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SPECIMEN PART JUST ISSUED i
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PASSERES
Fam. EURYLEMIDA ‘|
by E. Hartert, of Zoological Museum, Tring.
With one coloured plate. Roy. 4°
This part is send for inspection postfree on demand.
Drawings by M. Keulemans
The work will be entirely published in English.
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FAM. EURYLEMID4
BY Ernst HARTERT
WITH I COLOURED PLATE
structure of the bill and feet, the Eurylemide were mostly arranged among the
« Picariae » or « Coractiformes », generally near Coracias, because the bill of the
>) Eurylenide has a great outward resemblance to that of a Coracias. As long ago
as 1840, however, attention has been drawn to the fact that the pterylography was that of
Passerine birds, Blanchard declared that the sternum was more Passerine, Garrod and Forbes
have studied the palate, trachea and structure of the foot and pronounced their main features as
Passerine, Kutter called attention to the nidology and oology, which are also Passerine. It is
therefore now universally admitted that the Eurylemide are Passerine birds, though abnormal
and best placed at the top of that order, as a distinct group.
The sternum of the Eurvlemid@, although the manubrium sterni is not forked, differs
widely from that of Coracias and all its main features are truly Passerine; the palate is zegitho-
egnathous, the nasals holorhinal; the dorsal vertebree are heterocoelous. The flexor longus
hallucis leads to the hallux and sends down a tendon to the flexor perforans digitorum, which
leads to the three front-digits. The hallux is thus incapable of independant action. The oil-
gland is small and nude.
The bill is very wide, flat, but higher and distinctly ridged in the Calyptomenine, the nasals
basal, round, open, either quite exposed or overgrown with bristly feathers, or lineiform. The
metatarsus is sometimes covered in front with some large, very distinctly separated scutellee
while in other forms the scutellae are mostly fused, thus forming a long lamina, divided only
on the lower end, near the toes. The back of the metatarsus is somewhat rugose, covered with
)
2 PASSERES
more or less distinct scutellae. The third and fourth toes are united for nearly half their length,
the toes have very strong claws. The body is thickly covered with soft feathers without
aftershafts. The moderate wings have ten to eleven primaries, the tip is formed by the third
and fourth, fourth, or fourth and fifth primaries, the second is sometimes a little, sometimes much
shorter, the first always shorter than the following ones. The secondaries are nine or ten in
number. The tail is of various shapes and consists of twelve rectrices. The sexes are alike in
plumage or the females are (in Calyptomena) much duller than the males.
The Eurylemide build large oval or roundish nests with an entrance-hole near the
top, often overhung by a protecting roof and elongated into a sort of tail. The inner lining
consists mostly of green leaves. They are suspended from branches on trees and bushes, those
of some species usually overhanging the water. The eggs are three to five in number and they
are milky-white or creamy-buff with dark brown or rufous spots and dots, sometimes also
unspotted. The young generally much resemble the adults, but some are partially spotted with
white.
These birds are not very active. I found them to feed on insects, but Calyptomena and
others are said to eat soft berries and other fruits. Their notes are soft whistles (Calyptomena)
or a peculiar whirring song (Eurylaimus, Cymbirhynchus), which has gained them the Malayan
name rain-bird, as the Malays compare the sound with that produced by the rain falling on the
leaves of the forest, and a soft whistling call-note.
The distribution of the Ewrylemide is not very wide. They are peculiar to the Oriental
Region, being distributed from the Southern Himalayas to Siam and Cambodia, throughout the
Malayan Peninsula to Sumatra, Borneo and Java, and reoccurring on the Philippine Islands.
Bibliography. Sclater, The Ibis (1872), p. 177; id., Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 454-470 (1888). —
Sharpe, Hand-list Birds, Vol. 3, p. 1-3 (1901). — Dubois, Syn. Avium, p. 204-206 (1900). —
Cf. also: Nitzsch, Pterylographie, p. 109 (1840). — Blanchard, Ann. Sc. Nat. (4), Vol. 11,
p- 92 (1859). — Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. (1877), p. 447. — Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond. (1880), p. 382. — Hartert & Kutter, Journ. f. Orn. (188g), p. 391-400.
Turn enhfamiliac con he dictinaniched +
.YPTOMENIN4E=
ulminal ridge. Nostrils in a large hole near the
base of the bill, half (or more) protected by a membrane, entirely hidden by the frontal
feathers, which project forwards and reach to about the middle of the bill or more.
The Calyptomenine consist of a single genus.
SUBFAM. B. EURYLAEMINZ=
Bill much flatter, not with a well-marked ridge, the frontal feathers normal, not covering
part of the bill, nostrils near the base of the bill, in front of the frontal feathers, or lineiform,
in a slit near the middle of the bill.
The Eurylemine are conveniently divided into 6 genera.
FAM. EURYLA!MIDAE S
1. GENUS CALYPTOMENA RAFFLES
Calyptomena Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Vol. 13, p. 295 (1822) (type of the genus C. viridis);
Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 455 (1888).
Characters. This is a somewhat aberrant| genus of the Eurylemide. The high,
ridged bill projects only half or less than that beyond the frontal feathers. The back of the
metatarsus is soft in life, rough tin the skin, with noticeable separate scutellae near the base.
The front is covered with five large scutes. The feathers cover about the basal third of the
metatarsus, which is hardly as long as the] middle toe. The wing is very broad, the second-
aries being very long, the tip of the longest primaries not more than about 2 cm. longer than
the secondaries. The third primary is longest, the fourth hardly shorter or fully as long, the
second distinctly less, the first much shorter, sometimes not much longer than the secondaries. .
The tail is slightly rounded, nearly square, about two thirds of the length of the wing. Coloura-
tion green with black, one species (C. hosei) with the middle of the undersurface blue. Nest a
rough mass of material, suspended from a branch, eggs cream-colour, unspotted.
Geographical Distribution of the Species. From Southern Tenasserim throughout —
the Malayan Peninsula to Sumatra and Borneo.
Only three species are known :
Largest, without blue, but with a black patch on the foreneck. . . . . . . . . C. WHITEHEADI.
Medium, middle of underside blue . . . . ‘ fake te) Sa a, See a CPO SEITE
Smallest, without blue and without black patch on a feb vas i Gre ra Gee Crea TSN
1. Calyptomena viridis Raffles. ‘Tenasserim,
Calyptomena viridis Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Vol. 13, p. 293 (1822) (Sumatra). Malay Peninsula,
Calyptomena viridis Raffles, cf. Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 455 (1888). Sumatra, Borneo.
2. Calyptomena hosei Sharpe. Mountains of N. W.
Calyptomena hosei Sharpe, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6). Vol. 9, p. 349 (1892) Borneo.
(Mts N. W. Borneo).
Calyptomena hosei Sharpe, cf. Sclater. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 455 (1888).
3. Calyptomena whiteheadi Sharpe. Mountains of N. W
Calyptomena whiteheadi Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 558 (1887) (Mts. N.W. Borneo); Borneo,
The Ibis (1888), p. 5 (Mt. Kina Balu).
Calyptomena whiteheadi Sharpe, cf. Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 457 (1888).
Key of the Genera of the Euryleminz
The Eurylemine embrace six fairly distinct genera :
1. — Nostrils vounded, basal . . Br ibee Mey ht ah a ee AA ON cord a er
Nostrils elongated, near the “onl Bite bill Re en) Gentis|Gxwmmrnoceriuse
2. — Tail consisting of narrow, elongated feathers, longer than the wing . . . . Genus PsariIsomus.
Tail consisting of comparatively wider feathers, much shorter than the wing. a A. 3
3. — Bill at base wider than length of exposed part of culmen . . en Cenlisn Cornyn ont
Bill at base less wide than length of exposed culmen . . . . . Me a 8d, a ea
4. — With a naked caruncle round theeye . . . po 6 8 6 5 0 0 0 GinitIs SARcorEAnoes,
INOW a Rec anUmGLeNnOUitd Tel) CRmmmN emmy 9 ae ON Rte, iar eet yy ca er
5, —= Pimmase Inanilap, tel) SH 5 0 0 3 Og ~(GSNINS ID U ENS,
Plumavesopten tailloncers 9 40. 2 ee 2 eee te Gents SERILOPHUS:
4 PASSERES
1. GENUS CORYDON LESSON
Corydon Lesson, Man. Om. p. 177 (1825) (type of the genus C. swmatranus); Sclater, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 466 (1888).
Characters. The bill is enormously wide at base, measuring considerably more from
one angle of the mouth to the other, than the length of the exposed culmen. The round nostrils
are almost hidden by feathers, the cutting edges of the upper jaw are curved and overlapping.
The scutes in front of the metatarsus are distinct, the back has a sharp edge. The tail is strongly
graduated but only about two thirds the length of the wing. The feathers ot the body are hard
and somewhat stiff. The! colouration is very peculiar among the Eurylemide, as the plumage
is dull black, the throat dull fulvous-white, narrow white bars on tail and wings and a very
peculiar, quite concealed orange and white patch on the back. Corydon feeds on insects (large
beetles, orthoptera, etc.) and hunts not only in daytime, but also in the twilight. The nidifi-
cation is not yet known.
Geographical Distribution of the Species. Only one species, inhabiting Southern
Tenasserim, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo.
1. Corydon sumatranus (Raffles). Southern Tenasserim
Coracias sumatvanus Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Vol. 13, p. 303 (1822) (Sumatra). Malay Peninsula,
Corydon swumatranus (Raffles) cf. Sclater. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 466. Sumatra, Borneo.
2. GENUS EURYLAIMUS HorsFIELD
Eurylaimus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Vol. 13, p. 170 (1822) (type of the genus
E. javanicus). Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol, 14, p. 463 (1888).
Synonym : Platyrhynchos Vieillot, Gal. Ois. Vol. 1, p. 199 (1825).
Characters. Bill very wide and flat, culmen strongly curved, the ridge not sharp and
not strongly marked. The cutting edge of the upper bill bulges out near the base and overlaps
the lower bill, but not nearly as much as in Corydon. The under mandible is nearly straight.
Nostrils round, quite free, though immediately in front of the frontal feathering. E. javanicus
hat two elongated, narrow feathers on the sides of the upper back. The feathers of the head
wnd meck, more especially in luricus, are somewhat hard and stiff. The metatarsus is
distinctly, though not much, longer than the middle toe. The scutes in front of the metatarsus
are fused, only the lowest one being still well defined, the upmost portion of the metatarsus is
covered with feathers. The tail is much rounded, the lateral rectrices being 1 '/, to 2'/, cm.
shorter than the middle pair, the tail is about three quarters the length of the wing. The third
and fourth primaries are about or nearly equal and longest, the first distinctly longer than the
secondaries. The nest is a suspended bag, hanging on branches of trees, the eggs are spotted.
The two species are very unlike each other.
Geographical Distribution of the Species. They range from Southern Tenasserim
over the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra, Java and Borneo.
1. — Much larger, head and throat vinous brown ov vinaceous grey . . . . . . . . . &E, JAVANICUS.
2. — Much smaller, head and throat black.) . 5 3. . «5 « «= © «© «© «© » © «» 4) BEOGHROMEEAS
FAM. EURYLA2MIDZE 3
1. Eurylaimus javanicus Horsfield Southern Tenasserim,
Eurylaimus javanicus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc, Lond. Vol. 13, p. 170 (1822) (Java) Malay Peninsula,
Eurylemus javanicus Horsfield, cf. Sclater. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 463 (1888). Siam, Cambodia,
Sumatra, Borneo and Java.
2. Eurylaimus ochromelas Raffles. Tenasserim, Malay
Eurylemus ochvomelas Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.Vol.13,p.297 (1822) (Sumatra). Peninsula, Sumatra,
Eurylemus ochromelas Raffles, cf. Sclater. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.Vol. 14, p. 465 (1888). Borneo.
3. GENUS SERILOPHUS Swainson
Serilophus Swainson, Classif. of Birds. Vol. 2, p. 262 (1837) (type of the genus S. lunatus), Sclater,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 460 (1888).
Characters. The members of the genus Serilophus are nearest allied to Eurylaimus,
but their bills are smaller and the tails and wings are longer, moreover the plumage is wonder-
fully soft and silky to the touch. The scales in front of the metatarsus are almost quite fused. The
middle secondaries are unusually broad. The females have a silvery white band across the
lower throat, wich is not found in the males. The nests are as usual, the eggs spotted.
Four forms of the genus are known. One of these, Serilophus rubropygia, has the longest
primaries normal, with rounded tips, while S. /unatus and its two allies have them suddenly
and sharply pointed. While S. rubropygia is of course a totally distinct species, the other three
forms are better regarded as subspecies, 1. e. geographical races. They may be distinguished
as follows :
( Primaries vounded at the tips S. RUBROPYGIA.
BS | Primaries pointed at the tips. . . . . . . S. LUNATUS.
Sides of face rusty buff . S. LUNATUS LUNATUS.
Sides of face grey, inner secondaries entively cinnamon San tas S. LUNATUS ROTHSCHILDI.
| Sides face brownish grey, inner webs of imner secondaries slaty-grey with pale
COUT Ss co 6 © 0 6 6 6 60 56 6 6 6 ao 0 6 90 6 6 So WUMATUS POLIONOHUS.
Geographical Distribution of the Species. Two species, one of them in three sub-
species, ranging from the Himalayas throughout the Indo-Burmese countries to the mountains
of the Malay Peninsula and Hainan.
1. Serilophus rubropygia (Hodgson). Himalayas below
Raya vubropygia Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. Vol 8, p. 36 (1839) (Nepal). 5000 feet, Assam to
Serilophus rubropygius (Hodgson) cf. Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 461 (1888). Arrakan and Manipur.
2. Serilophus lunatus lunatus (Gould). Tenasserim, Pegu,
Eurylaimus lunatus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 133 (1833). Karennee.
Serilophus lunatus (Gould) cf. Sclater, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 460 (1888).
3. Serilophus lunatus rothschildi Hartert & Butler. Perak Mountains,
Serilophus rothschildi Hartert & Butler, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. Vol. 7, p. 1 (1898). Malay Peninsula.
4. Serilophus lunatus polionotus Rothschild. Island of Hainan.
Serilophus lunatus polionotus Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. Vol. 14, p. 7 (1903).
4. GENUS SARCOPHANOPS SHARPE
Sarcophanops Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.), (2), Vol. 1, p. 344 (1879), (type of the genus
S. steevit). Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 462 (1838).
Characters. The two Philippine Eurylemide or Broadbills (Hornrachen) have a
peculiar wattle-like ring of naked skin round the eyes, as it is found in Arses telescophthalmus
6 PASSERES
and allies, a group of Papuan Flycatchers. Otherwise they do not differ essentially trom the
genus Eurylaimus. The sexes differ in the colour of the undersurface which is vinaceous-grey
in the males, white in the females.
Geographical Distribution of the Species. Two forms, inhabiting some of the Philip-
pine Islands, are known.
Ta U ppevside slate-gvey 2 = ee ee es I ee en rn ee eS SDE Rie
2. ——wUipperstae vinous bvown 0 a. he ss Es Oe eye) OSAMA NGICS
1. Sarcophanops steerii Sharpe. Philippine Islands
Sarcophanops steevi Sharpe,Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool.(2).Vol.1, p. 344, pl.54 (18). (Dinagat, Mindanao,
Sarcophanps steevei Sharpe, cf. Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 462 (1888). Basilan).
2. Sarcophanops samarensis Steere. Philippine Islands
Sarcophanops samarensis, Steere, List Birds & Mamm. Philipp. p. 23 (1890). (Samar, Leyte).
5. GENUS PSARISOMUS SwWAINSON
Psarisomus Swainson, Classif. of Birds, Vol. 2, p. 261 (1537) (type of the genus P. dalhousie) ;
cf. Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 457 (1888).
Synonyms : Crossodera Gould, Icones Avium, pl. 1 (1837). — Raya Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal, Vol. 8, p. 36 (1839). — Szmius Hodgson, op. cit., Vol. 10, p. 27 (1841). — Simornis,
Hodgson, Gray’s Zool. Misc. p. 82 (1844).
Characters. This gaily coloured group differs from all the rest of the Eurylemide in its
very strongly graduated, long tail with rather narrow rectrices, while the nostrils are rounded
and basal, as usual, but in a rather large groove and partly hidden by small and stiff frontal
plumes. The lateral pair of rectrices is only two fifths the length of the central ones. The
colour is beautiful : green (much lighter underneath), yellow throat, black pileum with a blue
central patch and greenish yellow patches of elongated and narrow feathers behind the eyes.
The nest is rather long, inside lined with fresh leaves, and is remarkable for the large porch,
wich overhangs the entrance-hole. The eggs are spotted. These birds catch insects on the
wing, like other Eurylemide, especially Orthoptera. Three forms, undoubtedly subspecies of
one species, can be distinguished.
Geographical Distribution of the Species. From the Himalaya mountains through
sam, Burma, the mountains of the MalayanReninsula,,Sumatra, and. Borneddsnvdrxidvss—
Green on underside richer, darker, wing slightly longer, tips of
feathers on sides ofneck more yellow. 9... oy ee (RaspaLHOUSI@ DALHOUSLA.
2. — Green on underside equally rich and dark as im 1, but wing
slightly shorter, tips of feathers on sides of neck move white . . P.DALHOUSI@ PSITTACINUS.
3. — Green on underside paler, more white towards the bases of the
feathers, wing as short as in 2, tips of feathers on sides of neck
much more white than yellow. . . . . » « + « « .~ FP. DALHOUSLE BORNEENSIS, subsp. nov.
1. Psarisomus dalhousiez dalhousiz (Jameson). Himalaya Mountains,
Ewrylaimus dalhouste Jameson, Edinb. New Phys. Journ, Vol. 18, p. 589 (1835). Assam, Manipur,
Psarisomus dalhousie (Jameson), cf. Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 458 (1888), Cachar, Burma {1 .
(1) Burmese birds have been separated as P. assimilis by Gould. The differences he mentions may be found to exist if a
good series could be compared.
FAM. EURYLAMIDZAz 7
2. Psarisomus dalhousiz psittacinus (Miller).
Eurylaimus ps.ttacinus Muller, Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Vol. 2, p. 349, pl. 5 (1835).
Psarisomus dalhousie (Miller) cf. Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14 p. 458 (1888).
Sumatra.
3. Psarisomus dalhousiz borneensis Hartert, subsp. nov. Mountains of N. W.
(Type GS no. 2451, Kina Balu, Borneo 12. April 1888, collected by John Whitehead, Borneo.
in Mus. Rothschild). The blue on the primaries is also lighter in the Bornean form,
the other differences are stated on p. 6.
6. GENUS CYMBIRHYNCHUS Viacors
Cymbirhynchus Vigors, Mem. Rattles, p. 654 (1830); Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 468 (1898).
Characters. The genus Cymbirhynchus differs from all the other Ewrylemide@ in the form of
the nostrils, which are longitudinal, and are situated in about the middle of the upper mandible.
The bill is higher than in the other genera of Eurylemine (though not as high as in the
Calyptomening) and has a sharp ridge along the culmen. The colour of the bill is in life a most
beautiful greenish sky-blue with yellow base and edges, the iris 1s of a most lovely golden moss-
ereen. These marvellous colours, however, disappear entirely in the dried skins. At the base
of the bill are two very conspicuous long and strong, and a few smaller bristles. The tail is very
strongly graduated, the lateral rectrices being about half as long as the central pair, and the
tail is nearly as long as the wing. The metatarsus in front is divided into only four scutes, the
upper one of which reaches over half the length of the metatarsus, the back of which is a soft
skin in life, shrivelled up in the skin.
The scapulars are most peculiarly shaped : the upper ones are greatly elongated, narrow,
pointed, and of a white colour, thus forming a very conspicuous white line on each side of the
black back. The rest of the plumage is red and black. The plumage covering the upperside, breast
and abdomen is soft, that of the throat more compact and very hard, the earcoverts quite stiff
and hard. Nests pendant bags, eggs spotted. The young bird has spotted wing-coverts.
Geographical Distribution of the Species. Borneo, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula,
North to Arrakan and Pegu. One species composed of three subspecies.
1.-— Tail usually without white . . . . =. . =. =. =. =. . . €. MACRORHYNCHUS MACRORHYNCHUS.
2. — Tail with white bars on immer webs . . . . . . ~. . +. +. CC. MACRORHYNCHUS LEMNISCATUS.
3. — Tail with white bars on both webs of outer vectrices . . . . . CC, MACRORHYNCHUS AFFINIS.
1. Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchus macrorhynchus (Gmelin). Borneo,
Todus macrorhynchus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 446 (1788) (No locality, figure shows
the Bornean form).
Cymborhynchus macrorhynchus (Gmelin) cf. Sclater,Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p.468(1888).
2. Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchus lemniscatus (Raffles). Sumatra,
Eurylemus lemniscatus Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Vol. 13, p. 175 (1821). Malay Peninsula to
Tenasserim,
3. Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchus affinis Blyth. Arrakan and Pegu
Cymbirhynchus affinis Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. Vol. 15, p. 312 (18 ?) (Burmah).
Cymborhynchus affinis Blyth, cf Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 47 a (1888).
8 RIANS SINE oie ;
Explanation of Plate
Fig. 1. Corydon sumatranus (Raffles), head.
— 2. Eurylemus javanicus Horsfiels, head.
— 3. Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchus (Gmelin), head.
— 4. Calyptomena viridis Raffles, head.
— 5. Serilophus lunatus rothschildi Hartert & Butler.
— 6. Sarcophanops steerii Sharpe, head.
Stich temas eZ Psarisomus dalhousiz., (Jameson), tail.
; (All figures are of the natural,
La =e =
pad “¢ ong
size).
omy —
Sen We ordi a
GENERA AVIUM IPSIMIPIDACH
FAM. LORIIDA
1. LORIUS HYPG2NOCHRONS. 2. IB. UNDERSIDE OF THE WING. 3. LORIUS DEVITTATUS.
5- LORIUS ERYTHROTHORAX. 6. LORIUS DONICELLA. 7. IB. FOOT.
/
ey)
J
1° PART SPECIMEN PART PASSERES
= 2 o
ENERA 9 4
AVIUM
PUB TELS EE Ey Dib
P.WYTSMAN
ZOOLOGIST
PASSERES
FAM. EURYLAMIDZ&
by Ernst HARTERYT
1904
PrIcE 3/9 (FR. 4.75)
139004
PRINTED BY Vi. VERTENEUIL & LL. IDESMET, Enrrors;, BRUSSELS
Bit Sold by Duravu & Co, Sotnpran & Co. B. Quaritcn, WesLey «Son, R. H. Porrer, London;
. 99 PHO GARIN 0,
R, Frepranper & Son, Berlin; Grrorp & Co. Vienna; C. Krincksreck, Paris; G. EX STECHERT,
WESTERMANN & Co. New York.
PASSERES
FAM. EURYLAMID
FAM. EURYLEMIDE
BY Ernst HARTERT
WITH I COLOURED PLATE
as 5 1840) ee er, attention ne been drawn to the fact that the ee was me a
Passerine birds, Blanchard declared that the sternum was more Passerine, Garrod and Forbes
have studied the palate, trachea and structure of the foot and pronounced their main feature as
Passerine, Kutter called attention to the nidology and oology, which are also Passerine. It is
therefore now universally admitted that the Ewrylemide@ are Passerine birds, though abnormal
and best placed at the top of that family, as a distinct group.
The sternum of the Eurylemide, although the manubrium sterni is not forked, differs
widely from that of Coracias and all its main features are truly Passerine; the palate is zgitho-
gnathous, the nasals holorhinal; the dorsal vertebrae are heterocoelous. The flexor longus
hallucis leads to the hallux and sends down a tendon to the flexor perforans digitorum, which
leads to the three front-digits. The hallux is thus incapable of independant action. The oil-
gland is small and nude.
The bill is very wide, flat, but higher and distinctly ridged in the Calyptomine, the nasals
basal, round, open, either quite exposed or overgrown with bristly feathers, or lineiform. The
metatarsus is sometimes covered in front with some large, very distinctly separated scutell
while in other forms the scutelle are mostly fused, thus forming a long lamina, divided only
on the lower end, near the toes. The back of the metatarsus is somewhat rugose, covered with
PASSERES
5
more or less distinct scutellae. The third and fourth toes are united for nearly half their length,
the toes have very strong claws. The body is thickly covered with soft feathers without
aftershafts. The moderate wings have ten to eleven primaries, the tip is formed by the third
and fourth, fourth, or fourth and fifth primaries, the second is sometimes a little, sometimes much
shorter, the first always shorter than the following ones. The secondaries are nine or ten in
number. The tail is of various shapes and consists of twelve rectrices. The sexes are alike in
plumage or the females are (in Calyptomena) much duller than the males.
The Eurylemide build large oval or roundish nests with an entrance-hole near the
top, often overhung by a protecting roof and elongated into a sort of tail. The inner lining
consists mostly of green leaves. They are suspended from branches on trees and bushes, those
of some species usually overhanging the water. The eggs are three to five in number and they
are milky-white or creamy-buff with dark brown or rufous spots and dots, sometimes also
unspotted. The young generally resemble the adults much, but some are partially spotted with
white.
These birds are not very active. I found them to feed on insects, but Calyptomena and
others are said to eat soft berries and other fruits, Their notes are soft whistles (Calvpftomena)
or a peculiar whirring song (Eurylaimus, Cymbirhynchus), which has gained them the Malayan
name rain-bird, as the Malays compare the sound with that produced by the rain falling on the
leaves of the forest, and a soft whistling call-note.
The distribution of the Eurylamid@ is not very wide. They are peculiar to the Oriental
Region, being distributed from the Southern Himalayas to Siam and Cambodia, throughout the
Malayan Peninsula to Sumatra, Borneo and Java, and reoccurring on the Philippine Islands.
Bibliography. Sclater, The Ibis (1872), p. 177; id., Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 454-470 (1888). —
Sharpe, Hand-list Birds, Vol. 3, p. 1-3 (1901). — Dubois, Syn. Avium, p. 204-206 (1900). —
Cf. also : Nitzsch, Pterylographie, p. 109 (1840). — Blanchard, Ann. Sc. Nat. (4), Vol. rr,
p- 92 (1859). — Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. (1877), p. 447. — Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond. (1880), p. 382. — Elartert & Kutter, Journ. f. Orn. (1889), p. 391-400.
Two subfamilies can be distinguished :
SUBFAM. A. CALYPTOMENINAE
Bill much higher, with a well-marked culminal ridge. Nostrils in a large hole near the
base of the bill, half (or more) protected by a membrane, entirely hidden by the frontal
feathers, which project forwards and reach to about the middle of the bill or more.
The Calyptomenine consist of a single genus.
SUBFAM. B. EURYLAEMINZE
Bill much flatter, not with a well-marked ridge, the frontal feathers normal, not covering
part of the bill, nostrils near base of bill, in front of the frontal feathers, or lineiform, in a slit
near the middle of the bill.
The Eurvlemine are conveniently divided into 6 genera.
FAM. EURYLAMIDA 3
1. GENUS CALYPTOMENA RAFFLES
Calyptomena Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Vol. 13, p. 295 (1822) (type of the genus C. viridis);
Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol 14, p. 455 (1888).
Characters. This genus is a somewhat aberrant genus of the Eurylemide. The
high, ridged bill projects only half or less than that beyond the frontal feathers. The back of
the metatarsus.is soft in life, rough in the skin, with noticeable separate scutellae near the base.
The front is covered with five large scutes. The feathers cover about the basal third of the
metatarsus, which is hardly as long as the middle toe. The wing is very broad, the second-
aries being very long, the tip of the longest primaries not more than about 2 cm. longer than
the secondaries. The third primary is longest, the fourth hardly shorter or fully as long, the
second distinctly less, the first much shorter, sometimes not much longer than the secondaries.
The tail is slightly rounded, nearly square, about two thirds the length of the] wing. Coloura-
tion green with black, one species (C. hosei) with the middle of the undersurface blue. Nest a
rough mass of material, suspended from a branch, eggs cream-colour, unspotted.
Geographical Distribution of the Species. From Southern Tenasserim throughout
the Malayan Peninsula to Sumatra and Borneo.
Only three species are known :
Largest, without blue, but with a black patch on the foreneck. . . . . . . . . C. WHITEHEADI.
Miedvann, mucalle of tndlersale WRB 6 5 5 » 0 & 0 90 @ 0 6 6 5 6 6 » Cy HOS,
Smallest, without blue and without black patch on foreneck . . . . . . . . . C. VIRIDIS.
1. Calyptomena viridis Raffles. Tenasserim,
Calyptomena viridis Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Vol. 13, p. 293 (1822) (Sumatra). Malay Peninsula,
Calyptomena viridis Raffles, cf. Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 455 (1888). Sumatra, Borneo.
2. Calyptomena hosei Sharpe. Mountains of N. W.
Calyptomena hoset Sharpe, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6).. Vol. 9, p. 349 (1892) Borneo,
(Mts N. W. Borneo).
Calyptomena hosei Sharpe, cf. Sclater. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 455 (1888).
3. Calyptomena whiteheadi Sharpe. Mountains of N. W
Calyftomena whiteheadi Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 558 (1887) (Mts. N.W. Borneo); Borneo.
The Ibis (1888), p. 5 (Mt. Kina Balu),
Calyptomena whiteheadi Sharpe, cf. Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 457 (1888).
Key of the Genera of the Eurylemine
The Euylemine embrace six fairly distinct genera :
1. — Nostrils rounded, basal ent ace eg sees Beh ea eae, Ment es
Nostrils elongated, near the middle of the bill . . . . . . . . . . . Genus CyMBIRHYNCHUS.
2. — Tail consisting of narrow, elongated feathers, longer than the wing . . . . . Genus PsartIsomus.
Tail consisting of comparatively wider feathers, much shorter than thewing. . . . . . . . . . 3.
3. — Bill at base wider than length of exposed part of culmen . . . . . . . . Genus Corypon.
Bull at base less wide than length of exposed culmen . . . . . . . . . s - . 2 22 5 Ae
4. — Watha naked cavunucle vound theeye . . . - - = = @ 3 8 2 (2). Genus SARCOPHANOPS.
INO DAR CRT TACO GO BE Bt HOME 6 2 8s 8 b bo 0 9 0 6 9 oo
5. — Plumage harder. tail shorter. . . . . . ». + +... . . . . Genus Euryramus.
Plumage softer, tail longer. . . . . . » . + +... . + « . Genus SERILOPHUS.
4 PASSERES
1. GENUS CORYDON LESSON
Corydon Lesson, Man. Orn. p. 177 (1828) (type of the genus C. sumatranus); Sclater, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 466 (1888).
Characters. The bill is enormously wide at base, measuring considerably more from
one angle of the mouth to the other, than the length of the exposed culmen. The round nostrils
are almost hidden by feathers, the cutting edges of the upper jaw are curved and overlapping.
The scutes in front of the metatarsus are distinct, the back has a sharp edge. The tail is strongly
eraduated but only about two thirds the length of the wing. The feathers of the body are hard
and somewhat stiff. The colouration is very peculiar among the Eurylemide, as the plumage
is dull black, the throat dull fulvous-white, narrow white bars on tail and wings and a very
peculiar, quite concealed orange and white patch on the back. Corydon feeds on insects (large
beetles, orthoptera, etc.) and hunts not only in daytime, but also in the twilight. The nidifi-
cation is not yet known.
Geographical Distribution of the Species. Only one species, inhabiting Southern
Tenasserim, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo.
1G Corydon sumatranus (Raffles). Southern Tenasserim,
Coracias sumatranus Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Vol. 13, p. 303 (1822) (Sumatra). Malay Peninsula,
Corydon sumatranus (Raffles) cf. Sclater. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 466. Sumatra, Borneo.
2. GENUS EURYLAIMUS HorsFIELD
Eurylaimus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Vol. 13, p. 170 (1822) (type of the genus
E. javanicus). Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 463 (1888).
Synonym : Platyrhynchos Vieillot, Gal. Ois. Vol. 1, p. 199 (1825).
Characters. Bill very wide and flat, culmen strongly curved, the ridge not sharp and
not strongly marked. The cutting edge of the upper bill bulges out near the base and overlaps
the under bill, but not nearly as much as in Corydon. The under mandible is nearly straight.
Nostrils round, quite free, though immediately in front of the frontal feathering. FE. javanicus
hat two elongated, narrow feathers on the sides of the upper back. The feathers of the head
and neck, more especially in E. javanicus, are somewhat hard and stiff. The metatarsus is
distinctly, though not much, longer than the middle toe. The scutes in front of the metatarsus
are fused, only the lowest one being still well defined, the upmost portion of the metatarsus
covered with feathers. The tail is much rounded, the lateral rectrices being 1 */, to 2 */, cm.
shorter than the middle pair, the tail is about three quarters the length of the wing. The third
and fourth primaries are about or nearly equal and longest, the first distinctly longer than the
secondaries. The nest is a suspended bag, hanging on branches of trees, the eggs are spotted.
The two species are very unlike each other.
Geographical Distribution of the Species. They range from Southern Tenasserim
over the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra, Java and Borneo.
1. — Much larger, head and throat vinous brown oy vinaceous grey . . . . . . . . . &E, JAVANICUS.
2. — Much smaller, head and throat black . . . . . . .. +... =... + . FE, OCHROMELAS.
FAM. EURYLEMID/® 5
ies Eurylaimus javanicus Horsfield Southern Tenasserim,
Eurylaimus javanicus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond, Vol. 13, p. 170 (1822) (Java) Malay Peninsula,
Eurylemus javanicus Horsfield, cf. Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 463 (1888). Siam, Cambodia,
Sumatra, Borneo and Java.
2. Eurylaimus ochromelas Raffles. Tenasserim, Malay
Eurylemus ochromelas Raffles, Trans, Linn. Soc. Lond. Vol.13,p.297 (1822) (Sumatra). Peninsula, Sumatra,
Eurylemus ochromelas Raffles, cf. Sclater. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.Vol. 14, p. 465 (1888). Borneo.
3. GENUS SERILOPHUS SwalInson
Serilophus Swainson, Classif. of Birds. Vol. 2, p. 262 (1837) (type of the genus S. lunatus), Sclater,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 460 (1888).
Characters. The members of the genus Serilophus are nearest allied to Eurylaimus,
but their bills are smaller and the tails and wings are longer, moreover the plumage is wonder-
fully soft and silky to the touch. The scales in front of the metatarsus are almost quite fused. The
middle secondaries are unusually broad. The females have a silvery white band across the
lower throat, wich is not found in the males. The nests are as usual, the eggs spotted.
Four forms of the genus are known. One of these, Serilophus rubropygia, has the longest
primaries normal, with rounded tips, while S. /unatus and its two allies have them suddenly
and sharply pointed. While S. rwbropygia is of course a totally distinct species, the other three
forms are better regarded as subspecies, 1. e. geographical races. They may be distinguished
as follows :
Primaries vounded at the tips S. RUBROPYGIA.
“| Primaries pointed at the tips. S. LUNATUS.
Sides of face vusty buff. S. LUNATUS LUNATUS.
\ Sides of face grey, inner secondaries entirely cinnamon ‘ 5 8 So LUNAS ROMEASCHMILIDN,
ai | Sides face brownish grey, inner webs of inner secondaries slaty-grey with pale
COMTI UES. 9 6 6 0 6 6 690 0 o 6 0 6 of 0 6 96 0 Sb» LUNATUS POLIONOTUS:
Geographical Distribution of the Species. Two species, one of them in three sub-
species, ranging from the Himalayas throughout the Indo-Burmese countries to the mountains
of the Malay Peninsula and Hainan.
t. Serilophus rubropygia (Hodgson). Himalayas below
Rava rubyopygia Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. Vol 8, p. 36 (1839) (Nepal). 5000 feet, Assam to
Serilophus vubropygius (Hodgson) cf. Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 461 (1888). Arrakan and Manipur.
2. Serilophus lunatus lunatus (Gould). Tenasserim, Pegu,
Eurylaimus lunatus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 133 (1833). Karennee.
Serilophus lunatus (Gould) cf. Sclater, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 460 (1888).
3. Serilophus lunatus rothschildi Hartert & Butler. Perak Mountains,
Serilophus rothschildi Hartert & Butler, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. Vol. 7, p. 1 (1898). Malay Peninsula.
4. Serilophus lunatus polionotus Rothschild. Island of Hainan.
Serilophus lunatus polionotus Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. Vol. 14, p. 7 (1903).
4. GENUS SARCOPHANOPS SHARPE
Sarcophanops Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.), (2), Vol. 1, p. 344 (1879), (type of the genus
S. steevii). Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 462 (1838).
Characters. The two Philippine Ewrylemide or Broadbills (Hornrachen) have a
peculiar wattle-like ring of naked skin round the eyes, as it is found in Arses telescophthalmus
6 PASSERES
and allies, a group of Papuan Flycatchers. Otherwise they do not differ essentially from the
genus Eurylaimus. The sexes differ in the colour of the undersurface which is vinaceous-grey
in the males, white in the females.
Geographical Distribution of the Species. Two forms, inhabiting some of the Philip-
pine Islands, are known.
tr. == Upperside slate-prey 0+ 40% ees «AO ee oe ye ee eGR
2. — Upperside vinous brown S. SAMARENSIS.
1. Sarcophanops steerii Sharpe. Philippine Islands
Sarcophanops steeri Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool.(2),Vol.1, p. 344, pl.54 (18). (Dinagat, Mindanao,
Sarcophanps steerei Sharpe, cf. Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 462 (1888). Basilan).
2. Sarcophanops samarensis Steere.
Philippine Islands
Sarcophanops samarensis, Steere, List Birds & Mamm., Philipp. p. 23 (1890). (Samar, Leyte).
5. GENUS PSARISOMUS SwWaAINSON
Psarisomus Swainson, Classif. of Birds, Vol. 2, p. 261 (1837) (type of the genus P. dalhousic) ;
cf. Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 457 (1888).
Synonyms : Crossoderva Gould, Icones Avium, pl. 1 (1837). — Raya Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal, Vol. 8, p. 36 (1839). — Sznius Hodgson, op. cit., Vol. 10, p. 27 (1841). — Szmornis,
Hodgson, Gray’s Zool. Misc. p. 82 (1844).
Characters. This gaily coloured group differs from all the rest of the Eurylemide in its
very strongly graduated, long tail with rather narrow rectrices, while the nostrils are rounded
and basal, as usual, but in a rather large groove and partly hidden by small and stiff frontal
plumes. The lateral pair of rectrices is only two fifths the length of the central ones. The
colour is beautiful : green (much lighter underneath), yellow throat, black pileum with a blue
central patch and greenish yellow patches of elongated and narrow feathers behind the eyes.
The nest is rather long, inside lined with fresh leaves, and is remarkable for the large porch,
wich overhangs the entrance-hole. The eggs are spotted. These birds catch insects on the
wing, like other Eurylemide, especially Orthoptera. Three forms, undoubtedly subspecies of
one species, can be distinguished. One species, which must be divided into three subspecies.
Geographical Distribution of the Species. From the Himalaya mountains through
Assam, Burma, the mountains of the Malayan Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo.
1. — Green on underside richer, darker, wing slightly longer, tips of
Feathers on sides of neck more yellow . . P. DALHOUSLE DALHOUSL&.
2. — Green on underside equally vich and dark as in 1, but wing
slightly shorter, tips of feathers on sides of neck move white . . QP. DALHOUSI# PSITTACINUS.
3. — Green on underside paler, move white towards the bases of the
feathers, wing as short as in 2, tips of feathers on sides of neck
much move white than yellow. . . . . . . . . . . P,DALHOUSLE BORNEENSIS, subsp. nov. -
1. Psarisomus dalhousiz dalhousiz (Jameson). Himalaya Mountains,
Eurylaimus dalhousie Jameson, Edinb. New Phys. Journ. Vol. 18, p. 589 (1835). Assam. Manipur,
Psarisomus dalhousie (Jameson), cf. Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 458 (1888). Cachar, Burma (1).
(x) Burmese Birds have been separated as P. assimilis by Gould. The differenses the mentions may be found to be stated
with reason if a good series could be compared.
BAM. BURY LAMIDAs Ui
2. Psarisomus dalhousiz psittacinus (Miller).
Eurylaimus psittacinus Muller, Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Vol. 2, p. 349, pl. 5 (1835).
Psarisomus dalhousie (Muller) cf. Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14 p. 458 (1888).
~ 3. Psarisomus dalhousiz borneensis Hartert, subsp. nov. Mountains of N. W.
(Type O no. 2451, Kina Balu, Borneo 12. April 1888, collected by John Whitehead, Borneo.
in Mus. Rothschild), The blue on the primaries is also lighter in the Bornean form,
the other differences are stated on p. 6.
Sumatra,
6. GENUS CYMBIRHYNCHUS Viaors
Cymbirhynchus Vigors, Mem. Raffles, p. 654 (1830); Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 468 (1898).
Characters. The genus Cymbirhynchus differs from all the other Eurylemide in the form of
the nostrils, which are longitudinal, and are situated in about the middle of the upper mandible.
The bill is higher than in the other genera of Eurylemine (though not as high as in the
Calyptomenine) and has a sharp ridge along the culmen. The colour of the bill is in life a most
beautiful greenish sky-blue with yellow base and edges, the iris is of a most lovely golden moss-
green. These marvellous colours, however, disappear entirely in the dried skins. At the base
of the bill are two very conspicuous long and strong, and a few smaller bristles. The tail is very
strongly graduated, the lateral rectrices being about half as long as the central pair, and the
tail is nearly as long as the wing. The metatarsus is in front divided into only four scutes, the
upper one of which reaches over half the length of the metatarsus, the back of which is a soft
skin in life, shrivelled up in the skin.
The scapulars are most peculiarly shaped : the upper ones are greatly elongated, narrow,
pointed, and of a white colour, thus forming a very conspicuous white line on each side of the
black back. The rest of the plumage is red and black. The plumage covering the upperside, breast
and abdomen is soft, that of the throat more compact and very hard, the earcoverts quite stiff
and hard. Nests pendant bags, eggs spotted. The young bird has spotted wing-coverts.
Geographical Distribution of the Species. Borneo, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula,
North to Arrakan and Pegu. One species composed of three subspecies.
1. — Dail usually without white . . . . . . =. =. =... +. . C€. MACRORHYNCHUS MACRORHYNCHUS.
2. — Tail with white bays on mney webs . . . . . . . +. +. . C€. MACRORHYNCHUS LEMNISCATUS.
3. — Tail with white bars on both webs of outer vectvices . . . . . CC. MACRORHYNCHUS AFFINIS.
1. Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchus macrorhynchus (Gmelin). Borneo.
Todus macrorhynchus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 446 (1788) (No locality, figure shows
the Bornean form).
Cymborhynchus macrorhynchus (Gmelin) cf. Sclater,Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p.468(1888).
2. Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchus lemniscatus (Raffles). Sumatra,
Eurylemus lemniscatus Raffles, Trans. Linn, Soc. Lond. Vol. 13, p. 175 (1821). Malay Peninsula to
Tenasserim,
3. Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchus affinis Blyth. Arrakan and Pegu
Cymbirhynchus affinis Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. Vol. 15, p. 312 (18 ? ) (Burmah).
Cymborhynchus affinis Blyth, cf Sclater, Cat. Brids Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 47 a (1888).
8 PASSERES
Explanation of Plate
. Corydon sumatranus (Raffles), head.
. Eurylemus javanicus Horsfield, head.
. Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchus (Gmelin), head.
. Calyptomena viridis Raffles, head.
. Serilophus lunatus rothschildi Hartert & Butler.
. Sarcophanops steerii Sharpe, head.
|
SIO UB WD H
. Psarisomus dalhousiz (Jameson), tail.
(All figures in natural size).
Tring (Herts), 30th. November 1903.
GENERA AVIUM PASSERES
SPECIMEN
FAM. EURYLAIMIDA
1. CORYDON SUMATRANUS. 2. EURYLZZMUS JAVANICUS. 3. CYMBIRHYNCHUS MACRORHYNCHUS. 4. CALYPTOMENA VIRIDIS.
5. SERILOPHUS LUNATUS ROTHSCHILDI. 6. SARCOPHANOPS STEERII. 7. PSARISOMUS. (tail).
i: :
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BY MESSRS. P. L. SCLATER, R. BOWDL
HARTERT, C. E. HELLMAYR, T. S
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FAM. EURYLEMID&
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FAM. EURYLEMIDE
BY ERNST HARTERT, PH. D.
YN former times, when the ornithological system was chiefly founded on the external
structure of the bill and feet, the Ewrylemide were mostly arranged among the
« Picariae » or « Coraciiformes », generally near Coracias, because the bill of the
Eurylenide has a great outward resemblance to that ot a Coracias. As long ago
as ee on ever, attention has been drawn to the fact that the pterylography was that of
Passerine birds, Blanchard declared that the sternum was more Passerine, Garrod and Forbes
have studied the palate, trachea and structure of the foot and pronounced their main features as
Passerine, Kutter called attention to the nidology and oology, which are also Passerine. It is
therefore now universally admitted that the Ewry/emide@ are Passerine birds, though abnormal
and best placed at the top of that order, as a distinct group.
The sternum of the Exrylemid@, although the manubrium sterni is not forked, differs
widely from that of Coracias and all its main features are truly Passerine; the palate is egitho-
gnathous, the nasals holorhinal; the dorsal vertebrae are heterocoelous. The flexor longus
hallucis leads to the hallux and sends down a tendon to the flexor perforans digitorum, which
leads to the three front-digits. The hallux is thus incapable of independant action. The oil-
gland is small and nude.
The bill is very wide, flat, but higher and distinctly ridged in the Calyptomenine, the nasals
basal, round, open, either quite exposed or overgrown with bristly feathers, or lineiform. The
metatarsus is sometimes covered in front with some large, very distinctly separated scutelle,
while in other forms the scutella are mostly fused, thus forming a long lamina, divided only
on the lower end, near the toes. The back of the metatarsus is somewhat rugose, covered with
BINS SIRES
to
more or less distinct scutellae. The third and fourth toes are united for nearly half their length,
and the toes have very strong claws. The body is thickly covered with soft feathers without
aftershafts. The moderate wings have ten to eleven primaries, the tip is formed by the third
and fourth, fourth, or fourth and fifth primaries, the second is sometimes a little, sometimes much
shorter, the first always shorter than the following ones. The secondaries are nine or ten in
number. The tail is of various shapes and consists of twelve rectrices. The sexes are alike in
plumage or the females are (in Calyptomena) much duller than the males.
