Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency

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ya

’
a

GAZETTEER

oF THE

BOMBAY PRESIDENCY.

nen

VOLUME XVIII. PART I.

POONA.” : .

savernnnenenennns tonne
Under Government Orders. :

Bombay:

be PRINTED AT THE

GOVERNMENT CENTRAL PRESS.
1885.

GAZETTEER
OF THE

BOMBAY PRESIDENCY.

VOLUME XVII. PART |.

Bombay:
PRINTED AT THE
GOVERNMENT CENTRAL PRESS.

1885,

110447

Tax names of contributors are given in the body of the book.
Special acknowledgments are due to Messrs. J. G. Moore, C.S.,
A. Keyser, C.S., John MoLeod Campbell, C.8., W. M. Fletcher,
Superintendent Revenue Survey, and to Rdv Sé&heb Narso
Rémchandra, Secretary Poona City Municipality. The papers
written by the late Mr. G. H. Johns, C.S. on the Places of Interest
were of the greatest value.

Much help was also received from Mr. H. E. Winter, C.8.,
Colonel C. D’U. LaTouche, Cantonment Magistrate, and Mesars.
W. H. A. Wallinger, District Forest Officer, A. H. Plunkett, City
Magistrate, and S. Kyte, Police Inspector.

JAMES M. CAMPBELL,
October 1884.

POONA.

Chapter IL
Description.

Aspect.

Western Belt.

[Bombay Gazetteer,
2 DISTRICTS.

In the gradual change from the rough hilly west to the bare open
east, the 130 miles of the Poona district form in the west two more
or less hilly belts ten to twenty miles brond and seventy to eighty {
miles long. Beyond the second belt, whose castern limit is roughly
marked by a line passing through Poona north to Pébal and south
to Purandhar, the plain narrows to fifty and then to about twenty
miles, and stretches east for about ninety miles.

Tho Western Belt, stretching ten to twenty miles east of the
Sahyddris, is locally known as Méval or the sunset land. It is
extremely ragged, a scries of steppes or tablelands ent on every
side by deep winding valleys aud divided and crossed by mountains
and hills From the valleys of the numerous streams whose waters
feed the Ghod the Bhima and the Mula-Mutha, hills of various

heights and forms rise terrace above terrace, with steep sides often

strown with black basalt boulders. During the greater part of the}
year most of the deep ravines and rugged mountain sides which

havo been stripped bare for wood-ash mauuro have no vegetation but
stunted underwood and dried grass. Where the trees have been
spared they clothe the hill sides with a dense growth seldom more
than twenty fect high, mixed with almost impassable brushwood,
chiefly composed of the rough russet-leaved kdrei Strobilanthus
grahamianus, the bright green karvand Carissa carandas, and the

dark-leavod anjuni or iron-wood Memecylon edule. Here and there,

sometimes as at Lonavali in the plain, but oftener on hill-side ledges *
or.in deep dells, are patches of ancient evergreen forest whose holiness {
or whose remoteness has saved them from destruction. During the
rainy months from June to October, the extreme west is very chill
and dainp. ‘The people in the northern valleys are Kolis and in
the southern valle ardt! They have a strong strain of hill
blood, and i They live in slightly builtigs
houses roofed with thatch or tile, grouped in small hamlets |
generally on some terrace or moand, and with the help of wood-ash
manure grow rice in the hollows, and hill grains on terraces, slopes,

Deccan}
POONA. 3

towards the west where in places is an extensive and valuable
growth of small teak, the plateaus and hill slopes aro bare and
treeless. But the lowlands, studded with mango, banian, and
tamarind groves, enriched with patches of garden tillage, and
relieved by small picturesque hills, mako this central belt one of
the most pleasing parts of the Deccan. Near Poona the country
hhas been enriched by the Mutha canal, along which, the Mutha valley,
from Khadakvésala to about twenty miles east of Poona, is green
with sugarcane and other garden crops.

East of Poona the district gradually narrows from about fifty to
twenty miles and stretches nearly ninety miles cast, changing
gradually from valleys and broken uplands toa bare open plain.

aring these ninety miles the land falls steadily about 800 fect.
The hills siuk slowly into the plain, the tablelands become lower
and more broken often little more than rolling uplands, and tho
broader and more level valleys aro stripped of most of their
beauty by the dryncss of the air. Tho bare soilless plateaus,
yellow with stunted spear-grass and black with boulders and
aheets of basalt, except in tho rainy mouths, have an air of utter
barrenness. The lower lands, though somewhat less bleak, are also
bare. Only in favoured spots are mango, tamarind, banian, and
other shade trees, and except on river banks the bébhul is too
stunted and scattered to relieve the general dreariness. The
garden area is small, and as little of the water lasts throughout
the year, during the hot months most gardens aro bare and dry.
Thoogh it is very gradual the change from tho west to the cast is
most complete. Rugged wooded hills aud decp valleys give place
toa flat bare plain; months of mist and rain to seauty uncertain
showers ; rice and niyli to millet and pulse; and thatched hamlets
to walled flat-roofed villages.

