

irau   ... 

Tolal.. 

WhaM    ... 
Ottat     ... 

AvtrH;^. . 

TO 
W 

Iu, 

DO 

60 

/My. 

u 

w 

lit. 

I» 

uo 

K 

M 

K*. 

tSO 

110 

w 

au 

108 

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lU 

llfl 

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uo 

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to 
at 

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11 

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\ 

CUpUr  VII 1. 


(Bomba;  Gantti 
"DISTRICTS. 

JCl  12«.  (fiji.  16).'  To  this  Bltuuld  bo  oddod  about  66  pen 
pdyli*)  worth  3«.  (Be.  1  \)  for  n  iu<coti(l  crop  or  a  total  meui  i 
ofBbont672paaDde(84/NJ»/v*)  vr<7rili  £1  15».  (Re.  171).  EspvntDil 
and  cittiiitAtee  seemra  to  snow  that  the  ineaa  uulturu  uf  sectiodel 
loud  wsH  about  one-third  less  thoa  tbo  mwn  outturn  of  iho  b 
land  that  is  aboot  448  poands  (oG  jtatflui)  worth  nlxjut  £  1  3i.  4 
(R»,  II  (i«.10{).  Similar  cfttiinittoA  gnve  for  tba  poorest  Isadsj 
outturn  of  about  fire-SAvaDthB  \c»h  that  ia  of  about  192  ponij 
{2iy>.iy/;x)  worth  about  6v.  41<I.  <Ua.3  f^.S}).  Tltittia  for  the  Ul 
Icatliug  classes  of  land  an  nvurage  oultuni  of  about  -KI?^  poai 
(51}  jfay/w]  worth  about  £1  is.~ii  (RsAOtu.l^i).'  The  raUl 
(orco  in  the  greater  part  of  tbo  diatrict  uador  tho  MarAtha  or  fan 
settlement  were,  except  in  the  western  riee  lanila  or  ahnut  tww 
two  por  cout  of  the  whole,  a  htffka  of  dry  land  fit  to  yield  vegetal 
or  jiniyat  malai.  Ga.  (EU.  8);  a  higha  of  pulse  or  (uithan  land 
(Ra.  2);  a  hxt^hn  of  second  chuw  land  3«.  (R«.  \\)\  a  hUj^ 
third  oliiss  land  2«.  (Re.  I] ;  and  a  higha  of  fourth  rlass  land  Ui 

(12  (w.).*'t>st"'a»»v'^^;»ff«  of  "*«>"'' '**-3i'*-  (^-^  ■w.IO'^)  thtf 
equal  to  about  one-aixth  of  tbo  crcrago  outtani.'  As  rt^ 
watei«d  land  Captain  Robcrtson'9  eattmfttea  of  oatturu  trarfl' 
Hohusked  wheat  on  a  higha  of  block  eoil  of  tho  first  sort  M 
1728  poundi<i  ('216  }iay/i«),  of  tho  second  sort  al>out  1:144  pon 
(Kid  y>arf/iV},  and  of  tbo  third  Boriaboiit  ISlH  pouiida  (158  jxfyi 
Tliiit  (fivp-i  for  the  three  aorta  an  nrerage  of  abont  1440  nod 
iy^O  paylU)  i\i<i  higha  that  is  about  I7^i^  lwnndH(2Ifi  piiylU) 
acre.*  The  current  asttcxamunt  on  a  biifha  jrieldiag  tht»  produce 
8t,  (R«.  4)  if  it  waa  waturcd  from  »  olmtfaul,  and  \i»i.  (Ka.  G)  if  it 
iratered  from  a  well.  Captain  Kobort8oa'B«cx[>oriniontA  in  rice  la 
gavoa  frif/^A  onttnm  of  aboiitl806poand3  (\  khanAi  and  1^  «( 
orSS5j  fitflit)  for  a  Kood  crop,  abuut  1281  pounds  (15^  m 
or  1601  }"*'Ji»)  for  n  mrddle  crop,  and  nbnut  777  poonds  ({>J  u( 
or  97i  pdylif)  for  a  poor  crop,  that  ie  an  average  of  about  1, 
poands  (16|  tuant*)  eqnal  to  101  jxiylis  the  bitf)ia  or  207  pdylia  I 
is  30]  English  liuahclH  tho  acre.  Tho  aoaaoa  of  1820  vrh«D 
oxperimcntA  woru  made  was  a  poor  rioo  year  and  a  more  cxin 
average  was  said  to  be  20  matu  the  bigtta  or  37  boahola  the  aervt 


*  But  IndU  Panen,  rv.  Mg.STO.  | 

*TU»  In  about  «0  pottuJt  (SSiidyfM]  worth  R«.  lSa«.0|  (ht  acre.  But  I 
rapan.  IV.  070.  Accanling  to  CJipMui  Robertwin  (EOtfa  Clotober  1831  ll^al  | 
PuatBi  IV.  670)  2|  pinta  are  nqnal  fa  one  noamm!  thrr.  Ths  aqnii-aleula  otpi 
la  u*  t«Et  m  tiTdi  at  ta-o  ponads  th«  alcr  er  oizht  nountli  ibe  pdvU.  I 

<Blut  India  PaiKn,  IV.  R70. 

'Ctpt^a  RotMrtKm  MtinutM  thia  ncre  ouetiirn  of  i\6  fxt^it  ttt  S64  iMn  «4tu 
31  nagUih  Maadard  boahalt,  and  ncticf*  (lOUi  Oct.  IRSl  i  that  t&a  poor^ lu 
SootlalHl  jrialdt  of  MtU  IrOBi  <iat  bole  aad  a  qnartor  to  one  bolo  and  a  half  or  I 
lire  to  tii  buabali  to  the  Engliih  acn  ;  th*  aTcntge  barley  prodiioc  to  the  acn 
nuddUag  laad  ia  ScotUiiit  i«  tweoljr  boabali  i  tlw  avet^e  <n  whoM  ■•  twanQM 
bnalMla,  In  Vorkahin:  the  nTeniga  o(  eala  U  ftfty-ol^bt  Enibcl*.  Bari^  ni  Ite  I 
land  dlatrietofOlonewWryieldaMniietimaiaixljlHitJMiU  bat  tbo  arorw*  It  IW 
toor  IXMbvla  i  ia  Ul*  rala  ol  Oleucvrtcr  a  farawr  in  HtU  arankgwd  trov  Wtf  aotq 
Imb  than  (orty-flve  boabel*  l«  thv  aero  of  wbvkt  but  tbia  «■•  egoddared  a  1 
fenpcrio*  crop.    East  India  Paptra,  Vi,  bli. 

*£mI  IimIu  I'apcn,  IV.  m-bTZ, 


POONA. 

As  regards  the  stjie  of  tiUa^  Captain  RoborUon  noticed  tlint  laud 
not  ploughed  oftenor  than  onco  in  tbree  or  four  fears,  tu  iho 
itfaer  years  harrowiujr  was  considered  ciiougii.  I3iit  lliiit  burrowtng 
ubonOBS  aa  to  destroy  the  wc^>ds  it  bad  to  be  repeated  four 
imes,  oocli  time  in  auoppasitc  direction.'  Aa  regards  the  ooal  of 
illag«  Captain  Robertson's  inquiries  sboirod  that  a  set  of  eight 
nllocks  ooidd  till  aboaC  26  acn>s  (^jA  liiflMt)  of  good  bad  uud 
idifferent  land,  and  about  19  acres  (25  bif/hdv)  of  |c;ood  land.  A 
ulluck  cost  on  nu  average  £.\  IGt.  (Rs.  19)  and  la«tod  teu  yeara, 
hat  is  the  tosm  of  eight  bullocks  roprasoiiled  an  uvurugu  yearl; 
charge  of  £1  0«.  (Ra,  14^).  Thecattle  were  fed  on  grass  and  straw 
irhioh  cost  ulmoiit  notliiug,  and  a  few  »ugarcako3  costing  for  the 
light  bullocks  about  4s.  (Its.  2}  a  year.  To  work  tUo  ejgbt 
ullucka  four  mvu  were  wanted  who,  if  all  four  wore  hiri-d, 
ould  coBfc  £18  4*.  (Ra.  184).*  Other  yearly  oxpensea  for  field 
ola  would  amount  Co  an  arcrage  of  about  \Ga.  (Ra.  8).^  The 
.verage  poat  of  seed  un  about  26  acres  or  35  bi'jh&s  at  about  eight 
nouatiM  tbd  acre  (3  »her»  the  hiijha)  represented  £1  Is.  (Ri<.  10}). 
TluU  \a  a  total  yearly  outlay  of  about  £22  (Rts.  219).  To  thiH  coKt 
were  to  be  added  the  vent  and  other  charges  on  the  26 
5  bighd*)  of  land.  These  at  £3  15«.  6rf.  (Rs.  573)  for  th" 
Dt,  13>.  {lU.  6\)  for  extra  ccaaee,  and  £7  (Ra.  70)  for  the 
of  district  and  rillngoofQcorti  aiid8or\'ant3,aiuouiit«d  to  about 
£13  (Ra.  IS-^i).  ThatiBfor26acre8  (35  (iiy/itt-t)  of  good  middle  and 
bad  land  a  total  expenditure  of  about  £3S  (Rs.  SSSj).  The  avcro^ 
produce  of  the  20  acres  {^bbighd^)  was  about  4^17}  pounds  (54§  pdpht) 
ivorth  £1  It.  Id.  (R&  10  at.  12))  iho  blijha  ropre.<fentiDi{  a  valoo 
if  £37  15jr.  5d.  (Rs.  377  a*.  T\\),  and  this,  af(«r  deducting  the  £35 
Ba.  3531)  o[  cfaargca,  lett  a  balance  of  £2  8«.  1 U.  (Rs.  24  at.  7  j).* 
U  instead  of  hiring  the  fuur  mou  two  of  the  men,  as  was  the  oase  in 
moat  feuoiilies,  belonged  to  the  household,  though  tlio  cost  of  food 
ftodclotbes  would  remain  the  eiamo  or  might  aligUtlyrisf',  £4  (Ra.40) 
vrould  be  saved  in  wages.  If,  inetead  of  being  bongbt,  the  bullocks 
were  roared  at  home,  the  yearly  outlay  on  hullucks  might  bo  reduced 
iboQt  7x.  (Rs.  Z\),  and  tbi;  wife  and  children,  from  tho  sale  of  milk 
butter  and  cowdung-eakea,  might  make  £3  (Ra.  30)  a  year.  These 
Ihroo  items  together  amounlvd  to  £7  li.  (Rti.  73^)  which  with  the 
balance  of  £2  8>.  ll'f.  (Rs.  24  at.  7^)  of  recelpta  over  cxnendituro 
moiinied  to  a  total  of  £9  IGir.  lld.(Ra.  !)7  (w.  loj).  In  the  beet  land, 
teccrding  to  Captain  Robertson's  calculatiuas  the  balance  of  roc^ipts 
over  charges  in  r^alar  tillage  would  be  £9  5#.  (Ba.  02^)  ioatead  o£ 


>  Kart  ladk  Pipm,  IV.  ft78. 

*Tbo  dataila  ar«  :  FkMd.SSSOnoaada  or  SGOpd^u  ot  millet  or  nrf^/i  nl -10  potimla 
(S  pdVX<t  the  niiMM.  £7  U.  (R&  7?)  ;  ouh  >t  fl  {Vu, .  SO)  m'li  fur  ttiR«  ladtt  and  S3 
4m.  <K*.  SS)  (.-.r  the  fotuili  or  »  toU]  of  £S  44.  (R>.  92l  ;  clotliM  for  tlic  tmr  aun  £1 
(tti.  30).     Tout  £1S  fr.  (Ra.  IS4>.     But  lodu  I'apen,  TV.  670. 

*  Ttie  ilctaiU  are  :  Kv«ry  }tiu.  (ta  tb»  plough  rv|K«<  b.  (■<■.  31)  uiJ  dnlcta  A*. 
fita.  1 1)  or  In  all  Hi.  ( K*.  Ij  t  tr.tix  tli'c  y«an,  •jJuU  h«.  ( Ra.  1 ) I,  a  luilat  U.  (Ki.  91>, 
a  jrokr  orjM  a*.  {Ita.  U),  Mi/nU  or  «A<Mi{i  4t.  (Ita  S|,  tWui'  4>.  (Iti.  2),  pnMtAM  (MIm. 
(H«  •-'it,I>'<'>A«rorp<«fiMr«*.(Ea.  3).  pw/t  It)  3..  1  R».  Ii|.  fiwl'iii'.)0'.  (R».  3),  totrf 
£-2  l<  tlU.  auil  IB  Hra  yam  or  fh.  |1U.  1)  «vaiy  year.  ToUl  tot  dead  Mock  10*. 
(Ra.ei*rMr.    BhIIjkIw  Pap«n.  tV,  filfi, 

*Ca|>t,  BabertaoDiii  bat  ladia  P*p«n.  IV.  £76. 


ChaptwVUr. 

Idlllt> 

Tax  UuTuo. 


VBemiajQumm 


Ch»pt«r  Tin- 
I      Und. 

Thb  Bbitisii. 


352 


DISTRICTS. 


ti  U  I U.  (Rs.  2*  w.  7i)i  tl«t '».  togcthor  with  the  <7  7».  f  Rb.  TSU 
mvingt)  from  thu  homo  work  of  tbo  mnit  nntl   tlio  ostra  oar 
the  noiaea   and  childrou,   a   totel  prolit  oT  £16  12«.  (Ha.  Il^u, 
ths  battia  that  the  fiither  uid  son  worked  iasteail  ul  two  (tfttt 
liimd  mon  this  eHttmate  of  oont  of  ttUuj^^  rant,  &d(1   oLh«r  cWfa; 
UD(]  vnlaa  of  produce  showed  that  in  good  landH  the  Qovennal 
ftharo  of  ilie  outtam   was   13  por  cent  and   tho    laudbolder'k  tita 
87  per  cent.    Out  of  the  UmllioldorB  87  per  cent  10  por  cent  n» 
to  cl«in«nt«  and  TilUge  semoto,  20  pt'F  cont  ropreaeulfld  iLoaJ 
of  tilhi^,  and  42  por  coot  ibe  balaara  Icfc  for  tue   sapport  i*f  tk 
family  which  generally  contained  six  luetabera.      In  average  lui 
the  Oovorntnout  shnra  waa  17  per  oaot  oad  the   l&ndhoMor'a  thaff 
83  por  cent     Out  uf  the  landholder's  83  per  cent  18  por  oeot  ml 
to  villoge  sorvtiiit»  and  otber  claimants,  34  per  cent  roproaoottd  lb 
cost  of  tillage,  and  31  por  cent  the  mainteDance  of  the  laQdbaldar! 
family.'     In  Cuptitin  fiobertaoa'a  apiaioa  these  results  iifaowoJ  lU 
Goremment  toolc  from  the  landholiior  auite  as  largn  a  share  of  tb 
produce  u  it  could  safely  take.     IC^f^aroiag  the  ooat  and  pro£l  i 
rioe  tillage  Captain  KoburtMOO  gare  the  foUowin^  catim&tea.    '^'^ 
two  bullocks  wore  recioired  for  one  plough.     A  man  and  bis 
might   live  on  th<!  produce  of  one    plouffh    but     thcjr    woald 
wrotchodly  poor.     A  pair  of  bullocks  could  plou^yh  aliont  -i 
(5  higfiiif)  of  ricv  n»d  about  1}  acres  (3  hit^hiu)  of   rwrAiit*  and  mm 
The  b<>«t  way  of  growing  rice  was  by  planting  the  soodliugs.    IVi 
-vrao  laborious  aad  oostly.     It  froold  take  fifty   men  ouo  day  to  phal 
tbe  Bccrtlings  of  one  nwin  of  Bood,  or  150 men  foroDO  day  to  plutl 
ncrea  (o  hiyfu'is).     Lobourera  called  in  to  pUot  for  ouo  day's  awl 
were  paid  about  eight    pounds  (1  fi'jltj  of  rice  and  a  cake  of  sos 
other  ^rftin.     Tha  plnQtiog  of  rice,  wbi>rQ«acli  handful  of  aeedlo^ 
had  to  be  separately  pressed  into  ibo  ground,    waa    much   ad 
troablosomo  than  the  planting  of   ndekni  and  vari  whosa  eeedliM 
were  thrown  down  at  intervals  and  left  to  take  root.      Ten  men  cool 
plant  OS  large  an  nroft  of  n^cAni  or  vnW  u  1^0  men   could   plant  if 
rice.'     At  the  rice  hnnre;«t  a  man  and   his  wife  could  cut    four  ncrv 


TOU* 

biTf 


(&  bighig)  in  eight  or  nine  days.  But  there  was  always  spsai' 
expeoditaro  as  tuo  gmiu  liail  lo  be  carried  uud  atockcd  before  it  pt 
too  dry,  and  Mvcral  inon  wora  geiicriiUy  hired  and  paid  about  e^ 
pounds  (1  p-i'jti)  of  rice  for  a  dny'a  wrork.  In  growing  u-ifkni  * 
vari  except  at  harvest,  little  outside  belp  was  wanted.  Sdm  had  D 
be  weeded  when  the  grain  was  about  a  foot  higb.  The  weediagm 
carried  ont  by  the  mutual  agreement  of  the  villagers  with  no  oC^ 
cost  except  a  small  outlay  on  liquor.  As  they  worked  iu  the  dullf 
rain  very  lightly  clad,  it  ^rna  hard  work  to  keep  the  wecd«nii> 
spirits.  They  were  generally  etTcn  as  much  liquor  aa  they  eooU 
drink  and  had  a  drummer  behind  them  who  kept  drummiDtf  saJ 


'ThedeUILsot  tlio  clu^aftadrocDipUof  •best  t9wrca(30(i^A(U)  of  th«  M 
land  an  iCort  of  tillage  m  tor  poorar  luiil  U»,  319,  ftnrrantnnt  swraniium  aI  b>.t 
a  bbAa K«.  &0.  «xtra coa*M  (U.  6.  allowancea  sod  TUlagn  Mrvaiiia'  «ba(^  1U.y. 
tow  R«.  349.  Uodor  r«c«ipta,  23  bigJuU  at  at  Mj/lit  vortb  Ea.  174  m  Utk»  cm 
Bi.  4771  thtl  ii  n  biUnce  Of  Be.  Ki.  Eut  India  l'n]>cm.  IV.  677. 

*&at  InJia  I'apm.  IV.  578.  *Eaat  tndia  Hpen,  IV.  675.  670. 


Ileccau-l 


POONA. 


3S3 


lOveiy  now  and  then  Blioul«d  liluiicre  rf<«ifi  bhale  hhiH  Mda,  op- Well 
Idoiio  brotliers  wvll  iloDO.' 

Tbeixi  vrvre  few  Tniinonry  wntorcoaraoe  in  Poena,"      WTiat  there 

[voro  had  \>eeu  built  by  the  Moghals  aDtl  wore  cleaned  aud  rcpnired 

'  by  Govern mt? lit.      Six  of  the  mtb-clivMions  had  no  rogutar  dams  and 

DO  wutcrin^  lalccti  or  rosorvoira.     If  b  Btrenm  pnsscd  near  his  fields 

ft  landholder  occasioo&liy   mndo  a  t4MiipomT7  dam  and  dag  a  chftnael. 

Bat  it  wow  nctthor  ftccoraing  to  ruh)  nor  according  to  pnictico  to 

Tnnkc  IhA   whole  mAinbcrs  of  n  tiIIa^  nndcrlalco  such  works.     In 

Tillngcs  which  had  an  old  wat«r-work,  tho   people  might  give  their 

labour  to  repnir  it;  bnt  oven  this  was  not  a  condition  of  thoir  toiiupo. 

SiDco  thv  EnKliah  bad  oonquerod  the  country  no  new  reservoirs  or 

Imteroonries  nad  been  made.' 

Tho  greaUjT  pari,  nf  the  pcoplo  were  Konbis  nr  cnltivators.*  Their 
anmber  had  probably  not  nicroosod  during  tliti  throu  jcara  of  British 
rule.  A.  good  many  of  Bdjiriiv's  servants  and  oifSEiGngers  had  como 
And  settled  in  their  vitlngei;.  lint  the  cholera  had  perhaps  avrcpt 
away  moro  than  had  conie  back  ;  and  a  good  many,  tempted  by  low 
lenses,  were  leaving  Indiipur  (Octohoi-  1S21)  and  8ottliiij>  in  tho 
Nizilni'«  country,*  Aft«.'rasucc<!8i«!nu  of  ywirsof  good  or  fair  harvftsis 
and  high  pricat  the  state  of  the  husbandnten  wan  by  no  nii-aua 
vrrotuhod.  Htill  thoy  wvro  gvnorally  small^  pooTj  and  badly  clothed. 
The  people  of  tho  e&sterD  plain  as  a  nile  wore  abler  bodi«<I  aad 
bettor  looking  than  thoBo  of  tho  west.  This  waa  said  to  be  becauno 
the  eastern  people  lived  on  millet,  and  the  western  people  on  rioo 
niyi  and  s'lr^r.  Few  hiiabAndinen  in  any  part  of  tho  district  ate 
wheat ;  what  wheat  they  gr^pr  went  to  the  nearest  market  town.^ 
All  Hto  ftoeh  and  drank  liqnor.  Bnt  they  were  not  dnniken,  and 
dmokooROSB  was  rery  raroly  a  cause  of  crimo."  Though  as  a  whole 
the  hnshuidmen  might  be  described  aa  badly  clothed,  the  people 
of  tho  west  were  mnch  worse  clothod  than  tho  people  near  roona. 
In  the  wcflt  they  had  little  but  a  blanket  nod  a  scanty  cloth  round 
tho  middle  while  near  Poena  tho  men  Inid  genomlly  a  verj-  gnwl 
pair  of  cotton  breechce.'  la  the  west  rents  weru  bi(;h,  the  claims  of 
villago  Borrantfl  and  others  were  heavy,  and  tho  people  were  poor.* 
In  the  east  the  honsm  wero  of  mnd  and  stoue  with  nut  innd  roofs  ,- 
in  tho  wost  thoy  wore  emsllor  and  wore  oovercd  with  thatch.*  The 
naual  yi?ftrly  rate  of  interest  waa  (October  I82I)  twelve  per  cent; 
but  I8|  per  cent  a  year  (t  n.  a  month  for  a  rupee)  was  common, 
and  in  tho  west  twenty  and  twcnty-foxr  per  cent  wore  paid.  Whan 
the  int«re8t  was  paid  in  grain  about  75  per  cent  (a  aher  a  rupee  a 
month)  wna  taken.  If  grain  w&a  borrowed  for  food,  ono  qeartcr 
to  three  ({uartera  moro  tmu  the  quantity  borrowed  had  to  be  repaid  ; 
and  if  grain  WIS  borrowed  for  seed,  double  the  qaantity  borrowed 


'KMt  Imtfa  Papm,  IV.  SIMtlt.  *EmI  Iixlia  Pkpers,  IV.  SSIk 

■  KHl  In>Ut  faiwn.  111.  7D3.  'Eut  InJi*  rkpm.  IV.  OSZ 

•  ItMt  IiMUarftDM,  m.  7U;  But  IndU  Pawn..  1V.404. 

•CkBt  RntMrUnii,   lOtb   Oct.   IRI,   Etut  In>li>  Poptn  IV.   093;  Kxtrkot  Bev. 
Utter  from  BomlMv  STth  Nor.  1993,  Eut  IndU  fipem  lit  7V3. 
»  K-irt  1i»lb  Paper*.  IV.  40*.  '  Km*  Ii*Hi«  P»p«»«.  (V.  592. 

•  K*il  luJu  V*p«n,  III.  701  1  K-at  U-IU  IVp«ra,  IV.  409. 

DlXZT-4a 


Clia.pt«r  VII 

Iiand. 
TuK  BKiriMt, 


CunJiti 


I  Bombay  Oi 


a&4 


DISTRICTS. 


ChaptwVUl. 
Land- 

TuK  DKnmii. 
IS*!- 


Sfknvry, 
iStU. 


had  to  be  repaid.  It  had  lieea  and  it  still  was  nsoal  lor  tlic  W 
boDdtnan  to  make  a  bargain  with  a  graio  dealor  Ui  ndvanra  hi:  ' 
nrico  of  bis  crop  before  tbe  crop  iras  cat,  and  he  paid  bis  rent  I 
orilur  or  havdlit  on  tbe  grain  dualur  to  whom  be  had  made  ttviTtii 
cmt).  In  this  tho  hiubandmau  Huffered  a*  ho  was  g^nnrullj  prv^ 
for  uioQoy  and  tha  grain  dwier  h^ld back  till  ho  waa  iih\v  Ui  Itn  a 
soruething  Imts  lluin  thu  market  value  of  the  grain.'  Thovghut 
cUss  the  villageni  ivurc  frugal   und  prurideuL.  owing  to  tJM<f 

Src«»ion  of  tho  rcronuo  f«rmere  many  wero  deeply  in  dobU  Hm 
ebt^  were  of  long  stauding  and  were  often  laado  of  ooapW. 
interest  and  ooeosional  aids.  Such  debts  coald  in  faime»tbeiKtflil 
ouly  by  a  compromise  which  could  rarely  be  obtaiood  unql 
through  n  jury  or  jximcMiV.' 

trader  tho  landhnlding  cla-<»  at  tbe  beginning  of  Itritidi  rulrn 
a  cloM  of  flUveB.     Or.  CuRt«  (Pub.  1H20)  fouud  in  the  Tillage  of  b< 
eight  fomilioa  of  slaves,  oomprining  eigbreon  persons.     Id  remntb 
good   Berviof.'s  one  of  the  lilavc  f&mifios  had  Tirtoally  r< 
frcedoiu,  liTcd  in  ftsepnrale  house,  and  tiTled  on  their  < 
Till)  othftra  lived  in  tboir  mastcrs'hoofies.  The  aUvea  wct.' 

Tboj  wcro  clad  and  fed  end  oicopt  lliftt  thvy  louk  ihoir  

were  treated  in  tho  game  vray  aa  tho  niombers  of  the  family.    U 
behaved  well  they  got  pocket  money  on  bolidaja,  and  ebeir  mask 
•t  tbe  expense  of  their  marringee  whicb  cost  £5  or  £(i  {R<l&0 
Tbe  men  worked  in  tlte  fields ;  the  women  helped   t  I     ' 
sod  when  nnmarriud  were  sometimes  their  masters'  a-  .  lhs. 

nresent  race  were  all  home-hoTn,     Some  of  thorn   wi>ro   di 
from  women  brought  as  priaonors  from  Hindnst^ln  and  tho 
tak.    Freedom  waa  eometimeB  given  to  alaves  from  rolij^ioos 
for  good  conduct,  and  sometimes  because \hey  becamo  bo 
Such  persona  took  tho  name  of  shtmia  or  baatord  and  were 
inferior  and  were  avoided  in  marriage.     SlaTe>deKliag  waa 
disropiitAble,  and    was    not    much  pmctiuod.      Boys   wera 
brought  lo  nwrkc't ;  Wile*  of  girU  were  commoner.      BeauUfnl 
were  bought  by  tbe  rich  as  mistresiiQii,  or  by  courtezans  to  bet 
dunciiig  niid  singiug  and  fetched   £10  to  ^50  (Rs.lOO-&00). 
teis  Eavonrod  wore  nought  as  aorvants  in  Br&hmana*  f^niilint,* 


1  KiMt  rndw  Tapim,  IV.  380. 

*  Mr.  Oiapliit.  2i)th  \nffut  1823.  Eut  Indik  Pupni  IV.  S14, 

*  tVia*.  Boon.  I.il.  goo.  lit.  339 . SUX     Kf^imlin«  the  mnditkMi of  th«  p«nb< 
b«t,-innin);  ul  Etritiih  mte ttio  auUuiritia  iln  iiot alUwvtliar  tgr**.     In  hi*  MHrfl 
Bom.  lit.  Hoe-  III.  •25i.f2&i  Dr.  OmI*  (UMribod  i&ih  FA.  ISSO)  the  MfUttmv 
prapla  of  Loni  ■•  ciLtniDicJv  da]ilor>bl*.      Tbdr   Immmm   ww«  cruwUMd.  ^1 
mtlBcicnllT  Tcntilut»il  i  luul  Ui«tr  okttla  dvl  hinQiM  were  aftan  under  tbe  i 
Their  fowl,  »IthciU|{h  ■olilom  deaoUnt  in  qMntity,  wm  qoI  alwAfa   wtioli 
Duti-Itioo*  ;  and  tUj  «oni  wret«ti«dl/ «lo(li«L    Tb«tigb  cxtniiaa  natl  waU. 
genwallj  mad*  them  w«»r  wvU,  th«  eooBlant  Intiour  of  Uicir  womon   oat< 
naSUad  Ibem  Iw  nnning.  Mid  in  conaMMOon  ■  lorse  proporttoo  of  Uwtv 
dkd  in  iofAnor.    The  htary  uootioiu  impracJ  on  Urnm  bj  the  Oover 
Umdi  iMur,  ana  dfd  av*;  orerv  nromoot  of  ttidopunJcon  or  inpravmaM,^ 
iinpTavii)nnt,anil  ■alJom  trooided  tneraulrw  with  thti  fatutt.     Tdi.  t<.~.„MBi 
Oont*ln«i  eighty-four  ftmilW  of  luilhoUlon  »11  of  whern.  «mf|  ^^J, 
toMi,  w»r*>  tnor«  or  le*»  lii  H»l>t  lo  moncyBl  inaii  in  tbeB<rt]{),         ,  ,)    p- 
to  Brt)iin*iia  oc  tkopliMprre.    TLo  ti'tal  iniluUediiae* amouiitiN]  to  i;i4^^,  w    |7f- 
mndbtalilea  tliia  the  ootniniuiit)- ov,-ed  £307  (Ka.  9074].     Tbe  o»iiU  rate  ufjatcnrit 


VOO^A. 


855 


In  1821,  accoitling  to  Captain  iluberUon,  tbero  vroro  eight  leading 

id  inau^   subordinate    teiiuntii,'     Tlioao  were   eost!  or    full    rvnt, 

lattli  or  Icnse,  itkli  or  aliorl  rent,  iltmiM^a  or  Horvico  granted,  inamati 

r  rent  alienittod,  sfieri  or  Government  beld,  jitU  or  et/£  that  U  ront- 

vc,  uiid  (/(t/uJM  or  mortgaged. 

Gofftt    iucUded  land  which  p«id  Gororoincnt  a  fall  rental.     It 

•OB  of  two  kinils.  viiriini  or  hereditary  and  gatkul  miniA  when  the 

(!Tvdit»ry  holder  w&a  ahnent.     Land   held  by  a  miniviidr  was  cooai- 

dvred  to  lie  the  holdur's  property  ;  he  could  either  sell  it  or  mortgage 

it.     Oatknl  fxmU  was  land  whose  hereditary'  licildvrhml  disappeared, 

uid  which  tho  headoian  luifrht  let  on  the  beut  terms  ho  could  secure 

hnd  was  not  hound  to  pay  Qorerament  more  titan  tlto  original  holder 

aald  have  piud  had  lie  rutuaiued.     Land  of  this  kind  was  considured 

belong  to  the  village  community  and  hy  the  Tillago  waa  saleabls 

feed  a«iugnablo  in  morlgoge   to  defray    oubltc   dubta  and  pablio 

SXpcnHPic    Under  the  British  sysUtta  the  lieadtnaji  ceased  to  have 

Dwcr  tv  dispOHe  of  this  olnaa  of  land. 

Kaou  or  loaaehold  included  laud  lot  for  a  series  of  years  at  on 

increasing  specified  SBsessmeiit.     If  on  the  last  ycnr  of  tho  lense  the 

hill  rciitu  was  paid,  leasehold  latid  c&ineto  be  ranked  with  full  rent 

}r  «(Mf i  land.     It  bvloogod  to  Ui«  villa^^cotiimunity  and  waa  nateable 

ad  aasignable  hy  it.     Under  the  Maritthds  leases  were  granted  by 

liQ    Ttllagv  headouiQ ;  under  the  British   the  power  of  granting 

asm  was  dirDctod  and  controlled  by  the  m&Qilatdiirs. 

Dkti  or  short  rate  tenure  included  all  land  held  od  something  less 
tan  n  full  rental.     It  was  of  two  kinds,  uldi  or  makta  tjitlL-ul  mirtisi 

%ad  khand  makUi  iniriUi,  Makta  gatkul  miniai  waa  hereditary  land 
rho8A  holder  had  disappco^  and  which  for  some  short  apocifit^d 

kimu  was  let  to  some  one  else  at  a  rental  short  of  the  full  amount; 

It  belonged  to  and  was  saleable  by  tho  Tillage  commnuity;  khand 
takta   rnird»i  was  situilar  land  let  under  nmilar  circumstances  but 

)□  a  permanoQt  agi'ecincnt.    This  land  was  saleable  and  assigaabla 


Chapt«r_VIU 
Land. 

1931. 
Sodi, 


KomU. 


vu. 


.■■lour  p«r  emit »  yr*r.  1>at  whon  ninall  «(una  w«ff«  boROWKl.  I)t«  iiitervat  waa 
..jiMhtjfa  Ml  J'lujBn  pcnupcc  k  uioiithoraboatfaitTPor  MBt,  The  indebtodoewcrf 
llridokl  landkolilvrv  vuiv'I  ttwn  t:*  Ui  £20  (It&.40-9)0]  aniltiraoT  Uim  iir««ov«t 
t!KI0(Ka.  3040)  In  debt.  TboH  dpUu  hod  generally  b«m  conttsctod  bo  incoC  nanidft* 
,  or  to  bnj  t*UU  umI  (mhI.  KnuU  ilirtitor  Kv[>t  ■  running  noooant  with  liia 
llKiT,anil  t<Nik«ncci|i(Iortaii»h«  misht  from  Uoiv  to  time  paj,  while  tlto  iiituriAt 
I  braa|[ht  a^n«l  kimiUlit  oquftlM  las  principal,  wliero  it  ou^t  Ic^ly  to  *lo]»i 
I  dMiar  hut  4imr  or  tor  monqr  dottbia  for  grain  troble.  vat  tlw  naiim  that 
1  joriet  in  wtUing  tbtmo  il«Mi.  FWw  nf  thoce  in  debt  knew  nnjUitt^  abont 
heir  kHKiiiDta.  It  was  a  Mwuiion  upnloD  among  Uiem  that  th«y  had  (liaokar^it 
11  jiut  >l«aMaiii  on  lli«tn  u<nr  and  <ivDr  nffnio.  As  non«  of  tlim  Ilimw  uiythinu 
T  aMmuita  this  wa*  poaMhly  not  vrithuut  tJtith.    Bfiilfowiag  money,  abont  nfourt£ 

:  thomtHlfM  iJiil  ttioirxattlu  till  th«  next  karrcat.     Thii  tti«y  woe*  bonul  to  np»y 

kii»<l.  uitl   witli  nav«r  lew  tKau  mn  laowaas  of  liilj-  m-l  oftsw  of  atvswtjf'livp  |Wf 

nt.     'His  vhilo  ot  tho  Uadltolilor'o  crop  wm  gvntrvlljr  niortgagod  before  it  wu 

•)ic<l.    Thia  woa  th<i  cw«  In  OT<lin»iy  linxM,     lii   bwTimaaonaor  to   en*»olanj 

uMy  Ibc  «  vil  nu  raoeb  incraiisvd.     If  au;  of  thdr  cattUi  di«d  tbey  bad  no  woaM 

;  tboai  bvl  «m  tho  Unu  aboro  cuplaiiwl ;  ami  if  ttwv  fsOiM  in  thu,  tbdr 

iHMwaa  to  quit  tbdr  (Uda  for  n  timo  and  cndsaniur  to  mtt  a  littk  lunnaj 

,  _.„_iiaa  •amsta  to  HMhoiam  and  uthen,  or  uirluiui  liy  caliitfaie  aa  scddten. 

>  C*pt.  Kob«lwa,CaUoobgr,  lOth  Oit.  \92\.  Eut  India  ^apvis  IV.  643  M7. 


fBot&bSy  u 


359 


DISTRICTS. 


ChapUrVm. 

LubL 

1821. 


tnAmaU. 


in  mortgagti  b;  tlie  holder.    Ibis  which  wu  mora  tai 
Oie  orilitiitrj  Iicredttarj'  tenuro  was  exlrctnclj^  nurc. 

DiTMALA,  literally  twu-owiicrod  land,  in  Uie  aeaae  thai  Iba 
owner  hiul  not  entirelT  portod  with  it,  waa  Innd  buld  for 
It  included  ghtAttmadi  fand  liold  for  military  twrvioe  as 
troora ;  baiuhit  or  gift-land,  puMJiully  gnrdoa  land  er»nU>d 
{or  Dis  life  »ud  thon  rocftlled;  aod  Mmujnm  UdiI  hold 
at  ibo  pluasuro  of  GoTornmuat  without  uiiy  iitipulation  ot 
Gaonni»ltit  tlnindlit,  or  two-owaorwl  villtttufo-Iaiid  was  rill 
gTBtitcd  rc'ut'friM  tu  a  KnuKMhi  ur  w»tcliiuuD  wkti  ouold 
Dor  mortgage  it. 

InAhati  or  nnt-nlionRtcd  timd  was  land  gnuited  it 
Ihroneh  fiivoop,  in  charity,  or  tx>  bu  horedilary  uffice<bc{ 
iuclu'ie'l  *tnn'i  iniirnati  or dcod-irnt-nHuiuited  nod  gaon  ni»bn 
or  villii^^-ront-alieiuited.  Saj\ad  immali  bad  four  variotiei 
ihcm  wero  liable  to  unj  tl>o  dues  of  villafi^  and  duttnct  i 
or  halaldri  aod  all  ot  tuum  onginatod  frum  the  ruliu^  power 
initaMf*  luod  was  hold  in  por^Mitoity  hy  a  deed  or  santid 
ruliu^  powOT,  fruo  of  all  GoTCmuicDt  exactioiig.  A  gra 
kind  Ht-emod  to  havo  boon  alwaj-s  ihado  from  ownerless  a 
bind.  Tlio  right  asaumud  by  Oorvrumoat  to  ^raiil  Hucb 
not  diBpaUrd  by  Mw  villngo  ooqwnUion.  Thu  other  throe 
of  dood'hi-ld  land  wvro  I'nfim  ntmdi  which  paid  a  GovertU 
o()ual  to  oim-half  of  the  full  n>nt,  indvi  tijiii  which  paid  a 
Govommcnt  ruiit,  and  ivdm  eitauUnii  which  piiid  a  a 
GoTorumoDt  nint  Gaon  nMat  iwimati  was  of  suvon  v«ri 
boadmanV  land  jtavodi,  the  Alliiir'n  land  of  two  kinds 
Jtfu^^i,  templu  Iniid  or  detMaOuht,  cnLftsiuou'a  land  ur  vdr<\ 
lBi)dor<Mi(r»j<ifj(f^ri,aad  ordeal  land  or 'ft>ft  teki.  Of  thcso.  tw 
claimaats'  dues  aud  ono  raadu  soiiii'  p»ymciit  to  Oovommen 
of  tliia  cinas  wcro  made  by  the  Tillage  oorporution,  bat  Go 
appeared  to  \mvt>  tho  power  to  ordvr  ao  assignnient  En  »n 
this  bend.  Tho  boaduian'a  grant  or  paaoJi,  which  perhaps 
ni«ant  a  grunt  for  cIothi.«,  was  ita]Qat>lQ  and  ludigruiblu  m 
with  or  without  tho  offico  of  hcadmau.  It  was  fn-e  from  a 
oxt'ept  tho  claims  of  village  .lei-voiits  ochaluUie.  The  grant 
known  an  hddti  or  liinki  was  a  piot  of  land  set  apart  by  I 
tor  carcasses  and  bones  except  a  fringe  round  thu  odgo  w 
tilled  ;  it  paid  no  rent  or  other  chargo.  The  other  Klh^gn 
as  hiidi^a  or  tho  bono-laud  was  instead  of  cash  payments 
Boleable  and  asiiiguiibiti  in  mortgage  and  was  tnra  from  I 
Teiuplo  or  detaithdii  Lmd  was  asaiguud  for  the  village  gw 
mas(}u(^s.  This  laiid  v!ti»  in  charge  of  the  niiui»(mut  at  ti 
touipic,  who  was  generally  of  iho  Uurav  ca-sto.  Ilo  sold  th 
and  aet  apart  tho  prico  to  meet  the  daily  charges  for  tho  J 
paiut,  clothes,  food,  oil,  and  vessels.  It  was  neither  trt 
nor  aalenblo.  lu  tho  woab  of  tho  district  a  grant  of  Ui^ 
villago  cmftameu  or  balutdn,  who  were  known  as  g 
t(Kik  the  place  of  a  gharo  of  the  produce.  Charily  land  or 
(Myit  wiut  lain)  given  in  chanty  or  inel^ad  of  A  money  payi 
was  assignable  id  mortgage  and  saleahlo  by  the  boldora. 


4 


ll 


POONA. 


m 


ino  tax  or  fee.     Ordeal  Inntl  or  d^^u  tel-i  tlio  lost  of  tlio  village  grants 
land  bold  hy  a  hca<liiian  or  Mliur  in   return  For  liftviiig  gaintxl 
or  tbo  village  mme  disputod  lautl  by  piuaing  im  onlual,     lb  was 
ibie  and  aBsigoable  in  mortgftga 

Sbbbi  was  at  tlio  disposal  of  Gorcrnmont  und  was  managed  by 
llie  Qovemment  direct,  not  through    tha  Iieadman  or  nny  of  tJie 
^Tillage  ajfeate.    It  nns  entirely  Gorenunent  property  and  ^uid  no 

Viz  or  SuT  knd  was  a  small  plot  of  rcnt-frM  land  in  a  large 
liotdiag,  which  van  thrown  ia  to  make  up  for  aome  disadvatiUigo 
under  which  tho  holding  suffered. 

GakAn.  The  last  special  tenure  was  land  held  tn  mortgaeo  or  githiUi. 
Thortj  wore  six  forms  of  mortgage  :  (1)  'ITie  mortgager  handtnl  tha 
land  to  the  laortgi^c  and  continufd  to  pDy  tho  Oovemmcnt  dL'iHi»nd 
sod  nl  the  end  of  a  ocrtftin  term  tho  whole  debt  was  cancelled  ;  (3) 
the  mortg^uD  paid  tho  Govurnment  rc-ut;  (3)  tho  mortgagee  took 
tho  prodnco  of  the  estate  aa  interest  and  the  prinoipnl  bad  to  bo 
eoparatoly  paid  ;  (4)  tho  mortgager  managed  the  luud  and  paid  tho 
mortgagee  a  share  of  the  produce ;  (5)  if  the  mortgager  failed  to  pay 
-within  a  certoiii  tiniej  tho  land  passed  to  tho  mortgngro ;  [(>)  tho 
mortgagee  paid  the  runt  on  condition  that  if  the  mortgager  did  not 
pay  iiio  principal  within  a  ccrtii-in  period  ho  mujit  sell  the  laud  to  tho 
iDortgngoo  at  a  fixod  price. 

r.U»L  K.  Be:tidi.-a  those  noticed  b^  Captain  Robertaon  there  was  a 
local  tenure  in  the  MuUlii  peiLy  division  formerly  of  Miral  now  of 
Havcli.  This  was  Btyled  pulnuk^  or  rent-exemption  and  rcBcmblod 
the  jjnnc/Aar/iwAa  or  leading  villager  tenure  of  the  North  Koiikan. 
XJn<ier  the  ftalnulc  tenurEwfrecdom  from  village  charges  nnd  uihur 
clainu  were  £rrant«d  to  hereditary  district  ufTieeiii  Bnlhmuns  and 
others  apecialiy  mentioned.  In  some  cases  thi»  ^idlnuk  or  reduction 
in  rent  amounted  to  as  much  as  hiity-oue  per  cent  aud  in  no  caao 
was  the  rcmifieion  less  than  eighteen  per  cent.'  In  IS30,  September 
Gth,  when  he  was  introducing  his  settlement  iato  thu  M&vuls, 
Mr.  I'ringlc  noticed  that  iu  some  villages,  chiefly  in  the  Paud  vale> 
BrtUunans,  Tillafie  officers,  and  certain  others  were  tree  fcom 
extra  oe«gea,  villagers'  claims,  villago  expenses,  and  olhor 
clutrges.  The  tenure  was  called  pdlnui:  or  freedom  from  cesses  and 
wuaIikctheleadingTilhigerorp(iNd/Hii-^'f'«/ia  scMlomcnt  in  tho  North 
Konkan.  ITiough  tho  privilege  was  not  supported  by  di.itincL  grants, 
Mr.  IViiigle  waa  satisfied  that  it  had  long  been  eajoyi'd  and  had  bi-eii 
admitted  by  tho  Mariltha  govomment  Mr.  Pringle  tltonght  that  the 
privilege  should  he  confined  to  tboso  who  were  in  actual  esjoymoat 
of  it.  IIo  oeoordiDgly  prepared  a  register  which  showed  that  lOS 
privileged  holders  enjoyed  a  concession  representing  a  yearly  sum  of 


■  TbcHuh  Ckpt.  BoborlMD  doM  mit  iDMitioii priiMni',  tiie  (nllowin;;  {wkikc  m  hia 
r«lMrt(IOtbOH.  I8SI|  tMinitortfa-lothistcfiBro.  'In  tweJTvarfourloeu  vIII«(M(iI 
III*  l*»ud  KkOT*  Mttam  Brdhiiun*  lUi  not  i»y  tha  fuU  tmmtmoaX'  Ha  thought  this 
nrivilage  \uA  bMn  acquiml  hccMM  t)uy  win«  rloh  and  roipeetaUe,  lud  nut  (rum 
tbek  tMJtiit jKMf.    Km!  ladift  P*i)on.  IV.  aHO. 

*  rwMM  (Mlortor^  CMMpiUtira  ol  ISM,  t7,  ftS. 


Chap^VIIl 
1421. 

1 

PiUofSat. 


Gtikdt 


35S 


DISTRICTS. 


CkapUr  VIII' 
Ttxonjui, 


ildSI  (Re.  3510).  Tbo  rixldetioD  od  tho  surrey  *«s«mmebt  of  m 
those  privilogf  d  holdens  was  ofTocted  br  calculating  the  nUtto 
cosaefl  or  b-ibg  from  llio  pa^fiiciit  of  woioh  each  waa  oxetopt. 
sum  ttius  found  was  doUuvUKl  frout  ibu  rv^nlar  assessmtnt 
(torcoQtogo  rate;  cqaivatent  to  iU  anioiint.  From  this  inforout 
fitst«ineDt  was  praparod,  giving  Uie  names  ot  the  p<Unt*kJiirt 
rcducliou  to  which  )?aoh  wa«  entitled.  Tbit  arran^iuDot  ivau 
ill  fierce  til]  1^54.  'I'bu  only  diaogo  in  thu  iotflrval  was  i 
tnuufcT  of  the  land  or  tbo  fniliim  of  tho  fniuily  of  tlia  or 
Iioldera  the  Bmoant  ol  thu  cvDCWSsiua  Uod  fulion.  from  £^L  to 
Cits.  3BI0- 3190).* 

In  proposinjt  tho  M^v&t  surrej  wUlamont  ia  Jaaoarjr 
Cuulaiu  Fniucis  thu  Survey  Saporiutoadonb  tliouf'ht  it  adviat 
make  a  temporary  ooDOMsion  to  ibe  p-itnuhiors  liku  thv  oodm 
propoeed  Cor  tho  Koofcan  pdttdharp«$hii».  IIo  thoug-ht  Ur.  Prii 
Btittemout  of  the  enjoyorsoE  thepa/nukcoscoaaion  tthuuld  boaiL 
iLB  thti  hmiis  uf  tbu  Kttlemenb.  That  iC  the  new  surrey  rates  jx 
not  higher  thaa  the  existitig  ooDceasion  n-tos  the  new  mix*  ii 
bu  lovit-d.  That  whore  Cbe  new  surre/  nUes  proTod  higltfr 
thu  uxiAtin^f  conoesBion  rates,  if  the  Koldor  was  tho  sttma  pcnoa 
had  hi'ld  in  Mr.  Prin^le's  liiac,  the  enhanced  ralua  sboald  m 
levied  for  ten  y»ara  ;  and,  if  the  holder  was  the  lineal  doaccndi 
the  pi>j-tK>u  who  had  held  in  Mr.  Priof^le's  time,  tho  oabonoad 
should  not  Ik)  lt;vi(Kl  for  five  yeius.  Id  cases  where  tho  holdor 
B^qnired  tlio  laud  ia  auj  way  except  by  deaceat  tho  new  eatii 
survey  ratoH  should  be  at  once  mtrodoced.  Captain  fti 
AiigKoatod  tlint  H  Atutement  should  be  prepared  to  show  to 
remissions  the  different  holdom  would  be  entitled  till  the  pni 
oouceafdons  oanae  toan  end.'  Tliodenii-oGcial  lettvr  from  toe  I 
Booratarr,  on  the  uuthority  of  which  Captain  Fraaota  iiitrodaw 
proposed  seltlomont  into  MAval  in  1853-o4,  seems  to  huTel 
no  notice  of  Captain  Fmacia'  proposals  regarding'  the  pa 
ooncessions.  The  matter  was  brought  to  the  notioe  of  Govefu 
IB  February  1855.  In  Aiiguitt  \&5l>  Goverameut  decided  thll 
qurstinn  should  be  roRerrcd  for  a  future  occasion.*  At  pn 
(18^4)  thcro  uro  p^ilnu^teldr^l  ii)  fifty-sii  villages.  I^-fora  ISM 
a.iiies.'iinont  accoraing*  to  mamul  rates  amounted  to  £318  (Ra.3 
■md  thup'i'nMArto  £136  (Rs.  ISfiO).  Under  the  fiurvvy  intni 
in  1854  tbo  nssessmoot  on  ptitnuk  lands  was  rodaced  In 
(Rs.  2730)  And  the  amount  of  /mVruJ;  to  £95  (R.<<.  9!;0). 
rvpi-OBOots  tbo  sum  now  (188+)  actoally  reoovuruj  from 
fotnukildri.  It  will  thus  be  seen  that  tho  piihiul:  levio«)  uada 
ntdmvl  rstos  was  6}  imnas  in  tho  rupee  or  42  per  cont,  wli( 
that  recovered  under  tho  survey  rates  amonnta  to  5|  annas  in 
nipco  or  3't  per  cout.  So  that  the  conoosaton  now  allowed  is  i 
favourable  than  that  under  the  mdm«l  latoa.   There  is  ao  occw 


'Rom.  Gov.  8*1.  LXX.  11-13.  Uailer  a  dKnUi  of  Um  Ravneaa  CofluolM 
N.  D..  06!  of  Sth  dagiut  18U.  H  wu  aedaed  that  tht  eoDManon  ommiI  wU 
d««Uia(Uia«ingiiaJ  nltnkti/rfr.  ThiadrtiuW  wm  inAdiB«dUirMy«M«  mJbaij 
LvUv  DSPS  of  Uth  July  IM7,  MUcb   dvcknd   ikki  U»  Iruwfcr  ul  UnJ  U  I 


»Bo«i.Oov.  ScL  L.VX.  13-lS. 


"  Boai.  Cot.  S«l.  LXX.  M,  «S,  «9. 


POONA. 


359 


from  failure  of  liaoal  dcfioendants  or  in  oon^nence  of  tbo 
of  tbo  )ad<1  to  Bn  outsider  and  tbo  tra>nitfor  tborcof  to  tbe 
laser's  kh-Ua.^  Oovernraeat  have  lateljr  (18HI-82)  decided 
mortgago  with  or  withoat  posscasion  does  Dot  nmoiint  to  sucli 
.nsfer  of  the  privileged  Innd  aa  destroys  »1ir  holder's  right  to 
eual  romission.  At  the  same  time  tbo  former  opininn  seems  to 
iheld  that  the  pririlogo  coafies  on  any  portion  of  the  land  wbicli 
B  from  the  buldor's  nnnie  ezc«pt  by  lincfll  euccossion.' 

the  beffinning-  of  Britisli  nilc  the  ninin  diri.sion  of  tho  Pnona 
rndmen  wan  into  bpreditaty  holdura  c&llod  thalkarig  or 
uIAts  and  casan)  holders  called  upri$.  Among  tho  liereditaty 
irs  Captain  Uobortson  thought  tlioro  wura  eoiito  whoso  fami- 
.ated  from  pr&-Mi)RalinA.n  times  when  they  nsed  to  bold  from 
jdn  chief  on  Mann's  reatal  of  one-sixth  of  the  produce.'  'i1ie 
Utary  tenure  remained  in  all  villa^s  in  the  district  except  in 
t  thirty  Tillaffea  which  had  never  recororod  from  somo  great 
lity.*  Besides  the  freedom  from  tlio  choBce  of  being  oaated 
^reditarf  hold<iir  had  many  advaQtaees  over  tha  uprt  or  casual 
W-  In  the  west  the  hereditary  bolder  vrtta  free  from  several 
i.  Ho  cuuld  build  and  8«U  a  bouse;  lie  had  a  voice  in  tbo 
to  OOdDcilft ;  and  be  bad  a  share  in  tfae  village  grazing  land. 
uo  eut  iu  addition  to  these  adraQtogca  tbo  hereditary  hulder 
sia  wife  had  pnecedeoco  iu  village  cererooniea  and  bis  children 
I  belter  marriages  than  tho  children  of  cuauul  holders.^      Id 

of  abont  30,<!0()  landbrilderA  vbo  paid  direct  to  Government, 
1 10,700  wore  hereditary  holders  and  about  10,900  were  casual 
ire,  that  is  there  ivere  abunt  twice  oa  many  heredit&ry  holders 
«ual  holders.  Aa  regar^^he  proportion  of  borcditary  holders 
fferent  parlft  of  tho  district,  Poona  City  came  tirnt  with  tbirtwn 
16,  Haveli  and  Shivner  came  second  and  third  each  with  five  to 
PAbal  vas  fourth  with  four  to  one,  Kbed  was  fifth  with  Ore  to 
),  Parandbar  was  sixth  with  three  to  two,  M^val  was  seventJi 

tcu  to  seven,  Bbimthiuli  was  eighth  frith  nine  to  ten,  and 
pur  was  last  with  one  to  three.' 

illGctor  of  ^oomI^  S12  o(  £Rth  Jutairy  1S84. 

>r.  Itm  «414,  itAtwt  tb«  !»th  uf  Oclobtr  1881,  uid  408  of  l9Ui  Juibwy  ISSS. 

wt  lixlia  Pqwn,  IV.  SS9. 

.[itain  HuImMmu,  loilt  Dvhiber  1821,  EMi[nil>»  Papenir.  &?S. 

tt.  Rev.  LoL  from  Bomlwy,  flth  Navoinber  1823,  But  liulia  P*pcn  DL  S09. 

lit  ludia  Fapon,  IV.  S86.    The  dctoOt  am  : 

Potm  tMnMaldin.  tSit. 


BCB-Dimffin. 

Vprit. 

TeUl- 

F»9R)BtlO», 

Pprit- 

IDifmlhMll     ...       _ 
l-™n»fl^     _.        ^        - 
ludArivr          ...        ...        M 

KUiil                _       uv        — 

I'linmdhAr     ...       •>       _ 

Hi  ml            

Janiuu  (HiUaiaad>,.. 

k 

an 

im 

an 

in* 

IIM 
lit 

no 

■on 
tuo 

JOB 

wv 

uo 

mm 

SMI 

nu 

MM 
MM 

la 

t 

U 

to 

IOlMS 

itMe 

w.oia 

1 

t 

Cliaptor_Vin. 

liUad. 
Tub  BiuTuut' 


tSSL 


IBaBb^aii 


Chapt«r  VIII- 

y,an4- 
TiiK  BnTn»il. 

llUi. 


ISW. 


SM 


DISTRICTS. 


All  landboldoni  were  mombers  of  vUlAge  cotnumititiei 
formed  thn  ni»sl  iniportaiit  fcitturo  of  Deocnn  soctoty,  Tbe 
TilliLgo  communitie*  wore  miniatDm  states  with  an  orgatusation 
ooiuplet«  I'liuugli  to  protect  the  mombers  if  nil  other  QoreniBK 
withdrawn.  Thoy  wore  an  uxoellent  remedy  for  tho  imperfcvl 
a  b»d  GoTommcnt ;  tboy  prevented  the  ©vil  cfTccte  of  its  neyl 
ftnci  weakness  and  even  presented  aome  liarrier  ngaiost  its  t 
and  rapacity.  Each  village  had  a  portion  of  (^rouad  attndw 
which  vm»  committed  to  the  nianugomcnb  of  the  Tillagsn. 
boundaries  wore  carvfuily  iniu-kod  and  joaiooalr  f^nardei 
village  laoda  were  divided  into  Gelds  ooch  nf  which,  wbotiiee 
or  nasto,  hnd  a  name  And  woll  known  limiti.  Kxcept  a  fow  I 
and  cmftainon  the  villagers  were  almost  att  bualmndmcji. 
each  village  was  a  hcndmiui  or  tuitU  with  &n  aasistAnt  or  ria 
and  It  clork  called  kulkami  and  twelve  sabvrdiiutlo  sorrafite 
Mm  iMlutds^ 

The  headniftTi  or  ]MJ(i7*  held  his  office  diroct   from   Gotdt 
undur  a  writtwi  paper  or  vaian  patra,  which  flpocified  hia  dud 
rank,  and  the  cenMDoniea  of  rcspeot  to  which  ho  was  entitled 
hie  pcr4)iiiDit«iK,  mid  the  quantity  of  •freebold  Iruid  nllottcd  t>' 
wages.  In  1820thr  jxifi/^tdxiiit  I'ouna,  Keoerally  eaid  tbcybd 
palilehip  from  tho  emperor  of  Delhi,  or  trum  ono  of  tho  SMara 
m    Dr.  CoBba'  opiaioQ  many  were  held  frum  tho  Peshw^s,  an 
which  was  not  ackiwwledged  beoause  tbe  Delhi  and  SdUn 
were  considcriMl  more  sacred.     The  vatan  jtatra  wus  scaled  w 
Bovcroigii's  seal,  had  tha  aignatare  of  seveml  witnasaeB  to 
ondod  with  a  cunfo  on  any  ODS  who  tboidd   dintarli    or  diipa 
ri£^t«  of  tbe  bolder.    The  p<iiilf.h^'  was  hereditary  and  vi 
but  tbe  oSico  waa  looke<l  on  n«  so  n>i<puvtAbIo,   ana    tba  pi 
uttocbcd  to  it  was  oonaidored  so  permanent,  that  there  vera 
no  instancoB  of  ita  being  wholly  eold,  allhoug-h,    as  a  tn 
nvertiug  miafortune,  part  of  it  had  often  been  traosfcired  b 
Tbi«  was  the  reason  why  there  were  two  pAlifa  i»  maoy  vi 
nud  three  or  four  in  Bontc.    When  there  wor(>  more  than  one  111 
the  datiua  and  rights  of  tho  offico  were  divided,  acoi.»rdin^  as  it 
be  Rllnulated  in  the  deed  of  sale  ;  tho  original  pdtit  always  ki- 
prei-raence.    The  prominent  duties  of  the  pdtil  woro,  bIob 
tbe  villago  accountant,  to  ascertain  and  oollect  the  Ooveratm 


*  Ur.  GlpbiiMtoiu^  1610.     Dr.  Ciwta  writutg  in  1980  tS9th  Fobrnary)  i^ 
towiudilp  of  Lrai  bM  tia  own  oOcarti  is  gorenwd  kv  itt  onii  latra  ui^    ^^ 

it  in  untat  niBuimiadciMDdMituf  til  witboaL     lb  bouiKtuioa  umI  

havcuitdwgeaoBOaltcnttunfraai  timeliiunaiMirialiHkO*  tbe  sre&tptiUiMd 
that  bftv«  twa  WBtiBtttlty  gotax  OB  in  th«  MiMMnoa  oftlie«ta,iea  itbaabM 
to,  hava  noitlkargivMiit  wucbAatnTlianotiiAr  exoit^l  mieb  iiatercwt.      Al 


aoAy  interoourao  with  iLe  Oovamnjont  i*  tlia|M}ni<<nl  nf  ita  timi«,  Ita 
ar*  0MiBac4ad  vitb  thoMi  of  Uis  iiMgbbottriiiK  WiroBliifia  by  intormnrrnci 
iriaiAly  inUtrcovna  i>k«pt  up  belwMa  iban.  It  Ucomiwrily  \^■(t  i^  pent 
front  nctomal  manlM^  nnd  li  hold  najMHiaibla  for  Uic  polieo  witlun  it*  UjbI 
OlBctra  a(  the  tovruliip  kT«  two  ptUiU  who  sra  it*  «vn  ■o'ffiatntca  ;  tka  ( 
or  dqwtjr  p«irU ;  tba  htlkatvi  or  aNrotuy  aa<l  aoconatoat;  aa«|  iha  Mm  k 
iMtwelvowborcUiiateaamBta.'    Tnu.  Borni.  UL  800.  III.  IB4.|a6u  £0.1 

*  Dr.  CoAte*  acoouat  of  tho  Looi  jiOkm  (S9lh  Febrmary  t8?0)   la   ~ 
Soo.  m.  193 -IW. 


POONA. 


m 


tbo  tauilli<>Iilcr8,  anil  to  8co  tlic;  woro  paid  to  the  persons 
loruwl  to  rccuivo  tlioin  ;  to  enconrnge  pooplo  to  sottio  ia  his 
Ittge;   to  let  oat  imsie  lauds,  nod  promotii  u^iouUure  by  oveiy 
8  in  liis  power ;  and  to  paniah  offences,  rearcsH  wrongs,  nsd 
lo  dispatiw  among  tbo  <n)lugom.     Id  tuatten  of  h  Irifling  natnre 
decided  himself,  and  pnniHhod  the  offonder  by  stripes  or  reproof, 
t  was  not  allow-L-d  tu  line.     In  cases  of  more  importaiicu  ho  cnllod 
vanehdit  or  cooncil.    Sorious,  particularly  criininal,  coaea  were 
iferrod  to  tho  mAmUt-ddr  or  the  Government.     The  p«fil  was  ftlso 
njjible  for  tho  poUco  of  his  townsLip.    For  noffloct  of  duty  Che 
I  was  punished  hy  the  Oovenuneot  by  fine  and  impriEtonment ; 
Kit,   unless   for   trotuon   or   other  serious   crime,   ho   was  seldom 
onrived  of  his  office.  The  pdtit  had  preat  jHiwor  and  intinence,  and 
id  noLalwnys  mako  good  nso  of  hi^i   power.      He  was   soniotimes 
ftid,  in  colIuEiion  with  tho  linlfuirni,  to  iiupoao  on  the  kudholticrs  in 
e  settloraont  of  thoir  ncootiats,  and  with  the  kamariaJdr  to  cheat 
ho  GoTemmcnt.     Tho  pdtils  were  proud  of  their  dignity ;  all  the 
iremonicB  of  etiquette  and  respect  they  wore  ontitlad   to  were 
iinuk>Iy  laid  dovm,  and  ihey   would   quarrel    with   a  person  for 
ithhotding  any  of  their  hunotira  sooner  than  for  doiup  them  an 
njnry,     A  f^ator  proportion  ol  them  conid  writa  than  of  tho  village 
credrtury  landholders.     Otherwise,  except  in   knarerr,  they  were 
ot   more  accomplished,  and  scarcely  diffcrod  from  them  in  dress, 
lannors,  or  way  of  living.     Tho  jidtUs  paid  to  Goremmont  every 
olfth  (nV)  year  a  tax  or  daJiak  palti  eqnal  to  one  yew's  salary. 

The  kulkarni^  or  village  clerk  kept  tho  numerous  village  reconls 

d  accounts.  Tho  moKt  important  were:  (1)  the  general  meaiiuri'mont 

nd  dmoription  of  the  villaffe  lands;  (2)  the  lial  of  fields  with  tho 

ame  size  and  qoality  of  eacli,  the  terras   under  which  it  was  held, 

bo  name  of  the  bolder,  tho  rent  for  which  he  had  agreed,  and  iho 

ighoat    rent  ever    yielded  by  tho  Geld  ;  (3)  tho  list  of  all  tho 

villngera  whether  hnshandmen  or  otherwise,  with  a  statemenb  of  tho 

due-4  from  each  to  Government  and  the  receipt  and  balanco  in  the 

DOOoat  of  each  ;  (4)  the  genoml  statement  of  the  instntmcnts  of 

BTsnoe;  and  (^)  the  detjiiled  account,  in  which  each  branch  oF 

OTenne  was  shown   under  a  separate  head,  with  the  recoipts  and 

lanoe  on  each.      BeRidos  the  pnblic  records,  Iho  viltnge  dork 

cnorally  kept  the  accounts  of  nil  the  landholdoi^p,  with   uoch  other 

td  with  their  creditors  ;  ncted  as  a  notary  public  in  drawing  up  all 

eir  Agrcomonts;  and  even  condiict'Od  any  privnto  correspondenoe 

ey   might  hare  to  carry  on.     Qe   had  Unds,   bat  oftener  fooii, 

Jlotted  to  him  by  OoTemmont  from  whom  ho  hnld  bis  appoiutoieoL 

Under  the  headman  wore  the  twelve  rillngo  servant*  orMm&ofw/At, 
e  carpenter,  the  ironamith,  tho  wasbormaaf  tho  bitrbcr.  (he  potter, 
10  ttilvorsmith  or  an^aycr,  the  idol>drt<sscr,  the  wnter-carrier,  Ihu 
KMtoaker  or  currier,  the  ropo-inakor,  tho  watchman  memonger  and 
DArdian  of  boundarioK,  and  tho  Mnhammadan  mtUin  or  priest.^' 
hero  wore  also  the  Brihman  tutrologcr  lo  out  nattvitiM  and  tha 


ChaptK^Vm. 

Land- 

Thb  BnniaH. 

lltadmati. 


ISK, 


Twi«.v«] 

HKJivjiK-ni, ' 

1W». 


I  IVr.CMbi.  3»tli  Fobmny  1830,  Tnni.  Bom.  Lit.  Sm  ttl.  196- 1»7. 
■  TraiM.  UwL  Lll.  Soc.  lU.  Iff)-SQ%  Cwt  Xndw  f^em  t V,  las^WS^ 


•  im~M 


3C-2 


DISTRICTS. 


CbftpUr  VIII. 

Land- 

TwRLVK 


CitrpatUr. 


BlactrmUt, 


VaAemum. 


Jiaahrr. 


BrAhnian  prttnt  to  tttUmd  to  rciligions  ccrctnonicn.  Tn 
of  the  cliNtrict  llieni  was  «  rillftge  w»tcli  coniposcd  of 
IUm(».liw.'  Accorainp  to  Dr.  C«aB{29th  February  1820)  tlw 
wvn*  buirditary  and  held  tiioir  situation  from  tliu  towoHhip. 
hopcditnry  papore  or  vataxi  juitni  wcwJ  in  the  namo  of  the  pt 
towntiliip,  nua  were  witDesfied  by  sercral  of  the  Tiltager 
docd  boond  tho  holder  to  dorotc  his  eomcoe  to  tbo  comma 
according  to  custom,  on  cooditton  that  each  lantlLolditr  paii 
firod  proportion  of  tho  produce  of  tho  soil.  The  bah 
received  prosenls  for  exerciamg  their  particular  cfJlingsaii 
and  other  rites  nod  oeremonieB.  The  grant  or  vnlan  vatra  wr 
hiwl  the  aeal  and  aignaturo  of  tho  dt'uKtiiukh  anu  tlotky 
hereditary  dislricl  revenue  officers,  and  a  copy  on^hb  to  be 
with  the  dethpdude.  Tho  oxponsos  to  a  ialuta.  on  his  appo 
nmouDtvd  to  Jt&  or  £6  (Ra.  &0  qt  Rs.  00)  ia  perqnintos  aud  pt 
Tho  particular  duties  of  tbo  Mut'iM  woro  : 

The  Carpenter  mado  and  Iccpt  in  repair  all  wooden  field  U 
wood  being  Bnpplled  by  the  landholder.     He  was  paid  200  mL 
corn  and  nboat  48  pounds  (2i  ekera)  of  grain  for  erorj  224  ■ 
t^jM«)nnder  tillage, and  his  dinner  cr  a  rov  ponnds  of  grain 
loQgu  ho  WM  engaged  in  monding  field  tools.      Uu  fumis 
marnage  ehawan^  or  stool  on  which  the  brido  and  bridogro 
batbod.    Ho  eapplied  trovolicrs  with  pegs  for  their  tents, 
picketing  tfa«ir  uorH«a     During  two  or  three  dayu  in  the 
rot«ru  (or  a  dinner,  Oovernincnt,  tho  (jcJliraulrA  or  hereditary 
inperintL'udmit,  nud  tho  deaftp&nde  or  hereditary  reveauo  ace 
were  ontilled  to  his  services. 

Tlio  Tronsmith  or  Dlacksraith  mado  and  kept  tu  ropair 
field  tonla.  Ho  mado  tho  eicklcs,  the  hoes,  and  other  fiel 
and  tho  simple  lock  and  chain  which  fastcnud  their  da 
TiUagers  fiudiag  tho  iron  and  the  charcoal.  For  tirii 
wheWB,  wt  thiA  was  trunLIcsomc,  ho  rcceircd  a  monpy  prcBci 
performed  tho  hagtiA  or  hook -faatening  into  tho  hni-t  rjfi 
who  Hwnng  before  13&tiiru  aud  HanamAn.  lie  Kbocd  tba 
of  Tillagcrs  and  trarellcra,  but  he  was  not  n  gootl  fnrri 
every  year  Fumiahcd  a  set  of  horae  ahoea  and  twcuty-four  i 
Goremtnent  who  supplied  him  with  iron.  Ho  vrna  nw 
tlurty-«is  pounds  (18  9hara)  of  grain  on  urory  2i^  acres  (30 
or  one-fonrth  less  than  the  carpontor. 

The  Wofiheminn  washed  tbo  clothes  of  male  villntrors  ;  th< 
generally  washed  their  own  clothos.  Ho  spread  clatb-:  ''  i'l 
and  brido;:^ooui  to  walk  on  abono  of  tho  mnrria^  pt'  i 

for  parties  to  ait  on  at  mairiagoe  nnd  other  fcdtivnla.       L'.n- 
receirod  8|x>ciul  presents*.     Ho  washed  tbo  clotboa  of  travoll 
expected  a  present  for  bis  tronhle. 

'Hie  Barber  shared  tho  rilla^ora  and  oat  their  n&ila  on 
day  ouce  ovory  fortnight,     llu  kuuudud  ihc  innsolca  mtA 


■  Mr.  Klphinttono.lSlO,  13(1.  I^2,irs  luiilluwt  ludia  I'apttnlV    II 
>  Iniia.  Bum.  Ut.  Soo.  Ill,  I9i. 


IH)t)NA. 


joiuta  of  tbo  hondmaa  and  village  olork  on  holidays,  and  of  all      Chapter  vni- 
ivollcre  of  Jiatinction  wlio  camo  to  tlio  vilk*go-  Ho  wiw  Hio  villago  Land. 

iPgnoD,   niid  pbjeJ   on  the  pipe  ami  tainbonr  at  wcildinfpt  iind  on  Tw«uv« 

'Otlurr  ocuvtioiia.    lledid  Dot  act  ns  a  torch- bcMkriT,  t\s  hv  did  in  some  SutTAnv, 

Other  p:irfca  iii  the  country.     Wht-n  the  hcadranu  went  nhroad,  llio  IWft 

barhvr  w^^-nt  with  him,  and  carried  and  cleaned  his  coppur  Toselsj  JSurto-. 

Bod,  on  villugo  festivals,  with  tho  wator-corrior  uud  potter,  he  act«d 
tts  cook,  and,  before  and  after  cntiiig,  handed  tho  parly  water  to 
wojih.  WhcU'tUo  hridojjroom  an'ivod  at  tho  villitp^  to  tako  away 
tho  hridu,  tho  barber  led  dir  horiio  to  the  bride's  houoe  and  n>ceirea 
ih<.^  pi\.?iuiit  of  a  tiirban.  Ho  triiniiK'd  tho  ta4lii  of  tho  uxcu  at  the 
Bowiug  Boason  and  receirtid  a  present  of  grain. 

The  Potter  snppliod  Ihu  vilhigurs  with  ibu  bakod  earthen  ressflls  PotUr. 

4I117  usod  for  conking,  for  storing  apioos  Ridt  and  gmin,  and  for 
carryinji^iuid  holding  wutcr.  Uonlijo  furuiahod  truvcUore  with  such 
vcBxela  as  thoy  wanted.  Ho  beat  tho  i^'ipi^'n  a  kind  of  drum,  and 
«i  aianiaf^  repeated  rvrti(rs  in  honour  of  Jittiii  an  incarnation  of 
KliaviUii.  At  tlie  barrest  hornea  or  ilavra  he  prepared  the  harhat 
or  Htowcd  lunttou.  Ho  tuiu1»  tiloti  and  hriuksj  and  r*ocived  a 
siiecial  pnyment  for  them.  Near  I'uonn  potters  were  freed  from 
tlio  IniliU  (t-ifrt  or  villago  Borvanta'  ront  becauHO  they  had  boon  of 
fix-iat  service  in  tiling  Biihiji  Viahvunatb'a  houHC. 

Tho  Pulddr  or  Treaaui-cr was  always  a  ailvcrsmith,     nooxamined         sUtrrmitl 
ooin!<  when  tho  taxua  were  |»ti<] ;  aud  on  B»ti»fying  himself  tbcy 
rere  goo<1,  stamped  his  mark  on  tlieni,  and  kopt  Ihoni  in  hia  trtMsurj, 
^ntil  enough  was  rccinvcd  to  Hcud  tu  the  Hub-diviainaal  tren-nnry 
ludor  cliargo  of  an  escort  o{  Xlhara.     When  oi«ploy»*d  aaa  sitvor- 
gmiih  he  was  paid  |(1.  to  2^.  (Re.  ^  - 1)  tbo  rupee  weight  according 
^o  tbo  workmanship. 

I    Tho  Gamv  was    tho  villago  god-dra.iser  and    ministraufc.      He 

"oTCry  morning  poarod  water  over  tho  rillngo  nHnum^n,  Bnhini,  and 

Mahililev,  marked  the  brows  of  Bahiru  aud  Hamiiujlu  with  tumdal- 

wood  and  oil,  and  drcflflcd  them  with  Howoni.   Uo  swept  thu  tonifile!*, 

Stni'Arcd  them  with  cowdung  oucu  evury  eight  days,  and  every 

night  lighted  n  htnip  in   oaeh.     At  tliu  nuw-iuoon  he  auoiuled  tho 

{dot  of  Uannm&n  with  cinuufanr  aud  oil,  and  Unhirii  every  Sunday 

nth  oil  only.     Each  family  in  tlio  village  gave  him  daily  a  Nn»all 

iqnantity  of  Honr  which  ho  uiodo  into  eakcs,  and  offered  at  noon 

fto  tho  iilolH,  and  afterwards   look  to  bin   family,     Unriug  the  nine 

eves  or  navnUi'o-  tlmt  end  in  Daunt  in  fioi) torn bor- October   ho  gavu 

each  foiaily  a  handful  of  Uuwum  to  inalce  gariauda  which  were 

lolTorod  to  Uhav&ni.  Ho  diiily  MU[>]>Iiod  the  villago  clerk  with  Indian 

Ig  leaf  plattcni  joined  with  skewers  or palrdxatu,  and  on  fostivaU  be 

Ixn^e  leaf -plates  for  all  tbo  villagers. 

Tho  WaUT-cnrricr,  who  woe_  of  tho   Panhlmri  division  of  KoIi«,      WaHr-carrltn 

kept  vessels  eonslantly  filled  with  water  at  tbo  village  olbco  for  tbo 

insoofsll  Hindus.     If  as  was  usnoJ  a  beggar  lived  in  tho  building, 

.  tbo  water  was  left   nndor  his  charge  that  it  might  not  bo  detilud. 

;  Tbo  water-carrier  snppliod  water  to  travellers,  and  fur  marringi-a 

ami   festivals.     Ho   brought  food  for  the  iktmoiih  who  were  fi-d  by 

Iho  village,  from  thusc  whose  Luni  il  was  to  tupjily  it.    Ue  lighted 


ld«l-iiruitr. 


iBombajT ' 


SM 


DISTEICTS. 


lapt«r_Vni. 
Zand- 

TwKtTS 

laao. 

-jtOTMabr. 


BnpoMilrr. 


Wttfhnm, 


the  lampe  cvory  nieht  at  tJie  rilla«)  office,  swept  it,  and  ©tctj  i 

of  a  river  tlio  waUir-carrior  pointed  out  the  ford  to  tTavellun; 
when  tl)o  rivor  was  not  fordablo  he  took  peopio  aonus  od  t 
IjUQ^Gxl  by  gonrds  or  iarortod  oartlieu  potB. 

Tlic  81i(ioiimkcr  or   Chiimbhir  k«pt  in  repair   tbe  shoes  olt\ 
Tillager-H,  luid  uvury  TMr  supplied  me  kuikartii,  pdtU,  chuvgk 
flethmttiih,  and  liaihjmnde  witb  a  pair  of  new   ithocH.     Tbe 
villa^ra  paid  bim  abont  a  mpeo  a  year  frjr  makio^  tbcir  sbomi 
BOpplying   leather.     Ha   va&aQ   water-boga,  and  Roppliod   th«i 
nitd  jiluuffb  ilriverii  with  leather  tbongs  (or  tb«!r    whips  on 
He  meuded  Elii>es,  Itridles,  und  other  nrtwles  boluDK^Di^  to  ti^" 
but  1'JC|>ccUh1  a  pi-eiL«nt.     Th(i  tikins  of  all  i^heep  kini^  ia  tlrtH 
were  his  p«T()ui!iit«s.     He  did  not  eat  beef  or  carrion,  and 
allowed  to  live  wilbiu  Uie  villago.     His  waf^  were  tlio  samoi 
carpcD  tor's. 

The  MuiigB  made  hemp  ropes  for  tho  nso  of  the  husbandmitia, 
a  slroni*  raw  bid<i  rope  o.<i«d  in  yoking  oxen.  The  haiibaDdi 
suppbtHi  aim  witb  tbo  materials.^  Ho  ca«tmtod  bulls  in  titra 
fourth  year.'  He  made  the  muude  or  muiiki  worn  by  oxen  wba 
weeding  or  treading  ooriu  On  Pola*  or  Ox  Day,  that  in  tho  OcioW 
or  A'lihviH  new  moon,  the  Mings  himg  mango  leavea  on  a  gna 
rope  Rcroas  tho  vtUaf^  R<^®>  the  village  office  or  chtlvdi, 
tbe  doors  of  tho  cbitf  iauubitants.  This  was  suppoeed  to  o. 
good  luck  to  tho  village  during  the  year.  The  MAngs 
considered  cnioL  and  revengeful.  They  actod  as  cxcentio 
and,  it  was  said,  mi^ht  be  hired  bs  aaiia&sine.  They  lived  onl 
of  tho  village,  and  wore  not  allowed  to,  enter  the  house  even  I 
Jihir. 

The  Watchmao,  who  was  of  the  caste  known  as  IfhAr  Dht 
Tarviri,  although   held  outcasto,  and  not  allowed  to  hare  a  bonM 
within  the  village  or  to  enter  the  house  of  any  of  tho  villagers,  hi 
sntt  weif^ht,  and  was  an  important  racmbor  of  the  oommnni^. 
Tho  number  of  Mhitr  fetniilies  belonging  *'>  etch  tAR-nsbip  was  fo«a 
Avp   to  fifty  according  to  its  siee.    llie^  lived  rn  a  bamlet  « 
mh-ir-vuln    on    tho    eitat    eido   and    withia   call    of     the    viUaga 
Tho  Mhirs'  duties  were  farious.'      The  most  imporlant    wen  u 
prevent  onoronehments  on    tho  village  boundaries   of    wlucfa  thtj 
were  8up|)osod  to  have    an  accunto  hereditary  knowledge.     b| 
boundary     disputes    their    evidcncQ    was    gfenerally      considon'  i 
cooclusiva      'Acy  gavo  their    ovidonoo    by  walking    roand    lb ' 
disputoJ  boundary  under  an  oath,  in  a  solemn  and  fonniU  maBB* 
aOQom panted  by  the  bcadtuan  and  villagers, who  marked  their  track 


*  Tin  VoB  VH  UirDwn  dows,   and  a  rtiiaf  tied  n^tbsr  tighl  rvuMi  tko  umiialu 
oonl.    Th«  sbnl*  «*rc  tfaca  well  tabbed  «m  tMttct  aw)  tonncnc,  and  boat«n  mA 
a  l(*i>t-[<ci;,    5«dlint:  MnilatMOfptMn  at  Um  idawl  •oio)  (oUonri-il.  and  ttw  aniiiiat  w0  ' 
fit  for  work  in  a  few  tU}L    Dr.  Owta.  1830,  Ttaaa  Bom.  Lit  Soc.  II1.30O-SI. 

■  111*  J^i4»  or  Os  DajT  vwiaa  in  difluaat  parla  lA  Um  Uaccaa. 

>  Tba  IJUr  did  vvw^rthluc  and  had  an  tpeeial  ealBm     Ha  ran  •mada,  L 
eansat aeoNtnt ta l.w bead  ol tte dialribudoB of  tha vUlwetaaiL an.! utUcd  Iwan 
djaptrtm  for  four  or  8va  nocntioM  pmHrvLDC  pwrtlciilan  ol  «til    bouadanr  t 
Ckf«  ItaUrtaM.  lOUi  Oei.  tS£l,  io  1^1  U>^lM  ri>v*n,  IV.  693.  ' 


rOONA. 


S6S 


they  went     They  were  the  bearers  of  all  letters  on  Ibo  ba&iuess 

the  towuMliij),  and  guiiefally  of  all  inessaffefl.     Thoy  carried  tho 

^Uage  i-ent   inatalment  to  tlie  siib-divimouAl   heAil-qiiArUTX.     They 

I  present  at  all  councils  or  patickdila  involving  any  hereditary  rieht 

:  the  oommunity  and  their   ovidoncQ  caiTied   ^reat  weight.     Tucy 

abed  wood  at  marringc-feasls,  which  eutilled  them  to  a  prt-scnt 

'  ebthos  from  the  hrido.     Thoy  GUpplicd  tho  village  headman  aod 

.  deputy  aad  tUo  Tillage  clerk  with  lirewood  oa  Uoli  ia  Ifcbraary- 

bloll  and  on   Daara  and     Divdli   iu    Soptomb^r- October  and  in 

Fovember.    They  carried  th«  fuel  required  for  burning  the  dead,  aiid, 

a  porqQJKite,  were  given  the  winding  oheetr  in  which  some  mousy  waa 

Jways  tied.  Thoy  carried  tothunext  village  the  baggage  of  travcltcrti, 

cept  the  ooolfing  voaaels,  clothes,  and  eatables,  which  would  bo 

~  aod  wore  tb&rcforo  carrieil  by  Kitubi».   Diirir.g  their  stay  at  the 

_    they  supplied  tmvidluni  n'ith  firuwood,  cleaned  their  horses, 

wfttchod  tbem  daring  the  night.     They  farnishod  all  guidoe  or 

il/'uJU.    They  bad   charge  o£    the  viUugo   B&g  and  gaton    if  the 

t&go    had  them,  and  opened  and  shut  the  gnten  morning  and 

iToniog.     Busidest,  a  beadle  thut  i»  t-tftX-ur  or  t/ngjutr  of  this  tribu  waa 

ways  in  waiting  at  tho  villibgo  afHco  or  ekdvdi,  and  reported  to  tho 

Inmn  thii  arrival  of  all  atraugera,  and  all  reuiarlcablu  oecurreneos. 

vnw)  told  to  koep  Iroublmome  visitura  from  the  htiadmati   and 

;,  by  aaying  they  wero  from  home  or  sick;  and  to  protect  tho 

goncruUy  from  aouoyaace,  by  any  subterfuge  bis  iagouuity 

light  suggest.     He   was  tho  ol&cial  medinm  of   commnnicatton 

iwDon  the  hendman  and  the   villagers-     He  was  responxiblc  tbat 

lono  of  the  villagers  w«re  called  on  to  act  as  porttin  out  of  their 

Dm.     Ue  kept  an  account  of  tbo  Kunhi  fatuities  whose  tarn  it  was 

D  supply  beggars,  (jtovemmeTit    servants,  and  others,  with  their 

inncni.     lie  Attoudod  all  tmvollors  during  their  stay  at  tho  villain ; 

ud  all  their  wants  were   sapplied  and  pa.id  for  through  him.     Tho 

teadio  waa  roliovcd  at  stateu  pcnods,  generally  every  weok.    While 

m  duty,  he  received  dniJy  from  tho  piitit  half  a  cake,  and  from  each 

( tho  cultivators  one-fonrtb  of  a  cake  at  noon,  and  every  evening  a 

elping  of  porridgo  or  ghiUa  from  each  family  ;  which  was  genonuly 

lore  than  eoongn  to  aopply  himself  and  bis  family  nrith  food.    The 

tovorniucnt  ana  rvvetine  ofiieent,  in  relum  fur  ki-t  food,  bud  a  olium 

11  the  services  of  a  Mh&r  for  a  cortuln  number  of  days  in  tho  year  ; 

he  Gorvrnmont  for  three  months;  tho  deahmuiih  tor  one  month  ; 

\e  d^hp<inde  tor  fifteeo  days;  and  the   nar-patil  for  eight  days. 

>ariDg  this  period  thoy  wore  employud  to  bring  wood  and  gms.<a, 

d  to  look  after  horses.    Tho  service  was  termed  vniita  (riibUi  ?),  ikiid 

iVB.<t  winiutimes  commntod  into  a  money  myment.     In  each  township 

to  Mliiirs  had  a  plot  of  fr«ohold  lana  assigned   them  noar  their 

uvmlet ;  tbiu  was  called  Ividki-  or  tho  place  of  bones  vrhoro  all  dead 

attlo  were  brotigbt  and  cut  up.    Thoy  also  held  anolhor  plot  of 

lud  called  fiddwt  wliicb  paid  a  small    qnit-rent     Iloch  of  tlie 

oreditary  FamiUos  got  forty  ebonves  of  com  in  tho  straw,  and  aboat 

igbt  pouuda   or   Umit  »kvrs  of  winnowed  grain  for  every  jn/jimt  or 

thirty  li'^Aitx  (hat  is  about  22}  acres  of  corn  land.     The  skin  and 

carcasses  of  all  dead  animab,  which  it  wa«  thoir  duty  to  remove, 

belonged  lo  Ihoui. 


CbapUr  VUl. 

XdUl4' 
TViu,vM 

8Bft.V&.HT8, 

1820. 


iBombAyl 


864 


DISTRICTS. 


Gb«pter^VUI- 

Th*  Bnnsu. 
tg»St. 


UertdUary 

Ofken. 


Tho  Muliammailiui  Klulla   or  prioat  killed    tlu)  sbcep  at 
and  Ie«tiva]3  ;  ho  rccaircU  aUcrwaacca  of  gmiu  and  straw,  uti 
tltere  waa  n  M  ubMnmAdan  place  of  worship    iu  tho   rilUgc, 
faud  woa  usually  nttacbod  to  \%,  of  irliivh  ho  hod  thu  prvfit& 

OE  tlicDU  village  officers  and  sorvants  tho  only   two,  1x-'V 
liondmnii  aad  tho  accoantaut,  wbo  lud  Goporomont  duttt':- 
si1vorsiiiil,}i    AKsayer  or  potd*ir  and  tho  meoseitKer  or  Mh 
pnyiix'itUi  lu  llio  rillflgo  staff  were  a  heavy  burdon  on  tl:< 
ropTu«cnting:,  ac<wrdiiig  to  Captain  Roborteon's  calculatioos,  iSm 
sixteen  {vrcciit  of  tlio  whole  prodoce.*     Ilio  leading' officenlii 
lituulman,  hifl  assistant,  and  dork,  iMsides  their  ront-free  tandl '*' 
many  complineatary  ofFcriage,  woto  paid  an   ailowanco  or 
which  ikvoraged  about  sovon  per  coni  ou  tho  asaosstneab  u 
divided  among  tho  licndtiiun,  tliu  iMsintnnt,    aad   tbo  dork, 
ceos  and  other  olTuringa  wore  aliravs  paid  by  csAual  holders 
many  villa^s  tbu  horvdilai-y   bnlJcrs  w(*rt)  oxompt.  ■      BmMh 
ajQuuuts  which  wore  paid  to  them  direct,  headmen   used  can 
ftbloBumaoot  of   village  expoDMe.     Thoso  which  in  formorl 
bad  rarioi]  from  six  to  twenty  per  cent,  ondor  I3ritiah  inaanoa 
bad  b««o  reduced  to  -IJ  por  cont.**  Tho  next  oBicers  to  wiw«it 
Tillagcrs  had  to   mako  p<*yincntij  wcro    tlio    hereditary    rentt 
officers  of  larger  or  Bntnller  groujui  of  villages  or  larn/t  nnd  «nw^ 
districts  or  Bubltdt.     They  wopo  nitiH-rintoiidunte    or  dcshm^lAi  ^ 
occountitots  or  deKhpiindet  and  Botne  districts  had    a    dMni  I 
tho  doshmuJch.     Tbo  higher  horeililary  oQiiv-rs   in   oitie«  aa<l 
were   Ktylod    ahctit  und  kalfiarnU,^    Tbu  olEces  uf    ticfhmvti 
deahi»ini/e     were  hereditary    aud   salenlilo.     Except     for 
aeainst  tlm  staito  ihcHt!  odicors  were  novt-r  wet  nnido   or  di 
tnoir    cmolnmoutH.     Tho    Manlths     goVornmcnt     had 
appointvd  ibcin  to  do  tho  work  of  irKim/utdtirc  but  BQch  npp( 
woro  only  for  a  dofinito  time  and  as  a  Bpc«ial  caao.     Th^ 
properly   mediums    between    tbo  collectors    of    tbo    uuiiii— 
revonuti  and  the  headmen  of  the  villages."     Otio  of  tbe  chief  M 
fur  whirb  they  were  ori^nally  appointed   was  to   keep  a  nw*^ 
former  piiyiiiDiit*  by  each  villiifje  under  thtirchar^.    In  cobbi 
of  iha  fai-Qiing  »yatom  few  oi  them  hod   tbone  duunmenta  at 
nuythiug  liko  a  perfect  form.'      Their  cLiuf  doty  was  to  sit  is 
Collocliir'fl   oflico  or   fmeheri     and    act  as    nmpirca     butweei 
utcmbcrs  of  tho  Colloctor's  ostablii>bment  nud  tho  licwds  of  I 
vilhiges.     They  woro  tho  roppeseutativoa  of  tho    poopbi  «i 
CVip1»in    ]tobert«on'8  opinion  wore  very   osoful    in   Uiodoiatitt' 
detnaods  of   tho  Collector's   efltablishmLiit  oud    in  intlucn«iag 


<  Mr.  RIpliinitMic,  SSth  0«1  1819.  R.1. 1873.  IS.  B«tl  IimUk  PuMn  IV   IM. 

■  CM)4.  ltaWTt,no.  lOlLOot.  I82I,  E«ttadUP»p«r»IV.r>78.     HetfcoitgJrtil 
BunnenU  In  tlio  villace  oillocr*  vrwrv  Ij^ttofol  and  hwMuitpto  tho  v-lILu^^ 
dllRcolc  U>  raliiTitto  kow  hMtvy  & bardcu  they  wcrti.     He  Ui^uulii  tlicm  UkL 
drnwlmoli  to  ini{>TOT««Mnt  wjth  wUdi  tii<'  imoplu  won;  Inudatcn,    J^Ut  \n-\m 

*'EMt  India  P«p<T^  IT.  C92. 

•CB|it.  Iti>l:wt«Mi.  IOtlin.-U  1^1.  Kiat  India  l*S|<er«  IV.  fiSI. 

*  Emtt  India Piuicn,  III.  I'M  :aml  IV.  408.  * Sm* IsdlH Mnrnt   IV'  UJ 

'■  Mr.  ClupUB,  axh  Aug.  Wm.  Bqu.  Uuv.  Itct.  Jier.  6S  of  IB&,  ITO-'l?! 


len  to  wltnit  riphlJiiI  (Joninndn.  Tho  tnasa  of  tlm  poopio 
1  to  tliera  with  rospoct.  TIio  position  of  dt^hmukii  wns 
[rhcRt  position  to  wnich  n  MnMtlm  conid  rise.  The  i^rvtA 
iiA  ciiioffl,  Siinliii  Kollcnr  niiil  tlu-  IKjn  of  SAliEin,  ovcti  nAjirfr 
ra  himwlf,  rnlned  tlie  title  nnd  the  local  poRition  ant]  jmwor 
tthtnukh.  Thoagh  in  no  wny  tiunnil  to  militnrjr  service,  if  n 
twH  or  denhpande  joined  tlio  array,  liis  sovortngn  mwlo  much  oE 
nd  f(nv<}  him  gnod  pay  aii<l  a  Inrgo  OAtnblitilitncnt.  The  people's 
it  for  tbcso  officers  shovred  no  signs  of  declining.  Thuir 
I  or  haks,  which  woro  in  addition  to  tho  Govoniraont  domniid 

0  villngo,  ■were  Inrgc.  Thoy  woro  tnUcn  in  kind  iiiid  tliey 
ames  allowed  them  to  ronnin  eight  or  iiinp  years  in  arroara.  In 
thoir  claims  n>prcei>ntcd  nl>oub  -1'8-)  por  ceiit  of  tho  wbolo 
id.  BosideH  tboir  clnims  on  tho  villngoa,  iteshmuths  and  deth- 
win  rettirii  for«pociid  sorvioos  worouccanionidly  giron  rent^frco 
es  which  were  termed  tca/«(.'  Captain  Robertson  tlioiig:ht 
useful  90  lon^  a.s  they  were  not  allowed  to  ocqaire  power  as 
■nmcnt  ngouts.' 

addition  to  what  they  had  to  pay  to  tho  village  craftninen  in 
D  for  ihcir  services,  to  tho  liciids  of  the  TillaKO  under  village 
uses,  and  to  tho  licreditnry  district  offiaira  in  liqaidation  of 
claims,  tho  Tillncors  had  to  meet  tho  domnnds  «f  Govomment. 
rding  to  Captam  Kobortson's  caIcuIatioR.ii  tho  Government 
lods  raried  from  thirteea  per  cent  of  the  outturn  in  gooc]  land 
rrentcon  ptr  cent  in  middling  land.^  In  his  opinion,  of  tl»« 
i  amount  of  the  Government  demand,  about  nioC'tentlis  belongtxl 
bivgalar  astteasinoDt  and  one-tenth  camo  nndor  tho  head  of 
1.*  Except  in  tome  villages  where  CAch  claas  of  land  had  a 
ate  rate,  which  wu4  supposed  to  bAvohccu  fixed  by  Malik  Auljar 
l-l  G20),  horeditary  holdera  paid  a  nuif orm  lato  or  dnr  which  waa 
ited  by  varying  the  si&e  of  the  In^ha  in  accordance  with  the  C|Qality 
»land.  lu  aome  Tillages  the  land  won  divided  into  parcels  or 
'n  each  of  which  paid  a  fixed  rent  and  some  villagea  Iwd  a  thika 
ti  that  is  a  detailed  mund  sottlcmcnt  whore  each  field  iu  tho 
t  plot  had  a  fixed  rent.'     In  tho  hilly  wc«t  the  rent  bad  been 

from  a  glance  tnoaBuronaont  of  the  produce  or  pahdni,  and  tho 
mment  abare  was  (■omtnnfed  for  a  money  payment  according 
e  Crop  cultivated.     In   lands   which  grew    uiiland   or  rarka* 

the  Uoronunent  Kh:iro  was  estimated  at  a  hall  to  ono>third  of 
rop  which  was  commute  into  a  money  payment.     Someparta 

1  Faun  iLud  Audhar  M^vala  had  traces  of  a  villa^o-rent  or  khul 
ta  which  had  been  in  force  before  tho  introduction  of  the 
no  farming    under  BAjirAv."    Tbo  bigbcat  asMssmcnt  on    a 


Chaptar^VIII 
Land- 

Till  BRmmi. 

tifierr*, 


It  ladb  Papen,  IV.  SS7. 

at.  BobsttMMi,  10tl>  Oct.  1$3I.  Kaat  IM'a  Pl«p«n  IV.  6S3-.S<^.  It.nn.  Oov.  Rev. 

}8«(1S3lt.8S-S0L     At  least  ta  Kune  nrbi  of  i£e  omntrjr  tfao  hi-rviltlvy  dUtriet 

iwcra  aftenrBrda  (If'SA)   btUoved  toMv*  (tLdflod    tlbevlllM[D  rcoonib.      Don. 

I«v.  Km.  MS  of  ISM,  S>.8fi. 

It  Iiiilin  l'n{ior*,  TV.  ^.tS.  •  Kut  rndSa  Pnnon,  IV.  flTO. 

tmct  Etoi-cnuc  LcttoTtrcim  Bomhaj-.GUiKuv.  I$23,  Kul  i>»lia  l^fMir*  TTt.    SOS. 

Bi.  Uer.Lollcrsbi  Uic  Hon.  Court, 23rd  Feb.  laSSporvsja  35,   luid   Sth  Nw. 

^rtlndu  Papen  in.  606.     Mr.  Cba{)liB,  2lBt  Sot.  IS-^!!  tud  2nti  Aug.   IS22 


tBooA 


cmtputvni. 

Land. 
Tat  BmniHii. 

JSMSt, 


36B 


DISTRICTS. 


bighn'  of  dry-crop  InnJ  vas  7«.  Cil.  (Rs.  3})  antl  tbe  lowcct 
{'ia«.\  til  gnnltni  taii<)a  Ibe  rates  Tnriod  Frora  i!«.(lt«.I)to 
(lU.  1 S).*  Acctjriiiu;^  to  Captain  RtpbertRon'n  (.■ulculatioufl  the 
2»'t/f(K  nipn<M-iiti'J  »1)out  l)  porcont  of  tfao  prodaoa  of  tba 
They  vh<to  levied  botli  from  tiereditnnr  and  front  cnsoal  hoiie 
moBt  unjacit  or  liarmfnl  wero  ttbclt8h«d»od  besides  the  lu 
aod  bho  tax  on  callings  aboattirenty-four  were  kupU*  la  Fo 
|>oop)e  who  paid  the  mohtarfa*  or  hoaao  itnd  trado  tax  were  cl 
and  afisonvd  Kcoordiag  to  a  very  Arbitrary  estimato  of  tboir 
find  tmdo.  Tbe  bighost  oloM  of  bankers  pud  £4  (Bs.  40] 
highest  class  of  tnoneychaogere  £3  l&r.  {Its.  3d)  ;  fp-ocen  p 
(Ra.  ."iO).  graiD  dMlers  £3  to  Of.  (Tls.30-9).  and  roadside 
obiLngers  and  fruit  and  Tceotablu  tcltors  paid  about  a  hal 
or  i  anna  a  day.  Except  tHin  lax  on  tha  ehoploss  hawken.  tl 
wort'  light.  One  serious  objection  to  tho  t(kx  was  tUal  many  i 
tradora  wets  free  from  all  charge.  Tho  taxes  on  pro&nsioi 
Tor^nneqafl],  v&iTiQgfroin2«.to£3(R8.  1-30).*  Of  tbe  twcn 
other  cosscs  which  were  continuod,  some  wore  levied  oo  tbi 
■omo  on  tbe  Tillage,  *od  soino  oa  tbe  individoal  holder.' 


*OrMt  dlronity  m*  notiooil  b  1^  luil  iiMMnn*  in  nmm,  bat  la  tka 
raeaMnoMBU  el  wbkh  them  «m  (1 82S|  uy  Koonl  tbe  bigia  vquallvd  abM 
fOWtilS  of  Ml  Mr*.  Some  partial  now  •iitv«j«  kad  ham  nuMo  by  the  HwMl 
a  ■hortar  rod  bv  whkli  lli«  tnicw  of  tli«  old  wayvr  had  bMn  neariT  liMt.  1»  f 
lua  at  tho  atgla  hftd  boen  nuMnodAd  Iqr  otb«r  mouurM,  multtttlM  ol  it 
lomo  plaon  lumjiieoei  of  land  wa«  UHveil  iatln  Ucup  at  a  iiivbb  mm. 
iDcanTMwsr»i  aOMiMMtiil  to  a  UamII  ;  on*  MbmiU  «)|iul  to  S(),  30^  rr  tt 
ran  Mtta  wiual  ta  49  MaSd»t  oae  niUn  equal  to  S,  S.  or  10  UjfhtU  i  onnMiJ 
tauoltaS.  4.!>,  M'levyni  ISnrtliiuryb^T'U*.  Em!  India  P&per*.  lU  bM.  hi- I 
cut).  Aut,'.  IS'A>.  I-M.  is:7,l>2.  r»,.t.  Kofai>rtaaii{lMh()<-t.lS2|)glvM  UmI 
>■  thcscncral  itimdimt  »l  the  IjinJ  iDuasati) :  Plr^oubiti  or  Adte  anil  6t<  * 
flat*  of  liv*  diSlKonl  pwoni  inado  a  md  or  hkll  a(  alinut  9  tvct  j  SO  mi 
ona  pamd ;  M  pdtA  ono  ^Al(  |  S  ^gbd»  ana  rsUa  i  24  rtrita*  or  120  M 
<MABr  or  tatb-  ;  and  all  n>Ud«  m«  Uowin,  Haat  IwlU  Papcn  III.  9 
07S.  V7>. 

■  Opt.  Bobertaon,  IfXli  Oct.  1821,  Eul  India  Fapera  IV.   0M.     Am 
Pancnv  m.  007. 

>Oi>t.  BobeitMSn.  lOUi  Oct.  ISZI.  Ea«t.  India  Pawn  IV.  STO.  S78. 

•  bat  India  Papen,  ni.  W;iSU>b',  810;  IV',  tSS2-ii3S. 

*  Mohlarfa  oomnriaed  bouu!  nofl  ahnp  tsKM.   IfKim  taiea,   tax««  on  tr^M 
OB  profHrioDB,  anda  hoono  tax  from  a  fov  Uadholdet*.    Bo^at  ladlA  rancm.  I 

■Bomh^r  ^*^-  L«tt«r,  6th  Nov.  I9ZS,  &at  lodja  Pajton  III.  810. 
'  In  1831  tba  groater  part  of  tlio  foUonHiLK  twentj-four  nama  Wcrv  fonai 
TiUagaaaftliaPoonapliuncoaatiry:  AOimin  OaM,ynAa 


' fo''^  0"g'«J»ll J  to„„ 

tot  furta  abd  lor  the  govenrnent  itud.  cliangod  to  money  )  %  Butt«r  C^m,  >■ 
chojif^cd  to  monoy  ;  n  Straw  Com,  kadba  p»Ui,  diangtd  to  monvy  ;  two  Son 
amAi(<fiaod*H(niUl««hanKedtonian«yi  aCntoaCoM,  gawt  pntli,  cluuiffedW 
a  MoooT  Q^n,  MarcA  jmU*  ;  a  Finrwood  0ms,  Mrtai  ftxtti,  Oiaagvd  to  moatTi 
Omb,  Dam  bakntt  ila  prioe  takon  ;  a  Shoo  Ccaa,  tkami  joito,  Ifaolr  valtu)  taki 
Year*  aoaamnm,  lit  Matmxr,  bvlcd  ia  <Mh ;  SUoi^  okuraa,  takaa  i  u  uuh  i  Ki 
ftimfrba£<R;  Sm-vantCMH, 'inutar  riKJu^  chiuigadto  inonay;  Ssdillo  Stuttn| 
tlken  in  eaih ;  Hone  Blanket,  jhil.  levied  in  eaah ;  OMilJa(t«iDt  Olimrtm^ 
aatti:*Tr\sX\  Extra  C««a,  haiJiakpatti;  Ueaaeasar  CeM.  ■Atr^wif;,  lumn  mus 
Oudu  CiMB.  f^Uit  pata,  teviad  in  cuuh  :  Oil  Oiaa.  id  jMHi,  valuK  takaa  :  Wi 
Omhw  AamiiUri.  taken  in  moaay ;  ClMrka'  Cam.H-ihMti,  \akea  in  cmIi: 
Omn  tvrjed  ouuo  In  thrte  veani  on  btamlitaiy  koldawa.  Dt  Uicaa  t 
eaaaaa  Ua  worn  found  in  tbn  hilly  want,  atnw,  gnua,  •awwy,  aba*,  near  y 
■iwn,  firewood,  aktni,  rope,  contingent  chaioM,  and  nJt>iU  caia,  ti'^ 
oaMoa  wvo  alao  oollaetml  in  Uila  |i«rt  of  Uia  diatoiel.  A  Sadi'a  Cms  or  /U 
■aid  t«  ha  tn  keen  the  Konkui  AliyNioLana  fion  enleriiig  tlioDMoaa  :  a  Itaa 
9«MlW  inUi;  a  Kluunbio  Ce«  ;  aa  Extra  Ccai  known  aa  oW  jMiirj  j  a  l£u 


)eeeitt  1 


POONA. 


86« 


,  There  n-as  DO  city  in  tbe  district  excepi  Poona.  But  there  vera 
eleven  towns  of  respectable  siso  and  trade,  Chikan,  Ghera,  Jejari, 
Keodur,  Khed,  Kavldkh  Umbra,  FAbal,  Haud,  jSAsrad,  Talogoon 
■J>6bbli(le,  BWi  TalfLfuoa  Diiumdliero.  Tb©  botiWH  in  these  towns 
Bvere  couifArutblo  butldingH  of  atone  and  mud,  covered  with  tilea  i 
Vcuuie  uf  tbum  nero  twu  stDreys  high.     The  chiof  iubabitauts  wero 

■  trader.4,  bankers,  and  IlrdhiaauB  both  of  the  Deccan  and  of  the 
■KoukikD.  In  aJl  a  good  deal  of  tr«de  c«DLred.  The  chief 
Pmanufacturea  were  coarse  woollen  and  cotton  cloths,   and  Pooda- 

luudu  gold  and  silk  cloths  which  viod  iu  richness  with  tho  silks  of 
Paithau.1  Poena  had  suffered  from  the  change  of  goverumeiii  The 
gt-uural  ]H>iiCe  all  over  India  took  from  tbe  bankers  their  favourite 
war  inveatments,  and  all  clajwea  of  the  townspeople  suffered  from  the 
^stopping  of  ihu  great  aad  luvUh  expenditure  at  BajirdtT'*  court.* 

■  In  1821  the  jear's  revenue  was  about  £135,200  (Ra.  13,5],-t2S) 
Ipr  about  7».  (its.  3j)  a  head  of  tbe  popiilatiou.  Of  tho  whole 
P»niount  about   £109,1)00  (IU.  10,89,254)   were    derived   from  iHud* 

uud  edyar  er  mbcellaneous  sources ;  JtlU.tiOO  (Ks.  236,237)  from 
^cuatoma ;  and  £2600  (Rs.  25,031)  from  farots  aud  town  toxea. 
■rbo  cost  of  cullectiug  the  reYeaue  wae  about  £9370  (Rs.  93,606) 
^or  sbont  seven  per  cent  on  the  collections ;  mSjTtsterial  and  jndioial 
charges  were  about  £10,300  (Ra.  1,03,168);  the  Collocter's  wai 
sistants'  utaries  £5100  (Ka  61,000),  and  the  outlnj  on  militia 
Je7450  (R».7*yH8)-  'ftftt  i»  a  total  eiuoudituro  of  £32/i20 
(Rs.  3,S2,252)  or  aboab  20  per  cent  of  the  revenue.* 

Under  the  English  ttystem  the  management  of  tho  land  reveDno 

^nten'd  in  the  Collector.     Tho  Collector  waa  also  nutgi.4trnt«  and 

judge  of  circuit,"   but  his  chief  duties   were,  aa  head  revenue  officer, 

travel   over  his   dialriA,    lt»  fix    the   rontul  to    be   paid    by  each 

village,   as  far  aa  possible  to  tako  precautions  that  in  each  village 

the  whole    atnonut  wag  hirlj  shared  among  the  landholders,   to 

detect    aud   puniah   frauds   agaioet   Qovemment  and  oppresi<ton  of 

[the  vitl^ers,  and  by    the  ^»nt    uf  leases  and  other  privilege* 

|io    induce    the   people   to   bring  the   arable  waste    under    tilings. 

U  the  beginning  of  a  new  year,  that   is  in  Aagusl,  tbe  villago 

luadmiiuaoJ  olurka  prepared  returns  showing  the  state  of  oulltvatiou 


ChaptOTTIII. 

L«Dd. 

Ton  fiairou. 
lS£0-tl. 


SvaTMi. 
163021. 


itktIU;  ua  natoown la6lftO)patHi  a  MoUmuCcm,  ^uniyj ;>»«■;  a  Fowl  CaMi 
di  patti  I  a  Thorn  dua,  bitiie  mmlmlealt  hi  mako  up  far  a  mdmiitldar  wboM  feat 
___  pricked  witb  thonis:  a  RiiDurni'a  Ctm;  a  Survey  Cew,  pHumiUuirrh;  aa 
__rnit«BD«a  C«»»,paUi;»CaenmhvC9n,bUdi  Miopia;  aUMltthaiU  Cau.  tfnfjia(I} 
paiii;  nMitif!«  'rrMU«a,dM6(ifaMa:aLMf 'niiit«iiC-cM,fwIa  Utttgai  a  Cuitanary 
i'  C*M,  qninila  {TlpaUi  :a  I'oatla  Catt,  miuo/  paui ;  «  U-af  Dj*Ii  Caai^ jMtr4m2p«al  t  aM 
i  jt  DuliL'i^i^v  CtvL.  huar  paUi.  Ut.  ClupUo,  SOik  Aojiiwt  lSS2(Kil.  1877),  I.1U-14I, 
*    EmI  IixIiiVatHTs  IV.  623.633. 

)  ■  C*pt.  KoU[bK>n,  Irt  Mar  19S0,  KmI  tti<)ia  pA{>«tm  IV.  40S  ;  BooiUy  Revonua 
I  Latter  -nth  Nov.  IfiiSl.  Eut  ludia  I>>»n  III.  ;KI-7M. 
t  *Cftpt  BoUrUon.  lOth  Oct.  !<»(.  hjvn  liwlia  fawrp  IV.  OftS. 
I  *  But  lodit  P«|>en  IV.  62S.0<abMt  £1-M,W6  |K«.  IS.H5.309)  the  total  or  gn« 
'  acttlemeatDr/ciDidAuWioJ  18:iO-SlabautXlll,4iM>ttt>- l.ff.l-lu)  wn« dtductad  proba- 
bly chifdy  on  acoouit  of  rtRuniou  sod  olauoa.  Tbi*  left  u  neb  nn-«n«  £llHI,(N>l> 
.    (fU  1U.B9.2M), 

•  Capt.  RobertKn.  lOtb  Oot.  IS21  ;  Eut  India  Paprn  IT.  92). 

*  Hi-Vp'ti  NamtiTi*    III    1911 


'  Hclxir'i  NarratiTc,  111.  12U. 
a  1927-17 


(Bem%«7  (Htetto 


Stctim, 
lSSU-21. 


in  iho  villnge,  the  whole  Atnoant  due  to  GovenuQeDt,  uid  the 
dnti  from  ctLch  laodholder.' 

Whvn  thu  Collector  emno  to  the  villsigD  or  to  ita  neigtiboarliooj, 
nnder  bin  immcdiato  superintend enco,  or,  if  ho  was  not  rm  the  spol, 
undor  tis  orders,  hiH  e«tahl»hinuiit  csAtnincd  tlio  villngO  tilcric'l 
statement  of  the  ourreot  jcar  nod  cotopured  it  with  tbu  wtllciiMUit 
of  the  year  before,  and,  with  the  help  of  the  distriet  horeditwy 
officers,  settled  the  hiinp  sum  which  tbu  Tillogo  wa«  to  p»j.  Afw 
1810-20,  vhen,  ID  addilirn  to  the  5«tt.luin«Qt  with  Chn  hnsdoflke 
TtllBg«f  papers  wore  pnH>«d  nltowinc  wbnt  vnch  Iniidhuldpr  Itadie 
pay  and  that  he  waK  wiUing*  to  par  it,  the  Collector's  rstablishiMri 
wore  nnublo  to  compltite  the  drl»iled  village  «cttletnont.  Thisdotf 
waa  left  to  the  inilmlatdiir.*  Besides  carrjHng  oftt  the  detailed  (r 
icdiridual  Tillage  sottloment  the  mAmlAtdir  aupcrinU'nded  thuMf- 
tectioD  of  the  revenae,  loanagcd  the  pulico,  roccirod  civil  complaiotf, 
androforredtfaocoTnpliiDBntstoJDneaor^aiir/iJj'fR.aiid  hoard  eritsiol 
complaiata  and  aent  the  comptaiosnlH  to  the  Collcvtor.  Be  hsd« 
socretary  or  shiratteddr  to  Koep  bis  records,  an  acconntntit,  m1 
some  other  aesiatant^.  The  m/imlatdir'n  powers  were  limitf^ 
and,  at  least  in  principle,  the  system  of  fixed  pay  and  no  perqui«iM 
was  introdncod.  The  m^mli^diir's  pay  was  fixod  at  £7  to  t\i 
(Rs.  70-160)  a  month,  and  the  pay  of  his  secretary  nt  £3  10i.la 
£o(Rs.  55->'iO).'  In  carrying  out  tho  detailed  village  setilantfl 
the  chii'f  duties  of  the  m^mlatd&r  and  his  staff  were  to  detect  Inaii 
in  the  village  retuma,  and  soo  that  the  statements  corresponded  to 
the  actual  couditioa  of  the  villt^e  ;  to  discover  bidden  sonrcai* 
revenue;  to  assign  to  each  landholder  his  proper  ahare  of 
TlJIagO  rental,  and  to  aaoertain  th&t  the  village  ntlicors  nuido  no  *it 
IcTiea ;  to  make  certain  that  the  villages  paid  their  instalments  vh 
they  foil  dnc.  and  that  all  tho  revenue  waa  regularly  forwarded  to  aid 
nccouDted  for  by  the  head-qiuirler  office. 