Habits. The Exrylemide build large oval or roundish nests with an entrance-hole near
the top, often overhung by a protecting roof and elongated into a sort of tail. The inner lining
consists mostly of green leaves. They are suspended from branches on trees and bushes, those
of some species usually overhanging the water. The eggs are three to five in number and they
are milky-white or creamy-buff with dark brown or rufous spots and dots, sometimes also
unspotted. The young generally much resemble the adults, but some are partially spotted with
white.
These birds are not very active. I found them to feed on insects, but Calyptomena and
others are said to eat soft berries and other fruits. Their notes are soft whistles (Calyptomena)
or a peculiar whirring song (Eurylaimus, Cymbirhynchus), which has gained them the Malayan
name rain-bird, as the Malays compare the sound with that produced by the rain falling on the
leaves of the forest, and a soft whistling call-note.
Range. The distribution of the Ewrylemide@ is not very wide. They are peculiar to the
Oriental Region, being distributed from the Southern Himalayas to Siam and Cambodia,
throughout the Malayan Peninsula to Sumatra, Borneo and Java, and reoccurring on the
Philippine Islands.
Bibliography. Sclater, The Ibis (1872), p. 177; 1d., Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 454-470 (1888). —
Sharpe, Hand-list Birds, Vol. 3, p. 1-3 (tg01). — Dubois, Syn. Avium, p. 204-206 (1g00). —
Cf. also: Nitzsch, Pterylographie, p. 10g (1840). — Blanchard, Ann. Sc. Nat. (4), Vol. 11,
p- 92 (1859). — Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. (1877), p. 447. — Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond. (1880), p. 382. — Hartert & Kutter, Journ. f. Orn. (1889), p. 391-400.
Two subfamilies can be distinguished :
SUBFAM. A. CALYPTOMENINA=
Bill much higher, with a well-marked culminal ridge. Nostrils in a large hole near the
base of the bill, half (or more) protected by a membrane, entirely hidden by the frontal
feathers, which project forwards and reach to about the middle of the bill or more.
The Calyptomenine consist of a single genus.
SUBFAM. B. EURYLAEMINAE=
Bill much flatter, not with a well-marked ridge, the frontal feathers normal, not covering
part of the bill, nostrils near the base of the bill, in front of the frontal feathers, or lineiform,
in a slit near the middle of the bill.
The Eurylemine are conveniently divided into 6 genera.
FAM. EURYLAMIDA: 3
1. GENUS CALYPTOMENA RAFFLES
Calyptomena Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Vol. 13, p. 295 (1822) (type of the genus C. Vividis);
Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 455 (1888).
Characters. This is a somewhat aberrant genus of the Eurylemide. The high,
ridged bill projects only half or less than that beyond the frontal feathers. The back of the
metatarsus is soft in life, rough in the skin, with noticeable separate scutellae near the base.
The front is covered with five large scutes. The feathers cover about the basal third of the
metatarsus, which is hardly as long as the middle toe. The wing is very broad, the second-
aries being very long, the tip of the longest primaries not more than about 2 cm. longer than
the secondaries. The third primary is longest, the fourth hardly shorter or fully as long, the
second distinctly less, the first much shorter, sometimes not much longer than the secondaries.
The tail is slightly rounded, nearly square, about two thirds of the length of the wing. Coloura-
tion green with black, one species (C. hosei) with the middle of the undersurface blue. Nest a
rough mass of material, suspended from a branch, eggs cream-colour, unspotted.
Geographical Distribution. From Southern Tenasserim throughout the Malayna
Peninsula to Sumatra and Borneo.
Only three species are known :
Largest, without blue, but with a black patch on the foreneck. . . . . . . . . CC. WHITEHEADI.
Medium, middle of underside blue . . . a el oc ES ee Cae HOSEIE
Smallest, without blue and without black patch on ne ch Se chao nnn ee ees ComRUTRTD IG.
1. Calyptomena viridis Rafiles (Plate, Fig. 4.). Tenasserim,
Calyptomena viridis Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Vol. 13, p. 293 (1822) (Sumatra). Malay Peninsula,
Calyptomena viridis Raffles, cf. Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 455 (1888). Sumatra, Borneo.
2. Calyptomena hosei Sharpe. Mountains of N. W.
Calyptomena iosei Sharpe, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6). Vol. 9, p. 349 (1892) Borneo.
(Mts N. W. Borneo).
Calyptomena hosei Sharpe, cf. Sclater. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 455 (1888).
3. Calyptomena whiteheadi Sharpe. Mountains of N. W
Calyftomena whiteheadi Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 558 (1887) (Mts. N.W. Borneo); Borneo.
The Ibis (1888), p. 5 (Mt. Kina Balu).
Calyptomena whiteheadi Sharpe, cf. Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 457 (1888)..
KEY OF THE GENERA OF THE EURYL/AEMINA=
The Euylemine embrace six fairly distinct genera :
1. — Nostrils rounded, basal . . . on MS ee ch Ok ee ee cae sc
Nostvils elongated, near the middle of the 2 bill Bb eo oe ok ko eg of) COME C AEN ORUS,
2. — Tail consisting of narrow, elongated feathers, longer than the wing . . . . . Genus Psarisomus.
Tail consisting of comparatively wider feathers, much shorter than thewing, . . . . . + » » « 3.
3. — Bill at base wider than length of exposed part of culmen . . . . . . . . Genus Corypon.
Bill at base less wide than length of exposed culmen . . . . . ag ie re Sou Ore cme ca
4. — With a naked caruncle vound theeye . . . C0 pee eee oo tenuis! SARCORBANOBS:
iNownahedicarunclemound theveye. 9. < tk y ) e e O e p e, ee
5. — Plumage harder. tail shorty. . . . . » » + + «+... » . . Genus EurRyYLAIMUS.
Plumagesofier, tail longer, . . - . . «© «© = © - » . « = «= Genus SERILOPHUS:
4 PASSERES
1. GENUS CORYDON LESSON
Corydon Lesson, Man. Orn. p. 177 (1828) (type of the genus C. swmatranus); Sclater, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 466 (1888).
Characters. The bill is enormously wide at base, measuring considerably more from
one angle of the mouth to the other, than the length of the exposed culmen. The round nostrils
are almost hidden by feathers, the cutting edges of the upper jaw are curved and overlapping.
The scutes in front of the metatarsus are distinct, the back has a sharp edge. The tail is strongly
graduated but only about two thirds the length of the wing. The feathers of the body are hard
and somewhat stiff. The colouration is very peculiar among the Eurylemide, as the plumage
is dull black, the throat dull fulvous-white, narrow white bars on tail and wings and a very
peculiar, quite concealed orange and white patch on the back. Corydon feeds on insects (large
beetles, orthoptera, etc.) and hunts not only in daytime, but also in the twilight. The nidifi-
cation is not yet known.
Geographical Distribution. Only one species, inhabiting Southern Tenasserim, the
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo.
1. Corydon sumatranus (Raffles) (Plate, Fig. 1.). Southern Tenasserim,
Coracias sumatranus Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Vol. 13, p. 303 (1822) (Sumatra). Malay Peninsula,
Corydon sumatyanus (Raffles) cf. Sclater. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 466. Sumatra, Borneo.
2. GENUS EURYLAIMUS HorsFIELD
Eurylaimus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Vol. 13, p. 170 (1822) (type of the genus
E. javanicus). Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 463 (1888).
Synonym : Platyrhynchos Vieillot, Gal. Ois. Vol. 1, p. 199 (1825).
Characters. Bill very wide and flat, culmen strongly curved, the ridge not sharp and
not stronglv marked. The cutting edge of the upper bill bulges out near the base and overlaps
the lower bill, but not nearly as much as in Corydon. The under mandible is nearly straight.
Nostrils round, quite free, though immediately in front of the frontal feathering. E. javanicus
hat two elongated, narrow feathers on the sides of the upper back. The feathers of the head
and neck, more especially in E. javanicus, are somewhat hard and stiff. The metatarsus is
distinctly, though not much, longer than the middle toe. The scutes in front of the metatarsus
are fused, only the lowest one being still well defined, the upmost portion of the metatarsus is
covered with feathers. The tail is much rounded, the lateral rectrices being I */, to 2 1/, cm.
shorter than the middle pair, the tail is about three quarters the length of the wing. The third
and fourth primaries are about or nearly equal and longest, the first distinctly longer than the
secondaries. The nest is a suspended bag, hanging on branches of trees, the eggs are spotted.
The two species are very unlike each other.
Geographical Distribution. They range from Southern Tenasserim over the Malay
Peninsula to Sumatra, Java and Borneo.
1. — Much larger, head and throat vinous brown or vinaceousgvey . . . . . . . . . +E, JAVANICUS.
2. — Much smaller, head and throatblack . . . . . =. =. =. =. =... >» « . . EE. @CHROMELAS.
FAM. EURYLZMID 5
1. Eurylaimus javanicus Horsfield Southern Tenasserim,
Eurylaimus javanicus Horsheld, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Vol. 13, p. 170 (1822) (Java) Malay Peninsula,
Eurylemus javanicus Horsfield, cf. Sclater. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.Vol. 14, p. 463 (1888). Siam, Cambodia,
Sumatra, Borneo and Java.
2. Eurylaimus ochromelas Rafiles. Tenasserim, Malay
Eurylemus ochromelas Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Vol.13,p.297 (1822) (Sumatra). Peninsula, Sumatra,
Eurylemus ochromelas Raffles, cf. Sclater. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.Vol. 14, p. 465 (1888). Borneo.
3. GENUS SERILOPHUS Swainson
Serilophus Swainson, Classif. of Birds. Vol.
2, p. 262 (1837) (type of the genus S. lunatus), Sclater,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 460 (1888).
Characters. The members of the genus Serilophus are nearest allied to Eurylaimus,
but their bills are smaller and the tails and wings are longer, moreover the plumage is wonder-
fully soft and silly to the touch. The scales in front of the metatarsus are almost quite fused. The
middle secondaries are unusually broad. The females have a silvery white band across the
lower throat, wich is not found in the males. The nests are as usual, the eggs spotted.
Four forms of the genus are known. One of these, Serilophus rubropygia, has the longest
primaries normal, with rounded tips, while S. dwnatus and its two allies have them suddenly
and sharply pointed. While S. rubropygia is of course a totally distinct species, the other three
forms are better regarded as subspecies, 1. e. geographical races. They may be distinguished
as follows :
Primaries rounded at the tips S. RUBROPYGIA.
- TL HUUMLESDOUILLC RCL LALILERL CD Sn a nn = S. LUNATUS (2).
SUUES Of jfCBO TOSS WF 2 oo 6 6 6 6 6 © 6 © S. LUNATUS LUNATUS.
Sides of face grey, mmner secondaries entirely cinnamon S. LUNATUS ROTHSCHILDI.
| Sides of face brownish grey, inner webs of inner secondaries slaty-grey with pale
CUIGINONALUP Se ees ee ee SE UNATRUSEDORIONORUSS
Geographical Distribution. Two species, one of them in three subspecies, ranging
from the Himalayas throughout the Indo-Burmese countries to the mountains of the Malay
Peninsula and Hainan.
1. Serilophus rubropygia (Hodgson). Himalayas below
Raya rubropygia Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. Vol. 8, p. 36 (1839) (Nepal). Sooo feet, Assam to
Serilophus rubropygius (Hodgson) cf.Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 461 (1888). Arrakan and Manipur.
2. Serilophus lunoatus lunatus (Gould). Tenasserim, Pegsu,
Eurylaimus lunatus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 133 (1833). Karennee.
Serilophus lunatus (Gould) cf. Sclater, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 460 (1888).
3. Serilophus lunoatus rotschildi Hartert & Butler (Plate, Fig. 5.). Perak Mountains,
Serilophus rothschildi Hartert & Butler, Bull. Brit, Orn. Cl. Vol. 7, p. 1 (1898). Malay Peninsula.
4. Serilophus lunatus polionotus Rothschild. Island of Hainan.
Serilophus lunatus polionotus Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. Vol. 14, p. 7 (1903).
4. GENUS SARCOPHANOPS SHARPE
Sarcophanops Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.), (2), Vol. 1, p. 344 (1879), (type of the genus
S. steevii). Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 462 (1838).
Characters. The two Philippine Eurylemide or Broadbills (Hornrachen) have a
peculiar wattle-like ring of naked skin round the eyes, as it is found in Arses telescophthalmus
6 PASSERES
and allies, a group of Papuan Flycatchers. Otherwise they do not differ essentially from the
genus Eurylaimus. The sexes differ in the colour of the undersurface which is vinaceous-grey
in the males, white in the females.
Geographical Distribution. Two forms, inhabiting some of the Philippine Islands, are
known.
Ls = Upperside slateprey: 3 1% fy Hn Sy es ee) eS oere
2. — Upperside vinous brown S. SAMARENSIS.
1. Sarcophanops steerii Sharpe (Plate, Fig. 6.). Philippine Islands
Sarcophanops steeri Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. (2),Vol.1, p.344, pl.54 (18). (Dinagat, Mindanao,
Sarcophanps steerei Sharpe, cf. Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 462 (1888). Basilan).
2 Sarcophanops samarensis Steere. Philippine Islands
Sarcophanops samarensis, Steere, List Birds & Mamm. Philipp. p. 23 (1890). (Samar, Leyte).
5. GENUS PSARISOMUS SwalINnson
Psarisomus Swainson, Classif. of Birds, Vol. 2, p. 261 (1837) (type of the genus P. dalhouste);
cf. Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 457 (1888).
Synonyms : Crossodera Gould, Icones Avium, pl. 1 (1837). — Raya Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal, Vol. 8, p. 36 (1839). — Szuius Hodgson, op. cit., Vol. 10, p. 27 (1841). — Szmornis,
Hodgson, Gray’s Zool. Misc. p. 82 (1844).
Characters. This gaily coloured group differs from all the rest of the Eury/@mide in its
very strongly graduated, long tail with rather narrow rectrices, while the nostrils are rounded
and basal, as usual, but in a rather large groove and partly hidden by small and stiff frontal
plumes. The lateral pair of rectrices is only two fifths the length of the central ones. The
colour is beautiful : green (much lighter underneath), yellow throat, black pileum with a blue
central patch and greenish yellow patches of elongated and narrow feathers behind the eyes.
The nest is rather long, inside lined with fresh leaves, and is remarkable for the large porch,
wich overhangs the entrance-hole. The eggs are spotted. These birds catch insects on the
wing, like other Eurylemid@, especially Orthoptera. Three forms, undoubtedly subspecies of
one species, can be distinguished.
Geographical Distribution. From the Himalaya mountains through Assam, Burma,
the mountains of the Malayan Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo.
1. — Green on underside vicher, darker, wing slightly longer, tips of
feathers on sides of neck more yellow. . . . . . . . . FP. DALHOUSI# DALHOUSIA.
2. — Green on underside equally rich and dark as m 1, but wing
slightly shorter, tips of feathers on sides of neck more white . . WP. DALHOUSIE PSITTACINUS.
3. — Green on underside paler, move white towards the bases of the
feathers, wing as short as in 2, tips of feathers on sides of neck
much more white than yellow. . . . . . . . . . . DP. DALHOUSI BORNEENSIS, subsp.nov, 7
1. Psarisomus dalhousiz dalhousiz (Jameson) (Plate, Fig. 7.). Himalaya Mountains,
Eurylaimus dalhousie Jameson, Edinb. New Phys. Journ. Vol. 18, p. 589 (1835). Assam. Manipur,
Psarisomus dalhousie (Jameson), cf. Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 458 (1888). Cachar, Burma (1).
(1) Burmese birds have been separated as P. assimilis by Gould. The differences he mentions may be found to exist ifa
good series could be compared.
PAM. EURYLAMIDZA® ia
2. Psarisomus dalhousiz psittacinus (Miiller).
Eurylaimus psitiacinus Muller, Tijdschr. Nat. Gesch. Vol. 2, p. 349, pl. 5 (1835).
Psarisomus dalhousie (Miller) cf. Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14 p. 458 (1888).
~ 3. Psarisomus dalhousiz borneensis Hartert, subsp. nov. Mountains of N. W.
(Type SO no. 2451, Kina Balu, Borneo 12. April 1888, collected by John Whitehead, Borneo.
in Mus. Rothschild). The blue on the primaries is also lighter in the Bornean form,
the other differences are stated on p. 6.
Sumatra,
6. GENUS CYMBIRHYNCHUS Viagors
Cymbirhynchus Vigors, Mem. Raffles, p. 654 (1830); Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.Vol.14, p. 468 (1898).
Characters. The genus Cymbirhynchus differs from all the other Eurylemide@ in the form of
the nostrils, which are longitudinal, and are situated in about the middle of the upper mandible.
The bill is higher than in the other genera of Eurylemine (though not as high as in the
Calyptomenine) and has a sharp ridge along the culmen. The colour of the bill is in life a most
beautiful greenish sky-blue with yellow base and edges, the iris is of a most lovely golden moss-
green. These marvellous colours, however, disappear entirely in the dried skins. At the base
of the bill are two very conspicuous long and strong, and a few smaller bristles. The tail is very
strongly graduated, the lateral rectrices being about half as long as the central pair, and the
tail is nearly as long as the wing. The metatarsus in front is divided into only four scutes, the
upper one of which reaches over half the length of the metatarsus, the back of which is a soft
skin in life, shrivelled up in the skin.
The scapulars are most peculiarly shaped : the upper ones are greatly elongated, narrow,
pointed, and of a white colour, thus forming a very conspicuous white line on each side of the
black back. The rest of the plumage is red and black. The plumage covering the upperside, breast
and abdomen is soft, that of the throat more compact and very hard, the earcoverts quite stiff
and hard. Nests pendant bags, eggs spotted. The young bird has spotted wing-coverts.
Geographical Distribution. Borneo, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, North to Arrakan
and Pegu. One species composed of three subspecies.
1. — Tail usually without white . . . . . . =. =. . » . »« C, MACRORHYNCHUS MACRORHYNCHUS.
2. — Tail with white bars on mney webs . . . . . . . ~~. . « C. MACRORHYNCHUS LEMNISCATUS.
3. — Tail with white bars on both webs cf outer vectvrices . . . . . C.MACRORHYNCHUS AFFINIS.
1. Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchus macrorhynchus(Gmelin). (Plate, Fig.3). | Borneo.
Todus macrorhynchus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 446 (1788) (No locality, figure shows
the Bornean form).
Cymborhynchus macrorhynchus (Gmelin) cf. Sclater,Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol.14, p.468 (1888).
2. Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchus lemniscatus (Raffles). Sumatra,
Eurylemus lemniscatus Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Vol. 13, p. 175 (1821). Malay Peninsula to
Tenasserim,
3. Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchus affinis Blyth. Arrakan and Pegu
Cymbirhynchus affinis Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. Vol. 15, p. 312 (18 ? ) (Burmah).
Cymborhynchus affinis Blyth, cf Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 47 a (1888).
8 PASSERES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
. Corydon sumatranus (Raffles).
ey
ee
gq
Hi
. Eurylaimus javanicus Horsfield.
. Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchus (Gmelin).
. Calyptomena viridis Raffles.
. Serilophus lunatus rothschildi Hartert & Butler.
al
One Wb
|
a
. Sarcophanops steerti Sharpe.
— 7. Psarisomus dalhousiz (Jameson).
(All figures are of the natural size).
Tring (Herts), 30th. April 1903.
GENERA AVIUM PASS ERES
FAM. BURY LAIMID AS
1. CORYDON SUMATRANUS. 2. EURYLAIMUS JAVANICUS. 3. CYMBIRHYNCHUS MACRORHYNCHUS. 4. ¢ \LYPTOMENA VIRIDIS.
5. SERILOPHUS LUNATUS ROTHSCHILDI. 6. SARCOPHANOPS STEERIT. 7. PSARISOMUS DALHOUSLAE.
. PICARLE
os
“by P. ‘WYTSMAN é
os I COLOURED PLATE
ee 1905
spy V. Vertengui, & L, Desmer, Brussens
FAM. TODID&
BY P. WYTSMAN
<a HE type of this small platyrostral family, Todus viridis, was known since Linnzus,
p. 333 (1892) placed the family between the Momotid@ and the Coliid@, in his Hand-List of the
Genera and Species of Birds, Vol. 2, p. 78 (1900) between the Momotide and the Caprimulgide
and Alphonse Dubois in his Syvvzopsis Avium Vol. 1, p. 95 (1899-1902) between the Momotide
and the Meropide. Other authors have placed it otherwise, but all the ornithologists are at
present in accord to consider these beautiful species or subspecies of the genus Todus as
forming a special and distinct family.
If we admit the oldest species known, the Todus viridis of Linnzeus, as the type of the
family and if we examine carefully the other forms described since, it is evident that the three
species described under the names of T. subulatus, T. multicolor and T. hypochondriacus agree
in their main features and that the characteristics which distinguish them from 7. viridis are
not very important ones, so that we may consider them as subspecies or local varieties of the
type T. viridis, as they strictly represent the latter geographically.
Todus pulcherrimus described by R, Bowdler Sharpe (The Ibis p. 353, pl. 3, fig. 3 (1874);
id. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 336 (1892), does not seem to have sufficient characters to
constitute a different species or variety and I quite agree with Dr. E. Hartert, of Tring, who
infoms me that he considers it merely an individual aberration of 7. viridis hypochondriacus. Wf
it actually came from Jamaica, it must have been brought there from St. Domingo.
2 PICARIA#
KEY TO THE GENUS TODUS
1. — Flanks with more or less pink.
a. Chest washed with green, moustachial stripe greyish, lores green, abdomen
pale yellow wy themidale.. . = = 4) 6 ae) evs WRITS.
b. Chest with a brownish grey wash, moustachial stripe whitish, lores greeit,
abdomen yellow in the middle. . . . . . . . =. . . . J. VIRIDIS SUBULATUS.
c. Chest with a clear grey wash, moustachial stripe whitish, lores yellow,
abdomen wate mthe middle. 1 a) ee ee ek IRI DIS AMUN RICOLOR:
2. — Flanks without avy pink colour . . . . . =... . . . . . +. JL. VIRIDIS HYPOCHONDRIACUS.
Characters. I have not had the opportunity to examine the anatomical characters of the
species of this small family, and therefore reproduce what Sharpe says in Vol. 17 of the Cat. of
Birds in the British Museum p. 333 (1892) : « The palate is desmognathous, the basipterygoid
» processe is absent. The sternum with four notches on the posterior margin open and not
» converted into foramina as in the Womoti. Caeca large. The ambiens muscle is absent and no
» carotid arteries are present. The spinal feather-tract is well defined on the neck, and is not
» forked on the back. The oil-gland with well-developed tufts. The foot is anisodactyle. »
The bill is long, in triangular shape, moderately long, straight and flat and acuminated.
There are some black bristles near the nostrils before the eyes. The top of the head, the hind
neck, the back are green in all the species or subspecies. The tail is moderately long, the tail
feathers, numbering Io, are green above and grey below, and the upper tail coverts are green,
the under tail coverts yellowish. The throat is carmine or reddish. The chest is pale yellowish,
greenish or pinkish. The flanks are carmine or yellowish. The secondaries, the primary coverts,
the greater, median and lesser wing coverts and bastard wings are green, with the underside
blackish. The foot is anysodactyle, the tarsus is slender, the toes are long and of the same
thickness as the tarsus. The eyes are very pale grey (Gosse) in 7. viridis.
Actual nest none, a hole being tunnelled by the birds themselves, at the end of which the
eggs are deposited. The eggs are four in number and are white.
Bibliography. Murie, The Ibis, p. 644 (1872). — Sharpe, The Ibis, p. 339 (1874). — Cory, Birds
of West Indies, p. 164 (1889). — Gosse, Birds of Jamaica (1857). — Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus. Vol. 17, p. 333 (1892). — Dubois, Synopsis Avium, Vol. 1, p. 95 (1899).
Range. This family is entirely confined to the Greater Antilles (Jamaica, S. Domingo,
GubarePonrtowkico): 4
GENUs TODUS LINN-ZUS
Todus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 178 (1766) (Type of the genus T. viridis); Sharpe, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 333 (1892).
Geographical Distribution. Peculiar to the Greater Antilles (Jamaica, S. Domingo
and Haiti, Cuba, Porto Rico). One species in four distinct subspecies.
FAM. TODIDA: 3
1. Todus viridis viridis (Linnzus) (1) (Type of the family) (Plate, Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4).
Todus viridis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 178 (176).
Todus viridis Linnaeus, cf. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Nus. Vol.
Jamaica.
17, Pp: 334 (1802).
Total length 3.7 inches, culmen 0.75, wing 1.85, tail 1.5, tarsus 0.55.
2. Todus viridis subulatus (Gray) (Plate, Fig. 5). S. Domingo.
Todus subulatns Gray, Gen. Birds, Vol. 1, p. 63, pl. 22 (1847) Haiti.
Todus subulatus Gray, cf. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol.17, p. 339 (1892).
Total length 4.4 inches, culmen 0.8, wing 1.95, tail 1.65, tarsus 0.55.
Cs, Todus viridis multicolor (Gould) (Plate, Fig. 6).
Todus multicolor Gould, Icon. Avium, pl. 2 (1837).
Todus multicolor Gould, cf. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 335 (1892).
Cuba.
Total length 3.6 inches, culmen 0.75, wing 1.7, tail 1.3, tarsus 0.55.
4. Todus viridis hypochondriacus (Bryant) (Plate, Fig. 7).
Todus hypochondriacus Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Vol. 11, p. 39 (1866).
Todus hypochondriacus Bryant, cf. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 336 (1892).
Porto Rico.
Total length 3.7 inches, culmen 0.9, wing 1.85, tail 1.3, tarsus 0.55.
Habits. In all parts of Jamaica the Tody is a very common bird. On the summit of
Bluefields Mountain, about 3,000 feet from the level of the sea, and particularly where the
deserted provision-grounds are overgrown with a thicket, almost impenetrable, of jointer or
joint-wood, this bird is especially abundant. Always conspicuous from its bright grass-green
coat, and crimson-velvet gorget, it 1s still a very tame bird; yet this seems rather the tameness of
indifference than of confidence; it will allow a person to approach very near, and, if disturbed,
alight on another twig a few yards distant. We have often captured specimens with the butterfly
net, and struck them down with a switch, and it is not uncommon for the little boys to creep up
behind one, and actually to clap the hand over it as it sits, and thus secure it. It is a general
favourite, and has received the favourite name of Robin Redbreast. I have never seen the Tody
on the ground; but it hops about the twigs of low trees, searching for minute insects, occasio-
nally uttering a querulous, sibilant note. But more commonly it is seen sitting patiently on a
twig, with the head drawn in, the beak pointing upwards, the loose plumage puffed out, when
it appears much larger than it is. It certainly has an air of stupidity when thus seen. But this
abstraction is more apparent than real; if we watch it, we shall see that the odd looking grey
eyes are glancing hither and thither, and that, ever and anon, the bird sallies out upon a short
and feeble flight, snaps at something in the air, and returns to his twig to swallow it.
I have never seen the Tody eating vegetable tood; but I have occasionally found in its
stomach, among minute coleopterous and hymenopterous insects, a few small seeds. One, which
I kept in a cage, would snatch worms from me with impudent audacity; and then beat them
violently against the perch or sides of the cage to divide, before he swallowed, them.
One, captured with a net in April, on being turned into a room, began immediately to
catch flies, and other minute insects that flitted about. At this employment he continued
incessantly, and most successfully, all that evening, and all the next day from earliest dawn to
dusk. He would sit on the edge of the tables, on the lines, on shelves, or on the floor; ever
(1) The employement of trinomials, so much dreaded by some ornithologists, is nevertheless most avisable. Nothing
is more clear, more easy to remember, and more practical. .
Doubtless Dodus viridis subulatus is shorter and simpler than Todus viridis var. s ubulatus or Todus viridis subsp. subulatus.
The trinomial nomenclature will doubtless be generally employed in Ornithology when its usefulness and practicality will
be evident.
i PICARIE
glancing about, now and then flitting up into the air, when the snap of his beak announced a
capture, and he returned to some station to eat it. He would peep into the lowest and darkest
corners, even under the tables, for the little globose, long-legged spiders, which he would drag
from their webs and swallow. He sought these also about the ceiling and walls, and found very
many. I have said that he continued at this employment all day without intermission, and,
though I took no account, I judged that, on an average, he made a capture per minute. Water
in a basin was in the room, but I did not see him drink, though occasionally he perched on the
brim; and when I inserted his beak into the water, he would not drink. Though so actively
engaged in his own occupation, he cared nothing for the presence of man; he sometimes
alighted voluntarily on our heads, shoulders, or fingers; and when sitting, would permit
me at any time to put my hand over it, though, when in the hand, he would struggle to get out.
The inhabitants of Jamaica are not in the habit of domesticating many of the native
birds; else this is one of the species which would become a favourite pet. (cf. Gosse, Birds
of Jamaica, p. 72, London 1847).
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4. Todus viridis viridis (Linneeus).
— 5. Todus viridis subulatus (Gmelin).
— 6. Todus viridis multicolor (Gould),
— 7. Todus viridis hypocondriacus (Bryant).
(All figures are of the natural size).
Brussels, 1°! June 1905.
GENERA AVIUM PICARIAS
FAM, TODID#
I. 2. 3. 4. TODUS VIRIDIS VIRIDIS. 5. TODUS VIRIDIS SUBULATUS. 6. TODUS VIRIDIS MULTICOLOR.
7. TODUS VIRIDIS HYPOCHONDRIACUS.
PSITTACI
WITH I COLOURED PLATE
1905
& L. Desmet, Brussers
FAM. STRINGOPID&A
BY T. SALVADORI
HE type of this family is a very extraordinary bird which combines the characters
of the Parrots with the appearance of an owl. The distinguishing points of the
{amily are as follows : The sternum is incomplete, with only a rudimentary keel.
\ ZF ¥ The orbital ring is complete. The bill is thick, swollen on the sides, with no
eee underside of the hook provided with a file-like surface; gonys rounded with five ridges
and four grooves. The nostrils are open in a naked cere, much swollen. The wing is short and
rounded; fourth and fifth or even sixth primaries the longest; first nearly equal to the ninth.
The tail is short, rounded, with the feathers acuminate. The tarsus is rather lone, covered
with rounded scales; nails moderately long and stretched. The feathers are rather soft, those
surrouning the eyes disposed in a kind of circle, as in the owls.
Range. Only one genus confined to New Zealand.
GENUS STRINGOPS GRAY
Strigops Gray, Gen. Birds, Vol. 2, p. 426 (1845).
Characters. The same as those of the family.
Two species of this genus have been described, but probably one of them is based on an
individual variety.
a. Upper surface sap-green; largey . . . Se 5 E . S. HABROPTILUS.
b. Upper surface bluish; smaller . . oo eee ae Sete Aaa teeta re TA cr S. GREY.
RPSTiiAGHr
2
1. Stringops habroptilus Gray (Plate, Fig. la, b, c, d, e). New Zealand
Strigops habroptilus Gray, Gen. Birds Vol. 2. p. 427, pl. cv (1845).
Stringops habroptilus Finsch, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 599 (1891).
2. Stringops greyi Gray (doubtful) Patria ignota.
Strigops greyi Gray, Ibis, p. 230 (1862).
Stringops grevt Finsch, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 601 (1891).
We have also figured a yellow variety kindly lent us by Sir Walter Buller (Plate,
Fig. 2).
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Fig. la. Stringops habroptilus Gray.
ete — _ — Feather of the breast.
Gs — — — Feather of the flanks.
— tid. — -- — Feather of the back.
— fe. = — — Foot.
— 2. Stringops habroptilus Gray. Yellow variety.
Turin, 15th March 1905.
GENERA AVIUM PSITPACT
hn
FAM. STRINGOPID AS
I. 1a. STRINGOPS HABROPTILUS. 1b. IB. FEATHER OF THE BREAST. te. IB, FEATHER OF THE FLANKS.
id. IB. DORSAL FEATHER. te. IB. FOOT. 2. VAR. LUTEA.
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FAM. NESTORIDA
BY T. SALVADORI
Characters. The bill is rather long, longer than deep, much compressed
with the culmen grooved along the middle; the hook of the bill underneath nearly
smooth, but with superficial longitudinal ridges; under mandible with the gonys
nearly straight, or slanting in a gentle curve towards the tip (cf. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20,
p. 3 (891) fig. T, bill and under surface of the hook). The cere partly covered with hairy feathers.
The tongue with a delicate fringe of hairs at the tip. The tail-feathers 12, with the shafts
pointed and projecting beyond the webs. The feathers soft, those at the base of the lower
mandible projecting forward and hairy. The tarsus is rather long, like that of Stringops. The
orbital ring is complete. The colouring of the feathers is generally brown, relieved with red
and yellow.
Habits. The Nestoride, like all the Parrots do, have their nests in hollow trees, or in
the crevices of the rocks, and lay from two to four white eggs. They live in woods, or among
shrubby rocks on high mountains, feeding on insects and their larve, and also on a variety of
juicy berries; they are very fond of sucking nectar from the crimson flowers of the Rata
(Metrosideros robusta). It is a well known fact that one species of Nestor (N. nofabilis) in its
wild state has a great penchant for raw flesh, attacking the sheep to obtain it. The species of
this genus are easely tamed.
Range. The Nestoridz are confined to the New Zealand subregion,
PSII IVANSH
Bibliography : Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. (1872), p. 787-789 (tongue).— Buller, Birds New Zeal.
p- 39-57 (1873); id. op. cit. 2d. ed. p. 150-175, pls. 17, 18 (1888). — Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus. Vol. 20, p. 4-10 (1891). — Lorenz, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, p. 197-199 (1896).— Dubois,
Syn. Av. Vol. 1, p. 27 (1899). — Sharpe, Handl. Birds, Vol. 2, p. 1 (1899).
The Nestoride consist of a single genus.
GENUS NESTOR WAGLER
Nestor Wagler, Mon. Psitt. p. 505 (1832) (ex-Lesson, Tr. d’Orn. p. 190 (1831)) (type of the genus
Psittacus meridionalis Gmelin); Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 4-10 (1891).
KEY OF THE SPECIES
No yellow band across the breast :
Underparts olive-brown, with no ved tinge whatever; bill very long, but not much
Weg oe Gg oe ORGel Oo & 4G Oo > 6 @ 0 op o 6 o 5 o IN ROMAIS
Abdomen and under tail-coverts tinged with red.
Larger ; wing 29 to 31 cm.; crown paley ashy . . . . . . =. ~. . . N. MERIDIONALIS.
Smaller ; wing 26.to 28 cm.; crown darker ashy. . . . . . . . . . UN. SEPTENTRIONALIS.
A broad yellowish-white band across the breast :
Bill not more than two inches long (= 5 cm.).
Larger ; fore-neck and upper breast hoary ; wing 11.8 inches (= So cm.). . . N. ESSLINGI.
Smaller ; fore-iieck and upper breast light brown, with the feathers tinged with
yellow; wing 10.3. Inches (— 75) Cim.))\ 0. pe e t) e-se- Ni SPRODUGMUS:
Bill extremely long, 3.8 inches (= 93 mm.) and curved in a semicivcle . . . WN. NORFOLCENSIS.
Geographical Distribution. The six species known are confined to the New Zealand
Subregion.
1. Nestor notabilis Gould (Plate, Fig. 2, 2a).
Nestor notabilis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 94 (1856); Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. South Island
Mus. Vol. 20, p. 4 (1891). (New Zealand)
2. Nestor meridionalis (Gmelin) (Plate, Fig. 4, 4a, 4b).
Psittacus meridionalis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 333, ne 98 (1788). South Island
Nestoy meridionalis Gray, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 5 (1891). (New Zealand)
3. Nestor septentrionalis Lorenz (Plate, Fig. 1, la). North Island
Nestor septentrionalis Lorenz, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien,-p. 198 (1896). (New Zealand)
4. Nestor esslingi Souancé (doubtful). Unknown
Nestor esslingi Souancé, Rev. et Mag. Zool. p. 223 (1856); Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus. Vol. 20, p. 8 (1891).
5. Nestor productus (Gould) (extinct) (Plate, Fig. 3). Philip Island
Plytolophus productus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 19 (1836).
Nestor productus Gould, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 9 (1891).
6. Nestor norfolcensis Pelzeln (doubtful). Norfolk Island
Nestor norfolcensis Pelzeln, Sitzb. K. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Bd. 41, p. 322-325,
(1860) ; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 10 (1891); Forbes & Robinson,
Bull. Liverp. Mus. Vol. 1, p. 5, pl. 1 (1892).
I have never seen a specimen of Nestor septentrionalis. Dr. E. Hartert writes to me that in
Tring Museum there are four specimens from North Island which are sufficiently distinct from
GENERA AVIUM PSITTACI
FAM. NESTORIDA#
1. NESTOR SEPTENTRIONALIS. 1a. IB. PRIMARIES. 2. NESTOR NOTABILIS. 2a. IB. FEATHER OF THE BREAST.
3. NESTOR PRODUCTUS. 4. NESTOR MERIDIONALIS. qa. IB. DORSAL FEATHER. gb. 1B. FOOT.
FAM. NESTORIDA® 3
the South Island ones; still it appears that it is not always easy to perceive the difference if single
specimens only are compared.
The value of N. esslingi as a species is also questioned.
Dr. H. O. Forbes and Mr. H. C. Robinson have thrown some doubts as to N. xorfol-
censis being different from N. productus, but the two birds inhabiting two Islands I should
say that they must have been different.
Dr. E. Hartert has sent me word that he is convinced that the bill of the so-called
N. norfolcensis is an overgrown cage-bird bill.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
1. Nestor septentrionalis Lorenz.
—- fm = — — Primaries.
Nestor notabilis Gould.
oe
— 2 — _ Feather of the breast.
— 3. Nestor productus (Gould).
— 4. Nestor meridionalis (Gmelin).
ee _ — Dorsal feather.
a — “= Foot.
Turin, 15th April 1905.
I.
a
\ i
i
i. 4 +
tee meee fae) h,
PSITTACI, gies
"| EDITED BY
3Y M SSRS. Bo Scie ATER, R ee
2. HARTERT, C. E. HELLMAYR, T. SALVADO
be
(ae
‘a
he
FAM. CACATUIDA
‘le:
y T. SALVADORI 6"
ee;
ee
| WITH 2 COLOURED PLATES
1905
ED AND PusuisHep py V. Vertenzuu. & L, Desmet, Brusseis phate Cas
Nae i " . >
FAM. CACATUIDE
BY T. SALVADORI
Characters. Sternum complete. Orbital ring completely ossified, with a
process bridging the temporal fossa. Nostrils open in a cere not much swollen,
generally naked, but sometimes feathered. Bill very deep, deeper than long, with the upper
mandible generally much compressed; hook of the upper mandible nearly perpendicular, except
in Licmetis, and with a file-like surface underneath. Tarsus short. Head always crested.
As a rule, only the left carotid present.
Habits. The habits of the Kakatoes are very similar to those of the other Parrots.
Range. The Cacatuid@ range over the Australian Region, and also in the Philippines.
Bibliography. Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 182-189 (1862); Finsch, Die Papageien, Vol. 1,
p. 256-378; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 101-136; Rothschild & Hartert, Novit.
Zool. Vol. 8, p. 531 (1gor).
Two subfamilies can be easily distinguished :
SUBFAM. A. CACATUINA=
Tail-leathers broad, not pointed.
This subfamily contains 5 genera.
SiGe NGI
dS
SUBFAM. B. CALOPSITTACINA=
Tail-feathers narrow, and pointed.
This subfamily consist of a single genus.
KEY OF THE GENERA OF THE CACATUINA=
A. Checks entively naked ; upper mandible much compressed and much narrower than
the undey mandible; feathers of the crest very long and narrow . . . . . Genus MicroGrossus.
B. Cheeks feathered.
a. Tail vather long, the outer tail-feathers shorter than the others; feathers of the
crest broad; bill short, much curved and very high; general colour brown
OKIOLGCR Nas De ete! ee ee or ~ . = =. « Genus CAryenormyNeHus,
b. Tail moderate, nearly even.
a’. General colour above and below grey; head and crest ved in the male; cere
earheved a ee ee see BGreIuU ss CAIRO Ghprialatin is
b'. General colour white or rosy white, except in Cacatua_roseicapilla,
which ts grey above, rose colour on the head and below.
al’. Bill with the hook of the upper mandible of the ordinary size and
HEC Ly PENpenatculatc. 1) eee ee oenus CAcAnOAs
b!"". Bull with the hook of the upper mandible very long, slender and pro-
VOU ELITE BS pe OF 6 6 6 6 o « & © + = (GMa Ibievisning:
Besides the above mentioned genera, to the Cacatuide has been assigned by
Prof. A. Milne-Edwards also the genus Lophopsittacus containing a single extinct species, but
according to Prot. A. Newton, it seems that its place in the system is far from being satistfac-
torily established; geographical distribution is not in favour ot Lophopsittacus belonging to the
Cacatuide@. ee
GENUS LOPHOPSITTACUS NEwrTon
Lophopsittacus Newton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p, 350 (1°
Owen).
75) (type of the genus Pszttacus mauritianus
Lophopsittacus mauritianus (Owen) (extinct). Mauritius.
Pittacus mauritianus, Owen, The Ibis, p. 168 (1866).
Psittacus (Lophopsittacus) mauritianus, Newton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 349, 350 (1875).
Lophopsittacus mauritianus, Newton, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 102 (1901).
1. GENUS MICROGLOSSUS GEOFFROY ST-HILAIRE
Microglossus Geottroy St-Hilaire, Ms.; Vieillot, Gal. des Ois. Vol. 1, p. 47, pl. 50 (1821-1523) (type of
the genus Psittacus atervrimus Gmelin); Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 102 (1891).
Synonyms : Solenoglossus, Kanz. Elem. Zool. Vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 18 (1821); Microglosswm Vigors, Zool.
Journ. Vol. 2, p. 63 (1825); Mucroglossa Voigt, Cuv. Uebers. p. 47 (1831); Eurhynchus « Latreille »
Lesson, Tr. d’Orn. p. 183 (1831); Macroglossum Temminck, Coup d’cil sur les Poss. Néerl.
Vol. 3, p. 405 (1849).
Geographical Distribution. The two species known are confined to the Papuan sub-
region.
FAM. CACATUIDS 3
KEYSOESDHESSPEGIES
a. Larger; wing about 15 inches or 350 to goo mm (fide R. & H.). M. ATERRIMUS.
b. Smalley ; wing about r2.8 inches or Sto to 350 mm. (fide R. & H.) . M. aLecTo.
1. Microglossus aterrimus (Gmelin) (Plate 1, Fig. 4).
Psitiacus aterrimus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 330, n° 93 (1788).
Microglossus atervimns Vieillot, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 103 (1891);
Buttikoffer, Not. Leyd. Mus. Vol. 16, p, 166, 167 (19th. Nov. 1894) (juv.).
Microglossus salvadortt Meyer, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. Vol. 4, n. 21, p.6 (21th. Nov. 1894)
(juv.); ef. Sharpe, Hand-List Birds, Vol. 2, p. 9 (1900).
2. Microglossus alecto (Lesson).
Eurhynchus alecto Lesson, Compl. de Buffon, Vol. g, p. 200 (1837).
Mrcroglossus alecto Bonaparte, Consp. Av. Vol. 1, p. 7 (1850).
Microglosus atervimus part., Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 103 (1891).
Microglossus aterrimus alecto Rothschild & Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 8, p. 77 (1901).
New Guinea.
N. Australia,
Aru Islands and
W. Papuan Islands.
It appers to me that the Microglossi from the Aru Islands and the Western Papuan Islands
although smaller than those from the main land can scarcely be considered as forming a distinct
species.
2. GENUS CALYPTOHRYNCHUS Viacors « HORSFIELD
Calyptorhynchus Vigors & Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Vol. 15, p. 264 (1826) (type of the
genus Psittacus banksti Latham); Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 106 (1891).
Synonym : Bankstanus Lesson, Tr. d’Orn. p. 179 (1831).
Characters. Cheeks feathered; tail rather long; the outer tail-feathers shorter than the
others; feathers of the crest broad; bill short, much curved and very high; general colour
brown or black.
KEY OF THE SPECIES
A. A light patch on the ear-coverts.
a. Patch on the ear-coverts and tail-band white . . . . . . =. =. =. =. +. +. €. BAUDINI.
b. Patch on the eav-coverts and tail-band yellow.
a’. Larger, wing from 18 to 16 inches (= 457-405 mm) C. FUNERUS
b!. Smaller, wing from 15 to 14 inches (= 382-355 mm) . C. XANTHONOTUS.
B. No light patch on the ear-coverts; tail-band ved in the adult males, ved, more or less tinged —
with yellow and crossed by black narrow bands in the immature birds, and perhaps also
im the adult females.
c. Head and neck like the body glossy greenish black.
c!. Larger; total length about 24 inches (= 610 mm) ; crest longer.
CeBullesmallenand lessrpower fil) 2 Se ee C. BANKSII.
b!!. Bul larger, much more powerful . . . . +» . » = : . C. MACRORHYNCHUS.
d’. Smaller ; total leneth about 22 inches (= 560 mm.) ; crest shorter Ge stEpmAmuse
d. Head and neck brown; upper parts glossy greenish black. . . . . . . = . C. viRripIs.
Geographical Distribution. The members of this genus are confined to Australia and
Tasmania.
1. Calyptorhynchus baudini \igors. S. W. Australia
Calyptorhynchus baudini Vigors, in Lear's Parrots, pl. 6 (1832); cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 106 (1891).
e PSITTACI
2. Calyptorhynchus funereus (Shaw). S.E. Australia.
Psittacus funereus Shaw, Nat. Misc. pl. 186 (1789). ‘Tasmania.
Calyptorhynchus funereus Vigors & Horsfield, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20,
p- 107 (1891).
3. Calyptorhynchus xanthonotus Gould. ‘Tasmania.
Calyptorhynchus xanthonotus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 151 (1837); cf. Salvadori, S. Australia.
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 108 (1891).
4. Calyptorhynchus banksii (Latham) (Plate 1, Fig. 3). E. Australia.
Psittacus banksii Latham, Ind. Orn. Vol. 1, p. 107, n. 76 (joung)) (1790). New S. Wales.
Calyptorhynchus banksti Vieillot & Horsfield, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.Vol. 20, Victoria,
p- 109 (1891).
. Calyptorhynchus macrorhynchus Gould. N. Australia.
Calyptorhynchus macrorhynchus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 138 (1842); cf. Salvadori,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 111 /1891).
mn
6. Calyptorhynchus stellatus Wagler. W. Australia.
Calyptorhynchus stellatus Wagler, Mon. Psitt. p. 685, t. 27 (av. jun.) (1832); cf. Salvadori,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 111 (1891).