The hills of the district belong to two distinct systems. Ono
ronning, on the whole, north and south, forms the main range of
the Sahyddris, about seventy-three miles in a straight line and
about ninety following the course of the hills. Tho other system
of hills includes the narrow broken-crested ridges and tho bluff
flat-topped masses that stretch eastwards and gradually sink into
the plain, The crest of the Sahyddris falls in places to abont 2000
feet, the level of the western limit of the Deccan plateau. In
other places it rises in rounded bluffs and clear-cut ridges 30U0 or
4000 feet high. The lading peaks are: In the extreme north,
Harishchandragad whose mighty scarps, nearly 4000 fect high,
sopport a plateau crowned by two low conical peaks. About ten
miles to the south-west, at the head of the Kukdi_ valley and
commanding tho Nina pass, the massive rock of Jivdhan, its
fortifications surmounted by a rounded grass-covered top, rises
about 1000 fect above the Dectan plateau. About three miles south
of Jivdhan, tho next very prominent hill is Dhak. From the cast
Dhék shows only as a square flat tableland, but from the west it is
one of the highest and strongest points among the battlement:
the Sshyddris. Ten miles south-west of Dhak, where the di
of the Sahyddris changes from about west to about youth, is tho

Chapter I.
Description.
Aspect.

Eastern Belt,

Hills,
Suhyddria,

1]
POONA. 7

crops of wheat or vegetables and evon the sand is planted
nelons.
» Veu rises at Dhaékle in a spur of the Sahyédris near tho
» of Khed. It flows south-east nearly parallel with the Bhima,
about five miles below Talegaon-Dhamdhere, falls into tho
a after a course of nearly forty miles.
» Guop rises near Ahupe on the crest of the Sahyédris, nino
north of the source of the Bhima, at a height of about 2700
dove the sea. A stop winding course, with a fall of about
cet, brings it sixteen miles east to Ambegaon. From Ambegaon
8 east-south-east, and passing the largo villages of Ghoda and
ion on the north border of Khed, is joined from the left by
‘ina. From here for about twenty-five miles till it receives
ukdi, about six miles above the camp of Sirur, and for about
y miles further till it falls into tho Bhima, the Ghod with a
‘winding course keeps, on the whole, south-east along the
-Ahmadnagar boundary. Near the Saby4dris tho course of
hod is varied and picturesque, the stream dashing over rocky
3or lying in long still pools between woody banks. At Pérgaon
+ it is joined by the Mina about forty-five miles from its source,
Mley changes into the level plain of Kavtha, about ten miles
through which the Ghod flows over a rocky bed between bare
The wator of the Ghod is famed for its wholesomeness, a
ster which analysis bears out.
» Buia rises in the Sahyddris about six miles south of
ishankar. It winds between banks 150 feet high down the
to which it gives the namo of Bhamner, and after a south-
ly course of about twenty-four miles, falls from the right
he Bhima near the village of Pimpalgaon, The Bhéma valley
ts beginni: bout seven miles east of the Sahyddris, continnes
and gradnally widens castward for fourteen miles. ‘The stream
150 feet below the cultivated lands, which are on a higher
a
» IsprAyant rises near Kurvande village at the head of tho
inde pass on the crest of the Sahyddris about three miles south-
£ Londvli, and flows on the wholo east through the Nine-maval
ast the village of Nana till after sixteen miles it is joined on tho
“the Andhra. It then enters the open country and passes
- miles east to Dehu, a placo of pilgrimage sacred to the Véni
Cukérém. From Dehn it flows twelve miles south-cast by tho
2 of Alandi, a place of pilgrimage sacred to Dnydneshvar, and
seeping south-east for about twenty miles, turns north and
the Bhima near Tuldpur after a course of about sixty miles.

Mota or Mcza-Morsa is formed of seven streams which rise
ious points along the cyest of tho Sabyadris between eight
renty-two miles south of tho Bor pass. lho united stream
nearly east to Lavla about five miles east of the village of Paud
gives the valley the name of Paud-khore. From Lavla, with
windings, it passes east to Poona, receiving on the way tho
on the left, and at Poona the Mutha on the right, and then

Chapter I
Description,
Rivers,
Pel.

Ghod.

Bhdma,

Indrdyani.