As  mediators  between  the  Collector's  oetablishmcnt  and  Ibf 
Tillsf^  hoadtncn  who  together  fixed  the  amonnt  o£  the  vilbgc 
Mttlemeut,  there  came  the  disirict  boroditary  officers,  who,  wlw' 
the  amount  of  tho  village  rental  was  being  discu!i»<><l,  sat  in  tl« 
Colloctor's  office  or  kachfri  and  actod  as  iiuiptres  modemting 
demands  of  the  Collector's  establishment  and  persuading 
headiuoii  to  ngrco  to  rightful  demands.*  In  th«  early  ycara  at  Brit 
rule  one  of  tho  chief  objects  of  the  revcnua  oSiccrs  was  to  intrulii 
a  Bystem  whioh  shonld  prevent  the  village  officers  or  the  in&mL 


'  Vriiwi  (be  Engtiah  lyiUm  iru  f»irly  introduced,    ihv  vtUas*  otcrk    er  

wa«  bmnd  topr«Mrr  t)io  aix  fi>11owuigrrtum«  :  (I )  Th*  >tnuit  jMHa  or  Lu»d  regii 
that  ia  s  rcoord  M  aU  nOags  holdlop  and  field*  uid  at  thoir  boldef*  ;  (S)  th<  M 
patrak  or  tillj^  aUttgoieDt  •faowing  tb«  acnauiit  dan  t>y  OMb  boklor  W  Govcnion 
(t)  tb«iaA«tfarr«e«iptbootabowingd«ii;piiyiii«DU  tnr  th«  iMidholdoni  jH)  Um 
nol  orliMof  aoaounl*>liinriiiat)iftT«Mipta  nom  each  holder  anil  wli»t  had  hMBdai 
wHlitba  r«oeipta;  (1V|  teJAaifiiorbalauc*  thwtwitkli  waaaitalaaMint  (or  tbavfllv 
raoaipta  and  paynumls  dfawn  ,np  at  tba  okat  of  tlia  3fmx  ;  and  |6)  th«  nM>A(cn*A  |M«i 
■iMnKnaodBfa  of  doea  on  Booonat  of  bouM  and  otber  laioi.  Bandaa  ihaM  tka  t 
olcrickept  tMDioruidaui'l  nitwtera  of  1ra»M.    £att  India  Papan,  IV.  887- SU. 

■  RMt  ladU  Paper*.  IIJ.  -H  -.  IV.  .'^79,  591. 

■  Mr.  El|>bnMUu>e.  1819.  Ed.  l»71t.  30-11.  &«!  IndU  Papon  IV.  I8S-1«A. 
*  CapUui  ItoUrtavii,  Eaal  Iiulia  Paper*  tV.  aS9-SSS. 


eCCBB. 


POONA. 


971 


>m  iakiBg  more  than  hia  right  sh&re  ot  the  villagv  vwitAl  from 
ich   luudbolder.     As  has  lieen    noticed    lu  1818    nod  1819    thti 
ettlement  coatinned  to  be  made  with  the  li«adttin.ii   for   the  whole 
I  or  mauzeviir.     But  in  1819-20  a.  bfj^iuDrnff  of  aa  ludividu&L 
.•rmatvdr  settloiuent  was  made  by  th«  members  of  tho  Collector's 
itabliahtnoat  aaccrtaiiuQe  that  oaoh  holder  kacw  at    what   aaioanfc 
ie  headuian  Iind  assessed  him  and  admitted  that  thia  amonnl  was 
ftir.     In  I82(l-2l  the  Collpctor'a  eatabliahmont  inquirod   bow  much 
lrw»h  laud  was  takea  for  tilhige  ;  how  much  laud  uudor  liliagc  wos 
cept  hid;au(l  whether  there  were  any   ccaaea  which  had   escaped 
notice  in  the  former  year.     After  tliuao  )D([iiinc«,  on  ihu  bosia  of  tha 
at  year's  settlement,  in  consultation  with  the  vilhign  and   here- 
ditary ofilcen,  the  Collector's  stuff  dotormincd   what  cuc-h  villaga 
^should  pay;  and  the  m^latdlr  inquired  into  aiid  fixed  iho  sbarQ 
yt  ihti  whole  village  demand  which  should  be  recovered  from   each 
iolder.'     ThJit  system  was  faulty  as  there  was  no  check  on  the 
aiimlutdfir  and    no  tent  to  prevent   oollaston   between    him  and  tha 
inkdman  in  unfairly  diatributiog  the  individual  payments.     Aooord- 
lingly   iu  the   next  year  (1821-23)  a  nyatem  nua  completed  under 
rhich  each    holder  received  ji  deed  or  patta   ol   what    bo    was 
[asked  to  pay  and    passed    an  agreement    or    kahuldi/at   to    pay 
Ltlie  ainouQt  fixed.*    The  issue    of  those    individual     agreements 
l^reatly  reduced   the   power  and  the  emoluments  of  the  village 
>fllcers  who  much  Hgitiiiiit  t.lutir  will  were  relieved  of  many  of  their 
jrduties.*     Under  this  new  system  the  setUemeut  was  introduced  into 
Eb  village  in  one  of  two  wayn.     Either  the  whole  »um  due  by  the  village 
light  be  ascertained  and  bis  share  allotted  to  ctkch  landholder;  or  the 
ire«  due  to   the  diflercnt  •holdera  miglit  be  determined   and  tha 
Irillage  rental  be  found  by  addingull  the  shurestoKetbcr.  UnleaSj  whicb 
[was  seldom  the  case,  aathentio  details  of  the  quality  and  quantity  of 
) land  in  each  man's  holding  wereaTailahlo,  it  wnMi<xtreiiiely  difficult  to 
fix  ench  man's  share.    1*1^  whole  amount  paid  by  th«  vJll&t^o  through 
I  a  aeries  of  years  was  generally  known,  aud,  as  a  rule,  it  was  beat  to 
'  8x  the  whole  amount  iu  the  first  ioaUnce  and  from  this  to  allot  bis 
I  share    to   each     holder.     The    sum     f)x.ed   as     the  village     rental 
linoludedullcmses,  claims,  and  rillngocxpeiiaea.  Af(*r  fixing  tho  whole 
amoutit  due  from  the  village,  the  ('ulluctor's  ataS  were  expected  to 
allt't  tho  sharca  to  the  diQerent  holders.     But  this  part  of  the  work 
they  were  soldom   able  to  cemplele.     It  was  entrusted  to  the  tnAxa- 
latddr  and  his   ataff  under  strict  ttijuncliona  not  to  leave  it  to  be 
done  by  tho  district  or  village  officers.     In  making  the  individual 
settlement  the   nutmlatd^r  was  chiefly  guided  by  the  village  land 
atateoient  or  jamia  jhiida.    Thia    professed  to  show  tho  state  of 
cultivation  of  each  plot  of  land  in  tho  villagau  But  the  statement  was 
,  ^norally  full  of  mifltukcsuud  fraads ;  it  could  not  be  (rusted  until 
,  It  had  boon  checked  by  the  ahrkkJdrt  or  mAmlatdir'a  clotka  who 
'made  separate  retumfi,  by  special   or  peraooal  ioquiiies  on  the  part 


CbaptAT  VIIL 
LuuL 


)  Eut  Initia  P>p«n,  IV. SSI. 

■  BofflUy  Ksvenu*  tMUr  27tA  Nov.  1833.  Kut  lodia  l*it>dn  Ul.  7H. 

■  BmI  1d>I»  r>[>«n.  IV.  £83. 


tBomtuiy 


S72 


DISTRICTS. 


Tni. 

Lud. 

BMmvE 

SrimtM, 
.USO-Xl. 


of  tlio  mimlald&r,  hj  direct  oiaminatJon  of  the  vilUgm,  snd  I 
taking  adraakttso  oC  rivatr_y  luid  jualousf  araong  the  buiuLtnufr 
headmao  or  viUa^  ckik.'  After  tbo  maio  liuid  aaaeumoA  m 
fixtxl  a  minute  inquiry  vtas  neceasary  into  tlie  ceaaea  or  jMUa. 
In  all  tbftbo  m(|uin«ii  tho  CalloclorB  wt^re  eujdJDed  to  tiM  iadk 
ODforc«  tiio  atinioat  caution  in  keepiof*  the  assessment  moteA 
Tbej'  irere  warnvd  tlial  la  usaewiug  villagefl  it  was  l>vtt«r  to  be  1 
tbaa  to  bo  above  the  proper  scale,  and  that  the  excessive  demand  i 
owypar  CouMBolduDi  be  n-lrieved  bj  tht«e  years  o(  tnoderatieai 
indulgence.  Great  care  wiui  requirea  in  pntpuriug^  the  l&ndhold 
paper  or  jinlla  which  was  drawn  ap  in  »  very  detailed  and  eUl 
form.*  The  people  wore  told  when  the  Lnatttlmcnta  wonld 
duo  uod  caro  wa*  tidcen  not  to  levy  any  part  of  the  renljd  until  i 
the  crop  from  which  the  iustoluieut  was  to  be  paid  was 
Ko  socurity  wae  required  except  the  genentl  eecnnty  of  uakmn  I 
TiIlagcrH  reapoDaiblo  for  each  other  which  was  klnown  as 
or  mutual  eocxxnly,  janjir  jdmin,  and  which  was  Itablflto 
enforced  by  a  eocond  wlllvmont.'  The  paBsing  of  recwptate^ 
oolloctions.  cspecinJly  for  the  coUwlioo  of  the  vitlag^eis'  inntalti 
by  the  Tillage  officers  wa»  iusi«itj^  on,  and  an  enin- 
toe  ooias  recciTed  and  the  date  of  peytnent  was  reqoired. 
coiaa  paid  wore  aent  to  tbu  tnnsury  with  lists  made  by  thfl 
latdfira  in  aealcd  bags  sttoated  by  IbttMrmUrdars.  Kach 
througb  whose  bands  tbo  mooey  parsed  gave  a  receipt,  Um 
beiug  the  Colleclor'a  recvipt  to  the  m&oilatdAr.  Otipics  oflfti' 
CuUector's  receipts  were  keptat  heod-qnartera.*  In  the  6rst  yeatt^ 
British  ■naH«geiiii-ut  Oie  rovcuuo  was  collected  witliout  dd&cali^ 
Utetraiut  was  almost  uakuown.  It  was  not  allowed  wbon  iW 
person  who  had  failed  to  pay  was  kROwa,to  be  poor."  In  Odrila 
1621  onlr  £6iC  (K&tt-ltiO)  were  oatatanding  of  which  £61  (I 
belonged  to  ISIU-IH  mid  £^5  (Eta58.M1)  to  1810.20.?  Under 
Martitba  government  advances  had  been  made  to  luufl 
ftt  12  per  cent  a  yenr.  Under  the  Qritish  in  the  first 
aineuut  ol  advances  was  increased  and  aa  interest  was 


'  Til*  tollowiac  wan  atMOf  lb*  In»dawki«b  w«n  wonnniilj  miauUpiiI  bj  ri 
baadtasa aad  vlvnia.   Tha ma—  tt paoflo  paying tha liiaii  tai  wggg  )»n  tmUL 
naM lertahl*  tn>m  ■litoMtod laada  wm aoltlwva  .  tarnlMalaiiilaa«MniliiMh»e 
ItaaMI  nnUl  wm  shown  ;l*adinadfTtimt«wcneatand««aat«(irM^iMtJ 
nrinbaila  wctccnicrRlMflnlaBdL   Butn.   Oar.  S«t.   Bcol  !•  of  lit^l,  70)- 
ApfMnlix  to  Mr.  CtupbuB  ftoaoit,  Mill  AaeMt  IKfi,  Bd.  IfT?,  I39L 

VJU  ChapHa.  AjBtato  ta  Raurt of MkAapua  USK.  flna u  om^arfl 
tedcrpMapaMaJW  tfatbaAadw.    Sli^  ]£«atka  of  £ai  iaOavoHa  M   , 
(>rth<iJh*lir«vlSI»UikiaiMll.*Mha*«  to  |m  aOv-mx  nt>«Mt  Of  Om  &r 
tk>w  M«i  a/4fT  bad  «f » t5^  Rk.  St!  t  <«  tb«*%U.«f  e>iJe«lM».l.  tt>.  ». 
•krm«c«att>  ll:aW4UocaBB>.l:aadaba*MMwb.4:tatel  tU.  as.    Tter< 

■MM|*^  al  til*  ra(«kriMttfai^iBM4j«aaMMaaa(t*«  t^^tf«tf   or   Ipflm f 

MtM  UuB  laia.  VoahanapwdaokaHcwdMkrtkttpuvaMaaf  UwoftlMrnl^ 
•adMTMraanaricMbvrmvwri^  aMaiMiaMatMM^Mlk  Dwmfav  18901  '' 


I  b«r*a*randt9 
twarUMlfcaii—J  aaaMMMlwaa  kft  Mrt. 
mSTOcMmc  IBil.  Ibtt  kdia  Pwn.  IV 


iMWMraanM 
■T-SMyntt>< 

*  A||iaWii>'ilr.7lMyi!L^E«|wt«l«lfc  AaK«M&t  kd. 
MwtMa.  ISSl.  Kut  laikFtoan.  1^.  HJ. 

*  thpktm  Eoiw^m.  IM  oSl^  IKtl.  Km  ladta  P^m  [T 

*  ChiMto  >ah««aa.  Hdi  OMab«»  UU.  Km  bdM  l^«i  IT  tsL 

*  iM  h<k  ^M.  IV.  an. 

*Of*i*iBitriViumkQc>Awiw.fc*UttaP»r«*>'^»*. 


I5T7,  IM  f  J 


POONA. 


373 


The  eoaiton  of  I82D-2I  iroa  &votirsblo.  Calliration  spread  and 
if^iere  irerc  do  complaints  of  orer<asBes8uicDt  Tbo  unly  diflicultj 
^ffliich  orcurr^d  wad  that  tlio  headmeii  of  a  i^roup  of  rillagos  in 
BlAbnl,  Huding  tlie  individual  Bettlement  reduce  tbcir  power  of  privnto 
fixation,  iucited  the  peupb  tu  refuse  to  tak«  Uieir  deeds  or  paUa«. 
a^efore  the  close  of  tho  year  the  distreaa  wbtcli  tlie  geneml   CKtiib- 

Kbmeiit  of  poacc  caused  to  tkfi  military  section  of  the  people  of 
tooa,  hecanie  more  marked,  aud  large  nambora  wLo  bad  remained 
!e  in  tbo  Lope  of  suiue  mare  euilabie  eiuploymL-nt,  vivm  at  last 
—prced  to  take  to  husbandry.'  Fi-om  thia  cause  th/t  incroaitc  of 
^lllajfe  in  1  »2l  -22  was  greater  than  in  ibo  previuiis  yciirs.  Tho  crops 
^«re  u^^iii  j»t>od.  aud  the  averago  rupee  pric-e  of  grnin  fell  from 
yboQt  A2  to  Q<>  poundti  (4>7  pdiflix).-  The  Reltleincnt  wi 


'asngitiu  miulo 
itb  tho  indiridual  holders.     The  Ml  in  tbe  price  of  (puia  caused 
>iit<int  among  sevoml  BcctioDft   of  tho   liitMWiidincii.     Thu    cbiuE 
'^tftiL-tiUy  wasin  the  ca«e  of  certain  villages  which  had  formerly  pHid 

thharniti  italla  n  commntntion  of  tbo  money  ce»-»  into  gmiii  for   tho 
ipply  of  Mitrathn  pnrita  and  forts.     lu  1820>21  it  hod  been  ecttlixl 
At  they  nhuuld   p»y   iu  ca->tb  ou    the  hanh  of  about    32   pounds 
yp  pdytin)  tbo  mpoo.     As  the  price  bod  in  some  places  gone  down 
"a  Dne-haJf  of  this  nr  abnut  tii  pounds  (8  p'i^li*),  tho  nttcmativo 
/(W  givun  thorn  of  pnying  in   kiud  but  iim   thoy  ohjoctcil   to  grutn 
JKynit-'iits  tbo  former  rnteK  wero  coiiliniied.     So  norioas  a  dillicnUy 
B«i  thi;  ]X^i>p1o  jind  in    disposing  of  ihti'ir  grain   that  tho  Collector 
jiiud  it  nei-eHRary  to  postpone!  the  date  for  paying  the  instalment.' 
;l-10t(R>(.li,0-U))nroro  rL-inittod>     Tiw  land  runt  including  cussoii 
^nd  miKcellHT.eouN  revenue  amounted  to  £160,100  (Rs.  16,01,000) 
■Wmtt  £l&S,f>S5  (R»-  ir),3t;,«50)   io  the    preceding    year.     After 
■^duotiog  cUtDia  or  haks  u«d  village  oxponsus,  the  nut  ruvonuo  for 
follectionnmoantcd  to  £130,058   (Tts.  13,9O,BS0)  agamat  £l3M+7 
=  R<t.  13,11,470)  ;llicc(jlleciiunsamountc<ltoJtl33,5l5  (Its.  1^,35,150) 
>  »niuKt£I»2,520  {Ha.  13,25,200);  and  the  outstaudioga  were  £5543 
a.  5rj,-ia0)  nguinst  £1920  (Uh.  Ii),il6t}).'' 

In  spite  of  the  chnutpneen  of  grain  op  to   September  1822,  excmi 

Ind^pur  where  a  unmbcr  of  the  people  had  returned  to  their  (Md 

man  ill  tliu  NtxAm'g  ooantry,  there  seemed  to  be  no  stgaa  of  over- 

isiiineut.     The  vuluu  of  land  wai!  rising  aud  disputes  conuvotod 

ith  landed  property  and  shares  of  estates,   that   had  lain   08le4>p 

ir  years,  had  become  common  aud  keen .    In  the  two  prcvions  ycurs 

e  tillage  area  had  iacreaned  by  about  80,000  biffkas  yielding  a 

«rly   t-evcuuc  of  about    X8O00  (Ra.  80,000).'      In  spue  of  tho 

.rtiul  failure  uf  some  of  the   crops  the  harveel  of  1822-2:)  was 

jL«^iu  ubuudimt.     Grain   fell   to  about  110  pounds  (13-14  pat/lit) 


Horn.  <3av.  Rev.  Cm.  117  of  1S2,?,  ;.U.nir>. 

The   nipet  yricvm  wsrv,  1819-20,  3|  ud  3  pdgtit  ■  )8S0-S1,  4  pO^ ;  taA  ISll-SS, 
id  a  }'iylU,   BnnL  Gi>v.  Rvr.  Vmc  1 17  ul  ISSO,  S17-filH. 

CApUin  RuboitMa,  20th  tjoiiUnber  1822,  Bwii.  Qvf.  Be*.  R«o.  73  of  iitS,  13d  1 
Bia  ^It-uUiM.  II>7(ltK!l-ftU9);Iitrtt«K4ry  182&,  B«a».  Gov.  Scv.Boc  117  M 

Bmh.  (iov.  rUr.  Roc  72 nf  1823,  124.  128,  IS9. 
I  Mr.  ChapUa.aSUi  September  1S23,  Bom.  Gov.  Rov.  Etc.  72  of  1823,  3«. 
Ci^Ttaia  BoburtKn,  aOth  isepteoibcr  W£l,  Rcr.  Rec.  72  of  1S23,  324  £»>. 


Chapt*i^VnL 
Land.   ■ 
Tns  Beitiiiii. 


issi-a. 


JAV4J, 


374 


DISTRICTS. 


ChApter  vnL 


tm-M, 


tbe  rnpeo  ia  tlie  rcmoto  parts  of  the  district  and  to  nbo 
(10  f/diflit)  ueai-  I'oooft.^    There  waa  oo  m^ntiua  aud  i 
enob  low  prices.     Tlio  fall  caused  much  dtt^tross  ;  trvu 
hod  reaped  fifooJ   harTe6l«  coal<)  hardly   find   a,   toarfa 
grain.     Headed  by  the  p'tlih  of  PAbal,  many  of  wfa 
g&inahod    been  stopped   by  tbe  indiTidual  settlemeut 
came  in  crowds  aud  inobbMl  the   Uovernor  in  PiMna. 
OT6r-aa86!i»tuoDt  was  miaed  by   some  of   tho    Ktiglinh 
Captain   Kobort.soii   ccmteudud  strongly    tliat    tho     on 
distress  TCcro  tbo  (all  of  gmin  prieca  and  tbo  want  of 
and  expenditure  ut  Puotiu,     Tboooiamutatioa  rato  of 
or  grain  that  used  to  be  taken  in  kind  waa    lowerot 
32  to  84 pounds  (4-Hpdi/lit).     In  1822-23  tbe  realizati 
decline  amounting  altogetber  to  about  one-seventh  < 
revraiuo.     Ouo-fuurtb  of  tbo  entire  loss  iras  in  Xodiipnr 
uuinborn  li&d  moved  to  tbe  NinAm'H  country.* 

TheDOXtyuar(LS2:l-24]wn)ia  season  of  scanty  rain  ax 
Tbo  early  harvest  in  about  bnlf  of  the  district  wi%h  (air, 
balf  of  tbe  district  tlio  crops  ■were  cither  cbk'Oy  or  entii 
Tbe  lato  or  cold  weather  harvest  was  a  comploto  a 
garden  and  watered  crops  vrcrv  blighted  by  tbe  east 
cattle  anffered  sosovoroly  from  want  of  fodder  and  xvant 
the  Collector  sent  a  number  of  tbe  people  to  tho  Kis^ 
to  stay  tbero  till  Juno  182i.  Large  cnmbern  of  the 
alao  of  tbeir  own  accord  left  Poona  to  ituko  np  lands  in 
country  and  in  Ahmadiiagar.'  What  added  to  tbe  di£S( 
people  wax  that  in  epitn  of  tho  failure  of  crops  ^ra 
ostromcly  cheap*  The  Coilertor  and  the  Conimi8sion 
recommending  tho  greatest,  moderation  "in  levying  the 
their  viewB  met  with  the  full  approval  of  GoTommem. 
woro  granted  Taryiugfpom  25to75  poroeotandiu  ac 
whole  demand  was  foregono.*  The  diiitroKs  coDtiuntu 
The  usual  May  showers  failed  and  tboro  was  vary  littl 
in  June  or  in  July.  Grain  which  throughout  the  co]< 
kept  wonderfully  cheap,  uow  rose  from  about  80  tc 
(10-4  ptiylis)  and  then  to  about  20  pounds  {2^p(iylis)* 
the  total  rorenns  for  collection  amounted  to  £91 ,5&(>  (] 
against  £120,827  (Rs.  12,08.270)  in  Ift22-23;  tho  colloctt 
od  to  £73,091  (Rs.  7,a0.i»10)  against  £103,788  (Re.  10, 
tho  outstandings  amounted  to    £18,465   (Bs.     l,&4;i 


>  Bom.  Got.  Rov.  IUo.  117  of  1825.  SSSL    la  lftaO-21.  tbo  piioe  wm  < 
l«!l-SSibiru6-8ply««. 

*  Capttio  BotcrUoo,  1st  Foby.  182*,  Bom.  Go*.  R«r.  R«o.  II7  ^ 

*  Cai>t&in   Rutturtson,    Collector,  25tli   Pffrcmb^  18»,  Bo«n.    Qoi 
of  1823.  13-  III':  l«t  Pcbrau-y  IS24,  Bur.  Ecc  Vi  at  1S24,  3  1  1st   Pelir 

Rot.  11;  odtHAsaa. 

*  Hr.   Priori*.  29th  Jojiuut  1824,  Bom.  Gov.    Rev.  R«r.  95  at  l 
OliMlJii,  lOlh  October  1885,  Bom.  Gov.  Rdv.  K«.  117  uf  1(B5,  «H.     ^ 

*  Mr.  Cluplixi.  29tL  Novtmbor  ia2.'J,  mhI  Got.  Letter  1856  of  | 
Itom.  Gov.  Bev.  IIoo.  74  of  IB3S.  II-I-J,  IT.CkptAtn  Koharlsoo.  lal 
IB24  :  Mr.   ChAnlin,  5th    Fcbrn.'kry  IB34  (  sacC  Got.    Letter   SU 
1824.     Bom.  Gov.  Vav.  Bee  0£of  IB2-I,  141. 

*  Bom.  G»v,  KflT.  R«.  llj  o(  1825,  328&». 


eU' 


POONA. 


375 


(Ra.  1,7U,300)  ia  1822-23.    la  1823-2i  Iho  very  large  aani      Chapter ' 


remitted. 
the  cloBe  o£  (be  botwoatlur  of  1624  largo  sums  nere  granted 
adv&nces.     The  people  met  the  efforts  of  Govi>rtimoiit  to  lighten 
l>ir   diiitress  by   «howiiig  tlio  greslost  industry  and  enulat'ioD  in 
jpariti)^  an'l  rawing  their  HeUls  m  Juue  ISZi.    J3ut  uguiD  tlm  raia 
'.except  in  tfauwcstwhcrothe harvest  wasgood.     In  Lbo  c«utrQ 
Leasbtbeenrly  harrestcaaietonotliiug,  the  tato  crous  which  whto 
an  and  promising  till  Novemlier  dried  from  want  of  ruin  and  dow 
lyicldodaliuostnoroturn.*     Before  February  of  1825  thepcoplo 
deserted  the  Country.     Tbcircattte  w«realtno»t  a]ldvad»aaia 
Byvillftges  the  great  drought  had  loft  uo  driakiug  water.     Still 
be  spirit  of  the  people  was  not  brnken.     Tho    rninfaU  had   boon  so 
light  that  ovoo  the  weds  bad  died  UDd  ihL'GL-Ids  were  ploughed  and 
»an  reiuly  to  be  sown  when  the  rainsi  ot    182-i  came.^     The  people 
jreredaced  to  thogrontvHt  distrom.     Uustof  tboiroattlewere  dead. 
Grain  luid  riB«n  to  high  rate.i/andiD  sowing  the  cnrly  and  Into  crops 
)d24,  botli  of  which  had  failed,  tfaoy  hnd  incurred  heavy  expenacs.' 
Ecvpt  from  the  we^b  in  iiii-V'2b  little  or  no  rereuue  was  realiKed." 

I  Sariog  these  years  of  failure  of  crops  and  distress  a  Horoewliat^  hot 

spondonce  passed  between  the  Colloetor  and  the  Comraisaioner 

to  whether  tbe  distress  was  to  any  contiiderable  extent  due  to 

r-aesessraent  At  first  Captain  Robertson  stoutly  protested  against 

jTJOff  that  any  of  tbe  depre&iiion  was  the  result  of  OTer-asso&smeiit. 

it  as  troubles  increased  Jo  February  1820  he  admitted  that  the 

landx  might  have  been  greater  than  tbe  peopio  could  well  meet. 

fully  agreed  with  the  Commissioner  ibut  to  help  the  people  to 

from  the  low  state    into  Vhicb  they   hud  fiilton,  would   ro[{uiro 

^oat  generous  and  tender  ffrcalaieut.     At  the  same  time;  he  thougbl 

kt  b««ide!>  the  failure  of  raia  one  chief  cause  of  itistrowM  was  wTiaL 

already  been  noticed,  the  (.'hango  in  Poena;  the  stopping  of  Ibu 

flow  of  cxpeuditare  and  the   closing  of  the  large  numbora  of 

snings  tiooaccted  with  the  court  und  with  the  army  and  the  decline 

the  old  demand  for  the  produce  of  the  city  craftsmen.' 

lV)wnrds  the  end  of  June  162^  Biabop  lluber  traveled    fmm  the 

^onUaa  by  tbe  Bor  pass  to  Pwuiia.      Ui>  noticed  an  oxcellout  bridge 

tbirleen  arches  which  had  just  Ix-cu  fiuishud  over  swampy  ground 

irKArli,  simple  bub  oxtrunivly  solid  and  judicious:.*     In    the  weHt 

bo  cotlnges  were  small  and  mean  with  ateep  thatched  roofs  anil 

'tow  sido-walU  of  looflostones  and  thon!  was  agonoral  nppearnnco 

'  in  the  droAS  and  the  Held  luols.     Still  the  cattle  were 

better  bred  than  those  of  Bengal  and  those  inbottorease 


Laud 

TlIB  ButTISH. 


ms. 


J)  Bob.  Gov.  Rav.  ])«&  117  of  igo,  416,473. 

I*  Bon.  0«r.  On-.  lUc.  123  ot  18SS,  S3T-S39  ;  R««.  IIT  «f  1S2S,  406.  BS7-U8. 

jlgom.  Oov.  Uav.  Ron.  1 17  at  ISSS.  MT>lUa. 

dU  I9U,  »««.  (ior.  ]{ov.  Rpc.  !»  of  lUU,  MiS-997. 
P  Bom.  Gov.  R«v.  S««.  133  of  I8S5.  3fi6-M7. 

[•Bom.  Gov.  lUiG.  Ill  Of  Ida,  4;a-47e,  SaS;  lto«.  123  of  ia£>,  !l37-339. 
r>  Opt  ttobarUon,  F«b.  1829.  Bon,  Gov.  Itcv.  Rrc,  117  of  I8U.  173  470,  .'■31-534. 
\»  UeW'B  NkrrkUv*,  III.  114. 


rBonb 


Lud- 

Tat  Bxrnxu. 


StBi^St. 


MML 


DISTRICTS. 


than  mifrlit  lure  b««D  exp«ct«d  after  the  long  droQghk 
c«4torn  diatricts  bad  fttnountod  to  famine  with  ita  dmd 
evils  of  ]iestileDce  anil  the  weakening  of  moral  fciea.*    1 
allowance   for  the   drought  and  Bcarcit^r  oF  soverml  yoal 
1826  Huoincd  to  tbrire  uudoT  its  preeent  systetn  nf  f^orer 
burdens  of   tbe  peasanta  vere   decidedly  lasa  in   amoa 
collected  in  a  1ms  oppreasire  manner  than  under  tbe  a 
The  English  namo  nas  popnUr  with  all  buttItoa«  wlio  w 
losers  bjr  their  coning',  (he  courttera  of  tbe  Poahwa,  m 
liTcd  by  the  Rplondour  uf  hia  court,  and.  though  this  do« 
the    Brthman*.     Th«  body  of   lh»  people   woro  rory  pt 
einiplo,  of  frngnl  habits  and  gealle  disposition.      Purfaa 
of  Iadi&  was  crimo  so  rare.'     Tlia   share  oC   tho   prodd 
GoTemmeDt  was  mid  to  bo  high,  at  Iee«tot)e-fiIlh.     | 
wished  to  introdun}  a  pcriiianoot  MtLlenMot  tiafc  said  t}J 
had  a  fuller  knowledge  of  tho  conntry  they  should  runl 
doing  greater  injastioo  atid  occuMionnlly  gruator  evil><i  bj 
than  any  they  coiild  appr«boad  from  the  preaent  syntcn 

In  Noveuiber  1825  Itijri  vraa  Mlltng  nt  obout  26  poni 
and/tviriat  about  32  poands  (10sJWr«)  thcrupoo*       Qq 
the  famine  year  of  182^-25    tbo  rcwlixable  laud  rerenue 
ahowed    an    increase    from    fiO.^Oi    ( lU.  2,92,oa0) 
(ltA.7,01,3'20],audthu  total  roalizablLM-uvonHeiacludinf^ti 
customs  and  other  items,  from  £>>(i.6^<i  (Rtt.d,0ti,2^0) 
(Us.l0,L9,110).Of£70,l32(I{«.7,Ul;j2l))thelaudrcveDD4 
<60,860  (ila.O,U8,000)  were  collected  and  XtfS/S  (Km. 
ontfitaudiiig.  Of  the  total  rsTCnue  for  coUeotiou  £d0,0<t5  ( I 
weru  culK^-Li:d  and  £11816  (U.4. 1,18,-iaO     left   oatatw 
Angast  1827  GoTcrnuieotautborizedtbe^o  lector  to  |Efra.i 
in  biB  district  for  1825-26  to  the  auioiml  o   £5y87  (Ita. 
towritooa£U,7*i2(Ra.  I,47,G20)as&nirrecorerttbI©balftn. 
and  je74>H  (Ra.  74,140)  as  an  irrecoverable  balance  in 

In  November  IS2<>  the  Co!Ii>ptnr  wrod',  '  For  two  mo 
poopio  will  cunlinuuto  bo  cripitlod  by  tbeir  Itfssoa  in  1 
1824-29.  Gororniiiunt  tnuctt  stibiuit  to  grant  ihora  lilx>ri 
tion  for  some  timo  to  coinu.  Tbo  Hcarcity  of  cattle  is  still  t 
and  thoflO  who  rergnire  cattle  bnvc  not  money  enough  to 
the  present  high  rotes.  Time  aad  indulgeoco  cwi  al 
thew  taisfortnnes.'^ 

Tbe  rains  of  1820  were  moderate  and  partial  In  Ron 
fall  was  favourable, and  the  outtum  large ;  in  oth^n-  place 
and  in  afcnr  iustancoii  two  (wwings  failed.  The  earlr 
fair,  but  the  Ute  crops  which  promised  well  were  gre^tl 


*  Hober'e  NBrr»tJT«,  III.  110,  |3I. 
*Heber'sliarrBtJvc,  in.  12:t-13S. 


«  Habw**  NarfaUre,  til.  ] 


*  The  Cnlloctor,  17lh  Nor.  1K2S,  Ban.  Oct.  Rot.  Boc.  I7S  of  1827 
•Boin.Oov.  Kev.  Bee.  175of   I«a7,2-3. 

'QoT.Utur  ]5i&Si>r37th  Angiut  1827.  Boa.  Got.  lUv.  Rec.  17J 
'  Bom.  tiov.  Kvv.  ate.  175  ol  1827,  S-*.  a 


POONA. 


877 


it.'  Still  ttio  scftsoa  TTut)  oa  the  nliolo  obore  the  arerage. 
ijri  foil  tu  about  52  pouDils  {26  Hhen)  aod  julri  to  about  64  pounds 
thera)  tho  rupiw,*  wid  tbo  iitaio  of  the  people  was  greatly 
iprorod  Tboy  had  replaced  the  bnllc  oE  their  onttio  and  ia  the 
18  of  1S27  woro  nblo  to  undortuko  thoir  figld  labours  briaklj  and 
coufidence.  Aware  of  the  efforts  the  people  were  making  to 
:k  their  farms,  the  Collector  grttnlDd  Hbcrni  remissions  wherever 
^_ro  had  been  a  failure  of  crops.'  Compared  with  182d>20  llic  land 
iTOnoe  tor  coUocHoa  (or  182t>-27  showoa  a  docrowa  from  £115,472 
Es.ll,5i,720)  to  XI  11,019  (R«.  11,10,190),  aod  the  total  revenuo 
ooUeetion  iaoladiag  iniscollancous  cngtoms  and  other  items  a 
snaae  from  £158,697  to£15d,039  (IU.]5,3a,g70-Bs.  U,30,3d0).* 

season  ot  1827  bcignn  favourabljr.  Writing  in  Angust  the 
^Hector  sajs, '  Another  season  sach  as  thi  s  promises  to  be  will  restore 
Ite  people  to  tbo  state  of  ootnpikrabive  woll  being  which  they 
'  before  the  bad  years  of  1823  and  1824.'*  Uater  od  tha 
a^>eota  of  the  year  bocamo  overcast.  Tho  soason  on  the  whole 
IS  bad.  Ia  maoy  sab -divisions  there  was  little  rain  and  in  many 
tera  promising  crops  were  ruined  by  cxoesstvo  nioi^tliiro.  Compared 
1826-27  the  land  ro7onuOa  settlement  for  1827-28  showed  a 
from  £131,180  (Ra.  13,11.850)  to£125,6e2  (1{8.I2,5&,620)^ 
r«misuioaa  showed  an  increase  from  £20,163  (Ra.  S,01,860)  to 
r,971  (Rs.  3,79,710).*  The  failure  of  crops  and  distress  were 
lecinlly  great  in  IncUptir.  Hany  of  tho  people  in  dospiur  had  left 
litar  humus.  In  spite  of  the  liberal  teroiB  offered  by  GoTernmeat 
bere  aeemed  no  improromcnt.  Everywhere  in  Indapor  were 
of  desolation.  Id  other  parte  of  the  district  aa  well  as  in 
lur  the  bulk  of  the  husbandmoa  were  coraplotoly  iu  the  hands 
the  moneylenders  or  xa^hirt,  who,  and  not  the  people,  reaped 
ay  profit  which  iu!COQipaiii«d  high  grain  prii?eg  in  had  seAsoos.' 

Tho  year  1828*29  was  a  oeafloa  of  partial  feolure  chiefly  in  Bhim- 
li  and  Purandbar.* 

Of  the  system  of  settling  tho  reTenao  whioh  was  in  aso   in  1828 

le  Collector  Mr.  Blair  has  recorded  the  following   detailod  account.* 

rly   in  tiie  seaeun    (Octubor  and  bofuro     Novouiber    l.'^th)    the 

ilatdllrs  start  on   tour  round   their   sub-dirisions     to  ascortain 

ftliat  land  in  each  village  is  nader  tillaga.     When   the  mtUnlatdir 

ches  a  village,  he  snmmons  the  landholders,  and,  in  the   preseooe 

the  villi^  oftioers,  inqnirea  and  records  the  area  which  each 

older  has  takon  for  tho  eariy  tiLlago  or  agrees  to  take  for  the  late 

If  ia  coQsetiuenoe  of  diapatea  the  tillage  of  any  village 


ChApt«r^Tin. 

I«uid- 
TuK  Barrraa. 

ises-S7. 


lStSJ9. 


lUS-SO. 


>  Tb«  Oottoetor,  lOU  Aaniit  1977.  Bon.  Oov.  Ror.  Roc.  174  of  1837.  403.408. 
I  Bum.  Oop.  Bov.  ll«c.  175  of  1827,  S-0. 

\*  Tli«  OullMlor,  lOU  AuKOMt  1827.  R'>cii.  nov.  lUv.  Rm.  174  of  1837,  403-4OS. 
1  Tlita*  icoraa  include  tns  Umr  flnb-diTHUiDa  ol  SboUpnr,  Mohol,  Indl,  sod  Hnd- 
Ulii],  Bra.  Oov.  Bw.  Rm.  174  ol  1927.  MS.  4l»-4>  1 . 

>  Tb«  Collwtor,  KM  AogMt  iaZ7,  BoiD.  «or.  Bov.  Uee.  174  of  1837,  403-405. 
■  Bom.  Oor.  Box-.  fUe.  SIS  o(  ISM,  «t-3S4. 

'  Ur-  RwhMd  Milla,  CoUo-Hor,   Scd   a«plW>>lM>r  1828,  Bow.  Qav.  Itev.  Bm.  313  ol 
U.  -£US».  ■Bmd.Oo*.  Bcr.  lUw.  352  of  18^1.102,  IW,  100,  113. 

r*  Mr.  lUidr,  CoUwtor,  6*3  Pf  9tb  Uoxnber  1829. 

*  1327-48 


tBonlKri 


sn 


DI8TBICTS- 


nxi.  m  dediaiM,  the  mimht Atr  wtilea Uw dbpatea, md,  iCtheoi 
\  erf  tlte  dedtioe  ii  ite  pevBfty  of  Um  fteoplo,  ho  gina  adiwj 
In  Noranlier  when  iIm  mrij  b&rvoei  is  ripening  the  miobi 

2^*  of  Um  crnpa  aod  —tiiB  wkefeber  tlM  Mttal  arta  uader  till 
ia  Bon  or  kai  Umd  the  holden  engaged  to  tako.  The  ObIh 
gtmanXir  tvoearc*  Uta  mfanlmfaUrt'  nporU  in  Deomnbor  i| 
tfca  ««*  crops  are  being  rmped  and  the  late  crops  i»  1 
kdvaoeeo.  Wbea  all  tlie  nKtmlalJira'  reporU  harQ  beoo  rsoall 
Um  OQlleetor  and  his  establishment  or  htamr  btdyvi 
tliKitigfa  tho  diatriet.  On  rtntiantf  a  sab-dirision  tbe 
aX\a  the  landbtddflrs  to  appear  before  him  at  two  or  three 
aienl  plaoas  according  to  tbo  sim  nf  thi^  eub-diTiftion.  Tb 
boaioess  is  to  ascertain  how  far  the  cultivattun  and  the 
of  the  crops  correspoad  irilh  the  mimUuUr's  adconnta. 
Moertaioed  bj  comparing  iho  «coounta  of  t.h«  ruAmtotdar's  ctaHl 
9kMtUr  with  the  reports  of  the  village  ofRcors  and  viUsgrn] 
every  here  and  thero  hy  on  actun]  exAtnittatioD  of  crops.  Hi 
cultivation  is  tbe  same  ss  iu  the  Ust  year  aod  no  faUure  has  ocetl 
among  tfao  IaDdhoI(l(;m,  nMit«  rvmsia  unchanged.  In  cast  d 
incRttse  or  a  decres'te  the  amoaal  is  cither  added  to  or  takoi  ft 
the  former  tcrtal.  Wh«n  tho  area  of  land  ander  tillage  mod  I 
whole  rent  doe  bv  the  rillsgo  have  been  aeoertaiued 
patla  or  nllago  deed  is  given  to  each  headman  and 
Ibe Tillage  clerk,  showiag  tho  full  aiooant  of  rent  to  be 
village.  When  in  this  way  overy  villsgo  id  a  sub-division 
settled,  the  htthar  or  poraooal  settlement  mth  tho  iadivid 
landholder  it  begun.  Thinindividaal  settleinent  ia  curried  out  I7; 
OoUsctor  and  his  ofitablmbtnont  with  ^o  help  of  tho  mioht 
who  calls  together  the  lantlliolders  of  foar  or  Gva  of  tba  an 
villages,  aaoertains  tlio  Arut  of  Innd  held  by  oach  mas 
its  rrnt  and  giree  each  landholder  a  deed  or  jMiUa  signed  by 
Collfictop.  In  this  deed  ovory  field  which  esch  man  holds  sa 
rent  for  tlie  year  ts  onltrrpd.  In  many  Tillages  the  gn>at«r 
the  people  huld  the  sntne  fields  for  scTeral  years;  as  a  ra 
more  than  one-fifth  of  the  cases  is  n  chnnge  pe(]aired.  \ 
OoUector  hsA  finished  the  fimt  fonr  or  five  villAges,  he  rao' 
miles,  snmmonR  tho  lnu<llioKl(>rfi,  nnil  set tlos  their  r«tata; 
on  moving  front  pUor  to  plncn  tilf  he  boa  finishetl  the  mib^ 
The  pmctico  of  first  titinij:'  tho  whole  snra  due  by  each  village gn 
redi>co<l  tho  Inbonnt  of  iimking  the  iadividoal  settlcmonk. 
villngi)  oiflrvrH  knovring  tliat  a  certain  sam  waa  to  b»  levied  fl 
their  Tillnf^,czc(^>t  [K-ranpxin  thccasoof  a£ewof  theiroworeWl 
gav*  evury  assiiitance  t«  make  a  fair  iliftrihiiHon  among  the  hi 
holders,  and,  for  the  Muno  rmaon,  tho  pt^ople  ngroot)  withoidlll 
diflirnlty  >•■<  llifir  sharoa  As  the  dUcnvory  of  every  case  in  «1 
Uud  wn.-t  fniiitliiteaUy  held  rt'nl.ftvo,  reduced  tho  sharo  of  all  d| 
hirfdoTs,  a  roicard  for  ihoir  una  iutcrosta  eooooraged  thi>  peofM 
rive  informntiou  of  many  fmndii.  It  was  also  of  advuiUg* 
Q»e  individual  luwMsmont  aaUte  in  theyearaspoaaiblo  as  fcSa 
oaUom  of  each  man's  crops  could  then  be  known.  Mr, 
bin  acconitl  nitli  the  romarfc  that  the  system  mtdonbtcdl 


Dtccan 


rOONA. 


370 


ft  tAs  on  industry  as  oach  man  bad  to  naj  acoording  to  tbe  chai-tict«r 
uf  bis  crops.  Tbo  only  roiui;<ly  ifiX)U».-a  to  bo  to  inlroduoo  a  survey 
nndcr  which  each  mnn  would  jny  acoordinf;  to  the  qnaiitjtjr  und 

?ualitjr  of  his  Uml  and  not  ncconling  l-o  the  outtam  of  bia  r.rop, 
D  tho  individual  stiltlement  mucb  was  left  to  Uie  agency  of 
natjvo  8ervnnt«.  ThiK  ngoncy  coaUl  iiut  bo  disponsed  with.  Wi)ou 
properly  controlled,  no  eurious  oril  resulted  from  its  employmont, 
aad  the  minato  prucoas  that  waHgone  through  evcvy  year  uiai\u  tho 
most  trifling  abuKc  liabto  to  dvtoctioD.* 

About  lai^  Mr..Pr!iig]fi  tho  iu4t*taiib  cuUector  of  Poona  was 
apprtint^I  to  (jorvoy  tbe  district  uud  reviso  tbe  asaessmiint.*  Ur. 
Pringle  finiuhod  the  survey  aud  aMHcitMtiK.'nt  of  Shivner  or  Juonar, 
Pdbal,  and  IntlApar,  and  reported  the  result  to  Govoriiinent  in 
Si'ptembcr  1S28.*  In  tbo  priuciplo  hv  udopt«d  for  fnttiiing  his 
a»wa'»i»ODt,  in  ono  materiaJ  rcspx-t  Mr.  IVingle  departed  from  tho 
principle  follow«<I  by  Sir  Tliomna  Mutiixi  in  tho  coded  dii)tri<:t.-(  of 
Uadnu,  and,  ao  far  as  Mr.  I'ringlo  wa<)  aware,  froiu  moHt  oUi«r 
seitJements  httfaorto  nndArtaksn  nithor  nnder  Native  or  European 
Oovcrniuents.  From  time  immemorial  tho  foandation  of  the  land 
tax  in  Indiik  bad  boon  a  idiiire  oftbu  groMS  pmdnco  of  Itie  soil.  The 
pit 'portion  vanc>d  at  dilTcruiit-  iiiitoH  un<l  under  different  rulunt,  bat 
Ibo  prim'ipio  was  always  the  same.*  In  Mr,  Pringlo's  opinion  tb» 
proporlioji  of  tho  gross  prodaco  which  could  be  exacted  without 
aliHorbiiii;  the  whole  of  the  rent,  varied  wiUi  tho  numbers,  woalth, 
and  skill  of  the  people.  &Ir.  Pringle  thought  that  it  wtts  not 
aniikcly  that  at  tbo  time  when  Sir  Thomas  Mnriro  wroto,  two-thirds 
of  tho  prodac«<  may  baVA  bs^jn  a  fiaificiontJy  Inrge  share  to  leava 
to  tho  landli«ldcra  of  tho  cedod  districts  as  rent.  At  the  Banie  time 
Mr.  Prin(»lo  thought,  that  it  could  hardly  have  I'Kc&pad  Sir 
Thoniaa  Monro's  atuintioii  that  whilo  an  ltKM^«sment  of  one-third 
of  tbe  gross  produce  might  leave  a  suflicioDcj  to  tbe  bolder  of  land 
whoso  net  produco  oqualled  half  of  it«  gross  produce,  it  mast 
exclnde  from  caltivatioo  noil  whoso  not  produce  is  only  a  liftb  of 
its  gross  produce.  In  Mr,  Pringlo'si  opioinn  the  surplus  which 
remained  from  the  groBH  produce  after  dednolingal)  tillage  expe&sM, 
vu  the  only  fair  meAsnre  of  the  power  of  land  to  pay  an  assoMmoot. 
A(  the  same  time,  a^  the  relation  of  tbe  surplus  to  the  whole 
produce  varies  in  dififoront  soila.  any  tax  pr(^oritoned  to  the  gross 


J 

Chapter  VI 

Laad. 
TnaBunu 

J 


Hr.  Picniiu 
Bcarav 

1S29-I83I. 


*  Mr.  BUlr,  CotlMtor.  MSot  Otb  DcMxnbar  ISSS. 

*  III  l»K-iJ  U)a  rDVMBa  •nrrej'  wia  [d  pragraiB  ia  Uic  Poooa  iUMoU  Bom.  G^r. 
£«T.  K»c.  174  uf  1837.  MS. 

■Mr.  I'riagk'a  B«pon  (LithognpheJ)  datoci  HUi  Scftvmbor  ISSS,  slivnt  Jsaav 
Vtlml  Md  lacUpar. 

*  Thv  pf  indpls  of  a  Aon  in  tin  grow  prodaoa  is  [ound  io  th«  InatitalM  of  Uaan 
sad  ia  Dm  (rsoanto  ot  tbe  HolU)ri^  ao<i  in  Uu>  tlnv^y  ff  iiot  tn  tbe  piaoUoe  vf  evnrv 
ga*«i«fltMt  whua  tuu  attainpted  to  mvtfaoilliD  tlii*  aaMaanaut  br  ftxad  nil«B.  It 
WM  thn  priiMWito  pioftmtA  by  Akbar'a  minittar  Toriiir  Ual  ia  HMoiUa  (iSSO-inOt 
•uxlhy  JIalifc  A«htvt)nOI69S)aaditira»tbUalso*<bptediathaMd«iJiatTt«t«o( 
UAdraa  wbwa  it  waa  Um  daoUnd  opiuioB  of  KrThoouui  HuitfOL  as  opouon  iawhich 
ha  haa  henn  f(iltaw«d  t>y  almaat  all  aaoc«Mling  nvouui'  ■utboriu**,  Uatt  Iba  aiaetjaiii 
fit  aa«~ti»nl  of  thu  paa*  |>ro<taoa  by  ||avonim«nt  woul<l  ba  aaflclMiUy  moiloral*  ta 
anaUaavory  iMMlhuliW  ta  (l«riT«  anaKrom  tba  laad  fae  cvltivatccl.  Mr,  Pringt«, 
6tli  St|il«uW  laa  INU*  5. 


FL 


I  Bon  bay  < 


380 


DISTRICTS. 


Cbapt«T^TlIL 

Laud. 
Mn.  I'Kuiau'B 

SfBVBT 

I8S9.IS8I. 


produce  tnast  be  uaeqaxl  to  tlio  «x(«nt  of  tbe  varution 
tbe  ii«t  prodnco  &□<)  t.ho  whole  prodaoe,    and  this  ineqiu 
CrCBtiiig  BQ  artificia]  monopoly    in  Eavoor   of   the    best  eoiU 
tend  to  chock  pruductiou  uud  to  tak«  luore  from  the  wh( 
of  the  peoplu  thiLti  it  brought  into  llie   treasury.      \io   tboa| 
by  proporciniiiDg  tbe  ameument  to  tlie  net  produce,  and 
that   proportion  niodernte,   tbe  prodactiTe   powent   of   lbs 
wodM  Ix*  preNcrvod  iiitact  iiad  laud  would    booomo  TalnaU 
these  cooaidcratiuDa   Mr.    PHngle    hold    that    iii    oi'iiiy  * 
assessment  oliould  rest  uu  the  net  pn>dgco  of  the    load,  m 
whatever   might  be  the  diSlcuUios,  all   his   inqnirifHt  ahi 
directed  to  6ud  out  tbo  amount  of  the  net  produce,      lie  oca 
]y  tnudt*  it   his  first  object  to  class  all  soils  as  nearly  aa 
according  to  tJioir  net  prodace,  that   is  the    p«>rlmn   i>{   tbu 
raloe  of  the  avursge  groHS  produce  which  reiu^im  after  fl« 
tho  whole  cost  of  tilUgo  aud  other  accompanying   cbargi 
determine  tbe  amount  of  the  net  produce  atr.    Pnngle  Sf 
aunoafinm  and  took  tho  evidence  of  int<dligcut    lundboldeci 
lands  were  firat  armnccd  acoordii^  to  their   qa»lity   hi 
TWrying  in  nnubor  with  tho  varietiea  of  aoil  in    each  villi 
Boldoin  exceeding  nine  in  dry  laud  and  tlireo  or  foar  iu  f^ar 
rice  land.     Whon  more  than  one  Tariuty  of  aoil  occanvd 
same  6old|  the  6old  was  ol&ssod  aocoruing  to  its  average 
The  lands  wora  claKsod  under  the  advice  and  with  tb«  help 
landholders   themsulvcs   whom)   local    knowledge    made    ik 
bent  judges  of  the  relatirc  powers  of  the  difforout  fialdi 
own  village.     At  tho  sarou  timo  the  Mseasor  availed   ^'i'niilf 
opposite  interests  of  the  holders,  and  tbe  experience  dorin 
other   villagoi?,   to   prcrcnt   imfairncss  ir   piuti&lity.        Wl 
classing  was  completed,   the  ussoseor  proceeded    to  obaoc 
record  the  distinguishing  charactertstio  of  Mch  class,     itvx 
tho  ovideDce  of  the  tao«t  experienced  and  intetligcot  land 
ho  aant^rtaiiiod  what  crops  were  usually  grown  in  each  fi 
ino»t  approved  rotation  of  crops,    tho  arerago  amoant  of 
ID  ordinary  years,     and  the  Hevcral   itenin   of  oxpeoae  i 
according     to     the    eyatom    of    cultivation    neaiaily     adop 
landholders  in  middling  circnmstancee.     Id  tracinff  each 
ezpeaae    do    point,    however    emaJi,    was    omitted    which 
appear  likely  to  contribute  to  the  accuracy  of  the  result. 
curcutQStanceB  admitted  it.  the  evidonco  in  tvgnrd  to  the 
produce  was  verified  by    cutting    crops    in    diffurent    „ 
comparing  their  outtiiro  with  tbo  nlle-geu  prodoce  of  la.Dd  in 
Tillages.     In  all  estimates  either  of  produce  or  of  cost  wbo 
was  turned   into  money,  the   change  was  made    at  tha 
pnoe   of  grain   daring   a   aories  of  twen^  years    It^oo  t 
books  of  Che  village  VAni.     If  accounts  for  twenty   years  i 
available,  tho    average    for   the   whole   period    whh    lixcd 
propurtion  which   the  prices  in   the  yeara  for    which  lb 
procarable,  bore  to  tho  prices  during  the  same  years  ia  ibo 

1  iit.  rringle,  6tb  6q>teinb«t  1628  puaa  7,  40, 


I 


market  Tillflgo.  In  tho  few  Tillages  wbore  ttiero  iras  no  Vdni  the 
prices  were  taken  from  the  nearest  village  where  there  was  a  Vftni, 
and  if  the  distancu  vtax  conKidomblo,  an  allowiiiicx'  vras  nuule  for 
the  cost  of  transport  and'  dnty.  In  fixiog  the  avemge  prices  care 
was  t«kvn  to  avoid  roltttive  inaccanicioii  in  tho  prices  of  dtSerent 
Tillages  by  making  all  the  extracts  for  the  samo  rears  and  months 
and  by  cxaToining  aud  comparing  tlio  locnl  weights  and  incagnrra. 
Id  computing  the  co«t  of  cultivation  the  number  of  bullocks  reqaired 
to  till  each  kind  of  soil  was  ascertained  by  ao  ostimateof  their  daily 
work,  nud  tho  yiMirly  aero  charge  vnxs  calculated  vrith  refereiico  to 
their  food,  their  ordinary  price  in  the  neighbonring  markets,  the 
intorest  on  their  original  cost,  thv  iiumbor  of  years  for  which  they 
nsaally  lasted,  and  the  cost  of  insarancc  against  casualties.  The 
ucro  cost  of  manual  labour  was  in  liko  manner  fixed  with  roforcnco 
to  the  number  of  luinds  re<]uired  to  cultirato  a  giren  quantity  of 
land,  and  thoir  wages  ia  money  and  nocessftries  at  tho  current  rato 
of  hire  in  the  rillage.  The  same  miDUteneaa  was  obsorred  io 
calculatiug  tlie  cost  of  seed,  of  manure,  of  tield  tools,  of  craftsmon's 
and  other  village  fees,  of  tho  usual  sacrifices  and  offerings,  in  short 
of  every  item  of  Inbonr  or  stoclp  which  could  form  a  charge  ou  the 
prodoce  before  it  was  brought  to  market.  Interest  at  the  cnrrent 
rate  exacted  on  fair  security  was  calculated  ou  all  odvauces  which 
did  Dot  yield  an  immediate  return  and  in  all  cases  of  risk  a  ^r 
allowanoo  nm  made  fur  insurance.  All  those  items,  together  with 
the  reasons  and  antboritiea  on  which  the  estimate  rested  were 
ascertained  and  recorded  by  the  assessor  in  tho  fullest  detail  iit 
each  class  of  soil  in  every  villI^;e.  The  difference  between  tho 
money  value  of  tlie  ffroaa  pMduce  and  the  cost  of  {-altivation  in  each 
class  formed  a  standard  Ijy  which  its  power  of  ijAying  assessment 
was  brought  into  comparison  with  tho  rent-paying  power  of  any 
other  part  of  the  country.  When  the  moasurc  of  relative  aescasment 
was  dotvrrained,  tho  next  process  waa  to  fix  the  actual  assc.'uimout. 
Thin  actual  asflossmont  was  fixed  on  tho  basis  of  past  collections. 
The  aesessor  sccnrcd  tho  revenue  Accounts  of  tlie  village  for  as 
many  years  as  poe^ible  and  sscertaint^d  the  area  of  nvscssiiblo  land 
in  btghdt  or  other  local  meosaro,  which  was  ooltivatod  in  each  year, 
and  the  amount  o£  money  collected  on  it.  As  tho  local  measures 
varied  in  area  in  almost  every  field,  the  nest  step  was  to  turn 
thorn  into  acrca.  The  local  measures  were  easily  tamed  to  acres 
where  the  acoonnts  had  been  kept  in  detail,  as  tlie  namea  of  the 
fields  aetaally  in  cultivation  in  each  year  were  given  and  their 
Bixe  could  bo  known  from  tho  present  surrey.  Where  aa  was  much 
oftenor  the  eaae  the  old  nccoonts  did  cot  givo  tho  names  of  tho 
fields,  only  an  approximate  estimato  of  the  area  ooold  be  made. 
To  make  this  approximate  estimate  of  area  it  wag  asflumed  that  in 
cnltiration  preference  was  generally  given  to  the  better  classes  of 
land,  and  the  average  number  of  hignii«  to  each  acre  in  each  class 
having  been  ascertained  from  tho  survey,  tho  nambcr  of  bi^has 
cultivated  in  any  particular  year  was  converted  into  acres  at  that 

{iroportion,    beginning  with    the   highest    class,  and    dcsoooding 
hrongh  the  other  clasaoa  until  the  whole  recorded  cultivation  was 
■ccountcd  for.    In  applying  the  recorded  amount  of  assessment 


C!hapUr  TU 

Laad- 
Ma.  Paivuut 

SnTUCNUtr 


rSomb&jr  OuettetT 


DISTRICTS. 


I     Lftiid. 

ScrcLorKKT, 
tS3Ul831. 


to  the  area  of  cnttiv&ted  land,  all  oeuos  and  pftjnnenta  or  erery 
dmoni>tioi),  excepliog  tuea  tu  yiUagu  cnift«Di«ii  which  vtan  oiretiy 
deducted  ill  the  charges,  were  iDoludod  in  the  rntit&l  ar  jnTna.  Sa  , 
ulluwauoe  was  made  for  remiBsiona  on  nccount  of  individu»l  poretflM 
nor  wero  dotached  cases  of  leasehold  or  kanU  Ittod  and  m^ 
fWDOftauient  takea  into  aocounb,  becanse  thosu  had  reEeronco  to 
temporary  and  partial  oonsid orations  which  oaght  not  to  inttuenco 
tho  ^uerttl  conclusioQii.  When  the  number  of  acres  cultivated  is 
each  jiiar  aud  the  uiuouiit  of  assessment  were  ascertnincd  before 
any  noal  inforcuce  could  bo  doducadj  tho  quality  ot  tho  land  a&dtf 
tillfHCo  had  lo  bo  ascertniacd.  In  former  aaBcssmeDta  the  uecewtj 
of  ascertaining-  the  quality  of  tho  land  had  booo  overlooirea. 
Formoriy  the  avomgo  of  past  oollectioos  (rum  cultivated  land  hid 
withoat  limitation  b^n  token  ae  a  guide  for  tho  fntur«,  tbotiK'>  *^ 
WAS  ohviouK  tliat  the  rate  levied  from  the  cultitrat«d  portion  wlucli 
was  generally  the  IwhI  in  tht»  TiUage,  if  apph'ud  indiscrimipatalj 
to  tho  wliolu  tanil,  niutit  often  he  more  thatt  it  was  cnpablo  of 
paying.  In  order  to  avoid  thiii  iniatuku  Ihu  cultivated  land  in  each 
year  was  arrunced  ia  the  classes  fixed  by  tho  survey  oiLhor  wb( 
that  ivas  poesihia  hy  Ofsocrtaini&g  the  fields  actually  cultiratcd  ur,| 
tho  nctn&l  fiolda  could  not  be  aacertained,  by  aaRnming  that 
preforL-ucu  bad  bouu  givou  to  onch  class  of  laud  in  proportid 
to  its  inherent  value.  AVhen  the  whole  hind  was  so  arrangei 
il  was  reduced  to  the  utimdnrd  of  tho  CrHt  du&s  by  nlloTtag 
a  deduction  in  the  nominal  number  of  acres  in  each  claa 
in  nropurtiou  to  the  amouut  by  which  its  qualitios  foil  ehvfi 
of  tJie  qualilicts  of  the  best  class.  ThuH  where  there  vere  twenty 
acros  uf  tho  socoud  clasH  cultivated-  and  tho  proportion  of  tbo 
not  aero  prodnco  in  tho  class  was  about  half  of  the  Brat  clasii 
tho  twenty  acros  wore  rated  in  tho  oetimate  as  ten  acres.  Tba 
number  of  ocros  cultivutod  in  each  year  being  thus  estimated  ia 
land  of  tho  best  quality,  their  sum,  divided  by  the  recorded  amooat 
o£  oolloctions,  gave  tho  aoru  rate  in  such  Uud  for  that  year,  and  tKe 
svoroge  rate  for  the  whole  series  of  years  was  the  rote  of  ousessniHat 
on  tho  best  land  of  the  villago  aa  Bxod  from  puat  oollectiona 
When  this  rate  was  adjusted  in  each  of  the  inferior  classes  of  Uoi 
in  tho  proportion  of  ■(»  not  produce,  it  ucctinilvly  ahowod  the  ratM 
for  tUiuio  cloHHcs  with  rcfi-ronco  to  the  same  data.  When  t^ 
as8cs»or  hnd  gono  through  all  of  these  oaloolationa  and  tho  result 
was  fuUy  recorded  along  with  the  authorities  on  which 
the  result  was  bnsed,  his  share  in  fixing  the  rates  was  oompletfd. 
It  only  rcinainod  for  him  to  arrange  and  prepare  tho  geoenl 
registers  of  tennrt-s  and  land  divisions  which  wore  reqnired 
for  tho  Full  dovelopmunt  of  tho  syBtcm  in  dotaiL  The  effect  o( 
the  sHfloasor's  oporat-ioiis  wjwi,  in  proiwrtioo  to  their  net  produce,  to 
diHtributo  over  tlio  wholo  lauds  of  each  village  the  avcra^  amount 
of  its  former  payments.  The  work  tbeu  passed  to  the  head  asttessof 
vrhoso  business  was  to  oxauino  and  check  tho  operations  of  the 
assessor  and  to  comfxire  and  combine  them  with  thoae  of  otbor 
aweMora  in  oilier  viUngo!^.  With  ibis  riow  Llio  cIossiScatioD  iras 
iiispootod  and  the  pomplaiuts  of  the  landholders,  if  there  were  any 
cumplaiuls,  were  heard  uud  investigated      A  utuse  scralioj 


POONA. 


383 


mtittitcil   into  tbe  detailcsl   estimates  of  groBB  produce  ftnd  coiti  of 

illage,  and  also  into  the  nitcs  uf  asseBSmeDi  druvrn    from    past 

jlloctions  witK  all  the  reaaoiu,  records,  eridenoeR,  and  suthoriLiee, 

trbich  each  oelimat«  was  based.     Tlib  inquiry  was  carriod  on  with 

rticulAT  care  in  cases  where  the  proportioa  of  the  rato  of  past 

^Ilociions    to  tho  aet  prodaoo  coiziparod  with  thu  proportion  b 

|OUier  Tillages  and  with  the  actu&l  condition  of  the  village  itself 

HS7e  resaons  to   saapect  iiiaccumvi«H.     VVhea   tho  proportions  did 

^ot  &gno,  the  apparent  error  had  to  be  traufxl  to  its  sonroe  and  the 

incoiuisteiicy  either  explained  or  rectified.     When  t^e  work  of  the 

ir  bad  been  examined  and  found  sstiisfactory,  it  won  confii'med 

the  head  sSBCBsor.     As  Boon  as  the  a«oonnt«  oi  all  the  vilhigos  in 

Ime  or  more  grnnpei  were  cumplotcd,  the  head  assessors  proceeded 

comhino  and  gcnRriiIi»)  the  results  with  the  object  of  equalizing 

ntes  of  MBOwmont  in  difR-runt  vilUgee,  which,  as  thcj  had 

lierto  heea  oalcnlated  indepondently  in  each  village  from  ita  paat 

parents    and    thoso  wore  liiiWo  t«  be  affected  hy  a  rariotj  of 

accidents,  were  frequently    very    nneqoal.     Id  the    operation    of 

K()ual!ifiDg  tho  rates  ifao  head  assessor  performed  for  the  Tillages  of 

Ht  irroiip  what  the  assessor  had  i>erforn]ed  for  tho  fields  of  each 

B^illagu.     Ho  distributed  amon^  tliein  in  the  proportion  of  their  cot 

'  ^rodooo  the  total  average  amount  aacurtainL-d  to  nave  been  realised 

im  tho  wbolo.    Thiit  was  oEFcctod  li;  caloiilating  the  amount  of  net 

aroduoe  and  assessment  of  all  tho  land  in  tho  group  at  the  rates 

liod  for  each  village  by  tho  ai^scssors.     Tho  amount  of  not  produce 

livided    by    the   aaaeesment  gavo  tho  average  proportion  of  the 

BRient  to  the  not  produce  in  the  whole  gToi;p.     This  being 

_   tifld  to  each  claas  of  land  yi  overr  villagw,  determined  the  accurate 

rate  of  assessment  for  tbut  cfass,  with  reference  to  the  reat  of  the 

land  ID  the  same  group  an^  to  tho  past  paymoutK  of  tho  whole.     All 

prooeedinga  of  t£e  assessors  and  beaii  aasessors  were  revised  in 

Mr.  Pringle'a    office    with    as    much    care  and  attention   as    tho 

miuutcueas  of  detail  and  the  variety  of  matter  allowed.     The  mode 

in  which  the  general  prbciplos  had  boon  followed  was  inqainKl  into. 

The    information  collected  and  the  facts  obeerrod  and  rocoi-dcd 

loder  sitnilsr  circumsliuiccs  wore  compared.     The  value   of    tho 

tvidenc-c,  tho  authenticity  of  the  accounts  and  tho  roasons  for  tho 

averal  operations  were  weighed  and  considered.    The  complaints 

of  the  holders  were  heard  and  invoatigatod,  and,  where  oeceasaryj 

Rlto  liulds  were  iDSpoctfid.     If  in  the  ooorae  of  these  inquiries  any 

iQiportaut  error  was  detectod,  it  was  oorroctod.     When  the  accounts 

liud    II  udbi^gono    this   Rnat    revision,    Mr.  Priogto    compared    tlie 

proportion  of  the  rate  of  asaeesment  to  tho  aot  prodnco  with  that  in 

other  groups.     Uc  invited  the  opinions  of  the  hereditary  diatriot 

officers  and  of  otliers  who  wsro  oithor  acquainted  with  the  paat  and 

proeuut  revenue  administration  or  whose  opinion   na»   worthy  of 

xespoot  from  tlieir  geucrul  iuformatiou  and  iDt4>Iligence.     Mr.  l^ngle 

■jprociiri'd  Huch   mfonnatton  as  he  could  in  regard  to  the    former 

History  and  prusont  resources  of  tho  gronp  or  jiargaiui,  and,  on  a 

couKidvruttun  of  these  points  and  of  toe  gonoral  changes  in  the 

cuuQtry,    ho   determined    to  confirm  the    BOttlomvut  of  the  head 

aaseasora  or  to  raise  or  to  lower  it  as  circamstances  suggested.    If 


Chapt«r7ni> 

SttKVXI 

SvrrLKHKNT, 


[Bombty 


3Si 


DISTRIOrS. 


Chiptor  YIII- 

SnvKr 
1B39-1631. 


Shima', 


the  assMBOTS*  rates  woto  cither  misc<l  or  lowered,  the  diange ' 
made  bjr  tboinoroase  or  dedaction  of  a  anifOTm  proportion  ut  ai\\ 
ratos. 

Thu  svailxble  8ab-<1ivifiional  details  of  tliia  Hnrrey  anJ 
Rre  given  bolov.  The  sottlcmont  was  inlroducod  in  Shinier 
Jnnuar,  Pftbhl,  Indiipur,  Bhimthadi,  Purantthar,  and  Khed  in  1829>90t ' 
and  io  H&r^t  and  Mdwl  in  1830-31.  It  conKd  a  reduction  of  1t{ 
per  cent  in  Jannnr  and  P&bal,  and  251  per  cent  in  Khed  ;  and  si 
increase  of  76}  per  cent  in  TodApur,  13}  per  cent  in  Bhimtlia^, 
nnd  27}  per  cent  in  Purandhar.  No  mfannalion  ia  avsilaU* 
regarding  tlio  effect  of  Mr.  Pringto's  survey  in  Haveli  and  in  UivaL 

The  Shivner  or  JTunnar  aub-diviHion  was  the  most  northern  in  the 
district.  It  Btrolcbcd  from  tho  Suhy&dris  about  forty  mites  eaM 
with  an  ftvenge  breadth  of  about  fifteen  miles.  Tho  w«t  xraa  hiltT 
and  ruegod,  croesod  by  valleys  ninDing  between  the  ea«t-8tretchiag 
hills.  Townrds  tho  t'-tiat  and  Bouth  the  cumilry  became  more  levd, 
and,  in  Iho  A\a  and  Mv\»  groups,  opeued  ititu  broad  plains.  Along 
tho  north  a  T&nge  of  hills  ran  inland,  and  beyond  the  bilU  the  limits 
of  the  snb-division  Hjiretul  over  a  rough  and  bushy  connlry,  till  it 
joined  the  AhmadoHgar  CuUcctorato  in  the  valley  of  tho  Mab. 
Junnar  contained  178  Oovornment  and  thirteen  alienated  villages. 
ExcliLiive  of  hills  and  rivers  the  measured  area  of  the  Govemineal 
villages  was  :JI)'J,4('H  ui:re8.  The  Boil  was  in  general  good  uA 
vretl  tilled.  In  the  volleys  near  tho  Sabyihlris>  where  tho  Bapptf 
of  t«in  rrtm  abundant,  rice,  na fhni,  khuniimi,  »dva,  and  other  nu 
gratna  were  grown,  and  in  tho  Ofuttorn  plains  good  uultet  and  An/^ 
crops  were  raised  in  the  lighter  soils  mixed  with  pulse  as  ratatioa 
crops  in  tho  beat  land.  Tbo  rnoHl  vuhi.>ble  produce  was  wheat  and 
grorn  of  which  very  fine  fields  were  grrwn  especially  near  Unns 
and  Otur  where  tho  soil  wtt«  perhaps  about  the  best  in  the  Deccaa. 
The  land  vras  usually  worked  with  a  four  or  a  six  bullock  ploogk, 
which  in  tho  best  soil  vms  used  only  once  in  two  or  three  years,  tta 
haiTOff  being  employed  in  tho  intermediate  seasons.  The  inferior 
Boila  were  ploughed  every  year.  Manure  waa  applied  liberally  to 
tbo  beet  but  not  to  the  poor  laitdu.  1473  acres  of  garden  crops 
vere  watered  from  wells.  In  general  the  profit  from  garden  ttlltge 
wns  not  high  and  from  want  of  capital  eome  of  the  gnrdens  had 
fallen  to  min.  Nen.r  the  town  of  Junnar  were  sumu  vatnaUo 
plantain  itnd  vogotablo  gardens  whose  prodnco  found  a  ready  sale  tB 
the  Junnar  market.  These  Junnar  gardens  had  hitherto  paid  t> 
acre  rent  of  J£4  {Its.  40),  the  highest  rent  Mr.  Pringle  knew  of  in 
the  Duccan.  But  they  bad  been  rather  over-aasoasod.  No  load  wu 
watered  from  ponda  in  Junnar  and  none  of  any  oonaoqaeno* 
from  rivers  except  in  Nirfiyangaon  where  a  fine  lately  repaired  dan 
watered  415  acres  of  the  best  garden  land.  In  the  western  ralleTS 
the  rice  depended  on  the  rainfall  which  was  generally  certain  and 
plentiful.  The  acre  outturn  was  Urge  comp^cd  with  tho  prodaoe 
of  the  dry  lands  but  tho  cost  of  tillugo  w»s  heavy  as  the  work  ms 
chiefly  done  by  hired  labour.  In  the  open  villagos  ni;ar  tho  woil 
in  ordinary  seasons  tho  supply  of  rain  vrm  somoieot,  hut  in  th« 
eastern  plain  the  supply  was  precarious  and  tbo  villages  were  less 


POONA. 


385 


lonrishing.  There  woro  no  Inrge  towns,  Jnnnar,  N&ntyangftOD,  and 
wero  tho  places  of  nrnst  note,  but  none  of  tlioui  had  over  SuOO 
yyle.  The  luail  dmnand  for  produce  was  trifliag,  the  greater 
of  tlie  harrent  went  to  Poona  or  occasioBBlly  to  Hombay.  The 
llsge  reoorda  nbowed  in  OoTemmcnt  villages  6457  landboldera, 
^at  the  actual  numbor  of  holders  wm  greater  as  fields  were  aoine- 
iraes  held  jotutly.  Of  thv  whole  numbor  cntured  in  the  accouuts, 
were  heredilnrj  holdorR  or  mirdsdiirs  and  11>11  were  casuoj 
rs  or  upn's.  Id  no  part  of  the  Doccnn  wcro  tbo  righte  attending 
le  hereditary  ttiouro  or  mirat  more  distinctly  recogoisod.  Aluioftt 
village  hnd  dcods  of  sale  and  mortgago,  gdnetntlly  of  old  date, 
id  when  the  Innd  was  raluablo  it  waa  occaHionnlly  the  subject  of 
jotost.^  la  the  open  east  the  tinsbandnten  were  chiefly  Maritha 
iQnbis,  and  in  ihc  w^st  Kolitt.  The  Ruubia  were  tho  more  intelligent, 
their  bardy  siinplo  habite  fitted  the  Kolis  for  the  work  of  tilling 
I  billy  and  rainy  west,  in  tho  richer  viUagua  Innd  woa  sometimeia 
d  OD  mortgage  by  Urdhoiaas  aiid  traders  who  tilled  them  either 
hired  labour  or  by  arranging  to  bftvo  a  Knnbi  as  maQaging 
irtuer.  Of  late  years  such  specutations  had  become  less  frequeu^ 
was  Hatd>  because  profits  had  docroofied. 

The  Pihal  nibdivisioo  Uy  cloite  to  the  Boath  of  Jiinnar.     Its  ]aiida 

jid  not  pass  so  far  west  as  the  ijahy^dris,  where,  and  to  the  sootb  it 

n»    bouuded    by  Khed  and  to  the  east  by    Abmadnagar.      In 

]nce,   style  of    tillage,   nat«r,    markets,    people,    and    tenures 

^(Sbal  closely  resembled  the  ojjeii  parte  of  Junnar.    The  chief  points 

^f  difference  wore  that   tho  Ittnd   waa  not  so  rich  and   that    the 

oportioQ  of  lale  or  rahi  crops  was  emalter.     The  richest  villages 

to  tlie  north-weat  in  th«  Sdhitlunga.  group.     To  tho  Routli-east 

also  the  land  was  good  i>at  tbo  supply  of  rain  waa  uncertain,  and 

loch  distress  bad  been  SQffered  and  much  land  had  fallen  wast«  in 

le  recent  aabtvourable  Beasong.     There  were  Sfty-four  GoTorameot 

dwori  alienat^-d   Tillages.     The  Gr.Tornnient  villages  incladed 

184,896  acres  with  3249  landholders  of  wbom  l3;j97  wore  hereditary 

id  852  were  casaa). 

Eioept  porta  of  tho  hilly  west  Sbivner  and  Pllhal  had  formerly 
on  iucludwJ  in  the  district  or  sud/tit  of  Junnar,  which,  from  its 
a«sioQ  by  the  Mogbals  io  1720  nntil  tbo  latter  ywirs  of  Bijirdv'a 
avemment  (1817),  was  for  long  periodn  entrusted  to  ihe  same 
managers  or  «uhh*tiar».  One  of  thoso  officers  Hari  Ditmodar  bad 
smained  in  charge  for  fortj-five  years.  The  subordinate  managers 
|»f  village  groops  or  tar<i/»  wcro  also  appointed  andor  hcad-^juarter 
3ocd»  or  Amur  itanadf  and  were  continued  during  good  behavioar. 
_  Their  local  knowledge  and  experience  mode  ihom  so  iioeFul  both  to 
tbo  govomrncnt  and  to  tho  people  that  tboy  were  rarely  remnvod, 
id  at  Olio  time  bad  oluiost  the  character  of  boreditaiy  officers. 
ft>tA  Shtmor  was  later  of  coming  to  tbo  MnrfltluiH.  It  formed 
rbat  waa  termed  (he  tdluka  of  Shimer  most  of  wboso  rcvennes 
rero  lUMignod  for  the  maintonauco  of  tbo  local  hill-forta  and 
arrisona     Like  tbo  more  oasterD  parta  tbvso  Tiltlagea  had  beeu 


ChaptttVin- 
Land-   ^ 

StfUVEY, 


P4M. 
US8. 


£Ai(iKr-J 


■  Mr.  Pringk^  1628,  pu%  SO.  In  Uw  thne  miUivMiooi  Jubbh  r*b«l  knd  KbedtlM 
Mt«r  pTMiortian  ol  elw  luidbold«n  w*r»  minlrdari  &tucbud  to  bha  aoH  TW 
ilMlar,  4tli  Sapt.  t830,  B«n.  Oev.  Kot.  Utc.  3S,i  ol  1831,  12S. 


tBambaji 


396 


DTSTRTCTS. 


Chapter^Vin. 
hmi. 

Sprnvsr. 

IStS. 


rn«nnired  by  the  aama  nlBcen  daring*  Ions'  periods  Vi 
MarnilulA  before  tlio  litn«  of  fidjir^v,  saliunlttiate  ageab 
havtilddra  or  m«n  in  chargu,  sj^td  to  pa^  ibe  head  lou 
suhhtMr  i\  lump  sum  for  n  gronp  of  villn^ca  aikI  m&ilv  « 
H'ttleinCQt  either  vrith  the  lionns  uf  rillogxMS  nr  with  b 
holders.  ReriHlitary  h(.l(!<Tii  or  miniadiir^  pi«il  ftill  nr  tim 
■nd  auuul  lirildcrfi  or  nurit  faiil  atiorl  or  utii  mtCM. 
the  Mttlement  wnn  miulo  ta  B  Inmp  onro  with  tho 
head,  -what  fell  short  on  the  IaxiH*  of  th«  cnsual  bolilt 
madfl  gu4)d  by  nn  extra  \evj  ou  the  Uods  uf  tlio  be 
huldcrit.  As  thoy  w«re  N'ldntn  olfwcly  cxuniinuil,  the  JlTtiioo  i 
or  haviilflHT  was  genprally  able  t«  pn>t«c(  himself  by  uno 
his  returns  aoniutbing  tvHs  ihnii  Iho  actirnl  aroa  of  fall 
totti.  land.  'Hioogh  undi-r  thi»  syitvm  much  of  whftt  «■ 
from  th«  peopto  u(yv(.T  reot'hod  gi'>Tomtnont,  the  ootiatr* 
the  whole  icell  tilled  and  the  puopic  were  much  tnure  n>i 
than  at  later  pcriofls  when  the  lutSfRsmput  ■was  mor^  m 
The  lonp  terms  during  which  rrn-n  rcniiiiiKtl  in  L-)uir^  ul 
and  of  TiU))^-  tf^'T*"  ioiwIp  them  intiTcxted  in  the  prom 
their  villages.  'l*hey  occnsionally  ,utiitod  the  cliarruter  m. 
with  thai  uf  revenue  iDKuager  and  weru  liiterul  in  their  ■ 
and  loans,  oadj  on  tho  ctvdit  of  thuir  lDti^>o(>ittinao«I  po« 
iiMiingen,  in  bad  seiuwua  they  woro  alile  to  raise  b 
meet  the  demands  of  iho  district  tnanngcr  or  /nthh^tUr 
preeainic  the  Inudhohlt'rti.  InUiiaway  by  working  tngetl 
the  landholdor^  and  bj-  keeping  tli«ir  arcoiinr^  o|M>ti  fur  »  i 
years,  the  group  managers  were  able  to  mcke  gCHitl  their  ad( 
the  time  wh«D  vxtrn  payinonls  were  l«&8t  burdooRomo  to  Hit 
Thia  systeni  continued  with  little  chanj'o  until  the  ncooi 
BfijirAv  in  17913.  Under  Itdjir:iv  the  old  inanngor!i  weni  i 
on  the  slightDst  ground  and  other  evil  cbangeti  were  inb 
Then  followed  in  1802  the  irruption  of  YHHhv.^titriiv  Holkk 
Oaiuied  desolation  in  Junoar,  though  the  rniii  him  not  «o  c 
as  in  some  other  partA  of  the  Deccan.  Aflor  the  rvvtoc 
BAjiriiv  by  the  treaty  of  Bassein,  attempta  woro  msule  H 
to  a  better  p'aa  of  government,  but  tbeso  utt^mpts  wo 
abandoned  for  the  ruinous  ayslom  of  reveiino  contmoting. 

When  ifao  British   aKiumed  the  management  of  ihc  f.  "ir.t-? 
and  ]*aljal  wcro  at  firxt  ioeliided   in  Ahmadnagar.      I^  ■ 

transfen«d  to  Puona,  but  tit)  1821  Jnnnar  reinainod  m  .«;u 
Jiinnar  as  in  most  of  Ahnxulnnpir  an  imporlntit  cliiLnf^o  was  : 
therentsottIeiufntorja»i(Wio»Jiof  181!).  The  whole  of  ibelai 
had  hithtTlo  been  reokoncd  in  local  mwwiires,  difToriu;;  iu  ui 
extent  in  «hiio»t  flrory  village,  was  nominally  turnoU  ioU 
and  arraUKed  in  oloseas  on  hasty  and  innecnvutc  infw 
Withoat  much  in^uiij-  aa  to  how  far  it  had  been  actually  i 
the  full  or  kat»4l  rvntal  was  adopted  as  the  maximatu  of  au 
in  eaoh  vitlage,  and  apportioned  among  the  dilToie'it  cli 
rat«8  appareotiy  not  less  arbitrary  than  the  rlassiti' 
tho  increase  in  the  total  amount  was  considerable,  it 
gradually  by  progrcsfiivo  or  uitdc»  enbancementa, 
this  settlement  were  far  from  nnifortn.  Bat  oader  u^-.  - 
m  which  it  was  carried  oat,  the  people  in  many  cases  were 


rerej 

m 


CCtBl 


POONA. 


387 


rocnro  tikiid  under  onsy  terms;  and  the  new  rat«fl  seemed  to 
%ve  hwTi  poiJ  without  mHch  Jifliculty.  lu  Pdbal  sad  tlio  other 
bub-divLiioiiB  which  n-oro  nttaohod  to  Poooa  eoon  after  the 
tritiOi  ii(V{iii.'<ition,  the  full  or  e<r«ti  riites  and  ibo  short  or  vMi 
rales  nf  the  former  gov«niii)ODt  remained  undisturbed  The  only 
«linn^<i»  wi.<n>  tJtut  grpater  indul^nce  was  xometjinca  sliowa  to 
Allowing  hereditary  holders  to  pay  short  or  iilrti  rates,  Oa  the  other 
L»ii<]  the  lusi'xxiuont  of  ivaste  laud  was  occasiouallv  tinforoed  with 
■xnoto  rigour  thnii  forinerlj.  Though  it  Wfts  Uut  without  objt.-ctious, 
■khis  sya'U'm  probahlj-  workod  better  than  auy  crude  attempt  at 
TvCorm  would  h»Te  worked.* 

In  .settling  •luiinur  and   Piibnl,    thiar    neighbourhood  and  their 

giuiilar     drcumstauees    induced     Mr.      Pringle      to     rt^ulato    the 

iineut  by  the  tuiimt  gmmrul  Ktnndard.     The  principlcB  on  which 

I  Bssesamcut  was   frRnicd   harn  been  explained.     Aa   it   ita.<)   tba 

Irct  attempt  to  i»pply  tbosi*  principlos,  tho  Bcttlumcnt  wnt.  interrupted 

try  nauy  doubts,  difficuItiRa,  ana  uiTora ;  many  eroups  hud  to  be 

sviaed  twice  or  even  threo  tituM.     The  share  of  tho  not  prodaoo 

rhich  it  wa*  dtsvided  ohotUd  bo  taken  by  Govoramont  was  6175 

per  cent     When   the  assessmottt  was  comploic^d  tho  poople  wero 

called  aud  tho  roMult  wiw  vzpUtmtd  lo  thorn,     ll  wns  found   that  in 

,    Bonie  viDaffea  the  ni^w  rates  exceeded  and  in  olherti  fell  short  of 

UorJiKT  |)iAvtnoiili<.     Tho  wiino  happonud  ia   tho  ontw   of  indiridusU. 

■  WliL'n.'  the;  rasuli    kim    an    incmiso  the    parties    wore    uatnrally 

dinRutitifiod.    Tht'y    woro    ankod  to  ntuto    tboir  obioctions,  and  a 

rvfvmnco  to  thu  detailed  accoont«  and  to  the  opinion    of    their 

neighboani  was  made  to  ahoiv  them  that  their  rents  had  been  raised 

Imkao-'x.!  their  laud  w««  found'to   be  of  greater  extent  or  of   better 

quality  than  had  been  BupjJtsed.     If  they  refused  to  admit  the  instica 

'>£  theenhaDcemcnt  ihey  wre  culled  on  to  {Kiintout  any  other  holder 

rboBS  flelda  they  coo^iiderod  as  good  as  thoir  own  aud  who  had 

obtained   more   favourable  terma.       If   tliey    pointed   out  a   more 

irourable  case,  a  fre^h  invevtiKalJon  was  made  on  the  spot  with  the 

lelp  of  tlio  beftdmen  of  neighbounng  villages.    These    inqniriea 

Boiuetimcs  ted  to  a  rcduotiou  of  tho  ealimate  of  n«t  produce)  but 

tbuy  uoru  frequently  conlinued  tJie  assessor'!!  work. 

On  comparing  the  details  of  the  now  and  of  tho  former aaaeeanMBt 
[r.  Fringfo  found  thai  a  frequent,  though  not  a  uniform,  effoefc 
ad  boen  the  reduction  of  tiio  rout  of  the  more  fertile  Gelda  and 
illama  and  tho  increase  of  ihoAo  of  inferior  quality.  This,  which 
lur.  Pringlu  must  have  beuu  a»  unexpected  and  disappointing 
lult,  WAS  he  thoQght  duo  to  the  working  of  full  rates  or  softi  and 
hbort  rate*  or  uhli,  tu*  in  niany  cases  under  thai  system,  while  tba 
W8t  landa  paid  very  highly,  the  poorer  lands  paid  litile  more  than 
init-reata.  When  the  Landholders'  complaints  had  been  h««rd,bnd 
Itlie  setlletaeat  of  tho  head  ttaseaiiora  bud  aa  far  9S  poasible  botin 
lequaliiied,  it  remaiood  to  coufiriA  raise  or  tower  thc-ir  Kettlemcnt  in 
Lsuch  uuiloriu  proportion  aa  s^ptiwd  adrisable.     Before  Gxiug  bow 


OiapWVII] 

Luid. 
Mr.  Prikolc'i 

ISiS. 


■  Mr.  Prinjlf.  Mb  Sspwmlxr  I8SS  |iwa  91, 


ChaptOTVni. 

Lul. 

IS4S. 


388 


DISTRICTS. 


far  to  chanfto  the  UBessor's  Mtttcnieat  Mr.  Pn'nvlc  lind  to  o 
a  case  wliicK  in  his  opinioQ  con»titat«i3    a   spsoiajf  oxceptim 
geoera]  principle.     Tlie  case  was  this.      The  western  raHvj 
kttoTfi  of  }kUdh  was  hold  ebiefly  hj  Kolis,  a  simpli?  ruds  and 
peoplu  with  foir  lies  to  bind  thotn  to  the  eoil,   nt.   the   pronj 
\>\<\ue  or  of  disgust  Blwuys  rendy  to  take  to  thoir  furoitrite 
of  freohtKit! ng.     Prohably  to  krap  the  ICotia  scttleiJ    their  Isn 
been  held  ud  veo-  favourable  tenn;).    Tbo   generA!  clToctof  I 
M»eMisont  would  in  some  CMOS  hvrc    more  tbftn  doabled  tlu 
ntea.    This  wks  no  more  than  the  fertility  of  Che   soil  jostiS 
as  moitt  of  the  Kulis  were  caauitl  holder!)  or  uprta   they  had  u 
of  right  lo  Buy  special  iodnlgeace ;  etill  Mr.  Priu^le  coasidn 
JQ  thecaiseof  men  of  this  class  the  recovery  of  tho  full  l 
less  imports  tit   than  keeping  tlicm  sctttci]  and  cjuiet.     AcoB 
in  the  villAKes  whoro  the  increase  would  have  b<H.-n  heavy  vti 
or  two  nioiiLar  Tillages  in  npighbouricg  mllejrs,  Mr.   Priogle 
tednctioa  of  twenty  per  cent  oa  the  survey  rental  bufore  bi 
tliom  into  comparison  with  the  rost  of  the  coantry. 

The  amount  of  land  asseeament  in  Jnnnar  aorl  Piibal  fixed 
hewl  assosaors  on  tho  basis  of  past  eel  lections  wsa 
(Be.  4,79.800).  K»  tho  accoents  of  tonner  managomont  hai 
foaad  veiT  complete  and  as  they  went  back  to  some  of  tl 
periods  of  MariUlia  government,  general  considerations,  txn 
with  the  nltvrt^d  circumstances  of  tli«  country,  induced  Mr.  Fn 
considorbhis  amount  greater  than  could  be  easily  reaMr,od,oaili 
vrith  a  liberal  regttnl  for  tho  welfare  of  the  peojile.  Ue  acco 
maduu  general  reduction  which  togethrrr  with  tho  special 
iu  tho  Koli  landii,  and,  with  rcriKinns  in  some  oasea  wh 
calculations  of  the  net  produce  had  been  excessive,  auoaiil 
roduetiun  of  li'012  per  cent  on  the  asseasor'a  total  rental 
brought  the  fimd  »»sosamttnt  to  J&il.S.j"  (Rs.  •t,12,&70} 
proportion  od  the  net  produce  to  5'i'03  per  cent.  Of  246 
ID  both  sub-diviaioiia  only  287  weri-  cajxibfc  of  yieldiuff  rent 
those  the  asMSBmeot  un  the  priniiptca  laid  duwn  in  Qoirei 
letter  dated  ISth  October  )82R  amounted  to  iS65  (Rs.  26M 
the  whole  of  this  did  not  fall  duo  until  the  perioda  of  exempt 
expired.    Tho  details  are :' 

Sair.ra-PUMdL  Smixutn,  tStS. 


LUK 


Tnirtn. 


Oo«Mani*al 
AIUn.u4 


AT«a.     taU. 


•».Me 


Ba. 

SMIO 


Wun, 


JLna.     lUnL 


Asm. 


l.»*.l«| 


W7 


■Ur  PrifiKlo.  «th  Aeptembcr  IBS8  iwn  7S.    Thm  were  I19.8S0  aenee  aC 
lud  sad  3323  irelU  pacing  no  reut    TUmigh  anlmvl  andfv  Tilled,  iht 
aeiM  and  thoir  mnt&l  Am  total*  wliow  itrtnil  m  to  tilted  and  uniillMl  b 
in  Hr.  Pringlt'*  report.      The  ruiXM  aliown  in  Ihu  )iUtMn«at  jltv  i*m^M_ 
oob  oI  vrbieh  waa  oqual  to 01)^  via  Brilutli  rufm.     8m  Bom.  Oa*.  8«L  U 


Deccan.] 


POONA. 


I 


Under  this  seftleinent  the aaaessmeni of  GoTerDment  land  exceeded 
MaJikAmhftr's  total  or  tan [> ha  bj.t58«  (Rs.SS.-WO)  and  was  £<ill9 
(Ks.GI,190)  lugs  tL&n  tliQ  average  of  past  culleetions.  In  each  villo^ 
the  tillage  area  was  entered  for  Uie  year  in  which  tlje  Tillage  was 
Rnmu'ed.  These  araounted  in  the  (iovornmenC  land  to  230,645  acrea 
of  which  the  savvey  «Me98ment  was  £27,033  (Rs.  2,70,830)  wliioh 
wns  £^ir04  {Us.  36,640)  less  tkftn  tho  exietiii^''  or  actual  remi- 
settlement  or  Jatudhandi.  An  increaso  in  the  well  receipts  reduced 
the  deficiency  to  X;J343  (Rs.  33.430).' 

Indiipur  lay  hetween  the  Nira.  and  Bhima  which  met  at  its  8outb> 
cast  corner.  It  oontaiued  d^hty*six  villages  of  which  ten  were  wholly 
alienated  and  were  not  surveyed.  The  seventy -six  villages  which 
were  either  entirely  or  partially  in  the  poasessitm  of  Uovemment, 
oorered  306,767  acres  exclusive  of  hilla  The  soil  in  the  rirer- 
bank  villages  was  in  general  deep  and  rich.  The  nulands  between 
the  rivers  were  harren  and  stony.  The  chief  produce  was  white 
jvdri.  The  pro]iorti"ii  of  waste  was  not  very  great,  hut  the  cultivated 
area  bore  marks  of  the  landholder's  poverty  and  want  of  oapitnl.  The 
heavy  eight -bullock  plough  was  nsed  every  year  in  the  deep  soils. 
Manure  wa«  Boldom  gircn  oxaepC  to  watered  lauds.  It  was  its 
proverbially  scanty  supply  of  raiu  that  made  Indipur  the  most 
unproduttve  Bub-divi»iun  of  Pooua.  The  only  wateriug  was  from 
wells,  and  the  area  wat^ired  from  wells  was  small. 

Daring'  Murathii  rule  Icdtipur  la  sitid  to  have  Sourished  uost  under 
the  manaj^inent  of  M^bavrav  (1701-1772)  and  of  Nana  FaduaviH 
(1774-1 7i)3).  At  ihiU  time  most  of  the  sub-division  was  iissigiieil  for 
ibe  support  of  pdgekaris  that  is  coDiiuandants  of  horse  and  ahil^dn 
that  IS  self-bonied  tronpei^  of  whom  cousldorahle  bodies  wero 
stationed  iu  all  the  chief  rillagt^s,  probably  to  guurd  the  Ni^ilni's 
frontier.  The  few  records  which  remained  showed  that,  at  that 
time,  compared  with  what  it  ufterwurdn  became,  tho  area  under 
tillage  was  great,  the  ratea  were  high,  and  there  was  a  much  larger 
body  of  hereditery  holders.  Tho  decliuv  of  Indflpur  dated  from 
1794.  A  succeasioD  of  bad  seaaous  and  misgovornmeot  reduced  its 
ntmoea  and  its  ruin  was  completoil  in  180S  by  the  ravages  of  a 
waalimgnt  of  ffolklir's  army  under  Fateaiog  U&ue.  The  ruin 
caused  bv  this  army  was  followed  by  the  failure  of  the  late  rains  of 
1H03  huA  a  futuiuc  so  grievous  that  the  wholv  uf  the  people  left  tbuir 
TillagM,  B^or  six  years  tho  land  reuukiiied  empty.  It  was  then 
granted  on  a  fovoorable  Icaae  to  one  MolhiLr  Alukuad.  llio  Ivuao 
lasted  for  nine  ytnrs,  and,  at  the  end  of  the  nine  years,  the  demand 
was  limited  to  Malik  ARibar*8  very  moderate  asacssmeut^  At  tho 
beginning  of  Dritish  tnanagonient  it«  stale  was  oomparutirely 
pnwporoue,  except  that  tho  hereditary  holdera  who  had  ned  in  the 
time  oEdesolatiou,  had  never  como  buck  to  claim  thetr  lands.  From 
ilio  almost  total  destnictioD  of  village  records  abont  1803  and  the 
irregular  system  that  liad  since  prevailed,  little  information  waa 
available  regarding  tho  principles  on  which  tbo  aase^srncnt  woa 
regulated  in  the  best  times.     Sucb  accoanta  as  were  fortbcomtng 


Chapter  VII 

Lud' 
SI  a.  FniHOLS 

SCBVMV. 


tsei. 


I  Ur.  tVioglo.  lilh  Sef  t«nb«  U28  para  TS. 


30O 


DISTniCTS. 


Luid. 

Mr.  PitivouiV 

ScKTEV. 

iSU. 


MWtnod  lo  abow  that  tho  Inncl  had  lMM*n  liutd   oo  full  or  Mrfk  u< 
Kfaort  iir  ti/rri  nitea  in  inncii  the  tAmxf  wkj  an  '  iier  and  V& 

Wliun  Iii'Ui»>ir  came  under  lintwh    Rutoaf{  .   if  ■*tv5  at 

placod  uuJcr  tin.'  CollwcAvr  uf  Aliioniluu^r.  'I'tio  r 
1819  waa  madf*  by  lii*  c«tittiItHiiini^iit  on  tint  pXtvn  oilo; —  ...  Jh 
lb  Indapitrthe  full  HarAiha  s^til^nnout  or  k^tmdi  whivH  WH  i 
diiLtMi  Ad  the  niasimum  to  wliicli  by  ^ruJuol  i.*nluui>nnKnli 
OMVonimVMldvintuid  was  Ui  rt»c.  wait  eo  ^remly  in  oxoow  of  tlu 
colloctimiH  tliiit  iL  could  tiut  liare  been  coulioiied.  For  *h»t  -_ 
m»  tlio  rat4-.'«  w(>re  iDoderate,  crops  gvioil,  ntiJ  pnoai  \ 
ludituur  DuunBbfd.  llul  luw  ffrain  prioc>s  in  lt^J2  and  1823. 
no  almiMt  <!uint)l(rte  fiulure  of  raia  io  ldS3  and  1S2(  rri 
Uio  [icopto  to  Ibo  extrcincst  porertr.  la  1 826  the  Caltoolt 
Poona  t'ndMivnurod  io  restore  coltLTation  hy  granting  ii 
Iguw  for  tivo  jcuns  ou  rvut«  riuttiK  to  tncuLy-lirf)  perfloil 
Malik  Atobar'a  usesBDWiit  or  limkiia.  The  tt.>rQi8  wtra  emA 
Bat  Much  wa«  tho  «c»roity  IkiiH  of  poopio  nm]  of  ca»piut  tbt 
loen  wer«  found  willing  to  i 
iuuk  IcaM^«,  in  contH>4]tionco 
grrater  number  failed  to 
'i'bu  F^^'Hlvm  of  loaxos  was 

people  on  sucb   Abort  or  ukti  rviila  as  tbt-^y   were  will: 
luJApur  wwi  tbn  InrgcHf  t<»vii  in  tlio  Hub-dtTi-tinn.      It  hadunM 
a  placo  of  iiuporlaaco.     But  in  lUiS  its  tmUo   wan   inoouilfal 
and  its  only  innniifactore  wiw  the  weaviti^r  <'f    coarse  cloli  6* 
uko   of  tbu   ooigbbourioff   villn^in*.      Tbo   prain    wont   ciaet 
l^ltiLlUn  and  BArdmati  ntd  from  th(>ro  to  tlie    Kotilam  and  h 
Of  tliu  busbniiclinon  only  a   vory   small  -proiKtrlion    wore   bvitd 
biildttre  and  these  wore  cbielly  of  bfladrutKiii  familitw.     Ft«  d 
hud    sun'ivod     tbo    wuftt    and   fnniiiiu'H    tvhiult     Jmd     laid   lai 
waiite.     TliP  CRHual  holdprs  or  w;>n>  for  tbL-  mnRt   jwrt    belottli 
tbo  nvicbboiiring  torritorios  of  tho  NizJiiii  and    tbe  Rajs  ff  Si 
or  Lliey  oad  come  from  higher  aeso»»od  i3riUBh   Innda  attnuied 
low  ratflg  bot  without  nay  pommnnnt  int^vretti  in    thu   soil. 
Tillagee  were  ruinous,  and,  wbeu  Mr.  Fringlo  visited  theo, 
becoiuo  bnlf  cuiply  or  outiroly  dcsorted  ia  ooosequetioD  of  k  n 
(1827)  failure  of  rain.' 

As  thea88e«8itiR  of  IndApor  wax  begun  Inter  thao  th-  "••'- 
of  Junuar  and  Pabnl,  Mr.  tringlv's  oxpvrit'nco  ciiiablcd  * 

inuny  of  tho  adSessorK'  doubto  and  lo  oomic4  mauy  of  tuMr  r.- 
Still  eovorul  dolayii  occurred  and  tboro  was  muob  to  put  ia  « 
and  lo  cornict,  which  required  the  constant  siiprrviiiioD  of 
Tringlo  and  hia  cstablishmeDt  Tho  rnatflriuls  For  the  mwM 
wcro  more  acaaty  than  tUoy  had  boon  in  JnuDur  and  TAbaL 
old  records  were  loss  oompleto  ;  many  of  die  holders  wore  ■fa 
and,  of  thuso  who  attoadeu,  many  wui-c  oow-coiners  or  Cftsuiil  twii 
who  took  littJe  interoBt  in  the  surrey.    While  tli«  work 


•Ur.  PriDgU,  9th   Kcptvmtvr  1f)S8    Mrs*  19-80.    Mr.  Oibame.    c«Umw 

8epU«hrr  IflW).  Bom.  Gm.  R*v.  Roe.  JM  of  l»3l,  I1&.I19:  ^     *-«— .-^ 

*  ilt.  t^iijjle,  «llt  Sejicouber  1628  ]«r«  71. 


POOKA. 


I 


progrress,  Mr.  Priiiglo  visitoil  ftlmost  every  Tillage  in  thoBuli-division 
OOAOOoiupAtiiod  bj  any  of  his  MtabUshment  and  ciic^itrnjirtMl  tlio 
people  to  giro  him  thoir  opinion  reg»n]ingtlie  survey.  Sotnc  of  the 
more  intelli|^nt  soemod  SL'nsible  of  the  justice  of  the  viowe*  with 
wbicli  it  was  iin(l«rtalct>n,  and  in  genorHl  were  sntii<ficd  mth  tho 
moaos  which  lnvl  been  iiiteil  to  npt».inion  tho  rute^i  ou  the  diffprcnt 
fiekls.  By  far  tbo  greater  nnmbor  showed  an  apnthy  vnry  iliffurunt 
frum  tbo  jealous  itnxjety  of  the  Leredilury  holdtirsoF  Jiiiinar.  A  Rnrips 
«if  bad  scasoas  had  tak«n  thg  hiwrt  out  of  the  lod^ijxir  fausbnii J mun. 
Provided  they  obtained  prcsenb  n^lief,  Ihcy  were  vrtllinf;  to  trimt 
the  futiiK  to  tlld  mercy  and  moderation  of  (Joveratneiit,  nwnrc  tliut  if 
OoYcnimont  asked  more  than  they  uuuld  piiy,  tboy  cuiilil  with  little 
inconvenience  move  to  some  other  part  of  the  country  where  i-ent« 
were  lowor.  The  assessors  fiaed  tweuty-livu  per  cent  of  the  net 
produce  aa  tbo  avera^  of  past  cotlectiaua.  The  extreme  Iowiicsr  of 
thiB  rate  wrna  duo  to  tho  fact  that  the  pnin?w  from  which  it  was 
cnlcalated  belongtid  to  thuyeant  that  followed  tho  miu  of  ItiOS  and 
iarhidttl  nuiny  yoars  of  specially  li^ht  IfiieteM  or  luiitU.  It  would  Imvo 
been  impolitic  t4i  mnkti  a   rate  obtaiuud  under  such  circumstanceH 

twrmniiuiit.  Mr.  I*n»gle  had  no  Iic-»itntiuii  in  iucrmsing  it,  but,  hs 
10  thoagbt  that  in  vatimiiliag  tho  gruss  produce  tbo  aasesaorH  bnd 
not  miMO  RutfiLiont  allowance  for  the  precarious  minfnll  niid  as 
lud&pDr  wna  much  more  iinpororiKbod  than  Junnar  or  PAbal,  he 
jndjfod  it  iaadviftablo  to  raisus  t^be  Ind&pnr  osBetiRment  io  tho  Junnar 
standard.  Cudur  thoHV  circutnxtancus  bo  dotcrminod  to  increase 
the  hea4l  nx^tasor'K  sottlomont  by  12  J  per  cent,  a  cdinii(^  which  miued 
the  Oovemmcnt  demand  to  kbout  2SJ  percent  of  the  not  produce. 
A  doe  allowance  for  the  oncertainty  of  the  rain  sppply  would 
prnbably  ruiae  tho  8huro  ty  about  ih  |>or  ount  or  nine  pvr  opot  toss 
than  the  proportion  6nully  iixpd  in  Junnar  and  PabaL  When  the 
bond  OjSf'Sftorii  ha<l  cqaali7^d  and  completed  tho  assos-sment  na  in 
Junnar  and  PAbal,  it  was  foaod  to  raise  the  paymonta  of  aomo 
holdorfl  and  of  >iomo  villages  and  to  lower  tho  payments  of  others. 
In  this  respect  as  in  Junnar  the  now  rates  were  found  most  often 
fo.vourablo  to  tho  beat  lauds.  Moat  of  tho  villages  ou  tlie  Nim 
lud  their  rates  raisedj  white  in  the  Bbima  villngea  the  rattis  were 
relatively  reduced,  l^is  result  appenred  tn  be  due  to  the  fact 
that  tbo  area  of  land  lutd  hitherto  boen  estimat't.-d  munh  lower  in 
the  Nint  than  in  tbo  Bhiina  villagfft,  tho>if;li  there  was  no 
oorrespouding  differcnco  in  the  quality  of  tbc  soil.  The  re^iults 
whou  QXplutnod  to  the  holders  were  coustidered  ^;wni  or  bud 
according  aa  their  effect  was  to  lower  or  to  raise  their  individual 
paymonts.  The  doubts  of  nil  the  villages  which  objected  were, 
with  a  single  exception,  either  removed  oi* silenced  by  au  explanation 
of  tho  oaiisea  of  the  clwiige  or  by  a  reference  to  the  accounts  anil 
aoomparison  with  the  details  of  other  rillagex.  In  the  case  of 
the  aiogle  villM|;e  which  refu^nl  to  accent  the  new  rates,  accompanied 
by  the  hereditary  district  officers  and  by  the  headmen  of  other 
villn^M,  olerlcH  from  the  Collector's  office  were  sent  to  inspect  the 
laud.  The  inquiry  cuaSruvd  the  uorructncsH  of  the  aeae.'tsors'  rates. 
The  total  rental  fixed  by  tho  head  aaBemora  on  Government  and 
alienated  lauds  was  £l7,o32  (Rs.  1,76,320)  «ad  tho  increase  which 


ChaptoT^YH 

Ha.  pHiKabt 

8CRVBT. 

InMyvr, 

IS*t. 


[Booibir  Oi 


a^terTIH- 


Ma.  pM»ou^ 
Born, 


Bkimtkaili, 
PmratulAar, 


Khid. 


tn 


DISTBICTS. 


Mr.  Pringle  ifnpo»a  raisea  it  to  £W,723  {B».    1,07,930) 
weil4«x  yielded  mn  »aditwa»J  nun  of  £413  (tb.  41iiu] 
toul  o(  £20,1345  (Bs.  2,01,360).    Tbe  aoUib  ar«  :i 
Inuirvn  gamjoarr,  USA. 


t 


The  toUl  BOttlencDt  of  £i  8,564  (Hs.  1.8£>640)  on    (jorernn^ 
land    was   £5987    (Ka.  iVJ,87U)  abore  MaMk    Autnr'B    totd 
fanMa  uid     £5tl4U    (Ks.  50,4W)    bolon    the    MarAUtft   total 
kam4l,  and  £2(>08  (lU.  20,G80)  more  tluui  tliat  calouliUfd  tnm 
ftvemgD  of  poHt  Rollectinns.     Tlis  eamy  asMBaniODt  of  cnltivi 
Oovemment  land   exceeded   the    cxistia^  or  Bdonl  settloiiMot 
jamdbuHili  hy  £6168    (Ks.  61.680}  or  an  inoreMe  nf  76|   per  M 
But,  as  Mr.  Prioirle    eare,    tliid   tfas   of  do   importancii  wbm 
circiimstooces  ander  wtiicb  the  land  iras  let  at  the  time  of  sor 
were  taken  into  conaideration.' 

In  Bbimthadi  the  new  surrey  and  asscsMnent  raised  the  rat«i 
mltiratod  land  131  por  t^'Ot  over  the  former  uottloment.* 

In  Piinindtinr  the  new  survey  and  uA»i-S8i»eat  lates  on  CroverDW 
land  exceeded  piutt  colloiMioDs  by  tiJiHiO  (Rs.  <IS,0O0)  or  Sii 
cent.  Tl)v  incn-aee  in  tlie  asueftflm^nt  on  cuttirnU-d  land  was  £31 
(Kh.  3!),<I40)  or  27^  pe>r  cent,  Luiog  loss  in  proportion  than  od, 
whole  rental  «s  the  great«r  increaas  fell^  on  the  waste  land.  1 
tiicreji!<e  of  the  new  rat«8  over  (lie  settlemoat  (Rs.  86,460)  of  Ltt| 
wua  ti086  (Ks.  SO,8G0)  or  aV>uL  24  per  cent.*  ^ 

In  Klied  the  new  surrey  rates  were  fixed  al  f>5  percent  oH' 
net  produce,  a  result  which  averaged  abont  27^  per  cent  lesa  tl 
former  collections.  The  fall  in  the  asensmoDl  of  cultiTat«d  ll 
compared  with  the  existing-  eettlement  was  £3191  {Ra.31,S10| 
264  I*''  cent.' 

M  r.  Priaftle's  assessme'iit  was  introdnced  between  1829  and  1 
Daring  I829-U0  it  came  into  force  in  BhimtliadJ,  Puruudhur,  Indi 


■  >fr.  fMnglo,  CUi  SeptomlxT  t82SpM*R9.  11i«rewenifiO,lfi2~M:rM  of  rail 
Uuil  Mifl  4M  wrIU  i>u>*iiie  nn  r«nt.  Tlioagh  mtarad  vaitr  TiU»d,  th*  •heiialMl  I 
uiil  tlieir  rtntaJ  4j«  Uitnu  wboM  daUil  u  ti>  tilled  and  wmU  ■  aut  givoa  la 
Pringle'i  raport. 

*  Mr  HHnitle.  Stb  Septtmber  IflSS,  pxn  90.  'Tlio  MMJwmMit  of  ouIIivaImI 
•SilMdtd  tbo  notiMl  jamdhmiJi  by  £«:itM  (Ra.  61,880).  'Ilila  tbo  SvpvriiitM 
oaamliwvd  o(  no  imDortaiice  m  tlic  tunl  wai  M  *i>  Inw  in  forawr  ]o*n,'  , 
OtbMHa,  OcdUctor,  4tb  S«i<t««T  Wr  IS.W.  l^m.  Got.  tUx.  ftiK.  US  <•(  183),  I1S>( 

■Ur,  Oibonw,  Collvetor,  Uh  .'VpUmlwr  IHSU,  K«v.  U»v.  352  of  1831,  108-110 

•  Bo<n.  Cor.  Hw.  Koo.  US  at  1831,  1 12- 119- 

■  BmiiIm  in  Kbed,  tn  Jonnar  uiii  fftbkl  Ui«  nvw  >urv«y  kl*o  ■■  a«tfa>«4  i 
eooMlonvd  a  ndiautifn  io  tkc  nt«*.  In  Iixlnpiir  I'iinu<lhmr  Mid  8kijnth«dl  il « 
■a  iaeiMM.  In  ihft  tliree  *ab-diTMaBe  uf  Khc>I  Juniuu^  «id  Fafaal  the  m 
pcopartioD  «f  th^  IwiilUnl'iere  wer*  wdlto-do  lier«ditAry  hold«n  tttaoliad  to  !& 
T1i»Cull«ctar  Mr.  Giliimiii,  Bom.  Go*.  Rov.  Rwc.  aOtlof  1831,  125. 