7. Calyptorhynchus viridis (Vieillot). I. Australia.
Cacatua viridis Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Vol. 17, p. 12 (1817).
Calyptorhynchus viridis, Vieillot, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 112 (1891).
3. GENUS CALLOCEPHALUM LEsson
Callocephalon Lesson, in Bougainville, Voy. Thétis, p. 311 (1837) (type of the genus Pszttacus galeatus
Latham).
Synonym : Corydon Wagler (nec Lesson), Mon. Psitt. p. 504 (1832).
Characters. Cheeks feathered; tail moderate, nearly even; cere feathered; general
colour above and below grey; head and crest red in the male.
Geographical Distribution. Only one species confined to Australia.
1. Callocephalum galeatum (Latham) (Plate 1, Fig. 5). S. E. Australia.
Psittacus galeatus Latham, Suppl. Ind. Orn. p. 23, n. 13 (1802). Tasmania
Callocephalon galeatum Gray, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 113 (1891).
4. GENUS CACATUA VIEILLOT
Cacatua Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Vol. 17, p. 6 (1817) (type Psittacus albus P. S. L. Miller).
Synonyms : Plyctolophus, Vieillot, Anal. p. 26, 70 (1816). — Eolophus Bonaparte, Rev. & Mag. Zool.
p. 155 (1854). — Ducorpsius Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Se. Paris, Vol. 44, p. 537 (1857).—
Lophochvoa Bonaparte. op. cit. — Camptolophus Sundevall, Meth. Nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 69 (1872).
Characters. Cheeks feathered; tail moderate, nearly even; bill with the hook of the
upper mandible of the ordinary size and nearly perpendicular; general colour white or rosy
white, except in Cacatua roseicapilla, which is grey above, rose colour on the head and below.
Geographical Distribution. The fourteen species known inhabit Australia, the Austro-
Malay subregion and the Philippines.
KEY OF THE SPECIES
A. Feathers of the crest narrow, with the slender point recurved at the extremity.
a. Crest yellow; cere naked.
a’. Crest sulphur-vellow.
a''. Feathers of the body white.
al’. Larger, wing from 15-13 inches (== 388-330 mm.).
FAM. CACATUIDZ 5
a‘. Naked skin vound the eyes white; feathers of the crest more pointed
and move vecurvved . Ses “ C, GALERITA
b+. Naked skin vound the eyes blue; feathers of the crest less pointed and
less vecurved . Swe Sigs) A! Gee Semen UP Leen Cor Rar Ong
moe aa - 2 ~
b!. Smaller; wing about 9 inches (= 228 mm.\ . . C. PARVULA.
bi'. Feathers of the body white, slightly but constantly tinged with sulphur-yellow ;
yellow patch on the ear-coverts very conspicuous. 2 ee CasunPHoREAT
' SoC ieae 2 ; =
en Exestroxonce—elLocl ar eee a eee Se ae CCID INOCRISTAMAG
b. Crest vermilion at the base, with a yellow band in the middle of the vermilion part,
CU NIVENC CAL RENUUDINOCN CNT EQUILC) CC: i ene nnn
B. Feathers of the crest broadened, and not recurved at the extremity.
- LEADBEATERI.
c. Larger, total length from 20-18 inches (= 508-456 mm.) ; feathers of the crest very
long; cere naked.
CUM Exesikwiites tm AMG 2 ek cs a
Z zl ee Ee as ey CoeAreR Ae
den Grestisulpiur=yellowl es 8 5 5 | 1) 6 «9 @ 8) ee) 6 pen ICHlOPHiGHAT MTG
CI GueSRUCKINIOI my Goce ae. sc 42 1 ee on SO MOLUGGENGICS
d. Smaller; total length from 16-12.6 inches (= yo8-315 mm.); feathers of the crest
moderate; cere feathered.
f'. Under surface white.
ft’. Under tail-coverts white.
f'"'. Loves stained with ved.
t'. Naked skin vound the eyes largely extended into a bare blue open space
CHO 5 s » 6 3 6 5 en = alas ee CAIGYMNORIS=
g?. Naked skin vound the eyes nearly ciycular.
g°. Larger ; wing ro inches (= 25.4 mm.) C. SANGUINEA.
h°. Smaller ; wing 9 inches (= 228 mm.). C. GOFFINI.
CuelsOn esr iiter enema lw IS AS Ita n) As ie C. DUCORPSI.
g''. Under taal-coverts pale vermilion, edged with white . ‘ C. HAEMATUROPYGIA.
g’. Under surface rose-colour; upper suxfacegrey. . . . . . . . . . . CC. ROSKICAPILLA.
1. Cacatua galerita (Latham). Australia, Tasmania.
Psittacus galeritus Latham, Ind. Orn. Vol. 1, p. 109, n. 80 (1790).
Cacatua galerita Vieillot, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 116 (1891).
2. Cacatua triton (fTemminck) (Plate 2, Fig. 2). New Guinea and
Psittacus triton Temminck, Coup d’ceil gén. surles Poss. Néerl. Vol. 3, p. 405 (note) (1849). | Papuan Islands.
Cacatua triton Sclater, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 118 (1891).
The birds from the Western Papuan Islands (Waigiu, Salawatti, Mysol and Aru Islands) have been attributed
to a smaller race or subspecies (C. macrolopha (Rosenb.), Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. Vol. 23, p. 45 (1861), while
those from the Eastern Papuan Islands (Sud-est, Rossel, St. Aignan, Fergusson, Trobriand and Woodlark
Islands} have also been separated as a distinct race (C. trobriandi Finsch, Samoafahrten, p. 208 (1888), somewhat
larger than the latter.
3. Cacatua parvula (Bonaparte). Lesser Sunda
Plyctolophus parvulus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sc. Paris, Vol. 30, p- 139 (1850). Island.
Cacatua parvula Gray, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 120 (1891).
Specimens from Lombok, Flores and Sumbawa have been separated as a distinct race (Cacalna parvula oct
dentalis Hartert. Novit. Zool. Vol. 5, p. 120, 1898) on account of the bill being larger and stronger.
4. Cacatua sulphurea (Gmelin). Celebes and Islands
Psittacus sulphureus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 330, n. 94 (1788). in Celebean Sea.
Cacatua sulphurea Vieillot,cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. V« 1. 20, p. 121 (1891).
Specimens inhabiting Djampea Island in Celebean Sea have been separated (Cacatua sulplurea djampeana
Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 4, p. 164, 1897) having the bill somewhat smaller than the birds from Celebes.
6
Io.
Ter
roe
PS ierANGH
. Cacatua citrinocristata (Fraser).
Plyctolophus citrinocristatus Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 38 (1844).
Cacatua citrinocristata Gray, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 122 (1891).
. Cacatua leadbeateri (Vigors).
Plyctolophus leadbeateri Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 61 (1831).
Cacatua leadbeatert Waeler, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 123 (1891).
. Cacatua alba (Miiller).
Psittacus albus Muller, Syst. Nat. Suppl. p. 76, n. 50 (776).
Cacatua alba Gray, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 124 (1891).
. Cacatua ophthalmica Sclater.
Cacatua ophthalmica Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 188, 189 (1864); cf. Salvadori, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 125 (1891).
. Cacatua moluccensis (Gmelin).
Psitacus moluccensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 331, n. 96 (1788).
Cacatua moluccensis Wagler, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 126 (1891).
Cacatua gymnopis Sclater.
Cacatua gymnopis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 490, 493 (cum. fig. capitis) (1871);
cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 127 | 1891).
. Cacatua goffini (Finsch) (Plate 1, Fig. 1, la).
Lophochroa gofint Finsch, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. Vol. 1, Berigt. p. 23 (1863).
Cacatua goffini Schlegel, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 129 (1891);
Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 8, p. 5 (1901).
. Cacatua ducorpsi Jacquinot & Pucheran (Plate 1, Fig. 2).
Cacatua ducorpsi Jacquinot & Pucheran, Voy. Pole Sud, Zool. Vol. 1, p. 108, sp.23 | 1853);
cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 129 (1891).
Cacatua hematuropygia (Miiller).
Psittacus haematuropygius Muller, Syst. Nat. Suppl. p. 77,
7
Cacatua haematuropygia Gray, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 130 (1891).
NG Yo
n. 51 (1776).
. Cacatua roseicapilla Vicillot (Plate 2, Fig. 3).
(1817);
Cacatua roseicapilla Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Vol. 17, p. 12
Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 132 (1891).
5. GENUS LICMETIS WAaAGLER
cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds
Sumba Island.
.
S. Australia and
S. W. Australia
Halmahera Group.
(N. Moluccas).
New Britain.
Ceram, Amboina.
South Australia.
Tenimber Island
Little Key.
Solomon Islands.
Philippines and Sulu
Islands.
Australia.
Licmetis Wagler, Mon. Psitt. p. 505 (1832) (type of the genus Psittacus nasicus Temmincky).
Characters. The characters of this genus are very similar to those of the genus Cacatua,
differing only in the hook of the upper mandible which is very long, slender and projecting
forward.
Geographical Distribution. Only two species are known both confined to Australia.
KEY OF THE SPECIES
i. Smalley ; naked skin round the eyes narrower, light blue .
b. Larger; naked skin vound the eyes broader and darker, of a blue lead-colour
1. Licmetis nasica (Temminck) (Plate 2, Fig. 4).
Psittacus nasicus Temminck, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Vol. 13, p. 115 (1819).
Licmetis nasica Ramsay ; cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 133 (1891).
2. Licmetis pastinator Gould.
Licmetts pastinator Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 175 (1840); cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds
3rit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 134 (1891
L. NASICA.
L. PASTINATOR.
E. N. and S. Austra-
lia.
W. Australia.
PAM. CACATUIDAE 7
SUBFAM. B. CALOPSITTACINA=
This subfamily contains a single genus with one species only.
6. GENUS CALOPSITTACUS LgEsson
Calopsitta Lesson, Ill. Zool. pl. 49 (1832) (type of the genus Psittacus novae hollandiae Gmelin).
Synonyms : Leftolophus Swainson, Zool. Ill. pl. 112 (1832); Calopsittacus Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc.
N_S: Wales, Vol. 2; p. 199 (1878);
Characters. The tail-teathers narrow and pointed easily define this genus from the
other genera of the Cacatuide. Besides the bill is moderate, with the upper mandible com-
pressed on the sides towards the culmen; the gonys is broad and angular; the cere is naked;
the wings are very long; the tarsi are short and the toes long and slender.
Geographical Distribution. The only species of this genus occurs in Australia.
1. Calopsittacus nove hollandiz (Gmelin) (Plate 2, Fig. 1, la, 1b). Australia
Psittacus nove hollandie Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 328, n. 84 (1788).
Calopsittacus nove hollandie Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. 2, p. 193
(1878); cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 136 (1891).
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
PILATE i
Fig. 1. Cacatua goffini (Finsch).
= ft = — Foot.
lo
. Cacatua ducorpsi Jacquinot & Pucheran.
|
oo
Calyptorhynchus banksi (Latham).
. Microglossus aterrimus (Gmelin).
fie
— 5. Callocephalum galeatum (Latham).
LAr 2
Fig. 1. Calopsittacus novee-hollandiz (Gmelin).
— = a = Wine.
el = a Foot.
— 2. Cacatua triton (Temminck).
— 3. Cacatua roseicapilla Vieillot.
— 4. Licmetis nasica (femminck).
Turin, 15th June 1905.
—
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a
~
oS
—
~~
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ae ee
raed
s
=
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le
GENERA AVIUM PSTEpAeH
FAM. CACATUIDZE
1. GACATUA GOFFINI. 1a. IB. FOOT. 2. CACATUA DUCORPSI. 3. CALYPTORHYNCHUS BANISSI 1. MICROGLOSSUS ATERRIMUS
s, CALLOCEPHALUM GALEATUM
se Ne
GENERA AVIUM PSIPLRACL
FAM. CACATUIDA
1. CALOPSITTACUS NOVA2 HOLLANDL&.. ta. IB. WING. 1b. IB. FOOT. 2. CACATUA TRITON, 3. CACA LUA ROSEICAPILLA,
4. LICMETIS NASICA.
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PICARIA
CONDUCTED BY
~P.WYTSMAN
_ WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY MESSRS. P. L. SCLATER, R. BOWDLER SHARPE,
-_ _W.R. OGILVIE-GRANT, E. HARTERT, C. E. HELLMAYR, T. SALVADORI, &*
PICARIA
FAM. COLIID
“by P. L. SCLATER, Dr. Sc.,
: ian Insti, >
An mui
S ‘-
WITH I COLOURED PLAT
SEP 5 1918
Waa bab
ional Mase
1906
RG OE atten
HONSE Dusors. 1907. Pp. 4; pl. i
, Picarize—Fam. Musophagide.
ONSE Dusors. 1907. Pp. 9; pls. 5
been published, one of which (part
ugh dated 1906, apparently was not
il May, 1907. The general treat-
he same as that of preceding parts,
not again be explained. “Genera
is, of course, not an exhaustive
mut the editor, Mr. P. Wytsman, de-
the thanks of ornithologists for his
to bring out a work that shall present
renient, succinct form, the most im-
oints regarding genera and species,
regard for the results of recent
ide, or colies (part VI.), a highly
_ African family allied to the king-
is considered by Dr. Sclater to con-
tice of the five previous numbers, cf.
S., XXIV., 1906, pp. 438-439.
JANUARY 3, 1908] SCIE
sist of eight species. No subspecies are ad- =
mitted, notwithstanding that all but two of the
species have been subdivided, and we think
rightly, by recent authors. The nomenclature _
is not fully up to date, for two of the species
> have older tenable names than those here used.
+. _ A new name, Colius hematonotus, is given,
a.
apparently by inadvertence, in the key on page
three, to Colius castanonotus Verreaux. Our
author refers all the species of this family to a
single genus, but, as we have elsewhere shown,
Urocolius Bonaparte, containing Urocolius
macrourus and Urocolius indicus (= erythro-
_ melon Auct.), has more than one claim to
recognition. The single plate in this part
represents Colius leucocephalus and details of
two other species.
The cosmopolitan family Pelecanide (peli-
cans) (part VII.) comprises, according to
Doctor Dubois, the single genus, Pelecanus,
with eleven forms, three of which he ranks as’
subspecies. In the case of Pelecanus cali-
fornicus, which he considers a race of Pele-
canus fuscus (or, as it should be called, Pele-
canus occidentalis Linnzeus), he is probably
right; but Pelecanus thagus Molina is appar-
ently a distinct species. The plate shows a
figure of the somewhat doubtful Pelecanus
sharpei, together with the heads of four other
forms.
The Musophagidx, or plantain eaters (part
VII1.), another characteristic African family,
are here referred to seven genera, without sub-
families. The largest genus, T’wracus, contains
twenty-one forms, including several sub-
3 but ae the other genera are small,
tion of willtul » aoa
cane on page 150, wee by ne way.
references are given to the American Chemir
Journal which can not be found in that jc jo L
nal. They are in the Journal of the Ameri:
Chemical Society. There is no objection
reprinting journal articles bodily as is
very frequently in this book, only a jou
article presupposes knowledge of technical d
tails which it is the function of such a bo
as this to impart. There must be explan:
statements to make the article really
to the average reader; there must be some ¥ a
ing, in other words. Mr. Herrick has nou
enough of such editing and the result i is
despite the value of the numerous article
themselves, the whole is not so instructiy
it should be.
Chapter V. (38 pp.) is on the cost of aleohc
and of alcohol-distilling plants. We have
many extracts from Bulletins of the U.
Department of Agriculture and a few ¢
tions from the author’s private corresp
ence. A little over one page of text is
serted, quite out of place, for it belongs vu
the head of the manufacture of alcohol,
“The Manufacture of Ethyl Alcohol fro
Sawdust.” Considering the possibilities ae
in methods for obtaining alcohol from y
4
WV 1iSUn.
“The Existence of Rastelia pencillata and its
Teliosporie Phase in North America,” by F. D:
Kern.
“The Heterotype Chromosomes in Pinus and
Thuja,” by I. M. Lewis,
“Insect Galls of Indiana,” by Mel T. Cook.
GEOLOGY
“A Probable Origin of the Small Mounds of the
Mississippi and Texas Regions,” by A. B. Reagan.
“Indiana Soil Types,” by C. W. Shannon.
“Structures in the So-called ‘ Huron’ Formation
of Indiana, induced by the Solution of the Missis-
sippian Limestone Beneath,’ by J. W. Beede.
“Stratigraphy of the Richmond Rommation of
Indiana,” by E. R. Cummings.
“Some Peculiarities of the Valley Erosion of
Big Creek and its Tributaries in Jefferson County,”
by Glen Culbertson.
PHYSICS
“The Cause of Surface Tension,” by A. L. Foley.
“Loss of Weight in Chemical Reactions,” by J.
B. Dutcher.
CHEMISTRY
“The Electrolytic Production of Selenic Acid
from Lead Selenate,” by F. C. Mathers.
“Some Complex Ureids,” by James Currie.
“ Thiocarbonylsalicylamide and Derivatives,” by
R. E. Lyons.
“The Volumetric Determination of Selenic
Acid,” by R. E. Lyons.
The attendance at the meetings was about
seventy-five and the interest shown in the work
being done in the state was aboye the ayerage.
New members were elected and the treasurer’s
report showed a satisfactory condition of the
finances. Professor Amos W. Butler, secre-
tary of the state board of charities and one of
the oldest members, called attention to the fact
© years hence would oceur the quarter
FAM. COLIIDE
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FAM. COLIID&
BY P. L. SCLATER
their cered beak, pamprodactylous feet, their ten long thin tail-feathers and their wiry
plumage. It would in fact be easy to divide Birds into «Colies» and « Non-Colies».
Two species of this peculiar form were known to Linnzus, but he placed one of them
with the Finches (Loxia colius) and the other with the Shrikes (Lanius macrourus). The acute
observer Brisson first formed the Colies into a genus (Colius) in 1760, and since then their claims
to stand apart as a separate group of Birds have been universally recognized, though it is not
easy to say to what Family they are most closely allied, or to assign to them an exact place in
the Picarian Order. ;
Dr. Murie, who wrote an essay on the structure of the Colies in « The [bis » for 1872,
made them an Order by themselves (Coliomorphe), Garrod who read a paper on their anatomy
before the Zoological Society of London in 1876 (see Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1876, p. 416),
placed them in a separate Family, « related on the one hand to the Picidz and on the other
hand to the Alcedinide and Bucerotide ». We shall not be far wrong in acquiescing in the views
of the last distinguished anatomist, through we may agree with Mr. W. L. Sclater (Birds of
Africa, Vol. 2, p. 94) that the Colies have also some distant affinities to the Plantain-eaters
(Musophagide) and to the Parrots (Psittaci).
Characters. The most essential characters of the Coliine structure may be summed up
as follows :
Palate desmognathous.
2 PICARAs
Basipterygoid proceses absent.
Czeca absent.
Ambiens muscle absent.
Sternum with four notches, forming deep clefts in the posterior margin.
Feet pamprodactylous, all four toes being directed forwards, but the first (hallux) rever-
sible (see fig. ta-5a). Flexor longus hallucis fused with the flexor perforans digitorum.
Spinal tract with a saddle-shaped space.
Rectrices ten, much graduated (see fig. 2).
Oil-gland tufted.
Sexes alike.
Bibliography. Murie, The Ibis, 1872. — Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876. — Sharpe, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. Vol. 17 (1892). — Sharpe, Hand-List, Vol. 2, p. 14 (1900). — Reichenow, Végel Afr.
Vol. 2 (1902). — W. L. Sclater, Birds of Afr. Vol. 3 (1903). — Dubois, Syn. Avium. p. go:
(1902). — Shelley, The Ibis, 1885, pp. 307-319.
Range. The Colies, as already stated, are entirely confined to the A¢thiopian Region
exclusive of Arabia and Madagascar, and are sparingly distributed over nearly the whole of it
(with the exceptions above-mentioned) except in the utterly desert and densely wooded dis-
tricts; where they appear to absent. They range from the Lower White Nile where two species
occur (C. leucotis and C. macrurus) down to the Cape Peninsula where three species are found
(C. capensis, C. erythromelon and C. striatus).
Habits and Reproduction. The Colies or « Mouse-birds », as they are often called, are
almost invariably met with in small flocks of from six to twelve individuals. Even while the
females are incubating the males are said to remain together. They resort mostly to thick
bushes, in which they climb like Tits (Parws), crawling about and placing themselves in all
sorts of different attitudes. When alarmed they fly off one after another with a short direct flight,
compared by Le Vaillant to an arrow shot from a bow, and assemble again in a neighbouring
bush or tree.
The Colies teed mostly on fruits and berries and in many places frequent the suburban
gardens as soon as the figs and loquats are ripe, but they also eat young shoots of plants and
insects. The nests are open cup-shaped structures, placed at some height on a tree or shrub,
and formed of small sticks, bark and wild cotton, in the case of some species lined with green
leaves. The eggs are chalky white, but often become more or less stained. The clutch is from
3 to 7 innumber. There are eggs of five species of Colies in the British Museum which are des-
cribed in the Catalogue of Eggs, Vol. 3, p. 95 as « typically of a regular oval shape, the shell
» being somewhat rough to the touch and quite devoid of all gloss. »
Remarks on the Species. The Colies, as is now acknowledged by all our leading autho-
rities, form but one single genus Colius, the terms Urocolius and Rhabdocolius, invented by
Bonaparte for C. macrurus and C. striatus respectively, being of no scientific value whatever.
The structure of these birds is so nearly uniform throughout that the species may be most
conveniently arranged by their plumage, and fall primarily into two sections, those with no
cross-striations on the feathers, and those with cross-striations. These sections I propose to
call « Colii simpliciplumes » and « Colii striatiplumes » and to arrange the eight species which I
recognize as valid under these two heads, as follows.
FAM. COLIID 3
KEY TO THE GENUS COLIUS
A. Colt simplictplumes.
a. Rump differently coloured from back .
bd
| vump white, blackand ved. 1. CAPENSIS.
yump wholly ved . . HAMATONOTUS.
, ; nape uniform with back . 3. ERYTHROMELON.
Dw ARZU PICU] OYA 02 Ce OCG p ys
nape blue 4. MACRURUS.
B. Colat striatiplumes.
c. Cap brown.
{ throat brown : 5. STRIATUS.
ce’. ear-coverts brown .
( throat black . . . 6. NIGRICOLLIS.
! r 7 1;
d'. ear-coverts white oy hoary 7. LEUCOTIS.
GN Capruhtteeranym my 2 at Gu chs Une 20S) oo eee ee Se ES DU PUCOGERHATUS!
GENUS COLIUS Brisson
Colius Brisson, Orn. Vol. 3, p. 304 (1760) (type of the genus Colius capensis); Sharpe, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 338 (1892).
Synonyms : Rhabdocolius and Uroeolius, Bonaparte, Consp. gen. Avium, p. 3 (1854).
Geographical Distribution. I will now offer a few remarks upon each of these eight
species and its distribution, so far as it is at present known. I may state that these remarks
are based mainly upon the large series of these birds in the British Museum, which contains
183 specimens and on the series in the Zoological Museum at Tring which has been most kindly
lent to me for comparison by Mr. Walter Rothschild.
As the synonymy of the Colies has been in fully given by Dr. Sharpe in the Catalogue of
Birds, Vol. 17, p. 338 (1892) and by Dr. Reichenow (Végel Afrikas, Vol. 2, p. 201 [1902]) I
shall only quote some of the most necessary references.
1. Colius capensis. : Western Half of the Cape Colony
Loxia colius Linneus, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 30r (1766). and through the western parts
Colius capensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 842 (1788); W. L. Sclater, Birds of the Orange-River Colony
of S. Afr. Vol. 3, p.97. and Transvaal into Damara-
Colius colius Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 343 (1892). land and German West Africa.
Colius colius damarensis Reichenow, V6g. Afr. Vol. 2, p. 207 (1902).
This Coly is at once recognizable by the peculiar colour of the lower back, which is
black with a broad line of white in the middle, and a large rump-spot of deep chestnut.
I can see little reason for distinguishing the Damara-land birds (of which there are
examples in the British and Tring Museums) as has been proposed by Dr. Reichenow (Vég.
Afr. Vol. 2, p. 208). They are perhaps a little paler in the head and back, but in my opinion
hardly recognizable even as a subspecies.
The Cape Coly is abundant in the neighbourhood of Cape Town, and I have myself seen
flocks of it in the gardens in the suburbs of that city.
4 PICARLE
2. Colius castanonotus. Benguela and Angola.
Colius castanonotus J. & E. Verreaux, Rev. Zool. p. 351 (1855); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond. 1876, p. 413, pl. 35; Monteiro, The Ibis, 1862, p. 333; Sharpe, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 342 (1892); Reichenow, Vog. Afr. Vol. 2, p. 206 (1902).
This is a close ally of C. capensis, but at once distinguishable by its larger size and the
uniform bright chestnut of the lower back. One of the types, received from the. Maison Ver-
reaux, is in the British Museum, and there is a fine series in the Tring Collection from Ben-
guela and Angola, collected by Mocquerys, Ansorge and Pemberton.
I am quite doubtful about the occurence of this species in Gaboon. The localities of the
« Maison Verreaux » are notoriously unreliable.
Two living examples of the Chestnut-backed Coly were brought alive to England in 1876
and presented to the Zoological Society of London by Mr. H. C. Fait. Their characteristic
attitudes in life are well shown by Mr. Keulemans’s figures in the Society’s Proceedings.
3. Colius erythromelon. Wels of Semin AWeien
Colius indicus Latham, Ind. Orn. Vol. 1, p. 375 (1790). south of the Zambesi,
Colius erythromelon Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. Vol. 7, p. 378 (1817) ; Sharpe, extending on the West
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol..17, p. 344 (1892); W. L. Sclater, Birds S. Afr. up to Angola and on the
Vol. 3, p. 99 (1903). East northwards to Nya-
Colius lacteifrons Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 345 (1892). saland.
Colius erythromelon lacteifrons W.L. Sclater, Birds S. Afr. Vol. 3, p. 100 (1903).
Colius indicus, Colius lacteifrons, Colius pallidus, Colius angolensis and Colius mossam-
bicus Reichenow, Vég. Afr. Vol. 2, pp. 208, 209 (1902).
This is a wide ranging species and has been divided into as many as five subspecies.
But I cannot satisfy myself that the slight characters upon which these subspecies are founded
are constant to the different localities assigned to them.
The specific term « ervythromelon » is probably a misprint for « erythromelas », but has
attained such a wide usage now-a-days, that it is, perhaps, better not to disturb it.
4. Colius macrurus. (Plate, Fig. 3 & 5.) North as heat icaletron|
Lanius macrourus Linneeus, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 134 (1766). Abyssiniaand the Sudan
Colius senegalensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 842 (1788). south to British East
Colius macrourus Shelley, Ibis. 1885, p. 308; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Africa and Uganda, and
Vol. 17, p. 345 (1892); Reichenow, Voge. Afr. Vol. 2, p.233 (1902); Erlanger, westwards through Cen-
Journ. f. Orn. 1905, p. 486. tral Africa to Senegal.
Colius macrurus pulcher Neumann, Journ. f. Orn. 1900, p. 190.
Colius macrurus senegalensis Neumann, ibidem.
The bright blue patch on the nape renders this species easily distinguishable. I have
seen several specimens from Senegal, but have not found in them any recognizable points of
difference from the eastern bird.
5. Colius striatus. Cape Colony,Natal, Trans-
Colius striatus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 843 (1788); Shelley, The Ibis, 1885, vaal and north to the
p- 311; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 339 (1902); W. L. Sclater, Zambesi.
Birds S. Afr. Vol. 3, p. 95 (1903); Reichenow, V6g. Afr. Vol. 3, p. 202 (1902).
Colius intermedius Shelley, Ibis, p. 311 (1885).
Colius minor Shelley, loc. cit.
Colius striatus minor Reichenow, Vég. Afr. Vol. 2, p. 203 (1902).
We now come to the second division of the genus, in which the plumage is more or less
cross-banded with narrow striations. This form extends all over the area of the genus and
FAM. COLITDA: 5
many species and subspecies have been established on the various local races. Of these I am
able to recognize four only as worthy of specific rank, and even between some of these four
there are intermediate forms.
The typical form of the Cape has the breast uniform brown, but specimens from Natal
and the eastern district show a more or less well defined blackish patch on the breast, and
may by recognized as a subspecies Colius striatus minor. But I do not find that the Natal bird
is really much smaller in size.
6. Colius nigricollis.
Colius nigricollis Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. Vol. 7, p. 378 (1817); Shelley,
Ibis, 1885, p. 310; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17. p. 341 (1892);
Reichenow, Vég. Afr. Vol. 3, p. 203 (1902).
Colius nigricollis, var. nigriscapalis Reichenow, Vog. Afr. Vol. 3, p. 203 (1902).
Angola and Congoland
This, the representative form of C. striatus in Angola and Congoland, is distinguished by
its black throat, front and lores. It appears to extend far into the interior of the Congo Free
State, as Bohndorf got it at Ndoruma in the Niam-Niam country and other collectors have
met with it on the Upper Congo.
Dr. Reichenow has founded a subspecies (Colius nigricollis nigriscapalis) on the birds
from the interior of Cameroon, but, so far as I can judge from the specimens obtained by
Mr. Bates on the River Ja (which I believe is an affluent of the Congo) the difference is merely
that of a slightly darker coloration in the Cameroon bird.
7. Colius leucotis. (Plate, Fig. 2 & 4.) BaStennAt Cae Gminene
Colius leucotis Ruppell, Mus. Senkenb. Vol. 3, p. 42 (1845); Shelley, The Ibis, Egyptian Sudan and
1885, p. 311; Reichenow, Voge. Afr. Vol. 3. p. 204 (1902). Abyssinia to Nyasaland.
Colius leucotis afinis Shelley, Ibis, 1885, p. 312; Reichenow, Voge. Afr. Vol. 3,
p- 205 (1902).
Colius afinis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 342, pl. 12 (1892).
Colius berlepschi Hartert, Under Afr. Sun, p. 333 (1899).
Colius leucotis cinerascens Neumann, Journ. f. Orn. 1900, p. 190.
I have examined a large number of specimens of the representatives of the group of
C. striatus from different parts of Eastern Africa. There are 64 skins of it in the British
Museum from the White Nile, Abyssinia, Somaliland, British and German East Africa, Uganda
and Nyasaland, besides 27 in the Tring Collection. I quite agree that there is much variation
in this species but am unable to assure myself that these variations are connected with locality.
I have found some specimens from Nyasaland practically indistinguishable from others from
Abyssinia.
Capt. Shelley based his C. affinis on specimens trom the White Nile and Dar-es-Salaam
in German East Africa. But specimens from the White Nile must surely belong to the typical
C.leucotis. | think it best therefore to leave all the white-eared forms from Eastern Africa under
that name.
5. Colius leucocephalus. (Plate, Fig. 1.) Southern Somaliland and
Colius leucocephalus Reichenow, Orn. Centralbl. p. 144 (1879); id., Vg. Afr. Vol. 3, Northern British East
Pp. 207 (1902); Shelley, The Ibis, 1875, p. 123; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Africa.
Vol. 17, p. 340 (1892).
The well-marked white head at once distinguishes this fine species. The first example of
it was obtained by Fischer at Kinakomba in British East Africa in 1878, and long remained a
6 PICARIA
unicum. In 1902, von Erlanger obtained three specimens in Southern Somaliland on his way
to Kis-mayu (Journ. f. Orn. 1905, p. 486). The figure is taken from an example in the British
Museum which was procured by Lord Delamere on the River Guaso Nyiro (British East
Africa), in January 1900. A second example in the British Museum received from the same
donor, was obtained by Mr. A. E. Atkinson at Logh in Somaliland.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE \
Fat oe ae Colius leucocephalus.
— ta-5a. Feet of Colius, with the toes in various positions, from the specimens living in the
Zoological Society’s Gardens.
Tail of C. leucotis from beneath.
Wing of C. macrurus from beneath.
Head of C. leucotis.
Head of C. macrurus.
|
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Odiham, Hants, 15 July 1906.
GENERA AVIUM
Wn) -PICARLA
FAM. COLIIDA: ;
1. COLIUS LEUCOCEPHALUS. 2. TAIL OF COLIUS LEUCOTIS. 3. WING OF COLIUS MACRURUS.
4- HEAD OF COLIUS LEUCOTIS. 5. HEAD OF COLIUS MACRURUS. ta—sa. FEET OF COLIUS SHOWING TOES IN
DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS.
e
sit
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‘ STEGANOPODES-
- CONDUCTED BY ; aaa
E-GRANT, E. HARTERT, C. E. HELLMAYR, T. SALVADORI,
~
- WITH I COLOURED PLATE
1907
x L. Desmetr, Brussers ,
FAM. PELECANID&
FAM. PELECANID&A
BY DR. ALPHONSE DUBOIS
Characters. Bill very long, straight; the culmen rounded at the base, and
flat towards the tip, which is armed with an acute, compressed, strong hook;
lower mandible forming two branches attached at the point, and sustaining a very large
distensible gular pouch; nostrils basal, elongated; wings very large, the second and third
quills nearly equal and longest; tail short and rounded, composed of 22 or 24 feathers; tarsi
short, compressed, and covered with reticulated scales; toes long, and all four united by a
full web. Palatines fused in the middle line, and provided with a deep median keel; furculum
fused with the carina sterni, which is about three quarters of the length of the corpus sterni.
Habits and Reproduction. These large birds are essentially aquatic in their habits,
frequenting rivers, lakes, and sea. In the morning and evening they are seen in small
flocks of six to fourteen individuals, engaged in fishing, until their pouch is sufficiently filled.
It has been affirmed, that they occasionally capture their prey by uniting into large flocks,
and encircling a piece of water, beating with their wings on the surface, until the afirighted
fish are driven into a small space, and deprived of all means of escape. They swim with ease
and great swiftness, and fly with facility and speed, though they take wing heavily. They breed
in large lagoons or shallow lakes, constructing a large bulky nest of reeds and aquatic herbage,
on small islands or on a platforme of reeds and lay two to four rough chalky white eggs.
2 STEGANOPODES
Range. The Pelecanid@ are distributed over the tropical and temperate regions of both
hemispheres.
Bibliography. Schlegel, Mus. Hist. Nat. Pays-Bas (Pelecanus) (1863); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
p- 269 (1868), p. 631 (1871); Elliot, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 579 (1869); Dubois, Bull. Mus.
Hist. Nat. Belg. Vol. 2, p. 1 (1883); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 26, p. 460 (1898);
Dubois, Synopsis Avium, Vol. 2, p. 1005 (1903).
GENUS PELECANUS LINNAEUS
Pelecanus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. p. 132 (1758) (type P. onocrotalus).
Synonyms : Onocrotalus, Brisson, Orn. Vol. 6, p. 51g (1760) (type P. onocrotalus). — Cyrtopelicanus,
Reichenbach, Naturl. Syst. Vég. p. 7 (1853) (type P. evythrorhynchus). — Leptopelicanus, Reichen-
bach, ibidem (1853) (type P. fuscus). — Ea inne Reichenbach, ibidem (1853) (type
P. conspicillatus).
Characters. The same as those of the family.
KEY OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES
1. Gular pouch extending less than halfway down the neck; general plumage white, occasio-
nally more or less tinged with rosy pink.
A. Bare loral space extending to the mandibles.
a. Feathers on the forehead extending to a point on the culmen (fig. 2).
a’, Size very large; tail with 24 feathers :
Tn Breast-patchvochreousipyeuow) . 0-11) ee eee ee eee ee L ONOGROMAR UG:
2. Breast-patch rufous chesnut. P. SHARPEI.
Susizel smaller: tatl with e2nfeatheyss = lt eee Ce me ee eee eROSEUS.
b. Feathers on the forehead forming a concave line at the base of the culmen (fig. 3).
b!'. Lower mandible free of feathers at base; feathers with blackish shafts :
4. Size large, wings om71; a full crest of long, soft, curly featheys. . . . BP. cRIsPus.
b!. Smaller, wings 0”57 — o”59
5. Sides of the upper mandible with irregular blackish spots . . . . . . QP. PHILIPPENSIS.
6. Sides of the upper mandible without spots. . . . . . . . = . . FP. RUFESCENS.
c. Lower mandible feathered at base :
qs Heathers with withe Shafts: 5) 2) 3 = 0) ee 3) ee ee ERMERERORENNGEUS:
B. Bare loral space separated from the bill by a row of feathers.
8. Upper tan-coventsand tailtblack | 302) 2 beds ee) es ey GONSPICIPEAMTIS.
2. Gular pouch large, extending about halfway down the neck; plu-
mage coloured.
(O15 SET UGA, UROL Sg eS 6G tg det INKONUTTING ZO
10. Smaller, wings o”52: pouch dull greenish brown or olive-bvown . . . . P. Fuscus.
Wega aI (OU WEA SEN EB wea eB & oe 6 6 le 6 6 4 Jeo CALIRONMOOS,
PAM: PEC EECANTD A:
1. Pelecanus onocrotalus Linnaeus (Plate, Fig. 2).
Pelecanus onocrotalus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. p. 132 (1758).
Onocrotalus albus Brisson, Ornith. Vol. 6, p. 519 (1760).
Onocrotalus brissonit Children, in Denham & Clapperton, Narrative of Travels and Disco-
veries in Northern and Central Africa, p. 205 (1826).
Onocrotalus phenix Lesson, Man. d’Orn. Vol. 2, p. 371 (1828).
Pelecanus longirostris, Hume, Stray Feathers. Vol. 5, p. 491 (1877).
2. Pelecanus sharpei Barboza du Bocage (Plate, Fig. 1).
Pelecanus sharpei Barboza du Bocage, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1870, pp. 173, 409; Sclater, ibidem,
1871, pl. 51.
Pelecanus onocrotalus var. sharper Dubois, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. Vol. 2, p. 8 (1883).
2 Pelecanus giganteus Brehm, Journ. f. Orn. p. 94 (1855).
3. Pelecanus roseus Gmelin.
Pelecanus roseus et Pelecanus manillensts Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 2, p. 570-71 (1788).
Pelecanus javanicus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) Vol. 13, p. 197 (1822).
Pelecanus minor Rippell, Mus. Senck. Vol. 2, p. 185 (1837); id., Vog. N. O. Afr. p. 132,
pl. 49 (1845).
Pelecanus mitratus Lichtenstein, Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1858, p. 436, pl. 3.
Pelecanus calirhynchus Hodgson, in Gray's Zool. Miscell. p. 86 (1844).
Pelecanus onocrotalus (part.) Gray, List of Birds, Vol. 3, p. 189 (1844) et auct. plur.
Pelecanus pygmaeus Brehm, Vogelf. p. 362 11855).
Pelecanus megalophus Heuglin, Vog. N. O. Afr. p. 72 (1856).
| Pelecanus onocrotalus var. minor Dubois, Consp. Syst. et Geogr. Avium Eur. p.31, n° 499
(1871).
4. Pelecanus crispus Bruch.
Pelecanus crispus Bruch, Isis, 1832, p. 1109; Gould, Birds Eur. Vol. 5, pl. 406.
Pelecanus patagiatus Brehm, Vogelf. p. 361 (1855).
Pelecanus orientalis Wright, Ibis, 1869, p. 255.
5. Pelecanus philippensis Gmelin (Plate, Fig. 4).
Pelecanus philippensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, 2, p. 571 (1788).
Pelecanus gangeticus Hodgson, in Gray’s Zool. Misc. p. 86 (nomen nudum (1844).
Pelecanus brevirostris Hodgson, in Bonap. Consp. Av. Vol. 2, p. 162 (1855).
Pelecanus philippinus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1859, p. 150.
Pelecanus philippinensis Blanford & Walden, Cat. Mam. & Birds Burmah, p. 164 (1875).
Pelecanus manillens Oates (nec Gmelin), Birds Brit. Burmah. Vol. 2, p. 236 (1883).
6. Pelecanus philippensis var. rufescens Gmelin (Plate, Fig. 3).
Pelecanus yufescens Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1 (2), p. 571 (1788).
Pelecanus cristatus Lesson, Vraité d’Orn. p. 602 (1831).
Pelecanus pheospilus Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1233.
Pelecanus philippensis (fart. ), auct. plur. nec Gmelin.
Pelecanus philippensis var. rufescens Dubois, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. Vol. 2, p.9
(1883).
7. Pelecanus erythrorhynchus Gmelin.
Pelecanus onocrotalus Forster (part.), Phil. Trans.Vol. 62, p. 419 (1772) et auct. plur. nec
Lin.
Pelecanus erythrorhynchus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1 (2), p. 571 (1788).
Pelecanus trachyrhynchus Latham, Ind. Orn. Vol. 2, p. 884 (1790).
Onocrotalus hernandezit Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1233.
Pelecanus americanus Anderson, Orn. Biogr. Vol. 4, p. 88, pl. 311 (1838).
8. Pelecanus conspicillatus Temminck.
Pelecanus conspicillatus Lemminck, P|. Col. d’Ois. Vol. 5, pl. 118 (1524).
Pelecanus australis Stephens, in Shaw’s Gen. Zool. Vol. 13 (1), p. 113 (1825).
Ve. Pelecanus fuscus Gmelin (Plate, Fig. 5).
Pelecanus fuscus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1 (2), p. 570 (1788).
Pelecanus carolinensis Gmelin, ibidem, Vol. 1 (2), p- 571 (1788).
Southern Europe and
Africa, ranging east-
ward into Northern
India.
Angola, Lower-Congo
Africa, South - Eastern
Europe, South Asia,
Java, Borneo, Sumatra
and the Philippine
Islands.
South Europe, North
Africa, ranging east-
ward through Nor-
thern India, China to
S.-E. Mongolia.
South Asia, ranging
southward to the Ma-
lay Peninsula, and
eastward to Java, Hai-
nan, Luzon and Min-
danao.
Africa, South of about
16° N. lat., Madagas-
car E.
United States of North
America, winter
to Central America.
in
Australia, Tasmania,
New Guinea,
Coasts and Islands of the
Gulf of Mexico and
Caribbean Sea.
4 STEGANOPODES
ro. Pelecanus fuscus var. californica (Ridgway).
Pelecanus fuscus (part.) auct. plur.
Pelecanus californicus Ridgway in Baird, Brewer & Ridgway Water-Birds N. Amer.
Vol. 2, p. 143 (1884) ; idem The Auk, 1886, p. 267.
Pacific coasts of N.
America,southward to
Panama and the Ga-
lapagos Islands.
11. Pelecanus fuscus var. molinz Gray. Pacific coasts of south
Pelecanus thagus, auct. plur., nec Molina (1). America to Central
Pelecanus fuscus (part.) auct. plur. Chili.
Pelecanus moline Gray, List of Birds. Vol. 3, p. 189 (1844); Elliot, P. Z.S., 1869,
p. 588, pl. 44.
Pelecanus barbieri Oustalet, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1878, p. 208.
Pelecanus fuscus var, moling Dubois, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. Vol. 2, p. 11 (1883).
(1) Pelecanus tagus of Molina is a bird existing only in imagination (see the extraordinary descrip-
tion given by Molina in the german translation, Leipzig. 1786, pp. 212, 213 and 305).
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Fig. 1. Pelecanus sharpei, Barboza du Bocage.
|
NN
— onocrotalus, Linnzeus (head).
philippensis var. rufescens, Gmelin (head).
Ae _ — Gmelin (head).
5 — fuscus, Gmelin (head).
|
|
(All figures are of 1/6 natural size except figs. 2 and 3 who are greater.)
Brussels, 15th April 1907.
GENERA AVIUM STEGANOPODES
FAM. PELECANID2Z£
1. PELECANUS SHARPEI. 2. P. ONOCROTALUS. 3, P, RUFESCENS. 4. P. PHILIPPENSIS. 5. P. FUSCUS.
PICARLE
ONTRIBUTIONS BY MESSRS. A. DUBOIS, P. L. SCLATER, R. BOWDLER
R E-GRANT; E. HARTERT, C. E. HELLMAYR, T. SALVADOR, &
= PICARI A”
FAM. MUSOPHAGIDAE
sets
*
by Dr AtpHonsé DUBOI
os
WITH 2 COLOURED PLATE
SEP 5 1913
po POD7
PRICE 6/3 (FR. 7.80) ate
j : ‘
wt to oct Sas | Seer
Sah
a en Jt
FAM. MUSOPHAGID&A
BY DR. ALPHONSE DUBOIS
VA
(emoxs do not quite agree as to the place which the Musophagide ought to occupy
. in the series of Birds.I see little use in quoting the opinions of ancient authors on
—-o
this subject and it will suffice to mention the views of those who have made
a study of this family during the last few years.
In 1860, Dr. Cabanis (1) placed the Musophagide after the Caprimulgide, adding the
former to the Coliid@ and to the Ofisthocomid@, forming a tribe which he called the Amphibole
(« Wendezeher »). Twelve years later, Sundevall (2) arranged the Meliphagide and the Coliide
together with the Coraciide in his fourth Cohors (Coenomorphe). In 1880, P. L. Sclater, in his
Systema Avium (3), joins the Musophagide to the Cuculid@, thus forming his group of Coccyges,
which he placed after the Zygodactyle, putting the Coliid@ at the top of the Anisodactyle.
Finally, Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpe admitted the Coccyges of Sclater, but placed them in succes-
sion to the 7rogonide, while the last named are preceded by the Coliide (4).
In my Syvopsis Avium (1899) I adopted the suborder Amphibole of Dr. Cabanis, with
the exclusion of the Ofisthocomide (which are not Scansores) and I placed the families in the
following order : 1. Heterodactyle : Trogonide; 2. Amphibole : Musophagide, Coliide;
3. Anisodactvla : Coraciidee, Momotidee, etc. (5).
I think that in this arrangement the Musophagide occupy their right place.
(1) Museum Herneanum, Vol. 3, p. 96-102 (1860).
(2) Methodé naturalis avium disponendarwn tentamen, p. 82 (1572).
(3) Ibis, 1880, p. 399-402.
(4) Hand-list of the Genera and Species of Birds, Vol. 2, p. 152-154 (1900).
(5) Synopsis Avium, Vol, 1, p. 88-91; Vol. 2, p. 1060 (1899-1904).