Mula- Mutha,

can.)
POONA. 17

Poona to 1:06 at Khadkéla and to 0'50 at Londvla on the crest of
Sahyédris ; the nouth-west supply-varied from 138°80 at Lonévla
1 49°91 at Khadkéla to 9°83 at Kedgaon about thirty miles east
Poona; and the October north-east supply varied from 5-96 inches
34rémati about fifty miles south-east of Poona, to 2°82 inches at
sardi about twenty-four miles east of Poona. These returns,
ch sre from twenty stations, seom to show that local causes,
bably the neighbourhood of hills and rivers, greatly modify tho
teral influences which would make tho supply of south-west rain
line with the increasing distance from the western limit of the
wict and would make the east and north-cast supplies decline with
reasing distance from the east of the district, As rogards the
ly or eastern rainfall in May, of tho western stations Lonivla is 20
last in the list, Khadkéla is 19, and Paud 16; of the central
tions Junnar is 14, Khadakvésla 12, Khed 10, Jejuri 9, Sdsvad 4,
egaon-Débhéde 2, and Poona 1; and of the enstern stations
sardi is 18, Talegaon-Dhamdhero 17, Sirur 15, Indépur 13,
pa 11, Pétas 8, Kedgaon 7, Bardumati 6, Sirsuphol 5, and Uroli 3.
regards the south-west rainfall, of the western stations, Londvla is
Xhadkéla 2, and Paud 8 ; of the central stations, Talegaon-Débhdde
4, Khadakvasla 5, Junnar 6, Poona 7, Khed 8, Jojuri 10, and
svad 12; and of the eastern stations, Inddpur is 9, Bérdmati 11,
tas 18, Sirur 14, Sirsuphal 15, Talegaon-Dhamdhero 16, Supa 17,
ali 18, Késurdi 19; and Kedgaon 20. As regards the north
October rain, of the western stations, Lonévla is 3, Khadkéla 7,
i Puud 17; of the central stations, Poona is 5, Khadakvésle 6,
juri 10, Khed 12, Sésvad 13, Talegaon-Dabhéde 16, and Januar 19 ;
1 of the eastern stations, Barimati is 1, Indépur 2, Sirur 4,
‘dgoon 8, Supa 9, Pétas 11, Sirsaphal_ 14, ‘Talegoon-Dhamdhoro
Uruli 18, and Késurdi 20.’ Tho details aro :

Pooxa Ray Rervass.

0
East Rus.
Srartox. pee

aw.
in. ct | In. Ct. | In,
0 6 | 138 8
1 6] @ al 4 |
1 2 | @ 2] 3

i 2 0 | a 5 |
1 4 | 4
2 70 | 19 | 4
1 a | 1 | 2
2 1] 1 co] 6
1 o| va] 6
1 | w al 3
2 W 4
2 | wa] gs
a a] iw 1] 3
1 wal 4
2 ss] i 7] 3
1 ts] 2a | 4
2 a | n wl] 3
1 40} 13 3 | 3
2 tn] 9 a3 | 4
1 9] m 2% | 2

In the city of Poona during tho twonty-six ycars ending 1881 the
arly rainfall has varied from 20 to 57 and averaged 29 inches. Tho
tails are :

3310-3

Poona Rainfall,

POONA. 19

Poona Crry Muan Txupsrarcne, 1856-1874,

At the Poona observatory, which is in the hospital building to tho
south of the Vdnavdi barracks, besides rainfall, thormometer and
barometer readings have been recorded since 1851. The observa-
tions are under the charge of the senior medical officer. The
record comprises two sets of observations mado every day at
9-30 a.m, and at 8-80 p.at., and s complete set of twenty-four hourly
observations for one day in every month. The instruments and

jomena noted at each observation include the barometer, dry and
wet bulb thermometers, the direction of the wind, the cloudiness, and
the rainfall. Once a day the maximum and minimum thermometer
readingsinthe shade, the maximum thermometer readings exposod to
the san'srays at day time,and the minimum thermometer readings laid
upon grass exposed to the sky at night are recorded. ‘The observa-
tions are registered on printed forms which when filled aro forward-
ed by the head of the medical department to the Superintendent of
the Colaba Observatory in Bombay whero the calculations aro checked
and the results compiled. Onco a year the rezi-t. rand compilation
are sent by the Supcrintendent to Government to be forwarded to Her
Mnjosty’s Secretary of State for India. ‘The Poona observatory has
latticed doors at the north and south ends to admit tho air. Tho
thermometers are fixed on horizontal blocks of wood projecting
from the wall with their bulbs about 1} inches off tho wall and
abont five feet from the ground,

The adopted monthly and annual mean temperatures of tho threo
stations of Poona, Kirkeo, and Purandhar, and the ranges between
the greatest and least monthly means, aro shown in tho following
table;

Pooxs TEMPERATURE.