Deeotn-] 


POONA. 


Kbed,  JuDiiar  or  Sliivner,  aa4  P^bal ;  sncl  iato  IlaTcli,  Udval,  and 
Mohoi  (dow  in  Shollipiir)  ia  1830-31.'  Mr.  Pringlc's  settlement 
was  Dot  found  to  improve  the  elate  of  the  <lii>trk-t.  In  practice 
over  most  of  the  district  tbe  now  rat«s  vore  oeTer  aotaalty  enforced. 
Is  1 836  B  freah  survey  and  mttlctnont  was  begun. 

In  1829-SO  there  was  anothor  failuro  of  rata.  In  Indiipnr, 
BhimtWIi,  nud  part-  of  PuraadhAr,  ut  tbo  cad  of  Soptombor  1629} 
not  n  blade  of  grass  was  to  be  seen.  The  crops  failcii  complete); ; 
ihcy  were  dried  up  before  tlie^'  came  into  cnr.  In  the  ittst  no 
coUecUons  were  made  except  at  spots  where  moiHture  gathered. 
Early  in  the  year  tho  pooplo  toolc  tJioir  cattio  with  thoni  nnd  loft 
in  great  nnmbers.  In  addition  to  remiasiops  of  about  L^AOO 
(R».  S.St.OOO),  or  about  122,100  (Rs.  2,*1.00())  more  Ihhn  the  sum 
granU)d  in  1826-29,  land  aseessed  at  £7772  (R».  77,720)  was  thrown 
np  n.s  its  boldeni  were  too  poor  to  stay  and  had  left.  Tho 
outstandings  wore  large.  Compared  with  1828-29  tho  land  rpvenxie 
selUoment  for  1829-30  showed  »  fall  from  £111,711  to  £45,409 
(K«.  11,1 7,110 -Kti.  4,54,090).  This  full  wu  pnrLly  duo  to  the 
tmnsfer  of  three  Inrge  Hub-divisinn!!,  8bolitpur  to  .Ybmadnagar 
ttnd  Indi  and  MudduljihtU  lo*Dhi«rwar,  yiuldmg  ubuiit  £43,400 
(Rs.  4,34,000)  of  revenue.' 

The  Bhirathadi  !iiib>d! vision  wa«  tho  firxt  in  which  the  Collector 
Ur.  Gibeme  introduced  Mr.  Pringle'a  new  Rettlement.  About  ££600 
(Ra.  ae.OOO)  were  out.-)tiuidinK  Crom  former  ycJtni.  The  year  1828-29 
was  one  of  partial  failure  and  romifisions  were  required,  but  owing 
to  cfaangea  in  the  staff  of  the  local  ofiioori  none  were  granted.^  In 
1829-30,  according'  to  Hr.  Pfiugie'sratos,  the  settU1nL^^t  amounted 
to  £5946  (Rfl.  5&,460).  pf  this  only  about  £2000  (Ra.  20,000) 
could  be  collected,  nn  tho  vrant  of  min  complot«ly  ruined  the  crops 
and  wasted  the  greater  part  of  this  sub-division.  Since  1827-28, 
when  Mr.  Priugle's  surre/om  had  monsiir^'d  tho  country,  27,312 
acrc8  had  fnllen  out  of  tillage.  In  1827-28  the  new  rate«  showed 
an  incrcaae  of  13J  per  cent  on  tho  rontnl  but  Iho  settlemcut  waa 
made  according  to  tho  old  system ;  £4027  (lln.  4(j,270}were  remitted, 
and  of  tho  £1581  (R«.  15,810)  which  remained  over,  £805 
(Rs.  GOJO)  wore  outatanding  at  the  duao  of  the  year.  Compared 
with  1822-23  the  fiettlcment  of  Bhimthjidi  in  ]8fi8-S9  sbon-ed  a 
fall  from  £10.930  (TU.  1,09,300)  to  £Cl>00  (Rs.  00,000)  or  about 
forty  per  ceut.  Whan  mauled  by  the  Tulsihiig  family  Bbimthadi 
ia  said  to  have  enjoyed  (^iisidurable  prunp^irity.  Of  thin  pri"isj>erity 
few  ti^ces  were  left.  The  villages  looked  poor  and  dialreKwd  and 
ihoro  seotnod  little  chance  of  recovering  the  increaaed  revenoe 
which  aooordinglo  Mr.  Priuglo'a  eurvoy  might  bo  rocovered  without 
bardnhip  to  tho  landholders.* 

In  Porandhar  the  nuw  anrvey  asoessinent  exceeded  past  collections 
by  £€800   (lis.   88,000)  or  33}   per  c«Rt.       Thu   increase  in    the 

■  Bum.  OoT.  It»v.  R«<).as3(>f  1831, 103- IIM. 

■  Mr.  GiU-rnc.  Septcmbw  18M,  Son.  Oov.  B«t.  Bm.  3GS  of  1B31 .  101  - 101. 
*  'ri»  Willis  ront»l  «*•  brovght  to  aooannt.     In  SopUNilxr   1830  th«   Coll«otor 

rapMiod  tlikt  ■bout  £AOI>  {Ra,  9000)    wodM  b*i-»  t»  M  wrlttM  off,     Bern.  Ovr. 
B«v.  B«cU3of  ISSI.  102103,  IIX 
*Mr.GibanH,li|iSq)>t«nbCTl5ao,  Bom.  Oor.  Iter.  It«c.»2  011831, 106'11  ■ 
alS97-M 


CliAptar  TU 


Tim  BaiTtn 


13»90. 


Bhi^ 


Ptfyattdiar, 


tH 


DISTRICTS. 


Land- 

TiiB  BKiraR. 


Tidipur, 


aasessnuot  on  cultivutc-d  Uad  wiu  XSdOi  fR«.  39.04))) 

cont ,  bring  leas  in  pn)portion  Ihan  en  the  irholc  rental  at  tli 
cUiefly  foil  vu  the  wnsl«  Und.  The  ncur  n>^«'<  ^)ioweda 
of  £-20.Sd  (R«.  2U,H60)  over  the   Mttlt-men;  <■    (Bs.1 

182(^29,     Tho  yoor  1823-20  wiuoneoC  pnruni  mnureud 
were  reqaired,  but  Wwy  were  nut  gmotL'd   owiuju;  to  k 
ofBccm  tu  sbitvd  in  itliimthaJi.*     The  cultimtioit  iri  thU  sn 
varied  liul«.    Tho  net  MittJcmcnt  uuiounkil  to  1 10,4-i8  (Rs, 
The  yMr  IS26-30  wiuoueof  almost  total    fiiilareatMl  ro 
hirge  BHiD    of  £(H)9'k  (Ks.  C0,d4U)   ol    roraissi'  n.    t,.«t;. 
(R«.  43,540)  la  be  ooUectod.     Compared  with  I '  il 

re>iUMion»  bul  not  boon  (fruntwl,  toe  aetLlmuou t.  "i  i>.-t-- 
adecreaao  from  £11.1107  (Ua.  1.10,070)  to  X884ti  (tis.  H8, 
U  a  (all  of  at  loutt  otio-lirch  in  tJie  rereuaes  in  six  ymn? 
tlirae  years  ending  lH:£8-29  ouldlaudiuj;  balauctss  in  f 
miioimU'd  to  £4800  (lU.  48,000).  In  Septeinlwr  1830  ili» 
fearod  that  tbe  season  of  18:£9-30  woald  odd  to  tbo  on 
balance.  Tha  people  were  particalarl^  backwmrd  is  |^ 
ruvenuo  and  it  woe  difficult  to  ditttinguish  tbo  dceemng 
tho  qunrrelitoino  and  cavilling  holders  who  ooald  afford  to 

Indilpur  wiut  ft  mora  peculiar  aab<^iri8ton  than  either  I 
or  Punuidbar.  Tho  rainfall  wa»  scanty  and  its  revenue  waa 
Few  of  the  ptioplu  were  bound  to  the  land ;  most  of  t 
strangers.  The  now  Kurrejr  ruiaed  the  How  m  men  t  At 
7Gt  por  cent  In  April  IS30  Ur.  Oibcrue  tho  CoDuoior  slid 
erila  tronld  result  from  any  Attempt  to  enforco  the«ti  big 
In  Junu  18.10  in  urdcr  to  bring  h&c\  people  wbu  had  le 
been  allowed  to  keep  to  the  old  rstea  ahnwiug  the 
eacrifiocd  u«  a  t<iun>orary  reduction.  The  sottlonient  of  1 
Mr.  Pnngle's  rates  represented  £91^7CR>i.  91 ,570).  bat  in  i 
1830  tbo  ColliKtor  vmite  that  tho  crops  had  failed  bo  c 
that  only  a  mere  triSe  could  be  reubsed.  So  onttrely  di 
&il  tbcil  immediatelv  nftcr  tlie  clone  of  the  mi  as  not  a 
grasH  wua  tu  be  hcou.  Earlr  in  the  season,  probably  aboot 
ptwplo  left  aa  water  had  tiiilMl.  The  retomg  ebowod  ■ 
of  cultivuliou  rvprosoulinga  loes  of  £1021  (Re.  10,J310)  of 
In  tho  Collertor's  opinion  some  chanf^o  of  system  tras 
Under  tho  osisliiif^  syflUim  if  a  plot  of  land  was  throTrn  a 
be  let  to  the  Gnt  bidder  and  as  tliere  was  no  scarcity  of 
highent  bid  wotild  \w  fur  below  the  anra  pntd  by  tho  li 
Buch  a  practice  t«mpu«l  the  iit«ady  farmer  aud  liuredita 
to  thrutv  un  bia  paternal  land  for  a  mora  fnvoDraltlo  b 
made  the  whole  body  of  husbaQdmen  uoaettled  and  carulou 
Hr.  Pringle'a  new  settleuent  this  evil  had  been  i;faeclced. 
the  people  vroold  sea  tho  adraatogsft  of  keeping  to  and  i 


)  Tha  whoto  mita]  wm  broualit  to  Mwoant.  In  Kopterabar  1830  ! 
rtwmcd  thnt  about  £SOO0  |Rk  3O.n00)  would  hB*el«  Em  Wrlttoa  ag: 
lt*v.  Hoe.  3Sa  of  Itt31.  \V1.  IIU.  1 13. 

•Bom.  Clov.  Rev.  Ke«.363a(  l&SI,  llS-ltS. 

■  Hr.  Oibcnie,  CoIIootor,  &vgi.  1S30,  Bum,  Gov.  Bcr.  R«o.  352  of 

'Booi.OoT.  ItoT.  U«e.35«of  1831,115119; 


POONA. 


395 


landg  tkey  bold.     Mr.  Giberne   was  doubtful   wli^lier  in  aome 

ibo  iirvr  rates  Lad  nol  bveu  6x<td  Uio  hi'^h.     Hv  bud  liuped  that 

>  revoQue  survey  would  Imvo  tended  to  a  reductioo  of  rales  ajid  that 

lu  oecessity  uf  rc-uiissiuiia   would  huvu  ouuxud.     Uafortuu&tcly  tbo 

liluro  of  tlio  l&2!)-:tU  crops  bad  been  ho  gDULTul  and  ao  comulute 

ant  t-bo  amount  BCtUvd  by  tho   new  wwMSinout  could   never  nave 

aa  realised.'     The  stato  o(  the  people  iras  very  depri-KSed.     Tlie^ 

rerewcll  kuuwu  to  live  fj-oai  baud  t<jmouth.     Tlicy  began  to  eat  th«ir 

jps  boforo  Ihoy  were  ripe  and  daily  plucked  unrijm  gniin  to  jfire 

Hem  a  meal.     If  the  iteaoon  v/as  favourable  the  price  of  f^ain  fell 

«8  to  mukc  the  produce  of  liltlc  value  and  remissioas  vrera 

Even  if  tbe  season  was  bad  tlie  price  did  not  rise  becnnse 

lero  was  mauy  years'  supply  od  band  aud  reoiissioaB  had  again  to 

giVGo.*    As  Iha  rates  introduced  by  Uie  new  seUleiaeiit  wore 

>nsiderod  to  bo  sucb  lu  tlio  people  were  able  to  pay  and  such  as 

lovoninieul  were  entitled    to  levy,  tho   CutW-tor  did  uot  grant 

amia.iion.H  in  the  old   way  but  bold  ot'or  for  future  recorery  tbe 

ftDiouut  by  which  tho  oulU'CtionB    fell    short    of    the    settlement 

Collector   told  the  poople    their  only  chance   of  getting  tho 

loe  remitted  was  by  sociai;  that  in    future   there    were    so 

Ikncea.     At  the  saino  time  he  was  certain  that  the  balance  could 

never  be  recovered.     He  had  hoped  that  the  new  gettlement  would 

aye  raduced  the  rates  so  grt>atly  that  tbo  rovvnuo  wonld  baro  been 

Tly  paid  iD-itead  of  being  ilniwu   fitrlb   wJtli   tbe  greaieat  labour. 

[o  wu  greatly  disunpoicted  tbat  this  had  not  bo«n  the  rcitult.     In 

(her  reapect.t,  in  tbe  armngement  of  the  accounto,  the  distinction 

bf  fields,  mud  the  other  details  the  new  settlement  could  not'  be 

jproved.     Everything   waa*  simplified  to   the  utmost.     Only  the 

avenue  would  be  aa  diOicali  to  collecl  as  it  bad  ever  been.     Uefore 

l822-2:t  tho  revenue  wag  collected  with    the  groatest  «aso;   no 

remissions  were   ever  (bought  of.     Thia   was   partly  owing  to  tho 

high  price  of    grain,    and    tho    oaso    with    wbieh    producv   was 

disposed  of.     It  was  also  inaurod  by  the   character  oE  the  people, 

Hkiia  their  fears  of  delaying  tho  pajtneut  arising  boTa  the  inode 

•formerly  in   use  of    oompeltiog  payment  by    a    variety  of   cruel 

methods,  burning  lingers  or  tying  up  the  delinquent  with  hoary 

8 t-on OS  fastened  to  his  cheat  orheaij.    Though  under  tho  Kogbsh  these 

j>[iui8hujentM  were  not  pi-actised,  fruiu  their  rvcent  enforcement  they 

'  rore  still  dreaded.     Kvun  afterthobe)<rii>uiugijf  British  tDanagement 

stone  sent  round  to  the  backward  villaf^es  summoned  paynieuta,  a 

iractitv  which  was  never  thoughtof  in  1830.     Id  lS30a  landholder 

tiad  nothing  to  fear  from  delaying  to  pay.     'The  severest  pUQisbnwnta 

fcro  »gnin  to  him.*    Tho  only  course  open  to  tho  Collector  was  to 

Duf'ircu  tbe    rcgntstionB  r^^rding   tho   appointment  of   watchmen 

Ivor  tbu  crops  unt^l  a  wttlcnient  was  made  for  p»iymenb.     This  rule 

would  bo  in  force  during  tho  current  year;  it  had   never  been 

.enforced  before.* 


Chapter  VIII- 
UmA. 

TBI  BaiTDIB. 


>  Boai.  Got.  K»*.  Rm.  »2or  1831.  106- IM 

*Mr.  Oibwn*.  CoUwtor,  1830.  Bom.  Gov.  Rev.  B«e.  SSlfftSSI.  130- IS]. 
'  Mr.  (tilwra*,  ColtMtAT,  I83D,  Dm-  Gov.  Rov.  Bm.  8S3o!  1^:11.  131  13*. 
*  Mr.  G&nw,  CdUwIot,  ilk  8«i>t<nl>o(  lOlt,  fier.  Rk.  K'l  of  1»3I.  13S-13ff. 


SOD 


DISTRICTS. 


Cbapt«r  VIII' 

AMmltoN, 
AraMUor, 


1830^1, 


Ta  BHimtluwli,  PamnJhar,  nnd  IndAportbe  new  turrojwK 
bad  increased  the  rates.  Eren  under  the  former  low  nta 
roinUftioaa  were  required  and  overy  year  lar^  batnnoei  n 
ottUtaoding.  The  Colluctor  ean  ao  reaauu  to  ^appose  I 
no«  settlement  wonld  rciduM  th980  ovila.  The  prinotpln 
now  survey  were  to  fix  a  rate  which  the  laodbulders  on 
onght  to  pay  and  (iorernmvnl  ougbt  to  reoeire.  Tba 
Rn[>i;niil«naeiit  Mr.  Prin^lu  said  thftt  Oolleotors  sboold  k 
power  of  impoKiug  Ibo  increue  so  gradually  that  the  prMnm 
uow  mtoB  would  bo  leea  felt.  If  this  was  Bct<Ml  no,  the  ttwiI 
bo  to  luwcr  rat4*«i  fixed  ud  the  priociplo  of  tbo  aurroy,  pmved 
■uporiutoiideut  tobetboao  which  tbo  holder  oouliJ  and  ouflit 
If  tbo  ColltKJtor  were  to  take  oa  himself  the  rodnctiun  of  um 
in  theory  be  bad  no  good  ronisoD  t^t  offer  why  tha  full  rvtes 
not  bo  luYied.  But  he  knew  that  as  a  matter  of  fact  the  ae 
oould  not  be  coUectud.  If  ho  took  less  th&n  tho  rata  tiz«d 
Mttlonieut,  because  he  cuuld  not  obtain  it,  he  «o(  aside  tbe  p 
on  wbicb  the  settleueat  wta  buscid.'  lu  Jniidpur  from 
aoowwity  the  full  rat«B  were  not  leviod.  If  tbo  nuw  nk 
eofonxd  Ibo  Collector  feared  tbat  tJu  greater  part  of  the  sab 
would  become  waste.  His  fear  was  groiiDtlea  on  the  bet 
greater  imrt  of  the  people  had  left  from  nunt  of  wK 
afti^rwards  refa&(^d  to  return  to  tilt  tho  land  at  bij|dier  rat 
Pumudliar  the  Collector  made  arrangemeuls  for  intix>daci 
increase  by  degreoB.  Where  the  rsteH  hnd  been  iloubltMl  ba  i 
fivA-^igbtlu  (10  a*,  in  the  rupee)  of  tbo  full  aotouut  to  (>•  1 
the  fint  instance  and  an  addition  of  /^nds  ( 1 }  ilm.  in  tbo  rapt 
uiade  every  year  ao  that  five  yeara  waulll  paM  before  the  tt& 
waa  lev'ii-d.  Kven  Ihia  coucussiua  failed  -to  Katitify  tbo  pom 
groat  was  the  dislreas  that  in  1830  tbe  lands  of  the  large 
D4ivad  were  almoet  all  ueglected* 

Tbe  failnre  ot  tlie  iBi^  raina  was  followed  by  a  second 
ftcauly  supply.     In  the  cast  in  Bhimthadi,    Inddptu-,  Uo 
ill    Sliulapur,    and    in    part    of   Purandhar   thu    crops    cO 
failud.     j\ti  imT'Iy  and  pfentirul  fall  of  run  misod    tbo  onl 
hopes,  but  tho  aflcr-failare  of  rain  withered  Ibo   plants   wh 
were  only  a  few  inches  above  groond.     At  barrsst  time  the 
was  a  miftorablo  waste,  and  tbe  people  were    suffering  ao 
oomplaiata.     >Still    tbe  actual  collecttons    for  1830-31    wc 
fnvonmblo    than     those    of     former     years.     Terriborial 
prevented  any  exact  comparieon.     In  1830-31    Sholapur  hi 
were  trnDDferred  from  Abmndnagor  to  Poooa.     In  anite  of  i 


>  Mr.  01Hn>«k  Colltota-,  SwpL  1890,  Bern.  Got.  Drr.  Bea  SB4  of  1831 
*  B«gWfliiig  IndApor,  oa  tbeStitli  of  MmiJi  I8:!S.  the  H«r.  Qoa,r.  Ut    T 
wpota,  'Balorm  th*  naw  marvmy  ratM  wura  lutiuiiiiceil   «t    IndApur    tim 
oxpnini  great  fcan  of  tli«ir    luct^np.    Tbt  &nt  xow   h«  OMtinMlad  C 


amtnt  M  about  £91B$  (Kb.  ttl.HM)}  whil«  be  wnnoil  to  lUiuk  ha  eoaU 
nan  tbui  £4330  IBk.  42.300|  baun  Um  than  Mw-baU  the  mhwoI  ammtBlL 
w«n  Tcr;  bad.    No  rtniiaihuu  were  auMtioDed,    A  targa  nun  u-a»  k>u| 
ud  Hit  aolual  rMliutiani  fell  grMthr  ahort  even  u(  tha  OdOeotor'a  «iLMa 
Gov.  Rev.  Rec  e«G  uf  1845.  ft 
>  Ur.  OibWECiCoUMtor,  Sept.  ISSO,  Bom.  Got.  Ger.  Bm,  tK  ol  l«3|,  |« 


Deccan  ] 


POONA. 


897 


failnro  of  rain  produce  prices  conUnaed  tbit  low  from  tliirty-tliree 
to  fifty  peroent  i)eIow  the  average  of  prices  fliiring  the  twenty  years 
beforv  tho  hcginnitig  of  British  inaDitgcment.'  L.arge  reniigsioQa 
vera  agaia  iicc(»iHii>y.'  The  lam:]  revenue  Rettlement  of  1K30-D1 
ehomd  an  increase  from  £45,409  ( Ks.  -t,54,090}  in  1829-iiO  to  £67,18& 
(Be.  6,71,850).  Compared  with  former  yaars  the  actual  coUoctioos 
W9re  ftivourabiL'.' 

la  1831-32  compaj-od  with  1830-31  the  laad  rQTenne  settlement 
Bhow«a  an  increase  from  £67,ISo  (TU.  6.71,860)  to  £68.073  (JRa. 
6,80,730);  romissiona  on  account  of  hind  and  misoollancona  rCTonae 
showed  a  fall  from  £37,420  to  £24,998  CRa.  3,7-1-,200-Ra.  2,40,980} ; 
and  oat«t«adinKa  wc-ro  coinpnrotivuly  timull.*  In  this  year  tho 
Commiaskraer  Mr.  BudIod  directed  the  atientiun  of  the  Colbctora  to 
tho  ruined  state  of  the  vtllago  walla  and  of  the  necessity  of  having 
thein  repaired.* 

In  1833  the  roius  again  failod.  Tho  scarcity  began  about  sixteen 
xailes  east  of  Poona  and  extended  to  (he  extreme  eaat  and  south  of 
the  district.  Th«  loss  of  revouuu  waa  most  marked  in  Sholdpur, 
llohol,  BArst,  Indapur,  Bhimthadi,  nnd  Purandhar.  In  Indapur 
the  net  rental  was  £7403  (R».  ^4,030),  and  of  ihia  the  whole  excupt 
£800  (R«.  8000)  had  to  be  remitted.  To  the  weat  of  a  liue  about 
sixteen  milea  eaat  of  Pouiui  the  early  rain  was  ahandaot.  About 
the  middle  of  the  season  the  supply  failed  and  the  half-grown  Gelds 
of  grain  being  It-ft  without  moisture  yielded  either  no  oropa  at  all  or 
a  very  poor  outturn.  Tlio  aftor-rainfl  were  bo  slight  that  tho  hito 
crops  were  either  never  sown  or  died  soon  after  they  sprang  op. 
The  land  revenue  ECttlvuiuut  ghoweda  fall  fruui£  G8,07JCiia.  6,80,730) 
in  1831-32  to  £38,715  (Rs.  3,87.150)." 

On  the  Idth  of  July  lb3^  Mr,  Priugle  proposed  to  grant  a  uniform 
redaction  of  thirty.thr«e  per  coot  upon  tho  eottlement  made  by 
him.^    Od  the  7th  of  October  1831  Qoverument  asked  the  Revenue 

>  I'bo  deUiib are :     Pama  DUirM.  Pnduti  Ki^mPHttt.  tW-ltJi. 


ST»I>rriMMi 

mt-tnr. 

INI, 

Svi-Diniief. 

nvt-taa. 

nsL 

SbiTnir 

KHiJ 
cut*! 
Via  1  nil  hi  r  ,. 

II 

If 

Slur*. 

H 

u 

nhla\lB4l  .- 

H*Y>II 

i>uiM.ciir^ 

SlUrt. 

n 

Sitn, 

litr.  (iiberne,  CoUectur,  IStk  Atigait  I&31,  Bom.  Gov.  Bev.  K«e.  407  of  1893  aOS. 

'  Bom.  Gov.  tUr.  Hoc.  «07  of  mi,  S7fi.  £01.  SSS; 

■  Bom.  Uov.  S«v.  H«c.  407  of  ISS2,  300i  maHiBftaiUnsr,  on  tli*  seUi  Hudi 
1835  th«  fUvdmM  Cnar,  Mr.  WiUiMBwa  wrots,  *  In  IMO.31  Um  mimlatdAr  repofted 
tbftt  Um  tuiilhaliltn  nloMd  to  enttivktc  tbo  tsad  teeon&ni  to  tbo  nrvfy  raim.  A 
eoRMpanilfliiot  f<illaw*d  batwom  th«  Coll««tor  and  Um  Bdmktdir  wbidi  andad  (n 
ut  ardor  to  tha  mAmUldir  not  to  dvinkiid  ingrt^ii  wUoh  adilod  more  tt^T*  !S  par 
Milt  lio  tlw  farmer  uacMBinit.  Wbon  th*  biw  r>t««  wofo  lower  tluta  the  «U,  tbc 
n«w  ratal  oa\y  wvra  to  be  oolloctccl.  Bvan  tlit«  r«iltM«d  ■■wwiiiiiint  diil  Dot  «t«tDd. 
Th«  cmiM  tf«r>  »ffum  bad  and  rMniaaiona  w«n  granted.'  Bou,  Oor,  Rtv.  R««.  fiC6  o( 
I8W.  8-9.  <  Bon.  <lav.  fUv,  Rw.  484  «t  ISU.  21,  S,  24. 

•  Ur.  DuDlop,  8Mh  Normber  1931,  Bom.  Oor.  Rot.  B*a  40«  et  1832,  la 

•  Boia.  Gov.  Rer.  Aec.  SdOof  18S«.  1)  -48. 
T  Bom.  Oo*.  E«v.  £w.  430  and  4S7  «I  I63S. 


Chapter^  VH 
Land. 

Tub  Barrtsa. 


ISSt-SM, 


ItXCSS, 


Ch«pUr_VIIl 

TraBurm. 

Mr.  Frmgk-* 
Stnqh 


mSTRICTS. 

CommUftioner  for  bis  omnioD  oa  tbo  proposod  redoetim. 
U)«  AcLiuji;  HoTenue  CommiMioser  refen-eU  xho  narttai 
Collector  and  ai<ke<l  for  a  figored  statement.  This  wu  («n 
tho  lOtli  of  Auf^iat  ld.')2,>  and  ou  the  lOtli  of  F^bnufpr 
Ruvenue  Commiesiuuur  Mr.  Williamson  in  submiltinfrbBl 
Ooverameut  rRTnarked  thai  Mr.  Pnogle's  estiinatea  of  Ai 
price  of  field  produco  were  frstned  when  prticluctt  was  oii 
Talu&hltf  than  it  bad  stnco  becosno.  Ur.  WilhaoisoD  thcngk 
there  wu8  reason  to  auppose  the  great  fall  in  produce  ptic 
last,  Mr.  Pringle's  ang^tioo  to  reduce  bis  ratoa  b>-  thir^. 
ouut  wuold  be  ft  suitable  moasare.  But,  eince  Mr.  Princlal 
the  proposal  for  redacdiig  his  rntes,  in  consL>quAiu!  of  w  I 
crops  in  1832,  »rioo3  vrere  higher  than  tbf^y  b»*l  bvm  en 
years  on  which  Mr.  Priogle's  orifipnal  estimates  were  baa 
food  st«>cks  were  also  bo  low  thut  Mr.  WUliatuMon  tfaooghi 
good  year  would  fail  to  bring  grsin  down  to  ii-  '  ■  r  U 
Mr.  WilliamaoD  doubted  whether  tbo  system  on  v.  Ir. 

mtos  bad  beou  flxod  wim  so  good  that  the  siuiplu  plan  of 
the  rates  all  round  would  nuko  tho  sottlement  ancoiMai 
WilliaiiisoD's  cxperionoe  aatislied  biqi  that  Mr.  Pringlu's 
was  too  light  on  the  good  tandu  and  too  heavy  on  iho  poi 
OoToniment  loaC  iti  Iwth  ways.  The  good  bud  paid  toM 
ought,  and  the  poor  Und  fell  waste."  Finally  Mr.  W 
feared  that  the  work  of  Mr.  Prioglo's  sabordiimtcs  wasi 
worthy.  Couiplatntsof  the  dishonesty  of  somu  of  tho  under 
vere  loud.  He  thought  thai  an  officer  shoaid  bo  appciint 
the  Kovenue  CommiasioDOr  and  deputed  to  ^  in  dt«ta.il  U 
certain  number  oE  Tillages  and  comparotfae  result  of  bise 
with  the  details  recoixled  in  Mr.  Pringle's  survey.  Qa 
would  then  be  in  a  posilion  to  judge  liow  for  Mr. 
osseasuptit  might  bo  accuptod  as  accurate.  Gorenimen 
with  the  Be7enue  Commissioner  that  further  infurmation  r 


■  BotD.    Gov.  B«v.  Btc.  517  of  ISSn.  SS.  47.    Tba  b>t«l  amtont  nf  In*  a 
■enlmunit  of  the  yur  \9Xk-32  IfatU  Ifllll  wm  Miinatad   >t  X2:{,249  (B« 

fcMa-Snamw,  IW-M, 


TkedvUibMWi 


I  (lilt  I'UI 

lUulJ 
BhIalUdI 


flnm 
SetUe- 


at. 

MJM 

SI.Kt 

HCl.IUO 
•A.IUA 
U.KW 


at  n  i«r 

a*nL 


srJr  ii«<*iww* 


saw    '  Willi 
II,MS    1  fmmatj. 

ST.IU     I 


Tetal 


BKIk. 


TS.M 


1I.U.90* 


MS* 


'<sr 


SAJU 

IT.UU 

TM 


«,«;■■ 


;Bam.Gov.  Rev.  Rm.  fit?  at  IS33.  37-43. 

'At  IiuUpur  jt^ri  rapoo  |iricw  w«n)  in  Aprtl  ISZOnttout  ItiO  potMuli 
In  April  ISWktKiut  99  HMioiU  (46  ■Aera).  tn  May  IdSI  ahoat  90pi>«iii^  (J 
Pubrowy  1832  about  |3«)  dCiubiL*  ((iOA^er*).  in  r«braai7  IHSrf  aboat  «( 
thtri).  in  February  ISSJT  «boat  fiC!  poiund*  (46  *l^r»\,  in  P«brvarv  183 
noiiuili  (48  ekrrr),  and  in  Kobraary  l&W  •Iwiit  7lF  poaiida  (38  dliml. 
ktl  CVU.  lie.  <  Bwu.  tn,r,  Ber.  110C  SU  Si  ie»4. 8.  ij. 


POONA. 

tnistwoHlii oetts  of  Ur.  PHaf^lo'tt  asReasment  whb  required.  la 
ch  1838  tliDy  appointed  Cajitaiu  Dowull  of  tbo  Rataigiri  survey 
mnke  iimuiriea  into  th^  survey  BSHi^^Kiuent  lately  completed  by 
'.  Priugle.'  Shortly  after  liia  oppointmont  Captain  Dowell  felt 
«i<l  the  ini|uiry  lind  to  be  pot  off.'  In  Kovembor  I8S3 
Grotn(.'nt  ordered  llmt  the  survey  rutos  should  be  coDtioued,  bat 
t  tliA  Collector  mi);ht  make  iDqairiea  and  iotroduco  Rtnendcd 
bee  iu  a  few  vilUij^os.* 

[n  183iJ-34,  (lie  fnnions  pii  «dl  or  crop-year,  tho  rainfall  was 
Bcieiit  and  timely.  Oat  of  a  Uod  rovoaue  of  £96,4*1 1  {Us.  9,64.61 0) 
but  S3856  {Rs.  38,S60)  were  collected  by  November  1831.'  The 
iogBA  which  had  to  be  introduced  in  Mr.  Pringle's  sottlemont 
lOs  in  consequence  of  the  succesaioa  of  bad  years,  caused  great 
i£asioa  io  the  revenue  accaants.  This  confusion  oponod  a  door 
'  £raad,  and  the  native  otBciaU  seem  to  have  fallen  iuto  a  stftt«  of 
iVQ  corruption.  Tlioy  appropriated  a  great  part  of  the  liberal 
nissiona  to  their  own  nae,  and  introduced  a  Hystem  of  eocrot 
Actions  which  in  8ome  cases  produced  more  Ihaa  double  the 
Tumment  rorenao.  TLo  Ugvenue  Commisaioner  believed  that 
i(  ono-Iialf  of  the  reraisaions  had  reached  tbe  people  aad  not  one- 
If  of  tho  collections  had  readied  the  Government.*  In  Jano 
34  Mr.  Daber  the  Collector  of  Poena  wrote  to  the  niAmlatd^r  to 
and  rooovor  more  of  tho  ontstandings  in  his  cbarffe,  and  told 
that  his  promotion  wonld  depend  on  the  vif{our  ho  showed  in 
iToring  tho  oiitstandinjirg,  i^oon  tiftor  Ihta  it  was  discovered 
at  the  people  bad  been  tortarod  to  make  them  pay  the  rAvenao. 
renty  persons  iucliidiiig  the  mimlaldAr  and  soveral  hereditary 
toera  were  convicted  of  ^rtnring  or  of  abetting  torture  and  were 
prisoned  for  periods  varying  from  one  to  seven  years  * 

In  1S31  (January  30th)  Major  Robertson  forwarded  Cfte'fefolts 

his  inquirieai  into  tho  dotaiU  of  Mr.   Pringlo's  settlement.     Ho 

th«  work  so  fall  of  inaconracies  and  frauds  that  it  could 

Ir  bo  mndu  the  basis  of  fn^sh  aase'fwrments.'      In  this  opinion 

r.  WiUianisnn   the  Revcnne  Comniigjioner     {27\ii    April    WS*) 

reed.*     In    Mr.   Williamtmn'a  opinion   oi>e  of   the  chief  reaaona 

ly  Mr.  Pringlo's  work  had  ended  infnilnre,  was  the  unfitness  of 

staff.     They    were    ignorant  of    tho     work    at  starting^,  and 

wero  omplojed  only  for  a  time,  and  so  were   tempted  to 

l«B«no»  and  di.thonesty.     There  was  no  sufficient  anpervision 

id  Mr.  Piingle  bad  to  leuvo  much  to  bia  headman  who  bud  since 


Chapter  VIH. 
LMd.     ■ 
Tmc  BKiTiNir. 

Jfr.  fiinyU't 
Sums. 


1SSS'S4. 


Bom.  Oov.  Rev.  Bcc.  Q17  of  1613.  49.  SI  .52.  S5.  67-59. 

I  The  R«v.  Comr.SSIhJuM  l$33.  Bora.  Gov. Rer.  Reo.filT  ul  ISSX,   191  ;  Qov. 
ttM,  leth  October  tSSX.    Uitto.  241. 

>G<iv.  Utter. Slet  Nor.  1$33:  Bon.  Cov.  R«v.  Bee.  5)7«t  1S3S.  949-SA2.2SS. 
IThoColloctor,  19tb  Joaaary  19.15,  Bam.  Got.  Sov.  Rec.  &2S  of  183S.  14. 
FThe   (Uveniie  CoraBinuaner^  Rnporteon  t>iv  flDb^tKrtarailAtci]  Z-ltli  OotolMn*  1S39 
1  |9lh  Aitinut  lS31,<iiiotiMl  inhuBCMrt  af-JiItli  Mitrcli  1835,  Buai.  Uor.  Itev.  Reo. 
I  of  lau,  11  ■  IX. 

euil»u«  given  In  Bom.  Got.  8«).  cm.  1719. 
p.  Gov.  R«v.  Bee.  ftDR  of  IS34,  37  - 131. 
n.  iiu\.  It«v.  Roc  a9&  of  18»,  1-33.      . 


{Bombaj  Oa 


400 


DISTBICTS. 


Clupler  TUI- 

Laad- 
'  Thc  Bnmni. 

Snrrrjf, 
JSSS'34. 


t834^. 


been  convicied  b^  tbo  Satnom  Judge  of  fnud  and  cbestil 
Sesides  the  iinsnitableness  of  Ibii  stmff  for  tliediiTicult  atid  iniponi 
details  of  ficl»i  work  tlu>ro  biwl  been  no  pronsion  for  superriHi 
The  oqI;  case  wbcroepocint  mqiury  waa  mnde  was  whuB  8om«  U 
bolder  complftinod  of  tbe  new  rates.  There  was  no  protectioK 
Oorornmenl  against  tho  fniud  nf.an  asaessor  cbargintf  land  unil 
low  rntos.  Major  Robertson  deteded  AeTera)  caaea  in  wbicb 
and  garden  land  wuk  ontorod  as  dr^  crop,  and  in  aome  instai 
wbule  viltage;;  were  rated  at  n  fraction  of  similar  and  ueigbboni 
TiUagos.  Matiir  fmmliilent  chung<-:<  to  tbe  loss  at  Goverumeat 
been  made  in  Mr.  Pringlo'B  bcad-qoartvr  office.  AJienaleJ 
inSm  land  bad  been  increased  and  temple  allowancea  had  b 
raised  us  mnch  as  37^  per  coat.'  Under  tbcso  cirouuuitutoM 
WilliamsoD  thougbt  tbat  witbont  farther  inqain'  it  was  noaafe 
base  any  sottlomont  on  Mr,  Pringlc's  survey.  He  Ku^gt^tod  ! 
an  offioer  should  be  appointed  to  resimie  tbe  ioqniry  which 
been  bognn  by  Capt^un  Doflroll.*  In  July  1634  Govemn 
ordered  that  the  temple  allowances  ithotild  be  reduced  to  the  for 
amount.'  In  Augtmt  1831  Ott^y  appointed  Lieutenant  Sboi 
resume  the  inquiry  formerly  entruated  to  Captain  DowoU.* 

In  1S34  tbo  rainfall  must  »((nin  hard  Iwon  nufflcient  thonj 
birourable.  The  land  revenue  showed  a  fall  from  £96, 
(R«.  9fi\,G\0)  in  1883-34  to  192,720  {R*.  9,27,200),  but  by  the 
of  October  1885,  all  but  £3817  (Ka.  58,170)  were  colleeLed.*  Al 
this  time  an  important  and  useful  change  waa  made  in  tbo  nm 
mana|>j:t)ment  by  appointing  mah&lkaria  or  i>otty  division  offi 
tiubnrdinate  lo  nilliiilatdJi 


rs.' 


Tlii 


:iiM 


change  at  tir^t  seemed  to  « 
w<;ll.  It  wait  nflvr\Turd:i  ftjund  llmt  ib'u  mab^kari'«  SC&ff  hod  I 
fixed  at  too  lev  a  Rtrcngth.  Their  Rtrenj^b  waa  increased,  aw 
183S  Mr.  Williumson  was  t(iit!srti.>d  with  their  working.  In 
opinion  DO  meaiiare  had  done  more  to  improve  the  rere 
management  of  iho  I>occ&u  tboJH  tho  excellent  ayst«mof  aubordil 
divittoag  or  mahaUfi  ^iJ 


>  Tha  dotaila  of  tho  uUbUttunent  wore  ■.  HnhI  uaoMon  8,  ■■awcri  H,  aaaU 
blrtuM  183,  UMninora  of  Burvey  3fi,  tmrreyon  AS9,  ]wou  625,  total  il6i. 
Gov.  II«v.  Bw.6R5of  18S4.  2-3. 

■  Ham.  Oox.  H«r.  lUc.  593  of  INM.  8,  9.0.1.  lt6-73.  Of  tlM  •mim  aoU 
Major  Robertcon  there  wu  oroODd  Smh^-tul  tlie  otainduii  of  fi9  and  In  tbw  tiU) 
KilyAa  eloM  undor  SinhKitd  tlionminiion  of76ftold(.  AiiMuble  land  WMiltfti 
tho  Moord*  «f  wven  or  n^lit  otlibr  ril]*g«o.  In  the  tUIwo  of  M4l«  in  Paad  I 
land*  Iwlonjring  to  a  deiJi-mutlt  hiul  boan  oorrooUjr  rsUd  by  tbo  Mneiaor  bat 
marki^cl  sovxuptsivrly  luBVBwd  liy  ttte  he&d  aMMHor  And  undBljr  rodaood^.  |bI 
tho  rtlln^u  of  Chiiiobuti  wiui  (oiiiiil  rnteil  »t  about  ouu-lhird  of  tho  rato*  lavj 
od^boaringandBimiliir  village*.  In  another  villB^k  Bold  of  IIS  acrcii  wboMl 
nwnrr— T"'  wa«  £16  A>.  (FU.  le-i)  waa  >mt«n>d  al  41  ncrva  irltli  a  rantal  «C  I 
(S».3t).  ThialiHlil  hodbcr-nrKanilnodbrtho  hoad-qnartor  ataff.  Bom.  C}av. 
Rccf-Qliof  1831.  G-.:- 113,  &T-91.  *  Bom.  Got.  ReT.  R«c  AM  ol  ISM.  Id 

*  Odv.  Letter.  1858  of  IStti  Julv  IS34.  Bom.  tiav.  Rct.  Roc.  S95  of  ItiSt,  339. 
•Gov.  Uttera  1952  of  151b  Jiilr  1834  and  2329  of  3(Kh  Aagiut  1834.  Bom. 

fiov.  Rm>.  «»I  of  1834,  !2.\  24S. 

•  Bom.  Gov.  Rnv.  Uec.  6M  «f  1830,  244 .  S48. 
'  Bom.  G«v.  itev.  R«o.  68S  of  I68&. 
■Mt.  WilliaiuiuMi.  Kfiv.CaniT.  SSth  Airnl  183fi,  Booi.  Gov.  Bor.  Rod. 

228.  and  3610  of  S3rd  November  1S38. 


SKcan.] 


POONA. 


401 


Daring  1834-35  Lientenant  Hhortrede  inquired  into  the  details 
of  Mr.  Pn'ngle's  survey  iQ  Ind&par.     Of  its  eighty-four  viUagea  he 
examined  the  lands  of  about  twenty.     He  measured  a  number  of 
Gelds   in   several  villages,   and   with   two   exceptiooa   found   them 
remarkably  conect.     On  the  other  hand  the  classing  of  the  soil 
was  remarkably  incorrect  ;     the  claasiScation  seemed  to  have  no 
connection  with  the  colour  or  qualities  of  the  soil.     Deep  rich  black 
soil,  acknowledged  by  the  people  to  be  of  the  best  quality,  was 
entered  as  second  black  or  red,  and  poor  waste  or  gaikul  land  was 
entered  as  of  the  first  sort.'    lu  the  rates  there  were  many  instances 
of  unfairness  ;  villages  whose  land  was  good  were  assessed  at  lower 
rates  than  villages  with  inferior  soil,  and  lands  held  by  village  and 
district  officers  were  assessed  at  unduly  low  rates.*   In  many  villages 
the  survey  rates  could  not  be  realized.     Most  of  the  lands  were  held 
at  ukti  or  reduced  rates,  varying  from  one-half  to  three-fonrths  o£ 
the  assessment.     Thongh  in  practice  a  dead  letter,   Mr.  Pringle'a 
survey  rates  remained  the  nominal  rental.     The  reductions  from 
this  nominal  rental  offered  the  district  officers  excellent  chances 
of  fraud  of  which  they  were  not  slow   to  take  advantage.     So  far. 
as  related  to  Ind&pur  Lieutenqpt  Shortrede  could   not  recommend 
the  continuance  of  the  survey  assessment.     He  saw  no  permanent 
system  of  management  by  which  the  survey  assessment  could  be 
immediately  superseded.     The  country  was  exhausted  and  deserted. 
So  far  as  he  could  see,  no  official  data  of  any  value  were  forthcoming 
on  which  a  permanent  settlement  of  the  revenue  could   be  founded. 
A  yearly  settlement  left  open  many  avenues  to  mismanagement  on 
the  part  of  the  native  authorities  which  Lieutenant   Shortrede 
believed    the    European  authorities,  however  vigilant   and  active, 
would     never    be    able  •to     close.      Under    these    circumstances 
Lieutenant  Shortrede  held  that  the  first  year  of  settlement  should 
be  experimental,  and  that  the  terms    of  the  settlement   should  be 
favourable  to  the  landholders  to  enable  them  to  eater  with  substance 
and  safety  on  a  permanent  settlement  in  the  following  year.     The 
report  of  favourable  terms  would  bring  back  most  of  the   absent 
landholders.      Meanwhile   an  active     and     able   assistant     might, 
during  the  year,  gain  knowledge  enough  to  enable  him  to  make  a 
ten  years'  settlement.     The  settlement  which  Lieutenant  Shortrede 
proposed  for  the  first  year  was  to  let  the  best  land  at  £6  (Ea.  60) 
a   chahur  or    120  bighas  and  the  poorer  lands   at   £5  to  £4  10«, 
(Rs.  50-45)  the  chahur?    He  believed  the  people  would  willingly 
take  lands  od  these  term&     They  did  not  differ  much  from  the  old 
Muhammadan  or  tankha  rates,  and  good  indm  lands  were  let  at  £5 
to  £7  (Rs.  BO-70)  the  chdkar.    These  rates  were  low  ;  in  Lientenant 
Shortrede's  opinion  they  were  less  than  a  fair  rental.     Still  the 
system  of  remisaioBH  was  in  practice  so  evil  and  corrupt  that  it 


Cluipt«rTI] 

Land. 
ThkBeitob 

Mr.  Priitgkfi 
Survey, 
ISSS. 


'  Bom.  Gov.  Bar.  B«).  666  of  183S,  M-49. 

>  Bora.  Gov.  Rev.  Rec.  666  of  1830,  30,  49. 

»  The  biiika  variad  in  ■ii«  scoordiog  ta  tha  mIL  In  good  l»nd  it  wm  %  i>«uto 
three  .quarters  of  mi  acre  i  in  poor  land*  three- qaartan  of  mn  acre  to  one  •*"*•  ^* 
proposed  ratea  were  aqaal  tonete  rataa  vuying  from  1<.  M.to2i.  (I0|  (K-£a.  1). 
on  good  land,  and  from  M.  it  It.  l^d,  {6  -  9  «.)  on  poor  land. 


«  1327-51 


Oaptar^VIII. 

lAUd. 
TasBurnM. 
Mr.  PHoyUi 


ios 


DISTRICTS. 


ahoald  eeasa  even  at  a  groat  aacrifioo.  After  tfao  first  experinun 
year  he  stiggented  ibat  tLe  lands  BbouM  b«  lot  od  n  t«D  yeara*  1 
at  much  tlio  ^nnic  mlm  lui  those  levied  in  tbe  exporimouial  year, 
leaae  at  a  fixed  root  would  bolp  tlia  people  to  look  forward  and  I 
them  to  la;  b;  for  bad  years.' 

The  Revenuo  CommiMiDDor  Mr.  Williamson  anbinittcd  this  n 
on  tbo  26tb  of  March  1835.*  TbeinquirieA  Ur.  WillintDion  had  i{ 
io  Indtlpur  two  jcan  before  aDd  the  infonuattuQ  ho  hadU 
colloctea  satisfied  biro  that  a  change  in  ita  nuum^nient  was  neeeol 
Ita  rich  itoil  and  most  uncertain  rainfall,  t«'inpting  tbom  bade; 
driring'  them  away,  made  the  people  unsettled.  In  bad  aeiii 
thejr  wandered  to  tbe  NitAra'a  country.*  60  far  Lho^l 
management  was  a  failure.  There  bad  Iwett  ao  fixed  srati^H 
first  a  yearly  settlemont  "was  made  and  then  leases  on  ruuD^^ 
were  introduced,  aud  a^u  yenrly  eettleoieDta  which  of  late  v 
had  been  in  ^^reat  moasnro  left  to  (ho  Tillage  Herka  and  beadi 
The  eeasuDB  had  beoo  nnoortnin  and  bad.  Thoro  waa  a  qui 
ontstandini;  balance!!,  and  lnrg;e  retnisxionsi,  mach  of  which 
natire  oflicors  stopped  uu  their  w»y  to  the  poople,  oompl 
the  confusion.*  Ur.  WtlliamsoD]  while  admitting  that  the  sa{ 
was  not  the  caaM  of  alt  the  evils  from  whicU  Ind^«u*  suffi 
arreed  with  Uentonant  Shurtix-do  that  tbo  surrey  aasesei 
BDonld  not  be  continued.*  Mr.  Williamiion  thoa^t  ItietoMi 
Bhortreda's  scheme  of  lui  expfTimental  yoar  followud  by  a 
years'  lease  was  whU  devised.  He  thought  it  conld  be  carried 
with  no  material  obstacle.  The  8y»ti'in  waa  simulu  and  the 
nodenito.  Tbe  people  would  ut  ouce  understand  it  and  lake  t 
Mr.  WillianiBon  approved  of  the  ehahilr  »»  the  unit  of  sasesan 
Until  they  bod  b&eo  puiezlcd  aud  paiulysed  by  surrey  n 
redactions,  suspensious,  and  remiesions,  the  landholder*  bad^ 
spokou  of  their  holdings  aa  fractioos  of  a  ehtihur.  The  area 
tk&hur  raried  with  the  soil  from  90  to  120  higlids.  The  t 
not  a  completely  accuj^te  unit,  but  where  irregulatittea  ei 


■  Lira*.  .ShortMd*,  IttUi  January  IS35,  Dotn.  Oot.  EUr.  R«c  $66  of  1833,  M-. 

■  lit.  WUlUouon,  Rev.  Comr,  S02  of  ISU.  Rvv.  lUi.  WA  at  LeS5,  I  ■  40. 
■Bum.  (Inr.  Itcv.  Roc.  »<>«<.{  l«i3A,  1-3: 

*Ikiiii.  Gov.  U«r.  B«o.  C6d  id  1933,  7.  Ur.  WUL—noo  batwrail  that 
»n«-lt*tf  «f  tlio  nmiMioua  bad  iMeb«d  tti«  badhnUtn  wd  aul  onc-hiU  ol 
enllcotionn  IimI  reaclied  the  OoveiniDeat.  Ths  fnutU  look  pl*ce  dnnl 
tliin)  yMr  [I83t-3?)  of  the  opcntion  of  thg  anrrcjr  rates  sud  w«re  m 
dnhus  tlw  fourth yeiir(l$3£-3S).  The  Be r.  OaBMiMioo«r'i  nnoiis  oatiMM 
KM  ditwd  SItli  OetnlMf  I83S  and  IVth  AunM  183}.  Ur.  WiUuuMoa  i^j 
Sdarek  IS35,  *0f  the«xtctit  nf  thcpecnUtiwui«itli«<lutHct  uiA  villua  i,itic*n  1 
MUcefAiaa  may  bo  fummJ  fruni  t)i«  fipotnire  ■>(  IMr  ourraiiliini  trbich  tullown 
latt  viait  to  tbo  fxir^afla  ami  from  th«  iMdicial  iiir|iimM  wkiok  t*miiiu«tod  HI 
ooanotion  anil  pualMBMnt  of  tlia  n^lMlacdar  ani]  a*venl  dI  tba  locoU  «A( 
had  abarad  in  tk«  villaga  apcuU.'  lu  aoma  nlacca  Um  anaBlhoru«d  on 
acUally  exoaedad  tha  aathonaod.  In  ona  oaa  the  unauIlKiriaDd  aoUocttoHa^ 
to  Ka.  3S7  agalnit  *  GoT«nuiieiit  dentaad  ol  Ra.  137  ;  m  aoathor  caa«  the  aaMt. . 
MUactioot  amonaMd  to  It*.  709  i^;ain«t  a  Uovcmniont  dctnand  o(  fU.  SSfi  ;  in  a] 
eooe  the  auanlboriecd  collcctioni  amounted  to  Ra.  i2 1  agaimt  a  OwerriawaC  4(| 
of  fit.  1 33  ;  in  «  fim  rtli  i»aa  '  wbUs  t)i«  raoetpta  of  Uovemaicnt  undated  to  Sta,\ 
OevtnineDi  mew  iltfranilod  of  Ra.  868.'  Mr,  VHUanwoa,  BeT.  Comr.  aBtk 
ISM.  Krr.  Rw.  tliGof  ISaSi.  IMS. 

•Bora.  tiOT.  R«v.  R«c.  mn  of  1S36,  14. 


IT.  WAJ 


Soccanl 


POONA. 


M8 


light,  lie  tlioni^lit,  be  romoTod  at  tho  sottlcniont.'  Mr.  WitliiunBon 
f;iit  tlic  cniihur  rates  proposed  hj  LUutenaot  Shortrede,  £0 
60)  on  tho  b<J!it  lands  nud  £5  or  £l  lOn.  (Rs.  50  or  Rs.  45)  on 
■ior  Innil-'*,  low  but  not  loo  low  com^tdcring  the  imnoverialiod 
of  ladiipur,  tho  uncertain  runfall,  the  want  of  people,  and  tlie 
\ey  of  ntopping  jcart/  reniiHgioDS.'  SimpUoiiy  was  a  great 
it  in  BDf  BCttlomunt.  As  tbti  aoil  of  loddpnr  waA  nDDBiuilljF 
ntform,  he  thought  two  rat«a  would  be  enough.  At  tlic  same  time 
e  thought  that  the settlemeul officer  should  huve  power  lo  ueet  local 
oiiliuritiua  by  special  tfites.  Heapproved  of  Lieutenant  Shortrede's 
nvposal  to  graol  ten>year  leases  and  d'ccelt  on  the  impirtAnco  of 
itnitiDg  the  area  least'd  to  each  holder.  If  tho  holder  Umk  up  more 
d  than  he  was  able  to  till,  a  alight  misfortune  might  overxot  bis 
Iftns  and  make  him  fail  in  hia  ongagemetits.'  The  leuo  should 
,T0  sotno  proviaioD  to  ensure  an  abat«moat  of  the  demand  in  a 
Mr  of  failare  of  cropa.  tie  objected  to  the  grant  of  \e»sea  iu  tho 
OTia  oikauU  itrith  rising  rentals.  K«missiona  of  this  kind  were 
ccaetonnlly  necessary,  but  the  praotise  on  any  lai-go  scale  was  evil, 
t  led  men  to  leave  their  old  fields,  take  rcot-frc-o  land,  and  again 
row  it  up  as  noon  as  tho  rvmt  bad  increased  to  a  modcrato  amount.* 
e  was  opposed  to  anjr  grants  of  village  leases.  As  a  body  the 
Je'ccan  huudiDun  bad  been  proved  to  be  corrupt,  robbing  the  poopla 
n  tho  DUO  hand  and  Government  on  the  other.  With  village 
MAeft  th©  people  woold  ho  in  the  Iiands  of  uien  who  were  onfit  for 
By  pOBitioQ  of  traet.*  In  Juoo  1S^6  GovemmeDt  sauctioood  the 
Kopoaed  experimental  tettlcniont  for  one  year.* 

In  June  1835,  on  reMiving  the  Government  ssnctioa  and  the 
tevenue  Commissioner's  instructions,  the  Principal  Collector 
fr.  Mills  directed  hia  nsSistaot  Mr.  tioldsmid,  who  smce  rebruaiy 
8S&  hod  been  in  tpocial  charge  of  indipur,  to  take  steps  to  earrj 
iie  plan  into  effect.' 

3Ir,  Ooldsmid,  while  tborongfaly  approving  of  the  proposed  systoni, 
D^ested  certain  changes.^  lie  was  satitmed  of  the  neoesHity  of 
ing  Indapur.  A  ft-or  Kpiniding  nearly  four  montha  in  Ike  anb- 
irlBioD  (February- June  18U5)  he  was  certain  that  no  scheme  could 
devis«d  better  calculated  to  injure  the  intereat^  of  both  Gorerniaent 
nd  its  subjects  ihiin  thu  exiittiog  ttyslutn.*  On  two  points  he  desired 
be  instructions  of  the  Rerentie  Commissioner,  tho  term  for  which 
be  settlement  was  to  be  made,  aod  the  anit  of  measurement.  As 
be  CEpouxe  would  be  tho  same  for  one  or  ton  years,  od  the  score 
f  economy  he  reoommeuded  a  ten  years'  settlomunt.      Another 


•Bom.  Gov.  Rot.  Rcc.  COS  of  I  EOS,  17-18     >  Bom.  Got.  R«v.  R*  .        Sof  1839,1*. 
■  Mr.  WllUwnton,  3Gt)i  Bt*rch  11*35,  Kam.  C«v.  Bot.  Itec  Ml*  ol  1S3S,  30.11. 

*  Bom.  Oov.  B«v.  Rm.  im  Ot  183»,  24. 

*  Mf.  ^^lIliuIuaD  »»f»  (26Ui  Uanli  1H3A),  'I  would  »itd«v<mr  to  «CFKiiwn«e  tlia 

rvteai  ilirect«il  iu  GoremiiMnl  letter,  dabnl  £Ath  Felinufy  1831,  Man  Ibo  niaa,  it 

lod  fMI*  u  faniMra  were  procunUc  wtd  Uk«  ctrauDttanoM  «f  tlia  villages  faroarsd 

at  rood*  o(  aettlenuat.'  Bon.OoT.  Rev.  Rac  6Mof  lUS.  2fl*SCI. 

*Gov.  I.«lterl3»  of  11th  Jom  ISS5.  Bom.  Citv.  R«t.  Reo.6M(i(  1935.  73.74. 

f  Tb*  PniMiiMl  CollMlor,  Sind  Jnna  1830,  B«m.  tiov.  Rav.  Bm.  6»t«f  liZA.  103^ 

•  Hit  Rqwrt  <]at*d  S7th  June  IvQo.  Baon.  Oo*.  R«v.  B««.  SCO  of  ISSO,  106- IM, 

•  Bom.  G«v.  Rer,  BtA  MB  oj  1835,  1  OS   107. 


Chapter  Tin 

Laad>i 
TuiBh 
Mr.  Pri^Vt 


aannP 


IBoBtajS 


40i 


DISTRICTS. 


Lud* 

Mr.  I'riaffk't 
ISM. 


and  atlll  stronger  reason  fortliosettlomont  bcing'tosilfrat  ooo 
jeanr  wu  tliat  if  th«  land  was  ffiv-nn  out  on  tbo  libM 
proposed  br  Uie  Kvvnnui;  ComniU.iioiH-r,  ko  thai  in  ^mn  tf 
failure  no  romistiions  might  bo  rcuuisiLi.*,  tlio  \o»a  to  Govi 
woold  bo  eonip«ratirol<r  speikkinff  xmracntuy  ttoloM  ifai>  Ht 
were  followed  by  a  largo  iuctvase  oi  oultiTalioa.  Tbe 
landholders  were  not  uumeroua  enou^fh  to  enHure  tb«  i 
JDOreaso  of  ciiUiviitiou,  <uid  otitHidera  cutild  tint  l>n<»xpcct«d 
and  build  dwelling  aud  cXumx  wasto  utt;rely  >  '  tbo  ti 

sHSPssud   loiT  for  one  year.     As  reg'&rds  tbe    ■  -    mean 

Air.  Uuld-imid  was  not  in  FsTCMir  of  tlic  (h'ihur  \>t  1^0  bigtta 
chdhur  wiM  uui  a  d^fiuito  meaaiire  of  quAulity.  It  would  U 
be  nocesmry  to  bare  a  nomber  of  diiforoot  cAuAwr  nUvatu  ( 
the  difference  in  area.  If  ncro  rales  woro  iatroduced  ind 
laud  tlirve  ralcn  would  gCQumlly  be  siiflicieut.^  la  thu  all 
truBtn-urlliy  PTid<>nc(>,  it  wnR  noroiixnrjr  io  nas^ssiD^  the  Uod 
every  field  and  cxnmino  its  soil  and  position.  Mr.  0- 
proposod  Co  engng^e  four  nalivi'  clerks  nQConiircltN]  tnth  thm 
Every  murning  and  pvoatug  thoM  vlurk^  would  prejMUMt  tM 
of  tlie  quality  qtuintity  and  tuiuaiioB  of  tbo  land.  Mr.  Gi 
would  himself  rcnso  the  retuma  ao  clo»t>ty  aa  to  maki 
impossible.  During  th«  heat  of  the  day,  vrith  the  aid  of  Irak 
Mr.  G'lldsmid  would  propnre  from  the  rDVised  relams  < 
stat«inonU  of  the  ohisii  to  which  each  field  bi^Ion^d,  tbe  ma 
&i'(//i(f«  it>  cuntaiued,  ajid  thu  rat<  at  which  ii  siiotild  beai 
He  proposed  to  arrange  the  Jtniyul  or  dry-crop  Land  itu 
cln8»es,  and  to  aaseea  theui  nccordiug  to  eitliur  of^  two  ical 
three,  and  fonr  acres  the  rupee  or  three,  fottr,  nud  ''■ 
rupvc.     lie  preferred  tlui  lower  scale,  as  :vith  thu    Ii  J 

Indiipur  whor«  rain  wu  so  scarce,  recaiaBioDs  would  '•  « 

To  enable  Government  to  form  a  jast  opinion  regii-  i 

moritis  of  the  two  acalM,  before  onlonuc  into  en^'Bijrf^iDcQtsii 
landholders^  ho  promised  to  submit  the  result  uf  tbeeot 
of  ten  villageii.  On  completing  his  arraa^menta  in  ei 
villngos  he  prnpovcd  to  giro  tlio  Kudholdet^  writton  mgn 
to  tho  effect  tliat  thoy  were  to  bo  allowed  to  raip  uu 
advantages  of  any  improromonta  they  mig^t  mnb?  in  • '  '  i 
and  keep  thetn  at  u  lixed  ntte  for  ten  years.     Hu  worn  .  J 

procurable,    entor    a    neiirhbouriiig    Dumber    or    two  whJ 
landhoIderH  should  be  allowed  to  take   for  tillago  witUia  a  | 

Ssriod  of  yearH  nt  rates  detcnninc<l  nccordirtg  tti  tJie  propoviJ 
!(^nrding  iho  aron  of  land  to  bo  put  aside  and  the  t«na 
which  thu  oxclosiro  power  of  claiming  it  fdiould  remain  « 
laodbolderj  Mr.  GoldRmid  asked  to  be  allowed  to  cxcr 
discretion.  It  would,  ho  Duid,  bo  impoutiblo  to  follow  i 
fixed  and  uniform  scheme  even  in  a  stng^  Tilla.g«.  IJ 
give  uflfect  to  the  libeml  ordera  of  Goremmi.nt  dirocti: 
landholdcra  bo  permitted  to  tako  up  laud  wjthoat  na 
foo  or    muardiM.      At  the  Bamo   lime  ho  feared  tba.t 


>  Bom.  Ovr,  OeT.  Rk.  6W  ntlSSi,  (13-114. 


Deccaa-] 


POONA. 


405 


oat  land  at  the  low  ratea  proposed,  there  might  be  risk  that  caanal  or 
uprt  landholders  would  take  op  more  waste  or  gatkull&nd.  than 
they  could  afford  to  till  and  keep  out  more  deserving  tenants.'  To 
prevent  this  he  proposed  that,  unless  a  holder  took  up  the  land 
within  one  to  four  years,  hk  claim  tc  it  should  cease.  Mr,  Goldsmid 
foond  the  rates  in  garden  or  watered  land  ridiculously  low.  The 
sacrifice  of  the  Government  share  had  not  even  the  etEeot  of 
enriching  the  landholder.  The  bulk  of  the  profits  passed  to  some 
moneylending  Br&hman  who  agreed  to  pay  the  Government  dues 
if  he  got  half  of  the  crop  and  sometimes  persuaded  the  holder  to  taJie 
an  advance  to  grow  some  rich  crop.  When  the  soil  was  exhausted 
by  this  heavy  crop  the  Br6hmau  would  withdraw  from  the 
arrangements'  Mr.  Gfnldamid  thought  Government  revenue  was 
being  needlessly  sacrificed.  He  proposed '  that  the  garden  land  of 
Indipor  should  be  assessed  at  4s.  (Rs.  2)  an  acre.  If  higher  rates 
were  fixed  remissions  might  be  necessary.  He  thought  that 
channel-rates  might  be  higher  than  well-rates.  He  was  anxious 
to  introduce  the  new  well-rates  at  once.  The  dry-crop  rates  could 
not  be  brought  into  force  till  1836-37  (Faeli  1246).^ 

In  forwarding  Mr,  Goldsmid's  letter  to  Government  Mr.  Williamson 
(24th  July  1 835)*  agreed  that,  considering  Mr,  Goldsmid's  special 
knowledge  of  the  villages,  it  would  be  safe  at  once  to  introduce  a 
ten  years'  lease.  He  also  withdrew  his  ohjection  to  the  use  of 
the  acre  as  the  nnit  of  measurement.  As  regards  rates  Mr. 
Williamson  thought  it  would  be  advisable  to  introduce  a  fourth  or 
lower  rate  for  specially  poor  soils.  He  did  not  agree  vrith  Mr. 
Goldsmid  that  there  was  much  risk  that  landholders  wonld  take 
land  they  were  not  able  to  tfll.  He  thought  that  a  man  should  be 
left  free  to  take  land  if  h»  chose.  In  1832  when  Government  had 
taken  off  the  well-cess  they  stated  that  it  might  afterwards  be  found 
advisable  to  raise  the  rates  levied  on  garden  land.  He  agreed  with 
Mr.  Goldsmid  that  the  rates  should  now  be  iucreased.'  The  enhanced 
rates  should  be  light,  but  he  would  leave  it  to  Mr.  Goldsmid,  acting 
under  the  Principal  Collector's  superintendence,  to  fix  its  amount. 
He  thought  that  where  a  village  was  deserted  or  was  much  decked 
Mr,  Goldsmid  might  be  allowed  to  grant  the  village  in  lease.  But, 
except  perhaps  on  inferior  lands,  the  rates  should  be  fixed  before 
the  village  was  leased,'  On  the  7th  of  September  1835  Government 
approved  and  sanctioned  the  ten  years'  settlement  and  adopted  the 
acre  as  the  unit  of  measurement.'^  Government  agreed  that  the 
fixing  of  the  rates  of  assessment  should  be  left  to  Mr.  Goldsmid.  They 
did  not  approve  of  the  proposal  to  levy  an  additional  cess  on  garden 
land.  They  also  thought  the  proposal  to  reserve  for  each  landholder 
a  portion  bordering  on  his  holding  unnecessary.     If  carried  out,  there 


CaiaptarTin. 

Thb  British. 

Mr.  Pringh'a 

SvTvejf, 

Z8SS. 


>  Bom.  Oov.  Rev.  Beo.  646  of  1830, 117. 
"Born.  Gov.  Rev.  Reo.  666  of  183fi,  IIT-Hft. 

*  Mr.  Goldimid,  2Tth  June  183S,  Bom.  Gov.  Bar.  B«a.  666  of  1838,  IIB- 12<. 

•  Bom.  Gov.  Rev.  Beo.  666  of  1835,  77  -8B. 
■Bom.  Gov.  Rev,  Kea,  666  of  183S,  82,  97-98. 
•Bom.  Gov.  Rev.  Beo.  666  of  I88B,  77-8S. 

'  Gov.  Letter  S0S6  oT  I83S.  Bom.  Gov.  it«T,  Bm.  606  of  1889,  141  -  1B6. 


MS 


DISTRICTS. 


awpUrTUI- 


TnB«rnaB, 
Mr.  PringU't 


waa  ibo  mic  thai  soma  of  tbe  richest  land  ia  tbe  tilfa 
ntnain  irMte  They  tlioiij^hr  that  witb  such  low  tatM  il 
twcessarr  to  ^aril  Hgaiiiat  nll&gvrs  ta.km^  up  more  laad 
ooald  affonl  tu  till  Tho  village  offitxTs  vrL<re  ia  era 
inform  the  Bettlemeal  oQicer  of  ttto  coodil-ion  of  incn  aaiio 
laDtl.  Tbejr  af^ed  tliat  Mr.  Goldsmid  should  intjoire  in 
olaimniits  and  aicpoiuos  and  into  tcnipio  allun-auon, 
where  he  thoaght  it  advitiablu  LuahoulU  grttnt  dec^jaJ 
leaae  to  beadmeo.* 

In  August  1835  Mr.  Qotdsmid  had  Mohol,  now  to 
addL>d  to  his  chnr^.  He  brought  to  IJffht  a  sT^tan 
which  Oovemraont  ('24th  Korombor  ldS0)  dcsoHbod  u  i 
to  Britiiih  rale*  Under  theea  fraads  tbe  people  were  n 
eevetcly  th»t  Mr.  GoltUmid  belieTod  that  nutnbcrs  woslil 
had  thpy  not  lalcen  heart  at  thu  sif^bt  of  a  Hurop(>na  offioi 
liro  among  thorn.*  Mr.  WtlliflniBon  r«conimondod  th«t  tia 
officer  should  be  placed  nntler  Mr.  Goldsmtd  to  condact 
to  nlioTO  Hr.  Ooldsmid  from  th«  Ubonr  of  ebeokioK-  mean 
QaTcniment  appointed  Mr.  BUkistoo  assistoat  to  Ur.  Gold 
■aid  tbat  as  boos  as  another  nTit0r,4liat  in  oivilinn,  wna  ar 
would  be  appointod.  They  also  approrod  of  Sir.  Wi)li»in«oi 
placing  aD  engineer  otfintr  under  Mr.  Ooldsiuid's  ordm 

farpoaes.  Ltoutonant  Wtngate  wan  appointed  to  tbia  twi 
II  October  1835  Lientonant  Sborfcrodo*  am'ia  propn«&]«  fnr 
uscBsmuntin  I'urandhitrwhero  tbe  rates  of  Mr.  Prinprle'ssi 
beca  foniidHO  nnauitabto  that  since  1690  thoy  bad  h-  "ol 

tbcold  or  mnmut  rato«ndopt«d.'    Thereweretw  di::  .j 

the  asscsRinvut  of  Purandhar,  tho  Tillage  papers  had  Itoa 
and  eight  or  nine  land  meaaarea  were  in  aae.  Of  the  land 
Lho  chief  were  the  bt'gha  and  the  th.ih'ir  of  120  hi^ 
rates  of  aaifessmcut  audor  Nina  FadnnviK  when  tbe 
flonrisbed  were  not  uniform  in  every  villaoo  nor  tn  m 
Id  Tillages  where  the  eoil  was  of  ordinary  qoattty  tlr  -^;- 
lo  haTO  varied  from   £6  to  £9  (Ka60-»0)    thn  <  ^ 

whose  lands  were  generally  o£  good  quality  wero  aa»ti3«i 
to£12or£l:i(lt8.  90  to  l^Oor  130);  and  u  few  villaffeswl 
were  of  inferior  equality  n-oro  asaeseod  at  £3  1 3«.  to  j£6   (B 


>0»r.  Letter  2(»Co(1B3S.  Bom.  Gov.  [l«r,  Sa*.  0*6  of  1986,  lU-lM. 

*aoin,  tiov.  Ecv.  Kcc.  6<W  -jl  |l^:la,  -^45. 

■  Mr.  Golilcmid,  2iad  Augiut  lb35,  Bom.  0«t.  B«v.    BoOk  DSS  at  U 
11«,  SW.  819. 

*Ur. Oolil«nudii>chumelIniU[>ttraiulBlohiol.S3ad AwBstI83Si  Ur 
IMl  of  S!tBd  September  18U.  Bon*.  Gov.  Rot.  Itoo.  OM  Qri835,  201  -SIHj 

•  Hot.  Litter  S733  of  24lh  NoTMabcr  1833,  Rer.  Bee.  5S«  ol  ISSS 

•  Hie  report!  are  dai*d  let  Ootobor  and  lOtk  Kovnnber  18U    Dom, 
EUe.  OOS  of  I8SS,  7S.  OS. 

'  Bonu  OoT.  Rer.  Reo.  898 of  IB36,  98-M. 

•  Their  namoa  mvo  bi^An,  «Ailfair,  r«Ua,  l«Ua,  paritK,  u«Elta,  deHL 
|]i*ai:r«latri>>liic«'lttndBrlfr,  PiiagU*ienrrey  (1*h^30)'  Tit*  M4Mvr 
mnaavnagm  bigtia  wee  of  119)  UMhae  oc  |Ui*tif  ae  inch  ehort  of  toa  fi 
neeenre  ebout  37  (tffA^t  went  to  SS  mtm.  But,  In  feot,  Dm  (^pAa  wh  !■ 
aoMrdia^  a*  tho  land  «>a  beid  or  Mood  though  tbe  variety  tn  af««  dva  ti 
a(  the  Bod  'MM  not  uuiform.  The  hghit  wm  tbe  oidy  nnit  lM«el«I(«  tlie 
prufeetcd  to  be  a  nuaaond  qaantitj  of  land.  Sosi.  Oov,  Kot.  U«o.  685  W 


Deccan] 


POONA. 


For  some  yenrs  after  the  great  f«minfi  of  1 792  asseeemeDt  was  low 
pvolwbly  on  iwcount  of  tUo  exbuuated  stote  of  tho  coaatrj.  It 
inorcftBod  till  the  famine  of  1803  when  it  ngnin  fell  to  ftbont 
ono-fuiirtli  of  iKo  full  rate.  TJedcr  fi^jir^v  it  rose  in  a.  few  years 
to  the  full  rale  and  continued  at  or  beyond  the  full  rate  till  the 
oonntry  cnuie  into  the  possession  of  tho  British.  Tho  hoivditarv 
Tilliigo  otBcurs  took  odvunlago  of  tho  ignorance  of  Britisb 
officials  to  faUify  the  village  rccoi-dti.  Thiit  in  Lieatenknt 
Shortrodo's  opioioa  waa  u  priiici[)ul  cuiu^u  of  thu  bod  miuiagemeob 
frum  which  (ha  couuli^  had  Bince  suffered.  The  w&nt  oE 
JiODest  docomeut'S  and  the  interested  luid  corru[>ted  eu-tonunitj  which 
lad  taken  tlitrir  place  bad  caused  the  diHi»rdur  which  the  revenao 
sorvoy  was  meaat  to  cars.  Mr.  Pringle's  sarvoy  rat{>e  had  b«en 
judged  nnsnited  for  Panindhar  and  were  in  forca  for  only  one  yenr 
(1S29-30).  Undor  these circumBtanceeLieatenant  Shortrede  tboagbt 
(Ut  October  1835)  that  nothing  otore  than  a  temporary  settlemenb 
could  bo  proposed.  Bvon  for  a  temporary  aettlemoDt  the  meatiB 
available  vrcro  deficient.  Fi>U  half  of  the  Innds  vctq  lying  waste 
(lKd5).  Inhisopinioi)  thodnrtimontsof  the  BriLish  Government  woro 
chivfly  nsoftil  a«i  Hhowing  by  whaj  mviiiiM  tito  country  kjid  bocn  brought 
to  so  miwrablo  a  Ktsbe.  Lieotenant  Shortrede  ihuaght  that  as  an 
iinmedint«  settlement  wa«  wautvd,  the  uuly  plan  was  to  use  Nana 
Padoavis*  docnments  as  the  bonia  of  the  sulllemunt,  and  to  anplr 
the  reeutte  of  ueigbbouring  and  Hiiailar  villages  to  villagea  wiiico 
had  uuDO  of  XlUia  Faduavis'  ri>oord>.  In  N&oa'ti  times  tlicro  wcro 
lew  ceseea  or  babtu.  Many  were  introduced  nader  Bajirav.  In 
1830  when  the  origiual  or  mdmul  mUvi  were  ordered  to  b« 
•oforc«d,  Bdjinir's  cesRoe  were  included.  Lieutenant  Sbortrede 
thought  this  a  mistake  ^pd  that  all  or  aliuoet  all  ceases  should 
be  remitted.  Qo  also  recommendod  that  the  village  claimants 
or  hakddra  fihoold  be  paid  by  Government  and  not  by  the 
Titlagers,  as  these  payuienta  were  a  oaaae  of  grievous  extoition.* 
He  thought  also  that  serious  frauds  wore  committed  by  the 
hoadmuii  and  clerka  appropriating  to  their  own  v^svs  a  largo  share 
of  the  fanda  which  Iboy  levied  from  the  poo]>lo  as  village  expenses 
crgaon  kharch.*  In  forwarding  this  report  Mr.  Vr'illiamson  stated 
that  it  had  never  been  intended  that  the  cesses  should  be  included 
in  tho  uriginnl  or  tmimul  rates  which  woro  dubstitut*^^  for  tho  Karvey 
nt«a.*  ue  (bought  that  all  except  perhaps  one  or  two  oesees  should 
be  givOD  op.  Ho  a^pixjvod  of  Lioutonanc  Shortrede'a  proposal  to 
go  back  to  tlie  rates  nuder  which  tho  country  hnd  proaporod  onder 
^dna  Fadnavis.     Bub  oara  mast  be  token  to  reduce  these  rates  ia 


'CtoMty  «aiuMC(t«d  with  tlw  bait  and  Aula  «■•  ths  Wta  or  okc^abm  on  tbo 
mpiMo  cunvnl  ia  th«  PnrandhAr  inlHli^itioii  in  ordar  to  msko  bd  tbo  Amtmaej  ■> 
tb«dr  valui.  It  •eaMtiil  lo  b«  ■  nnor^  pr«olMO  tor  Um  bulianJ  *aA  pMl  lo  teko 
tram  Ui«  p««pl*  <l(ni1)l«  at  (Im  withwiatd  Bxcfatofe  aiwl  tiM  pe0fi|«  ooapWood  muck 
of  the  honltJiip  to  wUcL  they  wnn:  ■ubjoot  fratB  lira  rkrIotjrofooiMoiutoabUirotuli- 
out  tbo  aiualty,  tlaunuh  Uiey  iIM  not  wtta   awuv  of    the  |iutionUr  IrftiA  tfltu 

Cliw<d  with   tmpVBWT  <Nt  Ikom  by  ib*  iMIl  na<l  llM  MKarxJ,  Boo,  Gov,   ftev. 

t  Bona.  U«v.  Kur.  Kco.  0M  of  tSSa,  00  -M. 

>  Mr.  WDIiMuOB,  4Ui  JMauArr  1936,  Bom.  Oot-  B*v.  Bo«.  6W  al  WB.  M. 


Chapt«rTI] 
Tbx  Bnin*; 

£vrivy, 
JSK. 


Cli»pt«r^Tni. 

Tab  Bkitus. 


isasM, 


pfoportioQ  to  tha  fall  in  piodnca  pnces.  The  fall  w&s  itxi 
aljout  oDe-hnlf  wluc}i  would  rdduoe  tlio  rvntal  of  N^a's  b««t 
from  £12  (K&.  120)  the  cluihnr  to  CO  (Bs.  60).*  This  arrangemal 
dill  not  aag^at  fta  permanent.  It  was  to  have  effect  tiU  trainodofl 
vroro  avuilablo  to  iutroduce  a  correct  sairey.  Any  uiuntboi 
iocrease  lliat  cutilJ  Le  proved  in  the  fillaga  expenses  aiocg 
begiaoiog  at  Britiah  rulo  aboold  be  reduced.'  la  J: 
GoTGrament  sanctioned  the  propoMd  revisiou.' 

The  rnins  of  lf^>^  wore  far  from  favourable.  Id  manj  mF 
they  were  Uto  of  Mtling  in ;  in  nnDy  plneoi  the  crops  wiU 
for  want  of  moisturo  and  in  others  (hey  failed  altogether.  Ol 
Olli'^r  band  in  some  partg  of  the  difltric!  the  fall  was  ko  heftry  I 
injoro  tbo  ctu'ly  crops  nnil  to  keep  back  tbe  sowinK  of  the  lata  4 
Locnstji  a]>penred  in  some  Bubdiruiona  and  caused  damnge,  andi 
boginiiiiig  of  Jnnunry  18!J6  eovere  cold  iujureil  tb«  crops.  Qnd 
theso  ditadvantaffcs  the  land  rvrcnue  shoTrcd  a  bill  of  »' '  ' 
{lla.  68,91X1).  Of  this  dcoreaao  part  vaa  owing  to  a  do 
tall^fe  area  and  part  to  aa  increase  in  ivmiasioDs  wbicb  it  wu  f 
nooeuiaiT  to  grant  in  conseqaence  of  the  exteuKive  failure  oj 
crops.'  About  1335  measures  weje  taken  to  improve  tovni* 
establUh  markets  tbrouglionl  the  ]>eccsD.''  In  October  1836  Li 
niuit  Shortrode  submitted  a  report  on  Mr.  Pringle^a  aurvoy.* 
tneastiriuj^,  Liviit^naiit  8hortrede  found  errors  representini 
average  of  about  IGJ  por  cent.'  As  rogards  classing  Mr.  Pk 
divided  the  dry-crop  land  into  tbrce  classes,  black  or  hili,  ri 
tdmbdi,  and  tTrftvolly  or  bardi.  In  Inddpur  and  Pnraodhar 
class  vas  divided  into  three  grades,  tirst  second  and  third,  u 
Mohol.  Bi^rfii,  and  SbolApur  the  blaclt  ilmVt  and  the  }jfravellyl 
had  each  four  grados,  and  eveiy  field  tJaroughont  the  conntoii 
entered  as  belonging  to  one  of  these  classes  and  gradei>.  LiettU 
Sbortrede  inclinod  toBgroo  with  Mr.  Pringlo  tlutt,  if  the  worll 
been  bonp.it,  three  graidoa  of  each  clan's  of  soil  woald  bkTe  i 
«Dougb  for  a  fair  aasesftmont.  The  tirat  step  towartis  fixinf 
oaBOument  ww  to  class  the  hind  ;  the  next  step  ires  to  find  lb 
produce.  To  find  tbe  net  produce  about  sixty  acres  of  cnc^  i 
orn*  inticb  InnJ  aa  migbt  be  cultiratedbyone  eight-bnllock  pi 
was  takeu,  the  whole  value  of  the  produce  was  eatimated,  am 
necessary  and  customary  charges  of  tillage  tind  bringing  to  nu 
TTcre  dt-ducted.  Of  the  net  prodnC'C  thus  determined  fifty-lire  per 
iraa  taken  aa  the  revenue  to  be  paid  to  Govornmont.  Lieut« 
Shortrede  tbonght  this  system  excellent  in  principle.*    Aftertni 


'Bom.  Gov.  Rev,  Rec.  SMof  I83B,  3«-«. 
'  Mr.  WiUitmion,  JUr.  Oomr.  27  of  iHt  Januaty  1836,  Bon.  Oov.   Itev.  lU 
«r  I8M,  3&49. 

■  Tbo  Itev.  Comr.  S7  of  iOt  Jamuuy  1636,  Om-.  L<itt«n  IDS  and  10T  of 
January  1636,  Bom.  Gov.  Huv.  R««.  09$  of  1836,  SS,  ISS,  157. 

'•  Bom.  Qay.  tUx.  B<o.  7TS  of  ISSt.  0,  30. 

■  DoUila  are  K>*«n  in  Bom.  Gov.  lt«T.  R«c.  6R0  ot  I83IL 
■IJont.  8bortrodo,S4tb  October  1633,  Bora.  Got.  IUt.  Bm.  SSS  of  lS3ft, 
'  Bom.  Got.  R«t.  lt*«.  69S  oJ  1930, 34S-M3.  «)6'4^ 

■  Bom.  0«Y.  R«v.  Rot.  «M  of  193S,  4I&.  The  diitingnMhins  (Mlut«  < 
PriDgle'atctdomtnt  WM  the  principle  of  aaicMiDg  at  a  oorlain  jproportian  ol  tl 
ptvduct.    Lieul«aaat  SiMttceda  and  tli*  Rev.  Comr.  Mr.  Wtllauuon  lUd  oM 


M 


Deecan.] 


POONA. 


lod 


every  allowance  for  the  chance  of  mistake  tbroagh  carelessness  or 
error,  Lientenant  Shortrede  came  to  the  conclnsion  that  so  many  and 
Buch  striking  errors  as  he  found  could  ha  the  result  only  of  inten- 
tional dishonesty  and  fraud.'  So  great  was  the  amount  of  fraud  in 
the  portions  of  tne  work  he  had  tested  that  Lieutenant  Sbortrede 
came  to  the  conclnsion,  that,  except  in  its  measurements,  the  results 
of  Mr.  Prlngle's  survey  conld  never  be  used  as  the  basis  of  any 
revised  assessment.  In  forwarding  Lieutenant  Sbortrede's  report 
Mr.  Williamson  (16th  May  1836]  agreed  with  Lieutenant  Sbortrede 
that  nothing  short  of  intentional  deceit  could  explain  the  grievous 
mistakes  which  he  bod  brought  to  light.*  In  forty-five  out  of  fifty 
villages  the  errors  were  beyond  all  moderate  bounds.     Neither  the 


QuiptwTI] 

Iiaad. 
Thk  Britibi 

Mr.  PringW, 
Bwrvey, 
1836. 


to  the  principle  whUe  Lientemtnta  Wingato  uid  N«ah  and  the  Principal  Collector  Mr. 
Uilla  held  that  the  principle  wm  nnfoir.  In  their  opinion  the  remit  of  •ssesaiDg  *t 
*  certain  proportion  of  the  net  prodnce  was  uufair.  Under  it  the  cultivator  waa 
r«mIlne^ate^l  not  according  to  faia  labour  bat  in  proportion  to  the  value  of  the  field  on 
which  he  labonred.  On  the  sune  capital,  rich  soil  j>ie)ded  a  much  greater  profit  tbaa 
pooTsoil.  Lieatenant  Wingate^Tea  (Bom.  Oov.  Sel.  CVH.  14,  129)  the  fullowing 
■tatemeut  to  ehow  the  inequality  of  Mr.  Priugle'e  survey  rates  in  couaequence  ol 
being  a  percentage  of  the  net  pri^uce,  *and  shows  hov  the  nttes  might  have  be«n 
fixed  ao  as  to  render  the  profit  of  cultivating  every  deaoription  of  land  the  same : 

Stnlal  <m  Nit  Produet,  Boa  Faults, 


Soil. 

Acne 
oapabis 
gf  being 
ml  tint- 
ed at  a 

yearij 

Bipante 

of 

aaioo. 

Value 
•t  net 

produoe 
per  acre. 

Ha.  PaiKOLi's  Bdrtit  Birn. 

PaoPDiiD  Rites. 

6i  per 

cent  of 
net  pro- 
duce or 
wre 
rat^ 

Total 

nnlal 

on  the 

scr«  In 

the 
■Bcond 
ooiumn. 

B^anoe 
.of  net 
produce 
boiae  tbe 
pn^tor 
oultlva- 
tlOD. 

Aere 
Rate. 

Total 
Rental. 

BalsDce 
of  net 
produoe 
being  tbe 
pioOtot 
cultiva- 
tion. 

litBladl 
2nd  Bladi      ... 
Srd  Black      ... 
lUBcd 
md  Bed 
Srd  Red 
lit  Gravelly  .. 
End  atatell; . 
IrdOraTsIl;... 

Total     ... 

A.  g. 
SSM 
2B  It 
M  S3 

at  IS 
se  1 

40  2> 
40  14 
40*4 
4SS3 

Bs.».  p. 
3    B    0 
1  IS    S 

1  1  a 

10    4 
I     G    1 

0  14    4 

1  «    1 
out 
4)  10    0 

• 
Ba.B.p. 
ISO 

lis 

0  18    0 

1  1    9 
0  11    9 
0    19 
0  10    0 
D    I    8 
OSS 

Be.  a.  p. 

80  11  a 

HI  10    8 
88    4    0 

SI  B  e 

2G  II    a 
l>  U    1 

It  s  e 

IB    B    2 

It    I    0 

Re.  a.  p. 
12    8    i 
U  11    1 
28    e    4 

IT    0    7 

a)  12  0 

le  12   e 

20  e  1 

It    I    T 

18  e  8 

Re.  L  p. 
1  11    1 
1    I    8 
0  U  10 
14    0 

out 

0    6  10 
0    0    T 
0    4    0 
0    1    1 

Rn  a,   p. 

to  11     1 
St  IS    0 
SO    2    1 
88    0    t 
24  IB    4 
14  14    0 
HOB 
12    0  10 
S  IS    4 

Re.  a.  p. 
21     B  it 
21    S  11 
21     B  11 
21    8  11 
21    8  11 
21    B  11 
21    S  11 
81    8  11 
21    8  11 

.., 

!»    I    2 

104    0    t 

...       ilU    T    4 

104    0    S 

Od  the  other  hand  Mr.  Williamaon  contended  (2297  of  12th  October  1S.18,  Bom. 
Gov.  Sel.  CVII.  ISI  -  1S2)  that  if,  as  Lientenant  Naab  argued,  Ooremment  were  the 
UDiversal  landlord  and  the  cultivators  its  servants,  it  would  undonbtedlv  be  nniast 
to  leave  one  man  a  greater  proportionate  share  of  the  fruits  of  hia  labour  than 
smother.  But  if  the  obieot  ol  an  aaaeasment  waa  to  impose  a  land-tax,  the  plan  of 
taking  a  certain  share  of  the  net  produce  was  the  ooly  ooe  by  which  that  tax  coold 
be  fairly  fixed,  and  it  waa  the  only  meaos  by  which  any  interest  could  be  created  in 
the  lanii  stronger  thau  tibat  local  attachment  which  the  Knnbi  had  for  his  6elda  ;  nor 
waa  the  comparatively  hiffher  aaseasment  of  inferior  soils,  which  was  caused  by  anch 
a  system,  to  be  deprecated.  Accosding  to  Mr.  Williamson,  it  ie  perfectly  natural  and 
most  profitable  for  the  cultivator  that  the  best  soils  should  be  the  first  cultivated  aa 
those  which  in  prooortion  to  the  capital  and  labonr  employed  on  them  yield  the 
beat  return,  and,  when  the  fiscal  arrangements  of  Goveromant  invert  thia  uatDral 
order  of  things,  it  ia  a  dear  proof  that  there  ia  aomething  radically  wrong  in  the 
aystem.  Government  (4789,  Slat  Deoeraber  1838,  Bom.  Gov.  Sel.  CVII.  157-188) 
observed  that  Mr.  Williamsoa'a  principle  oaniad  to  extremity  wonid  aeem  to  end  in 
the  abolition  of  all  diSerenoe  of  rate  or  daasifioation,  and  the  aettlenuiit  of  oaa 
nniform  rata  for  Und  of  all  qualities.     Bom.  Oor.  Sel.  CVn. 

<  Bom.  Oor.  B«t.  Sm.  698  of  1836,  41S  -418. 

■  Bon.  Oor.  Bat.  Bm.  699  of  1B36,  8SQ-S71. 

■  1S27-S2 


IBon&or 


ChK?ur  Tin. 


Till  BUTUO. 

tm. 


410 


DISTMCT8. 


closaiHoation  nor  tli«  nU«  ui  ascoutnent  htid  itnj  contw 
tliscolonr  ur  qoftlitiea  of  tbe  >K»I.  I&  several  cttsea  tlie 
waa  gluingtjr  tinjuitt.  Id  oqc  ptace,  fit^lda,  ud  which  oo  g 
be  rkiaod  except  after  mina  u  exceeeive  na  to  mako  (be 
altnoflt  ubqIcm,  were  entered  m  at  the  beat  soil.  SoiU  n 
wrongly  cIiiASfid  iu  uluosl  every  villa^.*  Tbe  errors  in 
nhulu  IjuldisKo  i»^  '^*'''  >  t^^y  '"'^<^'  ""^^  vccuiioiutl  or  bcct 
contioniil  nud  sjrstetnatic.  Tbo  buMers  of  alu^nntocl  or  pri' 
wero  ^rvfttlf  Cuvoured.  Tbe  partial  maaoer  iu  which  ibfi^ 
uikmimI  was  showi]  bjr  cues  whirb  Lieut.  ShurtnMle  bv 
pxnmiit«il  ntid  well  Mt  forth.  A  gnNtt  part  of  thfSo  favM 
were  held  by  tbe  bemditary  Tillage  ofiicers.  Tb«  aaaes 
bvld  by  the  ber^ditarj  officers  wtwe  aiao  n.>curdo(]  iu  » 
tlioQ  tboy  properly  WoDged  to.  Id  aeTeml  villages  L 
Sborlrcde  K>und  that  tba  best  IriuI  wiw  scarcely  cror 
Uio  bosi  class-  In  aereral  ins1«ace9  lio  foiiud  thnt  tb 
Gfst  assi^tml  hj  tbo  stcsMtor  was  fairly  t.-orrt>ct  mnd 
fa1sifI«J  by  ilie  bead  osseaaor.  In  alnioat  every  emu?  tbn 
tions  line)  boen  made  in  Belda  belonging  to  tbe  villa^ofl 
ricb  landtKilderH.*  Another  comin<>f  error  io  the  earrcv 
ovor-atHHsment  of  poor  lauds.  TIivw  errors  were  so  g^ 
they  aeemed  to  be  wilfnl.  Twenty  to  a  bnndrvd  raaei 
nii^lit  be  produced  from  any  village  token  at-  mndom  * 
iictf,  Li^ut<Miant  Sbortr«de  snid,  tho  sysitftni  of  ftxmjf-^rli 
Hold  could  bear  by  ll>c  net  produce  it  yislded,  failed  becai 
diliiculiy  of  oolloetiBK  truislwortby  iaformation  nboiit  nvl 
On  these  reports  Government  unwilHoglycameto  tho  ctmdi 
Mr.  Pringte'ssiirvey  aiidaswssnioot.a  cork  of  i^ujit  labocr 
mons  expense,  which  was  originaliy  looked  to  with  uto^ruiul 
lioDj  ratiHl  finally  be  set  aside.  GoverDment  acmitcscfMl  in  ilu 
CommiiisioDer'B  opiniou  and  were  aatialipd  ibal  thp  m 
aaseasmeot  were  onfit  to  be  made  the  basis  of  any  n-  \ 
revtaion  of  tho  assesameiit  was  urgently  called  for.      >  u 

nuseriea  which  the  people  suffered  from  hwiTj    and    unrq 
mmt,  every  dn^'  aiid  every  hour  of  delay  wan  aivevil.     In 
the  mode  of  effecting  the  revision  tho  i^nly  general  rale  wbti 
inent  conid  ky  down  was,  thai  a  patient  searching  ; 
quiry  uiiiet  be  mndo  intothe  iadiriunnl  nnttiru  and  l'ujj  .  j 


■Bom.  Gov.  fUrv.Boe.  (IMof  IKM,  .13«.X»T. 

•  Bon  OoT.  Rev.  Rw.  608  of  1838,  337-MO. 

■Bou.  Gov.  Rev.  It<f.  eOSof  1S34,  MO  Ml. 

•Liosratul  ahortmlr    (Slth  Cktnbcr  1SS9)  nra,  'Ibstvatl   .J  rui 
■acertaiaby  a  dctailniaalculiiliuu  inercn  villii^llicvxaat  valu.;  „(  tl>« 
ol  aach  variety  ot  tuil,  1  Hhoiild  haro  prewTMl  an  sMManwut  lOHotlod 
tioaotlbscnwipivdafledecrvAiuui;  trvcn  tboiieh  b>  tfcu  poor  aoO.' 
Km- flW  0*1888.  «9.<«2. 

•Tbo   (aulU  in  M?,  Pringle'e  acttUroont  Arc  riven     " 
IdMUnuit  Wbigatv  in  tkm.  nor.  S«l.  C'VU.   IS-  It,   1>  < 
CIA.   10.13.  88-Sfl,  lOa-IOe.  IM  lis-  Mr.  Milb.  Prin  .j 

UrISSS.  Bean.  Gov.  8J.  C^HT.  142.*  CU.  ll-i ;  r..l..,„  ^ 

CVII.  1 1,  in  or  (XI.  10.  i-t  i   Mr.  Williajnron  llic  Bpv    - 
IB38.    Bom.  Got.  Sel.  CVII.  I H  ■  IHi ;  uuHitxf.  Utter  *;»«  vl  ilu 
Bern.  ttav.  Sel.  CVIJ.  157-168. 


Deccan.  J 


POONA. 


411 


acre  of  soil  which  tte  survey  included.  In  anch  a  case  no  abstract 
or  general  principle  could  be  applied.  Government  hoped  that 
under  the  management  of  ths  Revenue  CommisaioDer  Mr.  Williamson, 
the  present  revision  would  be  successful.  Besides  the  talents  and 
information  that  could  now  be  brought  to  tbd  work,  the  agents  bad 
learned  much  from  past  errors.  Every  step  they  took  would  be  founded 
on  experiment  and  must  lead  to  improvement.  Grovemment  deter- 
mined  that  under  the  general  superintendence  and  direction  of  the 
Revenue  Commissioner  the  work  of  survey  and  assessment  should  in 
each  subdivision  or  tdluka  be  carried  on  by  the  Collector  or  the  assis- 
tant collector  who  might  be  in  charge  of  it  aided  either  by  an  en- 
gineer officer  or  any  other  competent  military  officer.  In  the  Foona 
coUectorate  the  military  officers  were  to  be  distributed  according  to 
the  following  arrangement.  LieuteoantWingatewas  to'survey  Mohol 
and  Madha  under  Mr.  Qoldsmid ;  Lieutenant  Nash  was  to  survey 
Ind&pur  under  Mr.  Groldsmid  according  to  the  system  introduced  by 
Mr.  Goldamid  and  Lieutenant  Wingate;  Lieutenant  Shortrede  was 
to  have  charge  of  Bhimthadi  in  addition  to  Purandhar  and  was  to 
have  Lieutenant  G-aisford  as  an  assistant ;  Lieutenant  Calland  was  to 
survey  Khed  and  M^val ;  EnaigG  Diggle  was  to  survey  Junnar  and 
PiLbal ;  Lieutenant  Hart  was  to  survey  Sbol^pur ;  and  two  other 
officers  were  nominated  to  survey  Bdrsi  and  Haveli.^  Tofender 
the  proposed  arrangement  for  surveying  and  revising  the  assess- 
ment'fuUy  available  and  beneficial.  Government  impressed  on  all 
officers  concerned  the  necessity  of  harmony  in  work  and  of  unity  in 
system.' 

Except  in  Junnar  the  1836  rainfall  seems  on  the  whole 
to  have  -been  favourable.  Of  the  total  remissious  of  £16,50>l 
(Rs.  1,65,030),  ^£13,1 10  (Rs.  1,31,100)  were  granted  on  account  of 
bad  crops  and  £3393  (Rs.  33,930)  for  other  causes.*  Of  the  total 
land  revenue  £119,452  (Rs.  11,91,520)  were  collected  and  £6954 
(Rs.  60,510)  ffere  left  outstanding  by  the  end  of  Augost  1S37.  In 
the  nine  Poona  sub-divisions  eight  new  wells  were  bnilt  and  twenty- 
eight  old  wells  were  repaired.  Markets  were  established  in  several 
villages.*  In  April  1837  the  Collector  Mr.  Mills  drew  attention  to 
the  great  1n3s  and  hardship  caused  by  the  levy  of  customs  and  transit 
duties.  He  was  of  opinion  th^t  the  abolition  of  the  transit  duties 
would  give  much  relief  to  the  agricultural  and  manufacturing  classes. 
Transit  duties  caused  ^reat  trouble  and  annoyance  to  trade  and  many 
difficulties  to  husbandmen  in  disposing  of  their  produce.  They  wero 
one  cause  of  their  poverty 'and  of  the  decline  of  the  land  revenue. 
Mr.  Mills  recommended  that  these  duties  should  be  abolished.     3o 


Chaptar  VI 

Land- 

Thb  BBTraj 

Mr.  PrmgU 

Survey, 

18S6. 


1836-S7. 


'  Of  the  ■ub-diviidoiui  nun«d  in  tha  text,  Mohol,  Mftdho,  ShoUpnr,  and  Bftrai  u« 
now  (ISS4)  in  SholApnr  t  uid  ludApur,  Bhimtliadi,  Pnruultuu',  Khed,  M&vkl,  Jnimw-, 
i'ibal,  and  Havcli  in  Foooft. 

'Qov.  Utter  3024  of  3rd  Kor.  1836,  Bom.  Gov.  ReT.  Bee.  698  of  1836,483-492. 

*  ThedttailH  of  remiuiotu  onKoonnt  of  bkil  oropa  Are  :  ShoUpnr  and  BAni  Sa.  260, 
Mohol  and  Midhk  Ha.  UOO,  H*Telt  wd  BUmUiAdi  Ki.  1^,170,  KJied  ud  Mini 
Ra.  17,120,  tJhivner  or  Jnimmr  ud  Pibftl  Ba.  78,900,  Pniandhar  «s.  0830,  IndApnr 
Ra.  2480,  ami  Poona  Citv  Ra.  40,  toUl  Ba.  1,91,100. 

*  The  Collector  Mr.  Milla,  12th  Junarjr  1S88,  Poona  Collector'a  CompiUtioD. 
Jamlbandi  Eeporta,  1836-38. 


rBombay  Qautta 


41 S 


DISTKICTS. 


ChBpt«r  VIII' 


ISM-JSSa. 


lonpf  as  ihey  exiet«d,  nettlier  trade,  manafactnrea,  dot 
could  flonmh.  This  opinioa  of  Mr.  Mills  had  the 
Lieutenant, aftcmBrdi  Sir  Gi^or^  AVincrstu,  wbo  livid  tLat  the  trai 
duiies  iver«  one  of  the  chief  causes  oi  tbo  hasbsudizieii'a  poni 
Tho  holders  of  land  would  hail  the  abolition  of  transit  duties 
of  die  greatOBt  booDS.*  Trnniiit  duties  weroaboliahed  in  &<■] 
1837.*  I 

Tbo  chief  measure  connected  with  the  admiaintr&tion  of  I 
land  in  I83*).37  was  tbe  introddctiou  of  the  thirtj'  gears'  pe»ei 
earvoy  Btittli'tneot  into  tbe  Kslns  potty  diviHion  of  IndApur.  A|l 
from  the  ruinous  element  of  fraad  is  Mr.  Pringle'n  sarvoy  in  Indd|{ 
tbe  geueral  ^ilure  vf  ifao  182£>  liarTOet  bad  altered  tbo  obatw; 
of  hit4  suttU'mt^t  aud  filled  the  reveooe  acoonntR  n-ith  confusion  i 
uncortoiotj.'  Between  IS29  and  183*  tlie  Indilpwr  busboodii 
Buffered  grievouely  from  lht<  fntuds  of  the  Tillage  omcen  and  an 
Qoveroinent  serranta.  Tbe  stoppage  of  or  at  U'liHt  the  gi 
roduction  tn  Uu'se  abuses  in  I93i  aud  a  cbango  for  tbe  iiottur  in 
ftoasons  improved  tbe  condition  of  Indiipur.  Tbe  revenue  retunis 
tbo  three  vears  coding  1 635-36  show  avomfcv  receipts  atocQnt 
to  £6145  (Ra.  6l,4d0}  or  an  inoAase  of  ^UhO  (lU.  44^00) 
tlie  corresponding  receipts  in  tbo  three  years  beforo  ISiG-' 
It  was  uudor  these  comparaiively  taToarablo  circumetancea  l 
wilL  tbe  aasist^ince  oE  Lieutenant  Wingate,  Mr,  Gofdamid 
troduecd  a  revised  survey  and  auiesstnt^nt  in  tfao  Kalaa  p 
division  of  IndApiir  in  1836.*  Mr.  Goldsmid  proposed  tbat  evoty  | 
should  bo  csaniined  and  tbe  qualily  uf  ila  soil  and  the  ikdraati 
or  d  i  Had  rant  agf»  of  its  situation  determiued.  Goverumeut  <j 
anxious  tbat  tbo  mcasui-cments  of  Ur.  Kinglfl's  sarvej'  should  i 


>  Ur.  Milb.  Phodpal  CoUMtor,  2Sth  Apnl  1837.  Bom.  Gov.  R«v.  Rec;  7) 
1837.  32-34. 

>  lieutenant  Evuw  in  PvnnilhKr8arvey  Report,  13  of  ISth  VAy.  IM7  t«n 
Id  ifoiLMquvnca  ol  moot  ela>bc«at«  and  viipnviu  iirotosta  rrotn  Ur.    Dkvio*  in 
tnnat  duties  wore  abolithml  ia  1VUi>.     Bomliay  Ou»tt«vr,  XIII-   6S1. 

*  Bom.  Gov.  B»v.  lUo.  «W  oF  I83S.  0- 12.     Bom.  Oov.  Sol.  CVtl^  14-17. 

*  Tbo  detail*  kro  :  Jm^fvr  Rmmtt,  IfM-Utt. 


Tut 

ImW. 

HoBdo- 
•IdML 

Oov 

■lUdlBtfL 

Cullop. 
Uent. 

" 

lU. 

Rk 

b. 

ta. 

IMM? 

rt.ioT 

ii.no 

SITB 

«a.ti< 

ucr-tt 

•MM 

U.MI 

•Ht 

u.oii 

U»»    ...        .- 

M.W 

ta 

l^«l^ 

•0M> 

UOBSO   ._ 

I.OS.»t 

—  ■ 

R4,HS 

tl.»T 

MMI 

«.UK) 

lAUd 

ttn 

it.m 

IMI-M  . 

n.tK 

HJM 

sa 

tOM* 

IMMt 

n,tot 

A7,tM» 

«rt 

n,i« 

I«W«4    _ 

«!.«» 

Sl.ttD 

«t,««D 

I(WU 

TD.M1 

(MT 

MM 

«.«« 

taue 

IIMO 

11.  im 

tn 

M.W 

laFabTtitry  1887  (Bom.  Oov.W.  CVn.  21  or  CLl.  18)  ColonalFraiuJa 

Ur.  Goldstnid  introdui-ud  fan  tnilApur  tetUnaent  when  tha  Tfeavm  </  Ifcl 
di'riHon  vu  tiJlin^  Mtd  cuttivfttlon  (iMKUinff  lad  when  there  v*r*  hoiv^  ««| 
iiW  b«Uno«B-  TIlw  doca  not  a^roc  witlt  tbo  Mioto  iitAi«ini'nt  ol  tlio  IndApvr  iwi 
whieli  Colonot  PrMUTiB  givoa  in  park  30  of  tbe  wike  rcpoiL  n« 
tlikt  lodapur henn  to  m«Dd  from  1S33S1  not  (rom  1830-37. 

•  Book  Gov.  &l  CVH.  and  CU. 


Deccan.] 


POONA. 


413 


the  baais  of  the  new  settlement.  The  former  meaBorements  were 
accordingly  in  each  case  tested.  Where  the  en-or  was  leas  than 
ten  per  cent  the  old  measurements  were  kept  and  it  necessary 
corrected ;  where  the  errors  were' so  great  as  to  be  likely  to  vitiate 
the  assessment  the  whole  village  was  re-meaenred.  As  regards 
the  classing  of  soil  Mr.  Goldsmid  proposed  to  arrange  the  dty-crop 
or  jirdyat  lands  nnder  the  three  heads  of  good  or  uttam,  middle 
or  madhyam,  and  bad  or  kawUhth,  It  was  in  his  rules  for  classing 
the  soil  that  Mr.  Goldsmid's  system  showed  itself  most  snperior 
to  Mr.  Pringle'a  system.  Under  Mr.  Pringle's  system  bo  many 
considerations  were  left  to  the  decision  of  the  classer,  the  qnality  of 
the  soil,  its  position,  and  its  advantages,  that  it  was  impossible  to 
have  any  uniformity  in  the  classing  of  soils  and  it  was  impossible  to 
test  the  care  or  the  honesty  of  the  classer.  Mr.  Goldsmid  rejected 
the  whole  of  the  former  classing.  The  attention  of  the  classers  was 
directed  entirely  to  the  (jaality  of  the  soil  of  eaefa  field.  The  classer 
had  nothing  to  Ao  with  any  other  considerations.'  All  other 
considerations  belonged  to  the  question  of  the  assessment  not  to  the 
qnestion  of  the  class  of  land.  Even  after  confining  the  dosser's 
attention  to  the  quality  of  the  soil  it  turned  out  in  practical  working 
that  to  determine  the  qnality  t)f  the  soil  of  a  field  required  a  mnch 
more  elaborate  arrangement  than  the  original  rough  gfronpiag  into 
good,  middle,  and  raid.  To  meet  this  difficulty  Mr.  Goldsmid  and 
Lieutenaut  Wingate  devised  a  plan  of  arranging  the  soil  ander  three 
main  groups  according  to  colour,  black  red  and  yellow,  and  of 
dividing  each  of  the  three  main  groaps  into  three  grades  or  classeBj 
that  is  into  nine  grades  in  all.'  A  value  was  assigned  to  each  of  the 
nine  grades,  twelve  annas  oi;  jths  being  the  highest  and  two  annas 
or  one-eighth  being  the^Iowcst.  As  regards  the  dr^-crop  rates 
Mr.  Goldsmid  suggested  an  alternative  scale,  for  good  lands  either 
two  or  three  acres  to  the  rupee  of  assessment;  for  middle  landa 
either  three  or  four  acres ;  and  for  poor  lands  either  four  or  five 
acres.  He  was  strongly  in  favour  of  the  lower  scale  of  rates.  If 
the  higher  scale  was  adopted  he  thought  that  in  a  tract  which  satfered 
80  greatly  from  uncertain  rainfall  frequent  remissions  would  continae 
necessary."  It  was  at  first  proposed  that  the  settlement  shoold  last 
for  ten  years  instead  of  for  one  year  and  the  period  was  afterwards 
lengthened  from  ten  to  thirty  years.*  Of  the  seventy-three  and  a 
half  Government  villages  of  Indtipur,  the  villages  forming  the  Ealas 
group  were  settled  in  1836-37  and  the  rest  in  1837-38.'  The 
following  statement  shows  the  tillage  and  revenne  of  the  Indipnr 
Bub-division  between  1818-19  and  1836-37: 


ChaptarTU 
Land. 

TBEBamsH 

Surveg, 
1836-1838. 


>  Bom.  Gov.  S«l.  CVH.  28 ;  Mr.  Ooldnnid,  Snrr.  Supk  47  of  lit  Nor.  1840  puM 
C6-67,  Bom.  Gov.  Sal.  CXXX. 

'Bom.Gov.  8eL  CTH.  23-24,  20-30;  Lieut.  DAvidMn,  lat  S«pt  1840  puftS, 
Bom.  (iov.  8«1.  CXXX. 

'  Bom.  Gov.  S«l.  CVn.  a4.  *  Bom.  Got.  SbI.  CVH.  24,  26,  SS,  3B. 

'  There  were  beaidea  two  and  «  IiaU  viUagM  which  wen  Httl«d  in  1S4S.  Bom. 
Gov.  Sel.CVU.  29. 


[Bombay  GaxUa 


414 


CbApUrYlU, 

Lftad- 
Thk  Bkitimk. 

Sarrrif. 

Ind&pur, 
ISX-ISSS. 


D1STRICT& 


laildpvr  TUIai/t  and  Bevenwe,  1S1S-18S7.* 


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t& 

*» 

The  e£Eect  of  the  rates  iutrodnced  by  Mr,  Golilamid  aad  Lieuteni 
Winffftto  was  to  ri'duce  the  jittiitil'amli  or  rent  settlement  fpom£9£ 
(Rs.  99,030)  in  183(>-37  to  £7279  (Rs,  72,790)  in  1837-38  or  26 
cent.^     Tliis  rental  of  1837-38  was  not  mnch  lower  than  theaven 
settlement  £7545  (Rs.  75,-lo0)  in  the  five  years  before  1836-37.'' 

This  surrey  and  settlement  of  Ind&pur  baa  the  special  iotei 
of  being  the  first  application  of  the  union  of  wise  principles  i 
ingenions  practical  devices,  which  baa  since  become  so  well  knc 
and  so  widely  adopted  noder  the  name  of  the  Bombay  Revei 
Snrrey  system.  The  new  settlement  ^vas  gradually  iatrodn 
group  after  group  into  all  the  villages  of  the  Poona  district} 
work  ending  with  the  settlement  of  the  Mdvals  in  1853-54. 


)  The  IndApuT  rher  is  larger  tlinn  the  Poonn  nhfr  :  the  Poona  titer  w  mora  '■ 
double  the  Bombay  ii!wr  (Lieut.  Naah,  1S3S)  ;  216, OUO  bigkdt  nmrly  eqaa]  IK 
ftcrea.     Bom,  Gov.  Sel.  CVII.  118,  120,  121  ;  CU.  96. 

*  Bom.  Gov.  Scl.  CVU,  36.  =  Bom.  Gov,  Scl.  CVII.  21. 


Deccan-J 


POONA. 


41 S 


The  following  statement  gives  the  survey  rates  iutrodaced  into 
the  different  groaps  between  1836  and  1854' : 

Poona  ffighat  Dry-erop  Svrvej/ Acre  XaU»,  18S6  - 1854.  ' 


ilxocrt. 

Buna. 

BmDs. 

AlikUVUL  OR 
StPtai. 

1 

1 

■d 

1 

£  - 

i 

a 

net. 

■E 

ii 

1 

ibi. 

Aft. 

So. 

Aai. 

St,. 

Str. 

Urn. 

JicL 

Jiu«. 

Igdipur ,., 

SM 

310 

170 

isa 

130 

-B 

1O0' 

60 

B9 

R05 

JM 

KLiUJ       ... 

SOD 

240 

170 

aa) 

180 

«a 

76. 