PICARIZ
ho
Characters. The Musophagide constitute a well-marked family of the Scansores,
recognizable at first sight by the outer toe being capable of being turned either backwards or
forwards. These birds have the bill moderate, broad at the base, the culmen much elevated,
curved, and the sides more or less compressed towards the tip, which is strongly emarginated ;
the wings short and rounded; the tail elongated, broad, with ten feathers; the tarsi moderate,
strong and covered in front with broad transverse scales. Palate desmognathous ; basipterygoid
processes absent; hallux present.
Habits. These birds live in trees, generally in the forest, and their food consist of
fruit, berries, buds, seeds of various plants, and insects.
Range. This family is confined to the Ethiopian Region proper, and is not met with in
Madagascar.
Bibliography. Gray. Gen. of Birds, Vol. 2, Musoph. (1845); Cabanis, Museum Heineanum, Vol. 3,
Musoph. (1860); Schlegel & Westerman, De Toerako’s afgebeeld en beschreven (1860); Schalow,
Die Musophagide (Journ. f. Orn. 1886, p. 1); Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 19, p. 435-456
(1891); Dubois, Syn. Avium, p. 88-91, Suppl. p. 1060 (1899-1904); Sharpe, Hand-list of Birds,
Vol. 2, p. 152-154 (1900); Reichenow, Die Végel Afrikas, Vol. 2, p. 25-56 (1902-1903); Dubois,
Rem. Orn. Etat Indép. du Congo [Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. (4), Vol. 1 (1905)].
KEY OF THE GENERA OF THE MUSOPHAGID A=
A. With crimson on the quills :
1. Bill byoad and elevated at the base, with the culmen much advanced on the forehead ;
general plumage glossy violet-blue. . . . . . . . . . =. ~~. ~~. +. Genus MusopHaea. ;
2. Nostvils large, but covered by the vecumbent feathers; plumage partly grass-green . Genus TuRAcus.
3. Nostrils exposed ; bill black, the sides a little compressed :
4. Nostrils rounded, back of upper neck metallic green. . . . . . . . . +. Genus GALLIREX.
5. Nostvils longitudinal, back of upper neck crimson . . . . . . . . . ~~. Genus RUWENzoRORNIS.
B. With no crimson on the quills :
6. Bill yellow, flattened, culmen compressed throughout ist length; general plumage
aboue vevditer-biuel 2s ver 8: ee ae es ea eee Eee ee Gennist @orvannen ose
C. Nostrils linear, placed in a partially curved groove and nearer to the forehead
than to the tip of the bill; general plumage ashy- grey :
> Livont half ofthe head yeathered v0 2) ssc) eee ee enee Gents) G@rizzererniss
~I
8. Front halfiofithe head bare. . . . ww ee | GenTISIGyINOSCHIZORETIS:
1. GENUS TURACUS CuvIiER
Turacus Cuvier, Legons d’Anat. Comp. Vol. 1, pl. 2 (1800) (type T. macrorhynchus).
Synonyms : Corythaix, Mliger, Prodr. p. 202 (181r) (type T. leucotis), — Opaethus, Vieillot, Analyse,
p- 29 (1816) (type T. erythrolophus). — Corythrix, Fleming, Philos. Zool. Vol. 2, p. 250 (1822).
— Spelectos, Wagler, Syst. Av., Spelectos, fol. 8, p. 3 (1827) (type T. corythaix).
FAM. MUSOPHAGIDA® 3
Characters. Bill short, with the culmen elevated and arched to the tip, the sides much
compressed, and the lateral margins finely serrated; nostrils placed in the middle of the upper
mandible, large and open, but more or less covered by the recumbent feathers. Plumage partly
grass-green.
Geographical Distribution. The species of this genus are confined to Tropical and
Southern Africa.
2 T. HARTLAUBI.
B, Forehead and crown violet :
3. Crest white. T. LEUCOLOPHUS,
C. Head or crest with red :
4. Upper part of head red, crest tipped with white; sides of head and chin white T. ERYTHROLOPHUS.
5. Forehead green, crest veddish behind ; a large white patch behind the ear-coverts . T. DONALDSONI.
6. Crest green and ved, this ved colour deepening almost into black, hind crest and nape
tipped with white; no white patch behind the ear T. FISCHERI.
7. Crest uniform green, tipped with red T. MERIANI.
8. Crest greenish-white, the lowest part red or reddish T. RUSPOLH.
D. No red on the head :
g. Crest green, tipped with black and with a white subterminal bar T. MACRORHYNCHUS.
£, Crest uniform green :
10. With a partially defined black band and a strongly marked white one under the eye. T. PERSA.
11. With a strongly marked black band and only a slight streak of white under the eve. T. BUFFONT.
12. With a black streak under the eye and a white streak underneath the black one T. ZENKER.
F, Crest green, tipped with white :
a. Bill black :
13. Back, wings and tail violet . sy ci ep ore RS CHLcrn re
14. Back and wings brilliant bluish-green with violaceous reflections ; tail dark blue shaded
with green, and with violaceous reflections afen oni i T. SHARPEL.
15. Back and wings of a beautiful bronzed green ; tail green strongly shaded with blue 3 T. EMINI.
16.
KEY OF THE SPECIES
A. Upper half of the head blackish-green or steel-blue :
. Crest blackish-green; a large white spot in front of the eye, behind the ear-coverts a white
patch extending on each side of the throat.
. Entive upper half of head stecl-blue, with a white De in front os the eye.
b. Bill orange :
Crest more developed that m the preceding, evenly vounded, largely tipped with white
- LEUCOTIS.
» CORYTHAIX.
PICARIA#
G. Crest elongated green, tipped with white, the front (or anterior) feathers the longest :
7
18.
1g.
20.
21.
oO
Io.
kis
I2.
Back, wings and tail bronzed green
Back, wings and tail brillant steel-blue with violaceous reflections
Back, wings and tail brilliant blue-green, the last bluer.
Back and wings bronzed green, the tail violet-blue
Similar toT.schalowi.but the crest-feathers before the white tips brilliant bluish-green.
. Turacus leucotis Rippell.
Corythaix leucotis Ruppell, Neue Wirb. Abyss. p. 8, pl. 3 (1835-40).
Turacus leucotis Ruppell, Syst. Uebers. Vog. N.-O. Afr. p. 80 (1845).
. Turacus hartlaubi (Fischer & Reichenow).
Corythaix hartlaubi Fischer & Reichenow, Journ. f. Orn. 1884, p.52; 1885, p. 123, pl.5, f.1.
Turacus hartlaubi Shelley, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1884, p. 224.
. Turacus leucolophus Heuglin (Plate 1, Fig. 4).
Turacus leucolophus Heuglin, Sitzber. Akad. Wien, 1856, p. 297 (nom. nud.); Journ.
f. Orn. 1864, p. 268.
Musophaga leucolopha Schlegel & Westerman, De Tverako’s, p. 12, pl. 4 (1860).
. Turacus erythrolophus (Vieillot).
Opaethus erythrolophus Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Vol. 34, p. 306 (1819).
Musophaga paulina Temminck, Pls. Col. d'Ois. Vol. 1, p. 75, pl. 23 (1820).
Corythaix igniceps Lesson, Man. d'Orn. Vol. 2, p. 155 (1828).
Turacus erythrolophus Gray, Gen. of Birds, Vol. 2, p. 395 (1845).
. Turacus donaldsoni Sharpe (Plate 1, Fig. 5).
Turacus donaldsont Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club. Vol. 4, p. 32 (1895); The Ibis, 1895,
p. 381; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1895, p. 495, pl. 28.
. Turacus fischeri (Reichenow).
Corythaix fischer’ Reichenow, Orn. Centralbl. 1878. p. 88; Journ. f. Orn. 1878, p. 252,
1S le Sig at
Turacus fischeri Shelley, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 590.
. Turacus meriani Rippell.
Turacus meriant Ruppell, Arch. f. Naturg. 1851, p. 319; Schlegel & Westerman, De
Toerako's, p.16, pl. 8 (1860).
Musophaga verreauxti Schlegel, Journ. f. Orn. 1854, p. 462.
. Turacus ruspolii Salvadori.
Turacus ruspolit Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat. Genova (2), Vol. 16, p. 44 (1896).
. Turacus macrorhynchus (Fraser).
Corythaix macrorhyncha Fraser, Proc, Zool, Soc. Lond, 183q, p. 34.
Turacus macrorhynchus Gray, Gen. of Birds, Vol. 2, p. 395, pl. 95 (1845).
Turacus persa (Linnzus).
Cuculus persa Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 171 (1766).
Turacus persa Gray, Gen. of Birds, Vol. 2, p. 395 (1845); Schlegel & Westerman, De
Toerako’s, p. 16, pl. 9 (1860).
Turacus persa biittnert Reichenow, Journ, f. Orn. 1891, p. 375.
Turacus persa var, biittnert Dubois, Syn. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 89 (1899).
Turacus buffoni (Vieillot).
Opaethus buffont Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Vol. 34, p. 304 (1819).
Corythaix purpureus (Cuvier). Lesson, Traité d’Orn. p. 124 (1831).
Corythaix senegalensis Swainson, Birds W. Afr. Vol. 1, p. 225, pl. 21 (1837).
Turacus buffont Ruppell, Arch. f. Naturg. Vol. 17, p. 320 (1851).
Turacus buffoni var. zenkeri (Reichenow).
Turacus zenkeri Reichenow, Journ. f. Orn. 1896, p. 9.
Turacus buffoni var. zenkeri Dubois, Syn, Avium Vol. 1, p. 89 (1899).
ces
ie
T. HYBRIDUS.
LIVINGSTONEI.
REICHENOWI.
T. SCHALOWI.
T. CHALCOLOPHUS.
North-east Africa from
Bogos throughout
Abyssinia to Shoa.
East Africa, South of the
Equator, Masailand
and Kilimanjaro.
Central Africa, West of
the UpperWhite Nile,
from the Bar-el-Ghazal
to the Albert Nyanza;
Niam-Niam, Uelle.
West Africa, from Sierra
Leone to Angola.
Western Somali-land (to
South Abyssinia ?).
East Africa, between
Kilimanjaro and Zan-
zibar.
West Africa. from the
Congo to the Came-
roons and to Stanley
Poo! in the interior.
Somali-land.
Upper Guinea, from the
Gaboon and Fernando
Po to Senegambia.
West Africa, from Sene-
gambia to the Congo,
Upper Guinea.
From Cameroons to the
Congo,
(3)
14
7p
PAM. MUSOPHAGIDZE
. Turacus schiitti (Cabanis).
Corythatx schiittii Cabanis, Orn. Centralbl. 1879, p. 180.
Corythaix schuettt Cabanis, Journ. f. Orn. 1879, p. 445. 2
Turacus schuetti Shelley (part.), Cat. Bird. Brit. Mus. Vol. 19, p. 441 (1891).
Turacus schiitti Reichenow, Vog. Afr. Vol. 2, p. 49 (1902); Dubois, Ann. Mus. Congo,
Zool. (4), t. I, p. 4, pl. 2 (1905).
. Turacus emini Reichenow.
Turacus emint Reichenow, Orn. Monatsb. 1893, p. 30; Dubois, Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool.
(Q)kteaespeapless teens
. Turacus emini var. sharpei (Reichenow).
Turacus schuetti (nec Cabanis.) Shelley, Cat. Birds. Brit. Mus. Vol. 19, p. 441 (part. 1891).
Turacus sharper Reichenow, Orn. Monatsb. 1898, p. 182.
Turacus schuelti var. shaypet Dubois, Syn. Avium Vol. 1, p. 89 (1899).
Turacus finschi Reichenow, Orn. Monatsb. 1899, p. 190.
Turacus emint var. finscht Dubois, Syn. Avium Vol. 2, p. 1060 (1903).
Turacus emint var. sharpet Dubois, Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. (4), t. 1, pp. 5, 35, pl. 3,
f. 2 (1905).
. Turacus corythaix (Wagler).
Spelectos corythaix Wagler, Syst. Avium, Spelectos, sp. r (
Corythaix musophaga Ch. Dubois, Orn. Gal. p. 2, pl. 2 (18
Turacus albocristatus Strickland, Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol. 7, p 33 (1841).
Turacus corythaix Ruppell, Arch. f. Naturg. Vo]. 17, p. 320 (1851).
Turacus livingstonei Gray.
Turacus livingstonit Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 44 (1864).
Corythaix livingstonei Finsch & Hartlaub, V6g. Ost Afr. p. 476 (part.) (1870).
Corythatx cabanist Reichenow, Journ. f. Orn. 1883, p. 221; 1885, pl. 5, f. 4.
Turacus livingstonei Reichenow. Voge. Afr. Vol. 2, p. 51 (1902).
. Turacus livingstonei var. schalowi (Reichenow) (Plate 1, Fig. 1, 2, 3).
Turacus livingstontt Auct. plur. (nec Gray).
Corythaix schalowi Reichenow, Journ. f. Orn. 1891, pp. 147, 210.
Twracus schalowi Barboza du Bocage, Jorn. Acad. Sc. Lisboa, Vol. 7, p. 163 (1892).
Turacus livingstoni var. schalowi Dubois, Syn. Avium Vol. 1, p. 89 (1899).
Turacus livingstonet var. marungensis Reichenow, Vog. Afr. Vol. 2, p. 52 (1902).
19. Turacus livingstonei var. reichenowi (Fischer).
Corythaix reichenowt Fischer, Orn. Centralbl. 1880, p. 174; Journ. f. Orn. 1885, p. 123,
plato eieno
Tuvacus reichenowi Reichenow, Vog. Deutsch-Ost-Afrikas, p. 104 (1894).
Turacus livingstont var. vetchenow: Dubois, Syn. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 89 (1899).
20. Turacus livingstonei var. hybrida (Reichenow).
Turacus livingston’ Auct. plur. (non Gray).
Turacus hybridus Reichenow, Journ. f. Orn. 1898, p. 314.
Turacus livingstoni var. hybrida Dubois, Syn. Avium, Vol. 2, p. 1060 (1903).
. Turacus livingstonei var. chalcolophus (Neumann).
Turacus chalcolophus Neumann, Orn. Monatsb. 1895, p. 87; Hartert, Novit. Zool. 1900,
Pee o plus
Turacus livingstoni var. chalcolophus Dubois, Syn. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 89 (1899).
2. GENUS GALLIREX LESSON
Gallirex Lesson, Echo du Monde say. (1844) (type G. porphyreolophus).
Angola, Congo - State.
(to the Eastern pro-
vince of the Congo).
Central Africa : Bun-
deko, Mumbo, Ukond-
ju, Irumu, Ituri.
Niam-Niam, Uelle, Ba-
nalia.
South Africa, from the
Zambesi into Natal
and the Cape Colony.
South-East Africa, from
Sululand to Lake
Niassa.
Congo, from the Tanga-
nika to Lake Niassa,
West to Benguellaand
Mossamedes.
German East Africa,
from Pangani to Ru-
fidschi,
German East Africa.
From Eastern Victoria
Niansa, South to the
Gurui.
Characters. Bill with the culmen elevated and arched, the sides a little compressed,
the lateral margins finely serrated; nostrils exposed, rounded, placed in the middle of the upper
m
andible; the rest like the preceding.
6 PICARL
Geographical Distribution. The two species are confined in North-East and East
Africa, extending South to Natal and the Cape Colony.
KEY OF THE SPECIES
Crest and nape glossy violet-blue; upper neck metallic green :
1. With a strong shade of pink in front of the mantle and chest. . . . . . . . GG. PORPHYREOLOPHUS.
2. Wath noshadeofpmk <a 2 6 a 8 te ep ee a ede eee Ore CHIP OR OCHIGANIY.CS
1. Gallirex porphyreolophus (Vigors). South Africa, from the
Corythaix porphyreolopha Vigors, Proc. Zool Soc, Lond. 1831, p. 93; Schlegel & Wester- Zambesi through Na-
man, De Toerako's, p. 12, pl. 3. tal to the Cape Colony.
Corythaix burchellii Smith, S. Afr. Qu. Journ., p. 13 (183r).
Gallivex anais Lesson, Echo du Monde sav., p. 110 (1844).
Gallivex porphyreolophus Lesson, Descr. Mamm. et Ois, p. 352 (1847).
2. Gallirex chlorochlamys Shelley (Plate 1, Fig. 6). The whole of Eastern
Corythatx porphyreolophus, Auct. plur. (non Vigors). Africa, fromthe North
Gallirex chlorochlamys Shelley, The Ibis, 1881, p. 118. of the Zambesi to
Gallivex porphyreolophus var. chlorochlamys Dubois, Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. (4), t. 1, Abyssinia.
p- 35 (1905).
3. GENUS RUWENZORORNIS NEUMANN
Ruwenzorornis Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, Vol. 14 (1903) (type R. johustont).
Characters. Bill high, with the culmen rounded, starting from above the eyes, very
much compressed and showing a distinct ridge, fare more pronounced than in any genus of
Musophagide; nostrils not rounded as in Gallirex, but longitudinal as in Wusophaga.
Geographical Distribution. Equatorial Africa.
’
KEY OF THE SPECIES
Ln BACKION Uppenriecr CYUMSON =") se ss se see a eo) ee ee OLINSTONT:
Ruwenzorornis johnstoni (Sharpe) (Plate 1, Fig. 7). Equatorial Africa : Mt.
Galli. ex johnstont Sharpe, Bull. Brit.Orn.Club, Vol.11, p.57 (1901); The Ibis, 1902, p.112, pl.5. Ruwenzori.
Ruwenzorornts tohnstont Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, Vol. 14, p. 15 (1903).
4. GENUS MUSOPHAGA ISERT
Musophaga Isert, Journ. Phys. Paris, Vol. 34, p. 458 (1789) (type M. vtolacea).
Synonym : Phimus, Wagler. Syst. Avium, Phimus, p. 114 (1827) (type M. violacea).
Characters. Bill large, broad and elevated at the base, with the culmen much advanced
on the forehead, and curved to the tip; nostrils placed near the middle of the upper mandible,
open, longitudinal, exposed. Only two species are known.
Geographical Distribution. West and Central Africa.
af
FAM. MUSOPHAGIDZ=
KEY OF THE SPECIES
1. Wuth no elongated crest-feathers; a white band on the side of the head M. VIOLACEA.
2. With an elongated crest; no white on side of the head . M. Rossz.
1. Musophaga violacea Isert (Plate 2, Fig. 1, 2). West Africa, from the
Musophaga violacea Isert. Schrift. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, Vol. 3, p. 18, pl. 1 (1789); Cameroons to Sene-
gambia.
Schlegel & Westerman, De Toerako’s, pl. 1 (1860).
Cuculus regius Shaw, Mus. Lever. p. 165, pl. 40 (1792).
2. Musophaga rossz Gould. West Africa, from An-
Musophaga rossae Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1851, p. 93; Schlegel & Westerman, gola to Cameroon and
De TYoerako's, pl. 2 (1860). to Niam-Niam and
Musophaga bohmi Schalow, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. (1884), p. 103, pl. 6. Tanganika.
5. GENUS CORYTHZAEOLA HAINE
Corythzola Haine, Journ. f. Om. 1860, p. 190 (type C. cristata).
Characters. Bill flattened, culmen compressed throughout its length; nostrils oval,
nearer to the tip of the bill than to the forehead; with no crimson on the quills; tail much
more elongated than by the others genus of the family. Only one species.
Geographical Distribution. West and Central Africa.
KEY OF THE SPECIES
1. General plumage above verditer-blue ; tail with a broad black subterminal bar. C. CRISTATA.
1. Corythzola cristata (Vieillot) (Plate 2, Fig. 3). Westand Central Africa,
Musophaga cristata Vieillot, Analyse, p. 68 (1816). from Angola to Sene-
Musophaga gigantea Vieillot, Enc. Méth, p. 1295 (1823); Schlegel & Westerman, De Toe- gambia, and to the
Eastern Congo-State
rako’s, p. 20, pl. 12 (1860).
and Niam-Niam.
Corythaix gigas Stephens, Gen. Zool. Vol. 14, p. 222 (1826).
Crax cyaneus Gray, in Griffith's Anim. Kingd. Vol. 3, p. 117 (1829).
Corythacola cristata Haine, Journ. f. Orn. 1860, p. 190.
6. GENUS CHIZ4ERHIS WAGLER
Chizzrhis Wagler, Syst. Avium, p. 111 (1827) (type C.africana).
Synonyms : Schizorhis Wagler, Isis, 1829, p. 656 (type C. africana). — Corythaixoides Smith, S. Afr.
Qu. Journ. 1833, p. 48 (type C. concoloy). — Colophimus Smart, Rep. Exp. Centr. Afr. p. 54 (1836)
(type C. concolor). — Ichthievax Kaup, Classif. p. 111 (1844) (C. africana).
Characters. Bill with the sides slightly compressed, the culmen arched; nostrils linear,
placed in a partially curved grove and nearer to the forehead than to the tip of the bill; front
of the head feathered.
Geographical Distribution. The whole of the Ethiopian Region.
No
wo
nN
Gymnoschizorhis Schalow, Journ. f. Orn. 1886, p. 72 (type G. fersonata).
PICARI Zz
KEY OF THE SPECIES
1. Bill yellow; crest-feathers lanceolate
. Lal brown, uniform .
. Tail with a white bar.
B. Bill black or olive; crest-feathers not lanceolate
. Breast and a bay on the tail white
. Entive plumage ashy grey
. Chizerhis africana (Latham).
Phastanus africanus Latham, Ind. Orn. p. 631 (1790).
Musophaga senegalensis Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. p. 7 (1823).
Musophaga variegata Vieillot. Enc. Méth. p.1296 (1823); Swainson, Birds W. Afr. Vol. 1,
p- 223, pl. 20 (1837).
Chizerhis africana Reichenow, Vog. Afr. Vol. 2, p. 30 (1902).
. Chizerhis zonura Riippell.
Chizerhis zonurus Ruppell, Neue Wirbelth. p. 9, pl. 4 (1835-40).
Schizorhis zonurius Gray, Gen of Birds. Vol. 2, p. 395 (1845).
. Chizerhis leucogastra Riippell. (Plate 2, Fig. 4, 5, 6).
Chizerhts leucogaster Riippell, Mus. Senck. Vol. 3, p. 127 (1842); idem,Trans, Zool. Soc.
Lond. Vol. 3, p. 232, pl. 17 (1842).
Coliphimus fasciatus Harris, High]. Acthiop. Vol. 2, p. 413 (1844).
Schizorhts leucogaster var, pallidirostris Hildebrand, Journ. f. Orn. 1878, p. 237.
. Chizzrhis concolor (Smith).
Corythaix concolor Smith, S. Afr. Qu. Journ. ». 48 (1833).
Chizerhis concolor Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr. pl. 2 (1838).
Chizerhis felicia Lesson, Mag. Zool. p. ror (1839).
Corythaixotdes concolor pallidiceps Neumann, Journ, f. Orn. 1899, p. 66.
Schizorhts concolor var, pallidiceps Dubois, Syn. Avium Vol, 2, p. 1060 (1903).
7. GENUS GYMNOSCHIZORHIS ScHALow
C. AFRICANA.
C. ZONURA.
C. LEUCOGASTRA.
C. CONCOLOR.
West Africa, from the
Congo to Senegambia,
and inland to Katanga
and Stanley Pool.
North-East Africa, from
Bogosland through
Abyssinia, the White
Nile, Niam-Niam and
Uelle.
East Africa, from Sou-
thern Abyssinia to the
Upper White Nile and
Ugogo.
South Africa to Katanga
and Stanley Pool in
Congo-State.
Characters. This genus has the same characters as theChiz@ris with the exception that
the front half of the head is bare.
is
Geographical Distribution. East Africa, from Abyssinia to the Tanganika.
KEY OF THE SPECIES
Under surface of tail and quills green
Under surface of tail and quills stlver-grey’.
1. Gymnoschizorhis personata (Riippell).
Chizaerhis personata Riippell, Mus. Senck. Vol. 3, p. 127 (1842); Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.
Vol. 3, p. 232, pl. 16 (1842).
Gymmoschizorhis personata Schalow, Journ, f. Orn. 1886, p. 75.
2. Gymnoschizorhis leopoldi (Shelley) (Plate 2, Fig. 7).
Schizorhts leopoldi Shelley, The Ibis, 1881, p. 117. pl. 2.
Gymnoschizorhts leopoldt Schalow, Journ, f. Orn. 1886, p. 72.
G. PERSONATA.
G. LEOPOLDI.
Abyssinia, Shoa,.
East Africa, from Vic-
toria Niansa to Ugogo
and Tanganika,
FAM. MUSOPHAGIDE
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
PLATE I
Fig. 1. Turacus livingstonei var. schalowi (Reichenow).
— 2,3. Turacus livingstonei var. schalowi (Reichenow) (foot and wing),
Turacus leucolophus Heuglin (head).
Turacus donaldsoni Sharpe (head).
— 6. Gallirex chlorochlamys (Shelley) (head).
7. Ruwenzorornis johnstoni (Sharpe) (head).
i:
On
PLAS 2
Fig. 1, 2. Musophaga violacea Isert (head and foot).
— 3. Corytheola cristata (Vieillot) (head).
4, 5, 6. Chizerhis leucogastra Rippell (head, wing and bill).
— 7. Gymnoschizorhis leopoldi (Shelley).
Brussels, 15th April 1907.
GENERA AVIUM PICARIA&®
FAM. MUSOPHAGID A:
I, 2, 3. TURACUS SCHALOWI. 4. T. LEUCOLOPHUS. 5. T. DONALDSONI. 6. GALLIREX CHLOROCHLAMYS.,
7. RURVENZORORNIS JOHNSTONI,
GENERA AVIUM PICARLZ
4
FAM. MUSOPHAGID&#
1, 2, MUSOPHAGA VIOLACEA. 3. CORYTHAZZ0LA CRISTATA, 4, 5, 6. CHIZASRHIS LEUCOGASTER.
7. GYMNOSCHIZORHIS LEOPOLDI.
2,
GENERA @
P. alia AN
HELLMAYR, T. SALVADORI, A. DURuiC ee cuean :
PRINTED aND PUBLISHED By V.
VerTENEUIL & L, DesmMeT, BRUSSELS
il of
i
ee
FAM. PIPRIDA
FAM. PIPRIDA
BY C. E. HELLMAYR
HE Piprid@ form one of the families of the subdivison Oligomyod@ of the Meso-
myodian Passeres.
Characters. The Pipride are dentirostral Oligomyodae, mostly of small size
and generally of bright plumage in the male sex. The intrinsic muscles of the
voice Organ are affined at or near the middle of the bronchial semi-rings. The lower end o
the trachea is not modified; the syrinx is as in the Oscines, but with a lesser number of singing-
muscles. The tarsus is exaspidean. In this respect the Pijrvid@ agree with the Tyrannidae and
Oxyrhamphide from which they may be distinguished by having the toes more or less united.
The bill is proportionately short, thick and shows a more or less distinct notch near the
end of the upper mandible. The culmen, in the majority of species, is either rounded or slightly
ridged, only in one genus (Xevopipo) is the mesorhinium broad and flattened. The nostrils are
either circular or oval, but always quite exposed. The metatarsus is mostly covered in front with
some large, distinctly separated scutellae while in other forms (e. g. Masius) the scutes are
fused, thus forming a long lamina, divided only on the lower end, near the toes, Toes connected
at the base, the outer and middle toes especially so. The moderately long wings have ten pri-
maries, the tip is formed by the third, fourth and fifth primaries. The outer primaries are often
of abnormal shape : short and pointed, attenuated or curved, this being particularly the case
in the male sex. The tail, composed of twelve feathers, is variable in length and shape. In
some genera (Chiroxiphia, Ilicura) the middle tail feathers are elongated, in others (Cirrhipipra)
the outer rectrices greatly modified, In the majority of the species the sexes are dissimilar,
though in some genera they are nearly alike.
PUASSIOISIENS
1S)
Range. The Piprid@ are one of the charasteristic groups of the neotropical avifauna.
They range from Southern Mexico to Paraguay and the Argentine province Misiones, but are
entirely absent from the Antillean and Patagonian subregions. The zenith of their distribution
is reached in the Amazonian forest-region where they are especially numerous, both in indivi-
duals and in species.
Habits and Reproduction. Little is known about their habits. According to Prince
Wied-Neuwied, they live in pairs or small flocks, and frequent the under-growth of primeval
forests. They mostly feed on berries, but some species are said to eat also small insects. Their
notes are short, soft whistles which, however, are only seldom uttered.
The Pipride build a slight shallow nest of grasses, which is suspended from the fork of
a branch in low shrubs. The eggs are white or cream-coloured, spotted with brown or reddish,
these blotches being often more or less confluent round the larger end. According to Euler,
who observed Chiromachaeris manacus gutturosus in Southeast Brazil, the clutch consists of two
eggs only.
Bibliography. Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, 1888. p. 28 32-325.
KEY TO) PEE GENERA OH WEk Pepe
la BULL shovien. Subleymimal notch slight os. xs 8 2 jo 20 ee ee er
— Bill move elongated and more compressed. Subterminal notch very distinct . . . . . . . . se
2. Tail shorter, about half the length of the wing ov less(1) . . . ». . =. 5 «© 1... ees
— Tail longer, two-thirds of the wing oy move . . . . . = Ge ee i
3. Throat feathers more or less elongated. Outer primaries of abnormal shape. . . |. . . . . . . . 4.
— Uhroat jeathers norelongated: «3. 8 a) ss ee se eh Se
4. Throat feathers much elongated. Outer primaries attenuated and curved inwards, 13. Genus CHIROMACHARIS.
— Throat feathers but slightly elongated. First primary attenuated oy shortened, but
LOW CUFUCH es. eM ye) ee n-ne nen enlist CORAPIPOR
5. Four outer primaries attenuated. Male with the mantle pale blue, and a distinct
vertical crest of ved ov yellow. . . . . . To, Genus CHIROXIPHIA
— Only the first primary attenuated. Male with t the mantle black, ‘aveheal dark ved,
MOVUEVERCAL GHOSE, a) ey cee ne ol ound el) Ge eT Coe TET vas
— Noneroptheprimavtesiattenuated. |. 3 5 es 6 ee ee
Guushayis\ of the secondaviessnovmal. 2) 2) 2 ee eee ee ue Genus tera
— Shafts of the secondaries thickened . . . . . . . ..~. ~~. ~. ~. +. 3. Genus MACH@ROPTERUS.
7. Outer tail feathers much produced, terminating in a long hair-like filament . . 2. Genus CrRRHIPIPRA.
— Outer tail feathers normal : 5a, ee ee Ape ARN ee ee
8. Mesorhinium broad and flattened. Plumage fe the ar eh black. . . . 7. Genus XENOPIPO.
==" Mesovhiniwm Cut slightly rounded’ =) cs 0s 2S ete oe, oe eo Cee Oe
Qn Evontal feather svevect <2 Ox 3) ies, SeNe SERA eC re) ee a ee On
= Frontal feathers not erect. 1. 2. a a ha eG, ee eee ee
WG LECT SESE I 6 ee ew Gd Se g. Genus ANTILOPHIA,
= wlarysalscutesyused. pe yee) ae ey ee en ea Genism iAsnoss
(rt) The elongated central tail feathers in some species of the genera Chiroxiphia and [licuya not being taken in account._
FAM. PIPRIDAE 3
11. Wing considerably less than 60 mm. Rump, tail and under parts deep ochreous-
cinnamon. With a half-concealed vertical spot of yellow or cinnamon . . . 14. Genus NeEopipo.
— Wang always more than 60mm. No cinnamomeous colour whatever in the plumage. . . . . . . . . 12.
12. Tail square. General plumage of males black with a long ved occipital crest. T arsus
strong . . CD eee aac 6. Genus CERATOPIPRA.
— Tfatl square. No occtfital crest. Tarsus short and slender 4. Genus CHLOROPIPO.
= hailistronoty rounded’ oo ee ig Garin) PipeinEs:
13. Upper half of tarsus feathered. Bill much expanded at the base, broader than
Dicer er Seite Gein sa eS Ot ee eT a Gem SESAD AO ae
— Upper half of tarsus not feathered. Bull much narrower and move compressed. . . . . . . . . . Td.
14. Lazl strongly graduated, the outer rectrices being much shortened, narrowed and
pomted. Noviutal bristles . . . . . . . .. =. =. ~. . « . 20, Genus HETEROCERCUS.
——eliatlishehtlysemarcinate sD istincty ictal oxestles tn). en en nO
DE GIO CUM Be 8 6 8 6 @ 0 oF 6) 6 6 61g o 5 o o « 155 Gonns Sornmnomvic,
Se HN CRETLEY UL GOLOUT AOU ECN pe eS Ts pa ty ey Sen Se a cy a ene ae Pe ee a er eT
16. Under tail coveris very long, covering more than two-thirds of the length of the tail.
Fourth remex im the male attenuated . . . . . . . . =. ~. . +. 19. Genus Lannsoma.
— Under tail coverts much shorter, less than half the length of the tail. Fourth rvemex
URNA ETT OTON, se a Be EN ale RL Ge SG ey a Ge oy al AG
Dig oiliMloncens harsusiandnpect strolls 9) 2-4 2 eon Genus Scomomonus:
= [bil Shino, Warsi Ci) yas ds ll lt , Gonns Ninopain.
ie GENUS PIPRA LINN4uUS
Pipra Linneus, Mus. Adolph Frid. Vol. 2, Prodr. p. 32 (1764) (type by elimination : Parus aurcola
Linneus); cfr Hellmayr, The Ibis, 1906, p. 1-46.
Synonyms : Dixiphia Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat. tab. 63 (1850) (type : P. leucocilla). — Lepidothrix
Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr. Anisod. p. 6 (Sep. ex Ateneo Italiano n° 11, August 1854; species :
L. cyaneocapilla, L. tsidoyit). — Dasyncetopa, Bonaparte, ibidem, p. 6 (type : D. serena). — Tyran-
neutes Sclater & Salvin, The Ibis, 1881, p. 269 (type : T. brachyurus).
Characters. Thisis arather numerous group ofsmall birds the males of which have always
some bright colour in the plumage. In structure, the various species are fairly uniform, the most
aberrant members being Pipra virescens and P. stolzmanni with relatively long wings and short
tails. The bill is relatively strong, broad at the base; the culmen curved and with a more
or less distinct notch near the tip of the upper mandible. In P. awreola and allies it is decidedly
ridged, in the majority of the other species slightly rounded. Nostrils oval and open. Rictal
bristles numerous, though rather soft. In the wing, the third and fourth primaries are the longest,
the first is equal to or slightly shorter than the sixth. Tail short, about one-half of the lenght of
the wing, and almosts quare, the central rectrices being very slightly shorter than the remaining
ones. Exceptions are P. virescens in which the outermost rectrix is extremely short and narrow
with the shaft thickened and stiff, and P. chloromeros in which the tail is strongly rounded, the
outer rectrices being decidedly shorter than the inner ones. Tarsus short, the outer toe united
to the inner one for the two basal phalange.
Sexes dissimilar, except in P. virescens and P. stolzmanni.
PASSERES
Geographical Distribution. Central America from Mexico southwards, and
South
America down to Southeastern Brazil, but absent in Paraguay, Argentina and Chili.
IL:
I2.
KEY TO PAE SPE ClES AND SUBS PB EGEE Sia)
. Back (except the rump in some species) black.
Vo black whatever in the plumage. Back always green .
2, Rump black like the back or washed with dull bluish or violet .
eis and upper tail coverts bright azure blue or whitish blue .
white band across the inner web of the quills .
No white band acyvoss thequlls . . . . .
. Whole abdomen bright yellow, under tail coverts yellow, tipped with
black. Lateral tail feathers x
Sides of the abdomen and under tail coverts black,
uth a broad yellowish white cross band.
no white band
across the tail.
. Central tail feathers like the lateral ones with a yellowtsh white cross-
Gap aieees Pee) re 5 sip a
Central tail feathers uniform Hee
. A narrow frontal band, cheeks and antertoy portion of throat orange
yellow . Spee ey ce sk, monies
Anterior part of the head as fay as the eyes, sides of the head and
neck, and the whole throat bright yellow .
. Head bright yellow .
Head above white
Head above blue .
Head red.
. Feathers of the occ hae but slightly elongated. blackish at the ae
Tail not exceeding 34 mm. in length .
Feathers of the occiput snow white to the base and so much elongated
as to form a long, full crest. Tail 36 mm.
. Plumage above and below strongly glossed with metallic blue. Wing
60-67;
Plumage opaque velvety black.
Tail 25 30 mm.
. Size larger. Wing 68-70 ; tail 30-32 mm. Black of upper and under
surface more intense and more bluish . ,
Wing 60 64 ; tail 24-28 mm. Black of spate duller
and less bluish
Size smaller.
Abdomen and under tail coverts dull es eee
Abdomen slightly glossy like the vest of the body. Longer under ‘tail
coverts tipped with greyish or yellowish eae
Back, sides of the head and throat deep black, rump washed with dull
bluish ; middle of the belly and under tail coverts dull olive yellow.
All the under surface uniform black.
General colour and a broad frontlet deep black .
On
3. P. FASCIICAUDA FASCIICAUDA CO.
4. P. FASCIICAUDA PURUSIANA Gy.
1. P. AUREOLA AUREOLA (.
2. P. AUREOLA FLAVICOLLIS &.
5. P. ERYTHROCEPHALA &.
8.
Tae
13)
Q.
15. P. LEFUCOCILLA COMATA GO.
11. P. LEUCOCILLA LEUCOCILLA @.
10.
14. P. LEUCOCILLA CORACINA &.
oc Tate
12. P. LEUCOCILLA BAHIZ O.
13. P. LEUCOCILLA ANTHRACINA (&%.
21. P. HOFFMANNSI G.
1g. P. CORONATA VELUTINA &.
(1) The females of Pipra isidorei leucopygia & P. leucocilla anthvacina, unknown to the author. are not included in the key.
13.
16.
Li.
18.
. Abdomen and a large spot on the foveneck clear yellow
. Cap blue
26. Bill larger.
BAM: PIP RTD As
General colour dull brownish black with a slight violet hue on
the rump and breast. No black frontlet
Tail strongly vounded, the outer vectrices being about 5 mm. shorter
than the inner ones. Axallaries black .
Tail square. Axillaries never black
. Thighs and axillaries yellow
Thighs white, tipped with ved .
. Forehead and crown decidedly paler, move ovange ved than the occiput.
Thighs and a large chin-spot pale yellow. Distinct yellowtsh edges
to the inner web of vemiges . ae j : :
Forehead nearly as dark ved as the occiput. Large chin-spot yellowish,
thighs deep gamboge-yellow. Distinct yellowish edges to the inner
web of remiges a 9 Se ODO ee
Head and thighs as IP. Chin-angle but
narrowly bordered with yellow ; no yellowish edges to the tnney web
un. mentalis ignifera.
of vemiges. :
Whole body beneath black .
Abdomen yellow or orange .
Cap light blue
Cap milky white .
Rump pale azure-blue
Rump whitish blue co ee ns
5 forehead as
tar as the anterior angle of the eye white . P
Abdomen ovange. No yellow spot on the foreneck; forehead and anterior
portion of the crown white .
20. Top of the head covered with vather Hone ioe oe a well-
defined sky-blue, white or opalizant cap Ae
Feathers of the pileum not differentin shape from those of the back, either
without any bright colour or with a half-concealed, yellow patch im
the centre of the crown
3 feet dark horn brown
Cap not blue; feet flesh colour .
. Cap turquoise or nile blue
Cap intense azure-blue .
23. Cap and rump glossy milky white .
Cap beautifully opalizant, rump green like the back.
. Back pure grass green (no yellow vertical spot)
Back olivaceous-or brownish green .
. Feet flesh colour .
Feet dark horn brown :
Wing 53-54 mm.
Bill smaller. Wing 50-52 mm.
7. Forehead and crown yellowish olive, decidedly differ ent be the dark
green back
Forehead and crown dull bluish
20.
Io.
18.
10.
7p
24.
PP.
26.
2/7,
26.
16.
Ze
5
P. CORONATA CORONATA ©.
P. CHLOROMEROS &%.
14.
: noe
P. RUBROCAPILLA Gf.
P. MENTALIS MENTALIS &.
P. MENTALIS IGNIFERA Gt.
P. MENTALIS MINOR \.
ee
Aus IQ.
P. CHRULEOCAPILLA &.
ata 18
P. ISIDOREI ISIDOREI &.
P. ISIDOREI LEUCOPYGIA ©.
P. SERENA SERENA (’.
P. SERENA SUAVISSIMA @\.
Die
24.
Ne
ees 2a
P. EXQUISITA &.
P. C&LESTI-PILEATA GO.
P. NATTERERI G.
. P. OPALIZANS &.
De
9.
26
ae 27,
P. opatizans ©.
P. NATTERERI 9.
P. ISIDOREI ISIDOREI Q.
» SERENA SUAVISSIMA Q :
29.
30.
32"
3a
. Axillaries and under wing coverts pale yellow. Under parts strongly \
WASREU OItHOUE-2VCcIl ea) enn |
green
PASSERES
Pilenm. green like thesback se) ae ae at a Re ee ee
:. Throat and foreneck dull greenish olive passing into clear yellow in the
middle of the abdumen. Wing 53mm... . . . . . 25, P. SERENA SERENA ©.
Throat yellowish, separated from the bright yellow abdomen by a dis- ( 23. P. Exguisita Q.
tinct jugular band of dark green. Wing 57 mm. | 22. P. CHLESTI-PILEATA Q.
Under surface dull greenish, middle of the abdomen pale yee . . 21. P. HOFFMANNSI Q.
1g. P. CORONATA VELUTINA Q.
Under surface dull greenish, middle line of abdomen dirty yellowish. \ 20. P. CORONATA CORONATA Q.
| 18. P. C#RULEOCAPILLA Q.
Wing neuer exceeding’ 53 mm. i. 5) Gea, = aah Yona ot) Pee gee
Wangealways move than: So mm. x. (a Fas) ee ee gee ee) ee 2 ey ee cn Tr
Outermost vectvix much narrowed and shortened, at least ro milli-
metres less than the longest. A large bright yellow vertical patch 28. P. VIRESCENS 6 Q.
Outermost vectrix quite as long as the middle paiy and not abnormally
shaped. No yellow vertical spot. 29. P. STOLZMANNI Gf Q.
1. P. AUREOLA AUREOLA Q.
2) Y > r
Throat ail yelling \ 2. P. AUREOLA FLAVICOLLIS Q.
} 3. P. FASCIICAUDA FASCIICAUDA Q .
4. P. FASCIICAUDA PURUSIANA Q.
Dhrvoat oreentshov- Or eyiSie.. os, ere et ee Ve, te eS es,
Axillaries and under wing coverts dull grey. Head above slate-gvey or
minedwih. greys 05 ke" 0 Say Son wan cw ese ee lo) us ge er
Axillavtes and under wing coverts pale yellowish or whitish. Head
above green like the back, without any greyish admixtuve . . . . . . . .. =... =. =. 4,
11. P, LEUCOCILLA LEUCOCILLA Q@.
Tail shorter, 25-30 mm.
12. P. LEUCOCILLA BAHIAE Q.
Tail longer, 30-36 mm.
ger,
Daw 30-32 mi... a Ae EU COCIERANCORAGINAG ©™
INDIO BO pe nl 6 no o 8 6 45 Me IP, WRUCOCMION Com, ©).
. Tail strongly vounded, the outermost vectrix being about 5 mm. shorter
than the longest. W253) a eee LOM CHM OROMEROSEOR
Wadd square. o's em ts, ele at Hee a) Ree alos eget SS
. Lavery short, 21-24mm. . -. . . we & 2 6 « 4 Os PS BRYDHROGEPHALANO®
Watlialways move than 25 mm 1.9... Ss en) a ep Pe) ee OS
P. MENTALIS MENTALIS Q.
. MENTALIS IGNIFERA ©.
Oo on
UJ
P. MENTALIS MINOR Q.
Axillaries and under wing coverts divty whitish; under parts greyish
a
vu
. RUBROCAPILLA Q.
. Pipra aureola aureola (Linnezus). (Plate 2, Fig. 7.)
Parus Aureola Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit. 10, p. 191 (1758) (ex Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, Vol. 2, p. 83,
t. 83, f. 2.— « From some part of South America, near the equinoctial line. » — Surinam selected as typical
locality).
Pipra yubya P. L. S. Miller, Natursyst. Suppl. p. 177 (1776) (ex Daubenton, Pl. enl. 302, f. 2 : Cayenne).
Pipra aurantia Wagler, Isis 1830, p. 932 (1830) (ex Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, Vol. 2, p. 83, t. 83, f. 2).
Pipra dubia Madarasz, Zeitschr. Ges, Ornith. Vol. 3, p. 270, t. 9 (1886) (spec. decol.)
Hab. Cayenne, Surinam, Brit. Guiana to N. E. Venezuela (Orinocodelta and state of Cumana), and
south to the Lower Amazons (Para, Santarem, Barra do Rio Negro).
On
I
10.
I2.
FAM. PIPRIDA® 7
. Pipra aureola flavicollis Sclater.
Pipra flavicollis Sclater, Contrib. Ornith. for 1851, p. 143 (1852) (Barra do Rio Negro, but locality evidently
erroneous). i
Hab. West bank of the Rio Madeira (Humaytha, Marmellos), Brazil.
. Pipra fasciicauda fasciicauda Hellmayr.
Pipra fasciata (nec Thunberg 1822) Lafresnaye & D'Orbigny, Syn. Av. 1, in Mag. Zool. 1837, Cl. 2, p. 38 (Yura-
cares, East Bolivia).
Prpra fascticauda Hellmayr, The Ibis, 1906, p. 9 (nom. emend.).
Hab. Bolivia east of the Andes, Central Brazil (Mattogrosso, Goiaz, northern parts of S. Paulo, Minas
Geraés) and Lower Amazonia (Itaituba, Tapajoz and Rio Tocantins).
. Pipra fasciicauda purusiana Snethlage.
Pipra fasciicauda purusiana Snethlage, Ornith. Monatsber. 15, 1907, p. 160 (Ponto Alegre on the Rio Purus,
W. Brazil.)
Hab. Western Brazil (Rio Purts). Eastern Peru (Ucayali, Chuchurras).
. Pipra erythrocephala (Linnzus).
Parus erythrocephalus Linneus, Syst. Nat. edit. 10, p. 191 (1758) (ex Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds. Vol. 1, p. 21,
tab. 21, f. inf. : Surinam).
Pipra aurocapilia Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berl. Mus. p. 29 (1823) (« Brazil»).
Pipra chrysocephala Descourtilz, Ornith. Bresil. p. 36, t. 41, f. 3 (1852) (« au Maranhao et Para »).