Suariox.

Kirkee =...) 710 | 75°0
erste | ert | 7

ars | 823
70 | 128

751

| 10

An examination of the temperature returns in the city of Poona
for the nineteen years ending 1874 shows that during four months
inthe year, March April May and June, the temperature was above,
wl that during the eight rainy months the temperature was below

mean.

ee
1
!
|

POONA. 21

The averago daily range of temperaturo for tho year is about

" double the range for the wet months from Juno to Angust. Tho

range during the cold half-year is generally large compared with the
rango of the hot and the wet half. ‘The daily range for Poona i for
the year 12°1° and for the wet months June to August 5-7°.

A comparison of the range of the mean temperatures of tho
different months for the samo series of years, shows that tho varia-
tion is least 8°5° in July and August, September comes third with a
range of 10°6°, June fourth with 12°, October fifth with 15°1°,
November sixth with 18:4, May soventh with 18:7”, December eighth
with 193°, January ninth with 20-6°, April tonth with 20:7", and
February and March eleventh and twelfth with 212° each. ‘Tho
details are :

Pooxa Crrv DAicy RANGE, 1850-1874.

[amma |

T
An
Mint! ! mange. Range. erat)

iti | Aor:
nun, of Han ‘ot Range, |
a tes | Awe 7

ow +50 aplemtber oe

oy ton | odtoher

‘ 3

i 33

3

During tho samo period the highest recorded monthly moan
temperature varied from 86°7 in September to 1046 in May, and
the lowest from 47-3 in December to 66-4 in June, ‘Tho details are:

4.

Pooy.a Crrv Hiansst ax Lownsr Moxtuty Tes: 1856

'Pange.

For the five years ending 1881, tho moan monthly thermometer
readings at Poona show a mcan maximum of 92 in May and Juno
1880 and a mean minimum of 61 in December 1878, January 1879,
and December 1880; at Bariwati a mean imum of 100 in April
1881 and a mean minimum of 60 in November and December 1879
and in December 1881 ; at Talugaon-Dabhade a mean maximum of
99 in April 1879 and a mean minimum of 59 in Deceinher 1878 ; ab
Sésvad a mcan maximum of 94in March 1880 and in April 1879,
1880, and 1€81, and mean minimum of 50 in November 18°
at Indépur a mean maximum gf 110 in May 1877 and a mean mi
mum of 61 in January 1880 and in November 1879 ; at Jejuri a mean
maximum of 99 in May 1877 and April 1880 and a mean minimum
of 62 in November and December 1879 and in January 1850; and
at Talegaon-Dhamdhere a moan maximum of 98 in May 1879 and a
mean minimum of 52 in December 1881, The details are :

Chapter I.
Description.
Climate.
Temperature,

Deccan.)

POONA. 23
Pooya Disrerer Tranuoustar Reavivas, 1877 -1881—continued, Chapter I.
duly, August. | September.| October. | November, | Docomber. Description.
stars. = 7
afax.| Min,|afax.| atin. |atax. | atin, | tas, | atin, wos.| sun, Climnate,
i Temperature,
8 a
ryt i
a n
8 th
82 a
89 | 73 5 | to
S| fe |
Se | 3 | oo
8 | 7 8 |
2
38
85
so
86
a1 so | m7 | so | 77 | se] zs | a
88 se] 33 | 4 | oe | se | zi | ne
o | ia] so | 74 | $3 | os | at
fe | 7 | so | 7 | 8 | te SS
Ist st mf tw fae [ofa] 8
i} (

Thermometor readings at Yaravda Jail near Pooua show that in
1881 the yearly mean temperature was 72°7. May was tho hottest
month with an average temperature of 80°2; April was second with
765; June was third with 77:3; March, February, and October
came close together with a fraction over 74°; then came September,
August, and July, all with a fraction over 72° er very near the
annual mean. Below the annual mean were November with 68-1,
January with 66°, and December with 662. Tho highest point
registered was 101°5 in April and tho lowost 58:4 in Decomber.
The daily range varied from 344 in March to 11 in July. Tho
details are :

Yarivpa THervowergr READINGS, 1881.