4ft 

M 

BlrliiikLl 

MO 

SBf 

ISS 

aso 

14  C 

so 

lll> 

Hh 

4I» 

Wf 

Ui 

6l>llIltllMll 

s?s 

3O0 

£30 

aoo 

180 

130 

1fl.( 

UK) 

H\ 

.1. 

It- 

Kurkazub 

330 

OTS 

1&^ 

iw 

145 

IDD 

110 

es 

40 

4U0 

PtUaJ       

AUB&ri     ... 

490 

sao 

270 

3» 

ISO 

IK 

leo 

1W) 

«0 

Bsa 

eoo 

l>onJJi 

iSO 

4:m 

350 

250 

415 

376 

!7B 

176 

^40 

140 

Gt 

11T 

... 

■  — 

M50 

373 

SM 

313 

J38 

158 

lot 

lai  7S 

.. 

Funuidhax 

Jae4 

Si& 

S31 

213 

lya 

138 

^^j 

IN 

105:  M 

■  ^4 

Ill 

Isnfl 

xas 

3(K) 

St7 

mi 

124 

ifii 

9Sl.(tl 

Snpi       

J  MS 

9TS 

IBS 

3Mi 

155 

g& 

lie 

TCll  40 

-. 

(330 

soa 

las 

KO 

14  li 

SO 

no 

OS'  40 

3HI 

iwe 

»W 

4j0 

M(l 

460 

Sit 

ITfi 

110 

iswr* 

T«    W 

Borl 

.tat 

17  n 

SBU 

j6» 

IJO 

]gdi 

100  ItO 

iw: 

IOC 

l»Ba 

31 D 

^1 

tea 

lao 

110 

,-- 

140 

BO'  M 

en 

w 

lOSO 

sso 

svo 

lOi) 

USD 

1B7 

->h 

i«) 

lil)  87 

■11 

411 

p.- 

BrlhiDonvidl   ... 

Wso 

4(IU 
!B4 

MB 

.i&o 

320 

310 

rat 

900 
ISO 

ISO'  7<y 

UHO 

an 

921 

aoo 

IIU 

VI 

130 

%    45 

^.. 

— 

Chapter  VII 
XMd. 

Thk  BBtnaB 

Sitrveg, 
1806-1864. 


The  followiog  statement  shows  that  in  the  seventeen  years  ending 
1854  dnring  which  the  rereoae  survey  system  was  being  introdaced 
into  the  Poona  district  the  tillage  area  spread  from  895,438  acres 
in  882  villages  in  1839-40  to  1,368,430  acres  in  941  villages  in 
1853-51  and  the  collections  rose  from  £63,612  (Rs.  6,36,120)  in 
1837-38  to  £72,476  (Rs.  7,2-1,760)  in  1853-54.     The  details  are: 

Poona  T^ge  and  Rtvenue,  1837-1864. 


YUR. 

iRDi'rn. 
HlUR 
Hum 

VI11i>;«. 

Tillage. 

Rmili- 
llUIU. 

Et&nd- 

Conec- 
Uona, 

Jairi. 

aijri. 

ltB73S      

II430-4O       .. 

1WU41     

l»*l-4i     

lt«i-«3       

)Bja-«4    

1S4445      

i»in-4B    

1SW-4T     

iai7-49     

18  IN- 49      ...         „. 

1S4»-M 

I8M1-B1       

i&M-6a 

isst.ss     

1853-04     ... 

SKtT*. 
H 
AT 
44 
414 
M 
M 

fi 
w) 

M 
1« 

7* 

71 
M 

40 

M 

50 

Sktn. 

44 
SO 
» 
44 

40 

43 

44 

M 
t& 

\i 

40 

10 

SS9 
SBl 

sas 

MO 

Ha 

ft<7 
IKiB 

»ID 
CI40 

097 
Ui 
MS 
041 

aii5.'439 

MT.MO 

HU.800 

1,000.8^1 

l,0U.ie2 

l,0iis.l^7 

1,14S,T6S 
l.KS.ltM 
l.*'7,SUB 
1.1IM,7ID 
1,! 15.01 5 

1,918,707 
1,»0B,I30 

Ra 

7t,4]0 
1,»8,H£ 

i,a),si» 

1.W.S14 
X0,8S7 

4Siei7 

fKt,3tUi 
1,05.047 

8i,«aa 

40.810 
31 .403 
Al.MI 
18  .Ml 
7^79 
»K.fl4£ 

4S.T4S 

11>,30I 

4044 

n.frna 

24,tW 

M.I5 

44US 

SS.3J1 

«,i«S 

12,479 

7178 

ID,TM 
4109 

sSAs 
ibs 

itOK 

Bi. 

«,3e,iS4 
e.«t,tis 

B.TO.WW 
8,»I!.71I3 

8,42.eei 
;,«B.w« 

7,44,  «!!£ 
8,Mi,nW 

S,1 6.000 

3.ia.isi 

7,7t.SS5 
7,C1.4» 
7,aD,3M 

8,«l,li?.5 

8,on,7si 

7,«.7US 

'  Riiiii .  Oov.  Sol.  LXX.  88.     Four  handreil  ra  iii«kfl  a  mpee  or  two  ihillingi.    Tho 
higlicBt  dry-crop  anrvey  aora  nte*  in  Khed  wen  Ha.  1|,  Ka.  U,  Ra.  l^Ba.  1},  and 


He.  I.  and  In  Mivftl  Ra.  Ii,  Ba.  1|,  Sa.  11,  wd  Re.  1. 
(iov.  Rov.  Rcu.  172  of  1863,  107. 


Bom.  Gov.  SeL  tXX.  4 ;  Bom. 


DISTRICTS. 


Cba;t«rYIlI- 

LftDd. 

Tns  BiuTua. 

t83t-IS4i. 


1S37-3S. 


Of  other  raoaaaros  which  combiDod  with  the  rerei 
iraproTo  tlio  distnct  daring  tliis  period,  the  introd: 
diviaioaal  officers  or  mahMaria  between  1833  and  1&38, 
nbolition  of  fraDHit  dnca  in  1837  have  been  notired.  Tlu 
cesses  under  Act  XIX.  of  1844,  and  the  spread  of  pabtic 
did  mach  to  improTe  tbe  state  of  the  clistrict.  Theappo 
mahiUknr!*'  or  patty  diTisioD  offiours  suburdiunte  to  wAm 
sob-diviiiion  officers  in  Poodb  mid  other  Soocnn  distnota 
w»a  the  work  of  the  RcTeaae  Coinmiaa toner  Mr.  WiUnn 
repeal  of  oosscs  uudor  Act  XIX.  of  Iht-t  hud  tho  ovil  eflDct 
from  taxniion  large  d&ssea  of  tmdees  who  profited  laore 
aeclion  of  the  oomtnunity  by  the  £&gliah  luaxims  of  go' 
and  who  were  amoni?  tho  best  abb  to  pay  of  the  whole  p 
At  the  same  time  it  no  doubt  pruvvd  it  relief  nud  cnoMd 
of  wealth.  The  ititrodu<^lioQ  of  public  works  espiwiaUy 
fip'eatly  enriched  the  district  It  gnro  ii)ach--wanfced  eiupl< 
husbaDdmeo  when  field  work  was  sla<:k  ;  it  op«ned  mark>>i 
prodaco,  and  by  cheapening  the  coat  of  carriage  added  to 
uf  exports  ftnd  lowered  the  price  of  iinporta. 

The  season  of  183"  was  very  unfuroiirable.      la  Novea 
thronghont  tho  district  a  heavy  and  nntimoly  fihll  of 
serioaa  damago  both  to  the  standing  oropa  and  to  the  stac 
At  Indipur  the  mpeo  price  of  Indian  millet   or       '  ' 
about  86  to  72  pounds  (43-36  "Atn-*).     In  tho  whole    .  i 

(R&  1,25,660)  or  13  per  cent  of  thu  land  revenue  Tvura  rem 
■bout  elc70D  per  cent  left  outstanding.'  Tho  net  rovenno 
fall  of  £l3,0o0  (Ks.  1,30,&00).  This  doereaso  was  chiel 
the  abolition  of  town  and  transit  dntiee,  the  disoon^ 
modilictition  of  chjuctiosablo  tnx(>«,  and  ^a  fall  in  tlie  a 
judicial  receipts.'  In  Janaary  1838  Mr.  Millfi,  the  Culloc-tor, 
that,  tho  geneml  povvrty  of  thu  landholiU-rs  was  well 
GoverniQuut.  He  Doped  that  the  introdticiiou  nf  snporior 
ibe  revision  of  the  aaMMnaenl,  and  tho  abMition  of  trai 
and  other  inKee  which  fettered  the  eder(f  ies  of  tho  landliold 
soon  enable  them  to  better  their  ciroumataneeR*  The  int 
of    tho    thirty  years'  roronnu  eorroy    aettleoicnt    into 


'  For  Avtaih  aac  B«m,  Gov.  Rer.  Bm.  €95  of  IS35t 
>  Bom.  Uov.  Kcr.  B«o.  iffl  ■>(  1U38,  H,  197  -  !»& 

Fvena  Jlnmlttiiiu.  ISK-VOS. 


ISIT-SB. 

u»«. 

eni'StriMoi 

lU. 

Ri^ 

ShlvDsr 

4(ai 

■abol 

'i^     ;:: 

aboupat 

P>b*i 

1(.CTI 

tlou 

VMM 

PUF&ndhit 

SOTO 

ton 

PaoMOny 

Bhlm'Jinll      _., 

1S.SW 

iMn 

'  OfMtnr 

I(»>cll 

11,110 

iwm   \ 

K>Vd) 

ItUI 

KM 

Total 

uttT-n. 


i«.as« 

I7.ua 

sa 

lis 


J. 


1».«7 


>1.l 


■  Bom.  Gnv.  Rer.  Bee.  974  of  1939,  I,  K,  214. 

*  Pooiu  CoUKtor'i  CpippiInti<Mi,  Jundbuidi  Beporta,  1M6-3S.  36. 


DMcan-] 


POONA. 


417 


which  was  begun  in  1836j  was  finished  in  1837-38,  The  first  year 
(A837-38)  of  the  new  ratea  showed  eatistactoiy  resalta.  The  area 
under  tillage  had  increased  in  two  years  (1836-37)  by  66,900  acres  j^ 
the  revenue  was  collected  panctnally  and  with  ease ;  there  were  no 
outstandings,  and  fewer  remissions.  That  this  improvement  was  in 
great  measure  due  to  the  new  settlement  was  shown  by  the  fact 
that  no  similar  improvement  had  occurred  in  other  parts  of  PooDa." 

The  season  of  I838-S9  was  again  very  unfavonrabla  In  some 
parts  of  the  district  rain  almost  entirely  failed.  At  the  same  time 
the  rupee  price  of  Indian  millet  fell  at  Inddpur  from  about  72"to  184 
pounds  (36-67  sfeers).  In  the  whole  district  £18,626  (Ra.l,86j260) 
or  about  2i\  per  cent  of  the  land  revenue  were  remitted.'  The 
collections  amounting  to  £54,811  (Rs.  5,48,110)  showed  a  fall  of 
£8800  (Rs.  88,000)  or  about  fourteen  per  cent  The  outstandings 
amounted  to  £1920  (Rs.  19,200).     In  Inddpnr,  since  the  introduction 


Chaptmr^TIi: 
Lasd. 

THitBatTUB, 


£838-39, 


'  According  to  another  acconat,  the  tillago  area  in  IndlLpnr  showed  &n  inere&te 
from  131,707  Bcrea  in  1835-36  to  162,019  acres  in  1836-37  and  to  186,089  urea  in 
1837-38.  Bom.  Oov.  Sel.  CVII.  120.  According  to  a  third  itatemeut  {Bom.  Gov.  ReT. 
Rec.  17  of  1846,  63-66)  there  wm  uk  increue  in  Indipnr  in  1S36-37  in  tillage  of 
20,073  acres  and  in  revenue  of  Rs.  633S  and  in  1837-38  in  tillage  of  33,370  acres  and 
in  revenue  of  It*.  11,402. 

'  Mr.  MaoBfield,  aaaistant  collector,  27th  November  1S38,  Bom.  Qov.  R«v.  R«o. 
974  of  1839,  188-190.  Mr.  Mansfield  who  had  charge  of  Bbimthadi  and  Indipnr  and 
whose  opinion  as  re^rds  the  result  of  the  survey  settlement  in  Ind&par  haa  been  givtti 
in  the  text,  writes  in  the  same  report  (abont  1837-38)  :  'The  late  heavy  rain  that 
fell  in  Novembar  was  the  source  of  much  distress  to  the  landholders  of  the  atbha  or 
m&mlatdiLr'B  division  of  Bhimthadi  in  which  early  or  itAaiVcropB  alone  are  cultivat«d 
while  in  the  Karkumb  petty  division  where  rabi  ia  the  chief  prodnct,  there  were 
better  crocs  than  have  been  known  for  several  yean.  The  diatresa  above  allnded  to 
entailed  the  neceisity  of  making  brge  remiutons  which  though  smaller  than  those 
granted  the  year  before  {1836-37^  were  larger  than  ought  ever  to  be  given  if  the 
aub-diviaion  were  liKhtly  and  equitably  assessed.  But  as  thia  ia  very  far  from  being 
the  case  in  this  snB-division  in  whicn  the  villagee  even  in  proximity  to  Poona, 
which  it  would  have  been  anppoaed  would  have  been  very  uouriahing,  are  half- 
uncultivated  and  the  cultivators  most  wretchedly  poor,  the  remiasiona  were  made 
liberally  on  the  groimd  that  it  is  better  Ic  remit  than  to  allow  a  balance  to  remain 
which  may  not  be  paid  for  years,  and  perhaps  not  at  all.  The  decrease  in  laud 
cultivation,  notwithstanding  the  assistance  afforded  by  Oovemment  in  advanoM  or 
lagdi,  the  abolition  of  the  transit  duties  and  other  vexatious  and  oppressive  taxea, 
ia  a  forcible  example  of  over-assessment.  The  miinilatd&r  of  Bhimthaoi  represented 
that  unless  some  immediate  relief  were  afforded  by  redacing  the  assessment,  a  further 
decrease  would  take  place.  As  there  was  no  establishment  capable  of  making  an 
inquiry  into  the  inequality  of  assessment,  and  Lieoteuant  Nash  had  begun  the 
survey  in  the  Kurknmb  petty  division,  I  issued  an  order  that  those  who  wiahed  to 
take  up  fresh  land  sbonlabe  assessed  only  at  12  as.  or  three-fourtha  of  the  survey 
rates,  which  meaimre  has  been  attended  by  the  beneficial  result  of  16,000  acres  of 
fresh  cultivation.  The  same  rain  that  caused  so  much  distress  in  Bhimthadi  proved 
of  signal  benefit  in  Indipur,  and  uotwithalanding  the  entire  failure  of  the  Mari/* crops 
the  remisBioDB  granted  are  of  less  amount  tb&u  they  ever  have  been.  This  however 
might  have  been  expected  as  the  result  of  the  introduction  of  the  new  survey.  But 
I  bring  it  prominently  to  notice  aa  the  obviating  the  necessity  of  granting  remissions 
was  one  of  the  reaaou  specified  for  lightening  the  asseasment ;  it  is  diso  pleasing  to 
be  able  to  record  that  that  object  has  been  partly  attained. '  Mr.  Mansfield,  assistant 
collector,  29th  November  1838,  Bom.  Oov.  Kev.  Rec  974  of  1839,  178-182,  1S7-188. 

*  About  71  iwr  cent  in  the  aetUed  anh-diviaion  of  IndApur,  43}  per  cent  in  the 
nnsottlcd  sub-division  of  Shivner  or  Junnar,  and  221  pc  cent  in  the  unsettled 
snb-divisioD  of  Bhimthadi.  Bitta,  Oov.  Hev.  Rec.  10S8  of  1840,99.  In  thia  year 
(1838-39)  the  ShoUpur  snb-diviaiona  of  ShoUpnr,  Btfsi,  Mnhol,  and  MMha  were 
■eparated  from  Poona  and  included  in  the  charge  of  the  Collector  of  ShoUpur.  Poon» 
now  comprised  882  Ooveroment  viUagea  forming  nine  sub-divisions :  Shivner  178/ 
lud&pur  741,  Khed  182,  Pibal  67,  ntntndhar  671,  Bbimthadi  69,  HaveU  83,  Mival 
175,  Poona  City  2.     Bom.  Gov.  Rev.  Boo.  1098  of  1840,  3,  19,  28. 


B  1327— 63 


IBoulny 


DISTRICTS. 


Chlipi«7m. 

Luti. 
TBI  BxiTun. 

isss-sa. 


BhimikadI, 


of  the  1836  survejr,  aboitl  68,000  scree  had  been  broaghi 
t  illage.'  In  November  1 833  tbe  Ke^enno  CommisMoe 
Williamson  noticed  that  the  iDtrodnclion  into  Poona  of  thu 
s^Bteni,  and  tbo  soparatioo  of  tbe  ShoUpur  sub-colleotoi 
done  much  to  improve  the  rerenue  mauut^meot  of  Poodi 
great  want  aovr  waa  tho  revision  of  the  eurroy.  Tboai?h 
remained  to  be  done  riltage  accounts  had  greatly  improved 
MioisaioQ  of  town  dnties  aod  •drmooos  to  bnild  shops  and 
wells  and  viltsgo  ufficoa  had  done  much  to  improve  Sapa, 
Mohot,  nod  Shol^pur,  and  the  city  of  I'oona  had  benefited 
romi««ioD  of  tAzes  and  tho  n^piur  of  roads.' 

lathis  year  1838-39  the  thirty  years'  fo«nae  earvty  Mtl 
was  iotroduoDd  into  the  Kurkumb  petty  division  of  Bbin 
Ilhimthndi  waa  a  long  narrow  belt,  chiefly  on  the  left  bnnk 
Bhima,  strotcbiDK  from  near  Poona  to  the  borders  of  Taddp 
included  two  divuiioiui  which  differed  ffreatly  in  citinate. 
west  tbo  l^iiupolgaou  division,  under  the  mdadatdAr,  ei]j< 
much  moro  certain  and  abundant  supply  of  rain  than  tbe  i 
division  onder  tho  mab&lkari  of  Kurkumb.    The  climate,  m 

groductious  of  Kurkuuib  were  in  er^ry  reepeot  similar  to  UJ 
ud&par.  The  chief  feature  of  its  climate  waa  gcasty  on 
ruDfnll.uud  ita  chief  produce  was  IcdiaD  millet  or  jtdri,  PiiDp 
eiyoyed  a  coDsiderahio  rfuufnll,  yiuMod  biijri,  anil  was  near 
the  chief  grain  mart  in  the  country.  Burvey  rat«s  were  intr 
into  Kurkumb  in  1896-39  and  into  Pimpalgaon  in  1839-40. 
horror  of  Uolkar's  waating  march  in  1802  and  the  Caitiim  < 
and  famine  of  IS03  had  wiped  out  the  memory  of  all  older  snffi 
Tlie  oountry  had  ficareely  recovered  when  it  passed  to  the  1 
Soon  after,  and  probabl;;'  in  the  mind  of  the  people  because 
Peshwa's  overthrow,  a  plaguo  of  cholera  swept  away  a 
proportion  of  the  people.  Daring  the  three  year*  after  tho  1 
had  boon  driven  from  Poona,  in  tne  village  of  Kurkumb  oot  u 
people  4t)0  died.  Tbun  came  tho  ruinous  Enll  in  the  price  of 
from  the  spread  of  tillage,  the  decline  in  capitAl,  aud  tbe  tell 
numbers  ot  the  local  non-agricnltural  olaMies.  Thi>  fnilara 
in  1823, 182-i,  1627,  1829,  1830,  and  1832  bad  combined  to 
Kurknmb  to  a  deplorable  state.  The  earbest  year  for  whto 
inf<jriuiitioii  wus  uvailiiblo  was  I S32-S3.  lu  that  year,  ae  la  Iq 
a  BUCce(»ion  of  hni  yennt  joined  with  cheap  grain  bad  redna 
people  to  w  retch  edooitit  and  made  large  remisstoos  necoasar 
allotting  of  which  bad  to  be  left  in  great  measore  to  low  paid 
with  little  BuperviaioD.  From  a  nominal  or  hacka  renlal  of 
(Rs.  71,870)  of  the  whole  Uhimthiidi  subdiriMon,  £6-16:2(Rs.  S 
bad  to  bo  taken  because  of  remissions,  and  £i62  (Els.  4.620)  b 
of  village  ezpenfioa,  leariog  to  Government  only  £1243  (Bs.  1 


>  Bora. Oev.  8aL  cm.  39,  36.  Acooidliic  to  aaotlur  Blat«ln«ll^  in  Ind 
this  rear  (ISSft^)  tilUgt  riiowad  u  Imksm  «I  I&SSS  mate  ud  mvasB*  at  H 
ud  in  KurLuDiIi  titl*^  of  11.072  Mn*  and  ravosua  of  lU  1066.  Bon.  ih 
Bog.  17  o[  mta.  es-os. 

■  Mr.  Wil1Um»«»,  Riv.  Coait  SCIO  of  23nl  Kavnabw  ISSS. 

•  Bom.  Gov,  Sel.  CLL  224. 


Bcccan.) 


POONA. 


419 


» 


The  land  seems  to  hare  been  rery  uneqaall;  assessed ;  the  average 
acre  rate  for  drj-crop  wa»  lit.  H^d.  (12  ^^J  at.)  luad  ior  f^riaa  Ss. 
(Rs.  4)  beiiidea  tlie  dry-crop  ral«.  The  people  had  come  to  look  on 
Temisaions  as  their  right.'  In  ]63S-£0  Lieuteuant  Naoh  the  survey 
officer  was  at  a  loss  how  to  oonTev  au  iiuprossion  of  the  poverty  of 
the  Bbiiitthadi  viUaaea;  more  than  halt  the  arable  land  was  iroste, 
the  villages  were  niined,  constant  remissions  were  required,  and 
outstandiDga  occumuhited.'  Of  a  total  of  101,000  arable  acres 
100,000  or  mere  thau  oue-half  iren  mate.  A  portion  of  this  wiK-t-e 
was  covered  with  thick  thorny  btubefl,  which  it  wonld  be  difficult  to 
clear.  Tlie  villago  walls  were  crumbling  and  &ilhng,  and  for  one 
iuhabitod  house  two  were  empty  and  of  many  only  the  open  sitai 
remaioed.^  The  cooditiona  of  the  Kurkumb  groap,  the  soil,  climate^ 
stylo  of  tillage,  and  price  of  graiii  so  closely  resembled  ImUpur 
that  Ltentenaut  Naah  proposed  to  introduce  the  same  rates.  On 
account  of  their  grf»>tor  nearness  to  Poona  Lientenaut  Wingate 
suggested  an  iiicreaao  of  ten  per  cent  and  these  revised  rates  were 
approved  and  introduced.* 

In  February  1840  Mr.  Stewart  the  Collector  remarked  that  where 
the  new  survey  rates  had  been  iDtroduoed.  nearly  all  the  land  bad 
boon  taken  np.  lu  many  instances  the  landholders  continued  to 
lake  up  land  they  were  unable  to  cultivate  and  used  it  for  gra2tu|F 
rather  than  risk  being  deprived  of  it  by  olhora.  Wboro  the  old 
rates  prevailed,  ranch  good  land  was  still  waste.  This  could  bo 
bn>ii|^iit  under  tillage  only  by  a  reduction  in  the  as^e^smeut.*  In 
1839-tO  the  latter  rains  almost  entirely  failed  and  the  late  crops 
Buffered  severely.  At  Indfipnr  the  rn pee  price  of  Indian  millet  or 
jriri  rose  from  abont  13-1  to  88  pounds  (67-44  iheft).  In  the 
Kurkumb  division  of  Bb«Tiithadi  there  wns  an  increase  of  14,5;j7 
acres  which  was  carried  out  hv  the  landholdora  with  their  own 
capitul."  fii  the  nrbole  dislriet  the  an-*  itndur  uIIhko  w«a  Sl*5,438 
acres;  and  though  £10,f>40( Its.  1,06.400)  or  about  }^  jier  rent  of 
the  land  revenue  wuro  r«mitto<l,'  the  collections  wei-o  £12/J60 
(Ks.  1,22>600]  higher  than  in  the  previous  year. 


Ch&pt«r_TIII.> 
Laad.      J 

Si' K  VET.         I 

1S3S-39,-, 


I  Ijeutetwnt  ColoDnl  Waililiiiuton,  Kurvcy  Siiiwr  intend  cat,  I2lh  Jnly  1871.  Bcol 
Oov..S*l.  cu.  aoi. 

*  Rriin.  liov.  Hal.  CI<I.  101).  S3.1.  At  tlir  Mmd  tim?  im  in  Inititpnr  the  sUttoineol 
(Sd.  CLI.  'JU.1)  of  r«v-eimii«  for  (orty-elgtit  viIIo^-m  of  tb«  tHilmUiuli  •ubdiriaum  thown 
h  coiwiJnrablf)  innrnvenwiit  unce  Ibc  jobr  ItUn-Sl.  Thu  •v«naH  MU*etioii>  daring 
th«  tkm  T«^"  belotv  18S3-H  wlta  IU.  IC.aM  and  in  tli«  nx  ycMi  kltcr  1833-M 
Ra.  3I.ST0,  Mid  ID  the  tliruo  liul  o(  tliM«  ais  yaara  lU.  S4,SMi 

*  Hoin,  4miv.  Scl.  CU.  2XL 

*  <^<>T.  Letter  MIS  of  S4th  DMambor  1838.  Bom.  Ottr.  8»L  CU.  338,  839. 

*  Bom.  Gov.  It«T.  R«c.  tOUaof  IMO,  19-29, 

*  Mr.  SlAWart,  CoHeolor,  igth  NoTnalw  IMO,  Bom.  Oor.  Ber.  Bcc  1S4I  of  1841, 
6E^  ifc  In  IndApnr  tillage  inenued  by  t/BSJi  tcrta,  and  reveou*  hy  Da.  USO :  in 
BtdmUiaiii  thu  locnaM  «a>  17 .490  actu  andn  tillagv  and  Ka.  74W  andar  n««ia«^ 
Bom.  (tov.  Kov.  R«;.  17  0*  1840.  M-Wfl. 

'In  tbp  tiirveym]  anil  Milled  iiubaliviainni  of  IndApor  ondBliinthiditltanniMMW 
amoiintcil  b>  tl,  aoil  C}  [Wf  o«Dt,  whilo  in  tha  unMtt1«d  aubdiTiaSooa  they  Mgtd  Uom 
fi  <«  '.'0  pet  wDt  (Rom  Gov.  Kgv.  Rec  1241  o4  IS41.  41).  Oq  t1i«  Mil  ol  Ocb)t>«r 
1840  Mr.  M*ntfi«U,  tha  MMlAat  ooHaetor,  wrote,  'I  uin  afraid  thalfos  tengaeiD* 
TenitBiona  matt  b«  nwde  w)icu«v«9  tli«n  la  •  want,  ul  rain.  Tbo  Ucadboldan  aa  a 
ml*  ara  ao  mxinmUf  poor,  la  conaaquenon  of  ovvr-kUMimciit  ai»d  low  pvodnee  prlcon, 
tlut  in  a  bad  *«ar  tbcy  hare  not  capital  Mion};h  to  tnabli!  them  to  pay  tat  (ati 
aaiMUiwal.'    B«iB.  Uov.  ficT.£«(^  I241'o4  101l,  3?,  137. 


[Bomlwr  0 


Clupter^VIU. 

SonvEV. 


420 


DISTRICTS. 


In  18S9-40  the  snrvey  setUamBiit  waa  introdaced  iuto  tho 
iQg  villages  of  Bbtmtbadi.*  Tfacy  conrtitulcil  the  charge 
mSmlfttddir  at  Piinpalgaou.  This  group  wb^  the  western  ai< 
Bhlmtliudi.  It  bad  posaed  tfarougb  Uio  same  trials  as  the  «i 
Kurkamb  groop  wbich  was  settlod  Id  tbo  fu^noos  year,  i 
coudition  of  it«  viUagun  nod  people  wnn  very  littlo  better.* 
other  hand  there  woa  a  notable  diifereiicc  in  the  raiofell,  th< 
products,  and  thu  cbnrtkct«r  of  thft  soil.  Plmpalinon  en 
considerable  rainfall,  yielded  hnjji,  and  nas  Dear  Pooua  tU 
gnun  mart  ID  tbo  country.  As  regards  minfalt  in  tbe  Pirn 
group  the  oarl;  t^outh-vresl  rains  wcro  nior«  ploDtifn],  ceiti 
rogufartbaD  iu  Kiirknnib  or  IndApor ;  bat  thc>  north-east 
aod  Novombor  rains  weroslighter  and  K^ss  cortain.  As  rctgan 
in  conaeqiience  of  the  diiferenoe  of  rainfall,  thu  chief  linrves' 
Pimpalgaon  group  vnu)  tbu  early  or  hhirif  utillet  or  (ti(/W  ui< 
in  ladiipur  the  late  or  raU  Indian  miltot  or  jcdri.  Mille 
tnoro  costly  crop  to  gron  tlmn  Indtuu  millet.  It  mintecl  toan 
weodiog,  did  act  fiouriab  withoat  ruin,  and  gavu  a  lees  ouUui 
the  other  hand  millet  vraa  tho  food  of  the  richer  clasAos,  and  i 
the  cbiof  mart  of  Pinip«lg»on  waa  m.-nCT*llj  twtnty  per  ceu 
than  Indian  rniilot."    The  details  of  millel  prices  are  :* 

Svptt  Prift  ofBtljri  old  ■ftiri  i»  Shtrt,  I$JQ-£ga9. 


TO»M. 

AVH- 

JMrt. 

ism-n. 

IK- 

UR>4T, 

Karcli 

Mm. 

•K- 

tBdtpur 

Korlninli 
Tmrt  ...       _ 

Fun* 

18* 

ni. 

Apart  from  the  fact  that  iU  staple  millet  vras  a  higher  prio 


>  Bom.  G«T.  8e1.  CU.  239. 

*  DariDg  the  t«i  jrear*  Mudinc  1839-40  iu  a  gn>«|i  of  fnrt]r.d^t  BkimtliM 

whieh  w«fc  kfUrwan)*  bnm^t  nndo*  revuion  in  1671.  the  rruMtiooa 

flUT  (R«.  IS,A70)  ua  lli«  oollvcUotw  £!Ma  <IU.  2«.«eO).     Tbe  ' 

SoL  CLL  202-203)  ineluding  MtncMM*  or  ^dyor  MA*  mm: 

JIUMIoAJlNMliK,  l>»-lHa 


Twu 

SMk- 

R(ni*- 

Oat- 

o«u«<>- 

IDMt 

ikM. 

MDdlqm 

UCML 

irniiflf<K 

Sa. 

b. 

IU. 

tf. 

IBSO.*!   .„        ._ 

«T.tW 

ao.ns 

_ 

not 

lui^n 

U.1T( 

U.UT 

MM 

ATM 

lun-n  .,. 

Ea.)i;T 

3e,»M 

ssn 

1M<7 

1«SS.M 

tT.ra« 

»»- 

iau«9 

n.iot 

i»i4&  _ 

la.M 

MS 

»,(» 

BMW 

ua>-M  „ 

M.Kit 

Mir 

1«,WS 

wttn 

luur  -      -.. 

U.»Z7 

U.Mg 

irxB 

»b«K 

vm-t» 

M.»3i] 

?«!» 

uuoa 

»1.«D 

uiMa ...      ... 

N>,UJ 

taa 

UlulM 

tMAt 

WHO  ».      ... 

W4Tt 

333 

u.tu 

KJM 

Anmn   ..■ 

H,IV) 

U,OfT 

U,»71 

■MU 

•  Kwu  CoF,  Scl.  CLL  2il. 


'  &Mn.  Ouv,  Sd.  CU.  2il,  Si^  ; 


POONA. 


*n 


i 


I 

I 

I 
I 


tlunlndian  miUet,its  oearness  to  grain  mnrlccU  gave  th&  PimpiLl^non 
f^ronp  a  coosidentblo  ndvantago  orcr  Iu<Ifipur.  Duriiig  tbu  eoveu 
&ar8  onding  li!37  tho  aTeraga  price  of  Indian  inillot  at  Tcrat  io 
impAlgnoii  vras  27  por  cent  nboro  tliB  nvonij^  price  of  Indiuo  inillct 
in  Iiidjfpur.'  As  regards  soW  the  grtxler  certftintj  of  the  rain  joined 
perliapB  to  nsmo  property  of  th»  inillet  plant  tnada  the  VRriciivs  of 
soil  less  marked  tliaa  iu  IndApur.  Tlicru  was  Kts  difTenjnce  in  the 
outtam  of  biul  and  good  itoiU  in  Pimpalfaon  than  ia  loddpur.  In 
PinipnlgaoD  tbc  bvat  lauds  were  w&aleauu  tbo  worst  landu  wero  nndor 
tillage,  partly  becatme  the  guud  lands  were  harder  to  work  but  nlM 
from  iK>uiv  fnidt  in  amwHsiuenl.  Iu  Gxiug  tliv  nmouat  by  which  the 
Pimpiklgnon  rates  should  diETor  from  the  Indapur  mtos  no  diaD^ 
was  roquirud  under  (he  Iieada  of  coudition  of  iho  people  or  cost  of 
tillage.  The  chief  groundii  of  ruriation  were  the  better  rainfall  in 
tho  Pimjirtlgnoti  groap,  the  greater  neArufss  of  the  Pimpalgaon 
group  to  uutter  murketd,  and  tho  less  ditTerencu  between  tho  outturn 
of  Iho  dilTervnt  claasea  of  soil  in  Pimpalgooa  than  ia  Inddpur. 
Thotw  coDsidorotiuus  led  Liemenant  Kaoh  lo  propose  for  the 
Pimpalgann  groui>  rates  which  in  tho  a^gregato  wore  thirU-two 

fcr  cent  liiglier  tlian  the  rates  introduced  into  Inddpor,*  In  the 
'impalgiion  KRtup  lliero  wore  123,000  aci-ea.  The  proposed  nitoa 
Kvoregcd  llj|i/.(7j|(i«.)  tliBacro,aad  thcoewaasetsiDontnras  expected 
to  TOry  from  £6700  to  £6300  C^s- 57,000- B*.  63,000).  aiie  old 
asseaamcnt  was  £11,600  (Its.  I,ll>,O0O)  and  the  GoTcrnmont  receipts 
for  tho  two  years  before  the  revision  of  the  surrey  were  XSSOO 
( Rs.  :t3,000)  and  £2000  (Ue.  20,000).  IE  the  reduction  of  rates  caused 
tho  same  spread  of  tillaRo  as  in  Indt^ur,  an  increaae  of  ■t7,000  acres  ia 
tillftgeandof  atleost  £1000^.  10,000)  in  collectionfl  was  cxpoctod* 
On  the  ground  that  the  di^nroncc  of  prodace  prices  Ik-Iwcpu  ludilipur 
and  Pimpalgfton  wa.1  twenty-five  per  cent  in  favour  of  Pimpalgaon, 
Lieutenant  Wing^ntu  raised  I^cutonaiit  Xa»b'e  proposed  ratea  by 
between  four  and  firo  per  cout.*  Lieutunant  Wiagate's  acre  ntes 
were  first  bliiclc  It.  \(i\d.  (15  at.),  second  black  1«.  6d.  (12  <».),  and 
third  black  U 1^.  (^aa.  Zipt.);  &nl  red  Itr.SJ J.  ( lOasA^ps.),  second 
rod  10(<i.  (7<M.  5|p*),  and  third  red  A^ld.  (5a».  flips.) ;  firat  brown 
9A*'-  (^  *>*■  ^J  Pf')'  '*'*''""^  brown  )W.  (i  an),  and  third  brown  3Jd. 
(2  a*.  •ijTw.).  These  rates  wore  sanctioned  by  Govurumont.^  In 
oonsidoring  theeffoot  oftlio  new  rates  of  assesamont  Lieutenant  Kash 

■  Bmd.  Oov.  Set.  CLI.  S43-1M». 

'The  PioipAlMoo  *en  nU»  were:  BUck  kad,  U  M.itim.,  lliM.7(ya^  smt 
6at.9ip*.:  red  bad,  10 <u,  7  w  ,  aad  S m,  7i  p».  (bnmi  mad,  G  <u.  41  fw..  4  iUl, 
ati>)2iu.  *tm.  Tbii eomapondiiif  IndApur  nt«  want  Bluk  Und,  12  iu..Biu. 
Tt  pi.,  aod  7  iM. ;  nxl  Utiil.  S  <u.,  fi  cu.  Zf  M.,  and  3  tu,  74  pf.  ;  brown  land,  4  aa. 
2  tu.  4|  (It,  and  1  fl.  *(  p".     Boni,  Gov.  Set.  CLI.  Ifll.  344. 

*  Horn.  Gov.  Sol.  CIA.  'i15-M6.  In  the  Knrkacnb  gmm  atn  wtn  S8,7AI  amw. 
Tkur  old  MM«nii«nt  wm  XTOftS  |K8,70,&OOt  and  Uu3t  aa*  ■MMMneni  £S1W 
(EU.S7,0O0)  MprMuatiuit  aa  aromgo  meto  n(««r9M.  M**.\.  InilAp«r coaUin*^ 
2»,<KklKr«*:  ito old  wMMont  waa £i0.3<l0 (Ra. 3.03.065) Mid  lormuy  rc»n  iLo 
*roiuer«T«BuBh»dlmaBaalf  XS300(Ra.  39.000).  Tb«  ar«n^  wir«  r»te  iaipowxl  !■/ 
Mr.  0o1d>cnt4  wuftl^f.  (fift  «■)  i  t^  i«du<«d  tLofc«wncii«  to£4(00(8a.8(,00l»: 
wKileuicKtrnHionoIonltlvathiDfiOBauBeBt  on  tlxi  raduotJOD  of  ■»»»ani>|int  lin  luawJ 
(lwnr«uu«ta  about  jESOOOtRa.  60,000),  oolyabwitoiw-MTeathof  ttivUod  ruaaiuing 
«ab  of  cQltinUoa.    Bon.  Qor.  tkj.  CU.  -itS. 

'  Bum.  (^r.  &«1.  CU.  M9-2SI. 

•  GoTemtnont  Letter  130  of  IQtk  Joouory  lUO,  Doni.  Uov.  6cl  CU.  283. 


Chapter 


Land- 

Scamr. 

089-40. 


rSmW 
•42a  DISTRICTS.  ^ 

Chaptar  Till.  aDticipatud  tliot  tbey  woulil  gliortly  caose  an  increase  of  not  lea  | 

T.fin^  £1000  (Ra.  1 0,000)  njenr  id  tbeOoverDmeut  revenut',  andLuHiul 

-     u  „  WingiiU)  UiougtiL  that  ibe  gain  to  the  people  by  thu  introdnctioi 

T..>Bam«i.  thoLewr»t«.woaldbe.tilTg«»ter.i 

tS40-il.  lu  1840-41  of  a  reventio  of  about  £80.000  CH»- 8,00.000)  it 

JtlO.OOO  (lU  1.00,000)  «rer«  remitted.  Id  the  opua  oooatry  a 
from  Uie  Sabyfidria  tlie  crops  were  pcncr&lly  bad.  AboDb  i3 
(Ra.  92,000)  wen  remitted  in  tbe  plain  parts  of  PabaJ,  Ponudl 
Jonaar,  and  Haveli.  In  Indipor  sod  Hhimthadi  the  reriiioa^ 
MBOMmant  had  tcsscn«d  tba  neceesitjr  for  retnissjona  tboa^ 
aoASon  was  not  moro  btvourable  tliau  in  the  other  aaatonl 
dinsiooB.'  At  Indipur  the  nip«e  price  of  Indiau  millot  or  jtin 
Irom  aboDt  88  to  12d  uouodH  (li-64  thers).  In  the  wholo  dixtnct 
tiUago  area  inoreaaea  from  803,438  to  947,840  aoroc,  roEuissicnM 
from  il0.640to  C9926  (Rs.l,O6.4OO-R0.99,2tiO),  and  oonectioM 
Iwm  £67,097  to  £68,279  {Re.6,70,970.Its.tJ,82,790).  Oatotand 
amuuntvd  to  £1760  {lU.  I7,50UJ.*  Id  n>nowin>jf  tho  year's  n 
Governnisnt  obaorrod  with  saRH&ctioT)  that  the  revenue  waBod 
inoreaao,  the  collections  were  made  more  pnnctiially,  ^^ 
wiUUiiiliDg  baloooes  were  being  eetded.*  ^| 

In  1841  the  asaistaat  collector  Mr.  But,  writiof^  on  tbe  9tl 
Kovotnbor  spoko  highly  of  the  progress  mndo  in  IntUpur 
Bbimthadi  Within  the  lost  few  years  population  bud  incroa 
tiltaga  had  spread,  tlie  GoTemment  rerenne  nwl  risen,  and  romiu 
fallvn,  nod  the  social  nad  pvonniary  condition  of  tlio  people 
ponwptibly  improrod.  Afr.  Hart  considorod  that  thia  cluuige 
m    gront    measure    due    to    the    new    settlement     ratoa.* 


?1 


>  IJ«alMUUi»  Wiii«kta,  11th  Dwunbtr  1630,  Bob.  &ov.  S«1.  CLL  2SS, 

>  Th»  ilBUiU  a(  ramlaaioiM  ue  :  MlvklSln  |icr  caat  uidRhod  I-7S;  boUiiiHi 
WMUrn  ■ub-di'riamH  1  JuoBat  T'ST  «d  umiwuvd  ■abdlviaioD  p«rU>  wmAbiii 
ofMti.  ili«MManuaIkT«Krabl«iDtlM9pMipMta:  Pilwl30'Q2Mi  onrBviMid  rab<d 
ill  Urn  upon  MBDUyi  Mm  mmm  imfsroimlilfl ;  Hareli  8'S6  aad  PunailliAt  Jg^ 
■nnTiml  lub^vliiaM  pvtly  ntv  the  hilb  [wtt;  open,  tbe  mmoo  nofavaan 
tba  opta  puts  i   Hfci™tk«Ji  tea  tad  Indlpar  t'09  Doth  revised  BBb^tiil«Bi 

Su  eomairf,  Iba  musb  nnbiTonnUe  m  la  tbe  lureviMd  open  piuim.  To  ID 
I  jBood  nmlts  of  tba  nrisKl  nrvejr  MttlAiMiife  itill  mora  ■wkiBaly,  Itf  r 
Um  lUraiiueOMninlMloMrsivMtlieMfeaDts^ofreRiiMlMwiD  Um  imghlioitris 
(UiiaioiK  of  other  ditiWcU  i  Kirti  H'sl  Hi  urnvTiMd  waWivinun  of  Afamadnu] 
Kiu-iii«U  iS'iLttoanroriaiU  mbdivuMrnof  ShnlitDDC  Tbcj-by  to  tlie  nnnbiwdj 
«Ml «(  Uhimtiiikdi  Mid  liuU|iur  tha  ravtaad  aub-diTuiuns  H  Poono.  Boot.  OavJ 
A-*.  1S44  «( ItW.  A. «. 

*  Ui  Hivtvoraruod  mb^diviilacM  la  iMlApur  tillaga  (bowpdaa  incroaac  ofSiM 
Mill  r«vanua  of  K*.  OOA,  ui'l  in  Dkuotbadi  tiUan  <•[  21.347  manm  anil  rwtd 
Itt.  11347.  Bum.  dor.  tUr.  Kk.  17  of  16*9.  63>U.  Of  tbe  tntat  notetaiMlil 
lU  I7.n03,  R«.  11362  vert  in  Kb<.-.l,  Bv  »1B  in  Indfcpar.  Be.  2427  ta  Vma 
lU  -nti'i  m  Juniur.  Its.  lf>i^  in  Hsveli.  Bit.  607  bi  Pslial.  K«.  18.-)  jn  IVmM 
sud  lU.  b'Jia  llhimtliadi.    Tliara  rrtrt .iiTunitlliniliniri  in  USval. 

•Oor.  letter  l«4o<I«tfa  May  IH2.     Bfqn.  Gov.Rk^.  R«c  1344  of  ims  fl 

•  Horn.  (;ov.  Hn.  Rm.  ISU  o[  1H3,  H.  IM.  Bon.  Gov.  Sol.  CLI.  joa 
IMIV-II  i»  IntU|iuf  the  wMt«  otm  \ru  retluoed  to  SIGO  »erM.  Bom.  Gov.  iM.1 
.lli.  AbiMit  Knrkwnb  ia  BhiinUiwIi  tbe  aMiataBt  oollsetor  Mr.  Haaclicid  I 
ulwut  1841  I  'The  inerOMO  in  Um  Unci  nmlar  <Mi]tivBtiaa  b  tltvKnrkatnbdW 
aaioiiiiUiig  to  14,A37  *araa  eweeeeJ  >t  Ite.  5000,  »  >  pc<D«f  «f  ibe  grvat  rvtief  «fl 
to  the  laadboldcf*  tiy  tbe  rerieail  rste*  «i  »mwiint }  mA  it  It  worthy  o4  rmatt 
the  vh«l«  of  tbl*  Und  baa  been  brought  nta  enltivatuii  by  tb*  boltlen  ou 
neaiie,  nasMbtMl  by  •drMwn  end  ondtFr  *  ctew  andernudiiv  that  no 
would  be  made  cu  a«oouBt  oJ  s  failure  of  cropc '    Bon.  Got,  8«L  CLI.  aOS. 


oanl 


POONA. 


423 


sircDnistniico  which  iKJdeMi  to  the  prosperity  of  tho  people  in  1841 

ras  the  abuodaut  supply  of  cattle.     This  was  probably  partly  aC 

stdao  totho  cliango  frou  pack-bullocba  to  carts  which  must  bavo 

sot  freo  a  larpo  Diimber  of  bnlloclts.      On  the  23rd  of  December 

ltl41  the  Collector  Mr.  Stewart  wrote:  'Bullocks  are  brought  in 

Ui^  drovM  from   the  neighboaring  statos   ewrf   year   to    these 

^^^ict8,  and  cattle  markets  are  held  weekly  in  many  Urge  towns. 

^^^ft  mipply   is  amply  suQicicut  for  tbo  douAud.     Landholders  are 

^dSt^  forced  to  go  any  distance  to  buy  (-nttte,  nor  is  any  inducement 

reqnirpd  to  persuade  the  owners  of  bullock*  to  bring  them   for  eaia 

iu  tlieso  diatricts/^      In  1S40-41  Iklr.  Hart  proposed  that  remiasioa 

should  be  gntntod  to  any  one  who  would  plant  the  edges  of  bis 

field  with   tTOe«.     Mr,    tit«wart  tlio   Collector   said  it  was  no  oae 

^trying  to  tempt  the  people  as  they  thought  trees  spoiled  their  crops 

id  harboured  hird«.' 

A   subject    which   at  thia    time   receivwl    mnofa   attention    from 

iTOTCDuu  officers  was  the  best  moans  of  helping  landholders  by 

lie   grant  of  advnnceiL      In    1842    (February    8Ui)    the    Rcvonno 

Joinmiesioner    Mr,   VibArt   wrote,   '  Tbo   account   of    the  Oovom- 

aent     agricultnrat     advances  sor    the    tagdi    is    on    the    whole 

itisfactory.      Where    the   advance   is   made   to   effoct  permanent 

iprovemcnta    such    as    sinking    weUs«    the    more    that    can    be 

advanced  the  better,  provided  the  improvement  proponeil  i»  n^al  and 

^periuunent  and  the  character  and  meaJis  of  the  landholder  hold  oat 

.  fiur  prospect  of  the  ondcrtalnng   snccecding.     Advanoos  to  buy 

^allocks  might  do  good.     StUl  in  Tightly  assessed  parts  advances  for 

jullocka  were  open  totheobjectionof  toiiipting  laudholderB  to  bring 

sore  land  under  tillage   ibdh   tboy    could    cultivate    properly.      He 

lioughtthatin  lightly  asDCS^  districts  the  giant  of  anvauceato  buy 

attle    should  bo  discoumgiMl  oxc<ipt   after  an   ouidumic    of  cattle 

liflease  or  after  a  famine  y<!Cir.''    In  a  letter  dated  the  16th  of  May 

1842,  Govornmcnt  approved  of  Mr.  Yibart'a  proposals.     They  t^ua 

I  In  tracts  or  village  groapa  where  tbo  assessment  iu  ill-roguktod  and 

lie landholdera  arc  poor  and  depressed,  it  is  iinpossibla  to  resigt  tho 

for  advances  to  help  in  providing  seed  and  stock.     As  a  tract 

aiproves,  the  need  o£  advanc<>it  (or  seed  or  for  stock  becomes  less 

argent.     In  sucli  cases  advances  should  lie  confined  to  landholdora 

who  are  nnxions  to  improve  their  land.     Guverument  oaasidored 

ibat  tbo  sums  of  money  which  had  been  advanced  to  landholders  to 

■  enable  them  to  improve  their  carts  was  most  judicious.     Adronocs 

Ho  improve  iirigation  were  also  alwnys  well  spent.     In  the  present 

^to  of  tho  public  resources  it  was   impossiblo  to  eanctioa  any 

onsiderable  outlay,  and  endeavours  must  be  cooSaed  to  prevontiug 

!io  decay  o£  works  already  in  existencv.'     Conddering  bis  peculiar 

inaltfioations  and  iuliumte  knowledge  of  the  country.  Government 

Miotioned  the  annual  disbarsotnont  by  Dr.  Gibson  the  Supenntond- 

>nt  of  the  botanical  garden  at  Hivra  uf  £300  ^,  SUdO)  in  adToncos 

landholders  desirona  of  undin-taking  worlca  of  irrigation.     Oao 


Chapter  Till. 

ZiUd- 
Tirt  BBrrnii. 

tSil. 


Mr,  SUvsrl,  <'uUut-l.>r,  23rd  Dec.  1S41.  Bob  Oov.  It«*.  Rm.  1144  of  IK43,  60. 

•Bwu.  Gov.Sel.  CU- 196.  'Bum.  0»v.  Hev.  Rk.  l3«oriH-;,  lS-17. 


JaiBJacT  Ii2ca 


-^-  ^^:.T  l"-:!  y:T.  i-t..  :  Ft-  i=:pr-. 
'..=;-  ■■  ,'  -,  .i  .'i.—.-  .-.  ^'-.j  i:'.".~i-z  zj  ill '.'uiafes.  Tiles; 
.'..f  -' :  ^■■r-.--~i.'.  ■  ■.:-:';--ri  iz.:  jt~:7i1  pe:c^e  saie  tteni  t:r 
-;.--..;-  -,  . :  -^Ti  :"  ::  ?:-.=a.'  T;  :;rr;dc.je  oan-=ai 
..-■■■.  -.t  -ii.-.^-  :  :-.:77  -:TT.i  it.  ■S:eTir:  pr-rri^e-i  thar  at  i 
.-.--:■■  \  .:■■  -^:-  -,  --.  -^-.rk-'-.-z-i  =i.:;li  ie  ::nne-i,  irbi.-i 
-.  .-=-.  .-  ■ -.^  '  ^.-i  :i7t^:::i:ri  iz.i  Llaci£=r;;:Tii3  Oi  the  ^r- 
*.-.-.--.,  -.■t  i  .  .-^v;  -.  i:-'t-i  ■:■:  r,^  •s:iii:  ■:arr-niakiiig'.  ^V"[ie^e 
t.:-a::  ::  ..-r:.-.  -,■  •'r.i.r  -n.-1-i  ^i^  :!.:;•.  w;:h:a  the  reach  ■:f  i 
f 4,-:.^ •."-:.■  4,-.  :  ..-.■■.<•■.::■':.  i  a  ^11^4=e.  'JoTcrnmect  misnt  insU 
a.  ":,--A.-.  "•■■■^t::-:  ,'  13:..,  !o  -I-:;:!*  him  to  the  hi-irn  or  per-icii 
&V-':-.'j.r.y.-..-.  r.;^-.-.  v.  ■x:ri  r.riiis  vtaaye.  As  a  farther  encoar 
rr.':!.'  -',  ^^-;  v^. :..-.-.-::.:  -.f  eT-cator  sk:ii,  a  promUe  of  empIo^T 
iifi'l':r  fj '.-/:.•.■. .'.'.■':.•-'  ;.'.  tb";  pu'rjlic  works  and  c-rdBance  might  be 
'A*,  t',  r;i',-.':  w;.', -arfir-;  cor.-id'irod  tit  I-jf  such  situations,'  Got 
fr.'fit  'li'J  fi'<t.  f.iv'.:ir  Mr.  Stewart's  sugM^tions,  In  their  opiiii 
csirl-Kiiikin^f  fisiiil,  'ftrtr/iiikors  would  Boon  spring  up.* 

/nil  i\  '"'"   ''-fi--'.''"   'if    IHH-42   was  pc-culiarlj  unfavonrablo.      The! 

iJMPiii  fill  in  Rome  -iib-divisiouH  SO  abundantly  and  incesaantly  a 
(IcKlroy  ii  liirj^:  jirojjorlion  of  the  early  crops.  The  late  hai 
riiilcil  bi-crLiimi  I  lii^  liil.l.(!i-  ruiiJH  were  too  long  of  beginning.  In  s 
Hiili  divinJoriH  lliti  HUuuiinfr  f.rnpH  were  destroyed  by  locusts. 
n'tiiju'iiciifi  luiK.iiiitcd  t,ii  irj';j|  per  cent."^  At  lodapur  the  r 
|ii-irii  of   Iiidinn    iiiil]i<l,  ur  Jviiri  roao  from  about  12S  to  112  poi 


V,  Rev.  Rco.  1344  of  1842,  275- 


■  n-v    l,.<ll-'i'  lllM»riii|li  Mnv  1KIL',  n«iii.  (!ov.  Re 
-1I..111  c!,»   s,.\.  i'\  M,  :iii.  iii,  11.  .VI.  a.\ 

'  lliim    IJ.ii     llri.  lirr,   t'.'ll  of  I.S|  I,  V(l.  Jl.  87  HI. 
'  Hi'iii,  !!..>.   \if\     l!.-i'.  r.'ll  ii|  INIl.  'Jti'.l   '.'TO. 

■  '» I'l  ■'!  I.'.  Iiiilrti'iir  lO'.hi,  Mi.-it  I4-7-.',    IMlial  I'J-TO,  Punndhar  SS-3S   B 

iLi.li  •!  ;.■;.   n,„..h  ;  ;;.  MumiI;  ■.'l.iiti.ioty  .>f  IWaaSUS.     Bom.  Gor.Ber. 


Oeeean.] 


POONA. 


425 


(64-56  shers).  The  area  under  tillage'  in  the  whole  diatrict  rose 
from  947,840  to  982,600  acres,  and  collections  fell  from  £68,279 
to  £64,296  (Ea.  6,82,790-Rfi.  6,42,960).«  OutstandingB  amonnted 
to  £2441  (Rs.  24,410).«  Since  1838  considerable  progress  had  been 
made  in  clearing  off  the  heavy  balances  which  had  for  years  been 
accnmulating.  The  total  of  £69,016  (Rs.  6,90,160)  in  .1838  waa 
reduced  to  £36,544  (Rs.  3,65,440)  in  1841.* 

The  low  rates  introdaced  into  Ind&par  and  Bhimthadi  had  led  to  a 
rapid  spread  of  tillage.^    The  tillage  was  snperScial.  As  shown  in  the 
following  statement  the  increase  in  the  stock  of  cattle  did  not  nearly 
keep  np  with  the  increase  in  the  tillage  area.     The  details'  are  : 
Bhimihadi-lnddpur  TiUage  and  Working  Caitie,  1840- 184i. 


3nB-Dmiio». 

Last  TmAHor 
Scanr. 

184041. 

1S414S. 

1S4I. 

Tlllige. 

Oieu. 

TUlwo. 

Onn. 

Aena 

taken. 

Onn. 

Bhimtliadi. 
lUDilml<UT'«  Dlvlaion  , . 

IbbUkui'i     do. 

Inddpur. 
HimUtdir'a  DIviBion ... 
UaUlkui's       do.      .. 

ToUl     ... 

49,176 

M,4M 

7a,97& 
04,012 

9M1 
U49 

•  490S 
40SB 

AOTM, 

74,468 

78,1*7 

118.164 

101,000 

10,411 
794* 

7673 
6770 

Acre*. 
19,738 

n,7Bi 
iie.ui 

103,693 

II, OSS 

7804 

aats 

BTSe 

236,4n 

13,683 

37G,7« 

30,807 

377,788 

36,618 

Chapter  Y] 

Land. 

The  Barn 
1841-it, 


Inddpur 
Bhimthad 


'  The  detaila  Are : 


Poona  IWagt,  18i8-  m». 


Sni-DnnnOH. 

13I8.3e. 

183D.40. 

IBIO-tl. 

1811-4!. 

• 

ShiniBT           _      ... 

IndApuT          ...        ,,, 

PiUl              

Vwnailiht     

Khimthjidl      

HivcU             

Kb?4 

«tni              

P(Mn»(3l7     

ToUl     ... 

Aer™. 

loi'oet 

AeroL 

iii'kis 

iana. 
StI.tQi 

iis.aoo 

108,048 
tM.J.'il 

00,107 
1IK,3I2 

S!,7» 

Acres. 
I44.7aa 
M7,t« 

tai.sm 

1IM.79S 

is»,aii 

30.142 

'10£,43<l 

S379 

B«.43e 

MT,&40 

««!,«» 

Bom.  C.ov.  Rev.  Reo.  1344of  1S42,  32,  ukdl453a(  1843.  34,36.37.  In  1842ther« 
were  614S  acraa  of  WMte  id  IndApor  ud  43,705  in  BhimtluMll  Rev.  Rea  1463 
of  1H4.1,  3S.  According  to  Another  ttatement  thero  wu  in  1841-42  a  decreue  of  749 
Mcrea  in  tillage  luid  of  RJt.  226  in  revenue  in  ladApur,  »nd  an  increue  of  5418  acrea 
ftnd  Rs.  2368  in  Bhimthadi.  In  Haveli  jmd  P&ImI  into  which  the  survey  settle- 
ment  waa  introduced  in  1841-42,  them  was  an  increMO  of  6382  acres  in  tiluge  and 
of  Rb.  3438  in  revenne  in  Havali,  snd  of  2068  acres  and  B&  ]009  in  PibaL  Bom. 
Gov.  Rev.  Reo.  17  of  1646,  63  -  66. 

'  Of  the  decrease  in  revenae  abont  £1800  {Rs.  18,000)  were  due  to  the  introdncUon 
of  survey  rates  into  Fibal  and  Haveli.     &tm.  Gov.  Rev.  Bee.  1463  of  1S43,  29. 

>  The  detail!  are :  Shivner  Rs.  57,  Ind&pur  Rs.  3S08,  Khed  Bm.  393,  Pibal 
Re.  3159,  Purandhu  Rs.  10,S23,  Bhimthadi  Ri.  2934,Haveb  Rs.  3237,  MirU  Rs.  2, 
■ad  Poona  City  Rs.  SOS.     Bom.  Gov.  Rev.  Reo.  1453  of  1843,  125. 

'  Mr.  Vibart,  Rev.  Comr.  311  of  24th  Psb.  1842. 

>  The  figures  were,  for  Indlpar  212,407  acres  in  1S3S-39:  218,308  in  1839-40; 
224,695  Id  1S40-41  land 227,564  in  1841-42  :  audthOMfor  Bhimthadi  106,099  sctm 
in  1836-39;  131,324  in  1839-40;  154,361  In  1840-41;  and  159,624  in  1841-42.  Bom. 
Oof.  Rev.  Rec.  1453  of  1843, 35.  Acoording  to  another  statement  there  was  in  1841-tt 
a  docreasa  of  740  acres  in  tillage  and  of  Ra.  226  in  revenue  in  IndApnr,  and  an  inoreasa 
of  5418  ncres  and  Bs.  2308  in  Bhimthadi.     Bom.  Gov.  Rev,  Beo.  17  of  1846,  63-66. 

*  Bom.  Gov.  Kev.  Reo.  13U  of  1S42,  135-136,  The  flgorea  in  thia  >t*it«ment  and  ia 
the  statement  In  footnote  1  do  sot  qoiU  agne. 

B1327— M 


Tns  Bartuv. 


JMM, 
t84Si*. 


In  ipite  of  tlio  badocaa  of  iht  season  tlio  openin 
md  the  makinfr  nf  ciurtH  had  caoscd  «  marked    ino 
In   1841    the  ctiief  exports  were  6«ltl   prodoce,  chii 
lur,  grfto,  wheat,  oil,  sod  mtBCeUanooos  »rticle«. 
oloth  chiefly  for  local  nse  was  wuvon  in  IndApur^  Jej 
D&bhide,  and  tome  othor  riliftges.     Relnrna  prepared 
oa  the   Bombaj-Poona  rood  and  on  tha  othur  main  li 
showed  an  increaee  ia  tbo  cstinutMl  value  of  Um  trafiic  ft 
(Rs.  11,05,280)  in  18^10-41  to  £131,758  (Ra.  ]3,l7,r>gO) 
an  inoreaso  ot  ££1.230  (Bs.  2,12.300).    The  vnlao  of  tl 
which  import  or  tkal-^mod  that  is  loc&l<empt;iag  dntiw 
io  tho  citjr  of  Po4iiin  and  in  the  town  of  Junnnr,  roa*  C 
{Rs.  8,B7,980)  in  1S40-4I  to  £41,G2»  (Rs.  4,10,230)  in 
theexport  or  iKal-hhant  that  is  local-filling  ^ooda  m-oto 
hare  fallen  ia  vuhivfmm  JUS80  (Ra.6a.60O)  to  Je6a«D  (I 

In  this  year  the  thirty  y«ftr«'  rorcnaa  anrvoy  aoi 
introduced  into  the  Pilbal  and  Haveli  ftub^diviaiona.* 
□arrow  alip  of  land  lying  nearly  north  and  south, 
northern  group  with  Ansari  as  its  bead-qoartera  which 
Dahilkarrii  chnrgo  luid  a  southern 'gronp  with  Pahnl 

auu-tiTS  which  formed  the  mimlaUMr'a  charge.  As 
le  aub-diviHioQ  wcru  abuut  tho  Mmo  distaooe  from  tin 
there  was  little  T«rietT  of  climato.  In  thu  Qorth-weet  i 
TillngeH  wpro  hommed  in  by  oomidorable  hills  n-hio 
specially  heavy  rainfall  while  sotdu  village*  on  llio  eaate 
received  a  scanty  supply.  Tho  landboldem  though  dep 
not  so  batlly  off  as  those  of  lud&pur.and  Bhimihadi. 

Proportion  of  hfrcditunr  or  mirdji  holders,  1850  out  ttf  ; 
&bal  group  aud  2710  out  of  3203  in  ibi'  Ansari  gt 
that  this  mb-divisioa  had  sever  suffered  so  sovuroly  «« 
the  district.  At  iho  same  time  PAbal  was  dopresM 
aaaessment.  Many  of  the  viUagea  woro  miocd  and 
nmsined  neerly  stationary  at  105,000  ocros  in  tho  t 
ending  1841  during  which  Mr.  Priugle's  settlement  wa 
ID  force.*  Daring  those  twelve  ytmn«  more  thao  50,1) 
abont  a  tliird  of  the  Qoremment  arablu  land  had  lain  wa 
total  dry-crop  or  l'<int<ffjiniya^a.taessment  fixed  in  18S9  t\ 
Ooremmeot  arable  laud  at  £15,500  <Ra.  1,55,000)  an  ftve 
£7200  (Ra.  72,000)  or  loss  than  ons-half  wns  realisod.  Dai 
nine  yeaia  (1820-1820)  of  British  rule  tho  nrcraRo  peuti 
miliar  or  miscellnueous  rovenuo  was  JEIS,783  (Ils.l,37,£ 
Bverago  colloi:tiona  wore  £12,518  (Ra.  1,25,180).  In  the 
yean  (1829-  ISJ-I)  when  the  rent  aettlemeut  was  nom 
aocording  to  the  asseaunent  6xed  at  the  1 829  Biir%-oy, 
revenue  for  collection  was  £10,769  (Ra.l,07,0<J0>  and  th 
£8785  (Its. 87,860).  The  large  avorago  rental  and 
dnring  the  first  period  (1320-1820)  were  duo  to  tho  c( 
enormous  reveuno  drawn  from  the  land  in  the  first 


>  Bmil  Oov.  Rbt.  Ra«.  1403011843,  Ifi.     ■  B«M.Gor.R«v.  Ree.t4j)3 
■  Bom.  QoT.  Sul.  CU.  ^71 .  •  B<in.  0«t.  C*!.  GU,  338. 


British  rale.     For  the  Bret  tliree  ye*tti  (1 S20-23)  tho  mclual  receipta 
oo  acpouul  of  laud  revenue  a?eraf|^  upwards  of  £16,000  (Rs.  1 ,00,000) 
a  yoarjin   1824  they  fell  to  £10,800  (Ra.  1,08.000) ;  and  in  every 
aucccedinij;  year  they  wer«  less  than  ia  ]82t.     I.ieuteuant    Wiogste 
thought  that  ia  the  «arly  years  the  capabilities  of  tbo  Deccan  aod 
bcon  overtaxed  and  that  this  dmio  of  capital  waa  in  ^reat  measure 
the  cause  of  the  fatnre  poverty  and  diatreEa.*      Of  the  two  naivev 
groups  into  which   P^IhiI   wna  dividt^d   tJio  PAhal   or  m&mUtdAr'a 
group  ia  tliu  south  contained  1 1 3>054  ocros  diatributod  among  t  weaty- 
eigbt  Tillages.     MeaauriDg  and  classtnff  were  begun   in  1839  and 
fiuishod  lu  18-10.     The  mtrnsuromeuts  ottbo  1829  suripy  gonorally 
proved  correct  and  were  kept  by  the  1839  survey.     Except  a  few 
villsgea  in  tbe  east  where  che  rainfall   waa  somewhat  scanty,   the 
oliinabo  of  the  PAbal  group  was  uniform.    The  people,  though  poor 
in  house  gear  clothing  and  farm  stock,  wore  some  shades  better  off 
than  the  people  in  the  east.     Tbero  were  ISS  ahops.     Still  many  of 
the  villngvti  and  village  walls  were  rained,  and  maniifnctures  did  not 
floarUh.     Of  2442   landlioldi^m,  18^0  wore  hcrvditary  holders,   492 
were  casual  boldertt,  and  \W  were  ovandkarw  or  ovandeJcarU'  that 
■a  stniigers.     There  w«ro  122.^  plougki,  7S21  bulli*ckii,  and  430  carta. 
Since  tbeiatroductionof  the  f^Z9  surrey  the  iillu;;u  ar4»  kid  varied 
little,  the  average  of  the  three  years  ending  1841  showing  an  increaao 
over  the  tbrco  yctkre  ending  18S2  of  about  4000  acres.'    This  south 
or  Pabal  group  did  not  come  nnder  British  mnnagonont  nntit  1820. 
In  that  year  the  land  revenue  was  £8332  (Rb.  83,320)  and  the  other 
taxes  yielded  £418  (lis.4l80)oratotal  revenaenf  £H7dU  (B8.S7.&00). 
In  1828  the  year  before  Ur.  Pringlv's  survey,  Uio  land  rovcnue  was 
£470(1  (118.47,960)  or  nearly  one-half  what  it  was  nine  years  before 
and  tho  Inzes  £3S8  (Ki|.3&80)  or  one-third  leaa.     The   survey  ratea 
yielded  a  rovonuc  of  £5398  (Ka.fi3,980)  that  is  aa  increase  of  £600 
(R8.6000),  bat  in  the  following  year  the  rental  sank  to  about  its 
former  level.     Siuoe  ]63o-36  it  had  boon  gmdimlly  dioiiaiafaing  at 
the  rate  of  £100  CHs.1000)    a  year  and  in    l8»S-39  waa  £5157 
(Ra.51,570)  or  £3175  (Rs.31,750)  Iush  tli;in  when  the  country  camo 
into  the  hands  of  the  liriciiih,  white  tho  taxes  were  £190  or  £230 
(R&1900  or  Rs.SSOO)  Icsa.     During  the  hmt  nine  years  (1820-1829) 
remisttoua  to  the  amount  of  £6704  (Rji. 67,040)  were  given,  and  duriar 
the  lut  ten  years  under  the  1 829  survey  the  aum  of  £7629  (B».  7t>.2!)0) 
was  remitted,  so  that  in  the   space  of  ninet^^en   yeara  the  remissioaa 
amnnnbod  to  t bo  enormous  sum  of  £14,393  (Rs.l.43,9'<)0}  that  ia 
iiunrly  thrre  years'  rental.'     There  was  a  largo  area  of  garden  tillage. 
There  wore  many  water  chaaueU  or  pdts,  739  wella  of  which  208 


Chapter  TI 

Load. 

ScnvtT. 
JM&al, 


>  UnikautWfaiala,  7th8af>t«abcrl$l1.  Bom.  Gov.  Sot.  CLL  237-339,  348. 

*  It  mu»  Ui«  holdtr  and  oaltivator  of  Uad  which  lie«  without  the  traet  nibjwt  to 
lh«  village  iu  wliich  ha  liru. 

■  Thn  vu-iun«  ImmI  nMMannw  in  dm,  th*  paUut-hi^.  bodtdtahtf^  aAAur,  taUM, 
Md  MnWi  inidu  it  impouihli]  to  toU  Uo  mm  bwIw  lilUgo  ia  Um  ;«MS  Mom  18». 
Bom.  Gov.  gfi  CU.  339. 

'  Bom.  Oor.  SeL  CLL   830.    In  the  odUtb  PAUa  witMHvUlon  that  u  (a  U*h  th« 

I  Pibkl  aad  Aowri  tarrtj  ffi««ai^  UUiw  Und  rimt  or  out  ><>«««   u>d  oimm  or  nIimt 

tofcUwr,  U»»vflnMoyoMlyr«nl»«ion»(lttriBBl8»-M  w«r«IU  11.800  und  mit*tMia- 

ino  Ks.  M3.  and  duriag  \tB»-A\  aTonn  fsnuMunw  fU.  17,141  and  «>l>tu>dtnf^ 

*  Ba  lfi».    D<Uo,  338. 


tBomteu 


428 


D1STBICT& 


CLtpter  VUL 

Land- 

Smviv. 


wore  ont  oE  ropnir,  and  69  mit^^-Ufta  or  tnidkif  of  vlii 
out  of  rejmtr,  Xientenant  Bobertoon  sn^gcKtod  tli&t  the 
tioneil  for  the  I'imp«1^^»oa  ffroapoE  Bbimtliadi  which  n 
tliroe  ]>er  cent  higher  ihitu  tlioso  of  Ind&pnr,^  should  ha 
tliid  FAbtd  gronp,  an  the  two  groups  did  not  dilTur  in  ( 
ductivoncM,  nearness  to  Poonn,  or  in  means  of  Beodiap 
mnrliels.  The  garden  Uudft  migbt  be  thought  bo 
sftbom  adopted  in  Ind&pur. 

The  Ausari  or  northern  gronp  contained   74,G62 
otcr  thirty -four  TilUgea  of  which  thiri^-one  were 
three  wenj  duimUa  or  reversionnry.  Tho  moaaari  ng  auj  c 
bf^gnn  aud  Guishod  in  lS39-tO.     As  tho  moamremeats  < 
survey  proved  incorrect  in  Bixtecu  TiUaffuM  they   were 
Ihroughoul.     Tho  error  on  tho  amble  land  of  one  vitla^ 
as  high  HS  o2  per  coot,  and  in  tho  othur  flftooa    villa^ 
from  17  to  .10  per  cent.    The  miitahtfaworOttlmostonLin 
of  Guvdniiuoiit.     Id  the  roniaimug  fifteen  riUag«8  as  the 
error  win  within  t«n  per  cent  tho  former  iDeaaarcnicnc  w 
Ab  it  was  ne»rer  to  the  hills  the  Ansftri  groap  waa  licttoi 
than  tho  eesiem  V&hfd  vilUgvs.     GooB^qaently    the  d 
fertility  botwoon  tho  bottor  and  tho  poorer  soils  was  not. 
The  climato  vras  much  tho  sunu  throughout,  except  in  a 
in  the  north- went  which  were  Hurroonded  by  hilltiftud  in  c 
had  u  !>pi:-fiiilly  iiu^u  mid  cX'rtAiii   supply  of    min.      The 
crossed  by  the  >IinB  and  tho  Ghod  end  nearly  nil  of  tho  T 
on  the  banks  of  tlies«  rivers.     The  soil  o(  the  tract  draii 
Mina  was  poor,  chiefly  red  or  Idmhdi  and  stony  or  6un 
trees  and  much  of  it  waste.    The  Ghod* Itom  as  Ear  m6  1 
ran  through  better  land,  fairly  wooded  w^h    mangos 
all  nnder  tillage.    Tlie  chief  dry  j^niins  were  for  the  ot 
biijri  niidjV'm'  nnd  for  the  lato  or  rnbt   harrest  wliost, 
BaJnowerorianffl*.  There  were  806  wells  and  04  M-ater-li{ 
in  fp)od  r#p«ir.     Tho  well*  wcro  chitrlly  nucd  in  growine 
wbcttt  and  Ki'nin,  and  iu  a  low  TillugvA  amall  patciies  C 

Stont^u    and    mulberry  trees.     A  datn  aerom  the  ML 
ffrAyangaon  nbout  ten  miles  donth-cast  of  Junnar,  wbon 
repair,  watered  362acrOTof  land.     According  to  tho  182i 
Ausitri  group  contained  75,1 77  arable  acres,  of  which  in  I 
acres  wcro    under  tillage    and  19,207  wcro  Tinete  ;    of] 
holders  2710  wvru  Iioreditury  holders,  426  casual   holdofl 
strangvra  or  oTxiJMfiam.    Thora  were  1433  ploug-ha,  aoa 
9436  bullocks.*     In  fifteen  Tillafios  there  were  good  cha-vt 
officva,  in  tea  villagON  the  villi^o  offices  wore  sadly  out  o 
in  feren  villngos  they  wero  id  ruiua.     Bosidae  sernDi 
offices,  the  ch/ivdin  were  useful  and  OonvoDient  aa  a  Ttieti 
natiTo  traTellcrs.    Tea  villages  had  Manithi  schools  j 
attendance  of  244  boya.     At  N&rAyangaon   tho  maator 
Oovemmcat ;  in  tho  other  vilhigM  the  pay  of  the   nu 


>  Bom.  (lor,  Set  Ct.l.  310. Sll. 

>  Upt.  Uiidou,  »Ht.  »upL  2&th  Augwt  1840,  Bum.  Gov.  SH.  L'LI. 


Saccan.] 


POONA. 


429 


according  to  the  number  of  boys  and  ranged  from  6s.  to  12«.  (Ra.  3-6) 
a  month,  each  boy  paying  3d.  to  Qd.  (2-4  aa.)  a  month  according  to 
"the  progress  he  made.  The  boys  were  all  very  young  as  the  parents 
•did  not  like  paying  for  them  and  soou  took  them  away.  The 
only  manufactures  were  the  weaving  of  coarse  cotton  cloth  and  of 
kdmblis  or  blankets  for  local  use.  Several  villages  had  a  weekly 
market  at  which  vegetables  and  small  quantities  of  grain  and  coarse 
cloth  were  offered  for  sale.  The  amount  of  traffic  was  small.  The 
surplus  grain,  tobacco,  and  other  produce  went  either  to  Poon'a, 
Faovel,  or  Bhiwndi.  Large  droves  of  bullocks  loaded  with  cotton 
&om  Umrdvati  in  Ber&r  passed-  through  Korti  and  P^bal  on  their 
way  to  Bombay,  Id  1820  when  the  Ausari  villages  came  under 
British  management  the  'rental  on  the  land  under  tillage  was  £8026 
(Rfl.80,260).  By  1828  it  had  fallen  to  £5653  {Rs.56,530),  and 
Mr.  Pringle's  survey  in  1829  reduced  it  to  £4662  (Es.  46,620).  Since 
1829  the  tillage  area  had  varied  little,  but  the  amonnt  of  remissions 
snd  balances  had  been  much  larger  since  the  1829  survey  than  before.^ 
At  the  time  Ausari  passed  to  the  British  (1820)  the  amount  collected 
from  the  land  was  £8026  (Rs,  80,260)  being  the  fall  assessment  withoat 
any  remission.  The  year  before  the  survey  (1828)  it  had  fallen  to 
£4487  (Rb.  44,870)  and  on  the  introduction  of  the  survey  in  1829 
itfellto£32o4(Rs.32,540);  in  183 i  it  fell  to  £2553  (Ra.25,580); 
the  following  year  it  was  more  favourable,  and  in  1833  and  the  two 
following  years  nearly  the  whole  assessment  was  collected;  in  1836 
it  again  fell  to  £3527  (Rs.  35,270),  and  since  then  it  ^actuated  between 
£3500  and  £4000  {Rs.  35,000  and  Rs.  40,000)  which  is  less  than  half 
the  amount  collected  when  the  British  first  took  possession  of  the 
petty  division  in  1820.*"  • 

Of  the  entire  P^bal  sab;division  in  a  group  of  fifty-six  villages 
Ibe  changes  in  revenue  between  1836  and  1841,  that  is  during   the 
five  years  before  the  thirty  years  survey  settlement,  are  as  follows  :' 
Pdbal  Rtvtuue,  18S6-I841- 


Tun. 

Vil. 

ToUl 

Unoccu- 

Oocu- 

Raml*- 

Collao- 

Ubm. 

RanMt. 

pied. 

pled. 

sUma. 

tloni. 

Ra. 

Ri. 

R& 

lU. 

Ri. 

I88fl-J7 

M 

i,3)i,s;s 

M,ais 

87, 6W 

18, 7M 

«B,7tlfl 

18S7-38 

bs 

l,W>,t01 

14,180 

W.tSl 

16,  Ml 

7D,gS0 

lS3X-aO 

M 

i.u.on 

16,102 

SI, DOT 

M,41S 

se.iH 

18M-M 

U 

1,SI,TS1 

in,Ul 

8P,WT 

le.aso 

7a,«T 

lUOU 

M 

1,80,101 

»,1W 

H,S1S 

is,au 

<»,ST1 

The  survey  rates  proposed  by  the  assistant  superintendent  Captain 
Landon*  gave  for  the  whole  sub-division  an  acre  average  of  la.  l^d. 
(9  as.)  and  a  maximum  dry-crop  assessment  on  the  arable  land,  of 


Chapter  Till. 
Land. 

SnBV«v. 

Pdbal, 
1841-4S. 


1  BetwecD  1820  and  1829  remiuioni  And  bdancM  Mnonnted  to  £4332  (Ri.  43,330) 
and  between  182»  and  1839  they  ■monntod  to  £9260  (Ba.  92,600).  Bom.  Got.  SeL 
CLI.  332,  '  Bom.  Gov.  8ol,  CLI.  332.  '  Bom.  Gov,  Sol.  CLl,  309. 

'  Captain  Landon  thought  that  the  PShal  Bab-dirition  could  eaaily  bear  aa  uier«aH 
of  35  per  cent  on  the  rates  tized  far  Sbol&pnr  that  ia  68'3  per  cent  higb«T  than  tboaa 
of  Indapur,  and  10  per  cent  additional  on  the  inferior  aoila  on  account  of  their  gnater 
fertility.  Ho  also  auggeit«d  that  a  few  Tillage*  on  the  north-weat  might  bear  an 
Kdditiiinal  20  per  cent  on  account  of  a  more  certain  lupply  of  rain,  and  a  few  oa  tbe 
oaeturu  bonier  be  lowered  20  per  cent  on  aoconnt  of  leai  certain  rainfall.  Bom,  Gov. 
Scl.  VIA.  311. 


DISTKICTS. 


tatSi  (Ba.  92^10).  Th»  in  addilioa  to  tbe  gwdn  or 
rw«il  of  £I»W  (B4. 15,500)  gsrs  &  total  f&mj  T«BtaI  of 
(B«  1,06^)0}.  CQnp»rva  wiih  Um  •rmge  oollectiogi 
fHerioo*  lea  jma  tius  toul  leatel  showed  an  iaemM  i 
(£•.  24^(0-  tlM  iaiaiiiiliiU  mcnftoe  on  cIm  put  of  6a 
'  a£5iCR*-fi20)-  For  garden  land,  of  1 
wmtered  froo  cluumeU,  fcbe  aaBiatant 
daot  noocaiBeDded  an  acn:  rate  cil  &.  (B».3).  ^lora  vu  U 
maianacCthendiailunalawliMlled  dWi.  Some  of  tb, 
which  had  besa  pot  to  aaction  ia  the  pirriotu  T^ar  was  mtei 
]&r.  (Ba.  8)  the  aera.  Aa  th«  af«a  of  tbU  alloviaj  land  depeadt 
the  Tvnr,  the  aanUst  sapertal«ade>it  reoommeaded  that  the  ({ 
ii^  tptLem  of  diKpofiag  of  it  bj  yearly  aale  ibould  be  ooatii 
A«  ^te  ^rdea  Innd  at  Kdmjmi^aoa  was  watered  from  \\ 
acTDM  tbo  Hisa  rivrr  which  cost  Goreromcnl  a  large  tnm  to 
ID  repair,'  aod,  as  the  rat««  had  be«n  revised  bjr  the  Reveoae  I 
miacioDeT  in  lS3d,  the  asststaDt  suporinleDdoiit  adviaed  tbil 
present  rat«a  shoold  be  ooatiQiiad  with  aa  acr«  rodactioa  d 
(Re.  1)  in  tho  fint  class  and  \».  (8  at.)  in  tho  other  rlsrwfi 
T»t«>hfipTopoaedwere£I  6>.,  17«.,  7a..aDii  &r.  (R&  13,  Rs.8i,R 
asid  Ba.2J).  Lieutenaal  Wiagst*  thought  the  proposed  iaj 
iat«a  too  h^K  U  tbo  whole  arable  area  was  bruugfat  tuder  l| 
they  woald  caiwe  an  increase  of  38  per  cent,  'lu  place  Ihd 
PAfaal  groups  CD  tbe  eame  favoarsble  poeition  as  the  ladipni 
Bhimtbadi  gronps  bo  wonld  roducs  tho  proposed  rttt«a  hj  lei 
c«Dt,  Tbe  watered  lands  amoutited  to  about  6000  acres  of  \ 
3900  were  watorod  from  wetU,  950  from  channols.  aad  I 
from  wells  and  cbaaDcls.  WvU-watcrod  or  motoMthal  laodaj 
DOl  fitibjectad  to  any  extm  taxation  before  the  1840  n 
Lieateoant  Wineat«  reoommended  that'  well-watered  land  q 
be  aaaeseed  on  tlto  plan  adopted  for  tho  oastom  sab-dinakioc- 
chiuinot  watered  Lmd  an  acre  rate  of  6».  (Rs.  3}  to  2*.  (Ba 
excess  of  hiffliUKt  drj-cTop  zato  was  proposed.  Laocl  watered 
both  chnnneiB  and  wells  was  to  be  austted  by  a  combiaation  c 
two  rmtvs.  The  settlentent  as  modified  bv  Lioatcuant  W 
woold,  n-bou  the  whole  arable  Isnd  was  brought  andar  t 
repreaeni  an  iocreMe  of  £2000  (Rs.  20,000)  or  twenty-six  pt 
on  the  average  collection*  of  £7700  (Ra.  77,000)  daring  thet 
years  ending  1641  .*  Lioatcoaut  Wiogato's  ratos  were  npproTS 
aanctioned.' 


;  about  ona-thirJ  ol  tho  Auo  omt  Mtraot  Ka.37,000. 


^J 


■  Kaonildtw  about  on*- third  m  tho  tUio  oml  Mboot  km.sJ, 
aMliAam^lU0,BoRi.G<7v.Stl.CU.  US.      In   tSSS  tb.  Rev«ati«    _  __ 
dMwd  tCs  miM  fram  tU.  17.  lU  V2i,  Ita. a,BB<3  Rik3lo  lia.  14,  Ra.B  Bm-AmM 
B«w. 0*»  Sa. CLI.  SW.                                                                    '"■»aa 

■  AoOMdfaigtolA.  Wingkl«'Bmta«theili3r.cropre«it*lftiao«nt«il  to  CSSSDfKa. 
Ml  tk«auit«>  rtt>t<J  to  £13G0  (B«.  13,fi00)  or  a  total  of  X87W   tBtLvTomL, 

am.  fcCCM.  M2.  "'.own 

•OoT.  UMwWtT«of3rrl  Dee.  IMI.  Bun.  Oov.  8d.CIJ.  S48.349.  MiImI 
mnt  k  M*^  jiaiiim  hvtxAiUiTy  hnlden' cm  TJelduig*bont  £SO(R«.aaM 
_  _  tiiinl  yiwr  fnmi  *  few  viUuM  «-m  abaliritM.  Aoalher  e«^  at  Uh  h2 
aad  vMdlJBC  ■mtIv  «£00  (lU.  3M0)  bad  bMn  Urwd  titiy  third  stmr" 
wwnnco  af  !!>■  viUaff*  «Ulf  or  Mmlrddr*.  Thii  n-u  ^hsn^M]  into 
0(i»-lUtd  ol  Uu  lomH  aMMDDt.    Bom.  Cov.  StL  CLL  Mi. 


•jjarty 


POONA. 


431 


Tho  Rurvov  ReUlcment  wtta  introduced  into  the  IlAVoti  inbdiTinioa 
1841.'  As  HsToli  lay  to  iho  west  ot  Bhimthadi  it  wnjyyfd  n 
^er  .thare  of  tha  aouth-w^st  r&ine.  5iJ/ri  irftsthe  staple  grain  ftnd 
tried  in  good  soils  witli  early  jrurf  and  with  Into  wliuut  luid  gram, 
tear  the  biUa  a  (dw  patchi>fl  of  rico  woro  grown.  Kuar  Fooua  tlio 
^Bing  laud  was  very  valua,ble.  In  ono  Ttllaco  apwnrds  of  100 
Bids  were  kept  in  grass.  In  the  villages  rounu  Pooun,  except  in 
lie  lands  ot  the  rich  where  it  wua  used  iis  manure,  the  cowdnng  was 
ared  and  carried  as  fuel  to  the  city.  Is  Cho  city  there  waa  a 
stftnt  demand  for  gnsK,  vegotabla'",  and  froit,  and  tho  average 
jice  of  rmin  waa  twenty  to  twontT-fire  per  cent  higher  than  in 
■hiinthaoi.  According  to  the  1829  Burvey,  exclusive  of  imims  the 
[avoli  subdivision  contatnud  Qtj^HS^  iw)re«  of  arable  land  assoMH^d  by 
tr.  Princle  at£I  1,920  (Ra.  1,19.200).  The  following  stetement  shows 
rentes  and  collootionx  for  the  tweoty-two  years  ending  1 8-10 : ' 
/rawfi  Bettntit,  SSlS-lSW. 


Tijii. 

BenlaL 

Silfir. 

ToUI. 

Kami*- 
•lorM. 

Uiltn- 
cc*. 

Uan4. 

Und. 

Ormh. 

uia-iMo     ... 
uia-UM 

UIO.UM       ... 

w.on 

II,1M 

n.ia 

con 
io,na 

Hi 
SMI 

IttL 

U4.US 

i.n.«t 

>I.M« 

STM 
H» 

n.ua 

a  group  of  eighty-one  viih^es  tho  collections  diiriag  tho  five  years 
iding  1840-41  OTOraged  £6445  (Rs.  64,450).*   The  dotails  are: 
Hawli  Stvent,  ISSS-lSii. 


Tuft 

Vil- 

ToW 

DnoccM- 

Ooi^u- 

Bnoi*- 1  Oi1lf«. 

■mm. 

ItniMl. 

plMlUnd. 

•ttiu. 

UOB*. 

R*. 

Ha. 

lU 

■t. 

Mil 

IWWT 

«l 

■.»,I>M 

H.MS 

tu.iin 

1«,0(« 

tl.O» 

u»i-m .. 

Bl 

1,»,»»« 

M,0I7 

B»,wa 

W,MT 

M,4M 

Iiae4>.. 

n 

I.H.M1 

StlOW 

••.MS 

IB.WI 

M.IM 

t$tHA-. 

n 

1.W.MI 

U.W4 

M.US 

«.«» 

«MM 

UHM^. 

SI 

LIMM 

aa,Mt 

8S.8H 

IS.HI 

T1,US 

Of  119,720  acres  asseswwl  nt  £15,255  (EU.  1,52,550),  23,3S7  acres 

rero   alienaUid.     Bad   thu    wholo   of  tho   remnining  96^83  acres 

ineued  at  £11,020   (Ra.    1,10,200)  been   ooltivated    dunng  the 

avioiu  bweuty-two  year^,    the   Innd    awieKiinKint   niono    for  that 

sriod  would  hare  amounted  to  £202,240  (Its.  26,22,400).     The  unm 

"  £2000  (R«.  20,000)  a  year  or  X44,000  (Ha.  4.40,000)  for  tho  whole 

riod  aoderooBS  revenue,  raises  the  total  to  l^W}.2 10  fllH.  30,62,400). 

thoM> £300,000  (H^.  30  liikks),  only  abont  £200,000  (lla.  20  lakh») 

rere  roalizod  botwoon  1818  and  1840.     Of  the  remaining  £100,000 

10     tdkhji)      Lieutenant       Wingate      auigned       £48,500 

I.  4,85,000)   in   low  on  accoant  ot  remiuicms,  £9300  (lla.  93,000) 

outstandiog  balanoos,  and  the  rrat  to  the  want  of  tillage.    On 

>mpanng  the  twelve  yaan  before  and  the  ten  year*  after  Uie  1830 

irvey  it  appears  that  remissioiu  aod  balancea  alighlly  iacreasod  and 


Chapter  VXIZ. 
lAad.   ■ 

SiTKVtr. 
HaffK 


>  B«a,  0«r,  M.  0U.4a8.  *  Bon.  0oT.Sal.0U.4S0. 


4tt 


DI6TBICTS. 


fiomn. 


Tm.  the  rereoiu*  ofMnideniMy  dimiQubeiL  In  the  first  twdvB 
mrm^Jamabom4i-wM  £12,500 'Ufi.l  **  "  ""  in  thL'taall 
«a«otilT£10,776(IU.l,fl7.7tiO)     1T  .  bad  falleaj 

mbij.  In  tlu)  &T«t  IwelTeriMn  the  lT..'Vcrniiii.'ot  receipt* 
174O0  (B8w74,000)  a ftmr;mlba  lut  tea  dtcj  avoraged uiil, 
(fU.&8,000).>  AeoDiwag  to  lioataaftai  KmIi  tho  impramnMtl 
1693  «nw  doe  t«  tbe  grwi  t  of  ruiD^  U»«a«  or  iwiti  va  kamt*.  la  c|j 
Ihflsa  rmnimiyifiiii.  io  1841  Uavvli  was  sdfTt'riti^  frum  »  hiubtMii 
HNOMment  with  punataat  rvmiuiDDa  kimI  hftluia-o.  In  flfl/nl 
raited  by  Lieatcnuit  ^aah  (I&il)  he  found  »  want  of  raerra 
•nlerpiisa  and  tlorenly  cuttivAtioD :  stiU  there  weve  no  largnj 
o{  WBite  Ukok  snil  aor  auv  niiouaa  Tilbgea.  Jd  fact  almost  J 
good  soil  wu  nndw  tilUgo,  Cloae  to  Poena,  land  wa«  m 
•ought  for,  and  tin  villagea  had  a  greator  air  of  comfort  i 
elaowhera  Uaveli  had  aevtr  fiuSored  flO  eererolv  from  war  i>r  fi 
as  the  eastern  traete.  The  ootmtt7  had  never  been  omptiud  ■ 
peofdo.  There  were  loore  hareditw-T  bolileni :  the  people  w€n\ 
attached  to  their  villasee,  leas  ntadj  to  change  Uieir  honunl 
more  fitted  to  cope  with  loss.' 

Tho  acre  istce  propoeed  by  LaMtotuut  KasU  wore  in  black  lal 
9(i,S«.  Sd,U9d.,nDdU3c/.  (Rn.  li.  R&  U.  14  a«..  and  10m);J 

UDd29.4H>]4.  I0iJ.,1«.41(J.,ai.dl0|.A  (Ra.  lA,  15a«.,  ll« 
7a«.);  aDdinbrownorbamdlarid  U.  2j[(t.8{<^  and  3£fl.  (9m.1 
b  at.il  ps.,  and  2  tv.  -t^  f».).'  Tho&e  rates  wero  cafctiUtod  tj 
anaTentgeaoTO  ntoof  la.  6d.  (12  a».)  against  ihe  Bhtmtbaili  a^ 
of  1«.  (8  <u.).  An  extra  asaesameot  not  exoemlin^  tu.  (Bs.J 
acre  was  prcpogotl  for  tho  eioall  area  of  rice  land,  bo  | 
lands  in  addition  to  Ota  highest  dry-crop  riLtc,  aero  rates  vnryhj 
2a.  (Re^  1)  to  611.  (Ra  3)  frere  proposed.  These  propoeali 
aanctiooed  by  GoTommeat  in  December  1641.* 

^^''^  Except    in   PoraDdhar  vbore  tho   nuofiall  waa  short  an 

cropa  vore  injured  by  in«ect«  and  cnlerpniars,  tho  aeaa 
18&  mm  on  the  whole   very  faToumble.    Uetuisaions  feO, 


>  Bam.  Oov.  S*t.  CLL  435  .ISS.    Thtw  avenou  differ  frmn 
•UUmmt  «n  page  431.  ■  Bern.  O'or.  8cJ.  CU.  43S- 4X7. 


CUB. 

tnUpor 

tliiBUiwiL 

atnIL 

CUM. 

bdl|Mi 

uiMk-acI 

Kur- 
kimib. 

MMpO- 

■^ 

MMk 

1. 
n.        . 

UL 
IT. 

JbiL 

a. 

An. 
«• 
119 

SM 
IM 

Aw 

a» 

tm 
i» 

■*■ 

BO 
MI 

Iba. 
HS 

no 

m 

MT) 

IM 

Am. 
HS 

4» 
ITS 

Hrf-eaaM, 

DL          ..J 
IT. 

t 

II. 
IIL 
IT. 

Jb>. 
M 

•» 

u 

ISO 

•a 

t» 

1 

Bon.  Oov.  8c],  CLI.  440.     Ono  niiwd  or  tiro  ahUlinp  am  «)nal  to  400 
'Oar.  Utter  HSSol  3rd  DaMnberlBII,  Bodl  U«v,  S«1.  CIA.  f49. 


>€«■• 


POONA. 


as 


"■.&-S7  por  cont  to  334  per  coat.     Of  £2€9-t  (Rs.  26,940)  tho  witole 

tniouDt  remittod,  £1426  (Ra.  I4,SC0)  wore  erouited  la  Puraodhor. 

^l  Indtlpur  the  rupoe  prico  of    Indian  millet  or  jrari  fsU  from 

Kbout  1 12  to  1S6  poiiuds  (5C-((d  gfi^mf.  Over  the  whole  diittrict 
le  tillage  aren  rose  from  932,600  to  1,000,8S1  ftcres  and  the 
xjllPctioM  from  £6l,2iH;  to  JE7f>,958  (Rs.  6.12,060- Rs.  7,f>9,580) ; 
(Ra.  9*00)  wero  loft  outatoudin^.'  The  proaperoos  cfaaracter 
tho  eouoQ  of  1842-43  was  sbowa  by  a  marked  tncroue  ia  tho 
<im  duties  of  thu  dlj  of  I'oona  and  Juimar,  the  amounts  beioK 
061  (Hs.  60,510)  in  1S4U42  and  £6699  (H».  66,990)  in  1S42-4S? 
*on)parcd  with  1641-42  tho  roturnit  lor  18 12-4-3  showed  aa  iaoreose 
the  estJiunLcd  number  apparentljF  of  bullock-lotidB  tbnt  paaaod 
<agh  the  diMtrict  fn»m  376,171  to  619,257." 


J 


Chupter  VIII. 


THtBltJTE 


Baoi.fiov.  Bcv.Rcc  1403  of  IS43.  34,  37.  I34-I2a,  and  lUo.  l668of  1644.  «.S7, 
^MM  TUIoff*  ud  JiMfnw,  JSU.tau 


UIMt 

B   aaa-virauiii- 

1              iSi.™^- 

Dmda. 

■lou. 

Out. 
fUnt- 
1d^ 

OalUo- 

IIOO). 

'VU. 

TUli. 

R*- 

nl*- 
Ami. 

Oat> 
rtwd- 

OtIiMb 

1 

Asm. 

■i. 

■a. 

taL 

AOM. 

Bi. 

lU. 

tu. 

HEnm                   IN 

i««,m 

KU> 

M 

!,«.«• 

m 

UO,*H 

«»M 

«:> 

I«l.»t 

I^Bmi               m 

nigMi 

«IM 

IKS 

«A1« 

8» 

moi 

._ 

so 

H.iii 

QoMd       ...     ^  ut 

m,ai 

U,ISI 

an 

n.ui 

in 

M.n« 

sno 

w 

ua.« 

^rtiHt       -..         M 

IH.MI 

ajnu 

tIM 

«w«M 

M 

tM.KT 

nn 

ua 

turn 

■ranadtur..         ..     a>} 

iM,nB 

ttJM 

vro 

w,ta» 

«I,IM 

0»|l 

IU,TM 

t«,nB 

lOIl 

t»,M» 

^llllllllllll  ~.       ..    ai 

iM,aH 

tfw 

nm 

M 

UMM 

... 

IIS 

■I.Ml 

b^H                ...    SI 

M.ltt 

ItM 

tttl 

It.lH 

n 

Bt,in 

INT 

tut 

M.ni 

^^H 

tl.AM 

tns 

» 

U.«M 

H» 

n.7t6 

tti 

ut 

W.H4 

C^  ::: 

w» 

•M 

1«W 

UM 

f 

mo 

»q 

•1 

nu 

l«N 

1                TM*I    ...  H* 

MMM 

LttLSlt 

fiOt 

MMtl 

•^ 

tfiOHMt 

H.tm 

tut 

T.WJM 

^tinJI  U>  luiotbM  «Ut«m«lit,  in  1M2-U  of  Um  lodr  roTiiwd  »oti-clivirii>tu  IiuUpur 

rod  >  dtwrtuo  ia  tiUtica  of  WHl  aurM  and  in   ravMiDs  of  it*.  SS<M  i  Okimthadi 

w«A  •  d«creaao  in  tiOws  td  fifllO  acre*  and  in  rorcnua  of  Ba.  S380 ;  PtlM  ifcovcd  a 

in  tilla^  of  6So6  aorM  and  in  ravanue  of  Ra.  1316 ;    Ravalt  ahowed  aa 

III  tillagaof  SIMactMaad  in  nvenua  of  lU.  1S14.     Bon.  Gov.  Rer.   Bcc, 

-,,  _ji»*ci.  saw. 

>^  <  Bom.  Uiw.  R«T.  B«c.  IOCS  of  1814,  100- 

'    ■  Tbo  d«taila  are  :  /-mm  IVaMii  IVadi,  Utl-IIHK 


Dmnw. 

Utl-M 

ISM-O. 

laartMC. 

Di«aia>. 

1841-tS. 

1M1.U. 

Inemai. 

aWfMT  - 
r<tad       - 
runodliar. 
BhlnUudl. 

Ada 

t3.tW 

own 

M.BM 

Adft 

MM 
sutw 

m,ato 

rmakCHr. 

TiM    ... 

JUt. 

mm 

-rai 

-«M 

nMTt 

•ia.asr 

uMjm 

,.a.  Gov.  iU».  lUc.  IWMlof  ISIM,  113- 114. 
Adi)  inoaiia  IimhI  of  oUlo,  total.     It  ia  not  clear  from  the  oriffi>»l  raporla  wbai 

I  Gguraa  raprcMOit.    Th«  CoUaetor  of   Pmm  (4~$7  of   tilth   Jwm   18M>    tbiaka 

ey  Joii'>totbo  luuaberof  tniUoak-loitd*. 

a  l.t'27-U 


IBoml 


ChBptwVin. 
Land. 

Tut  BKITUfl. 

IS4X-49. 


434 


DISTRTCTS. 


The  rettms  (tlso  showed  an  incrmao  in  exports  from 
to  64.690  buUock-loada  and  la  importa  from  3»2,ti03  to  4: 
The  M&val  imports  showed  aii  incrCRSo  of  184-7  buUoc 
and  the  exparU  a  decrease  of  621,  and  the  (rausit  I 
dcoreaKU  ot  2200  bullock-loadit.  This  carryiu^  trade  wi 
and  to  the  coaeb  through  the  Nino  M4val  hy  the  Bor  posi 
exports  were  cotton,  grain,  vegetable  oils,  iiative  cloto,  t 
betel  leaves,  hides,  and  potatoes;  tho  imports  comprise 
European  cloths,  and  grocerieB.'  The  decrease  in  tbe 
trade  was  due  to  the  oponing  of  the  Kusur  pass  trb»ro  tbi 
bad  riaen  b;  26,826  bnllock-luade.  In  Kbed  imports  sbo 
inorcfiso  of  2920  bullock-loads,  exports  n  foil  of  &33,  and  tba 
tmdo  a  fall  of  135,121  ballock-lonoH.  The  docroaw  in  the 
trade  was  chiefly  on  the  Indr6<rBni  and  NavUkh-TJrabra 
The  made  road  tbat  passed  through  tbe  Klied  sub-dirieion 
an  increnKe  of  1K4<')  balluck-loads."  In  1843  in  U^val  ant 
wlit-rc  roiMld  liad  \>ci.-u  miido,  a  good  tyj>e  of  carl  wiw  fast  tnk 
placo  of  pack  bollocks.*  In  December  1643  ilr.  Stew 
Collector  dwelt  on  tho  great  adriintage  to  trade  which  w<«il( 
from  canyiog  on  the  Botubay-Pooua  mndo  road  to  SI 
I^cal  inquiry  bad  satisfied  him  that  the  oattay  woald  be  ou 
tolla.> 

III  IS.SO  an  iuqiiirv  waa  begun  into  tbe  outat«nd)Dg  balanci 
of  which  hod  remained  irithuat  examination  siuco  I81t 
inquiry  tasted  till  1943  when  it  was  almost  completed  an< 
aums  were  realized.  la  December  1843  tho  Collector  Mr.  i 
doBCribed  tbo  district  as  prosperous.  Large  amounts  of  outsU 
had  been  recovered,  the  Government  revenue  waa  punctuall 
tillage  was  spreadiug,  the  people  wero  *gnidually  heoomind 
prosperoaa,  and  impi-ovemanta  wore  keeping  pace  wilh  the  i: 
fd  capital  expendeu  either   by  Govenimeut  or  private  iudiv 


>  The  Patella  an  : 


Pataa  Brpottt  «W  Jmpm*.  ttU-tSU. 


flltl-tMTUION. 


KhlTDX    ... 

ahtinlhiull 
roiii*  Ciyr 

rumuJtiu 

Total 


Eimwm. 


tan-a.    mt-tt. 


lU*. 

•^ 

•MO 
HIO 
IBM 


ia.W3 


SdM. 

tt,tM 

am 
wu 

am 


M,<«» 


tn 
—in 


a,iw 


] 


laMin*. 


lUl-tf.     ISIM3. 


Bda 
IMS 

tail 


tlM^«IB 


"Si 

im 

IM,M» 


*Kjm 


im 

-IM 


Bom.  Gov.  Rov.Rm   )5G8oE  1844.  112-113.    »m  iwU  3  oa  ixuiu  433. 

•Ik-m.  Gov.  Rev.  Ii«3.  1568 of  1844.  134- 135. 

'Bom.  Cor.  Bcv.  Rcc.  IKS  of  1844,  HI.  112,  13B. 

<  Mr.  Inrenritf,  lint  MouUnt  ooUootor,  letb  Octobcc  1&43,  Botn.  O 
Kk.  1668  of  1844,  114,  136. 

'  iSx.  Stoirart,  Ci>ll«CbQr.  IB81  of  3SUi  De««nil>cr  IHS.  Bom.  Oor.  fi«r.  X 
of  1844,  115;  Mr,  Inveraritj,  0«fcl*r  11H3,  Kilo  1S4-IS5. 

*  Ut.  Stewan,  Celltctur,  iUU  Vk.  1M3,  ftev.  Ret.  lS6e  of  1844,  li9>U0 


Deecan-I 


POONA. 


I 


Advunooe  iroro  contiDQOct  in  this  year  chieflj  with  tho  object  of 
boildin?  or  repairing  village  offiora  and  of  iinproving  the  w»ter 
8apply.' 

To  any  one  wlio  knew  tlie  pliwe  a  few  yearB  before,  in  1843  tho 
incroosi^d  population  and  improri^d  market  vf  luddpur  were  notable, 
Biid  tho  number  and  increased  ooinfort  of  tlie  viUsgera  were  oqoally 
Btrikinv^.  Mcmt  of  tbo  p^ple  conaidered  tho  cbange  the  result  oC 
the  1836  SQrvey.* 

In  184344  the  rainfall  was  sufEcient.  It  waa  antimely  in  the 
west  where  the  early  oropa  on  low-lying  land  suffered  greatly,  and 
the  late  barveat  was  injured  by  a  failoro  of  (he  latter  Nr>Teinl>»r 
rain;  £4292  {Ra  42,920)  or  6-42  percent  were  remitted.' At  ladApiir 
the  rupee  price  of  Indian  millet  or  jmri  fell  from  aboat  130  to  144 

Kunds  (6g-72  shert).     Over  the  whole  district  the  tillage  nroa  roao 
im  1,000,881  tol.055.282  acres  nud  the  collections  fell  from  176,&58 
(Rfi.  7,69,680)  to  £74,442  (Rs.  7,44,420)  ;  £450  (Rs.  4500)  were  left 
itstandiog.*    In  1843'41  there  was  a  further  increase  in  thu  transit 
le.      There  were   do  local    mauufocturt-a  fit  for  export.      The 


Cbapt«rVni.| 


TtfBanmL 

f->Upmr, 
1843, 


WS: 


'The  ilisUila  vara:  30  w«Ua  eomI*.  16  welli  r«pur»d,  1  waUr-IUU  tn*^  ami  «it* 

[  oixtArn  inado  :  23  i-iltago  «(Rom   ImiU  >nd    13  rcpairad-     Boaidca  Ui««e  Um  piopl* 

*hiul  >t  their  oiru  oxpmiM  sunk  MiYciittwD  well*,  anil  rsp>ir«d  thrMs  and  mvlo  thn* 

WktcrlifM.     Mr.  StowKt,  Call*«t«r,  -Jitth  T>nc.  1843,  Bma.  Oot.  K«v.    Reo.  156$  ol 

I8*«,  74  -75. 

*  Mr.  Price,  ftMlitaat  taevQy  auporiiit«ndout>  KftniiAU  Survey  ftvport,  18th  Ivlj 
1843.  Bom.  Ony.  Svl.  CL.  -46^. 

■I'he details  were  :  Uliiviier  l.l'Ti  per  wntv  IndApurO-31.  Klioil  A'lS,  Pibal  O'SI, 
ParADtUuir  (SAtvaiJ  divbicm)  2212  anil  (Supa  lUvUton)  1*20.  UfaimUuwli  O-Oi),  Elkvoli 
nviawt  villoKM  0*0013  uta  lumriaeA  wOUgtm  H'&t,  MAtkI  lOl,  uid  Poona  City 
2'IX   BAmTOaT.  Re«.  Kee.  IToTlHS.  M-fia. 

*B«n.  Gov.  R«T.  Rm.  1668  of  IMI.  M,57.7ft.  168- 160.  Uti  RM.l?«nsU,  US. 
118.180181.    Ttio  dcUiU  kfo  I 


BDt-DlTUIW. 

1ME-U 

tS<!M(. 

Vll. 

■niuw. 

RhuI*- 

iluis 

Oat- 

■luid- 

CW!»e- 
Uvu. 

•nikgi. 

>•- 

iei>- 

*)Da. 

Ooi- 

•Und 

Asm*. 

lU 

b. 

Ba. 

X<Tr<. 

lU. 

fi*. 

B>, 

Uttlb  -' 

ltd 

ito^mi 

4M9 

«» 

iin.»u 

)M 

IM.SM 

njm 

■u 

i.i*.ati 

flHHHV  ^. 

so 

ne,«n 

_^ 

M 

Nl.Ui 

m 

tai.l>IA 

lei 

(77 

TB.71I 

^UHi 

lU 

«Ma 

aoD 

M» 

I01,<M 

IM 

>oi.on 

trITI 

IH 

».0f* 

HImi 

Ml 

i»».m 

B!tr» 

wn 

njm 

K 

1«T,VM 

til 

US 

i«,ai» 

nmuidhw 

** 

1II.IM 

lt.W> 

10T4 

«».0M 

m 

in.«i  ttjin 

s« 

w.m 

BfclDtlUdl 

eg 

i«i:t»4 

TLB 

sijns 

a 

UMM 

ti 

171 

si.m 

Hm««ll       ...        ^ 

n 

w.in 

tier 

itu 

«] 

ST. 110 

on 

mi 

WJW 

UlMl           ...           _J 

1T» 

s 

•^ 

M» 

too 

I 

SLTW 
KM 

ex 

171 

'is 

JMS 

OnslD-g    ... 

— 

— 

... 

iroo 

... 

M 

u» 

am 

I^WO^I 

«««t 

»4U 

f«»>« 

««l 

1.IH.JM 

Am 

««M 

IMiUt 

Aeoard'mg  to aaotbvUXammit,  En  1843-4<  of  tlio four revbwd  eobdlnaiana  DnJipor 
thowtd  •  decrtua  of  6(68  Mm  In  till>(a  uid  of  tt>  i»17  ia  mvcudq  i  BhuntbAdl 
■lunrwlaileciMMaf  SI88a<mmtaIh|([«aiii]of  Ra.  UI9tii  rcvanuc  :}1itvili*kow«du 
IncraaM  «f  SOtS  Mr«a  in  tilb«  And  of  Rs.  1402  in  rarantis :  PibU  sh«irMl  u>  iiianNuw 
offfTSI  acTMiiitiUamuidkdMiwMof  IU.280ianvona«.  Bom.  Oov.  R«v.  Rec  13«t 
11840,  m-M. 


(Bombay 


436 


DISTRICTS. 


Ch»pter^VlII. 
Lud. 

TllS  SUTISH. 


oommoti  grsios  wore  the  chief  exports  to  llio  const ;  Um 
traJGo  was  in  European  good-s  nnd  Halt.     Mr.  loTeraritT  the 
writing  on  iha  SUt  of  lJ(;rvinbor  1H14,  repvatod   Mr.  btowKrt' 
on  the   fwlvonlnge  of  npening  a  mode  road    between   Poo 
ShoUpnr.     Along  tbia  line  canto  nil  the  exports  from  the  o 
Boutb-east.     The  trade  was  hampered  by  the  B^>dav  pan 
wu  itnprftcticaljlo  for  hcnrjr   ordnance  or  for  laden    carta 
highly   the  people    valuud    curts    wiw    shown     by    the    fw 
with    the  holp  of  Government  and  by  the  aid  of  local  oontri 
the   people   of   tho   inarkiit   town   of   Ghude   in    Khed    htu 
roads    with    side-drains  through  thoir  town  where  before 
roald   pASft.'      Of  lato  yeunt  the   north  of  the  diatriot  had 
benefited  by  the  introaaobicm  of  potato  growing.     In  1844 
part  of  the  Bomhny  market  was  supplied  from  Jannar.     The 
of  the  ManritiuH  sugHrcnuo  bod  aIbo  ioorcoecd  from  388  1 
acres.'      lo  ipite  nf  the  spread  of  litlagi)  in  Ind&pur  and   Bhi 
the  people  woro  «till  poor.     About  OQ<.--lhird  of  the  wells  ha 
allowed  to  fall  into  disrepair.'      Though  1842-43  and  1843-4 
favourablu  years  and  the  advance  under  tbo  generally  improved 
lions  continued  in  otherpartsof  the  .district,  there  was  a  dei 
Iiid4puriuid  Bbimthsdi.    This  was  believed  to  be  due  to  t 
that  the  low  nitc-a  of  Mr.  Ooldsmid'a  Mttlement  bad  unduly 
Isted  tillage  and  that  the  increased  sopply  bad  affeoted  mii 
the  lands  ceased  to  pay  the  co&t  of  tillage.*  On  the  31st  oiVe 
1814  Mr.  Inverarily  noticed  that  the  dficliue  iu  the  tillage 
ludApnr  and  Uhimlbadi  was  necessary.     He  thought  it  was 
the  fall  in  the    price    of    grajn  in  those  sub-ttiviaioos. 
might  be  expected  to  go  on  decreasing  nuiil    the    more 
laodliolders   sank  to  be  Inbonrers  and  the  evenliuU  coutrac: 

rroduce  enabled  tbo  aubslentt&l  fanner  to  command  better 
n  Supa  also  there  was  a  dcclioe.  The  Hurrey  meaat 
had  made  a  nominal  addition  to  the  extent  of  lands  under  cull 
in  the  Supa  group  of  Tillages.  lu  reality  there  had 
decroaeo  lo  tho  extent  of  5619  acres  assesscid  at  £370  (Rs. 
The  decline  which  had  taken  place  in  Ind&pnr  and  Bhi 
did  not  extend  to  llaveli  sjiit  Piibal.  'I'ho  reasou  was  that  Pot 
B  certain  market  nnd  that  thore  tvoi-e  more  means  of  runing  1 
cropa*  Under  Act  XfX.  of  1S*14  all  taxeeon  trades  and  occo 
were  ropcnled.''  Of  this  sweeping  and  ill-considored 
the  Colkctor  Mr.  Courtney  complained  with  jnstico 
pressed  hardly  on  the  rural  people.     The  people  of  towns  we 


'  Mr.  IovcT»rity.  aUt  Doe.  ISM,  Bom.  Gov,   Ber.  Bee.   17  of  IMS.  107    1 

*  Mr.  InvnsHty,  3Ut  Dm.  IM4.  Bom.  Got.  Rar.  Roe.  17  af  IM<,72. 