Pipra erythrocephala berlepschit Ridgway, Proc. Biolog. Soc. Wash. 19, p. 117 (1906) (Nauta, Peru).
Hab. South America north of the Amazons, including Trinidad, in Ecuador and Peru only east of the
Andes; but reoccuring in the Cauca valley and on the Rio Dagua, S. W. Colombia, as well as in
Panama (near Chepo).
. Pipra rubrocapilla Temminck.
Pipra yubrocaprilla Temminck, Rec. Pl. col. 5a, f. 3 (1821). (Brésil; Bahia accepted as typical locality).
Hab. Brazil, in the eastern states southwards to Rio and Espiritu Santo; west through Mattogrosso
to Eastern Peru (Ucayali) and along the south bank of the Amazons to Para, N. E. Brazil.
. Pipra mentalis mentalis Sclater.
Pipra mentalis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1856, p. 299, tab. 121 (Cordova, Vera Cruz, East Mexico).
Hab. Eastern Mexico, Guatemala, British Honduras, Honduras and Nicaragua as far south as the
Escondido River.
. Pipra mentalis ignifera Bangs.
Pipra mentalis ignifera O, Bangs, The Auk, Vol. 18, p. 363 (1901) (Divala, Chiriqui).
Hab. Panama, Chiriqui and Costa Rica.
Pipra mentalis minor Hartert.
Pipra mentalis minor Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 5, p. 489 (1898) (Cachabi, N. Ecuador).
Hab. Western Ecuador.
Pipra chloromeros Tschudi.
Pipra chloromeros Tschudi, Arch. f. Naturg. Vol. 10, 1, p. 271 (1844) (Peru).
Hab. Mountains of Peru and northern Bolivia.
. Pipra leucocilla leucocilla (1) Linneus.
Pipra leucocilla Linneus, Mus. Ad. Fridr. Vol. 2, Prodr. p. 33 (1764) (loc. ign. — We fix Surinam as the typical
locality).
Pipra leucocapilla Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, 2, p. 1002 (1789) (ex Linnzeus).
Pipra cephaloleucos Thunherg, 1822, according to Lonnberg, The Ibis, 1903, p. 241.
Hab. Cayenne, Brit. Guiana, Surinam, Venezuela, N. W. Brazil (Rio Negro, R. Solimoéns, R. Jurua),
Northeastern Peru.
Pipra leucocilla bahiz lidgway.
Pipra pipra bahiae Ridgway, Proc. Biolog. Soc. Wash. 19, p. 117 (1906) (Bahia, East Brazil).
Hab. Eastern Brazil (Para to Espiritu Santo and Rio de Janeiro).
(1) The name Parus pipra applied to the above species by Mr. Ridgway cannot stand, as pointed out by Berlepsch
& Hartert, Novit. Zoolog. 9, p. 53 (1902).
Oo
.14.
n
IQ.
20.
PASSERES
. Pipra leucocilla anthracina Ridgway.
Pipra pipra anthracina Ridgway, Proc. Biolog. Soc. Wash. 19, p. 117 (1906) (Moravia, Costa Rica).
Hab S. W. Costa Rica (Moravia) and Veragua.
Pipra leucocilla coracina Sclater.
Pipra coracina Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1856, p. 29 (Bogota-collections).
Hab. Elevated districts of Colombia and Ecuador (on the eastern slope of the Andes).
. Pipra leucocilla comata Berlepsch & Stolzmann.
Pipra comata Berlepsch & Stolzmann, The Ibis, 1894, p. 392 (La Gloria and Garita del Sol, Central Peru).
Hab. Chanchamayo district in Central Peru.
. Pipra isidorei isidorei Sclater.
Pipra isidorei Sclater, Rev. Zool. 1852, p. 9 (Bogota-collections).
Hab. Colombia (Bogota-coll.) and Eastern Ecuador.
. Pipra isidorei leucopygia Hellmayr.
Pipra isidoret leucopvgia Hellmayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1903, p. 200 (Huambo, North Peru).
Hab. Huayabamba valley in North Peru.
. Pipra ceruleocapilla Tschudi.
Pipra caeruleocapilla Tschudi, Arch. f. Naturg. Vol. 10, 1, p. 271 (1844) (Peru).
Hab. Central and Southeast Peru, at elevations of from 2400 to 3100 feet.
Pipra coronata velutina Berlepsch.
Pipra velutina Berlepsch, The Ibis, 1883, p. 492 (Veragua).
Hab. Costa Rica, Chiriqui, Veragua, Panama, Western Colombia and N. W. Ecuador.
Pipra coronata coronata Spix.
Pipra coronata Spix, Av. Bras. Vol. 2, p. 5, t. 7, f. 1 (1825) (S. Paulo d’Oliyenca, Amazons).
P. herbacea Spix, ibidem, p. 6, t. 8a, f. 1, 9 (1825) (Amazons).
P. cyanocapilla Hahn, Vogel aus Asien, etc. Lief. 15, t. 3, f. 2 (1826) (« Brasilien »).
Hab. Eastern Ecuador, Northeastern Peru and N. W. Brazil (Rio Negro, R. Solimoéns, Rio Jurua .
. Pipra hoffmannsi Hellmayr.
Pipra hoffmannsi Hellmayr, Novit. Zool. Vol. 14, p. 49 (1907) (Teffe).
Hab. Only known from Teffé on the Rio Solimoéns, North Brazil.
. Pipra celesti-pileata Goeldi.
Pipra caelesti-pileata Goeldi. C. R. 6€me Congr. Zool. Berne, p. 549 (May 1905) (Upper Purus, W. Brazil).
Hab. From the upper Rio Madeira (Humaytha), West Brazil to the Ucayali in Eastern Peru.
. Pipra exquisita Hellmayr.
Pipra exquisita, Hellmayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, Vol. 15, p. 56 (March 1905.) (Chuchurras, Peru).
Hab. Only known from Chuchurras, province of Huanuco, Central Peru.
. Pipra serena suavissima Salvin & Godman. (Plate 3, Fig. 6.)
Pipra suavissima Salvin & Godman, The Ibis, 1882, p. 79, t. 1 (Merume Mount. and Bartica Grove, Brit. Guiana)_
Hab. British Guyana.
. Pipra serena serena Linneus.
Pipra serena Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit. 12, Vol. 1. p. 340 (1766) (ex Brisson, Ornith. Vol. 4, p. 457 — Cayenne).
Hab. Cayenne.
. Pipra nattereri Sclater.
Pipra natterert Sclater, Proc, Zool. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 611, t. 39 (Borba, Rio Madeira).
Pipra gracilis Hellmayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, p. 202 (1903) (Mattogrosso).
Hab. Central Brazil : from the right bank of the Rio Madeira (Borba, Allianca, Calama, etc.) east to the
Tapajoz ; south to Engenho do Gama, Rio Guaporé in northern Mattogrosso,
. Pipra opalizans Pelzeln.
Pipra opalizans, Pelzeln, Zur Ornith. Brasil. Abt. 2, p. 186 (1868) (Para).
Hab. Environs of Para, N. E. Brazil.
FAM. PIPRIDAS 9
25. Pipra virescens Pelzeln.
Pipra virescens Pelzeln, Zur Ornith. Brasil, Abt. 2, p. 187 (1868) (part. Gad. — Barra do Rio Negro).
Tyranneutes brachyurus Sclater & Salvin, The Ibis 1881, p. 269 (Bartica Grove, Brit. Guyana).
Hab. British Guyana, and North Brazil near Mandos (= Barra do Rio Negro).
29. Pipra stolzmanni Hellmayr.
Pipra stolzmanni Hellmayr. The Ibis, 1906, p. 44 (Marabitanas, Rio Negro).
Hab. North Brazil: Upper Rio Negro (Marabitanas) and on the Rio Madeira; Eastern Peru; Eastern
Ecuador ; Venezuela : on the Orinoco and its southern tributary, the Caura River; East Colom-
bia : Bogota-collections.
2. GENUS CIRRHIPIPRA BONAPARTE
Cirrhipipra Bonaparte, Consp. Av. vol. 1, 1850, p. 172 (type : Pépra filicauda Spix).
Synonym : Teleonema Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat. t. 63 (1850) (same type).
Characters. The typical species of this genus, in structural details agrees very closely
with the members of the genus Pipra, but differs by the peculiar shape of the rectrices. The
three outer pairs are much elongated and terminate in a long hair-like filament; the second and
third in a less degree than the first; the three median pairs are of ordinary length, but pointed
at the end, particularly the fourth (instead of being broad and rounded as in Pipra). This pecu-
larity in the formation of the tail is common to both sexes. Mr. P. L. Sclater described a second
species in which the three outer tail feathers are said to be acuminated and produced. This
may be an individual character, but he also states that in C. heterocerca the breast is suffused
with scarlet, and that the crimson colour of the nape descends lower down the back. In all the
many oo of C. flicauda 1 have examined, the lower surface was clear yellow, rather deeper
on the throat and foreneck than on the abdomen, but without any admixture of red. Unfortuna-
tely the type of C. heterocerca is lost, and no second specimen has come to hand since.
In C. flicauda the sexes are widely different in coloration. The adult ois beautiful crim-
son on the top of the head and nape; back, wings and tail are black; a distinct frontal band,
sides of the head and lower parts bright yellow. A broad band across the inner webs of the
quills is white. In the female the upper parts are dull olive greenish, the lower ones pale
yellow, shaded with greenish on throat and chest. No white band on the wings.
Geographical Distribution. North Brazil, Venezuela, East Ecuador, Peru and
Eastern Colombia.
1. Cirrhipipra filicauda (Spix). (Plate 2, Fig. 3.)
Pipra filicauda Spix, Avium Brasil. Vol. 2, p. 6, pl. 8, f. 2 (1825) (S. Paulo d’Olivenga, Rio Solimoéns).
Pipra filifera Lesson, Kev. Zool, 1839, p. 40 (« Perua »).
Pipra setifera Descourtilz, Ornith. Brésil. p. 35, pl. 40, f. 3 (1852) (Brésll).
Hab. N. W. Brazil: Rio Solimoéns, Rio Negro; North Peru; East Ecuador; East Colombia (found in
Bogota-coll.) ; Venezuela : on the Orinoco, and on Mount Bucarito, state of Tocuyo (Mocquerys-coll.
in Mus. Tring).
2. Cirrhipipra heterocerca (Sclater).
Pipra heterocerca Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1860, p. 313 («in ripis fl. Amazonum sup. »).
Hab. Upper Amazonia, exact locality unknown.
homey AS SIRES
3. GENUS MACHZ4ZEROPTERUS BONAPARTE
. Macheropterus Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr. Anisod. p. 6 ({Sep ex. : Ateneo italiano, n° rr, August
1854]. — No type indicated. Species mentioned : M. strvigilatus, M. striolatus and M. pyrocephalus.
We may, therefore, regard M. strigilalus as the type species).
Synonym : Allocotopterus Ridgway, Proc. Biolog. Soc. Washington, 18, p. 209 (1905). (Type :
Pipra deliciosa Sclater.)
Characters. The members of this brillant little group are very nearly allied to the
typical Piprae, and the females, in form, scarcely differ from some of the smaller species. The
males, however, present striking peculiarities in the structure of the inner secondaries, and of
the tail feathers. The shafts of the rectrices are stiff, and thickened at the base, this character
being equally well developed in all four species. Still more remarkable is the curious structure
of the wing as exhibited by the male of 7. deliciosus and which 1s described by Mr. P.L. Sclater
as follows : « The ten primaries are of the ordinary formation of birds of this family, the first
being shorter than the second, third and fourth, which are nearly equal and longest, and of
about the same length as the sixth. The first three secondaries are thick-stemmed and curved
towards the body at a distance of about two-thirds of their length from the base. The fourth
and fifth show this structure to a greater degree, with some corresponding alteration in the
barbs on each side. In the sixth and seventh secondaries the terminal half of the rhachis is
thickened to an extraordinary degree, forming a solid horny lump. The external and internal
barbs are also much modified in shape and generally curtailed in size. In the eighth and ninth
secondaries the rhachis is still rather thickened, but the barbs, instead of being reduced in
size are highly developed, particularly on the inner side, »
The three other species show a similar structure of the sixth, seventh and eighth secon-
daries, although the abnormal growth is not carried to such an excess of development. The
male of W.regulus differs from the others members of the genus by having the inner web of the
two first primaries distinctly emarginated, and much narrowed on the tip. The shafts of the
rectrices in the males of the four species are pure white, when seen from below,
Sexes dissimilar, the males being clad in bright colours, while the females are incons-
picuous green birds.
Geographical Distribution. Ecuador, Colombia, the whole Amazonian region from
the Caura valley in Venezuela down to Peru and Mattogrosso; as well as the woodregion of
Southeastern Brazil from Bahia to Rio de Janeiro.
KEYe LOH ESS PE CInS
1. Top of the head (at least forehead and vertex) bright ved or yellow(O'G) . . . . »- «. . +» » =.
— Top of the head green like the back (QQ) . . . . . sea Gy ran het Reins en oe an A
2. Crown golden yellow with a longitudinal stripe of scarlet in the middle;
nN
back brownish vose colour; under parts pale vosy with darker flam-
MUNGHIONS, (5) en ne, ee a ee es ee ee MIE PY ROGEPR TAUNTON ec
— General colour chestnut brown, belly darker, forehead and crown
brightved. th ou We ae Eos. Gl eee pericresncres
FAM. PIPRIDAz II
— Crown and nape bright ved; back green; under parts yellowish white,
Foreneck, breast and abdomen with narrow longitudinal streaks of
AUST OD ee eo ee re Msn, G Minoan Veg io JON Seo |
3. First and second primaries distinctly emarginated and much narrowed
on the tip of the tnner web. No ved on the foreneck; chestnut stripes
on the under parts less numerous. . . . . . . . ..,. . I. M. REGULUS REGULUS &.
— First and second primaries normal. Foreneck stained with crimson ;
chestnut brown stripes on lower parts brighter and much more
UNCKOUS ET se ey se ee VD REGULUS SMRIOMARUSH Te
4. Sides of the belly move or less striped with pale chestnut byown . . SO ath aC A eae ae ans ieee? OT
= Sidesyojatnervelly mor sivapen with chestiunovowite | 2) ys) =) ee eee Op
5. First primary emarginated near the tip of theinner web. . . . . 1. M. REGULUS REGULUS Q.
— First primary not emargmated . S56 oo ce oe oo of Ay WI, REGUS GOATS ©,
6. Smaller : wing about 50 mm. Under parts grayish white, indistinctly
jilammulated with pale yellowish, chest and sides washed with
PUCCINI Shwe eee oe eS Se ay ey wo NIE PyROCRPEALUSEOS
— Larger : wing about 58 mm. Breast and sides dark olive green; middle
of abdomen and under tail coverts pale yellow eee seer4re Vio mmEncrosAm el
1. Macheropterus regulus regulus (Hahn).
Pipra vegulus Hahn, V6gel aus Afrika, Asien, etc. Lief. 4, pl. 4, f. 1, 2 (1819) (« Brasilien »).
Pipra strigilata Wied, Reise Brasil. Vol. 1, p. 187 (1820) (Barra de Jucu, Espiritu Santo).
Pipra lineata (1) Thunberg, Mém. Acad. St-Pétersb. 1822, p. 284, t. 8, f. 1.
Hab. Woodregion of Southeastern Brazil from Bahia to Espiritu Santo and Rio de Janeiro.
2. Machzropterus regulus striolatus (Bonaparte).
Pipra striolata Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Part 5, 1837, p. 122 (1838. — « from that portion of Brazil
bordering on Peru »). c
Hab. Upper Amazonia from Northern Peru to Eastern Columbia, occurring also in the Cauca Valley,
Colombia.
3. Machzropterus pyrocephalus (Sclater). (Plate 3, Fig. 5.)
Pipra pyrocephala Sclater, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1852, p. 9 (hab. ign.).
Hab. Only known from Peru (Ucayali, Huallaga, Rioja, Moyobamba), the head quarters of the Rio
Madeira, in the Brazilian state of Mattogrosso; and from the Caura River, Venezuela (2).
4. Machzropterus deliciosus (Sclater). (Plate 3, Fig. 1.)
Pipra delictosa Sclater, Proc. Zoo]. Soc. Lond. 1860, p. 90 (Nanegal, Western Ecuador).
Hab. Western Ecuador.
4. GENUS CHLOROPIPO CABANIS & HEINE
Chloropipo Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Heinean. Vol. 2, p. go, note 2 (1859) (type of the genus : C. flavi-
collis Cabanis & Heine).
Characters. This genus is closely allied to Pifra, with which it agrees in the shape of
the bill and tail, but the tail as well as the wings are very much longer, the metatarsus relati-
vely short, the feet feeble, and the rictal bristles rather stronger. The bill is perhaps somewhat
longer, yet strongly ridged as in Pipra, The tail is nearly square, the median rectrices being
(1) Not verified by the author.
(2) Specimens from this locality are perhaps somewhat different.
RPASSEIRES
TZ
but little shorter than the longest (outermost). Its length is about three-fifths of that of the
wing. In the wing, the third and fourth primaries form the tip, the second and fifth are rather
shorter, while the first falls between the sixth and seventh. Sexes similar except in C. wiicolor
where the male is glossy black, the female dull green, Nothing is known about habits and
nidification.
Geographical Distribution. Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and British Guiana.
MEY TO DEAE SPECIES SAN DES Si A@inS
1. Plumage glossy black, axillaries and a large tuft of silky feathers on
the sides of the byeast snowiupiie a.) =.) 4) oe CUNTCOLORNG
— No black whatever in the plumage 2.
2. Top of the head more or less bright yellow, breast and abdomen light
IU CLLOW er pets ae I. C. FLAVICAPILLA Of Q.
Sh
— Head green like the back ‘Shag cans
3. Axillaries and a large tuft of silky white feathers on the sides of the
mn
QO
breast pure white >. UNICOLOR Q.
— Axillaries not white. No white tuft on the sides of the breast. . . . . » «. «© «» «© «© « « «© « Ae
4. Larger (wing 78-So, tail 55-58 mm.). Axillartes pale yellowish,
A MUA UC Se ee a ob 6 ob 6) go 2. C. UNIFoRMIS GQ.
— Smalley (wing 65-72, tail 42-49 mm.). Axillaries greyish green 5
5. Upper parts bright grass green . . . . . . . . . . . 3. C, HOLOCHLORA HOLOCHLORA OF QO.
=——iUipper parisiaullolive prem. . © 6 Aa i a = - » 4 Ca HonocHroRrAMmimmGiOr
.. Chloropipo flavicapilla (Sclater). (Plate 1, Fig. 4.)
Pipra flavicapilla Sclater, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1852, p. 9 (Colombia).
Chloropipo flavicollis Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Heinean. Vol. 2, p. 91 (1859)
Hab. Colombia : Cauca valley, and in Bogota-collections.
2. Chloropipo uniformis Salvin & Godman.
Chloropipo uniformis Salvin & Godman, The Ibis, 1884, p. 447 (Roraima, British Guiana).
Hab. Mountains of the interior of British Guiana (Roraima, Merumé, Twek-quey).
3. Chloropipo holochlora holochlora Sclater.
Chloropipo holochlora Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 15, p. 287 (1888) (Bogota-callections).
Hab. Eastern Colombia (Bogota-coll.), Eastern Ecuador and Northern Peru (Chyavetas).
4. Chloropipo holochlora lita Hellmayr.
Chloropito holochlora litae Hellmayr, Novit. Zool. Vol. 13, p. 325 (1906) (Lita, N. W. Ecuador),
Hab. N. W. Ecuador (Cachavi, Ventana, Lita, Paramba) and S. W. Colombia (Pasto in the Cauca valley).
5. Chloropipo unicolor Taczanowski.
Chloropipo unicolor Taczanowski, Orn. Perou, Vol. 2, p. 335 (1884) (Amable Maria, Central Peru, descr. 9).
Xenopipo subalaris Godman, Bull. Brit. Orn, Club. Vol. 10, p. 27 (1899) (Guayabamba, North Peru, descr. g 9);
cfr, Hellmayr, Novit. Zool. Vol. 13, p. 324 (1906).
Hab. Mountains of Central and North Peru.
5. GENUS PIPRITES CABANIS
Piprites Cabanis, Arch. f. Naturg. Vol. 13, 1, 1847, p. 234 (species unica : Pifra pileata TYemminck),
Synonym : Hemipipo Cabanis, ibidem, p. 234 (species : Pzpra chloris Temminck and Hemzipipo chlo-
vion Cabanis.)
PAM: PIPRITD As 13
Characters. The members of this genus differ at once from the typical Pifrae by their
long, rounded tail and by their short, thick bills with the culmen more rounded.
6?
The bill is strong, wide at the base, and has a very distinct notch near the end of the
tomium of the upper mandible. Nostrils large, open and oberhung by the setose nasal feathers
Rictal bristles numerous, but rather short and soft. In the wing, the third primary is the
longest, the second and fourth are somewhat shorter, the first equal to or rather longer than
the sixth. Tail distinctly rounded, and at the same time slightly emarginate, for the middle
pair of rectrices is somewhat shorter than the two following ones which are the longest. Outer-
most rectrix about 6 to 8 mm. shorter than the submedian. Leneth of the tail about four-
fitths of the wing. Feet rather stronger than in Pifra, toes less united. In the first species, the
type of the genus, the sexes are different, the male being chestnut, the female olive green on
the mantle and upper wing coverts. In the four remaining forms, which have been separated as
Hemipipo, the sexes are alike.
Geographical Distribution. Southern Central America (Nicaragua and Costa Rica)
and South America down to Southeastern Brazil.
KEW TO: Wales SPIECUES ANID) SUIBSIPECUES
1. Cap black, tail chestnut vufous except the middle pary which is maimly black . . . . . . . . . . 2
== Capi Wace. ton feadbenS (ISIS) DU GOR CURES go 6 6 9 o 5 56 8 ao = 6 6 6 8 4 5 Be
Creole bach raniap peracommescovertsichestil ei he) en ced ee eee TER ACU ST eyes
— Nape, upper back and wing coverts olive green . . 2 oe 2), eee PerepAnUs OF
. No white tips to the upper wing coverts ; top of the head dark gray . 5. P. CHLORIS GRISEICEPS.
— Grealer upper wing coverts with large white tips; forehead yellow, pileumolivegreen . . . . . . «. . 4.
4. Throat and under tail coverts only yellow, vest of the under surface pale cimereous 4. P. CHLORIS CHLORION.
IM OLEMUT EVES TUL CLGC RY ELLOLUMN GILES Hat ATU COINCIDE OVEUAGCOLLS IN manag ee De
Median upper wing coverts with broad white tips. Tail longer : 58-60 mm. 2. P. CHLORIS CHLORIS.
— Median upper wing coverts not tipped with white. Tail shorter : 48-54 mm.. . 3 P. CHLORIS TSCHUDIL.
1. Piprites pileatus oe
Pipra pileata (Natterer M.S.) Temminck. Rec. Pl. Col. t. 172, f. 1 (1822) (« Brésil », sc. Curitiba, Parana).
Hab. The only ae exact locality is Curitiba, state of Parana, S. E. Brazil. I have also seen several
skins of « Rio » make. and the Vienna Museum possesses a specimen said to have been collected by
Beske near Novo Friburgo, Rio.
2. Piprites chloris chloris Utena: (Plate 2, Fig. 8.)
Pipra chloris (Natterer M. S.) Temminck, Rec. P|. Col. t. 172, f. 2 (1822) (« Brésil », sc. Ypanema, S. Paulo).
Hab. S. E. Brazil: S. Paulo (Ypanema, Piracicaba, Iguapé, Victoria, Rio Paranapanema); Espiritu
Santo (Victoria, Mus. Berlepsch).
3. Piprites chloris tschudii (Cabanis).
Hemipipo tschudii Cabanis, Journ. f. Ornith. 1874, p. 99 (Ninabamba, Central Peru).
Hab. Central-, East- and North Peru; Eastern Ecuador and Colombia east to the Upper Rio Negro
(Marabitanas, Rio Iganna) in N.-W. Brazil.
4. Piprites chloris chlorion (Cabanis).
Hemipipo chlorion Cabanis, Arch. f. Naturg. Vol. 13, 1, p. 234 (1847) (Cayenne).
Hab, Cayenne, Brit. Guiana and North Brazil (Borba an the Rio Madeira, Cussary on the Lower
Amazons; Manaos | 3arra do Rio Negro), and Marabitanas on the Upper Rio Negro (1).
(1) Specimens fom Salto Girao (Upper Rio Madeira) and Engenho do Gama (on the Rio Guaporé) are exactly
intermediate between P. chloris tschudit and P. chloris chlorion, differing from both by their decidedly smaller bill. Perhaps
they form a distinct race.
14 PASSERES
5. Piprites chloris griseiceps Salvin.
Piprites grisetceps Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 583 (Tucurrique, Costa Rica).
Hab. Costa Rica (Tucurrique, Jimenez, La Vijagua, etc.) and Nicaragua ‘San Carlos).
6. GENUS CERATOPIPRA BONAPARTE
Ceratopipra Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr. Anisod. p. 6 (Sep. ex : Ateneo italiano n° rr, August 1854)
(type of the genus : Pipra cornuta Spix).
Characters. This genus comes very near typical Pifpra, but is distinguishable by
its larger bill, much longer tail, longer and more robust tarsus, and by the adult male having
the feathers of the occiput much elongated so as to form a full nuchal crest. The bill is of
the same shape as in Pifra, but stronger and perhaps more rounded along the culminal ridge,
Wing as in Pifra, with the third primary longest, and the first about equal to the
fifth. Tail nearly square, the median rectrix being scarcely shorter than the others, and
about two-thirds of the length of the wing. Tarsus robust and covered with a single, long
lamina, the scutellae being fused except on the lower end, near the toes. Feet flesh colour.
Sexes different. The adult of is glossy black; top and sides of the head as well as the elon-
gated nuchal crest and the thighs bright scarlet; axillaries and under wing coverts blackish
brown, the latter with slight, pale yellowish edges. In C. cornufa the whole throat is scarlet,
the bases of the feathers being whitish, while in the other supposed « species », C. iracunda,
the throat is black like the rest of the under parts except a very small, red chin spot. As the
only known specimen of C. iracunda was obtained on the Roraima Mountains where Withely
also collected a number of specimens which do not differ in any way from ordinary C. cornuta
of Brazil, it is more than probable that C. ivacunda is merely an individual aberration.
The female of C. cornuta is of a dull olive green, paler on the under surface than on the
back, like the 9 9 of some Pifra-species, from which, however, it can easily be distinguished
by its much longer tail, tarsus, etc., etc.
Geographical Distribution. British Guiana and Lower Amazonia (Obidos, Barra do
Rio Negro).
OaNe TWO) Wisis SIP CuWaS
1. Wholethroat scarlet . . . . . SS tn, OS . toes, Oe OR CanCORMUsrAr
- Throat black with the exception of a small ved chin spot. «5 =. «5 = =» «= - = «| » 2. ©. IRACUNDA,
1. Ceratopipra cornuta (Spix). (Plate 3, Fig. 3.)
Pipra cornuta Spix, Avium Brasil. Vol. 2, p. 5, t. 7, f. 2 (1825) («in sylvis flum. Amazonum »).
Hab. British Guiana and Lower Amazonia (Obidos, Manaos).
NS
. Ceratopipra iracunda Salvin & Godman.
Pipra ivacunda Salvin & Godman, The Ibis, 1884, p. 447 (Roraima).
Hab. Roraima Mountains (British Guiana).
FAM. PIPRIDA® I5
7. GENUS XENOPIPO CABANIS
Xenopipo Cabanis, Arch. f. Naturg. Vol. 13. 1, p. 235 (1847) (type of the genus : Nenopipo atronitens
Cabanis).
Characters. This remarkable form is at once recognizable by the broad, flattened
mesorhinium. The bill reminds one rather of Pachyramphus, but is not so broad, more
strongly curved and distinctly compressed towards the tip. Nostrils large, oval and exposed.
Rictal bristles rather soft, as in Pifra. Length and shape of the tail as in Chloropipo, about
two-thirds of the wing and nearly square, the innermost rectrix being but 2 to 3 mm. shorter
than the longest (outermost). Wing exactly as in Chloropipo, metatarsus equally short and weak.
Sexes different. The male is glossy black except the axillaries, under wing coverts and inner
webs of the quills which are dull brownish black. Bill bluish gray, blackish at the tip of the
upper mandible. Female uniform olive green, paler on the under parts and more greyish on the
throat; axillaries and under wing coverts yellowish white. Bill blackish, more brownish below.
Wing: of 70-72, Q 65-70, tail 46-50, bill 13 mm.
Geographical Distribution. Cayenne, British Guiana, and North Brazil (south to
Borba on the Rio Madeira, west to the upper Rio Negro : Rio Icanna). Wonotypic.
1. Xenopipo atronitens Cabanis. (Plate 3, Fig. 2.)
Xenopipo atronitens Cabanis, Arch. f. Naturg. Vol. 13, 1, p 235 (1847) (British Guiana).
Hab. The same as that of the genus.
8. GENUS MASIUS BONAPARTE
Masius Bonaparte, Consp. Av. vol. 1, 1850, p. 173 (1 ype: Pupra chrysoptera Lafresnaye); Hartert & Hell-
mayr, Orn. Monatsb. Vol. 11, 1903, p. 33-35 (Monogr.).
Synonym: Anticorys Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Heinean. Vol. 2, p. go (1859) (type : Pipra chrysoptera
Lafresnaye).
Characters. Bill of the same shape as in Pifra, the culmen distinctly ridged. Nostrils
round, exposed. Wing with the third and fourth primaries equal and longest, the fifth slightly
shorter; the first primary equal to the secondaries. Tail about two-thirds of the wing and strongly
rounded, the rectrices decreasing in length from the innermost pair which is the longest to the
outer ones. Difference between the median and outermost tail feathers about 6 to 7 mm. Tarsus
slender and smooth, the scutes being completely fused. Feet dark red in dried skins. The males
of the three known forms are ornamented with a beautiful crest. The feathers of the forehead
are somewhat curly, erect and directed foreward; those of the occiput are much elongated
as to form a pendent crest. In M. chrysopterus coronulatus and M. chrysopterus bellus these
feathers are « thickened and flattened at the extremity into a horny substance, something like
that on the wings of the Wax-wing Chatterer » (Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1860, p. 91).
Sexes different. General colour of the males velvety black; middle of the throat, and
foreneck pale yellow; greater part of the inner webs of the remiges bright clear yellow. Base
of the inner web of the four outer pairs of rectrices pale yellow. Axillaries and under wing
16 PASSE RES
coverts rather brighter yellow. Erect frontal crest and crown bright lemon yellow, the elongated
feathers on the occiput pale yellow with long orange red, dark red or tobacco brown tips. Bill
pale brownish red. Females dull olive green, dirty yellowish on middle of throat, foreneck
>and middle of the abdomen, Axillaries, under wing coverts and narrow edges to inner webs of
quills bright yellow. Feathers of the forehead but slightly erect.
Geographical distribution. Colombia and Ecuador,
KEY LO THE SPECIES FAN DFS UBS ECE SE (Gi a) (1).
t. Elongated occiput-feathers slightly constricted and bright reddish orange
at thetips « s8 os eee) ee ee ee ee CHR VSOPTERUSICHRY SOP RERUSs
2. Elongated occiput-feathers thickened and flattened at the extremity into
a horny substance of a dark ved colour. . . . . . . . . 2. M. CHRYSOPTERUS BELLUS.
. Shape of the occiput-feathers as in M. chrysopterus bellus, but the
bs
tips clear tobacco brown with a faint metallic gloss . . . . . 3. M. CHRYSOPTERUS CORONULATUS.
1. Masius chrysopterus chrysopterus (Lafresnaye).
Pibra chrysoptera Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool. 1843. p. 97 (Bogota-collections).
Hab, Colombia (Bogota-collections) and Eastern Ecuador (Mapoto, Baeza).
. Masius chrysopterus bellus Hartert & Hellmayr.
Masius chrysopterus bellus Hartert & Hellmayr, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 11, p. 35 (1903) (Rio Lima, Cauca valley).
to
Hab. Western Colombia (Cauca valley and Antioquia).
3. Masius chrysopterus coronulatus Sclater. (Plate 3, Fig. 4.)
Masius coronulatus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1860, p. 91 ;Nanegal, Western Ecuador).
Hab. Western [ecuador (Naneval, Gualea, Intag, etc.).
9. GENUS ANTILOPHIA REICHENBACH
Antilophia Reichenbach. Ay. Syst. Nat. t. 63 (1850) (type : Pipra galeata Lichtenstein).
Synonym : Metopia (nec Meigen 1803) Swainson in Richardson’s Fauna Bor.-Amer. Vol. 2, p 491
(1832) (same type).
Characters. This remarkable type agrees very nearly with Masius, but differs by
its much greater size and relatively much longer tail. The erect frontal plumes are
much longer and nearly straight, not curly. In the wing, the fourth primary is the longest,
the third and fifth are very little shorter, the first is equal to the eighth. The rectrices are broad
and almost square at the end. The tail is strongly rounded, the outermost pair of rectrices being
about 8 to 10 mm. shorter than the innermost. The bill is of the same shape as in Masius,
perhaps somewhat more curved at the tip. In both genera, there is a distinct notch near the
end of the upper mandible, Feet dark brownish red in the skins. Metatarsus distinctly scutel-
late. Sexes different in coloration. The general plumage of the male is velvety black. Erect
frontal plumes, pileum, nape and upper back beautiful scarlet, the feathers of these parts being
(1) The 2° are not distingimshable.
FAM. PIPRIDA® 7
white on their basal portion. Bill pale brown. Females uniform pale green, duller and lighter
underneath. The frontal feathers are but slightly elongated. Wings 75-80, tail 65-70 mm.
According to Natterer, this charming species frequents marshy places, keeping near to
the ground, and has a loud, whistling song. Nothing is known of its nidification, but the eggs
are described by Mr. J. A. Allen (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1893, Vol. 4, p. 154) as being
of a buffy white colour and thickly covered with fine streaks and blotches of pale umber
which become massed in a broad zone around the larger end, nearly concealing the ground
colour.
Geographical Distribution. Interior of Brazil (states of Bahia, Goiaz, Minas Geraés,
San Paulo and Mattogrosso). Monotvpic.
1. Antilophia galeata (Lichtenstein). (Plate 2, Figs. 5, 6.)
Pipra galeata Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus. p. 28 (1823) (San Paulo).
Pipra Wiedit Lesson, Traiteé d’Orn. p. 258 (1830) (no locality).
Hab. Interior of Brazil : Bahia, Goiaz, Minas Geraés, San Paulo and Mattogrosso(t1).
10. GENUS CHIROXIPHIA CABANIS
Chiroxiphia Cabanis, Arch. f. Naturg. Vol. 13, 1, p. 235 (1847) (Species : Ch. caudata, Ch. ignicapilla,
Ch. pareola, Ch. militaris and Ch. oxyura; the two last named afterwards separated as Ilicura); cfr.
De Witt Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Vol. 24. p. 331-343 (1908) (Monogr.).
Synonyms : C/ivoprion Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr. Anisod, p. 5 (1854) (type : C. faveola). — Cerco-
phaena Bonaparte, ibidem, p. 6 (1854) (type : C. lmearis).
Characters, In general form, the members of this genus come very close to some of the
typical species of Pipra, e. g. P. aureola, but differ by their comparatively longer wings,
shorter and broader bill and by the peculiar shape of the outer primaries in the male sex. Bill
relatively small, rather broad at the base and abruptly attenuated towards the tip. Rictal
bristles numerous, though rather soft. Nostrils open, though hidden by the supra-nasal feathers.
In the wing, the third and fourth primaries form the tip, the second is somewhat shorter, the
first equal to or a little less than the fifth. In the males, the three outer primaries are pointed,
the shafts stiff and thickened, and the barbs reduced, especially near the tip of the outer web.
The fourth and fifth primaries are also pointed, but to a lesser degree than the three outermost.
The tail is short as in Pifra, but more rounded, the outermost rectrix being decidedly shorter
than the inner ones. In one species (C. linearis) the middle pair of tail feathers is excessively
elongated and lineiform. In two others (C. /anceolata and C. caudata) it is slightly lengthened
and pointed. These peculiarities are common to both sexes of those species. Feet rather
stronger than in Pifra, orange or red in life,
Sexes dissimilar. The males are black and blue with the whole pileum or a large vertical
crest bright yellow or red, while the females are clad in inconspicuous green colours.
According to Euler (fourn. f. Ornith. 1867, p. 223) C. caudata builds its nest on the
branches of low trees and lays two eggs which are of a buffy white ground colour and thickly
(1) Buckley obtained a female near Simacu, Eastern Bolivia. Adult males are required to show if Bolivian birds are
really identical with the Brazilian ones.
18 RASS ERS
covered with brown and greyish spots and streaks round the larger end. The curious dances
performed by the males in the breeding season have been described by various observers (ctr.
Nutting, Proc, U.S. Mus. Vol. 5, p. 396; Ihering, Zeitschr. Ges. Ornith. Vol. 2, p. 138-139, etc.).
Geographical Distribution. Central America from Guatemala southwards and South
America down to S. E. Brazil, Paraguay and the Argentine province Misiones.
ae INO) AMSUE SIP CMES: INNID) SWS IP IBCINaS
1. General colour black and blue. Crown wholly oy partly ved or yellow (OC) « De
— General colour green. No black, ved or yellow in the plumage (Q Q ) OE
2. All the under surface from the chin to the under tail coverts black . an
— Only the throat and under tail coverts black, remainder of undey parts pale blue 8. C. CAUDATA.
3. Middle pair of tail feathers excessively elongated, lineiform and exceeding the
OLR TAGLAR AMO MID HOO UES 5 5 6 6 a a 5 8 © 6 6 oo Oy WRIAIG,
— Middle pair of tail feathers elongated, pointed and exceeding the other vectrices
by abounlrD mm 27 te mee ee Se) ee ae ees CAN CE OD AAR
— None of the tail feathers elongated . 4.
an Vieniscal crestilemoi yellow.) ar) eee en 2G) fs Oa CaREGINGS
— Vertical crest ved . a
5. Back pale blue, crest long and full, wearin Wing 783 -62mm. . . ; 2. ©. PAREOLA ATLANTICA.
— Back pale blue, crest also dark scarlet, but much shorter. Wing 70-73 mm. . 1. C. PAREOLA PAREOLA.
— Back azure blue, crest short, light scarlet. Wing 7o-72 mm. . . . . ., 3. C. PAREOLA NAPENSIS.
— Bach a shade darker blue than in n°> 1 and 2; crest much smaller than in
nes t-3, and considerably darker, crimson. Wing 72-73 mm. . . 4. C. PAREOLA BOLIVIANA.
. Plumage bright oil green, under parts very slightly paler than the ee ones 8. C. CAUDATA.
— Upper parts light oil green, lower parts dull greyish green, sometimes pale
yellowish in the middle of the abdomen . i Ag te SS We
7. Middle pair of tail feathers much elongated, lineiform, exceeding the other
vectrices by at least60 mm... 2 et eu wa ee es GOINIDARRTS:
— Middle paiy of tail feathers slightly el elongated, hae exceeding the other
rectvices by about TO-TD mm. tee es ee Oe) CL ANGE ODATAE
— None of the tail feathers elongated . 8.
8. All the lower surface dark greyish green . . 5. C. REGINA.
— Throat, chest and sides pale greenish, middle of b breast and abdomen ve
yellowish g-
QurSmaller = Wing O8-ZOMME .- () a:) es 1 en Cen eee ce PAREOLA PAREOLA.
29
te
— Larger : wing 73-77 mm,
1. Chiroxiphia pareola pareola (Linnzus).
Pipra pareola Linnzus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, Vol. 1, p. 339 (1766) (ex Brisson, Edwards and Marcgrave :
Cayana »).
Manacus superbus Pallas, Spicil. Zool. Fasc. 6, p. 8, t. 3, f. 1 (1769) (Surinam).
. PAREOLA ATLANTICA (1).
« Brasilia,
Pipra plumata P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst. Suppl. p. 177 (1776) (ex Daubenton, Pl. enl. 303, f. 2[= @ juv.].
Cayenne).
Hab. Cayenne, Surinam, Brit. Guiana, Brazil: on the Amazons to the west as far as Santarem and
Obidos, in the eastern states south to Espiritu Santo.
(1) The females of C. pareola napensis and C. pareola boliviana are unknown to the author.
FAM. PIPRIDA: 19
2. Chiroxiphia pareola atlantica Dalmas.
Chivoxiphia pareola atlantica Dalmas, Mém. Soc. Zool. Fr. Vol. 13, p. 139 (1900) (Tobago).
Hab. Island of Vobago.
3. Chiroxiphia pareola napensis De \Vitt Miller.
Chiroxtphia napensis De Witt Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Vol. 24, p. 338, t. 25 (1908) (Napo, Last
Ecuador).
Easily distinguishable from the other forms of C. paveola by the much darker, azure blue mantle, and
paler, light scarlet crest.
Hab. Eastern Ecuador : Rio Napo, Sarayagu.
4. Chiroxiphia pareola boliviana Allen.
Chivoxiphia pareola boliviana Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus, Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, p. 87 (1889) (Yungas of Bolivia).
Hab. Southeast Peru, Northern and Eastern Bolivia.
5. Chiroxiphia regina Sclater.
Chiroxiphia regina (Natterer MS.) Sclater, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), Vol. 17, p. 469 (1856) (Borba, Rio Madeira).
Hab. N. W. Brazil: Rio Javarri, Manaqueri, Rio Solimoéns, and Rio Madeira.
6. Chiroxiphia lanceolata (Wagler). (Plate 2, Fig. 2; Plate 3, Fig. 7.)
Pipra lanceolata Wagler, Isis, 1830, p. 931 (« Guiana sive Cajenna » — errore !).
P. pareolides D’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool. 1838, }. 165 (Carthagena).
Hab. Chiriqui, Veragua, Panama, Northern Colombia ,Carthayena, Santa Marta, also found in Bogota-
collections) and Northern Venezuela eastwards to Cumana (but of on the island of Trinidad).
. Chiroxiphia linearis (Bonaparte). (Plate 2, Fig. 9.)
Pipra linearis Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Part 5, 1837, p. 113 (1838. — « Mexico »).
P. fastuosa Lesson, Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 174 (« Realejo, in provincia Nicaragua »).
~I
Hab. Central America from Southern Mexico to Costa Rica.
8. Chiroxiphia caudata (Shaw & Nodder). (Plate 2, Fig. 1.)
Pipra caudata Shaw & Nodder, Natur. Misc. Vol. 5, t. 153 (1793) (« in the warmer parts of South America »).
P_ longicauda, Vieillot, Nouy. Dict. Vol. 19, p. 163 (1818) (ex Azara : Paraguay).
Hab. Paraguay, the Argentine province of Misiones, and Southeast Brazil from Rio Grande do Sul to
Rio de Janeiro.
9. Chiroxiphia ignicapilla (Wagler). (Doubtful form.)
Pipra ignicapilla Wagler, Isis, 1830, p. 931 (« Brasilien »).
Hab. Brazil (exact locality not known).
Said to differ from C. caudata by its longer tarsus, broader and more elongated median rectrices and by
having the pileum golden yellow instead of scarlet. A single adult O in the Berlin Museum.
11. GENUS ILICURA REICHENBACH
Ilicura Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat. t. 63 (1850) (type : P. militaris Shaw & Nodder).
Synonyms: Hicuva Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr. Anisod. p. 6 (Sep. ex Ateneo italiano n° 11, August
1854) (same type). — Hetlicura Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 320 (1882) (same type). — Helicura
Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 311 (1888) (same type).
Characters. The only known species of this genus is certainly very nearly allied to
Chiroxiphia, but has a smaller bill, proportionately longer tail and shorter first primary.
Adult : the feathers of the forehead are slightly erect; the first primary is narrow, somewhat
pointed and falls between the sixth and seventh. The third primary is the longest, the second
and fourth are equal and about 3 mm. shorter. The stems of the outer primaries are stiffer and
much more thickened than in Chiroxiphia. Tail rounded, the middle pair of rectrices, which is
much narrowed on the apical half, elongated and pointed, exceeds the following one by 20 to
25 mm. The adult 9 has the first primary fully as short as the o, but of normal width and
20 BASS ES
shape; the middle pair of rectrices is but slightly lengthened and less narrowed at the tip.
The tarsi are more slender and weaker than in Chiroxiphia; like the members of this genus,
the scutes are sometimes almost fused.
Sexes dissimilar. Adult G : erect frontal plumes, rump and upper tail coverts dark
crimson; vertex, occiput, back, tail and upper wing coverts velvety black. Quills blackish,
tertials and outer webs of secondaries bright olive green. Lores black; sides of the head smoky
grey; throat, and sides of the neck pale cinereous, breast and abdomen white, sides blackish,
under tail coverts pale greenish yellow. Axillaries, under wing coverts and quill lining white.
Adult Q : upper parts bright oil green, sides of the head and lower surface cinereous, washed
with greenish on the chest and sides. Bill and feet pale brown.
Geographical Distribution. Wood region of Southeastern Brazil from Minas Geraés
to S. Paulo. Monotypic.
1. [licura militaris (Shaw & Nodder). (Plate 2, Fig. 4.)
Pipra militavis Shaw & Nodder, Natur. Misc. Vol. 20, t. 849 (1808) (« South America»).
Pipra rubrifrons Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Vol, 19, p. 161 (1818) («l'Amérique méridionale »).
Pipra oxyura Nordmann, in : Erman’s Reise, Naturhist. Atl. p. 12, pl. 9, f. 1, 2 (1835) (« Brasilien »).
Hab. S. E. Brazil (Minas Geraés, Rio de Janeiro, S. Paulo).
12. GENUS CORAPIPO BONAPARTE
Corapipo Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr. Anisod. p. 6 (Sep. ex : Ateneo italiano n° 11, August 1554):
(Species unica : Pipra gutturalis Linneus).
Characters. This genus leads from Pipra to Chiromachaeris. The bill is small as in
the members of the former genus, but rather broader at the base, thus more like Chiromachacris.
The feathers of the upper throat are distinctly elongated, though less so than in the latter genus.
The tail is relatively longer than in Pipra, the metatarsus slender and short, the toes very
small and feeble. The best character to recognize the species of Corapipo consists of the shape
of the outermost primary which is either narrowed (C. gutturalis) or much shortened (C. /eu-
corrhoa). The first and the succeeding primaries are, however, never curved inwards as in
the species of Chiromachaeris. Sexes different. Males glossy black with the throat white,
females green.