{

| ane

| mt

Extremo Maxim

(oon

'a5-5|90°7]46-s| 01-5) 101+5] 90%5 80-9)
2}o2-1| 09-2] 71-3] 72-4 09-9)

| etresne lana. hoa

| Mean Daily Maxima...|39-0|86°108-3| 90-3) 96:6) 85:5 ia emojeroieuy 887
Meas Dally nina. oe'S Uy) ob} ahi O62 Whale aaepiersbs tea) 407
Alein aly Hanes: =-fre etn aed} oo 181 rears isejarsaesaay 249

| Avomge Mease —.jooarasyr4-a) 133] soa] 73 faaira

The mean barometric pressure for cach year of completo observa-
tions is shown for the city of Poona in the following tablo, the means
being derived from two daily observations mado at 9-30 a.m. and
3-30 Pam:

savda,

Barometric
Ure

Deccan.)
POONA. 103

children take a meal early in the morning and again in separate
dishes with the father or mother ; after he has been girt with the
sacred thread a boy follows the same rules as a man. Tho head of
the house, his sons, and guests of superior rank sit on low wooden
stools in a row, and ina second row facing them are guests or
male relations of inferior rank. Motal or leaf plates are laid in
front of each stool and to the right-hand side is a water-pot or
tdmbya and to the left » cup with a ladle in it. On tho tup to
the right are cups for curries and relishes. ‘The pulse and grain
are served by aBréhman cook, and the vegetables and butter b
one of the women of the family, gonerally the host's wifo or his
daughter-in-law. The dinner is servod in three courses, the first of
boiled rice and palse and spoonfal or two of buttor, the second of
wheat bread and sugar and butter with salads and carries, and tho
third of boiled rice with curds and salads. With each course two
or three vegetables are served. The plato is not changed durin;
dinner. In each course the chief dish is heapod in the centre
the plate ; on the right the vegetables are arrangod, and on the left
the with a pieco of lemon and some salt. In rich families the
chief dishes are served by a Bréhman servant, and tho salads by ono
of the women of the family, generally by the host’s wife or his
danghter-in-law. Except on a few holidays and by a fow strict
elders the rule of silence at meals is not kept. The dinner lasts
abont half an hour. After dinner a few chew a basil leaf and sip a
little water, others chew betelnut or a packet of betelnut and
leaves. The ordinary monthly food charges of a houschold of six
persons, a man and wife two children and two relations or depondants,
vary fora rich family from £6 to £9 (Is. 60-90); for a middle
class family from £1 to £6 (Rs, 40-60); and fur a poor family
from £1 103, to £2 (Its. 15 - 20).!

Indoors a rich Chitpévan wears a waistcoat, a silk-bordered
waisteloth, and cither leaves his feet bare or walks ou wooden

1 The details are : Chitin Foal Charges

ti | Sune Pa
ARTICLR, c

Buttermilk and Curds..
rs

a.) Re. a | Ry a. ll Rs.
9] ie oi oo) oy
6] 38) te) Tel 6
6] so) 20! soi °
wel wo] 20] 30! ¥
Fol So] 0) 28° a4
w 0/180 30) Zor 6
80/7 ai a8 fej 6
10} 20 Bo 40 OL
40) Go|) 20) 28] 0
65) ol 30) a8) 6
go] ol] 30] 3 of 0
80] 0 0 Bo] Tol a
10] 20 o 8} O12)
i oR] oud 28) 8
iewond 0] dol) so] aol
‘Polcoo ind Bef 20] 40] 10] 2 el)

The money outlay of a begging or bhikshuk Brihman who receives constant
presents of grain and clothes is much less than tho sum named in the text,

Chapter III.
Population,
Bulnmass,

CurrpA vans,
Food.

Dress,

Deecan.]
POONA. 107

228 (Rs. 170-280), and of a poor girl’s from £3 to £5 (Rs.80-50)! Chapter IIL
The value of @ boy’s ornaments varies in a rich family from £50 Population.
to £90 (Rs. 500-900), in a middle-class family from £19 to £35 Badnuaxn
(Rs. 190 - 850), and in @ poor family from £3 to £6 (Rs. 30-60).
The value of a girl’s ornaments varies in a rich family from £19
to £40 (Rs. 190-400), in a middlo-class family from £15 to £25
(Rs. 150-250), and in a poor family from £2 to £5 (Rs. 20-50).

Cured vam,

* The details are: Brahman Boy's Clothes.
Ror |] Minow
agncun, eae
From] ‘0 | From | To
IRs, a. |Rts.m. |i, a. Rs,
Sofie o/¢ ole o
o 8/1 olo8ito
Bolo o)4 018 0
Sojs0lso|50
istcoat 38/1 6 Joa [4 o
tsteoat’ banwdn sm |
wiheot sik“: 7/9 oli2 05 o\7 o
cle dap pevaaciow | 8 0/8 0/2 0/4 0
Bhoulierclethy wpernt get |5 0/6 0||4 0/5 0
<] nn fone [2 O12 8
RA HE:
°
EI eevee pd
12 |e 0 |
Brikman Girls Clothes.
Rin | Mio,
anicun, |
To_| Feom| To