»  Uj.  InT«r»rity.  Bom-  Gov.  Kat.  K«c  17  <.(  IWS,  19    80. 

*Vr.  Invararity,  Bom   Uor.  Bev.  Rao.  17  of  IS46,  tid*. 

•Boia.  Oo»-  H«T.  Rm.  17  ot  1&48.  65. 

*AattM  lOjaSJ  were  tLr«wn  imt  o(  cultlvstioo  and  *768  were  brmubt  n 

«ngli :  ibe  net  decnase  wu  Aei9  aor**.    Bom.  Gov.  R«v.  Rm.  17  of  IM^ 

'fiwn.fior.  RcT.  Reo.  17of  I84«,OT  87. 

'  Bom.  Gov.  RcT.  Rec  21  of  IMS.  187. 


D«c«ut1 


relieved  from  almost  alt  tsjuition  and  caasod  to  oootribate  their 
iiluire  to  the  rovenuea  of  the  sUito.* 

la  1843-4'l  tho  thirty  years'  revenue  survey  settleiiieat  was 
iotroduced  into  t}ia  Supib  petty  divisioD  of  Piirandhftr.*  Of  tho 
SdJ  Snpiw  villages  twenty-five  were  retneasorcd,  twelve  were  tested, 
and  tbo  rest  which  had  lately  lapsed  to  QovenimeDt  were  measured 
for  the  lirst  time.  Siipa  was  bounded  oti  tho  north  by  Rhimtbadi,  oa 
the  eut  by  Inditptir,  on  tbo  sootb  by  the  Nira  river,  and  on  the  WMfc 
by  the  SiuiTad  division  of  Pnnindbar.  The  oouotry  along^  tho  Kftrba 
and  Nira  was  Hut  and  sonmcxl  with  stream  beds.  The  northero  and 
two  or  three  of  the  western  nod  central  villages  were  hilly  In 
common  with  Indiipiir  and  still  more  with  tbo  Kurkumb  group  in  ooet 
Bhimtbadi,  Supa  suffered  from  uncertain  raio.*  Tho  only  road 
for  loaded  carts  from  Suto  to  Poena  was  by  Khod.  Tho  chiof 
murkotn  woreS&BTud,  WAi,  Bhor,  andS^t&ra.  Tbo^'mri  was  inferior 
to  that  grown  towards  Madba  and  did  not  tnf>et  with  arendy  hhIo 
at  Sfttitrn,  but  was  sold  at  a  profit  at  Wiii,  Bhor,  and  Siisvnd  fruni 
which  it  went  to  Mahiid  in  the  Konkan.  Bdjri  found  a  ready 
market.  llioro  woro  few  carts  in  Supn  oxc«nt  carts  with  solid 
Ktonc  whoehi.  The  Brat  Hnrreyasettlenient  introanced  in  this  RTX)Up 
wa8  by  Mr.  Pringlo  in  ISSd-iK).  About  1A3&,  when  these  viUagee 
wort)  in  a  statu  of  dnprcs»ion.  Captain  Shortrodo  reduced  Sr. 
Pringle'fl  rental  from  £12/270  to  £SS9S  (Ra.  1,22,700- Ra.  88,980) 
or  27'5  per  cunt.  But  owing  to  tho  defective  tnauner  in  which  the 
rsviaion  waa  effected,  the  levy  of  Captain  Shortrodo's  modiGad 
aasettflmcnt  wut  found  to  bo  impracttoahle  and  conceeaions  bad  to  be 
made  onder  the  Conn  of  short  rates  or  ukti  and  of  leases  or  kault.* 
The  following  statement*  sllbwa  the  remissions  and  land  revonao 
cotlcctioua  in  the  Bupa  gronp  of  villages  during  tho  twonty-throo 

Il^ears  ending  1841-42 : 


I 


I 


» 


Vui. 

Remit' 

CUUvo- 
tlsna. 

VUl. 

a«*ai*- 

tfODK 

OoUk- 

ttODB. 

XtM. 

Rnnb- 

UI9-M    ... 
i«*e.3i   ... 

U11>II    ... 
lBO«    ■■ 
USMt     ... 
tSM-K    .. 
nM4*    ... 

U**J>   ... 

Ut7-»    - 

u.ftia 

<7.U9 

78)0 

■MRD 
10,1U 

tglMB.. 
tOMO... 
ISUI.. 
1S14S,. 

i«g»n  .. 
ISMSS... 

R*. 
CMt 
«^ 

ff.TM 
KfiV 
ai.tn 
ai.101 

im«... 

VOMU... 

lus-n . 

IWB 
8a«6 

ms 

tMM 

K*. 

le^Mt 

1I.M 

Mr  Coortnoy.  ColUrtw.  Slat  Dec  18(7,  Bam.  Go*.  Rev.  Rec.  23  of  IMS.  107. 

»  Bom.  Gov.  Sel.  C1.I.  521  -BIS.  ^  ,  ^ ,  ■     ■      j 

•  AeenJiaK  Ui  a  loo«l  liidllioB  the  wnnl  *t  rain  m  the  cottuUy  bwwMn  Jfjtm  ana 

SarAmOi  TrMdo*  to  &  <nif»«.     lioul  R  Kv»m,  4Histaat  »ttp*iintmd«Btof  «ir»8y,  33 

«f  8th  Jnlv  1**3,  Eom.  Gov.  Sel.  CLI.  Mtt 

*Bom.GoT.  8«l.CU.H*-MI.     Fronothi.  •U»«m«t  lt*pi.<«BlWdMinith*  rt« 

r%  (ia»-  I8»l  ti  Ur.  Priogle't  totUonwil  ««  •«»ff'  ."^ifS^.^JI^^S 
»,a30.aa<l'l'«na«t>ioMTw  ywn  oILtont,  «w>rt»a«'i "tU«»««Ml8»-IM2) 

they  MDounttd  to  Ra.  28,268. 


ChaplmrVia 

Kud. 

Soavxr. 


tBomterl 


Luid- 

8iiR*n-. 


JW4S. 


4aa 


DISTRICTS. 


1>nring  thin  pertotl  at  Snpa  Uie  mpee  pric€  of  millet 
about  3S  Ui  12H  [>oun(U  (19-(J4  #W»)  for  ^'vaW  and  from 
lo  60  pouodii  (18--t0  ahcrs)  Eor  tajri*^ 

Under  tho  new  enrvoy  fortho  Snpa  group  ttio  Karkamb 
rat«e  vhiob  vore  ten  per  cent  higher  than  those  iotrodi 
Ind&pur  wore  proposes.  Tho  toUil  nuw  dnr-orop  rental  { 
to  £5820  (Rtt.5B,20l))  of  wbicb  the  land  (111,708  ocn 
cuUiTHtion  yiddod  £-1.700  (Ra.  47,000)  oriui  inorowieoE  S4 
For  ji^rdcn  liindH  tlio  nam  of  4*.  (Rs.  2)  tho  ncm  in  oxoM 
The  now  routAl  of  gnrdoa  l&odji 


crop  rates  was  fixed. 
£300  (Rs.  3000).* 

Ill  Id44>4ili  Doar  tlio  Sahj^drla  tho  raiofian  was  «noiij 
gaH/  crops,  in  the  east  the  late  cropa  generally  failed,  ani 
of  fodder  cau.tcd  sxtch  diotrcsx  ttiai  most  of  the  laboari 
had  to  leove  the  district  At  liidfipur  the  rope*  prioe  < 
millet  ov  j'rdri  rose  from  nhout  144  to  ISO  pounds  (73- 
The  tilliif^  area  io  tho  irholo  district  rose  from  1,0' 
1,063,127  acres  and  the  collections  fell  from  £74,442  to 
(Re.  7,44,420  to  Bd.  6,Gi,890) ;  X8126  (Ra.  81,250)  were 


'  Bom.  Cot.  S«L  CLL  M». 

The  detail*  are : 

yndQwr-nilW-Ai^OiMtaivCfiVlwt,  WM-JH*. 

tminra. 

PiTM. 

Snx.        1 

v«»t, 

JrM.  I  AfK 

/trfri. 

MIH. 

JtiM 

J«r£ 

Sim. 

A<n. 

A^t. 

JVUni. 

auru. 

uis-n „ 

11 

S| 

IT 

U 

1* 

U 

inft4«  ,„ 

1» 

n 

s* 

.     » 

la 

U 

ia»-»   ...      _ 

■I 

n 

« 

tt 

a* 

ISM4t   ...      «      _ 

U 

u 

HI 

M 

M 

H 

tei-Ei  „.     .     _ 

■0 

n 

til 

W 

T* 

« 

usa-M   ...      ,..      .. 

sr 

» 

m 

■4 

M 

M 

UH« 

»t 

'H 

It 

n 

11 

11 

u»«  

u 

to\ 

>3 

S9 

W 

>4 

taw«  - 

M 

M 

«« 

a 

M 

n 

l«T«   ._      

M 

•a 

» 

M 

« 

3a 

ifm»  ...      „ 

eo 

u 

n 

U 

« 

R 

IQMO    ...        -.        „ 

*t 

■T 

«• 

M 

M 

sl 

ItMSl 

M 

W 

M 

n 

tt 

1MI4I    ...       _ 

«D 

» 

U 

n 

« 

lusn  .. 

M 

s< 

11 

N 

at 

at 

I8J8«    ...        _,        _. 

«0 

n 

«4 

u 

s» 

•d 

ISHM    _        ...        ., 

n 

B 

M 

«0 

ni 

Utt&M    ...        ,.        _ 

u 

» 

W 

N 

» 

«: 

WIMI    ...        «        „ 

6» 

M 

M 

M 

so 

» 

t«T-a    ... 

W 

«■ 

•* 

M 

M 

SI 

IMU*    „        »        ... 

JM 

m 

M 

M 

n 

44 

icaB.M 

M 

M 

48 

« 

M 

n 

I»IW1     

» 

n 

M 

It 

« 

u 

IMI^    _        

« 

M 

M 

M 

«8 

M 

'■'    I 

BO 

« 

04 

te 

« 

M 

IMH 

SB* 

ic«t 

S4D) 

M4 

n»i 

Add    ... 

IMA 

10^ 

•H 

»fl 

MH 

Wfli 

UM 

tu 

U» 

M 

un 

sw 

r<*il]r  nancw. 

«0 

w 

•» 

M 

M 

M 

■  Bool  Got.  S«L  CLL  61X,  931  ■  5U. 


I 


I 


and  £31 26  (Rk  31 ,2G0)  loft  ontatAntliDg.'  TIm  people  of  Bhimtfaadi 
and  Indiipur  wore  suffering  and  misernblo.  Of  X8125  (Rs.  8I,2&0) 
or  iOJ  per  ntnt  rcoiiswiuriB,  £7499  (ll«.  7-l,9!N))  ^>T  ^"2  nor  cuut  iv»'ro 

S'ven  in  the  late-crop  Rnb-diriaiona  af  Juuuar,  ludApur,  and 
himtbndi.  Tho  g<^  soil  and  abuadnnt  irrigntion  in  Pnrandbar 
pruTODtod  tho  necessity  of  romissioas.'  Tbf>  failuro  of  raiu  showed 
tliat  the  groat  inoreege  in  till»^  vbicb  espeeiaHv  in  Indipar 
and  Bbimtfaudi  in  tbo  ciut  lind  followvd  tbu  iiitruilui:tioii  of  Mr. 
GoldHmid's  settlement  waa  bj  no  means  an  unmixed,  improrement. 
In  Ft'bnini-y  1846  Mr.  Inromritjr  rcnmrktjd  tlint  tliu  main  causes  of 
tho  fall  iu  tillage  wero  the  poverty  of  tbo  landboldnra  and  tbe 
exbauRlioti  of  noil  from  conataui  croppiag.  Tbe  mure  liigbljr 
aKitcased  lauds  had  fallon  vroHtti  btfausc  tbe  tmtbrifty  habits  of  tbe 
people  led  them  to  till  for  a  few  ReaAons  tbo  pciorer  waste  fieldg 
rather  tliuu  itpcud  time  uud  labour  io  rouevriug  by  urtificiBl  mcaoH 
the  exhaastou  power-i  of  tbo  more  vatuablu  lands.*  A  Buecesatou 
of  bcul  sosaoms  had  Ciiiis«d  u  ducline  in  tillage,  invriautod  remissiona, 
aud  increased  advances.  Many  of  the  people  bad  loat  heart  aud 
mortgaged  fields  with  siaading  crops  to  village  Vdnls.  Aa  a 
mortgage  of  laud  iu  most  cases  ended  in  complete  tmusfer  of  tbe 
proprietary  right,  a  body  of  landholders  poaaeeBing  capital  might  ia 
time  bo  formed.* 

In  1845-46  matters  were  wor«  even  than  in   1844-45.     Waul  of 
nin  especi&Uy  iu  the  east  deetniyed  tbo  late  cropfi.    It  was  only  by 


Chapter  Vin. 


Tn: 


tsts-K. 


<  Bon.  Oov.  Bar.  Km.  17  olIU?.  77.  S2;  1»,IUl    TUe  a«U>k  are  i 


1 

/"«*<«•  TiOitfe  and  Anmw, 

ttiS-ISU. 

1 

1 

ituK-Difwac 

IMMt. 

latM*. 

vnws 

inlavb 

aloot. 

Out- 

CdlldO 

UflU. 

VfllW^ 

niLwt. 

Nenli. 
•Im*. 

Out- 

MHld- 

Initi. 

nan*. 

Aatu. 

■«. 

Bl 

K& 

Anv. 

Bi. 

Xa 

1 

GhtTTMT  ...         ... 

m 

mm 

ta.c» 

su 

l,H*ll 

m 

IH.«B1 

>a,m 

tm 

I,».»T1 

■ 

SIT"::: 

m 

Vt,lfU 

iti 

m 

1«.71l 

89 

>»^ 

»,oa 

U7I 

M,m 

■ 

lat 

lOUM 

tm 

tM 

e*L<m 

IMl 

IM.tM 

WU 

IV 

Leo.** 

tUal     

BT 

lajMA 

ill 

aw 

M,ru 

i? 

t«M« 

T* 

■>H 

*>.1B 

fttandhw 

"i 

UJ.OH 

19L011 

at 

m.ia 

**t 

MJN 

IU5I 

^■iSl 

fS,MI 

M 

IM^M 

IS 

in 

sum 

tf 

HMM 

!I.MS 

(0,111 

Uirdl    ... 

n 

n.iK 

m 

toil 

BBuM 

at 

■MM 

•  w 

isri 

ATI! 

MAtbI     

tw 

t 

•^ 

'm 

TMI 

IM 

u,m 

tt 

ns 

n,m 

OraliiiK  — 

ToUl     .„ 

lUrtmtll 
RJiliuUiwIl 

... 

iMA.au 

4J.VI1 

w 

un 

... 

„. 

... 

tma 

DUO) 

UU) 

;,u,  va 

Ml 

i/Miis: 

»l.ttl 

Sl,*l 

1MJM 

u 

... 

Hi* 

aM 

•UB9 

n 

as* 

ina 

«,»l 

PuruidliU 
UkTsU 

11 

-■» 

,_ 

_. 

11 

f< 

«N 

SM 

asn 

n>i«l       

TM4I     .. 

MSt 

... 

U.MB 

ten 

jMjao 

tM 

njM 

njnj««Mn 

In  tho  nun-cj-ed  villn^ca  of  HavaU  tUUga  Wwvvd  k  dKTOMe  (ran  $7,SI0  M  8T,0S1 
MTM,  koil,  in  ill*  luuurvuvcd  TiHafcM,  an  inonaac  from  I3;02Q  to  l%^i  aotaL 

L>  Mr  lu^tnirity,  2Tth  fcl-nitry  IMS.  Bcm.  Gov.  Bev.  Rec.  17  of  1S47.  86. 
•  Mr  Iiiverarily,  foJlector,  KcK  184(1,  lloni.  (!«v.  Kcv.  Hee.  17  of  1S*7,  SI  -80. 
'  Hr.  iDveruity,  Colkctoi.  Peb.  ItHC.  Buu.  CuV.  ^\.  Ucc.  17  of  J(M7,  VT-B8. 


,  ,"'i: 


■^  :a,i± 


:un=r  &:•:!: 


j:  7-*--ii.-i   :c  - 


za     etr."5 


*'~^i 


^--     i..^T    ~~       ~"     -.a     < 


=    ^  -■«-   Ltt  i-jT   S.*c 


^A  1^ 


"-       T-  *.■- 


-L.Tt*. 

X«.        ; 

!*'_:.» 

i:.<isf 

Si.xs 

J.-S.-M 

-■-» 

.4>..:^ 

-_■>.*» 

*"f"     ' 

IClrkT 

S£.it<)F  ; 

i".fc1 

it     ■ 

]a.%t 

S»      1 

! — --.   ::  J-.:  ■:.<,  m:-     .-u    u.-:«*  i.oei.45Aj7 


nil'.,  -.a,. 
;-..■.,.:-../ 

i:.   . , 

i 

f.n 

« 

... 

I'^l 

«,>«,»!' 

Mi 

1.0 

4n 


'    II..IO 

1 1.  hIh.iiI 

"  Ml     I 

II  I' <     III.. 


1.0S.1M7  K. 

(J..V.  lUv.  II.Hi.  ir. ,.{  IHIH,  (M-riS.  72-74.    The  waste  in  Iti<Uimr 

■.'l,(NN)niri'.'a,  iliiiii.  Iliiv    H.>1.  ('Vli,37.  "fM 

'■■iiilii'^v,  I'l.lI.oiLiir,  tiltli  DvinriiLwr  ISJfl,  Bum.Oov.  Bcv.  Roc   iji ni 

■.  '.Mill  IHIII,  IN  111,  "*" 


I 


£1928  (Rs.lB,280)or2ifwr  caul  wei^remiUol  and  £2247(Kti.22,470) 
left  outstan^ng.*  RomtssioDS  fell  from  twelre  to  3)  percent  uad  about 
40,»00  acres  of  lima  aaBeased  at  £3451)  (Rb.  34,500)  wt-re  Lakon  for 
iilla^.'  R<n»i.i.-<ionii  were  Htill  uoL-esaary.  Wriliu}^  on  the  2l8t  of 
December  1K47  Mr.  Courtney  tboOoIleclor  expressed  tlifi  opiniuutbiit 
iu  bad  sensons  remisaiouM  woutil  continue  neoesaary.  lliu  Inndholdcrs 
wer*:  notoriously  improvident,  few  had  any  copital.  Instead  of  suvine 
any  surplus  whioli  remained  altera  plentiful  seaaon,  they  iMjuandereu 
it  ou  »uiao  roliffioua  wr  fumily  ccnjmoay.*  The  new  sotUuuiuut  Iiud 
been  introduced  into  t.ho  Supa  potty  division  of  Puraudliarin  ISl-l. 
It  prov<^  so  eaocossfiit  that  uutwillixtnnding  that  the  Qovornuionl 
dBtnnnd  wna  bo  mnoh  lowrod  and  Ibo  two  lost  seasons  (1844  and 
1845)  vroru  indiSorent,  the  incremtu  of  r<^v«niiu  hcul  nton>  lliiin  rejKud 
the  coat  of  the  settlomont.  For  the  Ihreu  yenrs  before  tho  survey 
Uie  actual  colluctions  on  nocoKnt  of  tbo  land  tax  were  £0(K)9 
(Ra.  99.090)and  fnr  the  three  years  after  Iba  survey  tho  corresponding 
ainDunl  nas  £1'^,1S4  (lU.  1,24,1^10)  that  is  an  incroa«o  of  24  per 
cent.* 

Iu  1817-43  tbo  rains  wero  not  so  good  &8  in  the  })rcccdinf; 
yetip.  At  fndilpur  the  rupoo«prico  of  Indiaa  mil  lot  or  jmri  f«fl 
from  abuui  SU  to  96  poumU  (15-43  tiAflr*).*  Oror  tho  wholo 
district  thu  tillage  area  roue  from   1,148,755  to  1,228,304  acres  and 


Chapter^VU 

Xaod. 
Thk  BRmsn 


m"!- 


Bom.  Got.  B«t.  Rm  S3  ol  1849,  m,  ITl,  I7S.    Thu  avtiuU  ua  ; 


Bb»  Divuiob. 

■•U-^ 

U*»4T. 

nibviL 

Tdbct. 

■IDD*. 

Oul. 

inri. 

Oillaii- 
MoniL 

VUU^a. 

TUK-e. 

Ikmla- 

<Nll 
tofi. 

COJlK- 

UWUL 

Shnmr  -. 
liMfut ... 

nt»i     Z      '.'.'. 

■"uTkndh&r 
Bhlralludl 

JUnI 

TntMl    ... 

lADMd     ... 
Atuobad 

ToUl 

ITS 
67 

AOM, 

I4T.SI1 
MJ.IM, 

1M.»B| 

33.l»4 

R>. 

n,«m 

ftI.3K 

SIBH 

« 

(It 
SIM 
US 

nn 

It*. 

101 

W 
181 

Aemi, 

1M,U« 

S&4.0I3 

1I2,B14 
1M.IH 

lOftm 

(MS 

•paa 

CDI 

nii7 

4AI 
IT 
U 

n*. 
II 

in 

ISI 
l«TR 
«MI 

a*. 

l.t«.««S 
M.UB 

as.»s 

Kti 

l.KKIISa 

^,o*.«ttl 

n.TU 

•^.l^ 

BST 

l.l(S.TUr 

11I,S8»   12.173 

D 

-,. 

«« 

» 

M« 

"• 

„. 

iim 

UK 

'taM 

038    !       ... 

[ 

i.auM! 

n.M^ 

eji-saa 

»M 

M.3M 

S.!I.te8 

Thero  vcrc  boaltki  in   lil16-4j,  979  Ooveinmctiit  biunlolior  ndi/if  uid  249  Blttntted 
rilUata  uid  S8  alienattd  hamlebt  or  vddu. 

*  Bom.  Got.  Kcv.  Bvc  S3  of  ISig.  f>5.  S3S5. 

*  Bom.  Oev,  B«r.  Rm.  SSaf  l&tU,  l7-:-l73. 

*  Li«nt.  BvAM.Miialuil«iperiDlcadiiiit<j(aQrv«7,  19  of  ISLh  Pcby.  IU7|i«ra?. 

*  Bom.  0«v.  S«l.  CVII.  71.     Writing  on  tL«  SUlof  DtfrcmlKTlM?  (Bom.  liuv.  Rer. 
IUo.21  of  ISM,  173-174)  Mr.  CoortdvytliA  CoUoctor  auJ.  *  TIm  xnai  cboapnew  o( 

C'o  i«  tikcly  to  thopraaontwwKmtooooMMiiwtBediffiaiilt;  in  rokTixing  tha  revmnv 
s  the  culUvatiag  dawM.  TIm  prloo  of  all  doMriptlooa  of  kp^colcunil  pcoduea 
i»  now  faD  2S  or  30  por  c«nb  lower  ttiaa  it  wa»  at  thit  time  hab  ytmr,  and  >>  tke 
iMdholdK  anil looK  to  tli« mIc ol  biKmopalooe  (arthu  inaoey  with  wbich  lopay 
his  rvrenno,  a  mmod  of  txeettiro  chrApncw  ia  Dot  by  uty  Buaaa  to  f4VDaTaUo  ta 
kirn  aa  t«  tbc  rest  of  tbe  comiiuinity.' 

B  1327-58 


.T-=- 


^  ■:£    jn 


■^^-  "^:Liii^a    in.   ^frr 
■arts,      ^itf  :aa£E  rurtai 


V/-"'.      -'  '■ 

:■! 
■ii\ 
II 

111 

Il 

uin 

_     i    ■     ■'::>i    ^  ^;.  ~;.     ^e  ieaila  k« 

: 

- 

>**-k~ 

a..--*t 

»j  *     -     if?r  ■; 

■  -F\». 

.  A  «>> 
('•4  j'  : 
..>  '.,1 

I'.l  VA 

1 1'j,  1 1 1 

l.t  ■.!■! 
!''■  II  \ 
lUfi'.'- 

-lip. 

13**. 

f •!'.■' 

Ill.f "Ir 

■/.rz 

4AI 

r. 

la.ml 
I'liJ 

.._J 

IS  I.r!  *!* 

7i'»       »i..V.= 

.Ti  :,■»».■« 

l-T      ».V« 

I'.Tt  i,'f:xt 

K.V.l      71, ITS 

in; 'I     v;^:i 

v.-     es.Kii 

"1 

ASM. 

l4t.W:r 

lu.tos 
100,  HO 

34.1701 

- 

Ba. 

SH 

■07 

"ao 
us 

X*.        I 

M9    !.- 
STfi    I.- 

S4     l.< 
21    l.( 

lis:     i 

STS'    i 

...    '    < 

v'.-it:!.  N,ia,iwi)i 

939 

1.t»,)M 

S4,«a 

HT*    M 

nn\       0:lGl| 
aw 

r 

12 

UTS 

sw  1 

SSI 

... 

se.rM 

BlM|Mi 

Deccanl 


POONA. 


443 


(uid  for  jvrirt  from  ftbout  S2  poiioJa  {+1   thera)  to  about  314  pouutl* 
(l&i»Aen»).' 

In  fifteen  rillageH  of  this  surroy  gronp,  during  tl»  t«o  years 
ending  I84t>-i7,  the  tllla^  itrcn  rose  from  13,473  ncrcd  assessed  at 
£1772  (R».  17,7^0)  in  IA»7-»8to  I6fifit  acres  asaes&ed  n.t  £i!llS 
(Rs.  21,120);  remissioni  foil  from  £207  (fts.  2070)  tofilfl  (lis,  190). 
and  col  lection  a  roao  from  £loi;5  (Its.  15,65U)  to  £2093  (Ke,  20,930). 
The  details  are : 

ParamlAai'  TtSagtaitd  Rrrtnm.  tSST-tStT. 


ruA. 

TUJwc. 

Rtlllkl 

luU- 

Ra. 

ITS 
MM 

MM 

Oolfet- 
UoiM. 

YftU. 

Ttlkca 

KenM. 

tu 
■*.«a 

It.BIO 

K.iriu 

11. 1» 

uib- 
Monk 

Onltse- 
tiont. 

HR-M  .. 

ItOOM 
IM»41 
tMI-tt ... 

IS.Mf 

tl.Tl* 

14,141 

1MS-4S... 

isa-u„. 

IMMB.. 

IMMS. 
IMS  <r ... 

AanK 
IS.MB 
iSJiMt 

R*. 

Don 

M 

19 

Re 

irait 

1D,»3) 

To  ameti  thnir  dry-crop  liuids  the  ihirty-six  vilkees  were 
arntng^  inUi  four  cWnos.  In  ilio  liritt  clasn  were  placed  ten 
villages  and  they  were  charged  acre  rates  of  2jr.  8(1  (Ks.l}),]«.  lO^tf. 
(15a».),  and  I*.  Hi./,(IOifl«,)  for  black  lands;  U.  l>ld- ('21  «».).>«- Ud- 
(J)J  ««.),  iwd  9J(;.  (Oi  a*.)  for  rod  lands;  and  1 1  id-  i^i  '>"•)>  7td.  (4  J  «.) 
and  4}'?.  (SJ  im.)  for  brown  or  Imrad  Innds.  In  the  second  tlaas  were 
placed  fifa-fiii  vilUgefl  with  acre  rates  of  U-  1 1  {<f.  (l^J  "").,  1«.  7^d. 
(13«w.),iind  1*.  lid(9i  .w.)  foe  black  Iftiids;lt.4id.  (11  as.).  U  (8  aa.) 
and  SJ J.  (5  fj  <w.)  for  red  lands ;  and  lOj J.  (6J  a*),  S\<1.  (H  n*.),  and 
4id.  (il  an.)  for  brown  or  baro'i  laods.  In  the  third  class  irere 
placed  nine  villages  with  itcru  rates  of  ]j>.  Oftl.  {14}  eui.),  \s.  S{d. 
(Ill  ««■},  and  U.id.(8i^.)fQTh\aok  lands;  ls.2jd.  (O{a«.},10id. 

(7J  cw.).  and  7id- (-"^  <"»•)  for  rod  lands ;  OH- ("i'V '"■).  5M- (Si  0*;).  «"<* 
Sjd.  (2i  a*.)  for  brown  or  bamd  land*.  Ill©  two  pemaioiDg  villages 
woreassesaed  at  thuSiipn  rates.  The  rice  lands  were  of  tritltiig  extent. 
The  rates  promuod  by  Liontoaant  Bvanx  the  assistant  Guperin- 
_  tondeut  were  6«.  (Rs.  3),  4s.  6J.  (Rs.  2{],  and  3*.  {Ite.  1^).  Thesa 
'  rice  rakw,  compared  with  the  dry-crop  ratc«,  were,  in  the  opinion  of 
Captain  Wingate,  rather  high  tlian  low.  Having  no  experience  of 
the  rico  cultivation  of  this  disti-ict  he  howuver  could  not  give  any 
decided  opinion  as  to  their  fitness.  Oovernmeul  authorised  the 
Collector  to  make  any  reductions  in  the  proposed  rates  which  he 
and  Lieutenant  Bvans  the  assistant  superintendent  of  survey  might 
deem  necessary  at  the  time  of  introducing  them.     Grass  lands  nulit 


a»pt«r_VIIl 
PurMuliiv, 


■TLoaoUiUM: 


Tui. 


inv-w.. 

Mia-(l   . 

llU'tl... 
!*«!.«]  .. 
1M*-U... 
IIU-W.. 


auMd  jftneiJhvM  f^toa.  uf- iH« 


OUn. 


at 
n 

31 

til 


/■iri 


ti 

U 


Tau. 


IS4&-W    . 

TOUl 
AM 

Anns* 


AUrL 

JMri 

Am. 

'K' 

^ 

"«1 

"^ 

IBombaj  ^* 


trVUJ. 

Land. 


BtMaati, 


Ut 


DISTRICTS. 


for  grain  found  within  tbo  limiU  of  a  landholder's  6dd  ' 
nasessctl  at  acre  rates  of  1 H-  ^ad  2|(I.  (H  <■«•  >^^  1  rt  ***■)•  ^ 
«xl«nt  and  value  of  hill  lands  vero  tmt  LriHing,  Govenu 
aolbcpriftod  the  Collector  to  contanae  iho  ezistiug  mode  of  aon 
thorn  Qnlem  ho  could  introdiice  Homo  other  system  whoM  wn 
ccmld  bo  more  cosily  and  officieutlj  supcrintUDdixl  bv  the  (lis 
ofltcera  nithout  being  distasteful  to  the  ciiitivaton).*  rbo  eflw 
the  dry-crop  or  jiriii/nt  settltimcnt  wna  to  roduoo  tlie  roveoue  ti 
tillngo  area  from  £k90€  (lis.  40.000)  io  lS4ti-47  to  £3390 
33,900)  JB  1847-4*  or  30  por  eont.» 

lu  18-17-48  the  survey  sotllcmcnt  was  introduced   into  tm 

Tillogos  of  thv  BfLriimati  f^'oup   in  lodapiir.     ThL-so    rillsgos  b 

ID    18'V-t-4.'».     Tbe  lilln^  area  in  tweiitV'One  rillagos   rgae 

4-1,9^7  bi(/hag  in  l»37-3h  to  4S,2H  higUs  m   1842-43    and   fc 

42,54-i  fctoAti*  in  l«S4o-46.     Collections  including  c«s8©a  row 

£I&3S  (Rs.  I&,3d0)  in  1837-38  to  £10113  (Ha.  19,330)   in   IM 

Tho  details  am : 

BMimati  TiUag*  a»d  JTomm*,  ISST-lSiS. 


PvLL  Hate          Baan  Em* 

lUOXM 

a-^ 

yum. 

VR. 

OB  SMI. 

DI  rUl'. 

KmdL 

***    *«. 

RmtaL 

Aim 

BmU. 

A^ 

kMtai. 

Atm 

>£ 

1*3141 ._       ... 

■1 

•^ 

MM 

%Jif 

u,«u 

awuA 

II)L 

•IB 

a*. 
Iff 

IM»43 ... 

11 

BUll 

7tn 

lOJU 

•M 

»I.Ut 

TMO 

M 

]<r 

n*t-i\ 

11 

40tA 

4M« 

»,•» 

I1.9IT 

Vfiil 

WM 

M 

itf 

It4<-M 

11 

IMI 

Mil 

tt.*a 

1I.0M 

I4.TW 

Wit 

IS* 

ns 

UU^... 

SI 

Kca 

(«« 

Ul*M 

njn» 

11.414 

MM 

IM 

* 

1BM4I  , 

10 

m\ 

DSM 

n;;«n 

nm 

*in 

IMi 

.*■ 

U«1-«  ... 

3U 

U4T4 

CM 

— 

„* 

ITU 

(M 

— 

T* 

Tmu). 

TvtllU 

DSMVf. 

Katfc 

Omm 

TfM 

Bmto' 
4NM. 

thiis* 

Aim. 

SsbM. 

«Dd 

■m. 

>x|ian- 

IMtf. 

Oluin;. 

HM- 

•• 

BtshiU. 

u. 

B*. 

Rk 

B«. 

Rl. 

lU. 

a>. 

lBM-» 

ujaa 

BI.IM 

IRS 

BUM 

BIT 

0*0 

TOI* 

IWW 

I»«MI ,  . 

M.1U 

»JMI 

■ML 

M.wm 

»«S 

UK 

MM 

I«.S> 

INO-M 

kJM* 

njM 

M* 

'il.HIl 

eM« 

ma 

«m 

1«.3W 

\Mt-U, 

*Ma 

U.0S1 

Ulft 

n.&wi 

MM 

»i» 

"^ 

U.Mt 

ISU-K 

*tMl 

nsta 

IS» 

M.«ll 

UO 

... 

iB,sn 

IMS^T M,H» 

VfH 

WIT 

3S.S31 

tn« 

net 

Nn 

\9.tm 

IMI-IH AI.BW 

iMoa 

tu 

B*,n» 

U<1 

m;i 

n.Tia 

IMW 

The  new  aero  rates  were  for  black  laodtt  tc.  7^(1.  {I3JI  «*.),  In. 
(lOJ  aa.), and  llj J.  (7A(i*.) ;  for  red  lands  l». Hrf.(8ia».).SJ<i  (5J 
•nd  €<'.  (Sia«.)j  ftud  for  bitrad  or  rookj  Iftodn  tjg'I.  (4,^  cu.), 
(23  an.),  and  2^d.(liaa.).  Ukti  ov  short  rates  were  iu  aso  until 
iiewnKteKitnient  waa  iutroducud  in  18i7-4R  n-bun  both  tbo  uJHi 
abort' and  tho  nwrti-  or  full  ratu  tcnnreacoajicd.  About  1730  a 
wuro  itllowod  to  be  hold  oti  iaiamt  kaul  or  rising  lanaeu  oilhcr 
the  lean  expired  or  till  tbo  wnoant  noa  aa  high  an   tbe  ibi 


■  UeuUoaat  Kvuib.  MMoUnt  •uiwritibKulvnt.  IS  ol  IStli  Fcl>nur}-  1847  t  Ci| 
Wingatfl.  $ujumnUiidi-.itt  i<f  Survey.  1:28  of  6Ui  Octabu-  1S47:  OonrnsMnt  It 
64«  of  S6th  Aavary  tMH 

'  Mr.  B«t<ra«.<Ml«<:toi,  ■%«'£  «(  \.LO«i.  Vua.  '  Uool.  Guv.  SeL  LXX.  i 


iraotiU  Comp&red  with  X2I08  (Rs.  21.080)  tho  aToraeo 
illoctions  of  the  five  years  ending  1846-47,  £2890  (Ra.  28,9(i0)  the 
mrroy  rental  on  the  arcft  under  tillAge  showed  ft  ri«e  of  37  por  coat-. 
There  wore  1 1,C93  acros  of  waste  asseteod  at  £47'>  (Rs.  47'JO).* 

In  October  1849,  in  BBbraibting  tho  g«ttlc»icDt  rc-port  to  Oovcm- 
meot,  the  lt«ve»ue  Commisaioner  Mr.  TowDsend  remarked  that  to 
I  cortaiu  oxtcat  crory  new  assessment  niaal  be  viewed  aa  nn  expori- 
tucut,  the  success  of  which  could  be  estitDated  only  by  the  experience 
H  sonto  years.  lie  pressed  upon  Oovemment  tbe  iiece^icy  oE 
|ppbDiiig  more  roads.  In  this  group  of  villages  no  improvement 
eould  be  expected  unless  a  e^od  road  was  made  to  Biinluiftti. 
Dovei>nta«nt  had  done  much  to  lessen  their  demands.  Unleas  trade 
was  encouraged  by  the  openinf^  of  roads,  after  a  few  years  a  lurthcr 
reduction  in  th©  Govyrument  demand  would  be  neoeaaary.'  Gorem- 
z&cut  upproved  of  the  ^ttleiueut.  At  the  same  time  they  obMrredj 
ftpparenlly  in  reffrt-uce  to  ihu  int'rease  i>f  37  per  ceul  in  this  Hurvey 
group,  that  both  the  Revenue  Com minxi oner  and  the  ColU^i^tor  «ho)i1d 
watch  with  care  the  working  of  the  new  rates.  OoTemment  had  sanc- 
tiontid  the  preliminary  arraufi^iiienlii  made  uuder  tho  late  LieuU^n■ulb 
Nash's  supcrinteudcucc  with  u9  feeling  of  conGdonce.  It  should  bo 
coiitiiderea  aa  a  standing  rule  that  when  ratos  aubmitted  for  approval 
are  compared  with  ihu  rates  obtaining  in  dietricts  whore  the 
■MOtaDQeut  lind  been  for  ftome  tiroo  reviried,  the  manner  iD  wfaloh 
filiat  reTisud  asaessmuut  luu  worked  should  be  fully  sbowti.* 

1848-49  was  an  average  RcesoD.  Untimely  and  scanty  rain 
tnjured  tbo  early  cropa,  but  tlio  late  hnrvoet  was  mon^  favourable. 
Bemisuona  rose  from  2*8  to  4-9  per  cent.  At  Indiipar  tbo  rapoe  prico 
of  Indian  raillot  orjvarl  fell  from  iibout  06  to  144  pounds  (48-72 
a/io-a).  Over  tho  wbole*di8trict  the  tillage  area  fell  from  1,228,304 
to  1,227,KOS.  acres  and  the  collections  from  £»1,84&  (Ka.  8,1K,4r>0) 
to  £77,535  (Ks.  7.75,350)  ;  J64061  (Rs.  40,610)  or  4'9  per  cent  wore 
tomitted  and  £1184  (Ks.  1L,840)  left  ontstandittg.^ 


Chaiit«r_Vnr 

Lud- 
SuaTSii 


<  Bmh.  Oiw.  R«t.  B«c  SOSoJ  1MJ>,  !»■  lOS. 

>  Mr.  Bell.  aMicUnt  mpcrintoidMit,  SSth  Korembw  184S  ;  Bon,  Gov.  Sov,  B*e. 
303  of  1840,  173,  180,  \ffj.  XOOv  301,  S34,  227, 1*31,  S47. 
'Boni.  Gov.  Ow.  Iteo.  SA6o4  IS«8,  17& 

•Oov.  L«tUrTSI4«f64liL>«c.  IMS.  B<un.  Qov.Kev.  Bm.  2W  oI184(i,  2i9. 
•  Bam.  Got.  R«r.  Beo.  £t  or  ISM ,  T,  13.  «i.  <i&    Tbo  dvtoiU  arc  : 


■■DtTMnK. 


ilnar 

PMmI 
Puiwidliar 
nhlmthull 
tUnll.., 
tUtKl  ... 


1(MI.M. 


vii- 

1H« 


HUH*' 


Aarm. 
in     I4B.11I 

101    na.ni 

IMl    llSitM 

»( I  iH,*ei. 

7 II     «II.SSt 
tt  I  IM.*«: 

M    vn, 

ISl       S8,l 


MMtO- 
tlHf. 


tSiS40. 


TBomlnt;  QufHl 


Cbapter^VIII. 

SlTRTir. 


Bori. 


DISTRICTS. 


la  1848-40  BbimUtadi  wns  tax  from  proApcrODfi.     Mr.  Rcid  ti 
assiattiat  collector  nrrot«  od  tho  25th  of  Fcomnry  ISSO^  '  I  Aa  tiAt  I 
how  Bliiititlindi  will  ever  be  a  pnring  district.     Its  poimlaliai 
scanty,  the  roinfi  &ro  variable,  and  its  ftseesstnont  comparad  wr 
thai  of  ihe  Deigbbouring  dialricts  o{  Sopa  aod  lod^por  is  beavj,' 

In  1818  the  survey  setUoinent  vt&s  iutroducod  into  the  fiori  pet 
divksioD  of  JuQuar.  Tbe  survey  of  this  group  was  begoa  in  \M 
but  with  the  ubjoct  of  completioff  the  aarvey  of  Maogoli  in  SboUp 
survey opomticinBiuBori  rciQaiaodntastandfroin  1842  to  1815.  Woq 
was  begun  in  184j  and  was  finished  in  18tG.  Bori  was  bonudod  ont 
north  by  tbo  rangeofhilloof  theBnthmaiivsdi  petty  division  of  Juai 
on  tho  cast  by  the  Najfar  district,  on  tho  soutli  by  PAbul,  and  on 
west  by  the  Ilaveli  villMgi^t  of  Junnar.  Of  the  thirty  villagen  iadsd 
in  this  survey  ^roup  ono  vilta^  was  anoesed  iu  1836.  The  climola 
i3on  was  almost  tlie  ssnie  as  the  olimab)  of  north  Pabal.  Prom  t 
point  westward  where  Bori  adjoined  tho  Junnar-Havcli  group  ( 
supply  of  rain  bcmme  grndunlly  more  uncertain  and  less  ploBtit 
till,  at  tho  poiut  wbero  Bori  joined  tho  Aiiiawlnagmr  diiiirict,  thai 
was  von?  Hucertain.  Tho  chief  grains  were  inilteta,  whenl^ 
fmm.  Tbere  were  1304  ploughs,  ^  carts,  and  t^T,0  bullocica 
2455  buidholders  20-14  were  vxirditdan  or  heroditer^  holders, 
woro  upria  or  casnst  holders,  and  118  were  ovandkarts  or  stTanim 
According  to  Mr.  Pringlo's  survey  thfre  were  74,865  acres  of  Go 
emmcnt  arable  land  and  5003  acres  of  alivnatctl  liind  or  a  total  ' 
70,95S  acres  nsscRsed  at  £78*1  (Kb.  78,680)  that  is  an  uverago  so 
rate  of  In.  ll^ci.  {}hia«.).  Of  theOovommentarablo  area  24,8 ISftCfl 
woro  waste,  and  50,05^  acres  were  under  tillage.  Tho  rental  oa  I 
tillage  oroa  wns  £5110  (Ks.51.100)  ov^.\d.  (Ko.I^m.*)  tba  un 
The  an»  held  for  tillage  increased  from  4<},420  in  18S0  to  &&fi 
acres  in  1 846.  Hemissiona  during  tho  sixt«oD  years  ending  18- 
avoniged  £1035  (Ra.  10,3&0),  and  during  the  fire  yi^rs  ending  IS'I 
nvoraged  £741  (lis.  7410).  Bori  biding  a  lung  slip  of  land  lying  in 
line  paralh-l  vriih  P^bal,  and  the  climate  and  market  prices  in  bo4 
being  much  the  same,  the  ]*&bul  rates  with  a  slight  iaoreaec  on  tl 
red  land  were  proposed  for  Bori.     The  details  are  : 


Ilori  Surrrj/  Jbitu, 

tmt. 

Sort. 

C1*«*  t. 

U  Vil- 
iKM. 

Ctamlll 

^VBIafo. 

lit  IlWk 

Viril    do. 

*rJ    do.           

Am.* 

uv 

400 
1» 

iln. 

no 

fdiu  huDdml  Ttt  tqua]  ens  rupM  qrlwa 


Foota  Wattd.  tStS-U. 


Sn-SrriBMir. 


Shiviwc 
IfliUinir 

Pumndliar. . 


AnUt. 


AsfM. 
CU.OID 

i  ii.s.uu 

ITO.TSU 

iw.nr.i 


Wutr. 


|P»»C»ni 


fia.o«s 

17. 1» 


M'OO 


e^a-P)TWO« 


RtihnlhMll 


Tsui 


■Mr.  Reid.  wcmxl  M«i>t  coll«cU>r,  SfilhF«b.  IS50.  Bom.(iav.R«tr.  R«e,  lA  »(  tS3i 
2D6  i  Gov.  letter  9756  o*  Slct  Dec  1850,  Co*,  ficr.  E«.  16  ot  18%  S38-Z44. 


Deoe&n-] 


POONA. 


Bori  Surmy  AMh.  IJJ$— oontinuAd. 

'  »»-«•"«—'■  l":^ 

0\mH  II. 

10  rii. 

Clu  III. 

■  vnii«H. 

M  R«d            „       ... 

Idit  do. 

■nl  *>.             ...       .. 

■at  Sinlil 

tlA  iA             ...        _ 

trl   do.            ..        - 

JiML 

i» 

ti» 

TO 

at 

IN 
!•• 
KM 

» 

Am. 
an 
no 

IW 

IM 
M 

so 

Tho  aren  oF  watered  liuid  waa  cou!<i<lerublo.  Of  6ci7  wells  tventj- 
nine  were  in  alienated  laud;  t1ic>ro  were  also  aumcrotu  tsmM 
cliauncls.  From  both  sources  n  total  area  of  -ilOO  aor«8  were 
watered.  Many  of  these  clutonela  wen>  nsed  only  in  seaaonfl  of 
more  than  avontgo  rainfall.  In  seasons  of  modoratd  rain  nmny  at 
them  were  without  water.  It  was  propocod  that  the  reatal  ou  IIumio 
channels  should  Dot  be  demanded  except  whon  they  were  used. 
Under  tho  Former  siirvoy  llie  aoro  mto  on  the  prardea  land  was  6s, 
(tis.  5),  bet  only  a  miiall  portion  (48  acres)  of  toe  watered  huid  wiw 
iDcladcd  nndor  thia  kctvu.  It  was  proposed  to  impoite  the  Pilbnl 
garden  land  rate  of  -ic.  (Its.  Z)  iu  Bori.  According  to  tho  new 
aurrcy  the  f^rd«n  area  amoontod  to  1100  acres  and  the  reatnl  to 
£472  (lis.  4720]  or  an  averngo  acre  rate  of  a  liUlo  moro  tlun  2«. 
(Ro.  I).'    'fho  detaib  are : 

Bai  SitlkmtRl,  lSt6. 


rvum. 

HmiTar.                         1 

oil  . 
TllbKl 

int.1*. 

OtnplBL 

Wait*. 

Gtvp. 

Oifdai. 

TsUL 

IU 
SO            M,«M 

U>,M« 

•o,ns 

IU. 

«.71» 

U.M8 

1*. 

ia,*»o 

During  the  preceding  five  yeara  the  average  remissinna  were  aboat 
£74(1  (Ra.  7400).  Deducting  this  sum  from  the  fornivr  rental  ou  tho 
iitlago  area  and  oomparing  the  balance  with  the  sarvey  rental  ou  the 
oooupiod  area  there  appears  a  redaotion  of  alK>ut  4)  per  coat.  Tho 
proposed  Bettlement  was  eanciioned  in  September  1848.* 

1^49-50  seems  to  have  been  a  less  favoamblo  year  than  1848-40. 
There  wna  a  foil  in  the  tillage  area  o£  31,179  acres.  At  the  same 
time  remissions  di>cltnod  from  4*9  to  JIDper  cent.  At  Ind£pur  the 
rupee  price  of  Indian  millet  or  jrari  was  the  same  as  in  the 
previous  year,  about  144  pounds  (73  »her»).  Over  the  whole  district 
,tba  tilla^  area  feU  from   1.S27.898  to  1,106.719  acres  and  the 

I   >  An  the  (UpTilr  of  w«t«r  WM  not  «aon^li  la  oovnr  th«  whols  CftHca  tnm  kt  th« 
bknu)  lims.  e»cti  bo1d*r  waUT«d  part  of  bi«  lanil  bi  tnnoa  m  that  tM  utukl  aiiMiutt  of 

ImmI  waUroJ  at  OBo  tiiB«  mm  (h  lew  than  4l(l0  aciea. 

*C»pt.  lAodon.   >nt.«upt.  All  Oct  1S46;  Limt.    Natb.Snpt.  330  of2a<l   Nov. 

IS48 :  Caj)).  \Viiig«t«>.  SiipL   Strathcm   Matitha  Covntry,   152  of  11th  Aug.  184S  ; 

OiY,  he\tft{  \Q  the  B«r.  c'omr,  filCO  of  4tli  Sept.  IMS. 


Chapter  VUI. 
Lui. 

SuRvmr. 
Bori, 


tS4S-iO. 


I  Bombay  I 


44a 


DISTRICTS. 


CbApUr^VUI. 

SCRVEV. 
BnU^manirddi, 


Oftllectiona  from  £77535  (Re.  7.75,350)  to  £76,2«3    (Bs. 
X3M8   (Ba.  31,480)  or  3*9  per  cent  were    remitted, 
(lU.  I0,7tK))  left  outfltandinc.i 

In  1840  tbe  survey  setcfeiDent  waa  introduced  into  11  g 
tweaty.8)x  villa^  of  the  BrihruanrMi  petty  divieiun  of  • 
The  remiuuing  time  hill  villages  which  contaiaed  chiefly  oct 
hill  crop  and  rice  land  were  left  notil  the  Borvey  of  this  cUm 
wua  andertolcfn.  BrAlimnnviLdi  waa  boDoded  on  the  nurth  oj 
b^  tbu  Ahmudnagor  district,  ua  the  south  by  I3ori  anotbc 
division  of  Juunar.  nnd  on  the  weat  by  Madh  iChoro  and  I 
duuidra  hill.  Tha  hill  or  ding  villogM  Uy  on  the  tvest  side 
Br£hinanv&di  potty  diriaion  between  it  and  the  Harishcbandi 
Bnifaniativiidi  was  eupamted  from  Bori  by  a  line  of  hllU  stoep 
south  or  Bori  sido  and  slopio^  and  broken  on  the  north  or  Bn 
v&ili  flida  In  ibis  snmty  gT<oup  Uierr  were  two  strouius  thoB 
the  Mnl.  Tho  Kiui  wn!«  gencmily  dry  in  January,  it  bad  avff 
bed  with  nunifrous  deop  niviiiL^  running  at  right  angles 
on  either  aide.  The  Mul  stopped  mnuing  by  Ffbruary,  b 
uuinerotu  pools  which  held  water  all  the  ycnr.  BrahmanTJ 
on  the  high  rood  from  Poona  to  Nisik  oboot  a  quartur  of  a  mil 
the  top  of  tho  BrAhin»nvtldi  pan.  The  Brihtnanr^i  Tillage) 
badly  oS  (or  roads.  There  was  a  made-road  forty  miles  from 
to  N^nlynn^on.  From  NAriyannon,  though  not  made,  th 
was  fair  for  foarteen  miles  to  tno  fool  of  the  Bnibniaov&i 
The  aHcent  of  this  pass  was  difficult.  The  pathway  wag  I: 
with  botildom  or  cros&ed  by  Hloping  aheci-roclc  very  daoffOR 
laden  animals.  From  10,000  to  15,000  head  of  cattle  yeafly  1 
thin  msA  loaded  with  gmin  chiefly  Mjri  which  they  carried  to . 
and  Poona  and  returned  Iftden  with  salt.  'Then)  was  anothc 
loading  ont  of  tha  Br&hmauv^di  potty  dirision  by  Alo  where^ 
years  before,  part  of  the  road  orer  the  Ale  pass  had  been 
At  Utar  a  villngc  in  thin  sorrey  group  tho  rupee  price  of  6*v' 
about  62  pounds  (J}1  th^re)  in  1S42-43,  about  72  pounds  (3<S 
in  1843-44,  about  62  pounds  (31  nhera)  in  1844-45,  and  ab( 


■  Bom.  Gov. 

ttev.  EUo.  S4  of  1651,211,  220,370.     n*dBUil«u«: 

8<n<DiviaiOB. 

IS'S-IP. 

m»4« 

• 

VII. 

m 
101 

a* 

1(0 

™»«*|  .loot. 

out. 
•tend* 
ln|>. 

Umu, 

Tilkp. 

Bamt*- 
•taw. 

tM. 

IBO. 

SMnwr 

IndMor.. 

fiiti   Z     7. 

KhtnittodI 
fUyM    ... 
Wvtl     

TaMI  - 

Taimt 

Aetts. 

III.TSI 
ynfua 
Tin.ni 
mm 
iai>is 

B*. 

ii,o«a 

ig.6m 

«o 
11 

to 

m 

7 

K*. 

».nfl 

M.40I 

itn 

Ml 

SB 

m 
» 

MS 

371,11* 
lU.HT' 

m.TTC 

n*. 

li,S!« 

vim 
"m 
ion 

IM 

R*. 

SIM 

MM 

In 

11)9 

M« 

tsnw 

«,«u 

11.06  |1.TS^SA 

•M 

L1M.IU 

S1,48S 

ittTn  1 

u 

... 

tsao 

\«a  \    BM 

a 

^ 

tm 

ISII  { 

Mf 

**,t**      "'SSI    T^»*llj     BM 

».me 

ti.9;«  1 

Deccaa-1 


I'OONA. 


poands  (19  shent)  in  1845-16.     The  fultowing  ftfatctnoDi  shovB  tbo 
tillage  and  rerenuo  during  tliu  (i[u*i>n  yvnrs  oodiog'  l$l6-47  : 

BMAmaorddi  TllUfjr  and  Jgnvnuf,  tSSl-l^i?. 


lEAM. 

TUW*. 

BfuUI 

TiA*. 

TJlue. 

hrateL 

Rcnic 

OBirM- 

Aeia. 

Hi. 

Ri. 

«. 

Aera& 

Ri. 

Ri. 

lU. 

iHs-n.. 

M.IH) 

■un 

IMW* 

iium 

lSIO-41... 

*T.«Wl 

i«.to 

ItU 

»T.oia 

I»»-H-. 

S),W 

st,6ta 

MT 

8»,ir8 

■  Ml -It  . 

»7,)IS 

n.ioe 

Dies 

n,v» 

)B»-M 

BI.VI3 

M.BM 

7TB 

M.I" 

IMI-M  . 

C.ICS  '    »l.4tll 

«M 

>T,7U 

IMtM 

!n,»iH    u.!Ma 

liw 

34.10 1 

UlS-t4.. 

n.uu  .  »,eai 

GSM 

S«,fM 

im-n 

St.Mi  1  SA.sai 

n.lBf  '  IS, ire 

154IW., 

MASJ      ti.141 

KAtt 

K^ll 

l«7-»- 

3M1U     M.HIT 

iiu    K.^ai 

UIMA  .. 

iT.nt 

n.U7 

IMO 

Mjua 

itiMa 

Si.i)a» 

i4.7M 

H.Mi?      I1>,M7 

16lfl-*J  ., 

torn 

(o,rr 

ISO 

tciin 

tsw^o.. 

a«,»ii 

»T,»« 

MOI 

3l,K« 

During  thefiftoen  yMrtt  ending  I84ti-'17,  of  tlio  Mromgo  tillago  area 
of  35,711  oorcH  aaseiwod  nt  £3703  (Ks.  37|030),  pitrt  was  granUxI  on 
ihort  Or  itlcti  ratefi  or  on  lease  orkauli  ratee.  Thoavorag«  romiesiona 
vero  £570  (Eta.  5700)  and  tlio  colleotions  £3133  (Rs.  SI.SSO)  from 
35,711  ncrpH  that  is  a  nominal  avBRi^   acre  trde  ot  lf.9d.  {liaa.).^ 

»The  correct  ncn>  mtv  irtM*  muoh  lower  na  rovLiCNl  Tiu^A8urcmoiit  ebow- 
ed  thnt  tbe  nunilier  nf  a.'ifeiisable  acres  was  much  grentor  tliau  those 
entered  in  tlio  former  survey  Record.  Captnin  Lunilon  the  snwoy 
officer  Attribated  the  incraase  in  tho  number  oE  arable  acras  to  the 
fact  thnt  land  bordoriog  on  fields,  which  bad  not  boen  asfi«se«d 
twoauBQit  waa  thought  too  roar  for  tilliigc,  had  been  brought  under 
ciiltiration.  and  improved.  Thia  Coptain  Landon  thought  might  also 
lount  for  the  irregn''"'  shape  vi  many  fiuldit  and  for  tb«  absence  of 
ondary  marks.  The  new  .qnrvcy  left  no  land  nDmotunred,  field 
.Ijoined  field,and  where  there  was  a  ^pikco  between  tvro  fields,  it  iras 
Deluded  in  ono  or  other  lield  if  it  wait  of  Kmall  extent  and  not  fit  for 
tillage.  If  it  yioldoil  gr««a  it  was  assessed  asgmsainnd.  Patchw 
of  bare  rock  wore  deducted  from  tbe  number  of  assessable  seres.  In 
the  beet  soil  thu  F^irincr  meaaureioeiit  was  toand  generally  correct  and 

Eie  fihapo  of  the  IlL'ld  mora  regular.    Thia  was  prubably  booaose  the 
hole  of  Huch  Iiinil  had  been  measured. 
The  twenty-six  villiigw  were  arranged  infour  claasea  with  highest 
..ry-crop  acre  rates  loO  to  30  per  cent  higher  than  Ind^pur.    The 
details  are  :  BriAnnwwWi  Sm-v/y  JTf^M,  lSi9-£0. 


B»iu 

liuttnir 

KOm. 

BaiiiHXNviDi. 

too  per 

BO  pit 
ewM  liichor 

JO|,«r 

1  nUwiB. 

1  Vllttgn. 

U  VIllWBL 

11  TUIiva. 

•Jb». 

Aw. 

Am. 

Ra 

Rri- 

trtOlMt... 

ss 

I» 

WO 

IM 

IM 

tnd  do-  ... 

fM 

l» 

Ul 

311 

trd  40.    ... 

nil 

«» 

MO 

ITt 

ni 

Ul  R«4    ... 

EOO 

UOiM 

4m*K 

»P 

310 

VhIHo.    .. 

IW 

\ati+io 

1M04^C« 

»• 

MO 

Srd  d«t    .. 

n 

IK! 

IM 

in 

01 

MSorarf-. 

u» 

no 

m 

lea 

IW 

tnd  do.   .„ 

•B 

IMI 

im 

M 

n 

Sid  do.   .^ 

M 

ST 

N 

u 

lA 

Chftpt«r  vni 

Stntnr. 

1349-60. 


Foof  boodrod  rA  «qiul  one  ntfdB  or  tvr>  i^lHny- 


I  OnptoiQ  UindoB,  171  of  SSth  8MtMil>«r  IMS,  puai  lA.  19,  sad  (talotnailt  X. 
hew  avenges  do  iioft  quite  agree  vtth  the  bgnreaiD  the  ttalea:«Dt. 

B  1327-67 


aSML 


■■iltank«B«1<V9CamBalutA  g^TeaaM) 

Wla.4|4:(10H«^    n«ev«»te«dM  Sl.&44acl 

I  •■  &e  Ub  aot  aaMn«4  bj  Mr.  Pna^«*s  •onef 

to  bClWabf  awKMttcr  mcU«  u   wm  doM  i^ 

En»  MM  (1^  BMW)    Um  ai 
«(  »•  tea  wan  eadiag  184«-«7  to  CS8S6  <Rji. 
raaial  oa  wo  irj'cnp  aod  gwdea  iBIagia  aira, 
radseiiea of  U  per  eesL     ThedetaKliMv: 


the 


?| 


«.«> 


n^ie 


««M 


M,TM 


S<=l*l 


Pr7 


cue     lut    l«i,in1l*.' 


Afn. 


1 


Tb«  proposal]  nttcs  wore  saoctiooed  with  Uio  modifioatiot 
tlu  first  buck  rato  for  Utar  id  tho  BrstclMs  ahoold  bo  redaoed 
S«.Od.  to  So.  3iL  (750  to  650  rw) ;  this  cbange  rodnced  tha 
marroy  rculal  by  about  £130  (Rg.  I9MJ.» 

'i1)»  aewion  of  1S50  was  on  the  whole  unEarourablo.  V 
and  irroffulsr  Fallii  of  rttin  injured  both  the  early  and  tho  late  t 
Tho  parts  of  the  district  which  suffered  moat  were  BbimthaJ 
the  MHt  or  pliLiii  (MvrtH  of  Junnar,  Khed,  Pibal.and  MilTal.  R 
■iunn  nrnounU'iJ  U>  about  29  pur  cuiit  in  Bhimtbodi,  1 1  iu  Kbad 
PnntiidhAr,  3  in  IiidApur,  aod  {  to  IJ  in  other  sub-divisioiu. 
the  wlmlo  dintrict  the  reiniiuiionH  showed  un  iacroase  ff 
O'O  per  cent.  Al  Indttpiir  tho  rupee  price  of  Indian  millc 
KM  from  about  IM  to  76  pounda  (72.38  tJtan).     Over 


.*Tfct«Mhlw»t  m 


OkftalM 


MaUtenI   MMrivtwiarat  OtptaiB  LmJop.  ITl  a(   fl9tfa 
Wli^Kto,  IM  al  S9)ul  DMombcr  IM«  t  Mr.  TowBMnd.  Rnv 
im-mry  IMpj  Gov.  Lotttr  l)&S  ofMth  Pobraur  1U9. 


Ihccaa 


POONA. 


«!Ei 


I 


distriel  Ihe  tillage  area  rose  from  l.l9(>,71d  to  1.215,01^  acres,  aud 
Uiocollwtioiw  Mlfroiii£76,2-l3(lU.7,fl2,430)to£73,032(Ra.  7.30,320); 
JUiim  (Rs.6|,9(JO)or0  6  t»«r  cent  were  romitt<kI,  and  JM17(R«.+170) 
left  outataJidiD^.* 

In  1850-61  tho  thirty  yeai-a*  rerenne  survey  ftettletneat  was  in- 
trodaced  iuto  10t> Tillages  of  Jannar.*  For  reveuue  and  m»f:p8t«rtal 
purposes  the  Shimeror  Junnar  subdivision  included  three  divisiona, 
oite  ill  «harg9  uf  a  mitnilatd^r  and  two  ia  cliarge  of  ranh&llcaria. 
The  ui&uilatdur  was  Btatioued  at  Juunar  at>d  the  uabilkaria  at 
BnibmaiiT^Ji  and  fiori.  The  §urTey  settlement  was  introduced  into 
the  thirty  villages  of  the  Buri  group  iu  ISiS,  ioto  the  tweuty-siz 
villages  of  the  Br&hmaDrddi  group  in  1840,  and  into  the  100  villa0e8 
of  thu  tTuuQar  groop  Id  1850-51.  The  JuTinnr  group  was  bounded 
on  the  north  hy  the  Br&hmaoTadi  petty  division  and  part  of  tho 
Akola  sub-division  in  Ahumdnagar>  ou  tho  cast  by  the  Goii  petty 
division,  on  the  aonth  by  P&bal  and  Khed,  and  on  the  weet  hy  the 
Sahyfidri  hills.  Numerous  distinct  spurs  utrelched  east  and  south* 
east  from  the  Sahyidris  gradually  falling  into  the  plaiu.  The  os- 
ireme  west  was  very  rugged,  and  bo  broken  by  ravines  that  bullock 
and  plough  tillage  was  generally  iuipuasible.  Ila  place  was  taken 
by  a  hand  tillage  known  aa  ctali.  Further  east  the  valleys  broadoned 
and  the  asaal  form  of  tillage  became  general.  From  the  town  of 
Junuar  on  tho  west  to  the  Bori  petty  dinsion  ou  the  east  was  a  tract 
knowu  m  the  Hareli  group.     A  happy  combinatioa  of  faTOurable 


Cluptar  VlIS 

StlBVIT. 

Jummr, 

mosi. 


>  Bora.  Gov.  Rev.  Rec.  IS  of  lASZ.  fi,  6. 10, 14. 19.  S3.    T)ie  dctoiU  are : 


P«oM  Tiaag*a-d  tttmt.  t-Ua-  thSt, 


BuD'DiYmtosi 

1-^-^ _ 

IH*-M. 

isayn.                      1 

VII. 

TUh!". 

Rtmla- 
•inna. 

Out- 

U»1l>e- 

rii. 

TOIigD. 

•tout 

Ou(- 
■Ujlil. 

CallK 

8blTi)«r  ... 

Inil&|>ur 

KhM      ... 

niMi    

Bblnithadl 
Ihiall     ... 
Mini     .. 

T«tal    . 

Sei|n«atm«l    .. 

TaxtX    .  . 

17t 

101 

Tt 

n 

in 

Act**. 

iixni 

auMi 

sa.siO' 

b. 

ILSTO 

"iae 

"m 

uo 

1198 
Hlfl 

n 

"m 
lilt 

ni 

SI 

tu. 

M.«l 

M.IM 

fl.W 

t.OI.IW- 

ST.'Oi 

tis 
n 

IS! 

Atna 
iM.4n 

ITl.OOT 
ll>,<D« 
IM,W« 

ltt,T*« 

W.91 

Bl. 

llftt 

IJKU 

»,tat 

11301 

l.Ul 
M3 

i; 

IMl 
IIU 

aa. 

l.SMM 

8T.BM 
U4St 

iirj>t 

MO 
1) 

i,iM7ia 

SI.«S8 

ie,T» 

7fii.*» 

tm 

l-lIM>il 

M.MI 

tin 

T,»VM 

ue 

IMl 

•ftff 

n 

MW 

«M 

•M* 

»u 

u.Ma 

itoro 

7,«aM 

ua 

- 

U.4SI 

tlM 

ijeju 

i>M>M  WfU,  H»4I. 


Sv>'IMrni09- 

AnMc 

WaM*. 

SV»BlTBIO>. 

WMte. 

*Mm. 

r«rO>ai. 

. 

ACM. 

IteUnL 

ablTDnr 
■adtiHir 
KW 

ruai 
Panodbir  .., 

ITO.OM 
1M.11* 

tM,rw 

AwM. 
IB,M« 
S4.J11 

ff.TU 
9UKI 

ii-ta 
9X1 

flhlMltlMll    . 

BaraU 

TiDtol   . 

Aar*(. 

iir.Rt 

MrM. 

kl,MI 

ij.mo 

>T,ltl 

3T«0 
11  «0 

»«0 

LUanoau-iiM 

u-n 

■Bow-CoY.  gcLLSX.  67, 


Chapter  VIII. 


Jvmttar, 


D15TUICTS. 


fl  yieldi 


raialall  uid  fertile  *oil  made  tht*  ono  of  tbe  rtcbesi 
Deoaa.  Nowhere  alio  in  Pmim  wu  tbo  Call  of  nun  to 
M  OHtain ;  oowlure  eka  did  wheat  sod  oUior  f^etisM  yield  ( 
abondaat  cnpa.*  Id  the  minjr  we«t  rice  was  tlie  staple  prmladj 
oaly  dry^crop*  being  a<ucAai.«ita.kAMru»at,  and  uthcr  apluidg«{ 
80  griMtly  (lid  U)o  exooM  of  axiiaUira  doUrriomLo  aud  c&Wtd 
soil  dial  after  jrieldingfor  Uiroeor  foar years  tba  land  required  tl 
or  ttpar  jetanol  nist.     From  thi»  wot  wwtum   tract  eaetw-uda 

Cualljr  disappeared  as  tbe  whenl  gfam  wid  millot  Unda  at 
>Ii  groop  ware  approacAod.  The  woatom  Tilltt(<«s  had  oflea 
BMn  than  a  scanty  popaUttoa  of  baxdy  and  simple  hillinim. 
fccMuee  were  generally  boi&II  roofed  gbudx.  Tlioir  wanbt  wetv  1 
and  Mpecially  daring'  l\w  nua«  thifj  wore  oft«Q  loft  witliouE  en 
men  or  traders.  In  the  Ilavoli  group  tbe  hnases  wore  compontj 
well  built,  and  the  villafio  oomniumUon  Imd  ibo  asnal  staff  at  or{ 
men.  'I''bo  cbief  and  ibu  mmt  central  local  market  was  jiul 
tbe  otbor  loading  mnrkcl  towuii  wera  Utar  and  NArAyaSDaoa.  | 
ratee  fixed  on  tba  aanrcy  and  aaBeesmootof  Jnnnar  oarrica  oot « 
Mr.  Pringlo  wone  iotrodaoed  io  1829-SO,  and  till  1H50  coDtJaHl 
be  tbo  bosifl  of  Ibe  British  rervnag^oullcctiuus.  During  tbel 
yoara  after  Mr.  Pringlo's  aettleoient  tillage  wafi  statton&n;  dj 
(ho  fourth  year  it  idiffhtly  ioorcavod.  Euch  of  theao  roar  j 
(I829.1S;]3)  wiu  tuarkod  by  a  yearly  fall  id  revenue.  Tbe] 
1883-34  and  l83i-3o  nro  romarlcablo  aa almost  ibe  full  asseM 
on  (he  caltirntcd  lund  vitut  nmtized.  IHAti  wns  eWdpiitIra 
HOiMon,  but,  nft  libcnil  rumi»tdooa  wore  ^v«n,  ia  tho  folluwiae 
the  reronuo  ranched  lUs  former  standjird.  183H  was  a  yenr  of  I 
rnin  and  tbo  rcniissiioiiii  amonntod  to  abcKit  -io  por  cent  of  tbo  aa 
moot.  The  effecta  of  tbis  unfavourable  ftdwon  appear  to  havo 
felt  for  tho  sut'ccoding  three  years  from  which  timo  thoro  is  nol 
rein&rkable  till  IStd.  Id  1S4S  probably  becuusu  of  tho  faTong 
cUaractor  of  the  two  previons  yearn,  the  area  of  Innr]  ander  ti 
was  greater  tbu.11  in  nny  prvocdJu^  year  of  tlie  wbolo  period, 
unfavourable  srawon  of  IStiJ  caused  a  declino  in  tillanv.  Darinj 
twenty-one  years  ending  Ifil9*£i0  the  tillage  atoh  v»,ri<Hl  from  i1 
acrea  in  1H29-90  to  58,000  acres  in  161d-'19  ;  tbe  collcctioni  t 
from  £351:10  (Its.  3.^,*i00}  in  1838-39  to  £(i5(t0  (Ra.  65,lH)l 
1S42-43,  aiidururagud£5tC6  (El».  54,660)  or2jr.  Jd.  (Ro.  1  m.j 
aero.  In  tho  ten  yenrn  ending  rS49-50  the  oolloctiong  av 
£5835  (lU.  58.350)  or  2>.  id.  <lle.  I  ««.  /,)  the  aero.'     In 

•  Sorv.  Snttt.  S»  of  KKli  Nor,  19K.  Bom.  Got.  8«L  LXX.  99  -70. 

»  TItc  iltiuU*  ttr« :  jBDiar  TSttaf*  mtf  JtMraM.  nS-UM. 


....      TU-     BoDl*    CUIIw-       V...    >  Til-    Konl*    CoUwc-      •„.    I  Til- 
■**"■     1^     aloiw.       ileiM,         '*'*    liar*.     •*•"»■      U<MW.       ***^   | '^^ 


ut»-ta 
in».u.. 

unu. 

UlMi.. 

■I'M*-' 
ia»-n.. 


tern 


U.01X) 

17,600 


OMOi     ion 

(U.OM 

too 

UN 


Acre*. 

M.WO 
M,S04 
KlttD 


Ita.   y 
nam    tMMt..|M, 


•UMO 

■■.wo 

U.4M 
«0,OM 

tew 


i*HU..  W,<we|    IMM 
UM.4T..  trjMd      «<» 

iMa^h.ltun]  iit.«M 


^c*c  llgiuu  are  givun  Iroia  Uic  f— ~*-  ilnigruo  (ti   109  Jiumtr  *iU«gc«, , 


rSeccanJ 


POONA. 


463 


iple  of  Juooar  were  badly  off.  The  bnllc  of  tbom  appeared  to  be 
cop  in  the  inoiioylcudtira'  boukt<,  altnost  literally  lirioK  ftoiu  hand 
to  mouth.  The  few  exceptions  seemed  to  be  people  who  belt!  tht-ir 
lands  on  favourable  Icniis  owiug  to  some  iuequ&lily  in  the  exialitie 
tuaeBsmoiit.  A  great  reduction  iu  ibo  Guvernment  demand  seemau 
called  for.'     Toetuure  (iiUrediictioD  rates  wore  proposed,  which  on 

tihe  land  under  tillage  in  1650  reduoed  tho  Gororumeut  demand 
S4  per  cent.'     The  109  villages  were  arraoged   into  fire  classes 
wliUMo  hij^bcst  dry-crop  acm  rates  varied  from  3s.  Gt^  (Hs.lJ)  in 
the  fir&t  ciasa  to  lit.  6d.  (12  as.)   in  the  fifth  class.     The  first  class 
included  twenty-two  villuees  iu  the  east  of  tlio  ilaveli  group  and  in 
the  vallej  of  the  Kukdi  river,  extending   to  the  town  of  Juunar,  tlio 
k    Inict  which  has  been  described  as  one  of  the  moat  fertile  apots  in 
I    the  Ueccan.     They  were  charged  a  highoat  dry  crop  acre  rate  of 
[    S».  <}(i.  ( Rs.  1 3) .    The  second  class  iuclnded  twent}-<four  villages  tjiug 
,    gsaurally  to  the  west  of  tbo  Bret  claes  and  was  charged  a  bighoaC 
,     dry-crop  acre  rate  of  S*.  (Rs,  IJ).      In  this  group  though  the  fall  of 
nun  vfss  larger,  the  soil  was  iniich  less  rich.     The  third  clas»i  included 
,     uuief««n  villages  with  a  highest  dry  crop  acre  rate  oE  St.  6J.  (Ra.lt), 
,     and  the  fourth  class  contained  Ihirly-fonr  villages  with  a  corrcapood* 
iag  rate  of  28.  (lie.  1).     The  division  between  the  third  and  lourth 
duties  wns  the  cliango  of  products  and  cultivation  from  wheat  aud 
hijri  to  hill  grains.     The  fifth  claaa  contained  ten  villages  charged 

Int  a  rate  of  Iv.  M.  (12  «j*.)  ;  they  were  on  the  tops  and  slopos  of  tho 
SshyAdris.  As  rice  tillage  was  entirely  dcpondonl  on  the  rainfall 
two  seta  of  aero  rat«s,  6it.  (Rs.  3)  and  ba.  (Its.  2}),  were  introduced, 
aocordingas  the  land  lay  within  or  on  the  skirts  of  the  belt  of  heavy 
rainfall.  The  watoredlandwiLseithcrchannel-watwrodorweU-waterei 
The  feuperintendent  proposed  for  woll-watcred  land  an  acre  rate  of  4». 
(Ra.  3)  in  ozco^  of  tno  nigheit  dry -crop  rates  except  in  tho  spocially 
rich  gardeuB  to  tho  cost  of  Jonnnr  for  which  ho  nropoeod  a.  rate  of 
8*.  (Ks.  4).  For  channel  watered  or  pdla^thal  l«n<l  (ho  Superintend- 
cot  proposed  aero  ratea  varj-ing  from  2^,  (Be.  1)  to  C«.  (Re.  3)  in 
oxcosa  of  the  highest  dry-crop  acre  rates.     A  special  acre  mto  of 

I1S«.  (Ra  C)  was  propoeod  for  the  llnfir.  gikrdon  about  two  miles  to 
theeast  of  Junnar  which  had  an  unfailing  supply  of  water.  In  tho 
hilly  lands  in  the  west,  which  wvrv  known  a.s  tliv  cntting  forest  or  dali 
mtj.tho  iSiiperintendcnt  proposed  to  continue;  the  former  system  of  tho 
billhook  or  koyta  cess.  Instead  of  the  uniforrn  koyta  rato  of  Is,  6(1. 
L  (Vi  Of.)  the  iiaperintendcnt  rcconuncndod  throe  rates,  1/r.  tid.(lOas.) 
■  for  thevillagesof  the  fifth  olass,  \a.6d.  (12  ajiF,)for  the  riltogosof  the 
fourth  class,  and  2«.  (Re.  1)  for  small  potchon  of  bitlhoolc  tillsgo  in 
the  second  and  third  classes.  The  total  snrvey  rental,  including 
dry-cropi  garden,  rico,  hill-sido,  und  grnxiiig,  nmoanted  to  £553ti 
(Rs.  55,360).  Compared  with  £dtki7  (Rs.  5ti,(;70)  the  average  col* 
lections  of  the  previous  twenty-one  years  (1  }f2^.[  850),  the  total  sarvey 
reutai  showoa  a  reduction  of  £1^1  (Us.  1310)  or  2-31  per  cent. 
The  following  stntoment  shows  tho  offoot  of  the  survey  : 


Chapter  VIIX< 

SUXVZT.        ' 

Jimnr, 

JSiOSU 


lamiflot  tOlAl  usU*  amk  of  Uifa  gnxip  wtw  T5,<M0  •crca  and  tbe  old  lamdt  or  t«tal 
lenUl  wu  £8300  <Rs-  6S.O00).     Bom.  Guv.  S«l.  LXX.  73. 

'  Cum.  Uuv.  Htl.  l.}iX  7».  '  Bom.  Co*.  Set,  LXX.  110. 


1     Ckipier  Vin. 

4M                                     DISTRICTS.                              ^ 

/PHMT  flJftalMt,  US(hSJ.                                            ^ 

CUM 

roavn. 

SVB*¥T.                         I 

UM-lWft                1 

IMV4& 

PTr.C>«F. 

Ckr. 

Oanlm. 

OaMfaa. 

tke. 

uhI 

TotaL 



«.ia 

14.40* 
61 « 

am 

Bkaud 

Oafdn. 

*          Km. 

AfM. 

Rav. 
taL 

w«n 

"*ri«ii-j 
»at»a4. 

1     » 

■I 

ill     ... 
IV      „ 

»     ... 

tbmi... 

Hi. 
ttiMO 

4ata 

'n 

IIM 

OK 

IS* 

IM 

taa 
M 

CM 

B*.     *»»     Ik 

u.iTt   v,<vi,ii.Ma 
MM   ajmt    4m 

»■«    ITJM     Wit 

U»      niT    Uoi 

•• 
S)3 
KM 
040 

IU. 

"m 
Boa 

aiNi 

n 

m 
ua 

s 

•^m 

•in 

uia 

tl4,fl» 

U.IU  lST.»»t|lT,tfn 

3M7 

•ou 

JUT 

tlM 

H^"        JBSlSi. 

Tfae  8aperint«nd«nt'ti  proposals  were  approved  and  aaoctioi 
OoTOTDtDOut  in   April    1851.     The  on!;  exceptions  ytcn   tla 
KttJrmunt  of  tbu  gartlou  Utiuls  was  not  approved  ;  th^  tl 
uiiifiirm  billbook  rate  was  preferred  to  the  proposed  tbnio  cl 
and  that  Jn  tbo  caeo  of  UuJh  whidi  niquired  fallows  the  niea  i 
bo  token  ev&ry  year  and  not  oaiy  whDii  crops  wero  ^rown.' 

The  wftBon  of  1851  wu  agiiin  iiTiraTonrttble.     Aa  aboodaal 
nunfalt  WSU9  followed  by  &  failure  of  the   late  rain  and    iihm(  ) 
cropii.     At  Tndfipur  the  rupee  price  of  Indian  millet  or  ji  ■    ' '  ' 
•Wilt  76  to  80  ponndfi  (38 -iO  shera).     Over  tho  whol.-   .          i 
tillage  area  rose  from  12,15,016  to  12.73,3114  ttcres,  and  ttitj  < 
tioDB  from   £73,032  to  £80,462  (Rs.  7,S0.3S0.R«.  8.04,020), 
(Bs.  28,850)  or  3-3  per  cent,  were  rcinilt«d,  aod  £320   (lU.  320 
ontatsnding.' 

•Gov.  Utter  4ltKI  U  IlHb  Atirll  I8fil.    Bora.  G<n.  M.  LXX.  141  -lU. 
>Boiii.OOT.Biiv.B«e.lSofl»M.74.90,ir8-iaO,  IIS.    Th«  deteib  u«  : 

' 

sv^imuM. 

U»M1. 

int'M.           1 

TU- 

Tllliff*. 

Binila- 

aUo*. 

Out- 

•tand- 
ln|«L 

Oanefr 

VII- 

nilace- 

Eamto- 
>4«nK. 

o». 
Iota. 

Shlnur  ... 

ItMam 

Kbed       

ni*i     ... 
rbr«adkM 

HkHU    

TottI    .. 

ita 

M 

i? 

n 
IM 

iWM. 

IMMT 

•njm 

tlLTH 

IMJIM 

»t,ew 

la^Togi 
iai.*fT 
n.tM 

iU. 
1M4 

atu 

sm 

tot 

fia. 

17 
U* 

iiu 
itn 

ut 

IIW 

s*. 

1.0I,SM 
BMJt 

KM 

mm 

•S 

ao 

Aitaa. 

Ka. 

i«a 

IMS 
U.Mi 

t, 

tmm 

WW 

Bo. 

n 
no 

IT 

au 

*• 
wm    1 

m  xxumi 

ll.WI 

4tn 

t^M** 

Olt 

IJCMM 

»■•■■ 

nv    1 

^ 

JUBuaiooi  is  Klwd  uid  Q«rcli  dIpdo  wcic  in  cxcch  of  tbc  pnmcna  yvat,  lad. 
H«ra onlj  oanteil  tn  luuurvujoil  vilUjiei  whora  the  i>l(l  aysDnn  o(  MtltiaMai 
ipwMoil  wtndiriilnal  lowca  wu  in  Unve  ;  tuul  wbera  oonsIdaaUe  dKinags  lu^ 
luitaawd  owing  U<  tbu  wuit  «f  mia.    In  tha  mtrvmd  villagH  of  the  uofthw 
riinBloM  no  runiMiuns  w*n  ^v«a  on  Moount  of  teliBre  of  nia.    Of  tlia  nma 
ihownafkimt  Junjur  tttont  fU.  MO   wore   Bonuikl   Ixrjng  the   difftirvnoo  b* 
ih*  liiglwot,  or  Aomifj  rant*]  *nd  tha  ftetnal  Mnannt  of  Mttleownt  of  chm  *Im 
villMO  aiulot  ktt«cli>u«nl.     The  lai^  ■nount  of  nmiuiana  for  fkilnre  Is  tha  mm 
Hl»4ivtaicau  tiM  R»dered  neoMMiyliy  tlio  ^nonl  unrroductivvncBa  of   tte* 

iDeuan.J 


• 


POONA. 


4S« 


^a  18S1-S2  the  surroy  sottlomont  irns  iDlro^ncnl  into  the  Ambe- 
Ignon  petty  division  of  Khod.'  This  group  formed  a  nnrrow  holt  of 
country  Htretching  from  the  Sahyiliiris  on  tlie  wcjst  to  lb«  borders  of 
iP^bal  on  the  east ;  it  had  Juonar  on  the  north  and  the  retoainiiig 
portion  of  Kfacd  od  the  south.  It  compristid  thn  jMitty  dwisiona  of 
Obodu,  ATnbegaon,  and  MiUuDg»,  and  containod  fifty-eight  villages 
one  of  which,  841,  had  Upaed  the  previous  year.  The  mdvaU  or 
wL-«terQ  portiona  of  Ambf-j^n  Aud  Juuaar  wcro  much  alike.  There 
was  perhitp8  a  amaller  extent  of  comparatively  level  country  in  tho 
fndvala  of  Ainbognon  tlian  iu  tliose  of  Junnar.  Tbo  prodacta  of 
Ainbegaon  and  JanDsr  were  likewiaa  veiy  aimilar,  bat  in  the  plain  or 
Jpgh  portion  of  Ambegaoa  cultivation  was  almost  entirely  coniinod  to 
early  crops  of  millets  botb  bdjri  and  jvdri.  ITjo  proportion  of  Ist6 
crop  was  p«i-ha|>ft  less  tlian  oiiO-Mxteenth  of  the  whole.  W^hwit  and 
grain  were  grown  as  second  crops  where  there  woa  irrigatiim  from 
welln  and  channels.  The  potato  waa  constderod  one  of  tno  ordinary 
products  oE  tbo  plain  villages  though  it  was  not  80 much  grown,  nor, 
except  in  Ghode  town,  wan  the  country  eo  enited  to  ita  growth  as 
in  the  acighbouriog  villages  of  the  AuKari  petty  division  of  PabaL 
Two  potato  crwps  were  rmsed  in  the  year.  The  first  was  planted 
tho  otirly  part  of  the  monsoon ;  the  after-crop  wa«  planted  in 


in 


December,  bot  it  was  only  where  irrigation  was  nrailable  that  ifc 
could  bo  raised  at  thia  season.  The  [totnto  Koemod  to  be  n  favonrito 
crop  witih  the  landholder  chiefly  en  acooant  of  the  ready  sale  the 
prodnoo  met  tritb,  to  dealors  who  made  a  practice  of  visiting  this 
part  of  tbo  Deccan  to  bny  for  tho  Bombay  and  Poona  marketa. 
The  other  prodncls  of  the  Ambogaon  gronp  were  sold  by  the  land- 
holders  to  the  V^is  of  Glio<lo,  Sonoli,  and  Ambegaon.  A(  each 
of  tbetie  three  places  there  i^as  a  market.  Ambegaon  was  a  great 
atoro  for  rice,  and  Ohode  was  the  chief  market  for  other  grains. 
Senoli  was  n  small  and  nnimportnut  market.  Mr.  Pringle's  sorvey 
eettloroent  was  introduced  into  the  Ambegaon  grotip  in  18S9-80. 
During  the  twenty-two  years  ending  1850-$1  the  snrvey  diagram 
ahowed  that  Ulla^  fell  from  25,000  acres  in  1829-30  to  21^50 
in  1831-32,  and  airain  rose  to  26,000  in  1836-37.  In  tho  next  chreo 
years  it  fell  to  25,800  in  1839-40  and  again  rose  to  27,500  in 
1 840-41 .  In  tho  tiext  three  years  it  fell  to  24-^500  in  18i3-44>  and 
daring  the  remaining  seven  years,  with  a  rise  in  one  and  a  fall  io 
another  year,  it  varied  between  25,000  in  1845-16  and  26^50  in 
1848-47,  l&t8-49.  and  1850-51.  RemisstionB  wero  Ba.  8000  in  1829-30 
and  1830-31,  Ra.  1700  in  1831-32  and  1832-33,  Rs.  2500  in  1836-37, 
Rs.  12&0  in  1837-38,  Rs.  2500  in  183a-39  and  1839-10.  and  Rs.  1300 
inlSiS.+  t,  1844-45,  and  1850-51;  in  other  years  they  were  less  than 
Rs.GOO.  Th«oollectiona  fell  from  Ks.  14,500  in  1829-30  to  Bs.  12,500 


Chapter  7121. 

Land-      I 

Suarn. 
AvArgam, 


but  oolv  ia  Isdipnr  iren  renUaloD*  mat«l  la  murvyi  villaet*.  the  mm  11101111 
■niflitPuiiadliu  being  (or  lUttia'*  vIIWm  wluoh  wws  nnder  teniiorarr  mmiMmagrt. 
Tha  a.ioMint  ■guDrt  BnimtbuUiBUutofmevatly  hptd  viniea,  whow  Imaliddsrs 
w«re  unabU  to  {My  th<  mtU  OT  full  ratot  ol  ■■wuuiat    Boa.  Oov.  Rev.  Rm.  1$ 

(.f  1&6S.  iis-iax 

I  Lieut.  Pruxiu,  Snrr.  Sapt  SS5  of  4tli  D«c,  1881,  u»d  04r.  Bm.  quoted  ia  G«t. 
Utt«i  1«S4  <>f  9th  Harcfa  18S!  to  Um  R«t.  Color.  3.  D. 


to  iU^  17,000    in  183S-30. 
ISS7-VS  when  they  wvm  R^  i?  iV«i 
k.  l$,Mik  Md  nm  to  Bs.  18,000  is 
to  Bi  15.Mft  m  1«41-4S,  raw  to  Bl  17.300  in  1  ^«^>  >->.  ^u  a^ii 
toBa.l«,lMal»tt-44.     Alkvrtlnt  iK«7  stc^tlj  fom  to  B«.li 
m  IStS-O'Md  ftAftB  Ba.17,000  in  1850-61.     AoocmW  hi 

FMaeas.  dttrta^  tbb  wbob  J 
re»y  jbwII  ■hnwing  na  »h5fa«ninit  of  oDlf  71 
laDMa^orlUlfco  iiniliiT.'If  Hcan  b«  tV)WD  tbati 
ifaM  hiB  beta  in  opvntwna  for  eo  conaiderablu  kjx 
«{ tka  gnMp  h»ve  net  baen  impurad.  that  onlttf 
■BBOwp—iierl  with  a.  ouriupandisg  incnmao  <A  m 
»  Fwfcttw  |Kti|ioriioBato  to  the  extent  at  wnniieiops  wonld  m 
that  is  Bsw  nqpirad.*  Ueot.  Pimnds  lad  peaeed  throogh  the  j 
in  ISM  end  had  alio  tilled  tft  donn;  December  18ol.  H^ 
the!  the  hoik  of  the  hadhMdera  w«re  in  fair  cni 
la  the  hillT  v«st  or  Mevel  pert  of  the  group  the  Ik4« 
mell,  end  tee  hndhelden'  meuu  were  generell/ 
;  stall,  es  tsr  le  be  eooU  here,  few  of  tboca  woni 
kefaft  of  laeTiof  their  nhges  to  aqe^  enqdormnat  in  Bom 
•kewbn^  ^'**?P  "^  ^  ■"PP^'^  tbeMaelToa  on  Uiu  produce  ct 
6cldi.  Coqtirniring  Iht  coperior  dimato  of  thin  group  be 
ofKaioci  thmi  e  sew  eewacmeet  eqeel  lo  the  amoant  of 
ooQeetioas  woold  effect  all  the  rMictioa  oanod  for.  Tba 
be  propoeed  wen  Si^  2^.,  iU,  aed  2«.  (EU.  1 1,  Ril  1  a.  Re.  I^, 
Be.  1}  (or  dry-crcp  lands.  Tot  rioe  Undtt  ooe  aniform  mle  ^ 
(Be.  3)  was  propoaed.  1063  aeree  were  ander  rice  nnd  tbdrail 
meat  at  the  renaed  rates  amounted 'to  £133  (Hs,  133(^)  cj 
aTowB  aen  nto  of  Zx.  6fL  <IU.  1)>.  For.gsrden  l&uds,  6t.  (9 
(or  cfapnela  and  -ia.  (R&  3)  for  weUs  wero  propoeed.  Tba^ 
garden  reotal  amooated  to  dt49  (Bs.480).  Compared  with' 
previoas  jeer's  coUectkHU  (Ra.  16,91.S)  ra  fift;>eevea  viDagea 
earve;  rental  on  the  tillage  area  (Ks.15,93l>)'  snowed  a  redoctk 
5]  per  cent.  Incladinfpwastaasd  tho  lapsed  rillago  ofSAl  theso 
total  amotiDtcd  to  £1951  (B«.  10,510).  Lieut.  Prancia  obaerred 
beoaaae  of  the  rather  acantj  popolation  of  sumo  of  tbo  rilt 
near  tba  B&hyAdris,  aa  welt  as  on  aoconnt  of  tbs  cataro  of  the 
which  reqmred  a  periodical  ^low,  the  whole  of  the  waste  woold 
be  brought  tmclcr  tillitge  at  on«  lime.  There  waa  a  larg^  extea 
bill-IanasmtedonlyforiJa/fbtLiib-cIeann^  tillage.  It  had  notl 
dividod  into  narobcrs,  but  wbji  left  in  large  tracts  for  tbo  nor 
of  bcinff  brought  uiidur  tbo  hryta  or  billhook  ejrstcm  of  aesoasoi 
It  was  proporod  to  continae  the  old  rate  of  U.  64,  (12  u*.)  the  t< 
The  foITowiog  stetement  shows  the  effect  of  tbo  sarvej  : 


1  Ib  pan  12  ol  hia  mmrt  tho  Surrey  Snperiiitenidcnt  flOBpam  the   ivrad 
eziatiiv ralM,  Ra.lS.SIS  Incliiding  R*.  I300ot  raataiUHU  in  Snjr-etren  viDacwi,  i 


ttis  mnejr  niital  on  the  tiling*  R*.  IdMS  mud  abovi  tht  rsduoliQn  to  ba  ff  J 
ent  la  pars  20  b*  sddi  tlui  its.  900  ilioiiU  be  d*diK)t«d  on  soooeat  at  mm 
iorfltlda  infTiamt  by  saw  ntaa  and  cannwrf  tb«  cullMtiofii  It«.  I8;(iia  will' 
aonm  r«atal   Ra.  16,030  »ai  ibat  n<itui>  %a  htlH  rm  omI,    AcoatJi 

b>  Dm  tabalu  iUt«aMaU  Ri.  16,91  ■<•,  IS,43C  s  cbkufe  wbicli  fin 

rtdscUott  of  97  per  cwot. 


Oeccan.) 


POONA. 


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The  proposL'il  ratna  were  sajicbioaed  hy  Government  in  Marcli  1852. 

In  tl]6  fiame  ;r«ar  the  aaseftfimetits  of  |?ard«i  lands  in  thirty  Tillages 
nnd  of  dry-crop  aud  rice-laoda  io  four  villa^s  iu  (ho  Ponoidhar  ftnb- 
^Tuion  were  reviutid.     The  former  highest  mte  of  asii«fL<ttnont  on 

r&A  laad  was  \0s.  (Rs.  5]  thft  biijha^  or ahoat  1Sx.4t/.(K«.  6j)  the 
aore.  Uodor  the  revUiou  survey  twenty .aorou  villflgps  contained  977 
acres  of  cultiTabed  well- watered  garden  land  which  wore  aaeoseed  at 
an  average  acre  rate  of  3>«.  3j<J.  (R«.  1  aji.  lO^V)  or  a  total  of  £162 
lOx.  (Its.  1625),  and  twenty-oQe  villages  oontaiiied  1153  acres  o{ 
cultivu-tud  chai)ucl-wut«rcd  land  which  were  aitscesei]  at  no  averagie 
ncra  mte  of  U  did.  (Ra.  2  fu.  4|)  or  a  total  of  £263  i».  (Rs.  2832). 
]□  the  four  villages  the  cultivated  dry-orop  GuvomiDent  land 
amounted  to  4S46  acres  whibh  were  asgesaed  at  £St3  I6«.  (Ra.868) 
or  an  average  aero  rale  v4  ijc/.  (3  oi .) ;  and  the  cultivated  rioo-laod 
ainuuuted  to  ISl  acres  which  were  asseued  at  £27  I6j.  (Ks.  27fi) 
or  ail  aversgo  acre  rate  of  '<i*.  ]<£.  (Ro.  1  a$.  8\).  Along^  wirh  iho 
abovti  proposals  Lieutenant  Francis  the  Surrey  Siipi-riat«ndent 
proposed  to  reduco  tho  rico  rates  introduced  in  IH-18  in  tlio 
mlimlatd&r'e  diridion  of  Purandhar  from  &a.  (Bs.  3),  "is.  6d,  (Ks.  Sj), 
and  3*.  (Kb.  1  i)  to  4».  6rf.  (R«.  2i),  3«.  6<i.  (Rs.  1  j),  and  2*.  tid. 
(Rs.  11).  la  ogafimiing  the  scttlemeot  Government  ordered  Iho 
visiun  of  assessmeat  on  tho  rico-landa  as  proposed  by  Lieutenant 

cis  and  Captain  Wingate.' 

The  season'  uf  18&2  was  most  favouiable.  lb  was  one  of  unn»nal 
Bucc«8S  to  all  engaged  in  agrionlture.  At  lodApur  tho  rnpeu  price 
of  Indian  millet  or  /'mr*  fell  from  about  80  to  Hi  poimda 
(<U)-&6  s^r«).  Orur  tho  wholo  diRtrict  tlie  tillage  areuruitc  from 
1,273,394  ftcrea  to  1,31*;,7(j7  acroe  ;  Iho  romiseiona  tell  ff«m  £2rt3.'> 
(Ks.  2^S,85(>)  to  £72»  (Ha.  728D).  and  tho  ouUtandiags  fn>Hi  £32*3 

I(Ks.  3260)  to  £45  (Rs.  46U) ;  Che  Uod  revonuo  colleolious  showed  a 
>T1i«  CoUoctor  Ur.  Amvm.  SUSof  lit  CcuAmr  184*  pam  IS. 
*  LmuL  rnnci*,  9mrt*j  Si^Minntetulanl,  I»»  ol  3Dth  Jum  1K2,  IM  of  Klat  JbIv 
1S53,  Hid  193  ul  SnI  StfrtMiiWr  1$A2  ;  Ur.  CMrtuoy,    K«vfliino  CoBuntMiMB«r,  91W 
Ol  SIM  Dwtmbir  tSU  t  Oovemnient  Utter  IM  of  L9». 
'PooiuiODUMtoc'aCompUitliuiioi  1953,  113.355. 

1 1397-58 


CbsptwTin 
UmA.     i 


JSSISS. 


issssa. 


(Bombay 


Cluptw^TIXI 

LMld. 

Tn*  Bums  It. 


Bcurrrr- 
KImL 


4» 


DISTRICTS. 


Wl  from  £80.462  (lU  8,04,820)  to  i80.07S  (lU  e.OO.720V' 
ftddition  to  repairs  to  fiTO  welb,  too  rwerroir,  nine  village  « 
and  one  reat-houw,  the  new  works  auth*Triw?d  in  tho  Collert 
during  tbe  year  wore  two  wells,  nix  villngw  offioee,  oi>»  re«t4 
aod  one  road.  Tho  amouut  sanctioned  for  mach  works  doriB 
yeweuding  U»e  30tli  of  April  1863,  tmder  the  standing  orde 
till!  4tli  o(  September  1835,  was  £20+  (Ba  2040)." 

Tlie  loUowiDg  Blatcmoot  sbowa  iho  working  of  tho  18*1  s 
mt«a  ID  eleroD  nllagoB  of  the  Haveli  Bub-divuion  butweeo  IS4 
18^  •■  *  £h^  »««£  Vmagti.  Oirwv  SmM».  IS*!-  tSSS. 


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imw. 

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Id  1852  the  thirtj  years'  rOTOone  sarroj  aeltlement  wan  intt 
into  thfl  Kbed  sab-diTisioD.*      ^ed  ifBs  cin»  of  the 
divisiona  of  Poona.    It  had  two  potty  dEvisians  Ambe^caon  and 
aabordlDate  to  the  Khcd  ini(nila.tdij-.    The  sarwej 


"IlMlUUillftre:                /Vm  mtefr «n4 BmMv.  IdM-JWK 

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The  noiisaoni  id  tb«  whole  diiUict  amowttifl  to  IHI  per  cent  tn  Kbed, 
tbe  new  inrrov  *etl1(iinnnt  wi*  intrmlni'O'I  Miin  vkit,  they  uoMintB'l  tu  4' 
BliimUiadi  to  l-^.  m  f  uruullur  tu  0*!>3.  u  Huveli  toO-2T,  in  ladApur  tu  0- 
SbivDcrar  JutmirtoOOl,  in  Plbklaad  MatsI  tberavaMBO  nwilMioMi.  Miv&l 
oaanrvejriHl  lulHliTiitiaiiuil  initmlltlMrBvaoDewaioolleotcd  witbotttdtKcottv. 
CallMtorV  r.(.m{>ilatioD  of  I8A3,  96.  Ml.  Aooor.UB«  to  mtI;  ot  Uot^mmI  biU  < 
«rap«  than  vnrv  two  dlriaioni  of  ia*tal^«iita  tttr  tho  c«ll«rtKifl  of  raveaaKy  ' 
Dm.  ISfiS.  Ui  ot  Feb.  1833.  IStli  of  HM«b  18S3.  uul  la  »(  Majr  1SUI.  lor  outj 
and  IStk  of  Jan.,  I  at  ot  Marob,  Ifrtb  o(  April,  ami  I  at  at  Jttav,  (or  Uto  orofa. 
Colbctotli  Compilation  of  1803,37(1.  *  rwnaljulkvtor'*  C«mpilati«aof  1853^ 
*Boia.  <iov,8el.TJtX.W.  'ft«oi.*A^.'B*v,*R.:,lu<il  IM3. 


Aaeeu.] 


POOKA. 


460 


lotrodaced  into  tlie  Ambeeaon    group  of  flfbj-oiglit  villiiges  in 

lSSI-.')2.'   rorthercmn-iningllil*  vilTiiges,  forty-seven  iindortho  IChed 

nuitolatd&r  wbich  atrotchca  fnrl^ior  vnsb  into  tli«   plnin  country  aod 

eightj-two  trader  tbo  Kiida  mah&lkari,  aurvey  rates  wero  proposed 

in  DM:cmber  1852  and  sanctioned  in  Muy  165^.^   The  lands  included 

in  these  129  rillnges  stretched  about  forty  miloa  from  west  to  east 

with  a  brondth  of  twolvo  to  eighteen' miles.     It  waa  bounded  on  ihe 

north  by  Ambetraon  lying  noutb  of  Juunar,  od  tbo  cast  by  P&hat, 

on  tlio  fionth  by  UnTcli  and  MiLval,  and  on  the  ireat  by  the  Sohy&dins. 

It  was  MpaTated  by  a  wido  clmio  o(  bills  from  Ambvgaoo  oa   (he 

north  and  by  n  second  chain  of  hills  from  Mival  od  the  south  ;  and 

besides,  two  other  cangos  of   hilla  which  pai^Hed  through  its  centrej 

divided  it  into  tbo  three  sepamte  valleyaof  the  Bhitna  and  its  tvo 

feeders  tho  IndrAyani  and  Biiin.'     Tbo  Kutla  group  Uy  cloM  to  the 

SahyidriBand  contained  ncoutiidorable  area  of  rice.    The  mAmlatdAr'a 

gfronp  Uy  farther  ctast  wbL-re  tho  clitoato  waa  not   moiat  cnongfa  for 

rio^    but    was  well  suited    for  dry    crops.     Tho  cUmata  of  tbe 

nii.nilntdAr'6  villages  was  fully  oqnal  to  (hat  of  Poona-Haroli ;  it  was 

bettor  than  that  of  P^bal,  and  was  not  quito  so  good  oa  that  of  the 

Jannar  vnlley.     In  respect  of  fnartota  Kned  waa  not  so  well  plil«ed 

•a   H»vc'li  but  waa  better  off  thnii  either   Pibid   ur   Junuar.     Tbe 

husbandry  vnui  good  for  tbe  Deccan,  and  tbe  people  were  better  oS 

than   ulflowhero.     'Jlio   bettor  condition  of  the   people  was  purhaps 

partly  due  to  the  fact  that  Mr.  Priugle'a  asseaament  in  tbe  villages 

near  the  Sahyt&dris  was  more  liberal  than  bin  &aaeB.snteQt  of  the 

ctuit ;  it  was  cbiedy  becauae  the  couatry  seldom  anllorud  from  a 

failure  of  rain,*  , 

From  the  surrey  diagmm  for  127  villag(%»  uf  this  Khf>d  grroup  it 
appears  that  thu  arua  under  tillage  waa  76,000  acres  in  I6S9-30  and 
6ti,000  in  1830.31  and  1631-^.  It  roae  to  73,000  in  1833-34 
and  with  a  slight  full  iu  tho  next  year  continually  inoreesod  till  it 
reached  84.001)  acres  in  1837-38.  With  a  alight  fall  in  tho  next 
year  it  rose  to  86.000  in  1839-40.  After  1^.1-40  it  continued  to 
abriuk  until  it  reached  79,0U0  in  lS4-4-fro  and  lE!4^-46.  During  tbe 
next  five  years  (1346 •1851)  it  stood  at  abont  83,<HK>  aorRii.and  roeo 
to  8}i,000  acres  in  1851-52.  That  ia  during  ihu  twenty-throe  years 
boforo  tho  introduction  of  tbe  revenue  snrvey  there  was  an  increaaa 
in  thu  area  under  tillage  of  12,000  acre*  or  15  pvr  cent.  During  tbe 
same  tweiitv-tfareeye&r8(l8'2C>'lS52}  reiniisioDH  varied oonsidetably. 
Ill  tho  firat'fonr  years  they  rose  From  £1200  (Rs.  12.OO0)  in  1829-30 
to  £1 700  (R«.  17,000)  in  lH»2-33.  In  the  next  three  year*  they 
wore£300(Rs.  30OO).  In  thu  next  four  yeara  they  roae  from  £1200 
(Rs.  13,000)  in  1H30-37  to  £2500  (B&  25,000)  in  1838.39  and 
again  foil  to  £100  (iU.  lOOO)  in  1639-40.  Between  IK40  and 
1848,  except    in   1841.42  when  they  wero  £1500    (R«.    15,000), 


Chapter  T] 
Land. 

SVBVIT. 

rsstss. 


*  Got.  Letter  itS*  of  «h  Umnh  IKH,  Comp.  48  ot  IKS ;  lieat.  J.  Pnacli,  Somy. 
MfiiiUa<laet.n9ol'.>lth  UMunbcTlSfit;  Rat.  Rets.  Mi  «t  \iS3,W. 
•Qov.  It««i.  2HS  d(  :t^l  Mftjr  I8S3,  Pooaa  CoIlBator'i  Compiklkn  ol  ISSa,  ST. 
■  Bom.  Got.  Rav.  R«.  172  of  IBG3, 79,  M- 

*0»pUlnO.  Wtn^U,  8urT«]'  dHamiadaMr, 81  of  UtU  Jannkry  IB&8  :  Booi.  Go*. 
&»T.  R<w.  173  or  ISA3,6S.67. 


TBomlMTteM 


Cfcftptw  TIIL 
Svunw. 


WO 


DisTRicra 


Qtey  Ttried  from  £200  to  £fiO0  (Ra.  20O0  -  SOQG).  .1b 
retsMDing  foar  years  (1846-1642)  ttcy  Ml  from  41800  (VLb.  16 
in  1846-49  to  £1100  (Rfl.  n,(H)U)  in  l8dl>52.  In  Che  fint 
ymn  oolleotions  full  from  £5500  {Its.  55,000)  in  1820-30  to  J 
(Bs.  46,000)  ID  163-^Mi3.  In  the  next  six  youn  they  fell  from  J 
(Kb.  65,000)  in  166S-;U  to  £5500  (Hs.  »!>fiOO)  in  1838-39.  la 
next  nioo  years,  except  18il>42  when  thujr  trere  k  little  1 
£6500  (Its.  65,000),  (h«7  tom  from  £700U  [Rfu  7U,000}  in  IS 
to  £7700  (Ra.  77,000)  in  1847-48.  In  l&i8-*9  they  feU  to  i 
(Its.  63,000)  and  from  thnt  rose  to  X720O  (Rs.  72,000)  in  1851 

nndor  the  revenge  Borre;  settlemeiit  the  129  villsf^tM  of  thit 
gronp  irerv  amngcH  in  fivo  cliusea  with  highest  dry-crop  am 
Ttuyinff  from  Sir.  3(1.    (R».  1|)   in  the  Brat  clana  to   2».  (lie. 
thv  Gfth  class.     Tlie  hi^ht^Ht  rate  vt&s  applied  to  a  f^roap  of  fi 
t^ing    along  tho  PtKniiv-JuniiRr    rosd.     Theao  Tillages  pan 
BuiHtrior  ftdvantngcs  for  the  cftrrifige  of  prodnce  to    I'uooa  nnd 
onjojed  a  cltmatu  favourmblo  to  Ur^  crops.     The    loner  raMs 
for  groaps  lying  east  of  the  Puona-Juunar  road  whore  Che  el 
becanio  urior  and  to  thu  irtixt  where  the  inoistnro  was  exca 
the  lowcKt  rates  were  for  the  Saby&dri  villageH    where /nir 
lui/ri  could  not  grow.     Thu  highest  acre  ratea  for    rico  mnd 
fixed  at  6».  (Rs.  4)  in  tfau  \-illBgea  ncartho  Sahyifdris,  7s.  (Rj 
for  tho   next  group,  nnd  (in.  {R«.  3)  for  the  group  fiirthor  en«t  i 
the  full  of  rain  was  hardly  cnoufth  for  rice.     Iliero  wore    44S5 
of  rice  with  an  aa3e9i.intont  of  £720  (Ra.  7S00),  that  is  an  av 
aero  rate  of  3^.  3d     (Re.  1 1).     The  area  of  f^rdnn     tUh^o 
smikll.     Tbo  highest  rates  fixed  for  gaideu  Land  wore,  6«.  (': 
for  chimnol-w«tor<'<l  or  pdt^^hnl  und    1*.  ^Rs.  2)  for  well- 
or  motiiMhal.     851    ncrea   of  chaunt'l- watered   lauJ  werci 
at  211'2  (lU  1130]   and   676  actvH  of  well-watere^I    land    at 
(Rs.  1230).     No  change  was  made  in  the  manageinent  uf  hill 
inaccessible  to  the   plough.      Thcjr   continued   to  bs  let  for  eu 
tioD  00  the  billhook  or  &yta  aystom.  Tbo  following  statement 
the  effect  of  the  sorroy : 


Omsk 

Fbnu- 

•OKVR. 

isa-UM. 

miM. 

ua-u, 

I>«y-Criip, 

£^•04 

TdU. 

23  S3! 

Om4m. 

T 

tu. 

Sm. 

lU. 

to 

■a 

aa 

T 

•* 

tT.lM 

m 

ajm 

■MM 

»>lf 

ws 

II 

1       .-       - 

««M 

lat 

tm 

M«T 

ttM 

«• 

tl       .. 

n 

ttfilt 

UH 

r^m 

IB.WI 

ii,ua 

•H 

■ 

Ill       ..       ... 

u 

>ia» 

Ma 

ant 

u.aM 

wjm 

i«g 

i: 

tv       _.       ... 

« 

II.UH 

lO&J 

ii.ni 

u.w> 

lUU 

M 

« 

V 

ToUl 

» 

ttJO 

(O 

97>I 

UM 

»M 

... 

: 

IS8 

TMm 

4Ut 

TS.UJ 

F!.li» 

a.tai 

no 

" 

■orui* 

moihUi 

[■•dill  IHt-UandlhaoUMrlnll 

MMDl     Rfi.  Ibn.  infl(taM,III 

•I 

I  Bom.  G«v.  lUr.  Rec  172  ol  186S.149. 


Dtocanl 


POONA. 

Khtit  Sttllenient,  ISsaSS—eoutiattM. 


Vf 
V 


TvM 


SiTiTn. 


°3Sr 


M>d 


en? 
It  .III" 


Rl. 

l(r,Mi 

II. Ml 
In.t'W 


TI.II4 


lltM. 


JktML 
1 

lit 

1M» 
lUt 


tot 

IHt 


rm 


ToUL 


SOT 

«.an 

M,MI 
IWW 


i^m 


"as 


84.M1 


iUlflUld 
Uiu* 


181 
UM 

IIM 


WTP 


ta,Ma 

1»,0M 


W.TSl 


[   1  W 

1  I 

1  t 

1  « 

I  0 


lS^^-54>  w«8  au  unuHuullj  bad  isvoson.     Tbu   ^uuth-vrobt  monsoon 
Kgaa  nilh  oxcGssive  mio  follovrod  b;  drought,  rolievoil  in  Bomo 

riaoes  by  a  few  ahowors.  I'argo  sutim  liaJl  to  bo  roinittud.  At 
ad&pur  the  mpee  price  of  Indinn  millet  or  jvdri  wa.s  the  same  u 
la  tliti  last  year,  about  112  pounds  (&6  tthert).  Otot  iho  mhols 
dialrict  Ihu  tillage  area  rose  m>m  l,3l(j,7G7  to  1,368,430  acres  aad 
the    coUectioHs    full    from     £8t>,C72    (Ka.  8,00,720)    to    £72,470 

EfHa.  7>24,760]  i  £4294  (lie.  62,1^40)  or  10^  per  cent  were  remitted 
d  £250  (R«.  2500)  left  ontatonding.i 
In  18.'>3-54  the  aarvej  settlement  wag  introdaced  into  the  1^0 
jvemnieiit  Tillages  ot  tbo  Mitral  sub-dmeion  in  the  Boutli'WvHb 
mor  of  tbo  district.'  M&tsI  was  b^janded  oo  ibe  west  by  Th&Da, 
tbo  north   b?  Kked,  on   iliu  oast  by  Hareli,  and  on  tbo  ttouth  by 

Bbor.     The  auD-diriaion  oontained  a  main  gronp  of  lOS  villages 

teailod  Milvnl,  tind  to  the  Sotflh  of  the  main  group  a  minor  group  of 
78  Tillages  ciOlvd  MuUlir.     In  geueml  fcatnrea  M&Tal  wiut  like  tho 
Sabyidri  anb-diraions  whicli  hod  been  settled  before.     Except  tho 
range  which  was  tttrcngtboooil  by  the  forts  of  Lohognd  and  Viiuipur 
Btho  Mllval  hill  mngen  were  not  an  large  as  those  furthi>r  north,  and, 
■except  in   the  western  MuUbi  villngvit,  tbo   Tnlleys  wore  more  opvn, 
■liroader,  and  leveller.     Close  to    the  SAby&dm  the  rsinfall  was 
*v«ry  moch  bcarier  tbaa  in  aay  other  part  of  the  aub-diTiiiion.     Tho 
chief  products  of  the  dry-crop  orjtrAt/ai  lands  were  wieJvni,  sdva,  and 


chapt«r  ym 

land- 

SoarKT. 