Geographical Distribution. Cayenne, British Guiana, Colombia and Central America
as far north as Nicaragua. Only three forms are known.
KBY TO) LHE SPECIES AND SUBSPEGIES
1. Glossy black with the throat white (Go) .
— Above olive green, below paler, more yellowish in the middle of abdomen . . . . . . . . . . . 4.
2. A white patch on the wing, under tail coverts and ear coverts black. First pri-
mary narrowed, pointed, about 6-7 mm. shorter than the next . . . . 1.C.GUTTURALIS.
— No white patch on the wing. Under tail coverts with long white tips. Ear coverts
elongated, white
3. First primary reduced to avery small, lanceolate feather of about 10 mm.
PAM. PIPRIDAS Di
length, the two next ones much longer, rather narrow and pointed. Fifth
and sixth primaries longest
ho
. C, LEUCORRHOA LEUCORRHOA.
— Furst primary much longer, obtuse, about 75 mm. shorter than the second.
Fourth primary longest, distinctly longer than the fifth . . . . . . 3.C.1LEUCORRHOA ALTERA.
4. First primary pointed, about 6 mm. shorter than the next . . . . . . &.C.GUTTURALIS.
Oo
— Furst primary obtuse, about r5 mm. shorter than the next .C. LEUCORRHOA ALTERA.
dg. ’
— First primary reduced to a very small, lanceolate feather of about 1o mm.length 2. C.LEUCORRHOA LEUCORRHOA.
1. Corapipo gutturalis (Linnzus).
Pipra gutturalis Linnzus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, Vol. 1, p. 340 (1766) (ex Brisson, Orn., Vol. 4, p. 444, pl. 36, f. 1;
« Manakin a gorge blanche »; loc. ign., as terra typica accepted Cayenne).
Pipra perspicillata Wagler, Isis, 1830, p. 935, descr. 9 (ex Desmarest, « Manakin a gorve blanche femelle »; Hist.
Nat. Tang. t. 65. — Cayenne).
Hab. Cayenne and British Guiana.
2. Corapipo leucorrhoa leucorrhoa (Sclater).
Ptpra leucorrhoa Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1863, p. 63, pl. 10 (Bogota-collections).
Hab. Colombia (Bogota-coll.; Bucaramanga; Primavera in the Cauca valley).
3. Corapipo leucorrhoa altera Hellmayr. (Plate 1, Fig. 2.)
Coraptpo leucorrhoa altera Hellmayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, Vol. 16, p. 84 (1906) (Carrillo, Costa Rica).
Hab. Panama, Veragua, Chiriqui, Costa Rica and Southern Nicaragua (Chontales).
13. GENUS CHIROMACHZERIS CaBANIs
Chiromacheris Cabanis, Arch. f. Naturg. Vol. 13, 1, p. 235 (1847) (Species unica : Pipya manacus
Linneeus).
Synonym: Manacus G. R. Gray, Cat. Gen. and Subg. Birds, p. 55 (1855) (type : P. manacus Linneus).
Characters. Bill rather wider at the base and more distinctly ridged than in the genus
Pipra, though otherwise very similar in shape. Feathers of the middle of throat much
elongated. Wings short and rounded, the second, third, fourth, fifth and sometimes the sixth
primaries being nearly of equal length. The outer primaries are of a very peculiar shape,
especially in the males. They are much attenuated in the webs, and strongly curved inwards.
The stems of the inner primaries and of the secondaries thickened and rather stiff, Tail nearly
square. Metatarsus and toes much stronger and longer than in Pifra, and always of a yellowish
flesh colour. ,
Sexes widely different in coloration, the males being black and white, yellow or orange,
while the females are clad in olive green garments, the abdomen alone being sometimes dull
yellow. In the female sex, the outer primaries are less attenuated and less curved, though
always much narrower than the inner ones. The throat-feathers are likewise less elongated.
Little is known about the habits and nidification of the species of this genus. Salmon
(Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 517) tells us that C. manacus abditivus builds a slight shallow
nest of grasses, which is suspended from the fork of a branch in low shrubs, and Euler (four,
f. Ornith. 1867, p. 223) made the same observations on C. manacus gutturosus. The eggs are
white, thickly blotched with brown or chocolate red, the blotches being more or less confluent
in a zone round the larger end. Those of C. manacus abditivus and C. vitellina are figured by
Stlater & Salvin (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879, tab. 42). According to Euler (loc. cit.), in
C. manacus gutturosus the clutch consists of two eggs only.
PASSERES
Ss
NS
Geographical Distribution. From Eastern Mexico (state of Vera Cruz) all over Central-
and South America to Southeast Brazil.
KEY LO THE SPE CLESVANDESUBSEE Cins
Nn
1. Cap and upper back black, hind neck white, yellow or orange (G'S) .
IN tds Hea ATION 5 5 5 5 5 4 a 5 6 6 8 0 & fc er et eer
2a Wathaiblack natchionthetnroal =. | 2) eee ee eee Oe Ga CORONOMAG
— No black on the throat a:
3. Rump cimereous 4.
— Rump olive green or yellowish olive. . . . wee 7
4. Throat, foreneck and nape faintly tinged with Ms ie DISH. ys 0 t5.8 Pea ee Ge EAVIE OEAG
— Throat, foreneck and nape pure white. . . nb We ere ete es Grecsote: ss: /S).
5. Under tail coverts and middle of the abdomen white. . . . . . . . 2. C. MANACUS PURUS.
— Only the middle of the abdomen white, under tail coverts cinereous like the
YRGWES 5 Se lee se ee Gu Ea eels CT Oe ANN USE NTAINTATCS UIC
— Whole breast and abdomen, including under tail coveris, dark cineveous . . . . . . . «. «. . . O2.
6. Latklonger 32-39 Mi ee ee ed CANA CUSIGUATUROStS:
— Tail shorter : 26-30 mm. 3. C. MANACUS ABDITIVUS.
7. Throat, foreneck and nape pure white . 6. C. CANDET.
— Throat, foreneck and nape chrome yellow; rump, breast and abdomen olive
LTUECI ME Sie Moe ee ence neo en = ok en oS 7. C. VITELLINA.
— Throat, foreneck and nape cadmium orange; rump yellowish oil green, abdo-
MLCMUIGNY SellOw <2 s,s s ap Os, ee ee sw ee Ork SEAM RANT AGAS
8. Under parts nearly uniform dull green, middle line of the abdomen scarcely
PAlEr aa sae Se Rm eo eee be 0 ede COOMANIAG USE GUMmiUROSUSs
; : : : . C, MANACUS MANACUS.
— Throat pale greenish grey, foreneck and sides of the belly dull green, middle \
. C. MANACUS PURUS.
of abdomen more ov less straw yellow . . . . . . . . . = | /
( 3. C. MANACUS ABDITIVUS.
— Throat and foreneck intense olive green, breast and abdomen bright gamboge
yellow, Marl lOng 73 7-4ONM swe) snc) ch ena ne ne Os Or CANIDENT.
— Throat and foreneck light yellowish olive, breast and abdomen duil olive
yellow, more greenish on the sides. Tail shovt: 3o-32 mm. . . en) a CaVEEELLINAG
— Under pavts mainly intense saffron yellow, tinged with yellowish olive on
throat, foreneck and sides of chest. Tail short : 30-33 mm. . . . . 8. C. AURANTIACA (1).
1. Chiromachzris manacus manacus (Linnzus).
Pipra manacus Linneus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, Vol. 1, p. 340 (1766) (ex Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist. Vol. 1, p. 107,
t. 260, f. sup. — Surinam; and ex Brisson; Ornith. Vol. 4, p. 442 [excl. Syn. Marcgrave and hab. « Brasi-
lia »]. —- Cayenne).
P. melanocephala, P. L. S. Miller, Natursyst. Suppl. p. 177 (1776 ) (ex Daubenton, Pl. enl. 303, f. 1. — Cayenne).
Manacus edwardsi, Bonaparte, Consp. Av. Vol. 1, p. 171 (1850) (ex Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist. Vol. 1, t. 260
f. sup.; and Daubenton, Pl. enl. t. 302, f. 1 (= figure copied from Edwards, but habitat wrongly assigned
to « Brésil »).
Hab. Cayenne, Surinam, British Guiana, Trinidad; west through the Orinoco region to the eastern
slopes of the Andes in Ecuador, south to Pebas on the Peruvian Amazons, and along the Rio Negro:
to Manaos in Northern Brazil.
(1) The females of C. jlaveola and C. coronata are not known to the author.
FAM. PIPRIDA:
bs
Oo
2. Chiromachezris manacus purus (Bangs). (Plate 1, Fig. 1.)
Manacus manacus purus Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, Vol. 1, p. 36 (1899) (Santarem).
Hab. North Brazil : from Maranhao and Para along the south bank of the Amazons and the east bank
of the Rio Madeira to northern Mattogrosso (Engenho do Gama, S. Vincente on the Rio Guaporé).
3. Chiromachzris manacus abditivus (Bangs).
Manacus manacus abdttivus Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, Vol. 1, p. 35 (1899) (Santa Marta, Colombia).
Hab. Colombia (Santa Marta and Bogota-collections) and Western Ecuador.
4. Chiromachzris manacus gutturosus (Desmarest).
Pipra gutturosa Desmarest, Hist. Nat. Tang, etc. t. 58 (1805) (no locality).
Hab. Eastern Brazil from Bahia to S. Paulo.
5. Chiromacheris flaveola (Cassin).
Manacus flaveolus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Natur. Sc. Philad. 1851, p. 349 (Bogota, New Granada).
Pipra flavo-tincta Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Part 20, 1852, p. 34, t. 48 (1853. — Santa Fé de Bogota).
Hab. Only known from Colombia (Bucaramanga, and Bogota-collections).
6. Chiromacheris candei (Parzudak1).
Pipra candet Parzudaki, Rev. Zool. 1841, p. 306 (« Truxillo, dans la baie de Honduras »).
Manacus candet electilis O. Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, Vol. 3, p. 106 (1903) (Vera Cruz, Mexico).
Hab. Eastern Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica.
SS
. Chiromacheris vitellina (Gould).
Pipra vitellina Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Part rz. 1843, p. 103 (Panama).
Hab. Panama and Western Colombia.
8. Chiromacheris aurantiaca Salvin.
Chtromachaerts aurantiaca Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 200 (Mina de Chorcha und Bugaba, Chiriqui).
Hab. Chiriqui und Costa Rica.
g. Chiromachezris coronata Boucard.
Chiromachaeris coronata Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 178, t. 17 (Colombia).
Hab. Only known from a single Bogota-skin in Boucards collection, now in the Paris Museum.
14. GENUS NEOPIPO ScLATER & SALVIN
Neopipo Sclater & Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 438 (type of the genus : Neopipo rubicunda
Sclater & Salvin).
Characters. The single species of this genus is of the size of a small Pipra, e. g. P. coro-
nata, but differs widely in structural details. The bill is smaller and not so high, the tail
relatively much longer, the wing more pointed, the third remex being the longest, the second
and fourth distinctly, though little shorter, the first about 3 mm. shorter than the fourth and
scarcely longer than the fifth. The tail is nearly square, the outermost rectrix being but 2 mm.
less than the median one. The feet are small and slender, as in Corapipo; the tarsus divided in
front into five or six scutes and covered behind with minute reticulations. The three anterior
toes are closely connected together, the cohesion between them extending up to, if not beyond,
the commencement of the terminal digits. The toes are not covered with scutes, as is the case
in the other genera of the Pipridae, but with minute, rough warts, The rufous coloration recalls
the genus Schiffornis; there is, however, a half-concealed bright vertical spot as in Heferocercus.
Top of the head and nape olive gray, vertical spot golden yellow in the male, cinnamomeous in
the female, rump and upper tail coverts light cinnamon red, on the mantle passing into the
colour of the crown. Tail cinnamon red. Upper wing coverts and quills dusky with dark
24 PASSERES
cinnamon brown edges; tertials cinnamomeous red. Sides of the head olive gray, on the ear
coverts a patch of pale buff. Under surface light cinnamon red, throat rather paler than the
rest. Bill horn brown, base of lower mandible whitish. Wing 5o 1/2, tail 36 1/2, tarsus 14 1/2,
bill 9 mm.
Geographical Distribution. British Guiana, Cayenne, Eastern Ecuador, Eastern Peru,
and Western Brazil. Monotypic.
1. Neopipo cinnamomea (Lawrence).
Pipra? cinnamomea Lawrence. Proc. Acad. Natur. Sc. Philad. 1868, p. 429 (« Upper Amazon »).
Neopipo rubicunda Sclater & Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 438, t. 30, f. 3 (Chamicuros, Eastern Peru).
Hab. Cayenne; British Guiana (Camacusa); Eastern Ecuador (Sarayacu); Eastern Peru (Chamicuros) ;
Western Brazil (Humayta on the Rio Madeira).
15. GENUS SCHIFFORNIS DEs Murs
Schiffornis [Bonaparte M.S. (1)], Des Murs in : Castelnau’s Voyage, Oiseaux, Livr. 18 (June 1856),
p. 66 (type : Schiffornis major Des Murs).
Characters. The only member of this genus differs from Scotothorus only by its
decidedly shorter tarsus, and rather shorter, wider and more curved bill, The uniform rufous
coloration is another point of distinction. The two so-called species, S. major and S. rufa,
recognized in the Catalogue of Birds, Vol. 14, p. 323, are merely phases of a single form, as
I have ascertained by examining a good series of skins in the Paris and Vienna Museums.
In the type of S. major from Sarayacu and in a female from Fonteboa, Rio Solimoéns (both
in the Paris Museum) the forehead, crown and nape are cinereous, intermixed with numerous
ferruginous feathers, only the sides of the head being pure cinereous. A quite similar
specimen (*) from the Rio Amajau (a tributary of the Rio Negro) is in the Vienna Museum.
A female, collected by the Castelnau expedition, has the forehead and the ear coverts ferrugi-
nous, while the crown and nape are cinereous mixed with ferruginous. Another female from the
same source has the forehead and sides of the head cinereous, the crown and nape pure
ferruginous (without any gray). Two o'ot from the Rio Amajau and one female from Borba,
Rio Madeira, — the types of H. rufium Pelzeln — in the Vienna Museum have the top and
sides of the head ferruginous, there being but a slight cinereous admixture round the eye.
Since the two extremes occur at the same locality (Rio Amajau) and as there is every gradation
between them, their identity is established beyond doubt, though I am unable to explain the
difference, which is certainly not sexual. In the series examined by me, the length of the wing
varies from 78 to 85, that of the tail from 56 to 63 mm.
Geographical Distribution. Cayenne (Oyapoc) and Amazonia : Rio Amajau (Rio:
Negro), Borba (Rio Madeira), Fonteboa (R. Solimoéns), Rio Jurua; Nauta, Samiria, Sarayacu
(Eastern Peru). Monotypic.
(1) This name generally attributed to Bonaparte, was first published in the Consp. Voluc. Anisod. p. 4, 1854, where.
however, it is a nomen nudum, for two of the three species mentioned (S. major and S. minor) were undescribed at that
time, while the third (S. furdina) belongs to Scotothorus.
FAM. PIPRIDZ® BS
1. Schiffornis major Des Murs.
Schiffornis major (Bonaparte M.S.) Des Murs in; Voyage Castelnau, Oiseaux, livr. 18, p. 66, t. 18, f. 2 (1856)
(Sarayacu, Pérou).
Heteropelma rufum Pelzeln, Zur Ornith. Brasil. Abt. 2, p. 124, 185 (1868) (Rio Amajat and Borba on the Rio
Madeira).
Hab. The same as that of the genus.
16. GENUS SCOTOTHORUS OBERHOLSER
Scotothorus Oberholser. Proc. Acad. Natur. Sc. Philad. 1899. p. 208 (type : Muscicapa turdina Wied).
Synonym : Heteropelma Bonaparte (nec \Vesmaél 1849), Consp. Volucr. Anisod. p. 4 (Sep. ex:
Ateneo italiano n° 11, August 1854).
Characters. Bill rather large, compressed, especially towards the tip. Culmen distinctly
ridged and strongly curved in the apical portion. Subterminal notch very distinct. Nostrils
elliptical and open, situated near the lower edge of the nasal fossa. Rictal bristles well deve-
loped, particularly in the species with a bright occipital crest. In the wing, the fourth
primary is the longest, the third and fifth are a little shorter, the first equals the tenth. Tail
emarginate and at the same time slightly rounded, the outermost rectrix being shorter than
the four succeeding ones which are of equal length while the innermost is again somewhat shorte-
ned, though still a little longer than the outermost pair. Tarsus short, but robust, the outer
toe united to the middle one for its basal half. In the species of the first section (without bright
vertical crest) the tarsus is distinctly scutellate, and the under surface of the toes covered with
small, protruding, wart-like scutes. In S. fallescens, S. chrysocephalus and S. sulphureiventer
the under surface of the toes is almost smooth, and the scutes of the metatarsus are some-
times fused. Sexes alike or very little different, the females of the three crested species having
a smaller and paler crest than the males.
Habits. Little is known of their habits. Prince Wied says that S. turdinus turdinus and
S. unicolor are found in dense forests.
Geographical Distribution. Central America from Eastern Mexico southwards and
South America down to Southeast Brazil,
EY IO) TIES SIPBCWSS ANID) SWISS iPaCIUES
1. With a bright yellow vertical crest.
VV Ln OUL CN D Yi eM wer tica Gy est ry) ey Nee valeA Vis in) S| hE) ek wil cee ce ce
2. Vertical crest orange ; breast and abdomen pale sulphur yellow. Wing 7o-
EMG -O EIA P a) i) a) ee 1 5 ee 8 ee 2a SaICHRYSOCERHAIUS.
— Vertical crest lemon yellow; breast and abdomen pale sulphur yellow.
WONG FEE HNO is 6 6 6 8 6b 6 eo 6 6 8 6 6 Wilh Sh SUITS AAD OoIN
— Vertical crest lemon yellow, breast dull grayish, most of the feathers nar-
vowly edged with pale yellowish ; abdomen very pale yellowish, shaded
with grayish on flanks. Wing 75-So, tail65-68 mm, . . . . . 10.5. PALLESCENS.
3. Bill small and slender. General plumage uniform, bright olive green except
the vectrices and the edges to the quills which are vusset byown . . . Q. 5S. UNICOLOR.
20 PASSERES
— Bill large and strong. Plumage not bright olive green, but more or less
brownish olive above and brownish or grayish olive below .
4. Wing 96 to roo mm., tail 76 mm. and more
— Wing never more than 92 mm., tail not exceeding 72 mm.
5. Upper parts rufescent olive brown; throat and foreneck strongly tinged
with vufescent brown, vemainder of lower surface pale greenish olive
— Upper parts deep olive brown, head vather more vufescent ; under surface
deep brownish olive, throat scarcely darker.
— Back dark, dull greenish olive, head somewhat more vufescent ; under sur-
face dark greenish olive, throat slightly washed with brownish
— Upper parts rufescent olive brown ; throat and foreneck strongly tinged with
vufescent brown, abdomen dull greyish olive
— Back dull brownish olwe, top of the head tn marked contrast rufescent
brown; throat and foreneck strongly tinged with rufescent; remainder
of lower parts dull greyish olive.
— Back intermediate in colour between S. t. amazonum and S. t. wallacii.
Throat and foreneck distinctly, though shightly, shaded with brownish ;
remainder of lower parts dull greyish olive.
— Upper parts dull olive, cap scarcely brownish: under surface pale greyish
olive, throat but faintly shaded with brownish .
. Scotothorus turdinus turdinus (Wied).
on
oO
- TURDINUS TURDINUS.
- TURDINUS VER4:-PACIS.
. TURDINUS FURVUS.
- TURDINUS ROSENBERGI,
- TURDINUS STENORHYNCHUS.
- TURDINUS AMAZONUM.
« TURDINUS OLIVACEUS.
» TURDINUS WALLACII.
Muscicapa turdina Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Brasil, Vol. 3, Abt. 2, p. 817 (1831) (E. Brazil).
Muscicapa rufo-olivacea Lafresnaye, Mag. Zool. 1833, Cl. 2, text to pl. 13, p. 3 (no locality).
Hab. Only known from Bahia, East Brazil.
nN
. Scotothorus turdinus wallacii (Sclater & Salvin.)
Heteropelma wallacit Sclater & Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 579, 595 (Para).
Hab. N. E. Brazil : Para.
3. Scotothorus turdinus olivaceus Ridyway.
Scotothorus olivaceus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Vol. 19, p. 118 (1906) (Rio Mato, tributary of the Caura,
Venezuela).
Hab. East Venezuela : Caura River and its affluents ; British Guiana, Cayenne.
4. Scotothorus turdinus amazonum (Sclater).
Heteropelma amazonum Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1860, p. 466 (Chamicurros, Eastern Peru).
Hab. Upper Amazonia from Colombia (Bogota-collect.) and the upper Orinoco (Nericagua, Munduapo)
south through Eastern Ecuador and the Rio Negro district (Marabitanas, Rio Xié) to Southeast Peru
(Marcapata) and western Mattogrosso (Villa Maria and Engenho do Gama on the Rio Guaporé).
N. B. Specimens from Borba, Rio Madeira, are intermediate between this form and n° 2.
ni
. Scotothorus turdinus rosenbergi (Hartert).
Heteropelma rosenbergt Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 5, p. 489 (1898) (Cachavi, N. W. Ecuador).
Hab. Western Ecuador.
6. Scotothorus turdinus furvus Ridgway.
Scotothorus furvus Ridgway. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Vol. 19, p. 118 (1907) (Boquete de Chitra, Veragua).
Hab. Veragua (Boquete de Chitra, Chitra, Calevevora).
7. Scotothorus turdinus verz=pacis (Sclater & Salvin).
Heteropelma verae-pacis Sclater & Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond. 1860, p. 500 (Vera Paz, Guatemala).
Scotothorus veraepacis dumicola O. Bangs, Proc. New Engl Zool. Club, Vol. 3, p. 103 (1903) (Chiriqui).
Hab. Central America from Guatemala (Vera Paz) south to Chiriqui.
N. B. I could not find any constant differences belween specimens from various localities.
FAM. PIPRIDA
to
“NI
8. Scotothorus turdinus stenorhynchus (Sclater & Salvin).
Heteropelma stenorhynchum Sclater & Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1868, p. 628, 632 (San Esteban near Puerto
Cabello, North Venezuela).
Hab. From N.W. Venezuela (S. Esteban) ranging through northern Colombia (Santa Marta) to Panama.
N. B. Two skins from Panama differ from the types only by their stronger, broader bills.
g. Scotothorus unicolor (Bonaparte). (Plate 1, Fig. 7.)
Muscicapa virescens (nec Temminck, 1824), Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Brasil, Vol. 3, Abt. 2, p. 802 (183r) (Arrayal
da Conquista, interior of Bahia).
Piilochloris virescens Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool. 1838, p. 238 (Brésil).
Heteropelma unicoloy Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr. Anisod. in : Ateneo Italiano no 11, 1854 (sep. p. 4, n° 78)
(based on P. virescens Lafresnaye).
Muscicapa viridis, Pucheran, Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 7, p. 370 (1855) (« Brésil »).
Hab. Woodregion of Eastern Brazil from Bahia to Rio grande do Sul.
10. Scotothorus pallescens (Lafresnaye).
Tyrannula pallescens Lafresnaye, Rev Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 57 (Bahia).
Heteropelma flavicapillum, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1860, p. 466 (S. %. Brazil).
Hab. Campos of Brazil : Bahia, Goiaz, Piauhy, Minas Geraés, Mattogrosso and Northern S. Paulo.
11. Scotothorus sulphureiventer Hellmayr.
Scotothorus sulphuretventer Hellmayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1903. p. 202 (Mattcgrosso).
Heteropelma chrysocephalum (nec Pelzeln), Pelzeln, Zux Ornith. Brasil, Abt. 2, p. 185 (1868) (part. : g juv. — Mat-
togrosso); Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 14, p. 322 (1888. — Mattogrosso).
Hab. Only known from Villa Bella de Mattogrosso on the Rio Guaporé, western Mattogrosso, Brazil ;
and San Mateo, Northern Bolivia.
12. Scotothorus chrysocephalus (Pelzeln). (Plate 1, Fig. 3.)
Heteropelma chrysocephalum Pelzeln, Zur Ornith. Bras. Abt. 2, p. 185 (1868) (part.: g ad. — Marabitanas, Rio
Iganna, S. Carlos).
Heteropelma igniceps, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 750 (Oyapoc, Cayenne).
Hab. Cayenne (Oyapoc), British Guiana, and on the upper Rio Negro (Marabilanas, Rio Icanna and
S. Carlos).
17. GENUS NEOPELMA ScLATER
Neopelma Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1860, p. 467 (species unica : Muscicapa auvifrons Wied).
Characters. The only species belonging to this genus bears a great likeness to Scofothorus
pallescens, S. chrysocephalus, etc., with which it shares the possession of a large, bright yellow
vertical patch. It differs, however, by its considerably smaller and narrower bill, shorter and
more slender tarsus, and much smaller, weaker feet. In other structural details it agrees pretty
well with the species of Scofothorus, mentioned above. .
The bill shows a distinct ridge, and there are numerous, rather stiff rictal bristles. In
the wing, the fourth and fifth primaries are the longest, the third scarcely shorter. Tail of the
same shape as in Scotothorus, the innermost and the outermost rectrix being shortened so that
the tail is slightly emarginate and at the same time distinctly rounded. Tarsi short, slender
and covered with distinct scutes; toes and claws short and weak. Sexes alike, the female
differing only by having the vertical patch smaller and lighter in colour. Upper parts bright
olive green, feathers of the middle of the crown bright golden yellow, narrowly tipped with
green. Lores greyish white, earcoyerts dull greenish. Throat greyish mixed with whitish; rest
of under parts pale yellow, chest underlaid with greyish and sides washed with greenish.
Geographical Distribution. Forest region of Southeastern Brazil from Bahia to
S. Paulo. Monotypic.
28 PASSERES
1. Neopelma aurifrons (Wied). (Plate 1, Fig. 9.)
Muscicapa aurifrons Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Brasil, Vol. 3, Abt. 2, p. 829 !1831) (Camamu in southern Bahia).
Muscicapa luteocephala (nec Lesson 1830) Lafresnaye, May. Zool. 1833, Cl. 2, pl. 13 (no locality given, the type
examined by me in the Paris Museum was obtained in Minas Geraés by Auguste de St Hilaire).
Hab. Forest region of Southeast Brazil (southern parts of Bahia, Minas Geraés, Rio de Janeiro and
S. Paulo).
18. GENUS SAPAYOA HARTERT
Sapayoa Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 10, p. 117 (1993) (type of the genus : Sapayoa aenigma Hartert).
Characters. This rather aberrant genus of the Pzpridiwe undoubtedly finds its nearest ally
in Scotothorus from which it differs by its much broader and wider bill, more distinctly emargin-
ate tail, and by the upper half of the much weaker and shorter tarsus being feathered. Bill
short and stout, at the base broader than high, and abruptly attenuated towards the tip.
Culmen strongly ridged as in Scotothorus, The hook of the upper mandible preceded by a slight,
but distinct notch. Nostrils quite round. Rictal bristles more numerous as well as much stronger
and stiffer than in Scotothorus. Fourth primary longest, third about 1/2 mm. shorter, fifth
again 1/2 mm. shorter than the third; first primary of the length of the secondaries. Tail distinctly
emarginate and at the same time slightly rounded; the outermost rectrix is shorter than the four
following ones (which are equal in length), though still a little longer than the innermost. Feet
very small and weak. Tarsus feeble, very short, and ocreate, the scales being so fused as to
show hardly any division, Upper half of the tarsus feathered. Toes connected at the base, the
outer and middle toe for their basal half, Under surface of the toes rough, being covered with
small, roundish scutes, as in the species of Scotothorus. Feathers of the crown somewhat
elongated, forming a slight crest. Structure of plumage and style of coloration as in Scotothorus.
Upper parts uniform dull olive green, Quills dark brown, exteriorly margined with the colour
of the back. Tail feathers dark brown with olive green edges. Lower surface much lighter and
more yellowish green than the back, Inner webs of the remiges indistinctly edged with dull
greenish buff.
A single specimen, marked 9, in the Tring Museum. Nothing is known of its habits and
nidification.
Geographical Distribution. Rio Sapayo in Northwestern Ecuador. Monotvfic.
1. Sapayoa enigma [artert. (Plate 1, Figs. 5, 8.)
Sapayou aenigma Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 10 p. 117 (1903) (N. W. Ecuador).
19. GENUS LANITSOMA SwalInson
Laniisoma Swainson, Fauna Bor. Amer. Vol. 2, Birds, p. 492 (1831) (type : « L. arcuatum, Paris
Museum »).
Synonym : Ptilochloyris Swainson, Classif. Birds, Vol. 2, p. 250 (1837) (type: « P. lunatus North
Zool. Vol. 2, p. 492, Braz. B. pl. 95 »).
Characters. Bill shaped as in Scofothorus, but rather larger. Subterminal notch
very distinct. Nostrils round, open and exposed. Rictal bristles numerous, but rather soft.
In the wing, the fourth primary is the longest; the third scarcely, the second and fifth
BEAVIS PP RDAs 20
decidedly (about 3 mm.) shorter; the first primary falls between the sixth and seventh. In the
adult male, the fourth remex is attenuated at the apex and slightly bent outwards. The tail is
rounded and slightly emarginate, the median rectrix being a little shorter than the following
ones. Tarsus short, strong as in Scofothorus, and distinctly scutellate. The outer toe united
to the middle toe for its basal half. Under tail coverts remarkably long, covering more than
two-thirds of the length of the tail.
I have not been able to ascertain whether there is any sexual difference in the species
of this genus. Adult o’o" with the apex of the fourth primary attenuated have the top of the
head and nape black, the remaining upper parts uniform light green; lower surface pale
yellow with broad black lunulations on the chest, under tail coverts and sides of the body, the
lower throat sparingly spotted with black.
Specimens with the fourth primary of normal shape are more densely lunulated or
banded with black underneath, and the upper wing coverts show large, cinnamon-rufous
apical spots, I suppose these to be young birds, but am not sure of this. The upper mandible is
always blackish, the lower one whitish.
The plumage of the nestling of L. buckleyi is most remarkable. It is described by
Sclater & Salvin (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1880, p. 158), as follows : the upper surface, including
the whole of the head, is of a cinnamon colour spotted with black, each black spot on the head
being tipped with white ; the under surface is black, banded with narrow white bars. From the
top of the head proceed fine black filaments more than 25 mm. long, each tipped with white.
Geographical Distribution. Wood region of Southeastern Brazil (Rio de Janeiro and
S. Paulo) and Eastern Ecuador. Two species are known, one of which is somewhat doubtful.
Lee O My ete Sa Glia S
ie Lop of dhe lon! Gnd Wape Wiles 0° o 2» & 6 016 6 » 56 o 5 0 o 4 © o ito by GOWAMMUINUIM,
MG PRO;AUILEN LED ONAN MMICUpENOVLUCROT ECCI LEUACh cal ee enn es We enrUCKmEnvae
N
1. Laniisoma squamatum (Wied). (Plate 1, Fig. 10.)
Muscicapa squamata Wied, Beitr, Naturg. Brasil, Vol. 3, Abt. 2, p. 814 (1831) (S. E. Brazil).
Lanius arcuatus Lafresnaye, Mag. Zool. 1833, Cl. 2, pl. 12 («du Bresil, rapporté par M. Lalande »).
Ptilochloris lunatus (err. typ.) Swainson, Classif. Birds, Vol. 2, p. 250 (1837).
Hab. Wood region of Southeast Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, S. Paulo).
N. B. Piilochloris remigialis Lafresnaye, Rev Zool. 1838, p. 237 (locality unknown)
I have not seen. It seems to be of the same coloration as the g adult of L. squamatum, described above. but
is said to be much smaller.
2. Laniisoma buckleyi (Sclater & Salvin).
Ptilochloris buckleyi Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1880, p. 158, pl. 16 (Pindo, Eastern Ecuador).
Hab. Eastern Ecuador.
20. GENUS HETEROCERCUS ScLATER
Heterocercus Sclater, Cat. Amer. Birds, 1862, p. 245 (type : Elaema linteata, Strickland).
Characters. The members of this genus are at once recognizable by the peculiar shape
of the tail. The bill, not unlike that of Neopelma, but much larger, is rather broad at the base
30 BASSE RES
and abruptly attenuated towards the tip. The culmen is strongly ridged, but less hooked
than in Scotothorus and Neopfelma, The notch near the tip of the upper mandible is barely
indicated. There are scarcely any rictal bristles, always more or less developed in the two allied
genera, Nostrils situated in a groove, oval and open. In the wing, the fourth primary is the
longest, the third and fifth are about 1 1/2 mm shorter and equal in length; first remex equal
to the seventh. The tail is strongly graduated, the outermost rectrix being much shortened
and at the same time narrowed and pointed. The middle pair, on the other hand, is very broad
and rounded on the tip. Metatarsus rather short, covered in front with about five scutes. Sexes
dissimilar, Males with a bright vertical patch.
Geographical Distribution. Amazonia, the upper Orinoco valley and in southern
French Guiana. Only four species are known.
hE OME Das PE Glss
1. With a bright vertical patch (OS)
. 2,
—- No bright vertical patch (Q Q) Shee
2. Forehead and sides of crown very different jyom the olive green colour of the back . 5 {anon
— Forehead and sides of crown olive green like the back . 4.
3. Crown-patch fiery ved, forehead and sides of crown black; throat silky white, breast
QUESTMUTS Ad toy coe ee) se) ee ee es) eed ee en eee IN REACT Ooe
— Crown-patch lemon yellow, forehead and sides of crown ashy gray; throat dirty
white, breast and abdomen pale sulphur yellow.
ae
So: .) s = © . 4S UTE OCEPEAT ISH (in)E
4 Crown-patch golden yellow; breast chestnut brown, considerably darker than the
abdomen : . H. FLAVIVERTEX.
- Crown-patch orange; breast and abdomen uniform pale reddish ochreous . H. AURANTIIVERTEX (1).
5S. Upper parts dull brownish exces.) rst ee) ee) tee cl eeIN DEADUS:
SOT AULA Oe 8 ll fl Be Jel ANDES ((D)),
1. Heterocercus linteatus (Strickland).
Elaenia linteata Strickland, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 121-15, t. 63 (part. 9) (« upper branches of the Rio Amozons »).
Hab. North Brazil : Rio Madeira; Monte Alegre on the Lower Amazons; Rio Tapajoz.
2. Heterocercus flavivertex Pelzeln. (Plate 1, Fig. 6.)
Heterocercus flavivertex Pelzeln, Zur Ornith. Bras. Abt. 2, p. 186 (1868) (Rio Negro).
H. angosturae Berlepsch & Leverkiihn, Ornis, Vol. 6, p. 1y (1890) (Orinoco).
Hab. N. W. Brazil : Rio Negro from the mouth of the Rio Branco upwards ; Venezuela : on the upper
Orinoco near Maipures and Perico; South Cayenne : Oyapoc (2).
3. Heterocercus aurantiivertex Sclater & Salvin.
Aleterocercus aurantiivertex Sclater & Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1880, p. 157 (Sarayacu).
Hab. Only known from Sarayagu, Eastern Ecuador.
4. Heterocercus luteocephalus (Lesson).
Muscicapa luleocephala Lesson, Traité d’Orn, p. 392 (1830) (no locality); Pucheran, Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
Vol. 7, p. 374 (1855) («l’Amérique méridionale »); Hellmayr, Novit. Zool. Vol. 13, 1906, p. 326.
Hab. unknown.
(1) The females of H. aurantitvertex and H. luteocephalus are unknown,
(2) The record from Chamicuros, N. Peru, cannot be located with certainty since only young males were obtained.
These may belong either to H. flavivertex or to H. aurantitvertev.
BAM. PIP RED AS Si
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
PLATE I
29)
=
a
me
. Head of Chiromacheris manacus purus, &.
. Head of Corapipo leucorrhoa altera, &.
|
Oo
. Head of Scotothorus chrysocephalus.
. Head of Chloropipo flavicapilla.
. Sapayoa enigma.
|
Dnt
Head of Heterocercus flavivertex, o.
Head of Scotothorus unicolor.
. Foot of Sapayoa znigma.
|
oO Ons
. Head of Neopelma aurifrons.
—1t1o. Head of Laniisoma squamatum.
PLATE 2
Fig. 1. Tail of Chiroxiphia caudata, &.
. Tail of Chiroxiphia lanceolata, o.
. Tail of Cirrhipipra filicauda, &.
. Tail of Ilicura militaris, &.
. Foot of Antilophia galeata, ot.
. Antilophia galeata, ot.
. Head of Pipra aureola aureola, &.
|
Sn Ore So OO END BE Fa
. Head of Piprites chloris chloris.
|
(OR COm Sy]
. Tail of Chiroxiphia linearis.
PLATE 3
Head of Macheropterus deliciosus, &%.
. Head of Xenopipo atronitens, o.
. Head of Ceratopipra cornuta, o.
. Head of Masius chrysopterus coronulatus, &.
. Machzropterus pyrocephalus, o.
Pipra serena suavissima, &.
|
NOON WN
. Head of Chiroxiphia lanceolata,
Munich, 15th December Igo9.
.
t
er
GENERA AVIUM PASSERES
FAM. PIPRIDZ
1. CHIROMACHZERIS MANACUS PURUS gq. “2. CORAPIPO LEUCORRHOA ALTERA Go. 3. SCOTOTHORUS CHRYSOCEPHALUS.
4. CHLOROPIPO FLAVICAPILLA. 5. SAPAYOA JASNIGMA. 6. HETEROCERCUS FLAVIVERTEX 7.
7- SCOTOTHORUS UNICOLOR. 8. FOOT OF SAPAYOA AENIGMA. 9. NEOPELMA AURIFRONS to. LANIISOMA SOUAMATUM,
GENERA AVIUM PASSERE
DN
FAM. PIPRIDAS
1.TAIL OF CHIROXIPHIA CAUDATA oo. 2.TAIL OF CHIROXIPHIA LANCEOLATA oo. 3. TAIL OF CIRRHIPIPRA FILICAUDA o
3. TAIL OF ILICURA MILITARIS o7.- 5. FOOT OF ANTILOPHIA GALEATA. 6. ANTILOPHIA GALEATA o
7. PIPRA AUREOLA AUREOLA qo. 8. PIPRITES CHLORIS CHLORIS. 9. TAIL OF CHIROXIPHIA LINEARIS.
GENERA AVIUM PASSERES
FAM. PIPRIDA#
I. MACHASROPTERUS DELICIOSUS 6%. 2. XENOPIPO ATRONITANS of 3, CERATOPIPRA CORNUTA
31. MASIUS CHRYSOPTERUS CORONULATUS co. 5. MACHASROPTERUS PYROCEPHALUS go. 6. PIPRA SERENA SUAVISSIMA G7.
7, CHIROXIPHIA LANCEOLATA,
ie eed os
: wa
—~—
—— a
ae.
ie
F ie
hares
CONDUCTED BY
JTIONS BY MESSRS. Hon. W. de ROTHSCHILD,
BOWDLER SHARPE, W. R. OGILVIE- GRANT, ES HARTERT,
SALVADORI, A. DUBOIS, & 5
PICARIA .
FAM. GALBULIDAZ :
: by Eel. SCLATER | 3
WITH JI COLOURED PLAT
1909
PRinveD AND > PuBLIsHED py V. VerTeneuiL & L. Desmer, BRUSSELS
PICARIE
oo
i
FAM. GALBULID&A
BY P. L. SCLATER
=o HE Galbulid@ or Jacamars constitute a small but distinct Family of Zygodactylous
Tf iy Picariz, confined to the Neotropical Region. Here they extend from Southern
SS Mexico to Paraguay, but are not met with in the Patagonian Subregion or in the
4 Antilles. The Jacamars are nearly allied to the Puffbirds (Bucconide), and are
placed by some systematists in the same Family, but are distinguishable from the latter in
structure by their long pointed bill, by the presence of a slight aftershaft on the feathers, by
having a gular branch to the pectoral tract on the lower plumage and by other characters.
The feet of the Jacamars are weak, the metatarsi being scutellated in front and smooth
behind, and in one genus (Facamaralcyon) the hallux is absent. The wings are rounded : the
tail has normally twelve feathers, but the external pair of rectrices are mostly very much
reduced in size, and in Brachygalba and Facamaralcyon are altogether absent. The furcula is
U-shaped, the tongue is long, tapering and membranous, the oil-gland is naked, and two caro-
tids are present.
The plumage of the Jacamars is mostly green above with more or less golden and
coppery reflexions, while below it is in most cases more or less rufous.
Habits and Reproduction, The Jacamars are exclusively arboreal and forest-loving
birds and purely insectivorous as regards their diet. The typical Jacamars keep more or less to
the outskirls of the forest, resorting to the summits and outer branches of the trees, while faca-
merops is more often found in the gloom of the interior. « They sit on the branches in motionless
2 PICARIZE
expectation, and as soon as a fly, butterfly or moth passes by capture it and return to the post
they have just left ».
Although little is yet known about the nesting of the Jacamars, it is certain that they lay
their eggs in holes bored in the earth, like kingfishers, or in hollow trees. The eggs are white,
and spheroidal in shape. There are no specimens of them in the British Museum, but in the
great collection of Nehrkorn, now in the Berlin Museum, are examples of the eggs of Galbula
ruficanda and G. melanogenia (1).
History of the Literature. Linneus was acquainted with only two species of Jacamars
(Urogalba paradisea and Galbula viridis) and placed both of them in the genus 4/cedo. But
Brisson, in 1760, took a more accurate view of their distinctive characters, and founded the
genus Galbula for these two birds. This name was subsequently adopted by Latham, who
added two more species to the List.
In 1806 the French Naturalist Le Vaillant included the Jacamars in his « Histoire Natu-
relle des Oiseaux de Paradis » recognizing in this work and its supplement altogether seven
species. Other species were subsequently discovered, and in 1851 Cabanis gave an excellent
summary of the then existing knowledge of these birds in an article published in Ersch and
Gruber’s « Encyclopedie », Cabanis recognized 16 species of Jacamars.
In 1851 I commenced a study of the birds of this group and published a synopsis of the
species known to me in Jardine’s « Contributions to Ornithology », In 1855 I read a paper on
the same subject before the Zoological Society of London and raised the number of the
known species to 20. George Gray’s « Handlist », issued in 1857, contained the names of
22 species of Galbulidz, divided into three genera.
The subject continued to attract my attention, and in 1882 I prepared a complete mono-
graph of the Jacamars, with coloured figures (2) of all the species (drawn by Keulemans), uniting
the Jacamars in one volume with the allied family of Puff-birds. Nineteen species of Galbulide
were figured in this work. The nomenclature and arrangement used in it were closely followed
in the nineteenth volume of the « Catalogue of Birds » of the British Museum, to which in 1891
I contributed an article on the members of this Family.
In the present memoir I have not found it necessary to deviate much from the last-
named work, very slight additions having been made to our knowledge of the Jacamars of
late years. But I have again gone through the specimens of this family in the National Collec-
tion (which are now 271 in number, belonging to 21 species) and have examined the fine series
in the Zoological Museum, Tring, which comprizes 264 specimens referable to 18 species, and
in so doing have obtained a more accurate knowledge of the distribution of some of the species.
I offer my best thanks to Mr. Walter Rothschild for the facilities he has given me as regards
the latter collection.
Systematic Arrangement. The Ga/bulid@ are naturally divisible into two subfamilies :
the Galbuline and the Facameropine. The former of these contains five genera and the latter
only one, as shown in the subjoined table, in which the chief characters are pointed out.
(1) Cf. Nehrkorn, « Katalog d. Eier-Sammlung », p. 170.
(2) «A Monograph of the Jacamars and Puffbirds ». — By P. L. Sclater. — London. Porter, 1882, 1 Vol. 4te.
FAM. GALBULIDA
Oo
1. SUBFAM. GALBULINA:
Characters. Bill straight, lengthened, compressed, sharp-pointed; nostrils, rounded,
naked except for a few covering bristles, external rectrix abnormally small, or sometimes alto-
gether absent.
KEY OF THE GENERA OF THE GALBULIN4
A. Tail elongated, more or less graduated.
an Maddle yectvices muchelongated =~ 5. =. - - . | . = . . &. Genus URocArBAY
b. Middle rectrices slightly elongated
B. Tail short, squared.
c. External rectrix absent.
a'. Hund-toc present
b!. Hind-toc absent .
d. External vectvix present .
1)
. Genus GALBULA.
. Genus BRACHYGALBA.
. Genus JACAMARALCYON.
nN & Ww
. Genus GALBALCYRHYNCHUS.
2. SUBFAM. JACAMEROPIN =
Characters. Bill slightly incurved, much widened at the base; nostrils with an
internal membrane; outer rectrices of medium size, not quite half so long as the central
pair . Pere ers es Ske Cae Gan A> to) Gr en en LO Gems HIACAMIBRORSs
1. SUBFAM. GALBULINA:
1. GENUS UROGALBA BONAPARTE
|
Urogalba Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av. Zygod. p. 13 (1854).
Urocex Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Hein. vol. 4, p. 216 (1863).
KEY OF THE SPECIES
ARES MAILE NCOP MUU ONIIAA GH UKOTU) te i) et) eee Oe PARADICE AS
SP lEAr Cre Mo Cyn TU UO YO) ee maney meee ey i) =) ro ter teu ene) TT Oe EAZO NTN
1. Urogalba paradisea Linnzus (Plate, Figs. 3, 4). Guiana.
Alcedo paradisea Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 181 ( ). ;
Urogalba paradisea Sclater, Mon. Jacam. p. 1, pl. 1, f. 1 (1882); id. Cat. Birds, Vol. 19,
p- 162 (1891).
2. Urogalba amazonum Sclater. Lower Amazonia.
Urogalba amazonum Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1855, p. 14; id. Mon. Jacam. p. 5,
pl. 1, f. 2 (1882).
4 PICARIA
2. GENUS GALBULA Brisson
Galbula Brisson, Orn. Vol. 4, p. 85 (1780).
Caucalias Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Hein. Vol. 4, pt. 1, p. 218 (1863).
KEY OF THE SPECIES
A. Belly dark rufous in both sexes.
a. Bill black, breast bronzy green.
a’. Throat white in male, vufous im female.
a!'. Outer vectrices blackish
b!'. Outer vectrices vufous.
al", With black tips.
b!". Without black tips.