Hood, kunchi of ankhad

‘of striped 8ilk-cotton

NL ofchintz an
Boltiee of Gold Cloth,

Retiteoat of’tinthib
called Barhin pari

Robeland Bodice, addlcheti 5) 8 0 10

1 Tho details are : Brihnan Boy's Ornamenta,
ren [Minne

AnTioLE

From | To | From] To

Barring, Gold and Dear 2hitbi
aa ‘chavke

Bllver
Gold the

Silver 5,
Girdles, Silver or Gold «ik!

a 1» argota
Anklets, Silver fede ‘
hs Bilver edie
Bilver fordya””

Deocan.]
1 POONA. 261

and throws it into the water. Ho bathes and returns home. On
the third day the chief monrer goes to the burning ground with
afew near relations. They rub powdered dvalkati or pepper and
milk on their bodies, bathe, and return to the house of mourning,
where they dine on rice, vegetables, pulso, and butter, ‘They then
present the chicf mourner with a turban, a coat, and a waistcloth,
and in the evening take him to the temple of Ganpati or Mabddev,
where he worships the god, breaks a cocoanut, and lighting camphor
waves it before the god, bows, and returns home. On tho night of
the fifteenth they bring two new bricks and shape them like human
beings, dress them, and lay them on a low wooden stool. A few
of the deceased’s clothes are washed and heaped in froit of the
images, and they are offered plantains, cocoanuts, parched rice

small and four large earthen jars, a handful of powdered coal,
rioe-flour, turmeric powder, brick powder, and green powder made
of pounded leaves, oil, rice, salt, pulse, plantains, cocoanuts, and
vegetables, and with a party of friends and Brahmans, goes to the river
side or to the burning ground. Here the chief mourner is shaved
and bathed, a new sacred thread is fastened round his neck, and heis
dressed in fresh clothes. A platform of earth is made about eight feet
square and at each corner one of the four earthen jars is set filled
with water, and the sixteen small jars are also filled with water
and arranged round the square. Mango leaves are laid in the mouth
of each jar and a thread is passed round the necks of them all.
The coloured powders are thrown over the platform. A miniature
bamboo bier is prepared and two cloth dolls are mado and laid on
the bier, covered with dry leaves, and burnt. When the bier is
consumed the chief mourner gathers the ashes and throws them
into the river. He then bathes, sits near the square, and lights the
sacrificial fire. he ‘T'ailany and other Maritha Brahmans are given
uncooked food and money and retire, and the jars and other articles
are thrown into the water. resents of clothes are made to the
chief mourner, and when the party returns to the house of mourning
the friends dine and retire. ‘hey have no caste council. ‘They do
not remember having ever met to settle a social dispute. ‘They
send their children to school and are a rising class.

Traders includo twelve classes with a strength of 20,736 or
2-44 per cent of the Hindu population. The details aro:

Pooxa TRADERS.

7 7

Coase, | afates, Pomaes, Tote, Males. Females, ‘Total.
Hl

3 3| 6

26 48

Vauin Gujarst “-) 2285) 1511 | sees

m Marwar “.) bs] 374s | 9037

3 Vaisby aos] “435 { 98

Chapter IL.
Population,
‘Warrers,
Vandi.

‘TRapERs,

Po errey

Deccan.)
POONA. 393

stone, and dough lamps are set and lighted near the four feet of the
cot on which tle mother is lying. The house-people and any near
relations who have been called are asked to dine, and the mother
and midwife keep awake during the whole night. On the sixth day
the stone slab is again worshipped, bread and split pulse are offered
to it, und, except the blank sheet of paper, the pen ink penknife
and grindstone are thrown into the river. A woman is held
to be unclean for ten days after child-birth. On the eleventh, the
house is cowdunged, the clothes and the cot are washed, and the
mother and child are bathed. On the twelfth, tho mother lays
five pebbles outside of the house, and worships them with flowers,
and hangs a paper cradle over the pebbles. Frankincense is
burnt before them and a goat is slain. A feast is held and in the
evening ueighbour women lay the child in a cradle, and give it
four or five names. ‘The first name that is mentioned becomes the
child’s name; the rest are known as palnyatli-néve or cradlc-names.
A song is sung and the guests retire each with a handful of wot
gram and a pinch of sugar. A boy’s hair is cut for tho first
time when he is more than a month and less than two years old.
At the hair-clipping the goddess Satvdi is worshipped. “A goat is
killed and its head is buricd in front of the goddess. The
ceremony ends with a feast to which the barber is asked and this
is the only payment he gets. The hair-clipping ceremony is
performed ‘ither in the house or in the outlying lands of the
village. When a Koli dies the women wail and the friends and
relations busy themselves in preparing a bier. The corpse is laid
ou the bier, raised on the shoulders of four male relations, aud the
chief inournor walks in front of the bier, carrying in a rope sling an
earthen jar with fire in it. When they reach the burning ground,
the mourner lays the body on the pile and sets fire to it, After the
body is burnt the mourners bathe und go to their homes. They
mourn ten days, At the end they present the priest with money,
metal vessels, an umbrella, and a pair of shoes, and all the members
of the dead man’s family bathe and the mourning is over. A.
Brihman sprinkles a mixture of cow’s urine, dung, milk, butter, and
curds on the mourners aud they are pure and feast the caste. They
hold caste councils. A few send their boys to school for a short
time, but as a class they are poor and show no signs of rising.