KM, 

issasg. 


ISSS-i 


flDBVir. 


>Bo«.aov.  B«v.  RecUef  I8S8.  laier,  aOOiSaS.    Tlia detaUi  an  ! 

Amu  nUt^  aid  Ktmrnr,  iWV-lm. 


» 




iBiua 

UBM 

ftm'I>itiiuex, 

vn. 

niug*- 

■OMlf- 

Oat- 

tend- 

0«IIM- 

U«na. 

TU- 

r 

■na^ik 

Ollt. 
•Mad- 

Ortlmlw* 

Acn*. 

9m. 

Da. 

tu. 

Aa>«L 

Bk 

Ua. 

Ka. 

■Utimt     ... 

IM 

U 

M 

i.ai.«s 

in 

H*-. 

wn 

1 

t.lS.SU 

Indinu   ... 

» 

,-.., 

IM 

„ 

I.IO.IT* 

H 

„,... 

ii.in 

t 

I.0I.<1« 

V!\ 

—... 

U»I 

••.aia 

IBIJ 

■»*-. 

IMM 

-m 

*IM* 

ru«i 

M 

"...* 

,_ 

«>p 

W.»M 

H 

,„„, 

«e» 

M,m 

rOfMKllHt.. 

S' 

M« 

1 

I,0I,1»M 

ni 

-•.... 

MM 

MO.MI 

ffHm^itl 

■.■>.. 

um 

■a 

M.SM 

i»^ 

...... 

tUi 

tm 

M,Tai 

thnll      - 

n 

H-a.. 

n« 

HI 

MBW 

•0 

«.-. 

w.m 

KM 

8I.9n 

ToW    ... 

ut 

. 

7un 

u* 



■M 

IM 

nrni 

>n 

l.»l«,7«I 

mi 

m 

HMHI 

M 

IMiMM 

MM) 

MM 

lT.»,I« 

*Oif  t.  Franoia.  Surv.  Supi.  33  of  31ii  Jauu-r/  1651  :  Bmd.  Uov.  8oL  LKX. 


rBontisy  1 


CbAptcr  TIIZ- 


*n 


DISTRICTS. 


til  for  tli^  early  liarreat^  ftnd  wbest  and  gram  for  the 
Small  areas  of  M/W  vadjvari  were  grown  in  a  tevr  of 
villaf^s.  Tho  blnck  tmil  lands  were  Huit«d  onlj  fur  laUr  cropi. 
WM  the  crop  from  which  tholaadholdord  paid  their  revtmiw. 
of  the  rice  went  to  Poouit,  a.  littlo  went  Wlow  the  Sattridri 
astill  am&lk-r  shnre  vran  kept  for  local  retail  dale  at  Vtt 
KhaodtUa,  and  othur  chivf  hailing  plaoca  along  the  BombaT' 
roAcI.  Tho  only  manaro  was  wood  and  Rraas  sahes  with  wbj 
rics  aoraer^  heda  wore  corerod,  Mr.  iVrnglc's  settlomenk 
ildral  vill^^  bad  been  a  sucocas.  Dnring  the  twuntj-tbrei 
it  bad  been  in  force  not  mora  than  £ve  p^r  rent  of  rvnUMto 
bwD  required.  In  the  ten  ^oan  ending  1362  the  sprx-ad  of  tilb 
boen  steady,  and  in  1852  it  was  rapid.*  As  ia  aeveraJ  otfaei 
of  tbe  Pr«aideacy,  whore  light  mtee  were  in  foroe,  the 
useasment  had  bmnght  with  it  a  plains  of  MArw4ri  Vinui 
calculators,  who  did  not  make  advances  to  the  people  aait* 
knt-w  that  lhi*y  could  miLko  tnonej  oat  of  the  land  ir  it  wsa  1 
on  thirir  hands.  The  villaf^  aloag  the  Uombay  roiad  wer 
with  UirwAris  who  had  managed  to  get  the  j^roat  body 
people  deep  in  their  books.  The  people  wore  tnon>  opprfwae 
debt  in  that  part  of  tho  ui^Ualatdlir's  dirision  than  in  may 
snb-diviaion  of  the  collectorato.  A  MdrwAri  or  a  MArwiri'a 
moemUj  lurked  about  tbe  landholdw^a  stackyard  whei 
Umabing  was  going  on,  ready  to  step  in  and  carry  off  tho  I 
Iheproduce.  St>me  change  in  the  relations  botweca  lhi>  landl 
mud  tbe  nionoyloudors  was  nrgeully  wanted,  in  tbe  Mnldu 
though   the  ralea  were  higher,   there  were  no   Milrwiiris  ai 




■  Tba  titrtejr  diignHn  for  179  lUval  rilli^  <lvao  tha  foUowfu  dotaili  1 
twonty-thre*  yma  uaoe  Mr.  ItiRBlo'f  wttlununt  in  1830-31 :                               | 

JMmI  TtUaftmml  Jtmat,  ISfS-  UM 

Vaia. 

DMT-CMr. 

ftl*L.| 

a«irf*-| 

■loa*. 

THUcc. 

OallM- 

Uona. 

raufs. 

am» 

ObOm- 
Maaa. 

TIIUbv 

Amm. 

lU. 

fa. 

ieiML 

B* 

HlL 

AOM. 

&A. 

uw-n       .-     ... 

•MM 

sooo 

l\liM 

U/M 

«»» 

■t.010 

M^ooo 

Me» 

U»4t          _        _, 

11,P0D 

BOO 

1^0-0 

IO.OM 

«M 

ll,OKI 

OMS 

Moo 

ud-sa 

n.n» 

»» 

11.000 

lOjtM 

UOI 

flT^W 

n,ooo 

S(M 

WMt         ...       ._ 

ti,m« 

»u 

14,C0D 

lOMt 

MO 

nooo 

>i.ai» 

SO* 

tn*m       M.      .^ 

tt,tm 

an 

l«,OM 

WAM 

MO 

9tjtQt 

»jm 

«oa 

IMMO          ...        „ 

n.ocM 

no 

ir,tcO 

ta,M» 

SOI 

OIUMO 

■ata> 

TOO 

■Man       

i»,i«i 

XMO 

iKUa 

lOMt 

NDO 

9BJ«» 

oaooe 

nm 

iMTja 

H.NW 

IDM 

IljM» 

KVIOD 

MM 

•MM 

».0M 

MM 

inMo       ...     -. 

*i,«oa 

kM 

njn» 

ILMH 

4080 

nan 

0.000 

tua 

uaMo       »      -. 

t*jM 

me 

UiOOO 

tuw 

«0M 

11.000 

»,wo 

tOM 

ISVMl         -.       ... 

MjMN 

ioa> 

iM>» 

IWMN 

lOM 

•},on 

»M> 

VttM 

un4t       -.      _, 

0JWO 

HMO 

11^0*0 

U^MO 

t*M 

n,Mo 

hImo 

»S 

IMS'*           „ 

a,w» 

MO 

It.OOO 

ll,S» 

100* 

M.4M 

1*0-M           ^ 

njooo 

Boa 

H.ft» 

n.aott 

•M 

*t.tw 

••.too 

IMO 

iMwa 

0.rao 

too 

N.aoo 

II.OM 

SU 

U.«M 

mju* 

«M 

iMa-tn        _ 

tsjw 

MM 

u,Ka 

ILAOO 

ii.ti« 

MA 

a,«o* 

0)^00 

ia»     1 

TOO        1 

IMIMT 

»,IM 

3O0 

le.wo 

too 

KMO 

i»tj.*t        

IhDOO 

am 

lO.MO 

U.IOf 

MO 

K^MO 

Km 

000        1 

luft^a        

w.w« 

HO 

lifiM 

ii.m* 

Mq 

MJUt 

OOO         1 

Wa*a        

lisiMi        

(MOO 

0.MW 

l^Ma 

1T.H« 

tl.«M 

MO 
Ml 

■LAM 

SSm 

OMOO 
SMOS 

Mft  1 
BM        1 

IMl-Sl          

W.tOO 

tdo 

tl.O«> 

I1.MS 

MO 

3II.W0 

tajm 

401        I 

1M»B4 

BJOt 

UM 

ttjm 

11  .KW 

MO 

S«.«i> 

*s,n) 

3»        t 

POONA. 


M8 


Sjpio  were  mucli  better  off.'     GoTorameiit  did  not  agroc  with 
ptain  Fraiicitt  in  expUiiniag^  tbo   impoTorittbod  ttttite  of  tbo  Sltirul 
I  loudholders  bjr  the  excessive  i-xactionii  of  moneylendiDg  MirwAriM.* 
I  In   tlie   vest  tlic  rainfall  wiis  too  hoftry  for  dry-crops ;  titc  bent 
Ldry-crop»  were  grown  io  tlic  uastvru  villa^i^.     Captain  Frnoeia 
t proposed  four  cIiuiro.i  of  c]r;-<:rop  land.     Tbo  tirst  class  with  an  acre 
[kU  of  So.  (R.H.  1^)  included  tlio  villngos  id  the  vxtrome  OMt  of  the 
I  U^r&I  group  tonching  on  Khed;'  the  second  class  rate  of  2i.9d. 
(R«.  IJ)  was  Applied  to  the   group  of  vilUgos  lying   immediately 
wcstuf  the  first  class  TiUagtvi;  tfae  third  class  rate  of  if.  Qd.  (Ra.H} 
.  woA  appIiiTd  to  a  group  vest  of  the  »ooond  claes  villi^M ;  and  the 
fourth  clatiit  nttu  of  2ff.  (Re.  I)  wsa  applied  to  the  Tillag<08  lying 
along  the  creat  of  the  Salijildrifl  and  on  tfae  &idc«  of  iho  billM.     The 
viilagt}^  along  and  at  a  abort  dietanco  from    thu  Bumbay-ruona 
rood  tnade  considembtQ  profits  from  their  aplnnds  or  m4h  by  selling 
gni«s  to   the  niim«roufl    cart  nod  poch   bullouks    Ibat  woro  daily 
EaUing  at  the  different  stnoes    on    the  road.     For    this    reanon 
Kbatuliilu  and  noitic  ocbcT  vilmgL-a  near  iho  Suby&dris  iroro  brought 
into  tbu'  thii-d  instead  of  the  fourth  class. 

Ah  nbuiidaut  miofidl  ix  ont^  of  tho  moat  importAQt  elements  in 
BucoL-saful  rice  growing,  it  might  bo  snpposed  that  rice  lands  would 
be  valnable  in  proportion  to  thoir  npamoss  to  the  SahyAdris.  liocal 
inquiry  showed  that  tbia  was  oot  the  case.  Tho  boat  rtco  lands 
were  not  in  the  Snhy&dri  villages,  nor  were  tho  least  produotivo 
rice  Imidx  in  the  most  ctuti'rly  Tillages.  Both  in  tbo  main  Mitvnl 
group  and  in  the  smaller  MuUbi  group  the  boat  rice  landa  wore 
Dear  tliv  iniddlu  vt  tho  tract.*  In  cUtssing  tbo  rice  landii,  with 
Captain  WingatcH  approval.  Captain  Francis  adopted  the  HyHtem 
introduced  by  Mr.  Pnaea  Tytlcr  into  tbo  X&aik  and  Ahmadnagar 
billy  rice  hkuds.  The  chiof  change  introduced  vas  in  busing  the 
valuation  oa  the  kind  of  riee  grown  and  not  on  tho  character  of  the 
enibaiikmont.*  Under  these  principles  the  rice  lands  were 
arranged  under  four  claSHea  with  aero  rates  of  9*.  8s.  7«.  and  6*. 
(Ra  ^\,  Kh.  4,  lb*.  ^\,  itrid  ]{«.  3).  Id  distributing  these  rateathermto 
I  of  9s.  (ibt.'li)waR  applied  to  some  Tillages  of  tho  Malxhi  group  whoee 
[dry-crop  lauds  belonged  to  tho  first  and  second  claasea  The  ratee 
of  &t.  and  7x.  (Rk.  4  and  Rs.8t)  were  applied  to  tbe  MtiUhi  villages 
wboMj  dnr-crop  lands  brought  thvm  into  lliu  third  and  fourth  clauses 
and  to  all  villages  of  the  main  UAral  group  whose  dry-crop  landB 
brought  tbotu  into  tho  first  »ceond  And  third  clasMS.  The  rate  of 
'  Hi.  (Rb.  si  was  applied  to  all  the  fourth  claas  dry-crop  villages  in 
the  main  Mlival  group. 

Compared  with  the  twenty-tbreo  years  ending  1862-JJ3  the  surrey 
rental  of  the  land  held  for  tillage  at  the  time  of  the  survey  showed 
arise  from  £4832  (lU.  48,320)  to  i.^289  (Ra. 52,890);  compared 
with  the  ten  ypara  ending  1852-5^  it  showed  a  rise  irom  £5191  (Ks. 
51,910)  to  ^5289  (K6.S2,890) ;  and  compared  with  (be year  I862-&3 


Chapter^nn 

Xuid. 

Scavmr- 

ISSS-t 


•  CapUinFVuci^aiM  JaaMnrl8S«,BoM.  Oav  Sd.LXX.  ST. 
*G<.v(.  L"tler3568«laSU>  A^t.  ISU.  B(».  Gor.  S«L  LXX.  CI   GS. 
*(^b\.  t-'raocU  wix»rw»rd»  (Mil,  tOUi  Jaly  ISMl  lUil    away  tbii  fint 
[  lowtnnK  tbo  rate  t«  2<.  9J.  (K«.  II).    Bom.  Gov.  BcL  LXIC.  fiS-M, 
^BoauOov.  KcL  LX.V  S. 
*Bon.  G«r.S«L  L.\X.  3;  Niaik  Statiatical  Accooiit,  XH.  233-234. 


tBomtarOi 


Luid. 


54.ISS6. 


46i 


RISTBICre. 


il  ■bowed  a  f&II  from  £5S33(R«.  68,230)  to  ££188  <^  61,-, 
Tb«  mrvey  retiUd  oo  tbo  ootirv  arable  hukd  uunafcad  to  tl 
(Ra.  70,560).    Tbora  wis  therefore  a  oonaidamhle  nuir^  ot  1 
from  the  ciilti?fttiaa  of  wliicli  the  garrej  reduction  migbt  ht : 
ffwi.    The  Ibllowixig  aUUiuiL-al  gircs  the  details  of  ilu«  bM 


Dirons, 

vn- 

Otak 

Du-Omt- 

Bltt 

TWU. 

iiMriHr 

AiM. 

i^^^H 

An«. 

lUMaL 

Aim, 

■mm. 

AWk 

BmML 

" 

«bWM     ... 

MaWil     |«Mr 
dliiaka     ... 

TiMl    - 

• 
H 
M 
M 

• 

If 

in 

I 

11 
111 

IV 

1 

It 
III 

IV 

AOM. 

lt,lU 

•as 

IBM 
WM 
(CM 
MM 

Hi. 

MM 

rn 

l>W 

inr 

Aem. 

1U4 

VM 

tin 

TU 
MM 

MM 

«• 

HU 

Mil 
IIM 

MM 
MM 
SHB 

IMM. 

•s 

UM 

•an 

MM 
MM 

M7T 

90 

4 

T4,«M 

ti.» 

lUtS 

Ht.tB 

«.)M 

tM» 

MR 

w 

The  effect  of  lowering  the  first  cUss  dr^-ciup  raLeH  froiD  ^<. 
to   2f.   ikl.  (IW  ij}   which  IiA-t   U-cn   Doticou  kbuTO,   ms  to 
theae  totaU  bv  £b9  (Rs.  390)  iii  the  main  M&yal  group  and  b;  £li 
(Ra.  150)  in  Via  MnUbi  group.* 

The  eighteen  years  eD(IinjflS5-l  »asaperiodof  Htllo  iim 
iDlodApiiriuid  Bhitnthmli  tlm  jMM^plowvtvfvwftnil  poor,   Orerali 
tho  whole  of  the  district  about  hnli  of  tbo  eighteen  vears,  ISS^, 
1841,1841,1810,  laiM,  1851, nnai653,  worn  bod  so^oa;  udei 
when  its  price  ynu  raised  by  a  general  failiife  of  ctxips  grain 
minoiul^  chenp.  tho  rupee  price  oE  ladiilo  millet  vai^ng  from  90 1 
144  and  areraging  104pnaDda.'    lospiteof  tbeaoohataclus  tbe  tiDi 
area  rose  from  »<JS,iSti  aorea  in  882  villages  in  IH:J!>-10  to  1,S68,< 
acreaiu  1)41  Tilla^a  in  1833^4,  aod  tho  o>llix-tiotta  from  £03,tft 
(Bs.  6,38,120)  in  1837.38  toi72.476  (Ha.  7.24,760}  in  1853-54. 
turning  point  waa  piuH«d  alwnt  185S  and  thcro  nng  m  marked 
stoady  improvement  in  the  next  twelve  years  lfiS4-  \8tiG.     Tov 
tbe  close  of  (hia  period,  owing  to  tbe  ooaiinnation  of  tho  Amer 
war    aud    several    yeara    of     short   crona,    prodaco    prices 
higher  th»n  thcT   bH<l    K'Oii  since  tho  tM^nning  of    Brittal 

Jtiiri  aold  at  Tnn^pur  at  alH>ut  20  to  86  pounda  (13-  IH  «Aer_, 

ropeein  1833. 18C6  in  placo  of  about 48  pounds  (S4«&«i-a)  in  ISH 
88  pounda  (44  ghen)  in  1836,  96  ponnds  (48  vWf)  in  1635.  and  Ul 
pounds  (56  tkers)  in  1854.     Dtinng  the  twelve  yean  ondin^^  IMiC 
tho  tillage  area  rose  from  1,SG8,4S0  ikcrcs  in  941  vilUgtia  in  18gj 
to  1,743, 1 79  in  988  villages  iu  lS6o-66;  and  collections  from  £72.4' 
to£105,OSl(Rs.7,21,760-B«.  10,65,210).    In Indilpur,  which! 


■TboM  fifiare«»r«for  ITSoutof  tbi>  180  villk;{u«  of  tki*  •Hr««y  graap.     (t 
two  vllliigta  whkli  cuno  into   BritUb  poucaniaa  in   184$,  tfca  a«rr«y   rvatat  «h 
onmpsreil  witb  tliL-  prwioua  j/imi  bLdw*  k  rcJuotigm   (rom  Rm,  S9,iS6   to  ttM.i 
Bom.  Uov.  Hel  LXX.  9. 

'Surrey  Saponutcodeiit,  S3uf  3l>t  Jaaiiuy   IS&t  luiA   MS  uf   lOtb   JdIt  )SHt 
Scr.  Camr.  2H2  of  HIU  Augt.  I»Huicl  576  of  axrd  Fobnary  IWfi  :  Qor.  '  ' 
asm  ot  2SUt  Angl.  1U«.    UgnbGoir.  Scl.I.XX.l-«6, 

*BcNii.tiov.  SeUUVU.71. 


Doecan.] 


POONA. 


1840  was  one  of  tho  most  distressed  iiabdiTJsions,  collertions  Bhoved 
arifMj  from  HJi>2Z  (R^C>o,220)  botweeii  ISSt!  und  1S4G  tu  £8305 
(Ha.  83,050)  bctvrcoD  1856  uud  I8(jt)  or  an  incnuuw  of  27  per  cent, 
the  avera^  remi.a^ions  were  r^dnoed  from  £1222  (Ra.  12,220)  to 
124.  (Kit.  C),  and  during- tliv  ton  yeiirs  ending  lt^t>&-ti<J  thuro  tvus 
hardly  any  wasto.     Tho  yearly  dutails  aro  : 

Id  1854-&5  ia  the  plain  or  dt-eh  part  of  the  coltectornto  much 
distrosa  wm  cansod  by  tho  Into  sotting  in  of  tho  rniuB,     In  the  rice- 

grovriog  tracts  alooff  tbo  8uby&4lri»,  wbttro  failun)  of  rain  would 
ira  caQiied  aorioat  distrcsR,  thn  uiui>\  nhowors  fell  diiriag  tbo  whole 
of  Juno  and  July:  oa  tho  vrhulv  ISot  wan  a  favouroble  a&aaon. 
In  December  some  damage  bad  been  done  to  the  crops  by  haiU 
storuis  in  parts  of  Jimnar  and  Purniulliar.  At  tli«  ho^-inningof  tho 
season  many  cattle  died  of  atarvatiou  in  conHequeoM  of  tbo  scarcity 
of  fodder.  In  August  I85i  the  Reveane  ComiaissioQer  sanctionoa 
tbe  gnat  of  ndvunoi^  to  landholders,  and  they  were  cnablei]  to 
rvnew  their  etock  of  cattle  and  to  keep  np  their  cultivation  which 
must  olherwiBe  have  fallen.  Of  £13^5  (Ke.  13,85(1)  the  total  aum 
advaneed.  £1143  (Ks.  11,'WJO)  were  for  cattle  and  £:!42  {Ra.  2420) 
wore  for  water  works.  At  Ii^4pur  tho  rapee  price  of  Indian  millet 
orjWn  rose  from  about  112  to  68  pounds  (66-29  «tcra).  Over  tbe 
whole  diMtrict  tho  tillago  area  roM  from  \,iia8,lH0  to  1,395,080 
Mxrce,  and  the  collectinns  from  £7£,476  to  £81,48t)  (Rs.  7.24,760. 
B&8,14,8«;0);  £«>)2  (Rs.  G120)  or  074  per  oent  were  remitted  and 
£24  (K».  240}  luft  ODtstiuiduig.> 

In  1855-56  twenty-thrce  villages  lapsed  and  raised  tbe  number  of 
GoTemmeDt  villages  from  047  to  970  and  redoced  the  number  of 
alienatud  villngea  from  2%7  to  224.  Bain  begun  in  the  month  of 
Junu  and  continaed  tfl  fall  seasonably  until  the  middle  of  July. 
After  this  none  fell  in  Indt^pur  and  Rhimthadi  until  the  end  of 
August,  and  the  other  sub-divixionM  Wl  little  or  no  rain  till  about 
the  middle  of  September.     A  favourable  change  took  place  after 

■  Cov.  IliTV.  R«c.  17  of  1S59.  laSS.  I3«7.  1432.  I43S.  I4A0,  Itfil,  14S4,  1622,   ItSST. 


S«»-l>rn«nni. 


iDAipnr 
Kbct   ... 

F*bU    ... 

fntmaMut 
BhlmUudl 
BivaH  ... 
Mini  ... 

Total 


lau-M. 


Ml 


tlUicf. 


•M.IIT 

iiit,i3ei 

1M,H9 

nr.mi 
iM.m 

(M.9W 
(MB 


lUma- 
Mao*. 


Bm. 

MM 

II.U3 

IfuMO 

«W 

IIM7t 

ia,«t 


t.a««,ui>     i(j,Mt 


0*4li«. 

Uon*. 


i.ianu 

WlAU 
l,0ObM8 
H.»T 
».» 
fiUSl 


l8H-et. 


Mw   T,M.IN    M7   i.»Mm     nu 


T1lli««k 


AtfM. 

itr.Mi 
iw.iw 

U044) 
M.UA 


BndI» 

•lOM. 


IIS 


»* 


Omm. 


IJ7JM 

1.II.M4 
W.BI1 


sun 

MlMl 
MJ«I 


e.ii.ma 


On.MS.080  aet*«lkotoUlMwio»dw  lUU«.43ftl3i««w«or  315  p«r  oeal  »cn. 
ttiia«r>i(r^4«,IB3<«»2i»ro«iti»awM»>?'*.»01or«-3  par  "»*  "iS'.  TSli 
JUai  «ir4-S  paroent  itwUr  onm,  tf(K197nr4-Spar  cent  nndw  maM,  S7.MI  or  z" 
HsMit  andar  L>n/ai,  1S,«W  or  1-3  par  cent  >nder  niitwcuKi.  U.48a  or  1  put  Otat  naur 

■k  llW7M<ler  lu/M,  4133  wtil«r  oott«b.  129  under  homp,  169  <miei  liaMtd,  IM 
%ttjni  on  147  percent  nader  miKvUMiecnu  crop*. 

•  IM7-49 


Chapter  Tl 


;«fi 


ItS54 


[Bombty  Ouetteer, 


itor^vni. 

Lull. 


DISTRICTS. 


the  20tb  of  Scptotnhcr.  Tbcre  Trere  BevBral  hoAry  taUs  ofnia 
throuijli  nearly  ercry  pari,  of  Iho  eoUectonrtc,  in<l  tin,-  crop*  wliWi 
bad  not  RiiffArod  beyond  reooveiy  revived.  On  tfae  whalo  Ht 
seoBon  of  18S&  was  fur.  At  tnd^pnr  tbe  rup4«  price  of  [ndiu 
millet  OTJrari  fell  from  about  &8  to  64  ponnds (29-32  them).  Ofir 
tbe  wholo  district  Uie  tillage  area  rose  trom  1,395,080  acres  in  M 
villages  to  1.447,006  acros  ia  970  villages,  aod  the  collectioiut  {roia 
£81.486  to  £85,429  (Ra.8.l4,860-B«.8,54,290);  £1033  <IU.10,S2l>i 
or  1*19  per  cout  were  remitted,  and  £41  (Bs.  410)  left  outat&nduig.' 
Tc  1  8F>(}  general  but  aligbt  raia  fell  early  in  Jane.  From  tbe  end  U 
June  till  l&te  in  Jnly  the  fall  was  very  slight  asd  pnrtiAl.  Dnringtmh 
Angnst  rain  fell  seasonably  eTcryvrhore  in  (bo  collectorst«.  Bat 
for  the  rest  of  the  season  it  vras  partial  nad  scaoty.  ConndenUe 
and  gfDOrnl  failnro  reanlted  in  some  parta  of  tbe  diitlrict.  On  tk« 
whole  the  seaacD  waa  below  tbe  average.  At  Indipur  the  rupee 
prico  of  Indian  millet  orjftiri  was  tbt'  xaiiie  as  in  ISSA-SO  aboot  M 

rounds  (32  »hfr$).    Over  the  nbole  district  the  tiling aroa  rose  tnm 
,447,006  to  1.53M'3  a^roaand  tbe  oollwlioDa  from  £85,429  ts 
£87,928  (Rb.  8,64,290- Rs.  8,79,280);  £1649  (Rb.  16.490)  or  I'fi  per 
[.cent  wore  remitted  aod  £86  (Rs.  d50>  left  outstanding*.* 


•Bom.  Chr.- 

B«v.  Rm.  15«f  1880,  4-6;  29,  a^ftS.    Tb«  ilttMlft  ar«  • 

Poms  TIttaft  m-^a  JUttmiu,  tKt-MHH 

l3v»Dmiioii. 

IBU-M. 

jaaM«.                  1 

VII- 

■niks& 

Ilnol*' 

fntt- 

■Mllll- 
Ingl. 

roll**. 

lllhlB. 

VII. 

TniM^ 

■Ion*- 

Ont- 
iaH>4- 
lid- 

0** 

Acna. 

R& 

tu. 

lb. 

1 

Am*. 

Rk 

lU. 

■> 

Slll*Mt... 

in 

KU^I 

IIM 

1.<TJ» 

in 

nR.nT 

m 

1.li;<M 

Indtmir 

im 

tn.ice 

11 

at 

I.U.M! 

n 

ait.iM 

n 

l,Uj« 

Ilf7l 

i»,tal 

III 

Hr.tli 

i«» 

l»T,ia« 

aw 

..■ 

l.N^a 

l-»\»)     ... 

M 

im,;b) 

It 

l,(Q,Mi 

w 

in.ra* 

i,*Mg 

Ptif&EjBHi&r 

WJ 

IPiJIS 

«4 

I.OMK 

iwt 

Ma.iTi 

a*M 

BMmltiwII 

T« 

1MS4S 

»IN 

»*.*« 

31 

tM.MO 

t*u 

tu 

l/OJ* 

Binll 

PO 

ni^sw 

III 

in 

IO.BU 

<n 

li«,im 

lai 

-' 

■M9 

Mini    ._ 

Toul    ... 

Ut 

as.*u 

ITa6 

«t,T« 

IS] 

n.mt 

un 

.. 

•^ 

M7 

l.SU&.OM 

sua 

141 

^l«,M• 

no 

■  .Mi.^XM 

1",3» 

1)1 

•^ 

or  tbo  toUl  an 

ft  aiiil«r  tillige  3(i  per  emt  wars  tindnriiviri  anil  '21  aiKler  (Mm. 
Kev.  Rec.  li  of  1860,  SOI,  9X7,  SSO,  SUS.    The  dalwh  ar«: 

'  Bora.  Gov. 

/■dona  Txaagt  anrf  Jtetttimt,  jaU-M^. 

HuB'invnKiii. 

XK^M. 

■«•■"■                    1 

Tlltvt 

ll»ini»- 
■loiu. 

Oni- 
(Und. 

Collco- 

tlOU. 

vu- 

TUlwa 

Bwnto- 

0>t. 

rtkod- 

Abtm 

R<. 

lU 

R*. 

Acn. 

b. 

Sl 

b 

Sblincr 

ITT 

»tt,:i7 

m 

■  " 

IX.M 

m 

1IS.M) 

SIM 

n 

l,IMi 

In<liiiiif  ., 
Knrf     

M 

Wl.W" 

n 

_, 

i.iii.m 

f» 

BOI,T<l 

1T« 

a 

ijiva 

^"i^ 

IH.SM 

aw 

1,M>,1U 

laoi 

in.tM 

43K 

US 

ifi*.m 

Mbal      

av 

IS1.0M 

_, 

1,(«,«»U    f^a 

IW^B 

IIT* 

iJ»J» 

Punndhiit 

Ml 

iM.i:« 

nao 

IJI,T« 

>«i 

n4.Mi 

>t>W 

ua 

laix 

Khlmtlwll 

ri 

ltW,CPlX> 

IMl 

ill 

l,01;i« 

7? 

<IT.kU 

MM 

IHff 

H^iall     

>i 

11I.U& 

ITS! 

»XU 

01 

ll(.lffi 

ua 

M 

im« 

tUTol     

lei 

(13.037 

isn 

is.a» 

19) 

««.>(» 

)*W 

n^ 

»:ii 

l.ltT.OM 

lo.aso 

413 

II.U.IM 

vra 

i.edi.m 

i«.4aa 

Ml 

•,!».• 

Of  the  total  siea  uxlor  tiUngv  30  per  ceat  were  under /mlrt  and  3S)  under  M/ri 


D«ccaii-1 


POONA. 


467 


In  Octobfir  I8S7  Hr.  Leigbton.  the  Srst  assiafcanfc  collector  vho 
IbJ  cliarge  of  Khed  Haveli  aad  Mdval,  wrote'  that  tbo  objoct  of 
improving  tho  stato  of  tbo  pooplu  by  loworinf^  the  Govornroent 
dciitiind  hat]  boon  dofcnted  by  tho  oxtortioaate  (lt.'iuBDds  o(  moaey- 
londera.  lie  thought  that  a  law  should  be  paired  to  prereDt  the 
Itry  ci  oxtortioDnto  inlcro^t.  Ho  Icouw  the  objucLions  irhich  wore 
ur^Qd  imaiiuit  usury  laws  in  England.  Hb  was  isattafied  that  these 
objectioiia  did  not  apply  to  the  !itat«  o(  affairs  in  VVcfttom  Poona. 
The  bviTuwers  woi'o  poor  iguor&Dt  and  simple,  tlio  luodors  wore 
sbarp  unacrupuluiis  atran^rs.  Mr.  Loi^hton  thought  that  no  bond 
passed  by  a  londUoMer  ahotild  be  binding  unlesa  it  wafi  registered 
m  an  ussistaiil  collutitor'tt  court;  that  the  rate  of  int«ro«t  should  be 
limited  by  lawnndtlutt  all  holders  indebted  beyond  a  certain  amount 
should  be  obliged  to  give  up  their  land.  These  meaBoree  would  at 
first  bo  unpopular ;  in  time  the  pdoplo  would  hoc  thut  they  wore  for 
their  good.  Until  indobtodDou  was  chucked  it  was  hopeless  to 
sttoinpt  to  irtipTovo  the  state  of  the  people.  Native  nSirern  nnxiona 
to  plvoao  aaid  tho  pooplu  were  mudk  better  oft  n'lncv  the  rovisod 
survey  bad  oome  in.  He  iiaw  uo  sign  of  improvement.  All  that 
Government  lind  aacrlficed  If^  gone  to  the  Mdrw^ri.  Moreover 
DOW  that  n  light  aeseasment  had  niftdo  land  ralnable,  every  year 
ndmbers  of  fields  paaaed  from  the  husbandman  to  the  moneylender 
whose  Bl»ve  he  became. 

Except  in  Ind^pur  and  Bhimthadi  1857  w&«  on  tho  whole  a 
fRvourabte  seasoa.  Though  thoro  wvro  ooneiderable  faihires  in 
variolic  parts  oC'lndapur  and  Dhimthadi  the  reTonuo  had  been 
(V'lloctod  vritho»t  ntiilue  »itre«^  At  ludiiiiiir  the  rupee  price  o{ 
Indian  millet  fdl  from  aboot  64  to  78  jxiunds  (32-89  ahcrs).  Orep 
the  whole  district  the  tallage  area  rose  from  1,634,473  to  l,566,S3l 
acres  and  the  oolleclions  from  iE&7,92»  to  £01,!)1U  (Be.  8,7l),280- 
Rs.  9,19,190),  £201  (Ks.29IO)  or  0-:31  per  cent  were  remitted,  and 
£61  (fifl.«10)  left  oQUCaoding.i 

llie  soA8on  of  1858  was  on  the  whole  favoarahle.  Rain  begaa 
early  in  Jnne,  viisiting  tbo  ili»lrteUt  geucrally  but  slightly.  It  after- 
wards fell  seasonably  np  to  mid-July.  From  tho  middle  to  the 
end  ol  Julj  there  was  abundant  r»in  throughout  tho  collectorato. 


Chapter_VI] 

TBiBainn 
i8S6-S7, 


IS^-M. 


isss-sa. 


■  Bom.  Ovr.  it«r.  Rec  In  of  IMO,  lllB-330. 

>ftuRi.  (iov.  ftcT.  R«a.  ITof  ISUl.  C,  37.  40,  •>».    Tli«  <)al*iU are : 


BtmUlVKHMi. 

ISMW. 

u»-aa 

VB- 

LiffBI. 

■  rohg,. 

Ont- 

Auiif- 

iBgl. 

OiJlM- 

va- 

iH«. 

tiotc*. 

nl»- 

■KMIl. 

MMtd- 
hutL 

0<iUMtiaM 

4Mr^. 

Ha. 

Rb. 

lb. 

tt^rr*. 

Rh 

R*. 

lU. 

HIiliiiw 

in 

ni,ui 

S1S0 

*1 

i.mM* 

ITS 

vt.tm 

.. 

I.K.T1V 

Irdtpnt       _ 
Khnf 

M 

1M.TU 

lit 

» 

i.ie^ow 

•* 

k».i«> 

IB 

l.lll,K« 

V 

itta,i«) 

uu .   iia 

l.OO^MU 

m\ 

1T8.W« 

WI 

-r 

t,»;n» 

Fthtt             _. 

iw,>a 

UTl 

„, 

I.M.00t 

w 

lotjm 

.» 

i.ra.oH 

Ptintuthar 

n* 

«I4,»» 

MM 

lis 

i.u,m 

IdOl 

mijssa 

ID 

-- 

t,I7,i«U 

ahlanludl    - 

T17.BM 

am 

i.i<i,tii 

■31 

nijim 

» 

1,U.(U 

Banll 

•1 

WMi 

i« 

9 

I.D».1I7 

n 

iii.ira 

_. 

m> 

l,l«,H4S 

Mk.ti 

Tolal     .. 

in 

BMW 

uu 

._ 

lO.tSt 

184 
Ml 

ii^i 

vat 

t 

;»3U 

vn 

l.»t,(;E 

UF.<8* 

til 

^T».2« 

SOT 

oni 

fl.U.WI 

01  ihe  irlial"  »«•  awto  nllige  »  P«  nW  ••«  ii'b'w '"*"  *™*  ™  P=' '*"'"'*' *•■■'*■ 


46d 


[BomlMj  (tauttMi. 


DISTRICTS. 


Loud. 
IB  Biuniti. 


1S6$-41. 


except  in  lodApor,  Snpn,,  and  s  fuw  rllUges  of  P^bal  nn<3  Bhimtlu4l_ 
During  Anpusi  the  fsU  waa  pu-rtial  bat  nfter  Aogust  the  supply  w^H 
gcDorwl  unJ   uitiit factory.     At   Inddpiir  the  nipoe   pnoo  ol   IdJIa^H 
millet  orjfdri  rose  from  about  78  to  64  pounds  (39-33  nhm).  Orrr 
tlie  whoI«  dlfltricl  tillage  roso  from  I,&ti6.23l  to  1,598,885  acres  !^^^ 
ooUuclioQS from JE01,91»to £93,305  (R8.0,I9,100-R&9,33,050),  LJrJ 
(Rs.2430)  or  0-25  por  cent  vera  romittod,  and  £0    (Sa.  90)  IcJI 
ontetanding.^ 

The  season  of  1859  ma  an  averase  but  aa  tmbaalAy  scBna. 
TillhRo  rose  front  1^698,885  to  1,<>M,3^  iioros  aud  eoUeotioiu  inm 
£93,305  to  £95.663  (Rs.  9,33,060  -  Bs.  9,56,030),  £36  (Ra.  »«0)  were 
remitted,  und  £1  (Ita.lO)  left  ontat&ndiDg.*  At  Indipur  the  rupee 
price  of  Indioa  millet  ft'll  from  about  61  to  78  pounds  (32-39  ahm). 

In  the  opituon  of  the  l>eccaD  Hiotft  CommiBstoncrs'  notwithstandlnq 
tbe  preftsuro  of  debt  and  the  hardsbipe  vliicb  tbo  laws  iaQict«d  uo 
borrowers,  abooC  1S60  tba  laudlioldnrs  of  Poona  wore  better  off  thaa 
they  bad  been  tor  years.  Tbv  cuiKlilions  of  ngriciiltare  had  biwo 
favourable.  For  nesrlj  tweoij  years  most  of  the  ditttricl  bad 
enjoyed  a  fixed  and  moderate  aatMssnicnt,  large  InicUi  of  wuto 
bad  been  brougbt  under  tillage,  ordinj^ry  commuaications  and  tneata 
of  transport  were  improved,  aad  tbe  railway  bad  been  brong^t  witbb 
eaaj  roach.  Tbe  construction  of  ibe  railway  had  ponri'd  into  tie 
district  a  sum  of  uot  less  than  £200,000  (20  Uikk»  of  rupues)  in  wasM 
of  trantiport  and  Inbour.  Abuvo  all  n  serioa  of  fair  scasoua  bad  rlouy 
rewarded  tbo  btisbiitidiDnn'»  labouni.  AJthough  tbe  louder  migtit 
have  recoorae  to  the  civil  court,  there  was  »  poesibility  of  th» 
borrower  being  able  to  borrow  from  anotbor  lender  in  order  to  pay 
htm  and  the  court  would  otve  time ;  if  a*decree  pasaod  aj^nit  (ia 
landholder  his  stock  and  field  tools  were  sate,  and  hi«  laDd  was  agl 
in  real  danger.  He  migbt  be  itnprisoDed  until  be  a^oed  a  oe* 
bond,  bat  he  was  not  likely  to  b«  pauperised. 

In  1860-61  the  rniiifall  war  partial  bnt  timely,  and  the  season  WH 
on  thuwbole  favnumbte.*  Tillago  rose  from  1.654,309to  l.^(!4,8(S 
aoros  and  oolloctious  from  £95,663   to  £90,61»  (B&  9,56.630  to 


'Bbrn.  Gor.  Rex,  Rm.  17  of  1881.  174,210.214,  S42.    Tlia  ddaili  at«  : 


SUB-DmiOH. 


Bhl>ti»r 

Indipur 

KlMd 

ntMi 

Pmnuidlur  ^. 

CbtmtliMH  ... 

ttini 

'Tl>ljd 


IKST-^S. 


«n 


TUtitra. 


M-rm. 
SOCIOO 

IIT.iVII 

n,MT 


Ont- 
itu)d< 


R*. 


Hi. 


flQT 


ColltO' 

llou. 


9m. 

^M.■m 
i.ia.KU 
i.io,m 

1,0«.(U 
1JT.«9J 

I.IO.PM 


1U6-M. 


on 


TlOat^ 


Acn» 

17K.tM 


I.MM>1 


»» 


HIT 


iU, 


OAt- 


I.IM" 


WW* 


.  ^'"  ">"  *I">I"  ■««  uiidot  mtfViyt  toA  turn  ui.i]i>t>«>M  mi»ta  caal  m^h  um. 

;B<.m.  Uov.  K.r,  R«o.  13  of  1863*.  103.  ISST.  1T6.  2«,  STS-^MTSoSr 

'  Uewan  Riots  CotnmiuJnnon*  Report.  IS7i,  par*  51  pun  3fi 

?  Rfv.  Cflmr.  S.  ».  42  ol  9ih  Jwiniry  1861,  Bom.  OtnTBev.  Rcc.  w  o(  |M|,  XJ}. 


POONA. 

Us.  9,06,180),  Jt2t  (Rs.  240)  wore  remitted,  aad  £5  (Rn.  50)  loft  out- 
stttudiDjr.  At  Inddpurthe  rapee  price  of  Indian  millet  rose  from 
about  78  to  Gd  pounds  (;)9-83  ih^rs). 

In  t8Cl-l>2  the  rainfiill  waa  23  inches  at  Indiipur,  47  ftt  Foona, 
S5  at  Janunr,  and  12  at  Khadk^a.'  The  eeaeon  was  favonrable 
andheaUhy.*  'i^llage  rose  from  l,6l}4,tjO*j  to  1,601,352  acres  and 
collcctione  from  £96,618  to  £99,933  (Rs.  Q,66.180-Rs.  9,99.3'dO), 
8».  (Rif.  -t)  were  romtttod,  and  JtdSO  (Re.  3300]  left  ouUtooding.  At 
Indiipur  tho  rupoe  prico  of  Indian  millet  rose  from  about  66  to  54 
pouudB  (3^.27  nhfn). 

lu  1862-63  a  scarcity  of  rain  cnnaed  mach  damage  to  the  o&rl; 
barveBt ;  bat  an  abundant  bll  in  September  and  October  gnve  a 
rich  late  orop.  The  ramfAll  vtus  12  inches  at  fudiipiir,  37  at  Foona. 
10  at  Junnar,  and  63  at  Kbadkila.  Public  heaJth  was  f^ood.* 
Tillage  roao  fivjm  1,691,352  to  1,096,007  acrea,  collections  fell  from 
£99,933  to  £39,099  (Rs.  9,99,330  -  Ra.  9,96,990),  £-t2  (Rh.  420)  were 
RMnittod,  and  £42  {Re.  4-20)  left  outstanding.  At  IndApnr  the  mpoo 
prico  of  Indian  millet  rose  from  about  &t  to  32  ponnda  (27-16 
»h&rt). 

In  1863-64  n  scuuty-  carl;  fa]t  was,  oxcopt  in  Ind&pnr  and  Bbim- 
thadi,  followed  by  a  aatiafactory  late  supply.  So  serious  was  the 
failore  of  rain  in  IndApiir  and  Dhimtliadi,  that  relief  works  had  to  be 
opMifld.  The  rainfall  was  S  iocliGS  at  Indiipur,  23  at  Poona,  17  at 
Junnar,  and  05  at  Khadk^Ia.  Cbolora  vras  prcralent  particolarly  to 
the  ci^  of  Poona  in  November  after  the  AlaDdi  fair/  Tillage  rose 
from  1,69S,0S7  lo  1,720,33S  aorcH,  collections  fell  from  £99,699  to 
£98,879  (Bb.  9,96,990  -Ra.  9,88,790),  £  147  (Ra.  1470}  ncra  remitted, 
And  £3438  (S«.  34,380)  left  oatatanding.  At  IndApnr  the  rupee 
price  of  Tudiaa  millet  ru^  from  about  32  to  2(>  poundn  (16-13  then). 

In  1864-63  the  rainfall  waa  10  inches  at  ludApur,  17  at  Poona, 
15  at  Jaunar,  Hiid  &0  nt  Kbadk&la.  The  season  waa  on  the  whole 
unfavourable  thouj^b  better  than  the  year  before,  sod  public 
health  was  good.*  Tillage  rose  from  1,720,335  to  1,736,582 
acrea  and  collections  from  £98,879  to  £100,641  (Bs.  9,88,790- 
:  Bs.  10,06.410).  £23  (Ra.  230)  were  remitted,  and  £1536  (Rs.  15,360) 
loft  outstanding.  A.t  Ind^par  the  rupee  prioo  of  Indian  millet  fell 
from  about  26  to  32  poanda  (13-16  ghen). 

Iq  1865-66  tbo  rainfall  though  not  wMtaoDablc,  was  saStcient,  and 
Ibo  early  crops  were  good  except  in  parts  of  the  east.  The 
lale  harre«t  waa  atito  ^ood  except  in  a  few  villages  of  Furandhar, 
Uhimlhadi,  and  lodapur.  On  the  whole  the  seaaon  was  more 
fareurable  than  any  of  the  three  preriooa  years.  The  rainfall 
was  6  inches  at  Ind&pur,  31  at  Poona,  20  at  Junnar,  and  65 
nt  KhadkiUo.  Public  health  -waa  good.*  Tillage  ro-ie  from 
l,7^G,oiii  to  1,743,179  acres  and  collectiona  from  £100,(Ut  to 
£10a,521  (Ra.  10,00,  VlO'Ra.  10,55;210),  £13  (Ba.  130)  were  n;uiitted, 

■  IniUnv  ia  90  mibu  Irom  the  otMt  of  Ui«  Ufthjtdnt,  Fooa*  S£,  Juiuuu  12,  sod 
KlwItuU*  In  Uivd  11. 
»  B«T.  Omr.  W  <4  Irt  F»Vn»ry  18«.  Boai.  Ocv.  B«».  B«.  2S5  of  1««2.64,  IBO. 

*  IIcv.  Ccmir.  em  of  inb  Mania  1803,  Bum.  Got.  IUt.  Roc  SSfiof  IM^M,  CSX 

*  RcT  Conw.  S.  D.  475  of  6Ui  Febnun  16«4,  Ker.  R«e.  330  of  1862-61,  217. 

*  TlM  Collootor.  3087  of  lOU)  December  tSH. 

*  Jtw.  Qmt.  8,  D,  5W  of  l«Ui  Fabruary  1H6,  Bob.  Gov,  Rov.  V»i.Vt  <&  Vf^fu^. 


Chapter  Vn: 

Xduad. 

rBKBaiTtsB, 

tSGl-fM. 


laeS'i 


ISSSA 


19i4-« 


ISSS^ 


470 


DTSTRTCTTS. 


fBomlNtj  Oautliihl 


Lutd- 
IS  Burisu. 


m 
Smvxy, 
BS7-18M. 


•and  £1256  (lU.  1S,560)  left  ouUtAnding.      At  Indipor  tlie 
price  of  lodiui  milliA  foU  from  Bbout  32  to  31$  ptmoda  (!&■ 

Id  18d6-'*7  onlj  m  M£val  wuUinnuDCalt  s^jaxonaljlo.     InSfairnCi] 
Khud,  and  Haveli,  in  some  psrta  of  F^bal,  aad  in  tnanj  parts  d\ 
I'umndhkr,  tlioagh  the  raiafall  was  short  aitd    ill-tiraod,   luo  m 
TTere  not  much  boldvr  the  average.    In  Bhimtliadi  nod  IndApar  i 
in  tlie    rest  of  lUbal  and  Purandhsir  tho  rainiuU  waa  so  alM] 
that  both  the  early  and  late  crops  almost  eotirelj'  failed.     Tho 
fall  was  6  inchM  at  lodilpnr,  ll»  at  Poona,  'li  at  Juanar,  and  60 
KhadtiUn.     Poblic  hviilth  wim  on  the  vrbolo  good;  and,   except  ial 
some    Tillages    of    Khed,  cattio    wero    free   from  disease.'     Ti^l 
lagu  rose  from   1,743,17!)    to   1.764,390  acrea   and   collections 
from   £105,321    to  £93,730  (Ba.  10,56,210- Rs.  9.S7.300),  XiJOMJ 
(Rs.  80,040)  were  remitted,  and£7177  {\\&.  71,77u)  left  outstAndJag. ( 
Ai  Inddpar  ihe  rupee  price  of  ludiao  oiUlet  fvll  from  about  30  to 
pounds  (18-23«An'a).     In  1800-ti7ruliof  works  wore  opened  aodeoonj 
than   1(>8,000   poor  landholders   and  labourers  wore  omplojcd  is 
Ind^pur,  Bliimtliadi,  and  8inir.     Up  to  the  10th  of  November  ItfCT 
£ia76  (lis.  16,760)  wore  exp«ndod  on   roUuf  works.!     CoD»idcf«bb 
rexDissions  mere  alao  grantod.     Tbo  &elp  given  hjr  GovcnuucnL  bf  j 
graota,  romiuioos,  and  no^tponomonta,  was  of  tbo  greatest  ae 
to  the  people,  enabling  uuim  to  tido  OYCr  thoir  difficaltics  and 
afresh.' 

In  tS67  the  thirty  years'  leaaea  of  the  origiaal  aurrey  settle 
began  to  fall  iu  aiid  arrangenienls  vers  made  for  a  revi.<tion  mm;.] 
The  re^-iBJon  enrvey  waa  begsa  in  lod&pnr  iu  1867.  Since  ihn,  j 
except  during  the  1870  and  1877  faniue  when  aurvuy  operatiooi 
were  at  a  stand,  the  revision  has  boeii  gri^nally  exteudi>d  us  tfaij 
leases  fell  in.  Now  (1st  Joly  1884)  all,  except  10^  UavcH  rilUi^  i 
and  tho  KhF>dand  Miivnl  sub-divisions,  iscomplotod.  The  retinltuf  | 
thcrovisicD  hn.t  been  hd  iucruiuo  in  the  aaseesment  from  £01,1  CI  tO' 
£8I,08.'i(lls.0,ll,fil0.U8.H,16,S30)or  M  percent.      The  dctiilii 


1 

Rnrm  IMIWiiwnl 

Vu«. 

Otoup. 

VII- 

Torma. 

munL 

Mnroi 
•L 

u- 

B>. 

ratOmb 

b. 

I^OmI 

18(8.117 

Indtpur  .. 

TS 

81.184 

l.M.EM 

13 

I.tl.«M 

n 

1«I-T» 

Uiilmltiaill 

u 

T«.tn 

l.tS.S7l 

Tl 

1,111,181 

w 

1S7I'T)  ...        ... 

FiilMl      ... 

B> 

Ma.im 

i.auu 

«8 

i.«.in 

ta 

wrt-7I 

nanll     ... 

89 

MfM    l,la.7M 

W 

i.iV'i 

«i 

I87Sr<  ... 

HupK 

B> 

a7.Mi 

SI, Til 

U 

7t,ial 

V 

l«««>  „        ~ 

I>itc*  adhat 

IT 

19,T»« 

«4IT 

M 

auii 

M 

taiMO...        ... 

]>oraiidhw 

IS 

J8,«« 

SMSI 

» 

Tina 

W 

UttW  .- 

Hlnu 

BT 

M.SII 

JtfiOi 

U 

M 

]M44e 

Janur   .. 
loUI    .. 

111 

■.w.im 

Uta.vn 

B 

•.*Mn 

n 

Ml 

»,ii,aio 

•.M.no' 

H 

t.»M" 

M 

I  Rat.  Comr.  S.  D.  KM  ot  Stb  l-Unili'lSST. 

*  IxdlrOK,  S2  milM  excuntvl.  69  n:Duiii«>I  to  bs  oxMutod  on  lOth  NovMsber  tSCT.  J 
amoaat  ox|>«ide>l  K*.  8340.     IliiiMTHtirf.  SI  mila  oiocotod.    13   nnwlnnl,   kiMml 
n>cnt  Rt.  M'JO.     Sircb,    18}  milea  «xcciilc<i,    Mod   Bmoant  ■tHmt  Ra.  9TD.     Onk' 
tonlt  ui'l  Plnnt  IU  30.     ToUl  Hit,  18.760.  «.«%,.«.- 

»Mr,  Oliphiut,  (tollKilor.SWOof  I£UiI1c«!bjW  1857. 

<  Ml,  Stowait,  C.  S.,  Suiv,  Oaut.  1351  uE  2Sbh  June  18U. 


An  ezaramntion  of  tlie  liUtory  of  the  Tndipur  villaffca  doring  tlie 
iorvey  \eaae  satiiffied  Culoncl  Fmocis  that  between  tbu  cheapness  of 
:-aiu  auJ  tlio  occurrence  of  bad  aeasoaa  the  ongiual  rales  cvnlinue<I 
181C  09  high  ftd  the  peopU;  could  afford  to  pay.'  During  tbo 
nd  period  of  ten  years  (ISifi-lSSS)  the  average  yearly  colle^oofl 
eased  but  little  ;  at  the  same  time  a  decline  ia  reiniseiooe  showed 
I  Uie  Landbolders  were  bettor  off  iLan  bofore.  During  the  nest 
or  last  ten  years  of  the  eurvev  lease  (185G-1866}  the  whole  Bub- 
ctivUiOD  of  lodipiir  may  be  said  to  have  oeea  regularly  under  tillage 
he  highest  return  of  arable  waste  in  any  year  being  only  1176  acree.* 
The  revenue  retni'iiH  for  this  period  were  perhaps  even  more  aatis* 
lactory.  Ote83,054  (RB.8,30.5iO)  the  total  revenue  domand  for 
khow  ten  years,  only  £6  (Ka.OO)  bad  to  be  remitted.* 

Besiden  by  the  modumtonoxs  of  the  aasewinont,  dnriugthe  survey 
ease,  IndiLpar  had  been  enriched  by  the  introduction  of  carts ;  by  the 
making  of  ruadB;  and,  in  1K62,  by  the  opening  of  the  Feuicaula 
railway  through  its  northern  villages.  Till  I8&2-&3  produce  prices 
continued  low  or  uucertain.  lo  that  year  Indian  millet  waa  selling 
at  about  112  pounda  (56  nherg)  the  rupee.  By  1855-56  it  bad  risen  to 
BbODt  G4poand8(32«A«rx).  Ftjom  that  it  n>mnined  pretty  etondy 
till  1862*63  when  itroae  to  about  ^2  pounds  (1(>  »h^a)  and  continued 
at  about  thirty*tvo  pounds  till  1867.*  The  increase  of  wealth 
among  tho  Ind&pnr  landholders  daring  the  survey  leese  was  shown 
by  the  sinlnng  of  625  new  wells  and  the  repairing  of  18i  old 
wells  which  togothor  might  he  cHtimated  to  reprceout  an  outlay  of 
iC30,000  (Re.  3,00,000).*  During  the  faiae  time  fifcy-niuc  vtUago 
offices  or  ehAvHia  had  been  buUt  U  a  ooat  of  £  1  S-t'i  (Ra.  I  :j>20),  and 
twenty-seven  rest-honses  at«  eoat  of  £l-28i  (R«.  12,8-10).  Of  chia 
whole  outlay  Oovemmeqf  had  paid  1151  (R«.  4510)  and  the  people 
22175  (Rb.  21^750).  At  the  beginning  of  the  survey  lease  land  bad 
SO  Bale  value.  At  its  close,  an  ezaoiination  of  a  number  of  sales 
KAtisfiod  Colonel  Francis  tlwt  the  land  waa  on  an  average  worth. 


■  Ban.  Oov.  S^  CVTI.  37. 

*  In  ISC8  MLly  030  aarea  w«n  ntulv  ttie  haad  of  WMt«.  Thk  VAai  btclndod 
aoBM  tnMt>«taMcsBed  graiing  or  jplyrdn  nMdaoTor  to  ths  riU*ger«  u  fivo  gntiag 
bat  which,  M  Um^  bor*  Ml  aaMMmeat,  ww«  iiiolad«d  in  Ui«  M&li*  «->«(«.  Evan 
ViUi  thii  andiH  laorewo  Ui«  anbU  whI«  Imot  tli*  iasignkfleMit  proportiiHi  of  eni*. 
Uiird  par  eant  U>  U»  ti>t>l  arable  am  of  the  sub-divtaioa.  Bun.  Got,  Sal,  CVU.  38. 

■  Bon.  Got.  SoL  CVll.  21,  39.     ThedeUUtara: 

AUffW  Jtniniw.  UH-taML 

■tacit- 

J2C^ 


TUM. 


UM-tM* 
UM-UMM 

use-uot 


Bonk- 
•lona. 


Ba. 
7M» 


TT,t4> 
Tl.nt 

ai.ou 


Ra. 


SK 
B 


U.<7I 


CWba- 
Umui 


*a,va 


u-tm 

TT.«M 

n,un 


ta,itt 


Onl. 


M 

1M 

m 


li  linllSif     Data.  Oor  Bat  CVU.n. 

*  Ban.  Oa*.  B«l.  CVII.  49. 

•  Of  tho  835  new  w«Ui  291  w«n  soak  during  tbo  six  yaan  aadiag  1806.    Bom. 
iOov.  S«l.CVll.aO  SI. 


Chapter  Vm. 

Land.  M 

Bkviskii^ 
SriiTST. 

tndiipHr, 
1S66-C7, 


IBom1a70*f 


DISTUICTS. 


liUlt 

Bkviuos 

1SC6-67. 


serenteon  jesmC   pnrchflu  that  is  a.  total    sale    valoa    of 
£138,000  (lU  13,80,000).'      During  the  thirty  jeara  t.f  iho  siir 
lease  papniiition  incrauwd  from  40,170  to  j:>2830  or  31   per  cea 
farm  bullocks  from  17,673  to  20,976  op  19  per  cent,  carta  Erom  f 
to  116&  or  SOOper  ccut,  aud  ptouglie  from  I4i»-I  to    lS20orii\ 
coat.^      Cnttle  other  thau  funn  biiliocks  ithow(^d  a  d^creaM  ' 
27,002  to  24,5W  or  9  per  cent.  Becsase  of  toAccuracies  in  the  fo 
meMnrements,  aad  still  moro  from  changes  ouule  afterwards  < 
boandury  marka  were  fixed,  it  vraa  fouDu^nooesmrv  to  reetirrey 
whole  tnicl.     Id  order  that  it  mif^fat  aitorwarda  tie  of  ase  id 
Trigonometrical  Sorrtty  tho  trftvorso  syBtem  vos  adopted.* 


>  Bam.Ooiv,3«l.  CVII.  S3.    ThafollairiagulM  anqnotod  hf  ColoBel  Praadi: 

ImUfm*  tm»i  Sutti,  t«M.  M«ft 


TnuoB. 

Mm. 

Bold. 

■wni. 

PrtM. 

T«uir 

PtV 

X.  t- 

Kf.  t. 

lu. 

Indtoor        ... 

11 

ml 

IS  11 

IMS 

» 

OIIMfMB      ...        », 
PlaipH  KbONl         _ 

<   10 
&  10 

IT6 

It 

D*ia              ...       .. 

'*  .* 

u    1 

4T0 

n 

FonitTil           ...       _ 

ts8) 

u  a 

vn 

IB 

Ddhrt              ...        .. 

II  M 

t  u 

UK 

V 

PftlMda* 

1«W 

M  11 

owt 

11 

Blrna          ...      ... 

Xi>u               ...        — 

n«7 

4  IC 

10 

1 

nn 

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IH 

1 

RrIuI                 

»n 

7  1! 

luo 

13 

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H  « 

la  I 

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Btvd*              _        ^ 

HW 

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171 

10 

HhM  NInibtaoD 
VarVbuU  BitdruhD  >. 

B    S 

I  1* 

TB 

B 

Km 

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u  t 

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M 

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am 

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A-ji-U               ...        ... 

IB    T 

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lU 

a 

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«  SI 

•a  11 

tm 

e 

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1 

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ti  -1 

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BtbalfMia     ... 

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411    1    IIS  »l 

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IT 

Bon.  (krr.  M.  CVU.  62.      A.    aUnda  fuc  bqtbb  and  g.    for  gviiikdt  40  at 
makt'  %a  acre. 

'  The  addition  of  19  |>«r«>Mtt  ondtr  bulIoc%«  ia  also  snail  <<t>mpMr«dwitittb«i 
of  titlago.  Tho  (cnaon  ia  wbidi  Ui*  envmcraCiot)  -wm  mado  waa  vwy  ttnia** 
lu  ths  K«ka  pottv  ilivijiiuu  uf  Indi^urKid  naiiy  cattle  had  been  MOtt  to  o«bj»i 
tafCraao.    A  goo'l  "<'t">'  had  boon  Mid  for  want  ot  («dd«-.    Bonu  Gov.  SeL  ' 

'Bom.  Oov.  8el.C\'lI.  57-62.    In  twMity  aurrey  Dsmben  of  two  to  t— 
aoea  tho  emM-  in  M  r.  i'ritijj[ta'*  maMuraiiMaU  wac  touad  to  vary  liom  one  to 
ftmrperoent.    Tlie  detaili  an  : 

JniApur  aartrr  JfaMurrnnMi,^  Wt  aiU  WW. 


Ana  BAcrdlnir  ie 

^tUBTRlCOh 

Ana  lueonilaK  lo 

DUmmm. 

Mr. 
Bur«uy. 

tmtat 

In 
Ak*. 

CVDt. 

flcaTin 
Ktiinas. 

Ml. 
rdngtl*** 

IVwot 

la 

^»fe 

K.f. 

all 

JL.   f. 

1  ri 

M 

11,,, 

A.  It. 
If    * 

A.B. 

10  as 

A.  t. 

«    I 

1 

S  ■•■ 

U    0 

U     4 

10    4 

40 

11,. 

on 

ID  e 

oat 

t 

V   <*■              bi 

1«S1 

le  T 

1  u 

■ 

U 

IS  IT 

II  a 

4  II 

ai 

•  «>i 

IS   s 

to  >D 

3  CJ 

37 

u.. 

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IS>« 

i  IS 

> 

^  „,         m 

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17 

16 

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ft      «■                           H>. 

1» 

a  II 

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»,,.      ... 

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« 

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as 

M 

10  -. 

la  u 

It  a 

0  M 

s 

w,,. 

X  10 

>0    0 

Iw     u  t 

1       ' 

Deccas-] 


POONA. 


478 


The  result  of  the  survey  was  to  show  in  the  whole  area  an  error  "  Chapter  TU} 


of  only  6|  per  cent  in  the  old  measurementB.'    The  details  are : 

hddpur  Area,  18S6  and  1866. 


Preacnt  Surrey 

Ur,  Fringle'l  Survey  ,. 

Incretae    ... 
Decrease    .,, 

GOTUNHCKT  LUD. 

Aliehatid  LuiD. 

BOtDS 

AHU 
PODM. 

TOTIL. 

Arable. 

Un- 

arftble. 

OrulDg 
tnd  Un- 

UHlHd. 

TotiU. 

Arable. 

Unar- 
»b1e. 

ToUl. 

Acres. 

270,078 

238.  ISS 

Acres. 

la.osj 
i7,Bia 

Acree. 
IS.OTB 

Acres. 
308,860 

Wi.TXt 

Acres. 

IS.8B4 

Acres. 
1163 

Acres. 

1S,017 

i4,Ma 

Acres, 
18.806 

in 

ACKB. 

SSf.OT! 
314,e!l 

31.941 

1S3 

24.B74 

71S0 

30 

3S8 

308 

I3,S3S 

11.061 

It  was  aUo  found  advisable  to  reclasB  the  lands.  Apart  from  the 
errors  and  confusion  which  were  inseparable  from  a  first  attempt  to 
introduce  a  new  system,  changes  of  market,  new  lines  of  trade,  and 
the  opening  of  the  railway  compiled  a  fresh  grouping  of  villages. 
In  re-grouping  the  villages  the  classing  was  based  on  the  permanent 
di.Hti actions  of  climate,  markets,  and  husbandry.  The  state  of  the 
landholders  was  not  allowed  to  affect  their  position.*  In  fixing 
fre^li  rates  care  had  to  be  taken  that  improvements  made  with  the 
holder's  capital  were  not  considered  grounds  for  enhancing  his  rentaL 
In  revising  the  Indipur  assessment  one  of  the  chief  points  to  consider 
was  the  effect  of  improved  communication.  .When  the  original 
survey  was  introduced  ther^was  not  a  mile  of  made  road  in  the  sub- 
division. About  1852  t)ie  Poona-Sholdpur  road  was  completed  and 
made  Indapur  an  important  centre  of  trade.  Inddpnr  was  still  a 
local  centre  but  it  had  suffered  by  the  opening  of  the  railway  in 
1863.  The  second  leading  element  in  fixing  revised  rates  waa  the 
change  in  produce  prices.  During  the  five  years  before  the  original 
settlement,  the  average  rupee  price  of  Indian  millet  was  about 
10<)  pounds  (53  skers).  During  the  first  ten  years  of  the  lease  little 
change  took  place.  Indian  millet  rupee  prices  ranged  from  about 
144  pounds  (72  shers)  in  1843-44  to  about  72  pounds  (36  aherg)  in 
1837-38  and  1845-46,  and  averaged  113  pounds  (SSJ  aherg).  In 
the  first  year  of  the  next  period  of  ten  years  (1846-47)  crops 
failed  aod  Indian  millet  rose  to  30  pounds  (15  «Aers}  the  rupee. 
But  the  price  again  speedily  fell  to  144  pounds  (72  ahera)  in 
1848-49  and  1849-50.  From  1850  it  steadily  rose  to  64  pounds  (32 
b/wts)  in  1855-56.  The  average  for  the  ten  years  ending  1855-56 
was  yii  pounds  (45|«Aer«),  From  1856-57  to  1861-62  the  price  of 
Indian  millet  varied  from  64  to  54  pounds  (32-27  ahera)  the  rupee. 
During  the  remaining  four  years  partly  on  account  of  the  abun- 
dance of  money  in  consequence  of  the  American  war,  but  chiefly 
because  of  several  years  of  local  failure  of  rain  Indian  millet 
remained  at  32  pounds  (16  ahere)  the  rupee.     For  the  ten  years 


Zand. 

RBviaioM 
SoavKT. 
Inddpitr, 
1866-67. 


'  Bom.  Gov.  SeU  CVIL  62. 
B1327— eo 


'BonvOov.  Sel.CVU,W. 


»pter_Vin. 

Land. 

Kkvii4Io?( 
Sdhtbt. 
/ndrtnrr, 


474 


nsTRicra 


ending  I86&-GC  tlio  nverago  price  vos  53  ponnds  (2G|  «]Wnt).' 
Tbo  Uiinl  (jiicslioii  for  coOHidcnitiun  was  climatA  Tbu  unceruii 
rftiofali  hud  proTcnlwi  iho  In<ijipiir  Inninioldcrs  from  nmlizin^  \V 
wcaUh  wliich  ought  to  bavo  acoompnnieil  «o  (frcat  a  riw  in  ti» 
value  of  prodocp.  The  rainfall  nas  mewl  precanons.  Far  two  an'! 
throo  jroiuv  at  a  time  it  was  oitliur  so  scnnt^  or  no  iintimi^ly  tliat  no 
crop  cftmo  to  matnrity.  In  tho  Kalas  gronp  a  good  crop  miglit  fc* 
expected  onco  in  throo  ycnrs.  Of  tho  olhor  two  yean«  ono  »M 
genrrally  middling  and  tho  other  iilturly  hod.  During  the  fin 
ycnr!>  ending  18C7  tho  ATOmgo  rainfall  vtah  only  5*85  inobM.'  kt 
rt>f{»riU  tin;  ivvight  to  bo  given  to  lhi>  throd  (.^1  clients  of  clinnge, 
iiiiprovL'd  t'ommimication  eabacced  prices  and  rainfaU,  Llie  rnii 
might  bo  dittniiwujd  lut,  though  Imd,  tho  climate  waa  no  vtome  X\ 
it  had  been  at  the  beginning  of  the  former  leato.  Commnnicatiu 
might  also  bo  disniiK!M>d  as  the  only  tangible  tray  ia  whii^h 
acted  on  tho  landliuUIor  was  the  rise  in  th<?  prico  of  prodDo 
Prie«fl  hare  boen  ahftwii  to  havo  risen  from  132  poonds  (tJii  «i*»i_ 
to  &Q  arerage  of  £i2  pounds  (21}  there)  during  the  t«n  yt-'ars  cudiof 
18G6,  that  is  a  rise  of  ISOper  eent.  Up  till  about  I HJ2  grain  pfM«j 
vrero  so  low  that  the  original  latea  recnained  hairy.  No  coti«du 
increase  of  capital  had  takoo  plnce.  Tlio  years  hetrnwD  1832 
16&6,  in  Bpito  of  some  indifferent  eeaaons  cauEod  a  ntaady  and 
increase  of  wcalili.  The  arersge  rupee  price  of  >L-(iri  diin'ng 
flro  years  ending  185G  wa«  84  pmtinda  (42  mker*)  and  tlits 
Colonel  Francis  tJinught,  might  be  taken  as  tbo  basis  at  whirlitl 
former  rates  left  tho  liLndhoider  a  liberal  margin.  During  thoi 
years  between  185C  and  I80t)  Iho  average  nipco  price  of  JpJ 
Btood  at  52  pounds  (2G  cAorw)  instead  oVU^  poandi  (42  »htr*)  lhal\ 
a  rise  of  til  \  per  ocot.  Colonel  Francis  thoicforo  considered  tJtati 
for  as  chaneo  in  the  price  of  grata  vrent,  tbo  exietiog  rates  A 
bo  rai«od  fifty  to  wxty  per  cent.* 

Tho  rates  proposed  oj   Colonel  Francis  were  for  Biity-twn 
Iho  flevc»ty-«ix  villages  a  highest  dry  •crap  acru  rnto  of  'ia.  (Ue-lJ 

1  Bom.  Oor.  S«l.  CVH.  71.  Th«  daUlU  »n  : 


Shrl  TVM 

A*m*m 

Anvna 

Vui. 

KoralL 

TUI. 

num. 

TUS. 

Bma. 

Ittrt, 

BAJrL 
M 

Jmlrt. 

M/n. 

/xM. 

ai«F£ 

•sw-vr 

(S 

tt4»«      ... 

IS 

la 

UIMT     ... 

H 

» 

isn-n    .. 

■a 

41 

iwr-4B    ... 

M 

a 

UH-tt     . 

IB 

•7 

Utt^     ... 

ar 

M 

WIMB     .. 

n 

H 

UUB      - 

« 

a 

10^40     ... 

u 

30 

HHMO      .. 

n 

Ml 

IBI»«»     ^ 

n 

n 

iMa-4i 

^^ 

41 

WMl      ... 

n 

M     t»a«] 

B 

u 

■Ml -41      .. 

M 

4D 

ISlt-U     .. 

10 

Kl 

IMI4S      _ 

«i 

u 

IS<»4« 

A* 

M 

IKM»     .. 

M 

40 

loniM 

IB 

u 

IN»4t 

It 

U 

aau    ... 

u 

*e  1 

IMU-tU 

U 

» 

lUMB      ... 

«t 

M       1U4-U      ... 

w 

M 

UC4-IU 

IB 

u 

lH»4f      ... 

At«rac«   - 

M 

U    [iMUf      ... 

a 

)*    1 

Awif 

J« 

u 

«L 

M    1 

»*«a«>i       . 

-±±L 

.J3- 

-2L 

» 

In  ine^nUiapricaoJinln  i<  gi^wa  >' ^  'A'"  tlie  rape*  and  ol  dctiX  it  40. 

*  Thn  rU.lnll.  «•  I  IMl-Cainelw*  2KI  i  180263.  iio  n>ttini»t  IWS-M.  S|g  i !_. 
ll-IO  ;  iSCa-ee.    Cflft;    ISM-flJ,  B-M  i  loUl  89  27  ;    «v«mfie  O-Bft.     It™,.  doiM 
CVII.  7.1.  *  1lM>  E*ll  intboooiricf  uopwrta  >•  alMaooiuailimlMb 

•  Bon.  «0T.  Htl  CVII.  74-7*. 


H«^^ai 


Dacean.] 


POONA. 


475 


for  thirteea  villages  near  Kalas  whose  distance  from  the  Mah^dev 
hills  made  the  rainfall  specially  scanty,  la.  9d.  (14  as.) ;  and  for  the 
market  towa  of  Indfipur  2a.  3(2.  (Rs.li).  Close  to  the  banks  of 
the  Bhima  were  some  lands  which  were  occasionally  specially 
enriched  by  flood  deposits.  In  these  the  highest  acre  rata  was 
fixed  at  3s.  (Rs.l^).  The  new  rates  raised  the  existing  assessment 
by  53  per  cent.  With  this  addition  the  average  acre  rate  on  the 
whole  arable  area  was  only  11^(2.  (7^  as.).^  The  rate  of  increase 
varied  considerably  in  individual  villages.  In  one  case  it  amoanted 
to  150  per  cent,  in  several  it  was  abont  100  per  cent,  and  in  soma 
it  was  only  17  or  18  per  cent.  Among  the  villages  whose  highest 
acre  rate  was  2s.  (Re.l)  the  increase  ranged  from  50  to  100  per 
cent.  The  village  of  Nimbgaon  Ketki  near  Inddpor  showed  oneof 
the  smallest  increases,  18  per  cent.  The  reason  was  that  it  had  a 
considerable  area  of  well-garden  land,  bearing  a  special  rate  for 
which  there  was  no  corresponding  entry  in  the  new  assessment,  as 
no  special  rate  was  to  be  imposed  on  wells.  In  the  villages  whose 
highest  acre  rate  was  Is.  dd.  {as.  14),  the  increase  varied  from  25  to 
50  per  cent.  Colonel  Francis  ended  hia  report  by  dwelling  on  the 
loss  which  Inddpur  suffered  ^om  its  uncertain  and  scanty  rainfall. 
He  urged  that  measures  shoola  be  taken  to  introduce  a  lat^  scheme 
for  watering  the  lands  of  the  aub^division.  The  proposed  settle* 
ment  was  sanctioned  by  Grovemment  in  March  1868,' 

In  1867-68  the  rainfall  was  20  inches  at  Inddpar,  27  at  Poona, 
26  at  Junnar,  and  50  at  Shadkdla.  In  the  sub-divisions  along 
the  range  of  the  Sahy&iris  the  rainfall  was  abundant  and 
favourable  and  the  general  state  of  the  early  crops  was  good.  In 
the  eastern  sub-divisions  after  the  first  falls  of  ram  in  June,  which 
enabled  the  cultivators  to  sow  their  early  crops,  there  was  in  July 
August  and  September  a  great  want  of  rain  and  at  one  time  a 
scarcity  was  feared.  Scarcity  was  averted  W  a  heavy  fall  of  rain 
in  October  which  in  a  great  measure  saved  the  early  crops  and 
produced  a  more  than  average  late  crop.  The  late  harvest  in  all  the 
sub-divisions  was  good.  In  Bhimthadi  the  landholders  admitted 
that  they  had  not  had  such  fine  late  crops  for  many  years.  The 
Indian  millet  was  often  six  and  seven  feet  high,  more  like  Gujarat 
than  DeccanjWrt.  Pablic  health  was  good.'  Tillage  rose  from 
l,7Si,390  to  1,803,708  acres  and  collections  from  £93,730  to 
£111,609  (Rs.  9,37,300 -Rs.  11,16,090),  £4432  (Rs.  44,320)  were 
remitted,  and  £101  (Rs.  1010)  left  outstanding.  At  Inddpur  the 
rupee  price  of  Indian  millet  fell  from  about  46  to  82  pounds  (23  - 
41  ahera). 

In  1868-69  the  rainfall  was  8  inches  at  Inddpur,  SI  at  Poona, 
25  at  Junnar,  and  77  at  Khadk&la.  Except  in  Sirur  Bhimthadi 
and  Inddpur,  the  rainfall,  though  not  seasonable  was  generally  good, 

■  Tho  originiU  settlemont,  cultivated  land  Bs.  81,184,  waste  Ba.  207,  total 
Its.  81^.391  ;  revised  setUemoat,  cultivated  land  Kb.  1,34,&0G,  waste  Kb.  194,  total 
1.24,700;  increase,  caltivated  land Ra,  43,322,  decreaae in  woataBa.  13,  total  iuoreus 
Eb.  43,309  or  53  per  cent.  Bom.  Gov.  SeL  CVII.  77. 

"  Surv,  Comr.  Lt.  -Col.  Francis'  Reports  of  January  1867  and  147  of  12th  February 
imi,  and  (lav.  Lottor  1211  of  27th  llarch  I8(>8.     Bom,  Gov.  Sel.  CVII.  and  CLI. 

»  Mr.  BcllMis,  Ravenuo  Commissioner,  149  of  IGth  January  1868,  Bom.  Gov.  Rot. 
Keo.  S9  of  1868,  318. 


Chapter  Tl 
Land. 

Rbvisiox 

StJRVKT. 

Inddpur, 
1366-67. 


1867-68. 


1868-69. 


iBoubay  QautiMrJ 


47« 


DISTRICTS. 


VUI. 

Luid- 
rsB  Bamaii. 


1969-70. 


J870-71. 


t8?J-7l. 


ftnd  tlie  early  crops  on  tbe  iiliolo  diA  well.     Omuff  to  tbe  waitli 
a  fitll    towfinls   llie  cloiiie  of    the  season  thi)  yield  from  i. 
crops   woa    Bcnntjr.      Pholcm    itligUily     proTnrivJ    in   a  ft-w 
HoK-dirisioiiM,  but  on  the  vliole  public  health  vms  gixwl.'    0»niiei 
the  Mtrious  fniliim  of   min   in  part  nf   ItuJapur  rctnissions  ta  \i. 
BxtflDt  of  GIty  per  cout  wuru  grsatixl  in  (orly-thrc«  rillngv<^,  ( 
twpnty-fivo  per  cent    in    thirt4<en    villngtis.      In  («LDcr.toDiu^ 
cxpt-nitiliiru  of  £100  (R^.IODO)  on  clearinj^  prickly    pear  trom 
oroas     taudtt     near    Allegaon,    Uurorninoni    olni^rvod    tliai    tb 
KhatUlcvfUlft  rrikter  worka,  on  whii:)i   it  wna  calculaUsd    l(),<>l>0  idc 
would  be  engaged,  would  nITord  empluvinent'  cnoni^h  for  ihooo' 
Beat-ch  of  empjoymciit.'     Tillage  rose  from  1,^13,708  to  1,8H^ 
aorot  aod  colloctiona  from  illl.OtHI  lo  £llfi,57tj  (Ilo.  ]l.ltl,0'» 
R«.     1I,5S.7S0),    £i8o»    (Rs.    *8,oD0)    wore    romitt^d.   and  £* 
(Rs.  480)  left  oDtstandiDg.     At  lud^pur  the  rnp>.-o  prico  of 
miUet  row  from  about  82  to  70  pouiuls  (41  -35  ^Uerg). 

In  1860-70  (he  rainfall,   ,26   inches  at   IiitWpur,    29    at  Voob*,\ 
23  »t  Jnnnar,  and  ^7  a.t  Khsdk&la,  wati  stifflriont  aad  aeasooaMfi 
Except  that  nco  snfFcrcd  eliglitly  both  the  curly  and  tbc  latv  ct 
were  good.     Locnsts  appe-arod  in  i^few  villa;^  of  Junnar,  El 
MAvnl,  and  riaroli  ;  hnt  they  paM^dwithontcanain^  any  nppmda 
damage.     I'ublic  health  wofl  good,  though  elight  chol'.-iu  appirflnjdj 
ia  parts  of  tho  district.      l^orR  wait  no  groat  mortality    an 
cattle.*      TiHago     roite      from     ),814,Sflf>      t<>       1,S19,237 
and    coUedioua     from    £ll.%57e    to     .£120.148    (Rs,  11.5i,7«)^ 
Ke.  12.01,480),  £479  (Rs.  4790)  were  remilted,  and  £27  (Hs.  27C 
loft  outstanding,     Ab  Indiipur  tho  rupeo  prtuo  oE  Indiao 
rose  from  about  70  (o  58  pouuda  (3&-29*»Aflr*). 

In  li:!70-71  the  rainfalt   though  abundaat    was  uot  seosoBf^l 
Tltu  fall  at  Indipiir  was  21  inches,  at  Poona  41,  at  Junnar  30,  tajj 
at  Khndkiila  ('■(!  iDches.     The  outturn  of  the  early  crops   in    Kl 
M4Ta],  ['iirandhnr.  aiul  hiavoli  wati  fair,  but  Qxrogsivp  rain  catite 
\of9  in  Intl/tpiir,  ilhtmtbadi,  Sirur,  and  MulshJ.     Except  in  Indipv 
and  Bhimthadi  where  it  ivns  indifferent  the  kite  harreitt  was  mji. 
Ptihlic   houllh   was  gonomlly  good,  though  in  a  fotr  Tillivg*'*  fe*w 
sgau  and   choluru    were  p-ovalent.      The    cattlu    wcro  pcnoiaUj 
free  from    disease.*      Tillage  row  from   I.Si9.'237   to    l,B31,9-» 
acres,  collection.-.   Cell   from   £.120,146  to  .tlM.lSS  (R«.  12.01.460-^ 
Rg.U. 11,380),  £170  {Ra.  4760)  were  remitted,  nnd  12j'i  (Ra.  W/M 
left  outstanding.     Al  Inditpur  iha  rupee  price  of  Indiao  mtllef^^H^ 
icom  about  68  to  SO  pounds  (29-25  kImtb). 

In  IB71.72  tho  ramfnll  waalSincliea   at  Indipor,  27  ai  Poooa. 
27  at  Junnar,  and  GQ  at  KliadkiVla.    Tbo  miufall  was  much  beta* 
the  averago,  o«p(>cialIy  in  the  Goafc.     In  the  wc«t  tho  yield  of 
Hnri/or  imrly  fit^ps  was   faircxcept  in  Junnar  where   it  was 
more  thaji  half  a  crojx     Tho  rabi  or  lata  cmpn  thronghoot 
district  were  at  firttt  vorj  aopromisiog  but  a  slight  fall  of  ram  it 


■  Rvvpuu*  CominiMiuntr  Mr.  Asbbnmcr  IS8I  of  12tli  April  ISM,  Bowliw 
Iter.  Reo.  60  of  ISilD,  SA3. 

■  (lonRM.  7IBof  19Ui  Feb.  1S<»,  Bom.  Gov.Rcr.  Roe.  69  of  ISW.  341. 
'  Bcv.  Comr.  8.  D.  7i  o(  jlh  Jul  1670.     *  Rev.  Coor.  8.  D.  sa  of  4tli  iu,  ISTi 


Deccaal 


POONA. 


477 


Novomber  revived  them.  In  lad&pur  the  late  or  rahi  harvest  was 
about  half  a  crop  and  in  Bhimthadi  even  less.  Some  Haveli  villages 
suffered  from  a  failure  ot  water.  Except  for  a  few  scattered  cases  of 
fever  and  cholera  the  season  was  healthy  and  cattle  disease  in  a  few 
Miival  villages.'  Tillage  rose  from  1,831,953  to  1,842,868  acres, 
collections  fell  from  £11!, 138  to  £96,737  (Rs.  [1,11,380- 
Rs.  &,67,370),  £5778  (Rs.  57,780)  were  remitted,  and  £12,450 
(Bs.  1,24,500}  left  outstanding.  At  Ind&pur  the  rupee  price  of 
Indian  millet  fell  from  about  50  to  60  pounds  (25-30  akers). 

In  1871-72  revised  rates  were  introduced  into  fifty-four  villages 
of  Bhimthadi.  Of  these  fifty-four  villages,  twenty-three  formerly 
belonged  to  the  Pimpalgaon  and  thirty-one  to  the  Kurknmb  group. 
At  the  time  of  revision  survey,  with  some  villages  formerly  in 
Purandhar  and  Bd,ramati,  they  formed  the  subdivision  of  Bhimthadi.' 
The  villages  of  this  group  stretched  east  and  west  in  a  long  narrow 
belt  from  the  western  boundary  of  Inddpur  to  within  twenty  miles  of 
Poona.  The  hsM  was  bounded  on  the  north  and  east  by  the  Bhima; 
on  the  south  by  a  range  of  hills  which  divided  it  from  Purandhar  and 
from  villages  whicb  formerly  belonged  to  Supa,  and  on  the  west  by 
the  Haveli  su-bdiviaion.  Of  the  fifty-four  villages  six  had  fallen  to 
Government  at  intervals  during  the  survey  lease.  Of  the  remaining 
forty-eight,  which  had  been  settled  by  Lieutenant  Nash  in  1840, 
the  area  was  382  square  miles  or  244,623  acres  and  the  population 
28,467  that  ia  a  pressure  of  74  to  the  square  mile.  The  south-east 
and  south  were  rough  and  hilly.  The  north  along  the  Bhima  was 
level  with  much  fine  black  soil.  In  spite  of  Government  offers  of 
rent-free  lands  for  a  term  of  years  if  the  holders  would  plant  them, 
the  whole  group  was  very  bare  of  treea.^  At  P&tas  the  average 
rainfall  in  the  eight  years  ending  1870  was  13'23  inches.* 

The  only  water-work  of  any  size  was  a  reservoir  at  KAsurdi  which 
had  been  built  in  1838  at  a  cost  ot  £1 182  (Ra.  11,820).  A  flood 
in  1843  had  swept  away  its  earthen  dam  which  had  been  repaired 
by  Government  shortly  before  1870.  The  supply  was  believed  to 
be  enough  to  water  250  acres.  The  chief  products  were  hajri 
and  jvdri  which  together  formed  four-fifths  of  the  whole.  The 
remaining  fifth  was  under  math,  gram,  wheat,  and  kulith  and  a  little 
sugarcane,  cotton,  tobacco,  linseed,  and  vegetables.^    The  Pimpalgaou 

'  The  Rev.  Comr.  1084  of  2nd  Murch  1872,  Bom.  Gov.  Kev.  Rec.  81  ot  1872.  336. 

'  In  consequenca  of  the  late  rediHtribution  of  villageB,  the  1871  BhimthEuli  sab- 
diviflion,  cart  of  which  was  now  (1871)  nnder  roviaioo,  did  not  correspond  with  the 
BbimthadiBub-diviiiooof  1832-39.  Sitrv.  Supt.  440A  of  12th  July  1871,  Bom.  Gov. 
Sel.  CU.  201. 

»Lient.-Colonel  Waddington,  Surv.  Snpt.  440A  of  12th  July  1871,  Bom.  Gov. 
Sel.  CLt.  196. 

*  The  details  are  i  p^^  Rain/att,  1S63  -  WO. 


YlAL 

B^nUL 

YUB. 

lUinMt. 

iiiii 

Incbo. 
S-62 

T-SJ 

iiee 
a -67 

10  S8 

1808         

18W        

1870 

AnnEi    ... 

Inchu. 

was 

10-81 

18-13 

Chapter  VII 
Land. 

Revisioh 

SOHV«V. 


BhinUhaili, 

I871-7t, 


Dom.  Gov.  Sel.  CLT.  212.  ,       . 

•  In  48  vUlagei h^ri  was  434  per  coat, Mri  35'6,  math  2,  kuiUA OS,  whoat  I, 


[Bomlnr  OuetleerJ 


478 


mSTRICTS. 


ipur  vm. 


Kivuinia 

lS1t-7S. 


villages  gro^  about  Iwico  na  mucli  f>a.jri  aajvari  Rnd  tho  Garki 
villages  grow  about  uuy-sixtU   looro  jvtiri  tlijui  tfijri.     Tim  K<re 
was  oolloctod   iu   two  equal  inatal tneDU.     I»  tbo  cnrly  harv-Ciiti 
khurif  villaffCA  these  iDstalmeuts   fell  oq  tfao  10th  of  Janaury 
tho  H)tJ»  of  Mapcli ;  iu  the  late  barrcst  op  rabi  Tillages  they  fell  i 
the  lOtb  of  February  and  the  10th  of  May. 

Durtug  Ibu  eurv'oy  loose  commiiniention  in  the  Bhimthsdi 
hrul  b&GD  iinprov<Hl  by  thciuakiug  of  tliu  l*ooruk-ShoUpiir  road 
ibu  Pouinsula  railway.     BesiiteN  these  mun  tines  blioro  woroj, 
Toa«la  fi-om  the  Blation  at  Kctlgrion  to  Sinu-  by   Pargaon,  a&di 
Supa  and  Jpjuri  by  I'advi.     Tliero  woro  three  market  toMns,  l*it 
tho  m&rolAtditr's  station,  Kurkutnb,  and  Yevut,  all  on  the  Foon 
SfaolApar  high  road.     The  people   were  almost  all    basbaDdmi; 
Their  chief  market  waa  Voona  and  to  a  less  oxtout  Bombay .    Ala 
tho  Pooua-ShoVipur  road    ((rasa  itnd    Rtraw   fciched  good  prio 
The  railway  had    reductid  the  raad  trjtffia    The  tollrcvcDoe  rt' 
HiwLipaar  had   fnllou   from   £]7(>0  (Ra.  17,600)  in  1859-60   to  M«l 
(lb.  UOIO)  in  1S70.     SUU  tho  aiaouiit  of  traflic  was  considerable. 

During  the  ten  years  ending  1S50-3 1,  that  is  tho  tirst  ton  ycofs  o| 
tbo  survey  lease,  the  rupee  price  of  ^vdri  averaged  91  pounds  (4^ 
siitm)  and  of  hajri  73  poand^  (36^  ghers)^  In  the  ten  yetura  endin 
1800-61  the  average  rat©  woBjVvii^ 72  poonda  (36»Act-*)  ondMjn'l 
pounds  (21)  shert)  or  a  riso  oi'ZQ  per  centia  bothcaaes  overtheu 
pruvioiiMycnra.  In  ISol-52  tho  lirsl  year  of  this  docndo,  thu  l!iM>->l 
priova  were  inaiutaincd,  but  ihov  foil  again  iu  18-52-53  tlioagh  nol  to 
thoBftmoextotit  asin  1819.50.  Tbey  then  rose  io  lS5S-.'ilt,yivin'to52 
pounda  (2tj  ehcrt)  thu  rupui;  aad  bf'tjri  to  42  pounds  (21  then),  ami 
iu  tho  next  two  yaara  they  fell,  ^'I'liri  tfl  80  aud  73  poundd  (40  tad 
:}61  nh^ra)  and  lajri  to  Cij  iind  6ti  pounds  lfii\  and  S8  nhers).  IV 
tun  years  ending  1870-71  bef^ou  with  jciiri  at  00  pounds  (30  »fcen} 
and  h>ijri  at  47  pouada  (SSJ  nkera).  During  tho  next  foar  yi»«_ 
prii'cs  rapidly  rose  aud  durint?  tho  five  closing  yoani  (1865-71)  th(g~ 
llnctiiiitcd,  yvari  m-vor  fcilling  bolow  65  [K>unih(  (32J  ahtrs)  orWjl] 
below 39  pounds (It^^tf/iGnt)*  A'uW closed  at  ^tipouodH  (IS  8her«)\ 
&(yM'at30pound8(I5*Aef«).  Tho  nvcrage  rates  for  this  third  dec 
wore  jvdn  3ft  pounds  (lOJ  sKora)  and  hiijri  30  pounds  {15  »A^rn)  tli»t 
is  133  and  143  per  cent  orer  tlie  oorrespundiug  averages  of  thu  fini 
decade  and  of  85  and  V3  ]kt  cent  over  those  of  the  second  decadu-' 

oraM  1,  ■iig^roauc  O'l,  tobacco 0' 1,  cotton  0'4,  mitoeUauisoiuS'l,  audooau|iiedwu'* 
I0*6.    BoBi.Oov.8d.CU.ltr7. 


YuK. 

JtiK 

BtUK 

YUl. 

JrdH. 

Sit^ 

Yaix. 

/WK 

M(H 

1HIM2       .. 

IT) 

M 

mus    ,- 

W 

aM 

uei-a    „ 

» 

Ml 

IMtft       ... 

(K 

Mi 

tWS4S      ... 

SI 

9 

uia«i    ... 

» 

U 

IJtW-fi       .. 

III 

l» 

iBia«(    ... 

H 

"1 

\fe»M    ... 

m 

M 

l»«t-4>        ... 

M 

«« 

t«M4d      ... 

«* 

*r 

1W|.<S      .. 

n 

^ 

i»iMa     ... 

» 

IC 

lUOM      ... 

to 

■1 

M«4«       _ 

M 

I? 

IM*.^      ... 

to) 

» 

ieM.n    ... 

« 

St 

UM«I      _ 

H 

n\ 

uuT-ia    ... 

w 

DO 

isn4i    ... 

M 

« 

IWT«       ... 

» 

iV 

IMt-M      ... 

«ll 

»t 

1US.M      ... 

» 

« 

iMMa     ... 

K) 

ii3 

IBIB-W      .. 

M 

la 

t«SMa    ... 

M 

s«i 

IW-TO       ... 

U 

1M04I 

M 

M( 

tlUW41 

an 

« 

un»n     -. 

AnraC* 

Ul 

if 

«1 

Mi 

»>l 

MT 

ttl 

u 

tacean-l 


POONA. 


Tho  aTerago  colloctiotM  daring  tho  t«Ti  joan  omling  1650  wore 
•ASU  (lis. -13,110).  Intho  first  jrearpftho  sotlkmoiit  (1840-41) 
hu  ciiltirated  area  was  12:},0()0  <u;ri7S,  niiil  tho  n-iiste  W.OW  acr«» 
irnbuut  one-fourtli,  nnJ  tlio  a/igosHinent  was  £5307  (R«.  &3,07O)  of 
ffliich  £1C0  (lU.  IGOO)  were  rcmittwi,  and  £5U7  (Re.  ol,170)  wore 
coU<x-t«0.  No  greet  clmogD  took  placv  duriag  tho  t)o:&t  tlirco  joars. 
n  18W.45,  £2293  (its,  22it30)  were  remitUHl  and  in  1*45-40  Jt:il:J4 
Ri».3l,31U)  in  wbich  year  the  collectimiB  were  onl^-  £1772  {R»,  17,720). 
l>unt]g  tlio  romaiutiig  four  years  (I84G-18&0}  the  col)iM:tioii>i  were 
Btcaily  ab  about  £6000  (Rs.  50,000),  and  the  romissioiis  »!uall. 
l>iiritig  iho  ten  years  cadtii!<  ISOO  tho  urcrago  coUcctious  woro 
£5785  (Its.  57,850)  or  an  incrooHo  of  .13  p«r  cont  on  those  of  the 
£ret  tea  years.  Tbia  period  (18&0-]»60)  began  will)  a  jear(18&0-51) 
marked  by  the  largt'  roiniflsiou  of  £18G3  (ISa.  18.030)  or  29  nor  cont 
of  the  rt'vonae.  From  1850  lliiug^  liegnn  to  tncnd.  CuUivation 
coiitiniifHl  stendily  to  riiW  from  90,000  neres  in  ISJO-Ol  to  164,000 
acroa  in  ISSlt-GO,  and  rc-vonno  from  £2500  to  £7305  (Ka.  25,000- 
K».  73,050);  between  1854  Hnd  18G0  rpniisstnns  n^ci-aged  onlj;  t'l 
(Bs.  20).  During  tho  Ipd  years euding  1S70  the  avorago  colloctioim 
■were  £7259  (Ra.  72,oi>0)  or  ag  iiicrcaso  of  25  por  cent  on  ttioso 
of  tbo  ten  years  ending  1860  and  of  (i7  prr  ci?ut  on  those  of  the  ton 
jcors  ending  IQoO.  During'  tlio  ten  years  ouding  1S70  tho  wliolo 
of  tlie  arablo  land  had  boon  lakon  for  tilinge.and,  except  in  1800-67 
^icii  C2fli:t  (It*.  20,730)  wpro  granted,  no  romissionH  liiul  lic-en 
ruquirud.'  Tbo  follomng  slAt«nicnt  sbuwa  tbo  i-ercnuo  cullecliona 
u  roiuutsions  duiing  eaob  docado  of  tbo  aurvcy  Icaao : 


PotM  /tMuM  iViMv  am  rAt  Sittm,  lUI  •mi. 


TUK. 

JfJrt 

B4lH. 

THK. 

JimM. 

AUri. 

TlAL 

/nl/1 

Jklfri 

IMI-M       ... 

SA 

U 

I«14t      ... 

at 

W 

IW-M 

as 

IMMl 

» 

n 

twus     ... 

ST 

» 

iBM-n 

n 

U 

IUl-« 

JU 

M 

lauM     ... 

4a 

H 

lau-M    ... 

II 

* 

l^l-U 

II 

a 

I«M-M      ... 

» 

n 

UM-U 

IS 

n 

IMl^A 

Kl 

IK 

Itl«4«       ... 

« 

M 

IM14(      .. 

11 

11 

tM<>^ 

10 

14 

1«»»T      ... 

M 

■1 

IMMT       ... 

u 

u 

iMI'lg        ... 

u 

ST 

IKt-tt      .., 

at 

*t 

iHi-m    ... 

■1 

n 

iM»-ia 

M 

41 

laus    ... 

n 

» 

RM.tt 

M 

IS 

UW40 

IT 

ST 

iie»«i    ... 

n 

u 

UM-n      . 

t« 

IS 

uw-u 

90 

itao« 

at 

11 

31 

I»041      ... 
Axn^    ... 

11 

u 

Ml 

x 

IT 

W| 

'BohlCov.  S»l.  CLI.2I1. 

I  DimDgtKeurv«y  leaM(IM(l-IO)tilljiS>'o«>fn}ni  122.000  acna  in  18^041  to 
l2'>.li<M  in  1841-12  an.l  tMta  107 .000  oerMia  1M54C.  In  thcmtt  year  it  tote  ta 
in.tHJOaiul  l^:Ili■>  tell  to  91.00U  i>t  l8(&-60.  AfUrtUlilttOMlily  roMtA  U*S.000iii 
163i-ol,  to  )2a,(MH)  \a  I8J)3-M.  to  ISA.DOO  in  I33S-AR.  to  US.Om  m  I85C-£T.  uitl  to 
ll!.'>.0<iO  in  ISOI-liS.  Jnllia  liut  twn  (1^8. 18.0)  of  tlwrMiiifuiiiROwlit  yo»ra  il  nl'ijktty 
dittliiiiHl.  t'otltctian*  tvm  fnim  (U.  .M.UDO  in  l»4(MI  t«  lU.  Sn.OOO  in  1842-43  ut-l 
Ml  u>R>.Sl,O00iti  thotKXtjrvar.  In  1814-45  tlMf  wars  Ra.  Xtf,000 Mil  iu  l(M-4l! 
K4.  I9,(W0.  1«  tb«  u«il  r>vo  yean  thny  Ml  Irom  Hm.  40,000  in  IS46-4T  to  Bo.  25,000 
ia  IsW-JI.  Iutti«  next  ten  yean  tiicyBlcwLly  row  fntn  Ba.  45.000  In  ISSl-OS  to 
K«.  iS.OIkO  in  lti60-GI.  In  the  not  nine  yoftni,  rxccpt  iSeCtlT  vrhm  thnj-  were 
Rj.  rU.OUU,  thflv  OoodRlabiiut  lU  75,000'.  RpBiiniuni  wenlta.  32,000  in  IMl  IS, 
fU  aa,*m  in  l?>U-4«.  Rs.  I(I,U(U  Iu  ISSU-SI.  Ka.  3Q,WXIUiiaOG-67.  au'I  Iti.XOtMliu 
1S63-5I.  In  (.tJiW  ytaia  rtiiuauoiii  van  (ow  or  wwo.  Sun-uy  Diagnin.  ISoin, 
(hiv.  tidl.  CU.  -JUS. 


Chapter  VIII 
Uad. 
Itn-n 

HCRFKII 

tSTMl 


480 


rBombay  Qt 


DISTRTCra 


I   Land. 
IttTUUOH 
Svitywr. 


Bhhakadi  Ct>Ut€lioM,  IW-JftO. 


VUB. 

twill  Beianu* 

HnvBiwIram 

TUW 
fttm- 

Ka- 
mi*' 

CMlM- 

IMUL 

inUt 

Arm. 

HmM 

OraM. 

UlMtl- 

Uoaoiib 

Tt-L 

Aim. 

BmmI 

T!    ■I' 

1MM0,.. 

tm.  1  Bt 

ixi.m  ».!« 

lla. 

WM 
MM 
WW 

Ha 

Ml.      Bk 

*'^  Villi    ■■,]    IT" 

In  forlY-'''ffl't  villngi-s  ilurin>j  ^'kj survoj )p»sp  pojttilni ion  iucr«we«i 
fromSiviul  in  1840-*1  to  ai4,4«7  in  IK70-71  iir  SSJ  jiot  ceoi; 
farm-bultocks  Erom  ll.SUS  U>  1:1,792  or  ID  pur  cent:  other  cattle 
from  38,931  to  30,050  or  6}  por  cent ;  cart«  from  273  w  101 1  « 
S 70  per  ceiit;  niitl  ploughs  from  1115  to  IS65  or  22}  pef  rovi. 
Wells  in  working  order  iucreased  fruta  &27  to  727  or  yS  per  cent. 
Of  llio  addition  of  200  wt'Ils,  141  wer«  new  and  59  wer<'  ruittin-rf- 
0(  tUo  141  ue^  Vi'clU  ct^l)t  were  muile  !ii  tlio  too  y^nrs  iriidiii}?  I>^U^m| 
forty-one  in  tlio  ten  yeurs  ending  ISOO,  and  uiiivty-Ino  in  tliett^H 
rears  ending  1870.  rrum  a  very  depre&sed  stale  at  the  begiuiiiii^H 
of  the  survey  loose  the  Bhimttiadi  Wllitfi'S  hwl  id  1H60  roftchedJH 
hifjfli  fttate  of  wt-nltL  and  prosperity.'  The  short  rainfall  in  I8<S^ 
aud  1804  caottod  severe  Iosp,  and  ia  IS6li-ti7  another  oetaoa  ! 
of  scanty  rwinfall  th©  tosa  iraa  so  groat  that  &s  much  as  £2(W0  I 
(Rh.  £0,000)  or  about  27  per  cent  of  Ihe  collections  had  to  bt , 
rcmittfKl.  Thuuf^h  prices  had  coD^idombly  fallen  dnriiii;  Iho  fc 
years  Wtween  18(18  ond  1870  the  bulk  of  the  people  seemed  to  I 
comfurtably  off,  and  a  record  of  sales  of  land  showed  prices  varria 
from  ton  io  fifty-two  tiinoa  tho  sBsossmont,  In  oetimatiag 
nrohabh]  standard  of  grain  pricas  dnrio^  futoro  years  Ct 
Wnildington,  the  siirvoy  «npcrint*ndcnt,  choBO  as  his  bai " 
Bvemgo  uf  the  five  years  eodiDg  ItiOO  and  of  the  tire  years  ' 
1870.  Tliie  gaTO  a  "rupof  price  of  nbont  52  pounds  (2G  *htr$)  fw 
ji-xir*  and  about  40  pounds  {20  ehers)  for  bujri.  Tlu-w  prices  v^JT^J 
forjrtiri  68  per  cent  and  for  hajri  72  por  cent  higher  thuD  li^| 
avcruf^o  prices  during  the  fifteen  years  ending  1!435.  Aa  thci^^ 
couilitioiia  were  so  mach  alike  Colonel  Waddington  thongiit  that 
the  increnao  of  fifty  t<>  sixty  per  cent  wliich  had  been  introdiirt 
into  lod^pur  might  be  upplicd  to  bbimthadi.  This  result  would 
obtnined  by  fixing  en  the  Kurkatnb  group  the  highest  dry-eiitp  urn 
rate  in  sixteen  village's  al  2ic.  Cd.  (Ks.  1})  and  lu  cine  villagc«i 
1j«.  3r^.  (Ka.  1|).  Their  nearneHa  to  the  Poooa  market  and  tboirsiaf 
Taiufall  matle  the  Pimpalgaou  Tillages  ao  much  hotter  off  I  hi 
Indilpur  that  to  enualize  thum,  in  tweuly-lwo  of  the  Pimpalgaim 
Tillages  the  highest  dry  crop  acre  rate  should  be  raiscil  to 
{R«.  H)  aud  iu  seven  villages  to  8«.  CJ.  (Ka  IJ).  Uuder 
ari-iinguinent,  of  fifty-fom-  villages  seren  were  in  the  Iirst  chue 
a  highest  dry-erop  iiere  rate  of  Zt.  M.  (Ita.  Ij)  ;  tweaiy-ttro  wti 
in  the  second  cla&i  with  a  bighcstrnleof  Zs.  (Ks.  \\);  eixte«uwQ 
in  tlio  third  chwa  vrith  a  highest  rote  of  ts.  CJ.  (Ra.  I  j) ;  and  oil 


I  Bom,  tiOT.  m.  OJ.  IW. 


in  tlio  foartli  class  witli  a  hii^lieat  rate  of  is.  Sd,  {Us.  1 1),  Tlio 
of  Uiese  rates  in  forty-eiglit  villag'es  was  au  tiicrcaso  of  73 
por  ocntw  Of  bhia  wbolu  incroaao  aboat  £1^3  (Us.  15,330)  or 
twenty  per  coot  was  due  to  the  (liycnveiy  of  l&nd  held  in  excels  of 
tlie  n:cort|«d  «rca.     Tbe  following  statctncnt  sbowa  the  effect  of  (lie 

nUmihadi  ttenmon  SrtUmiat,  187t. 


innt^tm. 

Vii.- 

Cl'I/TIVkT«D  l.uin 

Wun. 

Tow. 

An*. 

RmiW 

ATMk 

HcnUI. 

ATM. 

BmbO. 

Prnpcwnt       ... 

InOTMOg     ... 

A«IM. 
tM.fllS 

A«N>. 
VI9 
UK4 

It*. 

rsn 

AOfM. 

42.1." 

M,Tt« 

lU 

lt« 

u.nit 

M.Wn 

In  iodiridnnt  villagos  the  iucrmso  rorieil  consitlorably.  lu  one  caao 
it  waa  as  high  tw  120  per  cent ;  in  another  it  was  aa  low  aa  16  per 
coDt.  No  mto  beyond  the  highest  dry-crop  rate  was  laid  on  well 
wiLt<>r(^d  lands.  On  clianiid  wau-rc'd  Intid  the  aero  water  rat«  vnriod 
from  2x.  to  12«.  {Rs.  l.C)  io  excess  of  tbe  dry  •crop  rate.  Thia 
channel  water  cesa  yielded  £119  (Rs.  1190).  Into  the  six  villages 
which  hiwl  Inpstcd  to  OoYenimunt  sinco  tho  introduciion  of  tlio  1810 
sotilt^iiuC'ut,  tho  snrvcT  had  been  introduced,  lonacis  being  granted 
for  terms  which  would  end  nt  tho  (mine  date  a.i  tUo  thirty  yoara' 
Icttseof  the  rest  of  tho  sub- division.  Thu  eultiT-atvd  area  of  these 
six  villag«8  waa  23,(H»8  acrea.  Compared  with  the  preceding  yea^a 
payments  their  rental  under  tbe  nropiiRed  rntefi  showed  an  increase 
from  £I1G0(R«.  11,600)  tff  £lti7S  (Ha.  16,750)  or  44  per  ceDt. 
Under  tho  now  survey  tbe  total  cullivatud  land  id  tho  fifty-fuur 
Tillagen  wns  212,703  acr^  or  an  incrooae  of  2S,S98  aon»  or  11  pur 
eont.  Tho  a«UM«ment  inclnding  the  rftt«»  on  rhannel  watered  lands 
waa  £14,660  (Ba.  I,4fi.600)  against  £i^»>  (Bx.  60,HUi)  or  ao  inore«w 
of  fll>  per  cent.*  Govcmmont  Bonctioned  the  proposed  rates  in 
Jaooary  1872.* 

f  In  1872*73  in  Jannar  and  Khed  the  rainfall  was  mnch  below  tho 
avcmgi?.  In  Ifao  rest  of  the  dJatrict  tho  ^iwsou  was  favourable.  A 
heavy  fall  early  in  September  imaged  the  early  cropg  oflpecially  in 
Klittl,  Jannar.and  flavoli.  In  tho  west  the  yield  of  theenrly  crops 
wa«  fair.  The  late  crops  started  badly,  but  a' fall  early  in  Decombor 
did  them  much  aeiTice  and  the  outturn  waa  good.  Tho  M&vaU  and 
the  north  wero  the  only  parts  which  aaffered.  The  niinfall  wad  2G 
inchiw  nt  Inditpitr,  22  at  Poona,  15  at  Junnar,  and  79  at  KhadkAU. 
Cholemnas  present  in  Poona  and  its  suburbs,  and  a  few  caaCBOccurred 
in  Bbiinthiiiiij  Puramlhur,  and  Siriir.  iJonguo  fever  waa  general 
iu  Pooaa,  Bliimthadi,  and  Porandhar."  Tillngo  rose  from  1,842,863 
1^48,831    acres    and    collections  fn>m  £96,737    to  £112,689 


CkaptwTIII. 
Land- 

BliinUhmt 
iffjt-yt. 


an-79. 


'  tU-Col.  W^adingtwi,  Sorv.  Supt  4-»i  oi  12(li  July  1«1.     Bom.  Oov.  S*L  CXL 
M '  SIO.  *  V.av.  Vm.  3S&  ol  3iitb  Jui.  lttT2  in  Bom.  Oov.  8el.  CU.  271. 

*  IUv«iiM  CommiMiiNMrS.  D.  63fi9  ol  3l>t  IHuvuiImc  1972. 

» 1337-  SI 


[Bombaj  OftiettoN. 


ISTRICTS. 


I    Land- 

Lft»VUIU!« 


{R8.9,C7,370.Rfl.ll,26.81>C>),  £.1*7  (Rs.  5470)  were  remHUxl, 
£'i&52  (Rs.  •I£,K20)  left  uuttitAiKlmg.     At  IndApur  tbo  niticv  prieo 
Indian  tuillel  ro»o  from  nliout  OOto  28  pouod*  (30-14  <Affr«). 

BctwfH'n  1872  anil  187(  the  revised  aettlement  was  iiitroilm 
into  PUbal.  In  1UC6  the  villaf^M  of  the  oM  PAbU  fial>^risioD 
boon  distribattid  among  Khe<l,  Janoar,  PAtdpt,  ami  Simr.  Roris^ 
nitci  wore  inlniduc^d  iuto  a  group  of  fifty-six  ii-illngoo  of  tbo  old. 
PAbol  nil b-ili vision,  and  new  mtc>8  into  three  vil!»pe»  received  fro*' 
H.  H.  Uulkar.  Tliu  lifty-xJx  viltages  had  an  arenof  S^iS  square  mile) 
or  22.'>,(1I3  &cr«<s  and  a  populntiim  of  53^35  or  \b\  tutboeqa»ra  mile. 
A  rniigo  of  hills  ninuing  weal  &nd  t^ant  divided  tho  lands  of  tht) 
group  into  tiro.  To  tbo  sootli  wms  iho  Tallcy  of  th«  Vol  bound' 
mtithward  b;  a  raofpi  runuing  Erom  Guliiui  to  Kcndur,  vrhun 
sank  into  tho  plain.  'I'ho  oastem  bordorfrom  Nitnbgnon  to  CfaimrW 
WjB  broken  and  billj',  tho  rout  of  tlic  valley  wa*  waving  and  thi 
ir«B  much  fino  land  wilh  many  water  cbaunck.  llie  tract  la  llio 
norlh  of  tho  conlml  liito  of  liilI-'<  iiieliidi;J  the  two  largo  vallrys  uf 
thfl  Ghod  and  the  Minn,  tho  TiHiijft-B  lyiiiff  chiefly  ulunfc  the  hftoks 
of  th«8o  Btrwimjt.  Tho  jwirt^  to  the  west  were  b«tter  wooded, 
from  their  DunrnCNt  to  the  Sahji&dris  enjoyed  a  bonvier  and 
nnooriatn  anpply  of  rail).  DiirinjiT  tho  four  years  eadin;;  18GG 
Pdbal  rainfall  av-ffnwed  14'9I  inches;  11-38  incbos  fell  in  I 
17'ti8  in  1864,  16-91  To  1805,  and  i:t-67  in  1^66.' 

'I'ho  lands  of  tbiH  group  wrrc  drained  by  fuur  rivers,  the  11hiin*i 
Mina,  Ghod,  and  Vol.  Am  tUoir  oourocft  wero  in  the  SnhyjUlris,  tbd 
Bhiino,  Mina,  and  Ghod  bud  an  unfailing-  sapply  of  wator,  thoofrli  i" 
consequence  of  tho  depth  of  their  channeln  tnoy  were  not  UKed  fur 
irri}^tion.  Thu  Vl-I,  which  ro»«  iu  a  jtitmll  rAnjfo  ahntil  nitio  mil'-* 
north-west  of  Khed  and  in  the  hot  wiiilhdr  occasionally  failed,  nu 
of  more  valuo  Ui  tho  landholders  n&  its  banks  were  ao  low  that  lU 
-water  conid  bo  slopped  and  aaed  ior  irrigatlou  by  buildisg 
temporary  dama. 