Chin white
Chin black
b!. Throat bronsy green, like the breast.
Outer rectrices rufous, with black tips.
Outer vectrices uniform rufous .
b. Bill yellow, breast rufous.
Cheeks green ; throat in male white
Cheeks blue; throat rufous .
B. Belly white in male, cinnamomeous in female.
smaller ; back and breast coppery
larger ; back and breast purplish
1. Galbula viridis (Linneus) (Plate, Fig. 5).
-Alcedo galbula Linneus, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 182 (1760).
Galbula viridis Latham, Ind. Orn. Vol. 1, p. 244 (1790); Sclater, Mon. Jacam. p. 7,
pl. 11 (1882); id, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 19, p. 164 (1891).
2. Galbula rufo-viridis Cabanis.
Galbula rufo-virtdis Cabanis, in Ersch & Gruber, Enc. Sect. 1,
2D eaOtr:
Sclater,
Mon. Jacam. p. 11, pl. 111 (1882); id. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 19, p. 165 (1801).
3. Galbula ruficauda Cuvier.
Galbula ruficauda Cuvier, Régne Anim. Vol. 1, p. 420; Sclater, Mon. Jacam., p. 15,
pl. 4 (1882); id. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 19, p. 166 (1801).
4. Galbula melanogenia Sclater.
Galbula melanogenia Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 61, pl. 90; id.
pl. 5 (1882); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus, Vol. 19, p. 166 (18901).
5. Galbula tombacea Spix.
Mon. Jacam. p. 10,
Galbula tombacea Spix, Aves Brasil. Vol. 1, p. 55, t. 58 (1824); Sclater, Mon, Jacam.
p- 23, pl. 6 (1882); id. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 19, p. 165 (1801).
Galbula cyanescens Deville, Rev. Zool. 1849, p. 56.
Galbula fuscicapilla Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1865, p. 13.
Galhula tombacea cyanescens Hellmayer, Novit. Zool. Vol. 14, p. 402.
G. VIRIDIS.
(G. RUFO-VIRIDIS,
G. RUFICAUDA.
GG. MELANOGENIA.
G. TOMBACEA.
G. PASTAZE.
G. ALBIROSTRIS.
(>. CYANEICOLLIS.
G, LEUCOGASTRA.
G. CHALCOTHORAX.
Guiana, Venezuela and
Brazil n. of Amazons,
Brazil s. of Amazons
and E. Bolivia.
Colombia, Venezuela,
Trinidad and Tobago.
S. Mexico, Centr. Ame-
rica and W. Ecuador.
Peru, Ecuador and Co-
lombia.
The specimens at my command do not enable me to decide whether there are or are
not two species included under this head. Mr. Hellmayr (1. c.) promises us further information
on this subject.
FAM. GALBULIDA
1o7)
6. Galbula pastaze Taczanowski & Berlepsch (Plate, Figs. 1, 2). Eastern Ecuador.
Galbula pastazae Yaczanowski & Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1885, p. 107; Sclater,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. XIX, p. 168 (1801).
There is also an insufficient supply of specimens of this species available. But Graf von
Berlepsch has kindly sent me for examination what he considers to be a pair of it, from which
the accompanying illustrations (Plate, Figs. 1, 2) have been taken. If this view be correct, as
I am inclined to believe, the species comes nearest to G. tombacea, from which it is distin-
guishable by its wholly rufous outer rectrices. The male has the throat shining green like the
back, the female has the throat rufous like the belly. In the male the rufous belly is darker
than in the female.
7. Galbula albirostris Latham. Guiana, Amazonia and
Galbula albirostris Latham, Ind. Orn. Vol. 1, p. 113 (1790); Sclater, Mon. Jacam. p. 27, Eastern Ecuador.
pl. 7 (1882); id. Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. Vol. 19, p. 168 (1891).
8. Galbula cyaneicollis Cassin. Lower Amazonia.
Galbula cyaneicollis Cassin, Proc. Acad. Natur. Sc. Philad. Vol. 5, p. 154, t. 7;
Sclater, Mon. Jacam. p. 31, pl. 8 (1882); id. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 19,
p- 169 (1891).
q. Galbula leucogastra Vieillot. Guiana and Lower Ama
Galbula leucogastra Vieillot, Nouv Dict. Vol. 16, p. 144 (1817); Sclater, Mon. Jacam. zonia.
p- 33. pl. 9 (1882); id. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 10 p- 170 (1891).
10. Galbula chalcothorax Sclater. Eastern Ecuador and
Galbula chalcothorax Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1854, p. 110; id. Mon. Jacam. p. 37, E. Peru.
pl. ro (1882); id. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 19, p. 171 (1891).
3. GENUS BRACHYGALBA BONAPARTE
|
Brachygalba Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av. Zygod. p. 13 (1854).
Brachycex Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Hein. Vol. 4, pt. 1, p. 214 (1863).
KEY OF THE SPECIES
A. Bill black.
a. Throat brown.
Belipheniticm we tee hee ee? sae a a ee ee Cee BLEU GUBRIC.
Bellyhilvousmeareensy Lee oes 4 = 8k, ey | Bed) ee SUV EN ERIS.
b. Throat white.
Gapraiduycast-Landi0roi ja ee ene nee een > GOERIN GI:
Gaplannibyeast-vandvevecie a ane ess ee en en SS ANON
B. Bill white.
Gheckswupiiomlibetnetnyoal | ee eee nen AL BLGUL ARIS:
Ghecksibyoumakedthescap 2) 2 eee be MprANOSTERNAG
1. Brachygalba lugubris (Swainson) (Plate, Fig. 6). British Guiana, Orino-
Galbula lugubyis Swainson, Anim. in Menag. p. 229 (1838). co, and Amazonia.
Brachygalba lugubris Sclater, Mon. Jacam. p. 39, pl. 11 (1891); id. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.
Vol. 19, p. 171 (1882).
2. Brachygalba fulviventris Sclater. Colombia and Ecuador.
Brachygalba fulviventris Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 19, p. 172 (1891).
6 PICARIA:
3. Brachygalba goeringi Sclater & Salvin. Venezuela.
Brachygalba goeringt Sclater & Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 253, pl. 18; Sclater,
Mon, Jacam. p. 41, pl. 12 (1882); id. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus, Vol. 19, p. 172 (1891).
.4. Brachygalba salmoni Sclater & Salvin. Columbia, State of An-
Brachygalba salmoni Sclater & Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 535; Sclater, troquia.
Mon. Jacam. p. 43, pl. 13 (1882); id, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus, Vol. 19, p. 173 (1891).
5. Brachygalba albigularis (Spix.) Upper Amazonia.
Galbula albigularis Spix, Aves Brasil. Vol. 1, p. 54, t. 57, f. 1 (1824).
Brachygalba albigularis Sclater, Mon. Jacam. p. 45, pl. 14 (1882); id. Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus. Vol. 19, p. 173 (1891).
6. Brachygalba melanosterna Sclater. Western Brazil and Bo-
Brachygalba melanosterna Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1855, p. 15; id. Mon. Jacam. livia.
p- 47, pl. 15 (1882); id. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 19, p. 174 (1891).
4. GENUS JACAMARALCYON LEssON
Jacamaraicyon Lesson, Traité d’Ornith. p. 235 (1831).
Cauax Cabanis, in Wiegmann, Arch. f. Naturg. Vol. 1, p. 347 (1847).
1. Jacamaralcyon tridactyla Vieillot. S. E. Brazil.
Galbula tridactyla Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Vol. 16, p. 445 (1817).
Facamayalcyon tridactyla Sclater, Mon. Jacam. p. 40, pl. 16 (1882); id. Cat. Birds Brit:
Mus. p. 174 (1891)
5. GENUS GALBALCYRHYNCHUS DeEs Murs
Galbalcyrhynchus Des Murs, Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 207.
Jacamaralcyonides Des Murs, Icon. Orn. Tab. 17 (1845).
Cauecias Cabanis, in Ersch & Gruber, Enc. Sect. 1, Vol. 3, p. 310 (1851).
Alcyonides Reichenbach, Handb. d. Sp. Orn. p. 83 (1851).
KEY OF THE SPECIES
Ae Wathsa wmhstetcav=paichwuthe male.) 2 se ee nen GEE COMISs
B. Wathoutawheteear-patchiniethersex, . 3 es ae) ee eee ORE URUSTANIUSS
1. Galbalcyrhynchus leucotis Des Murs (Plate, Fig. 7). Upper Amazonia and
Galbaicyrhynchus leucotis Des Murs, Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 307; Sclater, Mon. Jacam. p. 53, Ecuador.
pl. 17 (1882); id. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 19, p. 175 (1891).
2. Galbalcyrhynchus purusianus Goeldi.
Galbalcyrhynchus purusianus Goeldi, Aves do Brazil, p. 172 (1904); id. Album de Aves
Amazonicas, fasc. 3, p. 22, pl. 27, f. 1, 2.
Galbaleyrhynchus leucotis tnnotatus Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paulista, Vol. 6, p. 445 (1905);
id. Cat. Fauna Braz. Aves, p. 172.
The Galbalcyrhynchus of the River Purus is said to differ from the typical form in that
the male is like the female and has no white ear-patch.
FAM. GALBULIDA 7
2. SUBFAM. JACAMEROPINA=
6. GENUS JACAMEROPS LESSON
Jacamerops Lesson, Traité d’Ornith. p. 234 (1831).
Lamprotila Swainson, Class. Birds. Vol.
3
, P- 336 (1837).
1. Jacamerops grandis Gmelin (Plate, Figs. 8, 9). Guiana, Amazonia, Ecu-
Alcedo grandis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 458 (1788). ador, Colombia and
Facamerops grandis Sclater, Mon. Jacam. p. 57, pl. 18 (1882); id. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Veragua.
Vol. 19, p. 176 (1891).
Om Ww
Co ~I
Ke)
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE
. Male of Galbula pastazae, from Eastern Ecuador, from a specimen in
Graf von Berlepsch’s Collection.
. Female of the same, from Mapoto, E. Ecuador (one of the original
types of Stolzman), from Graf von Berlepsch’s collection.
. Bill of Urogalba paradisea (side view).
. Foot of = — —
. Tail-end of Galbula viridis trom beneath.
. Tail-end of Brachygalba lugubris from beneath.
. Bill of Galbalcyrhynchus leucotis (side view).
. Bill of Facamerops grandis (side view).
. Tail-end of Facamerops grandis.
Odiham (Hants), 15th January 1908.
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GENERA AVIUM
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FAM. GALBULIDAt
I. 2. GALBULA PASTAZAE of 2. 3. 4. BILL AND FOOT OF UROGALBA PARADISEA.
5. TAIL-END OF GALBULA VIRIDIS. 6. TAIL-END OF BRACHYGALBA LUGUBRIS. 7. BILL OF GALBACYRHYNCHUS LEUCOTIS.
7+
8. 9. BILL AND TAIL-END OF JACAMEROPS GRANDIS.
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11™ PART PSITTACI
ENERA
AVIUM
CONDUCTED BY
- _P.WYTSMAN C2 ae
CONTRIBUTIONS BY THE Hon. W. ROTHSCHILD, MESSRS. P. L. SCLATER, _
30WDLER SHARPE, W. R. OGILVIE-GRANT, E. HARTERT, C. E. HELLMAYR,
PSITTACI
FAM. LORIIDZ
haan ee
SEP 5, 1913
J abs.
: by T. SALVADORI
WITH 6 COLOURED PLATE
1910
FAM. LORIIDA
BY T. SALVADORI
Characters. Bi// much compressed, generally longer than deep, not notched
and smooth; culmen rounded and narrow, not grooved along the middle; upper
mandible with no file-like surface on the under side of the hook, which has only some very
superficial longitudinal ridges; lower mandible rather long, with the gonys
narrow, straight, and obliquely slanting upwards, not flattened in front and
with no keel-like ridge. Tongue brushy. Cere broader over the culmen and
gradually becoming narrower along the sides of the bill. Tail graduated
or rounded, sometimes even, rarely longer than the wings, generally shorter.
Wings acute, with the three first quills generally the longest. Tarsus short.
Orbital ring complete.
Laws Habits. The Loriide, like Parrots generally do, live in flocks; they
are arboreal in their habits clinging to the smaller branches of the trees,
looking for the flowers as they feed of the nectar and pollen; they are very partial to the blos-
soms of the Exzcalypti and coral trees. It is not difficult to tame them and can be very gentle
birds, but they are very indifferent talkers.
2 PSiEANeT
Range. The Loriide are confined to the Australian region (except New Zealand, but
including Polynesia).
Bibliography, Weinland, Journ. f. Orn. 1853, Extrah. p. 69, t. 2, f. 1-9; Wallace, Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist. (3), Vol. 3, p. 147, 148 (1859); Finsch, Die Papageien, Vol. 2 (2), p. 731-882 (1868);
Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 11-85 (1891); Mivart, Monograph of the Lories, or
eee Parrots, composing the Family Loriidze (1896) ; Forbes & Robinson, Bull. Liverp.
Mus. Vol. 1, p. 5-8 (1897); Dubois, Syn. Avium. p. 28-33 (1899); Sharpe, Hand List of Birds,
Vol. 2, p. 1-7 (1899); Rothschild & Harteit, Novit. Zool. Vol. 8, p. 64-71 (1901); Salvadori, The
Ibis, 1905, pp. 405-429.
KEY OF THE GENERA OF THE LORIIDZ=
The Loritde embrace several genera, some of which are based principally in their peculiar colouring,
a character which is not unimportant among birds.
I. Tatl-feathers 12; point of the maxilla long, but not thin :
a. Tail vather short and nearly square ; the two middle tail-feathers shorter than
the lateral ones; feathers of the hind-neck long and covering the upper back. 4, Genus CALLiIpTILus.
b. Tail moderate, or very long; the two middle tail-feathers always longer than
the lateral ones.
a'. Tail-feathers vather broad and more or less rounded at the tip.
a!’, Dimensions larger ; about the size of a Turtle-dove.
al'', Bull black, luke the cere and the naked chins . . . . . . . 1. Genus CHALCOPSITTACUS.
b!". Bull ovange-ved.
at. Red colour predominant also on thewings. . . . . . . . 2. Genus Eos.
btaWinesvgreens, os ee eee ee ee cae tes GenlISmcORTUS:
b!'. Dimensions smaller, but larger than those of a Sparrow ; feathers of the
crown long and shaft-streaked.
cl. The first three or four primaries notched at the tip; general coloux
green . Se Ms : A ete 5. Genus VINIA.
d'’. General colour blue; no ved ov green colour in the plumage . . . 6. Genus CorRIPHILUS.
Die eae gradually tapering to a point, more or less acute.
', Predominant colour underneath as well as above green.
E e''. Tail-feathers green, with no yellow or ved colour at the tip; tail
moderate; the two middle tail-feathers not very long ;-4 or 3 first
primaries not distinctly attenuated towards the tips.
4. Shaft-streaks more or less blue on the forehead (as on the vest of the
head); breast generally tinged withved . . . . . . . . 7. Genus TRICHOGLOssUS.
8. Like Trichoglossus, only differing in colour; no blue shaft-streaks
on the forehead and no ved colour on the breast; bill orange-ved . 8. Genus PsITTEUTELEs.
+. Predominant colour green, with shaftstreaks on the neck and body ;
bill ovange-ved . . : Sao yee) OGenussE TIEOScrERRAT
6. First primary equal or a little eee than the second and the third ;
predominating colour green; bill black ; dimensions vather small. . 10. Genus GLOSSOPSITTACUS.
fit
. Lail-feathers green with the tips yellow orved-. . . . . . . 11. Genus HypocHaRMosynNa.
dd". Predominant colour on the head, neck anid lower parts red.
PAM. LORIIDA: 3
g! '' The two middle tail-feathers not much longer than the lateral ones ;
the primaries not abruptly attenuated towards the tips .
k'"". The two middle tail-feathers generally much longer than the lateral
ones and very narrow towards the tips; the primaries, especially the
Jurst 4 or 5, abruptly attenuated towards the tips :
Il. Tail-feathers 14; point of the maxilla very long and thin ; bill black .
12. Genus CHARMOSYNOPSIS.
. 13. Genus CHARMOSYNA.
. 14. Genus OREOPSITTACUS.
I. GENUS CHALCOPSITTACUS BONAPARTE
Chalcopsitta Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av. Vol. 1, p. 3 (1849) (type of the genus Psittacus ater Scopoli).
Chalcopsittacus Salvadon, Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat. Genova, Vol. g, p. 15 (1876) (momen emend.).
Characters. Tail-feathers twelve; tail moderate, with the two middle tail-feathers longer
than the lateral ones, all rather broad and rounded at the tip; bill black like the cere and the
‘naked chin.
Geographical Distribution. The known forms are confined to the Papuan Islands.
Seven forms are included in this genus, but one (C. sfavorini) is rather doubtful.
C. bernsteini and C. insignis are subspecies of C. ater, and C. chloropterus is a subspecies of
C. scintillatus.
KEY OF THE SPECIES (2)
1. No green colour whatever.
a. Black, more or less purple.
al. Abdomen like the breast black.
al’. Quills with no ved on the inner web.
all’, Tibia black .
C. ATER.
bl". Tibia dark ved . : C. BERNSTEINI (2).
b!’. Quills with the base of the inner webred . C. INSIGNIS.
b'. Abdomen ved . C. sravorint (?).
b. Oltve-brown ; forehead, a band from the lores encircling the throat, tibie and under wing-
coverts orange-yellow. :
: RSS cS se atc pk Noha Gop cn ok ane a C. DUYVENBODEI.
Il. Green, with shaft-streaks green and yellow ; forehead (in the adult bird) and tibia red :
c'. Under wing-coverts and axillarics ved ; shaft-streaks on the hind-neck mostly ovange-
WelloWiaes Gilets Weleda ik Beam Da: LR a a ay ER a Ge a Ce SCINDUETEADUTSE
d’. Under wing-coverts and axillaries mostly green and ved, sometimes entively green ;
SHS NEM hSNOM WEN LEC MOSTLy NET EeID 2 ee eee Ce CHUOROPTERUS:
1. Chalcopsittacus ater (Scopoll). Western New Guinea,
Psittacus ater Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. Vol. 2, p. 87, n° 29 (1786)(ex Sonnerat.). from Dorei-Hum and
Chalcopsittacus ater Salvadori, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 13 (1891); Has to Sorong, Sal-
Mivart, Mon. Lor. pl. 1 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 406. watty, Batanta.
(1) Chalcopsitta spectabilis Van Oort, Not. Leyd. Mus. Vol. 30, p. 127 (1908) from Mambrioe (N. W. New Guinea)
described from a single specimen in the Leyden Museum, appears intermediate between C. insignis or C. berusteint and
C. scintillatus ; possibly an hybrid.
(2) C. bernsteint has sometimes a red patch, or a mere indication of it, on the inner web of the quills.
PSILRAGCH
4
2. Chalcopsittacus bernsteini Rosenberg. Mysol.
Chalcopsitta bernsteint Rosenberg, Journ. f. Orn. 1861, p. 46.
Chalcopsittacus bernsteini Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 14 (1891); Mivart,
Mon. Lor, pl. 1, f. 2 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 406.
3. Chalcopsittacus insignis Oustalet (Plate 1, Fig. 7, 8, 9, 10). Amberpon Isl. (Geel-
Chalcopsitta insignis Oustalet, Assoc. Sc. France, Bull. n° 533, p. 247 (1878). vink Bay).
Chalcopsittacus insignis Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 15 (1891); Mivart,
Mon. Lor. pl. 2/1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 406.
4. Chalcopsittacus stavorini (lesson). Waigiou (?).
Psittacus stavorint Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool. Vol. 1, p. 355 (1826), p. 628 (1828).
Chalcopsittacus stavorini Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 15 (1891); Salvadori,
Ibis, 1905, p. 406.
5. Chalcopsittacus duyvenbodei Dubois (Plate 1, Fig. 5). North coast of New Gui-
Chalcopsittacus duyvenbodet Dubois, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. Vol. 3, p. 113, pl. 5 (1884); nea, from ‘Takar to
Salvadori,Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p 16(1891); Rothschild, Novit. Zool. Vol. 1, Stephansort in Kaiser
p. 677 (1894); Mivart, Mon. Lor. pl. 3 (1896); Rothschild & Hartert, Novit. Zool. Wilhelm’s Land.
Vol. 8, p. 65 (1901); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 406.
6. Chalcopsittacus scintillatus (Temminck) (Plate 1, Fig. 6). Western New Guinea,
Psittacus scintillatus Temminck, Pl. Col. Ois. 569 (juv.) (1835). Aru Islands.
Chalcopsittacus sctntillatus Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 16 (1891); Mivart,
Mon. Lor. pl. 4, f. 1, 3 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 407.
7. Chalcopsittacus chloropterus Salvadori. S. E. New Guinea,
Chalcopsittacus chloyopterus Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat. Genova.Vol. 9, p. 15 (1876);
id. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 17 (1891) ; Mivart, Mon. Lor. pl. 4, f. 2 (1896);
Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 407.
2. GENUS EOS WAGLER
Eos Wagler, Mon. Psitt. p. 494 (1832) (Type of the genus Pstttacus indicus Gmelin |= P. histrio Miiller]).
Characters. Nearly the same as those of the genus Chalcopsittacus, but the bill orange-
red and the predominant colour of the plumage red.
Geographical Distribution. This genus extends from the Moluccas to the Papuan
Islands and also to Puynipet of the Caroline Islands.
Fifteen species are included in this genus; one (EF. fuscata) is less typical and forms a
connecting link between Eos and Chalcopsittacus.
KEY OF THE SPECIES
A. Dusky, mingled with ved ov yellow; uropygium whitish-grey, more or less tinged with
sulphurayellow) «0 J 0 20 oe ee Ge nae ee ee DRE USOACCAS
B. Red; uropygium also red.
a. Tail above black; middle tail-feathers entirely black, the lateral ones with the inner
web red,
a'. Upper wing-coverts black ; interscapular region ved . . . . . . . . . « EE. CYANOGENYS.
b'. Upper wing-coverts ved; hind neck and interscapulay vegion with blue shaft-streaks. 2. RETICULATA.
b. Tail above dark purple; the lateral tail-feathers with the inner web ved; interscapular
vegion and nape blue.
c'. Larger; the upper part of the breast entirely blue; wing 6.6 inches (= 165 mm.),
tail 5.3 inches (= 134 mm.).
FAM. LORIIDZ: 5)
ale Tips of the upper wing-coverts and of the quills black. . . . . . . . +. XS. HISTRIO.
bl’. Upper wing-coverts almost entively ved, and black band at the lip of the secondaries
nayrowey . . ‘ : E. TALAUTENSIS.
d'. Smaller, the wpper ee of the breast ved, mixed with blue ; wing 6 inches ws TOS mir. )
HL At ORCS (SOR TU) 8 eo eB eo eo 6 6 0 6 6 0 o 6 o Jo CHINTUONEDIRN,
c. Tail above dull ved.
e'. No violet collar.
c''. Almost entirely red ; only the wing-coverts, along the edge of the wing, edged with
bluish-purple. . . . a ide ois Ste ie tics 7 SNe ac Dee oe eee an Lea CARR ID INIATAT Se
ue ree the scapulars mostly blue.
. Whole of the face ved.
at, Larger; wing 152-174 mm.
. Ear-coverts, back and thighs ved FE. RUBRA.
b®. Ear-coverts lavender blue, and the back and thighs eae blue E. GOODFELLOWI.
bt. Smaller; wing 146-155 mm, E. CYANONOTA.
bb!" A blue band through the subocular region E. SEMILARVATA.
t'. A purple collay round the neck.
e!, Head ved; no purple spot on the occiput in the adult bird . E. WALLACEI.
a Head red; a purple spot on the occiput E. INSULARIS.
. Head, neck and occiput purple ltke the collay . . . E. RICINIATA.
d. Tail above olive, yellowish towards the tip; ved colour all over the ae ae tail and
GUUS RUC ACG1 heme eee Set 700 pes Ny) cy eee acids, Ie ee RU BICINOS A
Besides the above mentioned species there is a form (Eos variegata obiensis Rothschild,
Bull. Brit. Orn. Club. Vol. 10, p. 16, 1899) on which I have not been able to make up my mind.
From Mr. Walter Rothschild’s description it appears that adult examples have no purple
occiput nor purple collar round the neck and all the greater wing-coverts and scapulars black,
while other individuals, probably younger, exhibit a wide collar and a purple patch on the
occiput, the latter however not being connected with the collar. These individuals, according
to Mr. W. Rothschild, can only be distinguished from typical E. variegata by the greater extent
of the black colour on the wings. I have examined in the Leyden Museum specimens from Obi,
and in my Papuan Ornithology (Vol. 1, p. 263) I have attributed them to £. riciniata
(= E. variegata). According to Dr. Hartert ie litt.) E. variegata obiensis is a very interesting
and distinguishable form.
1. Eos fuscata Blyth. New Guinea, Jobi, Sal
Eos fuscata Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. Vol. 27, p. 279 (1858); Salvadori, Cat. Birds wati.
Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 30 (1891); Mivart, Mon. Lor. pl. 15 (1896); Martorelli, Ibis,
1897, pp. 60-63; Rothschild et Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 8, p. 65 (rg0r): Salvadori,
Ibis, 1905, p. 410.
2. Eos cyanogenys Bonaparte (Plate 1, Fig. 4). Mafor, Pulo-Manin, My-
Eos cyanogenys Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av. Vol. 1, p. 4 (1850); Salvadori, Cat. Birds sore (Geelvink-Bay).
Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 19 (1891); Mivart, Mon. Lor. Pl. 5 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis,
1905, p. 407.
3. Eos reticulata (S. Miiller) (Plate 2, Fig. 1). Yenimber Islands, Little
Psittacus rveticulatus S, Miller, Verh. Land- en Volkenk. pp. 107-108 (1839-1844). Key, Dammer Isl.
Eos reticulata Sclater cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 10, p. 20 (1891) ; Mivart,
Mon. Lor. pl. 6 (1896); Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 7, p. 19 (1900) ; Vol. 8, p. 5 (1907) ;
Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 407.
6
PSITTAGL
4. Eos histrio (P. L. S. Miiller) (Plate, 1, Fig. 1).
Psittacus histrio P. L. S. Miller, Syst. Nat. Suppl. p. 76 (1776).
Eos histrio Gray, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 10, p. 21 (1891); Mivart,
Mon. Lor. pl. 7, ff. 1-3 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, 407.
5. Eos talautensis Meyer & Wiglesworth.
6. Eos
7. Eos
8. Eos
g. Eos
10. Eos
11. Eos
12. Eos
13. Eos
14. Eos
15. Eos
Eos histrto part. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 21 (1891).
Eos histrio talautensis Meyer & Wiglesworth, Journ, f. Orn. 1894, p. 240.
Eos histrio var. talautensis Mivart, Mon. Lor. p. 24 (1896).
Eos talautensis Sharpe, Handl. Birds, Vol. 2, p.2, n. 4 (1900); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 408.
challengeri Salvadori.
Eos challengeri Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 22 (1891); Mivart, Mon. Lor.
pl. 7, f. 2 (1896) ; Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 408.
cardinalis (G. R. Gray). ;
Lorius cardinalis G, R. Gray, Gen. Birds, App. p. 20 (1849) (ex Hombr. et Jacquinot).
Eos cardinalis Bonaparte; cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 22 (1891);
Mivart, Mon. Lor. pl. 8 (1896); Rothschild & Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 8, p. 186
(Florida, Kulambangra), 378, (Guadalcanar) (1901); Vol. 9, p. 588 (Isabel) 594
(Treasury I.) (1902); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 408.
rubra (Gmelin).
Psittacus ruber Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 335, no. ror (1788).
Eos rubva Wagler, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 23 (1891); Mivart,
Mon. Lor. pl. 9 (1896); Sharpe, Handl. Birds, Vol. 2, p. 2 (1900); Salvadori, Ibis,
1905, p. 408.
Eos Kiihni Rothschild, Novit. Zool. Vol. 5, pp. 110, 509 (= rubra, juv. from Ké Islands)
(1898).
goodfellowi Ogilvie-Grant.
Eos goodfellowi Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, Vol. 19, p. 102 (1907).
cyanonota (Vieillot).
Psittacus cyanonotus Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Vol. 25, p. 334 (1817) (ex Levaill. pl. 93).
Eos rubra part., Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 23 (1891).
Eos bornea (!) cyanonota Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 7, p. 228 (1900).
Eos cyanonota, Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 409.
semilarvata Bonaparte (Plate 1, Fig. 3).
Eos semilarvata Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av. Vol. I, p. 4 (1850); cf. Salvadori, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 25 (1891); Mivart, Mon. Lor. pl. 10 (1896); Salvadori,
Ibis, 1905, p. 409.
wallacei Finsch (Plate 2. Fig. 4).
Lorius (Eos) wallacet Finsch, Journ. f. Orn. 1864, p. 411.
Eos wallacet Newton, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 26 (1891); Mivart,
Mon. Lor. pl. 11 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 409.
insularis Guillemard (Plate 2, Fig. 2).
Eos tnsularis Guillemard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1885, p. 565, pl. 34; cf. Salvadori, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 27 (1891); Mivart, Mon, Lor. pl. 12 (1896); Salvadori,
Ibis, 1905, p. 400.
riciniata (Bechstein) (Plate 2, Fig. 3).
Psittacus rviciniatus Bechstein, Kurze Uebers. p. 94 (1811).
Eos riciniata Bonaparte, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 28 (1901); Mi-
vart, Mon. Lor. pl. 13 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 409.
Eos wariegata (Gmelin), Sharpe, Handl. Birds, Vol. 2, p. 2, n. 11 (1900).
obiensis Rothschild(?).
Eos riciniata part. Salvadori, Orn. Pap. e Mol. Vol. 1, p. 259-263 (1880),
Eos vartegata obiensis Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn, Club, Vol. 10, p. 16 (1899).
Bos obiensis Sharpe,Hand List,Vol. 2, p. 2, n®.12 (1900); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 409.
Eos riciniatus obiensis Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 10, p. 5 (1903).
Sanghir Is,
Talaut Islands.
Meangis Islands (N. E
of Talaut Is.
Solomon Islands.
S. E. Moluccas (Ceram,
Amboina, Ké Islands,
etGaie
Obi Major.
Buru.
Patria ignota.
W. Papuan Islands
(Waigiou, Guébé, Ba-
tanta and asmall Is-
land near Mysol).
Weeda Island to the
S. E of Halmahera.
Northern Moluccas, or
Halmahera Group.
Obi Islands.
FAM. LORIIDAE 7
16. Eos rubiginosa (Bonaparte) (Plate 1, Fig. 2). Puynipet (Caroline Is-
Chalcopsitia rubiginosa Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av. Vol. 1, p. 3 (1850). lands).
Eos rubiginosa Gray, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 29 (1891); Mivart,
Mon. Lor. pl. 14 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 409.
3. GENUS LORIUS Viacors
Lorius Vigors, Zool. Journ. Vol. 2, p. 400 (1825) (type of the genus Psvttacus domicella Linneeus).
Characters. The species of this genus form a very natural group, which although
nearly allied to the genera Chalcopsittacus and Eos, may be easelv distinguished by the combi-
nation of the body red or purple with olive-green wings.
Geographical Distribution. This genus extends from the Moluccas on the West to the
Solomon Islands on the East, covering also the Papuan [slands.
KEY OF THE SPECIES
A. Puileum black.
a. No yellow band across the crop region.
a’. Under wing-coverts red.
a’. Abdomen purple.
a!" A black bar at the tip of the longest under wing-coverts. . . . . . . iL. HYPOENOCHROUS.
b!". Without the black bar at the trp of the longest under wing-coverts. . . . lL. DEVITTATUS.
b!!. Abdomen blue.
c''. Breast dark blue; the blue colour joining in the adult birds with the blue of
UOTE vos? SoS Be ree kee eS es meet ee meee os. oi 6 6 Ag tON%
CUB a eastinedan tent oa) ey ey af ep liis cei sulilites | 220) sh ey Cela Wee ey eon eS RET ET RIO sIREL ORVAISS.
b! Under wing-coverts blue.
cl. A band below the occiput red.
e!". Larger; wing of adult male about r7omm. . . . . . . . . . CL. JOBIENSIS.
TU Smalley wureralout LOOM 2 ee SALVADOR.
d''. No ved band below the occiput . . . DT chugs ee) Oe LE ICVANIATU CLINE
b. A vellow band across the crop region.
c!. Quills with the base of the inner web yellow. . . . . . - . . . » . JL. DOMICELLA.
d!. Quills with the base of the imner web ved . . . . . . - . . . . . IL. CHLOROCERCUS.
B. Pileum the the rest of the head red.
a. Under wing-coverts light blue; tibia of a brighter blue . . . . . . . . . L. TxBraris.
b. Under wing-coverts yellow.
a!. Interscapular region red, often with a few yellow feathers in the middle. . . . lL. GARRULUS.
b!. Interscapular region yellow . . . . . . - + «~ «~~. + - « . L, FLAVOPALLIATUS.
r. Lorius hypcenochrous Gray (Plate 3, Fig. 2). Louisiade Archipelago
Lorius hypoinochrous Gray, List Psitt. Brit. Mus. p. 49 (1859). (Sudest Island, St.
Lorius hypoenochrous Wallace, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 32 (part.) Aignan, Rossel Isl.).
(1901); Mivart, Mon. Lor. pl. 16 (1896) ; Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 410.
2. Lorius devittatus Hartert (Plate 3, Fig. 3). S. E. New Guinea, Fer-
Lorius hypoenochrous part. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 32 (1891). gusson Island, Wood-
Lorius hypoenochrous devittatus Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 5, p. 530 (1898). lark Island, Bismarck
Lorius devittatus. Sharpe, Hand-List, Vol. 2, p. 3, n° 2 (1900); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, Archipelago.
p- 410.
8 PSiMavAGr
3. Lorius lory (Linnzus) (Plate 2, Figs. 8, 9).
Psittacus lory Linneus, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 145 (1766).
Lorius lory Wallace, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus, Vol. 20, p. 33 (1891); Mivart,
Mon. Lor. pl. 17, f. 1 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 411.
Lorius lory major Rothschild & Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 8, p. 66 (1901) (Waigiu).
4. Lorius erythrothorax Salvadori.
Lorius erythrothorax Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat. Gen. Vol. 10, p. 32 (1887); idem,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 35 (1891); Mivart, Mon. Lor. pl. 22, f. 2 (1896);
Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 411.
Lorius erythrothovax rubiensis Meyer, Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1892-93, no 3, p. Io.
Lorius lory erythrothovax Rothschild & Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 8, p. 66 (1901).
5. Lorius jobiensis (Meyer) (Plate 3, Fig. 1).
Domicela lori, var. jobiensis Meyer, Sitzb. Akad. Wissensch. Wien. Vol. 70, pp. 229,
231, 233 (1874).
Lorius jobiensis Salvadori, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 35 (18q91);
Mivart, Mon. Lor. pl. 18, f. 1 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 412.
6. Lorius salvadorii Meyer (Plate 2, Fig. 7).
Lorius Salvadorii Meyer, Abh. u. Ber. Zool. u. Anthrop. Mus. Dresd. 1890-1891, n° 4,
p. 9 (1891); Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 617 (1891); Mivart, Mon,
Lor. pl. 19 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 412.
Lorius lory Salvadorii Rothschild & Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 8, p. 67 (1901).
. Lorius cyanauchen (S. Miiller) (Plate 2, Fig. 10).
Psittacus cyanauchen S. Miller, Verh. Land- en Volkenk. p. 107 (1839-1844).
Lorius cyanauchen Souanceé, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 36 (1891);
Mivart, Mon. Lor. pl. 20 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 412.
. Lorius domicella (Linneus).
Psittacus domicella Linneeus, S. N. Vol. 1, p. 145 (1766).
Lorius domicella Vigors, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol 20, p. 37 (1901); Mivart,
Mon. Lor. pl. 21 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 412.
Lorius chlorocercus Gould. (Plate 2, Fig. 6).
9.
Lorius chlorocercus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1856, p. 137; cf. Savadori, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 38 (1891); Mivart, Mon. Lor, pl. 22 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis,
1905, p. 412.
10. Lorius tibialis Sclater (Plate 2, Fig. 11, Plate 4, Fig. 1).
Lorius tibialis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871, pp. 499, 544, pl. 40; cf. Salvadori,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 39 (1891); Mivart, Mon. Lor. pl. 23 (1896): Sal-
vadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 413.
. Lorius garrulus (Linneus).
Psittacus garrulus Linnzus, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 144 (1766).
Lorius garrulus Stephens, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 39 (18901);
Mivart. Mon. Lor. pl. 24, f. 1 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 413.
. Lorius flavopalliatus Salvadori (Plate 2, Fig. 5).
Lorius flavopalliatus Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat. Genova. Vol. 10, p. 33, n° 64 (1877);
cf, Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 41 (1891); Mivart, Mon. Lor. pl. 24,
f. 2 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 413.
4. GENUS CALLIPTILUS SUNDEVALL (1)
N. W. New Guinea, Sa-
lawati, Batanta, My-
sol, Waigiu.
New Guinea, except the
Northern Peninsula,
and perhaps also the
Eastern part.
Jobi and Miosnom Is.
(Geelvink Bay).
German New Guinea.
Mysori Is. ( Geelvink
Bay)
Ceram, Amboyna.
Solomon Is,
Patr. ignota.
Halmahera (N. Moluc-
cas).
Obi, Batchian, Morotai,
Raou (N. Moluccas).
Calliptilus Sundevall, Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 71 (1872) (type of the genus Psittacus solitarius
Latham).
Characters, Point of maxilla long, but not thin; tail-feathers twelve, tail rather short
and nearly square; the two middle feathers shorter than the lateral ones; feathers of the hind
neck long and covering the upper back.
(1) Calliptilus ? stepheui North, Rec. Austral. Mus. Vol. 7, p. 29 (1908) from Elizabeth Island (Saumotu Group) is doubt-
fully attributed to the genus Jalliptilus.
FAM. LORIID/ 9
Geographical Distribution. Only one species inhabiting the Fiji Islands.
1. Calliptilus solitarius (Latham) (Plate 3, Fig. 5). Fiji Islands.
Psittacus solitarius Latham, Ind. Orn. Suppl. Vol. 2, p. 23 (18o0r).
Calliptilus solitarius Sundevall, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.Vol. 20, p. 42 (1891);
Mivart, Mon. Lor. pl. 25 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 413.
5. GENUS VINIA LESSON
Vini Lesson, Illustr. Zool. pl. 28 (1831) (type Vinz coccinea Lesson = Psittacula kuhlit Vigors).
Synonym : Vea (nomen emend.) Sharpe, Hand List, Vol. 2, p. 4 (1900).
Characters. Point of maxilla long, but not thin; tail-feathers twelve, rather broad and
more or less rounded at the tip; tail moderate; two middle feathers longer than the lateral ones ;
size small, but somewhat larger than that of a sparrow; feathers of the crown long and shaft-
streaked; the first three or four primaries notched at the tip; general colour green.
Geographical Distribution. Only two species are known, confined to Samoa, Friendly
and Fanning Islands.
KEY OF THE SPECIES
auHionehcadronecmmeuentesiand oocupit bxight Die) 2 3) ee ee) eV eeAUSTERATEISS
be Forehead and wertexroycen. occiput davkvulue = 9 4 5 5 4 ee 2 eee Ve Kuri
1. Winia australis (Gmelin). Samoa and Friendly Is.
Psittacus australis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 329, n® 90 (1788).
Vini-australis Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 43 (1891); Mivart, Mon. Lor.
pl. 26, f. 2 (1896).
Vinia australis, Sharpe, Hand List, Vol. 2, p. 4 (1900); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 413.
No
. Vinia kuhlii (Vigors) (Plate 3, Fig. 4). Washington and Fan-
Psittacula kuhlit Vigors, Zool. Journ. Vol. 1, p. 412, pl. 16 (1824) ning Islands.
Vint kuhlii, Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 45 (1891); Mivart, Mon. Lor.
pl. 26, f. 2 (1896).
Vinia kuhliz, Sharpe, Hand List, Vol. 2, p. 4 (1900); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 413.
6. GENUS CORIPHILUS WAGLER
Coriphilus Wagler, Mon. Psitt. p. 494 (1832) (type of the genus Psittacus taitianus Gmelin).
Characters. Point of maxilla long, but not thin; tail moderate; tail-feathers twelve,
broad, more or less rounded at the tips, the two middle feathers somewhat longer than the
lateral ones; feathers of the crown long and shaft-streaked; general colour blue; no red or
green colour in the plumage.
Geographical Distribution. Only two species confined to the Society and Marquesas
Islands.
KEY OF THE SPECIES
a. Dark blue; cheeks, throat and upper breast white. . . . . . « . = « os ChrarmraNus;
b. Pale blue; cheeks and throat blue, dotted with white. . . . . . . . . « . ~ C. ULTRAMARINUS.
‘Io PSITDAGL
1. Coriphilus taitianus (Gmelin). (Plate 3, Fig. 6). Society Is.
Psittacus taitianus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 329, n° 91 (1788).
Coriphilus taitianus Bonaparte, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 46 (1891);
Mivart, Mon. Lor. pl. 27, f. 1 (1896); Forbes & Robinson, Bull. Liverp. Mus.
Vol. 1, p. 6, pl. 2, f. 1 (var.) (1897); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 413.
Sparrman (Mus. Carls. fasc. 2, pl. 27) has described and figured (Psittacus cyaneus)
a bird entirely blue with no white on the cheeks and throat; possibly it may belong
to a distinct species; similar to it appears to be a bird figured by Forbes & Robin-
son (loc. cit.), but I should say that it is an immature specimen of C, faitianus. The
same remark applies to C. cyanescens Scott Wilson, Ibis, 1907, p. 653, from Bora-
Bora Island (Society group) (C. cyaneus Scott Wilson (nec Sparrman), Ibis, 1907,
p. 378, pl. 8; Salvadori, Ibis, 1907. 652). Scott Wilson’s plate shows the bill black,
not red as in the one of Sparrman.
2. Coriphilus ultramarinus (Kuhl) (Plate 3, Fig. 7). Marquesas Is.
Psittacus ultramartaus Kuhl, Consp. Psitt. p. 49 (1820).
Coriphilus ultramarinus Salvin, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 48 (1891);
Mivart, Mon. Lor. pl. 27, f. 2 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 413.
7. GENUS TRICHOGLOSSUS ViGcors & HORSFIELD
Trichoglossus Vigors & Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Vol. 15, p. 287 (1826) (type Pstttacus
capistrvatus Bechstein == P. haematodes Linnzus).
Synonym : Australasia Lesson, Tr. d’Orn. p. 209 (1831).
Characters, Point of maxilla long, but not thin; tail moderate of twelve feathers gra-
dually tapering to a point, the two middle tail-feathers not very long; four or five first primaries
not distinctly attenuated at the tip; predominant colour green; tail-feathers green above with the
tip uniform; shaft-streaks more or less blue on the forehead; breast generally tinged with red.
Geographical Distribution. Australian Region, except New Zealand.
KEY OF THE SPECIES
A. Quills underneath with a coloured band towards the base.
a. Band towards the base of the quills underneath yellow.
a'. Band across the nape greenish-yellow.
al’, Middle of the abdomen not blue. —
al’. Breast mostly yellow ; occiput bright green . . . . . . . . . |. HEMATODES.
b!'". Breast red.
at, Head not entirely blue.
a®. Breast-feathers ved, with no tinge of yellow towards the edges (except
in young birds).
a®. No dark cross bands on the breast of the adult birds.
a’, Forehead blush.
aS. Purple patch behind the green collar smaller . . . . . TT. FORSTENI.
bs’. Purple patch behind the green collar large and conspicuous. T. DJAMPEANUS.
b7, Forehead greenish (fide Rothschild et Hartert). . . . . T. mrcHEtts,.
b°. Breast with dark cross bands.
ce’. Dark cross bands on the breast much broader and very conspicuous.
o8. Bar=coverts blue. 5 3 ee) eee ee CVANOGRAMNIUS:
d8.. Bar-coverts.prcensh\ .- 6, 7% oe EIN ERM cus:
FAM. LORIIDA
d’. Dark cross bands on the breast much narrower.
eS. Upper parts grass-gveen
£8. Upper parts olive-green
b®. Brest-feathers red,
3
slightly tinged with yellow towards the edges;
forehead and cheeks blue aly
b°. Flanks green and yellow; belly green and black . Tw
f°. Belly and flanks entirely black (Ogilvie-Grant) oy
bt. Head entirely blue. sly
b!'’. Middle of the abdomen blue ; head ee blue . ae
b!. Band across the nape orange ale
b. Band towards the base of the quills underneath ved . tT
- Quills with no coloured band beneath; cheeks and breast ved oli
1. Trichoglossus haematodes (Linneus) (Plate 4, Fig. 6).
Psitiacus haematodes Linneus, Mant. Plant. p. 524 (part.) (1771)
Trichoglossus haematodes Hartlaub, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit.Mus. Vol. 20, p. 49
(1891); Mivart, Mon. Lor. pl. 28 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 415.
Dr Hartert under the name of Trichoglossus fortis (Novit. Zool. Vol. 5, p. 120, 1898)
has described a bird from Sumba Island, perfectly like typical haematodes, only (bill
and wings) somewhat larger, besides some minor differences in coloration, According
to Dr Finsch both forms occur in Wetter and the differences are due to age (sic!)
cf. Sharpe, Hand-List, Vol. 2, p. 4, note.
2. Trichoglossus forsteni (Temminck) (Plate 3, Fig. 8).
p. 3 (1850) (ex Temminck) ;
Mivart, Mon. Lor. pl. 20
Trichoglossus forstent Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av. Vol. 1,
Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 51 (189z);
(1896) ; Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 415.
3. Trichoglossus djampeanus Hartert.
Trichoglossus forstent djampeanus Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 4, p. 172 (1897).
Trichoglossus djampeanus Sharpe, Hand-List, Vol. 2, p. 4 (1900); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905,
p. 416.
Trichoglossus djambeanus appears scarcely different from typical T. forstent.
4. Trichoglossus mitchelli Gray (Plate 4, Fig. 7).
Trichoglossus mitchelli Gray, List Psitt. Brit. Mus. p. 62 (1859); Salvadori, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 57 (1891); Mivart, Mon. Lor. pl. 33 (1896); Hartert, Novit.
Zool. Vol. 3, p. 562 (1896) (Lombok) ; Salvadori, Ibis, 1905. p. 417.