Labourers included seven classes with a strength of 5761 or
0°68 per cent of the Hindu population. The details aro :

Pooxa Lanonnes,

pate Tt | cha

2

Bhandarrig, or Distillers, are returned as numbering 132 and as
found in Haveli, Bhimthadi, Méval, Khed, and Poona. They are
divided into Kites and Sindes who do not eat together or inter-
marry. The Kites are middle-sized, fair, nnd generally good-looking.

8 310--30
.

‘Lazovreas.

Baaspdps,

POONA.

| APPENDIX 0.

TRACES OF POLYANDRY.

® nominal marriage tis, In Arkot in Madras (Cox's
Arcot, 301) the Trulas rarely contract marriagn, the of
i of aither. According to Capt

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Pelyandry fs still ran
i valley, and samo tri ty Onarga
Btlna, Goo L119). ‘Buchanan (Mysore IIL. 17-18) mentions
neh the family of the South Kanara Ohiet of Kumli
yas trom North India, the eldeat daughter, who

2
4

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es

z
i

Deccan-§
POONA. 565

he puts arsenic, for the bile yellow pigment, for the phlegm sea foam,
for the blood honey, for the urine andeforement cow's urine and dung,
for the seminal fluids quicksilver, for the hair of the head the hair of ©
wild hog, for the hair of the body wool, and for the flesh ho sprinkles the
figure with wet berley-flonr, honey, and batter. He eprinkles milk, curds,
honey, butter, sugar, and water on the figure, covers the lower part with
a woollen cloth, fastens ronnd its chest 8 sacred thread and round ita
neck a garland of flowers, touches the brow with sandal-paste, and sota
& lighted dourlamp on its stomach. "This gare, with ite cocoanut head
to the south, is sprinkled with rice and the life ‘of the dead is brought
into it. When the lamp burns low and flickers the mourner offers gifts
and performs the dying ceremonies. When the lamp goes out he raises
8 pile of wood and burns the figure with the usual ntes, He moarns ten
days and performs the usual memorial or shrdddha rites.

1 Compare, The Mexicans after a battle made of the missing dead, burnt
them and buried the ashoa, Bearer Pritam of Secelsay =

Appendix F.
Sympouic
Cremation,

‘Cnatard apple : treo, 53.

One birth, morriage, puberty, leteicree
death, 168, 159, 161-163,

180, 181-183, 186-191, 194
1261, 254-266, 267, 268-270, 271-272,

275-277, 278-270, 206-200, 311-313, B1S-

BIG, 317-919, 220-921, 323-325, 320, B27~

AL, 382-233, 306-N37, 341-342, 348-340,

pas: ‘dearded doctors, 479.
the Chitptvans, 108-111; Kunbis,

1 Hindu holiday, 250 - 251, 294 and note
Ceremonies : of tho Chitpavans, 147-168 ;
163; Gujariti Brahmans, 166;
“Kanojs, 170-171; Shonvis, 130; Tailangs,
183; Dhruy Prabbus, 101; PAténe Prabhas,
228-235; Velilis, 250-261; Bangars, 265 ;
_ Kirdén, 270; Lingiyate, 272; Gujardt Vania,
277 ; Birie, 282-283 ; Kunbis, 307 - 309 ; Pabadia,

| Bi2.313; Badhdis, 316; Baldr, 319-319;
Bhadbhanjis, 821; Bhévesrs, 324-395 ; Buruds,
926; ChdmVbirs, 928-229; Gaundis, 382-393 ;
Ghisidis, 336-337; Jingure, 342; LAkheris,
B51; Nirilin, 356; Otiris, 357; Rénla, 3615
Bilis, 264-365; Shimpis, 369; Nhdvis, 382°
"989; Dhangars, 385 ; Bhois, 355-389 ; Kolia, 393 ;
Lodhis, 401; Rajputs, 404; Kaikddix, 408 5
‘Bdmoshis, 424; Vaujiris, 431; Dhore, 4355
‘Haldlkhors, 438-439; Mhims, 442-443; Mangs,
444; Chiteakathis, 450; Kolhatis, 458-459 ;
“Sahadey Joahie, 462-463; Uchlide, 473-474;

|

“Vaidus, eas Musalmdos, 439-490; Wene-
cy Dhors, Holilkhora, Mira,
491-464,
‘Snakes: 77.
+ Bethmans, 159 - 160.
1 breed of cattle, 56.