The  price  rotnms  for  Talcf'aon  in  tho  sonth-Miet  and  for  Mandur 
in  thi)  north-west  corner  of  tho  I'tihal  group  showed  that  at  Talcgwa. 
the  avi'raKO  nipcc  prico  of  6ii/rt  during  the  ten  years  ooding  IMTI 
waa  about  3-  pounds  (IG  th"r»)  conijuutxl  with  nbuub  74  poand«  |^< 
thtn)  durintf  tho  ten  years  ending  1851,  that  is  a  ri»o  of  131  ya 
cent.  At  Mnnchar  tho  correapoudiug  rate*  were  3S  ponuds  (il> 
bhem)  infitoad  of  76  pounds  (38  »k«ri)  that  ia  a  rise  of  1 37'5  pr 
cent.  -Compared  with  tho  prices  of  the  fifteen  yoara  ondiog  1865 
the  average  price  of  bAjri  during  the  ten  normal  yeaiSj  fiv0  eodiiig 


I  The  woalurn  uul  luirthom  villn^^  of  PiW  kail  warm  rtin  tfajut  Ih*  ^«tcn 
*ilbigB>.  Thu  fallowing  dctaiU  of  tbo  minbll  &t  tCli«d,  Okod,  aaiUbii^u-  an  tW 
wwt  maA  north  and  at  Mimr  on   tli«  «Mt  aliaw  lliat  Ui«   fall    iucmwnj  Cowndl  U* 

Oov.  tM.  CU.  303,  3(H  :  —*  «      - 


[860-01  and  fire  ending    1870-71.  that  in  leating    out  the   fivo      CbapterTIII 
LmcricaQ  wai- years,  ^bowcd  a  riRO  of  52' 1  p«r  oont,' 

In  tho  five  yeara  (1836-1841)  before  tho  former  sottloment^  in  the 


JVmbb  AaJVUl,  IMt-WI. 


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Tauwaox,  ftvcngo  ol  iKtccn  vMnt  (IMl'IS  to  185046).  Jtilrt  A».  Mn  M,  wlM«t 
,  mm  S4  :  )ivi>nu>:of  t«iiv(*nt(lsriS-JS7  tolSeO-Sl  HndlSM-ftTbi  1^0-71).  jnirJ 
I,  £ffri33,  obvtt  fa,  gmmlB.  Mamcuaii.  (iflMM  ™f»"  »*ior»gc,  >«(>-i  4J,  (.(jW  S3. 
hOBt  30.  CTkiii  SS  i  HD  yo«»'  mnrag*.  jtvri  J9,  Wjri  23,  wb«»t  16,  griuii  17  ;  p>t*lo 
«ht(lSM-l»»)  yaan'ftvcnvD,  it«.  2  a*.  IQ  Uw  !»«•  o(  120  •k<r<»i>(l  Urn  youv 
ronge.  Re.  3|.    Rom.  Qor.  SbL  CU.  907- 


Lud. 


BXTtHtOV 

Simrn-. 


4&i 


DISTEICTS. 


It  ui 

i 


Bfty-sir  Tillagee  for  which  the  revision  mrvey  prepared  k  di , 
the  svoTBgu  ix>lh>ctioiui  muountod  to  £(>05l  (Bs.  6d,&10)  Boa 
RTemgD  rotnusions  to  £227fi  (R«.  22,760).  The  asaoBSinnil 
onoociipioJ  Iftiirl  iliiriri);  the  four  yenn)  ending  18^0  varivd 
jei63S  (B».  46,3'20)  to  il»S3  (Ittt.  43,2^)  or  abont  nno-Lhird  of 
whole.  In  1611,  IO,(IOU  tuirea  of  iraHio  wora  taktm  for  tillage 
thu  vory  largo  timuuiit  of  £3601  (Rs.  d(>,MOJ  of  rcmieniooB  Kad 
bo  Drauted.  The  introduotiua  of  the  rutee  was  not  cumploted 
nntil  18t4-45  and  ia  I8ifi-46  a  considerable  aroa  waa  aat  apart  for 
free  grasia?.  The  first  lire  years  sheired  no  increue  of  liWa^ 
or  oth«r  iinprorcmont^  In  184(5-*7  tho  coltivntod  ocrM  were 
142jUUU  and  thu  wiwto  21,600  or  about  ono-eovcntb,  the  usDwnoat 
on  opcnpiod  laud  was  £m121  (Ita.  81,210),  and  tho  renuBnioM 
ODly£C  (Ka  00).  TUo  years  1847-id  and  I8i!^.4d  Kho<r  a  sliglil 
intT«a*io  in  cultivation  and  ooUeciiona,  bnt.  duriug  the  three  jvan 
endiug  1852,  both  cultivation  and  coUectioos  decreoeud  ;  in  I8i>l-!^! 
the  collections  amonntod  to  only  £8038  (Re.  60,380).  The  arcragv 
cultivation  daring;  tho  aix  yonrs  ending  1853  was  14'1.742  ac: 
■ud  the  avora^  voUoctiona  £8178  (lU.  81,780).  Piirin);  tlio 
Tfiara  ondinff  1862  tho  cuUivution  and  tbo  collcctiona 
mcroancNl.  Plio  oultivation  rose  From  1'}7,(i73  acrw  in 
to  168,5ut;  «crc>s  in  I86l'02  and  avera^i-d  Ho,2bl  aorea,  Mtd  tit) 
colloctiomi  from  £8083  to  £9120  (Ks.  80,830. 1U.01,S90)  and  ar«nf!t4 
£S54!t  (Its.  iib,V)V)  ;  tho  only  rumiBaioufl  granted  wero  £&4  (lt«.  bit) 
in  1853-54.'  During  the  ti-n  years  endiuff  1872  the  callivntioo 
luid  oidlortiona  ru-iimmod  nearly  atoody,  tho  average  «r«*  uuJer 
culliviition  being  101,336  aciB9,  and  tho  nverago  cnllectiioi 
£Qi'M  (ILa.  92,800)  ;  the  only  rerais»ioii  during  tWxi.  tb:r<!  Ivrm  of  ttm 
years  was£4-(K«. -10)  in  1871-73.  The  n-»%to  land  in  tbi^  In.'st  ytvc<f 
thd  leaae  was  only  >^08  acroa  or  O'OOS  of  tho  total  nrnblc  nrt<«  or 
0'3  per  coat.  Tho  following  Btntomeat  givea  tho  average  reveani;  foe 
the  thirty-six  years  ending  IS71-72  : 


Vu«. 

R«rru. 

WMH. 

oeetnM,. 

WmIk 

■ri>«a. 

laavar      

UUT-« 

is»(o      

tS4l>-«l        

tun-iaii 

iMc-iaij 

iMtVan 

lueS-lSTt   .._ 

Ha. 
S7.M0 

te.111 
M.>>ia 

41  .«W 

b. 

l,HiM> 

t.to.iot 

ia.7M 
M.tta 
M.Ma 

•LIM 

iiMaa 

M,fM 

?>,Rr 

w.nt 

u.(ia 

I^UJU 

AM 

M.Mi 

n,rH 

la  Ibis  survey  group  of  Ctty-aix  vilhigca  during  tho  mirruy  li 
populatiou  increased  from  -fS.lOa  in  1811  to  d3,52.5  in  1871 
1 1*27  por  coat  -,  bullocks  from  18.131  to  18,C8  J  or  27  per  cout ;  otW 


I  A 


^rt   of   tbo     iBcroaai)  waa  dne   to  bringing    In  ftooouiit    IHe 
•lieuktAiI  14114*,  winch  Klti.ixlnl  lhi<inlnililiHi"i)o(C»)ittia  Wiagatv'*  MMklt^f 

mUoD  ol  tiXUff,  o&con  in  ISU-M.     Bon.  Gov.  S«L  CU.  310. 


D»eeaa.i 


POONA. 


4AS 


I 


i 


I 


I 


caUlo  from  40,65fi  to  53,303  or  7-5  per  cent;  cnrte  from  754  to  1304 
or  73  per  cent ;  plougliR  from  2715  to  8U5*2  or  12'4  porc«nt;  and 
vrclU  u)  vrurkiu)(  urdbr  from  14d3  to  1977  or  3S--1  )>er  cunt.* 

Tke  land    was  more   regularly   and    carofiiUy   tilled    in  the   Pibal 

villages   tliaii   in    Kast    Poonn.      Itoth    lif^hc  nnd  benrj  soils  were 

ploagluxl  ovi-ry  jonr.     A  irix  or  cight-'bii)l»ck    plough  w^s  n»od  for 

neaTy  soils,  uod  a  fovir-bullock  plough  for  light    soils.     January 

or  Febmary  ploojirliin^  was  considered  more  ttftefnl  than  ploagfaing 

lit^lor    in  the    HCiiAoa.     Beoides    ploughing    tlicm    it  was  UHUut    to 

barrow  kU  kinds  of  twil  before  sowiug,  aud  to  weed  with  the  hoe 

ouce  or  twice  sfbor  the  crops  had  sprung  up.    Garden  lands,  as  h  nila, 

were  ploughed  twice,  once  lengthways  and  once  crosswuys  before 

ench  crop,  and  25  to  30  L'nrtliiuda  of  manure  an   ucre   were  iilwnys 

girea    tooagh    the   price  rariod  from    In.  to  4if.    (Rs.)-S)    and 

wa»  Hometiniuji  oven  as  high  aa  iis.  (lia.  A)  the  cartload.      Dry-crop 

lantU  occaaiouully   reci^vcd  tun  Ut  fifteen  carllondii  of  manuru   the 

acre.     The  use  of  luaoure  on  dry-crop  lurids  was  mach  more  general 

than  it  had  h«on  some  years  before.     In   the  dry-crop  soils  either 

late  or  early  ci-om   were  grown.     Of  the  early  or  kharif  cropa  the 

lighter  soils  yieliled  year  nftcr  ycflr  hAjri  mireil  with   huU/a,  malft, 

jvari,  anAtidi,  and  mwj;    in  the  bettor  suiln    wore   grown    Wtjri, 

with  every  foarth   fnrrow  hnjri  and   iwr;  hdjri  only,  followed  in 

good  seasons  by  a  late  crop  of  gr&ra ;  udidanA  ntwf  grown  separately, 

followed  in  good  seasons  by   wheat  or  gram  ^cer  ndii,  and  by 

kardai  or  jvari  after  nmg  ;  potatoes,  which  when  mlsed  as  an  early 

crop,  in  good  »;aaou8,  were  Hiicceeded  by  gram  wheat  or  j't>iri.     Aa 

a  rule  rnXi'  or  Into  cropH  wore  grown  only  fn   the  host  soils.     They 

included  yrurt    gt'iiorally  nixed   with  karttai,  or  wheat  mixed  with 

jturdtii,  or  gnuu,  fuUowt^  in  the  fourth  yuiir  by  bt^'ni,  nnd  in  good 

aeoaons  by  a  eecund  crop.     The  above  wero  the  only   rotations.     In 

gikrdeu  land  the  nsnal  rotation  was  in  the  lirat  year  hi/ri  or  potBtuoM 

with  a  late  crop  of  wheat,  graui,  or  Togotableaj  in  the  second  year 

carthnut  or  chilUoE ;  in  the  third  year  sugnrcauo  or  Uijri  with  n  late 

crop.   In  most  villageslnrgc  numbers  of  sheep  werereiuwl  as  Poooa 

furnished  a  certain  and  cotiveuii-ut  markets     The  wool  was  sold  to 

the  wearers,  and  the  droppings  Eornieil  one  of  the  linst  manures  and 

were  oorofully  culloctod  in  the  pens  in  which  the  Hliccp  wore  folded 

at  ni^j^ht.     E^tpoctally  in  gardens  the  sub-diriiiioiis  of  liind  were  very 

minute  and  the  right  of  occapnncy  wan  jealously  guarded.     The  land 

boru  a  high  emlc  value.     In  iwme  instAnees  dry-urop  land  was  aold 

or  mortgaged  for  as  much  as  116  to  ItiO  years'  piircbaae  of  the 

oasessment. 

Thoagh  the  lino  did  not  pfts-i  tlirough  any  part  of  it,  the  PAbal 
gT04ip  bad  gained  by  the  opening  ot  the  t'eniu;)iila  ruilway.  'I'ho 
statiuus  at  Uruli  and  Talogaou  Ditbluido  atforded  easy  acooss  to 
the  llombay  market.     The  group  was   also  crossed  froin   south   to 

I  BMwa<nlSai  iMk4  IS7I.  »9>J  ivallii  vara  innk.  Tlio  well  cm*  impoiwd  la  lS«t 
vna  Mort  nnpopilw.  In  ISIS  it  wai  ri?vi«cil,  tmt  ooniplainta  still  (Mot id uo^.  Miuiy 
iTi'ltt  111  H'lU'l  iij|>iir  full  iDto  dUlU*^  lliu  taiiillic>l>lvr>,  >n  n-nnv  coaoa  baiUliog  IMW 
wwlli.  t)i«  n  ^•^  Irvin  thv  nu,  mthw  lluu  uwi  olil  w«lU  »ii  » lii«it  Ui*  tAi  waa  km|><MMd. 
Ill  imS  -i  I  tbu  lum  itf  ft*,  inft  was  rviuitiwil  ou  Movaal  vl  luiuaod  vulla  auit  waUc 
otUBoaU    Bum.Uuv.tkl.CLI.  aw. 


Chapter  VII^ 
land- 

Rjcviaioii 
JftilM, 


fUVLHIIMI 
SORTEr. 

t-1874. 


north  hj  tbe  P(yinii-K^<dk  road,  and  from  west  to  east  hy  the 
Pooaa'AhmitilDii}{urron<1.  There  wore ulvo  •evorol  good  fsii^Trentlicr 
roads,  nnd  two  in«tal)e<l  bigb  rtmda,  one  branehiDg  from  ShikrApor 
and  forminp  a  dii-ecL  Hue  t«  Taleijaon  on  tho  milwaj,  the  oilier 
coaneclinj^  the  t<iwn  of  l*iiI)Al  with  Poona.  A  fair-we«llier  mad 
from  I'ttbal  to  Sirur  by  ^fatllll^l  woancnrly  complotod.  Tbtt  iJhint 
at  Korcesoa  and  tbo  Gbod  at  Kalamb  were  cros&ed  by  ie 
during  to«  rftinjr  seAtton  and  a  sobstaDtiAl  bridge  sponnod  tbo  Vi| 
Dt  Rlitknipur.  Tho  only  rood  whicb  ramaiiiud  to  coinplvtv  tf 
BTstom  of  cunimunicutioD  waa  tbe  rood  from  Sinir  to  Niir6jrani,_ 
The  fait  in  the  toll  form  from  £22&0  (S«.22,&00)  in  1865^  to 
2S20  (Bft.  5200}  iii  1872-73  showed  bow  greatly  railway  compctiljoo 
biid  rodupod  cart  truffic'  Tho  chief  towns,  none  of  wbicb  were  fi 
any  considorablu  sisoi  were  IMbal,  Tolegaon,  Mancbar,  and  Kaata. 
Weekly  markets  wore  held  at  iwrh  of  tbcra  towns  and  alsn  at  \'if- 
gaoa  ;  and  NArilynngnon  itnd  Kbi'd  were  coD^isnieiit  rnarkets  for  tho 
TJUaKee  iioar  thein.  On  tbe  whole  the  people  bad  great  advostagn 
iu  disposing  of  their  lt«ld  produce;  no  p«K  of  thu  iTrimp  was  toon 
tlwD  five  or  six  miles  from  a  intu-kot  town.  Tillafp  was  alnMWl 
tbo  only  indn^try.  Tbcro  were  217  looma  some  for  Uanketfl  other* 
for  conrso  wttoos.  Larisb  expenditure  oa  inarriagea  and  oti 
Hociol  ceremonies  had  kept  tho  people  dependent  on  tbo  nioii< 
londera  Still  their  atnto  bad  grunCly  iiaprored  aince  IS-ll. 
chief  Cannes  of  thoir  improTement  were  a  snfiGcieot  and  a  fairly 
certain  ntinfall,  nnbrokeo  peace,  low  asaesstnont,  tfa«  oxUmdod  aac  of 
tbu  potato,  tbo  opi:ning  of  the  railway  ood  of  roods,  and  tho  rise  in 
grain  pricoB.' 

The  fifty-six  villages  were  amuiged  in  sis  classes  with  highcrt 
dry-crop  acre  ruto«  varying  from  6«.  to  ^s.  6jI,  {Ra.  3-  H).  The 
two  elementa  for  redacing  rat4ra  were  less  certain  rain  and  norr 
distant  tnarkete.  The  first  data  contained  ooe  rillage  with  a 
faighoat  dry-crop  acre  rate  of  G».  (R».  3) ;  the  aocond  class  cootaiDed 
sixteen  with o».6ti,(Rii. 23)  jtlie  third  claas,  thirtet-n  with  6«.<Ba.2)); 
tlie  fourth  clasB.  twelve  with  4*.  Gd.  (Ra.  2i) ;  the  fifth  claaa,  eighl 
with  -U.  (Ila.  2);  and  tlie  »ixth  class,  sis  with  3<.  0*1.(1(8.1  J).  Of  tie 
three  villages  received  from  Holkar  one  was  placed  in  iho  first,  one 
in  the  third,  nnd  one  in  tbe  fifth  damt.  Tfu're  woro  no  masonry 
diinis,  but,  OBpocially  along  the  Vel,  the  peoply  mndo  temporary 
embankments.  The  chief  crops  grown  under  the  channels  were 
Bugarcane,  potatoea,  carUicut,  chiltloB,  regetables,  and  garlic  in  a 
few  villages.  Tbe  }iighe8t  acre  rate  proposed  fur  chaanol  water 
waa  I2it.  (Rs.  6)  and  tho  lowest  2*.  (R©.  1).  The  nssossment  on  tlii» 
Bcoonut  amounted  to  £,'i(i3  (K*.  5630)  or  an  average  aero  rate  i>f 
5a.  liil.  (Rs.  2i).  Tho  ttital  former  aaaeasineat  on  wells  luid  cbannrb 
together  was  XI 343  (its.  13,-I30)of  whicb  only  X1208  (Rb.  12.030)  wo« 


'  UeuU-Col.  W»iWingtoii,  Sorv.  SiipL  069  of  lOth  OcUilxir  1872.   Bobl  Got.  StL 
CU.    301,     The  toU    •mouub)    wcra    (rftmed)     1960^   Rn    2S.tW0      ISCK  ~ 
Ra.  10,OI»,  IM7-68  Ha.  Ifi.OW,  IM9-69  K*.  UJXXt,    ISaO-TO  R<.   IS,0«>.  IMil. 
ha.  lO.nODi  (luanaccd  hj  Sinir  toinilatdtr)  IS'l  ;-.'  fta.  Sm,  and  ((anuvd)   Wi- 
Bs.  ASMI 

'  Ueut..Col.  WaddJngton.  Snrv.  Sitpt.  089  of  10th  Ootek«  1ST2.  util  CoL  Pnuw* 
burv.  Contr.  373  of  I3th  Feb.  1873.    Bon.  Gov,  8oL  CLI.  906.  3fit-35S. 


n 


collected  in  lft71-72,  lltp  remnlnJcr  bclnR:  rfimittod  as  tlie  ■wells  wvro 
uot  in  use.  Under  the  revision  survey  no  extra  araessment  mia 
iDiposctl  on  wvll  Inud8,  a  change  whicli,  on  the  10,0+7acro8  of  well 
land,  roprusenlcd  u  loss  to  Govemment  of  £2000  to  £2500 
(Kii.2O,Ut*O-25,O0O).  Of  rice  land,  thore  wcra  only  ninoty-two 
acrc«.  Ab  it  wft^  of  Biiperior  qunJity  tto  highost  ikcre  r»to  wm  fixed 
at  10».  (Kb.'O,  and  llioftverflgent  Gjt.  2J.(.  (R».3  (i«.  I,U.  Tho 
nr<ilK>KCtl  rates  incTeat~od  Miis  fuswssineiit  on  Aiiaari,  tlie  only  villogo 
ID  liiu  firnl  cla»9  by  70  per  cent;  on  tbo  villages  of  the  necond 
olooa  by  74  per  cent ;  "ii  tbowi  of  the  third  class  by  9i  per  cent ;  on 
those  of  tbo  fourth  cUsa  by  00  pur  cent;  on  Ihoeo  of  the  fifth cImh 
by  05  per  cent  j  and  ou  thoBt*  of  the  siith  clssa  by  1('3  per  cent. 
The  aTcmgc  incrcuso  on  all  the  fifty-sijt  villages  was  85  per  cout 
(ivor  tho  prenuuu  year's  payinsutfi.  The  fullowiug  slatemeut 
■liows  the  effect  of  the  sorvey : 


SMnuaftun. 

^ 

Uvotrvnm. 

Tallin 

AM. 

R«BWl. 

Arot. 

BMbL 

Ana. 

■torn  ML 

BiMIOf      -        _ 

Acnk 

iiu.inii 

•  to. 

rajm 

tm 

Ml 

Am 

I81.M3 
WI.VQ 

lU. 

J7t.ta 

auM 

njut 

IB 

IM 

90. 10) 

aMi 

CbRpter' 
Laud. 


CoxawteA  with  the  aTerago  ooDectionM  between  1862  and  lS7t 
the  reneod  survey  rental  Bhowed  an  incroase  of  JE^lOO  (Ks.  81,000) 
or  HH  per  cent ;  and  compared  with  tho  nvcmge  coUectioiu  from 
I  »36i«  1840  they  Bhowed  Miocrensc  of  £10,739  (Ba.  J,07,390)  or 
lAl  per  c^nt.  Tbo  ronudof  the  three  \'illA^s  recdved  from  Holkar 
mut  rained  60  per  cent.  Tho  grcatoet  indivldnal  increase  was  a  riso 
of  159  per  ceat  in  Eklahara.  The  largest  general  increase,  103  per 
contf  waa  in  the  lowcHt  or  sixth  clast)  in  which  the  avenge  dry- 
crop  aero  rato  was  only  \i*.  3JJ.  (lO-j^  a*.).  The  highest  dry-crap 
aero  rate,  which occnrred  in  Pimpalgnt>n,  wna  .l-i.  103,/.([lo.  1  n».  ISi). 
The  avcrago  dij-crop  aoro  i-ate  ia  tUo  titty -six  vitlogos  vrue  1$.  \Q\d. 

In  forrrarding  the  Superintendent's  proposals,  the  Survey 
ComnaisEiuQor  Culuiiol  Francis  made  aoDoe  cuangos  in  the  Rroupitig  at 
Tillages  and  rcmnrr«l  the  first  class  rate  of  (w,  (Ks.  8).  His  proposalB 
redaccil  the  incrtiAW  in  tho  total  rental  of  the  tifty-six  villages  from 
8tf  to  ^t>  per  cvnt  nad  of  the  tbroo  villagea  receivou  frum  Uulkur  from 
60  to  +5  per  cent.  He  next  suggMtod  that  in  addition  to  this  a 
reduction  of  tour  annat  a  clftM  lor  tho  first  four  clones  and  of 
two  anmit  in  the  fifth  or  lut  class  might  bo  made  in  the  highast 
dry-crup  acre  rates.  This  would  rt-dncw  tho  ratea  to  5*.  (Ra.S|), 
4*.C<t  (Kb.  2i).»*  (Ka-  2).  3*.  C<i  (Rs.  1 1).  and  3*.  3r/,  (Ra.  Ig), 
and  bring  tho  increase  down  to  65  or  06  per  cent.'  Qovernmeni 
Adopted  a  somowbat  diflerent  grouping  from  that  propoaod  by  the 


•  U-CoL  n'ad.Unctoo,  SBfiof  lOtb  Oot.  1ST3.    Item.  Gov.  8«l.  Ctl.  ai7-314. 

•  CoL  Fnaoi,  i^iuv.  Conr.  373 ot  181b  I'eh  IS73,  Uobi-Oov.  6cl.CU.  M0-3M. 


tBombay  Qi 


4dS 


TUSTBTCrS, 


Till. 

lAnd. 
ILbvimum 

tS7f-  tS74. 


mrvey  ofiiperB,    Tlic-y  isanctinnei]  Iho  fiJlOwing  higlicst  drj-c 
nites,  &8.  (lis.  2i)  fur  uitiu  villogtMt,  4i>.  3(/.  (Rh.  Sj)  for  ninui 

4».  (ItA.  2)  fortn'L-nty-EourrUlaKi'«>a(i(13«- ScI-  (B«-  Ifi)  for  BevvnlocH 
Tillngos.  With  these  ratea  the  increoae  on  the  whole  fift^'iuiie 
TtUagn  ftiDOiiDt«d  to  ftbout  70  per  cunt  bcyoud  Iho  old  Mscsanoiil 
in  pince  of  tho  8S  |)i?r  wut  proposed  by  tho  SuprrinlondoTi  1,^  Tlin 
fimil  rt-Milt  of  the  revised  Beltlement  imrodueed  into  the  fifty-nine 
Ttlhigea  of  the  PihnI  ^roiip  was  as  follows:  Under  the  raviiod 
•etttctnont,  the  &7cra(^  dry-crop  acre  rate  was  ]».  6]d.  (13^  id.), 
Ifau  water  rote  4s).  7^/1.  (Kn.  2  ok.  6-^),  and  the  rice  land  rate  Gi.  ^ 
(Ita.  3>ij).  51).  Tho  total  A»«ciUTiient  OB  occnpiod  lands  wss£15,lol 
(its.  1.5UM0)  or  £3dl9  (Bs-SJi,  100)  less  than  that  origimlly 
piT^posod  by  the  Siiporintrndgnt,  and  £4928  (R&  W^SO)  or  -W 
cent  more  than  lliw  («niior  nxMOs»niutit.' 

Tho  revised  surrey  settleroent  was  intreduoed  ioto  Har^  in 
1872-73.  Of  Ihe  cigbty-foor  villt^^  aadi^  roviiriou,  twenty-ooQ 
of  which  formerly  belonged  to  BhimthAdi  and  aeven  had  ainco  tho 
first  scttlbRienc  been  transferred  to  M^va),  three  villages  wero 
omitted  as  survey  raf^s  had  boon   introduced  into  them  within  tlie 

C receding  fifteen  yoar».  The  TlaveH  or  inimlatdilr's  ^oup  wns 
ouiided  OD  the  north  by  the  nhima  and  Indrflyani ;  on  the  ea»t  hj 
Bhimthadi ;  on  tho  sptitn  hy  the  SiiiligniUBhnli^!«bvAr  hills ;  and  <>u 
the  west  by  tho  Kine  Mavnl,  tbo  ATiilshi  petty  diviaioo,  and  tbe 
Pant  fiochiv's  territory,  ^'early  in  tho  centre  was  Poona  a  «ily 
of  90,436  people  from  which  no  oari  of  tho  K^oup  wm  more 
tlian  eighteen  miles  distant,  auu  which  furtned  a  reftdy  and 
CQDveuieDt  iiisrlvet  for  all  kiiidnof  prodoee.  The  total  ar«»  oC  tbo 
eiglity-oDo  tillages  waa  ^19  squiire  ni ilea  or  20^,132  acres.  Of 
these  10,198  acres  or  4-8  per  cent  was  uparable  land  iaclnded  in 
DatabcTT*.  and  18,846  or  8'S  per  cent  was  nlienated.  There  were 
alto  6673  acres  of  grafts  or  knraH  land,  chteHy  in  tho  villngoa  totha 
west  of  Pooaa  uod  uuur  tho  SahyAdri&  The  IlaTeli  Biib-diyisioa 
urns  more  varied  than  any  of  the  sab-diviiiions  yot  re.^ittilod.  Knst 
of  PoOQii  the  ciinntry  waa  Sat,  open,  and  nlmoBt  hnru  of  trees)  to 
the  ivest  it  was  rtiggod  and  hilly,  and  much  of  it  well  wowled, 
especially  along  the  south  side  of  the  Mutha  river  where  weie 
lar^a  numbers  of  fine  Mangoes  nnd  a  opriukling  of  jack  trea 
which  woro  unknown  to  tho  oast  of  Poona,  Teak  occurred  on 
tho  hill  sides  but  never  grow  to  any  size,  llie  climate  vnnod 
much,  the  rainfall  increasing  towards  the  west,  until,  ia  the  border 
viltflf^ex  rice  and  ti'iejH  took  tho  place  of  jtwW  and  hajri.  The  luoils 
to  tho  east  of  the  city  wera  divided  into  two  nearly  equal  portiooi 
by  the  Mutha-Mula.  Tho  tract  lying  hetwoon  the  MatUa-Mals 
and  tho  Bhima  comprised  Bomo  of  the  poorestt  ?illage&  It  wu 
chiefly  stony  sterile  upland,  bettor  fitted  for  shoop  grazing  than 
for  tillage.  The  people  made  tho  most  of  their  barren  iolierilancoi 
every  available  gorge  iu  tho  ravines  being  blocked  \^■ith  rough 
stono  orabankmouts    to    g'ather  and  hold  tho  ecauty  soil  waaboJ 


'  Cov.  Bm.  aiS8  fi  16th  April  1873.  Bon.  Gov,  M.  CU.  SSI  -964. 
>  Bom.  Gov.  S«L  CU.  3C4.3:9. 


DeeoBii] 


POONA. 


439 


from  the  hijfher  grounds.  The  district  to  the  south  hetween  the 
Mntha  ahd  the  hiUs  was  mach  more  level,  and  contained  a  large 
proportion  of  rich-soil.  Even  the  vilifies  under  the  hills  were  not 
unfertile,  the  more  plentifol  rainfall  which  they  enjoyed  making 
np  for  their  somewhat  poorer  soil.  Towards  the  west  the  rainfall 
was  heavier.  Dnring  the  nine  years  ending  1871,  compared  with 
an  average  of  27*07  inches  at  Poona,  F&tas  abont  forty  miles  to  the 
east  had  an  average  of  14'1S  inches  and  Mnlshi  about  twenty-fiva 
miles  to  the  west,  of  46'99  inches.'  The  country  was  well  watered. 
Besides  by  minor  streams  it  was  crossed  by  five  considerable  rivers 
indading  the  Bhima  and  the  Indriiyani  on  the  north.'  Dnring 
the  survey  lease  (1841-1871)  Poona  produce  prices  had  doubled. 
The  rupee  price  of  j'wari  rose  from  about  63i  pounds  {31J  afters)  in 
the  ten  years  ending  1851  to  60  pounds  (30  skera)  in  the  ten  years 
ending  1861,  and  to  34  pounds  (17  ahers)  iu  the  ten  years  ending 
1S71 ;  the  corresponding  averages  for  bdjri  were  53^,  50,  and  27 
poonds  (262,  2^>  "°d  ^H  'Aers).' 


Chapter  TI 
Land. 

BinaiON 

SVKVKY. 

BaveU, 
187t-7t. 


'  Bom.  Gov..ael.  CLL  40e.     The  detsils  us  : 

Pn^na-PMtu-ifidtki  RtunfM,  1333-1871. 


YttM. 

Pnoea. 

PUm. 

Unldii. 

tip  to 

tsa    

ISS4     

1806      

UH      

1807      

isn    

iMa    

ISTO      

18TI      

Atmca    ... 

luibsa. 

lA-U 
Bl-SS 
IB-M 

BOill 
ts-u 

ITJS 

bniiM. 

I'M 

u« 

O'ET 

Krsa 
low 

M-31 

11-76 

iDcfaei. 
M-SD 
»'M 

4S-M 
64.70 
»iW 

Gl'43 

46' so 

snthsm. 

Mtto. 

DHto. 
4Ih  Nov. 

Ditto. 
Both  Not. 

DItk). 

Ditto. 

Ditto. 

•  STW 

14-18 

M'W 

... 

*l%e  BhimA,  the  IndiATaai,  the  Mala,  the  Ponna,  and  the  Mntha. 

*  In  18W,  at  the  time  of  the  first  lettlement,  Capt,  Winsate  and  Lt.  Nuh  oatimateil 
that  the  pnoe  of  ^rain  ranoMl  abont  26  per  cent  higher  ia  Poona  than  in  the 
adjoining  mb-dtTuion  of  Bhinithadi.  The  atatetnent  given  behnr  ihowa  that 
(mm  1S41  to  1S51  the  average  prioe  of  jvdti  waa  90  and  o7  bdjri  3C  per  cent  hi^er 
ia  Poana  than  in  Yevat  ;  from  ISM  to  1861  tha  price  of  jvdri  vaa  19  and  that  of 
A^fri  16  per  cent  higher  j  bnt  daring  the  last  ten  years  (1861-1871),  owing  to  the 
levelling  inflaenee  of  railways,  the  difference  fell  to  13  per  oent  on  tudri  and  11  Mr 
oent  on  i^f'ri  whilein  1871  it  wasonly  S'9oa>nlriaud  7on  MtH  Bom.  Gov.  3d. 
CU.4O0.    TkB  detidU  are  : 

PaMa-Ttaat-TaIttat»  ProdMt*  Priett,  1SU-3S1I. 


Ill* 

POOITit. 

Y«' 

'11. 

Tjlii- 

TliL 

Voexji. 

YlViv. 

TiLa- 

aioH. 

i 

i 

1 

i 

It 

t 

3 

^ 

^ 

►» 

« 

-1 

M 

S 

"i 

-> 

-1 

« 

S 

"*) 

lMl-«t     ... 

w 

u 

4?t 

» 

14 

M 

IBil-H     ... 

m 

M 

ss 

lr.\ 

m 

M 

1S4^43     ... 

M 

3a 

M 

Ml 

M 

M 

IMl-U     ... 

.17 

w 

17 

TO 

l:t 

TO 

IMS-**     ,„ 

■0 

Hi* 

•4 

19 

« 

a» 

14U-M      „, 

a 

w 

ST 

'«4t 

U 

^4 

t8«4-M     ., 

i1 

VH 

M 

Ui 

M 

« 

ISM-M     ... 

a 

^i 

"t 

Kt 

fa 

« 

lMl-*«      . . 

■a 

i« 

IE 

xt 

ta 

U 

IBU-M     _. 

tx 

it 

40 

31 

M 

u 

lS4d^T     . ,. 

la 

H 

ini 

IS 

tt 

» 

ISU-tT    ~. 

w 

11 

M 

Zl 

n 

M 

IWT-4S     ... 

SI 

f7 

R7 

»0 

<; 

u 

18E3-H     ... 

Wl 

vs 

M 

Ut 

11 

■fl 

lUMa     ... 

a 

*l 

S31 

&^ 

B3 

M 

1U»»     ... 

JT 

n 

tA 

ii 

B7 

U 

iMS-m    .. 

4T 

HT 

M 

**, 

65 

^ 

IWMO     ... 

M 

a 

♦f. 

3S| 

IT 

40 

Arrrngc  ,, 

ta 

m 

M 

in 

34 

IIUID'tl      „ 
AvengQ  ... 

M 

11 

sal 

«S 

ts 

w 

311 

flij 

»ot 

m 

M 

JJ 

M 

u 

M| 

iS 

3tl 

10 

B  t9Vt AQ 


DISTRIOTa 


hapter  VIXX. 

Jdsd. 

KavioiuK 

6VBVIT. 

jsrt-is. 


sSSm 

}40). 


In  the  group  ot  eight j-ono  villwee  the  sT«rage  collacti 
during  the  five  yoare  boforo  tho  first  sottloment  woro  £6^ 
(Kb.  *1,460),  and  the  aTenige  remissione  I'i&Si  {JU  25,340). 
I>aring  the  eloTcn  yeoraendiiig  L852  the  aTerage  collections  nno 
£6974  (Rb.  09,740)  or  S-3  per  ccot  niore  than  the  co)loctioti»  nf  t^ 
five  yeara  ending  1841  and  the  areraga  mnimioiM  were  £-12 
{Rs.  420).  In  1841.42  the  6r«t  year  of  the  nrrey  aettleinent  tbo 
total  area  of  GoTernment  aasesfied  land  wrh  124,oUU  acrca  and  tbci 
rental  £-7450  (lt«.  74.5yi)) ;  of  which  IGfiW  acres  or  ncariy  om- 
eighth  waa  waste.  In  1843>44  tho  levy  of  a  wcll-cMs  raiwd  tlio 
B«»eB«ineDt  to  JE7708  (Its. 77^080);  but  the  Ban)eT»ir£100(R&  lOOJ) 
Bad  in  tho  snccveding  year  £100  (118.1990}  of  thetietrlj  impofcd 
cesB  were  remitted.  After  1849-o()  the  whole  amount  was  collected 
except  about  £40  (Bk400}.  In  l8.')l-52  the  arable  waitle  was 
reduced  to  10,000  acres  or  one-twoUth  of  tho  wholo  arable  ana. 
Daring  tho  t«n  yeera  ending  l!il62  the  arable  waste  fell  from  0777 
to  1922  avrc«,  (uid  tho  avurugc  retDi^sioDs  oa  aooouut  of  well-ceM 
were  £l&  (Rs.  180).  I'he  l&rgoat  remission  during  the  thirty-otw 
yean  euding  1801  was  £67f^  (R&  C70u)  in  18^3-54.  Tlie  awnfta 
coUeclionH  during  the  ten  years  oudiug  1862  were  £7026  (Ks.70^60) 
or  9*3  per  cent  moi-e  than  the  collectioftsof  the  elovpo  preceding  yeart 
and  183per  cent  more  thuo  thus*  of  the  five  yeare  before  the  scllli  ' 
ment.  The  average  romiiisions  were  £73  (Ra.  790).  Since  1SC2  t 
arable  waflte  waa  gradually  absorbed  until  in  1871-72  only  634 
of  arable  laodrotnnincd  unoccupied.  Since  1856  there  wrore  almost  nff 
remisnionH, and  the  nvcrnge  collections  for  the  ten  jcara  ending  1873 
were  £7815  (Ra.  78,150)  or  2-5  percent  more  than  the  proet'diugtwi 
yeniM,  itud  21-3  per  cent  more  than  the  tivp  years  (1836-1841)  befora 
thesettli'inciit.  They  would  have  been  greater  hnd  not  a  considemble 
tjanotity  of  land  been  lalcitn  fur  forest  mid  utWr  Govomnwst 
purposuH,  »och  as  the  powder  works  at  Kirkec  and  for  Lake  Fife.* 


/VaM'TrM/'rW^iMn  Fratuit  /*rieN, 

uu-art-^aDtaaiwi. 

Tub. 

r«M4. 

Ywr«i; 

Jtdrt. 

v<vn 

■/•**. 

<«ri. 

JttfL 

MfK. 

l»8Mjs   . 

i»aa«i  . 

IMt-»  .„ 
IM6.M  .. 

!•«*-«:... 

IWt-«  .. 

lau-m 

WTO-n.. 

(0 

i; 

13 
14 
11 
S3 

IB 
I! 

n 
i» 

» 

10 

11 

i« 
11 

14 
11 

U 

» 

« 

le 
ta 
u 

m 

It 

lit 

in 

J? 

10 

» 

iH 
u 

at 
u 
1* 
u 
■I 
u 
» 

ID 
tt 

LB 

fli 

111 

in 

in 

1« 

I 
aaSSi 


lTheTii.UAGB«rcarwii:fr<jiii  109^000 acvw in  ItHl-IZ  tu  117,000  Mraia 
feUtolia.OOOin  itjAS-Oa.BudtkJtiun  com  to  ir>.000urM  in  ia6(HII.  Sbna  I 
iMiiBuibiidecliHUiiImcIwllll.OOOAanaiiii  lS7l-''2.  Th<ilarg«ati«Bii*noiHW«nabail 
lU.  MOO  ID  18e3-&4.  la  other  yeua  tlietu  weiv  little  or  no  ramiHiona.  Tfca  mBi» 
tioM  raw  rran  Ba.  6S,O0Oin  IS41-4'.' loIU.  7I.0(J(1  in  lUMT.  Tboy  Ml  lo Ba.  TDkM 
in  lh«  xioxt  Hto  yean.  r«ae  to  K>.  71 .000  in  185:2-931  ud  amin  (eJI  to  lU.  87,000  *» 
IS53-M.  Th«}-  Umd  r«Mt«  It>.  77,000  iu  ]a:7-S8  mi J  •  toed  >l  lU.  TD.OOO  duiii| 
thu  n«it  •)!  yean.  Siaee  than  tiiov  began  to  docUnc  aad  reached  Ba.  T<)009  <> 
1S71'73.     f^ur>*y  DUenm.  Bom.  Gov.  S«L  CLl  41» 


rOONA. 


-iSl 


OawU,  SiyMs-OMi  Villagf*  : 

jitimm,  isse-iers. 

Tua. 

SrnM. 

n«nii- 

tknM. 

OotlM- 
UOM. 

Oewi- 

Taw. 

IWMr 

19MW 

i»ca-ii 

l«69-tMt.- 

uot.nn 

It*. 

lU. 

H.OIT 
M.MO 

■.W.M3 

R*. 

n,inB 

AJ,MS 
M.SM 

■>iTW 

t9,ta» 

it;*" 

4ig 

M.TM 

Duriug'  the  eurruy  Icaso.  is  tbc  cigbly-onc  Tillagm,  population  Itad 
increased  From  37,69&  in  1840.41  to  53,829  in  1871-72  or  428  per 
cent;  houses  from  6598  to  7079  or  7'3  per  c<mt ;  oort«  from  114<f  to 
2055  or  131-7  pep  cant;  ploaffba  from  1007  to  2284  op  198  per 
cent ;  draught  and  plough  bnllooka  from  ITt.SdU  to  17,811  or  12  per 
c«Dt;  call  lit,  sheop,  and  boraes  from  26,690  to  34,845  or  29 13  per 
cont;  and  working  wella  from  799  to  1091  or  8C'5  per  cent.  Ol 
4I!i  new  trells  S76  bad  been  suok  dnring  the  (en  years  eadinf^ 
187S.  The  libdml  remission  of  the  well  CCaa  was  btjfpnaing-  to  hftve 
iho  bwt  vfioc-t.  Sevoml  landholders  id  iho  Baroli  group,  on 
being  otetiirod  b;  tho  Survey  Stiponoteodont  that  the  wells  wcpo  not 
'  to  b<!  tiixoil  undt^'r  tlic  rurision  anrvcy  and  that  Govwrnmynt  woro 
prepared  to  help  them  with  advascea,  toolc  to  sinking  wells. 
KapeeiaUy  in  tho  norlh-Mi^t  villugex  tniwjr  <lArnH  went!  aIno  huilt  with 
Ihfl  object  of  collecting  suU  to  prtivenl  tho  iiulds  beiue  dajnafifod  by 
floods.  The  style  of  t^lapfe  showed  more  enorfi^  and  care  than  ia 
p«rts  of  the  district  at  a  distance  from  good  markets.  Maoare  was 
eagerly  sought  for  and  brought  [pom  long  distaoces.  Tho  city  nod 
ea'>t<>iitni>nt  of  Poona  famished  a  largo  supply  in  tho  shape  of  night- 
■oil  wbirh.  aftop  being  bupied  in  treuofaes  lOr  tJipee  or  four  months, 
vtan  boiif^lit  by  ibu  lntii])ioliI<*r:(  of  tho  surrouoding  Tillages.  A  few 
years  before  no  KanbJ  would  tniich  this  form  of  nuiDurfi.  Thi>  prico 
paid  at  the  trench  wtui  2*.  (Kv.  1)  for  three  carta.  Of  dry-cropfi 
botii  early  and  Ial«  were  grown.  Tbcy  included  bajrif  jvdri,  grain, 
tuT,  wlieut,  khurdmi,  uiid,  and  mvg.  Near  Poona  those  crops 
were  grown  which  wer«  calculated  to  meet  the  daily  demanos 
of  a  large  city.  Thus  early ^ran  and  matKo  for  green  fodder  to  a 
great  extent  snparseded  grain.  In  garden  lands,  for  some  miles 
round  Poena,  oranges,  limes,  guavas,  plantains,  tigs,  pomegranates, 
grapM,  and  mangoes,  and  vegetabloe  of  all  kinda  both  iiK-al  and 
loreign  were  reared  to  a  large  extent.  lACcrno  gT&»s  wua  much 
grown  and  was  a  profitable  orop.  It  required  watering  ODce  in 
twulve  or  Sfleeu  tuys,  and  continued  to  yield  for  three  years, 
llio  guava  aUo  gava  a  good  return;  it  preferred  a  light  soil  and 
reonired  water  onlr  dnring  the  bearing  seasons,  between  October 
and  December  anu  again  between  April  and  May.  The  trco  was 
very  hardy  and  generally  yielded  A  certain  crop  It  wai  nanal  for 
the  hoslnndmua  to  sell  tne  crop  of  orangn,  lizues,  and  maagoet  on 
the  tree  as  soon  as  the  young  fruit  was  fairly  set.     But  Gga  wera 


Chapter  Til 
Land. 

Bsruiov 
SvKvsr. 

Iif7t-7t. 


[Bombay  Oaut 


402 


dIstiucts. 


kpter  Tin- 

Luid. 

RBVUtOK 
Rt/RTIV. 

U«mU, 

I87M-73. 


SO  nucerlAia  tfajit  th«  crop  was  snldom  bonglit  autil  it  wu  weQ 
dereloped.  Betel  rino  ganlvna  or  jnin  mabij*  were  ntimpitHis 
Mpeciaily  in  the  villa^res  of  Kond^'a,  Undri,  UahAUiativ&di,  aa>l 
Pntinsangi.  ThcHO  gnraeiDi  re<)uireii  &  Isr^  outlay  at  atartinf,  uui, 
throaghoat  the  yoar,  constanl  at**-uiiatioi)  frtr  weeding,  wiit«niig, 
iuMjot-killing,  ftiid  Icnf -gathering.  They  paid  well,  tho  returns  bdiig 
constant,  ae  thv  rows  of  rioeo  were  arranged  oo  as  to  come  ioio 
bearing  in  regular  rotation.  A  betol  gardeo  or  pAn  mala  txmMswA 
to  yield  from  ten  to  fifteen  years.  The  potato  wna  not  grown, 
nppttruntly  b(>cause  the  eastern  Tillages  b&d  too  umall  a  rainfall  and 
the  western  villages  too  much  moixtnro.  1"  tho  wtf«l4>m  villngi^ 
the  early  hsrvesb  waa  the  most  important,  tho  chief  cj-nps  bcm^ 
i«rly  ^Viir>  and  I>ilj'ri',  sunploRioutcd  by  fur,  til.  naekni,  and  wh«al. 
fiico  was  also  grown  in  a  tw  ol  Iho  bonier  Tillages,  aotoUr  in 
RAb&taoDdn,  Arri,  .Mirnnjt,  Ktisdrsai.  Mulkhed,  and  Bhu^atn.  The 
TillBStfTS  complainoil  tliat,  owing  to  the  recent  transfer  of  large  tr 
of  bill  land  to  the  Foii;8l  Department,  tbey  had  not  suffide 
brushwood  to  bum  on  their  rice  lands ;  the  Survey  Snparintan« 
thought  this  would  seriously  interfere  with  the  growth  of  rioe,  i 
oowdung.  which  the  people  were  forcc<l  to  neo,  was  too  oxpensire  en 
account  of  the  large  city  demand  for'  oowdung  fucL  The  westen} 
Tilings  had  little  garden  Innd,  probnbly  becaiue  a  certain  rainftll 
ensured  a  regular  return  on  tfao  dry-crop  Innda.  They  nlso  left  n>«cb 
land  under  gnuLi,  which,  from  the  plentiful  rainbll,  grew  freoly,  aad 
found  a  ready  sale.  Every  day  long  stringK  of  men  and  women 
brought  btmdloa  of  grass,  Grewood,  cowdung-cakcs.  and  milk  to  the 
camp  and  city.  In  1871-72  of  the  whole  rent-paying  area  e*rly 
crops  coverea  52  j  pei'  cent,  lato  crope  .34  per  cent,  and  occa;Mod 
wa«tu  13J  por  cent.     Tho  area  of  occupied  wasto  held  for  prirate 

Kkxing  was  large.  V%holi,  Khor^!,  Vsdgaon,  Sheri,  KeBunnd,  aud 
hognon,  from  their  nearness  to  Poona,  had  oonNiderabte  tracta 
undor  grass,  which  probably  piiid  bolter  than  if  thoy  bad  been 
cultivated.'  Except  Hotno  rillngea  to  tho  north-went  of  PootUj 
Haveli  wa.t  ab&ndnntly  provided  with  racana  of  commonicatioa. 
Thu  t'cniasula  railway  ma  through  tho  iniddlo  of  it  aod  had  fire 
tit&tiouH  within  Haveti  limila  and  a  sixth  just  b^ond.  The  hij^h 
roads  were  numerous  and  good,  the  chief  being  toow>  to  Ik»ubaf, 
Ahaiadoagar,  SboUpur,  and  S^tira.  To  Sat^ira  there  wor«  thrw 
routes,  by  the  Kitraj,  D^bdev,  and  Diva  passea,  all  made  with  great 
akill  and  in  the  mo»t  snbfitantial  manner,  the  top  of  the  Kiitraj  past 
being  piercod  by  a  long  tuo-nel.  Afany  miloe  of  ozoollent  mado  ixwl 
crossed  the  I'ouna  cantonment,  and  oonnooted  it  with  Ktrkee  and 
the  city.  There  wbr  al«o  a  necond  clius  road  by  NiirAyangaoa  to 
Jiiunur  and  Nii»iik.  All  tboKe  roads  ooevergod  on  the  cily  and 
afforded  easy  access  from  all  parts  of  the  sulMliviHion  to  the  rail 
quantity  of  supplies  retjnired  oy  a  population  of  over  90,000.  In 
the  opinion  of  Mr.  Fletcher  tbe  classing  officer,  the  people  to  tbe 


'  Th«dat4ils  were:  Of  tlip early  cNpo,  &4^34-S mr Mai, >Mri  19-5.  T»el-8,i 

0%  Wandr(lia0-6,lir>-O-3.c)iilliMl>-3.AHl)p)i0-3.Ai>aMHiwt>DO-2,t«Ul&3  3pcr( 

Of  ihfi  Itte  oren*.  ^uttri  Qfl-jl.  wl>e«t    3-2.    gnm  1-3.   <iutarM«d  OS.  •ugsK^ns  H^ 
miae«lUBwaa  1-6,  tot«l  Mil ;  iKcimied  waste  13  S.     Bom.  Gov.  Sec  CLL  4M. 


POONA. 

vest  oF  Foona  were  poorer  and  less  thririag  than  those  in  tlie  east. 
The  boldinga  were  smalli^r,  th^ru  was  a  want  of  roads,  and  the  land 
vas  less  fertila  Colonel  Wj«ltimgton  Uionght  this  might  be  troe 
of  n  Few  o:cooptioniil  villtgee.  But  on  tho  T^hoto  tlio  poopto  of  the 
Bub-divisioa  wore  better  off  tbao  tho  people  of  aoj  other  port  of  the 
district.^  As  rfgardH  the  v»Ine  of  land,  lis  much  as  ono  hundred 
timed  tho  amount  of  tho  tuHc-ssineiit  wtu  obtaiiuiblo  iti  1871. 

Uudor  the  revision  survey  the  total  area  of  the  eighty-one  vntogea 
vos  fouud  to  be  204,135  acres  or  2S,031  aores  nioni  than  the 
former  recorded  area,  Thia  large  diacropancy  wba  mainly  dnc  to 
the  fact  that  at  the  time  of  Lieutenaat  NaaL's  survey  the  area  of  free 
graxiujf  lauiia  waa  not  meafliirod.*  Of  the  total  number  of  eighty- 
four  villages,  geveoty-fonr  were  arranged  in  eight  classes  with 
highest  dry-crop  acre  rates  varying  from  8*.  toSt.  6</.  (Ra4-lj). 
Thnio  villngcs,  Vilaori  Qhorpuri  and  Kirkoe^  adjoining  the 
coatonmeut  were  placed  in  the  first  class  with  a  rate  of  8n.  (Ra  4). 
Six  rillogcrii  on  tho  skirts  of  'the  city  nnd  across  the  Mulha  river 
were  placudin  tho  Gucoud  class  with  a  tBto  oE7s.  (Ra.31).  Twenty-six 
Tillages  adjoining  tho  fimt  and  i^econd  classe-i  wore  plaeod  in  tho 
third  ola«8  witha  mtoof  t>«.  (Rs.  $).  Thirteen  villogoft  fvnned  the 
fourth  clasa  with  a  rata  of  or.  6d.  (Ra.  2{].  Kine  rillageti  formed 
tho  fifth  claaa  witha  ratoof  B«.  (Bm.  2}).  Five  villages  formed  the 
nith  claaa  witharate  of  i&.Hd.  (It«.2J).  Kiue  rillagea  fonucd  the 
Beronth  class  with  a  rate  of  4«.  (Ra.  2).  Thro©  villages,  across  the 
Ifutha-Mula  in  the  north-coat  corner  of  thia  aorvey  group,  formed 
Ui«  eighth  class  with  a  rate  of  Ss.  M.  (Ra.I]).  Of  tho  remaining  ten 
Tlllaf^os,  sevoB  villages  transferred  to  the  Mflval  eeh-divisioa  wcro 
placed  in  the  fifth  ctaas  with  a  rate  of  Ht.  (Ra.  2J),  and  the  three 
Tillages,  of  which  llio  ■existing  aottlcmonl  had  been  carried  oat 
Bubscquent  to  that  of  tho  rest  of  the  sub-dirision,  were  placed  one 
in  the  third,  one  in  the  foarth,  and  one  in  the  fifth  claae. 

There  woa  little  channel  watered  land,  and  except  in  the  village  of 
Piishtin  the  water-supply  in  Doneof  the  chaiinelswasof  superior  qoality. 
In  I'l^tuln,  in  consoqiience  of  the  imprOTOtnoat  in  the  supply  ol  water 
caosadby  the  recent  constmctionof  a  large  pond,  tho  Snrvoy  Superin- 
tendent proposed  to  apply  a  highest  acre  rate  of  lti».  (!ls.8)  in  exccsaof 
the  dry-vrup  rate.'  Thohighoat  ratoin  other  villu^  was  ltc.(RH~()^) 
and  in  soma  lands  it  wae  as  low  as  is.  (Re.  I).  xao  oxdstiog  uiuios^ 
ment  on  well-watered  and  channel-watered  land  wfla£(70  (Hr.  4700); 
tbo  proposed  cbaouol  watored  uaaoBsment  was  £223  (Ks.  2230}  or 


'  Limit  •CoIomI  WAddinglan,  Soxvcy  SapniDUmdont,  SM  of  30tti  NovraiW  I6TS. 
Bom.Ucrr.^.  CLI.  40i. 

>  or  tbU  Urgo  mi?r(«Hi  ia  «ru  CoL  Osaeb  (8iirv«<r  Cami.  497  "f  S4th  Muwh  1833, 
Bom.  Gov.  See.  CLI.  457)  wmte  ■.  In  ao  nmmimiI  (Itsukt  hu  bwn  foond  tba 
fonner  ■orrey  m  impoffect  u  it  luw  boon  foand  to  bo  Iter*.  Tliia  ia  onriiig  cfaiofly  to 
tli«  g«iMnU  adoption  of  Mr.  Pringla'i  nM«aurtni«nla  kt  tlia  fiitt  •vttlranaut  in  p1ae«  ol 
a  f mh  mrvojr.  Tfa*  UioMt  dlifetciMX*  Ol  uta,  ocraipand  witii  tt»  praaaot  aaivcy, 
on-ar  in  hilly  laodi,  whleli  In  mom  <a*aa  Mom  ko  liava  baon  laft  nnmuMiTal.  (U'l  ia 
Othon  *bo«n  t»  vaaniAe,  tiionfjk  prodoelog  grM*,  utd  mMrt  vmIimUo  fcr  gruiog  oa 
Mooant  «f  tbatr  OMtmaM  to  ^Knk.  In  «••<»••  tho  M»bl*  ana,  •MwctUna  to  tho  b«w 
U  ahovn  to  b«  ioot*  IImd  dovbh  wkM  waa  tbargod  Mr  nadtr  Uio  origfoal 
nt  pu  uiothoroaacit  itWpcrecntaore,  and  in  uiauy  casta  it  b  betwecuSO 
30  per  c«at  ia  cxccw. 


Chapter  Tin 

Land- 

Etvutos 
aravar. 

ifoMK, 

l87*-73. 


I    Lud. 

IS7S-79. 


an  average  acre  nte  of  &t.  Z^d.  (Rs.  2  a*.  10^}  exclusire  of  dry- 
mtu.  Hicti  was  grown  to  Bome  pxtent  in  bbo  viiloges  oo  tbe  wMtenB* 
bonier,  but  tbe  total  area  aader  rice  waa  onl;  IW6  acres.  Colond 
Francis'  highest  riceacru  nito  fortJie  coDtignoosMival  TiUagmirwSt. 
(R8.4t),  tbe  average  acre  rate  oa  thorn  being  4«.3(i.  (B8.2a«.S^). 
For  tho  liaroli  geonp  the  liigiiejit  rice  acre  rate  proposed  wns  \t». 
(Ba.  0)  which  WoeD  AppHvcl  gnrc  nn  average  »cro  rate  of  T«.  3^ 
(Ra.  'iat.  lOJ).  The  effect  of  the  proposed  rates  in  eighty-one  villagw 
was  to  raitw  the  nsscsitinent  on  occu|ned  land  from  £7^i^  (ICa.7dj^) 
collected  in  1871-72  to  £15,312  (Rs.  1,&3,120)  or  an  increaae  of  99 
per  wnt.  Of  th tit  (turn  £U,689  (Ra  ], 46,800)  was  the  sMCssiaeatoa 
drjr-crup  Lind,  piviug  on  anerage  acre  rate  of  28.  Id.  (R^  1  u- J)> 
£223  (Ha.  2230)  were  on  occoant  of  a  wiLter  c^se,  and  £400  (Ra.  4000) 
on  rice  land  lu  tbe  remaining  three  ^illagea  the  assesttnent  waa 
raised  from  £361  (tU  3610)  to  £532  (Rs.  5320)  or  not  quite  ti 
por  cent,  but  the  average  dr^'crop  aero  rate  amoonted  loS«.  \d. 
(Re.l  a.  \)  or  Doarly  tho  same  as  the  geoera]  average. 

The  fallowing  statement  shows  tho  effect  of  tbo  sanrey  in  eiglitf- 
one  villages  :  ^^^  ^^^^^  s^lmmt.  ISti. 


flamiMiwi 

OCCOMMt 

I'KOCTTToo,    1          Toro. 

Arta. 

BtntaL 

Arw. 

lUnUl 

Am*. 

BMtaL 

tnmvfq 

1«MD0 

Ittflff 

'^ 

at4 

kiwm. 
tnjij* 

ij».tn 

IB.RM) 

7<l.»iJ1 

-W) 

—•1 

ltt,»TD 

i*.ua 

1 


Compared  with  the  aToraga  collections  of  the  five  yean  heton 
1841,  the  rental  under  the  reriiied  rates  was  138  per  cont  higher; 
compared  with  the  nvorage  coUoctiuns  of  tbe  eleven  veara  eaiUag 
1852  it  was  119  percent  higher;  compared  with  tboso  of  tbe  tf 
years  ending  1862  it  was  101  per  cent  higher;  and  compared  wji 
those  of  the  ten  years  ending  1872  it  was  U6  per  cent  higher, 
largost  inoreaso  was  iu  the  village  of  Bhivdi  which  was  raised 
per  c«nt.  Of  this  amount  the  iocreaaa  iu  the  occupied  arable  laoJ 
aitherto  not  shown  in  tbe  acconnts  wiis  90  per  cent.  In  Dhankaan 
tbo  incn>n»v  wa»  175  por  ccrnt  and  in  Vadgaon  Shcri  177  per  cent.' 

Should  these  propoHed  rates  appear  loo  hif^h  and  tbe  increasein 
rental  be  not  in  accord  with  thoGovernmontpciIicy  of  moderation,  the 
Survey  SapenntoD<]ciit^>ubuiilt(.!d  H  niodifiuJ  scale  to  be  sub-titaUd 
ID  thiar  pinco.  Ho  reductxl  tbe  highest  dry-crop  acre  rates  of  the  first 
and  second  classes  by  la.  (8  as.)  and  the  remaining  classes  by  6d- 
(4  as.)  each  except  in  one  or  two  cases  in  which  the  reduction  wnii 
was  1#.  (8iu.).  'Uteeffect  of  the  changes  was  to  lower  thcpropcM^ 
attcasment  on  drr-crop  land  from  £15.209  to  £13,679  (Ra.  1,52,090- 
"Ra.  I,3l$,790)  and  tbe  total  assessment  from  £15,884  to  £14,354 
(Bs.  I, &8,840- Re.  1,43.540).     This   was  an    increase    of    79  ptr 


■  UmiU-Col.  WaddJBgtoo.  SMTTtf  S«porlflUD<kat,  MOof  SOth  Nor.  1872.   B«- 
Oor.8tl.CU.  400.4147 


on  the  preceSingyeftT's  collectiona  id  eighty-one  Tillagw  ;  of 
increasa  1 6  por  cent  wm  dac  to  tho  greater  iiren  brought  under 
Bient,  leaving  63  per  coot  as  tho  incroiuo  cniisod  hy  the  Dttw 
xtm.  The  Survey  Conimi^aioner  saggeiited  a  highest  rioe  acre  rate 
if  lOs.  (iU.  5)  instead  of  12«.  {K6.()}f  and  mtule  Home  ohnogos  in 
fbe  grouping  of  villnges.  According  to  hi»  proposals  the  increaao 
B  the-  total  nitital  vtaa  rodu<M!d  to  about  7i  per  cent.  GcvemmODt 
lanctioacd  the  proposals  ot  the  Survey  ComouBaioiivr.' 
As  the  Gorommont  of  ludin  intimat*^  their  &atiakctiou  that  the 
itM  origiually  proposed  hy  the  Survey  Supcriulendent  had  been 
odifiedj  and  oxprcsacd  their  readiDesa  to  itrnke  Further  rmluctiona, 
ihould  rediicliona  appear  uecossary,  tho  .Survey  Superiiitendent 
nade  some  further  chaii^en  iu  individual  villagos  and  brought  th« 
lotaJ  assessment  on  tho  cultivated  lauds  of  the  eigbty-foar  viUagea 
a  £18,419  (Ua.  l,34,liH>)  showing  aa  itMjrwwo  of  67  per  cent  on  the 
Nreceding  year's  paymoate.  The  average  dry-crop  acre  rate  was  1& 
Hd.  (14  J  as.)  chauDBl  wali>r  rat«  49,  S^d.  (IU.2a9. 3,-\)  and  rice  rate 
w.  II  gd.  (1U.2m.15J).* 

Tho  foUowiog  statement  alioire  for  the  tnghty-fonr  HavoH  Tillages 
loder  the  reviaion  setUem^nt  originally  proposed  by  the 
iaperintondcnt  of  Snrroy,  the  revised  sottlcmcnt  advocated  in  the 
nuiBDiittitig  report  of  the  Satrey  Commissioiior  and  saoctionod  by 

E Dent  in  Jnno  1873,  and  tho  sottlomcnt  finally  proposed  by 
rvcy  Supprinteadent  *  in  Soptenilwr  1S73.  Govomuiont 
ed  the  final  propoanis  in  October  1873:* 

In  1878-71  the  rainfall  WH3  14  inches  at  Tnddpur,  32  at  Poona, 
13  at  Jtinnar,  and  G8  nt  K had k Ala.  RxcopI  in  Mdval,  Pomndbarj 
end  the  late  crop  pnrt  of  IndJipur,  the  nunfall  was  not  favonrablo 
either  for  tho  wirly  or  for  the  latfl  harre«t.  In  tho  west  tho  early 
tropa  were  good  in  MAvnl  and  in  tho  sonth-vrest  and  north  of  ICareU, 
vaa  fnirir.  Jutinar  nnd  Khod.  In  Mul.shi  insufficient  nunfall  in  tho 
■arly  part  of  tho  season,  and  im  i.»xi-0!«ivo  (ail  near  tho  close  caused 
much  damnga  In  the  east  the  early  crop  was  fair  in  Pamndhar, 
middling  in  Sirur,  and  indifferent  in  Uhiracliadt  and  IndApur  where 
the  outturn  was  very  triiliug.  Tho  Intu  liarroat  wan  good  in 
l\iiaudhar,  fair  in  liidapur,  and  middling  in  tlie  rest  of  the  cast. 
I'ubiic   health   vaa  guuunUIy    good.       iilighl    cattle  diaoaso   waa 


iMx-:s. 

ItHimm. 

4 
MSM 

Hi. 

i,w,n« 

l.MJM 

ftiOmt, 

M 

n 

>  Gov.  Rft«.  Sfiie  of  SOth  Jant  1873-     Bon.  Gov.  Set  CLl.  4SA  • «!». 

*  UeuL-Col.  WaiUUugtan.  Surrev  tiUperlBtendcnt,  SH  of  S7tlt  Ang.  1SI3  uul  314 
»riSth  April  IS;4.  Bom.  Gov.  Scl.  CLI.  471-473,  485. 

'Bom.  (Jov.  8el.  CU.  47B. 

•  Llov.  K«3.  £495  of  3rd  Oot.  1973.     Bom.Oav.  S«1.CU.  479. 


CtaaptfT  VU] 

Land- 

S»VKV. 

Haatti. 
mt-7S. 


tSTS-74. 


DISTRICTS. 


ftpter  intl. 
Land. 

Riviaiov 

Simvnr. 


Svpa, 

1873-74. 


S  m^ 


present  in  MKval,  Jannar,  Ilaveli,  and  Kli(>3.'  Tillage  row 
3,848,931  1o  1,901,205  acres,  colleclions  fell  from  £112.689 
£99,117  (Rfl.  n,26,S90-Ba.  9,01.170),  £17,796  (Ita  1,77,900)  were 
remitted,  &□(]  10126  (Its.  01,250)  left  ODCstauding.  At  ludApor 
the  rupee  price  of  Indian  millet  foil  from  abont  28  to  iS  pounds 
(14-24  s/ttfr*). 

In  1S73-74  the  niTisod  enrroy  sottletnent  w&a  introducod  into  a 
group  of  thirty-nine  villagas  settled  in  lS+3--t4.  These  Tillages 
formorly  bvlongtxl  to  the  Supa  petty  diviuion  of  Pumndhar.  Sim.'e 
tho  6r^  sottlcment  in  1B43-44  thirty  of  these  rillagen  bad  boeo 
handed  to  Bhimthadi  fuid  nine  to  Parandbar.  The  conDtry  alopml 
Houthwaida  in  a  warinK  plain  watered  l>y  ihi  KorLa  and  othor 
struani!!  none  of  which  flowed  throutfkout  t)ie  hot  wetithor.  In 
capabilitien  aiid  oliinate  tlieae  village  dilTerud  little  fromcacli  other, 
except  that  those  lyjng&loug  the  Nira  bad  a  larger  proportion  of 
deep  black  eoil.  The  early  crops  wero  hiijn,  math,  and  7nu^i  the 
only  lalo  crop  vasjvdri  among  ivhiclia  good  deal  ofkardaiwta 
sown  broadcaat.  In  the  northern  and  eastorn  Tillages  the  Ute  cropi. 
and  ill  the  iroBtern  and  aoutfaemTillageatiie early  a-ops,t>reduuunBted. 
Kzcopt  in  a  few  villagt^x  ciiltivAtion  was  caroIi>8ti.  l^e  fields  wero 
overran  with  weeds  ;  the  laud  vaa  not  ploughed  more  than  ouce  is 
three  or  four  years;  and  the  use  of  manure  on  drycntp  l.indH,  exwpt 
to  a  limited  extent  by  the  folding  oE  shoep,  of  which  great  nDail)vr« 
were  reared,  was  apparently  nntoown.  The  gardcD  lands,  which  were 
nimoat  uxobisivoly  under  wclU,  wore  by  do  mmns  of  a  high  c\»^- 
Sugarcane  was  ffruwn  in  tho  f uw  plains  which  had  a  Iwol  vo  month'! 
water-snpply.  Tho  usual  garden  crops  wore  wheat,  gram,  vegotablas. 
and/'yuWjof  tbeso  j'ufirt  was  a  spodal  favourite;  undvr  inforior 
wells.  As  re;;anlB  communication  and,  markets  oonaiderahle 
cluuiges  hud  t^ikon  place  Hinoo  tho  former  Mtllement  in  18  tJ.  At 
that  time,  of  tlio  four  markets  which  aavo  Supa  an  advaatage  orer 
Iud£|)ur  and  Kurkuiub,  three,  Wii  Boor  and  S&tira,  were  thirty 
miles  across  thecuuutry  from  tho  nearest  part  of  the  group  and  more 
than  twice  aa  far  from  the  moat  distant;  while  the  foartb,  SAsrad, 
waa  not  lees  than  twenty  miles  from  the  nearest  point.  By  lUo  ne» 
roads  from  the  Nira  bridge  to  the  railway  station  at  Kedf^oa,  fron 
B^nimati  to  Pfltas,  and  from  Sfltdra  to  Puona  by  the  Diva  and 
XAtraj  passes,  many  of  tliese  villages  had  been  brought  within  a 
day'a  march  of  the  railway.  Poona,  which  waa  Btill  as  fortnerl; 
the  great  market  for  produce,  waa  more  acce^-nible  than  from  IndApar, 
and  not  much  l«es  acoo»siblo  than  from  Kurkumb.  The  town  of 
Supa  itself  was  only  ten  miles  from  the  Ked^aou  station.  The  local 
markets  were  Bdnimati,  Supa,  Plita«,and  Jojuri,  of  which  Bdr&tDkti 
was  the  nioeb  important  especially  as  a  cattle  miirkut. 

During  tho  survey  leaee  tlio  Supa  price  oijeart  rose  from  abool 
80  pounds  {iO  nkcra)  the  rupee  in  the  first  ten  years  to  about  34 
nouudfi  (17  <i/irrA)  tho  rupee  io  Uie  Inst  ten  years  of  the  lewM  that 
la  an  iDcrcase  of  135  per  cent.     Tho  corresponding  iucrcsfio  in  Un 


>  Bov.  Ctunr.  S.  D.  C03C  ut  Sffth  Doc.  ISTS. 


u 


jjirice  of  hdjri  wtia  from  about  08  to  28  poands  (3i-14  fhm)  or  143 
Hper  cent.' 

K  At  Ilia  introdtiption  of  the  I84S  sottlcnicnt  the  Snpa  gronp 
Hwns  poisiug  from  n  state  of  great  depression  to  ono  of  compamtivo 
B^rospority.  This  wna  duo  to  tbo  roTisioo  of  ns«08snient  carried  out 
Ksonie  ynarx  before  bj  Lioutoaant  Sliortrcdo.  Uu(l«r  Lioutouunt 
"^  Sliortredn's  rates  the  asxessmcnt  which  had  beea  fixed  hy  the 
foriaer  survey  at  £12,270  (Its.  1,22,700)  od  thirty •ueven  villages  waa 
rediicod  to  £10,ltO  (Ra.  1,01,400)  on  39J  vjllugoo.  lu  »pit«  ut  this 
re<lDctioii  the  arerjigo  yearly  collootions,  during  the  soven  yeai-a 
(183<!-  \ti  1-)  ttfu?r  tho  iutn)duL'tion  of  Lioutouaut  Shortrede's 
modified  rates,  wore  only  VHOti  {Rs.  3  t,9S0)  of  a  total  usaessinent  on 
Goremment  lands  of  £88M  (Rs.  88,1^00)  or  le«9  than  40  per  cent; 
and,  thoof^h  cuUiTation  sprend  from  40,690  acreii  in  IS3G  to  UI,7t>3 
aorot»  in  1842,  there  war  a  progrcitHivo  increase  in  remissions.  No 
lesH  than  £5000  (Ka.  50,00o[  of  a  total  of  £7400  (Ra.  74,000)  of  remis- 
Hions  wepo  allowt^d  during  the  la*t  two  yeurii  (ISll-42)  of  tlio  settle- 
moot.  The  fixed  survey  twttlcmeut  fur  thirty  years  was  iutroduced 
I  in  1813,  tho  new  ratee  being  the  same  as  m  Kurkumb  ort«n  per 
cent  higbi^r  thaa  ioluditpur.  •Daringtbe  first  year  (1843-H)  ofthis 
thirty  years'  eottloment,  of  a  total  assesaed  area  of  111  ,310  acres, 
26,302  amblo  ficrcB  wore  waste.  la  the  next  year  the  arable  wasto 
was  reduced  to  17,191  acres,  iii  tho  8ncc«oding  year  to  14,L40, 
and  ill  1847  it  Lad  fallen  to  8600  acres.  From  this  lime  until 
18o2  the  arable  waste  gradually  increased  nntil  in  1852  it 
amouutfid  to  nearly  15,000  acres.  Tho  ooliections  vantxl  from 
£420(i  (Rs.  »2.0tiO)  ill  1S44;45  to  £5310  (Hb.  63,100)  in  1847-48 and 
JC61D4(Rs.  51,040)  in  185l!-53.  Large  romigsionfi  were  granted  ia 
two  of  the  first  t«u  y(jkri»,  £417  (I{m.4I7u)  m  18^-45  and  £828 
(R«.  8280)  in  1850-51.  The  average  colloctions duriux  tbo  t«n  ywira 
ending  1853  wern£488C(Ra.l8^C0)andK)misBiousi.l7l  (Rs.  1710), 
and  tbo  lu-ea  under  tillage  was  120,C0-i  acroB.  Between  ia&3  and 
1858  the  arable  waste  waa  reduced  to  1000  acres  ;  in  1862  it  had 
rieca  to  1787  acres.  The  colltictioiia  in  1862-63  wero  £o72S 
(Rs.  .^7,280).  The  average  area,  nuder  cultivation  was  U9,966 
acres.  During  the  ten  yoara  eudin;;  1870  the  arable  waste  averaged 
IS43  acres,  and  tho  ocLniiiicil  area  1 12,225  acres,  but  the  collotrtioua 
amo[mtu<l  ta  .C53o0  (fla.  S5,500).      The  fall  in  arcrago  reveQuo  was 

■  Tha  dMiU  U«  i  Bufa  PrMiiMc  ttupf  Print,  iaibUT*. 


ChaptCT^ni] 
Land. 


Till 

JaM. 

s«< 

Yu*. 

JafK 

BSih. 

r*igr 

JtiH. 

KH- 

.■Dkn. 

Mm. 

Sben. 

Sftm. 

Slun. 

SXtn. 

leu    ... 

M'T 

Mt 

ISM      ... 

» 

n-oc 

1)M     .. 

iru 

i»«i 

VM     ~ 

W« 

n^ 

lua    ... 

M^S 

M 

1H»      .. 

iru 

11 1» 

UK    _. 

IS-Dt 

»K 

ISU    - 

arft 

SO 

UM      ^ 

ipm 

u 

iwr    .^ 

ms 

30 

IKT     ,.. 

M-3 

M-» 

un    ... 

u 

u 

ma    - 

w« 

f9 

uw    .., 

» 

n-t 

■sns    ... 

V 

n-s 

vm    - 

•• 

M 

ItM      ... 

*S« 

33 

iwa    ... 

■>« 

u« 

MO     _ 

n 

Ml 

W*J      -. 

M 

■ifi 

IKM     .„ 

!»-• 

WTl 

lati 

M 

«« 

lf*t 

trs 

Cl 

UTl 

i*t 

U'U 

tecs    - 

M-S 

n 

IMt      .. 

u 

IS 

w;»    _ 

ii-S 

11 

uw    ., 

U-1 

*D 

isu     .^ 

"« 

10 

1  ins    _ 

at 

" 

Ran: 

Sen 


;^ 


Bon>,  (hi.  ?«1.CLI.  510, 
B  1327-0 


niapter  VUI 

»tud- 

Supa, 

IS79-74- 


due  to  the  very  largo  retnlssion  allovAd  in  1866-67,  wliioh  i 
to  £18n9  (R«.  18,&&0)  or  oiiu-third  of  ibeeotiro  assessment.      Wii 
tliifi  exception  tbe  remiseioiia  siuce  1654i  were  notnioal.    Tlie  Eol 
lowinf;  «toL«nicnt  gives  tbe  average  tillage  and  colloctions  durbg 
the  surrey  lease  : ' 

Aim  TlUaac  m<(  ffnvniw.  184S- I8TS. 


Vu>. 

Ooctnn 

DnocnniK 

Tout. 

BcWi- 

Couap 

Artt. 

IkMiU. 

AtBL 

llflltil 

An*. 

JMML 

ista.uag      ... 

ISHI'UBl 

JUrw 

UBiwa 

to. 

MUW 

Amw. 
UK 

■a. 
nn 

1U.TM 

i«.m 

IK. 

u.no 
tsjm 

lU. 

rm 

Ilk 
(MM 

4 
4 


During    the  eiirvoy  ksso  populatioo  incrcSMod   from    £2,795 
1843  to  92,722  in  lft73  or  43-S  per  cent ;  h»ti!U^  from  3S04  to  -tSO 
or  13  per  cent ;  ■wells  from  1 003  to  1720  or  71  poT  cent ;  cart* 
191   toiS78or202   por  <oat;  ploughs  from  II 10  fo  1-157  or  3I-2i 
cent  ;hnftnlop8  from  1252  to  163-t  orD2  per  cent;  cowjt  from  99i6 
11,<J4!)  or  17  per  cent;  bullixks,  drnv^ht  and  plon^h,  from  12,907 
H.iiCXi  or  10*-1  per  OCJit j  and  sbccp  and  gtiats  from  IS.fy-*  to  2i,0tj4" 
or  30S  per  cont.  Horses  showed  a  fall  from  1 150  to  S44  or  S6 ti  por 
cent,      or  the  new  wells  H  were  hiiilt  in  the  first  ten  years,   14S  io 
the  Recoiiil  teii  years,  and  22o  m  the  kst  ten  yenrs  of  the  survey  \t»af. 

The  condition  of  the  people  was  ou  tho  whole  good.  Few  of  them 
were  hopclcsaiy  involved  and  every  TiUago  had  »onio  fnniilioB  wlio 
were  free  from  debt.  At  Panddm  tlierawore  many  stacks  of  straw 
two  years  old  still  lUKliaposod  of,  though  fhe  third  year's  crop  ww 
in  the  ground  and  ready  tu  cut.  Many  uf  tho  vUbigoa  especially 
tho  larger  ones  showed  signs  of  haring  once  been  more  pc^uloB*. 
Id  numerouB  instances  tfaia  apparent  fall  in  the  population  rud 
ruinud  apppftrrancc  uf  the  larger  villages  was  owing  to  the  fact  tlul 
landhohleTS  whoso  lield.s  lay  {ht  from  the  inllage  site,  had  I  milt  them- 
selves huts  andlived  ibero  permanently,  allowing  their  viJlngohottses 
to  go  to  niin.  Thus  tho  apparetifc  detolatbn  was  in  many  cases  a 
Bign  of  increased  B(.*curity  of  life  and  ppoporty. 

Tt  was  ft  common  practice  in  this  as  in  other  sub-divisions  for  tho 
cultivfttora  to  sell  their  crops  in  a  lump  or  Hot i  while  still  unripe. 
In  1872  in  the  Supa  group  the  prices  realized  varied  from  31  times 
to  a  little  less  than  I^  times  tho  new  asttcssuiunt.  The  highal 
sum  realizod  was  from  tlio  poorest  field  tho  classifieatioa  of  which 
wasouly  llaiincK.     Tlio  total  coUoctioQs  in  twent^CMeaof  Inmpor 


>  Tlic  tillttgo  una  ro«n  frmn  I  tC.OOO  Bcru  in  1 813-44  to  133.000  kcref  in  IS4T-4S 
ud fnli  to  ViiSMiO in  ISM-.'M).  Alter  \m90» it  roso  to  ■  littb  ovtr  140.000 ia  ISiT-^ 
and  ntDiul  at  ubout  1 42,000  dnriiie  tliu  reiDkiniiig  liftem  vaan.  Th«  nnuMioBi  ««• 
aboat  Ra.  SOOO  in  1S4I-4S.  Iti.  MPOO  in  ISM-ftl.asa  Ba.  1(1.000 la  I8«e-S7.  In  ctlW 
vMn  there  w«r»  1ittl«  or  nn  rvmiuions.  Tb«  <!o1lvoli«oa  nwt  iron  Ra.  41,00)  iu 
1M3-44  to  It*.  &1.0WI  ill  ]»47-4H  uiJ  f.-1I  U>  Hi.  44.000  >d  18S0.SI.  Tkay  UiM  roc 
to  Ra.  60,000  la  lS5&-5(:  and  Ktiioci  nt  about  Kb.  A? ,000  >liiTi]i«  Iko  D«xt  t«a  nan. 
Id  ISSe-CTthcyuvic  Hn  3!>,OO0iuiJ  again  ktuwl  at  obovt  Ra.  67,000  during  tlw  m» 
■U  y«ar«,     Suivvy  Vyi&^i»tu.lU)in.(ta(.S«l.l'LI.  S14. 


I 


I 


tcholi  Bnles  wore  £217  1C».  (Rr,2178)  on  whicbtlic  proposed  assess- 
ment came  to  £'67  (lU.  370)  or  about  oiie-«ixth.  'I'his  did  not 
reprosont  tbo  gross  protlncu  of  the  land,  sincn  thu  middle- man 
mast,  besides  the  element  of  risk,  cover  the  expenses  of  watching, 
rcnping,  and  harvesting.' 

Thirty-nine  villng'cs  wore  arranjfcd  in  tour  claseos  with  highest 
diyoropacre  mtes  varying:  from  2*.  Oii.  to  2s.(Ra,13-l).  Two  villages 
cloM)  to  tho  rc«d  from  8<lli^rn  \>y  tlio  Nira  bndffo  to  Poouu  wcro 
placed  in  the  first  olass  and  clinrsed  a  rate  of  2s.  9d.  (lis.  1 }) ;  twelve 
Tillagcit  along  tho  we»t«rn  iKiunJury  and  ou  the  road  to  the  Kedf^^aon 
tttatiun  vruro  ptac-cd  in  the  aecoud  clima  oud  chiir^d  a  rate  of  2k.  Gil. 
(Bs.  IJ);  twelve  villages  to  the  east  and  south  of  tbo  preceding 
claas  were  placed  in  the  third  class  and  charged  a  rate  of  28.  'dj. 
(Rs.li);&Dd  thirteen  villages  io  the  soutb<east  of  this  roTision  survey 
group  were  placed  ia  the  fourth  class  and  charged  a  rate  of  '2a. 
{Ho.  1).  No  rice  was  (ti-owu  in  any  of  thoso  villagva  and  the  channel 
irrigation  was  very  poor.  Thepropoacd  highest  ohannel  wator  ucro 
rate  was  4*.  (Ka.  2).  Compared  with  the  precedijig  year's  collec- 
tions the  roriaod  survey  rental  showed  an  incmuo  from  £57't6  to 
£8171  {H9.li7.-im  -Bs,  81,710)^  or  42  per  cent.  Tho  follovring  state- 
ment shows  the  ctTect  of  tho  survey  :'' 

S)ipa  flffMon  StOianatt,  IS7i. 


Svmtiucir. 

OcotrlMi. 

Uioamna. 

TmAL. 

ATM. 

HMtoL 

An*. 

RroM. 

i^ 

ItcilUI. 

PfOpOMd    ■■t 
Insnue    ... 

Ha. 

B.TU 
H,M1 

iem. 
ISM 

lU. 

MS 

AnrM. 

lU 

m.uu 

IT.OM 

et.ui 

— «S 

— i;w 

H,.131 

V*,OJI» 

Tho  Survey  Com  mission  or  proposod  a  few  modi6cationa  Ko 
removed  the  first  class,  nud  tniasferred  a  few  villagoa  from  ibe 
'to  tbu  tbinl  class,  and  from  the  tlitrd  to  the  fourth  closji. 
imcnt  nancliouod  the  sotUemeat  aa  modified  hy  the  Survey 
Com  miasioncr.' 

In  1874>7S  the  rainfall  wan  S7  inches  at  Ind&pnr,  S8  nt  Foonn, 
35  at  Junnar,  and  92  at  Khndkiila.  Tbo  flcvuon  w«9  ou  tho  whole 
favourahle  both  for  early  aiid  late  crops.  In  some  villages  of  rTavoli, 
Ind&pur,  Bhimthodi,  and  Khod  the  early  crops  wore  sligbtly 
damagod  by  oxcossive  rain  in  September  and  October.  In  a  few 
Tillages  of  Jonnar  considoralilo  damage  was  caoeed  by  itiitects  oallod 
TtModda.  Public  liealtli  tvaa  generally  good.  Slight  cuttle  disoaoo 
was  present  in  some  snb-di visions.*  Tillage  foil  from  1,001,205 
to  1,881,079  acres,  collections  rose  from  £9y,117  U}  £lla,335 
(Ke.9.9l,17O.lUlt,83.3;3O},£40Gl(R8. 40,610)  wore  remitted,  and 
£720  (R&  7200)  left  outstanding.  At  Ind&pur  the  rupee  price  of 
Indian  millet  fell  from  about  43  to  60  ponnda  (24-30  tnera). 


Chapter  TIT 
Land. 
RsvnioN 

SVKVSV. 

fiUpfl, 


JS7^?S. 


1  Bom.  Gov.  Sel  CLL  SIS. 

■  U.-Coa.  Widritnoton.  Surv..SnnL846afStU«pl.  I»73.  Boin.Gav.8«LCU.  007-Jai. 

*  Oar.  Rm.  G377  M  -itni  Nov.  1873,  B«M.  G«t.  Htl  CU.  US  -  Ul. 

'  &av.  Cvwr.  8.  D.  4718  ot  91th  D«.  1874 


tBomlwiy  Ga«tt«r. 


ipter  Tin. 
Laud' 

BiTUIS 

BRnXMHiT 

RlDVCKD, 

1874. 


About  tho  clow  of  1 874  a  fall  in  the  price  of  grain'  led  GovorntBent 
to  Mt  limit*  to  tlis  amount*  hy  whicb  tlic  fomipr  ratea  migUt  lie 
enhaaoed  aud  to  redaoo  Bome  of  tho  enhanced  aettlemeuta  wli  iuh  hud 
been  intrmluo^d  inU>  Poena.  It  watt  H^lit  timt  0<jvorDment  shooM 
taku  udruutaKU  ot  the  discovery  of  limd  hvld  (vithuut  pajiuont,  ahouiti 
correal  raistaltea  in  mcsaanring  aud  in  clasfliug,  iilioiild  Hhat-c  «ith 
the  people  tho  boiU'lit^  derivod  Fmiu  betu,>r  roudatuid  frota  thu 
opeDiiig  of  lailwaya^  and  akould  reoeive  a  share  of  the  profit  which 
the  riite  in  pmduca  prices  caused  to  the  landholdoni.  As  it  no 
longer  seemed  probable  that  tho  high  prices  which  ruled  daring  th? 
t«ii  ycara  ending  1872  woald  oootinao,  tioTemmeDt  orduroJ  that 
tbe  iDcreaso  in  ruveuue  in  auj  Tillage  groap  should  nvTor  bo  mora 
thttti  thii-tj-.thpoo  per  cent ;  that  tho  incrciiso  in  a  singlo  Tillage 
should  never  he  more  than  sixty-six  per  cent,  and  that  tho  iDcrcaui 
iu  an  iiidividottl  routal  shuuhl  noror  bo  nioro  than  100  per  cent.  To 
bring  the  amounts  of  enhancement,  which  had  been  aanctioaed  in 
aoQie  of  the  revised  portions  of  Pooda*  into  accord  with  these  mlai, 
Gorcnimont  proposed  that  tho  nQC«ssary  changos  sbooldbe  made  on 
Ifao  following  principles.  Tho  highest  rates  in  (he  group  vore  to  bo 
ao  Tcdueod  na  to  bring  the  increase  in  tlic  totjil  reveouo  of  tho  grMp 
within  tho  limita  of  fifty  por  cent.  W'hen  thi«  wa«  done,  aujr  caw  In 
which  the  increase  in  a  village  was  still  above  7i>  per  oont,  or  in  la 
individual  holding  uliove  100  por  cent,  ahonld  ho  ro]>orted  for  onlers 
with  distinct  recommendat Jontt  from  tho  survey  officers  whether 
further  cbaugeii  were  iiecetaw.ry,  ntid  if  so  how  they  should  be  taodo. 
OoTOnuneiit  liopt'd  that  iu  ^;rQups  originally  settled  after  ISiS,  liltlff 
or  no  field  opcratioas  would  ha  rciiiiin.''(!,  and  that  tho  revision  U 
tbe  saseasment  by  a  tiicre  rciwljustmuiit  ^  the  highest  rates  would 

be  found  to  be  safficieuL* 

• 

Id  accordance  with  thege  instroctions  in  1S75-76  tho  survey 
offiovrs  made  proposals  for  reducing  tbu  roWiied  naaosament  of 
Ind^pnt',  Ithinithadi,  Ilnrcli,  Pitbsl,  and  Supa.  The  aetmd  ncttlemfnts 
Snally  »;mctioned  by  Government   are   given  bulow,  nhywing ''    " 


>  Iiiiliiin  nilUot   rum    pioei   w«r«   io    Bhimt^wti    II)  »Jifrt   in   1968-08. 1 M 
lM9-:o,  i;i  ill  1870-71,  12  in  I87t-7S,  224  i"  IMS- 73,  »)  in  1873-74,  30  in  IW«-; 
uidas  iu  lH7fl-7Gi  ill  IiwUpur   IB  iti  1871-73,  17  in  187^73.  30  iu  IS73*7'I.  46  tn 
187-l-7.\  ana  37  \o  1873-7ft.  Onllector  of  FooiiJi.  43;6of  7U>  -Intia  IBM.    Tbe  Inlil{«r 
flcuroi  G«r«  aivtn  ditler  f  roni  Lbcw  givMi  la  tbe  aUUuaant  on  nan  5J3. 

•TTiodrtaaii  (Bom.Oov.  Sd.  CU.  174)  aw: 


av  n-SiTWUM. 

Onieixu.  aam-iuviT. 

KlIVIKB  a»TTHMijii.      1                      1 

AnblD. 

BnnCaL 

ATDHKt 

Xn,1']o. 

lUmtal. 

iTum  uomia 

Anv 

KM*. 

Imlipur 

BhlmtbMll 

OftnU     

noM     

SU|ia        

tm.UB 
1M.4)0 
IXT.«IO 

ia.att 

Bj.. 

BS,«IM 

in.ttt 

X.p- 
&    1 
I    I 
10    1 
10    I 

Atnm 

•Tu.ora 
til,;  OS 

lUl.Ill 

IW.tST 

a* 

1S4,IM 

n.7ai 

7  1       a 
11  D       m 

14    f           SO 
13    I           *9 

Til        n 

»  Oav.  !t<«.  57:KP  of  29th  OcI-jWt  18U  aucl  «06  ot  lOUi  Auijurt  1S75,  Bom .  D*'. 
S«1-CU  J33-l38M>dUU.174.i;9. 


■Decoan-I 


percentago   mcrciiw)    on   the    original    thirty    yc 
iDiroducciil  between  1836  and  184(:' 

Pooma  Jtfriirrf  Surrry  SrtflrtumiU  Srdurtd,  JS7C. 


li>mjai»n 

niri'riB  R>*mlMI 

mB-Dnnfox. 

U9a>15H. 

Snn-ur.m,  ICD-TA, 

'■^l^^-F^n 

AmMust* 

AmounL 

we-u. 

Bate. 

Ba. 

M. 

Par  Out. 

nr 

Iiiiltpur 

» 

BI,>64 

Ml.««l 

M 

BtiluiUiiKll     ... 

<s 

7i.»t 

IMMl 

W 

s  e 

IU>yI1 

a 

ai>,«ae 

i.w,:js 

II 

II  ID 

I^Twl 

ts 

ifivm 

ijo.«:n 

Jft 

U     9 

Sop. 

» 

0.40] 

TI,303 

iO 

Id  137d.7(l  the  rainrsll  was  21  inches  nt  Indfipur,  3S  at  Poona, 
S4  lit  Juiiiiar,  nnti  110  at  Kbadkiilaj  »  full  supply,  but,  an  the  falls 
were  ilNtitnud,  the  soasoii  was  Qnfavoamblo,  An  ozooseivo  Fftll,  wlion 
the  early  cropn  woro  stitl  young,  did  so  much  dama^  that  many 

Bits  IukI  to  bo  resown.  Iq  afew  vilbig<a  of  Huvcii  niid  Siiur  iho 
ps  wero  Bliffhtly  irjurod  by  looosta.  The  rice  in  Miival  sufTortid 
from  early  fliKtUs  and  later  from  want  o£  rain .  Tlie  outturn  of  the  early 
crops  v.a&  not  more  than  tcn-!!ixtcenths  to  tw6lTe'Bixt««nthB  ;  iu 
many  placed  it  was  mnch  leas.  In  tho  eastern  or  late  crop  parts  the 
raiafali  wa«  short,  and  the  crops  were  far  below  (!io  average.  In 
Inddpur,  nbimtlindi,  and  south  Sirur  j'vdri  withered  for  want  of 
xain,  and  in  numy  places  did  not  ktow  luuro  than  ei{;:hteoa  inches 
"high.  The  late  harve.<tt  wtu  lo».itnan  ahalf  crop  and  tho  outturn 
of  cotton  was  not  aiure  than  a  Fourth.  The  district  suffered  from  a 
eevoro  outbreak  of  cholei'b  which  began  in  the  hot  weather  and 
eontinuoJ  until  Octobffr  (1875).  More  than  4000  sciaarca  wero 
fatal.  About  lOOO  head  of  cattle  died  from  disease.'  Tillage  fell 
■from'  1,884,679  to  1,875,669  acroa  and  coUoctions  from  £118,333 
to  Jtn2,673  (FK  11,83,830- Rs.  11.2(1,730),  £3480  (Ra.  34,800) 
trero  remitted,  and  £703  (Rb.  70H0)  left  outstanding.  At  Indipur 
tho  rupee  price  of  Indian  millet  rose  from  about  60  to  bd  pounds 
(30  -  28  ghitn). 

In  1876-77  the  rainfall  was  15  inches  at  Indipnr,  13  at  Toona,  17 
at  Junnor,  and  77  ui  Khndkiila.  In  tbo  i-ant  lS7(>-77  waa  a  year  of 
famine.  The  rainfall  was  very  scanty  and  the  crops  Diilod.  The 
3liiral  rioo  suFfcred  oonsidorahfy.  In  tlie  weafc  of  Jonnar  Khcd  and 
Havoli  tho  early  crops  were  fair  perhaps  six  to  eovcu-aixtticntliH. 
In  the  cast  of  these  finb-divisiona  and  in  Isd^parand  fihimthadi, 
except  in  watered  land  no  early  cnips  wore  frn>wii.  Late  crops  wei-o 
BowD  in  porta  of  Ati^v^l,  Havcli,  Simr,  and  I'urandhar,  but  none  were 
■own  fa  lad'tpur  or  in  BhimthiKli.  All  over  the  district  the  late 
liarrett  was  an  almost  oompJete  failure.  Great  distress  prevailed 
and  relief  works  bad  to  bo  provided.*    Public  health  on  the  whole 

^  Bonbar  Got.  3«I.  CU.  Th«  liishMt  drr-orop  ncrv  rata  Gnalljr  (aDotiuuciJ  wm 
tladttpar,    lU  II.  B&  Ig  :  Bhimthftaj.   Ra.  11.  Rs.  13.  R«.  U.  Re.  I  ;  Unvcli  !(•.«, 
[Ka.  n.  tin.  Si.  Ra.  2*.  lU.S.  Itn.  If.  H>.  11.   It*.  I|;  PHImI  B*.  2|,  Ba.  2,  Bs.  If, 
|K>.  1(.  I:>.  l\.  K>.  1|;  SupaKi.  1|.  fit.  11.  Ke.  I. 
I     >  R*v.  Comr.  8.  D.  3S76  of  3Ut  I>w^  1S7A. 

'  A  Bummary  ol  the  1976-77  lamiite  detatla  ia  g^ven  imder  .Agrkultun  Clia|i-  IV. 


im- 


lSTC-77. 


Iw^r  YHI. 

Xiud. 

Bcmsu. 


JS77-7S. 


tStS-TJK 


Sunvsr. 

arantHiar, 


was  good.     Cholera  appeared  in  some  mrt*  and  caiised  651  deatiisj 
Cfttlle  diaeAse  urevailod  slightly.     Id  ma  east  vaaxty  cftttle  diedoT 
starvation  ana  lliousandn  were  driven  to  tUe  west  for    grwiing.' 
Tillage  fell  from  1,875.669  to    1 ,864.,47o  ««««  and  collections  from 
*n2,673  to  £70,321  (R8.1l,2«,7yo-RB.  7,D3^10),  £174  (Re,  I'M)  j, 
wem  n>mitt«d,  and  £46,683  (Ba.  M^^SSO)  loK  ontstfindii^.      .^SJ 
Indapnr  the  mpee  price  of  Indian  millet  rose  from  aboat  S6  to  itSVI 
pounds  {28.19  «>wj-»). 

la.  1377-78  the  rainfnll  was  28  inches  at  Ind^par.  20  at  Pooaa,  17 
ftt  Jnnoar,  and  31  at  Kliadlc&la.  lo  the  east  and  south-eaet  a  lung 
brealt  damaged  the  early  oropa  bnt  in  the  west  the  oarU  harvMt 
was  above  Ui©  arorago.  Tlio  lalo  crops  were  much  injured  by  bligh( 
and  in  some  plaoea  towsnlB  tba  east  tbny  pntiroly  failed.  Povar 
waa  verjr  prcrnli^nt,  nad  th«rt>  wvre  SldO  duitths  from  clioltfa.* 
Tillage  rose  from  1,864,475  to  1.808,193  acres  and  collections  frum 
£70,321  to  £110,148  (Ha.  7,03,210  .  Rs.  11,01,480),  £135  {R«.  1950) 
were  remitted.and  £G86G  {Vtn.  65,660)  left  outatandiog.  At  ladfipur 
the  mpee  price  of  Indian  millet  rose  from  about  38  to  18  ponnda 

Ju  lS7g-79  the  rainfall  was  29  inches  at  Tnddpur,  38  at  Poena.  39 
at  Juunar,  and  73  at  KhadklUa.  In  the  west  the  early  crops  were 
good :  in  the  oast  Ihcy  wero  almost  destroyed  by  nntimely  rain  and 
to  sotae  extent  by  locusts.  In  the  west  the  late  harvest  was  an 
average  one  ;  in  the  oast  it  was  almost  destroyed  hy  rats.  Ivuinbers 
of  tbu  poorer  husbaDdmou  took  work  on  the  Kira  CanaL  Poblic 
health  was  generally  good.'  Tillagefell  from  l,868,19ato  1^1,631 
acrra  and  ooll»"ctions  from  ,CII0.148  to  1104.030  (Rs.  ll,01,48«- 
Rs.lO,40j30O),t25(lla.26O)  wore  remitted, aad£lO,8tii(Ua.l,0»,64(') 
left  ontftbtnding.  At  Inddpnr  the  rupee  ppeo  o£  Indian  millet  fell 
£rom  abont  18  to  20  pounds  (9  .  10  ahere). 

In  1878-79  revised  aasessmpata  were  introduced  into  thtrty-fire 
GoYCTainent  and  one  roTcrsionary  or  dumala  village,  und  survey 
ratoa  were  for  the  first  time  introduced  into  four  revomoimry 
or  dumnla  villages  iu  I'uraudLar.  Most  of  tbcae  viUogos  had 
belonged  to  the  SfLevad  inimlatdflr'B  division  of  Purandhar  which 
noa  settled  in  1847.  Of  the  thirty-five  Government  villi^es  the 
revised  setllemont  was  proposed  for  a  group  of  sevonteon  villagci 
ic  April  1S7S  and  for  a  gi-oup  of  eighteen  QoverumeDt  villiiges  in 
Fobru(u^'1879,*      The  Puranahar  aub>diviaion  waa  bounded  en  tbu 


.^ 


am* 


»  Ker.  Coanr.  8.  D.  94.'>  of  27lh  Feb.  1877. 

»  Bom.  Pnw.  Geni.  Adin.  Rnp,  for  1877-78,  78-7«. 

>  Bom.  Pr«.  GbiO.  Adm.  Itep.  (or  I8IS-7&.  78  -Tfl- 

*  INiTAndliu-  formfrrlr  inoluileil  two  djvisioiw,  tbo  nMa  or  mAnlatdtr'a 
with  the  boivil>(|iiiirt(>rB  at  BiUvnd  and  thotv/nor  mob&lkAn'ii  cltkTKC  with  t> 
qiiartcra  at  8iipa.  The  .Sii)in  group  «-hiuh  wu  lettJwl  iii  XMi  inclujul  H(ty- 
vilUge*,  forty-live  Govominciitanil  faurtccDalianatoil.  Tha  S&aviul  gri>up  which 
Mrttlwt  iu  l&i7  ii]i;luil(Hl  wiouty  villagn,  thirty-two  Ooreciunmt  Hid  thtrtj-«wht 
•liinutocl.  In  ly(!l'G:i  the  office  of  mohiUhaTi  waa  »boliihod  acni  th«  viUagvcof  IM 
^viaion  wt<rc  iodiiJuil  within  LU«  UmitJi  of  the  loAmUtdAr'i  divima.  In  Ik* 
toUowiw  yew  IStT^-lhl  ciaht  vtllB^cci  were  truiafiuTed  (ram  tbs  sdjcdaJiif  aub-dinuan 
of  Havcli  Mid  filially  In  Ioti6-67  fiirtytlvc  vill>f;i»,  tlilrty-MVcn  (imonunent  juxl  o^l 
allcDktcd  wrrc  ntiwJo  over  to  the  tthimthjuli  ■ub-divtnon,  TIwm  cIlukm  laftw 
Pnnuidhar  iii  Ainil  ItiiS  niacty-t«o  viUitgw,  nxty-Nvon  Gevwnment aad  tmntf ■ 
tire  alienated. 


Decoui'l 


TOONA. 


north  nnd  nortli-enst  by  Hureli  wid  Bhimthndi  whicli  were  iopomted 
from  PunuidliHr by  the  Bbuk'shvar  rangf;  which  roso  abuut  lOOQ 
foet  from  tho  plain.  Fumndhar  wuh  bounded  on  the  east  by 
BLiinthadi,  <ju  tlie  Buuth  hy  the  rircr  Nira  which  se]>arate<I  Povna 
from  Slltiim,  and  on  the  west  by  tbo  Paut  Sach  iv's  territory  and  a 
portion  of  Haveli.  The  roinfail  in  the  Parandhar  sab-diTitiion 
Tftried  from  14-62  iochoB  iu  1872-7S  to  31*20  iDches  in  1874-7o  and 
nverajed  20"24  inches.'  The  basbandry  in  Parandhar  did  not 
differ  from  that  in  the  neijrhbonring  8ul>-divi»ioDB  except  that  the 
land  TCasoftonor  ploughed,  iho  li|?ht  soils  yMrly  and  tho  heavier 
Ijlack  SQila  once  ia  two  years,  Tho  landholdcni  showed  more 
energy  ID  the  coltiTatioii  of  thoir  ficlda.  The  sub-divisions  of  land 
*pn>pcrty,  as  a  rule,  were  minute  and  its  market  valuo  was  high. 
Manure  vna  applied  to  the  drycrop  koiIb  only  when  tho  fanner  fonod 
lie  liad  it  to  sparu.  Wiitorod.  Innds  when  mode  ready  for  Mugnrcauo 
gOQi-rally  got  as  much  as  Sfty  rartJoads  tho  acre,  while  twenty 
to  thirty  cart  loudn  tho  aero  sulEoed  (or  ordinary  garden  crbpa. 
The  uianuro  cou^stcd  of  tho  ueual  farm-yard  refuse  or  slic«p 
droppiiiga.  In  most  of  the  first  group  of  nineteen  Tillages, 
BBTenteen  Oovcrntneul  aud  tvo  ulieiinted,  it  w^  customary  to  raise 
a  second  crop  of  ^ain  after  bdjri  or  other  kharif  crops  had  beou 
cleared.  According  to  Mr.  Whitcombo  the  classing  assistant  ivho 
reported  on  these  niiioteen  Tillages,  tho  stifi^ar  manufactured  in  this 
8ul>-d)vision  was  much  prized  for  ita  firmness  which  unablod  it  to 
Blond  tmvelling.  It  fetched  about  4«.  (Ks.  2]  the  palla  of  120  ahers 
more  than  tho  j'ign  maniifactured  etsowbere.  Tho  Fnrandhar 
sugarcitoo  had  tho  peculiarity  of  being  kept  otghtocu  months  on  the 
ground.  The  people  said  that  by  keeping  it  so  much  longer  the 
sagar-niaking  power  t^  the  juico  was  greatly  increased.  The  cane 
was  planted  ia  May  or  Juno  and  cut  iu  November  or  December  of 
tho  following  year.  The  early  crops  were  SI'S  per  cent  and  the 
late  crops,  including  14  pL^r  ccut  of  fallow  land,  were  43'&  per 
cent.  '1  he  chief  crop  was  AijVi  4li  percent  and  the  next  wasjw<ift 
27'2  percent.* 

Baring  tho  term  of  the  snrvey  lease  road  coram  anications  ha^l 
been  greatly  iniprorod.  In  ISlT  the  Poona-SfitSra  road  by  the 
B4pJev  pass  was  the  only  made  road.     This  paK<  wiu  very  stoop  and 


'  Tho  detaila  &n  : 


Fumwthti*  Hai^'^',  i/fji-an- 


Tui. 

iltuu. 

PU* 

Bit*    ' 

iu*a       lUnlL 

itn.r>...     _ 

isn-n... 

un-T<-.. 

ltt4.TS.. 

uni-7e... 
uRcn... 

IT-W 
!«■«* 
l7Tr 
Sill 

JJtII 

IwhHL 
I>«0 
»-10 
11-18 
IS-H 
»«■ 

s« 

llilliK 

M-TT 
WIT 

so-n 

S«l 

Inaha 
l»'8a 
M-tO 

•I'm 
n-Ts 

1(40 

M-M 

1M» 

Uti 

*  Th«  18T1^7A  dotail*  for  Mrenl««a  Oorcmmonl  umI  oa«  alietut«'I  vilLue  wen  i 
Early  or  JtAar^,  hiUri  48  per  c«et,  rice  ono  p«r  tmat,  ntaii  0-4.  AafyaO'S,  mtid 
0-1.  ■ml  mudolluuioaB  1-7.  total  &r6.  ]At<i  or  rM.Jiiin  37-2,  wlioat  2,  laKkKaiMi 
I'l,  gnun  0-7.  nuscdlwuKnu  3-5,  waatc  or  hilow  1  J,  total  4S-&. 


Chapter  VU 
Xiwd- 

KBvniDl 

Sntrwr. 

PurviuiJiar, 
IS7&. 


IBombay  Oxiet 


cat 


DisTnrcTs. 


tptCTvni. 

Lukl. 
',  Kivisiov 

Sox  VIET. 


liMlo  aso(]  br  carta.  Pnclc  lullockii  brouglit  tnoi>t  of  the  sorpln 
pro(Iac«  to  tno  Poona  mnrlcL-t.  In  1878  tbo  BApdcr  puts  road  wi 
UHcd  bj"  locnl  oart«  lui  a  nii>anii  of  communication  from  Ute  vflb^ 
Dcar  il  to  tbo  chiuf  market  towa  of  SiLsrad.  Here  the  road  joioed 
thti  comparutiveljr  new  road  to  Poona  over  the  Diva  oaaa.  From 
Sitsvod  numerous  roads  bnuicbed,  one  to  Jejuri  wbere  it  was  joined 
by  tlie  mnin  road  from  tLe  Diva  pas».  Hnlf-waj  from  the  BApdev 
paas  on  tbe  road  to  S^Tad  branched  off  anotber  road  to  tbe  fort  of 
rDruudhar,  bnt  since  tbe  completion  of  the  Diva  pass  road  this  wnA 
not  miiL'h  used,  Anothor  road  fairly  metalled  but  not  brid^rod,  ifril 
SA&vad  to  the  south-treBt,  aad,  after  passing  tbroQgb  the  SaEgir  pass, 
ioiuod  llio  main  road  from  Pooua  to  SAUira  by  tho  K^ttnij  pue. 
The  Ktftmj  pass  road,  after  pnesing  tliroagb  the  lands  of  some  of 
tho  south-western  villages  of  Piimndliar,  crossed  the  Nim  rirer  not 
£ar  from  tbo  market  town  of  Kikvi.  Another  nnbridgod  mailo 
road  left  SiUvad  on  tbe  south  and  crossed  tho  Pimpla  pass  close  to 
tho  villago  of  PariiK-b*  and  thns  on  to  tho  river  Nira  not  far  froai 
the  vtllaffe  of  Tondti^  Anothor  rood  practicable  for  carte  left  Iha 
tnaiD  road  from  tho  Diva  pofa,  close  to  tho  villago  of  Belsar,  and 
cromcil  tho  Bvr  pass  to  tlio  0nili  r9.ilway  station.  Besidoe  these 
metalled  roads,  during  the  1^76-77  famiae  three  other  fair  woathar 
roads  were  laid  out  as  relief  worka.  One  of  them  joins  S^tsrad 
with  Supu,  and  th«  other  two  start  from  Jejuri  and  pass  msL 
Where  thirty  years  before  there  was  only  one  mode  ruad,  in  1878 
there  were  nuinerons  lines  of  oiinniinical  ion  nllordiiig  crery  facilily 
for  tho  convcvnnco  of  snrplue  produce  to  the  different  large  markets 
tbe  chief  of  which  was  Poooa.  The  chief  maoufaoUirefl  vrero  coltoa 
cloth  or  lugdia,  blankets  or  kamllu,  and  bdngk-fi.  One  hundred  looms 
were  devotod  to  (be  woaving  of  lu^is  and  twenty-one  to  the  making 
of  kdmbli$.  I'he  best  of  both  wei-e  taken  to  tho  Poona  market 
wliuro  they  found  a  roady  Mile.  'I'he  pricea  for  lui}dU  ranged  bwa 
fu.  to  £1  (R!i.2}-1(>),  and  tbe  highest  price  that  the  host  class  of 
kamllit  fctirhod  wiks  (>«.  (Kt<.  3).  At  tho  villago  of  Mandar  ooane 
fjlass  houf^lca  were  made  costing  about  G(/.  (-L  qi>.)  the  hnndred.  Tfas 
lonil  miLrket.'<  were  ut  S]kvad,  Vain,  Parinclia,  and  Kikvi.  )S,s 
&Uti»1  ihcy  were  of  no  great  importnaoa  Almost  tho  wholo  of 
surplus  field  produce  wtnt  to  Poena. 

During  the  thirty  years  ending  1877  the  SiWvad  produce  prices ! 
risen  from  an  average  of  8J5  pounds  of  jnin'  the  rupee  during  the  tea 
.years  ending  1857  to  42  pounds  during  the  ten  yoar»  ending  1H(J7  or 
102  per  cent.  The  average  for  tbe  next  ten  youra  (1^67-1877) 
44  pounds  showed  a  fall  of  6  por  cent  compared  with  the  ten  yeari 
onding  1 867  and  a  rise  of  93  per  cent  compared  with  the  t«u  yean 
ending  1857.  The  correBponding  fit»nrea  for  bdjri  wero  7ft  pounds 
in  the  ton  years  onding  1857,  36  ia  tho  ten  years  ending  1867,  and  36 
in  the  ten  yeans  ending  1877  ;  for  wheat  68  ponndo,  2y  pnnnda.and 
27  pounda  ;  for  gram  B)  potmdii,  28  puands,HQd  29  pounds;  and  for 
rice36pouade,  20  pouude,  and  20  pounds.  Thus,  aa regards  the  three 
chief  grains  ^viri  lAjri  and  wheat,  tho  landholder  was  uoarij  Jfl^J 
per  cent  better  off  in  the  last  ten  tlun  in  the  first  ton  yeans  of  tlw^^^l 
Bcttlement.  Compared  with  those  of  the  second  ten  years  (1857- W^ff 
the  average  pricea  daring  the  last  ten  yeare  (1867-1877)  choweds 


Deecan.] 


POONA. 


505 


alight  fall.  Bat  the  high  average  of  the  ten  years  ending  1 867  was 
chiefly  owing  to  the  extreme  dearness  of  grain  between  1 86 1  and  1866. 
Inl862  the  price  was  higher  even  than  ia  the  1S77  famine.  Compared 
with  the  ten  years  before  the  1847  settlement  the  average  waste 
acres  in  fifteen  Government  villages  dnring  the  ten  years  ending 
1857  showed  a  fall  from  2046  to  1148,  in  the  next  ten  years  to  373^ 
and  in  the  last  ten  years  ending  1S77  to  214  acres.  Average 
remissions  fell  from  £230  (Rs.  2300)  in  the  tea  years  before  the 
settlement  to  £8  (Ks.  80)  in  the  first  ten  years  and  to  4a.  (Rs.  2)  in 
the  second  ten  years.  la  the  last  ten  years  there  were  no  remissions. 
The  occupied  acres  of  Government  and  alienatedland  rose  from 
19,834  in  the  ten  years  ending  1847  to  40,209  in  the  ten  years 
ending  1857,*  to  41,225  acres  in  the  ten  years  ending  1867,  and  to 
41,420  acres  in  the  ten  years  ending  1877.  The  average  collections 
on  these  lands  did  not  show  much  rise,  the  amounts  being  £1792 
(Rs.  17,920)  daring  the  ten  years  (1837-1847)  before  the  settlement, 
£1693  (Rs.  16,930)  duriog  the  first  ten  years,  £1813  (Rs.  18,130) 
during  the  second  ten  years  (1857-1867),  and  £1839  (Rs.  18,390)  in 
the  Jaat  ten  years  ending  1877.  The  foUoning  tabular  statement 
gives  the  resalts :  • 

Puramdiar  Tillage  and  Revenue,  18S7-1877. 


tsti 

Oorern- 
mant 

TUliwe. 

Wuto. 

Bern  la- 
dona. 

Out- 

Kt^ndlngM, 

CollM- 

tioa>. 

Ra. 
IT,e» 

lfl,932 
IS,  130 
18,SB0 

IBW-IMT... 
IM7-18&T-. 
ISST-WIIT... 
laOT-lBTT... 

U 
IB 
IB 

IC 

Acm. 

W.'JOO 
41,126 
41^430 

A<TCV, 

M4e 
1148 

STS 
214 

Ri. 

isoo 

81 

s 

1 

GSl 

AccordiDg  to  Colonel  Langhton  there  was  a  gradnal  and  steady 
rise  in  collections  natil  1874  when  the  receipts  reached  within  £1  2a. 
(Rs.  1 1)  of  the  botel  survey  rental.  During  the  thirty  years'  lease  in 
the  fifteen  Government  villages  settled  in  1847-48,  population 
increased  from  15,482  in  1847-48  to  18,895  in  1876-77  or  22  percent, 
and  the  density  to  the  square  mile  from  184  to  224  ;  flat  roofed  and 
tiled  houses  mcreased  from  2239  to  2680  or  19*7  per  cent  and 
thatched  honses  from  259  to  298  or  15*1  per  cent;  ploughs  from 
556  to  757  or  36'4  per  cent ;  and  carts  from  60  to  315  or  425  per 
cent  The  'ralne'  of  land  was  very  high.  Though  the  information 
cannot  be  considered  more  than  a  rough  indication  of  the  true 
value  it  is  worthy  of  note  that  in  fifteen  mortgages  sums  ranging 
from  eight  to  420  times  and  in  seven  sales  sums  ranging  from 
seven  to  389  times  the  yearly  land  assessment  were  realized.' 
Subletting  was  common  but  nowhere  for  cash  payments.  It 
was  chie^  on  the  ardhali  that  is  half-share  plan,  by  which  the 
holder  who  paid  the  Government  assessment  exacted  half  of  the 
produce  from  the  tenant,  and  supplied  half  of  the  seed,  and,  in 


Chapter 

Rbvis 
Sdbv 

Purand 
1879 


>  Oil.  LftDghton  hu  aliowii  that  the  B|ipBreiit1j  donUinK  of  the  area  held  for  tillage 
dnriiig  the  firrt  ten  ye»r»  ia  partly  dne  to  the  tonveraoaiAhigtubi  iDto  aerce  at  tte  toV* 
of  (tba  of  an  acre  equal  to  one  higha. 

•  CoL  Laashtva  i&owa  that  thsao  returns  may  mi»l*ad  becauM  ttve  i,i\inK  <m\«t«^ 
M  paid  may  indndo  thv  KcmoaMted  fait«r«st  <A  yean  of  ooteUa^ns  »Awnmte, 


CbApt«r  TItl. 
Luid- 

oMrfAnr, 


tho  cue  of  pardon  land,  bnlf  of  the  coat  of  ropes  and  of  masnre. 
Under  tlie  revision  survey  the  fte»ent«ea  Goverumunt  villiijtvs  wcrv 
srmnffLil  ID  four  {.-lasHes  iritb  hi^ht^st  dry-crup  acre  rate^  of  So.  tvJ., 
3«.  Ot/.,  i}*.,  luid  i..  'J-L  (Ra.  If.  U,  U,  and  IJ).  ITio  efferl  of  t).o 
prapoMuil  setlletnuDl  waa  &u  jucrmtie  uf  4q'7  ovt  cent  and  a  rise^rj 
the  nrenign  ncro  r»te  from  Ic.  jti.  to  If.  Sja.  (8^*11.^  a«.)i. 
details  are  l  Pwvmlimr  Propomd  StttUmtfU.  IS7t. 


CLMt. 

0«m9- 
■ni 
Vn,. 

OnvHuUitin  Dorimiii  L*(b. 

DKlCMt 

ACM* 

Womtttantt- 

Railslon  Suncy. 

UkOM- 



Rtnlil. 

Anb.  'BcMbI. 

m- 

onM*. 

r.     . 
II. 
UL      .. 

IV. 

T(.tal.. 

1 

1 

to 

4 

ITU 

MB 

UM 

ICTM. 

iseo 

MM 

Ra. 
IhlS 

tat 
an 

»4 

1     M 

1    M 

t    • 
1    • 

IT 

$«.te9 

M.«S 

M.TST 

«.«: 

lOT 

Tho  GoT-ernmeDt  unoccopied  waste  was  133  acres  assRs-sed  st 
i2  I8«.  (Its.  29)  or  aa  average  acre  rate  of  5iiL  (31  at.].' 
Government  ordered  thai  the  propose  rates  might  be  adopt^  with 
such  moiiiticatiQus  as  tlif  S  urvey  CommiraioDer  nii^bt  think  occeseaiT'. 
reporting;  thorn  for  tho  KiiDction  of  Goremmont.'  The  detaib  of 
tho  setttemeat  final  1/  sanctioned  are  :* 

Purandhar  RrrisUm  Stttta»<mt.  1870. 


Qovmt* 

Vu.- 

(.dim. 

DiT  Cmar  LAtn. 

Poriaer, 

Ba^ikvi  Burror. 

Clih. 

£*DUL 

PropoMd. 

SwkAmm*. 

Bndft). 

iQOMM. 

ACT* 
BMW. 

IUbIbL 

liKMaM 

Sum 

Rl. 

B>. 

ftoOml 

Ka  %. 

■•. 

ParOMt 

n*. «. 

i. 

IL 

M6T 

inct 

1  u 

1  10 

Si» 

W-1 

(  a 

1  » 

UL 

5 

11.M4 

».TU 

tl-O 

1    1    B 

f    1    0 

[  M.t» 

tit 

1  ID 

IV. 

ms 

UBt 

It 

i   1    S 

(  1   a 
1  « 

{    liM 

u< 

1  • 

T. 

( 

UTS 

ITU 

»« 

ITU 

»1 

I  • 

Tattl  ... 

IT 

is.rsi  ;  -afla 

»« 

w.Ba 

ni 

.., 

The  proposed  dry-crop  rental  wbs  increased  by  £98  (Ra.  980) 
4'14peroent.     The  proposed  water  cess  was  increased  from  1 
to    l(i«.  (lb.  7i-»)    and    the    total   rental    from    Jt&!)0    to    £<V: 
(Rs.  5900-6250),  that  is  a  rise  of  £35  (Rs.  360)  or  5-9  per 
Taking  dry-crop  and  water  mtes  tof^etber  the  proposed  reutal  was 
incroftsed  by  Ij  por  cent.      Coniparod  with  the  former  Etorvoy  t 
aanctiooed  reyision  showed  sn  increase  of  62*8  per  coat. 


ICol,  UngliUm.  Survey  Hupt.  3^  of  9th  April  1678. 

*tiDV.  IUh.  296S  of  llthJima  IftTSj  Mid  Cul.  Aiuleraon,  Sair.  Ctimr  MQorils 
M«y  I8TS. 

■Col.  Langhtou,  Sarv.  SupC  119  oTlit  F(4).  ISTQiC"!.  AndemD.  Sarr.  Onr. 
S70  of  Said  &tit^  l^i^  i  uid  Ovi  .&M.  UW  at  33c<l  Apnl  1S79. 


1 


I 


I 


Tub. 

Ot>nn- 
VIAwO. 

Wula. 

Ksnila- 

•Idihu 

Oiil- 
Maful> 
IngB, 

Cnlloo- 

un-iw;... 
un-n    . . 

1« 

IS 

u 

IS 

la 

A««. 

n.«ia 

*U96 

AOTML 

« 

1 

t 

IS.ISS 

lO.BW 
IB.MM 

Tho  land))  of  tJie  sficoiid  groap  of  eigliteon  GoTommcnt  villagoa 
werecloHe  to  or  tnixud  witlitLeluDilsof  the  fir.st  ^oup.  In  climate, 
Itosbandry,  produetious,  comiimnicwtions,  markctH,  nndimiuiifacturoa 
there  was  no  dUTtiruDce.  'i'be  early  crops  were  44  6  per  cent  of 
which  l-djri  wiui  a4'3  per  cent;  and  tho  lata  crops,  including  8-2 
per  (wnb  of  woHt*  or  fallow,  were  55'4  per  cent  of  wliU-h  43  per  cent 
were  j'tviri,  Thore  were  ten  looms,  one  for  cotton  clotli  and  nine  for 
blankets.  DiiriiiK  the  tliirty-oue  years  of  tho  aetdement  tho  area 
of  amble  w;isto  fell  from  5238  in  the  ten  years  ending  1847,  to  12D3 
in  the  ton  yw*rii  fiiilitig  18^7,  to  404  in  tlit'ton  years  ending  1867,  to 
176  in  the  ten  years  ending  1877,  and  1o  4  in  lJJ77-78L  During  tho 
*<»n  jTMir*  before  Ihe  settlement  (1887.1847)  retnissionfl  amoiintt-d  to 
X404  (Iti.  4040)  which  were  reduced  to  £7  (lis.  70)  in  the  next  ten 
ye«r«.  Tillage  rose  from  20,029  neros  in  the  ton  yoars  Midinff  1847 
to  41,550  ID  tho  ten  years  ending  1377,  and  collectioDS  from  £  1816 
(Hs.  18,160)  iu  the  first  leu  years  of  tho  settlement  <I847-I857)  to 
Xl'JOl  (Rs.  19,610)  in  the  t«Q  years  ending  1877.  The  details  are  : 
■  PurnniHiar  TtUagf  and  Revt*^,  18S7-1878. 

Ca)  Uvoli  btUi  cuiiKit  be  pUutd  In  (lie  nturn  o(  ■»■  brlun  lh>  IntnxlujHIon  ul  Ui«  rerMM  •VT'^r. 
Th«  nmrd  ol  irw  nt  alw.ifm  k«i>l  lo  *iat-Jt,  vhii'h  Iim  hfvii  nirodl  Into  sem  u  |tlia  of  an  tar» 
•o  tf—  ^tQkm.  nil*  M  iMlaDrnat.  tatllu  tiigha  larlHt  aivi)nlli<(ta  Dm  niar*  M  Ihn  anlL  Trvbitiljr 
la  Dm  Mat  UwA  sun  Uw  nwaiiw]  i^nusnicin    wu  Mr  imuiiek.      In  Ui*  puo(  m  ban4  auila   iIk 

tffta  fvpitMBUd  (lm«  or  vutn  MtM.   Ctlotwl  lAoiciUoa.  r«b.  \KV. 

During  tlic  Jint  Bottlotneat  leww  popolatiou  increased  from  Slol 
in  1817-48  to  11,617  in  Itl77.78  or  22^  per  cent;  flat  roofod  and 
tiled  butifM  from  12 19  to  1441  or  18'£  par  cont ;  ctirtH  from  106  to 
232  or  121  per  cent  ;  and  watering  wellsi  from  201  to  275  or  36*8 
percent.  Tluttchvd  housro  dt-eTc«»cd  from  326  to  250  or  23-3  per 
cont ;  farm  cattle  from  4K2S  to  3878  or  1  i)7  per  cent ;  and  ploughs 
front  6ir>  toSOiior  17'y  pur  cent.  Under  thy  ruvision  snrvey  thcfte 
eighteen  GoTornment  Tillages  were  arranged  into  aix  clasnes  with 
highest  dry-crop  acre  rates  varying  from  5n.  6rf.  to  2».  Hd, 
(H«.2)-]|),  Tho  effect  of  the  proposed  Gottlemont  was  bd  increase 
of  31-3  per  cont  exciuHiv»  of  water  cess  or  39  per  cont  iDclusivo  of 
wnter-oMS.  The  avomgo  acre  ruto  rose  from  Is.  \il,  (8|  a»,)  to  1#. 
A\d.  (llj  (!<.).  The  oonsitlernlionH  which  jii.stilied  the  increase  were 
tho  inipn>70Ui«nt  in  c^iinnnint^'ntiunit,  in  thv  prico  of  food  ftrains, 
ouilin  tlio  Talne  of  land.  There  wore  only  fifCy«two  acres  of  rice 
iu  which  a  highott  iK'ro  rato  of  Ititt.  (H«i.  S)  wtts  propr>Sfd,  and  the 
•ctnul  highret  acre  rale  wa»  Sh.  (Its.  3)  and  the  lowest  10J(/.  (7  at.). 
The  averago  acre  rate  amonoted  to  -U.  h\ti.  (Us. 2  a«. 3,^);  all  new 
Hco  land  w«s  B&«es8ed  at  simple  dry'Crop  rates.  Gardeu  land  was 
found  in  every  viiliigo  and  nmounlci)  to  a  total  of  I  V36  acrfs.  For 
tliu  chnnnt-t-wiiUrivd  [lorlion  of  this  land  a  hi>;hcAt  O'.Trti  i-nio  of  1i>h. 
<R«.  8),  ooinbining  soil  and  water,  was  proposed.  The  dtlBLvU  »A  \V«a 
proposed  settleoient  aro; 


dupter  TH 
Li 


EVIMflIP 


SCBTKT. 

/■Uf-OBrfJl 


pipUr  VIU. 
Laud- 

tndkar, 

lino. 


IBomfiajr  Qaiellcer 


l83t]-I8Sa. 


sua 


DISTRICTS. 
FtinwdJiar  iCerliJcM  SrUtmait,  1879. 


(ILUS. 

Borani' 

■■n 

Vlii. 

0*r«uiaK*  ON«na»  \m».                            1 

Ponno  Bofnf . 

BMUM»umr.                    j 

AfW. 

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Ill 
III. 
IV. 

n.     - 

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MI 

m 

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krm. 

MM 

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CM* 

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- 

■  Colond  [MwlitAii,  San.  SnpL  119  «t  tit  F«h.  I87Q. 

«  IEm.  'i\S»  ofaard  April  I8TV.        '  Borm.l'ra.Gui].Ailn.Rep.  for  187»-B0i?>-IL 

*  Mr.  It.  B.  nit.  Am*.  SMpt.  at  Shuvj.  Slit  Joly  1881. 

*0(  thn  I1&3  villa({»  into  whkh  Biirvvjr  rate*  wcro  iiitroilacvd,  «iinjt)*te  itrtkUi 
wcrv  not  AVKiUU*  l»r  Uiiiiy-oigliC  UovaraniMit  luiil  [ony-tityta  aliciuitcil  viU^ft*. 
TlienitooftbeprogroMof  tlio  nurvvy  woj  lailiuwji  Iwlow.  In  183lj-3T, 'Al  tl'xi-ruistiil 
TtlUgM  »V8to  ttsMai  i  ill  1837-35.  -17  ;  in  |i««-39.  Sfi ;  iii  183!'  W.  36  :  ui  IMO-II,  T .  » 
l»il-U,70;lul&42-4S,  ;tU:  lit  1819  44,  SI;  lulMli'),!  ;  in  IMS-4«,2iiii  IMK-47.31; 
UilMT*4B,64:i&lUS^9,2a;ii>]M9-M,S;uit8ai>-3l,ll::;inlUl  AS,6;;  inlSaCMti 


TcD  ucrua  of  Oovtpnicent  arable  wi*sto  wc-ix'  »«si?fKcJ  nt  4jt.  ( Ks.  2) 
or  an  nviimge  afpe  ral«  of  ijc/.  (Uj  n*.).'  'i'lic  propowd  tcttlumnnl 
wtw  suuctioiiix]  ill  April  I87ii  witltiui  iuliiiiutiua  tliul  tbo  ntfw  rat«s 
BboDid  not  be  levied  till  ibe  next  year.' 

In  1K71)-80  tliL'riiirifiill  wa»  21  incbc*  at  Inddpiir.  34  at  I'lttma, 
36it.l  Jiinuiir.  kiid57at  KhadkAU,  but^lic  (:klU  vroru  untitiitly.    'Vhv 
ricfi  and  ottiir  curly  crupa  wert;  dnmu^'t-d  by  drongbt  sod  by  nK 
aad  tlie  onUiirn  wuh  toiddling.     From  thn  niraf^  of  tnta  uaA  from 
want  of  lauislure,  the  Iat«  crop  wa«  only  pitrtial  uicl  tbe  oatluni 
poor.      GiiV(>rumL'Ut  imuctioned  a  paymDot  uC  2*.  (Ko.  Ij  fur  ovory 
tOOnttn  killod  mid  over  SfiO,000  Wtfrorlmtroyod.      Fhiblic  bealtbiras 
generally  good,  except  a  violent  outbreak  of  clioleni  in  PtM)fiH  rit 
wbicb   cHiutcd    over    (500  doalHs.*      TilJygv  fell  frotu   1,8(>I,SJ1 
1,775,553    acrt'S,    collertiitns    rose    from    £104,030    to    *.liO,77i 
(Rk.  IO,U>.:lOO-R9.  n.07,7GO|,  £397<H*.  3ffJ"0)  werw  roioiued.  mi 
£2445  (Ka.  24,4^0]  It-fc  oatetanding.     A.t  loii^pur  tbo  rupee 
of  Indian  millet  rowe  from  about  20  to  IS  pounds  (10-9  thvrs). 

As  many  teirittirial  changes  took  pluce  aft«r  Ibe  first  rereanc 
survey  was  begun  in  18:)(;,  to  dhow  tb©  renult*  of  tbo  narrvj 
settlement^  in  tbo  villagoH  of  the  pn-aont  (1384)  I'oona  distric^j 
Hppciul  rgtiiroG  wt-re  pM-piirwd  by  tie  8urvt>y  depnrtiii^nt  in  ltffJO-dl^| 
'J  hese  leturnH  fibtiw  tliat  tbo  survey  eetiluiAciut  bite  boi-n  introducCi^| 
ifitoOOSj  Government  and  lt>Oj  alienated  riltiigoH  of  tbo  pres0S^| 
Pooua  district  wbicb  contuins  y96i  Governmonl  utid  'i(.t\\  alimalcJ  il 
villiigeK.  Between  l.StJ7  when  ibe  surrey  Ivuhch  of  tbo  iLifforDst 
grutips  bcgao  to  Enll  in,  tip  to  ISSO  wbon  tlio  npei-ini  rt'tiirut>  wtr 
prepared,  roviiied  settlementu  bad  been  iutriNluocd  into  37 
Got'i-rninunt  iind  twvuo  ulicntttud  rillagea.' 


eat  , 


5^- J 


DuccaD  I 


POONA. 


mf 


I 


> 


I 


16  retorns  for  964.1  Oovernmcnt  viltagea,  for  whicli  comploto 
retails  weru  uvailablc,  ttliuw  tbat.  coinjiarcil  -vrilfa  the  avernf^e  of  tlie 
t«n  years  befure  th«'  anrvey,  tho  avovage  for  the  whole  period  during 
wbicli  thetttirvuj  sitttloDivut  was  iu  furco  xIiowk  a  fall  iu  wn^te  frcin) 
&20,8&7  to  141,623  acrus  or  73  per  cent  and  iu  rt'iuismous  from 
£25,717  to  ia012  (H».2,.'>7,I7l)-K«.  20,120)  or  92  per  cent,  aud  an 
increase  in  occnpied  laud'  from  1,071,S8&  to  1,794,197  acre*  or  07"-t3 
per  ceut,  and  iii  colleotions  from  £7r^,.'>^2  to  £91,5U(i  (Ita.  7j&5.0SO- 
lta.9,l5,8G0)  or  21  per  ccnt^,  Compared  with  tliL- tun  years  before 
tho  fiurrcy,  the  fig-urcs  for  1 879-1^9  ttlmw  a  fill!  iu  wa^te  from  .>26,W57 
to  1M,583  ttCTCB  or  60'7pi'r  cent,  imd  iu  ruuiiiteiuus  from  £25.717 
to  £303  {Rs.  2,57,170  -  Rs.  SySU)  or  08-17  per  cent,  and  an  increaso 
in  occupii>(l  land  from  1,07 1,585  to  ],855,7l>&  iKrv«  Or  73-18  per  ceut ; 
and  iu  collections  from  £75,S92  to  £102,415  (Rs.  7,55,920- 
R«.  10,24,i:>0)  or  35-48  per  cent.  Tli«  rMtiirus  fur  lliJJ  surveyed 
alionitLed  villages,  for  wliii^h  coTiip)«>tfl  detnilH  Kova  nvailnble,  show 
ibat,  coiii|Ji*n;<l  with  tbo  ten  years  l>i-ft'r*'  tho  siirvt-y,  tho  nvorage  for 
the  wholo  surepy  period  shows  »  fall  in  waste  fixtm  21,5i)0  to  73S2 
acres  or  G'yH  por  cent  nml  in  rvmiKsions  from  1.5(>30  to  t2-lo 
(Rs.  IJO,300  -  lis.  2450)  or  tJo'Q  per  cent;  an4  an  increBSo  iu  (iccupitid 
land  from  200,727  to  27(f.l  1 4acrc«  or  37'5  per  cent,  irnd  incollocliona 
fr..tni:M,4P8  to£l7,tiI4  (Rs.  1,-H.ySO- Re.  1,70,1 40)  or  21-49  per 
(Wilt.  Compared  with  tbo  ton  ycnrs  before  tho  siirv(?y  tho  fibres  for 
UtVO-SO  show  a  fall  in  waste  fjom  21,590  to  GD29  ncnv  or  72 
per  ceaL  and  in  rE>nuBitioiis  from  £A680  to  £1 1  (lis.  5MO0  -  Rs.  1 10) 
or  99'80  per  cont,  aud  an  inoresse  in  occupii^'i]  html  fruni  :^0O,727  to 
iJ77,ti07  acres  or  33-30  per  cent,  nnd  in  collections  fmm  JE14,498  to 
it]7,G14  (RK.I,'t».l)80-R».h,7«,H{f)or21-4y  p..Tcent.  TliofoHowing 
stateuiODl  &howH  for  tJie  GoTemtncnt  and  the  uUuimted  or  iniitn 
vilisfjea  of  oiich  ^nb-division  tho  chief  clianpoi*  in  tillage  area, 
reniisdiuna,  collcvlions,  and  outelaudiaga,  kiucu  tbo  iutroductioa  of 
tbe  rtjvenno  eurvi'y  t* 


13ft:  la  19ca-r>4,  IMi  in  I8H-S5,  4;  in  1 834-57.  SS  ;  in  ISET-SK,  I  ;  bi  IS.tSfit.ri 
ill  Ifl'^itl,  Siiu  l8«l<69,IO;liilS6&-U9,3;liil»(i9.7«.};i»l(iT;t-7t.  »;i<i  IS74  75,  S  | 
t<>tal<luvrniu>«otvai>Ke«992t.  In  1937-36onciillrutcdvillHt;v  vacsuctlc-liiTi  llj4l-4^ 
3:uilS4-J-43.  liiMlMG-47.  liinl»47^«,  1  ;in  IMS-l?.  1:  In  ISS-J-A3.  :tiinlSM'A4, 
2;  til  l&M-U,  9:  in  IS.'Hi-Ai.  (I;  in  16»7'.'^8.  '.' ;  iii  IMtiAfil,  2  :  in  l»(H)-lll,l;  til 
ISSI-DS,  2  :  ill  ISGH-M,  1 1  :  Iu  ISM-IU.  4H  :  iu  l94:3-fi(>.  I  ;  iu  IM(J-0O,  M  ;  m  1:^1)9- 70^ 
101:  i»I87l)-;i.S:  in  I87l-;2.3i  in  lS7i-7r,.  V2:  in  187^-7(^2:  in  1**"9  8(>.  4:toUl 
alisatUdrUbgca.  ISUf  :  bouX  tiovtrnmoit  mnd  alicnaUd  nlUoci  USX  'l-be  reviwd 
■urveTMtCbiiieiitwuiDtroduMdiol887-(8iii76Ut>v»rnaiantviiUgM:tnl97l-7f  tnMt 
■D  1873-74  mlTSJi  in  l»;4-7A  in  1^  i  in  IST.VTti  in  I! :  in  1878-79  in  94  ,-  in  I87!>-80  in 

III  ;  total (lovuniineDt  villagi^a  37(1^.  Tlir>  nviiwl  Burrcj:  •cttlctiient  »>•  iiitroihlcoil 
■u  MTVcn  >li«n>t<d  villa^ua.  niiu  In  ItUiT-CiS,  one  in  liFTI-TS,  two  iu  I&7n-74, liolf  is 
18T4-7A.  liaU  in  ISTS-TO.  ^ikI  twu  in  1870-80. 

I  tioTvminwit  mill  ikli«niiuxl  (K;<.-u[ii(4  luiil  in  G<>v<inini«iit  villugv*.  ThcbUiN 
w»M«  i*  S83,23lw:rni  wliilo  the  iacraMe  in  oac«pictl  An*  i*  10,612  kiub.  Tliu 
diserapMicy  i*  ilao  Ui  iuii>erfovt  iiiHfliiraiicotB  la  (uriiMir  jrmn. 

■  la  UiiitUt«uM;ullMi{i}n)  Survey  iGcam  thr  si-ntAjtu  of  the  I«d  yean  licfoci!  the 
leruRUe  xuvwy  •olUvaiienl.  nnd  Purvey  niuutin  ihv  avarec*  *■'  tli«  wtiu*  pcriud  duting 
wkieli  tin  original  aud  Tsi-i«x)  ravcaoe  nir>-<i)'  Mt«s  wen  a  force. 


ChaptMVlU 
Xituid- 

BttRVBT  Kiscui 
1096- 1690. 


■ 

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^                   tSomb*7  Oastten!^! 

^^^^ 

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Pona  Samy  fi»wA«.  JSX-19S0. 

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In  1K80'K1  the  Riinfall  n-^  IS  inclica  ftt   Indltpiir,   20  nt    I'ooiut 

f 

18  at  Jnniiar,  and  3C  at  Kliadkftla.     Oo  the  whole  the  raiofsll  was 

1 

considerably  bctoir  the  avctrs^^o ;  but  oxcopt  in  the  veatem  sob- 

1 

diviBloiiH  and  in  north  and  west  Puraodhar,  tho  earlj*  crops  were  t«ii. 

^^^^L 

A  seasonable  fall  in  iSeplL-mbfr  caused  a  f^ood  late  harvest  (•very<^ 

^^^^^1 

where  except  in  Simr.     The  scanty  rainfall  occasioned  a  tlruugh^J 

^^^^1 

during  the  hot  weather  in  parts  of  the  district,     I'liblic  health  wa^f 

^^^^H 

eetierally  good,  but  cholera  prevailed  to  a  slight  extent  in  Ilaveii," 

L 

Purandliar,  aud  ilflvol,  causing  401  deaths.*      Tillage  rose  Fn>ti 

1 

1 

1  Soox.  rie*.  GfiuU  Adiu.  Eq>.  fur  ISSO^l,  S&-&1. 

OMC&n-l 


1,775,553  to  1,777,163  acres  and  eolIeclioDB  from  £110,776  to 
£112,780  (R«-  ll,07,7i30  -  Ra.  11^7,900),  £133  (Ra.  1350)  were 
remitttx],  nud  XI231  (itti.  I2,»10)  leftoulataudiug.  At  lodilpur  the 
rupee  prico  of  ludinn  nullet  fell  from  about  18  to  28  pouuda  (9-14 

altera) . 

*  In  1881.83  llie  rainfall  was  25  inches  at  lodApur,  2^  at  Pooan,  22 
at  Jtrnnar,  58  at  KbaiUuLla,  and  2li'52  ovei>  the  whole  district.  In 
June  the  raiphll  was  short  iii  the  weat  and  good  in  the  east  wbero 
the  sowiujt  of  the  eiirly  or  tAflfi/ crops  was  begun.  In  July  the 
£aU  was  nliuudaut  e«peci»lly  in  the  centre  and  east,  and  xowiufif  was 
^Koeral.  In  a  low  JuDiiar  and  Khml  villaecs  the  early  or  kharif 
^Baps  were  slightly  injui-ed  by  iusects  which  tlio  people  called  nose- 
cultcrs  or  xnihlodna.  Ovc-r  the  whole  district  the  outturu  was  about 
ft  three.<)aarter9  crop  (12  a*.).  The  late  or  rtihi  crops  were  sevea- 
oighths  (14  Its.)  of  a  full  crop  in  ludApur,  aud  three- fourt-luj  (12  lU.) 
in  BfaitDtliadi.  Pm-anAhnr,  and  Sirar.  G^rass  and  water  were  plentiful 
in  lud^pur,  hut  wuul  uf  water  waa  t'vit  in  Ubioithadi,  Uavelij  Juanur, 
and  part  of  ruraodhar.     The  ludilpur  cotton  was  ahoot  a  three> 

quiirtera  (12  iM,)  crop.  Tillage  ro^  from  1,777,163  to  l,78lJ,l)<J* 
acres  and  colkclions  from  JW  12,790  to  £115,069  (R«.  11,27,900 - 
Es.  11,.'>0,<S90),  £339  (Rs.  S390)  w<'re  «-mitieJ,and  £282  {Bs.  2820) 
left  outstanding.  At  ludttpur  thu  rupuu  prico  of  Indian  millet  full 
from  about  28  to  50  pounds  (14-25  »Af)r«). 

In  1882-83  the  minMI  vns  27-82  inches  at  Ind^pnr,  36-23  at 
Poona,  33-99  at  Jannar,  80-S7  at  KhadkAla,  and  3593  over  the  whole 
district.  The  early  ruins  were  good  BOd  general.  lu  Hnveti, 
incbiding  the  Mulshi  p«tty, division,  excessive  rain  at  the  hurst  of  the 
mORsooD  destroyed  Mnoe  dams  and  washed  away  rioe-BO«d.  lu 
the  rest  of  the  west  toe  early  harvest  was  good  ;  in  the  e&at  the 
early  harvest  waa  lair,  about  a  three-eighths  (ti  oa.)  crop.  The  late 
harvest  was  nearly  ruined  bat  waa  saved  by  a  hoavy  fall  late  in 
November,  and  yielded  from  a  five-eighths  to  a  eereu-ei^hthi 
(10-14  (IS.)  crop.  Except  iu  Indapur  and  Bhimthadi,  from  the  end 
of  September,  locusts  destroyed  from  a  sixth  to  a  qanrter  of  the  crop. 
Tbo  daniH|:fo  wah  most  sorioua  in  tho  western  MArals  where  the 
WcAnt,  tdi-i,  and  other  hill  grains  suffered  severely.  Tillage  fell 
from  l,78(i,0&4  to  l,77o.5ay  acres  and  collections  fpom  £115,009 
to£108,672  (K«.  I1,50,IJIH)-IU  10,36,720),  £10,865  {Ra.  1,08.650) 
were  remitted,  and  4190^  (Rs.  <J4}60)  left  ontstaoding.  At  Inditpar 
the  rupee  price  of  Indian  millet  loll  from  about  50  to  62  ponnds 
{Zb-Z\ghers), 

In  ]888-84  tho  minrult  was  37-48  tuchca  at  Ind^pnr,  47-42  at 
Poona,  37'5S  at  Junnar,  7314  at  Rhndkilla,  and  40  91  over  tho 
whole  district.  Tlio  Eall  wn«  ubimdant  cxcupt  in  Klivd,  tChndtcitlii, 
and  tho  petty  divtHions  of  Mulshi  and  Amh^giion.  In  tho  plain  or 
de»h  vtlbixi-.t  of  Juniinr  a  heavy  arid  timi-ly  minrall  favoured  the 
early  or  lli'irif  cnipi  Thoy  wero  Blightly  injiinxl  by  excessiro 
damp  in  September  and  October,  and  the  hdjri  was  tinged  red.  The 
outturu  w»«  about  a  threu-fouxlba  (12  a*.)  erep.  In  Bhimthadi  and 
Indtipur  the  late  harvest  suffered  from  exoossiTe  rain  in  October  and 
did  not  yield  more  thao  a  half  (3  as.)  crop.     Except  in  Ind^por 


Cliapter  Til 
land. 
Taa  Kai-riHi 


18St-£S. 


tSSM-SS, 


ISS3.S4. 


[Bombay  GucttMr. 


SI  2 


DISTniCTS. 


liftpt«r  VIII. 

183T-I8»t. 


ISS-t. 


locasts   were  eTorywh^^PO  ia  tho  district  hat  did  littlo  barm.'    At 
Iudit|)i:r  tltc  nip«e  pricu  of  lodiaa  millet  foU  from  about  62  to  ' 
pouudH  (31-S2  JvVnj. 

The  following  itAtemest'  shows  the  av«i1nhle  jeiirl/  gtatisticv  of 
minfal),  jtricon,  tillage,  and  land   rtivenao   during  tbe   fortjr-ser 
jean  ending  18d3-d4i: 

Pona  Tillaff*  and  Kernuit,  l8i?JS&f. 


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1 

The  object'  of  the  proaiot43r9  of  the  a(rriciiltiirAl  btuik  schnx 
ia  to  form  an  naaoci&tion  of  locnl  moneylenders  sad  othen  *lx' 
will  ftdvanco  niouey  at  a  comparalivcjly  low  rale  of  iotermi  not  » 
oxc<?cd  twelve  per  cent  to  landltolilers,  vrho,  though  hamporad  bf 


'  UaUlla  Te^rding  iMnuta  an  givMi  ftbova  utidtr  Agrinltar*  CbAp.  IV, 
*  (imin  prioM  w*n>  •unpliMl  by  th»  Coll«oto4F.  1011  of  Wk  F«l).  ISU . 
■Mr.  Moore  CS.CoUectorolPocmji,  18S4. 


Smciiii.1 


POONA. 


debt,  aro  not  insotvent.  It  is  proposed  that  as  a  preliminary,  au 
ezperiunccd  covonantud  revenue  officer  bo  nppoiiitud  to  iu({uirv  into 
the  conilition  of  the  landholders  of  tlie  Purandhar  sub-di^nnioo.  All 
wlio  are  hopclc^tsly  insolvent  i?ill  be  put  od  ono  ndo  and  with  such 
tlia  bank  will  have  no  ilealinga.  As  regards  otbun,  the  »pi:cuil  offioor 
will  eodenvour  to  effect  a  compromi^o  with  the  oredirnrit  for  tbo 
seltiwment  of  old  debts.  If  ho  can  succeed  in  comiug  to  terms  with 
ill©  creditors,  they  will  bo  paid  in  laonoy  down  from  the  Governnioot 
treaMuiy  in  satis^^tiuo  of  u.11  claimti,  aad  tbo  dubu  will  form  a  reat 
charge  on  the  lands  of  the  debtors,  second  to  the  Govemmetit 
assoDsment.  The  iDatalmenia  are  to'be&xod  at  a  Tonsonable  amount 
including  interest  at  niue  per  cent,  with  a  sinking  fund  of  l^ree  per 
eent  to  extinguiiib  the  original  debt.  Tho  rent  charge,  it  is 
Bnggestcd,  should  be  taken  orer  by  tlio  bank,  who  would  repay 
Government  the  amount  advanced  to  meet  old  dobts  and  would 
make  loans  to  agriculturiata  for  improvements,  for  cattle,  luid  for 
seed ;  provided  the  aocurity  is  sufficient,  and  proviiiod  Uiut 
Government  consent  to  sncb  toann  forming  a  lien  on  the  crop  to  be 
recoverable  as  arrears  of  laud  roveuue.  'l*he  louna  would  be  made 
on  inortgag*a  exocut<<d  by  tbtf  agricultorisis  receiving  thom  and  the 
money  advanced  would  nob  exceed  6U  per  cent  of  the  full  value  of 
the  security.  It  is  believed  that  Ibe  scheme  is  being  delayed  owing 
to  doubts  oa  the  part  of  the  Ciovcrumeat  of  India  of  the  wisdom  of 
recovering  loans  made  by  the  bank  as  arreani  of  land  revenue. 


Chapter  VI 
Land- 

AflaiccLTvii 


Accoant  Boolu  :  103. 

AcquiatioQ :  Itsi7.i868),  aio. 

Ada  Shihia  :Bijiirtirklnf(»  (1490-1680). 22a-238, 

Admiaiatratlve  EcforBH : «( iladhnvrnv  fwbwit 

lliei.  1772).  253. 
Adfanoes  :  10  likndhoUora,  JS3. 
Aftolkllin  :  marder  (IQGe)  of,  338. 
AgatM  1 985  vMa  9. 

AgricnltaraJ Banks;  si2-r>i3. 

Ahmadnigai  -  (■."iKiiua  (U90)  of,  cei ;  Ull  (1036) 
ot,  234;  plirndtrwl  (1857)  by  Shlv4jl,228,  (IflMJ, 
231 ;  betnycH  ( I75S|  futo  lim hnndi  of  tha  Peafawa. 
WB;  Nin»  FaJnavii  iiii|)ri«uiiod  1I797J  in,  27S. 

Al&nd-din  Ehilji:  Delhi  ampwor  (ISM.  1316), 
215  noto  i 

AU«D*t9d  rUl«gM:  (1884).  3)3-313. 
AmbCgaon :  mt  ley.  455  ■  437. 

AmboU  tput,  ifii. 

Ammnnitiwta  :  Sbivdjrs  suiipiy  of,  22s.. 
Auritrilv  :  lUjirlv:!  btOf  brothor  (1707),  376,  S7& 
3S2.  -2^3. 

AnsndibfU:  RaghuntthrdT's  wife.  £in>2S6. 
Anaadvsli  :  ttafthonitUirAi'  kt  (1764),  £52 
Andsnoo:   Mr.  Uarid,    Englbh    phuipoUnti&ry 

(1TS2),  2G7. 
Andttrabhritja  :  mc  Slatkuni. 
Angria :  EoUU  ohUf  (1713),  £42. 
Arable  Land;  a. 
Arac  -  liatttc  <1775)  ot.  SS9. 
*«.%illrhiTi  :  governor  oi  Juniiur  (Ues- 1474),  218. 

Ashok ;  odiati  at  (b.o.  2M),  S12. 

AlhU  -  battle  ( 1S181  «f,  30.1. 

AasenmMt:  (1S20.2l).367. 

AUiaoasios  HikiClB:  BuMiu  trkTtOlcr  (I4€8- 
14741,  -JIS. 

Anrangteb;  Mo^iliol  Vioura/  (1650))  inralted 
(1657)  by  ShivAji:  emperor  (ia^7')T0T):  liU 
n*n  >ltaini(t  BijApor;  avudt  11003)  &  lurgv  >rmy 
■fftiiut  ShivAji  i  londa  A  Mcand  Mmy  (16M) ; 
UkM  Shivdji  into  impvrul  ssrvlod ;  iitvitei  (l66Sj 
8U<iii  U,  DcOii  i  UvicB  a  poll-but  (1694) ;  kit 
nwcli    tbrongb   tk«    Dtccan ;    encuM*   <lO60t 


Samhhiljl ;  WU  at   Voom   [H 
PuniBUijiir  J   his  death  (1707),  I 
Avijtt:  iwu,  151. 

B. 

Babiropant:Sh&bu*amini»t«r<171sj 

Babmanis ;  Mnulman  lungi  ol  tbo  E 

I4TO),  2l.'i-2I3.  1 

B&ji  Ghorikade  ^  kilUI  l.y  Sblriji  (ig 

Biji  Mobitc:  msnuKvr  [IC47)  of  8upi| 

BAji  PrabllQ :  uumiiuunlact  (I06S)  d 

2J1.  j 

B^tr&v  I.:  woona  Podiwa  (17»-I7| 

Ilia  fmtbar ;  loads  an  anny  iato  KbiaJ 

to    SaUra  ;    bla  unliitiona  daatgnal 

orer  his  rival  Trim  Ink  rir   IHUtUdn 

Dakahinii  fund  :  liii  niiuecu  in  Nortll 

CMS  of  hia  bratbvr  CliiinD^i    In  ijj 

d««tt) ;  olisnctar,  -213.244.  1 

B^kiT  II.  t    ninth  Vtmhwa  (IJiW-U 

prUoii«d  hy  NAun  iu  the  fort  od  Jul 

hi*  cnnditiun  ;  Niina'a  intrifittaa  for  pi 

■cMMioo    to    th«    Podtwaahip   mi  \ 

MAHbavTAT  |1774.l7«9)i  Bljtntv  « 

help  i  deaorta  Siadia  io  favour  of  Nio*; 

CUmndJl  ia  raitMl  to  ttur  faahtruhii^ 

miliifter ;  NUia'*  tclipmis  to  rcatoK  1 

it  aenl  to  North  India  by   BAIoIm  Titlj 

mittotcT  i  IMjirdr  ia  lironi^t  back  t| 

PwhvpA  :  aptiolata  Nina  hia  piiiiia  tnj 

prtndplca  which  giiido  hU  Ronduotf 

Sindia  *nd  Nina  ;  Nlna'a  hooa*  ■•  pld 

JHuA  Mnt  to  Akmadoagar  tort  :  hiaj 

Amritriiv  Iweoain  prinw  minister  t  9 

den  (1707)  Pooua  -.  duordm  ia  rood 

art  Ttm)  Bod  a  laitutt-d  to  h««One  BU 

niinUtcr ;    Kln»'»   d««th  ;  Bfiiriv    ^ 

rnvrngt  hy  throviuj   Into   confinami 

ftrnoar  lupportert  :  BajirlT  eatinly  H 

of  Stadia ;  bit  cmoltiM  And  gcuonl  \ 

Ynthvaatrlv  Holbar't  hrotlicir  ViUiojl 

to  death  And  hi*  nopbew  it  ini|iriaoiicdl 

YaahvanlriT  maisihot  oa  Pm>iu  aiiO  < 

rlv  aad  SiniMa  ;  Hijintv  Dm*  t« 

to  Riypd.Ba.iajniiAw*,**'^ 


ll 


INDEX. 


iloa  Into  tbt  tff*tj  ol  Da^Biq ;  General  Wol- 

y*a  mrab  to  Pmiw ;  lUjittv  U  r«*Mt«d ; 
Jitton  of  tb*  Dwam  (IMS- 1608)  ;  Mtinuto  of 
djiiiv'*  obtrKUT  l>y  !Mr  Juoei  MMluntovb, 
Lord  Tklentift.  Mr.  Elphinatoito,  ami  (rfisMkl 
W«Um1«j  ;  Ilia  ilif  I«}-a)tf  to  tlio  Eugliili  ;  raiMi 
■  bilgkilitot  NktiialniuitrT  ;  lUjintv'a  kdviaar, 
TrimbAkJi  UcnitlU :  (treiiirthciui  )ii*  forcA  :  inlln- 
4>lio«  lit  TMuibakji  in  BAjirar'i  mart ;  ii  hatlBtvd 
Dy  ths  gbost  of  NfcmyuirAv  Poabn  nlia  vta 
ikDti]«Md  liy  tui  fatliur :  planta  ■ei'enl  huiiilrvd 
bouauid  moi^  iMca  k|>p*r«nUj  to  got  rid  o(  tbe 
bo«t :  bii  intngnai  RgainM  tbe  >:ii|tUih  ;  adjuat- 
BUt  of  h»  ctnim*  oil  tllo  Ctitkvir ;  Oan^pliliAr 
.  iarootMi  nwttwof  Gugidhw  Sbntiri  : 
r.  Elphiiutotw  dMBUdi  Ilia  sumndwuf  Trim- 
kjl  DamliA  i  Bditt*v'«profaMiwieotreg»fdto  ttie 
Engliab;  ohciuubm  «  league  aKkfut  Uw  Eaglutt ; 
itVftniod  liy  Ur,  KIpliinstoDC  wlio  d«n>uid«  the 
■iirrvndorofTrlRibakli  ;  treaty  nf  I'ticeia;  mooaana 
for  irmifaiDK  th«  l'i>Rdhtria;  .SirJobn  M&ltultn 
mei'U  BijirAv  at  M&hali  :  lUpu  Ookkalo  lUji- 
rAv'e  oliiet  advuMr  i  BAjirAv'a  attcinpto  to  murdot 
Mr.  ElplilnitoDe  I  pro]iuatlaiie  lor  tlie  niptai*; 
battio  of  Kirkce  (1917);  BAjinkv's  dofwt ;  Pooaa 
aarrcndtred  i  Bitjinlv'a  tligUt  i  ia  iraraued  by 
(t«Deral  Smith  ;  fight  at  Konc*mi  ;  Sitin  pro- 
oUinatioa ;  taU  of  all  the  Poons  forta  ■  battio  of 
AahU :  Bijintv'B  lUglll ;  eumiudcre  to  Sir  John 
M«loo!m,  ?:il-303. 
D6kthiDdsba]ub  -  auaa  gtrcn  to  Sinhpul,  240. 
B^^  I-:  Dm  roaliwa  (ITU-HSOj  ;  wly  Uft; 
UeriM;  rivalry  iritli  Chaodraa^n.  SLilhu'i  coni' 
niandcr-in-cliicf  i  fl«a>  to  Siariiil;  liia  ponloui 
wndltioD ;  ia  ilifniiied  by  Shiliu  witii  tha  title  of 
Sona'lKLrt  or  nrmy.^ent ;  Ja  impriidiMd  by 
Damlji  Tbortt ;  Ida  rdetue ;  squxm  agaiiwt 
Aogria;!*  kppAinUd  Peabwai  ia  praMntod  tbe 
fort  ol  Puranilhar  l>y  Iha  I'ant  Sachivi  goM  to 
VcM  to  aaiiil  tlio  Syoda ;  obtains  for  Sbtbu 
t>ir««  Impoiial  grant*  fAaiitA.  tanieAmiJtM,  and 
tvamjt  T«o«l*vo  Mv«nl  dlatriota  iioar  Pooua  in 
peraoHBl  jOjfr  :  death.  241  Q43. 
Bh^itl  :  thirJ  Po«liwa(i;40-ITCl):»u<)c«!d<biB 
faljicr  :  Improvct  th«  civil  adniiiiiatratioii ;  ttratb 
of  Sh&lia  I  Biurpa  tho  «olo  AQthority  ;  i»  oppOMid 
by  TUibii  j  n»kc«  Pooua  tbe  capital  of  tho  Ma- 
rltlia  omptie  i  qDamU  with  bit  coiuiii  tSadfinlilv. 
rir  i  tbeir  rooonciliation  :  ioiprUona  tlio  IJiiikvitr 
■ud  IMbbido  familiei  in  Lobogad  :  bia  wnn  with 
|fto  MeglwU  lupporttd  by  the  Frcadi :  the  Mo. 
ghola  atlai.'k  tho  Maritha  camp  at  Kiijlpiu',  f\ua- 
dor  mujangaon  and  iluatmy  T&li-gAuig  l>&bliide ; 
B*Uji  l<ukd*  BD  &rniy  iiito  tho  K&niUafa  ;  Dualji 
I  riloa""*  on  condition  of  paying  n  triboto  to  the 
shwwi  eipeditiona  in  Onjudt;  conm  iuoou- 


tact  vltli  tho  Bugluh  !  cnten  utto  n  treuy  i 
Uui  Bogliab  I  aond*  an  army  to  niadmtin  «lddl  ' 
broahl  Uio  power  of  Ahmad  Ahdallt ;  lemli  iitA 
an  army  into  tho  KariUtAk  :  aditu.la  towanklh* 
BagUdi ;  hia  intri^-un  al  tti«  llai^lanbad  OOWl  i 
(aDuly  fonila:  war  witfa  tho  NisAm ;  Uttla  o( 
t'dgin  batUo  of  Pioipat;  dmth ;  chanrtn, 
S«4-S1M. 

BiUJi  JuArdaa  :  mm  Nina  Padi»ria. 
UU^pOOt  Nita  :  Mr.  ElpbinMODa'a  friead, . 
B&loba  TAtfa  :  Sindla^   olBeet   (ITM),   97l> 

l!:fl,  T.if.  iWO. 
Bftnkvrt'  lOl-lOS. 

fi&pQ  Bhill(riA:  K.itl  rebel  |IU1),  SOT-SOeL 
Bipn  Qokbide  ;  M>niUiMccuiiiande((l9l&-lSl7), 

S06,  29S,  it?a,  SOS. 
BAr&mati:  iBrvcy.  4M.4U. 
Baroelor  ■■  plundorvd  (1«m)  by  Sbinji,  23L 
Barley ;  xrain.  41. 
BArti :  K>^n,  34. 
BaiWiHi  oaptwod  (l7Sn)  by  OoaonJ  Oaii 

2Q6  :  treaty  (1803)  of,  382-283. 
Beam-liuTow :  deU  tool.  e. 
BedUi  Buddhiat  iuKuripttona  {a.p.100-2iXIi,! 

213. 
Betel  Vinu   49. 
BhidftlT&diaimrvoir  ntt  27. 
Bbidli  :  grain,  36. 

Bbagra  Jhenda  :  Sliiritji'a  mOroit  laiuiM>' 
Bbagvinlil  Iiidinji:  Pandit,  31 1  MrtcS. 
BtlfUltULrkrU- :  IToftaeor,  2tl  notoftSll. 
Bbati '  f*  Kolanib. 

Bh&u  Khar« :  BrilitoMi  rebel  (ISSe),  M7. 
fiha,yani-  SbivA]l't  goddota,  S2S)  hie  ewaid,' 

note  4. 

Bhimiahimlatt  ■  p«<*,  ISI  t  boUnoM  ol,  Sll  and 
nolo  I. 

Bbimtltadi:  *urvay.  393,  3D3.  »«,   416-41*.  410, 

421,  42&-4-J6,  177-i«l. 
Bbojast    Hmdn   kiagi  of  the  Koiiik«iilA.B.ie», 

213  and  iiot«a  1  and  A. 
BhODBles  :  ori|:in  nf  the  family.  223. 
B^&PU:  war  ati>iii>t  (16(»>,  SS4i  fall  of  lltfSfh 

338. 

Black  gram :  pnlw,  44. 

Black  soil* :  4. 

Blights    sa 

BoBlhk7  Bank :  br>a«b  of  tb«,  101. 

Bonds-  money  Ion  dora',  I2S. 

Eor-  pua,  lfiO.15.1.    uld  trade   IB.C-IOO-. 

along,  311. 
BOrl :  •nr»ay,  US-^. 

Borrowers ;  I06  133. 

Botanical  Gudeoa-  ot  Gueab  Kkind,  77-W>. 
Br&limailV&dl:  anrtvy,  448-430. 


finkss  Work :   wurk'neD,   toobi^  pvocow,  MtielWi 
<iluiij{T«  intrado,  1;4>1S9l 

Sri(;a4e:  of  natiw  inUutr)-  (13131,  291. 
British:  kml  hiitui-y  umlcrthc.  341.513, 
British  MfLnBgement  (iai7-18S4):  3M.305. 
Brokers:  i**.'. 

•Brown  Hemp:  tiUngn  of,  46. 
Bit  Jdliism :  inftucncD  at  (tuc.  M}),  212. 

BalbTegetablflS:  sa-si. 

Bnngalows:  travcll<;n'.  158. 

Burr-  f''i-w\  (I8171,  3()0-3ai. 

Btuey:  FrenohgNienl  (I7:ill.  24iK 

Bjrfleld  -  Mr.  Tlonu,  vioiteii  ( I'M)  Pooiu,  217. 

Cunp :  itABoription  of  m.  Martltlift,  384  KOt«  I. 
CampbeU;  Mr.  Joba  M.,  149  ncrt»  I. 
Cmaii-  i&-!24, 
Capitalists:  07 -100. 

■  Carnac'  Uc.  KueliHUo<iiniuftiid«r(i;78},  iSi-SM, 
Carrot  ■  Krowing  of,  M, 
Cartt:  »  10,  424. 
Castor  8e«a  ■■  tillA({«  of,  4,v 
Caveat  Bmifiht«,  |*.rx  100.200).  212.313. 
Cay:  Cotonel,  ICnglUb  canmuuiiler  (1776).  S63-9M. 
Ceuas  ■  fuuin«  (ISTTI,  82, 
C«r«&ll-  35-41. 
Ctnn  ■■  3^  >"><«  1.  368,  416. 

IChikan:  miliury  port  (j+43).  217:  oaptvrad 
(UOO)  kyMulllc  Ahmiui.a-S);  (10471  by  ShlTijl 
SaeillWKl^'y  tlia  MokUI..  230  j  mtoreddec?) 
to  Shivlji,  235;  ngoin  cnptared  (ICTI]  by  tbo 
Uo(ihiila,  3X6  :  B«l>«nlT  Pbadke  commmawit  o( 
tha  Pcsliwfi'i  honKelioM  tiiKtp)  iiiipruoned  {179ft| 
in,  273  :  dcf^c  (181B)  of.  SOS. 
Chalokjas:  Uindu  dyaMtio)  (CAO-T60),  Sll  and 
uotc  t. 
CbaDdraacn  Jiidh.\T  ■  Sliiliu'a  ooixiinftnd«r-iii. 
oliiFJ,  (ITtll),  ';4I, 

Channel  -■  irtipai<m.  14. 

Cbaracter:  BAjinv  I.'*,    244;    Billilji   11. 'a,  SSOi 

U«dhBVt4T'a,    Z^4;    KtU-Aynnrftv'*,     Ufi6;     Nina 

^     Fadnavb',  272.280;  BdiiiAvIl.'i.    £74.  388  ud 

H     uolM  1  uvd  2,  303  ;  CvUin«l  OoM't,  SM  &nil  not* 

"       I. 

Chataraphana:  Andlinbbntya  kinn  (A-t>.ao>,  Sia. 
Quntll  :  MankcU  lovy,  334,  S»»,  Ml,  H3. 
CliiTand:  f>ll  (1818)  d,  SOX 
tCliavli  r  puli'^.  43. 4S 

[ciuUles-  iilUg«u(,  CI. 

jiApa:    Bajintv  BalUI'i  llTSO-lTiOl  bro- 
ber.  913-M4. 

mmndol  JAdbav  i  Brihsum  nbel  (ie3»),  307. 


:   eighth    Feabwa   (174 
477,  481.  501.  503.  Bl 


Cbimnilji  H^bavTAT 
27-;  274. 

Cholera:  34.S,  46!l,  476. 
£10. 

Clay  flgorea :  nwhiug  of.  202  ■  201. 

Gierke;  Mr.  \V..  14  note  I,  SO,  25.  SS.  27. 

Close  ■■  Colonel,  British  Resident  at  Poaiu 
•:^I.  285,  SSOl 

Coats:  I>T.  (1819),  110,  127  note  1. 

Cochineal   iuscct,  M. 

Cockbnm :  (XJoaol,   Rngli-h  coamatidor 
261 .264. 

Coffee :  pxperimeota]  onldvation  of,  63-64. 

Coins  :  Stidtkarni  {jL.a.  IfiO),  21.1. 

Combs:  making  of,  201 -SOS. 

Complainta :  s^iut  moneylendent,  127-1 

Condimetits:  tiling*  of,  50 -SS. 

Condition-  of  hnatuuitlaieii,  2;  of  the  distill 
(1429)  217.  (IW».|4;4|  218-219,  II4!H}  11331 
221.  116381  224. 2a5.  |10TS)  236  -  23T,  (IfiSO)  23 
(1743)245,  (1750)230,  (1801)  281.  (1803- IM 
SH-iSO.  (1815)202  203,  (1819-  18M)  SO0  m 
note 4.  (1831)  SfiS-SM.  (I820|  373  37fi. 

Coronation :  8hiwji'«  ( 1GT4),  238. 

Cotton    cnltivBtinD   4(<-48  ;  wtaWag,  1IM-1B8. 

Cooailliakar :  Major  tt..  cmiductod  (lS7fi-I8fl 
tM»r  silk  cxpcrimirnts,  67  -'S. 

(Jl^llftj ;  biTWivork ,  ailk-woaving,  gold  ami  <il* 
thread,  ootbra  gooili,  gUm-batiiilis,  comba,  d 
flKUna,  popw,  inn  pota,  tape,  f«tt,  trood-tnmu 
I73-3I0L 

Crop  :  iii'L'u,  7  ;  detaiU,  34-M. 

Curiencyr  I03-lo*. 


D. 


<](U7-1G4^ 


i 


Didiji  KoniadeT.Sbiviirat«whcr(m37- 
225-2;il. 

Diia  Karia  Kile  -  Und  aeitlMMnt  of 

217. 

Daily  lilfiB  :  Mr-  RIphiiMtoue'i,  291  note  h 

Dakshina  Pnnd  ^  origin  of  tbo.  244. 

DaksfainApatha :  nid  iun>«  of  th«  DM«a«,  212. 

Damiji  Oaikwir:  iinpriifmed  (ITfll)  by  Bet 
Pi-j.l,«j.  J-l.-.  ;  r«ln.iieJ  (17541,  246. 

Damaji  Xhorit :  Maitklha  nvhle  (17H},  243, « 

Dnndaka:  fot4«t,  211. 

Daniell    Major  II.,  300. 

fiaaara:  Himlu  untial.  290  nnto  I,  299, 

Danlatriv  Siadia :  (t7M),  ia  prMont  ia  th«  hx' 
of  Ktiatda  (tTWi),  270)  promiaM  to  wwnr* 
aoeoMiMi  of  Bftjifir,  271 :  BijiriF  dcierta  Si; 
«boM  iiilalat«r  act*  upCbimnijiiDbiaplaca.S! 
Nina's  negDtiatioiiii  nitk  t^india  wbti  imiiri: 
bia  Bunittar  aad  proennia  tka  aeoMdoD  of  B4j 
X73  g  lua  laBiMBoa  In  Poona,  274  ;  he 
(ITin)  Toona,  27Hi    family  (laarrcU,  27S 


f. 


i>iDEX. 


SimlU    kll  powotfttl    ak  Patian,  380 ;    Iub  wan 

wiUi  Ya«hviuilTiT    HoUiar  who  ilcfcati  lii«  vmy 
'M    njBln.    SSI  I     Maiata    BAjtni?    la    n]»miig 

Holkar  wbo  b  in>*t«t  of  Pooiw,  S83, 
hTidson :  Mr.  J„  80  not*  8. 
IWeiU:Colaa«l(>SI8|.a02. 
teeoAnB«ato:ii<i-iS8. 
WUMUl  RiotA'  Commiuloii:  iiieinbm^  toqniHv, 

nMmoiuiilDtu-iu.  I2I-IS8; 

tolhi:  sbiv«ji'>  vu<t  t",  s.'m. 

taUli  gOTeniora:  i>t  the  Umou  (ISI8-1347),  SI9. 

tkan^rs  ■■  hu«baoJin«a,  3. 

Aftmikot :  Shttlunti  cnpital  (a.D.  10  •  I40.>,  212 

OitU'  1. 

kheDUk&kat  ■  <»«  Tt|»rntko«. 
ttiOdap:«^<»>  M>ftr(i;6S),  SS8. 
UBetdUM  .  runlne.  M-Dfi. 
Her  Eh&a  :  Moj^  ff-aml  tlOdS],  231  -234. 

tagad:b»Ul«>or(l7S0k2SS. 
Pn^ft  D«Tt '  fMiilno  mW-lVJI).  316. 
:48. 

6. 

irton :    Coltmd,   KngUab   «cwiuiiaii<kr    (1778), 

I'^^AOt :  grovin^  of.  60. 
i<lg0-Unjut(iaiSI.3O3. 

hinstons :  Mr.  Mutrntsta^rt,  k  tppebil«d 
'ftbll>  lUaOont  at  Poonn;  hii  loniMr  Mrvices ; 
hU  pl&n  of  tifg  nt  Poona;  npholdt  Bijinkv'B 
•ntiMritr  oTcr  tli«  carUto-tioldAr* :  intr^M 
«l  Ehvsniji  an  mvut  nt  tin  BeaidtiKy ;  aHovn 
BAjMv  ta  atrviiiitbeii  Us  Tone :  liiatgiAhu 
Sbtatri  ia  Puoua  i  Mr.  Rlpliln«toii*'a  istiinaU  tj 
Ui  tlwnuitcr  :  oiunI«>r  of  the  Slutotii  at  lUndbu-- 
pnr  I  Trintbttkji'f  tliM*  in  tli«  mordor  i  Ur.  El- 
pUiHbMW  itMnuM«th«  aumnilnr  at  Ttinilakji  ; 
[MJiiir'i  pliuis  lit  a  geuoml  riatnt;  of  »tl  tli*  Mar*- 
tii*|Kiininj  Mr.  Rlphiiiituii*  wrnma  Bijiriv  ol 
Vm  danger  b«  wi*  running ;  ilcmauda  Hit  Rurrcii- 
d«r  of  Tiinbakji  mid  th«  inini«diiiU  (toLivnrjr  of 
Sbihgnd.  PnrBnillur,  aod  ItAygwl  am  *  pledge  : 
tmty  uf  PouMa';  llio  thnse  lurta  rMloreil  to  iUJl- 
nl\Mui  ths  sn^isestioii  al  Sir  Jokn  BJaloalin  wbo 
bail  an  itiCnrviair  with  Bijinkv  at  MAhuli  ;  Mji- 
rjlv'a  attempt  to'iminlcr  Mr.  Klphiiuiton« :  pr«p<\- 
ratioua  fur  Um  Utile;  IkihIq of  Kirhev;  bioilure 
Bb  tlia  TJtMfji  PmiM  lurandenil;  B«]irAv'» 
W((fel  I  0|!bt  at  KanfoMa  :  SiUra  jwoctMnalioa  ; 
Ul  of  tli«  Pmhwk'a  forta  in  Pnmut  i  Mr.  Upfain. 
ctwie  nppalatvd  (jommJiuinnra  :  tettlaDnrat  of  Uiai 
DOantry  -.  tka  votuilrjr  Wwuvn  CMiulwr  hMla  aoil 
ttia  Sim  rivfr  under  two  CvUoctom,  Coplania 
Bdbetbaa  anil  Hotliiitiqr ;  Mr.  KliihJnstooe'a 
policy  with  rtfui  to  oxuting  iiiatit«t(at»  ;  pan- 


boi  af  Uia  Sardlta:   admiautntiT^   eka^pHi 
canJitiao  n(  Pmma  under  the  Dhtiali,  jHO-Mft 
Exchange  Billi :  lOz-  liu. 

fiperimtllltS  :  mxarouiP,  SS-^I. 

Experimental  Gardeu  :  76  -77- 
Izporta;  i€0-\'io. 

F. 
T&in:  ia«. 

Fftll0Vs:3l. 

FataiDM   (1397  ■  1877),  M-W.  3»,  2M.  < 

Felt :  makiDg  or,  208-309. 

Ferriea  :  157- li». 

Fibre  Plants:  4«*«e). 

Field  VlkgoH-W-S*. 

Field  Tools  :S-i(K 

Fife-bku.  17-18. 

Kf«  ■■  lJon1eiiajit>CV)kMwt,  Ifi. 

nbgsrald  Bri^ :  iM. 
FUldier:  Mr.  W.  M..  1  Dotd  1.  98, 
Flight:  Bijiriv".  11802)3*2,  (1«17>  301- i 
Twi:    CajiUin   Joha  (IHia-lSI?),   291, S»,' 
300. 

Fredortok^  U«i'>r,EaglUlioan)itiu*ler<l779),: 
French  *  inlnjnm  id  I'^ona,  SC), 
Prnit  Vegetables:  ir-OO. 
Fr;e^:^:llt:>»l■l<h^»iuA&(ld7fl)  I0(K  tu.sar. 

O. 

QUkwAr :  orii^n,of  th>  bmily.  ML 
QunhUr :  Itnglnh  eii-il  gomnuir  of  Sani 

tsu.  • 

Ougibii :  NftMyanrir  Peakwa'e  iridow  (I 

&17-SKI). 
Qangidbar  Shistri :  O&ikwJr'a  agent  bt 

(18151.  »4---i'r>. 
0«llg&piir :  <da  namn  of  TuUpur,  C34. 
Oudeniag:    wil.   tillage,    fiald    toola,    nusnn, 

•owing  aoaaom  Aowtts,  iroKotablaa,  pUala,  gnll- 

ins,  prouiog,  9)-M. 
Oardeiw;  wpurimtntal.  76-77  ;  bolttnical.  77-80. 
Okrlic  :  grawing  of.  M. 
Qell '.  LiouUnont  (1S48).  SOS. 
OhiediiU :  MutAUuk  t«vr,  -Ml . 
Ohilhir&HI  :  li«ad  of  Ui«  Pocoa  city  poU«a  1 181Mb 

■iSO. 
Oiber&e  -  Cai'Uub  1ISI4).  SOT. 
OUtn  BaigLn:  iiMkiiigut,  IW-SOI, 
Oeddard:  CcaiM*].  bin  marcti  (1779).  2G6- 967. ., 
Gold  and  Silyer  Thiaad:  maldiigof,  iQi  .i 
OopAlriv  Uair41:   (iiiknir'a  a£«ut  in    I' 

GopikibAi   iuuji  ll.-awifr,S48-3»i 
Oorenuneiit  SecuhtLes :  lOO  •  101. 
QrMa=  tillage  of,  42. 


INT>EX. 


I 


flrapM:  62-63. 

OlUuit  Vinit :  moneylenders,  98-91t. 

H. 

H&ittttrrlvfiimbil]kv:>Iartthft  noble   (1714). 
■2^2. 

HaidAT  Ali ;  Maisur  lulur  |lTlia-i;&-2),  2Ci2-SH. 
'  Hand  Tools  :  lo. 

Harik :  ^'^n.  30. 

Haripant  Phadkfl:  Poou  minuter  (1773),  SS5- 

2.'.:.  2i9.  * 

Hanley  •  Captain,  Englub  ooinmuid«r(IT79),  205. 
Hasan  OuigQ ;  founds  {1347)  tba  Bahmaui  kitig- 

dom,  SIS  and  note  &. 
HaTeli :  lurver,  48t  -432. 4Sfl-4<l5, 
Hebor-Bidu)p(1895).  IS'2,!IT5.  376. 
HoaiidpftOt :    Yi(U>    tniniatvr    (IS71  •  1318]  end 

baililer  of  templu,  214  uuU  3. 
Hemp  -  tiUai,-D  »f,  4S. 
Hereditar;  Officers :  3W-3«7. 

HetkwiB:  Retnigin  HvitUa  U  Shtriil'i  amy. 

Ml  -235. 
HmPa8W8:U»-IM,  ' 

Ho«:  fUl(t-tw>l,9. 

HoldinfTS :  ■>■ 

Holknr "  origin  of  the  femily,  SW. 

HoUi»nd:Mr.  II.  L..  33. 

Honya:  Koli  TubtX  (1873).  300. 

Hftnby:  Mr,  Q«fornar  of  JtambAy   (1776171^). 

■mi.  me. 

H07W  Qtam:  pcil«e.  43. 

HaibaBdnwn  ^  nlneiw.  oouitition,  chonctcr,  1  ■  S  : 

oonditMn  (1810,   1822,   )$3-J.    1S43,    ISSe-lS75] 

100  r^,  (1879)  1*29. 133. 


I 
I 


Imporial  (^anU:  nuulo  IITID)  to  ShAhn.  243. 

ImporU:  I(i7-16». 

laetinfl :  the  Bor,  IM  imU  I. 

IluU|mr:  iiirvBy.  a60-SO3,  9M,  3M.  414,  425, 

43&,  471-475. 
bldUm  Corn :  grain.  40. 
Indian  KUkt  =  tiUoga  of,  39-40. 
InserlpUoni  -  on  tbe  Mutha  Canal. '20;  r^i   '.]:•■ 

Nits  Ouiid.  23-34 :  on  the  Mitoba  Unk.  j:.   i:u  ; 

on  tbe  i^hireephAl  twik.  27  ;  on  tho  Bhi>Ul*idE 

task,  3T:    Nina   pwa     («.<;.  DO  -  jut>.  30),  212  i 

flfaatkatni  (n.c.  00)  21*2  luul  mite  1  ■.  oUirr  ButUliiat 

(«.(>  tO>l-30D).  Sl^-213. 
Insnrajice    lOA-loa. 
latereet^  lataaof,  io7-i<w. 
IronFoU-  tnakiRgor,  a»-2l)7. 
IrrigMJon-.  moinfAat  or    tMs-watered.  pdtatlkal 

or  chaiuial-wfttcrod,  UavDrnmmt  water  worke, 

riMrroin.  l'i-28. 


1 

».f.  381. 


lUpOr:  Ul  of  (1818),  303, 

J. 

JnGqiMmont:  TnoOi  tnTelln  (l8S0-l»n,' 

aoU6,  112. 
JllDCtii    IWrar  rnler  07«lt  W.JiaZ,  03. 
JaaranUittg:  MaebalgtMnl  (1663),  330, 
Jatba:  luul  ■y*Uiii.  3)3-3l7. 
J&Tli :  manlcr  [lOib)  of  the  UAja  of,  S37. 
J^nri-  Yo^hrantnlv  HoOcar  noar  (ISUl),  381., 
jyib*i-  ShiitAji'e  mother,  Sa-iWO, 
JivdJian:  (all  llSISjot,  SOS. 
Juia :  -KBTangtoV*  paW-i^x,  238. 

Joyaer  ;  Mr.  E.  ft,  ». 

Junnar:  propeeeil  ulentificatMB  with  Tagar, 
iiule  2  ;  old  traile  Msotra  (a.C.tHj-  a.o.  .10),  S 
Raddhift  intcriptinne  (i.ii.  100-200)  at,  2)2.3 
Nahaptea'e  eafilal.  SIS  and  note  10 ;  miUt 
l>ust  11443),  Sl7i  >ulMHi]tMtc  lo  DanlkUli 
218-219;  Ualik  Alnnad-i  |14W-1S06)  U 
quutoni,  230;  pJoixknd  (1SA7I  V^hivAJi,  2 
Biiinv  amtaoi  |I7M)  in.  370  j  ianrey,  SM-l 
461-454. 

Joatioe:  admlnUtraliaoof  {160$),  230  aail  note 


KilnChabntra:  platform  alJamwr  Inilt  o<ref 

tirade  ut  Kuli  relvia,  228. 

Kalaihn:  Stmbliaji'a  tsTOorite  (1880.1690),  Q 
E&Dki] :  higkmt  Usii  rent,  319  note  1, 33S. 
E&t1«:  Baddhirt    iincHpMoM    (A-D.  lOO-tOO) 

212;act«on(l7T»)at,a64. 
Eamitak    llAMji  tI.'eoipoditIoa(l7S2t  Into,* 

(17MI.  347:ll7fi7),  S4S. 
Eisardl:  reeen-otr  at,  24. 
Eitraj  ;  Po»i*v-oir  at>  9S  ;  paai^  184. 
E&Tar  Sen:  (>t«t  Himdu  Pcehwn uj BnihAn  Nil 

(1508-1.133).  222. 

Eeyser  ■  Ur.  a.,  i  note  i,  ts. 

EhudnkTfisla-  Ukeat.  17-18. 

EkanUla:  I^slu>li  cump  (1T7S)  at.  2Ct. 

min  Jnhto :  Moghal goanral  |  VM),  388. 

Ehuda:  Utile  (17116)  of.  970i 

Eharif :  wwiy  ••*•«»,  3, 

Ehcd:  a^laa(170lS)«t>240;»iinroj,  3IK-393,4 

4til. 
Kheni :  KoU  rabel  ilWJ),  327  -  228. 
EbopiTli :  Genera  Uoddard  at  (1781),  2fl>. 
EhoraaaniaaB:    i»    Um    earrioe    11408-1474 

Uanalmiini,  231, 
Eliusri^i:  I'oMut  IUnd«Dt^  Bgmt  (1811), 

LIU. 
Eirkee  =  l»tUe  (1817)  of.  300-901. 
Eoail^  {aU(181S)of,303. 


i 


|!  tbcdr  MundttLoiii  uidtf  '*-'■■""'  nil«  (IMT* 
14M>,  216;  tfadrriraixa  (1«S7»  SST*228,  (1839- 
1844).  a07- SOS. 

Zondhinii:  nxHleni  Sinbpl  tort,  SIO:  captarwd 
(ie«7)br  SUviJi.  320. 

Eopargmon:  Rasbimitliriv  ml  (17^),  267. 

KoiRgUn  :  flgUt  (1818)  «l,  902. 

Koronl):  p<u«,  U3. 

£lUlbiS-  fai»)>u>diia«D,  I. 

XlUar:  ptu,  132. 

I  ''■ 

Bad:pWgliof,7i*«q«i<>itiot)|l9l7-18£!)),  SlO: 
ndnioUtrailr*  auff  <18M),  .110-312  :  mliMAtcd 
vilUgM.  315-313:  KTemw  hUtory  putUr  the 
Mrtjr  Hinann— (JliJ or  jatAa  ■y»t.iiii»—813-XlG; 
under  Mnlik  .\iiibar,  317-3£0;  uudur  Uic  MarA- 
thia,  330-341  ;>>D'>«rtboliof;li«lB,  3^l.uiK)«r  Iho 
Britiih  (I8I8>I884|  241-5131  Mr  PHi>)(l»'*  nr- 
rej-,  3;g-4l] :  romuieNiirTe]r,4l2-4l>4  ;  rrrwioa 
«nrv«7,  470-508  :  nrvoy  roralt*.  i08-5IO;  nvt- 
nm;  itatiiitict,  G13  i  agrlcultonl  banika,  512-513. 

Undholdert :  11821),  3iX  u». 

Larken    Mr.  A.  L.  E>..  Q3l 

Leaf  Vegetables ;  61  -  62. 

Leatill :  vaiae,  43. 

Unus-tax  ■■  returns,  97. 

LiBWSd    tillftEn  oF.  43. 

EiOCUBtS  -  m-h'i.  i-H.  432,  476.  &02,  511,  fill 

bohOKltd:     I'loL*'.'  of    •.-oiiAiiDnicnt  ia    1564,    322; 

C'.urud  (1S70)  by  Sliiv«ji  but  reUkeit  (ll>71l 
Uia  Mvgbala,  S3« ;  OiikwHr  luid  Dftbl>Ai!« 
iliea  inpriKiuod.  (ITJIl)  ia  Slftt   lull  (ISIS), 

[>ord  YalcntU  '  Ki.glJHh     travdlor    (1803),    HR. 

2S6n<>U  1. 
^)«:  Ur.,i««Tttd  |ie7e)t.ilk-woriiui,7l-7S. 

M. 

laekintosh  Sir  JUDM.  in  Poncii.  (18(e).2S7-288, 

ttdhftTrA?  I.  ■  [OTirth  Pwhwa  irCI  ■  1772)  i  wc- 
OMda  hifl  fftthar  :  Huijhiui&thtitv  bccomnt  rtignnt ; 
ntli  Iba  KlEini ;  i|UArT«lii  with  Riijtli'ii'i'i^- 
bo  dcfe&U  Mddlwmv ;  RagknnAlluAy  in 
and  pliieoe  KlAJhAvnlv  in  ooalin«ma)t : 
ttiirir'a  onpopuliu'  ui*««ur««  ;  w»r  with 
Auiwhu  pliuidcra  ruouft  :  IwtUe  o(  R«ki*. 
en  1  war  biIIi  Wnldar  All ;  *ucctiM  of  UiUlliav- 
'tivt  U'-  Mortyn,  th«  envoy  from  th»  Bombay 
Ooremnicnt,  at  I'oona  :  Mkdhudv  defeats  RAghu- 
nithmv  M  Dliodap  luid  tnkiM  him  priMnvr  ;  hia 
nituurci  D^EMDst  JAuojl :  wed*  ui  Anny  to 
MAtra  i  imiirnvoa  tl<*  dvU  novernmuat  of  tto 
oouAtry ;  Mniila  *d  Army  n^nlnit  naidar  All  in 
Uii  KvniUik ;  hit  duaUi ;  vliaraoter,  2S0  -SSi. 


1 


X&dhATTiT  II :  MTCkth  PMkwk  (li74-l| 
minority  :  iutenul  duotdw*  ;  tli*  mlnistiT 
bioe  wid  aei  agauut  lUgkiuiAtlinl*  wbo  u  iMilp*^ 
I'y  the  Kkglidi :  troaty  o(  I^miiMlbar ;  PtxmA 
iaiiitpm  in  Poona  ;  riralfy  Mnoocit  tk*  nai^ 
imn:  Nitna  PulBKvk;  Bngtufa  oxpedltioa  (  <k» 
vwtkin  of  TailgaoD :  UeDeral  Ooddant'i  mHtfe ! 
tnoty  of  .SalUi :  M>kl<lji  Stt>dU  in  |x>«r«r  : 
irith  the  Nizim  ;  Kina'a  liuijjht  w( 
Utdhavrav'!  death, 2M-S7I. 

■fth&d^  h*«t>-(I7fl.M«f,273. 

HuhAdajipant  Purandiiare ;    BiUji**    (( 

liUI)  ntjrut.  2'44''J4ti. 
KabidjtStBdiftllTeS-JitH):  393,  203,  3M- 

]Kiili&ll(a)i|:SlI,'|l6. 

Kaliiratbu:  Gre«t  Uatta*  or  Ratu  kingaof  ih* 

IVcctii  aixl  KariulUk(700-t'73>,3l3&ot«  1. 
Kibinud  Uiwin:  tUtimani  miBiaUr  (I4ti0'  USl^ 

2i:-2l9. 
UihaU :  Hir  Jflbn  Ualcoln  and  B4jiriT  (t8>7|i 

908.  • 

Kaleolm:  air  Ji>liii[|S17),  296,  303  and  nottt) 
■alet:  Mr.ObwlM,afiip(Mit«lUJ85)BrltlafaB^<' 

•Iriit  ill  Foana.  3S8. 
31«likAluasd-iintKii«BiSb41iiku«(l4»-l»e>„ 

UalikAmbar:  AJUnadugu-^nfeoi  {lMS-lG2a). 

223,  SIT  520. 
KaLilc  Kifur :  Ml-nd-din'M  jonoral  (1290-1311 

21.1  i.oki2.  , 

KBlik-al-TaJir  :  BUuuMun9bb(I«29),  216- 

MAtit  :  ttnnlRiKirH,  1. 

lUliqi   Bbonsle-     fUdvnji'a    grandfatlicr  (11 

2iS-2-i». 
KUi^-  paw,  i4»-l50. 
lUmlatdArS  -  »)  l.  3S9  nrta  'Z 
Ttiuijiltore  -■  SMhu'ncoinnandnr-iii-ohialdl 

242. 

Hannre:  ii,i2. 32. 

Karith^:  land  kJKtory  undar  tlt«.  3SO-»4l. 

maritltaduefo-  ii'oei.  2oe. 

Maritha  Horto :  dMoritttion  (IMS)  of  Uw. 

March  :  Duke   o(  Wcllin^ii'i,    IM  anil  not 

2,>'.1  uii]  note  i  i  Pftm^hnnUa  Bliau'a.  271. 
HarketB:  IBS-IM. 
M&rwiris    nunveylendm),  00. 
MnterialB :  for  tha  laud  tiiatory  okaptar,  310  tiiite  I. 
Hath :  pi>U«,  43. 
Hitobl  '•  nwrroir,  63  -  M. 
Haaritioa:  m^vouiB.  63-64. 
Hival     xKT^-ey,  4ei-4«4. 
KivaLis  :.Shirlii'aMldiGn.23l-S3S.  23S*Sie. 

Mercliautii:iw.i«8. 
HUlet  -  tniago  ol.  35. 


Kins ;  niune  rcir  Tavut,  213  not«  ID. 

Mix?d  somaga:  SO. 

Ualiubad-  nanM  4'iven  to  Poon&  in  mnnoTy  «r 

K^iiibaksiri  aon.  340. 
Honey  :  ^litlmji  vcighod  (1636)  ^pdnat,  £24. 

noneylenden:  lofl,  isi-ISS. 
.Hoor«  ■■  Mr.  J.  (].,  1  QoU  3,  12  noU  1.  21,  80  note 

'J,  IO(Sii»t«  t. 
Koroba  Ftdoaflfl :  Pooiu  miniiUr  (17T3),  2$7, 

2SS.a<t!I,!>e3. 
Hotaathal:  w«lIirrigiiliou,  13-13. 
llHtyii:     Mr.,     ItritUh    ottvoy  nt    Poona  (liGS- 

ITTf".  'J.Vt.  -J-'ifi.  2(il, 
MudajiBhonsle:  Bcrir  Chief  H7S1).  2«7. 
Mudhol :  loirnt  ilCM)  by  ShirAji.  2211. 

Knkidun:  vinAftnho»]inaji,31SKnd  nota  1,  316. 
If  tdbeny  ;  «>•  Siili. 
Uniid-  tenure,  SOiuito  1. 
Knrirpant:  nijlimiriiiiiuiiter  (lli.1T),  &2.V 
XuTShcd  Ealikhan ;    >DtrDi]ucod   (I&tT)  Tod»r 

Hal'*  rcvoiiDc!  •yntivm  taUt  Ibe  Dftccan,  225. 
Katb*  CftaaJs :  IS -SO. 

N. 

Fielmi^  gnkin,  40-^41. 

Vis  V^^ '  K"''  ^^i'"'  <'^^)  ■>'  S^nbgoa.  215. 

Vi^haDi  ■■  p<UB.  1G3. 

Nfthapisa :  Pirthian  Tioeroy  (A.t>.  lOF),  SIS  and 

]!r&ktOdi|:43%499,MI. 

Kina^IuM-ISO-ISI  iold  twU {s-c lOO-a.D.lH)) 

aI"Uj(-  >ll  ■  iii*°riptioiii,  312. 

Nina  DaTb&r«  -  BrAiimaii  rebel  (1839),  XH. 

ViaA  Tadnnris:   Klrkim  (I'flZ]   of  MiiiihavrA* 

|IT61-1772).231  i    iiappt>ii>t«d(l7e3)  Kadna^la, 

SSaioppOMtOTT-IIIUeliiiDiClii'AT.SS?  ;j«ilauay 

anioag   tlte    Poona    lulntitvn,     SS8 ;    lr«ity  til 

,F«randhar(IT7«).  2lKI:   hUhatc  of  tlie  Eugttnh. 

PSSi  :     (reah    dia>«wi<ina    Among  the   Kiiniiit«riiJ 

'party  uid  Nina'ii  lrinnipli(177ti),  3>i2-3t3  ;  coa* 

'ToDtion    of    Vailgann   (1776),    2M-2fiO :    Kina 

cnahoa   a   conapiraey    (I7S4)   for   d«p<iBiii£   Ihu 

pMbm-a  MadhaTnlT,  S4T;  rivalry  UtveoD  Kina 

and    MaldMljl  Sindia    (17IHI,    Z()8  ■  2UB ;  Ntna'* 

Iriuinpli     ovur    tha    Kiidjn    at     Rliuda  (ITftS), 

^STO  i    Nana'*     wDda«t     tovuda    tb«     Pcaliwa 

"  lUdttarrir,  270-271 ; Nina's intiij.'uea  tA|ir«vent 

ttia   Moaarfon  of  tli«  luit  Pualiwa  Bitjitav,  271  ; 

^fhaogM  ndea   and    quamla    with    l^traahnrflm 

In  and  ia   forced  t4  ntiro  to    MUiiid,    272; 

an*  thn  ro-operstioD  of  (bo  NnAin,   373  (  m- 

iniea  tbe  duttta  of  jiiime  nunijtnr  to  IMJIrAv 

rlu  aliortly  ftftonranU  vdUtb  into  a  plot  to  fr>D 

'  from  S'ana'a  conUol,   374 )  SAm'a  honao 

it  ptmidcred  and  faimeelf  confined  ia  Ahmadoagar 

a  1337—66 


fart.  275:  NinA  aet  free  by  Sindia  (1706), 
Kdlaa  ia  indu^nd  by  Rijintr  la  ink*  hia  p 
miaiiWr,  27S  i  lii>  tliatli  auJ  character.  28( 

IT&Itftiraaft:    Ptoirimy'i    {*.!>.  ISO)    nama 
Hiam  ]KU(*,  313  iiuU  10. 

HAriyanriv;  fifth  Prahwa  (1772- 17731  :■* 
bin  bfobhor  MidbaTriv  ;  ctuuis«a  in  tba  niu 
ditturbaiiM  i  the  P«diwB  niuM«r«d  ;  parpwt 
of  the  crime,  255. S50. 

N&TOplUtt  Chakrodor  :  Poona  eourtiar  { 
87«. 

Hurting  Elundnr&T :  eUef  ef  Vinehur  ( 

2»1. 

Nano  RdnicfaaDdra :  Bit  Slheb,  m  nota. 

liot«  1. 

Jtvry-  Shivajiy  889.331. 
Niger  seed :  tiling  of.  4A. 

RimtfLlia-  test-ayatcm,  319  nolo  2. 

VimCan&l:  20-M. 

ITizitn  Sliihlft :  Mnialaulii  nltn  (1400^ 

Alim.-'.lr>*x»f.  219-2M- 
mi&m-ul-MilLk  :  Wilder  of  the  family  ofl 

aUd  S'ttijn*,  343. 

I 

OboUah :   montioaad  IB  ft  Kdrle  uHcriptieD 

100-200),  213. 
OfflMrS:  famine  (1877), 93'M.  M 

Oil-Hoda  :  tilUjfAof,  44-40.  V 

OtBeaagar  :  PMlcuy'*  oKme  U-f- 1  Wl  of  Jiu 

•iU  uutfl  10. 
Onloni  I  tillage  of,  56. 
Osannc:  Ur.  B.C.,  »3. 

P. 

Piba3:  *iu-Tay.3S4-389,  426*430,  4S2.48S. 
Pil^jpiri :   MartUia  add  Koli  hiU   chiaft  ( 

1205),  214-2IR. 
Polmor ■  Culonol, Britiili  Raaid«nt|i7n)<ri| 

zrs.  279.  ^ 

7ia4diS'  waUr-ahoiron,  13. 

Paadbarptir  1  aotion  (I7T4|  at,  847: 
Sbaatri  mnrdorwl  |lSI5)at,  IBS. 

Tioipat:  UttkU701)or,  349, 

Paper-making:  3M*aoG. 

Parukor&mBh&O:  Poona  Martk<r(i; 
270-273. 

PirtfaiUU :  •«  PanUM.      O .  rit.O 

Pigh^  :  r«.«roir  at,  28.       '  *^  ►    "  1 

P&tU  -  rcMirroir  at,  2S. 
P&tftStiial :  efaaiuiel*wat«riBg.  14. 
PitilB  :  viUaee  beadnea.  Sll,  319  sirte 

note  I,  3l«  and  Mt«  I. 
PiTta  :  pttlae,  43. 

Fiyin  Obit  ^  lowlaul  Kamltak,  24S. 
P<B :  puUe,  44. 


J 


S2S 


INDEX. 


Feddlen:  W. 

296. 

tolians :  naatiMMd  ia  olii  <*rn  uul  Jiiimu  in- 
Boriptioii*  (a.d.  1M-20O),  SIS. 
Peshira :  origin  vi  Ui«  Mrni,  322  ncto  I. 
Pet«luJuu  ■■  ralon  (.(  Puthui  |«.r.  2S0),  ItIS  MSte  5. 
noii«h  !  &U  tool.  S. 

nooffUiK;  10- It. 

>M  TtiaUllM:  eo-ei. 

PiXnu;  uptutwItlti'C)l>yU>*Moglul»,SS9|  Moghmls 
■■rpru«d  (1li«S)  hy  MiirAji  at.  230;  rcatoniil  to 
ShivAji  (I6«7>.  3%SitjlMi  |l«SS)t.}ri:iuuiJUiaii, 
SB ;  bwuu  ( I7G0)  Mpltal  «f  tba  Harilha  ca  fire, 
US  i  dcttrayed  ( t763>  br  til*  ItnUt,  S8S !  Mahtdjl 
SiadninaS)  in,  948-269:  ]>lun<1«r«il  (IT97)  by 
Sindia,  279.  (18DZ)  by  Holkw.  isZ  :  troalr  |1»1T] 
«f,  SOT  :  ■umtD.larMl  08tTt  tu  lh«  Euittith,  Ml. 

*0UtO«:  UU«f«(rf.  M-.W. 

"Otinftr:  CaplAui  Beary.  Cullvotor  (1818).  MH. 

*OT&rs:  origis  of  tli«  Dhir,  »4. 

'ratdpgftd:  Imililing  of.  227. 

»riCQB  us- t%S.  373,374.  87«.  415,  438  aot«  t. 
474  aal«  I.  4J6  aoto  I,  479.  513. 

^riligla :  Mr.,  ki*  mrvtr  aad  avtUtmttiX,  370-  99S, 
396,  337- 410. 

^Ulflr:  Colonel  (1818).  SCO. 
nlMt:  tiUuoM.  43-44. 

•olamiTl:   jUakiabbrltya  k^  (a-1>-IM-1IXP), 
213. 

Urwidliar:  MptaradU647)h)' Sfciviji,  SSS-SStTi 
■itee  11666)  of.  Sai-232i  taktit  (i;iUt  l>;  tbe 
Mo«bnl*.  S40;  action  <IT1I)  iw«r.  241  :  g^nnUA 
(1714)  to  Baliji  bj-  tli»  P«.(  Safl.ir.  242  ;  t»«it]r 
(ITTil)  of.  SOO;  C<«l«d  (1817)  to  the  £ugliak, 
SS;  i  «0K«  (1818)  t>f.  303  :  marey.  SSi,  803-  «H, 
306,  442-M4,  4C7.  603-S09. 

AU:  bte  «eaM>ii,  3. 
Aditb :  tillB£«  of.  87. 

ighu  BUnviiai  Koli  r*b«l  (l»«4t,  .lOT-IM. 
Ulgbaji  BhOOtla:  8«na Stbtt) SuUu  UTOS),  247. 
Aehan&tlu>&T:>Utli  Pwhm(1773-1774);  )ca«U 
(1  ~M)  rui  ann)-  ui  Oujuit,  !Ud  ;  id  Norlli  Imli* 
(1789),  348  i  Huurnla  witit  SftditluvrAv  and 
iMcomw  tba  iuaA  of  civil  tBain  11759),  240; 
baoomca  ngmt  of  MadkivrAv  I.,  100;  r*tua«* 
to  cedd  S41toKo  to  tlM  Bngluh,  £}) ;  qnarreb 
wMi  Hidkavrtv  tnd  retirM  to  K<Uik,  ISl ;  U 
■npportad  kjr  thcNlz^m,  mgaina  power  aud  k««p« 
Uidkan&r  io  confinrineiit,  'ai :  bb  oDjtoptilar 
■icaaarMi  m  delcatn)  by  Madlutvrav  M 
Vhodap  M<1  >•  ktpt  in  tonfiuiOMBt,  293 1 
mtrigBm  with  llaidor  AU  and  the  Nuilni,  8M  '• 


tlttCT  of 


U  rekaaed  and  pIioMt  in  ctiarge  of  the  yeoug 
PMhwa  NAcaruirAv,  2$4)  kU  aharo  in 
NATAyaort  v'aaiirdtr,  2U-S6C ;  texwM  Fcakin. 
2S6;  ia  eppoaed  by  Uia  minutcn,  257;  b 
holped  by  tk«  EngUtk  and  algna  tbe  Irwtyof 
Sunt,  S59 1  the  Eiislich  attempt  to  mtm 
bim  to  power,  1M3-2ed  ,  Stadia  kMpa  fain  in 
power  uul  bi>  eight  to  Hunt.  aWi  tmey  o* 
Sallifti  t  fixea  bia  raudBMe  at  KaM«aa«o 
<l«*tli.  267.  — 

Bftilvay:  lSfl.102:  traflfe.  170 
R^a  Jaraiac    Uoghal  ^cMral  (IC69),  231  -334. 
Bt^ipur:  plandcrcd  (I6ftl)  l>y  RhtrAjj,  33a 
Rij&rini:    »«g«iit  (I«g0-I700):  faU  ofRaygml: 

Ra^iriiii'i  diovombUi  biarMOUOM!  hM  death, 

339. 
R4jtad :  eiptar«l  (1711)  hj  Skabu.  240. 
A^m&dll    pmm,  162  ;  iinp«Mor  .Sadi^iv 

lUji  (IMeabfd  (ITTS)  at.  OM. 

R&kisbon    balUc  117631 0(,  282. 
B&la:  k-raiu.  41. 

Rimchaudra:  Vadavkiag  |I271-1810),  814 
3,  :IA  note  3. 

IUA«haadra    Kalh^  :    aamiawtiatiTa     ( 
iwfomia  ui,  250. 

S&mdia  ST&mi:  SbivAji'i  iplhtiuU  Riiida.  Sffl- 

BAmoahi  BUlng:  (I8SSK  X0«-907. 
RimSbiBtri:   Pmna  jBd«c  (i;ei-m3), 
2S6.  -i??.  , 

BiAJBIigajOli:  plundered  ()75l)  by  tbc  M< 

246.  • 

Banshil :  m*  Bbin^banlitr. 
Biatrakutaa:  Biodo  dyivaaUM  1700-97$), 

and  uoU  & 
Eat  rUgu :  6S-84, 002,  WB. 
Battai :  bn«a  cf  tko  0*0»i  awl  Kanitak 

973).  3l3not«l. 
Kav  Sugar :  nakisfi  of.  52>53, 
Ri^pgad:  fkll  (leUO)  of.  SSO  t  oMt«a  <L817)  to 

KnglUb,  297. 
Raaping :  «(  oropi,  20. 

Rftddit :  proUlJ}-  Battaa.  213  Dota  1 ,  214  aoto 
R«dBOiIS:  4-S. 
Refonuai  BAUji  U.'«  I1740-17S1) 

220. 
Rali«f  Act:  Doecan  ABrienltunaU',  I29>133. 
Relief  &OtlH» :  famine  (1877),  ft3-03. 
Keiuains  .   UvcOdpaDti,  214  wM  4. 

RessTToiri:  ^-ns. 

BMidauc;  I  at  Saagask  (I80&),  287. 

EMI  Hoawa :  !&». 
Rarcnuo  :  Bijirav't  (1816),  092. 
Raveane  aystctn-  Malik  AmUr'%  StSt  Todar 
Ual'i,  as&,  369.372,  S77-37B. 


fiic«:  tillag«  ur,  »I  37. 
Biebey-  Mr.  J.  B..  si. 
Bobertaon :  Mr.  e.  P.,  SI  i  Captain  Houjr   Ihw 

.Iw.  flnt  Collector  ot  Poena  II81S).  S04. 
B«Ck7«mpl«8:  Slwvib*,  314  u«Ui4. 
Soto-  Mr.,  auiMiuit  onlloctur  (183v},  307. 
BotRtion:  orcropc,  30-31. 
-  Sout«s:  Ul    149. 
Bodd:  LioiiUDAntllSSO).  307. 
BOUel:  Mr..   Engll«h  RoMtlvnl  at  Poon*  (I8II(, 

asD. 

S. 

8«l>riflM>:  T^utic.  313. 

SadftahiTltAiikesliyar:  BAjintr**  afuct  (I60S1, 
2»8. -^Hl.  295. 

SJid&Ahivr&T:  ChiinnAji  Xpt.'*  Hon  (1740- 1761): 
MMitUBiUji  P««hwft(l7IO-ITSI)  in  hi«  •ohomi? 
of  aiiir|iiiig  tlio  tok  pomr ;  (|usml«  with  BlUji : 
U  iwoMKrilml  luiil  InconiM  the  Pmhwa'snuuislvri 
nfonw  tho  uivil  adnlalttraUvu  i  chanctot  i 
Mimity  with  OoinkAbdi,  BOllji'i  wife ;  (joutcIb 
with  RaghuoAthntv  ;  att«iDpt  on  hlall(«;  la  >t 
tbo  bead  ot  Ui«  MarAtha  army  ii^  N'nnh  IndiA  ; 
battle  of  PAuipAl  ;  hiailaath.  245-218. 

BAfflower  ■  tiir^^  of,  4(i, 

StkhirilmBipa:  Poon&niiuiBter1i;aM778),201. 
3,-^,  'J,-.:,  i-iS.  2S2,  983,  264. 

SakhdrimGhi^:  Puoua  uuble  (i;tK),273,275, 

vTtt,  ■,■::.  '.'Ml.  '.'-'ii. 

Sakkiriui  Hari:  Pooda oourti«r  (1'78)'*-^  i>ot« 
3.  • 

Silbai  :  treaty  ( 1782)  of,  S^. 

SUsette:  coMion  ntuand  (17W)  Iq  tJio  KogUah, 
251. 

Sunbbiii-  Maand  Marltba  ra1«r(iaaO- tSSS)  j  kia 
dittipatiua  ;opprmiivu  ;  Moociatoi  bimtnlf  witb 
Uio  rvltcl  printie  SultAs  Akbar :  is  anrprlavd  hy 
Tskortili  K>iiLii  ;  1*  (li«grsc«il  g  hU  iD(o1«)ice  awl 
rxc-cntioti.  338-33a. 

Sardilrt:  poaitioa  iisiet  ot  the.  soil. 

8ftrd««hnukhi :  Mufttlw  [«ry,  KH,  239,  S4I.  343. 

BartDbhedir :  S2i  noUt  2. 

Sdtira:  pTocUmatioa  (1818),  SOS. 

S^va :  gralD.  41. 

SdTUltS :  Vidt  ahief*.  226,  229. 

Savit^CUsaeB:  100- lOl. 

SavtBtrs  Baok  :  dvpoaiu  in  the,  101. 

Sarle  -  p*m.  lf». 

Scoop  t  li old  tool,  9. 

Sauou    G«t<i.  3. 

8eed-drill:  field  tocl,8-fll 

8aua:  plant,  M. 

nmnillH    tilln^e  of,  46. 

ShiUl^i  BhOBtlft  (1504  1664):  Sbivaj.-.  fuher; 
Ul  nan-iattc  with  JijiUi :  luoceedt  (]<!S9}  to  bit 
bther'i  (States  of  Poou  aad  Supt;  breakg  hu 


ooaaoclMa  witb  the  Ninhm  8biUiu  and 
Ul  tkf>  Mogbals  -,  Uavca  Mogliiil  tarrio*  < 
witli  Dijtpcir  ;  on  tlin  fall  of  Aknudnagai 
nuu  iliD  ooaDtfj  and  amua  (lama  of  atvi 
wei||li»  liimioU  sgaiiut  mooay  ;  ia  l>niit«d 
hj  tit*  Uoi^iala  i  ia  coafirmad  In  kia  mU 
PiMMia  and  Sniw;  ludi  an  axpeditton  in 
Karndtak  i  -nnU  Poona  (1440) :  nnck  tm 
by  lua  a<:'u  tikirdji ;  hja  doatb,  333-Kll. 
Sh&hn:  Mu-itha  ruler  (I707-174D};  hia 
•oiunMit :  icloaaa  ;  n«rri»gii ;  arrivoa  at  I 
b  MUbliaktcl  at  Batini :  Airgria  beaooiM 
tar;  to  Shihn  ;  ajijiMnlB  Bdl^i  Viabraoi 
hb  Pwahwa;  rcccii'ct  tbroc  itiiparud  ]("■ 
<h<x\uh,  MrcfeiAmuUi,  uiil  «MnO  ;  BAjin 
BlUji.  tltD  wcoud  aiid  tbin)  PmLwI*  ;  hia 
S39-245, 

Slldifitekhia :  Mi>2biU^(»-Dmor(I6fi9-Lfl 
S», 

Shl^T  Temples  -  tbv  ten  grmt.  i\  I  aud  i 

Shdmr^pant :  NhivAji'*  Kini*t«r  1 1  lUi5>,  SS 

ShankTilJi  Hdrdyaa  -■  Pont  9uhiv  (ill 
341. 

Skaav^  Vada :  P<«liw>'a  paUoe  (l80St,1 

SbAtkoriu  ^  Hindu  dyouty  (n.  c.  £00-  4«I 
Sl'Zaoduotel.  m 

Sli«arer :  Mc,  S  noU  L  | 

SkeUid&ra :  gnwpctaf ha, sss. 

Sheavi  Brdhmuu  T  iaaMawilTSTiof.; 

8kld{;ad:  {uiM,  ii^i. 

Sbirsapbai:  mervolrat,  36-27. 

SbirAji  (l€a7-lflS0)  >  tu*  Mrtb  i  auJy  lifc 
Dodlji  Kondiulflv.  nuiBai^rr  «f  hia  lather'^ 
takM  Tona,  lUigad,  ChikMi.  Kondli 
and  Pdoiu  ;  plnadcn  a  tlijitpur  caravan  ; 
JUJmlcbl  and  l/iho^A  forte  and  mort  ]>li 
ttr«i>|[tk  in  tbo  Konktn :  enUn  tiM  Uogb 
vie* ;  hk  nchomoa  for  potBcaain^  hiinMll 
whnlo  of  th«  Oliltnultka  ;  raanlrr  of  tlio  F 
J^vli ;  buiidt  PTaUpfod;  iannlta  Ann,uff»\ 
tht  Uoghal  Vioer«y  of  tbe  llcooan ;  pli 
JunoarandAkmaduacariatmigtheiiaktica 
tb«  t«palM  of  hia  army  aftiatt  Jabjint ; 
into  a  broaty  with  tbu  .SAvaau  ul  Vidj  j  ■ 
natoa  Afnilkiiln,  the  mjApvr ^nural :  takei 
ci  the  Kolbipur  forta.  Uviea  oootnbntinau 
tli«  banka  ol  tbc  KrUiaa,  and  afrrcMla  Mm 
Iha  whok  eoaBtiy:  bki  rwpKt  for  R 
Svimi.  bia  tetJgiova  guida  ]  hit  ccndoct  to 
Baji  Ohorpada  ot  Uadbd  ;  HU  out  a  aavi 
•ondnot  toward*  bk  fatbar :  okaogea  kb  ( 
from  UJgad  to  Kaygad  ;  extent  of  bU  p 
bia  wan  with  tbc  ItoKhaU  i  hia  dcfttKc  of 
gad  ;  take*  the  tttk  of  Blja  :  pJuadera  i.\ 
nagar  ;  hill  aaoocaa  a^nrt  Bjjl[nirj  bar 
guU   and  plimdtn  Barcchtt .  IKlNd 


1 

I 

1 

lifc 

Ihifl 
'anil 


524 


INDEX. 


Maghalgnienl,  lays  •■«■£«  to  Punuidlmr:  ji&lliuit 
oaoaaot  of  Uw  b<«icE«d  :  Mlvnlii  nn.f  Iletknrii : 
propiHoa  to  enliir  Iho  MogtuI  Borvice  ;  hu  inlw- 
vicw  wtti)  JkyiiH^  ■ud  OilcikhAu:  givtn  np 
M*»n]  r»rla  to  (liA  UnjiUlBi  WiM  rAiuM  aod 
MnJoibinvUJ :  uniata  tlia  Mo^hala  In  tbclr  ktUck 
unBijApor;  viiiu  Delbi ;  okmimii  from  Delhi: 
lk«  (littrioU  of  Poona,  ChAkan.  utd  Sup*  mtor- 
od  to  hiui  1  mirvriars  Suiligtiil  bikI  Pmnwlliv  : 
Ilia  coroMticu  at  Riygvl ;  hii  appeannea  ; 
death :  «xt«DI  of  liin  tvrriuiry  al  tlio  tinio  of  kU 
il*«tfc,  223-338. 

SMner:  <«)'lui«d  (Uii)  by  Malik  Ahmad,  S19 ; 

kurvvy,  S6-I-3H. 
SidiB '  Jatijira  vibict*,  228.  250. 
Signor  Kntti  :  nlkgraver  (182?  -1MTK  64-67. 
Silk:  «x|>eriiu«uia  of  tilk  oalttvation  i   ttant  tOk 

axperimont*  (l(l7£- ISS?I.  &1-TB. 
8iik-WM>yiDf  •  worhman,  toob,  proctM,  artutteai 

Bind  Tn6  ^  p<ua.  IM. 
Sinlia  >  arigiii  of  the  family,  344. 
Sinllgad'    name   ittvirn    ili.:47t   to    Koti.n>itna   \iy 
Mm-Aji,  2as  I  lurpriMil  (1670)  by  tihivtji'a  Bimy, 

aaa-sw;  twin  ii;w-inn)  of.  asn-awi  tur. 

nD<l«Te<I|ISI7)  tolkn  EngtUli,  S9T  i  akg^tU-ie) 

of,  soe. 
8]aT»77<  nsso),  3H. 
Slarea:  13.1-1:4. 

SmiUlt  G«ntTa]  I  ISIS- 18]7l,  906,290. 
SoiU    3-5. 

SopAn :  nienUoiwd  id  Kiirla  iuacriptions  (ij).  100- 
SlKI),*JI3aiKliKt<a 

Sowing:  n,x.9S. 

Sojti,\i&i  •■  Slilbu'f  mnthsr.  23ft 

Spencer  1    Mr.    Juhn,    viait«d  (1796)  Poou,  247- 

S4fi. 
8pi*B  :  aj'attin  of.  353,  254. 
Buff:  |1S»4),3I0'.1I» 
SUanton  :  c«i>uiu  osiT).  30l.Mt 
SteveiiKin  :  CJond  (1802),  283. 
Stcwurt :  CajiUun  Jani«i  (l';ei,  EsglWli couiuau- 

dcr.  -jua-aH, 

St.  Lubin:   iiu|>{>oiioil  Fr«ii«li   amlioaaador  fl777], 

SSl  aiid  noto  3,  SfiS. 
Stock:  lami,  «-7. 
Storing  '  of  grain,  30. 
Subhsdir  I  32S  oot«  S. 
SngnroBne  :  tilUes  of,  SI  .S8. 
StkltAa  XaiXUa  :  M»gbal  Tioeroy  |l607},Sa£. 
Ssmmlllg  ^  KiirilyuiRlv'i  murderur,  2SS-3M. 
Su>:(it    and  V«bb«i   Uaatra.,  gioa-en  of  oottct 

I  i.i;:;!),  {13. 
Sapa  :  rcaoiTftir  at,  28  ;  smatcd  (1720)  inj'rfjprto 

Chimn4jiA|n,  243  ;»ii7vry,  437-438,  4»S-«ft 


Snrat :  Iruty  (1775)  of.  209  and  note  1  •  Oil 
CoddarU  li;7»)iii.  260. 

Sorrcyi  Wr,  I'nnglc't,  379  -  410:  tJiir^  j 
rrvMiaa  Riiney.  410- 4II,'412  •  4IS.  «1H> 
436432,  437 -438.  443-461;;  rarinon  an 
470-479,  477  ««;  rwolla,  609-610. 

Snryiji :  Maratli«c(iiiiinaailiiT(lii70),S39-9) 

Svaraj  :  Mnrfttba  hDiuo-ittloil7l!>).  Z43uidM 

Sweet  PotfttO«B  :  gron  iug  of,  S7. 

Symonda  :  3Jr-  W.  P.,  »3. 
T. 

Tugftra  :  idoBtificatioD  of.  211  note  3. 
TkkAitib  Eh4n :  .V<'g[>al  ts**>*^  (1680),] 

TloU   1. 

TalegaonDibhidB  :  d«atb  |l590)of  J 

au    Ahniadniigar   noblo    at,    233 ;  aolion   (' 

near,  264-305  ;  dMtroyed  tl76l)by  the  Um 

246. 
T&B^i   HUan«:  SUvAjI'a  g«ii«Ml  {IMS},, 

S3.-.--j;«,  ^ 

Tdndoyn  :  w«  Rakiilioa.  M 

Tuiklta  •■  lat>d-r«iit,  318  not«  2,  33S.  V 

Tape  wearing: !  :W7-30S. 
T&ribii :  lU;ArA«'«  niJow  (ITIX^,  S39- 

i't7. 
Tasar  Silk  :  crperini«DU  of,  67-78. 
Tel^raph  Offices :  1C3. 
CCeienlege :  VAdnv  captUl.  214  DOto  3. 
Tnarei:  SiSnMo  1.  Sfis-SSO: 
Territories :  vxtcn^vl  ^tivAj>'«  (lOM),  239^ 

2.SS  uoli!  I  1  cKU'nt  of  Uiuiktha  (l«US»,  2311. 
Thai  :  laiKl  vyatMii.  313-317. 
Tbear:  dtaUi  of  MldfaaTrar  Ptaliwa  (i;j 

at,  2S4. 
ThraslUllg  ■■  liralii,  39. 
Tlka  ;  tuiiir«,  SIS  »0t«  I. 
Tipn:  Maiaur  ruler  (KSS-ITUO),  261 
Tobacco  :  tillag*  o(,  SO. 
Todar  Hal :  raronaa  tfttm  <i,  238. 
Tolla  :  1  ■'■•!". 

Tone  :  Mr^  viait«d  (17M)  Potna,  2Ti. 
Toroa  I  •:ai>tur«il  |1U6)  by  ShiTiji,  226. 
TradO :  cbangw,  OOUTM.  agmciM,  ccDtrei,  ini] 

cx^rta,  nilny  tnffio,   163-173: 

[m.c  100-a.i>.  100),  Sll. 
TradM  ITuaa :  173. 
Trafflc:  railway.  170  172- 

TraiuUIhitiM:4n-4i2. 
TrimbaXii  Danglift :  Btjiriv'a  aavim  (1613- 1 
SOS,  SH.  205. 

TrhBbakriTK4iii»iP<««'"'"'''^»**'' *'""'* 

2Sl,  tai.  !B7. 
Takar&m  :  Vaul  aaiot  (I6C4),  231. 


Duei,  uu] 


INDEX. 


fiHolkar:  <I763-17»7)  253,  262.264,  274. 
lOr  :    Anrangzeb  at   (1689),   238 ;   Sambhiji 
uted  at,  239. 
pnlae,  43-44. 

u. 

■  :  battle  (17G0)  of,  249. 

1:  battle  (tSOl)  of,  281. 

i  ;  RAmoBbi  rebel  (1826),  307. 

1  ;  C>loiiel,   cDDcludee  the  treaty  of  Piiraji- 

■(1776).  259-260. 

rd&t ;  Gajarftt  and  Koukait  viceroy  (a.  d. 

213  and  Dote  8. 

V. 

um  ■■  conveDtion  (1779)  of,  265-2GS. 

itra :  paflH,  151. 

-nl-Untlak :  title  bestowed  (1792)  on  the 

iwa,  268-2S9. 

pulse,  44. 

itgaA  •■  captured  (1659)  by  3hiv&ji,  228. 

iLthipatra  :  Palumivi  (*.D.  10!),  213. 

hri  :  Sb^tkami  ruler  (b.c.  9Cit,  212. 

aria :  borat  (1664)  by  Shiviji,  231. 

;eB  :  312,  360,  612. 

[eofBcers:  311,360-361. 

[eservaate:  312,361-366. 

.-e  shopkeepers :  166-167. 

62-63. 
^ad :  ■nrprued  (1659)  b^  Shiv&ji,  228. 

f  :   134. 

bi  :  Mas&lni^  sect,  308. 

ling ;  of  crops,  29. 

•Works:  Government,  14-28. 

ing;  185-191,  196-198. 

ing  ;  of  crops,  29. 

Its  asd  UeasuTes  :  138-140. 


Wellesley:  General,  reacbea  (1803)  Poona 
a  marcb  of  aiity  miles  in  thirty-two  I 
233  and  note  1  ;  his  observations  on  the  corn 
of  the  coantry  roand  Poona  and  the  Pes 
mode  of  administrating  the  country,  284- 
hia  estimate  of  BdjirAv'a  cbaracter,  288  noti 

Wellealey  Bridge :  154-156. 
Well  irrigation :  12-13. 

Wheat;  tillage  of,  38-39. 

Wbiting  :  Mr.  J.  E.,  20  note  1,  21  -22,  24. 

Widows'  War  :  the  (1797-1799),  276,  279. 

Winnowing :  grain,  29. 

Wood-asb  :  tillage.  30. 

Woodrow  :  Mr.  O.  M.,  31  note  1 ;  conducted  (I 

77)  experiments  on  taear  silk,  71. 
Wood-turnii^ :  209-210. 

T. 

Y&davs:  Devgiri  rulers  (1150-1310),  214  and 
3. 

Tajnasliri  =  Sb4tkami  king  {a.d.40),  213. 

Tam  :  growing  of,  56. 

Taeiji  Eank  ;  Shivdji'a  general  (1663),  230. 

TaflhvantriT  Holkar  (1802) :  ovamuu  al 
the  whole  of  Malwa  ;  is  defeated  by  Oh. 
arrives  near  Poona  ;  his  brother  Vithoji  ia 
ged  to  death  in  Poona ;  his  vow  of  vengi 
against  B&jirftv  t  bi>  nephew  imprisoned  at 
gad  ;  marches  to  Poona  by  the  lUjviri  pasi 
is  camped  between  Loni  and  Hadaapar ;  ia  op] 
by  the  Peehwa  asBisted  by  Sindia ;  his  trii 
and  BUjirlv's  flight ;  plunden  Poona ;  trea 
Basseiu  ;  is  driven  to  Ch^dor  in  Nlsik,  280 

TavanS  :   mentioned  in  Junnar  insoriptiona 
100-200),  213  and  note  10. 

Z. 

Znlfikarkblln  i  Moghal  general  (1707),  24a 


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