1 guardian god, 284, 348, 353, 390, 410,

bras: sco Kayanth Prabhu, 199,
8 310—72

Dravids : South India Brshmans, 160,

Dress: of the Chitptvans, 103-107; Kunbis, 287
and note 1p Musalmoing, (83-454; BenoTeenels,
BUD IDs,

Duke's Nose + seo Nayphani.

Dwarf Snakes: 7%

E.

Ear-boring : Pétine Prabhu ceremony, 228-294 5
Bene-Iaracl coremony, 631 and notes and 2

Eastern Bolt + aspect of tho, 3,

Eclipsos : beliefs about, 265.

Elliot : Sir Walter, 343.

Eecarpments : 10.

Estuarine Snakes = 77.

Evil Eye = lufluence of tho, 292, 299, 526 note J.

Evil Spirits : 203, 5a.

‘Exorcists : 566-557.

F.

Family Gods: 161, 168, 172, 178, 178, 181, 189,
(86, 193, 257, 268, 259, 291, 310, $20 aa aa
345, 347, 362, 354, 358, 353, 959, 962, 376,
‘354, 390, 395, 369, 9398, 405, 407, 413, ,
432, 441, 459, 463, 470; stooks, LOL and note 2

10, 161, 167, 171, 173, iH, 175, 180, 184, 193,
262, 206, 285, 914, 919, 340, 347, 375, 401, 463,
Fast Days : of tho Bone-Isracls, 609 note 1, 613,
Feat Dan: ofthe Beno lars 009 aie 1, 51%

Feet washing: Yatdne Prabha ceremony, 207 +

Timbhul: Syzigiam jombolanam, 47.
Ee 4

Togtins = beyeir, 455,
Tohiris : bexgars, 455+ 456,
Jober Pir: Muralman aint (1356-1388), 457.
Tunnar : forest reserves, 34,
F KX

Kachéris = glam bangle makers, 343-344,
Kachis : husbandmen, 288-284,
Kafshgars: Musalmén ehoomakers, 493,

5 Unnottled tribes, 406-408,
Kadju : Anacardiam occidentale, 47.
Kaldigars ; Mosalmn tinamiths, 494,
Kalils = distillers, 207-398,
Kalamb ; Nauolea parvifolia, 47.
Kaméthis: labourers, 395.397,
Kawrakh : gooseberry, 47,
Kanojs: Beihmans, 167-171.
‘Kiinphitos : slitear beggars, 456-457.
‘Kantok: Mr. & V., 553 note 1,
Baranj : Poogamin glabra, 47.
Karha: river, 9.
Karhadds: Brihmans, 171-172,
Barvand : Carissa corandas, 47,
Késiirs : glass bangle hawkors, 344-345,
Kishikdpadis soo Tirmilia,
‘Kiisths i Bréhmans, 172-174,
Ratdris « turnors, 345-346,
Kiithkarig : catochu makers, 408,
Kavath + wood.applo, 47.

Prabhus ; writers, 192-193.
Kel » plantain tree, 43.

catechy, 48,

| Khajuri : witd date, 48,

Khandoba : country god, 290, 413-414,
Khandul : Storvulia urens, 47,
Khérepathér: pistoau, 6.
Ehatris: weavers,
Ehed : forest reserves, 35,
Khedivils: Brihmans, 163,
Khiliri: breod of cattle, 56.
Khondeshvar : bill, 5.
Khores : valleys, 2 note t.
+ Bene-Toracl fart day, SL,
+ traders, 267-270,
Boiri : rocks, 4,

iT.

10 note 1, 70 note 2, 96 note 1,

a7L

+ potters, $49-351,

Kunte: Mr. M, ML, 88 note 2, 112 note Le
Kyte: Mr. S., 464 note 1.

L
Labourers; Bhandiris, Ohh: Kamathis,
Kalale, Lodhis, Rajpats, Radilis, 309. 406,
We
ast -as2
+ Rumosbie' apeclal 410- “any Uchlia

468.
Details +94.
Leavetaking: sine Prabha ceromonyy 212

Lucky Dress : of the Patino Pratns, 217-218. °
M.

Mahhwate: Musalman elephantdrivers, 495 - 496,
‘wodica, 49.