5. Trichoglossus cyanogrammus Wagler (Plate 4, Fig. 4). :
Trichoglossus cyanogrammus Wagler, Mon. Psitt. p. 554 (1832); Salvadori, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p.51 (1891); ? Mivart, Mon. Lor. pl. 30, f. 1 (1896); Salvadori,
Ibis, 1905, p. 417.
6. Trichoglossus intermedius Rothschild & Hartert.
Trichoglossus nigyogulavis Madarasz (nec Gray), Term. Fiizet. Vol. 20, p. 42 (1897)
(Gauta-Fluss).
Trichoglossus haematodus intermedius Rothschild & Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 8, p. 70(1gor).
Thrichoglossus tntermedius, Madarasz, Term. Flizet, Vol. 25, p. 351 (1902); Salvadori,
Ibis, 1905, p. 419.
This form, although intermediate between T. cyanogrammus and T. massena,
appears scarcely of subspecific value, as, even according to its authors, some speci-
mens from W. New Guinea are indistinguishable from those from Kaiser Wilhelm’s
Land.
7. Trichaglossus massena Bonaparte.
Trichoglossus massena Bonaparte, Rey. Mag. Zool. 1854, p. 157;
Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 53 (1891); Mivart, Mon. Lor. pl. 31,
Ibis, 1905, p. 418.
Salvadori, Cat. Birds
f. x (1896); Salvadori,
ToT
- MASSENA,
- FLAVICANS.
- NIGRIGULARIS.
- NIGRIGULARIS.
. BROOKI.
- CH RULEICEPS.
- NOVA HOLLANDLE.
- RUBRITORQUES.
- ROSENBERGI.
- ORNATUS.
Lesser Sunda Is.(Timor,
Semao, Wetter.)
Sumbawa.
Djampea Isl.
Lombok.
N. New Guinea, W. Pa-
puan Isl.,S.Moluccas,
and exceptionally on
the Ke Islands.
N. New Guinea (type :
Stephansort).
©. New Guinea; Bis-
marck Archip., Solo-
New Hebri-
Caledonia.
Ss.
. mons Is.,
des, New
12 PSs
op)
. Trichoglossus flavicans Cabanis & Reichenow (Plate 4, Fig. 8).
Trichoglossus flavicans Cabanis & Reichenow, Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, p. 73
(1876); Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 55 (1891); Mivart, Mon. Lor.
pl. 32 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 418.
9. Trichoglossus nigrigularis Gray.
Trichoglossus nigvigularis Gray, Proc. Zoo). Soc. Lond. 1858, p. 183, 195; Salvadori, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 55 (1891); Mivart, Mon. Lor. pl. 30, f. 2 (1§96);
Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 418.
10. Trichoglossus brooki Ogilvie-Grant.
Trichoglossus broohi Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn, Club, Vol. 19, p. 102 (1907).
11. Trichoglossus cz#ruleiceps D’Albertis & Salvadori.
Trichoglossus caeruleiceps D’Albertis & Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat. Genova, Vol. 14,
p. 41 (1879); Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 57 (1891); Mivart, Mon.
Lor. pl. 34 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 418.
2. Trichoglossus nove hollandiz (Gmelin).
Psittacus novae hollandiae Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 316 (1788).
Trichoglossus novae hollandiae Blyth, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 57
(1891); ? Mivart, Mon. Lor. pl. 35 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 418.
mH
SI
A distinct form of T. xovae hollandiae has been described from North Queens-
land, T. novae hollandiae var. septentrionalus Robinson, Bull.Liverp.Mus. Vol. 2, p. 115
(1909), but it appears to me that the differencies both in size and coloration are very
small and not sufficient to establish a new subspecies.
13. Trichoglossus rubritorques Vigors & Horsfield (Plate 4, Fig. 3).
Trichoglossus rubritorques Vigors & Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Vol. 15, p. 291
(1826); Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 60 (1891) ; Mivart, Mon. Lor.
pl. 37 (1896) ; Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 4109.
14. Trichoglossus rosenbergi Schlegel (Plate 4, Fig. 5).
Trichoglossus rosenbergit Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. Vol. 4, p. 9 (1871) ; Salvadori,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 61 (1891); Mivart, Mon. Lor. pl. 38 (1896); Sal-
vadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 419.
15. Trichoglossus ornatus (Linnzus) (Plate 4, Fig. 2)
Psittacus ornatus Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 143, n° 19 (1766).
Trichoglossus ornatus Gray, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 61 (1891);
Mivart, Mon, Lor, pl. 39 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 419.
New Hanover, Admi-
ralty and Echiquier
Islands.
Aruand Ké Is., S. New
Guinea. Middle Fly
River.
Spirit Isl. (Aru Isl.).
S. New Guinea, along
the Kataw River.
E Australia, Tasmania.
N. W. Australia.
Mysore Is., Geelvink
Bay.
Celebes and Togian Is-
lands.
Besides the above mentioned species, two more are mentioned in Catalogues, 7. ver-
reauxius Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1854, p. 157 (Australia), and T. coccineifrons Gray,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1858, pp. 183, 194 (Aru Islands) (Plate 5, Fig.
doubt that both are based on abnormal individuals, perhaps hybrids.
8. GENUS PSITTEUTELES BONAPARTE
I), but I have no
Psitteuteles Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1854, p. 137 (type of the genus Pszttacus euteles Temminck).
Characters. Similar to those of Trichoglossus, only the colouring is different; the
shaft-streaks on the forehead are not blue and the breast is not red; head yellowish or bluish-
green; bill orange-red.
Geographical Distribution. Australia, Tenimber Islands, Timor,
Islands.
Celebes and Sula
“I
FAM. LORITDA:
KEY OF THE SPECIES
. Underside of the quills with no coloured bani.
Allg IL GRO) BUTE OH GUE «5 ll lg
b!. Smaller ; breast greenish yellow.
al"; Gir@ap Wns OR WEE CLG? POTS OUD) 3 5 62s ek | PS
pen Goecs bard Seaver Lene cle yap arts OKO a ee [De
. Underside of the quills with a coloured band.
C5 LEUNG AID CGLS. ton Ue eos Be RI ee epie 16) xo ot ES
d'. No ved colour on the face.
e''. Band on the under side of the quills yellow.
all. INO ploy Gand CROSS WIGS a sl COR
Dube Au byoadmyellocabancacKossi/Lel070S 1a a ann nen
i, JBaind on the anlansude OF Ue (GWU aE 5 5 3 5 3 6 oe ol el CPS
. Psitteuteles flavoviridis (Wallace).
Trichoglossus flavoviridis Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1862, p. 337, pl. 39.
Psitteuteles flavoviridis Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 63; Mivart, Mon.
Lor. pl. 14 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 420.
. Psitteuteles meyeri (Walden).
Trichoglossus meyert Walden, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), Vol. 8, p. 28r (1871).
Psitteuteles meyert Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 63 (1891); Mivart, Mon.
Lor. pl. 41, f. 1 (1896);. Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 420.
. Psitteuteles bonthainensis (Meyer).
Trichoglossus meyeri var. bonthainensis Meyer, Sitzb. Abh. Ges. Isis, 1884, Abh. 1, p. 16;
Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 64 (note) (1891).
Psitteuteles bonthainensis Mivart, Mon. Lor. pl. 41, f. 2, 3 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905,
Pp. 420.
Psittenteles bonthainensis probably is not different from P. meyer?.
. Psitteuteles johnstoniz (Hartert).
Trichoglossus johnstonie Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. Vol. 16, p. 10 (1903); Salvadort,
Ibis, 1905, p. 421; Goodfellow, Avic. Mag. (n. s.) 4, p. 83, pl. 1 (1906); Mc Gregor
& Worcester, Handl. Birds Philipp. Isl. p. 48 (1906); Grant, Ibis, 1906, p. 495;
Hartert, Novit. Zool. 13, p. 755 (1906).
. Psitteuteles euteles (Temminck) (Plate 5, Fig. 8).
Psittacus euteles Temminck, Pl. Col. Ois. 568 (1835).
Psitteuteles euteles Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1854, p. 157; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus. Vol. 20, p. 64 (1891); Mivart, Mon. Lor. pl. 42 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905,
Pp- 420.
Trichoglossus alorensis Finsch, Not. Leyd. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 226 (1898); Hartert, Novit.
Zool. Vol. 7, p. 19 (1900) (= P. euteles juv.).
. Psitteuteles weberi Biittikofer.
Psitteuteles weberi Buttikofer, in Weber, Zool. Ergeb. u. Reise Niederl. O.-Ind. Vol. 3,
p- 290, pl. 17, f. 1 (1894); Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 5, p. 43 (1898); Salvadori, Ibis,
1905, p. 420.
. Psitteuteles chlorolepidotus (|<uhl).
Psittacus chlorolepidotus Kuhl, Consp. Psitt. p. 48 (1820).
Psittenteles chlorolepidotus Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 65 (1891); Mivart,
Mon. Lor. pl. 43 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905. p. 427.
Psitteuteles neglectus Reichenow, Orn. Monatsb. Vol. 6, p. 4 (1898) (N. Queensland).
TS)
FLAVOVIRIDIS.
MEYERI.
BONTHAINENSIS.
JOHNSTONIA.
EUTELES.
WEBERI.
CHLOROLEPIDOTUS.
Sula Islands.
North Celebes.
South Celebes.
Mount Apo (S. Minda-
nao).
Timor, Wetter, Lettie,
Babbar, Timor-Laut
and perhaps Flores.
Flores.
Australia.
14 PSMPEACT
9. GENUS PTILOSCLERA BONAPARTE
Ptilosclera Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Se. Paris, Vol. 46, p. 597, Gen. 66 (1857); Gray, List Psitt.
Brit. Mus. p. 59 (1859) (type Tvichoglossus versicolor Vigors).
Characters. Almost the same as those of the genus Psitteuteles, differing mainly in the
shaft-streaks on the neck and body.
Geographical Distribution. Only one species North and West Australia.
Ptilosclera versicolor (Vigors) (Plate 5, Fig 10). N. and W. Australia.
Trichoglossus versicolor Vigors in Lear’s, Ill. Parr. pl. 36 (1832).
Ptilosclera versicolor, Gould; cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 66 (1891) ;
Mivart. Mon. Lor. pl. 46 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, p 422 (1905).
10. GENUS GLOSSOPSITTACUS BONAPARTE
Glossopsitta Bonaparte, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1857, p. 157 (type Psittacus concinnus Shaw).
Synonym : Centrourus G. R. Gray (nec Swainson) List Gen, Birds, p. 51 (1840).
Characters. Tail-feathers twelve; point of maxilla long, but not thin; tail moderate with
the two middle feathers somewhat longer than the lateral ones; tail-feathers gradually tapering
to a point, and green with no yellow or red colour at the tip; four or five first primaries not
distinctly attenuated towards the tip; first primary equal or a little longer than the second and
the third; predominant colour green; bill black.
Geographical Distribution. Australia and South East New Guinea,
KEY OF THE SPECIES
ay Under parts wWilnshayt-SU east.) 3) ane fe Seen y ei ete enn nor GOIN Dee
b. Underparts with no shaft-streaks.
a’. Cheeks with no ved.
all’ Larger: ear-couerts ved like thejorenead | <tc Se ee te Go GONGININIS:
b!'’. Smaller; eay-coverts yellow mixed with ved, like the forehead; crown deep
purpleblue-. . i. ee ee ey ee ee en Gee PORPAN ROGER AUIS.
b!. Cheeks, as well as the forehead and chin, all round the base of the bill, ved. . . GG. PUSILLUS.
1. Glossopsittacus goldiei (Sharpe). S. E. New Guinea.
Trichoglossus goldiei Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc., Lond. Vol. 16, pp. 318, 426 (1882).
Glossopsittacus goldiei Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 68 (1891); Mivart,
Mon. Lor. pl. 45, f. 1 (1896) ; Salvadori, Ibis, p. 422 (1905).
Glossoptilus (!) goldiet Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 3, p. 552 (1896).
2. Glossopsittacus concinnus |Shaw) (Plate 5, Fig. 7). E. and S. Australia,
Psittacus concinnus Shaw, Nat. Misc. Vol. 3, pl. 87 (1791). Tasmania.
Glossopsitiacus concinnus Sundevall, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 69
(1891); Mivart, Mon. Lor. pl. 45, f. 2 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 422.
3. Glossopsittacus porphyrocephalus (Dietrichsen). W. and S. Australia.
Trichoglossus porphyrocephalus Dietrichsen, Trans. Linn, Soc. Lond. Vol. 17 (pt. 4),
p. 553 (1837)
Glossopsittacus porphyrocephalus Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 70 (1891);
Mivart, Mon. Lor. pl. 46, f. 1 (1896) ; Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 422.
FAM. LORIIDA® ID
4. Glossopsittacus pusillus (Shaw). B. and S
Pstttacus pusillus Shaw in White’s Journ. Voy. N. S. Wales, p. 262, pl. 48 (1790). Tasmania.
Glossopstttacus pusillus Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 71 (1891); Mivart,
Mon. Lor. pl. 46, f. 2 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 422.
Australia,
11. GENus HYPOCHARMOSYNA SALVADORI
Hy pocharmosyna Salvadori,Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.Vol. 20, pp. 12, 72 (1891) (type of the genus Psittacus
placens Temminck).
Characters. Point of maxilla long, but not thin; tail-feathers twelve, gradually tapering
to a point; predominant colour underneath as well as above green; tail-feathers green above
with the tips yellow, light green, or red; bill red.
Geographical Distribution. From the Moluccas, through the Papuan Islands to New
Caledonia, the New Hebrides and the Fiji Islands.
KEY OF THE SPECIES
A. Breast with elongated yellow stripes ; male with the inner web of the quills red. . . . .H. WILHELMINA.
B. No elongated yellow stripes on the breast; no ved on the inner web of the quills.
a. A yellow band on the underside of the quills.
a’. Ear-coverts bright blue in the males, not blue, streaked with yellow, or green wm the
Females.
a!'. No ved patch on the upper tarl-coverts.
AUS Feat7 PIDULE We Gar epee a Soria Se 3) th is a Ge ee oy Bo ee eoPDACENG®
b!'". Rump green without any blue.
al, Daria (Rownscluillal we Isler) 5 2 5 5 6 5 5 o o 5 o¢ Jal, SURIPLACENS.
paawalera (Nouns chill al ecm lela) enn nnn nn ne LeU TOI
b!'!. A ved patch on the upper tarl-coverts.
cl". Red patch on the upper tarl-coverts duller; the female with yellow stveaks on
the eay-coverts. . . . ; ee gs ce es on fe en A eee UBRON OpACh At
d'". Red patch on the upper tatl-coverts brighter; the female with bright green .
STCUES ORO COROT, 0 0 6 0 6 6 6 59 © 0 5 0 0 5 o Jel, CORDOARVA
b!. Ear-coverts not blue, but green; anterior edge of cheeks and upper part of throat red 1. RUBRIGULARIS.
b. No yellow band on the underside of the quills which ave entirely dusky.
* cl. Thighs ved; face and throat red ; the latter edged with a yellow navrow band below. 1. AUREOCINCTA.
d', Thighs green.
Cl, Crain Wns jinn GODS a 8 6b 8 6 8 6 ok el 6 Um Uy lel NOI ATA.
d"'. Crown not blue.
e'. Very little ved on the feathers at the base of the bill.
e!, No yellow tips to the central tatl-feathers . . . . . ... . . EL. MESKI.
4. Central tail-feathers with yellow tips. . . . . . . . . . . EL. PALMARUM.
f'". No red colour on the feathers atthe baseofthelill . . . . . . . . HL. PYGM#A.
1. Hypocharmosyna wilhelminz (Meyer) (Plate 5, Figs. 2, 3). N. W. and S. E. New
Trichoglossus wilhelminae Meyer, Journ, f. Orn. 1874, p. 56. Guinea.
Hypocharmosyna wilhelminae Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 10, }). 73 (1891);
Mivart, Mon. Lor. pl. 48 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 422.
16
1]
On
oO
PSIT LACT
. Hypocharmosyna placens (Temminck) (Plate 6. Fig. 7).
Psittacus placentis (sic) Temminck, Pl. Col, 553 (1835).
Hypocharmosyna placens Salvadori. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 10, p. 74 (1891); Mivart,
Mon. Lor. pl. 48 (1896) Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 423.
. Hypocharmosyna subplacens (Sclater) (Plate 5, Fig. 4; Plate 6, Fig. 8).
Trichoglossus subplacens Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1876, p. S19.
Hypocharmosyna subplacens Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 75 (1891); Mivart,
Mon. Lor. pl. 49 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 423.
. Hypocharmosyna pallidior (Rothschild & Hartert).
Charmosynopsis placentis, pallidior Rothschild & Hartert. Novit Zool, Vol. 12, p. 253 (1905).
Hypocharmosyna, pallidior Salvadori, lbis, 1907, p. 318.
. Hypocharmosyna rubronotata (Wallace).
Coriphilus rubronotatus Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1862, p. 105.
Hypocharmosyna rubronotata Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 76 (1891); Mivart,
Mon. Lor. pl. 52 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 424.
. Hypocharmosyna kordoana (Meyer) (Plate 6, Fig 5).
Trichoglossus (Charmosyna) hordoanus Meyer, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, Vol. 24, p. 38
(1874).
Hypocharmosyna kordoana Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 77 (1891); Mivart,
Mon. Lor. pl. 51 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 424.
. Hypocharmosyna rubrigularis (Sclater) (Plate 5, Fig. 5).
Trichoglossus rubrigularis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 451.
Hypocharmosyna rubrigularis Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 77 (1891); Mivart,
Mon. Lor. pl. 50, f. 1 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 424.
. Hypocharmosyna aureocincta (Layard).
Trichoglossus aureocinctus Layard, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), Vol. 16, p. 344 (1875).
Hypocharmosyna aureocincta, Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 78 (1891); Mivart,
Mon. Lor. pl. 50, f. 2, 3 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 424.
. Hypocharmosyna diademata (Verreaux & O. Des Murs) (Plate 6, Fig. 6).
Psitteuteles diadema (sic), Verreaux & O. Des Murs, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1860, p. 390; cf.
Oustalet, Bull. Mus. Hist Nat. Paris, 1895, p. 101-103.
Glossopsittacus diadematus Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus, Vol. 20, p. 68 (1891).
Hypocharmosyna diademata Mivart, Mon. Lor. pl. 56 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 424.
>». Hypocharmosyna meeki Rothschild & Hartert.
Hypocharmosyna meeki Rothschild & Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 8, p. 187 (1901), Vol. 9,
p- 590, pl. 7, f. 3 (1902); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 424.
. Hypocharmosyna palmarum (Gmelin).
Psittacus palmarum Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 329, n. 89 (1788). é
Hypocharmosyna palmarum Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 78 (1891) ;
Mivart, Mon. Lor. pl. 53, f. 1 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 425.
. Hypocharmosyna pygmaea (Gmelin).
Psittacus pygmaeus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 330, n. 92 (1788).
Hypocharmosyna pygmaea Salvadori, Cat Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 79 (1891) ; Mivart,
Mon. Lor. pl, 53, f. 2 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 425.
. Hypocharmosyna pallidior (Rothschild & Hartert).
Charmosynogsis placentis pallidior Rothschild & Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol, 12, p. 253 (1905).
Hypocharmosyna pallidior Salvadori, Ibis, 1907, p. 318.
12. GENUS CHARMOSYNOPSIS SALVADORI
N. Papuan subregion
and Moluccas.
E. Papuan subregion.
Bougainville, New Bri-
tain, New Ireland,
and New Hanover.
Salawati and W. New
Guinea.
Misori Islands (Geelvink
Bay).
New Britain.
Fiji Island.
New Caledonia.
Kulambangra Island
(Solomon Islands).
New Hebrides.
Patria ignota.
Bougainville, New Bri-
tain, New Ireland and
New Hanover.
Charmosynopsis Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat. Genova, Vol. to, p. 37 (1877) (type Charmosyna
pulchella, G. R. Gray).
FAM, LORIIDA: 17
Characters. Point of maxilla long, but not thin; tail-feathers twelve, gradually tapering
to a point; the two middle tail-feathers not much longer than the lateral ones; primaries
normal, not abruptly attenuated towards the tips; predominant colour on the head, neck and
lower parts red.
Geographical Distribution. New Guinea and Solomon Islands,
KEY OF THE SPECIES
a. Nolyellowlcollay, yound the base ofthe neck. ©. . . . . «. « © «,. . « . « G. PULCHEDLDA.
bapmyellowscollaranaundiLheUaserojatLeMec eae een eran CoINMIARGART DAT)
1. Charmosynopsis pulchella (G. R. Gray). 2 New Guinea.
Charmosyna pulchella G. R. Gray, List Psitt. Brit. Mus. p. 102 (1859).
Charmosynopsts pulchella Salvadori; cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 79
(1891) ; Mivart, Mon. Lor. pl. 55 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 426.
Charmosynopsts bella De Vis, Ann. Queens]. Mus. N. 5, pp. 12, 13, pl. 8 (1900).
2. Charmosynopsis margaritae (Tristram) (Plate 5, Figs. 6, 11). Solomon Islands (Ugi,
Charmosyna margarethae Tristram, Ibis, 1879, p. 442, pl. 12. San Cristoval, Kulam-
Chaymosynopsis margaritae Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 81 ae ; Mivart, bangra)
Mon. Lor. pl. 56 (1896); Rothschild & Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 8, p. 187 (1901) ;
Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 426.
13. GENUS CHARMOSYNA WAGLER
Charmosyna Wagler, Mon. Psitt. p. 493 (1832) (type Psittacus papuensis Gmelin).
Synonym. Pyvrhodes Swainson, Classif. Birds. Vol. 2, p. 304 (1837).
Characters. Point of the maxilla long, but not thin; tail-feathers twelve, gradually
tapering to a point; the two middle tail-feathers much longer than the lateral ones and very
narrow towards the tips ; the first four or five primaries abruptly attenuated towards the tips
in adult birds; predominant colour on the head, neck and lower parts red.
Geographical Distribution. New Guinea.
KEY OF THE SPECIES
a. Heed, neck and lower parts carmine-rved .
a’. Middle tuil-feathers green at the base.
a!’ A patch of yellow on the sides of the breast C. PAPUENSIS.
b!'. No yellow patch on the sides of the breast. C. STELLAE.
. A wide ovange-yellow band across the breast C. WAHNESI.
b!. Middle tail-feathers ved, with no green at the base ; C. JOSEPHINAE.
b. Head purplish-black, neck and upper back black ; under surface dull black C. ATRATA.
1. Charmosyna papuensis (Gmelin) (Plate 6, Figs. 3, 4). N. W. New Guinea.
Psittacus papuensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 317, n. 57 (1788).
Charmosyna papuensis Wager; cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.Vol. 20, p. 88 (1891);
Mivart, Mon. Lor. pl. 57 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 427.
18 PSieAer
2. Charmosyna stellae Meyer (Plate 5, Fig. 9). S. E. New Guinea.
Charmosyna stellae Meyer, Zeitschr. f. Ges. Orn. 1886, p. 9, t. 2; Salvadori, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 83 (1891); Mivart, Mon. Lor. pl. 58 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis,
1905, p. 427.
3. Charmosyna wahnesi Rothschild. Satelberg (German New
Charmosyna stellae wahnest Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn, Club, Vol. 19, p. 27 (1906). Guinea).
Charmosyna wahnesi Salvadori, Ibis, p. 319 (1907).
4. Charmosyna josephinae (Finsch) (Plate 6, Fig. 1). N. W. New Guinea.
Trichoglossus josephinae Finsch, Atti Soc. Ital. Sc Nat. Vol. 15, p. 427, tav. 7 (2) (1872).
Charmosyna josephinae Sharpe; cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 84 (1891) ;
Mivart, Mon. Lor. pl. 5y (1896); Salvadori, lbis, 1905, p. 427.
5. Charmosyna atrata Rothschild. S. E. New Guinea.
Charmosyna atrata Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. Vol. 7, p. 54 (1898); Vol. 15, p. 7 (1904);
idem, Novit. Zool. Vol. 6, p. 218, pl. 2, f. 1 (1899): Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 427.
14. GENUS OREOPSITTACUS SALVADORI
Oreopsittacus Salvadori, Ann. Mus, Stor. Nat. Genova, Vol. 10, p. 37 (1877) (type Tvichoglossus arfakt,
Meyer).
Characters. Point of the maxilla very long and thin; tail-feathers forteen; tail rather
long and much graduated, the feathers pointed at the tip; bill black.
Geographical Distribution. New Guinea.
KEY OF THE SPECIES
a. Smaller ; central part of the abdomen tinged withved . . . . . . . . . . . ~~. +. QO. ARFAKI.
b. Larger ; abdomen entirely green. with no ved tinge in the centval part . . . . . . . . O. GRANDIS.
1. Oreopsittacus arfaki (Meyer) (Plate 6, Fig. 9). N. W. New Guinea.
Trichoglossus (Charmosyna) arfaki Meyer, Verh. Zool. bot. Ges. Wien. Vol. 29, p. 37 (1874).
Oreopsittacus arfaki Salvadori ; cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 84 (1891);
Mivart, Mon, Lor. pl. 40 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 428.
2. Oreopsittacus grandis Grant (Plate 4, Figs. 9, 10). S. E. New Guinea.
Oreopsittacus gyandis Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, Vol. 5, p. 15 (1895); Mivart. Men. Lor. -
pl. 61 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 428.
Oreopsittacus viridigaster De Vis, Rep. Brit. New Guinea, 1898, App. p. 81; cf. Roth-
schild, Novit. Zool. Vol. 5, p. 510 (1898) (=O. grandis).
Oreopsittacus chlovigastey (nom. emend.), Sharpe, Zool. Record, 1898, p. 43.
Oreopstttacus frontalis Reichenow, Orn. Monatsb. Vol. 8, p. 186 (1900) (1).
(1) I believe that Dr Reichenow has described two young birds of O. grandis. This is
confirmed (in litt.) by Dr Hartert who has examined the type.
I
C
|
HH
Loa
SS Ol Che Conia
Co
FAM. LORIIDA:
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
IPILANIND, i
. Eos histrio (P. L. S. Miiller).
— rubiginosa (Bonaparte).
— semilarvata Bonaparte.
— cyanogenys Bonaparte.
. Chalcopsittacus duyvenbodei Dubois.
Oy Ory == G NS 4
= scintillatus (Temminck).
— insignis Oustalet.
a = — Underside of the tail.
— — — Foot.
O. = = — Underside of the wing.
O© On
PLATE 2
HH
. Eos reticulata (Miller).
— insularis Guillemard.
— riciniata (Bechstein).
— wallacei Finsch.
. Lorius flavopalliatus Salvadori.
Dut wb
— chlorocercus Gould.
— salvadoriu Meyer.
— lory (Linnzus). Underside of the tail.
Oo On
_- — — Underside of the wing.
cyanauchen (S. Muller). Left foot.
tibialis Sclater. Left foot.
RiPARES
. Lorius jobiensis Meyer.
— hypeenochrous Gray, Underside of the wing.
— devittatus Hartert. Underside of the wing.
. Vinia kuhli (Vigors).
. Calliptilus solitarius (Latham).
. Coriphilus taitianus (Gmelin).
— ultramarinus (Kuhl).
. Trichoglossus forsteni (Temminck),
PLATE 4
1. Lorius tibialis Sclater.
2, Trichoglossus ornatus (Linnzus).
ey == rubritorques Vigors & Horsfield.
20 PS TACT
Fig. 4. Trichoglossus cyanogrammus Wagler.
— 5. — rosenbergi Schlegel.
_ haematodes (Linnzus).
|
=
_ mitchelli Gray.
= flavicans Cabanis & Reichenow.
|
o om
. Oreopsittacus grandis Grant.
— 0. — — Underside of the tail.
AMEE
. Trichoglossus coccineifrons.
. Hypocharmosyna wilhelminae Meyer.
— ~~ Underside of the wing.
— subplacens (Sclater), Underside of the wing.
— rubrigularis (Sclater).
. Charmosynopsis margaritae (Tristram). Underside of the tail.
Glossopsittacus concinnus (Shaw).
. Psitteuteles euteles (Temminck).
oO ON ADAP WD H
. Charmosyna stella Meyer.
|
H
o
. Ptilosclera versicolor (Vigors).
. Charmosynopsis margaritae (Tristram). Central feathers of the tail.
|
PLATE 6
‘Fig. 1. Charmosyna josephinae (Finsch),
— 2. -- papuensis (Gmelin). Underside of the wing.
— 3. — = Underside of the tail.
4
5. Hypocharmosyna kordoana (Meyer).
— 6. — diademata (Verreaux & O. Des Murs).
7 — placens (Temminck).
8 -- subplacens (Sclater).
9
. Oreopsittacus arfali (Meyer)
Turin, 15th June 1908,
GENERA AVIUM
PSA
FAM. LORIIDA
1. EOS HISTRIO. 2. EOS RUBIGINOSA. 3. EOS SEMILARVATA. 4. EOS CYANOGENYS. 5. CHALCOPSITTACUS DUYVENBODEI.
6. CHALCOPSITTACUS SCINTILLATUS. 7.CHALCOPSITTACUS INSIGNIS. 8. UNDERSIDE OF TAIL OF CHALCOPSITTACUS INSIGNIS.
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9. FOOT OF CHALCOPSITTACUS INSIGNIS. 10. UNDERSIDE OF THE WING OF CHALCOPSITTACUS INSIGNIS.
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FAM. LORIIDA®
1. EOS RETICULATA. 2, EOS INSULARIS. 3. EOS RICINIATA. 4. EOS WALLACEI. 5. LORIUS FLAVOPALLIATUS.
6. LORIUS CHLOROCERCUS. 7. LORIUS SALVADORII. 8. UNDERSIDE OF THE TAIL OF LORIUS LORY.
9. UNDERSIDE OF THE WING OF LORIUS LORY. 10. LEFT FOOT OF LORIUS CYANAUCHEN. 11. LEFT FOOT OF LORIUS TIBIALIS.
2
GENERA AVIUM JESUP IACI
FAM. LORII DAL
1. LORIUS JOBIENSIS. 2. UNDERSIDE OF THE WING OF LORIUS HYPOENOCHROUS.
3. UNDERSIDE OF THE WING OF LORIUS DEVITTATUS. 4. VINIA KUHLI. 5. CALLIPTILUS SOLITARIUS.
6. CORIPHILUS TAITIANUS. 7. CORIPHILUS ULTRAMARINUS, 8. TRICHOGLOSSUS FORSTENI.
3
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GENERA AVIUM
2
FAM. LORIID/A
1. LORIUS TIBIALIS. 2. TRICHOGLOSSUS ORNATUS. 3. TRICHOGLOSSUS RUBRITORQUES. 4. TRICHOGLOSSUS CYANOGRAMMUS.
5- TRICHOGLOSSUS ROSENBERGI. 6, TRICHOGLOSSUS HASMATODES. CRICHOGLOSSUS MITCHELLI.
7°
8. TRICHOGLOSSUS FLAVICANS. 9.OREOPSITTACUS GRANDIS <7. 10. UPPERSIDE OF THE TAIL OF OREOPSITTACUS GRANDIS.
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GENERA AVIUM : , PSITTACI
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FAM. LORIITDAl
1. TRICHOGLOSSUS COCCINEIFRONS. 2. HYPOCHARMOSYNA WILHELMINZ.
3. UNDERSIDE OF THE WING OF HYPOCHARMOSYNA WILHELMIN 2. 1. UNDERSIDE OF THE WING OF HYPOCHARMOSYNA SUBPLACENS.
5. HYPOCHARMOSYNA RUBRIGULARIS. 6. UNDERSIDE OF THE TAIL OF CHARMOSYNOPSIS MARGARITAE.
7- GLOSSOPSITTACUS CONCINNUS. 8. PSITTEUTELES EUTELES. 9. CHARMOSYNA STELLA. 10. PTILOSCLERA VERSICOLOR.
11. CENTRAL FEATHERS OF THE TAIL OF CHARMOSYNOPSIS MARGARIT 4s.
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GENERA AVIUM Pee) ele Nr
FAM. LORIIDZ
1. CHARMOSYNA JOSEPHINA®. 2. UNDERSIDE OF THE WING OF CHARMOSYNA PAPUENSIS.
3e UNDERSIDE OF THE TAIL OF CHARMOSYNA PAPUENSIS. 4.CHARMOSYNA PAPUENSIS. 5. HYPOCHARMOSYNA KORDOANA.
6. HYPOCHARMOSYNA DIADEMATA. 7. HYPOCHARMOSYNA PLACENS gc. 8 HYPOCHARMOSYNA SUBPLACENS.
9. OREOPSITTACUS ARFAKT 4.
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PSITTACI.
FAM. CYCLOPSITTACIDAS
ae AN: by n SALVADORI
eA ‘WITH 2 veorourten! “pLATEs
1910
PRINTED AND PusvisHep By V, Verrengui, & L, Desmer,
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BRUSSELS
PSITTACI
FAM. CYCLOPSITTACID&
ay
FAM. CYCLOPSITTACIDA
BY T. SALVADORI
HIS family was established by me in the Catalogue of the Psittaci (1891) (Introd.
p- vill). I there wrote as follows : « A peculiar feature in my classification is the
establishment of the family Cyclopsittacide. The under surface of the hook of the
bill without file-like sculpture in the species of the genera Neopsittacus and Cyclo-
psittacus separates them from all the other Psittaci proprit and approaches them to the Psittaci
orthognati; when the structure of their tongue is known we shall be able to
ie understand better their true affinities. »
Characters. Bill moderately or much swollen on the sides; upper
mandible notched, without transverse ridges on the under surface of the hook;
N qq) \ xe
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WW\\, <<"
lower mandible with the gonys upright and flattened in front; cere naked round
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the exposed nostrils, or feathered and nostrils hidden; tongue not known; tail
« moderate and gratuated, or short and cuneate, or rounded.
Habits. We only know that these small Parrots live on fruits, especially
of a kind of fig (Wallace, von Rosenberg, DA lbertis).
Range. Austro-Malayan Subregion.
Bibliography. Salvadori, Cat. of the Psvttaci in the collection of the British Museum. Vol. 20, p. 86-100
(1891); Hartert, On some Species of the genera Cyclopsitta and Ptilinopus (Novit. Zool. Vol. 6,
p. 219, pl. 4) (1899); Rothschild & Hartert (the genus Cyclopsitta), op. cit. Vol. 8, p. 72-77 (1901);
Salvadori, Notes on the Parrots (part 2), Ibis, 1905, p. 535-542.
Only two genera are known.
ES lea
bs
1. GENUS NEOPSITTACUS SALVADORI
Neopsittacus Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat. Genova, Vol. 7, p. 161 (1875) (type Nanodes musschen-
broekii Rosenberg).
Characters. Bill yellow-orange, moderately swollen on the sides; under mandible
moderately broad, with the gonys flattened in front, smooth, and with no distinct ridges;
nostrils exposed.
Geographical distribution. New Guinea and Timor.
KEY TO THE SPECIES
a. Inner web of the quills towards the base ved.
a’. Tail longer, brighter green above, ochre-yellow below . . . . . . . +. N. MUSSCHENBROEKI.
b!. Tail shorter (86 mm.) darker green above, brownish green below. . . . . N. PULLICAUDA.
b. Inner web of the quills with no ved at the base.
c!. Gand part ofthe pileum punple-bide a) 2 a ee ee Ne ORS:
dl Pileumuentinely wed (5 ee eee ee ee eeN ORUBRIPTE RISE
1. Neopsittacus musschenbroeki (Rosenberg) (Plate 1, Fig. 3, 7, 8, 9). N. W. New Guinea.
Nanodes musschenbroekit Rosenberg, fide Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. Vol. 4,
p- 34 (1871).
Veopsiltacus musschenbroeki Salvadori, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 86
(1891); Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 3, p. 533 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 535.
2. Neopsittacus pullicauda [lartert (Plate 1, Fig. 6). S. E. New Guinea.
Neopsittacus pullicauda Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 3, p. 17 (1896); Salvadori, Ibis,
1905, p. 536.
Neopsittacus viridiceps De Vis, Ibis, 1897, p. 371; cf. Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 4, p. 360
1897) |= pullicauda); Rothschild, Novit. Zool. Vol. 5, p. 510 (1898).
3. Neopsittacus iris (Temminck) (Plate 1, Fig. 1). Timor.
Psittacus iris Yemminck, Pl. Col. 567 (1835).
Neopsittacus tvis Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 87 (1891).
4. Neopsittacus rubripileus Salvadori (Plate 1, Fig. 2). E. Timor.
Neopsittacus rubribileum (sic) Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 88 (1891);
cf. Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 5, p. 119 (1898).
Veopsittacus rubripileus Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 536.
2. GENUS CYCLOPSITTACUS REICHENBACH
Cyclopsitta Keichenbach, Syst. Av. Nat. tab. 83 (1850); Jacquinot & Pucheran, Voy. Pole Sud, Zool.
Vol. 3, p. 107 (1853) (type Pstttacula diophthalma Hombr. & Jacquinot).
Synonym : Ofopsitta Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1860, p. 227.
Characters. Bill black or dark horn-colour, much swollen on the sides; gonys broadly
flattened in front, and with several distinct ridges and grooves; nostrils exposed, or hidden when
the cere is feathered.
Geographical distribution. The Papuan Islands and North-eastern Australia.
PAM. €YCLOPSITTACIDA:
KEY TO THE SPECIES
A. Feathers of the cheeks and ear-coverts very long and navrow.
a. No black crescent-like band on the nape; no blue band on the breast; breast ved in
the male, with a pale greenish band in the female. ‘
b. Nape with a black crescent-like band ; a deep blue pectoral band ; breast and middle
of the abdomen ved in the male, green, stained with orange in the female .
B. Feathers of the cheeks and eay-coverts not very long and narrow.
c. Central tail-feathers distinctly pointed.
al. Larger; wing about 4.3 inches (= mm. ro8); pectoral band blue; sides of the
breast pale blue.
al’, Subocular spot blue.
all’, Cheeks yellowish green; a blue spot on the occiput; suboculary blue spot
broad and bright . ae sO <n ae Peabo
b!"". Cheeks golden-yellow; generally no blue spot on the occiput; subocular
blue spot small and pale.
b''. No suboculay blue spot.
c!''. Pectoral band pale blue; below this a second band brown-orange; hind
neck green. :
d'!"'. Pectoral band Hae Rie a yellow collay on the hind-neck of th the adult
bird, and a blue one wm the young bird.
b'. Smaller; wing under 4 inches (= mm. ror); no one band ; sides of the
breast yellow; a ved concealed spot on the inner web of the imner greater wing-
coverts.
e'''. Red on the pileum confined to the forehead.
et. Larger; wing 3.9 wches (== mm. 95); frontal feathers ved, tipped
with green, a few of the median ones bluish
£4. Smaller ; wing 3.5 inches (= mm. 86).
f°. Frontal red patch not surrounded posteriorly with blue .
g°. Frontal ved patch surrounded posteriorly with blue.
g°. Cheeks blush
h®. Cheeks green
f'"". Red on the pileum extended to the whole ee
et, Red colour on the sinciput darker and bordered behind with yellow ;
middle of the cheeks buff-grey in the female
h*. Red colour on the sinciput paler, without distinct en border behind.
1°. A blue spot before the eyes
y°. A green spot before the eyes are :
g'"". No ved whatever on the head; sinciput blue; cheeks dull grey, slightly
tinged with blue . 4 : Soe ke, eee eee
d. Central tail-feathers not pointed ; tail rather short; a concealed yellow spot on the
mney web of the inner greater wing-coverts ; breast orange in the male, greenish-
orange wm the female.
d'. Sinciput blue.
d". Quills underneath with no distinct yellow bases .
e'. Quills underneath with very distinct pale yellow bases .
C, SALVADORII.
C. EDWARDSII.
C. DESMARESTI.
C. OCCIDENTALIS.
C. BLYTHI.
C. CERVICALIS.
C. COXENI.
C. maccoyt oF Q.
C. viraco Q.
C. INSEPARABILIS. 9 Gf
C. DIOPHTHALMUS.
C. COCCINEIFRONS.
C. ARUENSIS 6.
C. viraco of.
C. ARUENSIS Q.
C. Gueiiecmi III.
C. SUAVISSIMUS.
“I
PS MEAG
e!. Sinciput brown-black, tinged more or less with blue.
QO
f!', Smaller ; inner web of the quills edged with yalow .
ge! Larger ; inner web of the quills entirely black.
h''. Wing mm. go ( fide Hartert) €
i’, Wing mm. 87 (fide Rothschild and Hartert) Ee
\. Wangmm. 82 (fide Rothschildvand Hartert) 2 = 92 ey see.
. Cyclopsittacus salvadorii Oustalet.
Cyclopsittacus salvadorii Oustalet, Bull. Ann. Sc. France, 1880, p. 172; cf. Salvadori,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 89 (1891); id. Ibis, 1905, p. 536.
. Cyclopsittacus edwardsii Oustalet (Plate 2, Fig. 4).
Cyclopsittacus edwardsii Oustalet, Ann. Sc.Nat., Zool. 1885, art. n° 3, p. 1; cf. Salvadori,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 90 (1891); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 537.
Cyclopsittacus purpuratus Madarasz, Termés. Fiizetek, Vol. 25, p. 350, t. 17 (1902); cf.
Rothschild & Hartert. Ann. Mus, Nat. Hung. 1903, p. 449 |= C. edwardsii).
. Cyclopsittacus desmaresti (Garnot).
Psittacus desmarestit Garnot, Voy. Coq. Zool. Vol, 1, p. 600, pl. 35 (1828).
Cyclopsittacus desmaresti Bonaparte; cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. a1
(1891); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 537.
. Cyclopsittacus occidentalis Salvadori (Plate 2, Fig. 2).
Cyclopsittacus occidentalis Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat. Genova, Vol. 8. p. 910 (1875);
cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 92 (1891); Ibis,
1905, p. 537.
20.) p. Salvadori,
. Cyclopsittacus blythi Wallace (Plate 1, Fig. 4).
Cyclopsitta blytht Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, pp. 284. 294.
Cyclopsittacus blythi Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 93 (1891
1905, p. 538.
; idem, Ibis,
. Cyclopsittacus cervicalis Salvador et D’Albertis.
Cyclopsittacus cervicalis Salvadori et D’Albertis, Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat. Genova, Vol. 7.
p. 811 (1875); cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20. p. 93 (1891); idem, Ibis,
1905, p. 538.
. Cyclopsittacus coxeni Gould.
Cyclopsitta covent Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 152.
Cyclopsittacus coxent Reichenow; cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 94
(1891); idem, Ibis, 1905, p. 538
. Cyclopsittacus maccoyi Gould. (Plate 1, Fig. 5).
Cyclopsitta maccoyi Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1875, p. 314.
Cyclopsittacus maccoyi Reichenow: cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 95
(1891); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 538.
Cyclopsitta macleayana Ramsay, cf. Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 4, pl. 4, f. 1, 2 (heads 2 Gc)
(1899).
. Cyclopsittacus virago Hartert. (Plate 2, Fig. 5, 6).
Cyclopsittacus virago Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 2, p. 61 (1895); Vol. 3, p. 245 (1896);
Vol. 6, pl. 4, f. 3, 4 (6 @ heads) (1899); Rothschild & Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 8,
p. 76 (1901); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 538.
. Cyclopsittacus inseparabilis Hartert (Plate 2, Fig. 3).
Cyclopsittacus inseparabilis Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl. Vol. 8, p. 9 (1898); idem, Novit.
Zool. Vol. 5, p. 530 (1898); Vol. 6, pl. 6, f. 7 (head) (1899); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905,
p. 539.
. Cyclopsittacus diophthalmus (Hombron & Jacquinot). (Plate 2, Fig. 1).
Psittacula diophthalma Hombron & Jacquinot, Ann. Sc. Nat. Vol. 16, p. 318 (1841).
Cyclopsittacus diophthalmus Salvadori, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 95
(part.) (1891); idem, Ibis, 1905, p. 539.
MEILANOGENYS.,
» NIGRIFRONS.
» MACILWRAITHI.
AMABILIS,
N. New Guinea, East of
Geelvink Bay.
Kaiser Wilhelm’s Land.
N.W. New Guinea, near
Dorey.
Salawati, Batanta and
N. W. coast of New
Guinea.
Mysol.
S. E. New Guinea
E. Australia.
N. E. Australia.
Fergusson and Goode-
nough Isl. (D’Entre-
casteaux Group).
Sudest Isl.
W. New Guinea and W.
Papuan Isl.
TZ
I4.
H
On
16.
18.
1g.
INV @ Vile Ol SilMaeA GAs
Cyclopsittacus coccineifrons Sharpe.
Cyclopsitiacus coccineifyvons Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. Vol. 16, pp. 318, 426
(1882); Salvadori, Lbis, 1905, p. 540.
Cyclopsittacus diophthalmus part., Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20. p. 95 (1891).
Cyclopsittacus diophthalmus coccinetfrous Rothschild & Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 8,
PP: 74, 76 (= diophthalmus 2) (1901).
Cyclopsittacus festeticht Madarasz, Termés. Fiizetek. Vol. 25, p. 350(1902): cf. Rothschild
& Hartert, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung. 1903, p. 449 (= diophthalmus).
. Cyclopsittacus aruensis (Schlegel).
Psittacula diophthalma aruensis Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Psittaci, Revue, p. 33 (1874).
Cyclopsittacus aruensis Salvadori, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 97
(1891); idem. Ibis, 1905, p. 540.
Cyclopsitta aruensis Salvadori cf. Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 6, pl. 4, f. 5, 6 (do 2
heads) (1899}.
Cyclopsittacus guglielmi III (Schlegel).
Psittacula guglielmi III Schlegel, Neder]. Tijdschr. Dierk. Vol. 3, p. 252 (1866).
Cyclopsittacus guglielmi ITT Salvadori, ct. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20. p. 98
(1891); idem, Ibis, 1905, p. 541.
. Cyclopsittacus suavissimus Sclater.
Cyclopsitia suavissima Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1876, p. 520, pl. 54.
Cyclopsittacus suavissimus Salvadori, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol 20, p. 98
(1891); idem, Ibis, 1905, p. 541.
? Cyclopsittacus nanus De Vis, Ann. Rep. Brit. New Guin. App. AA, p. 81 (1898); Roth-
schild & Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 5; p: 511 (1898) (? = suavissimus).
Cyclopsittacus melanogenys (Rosenberg) (Plate 2, Fig. 7).
Psittacula melanogenta « Rosenberg » Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. Vol. 3, p.330 (1866).
Cyclopsittacus melanogenys Salvadori, cf. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 99
(1891); idem, Ibis, 1905, p. 541.
. Cyclopsittacus nigrifrons Reichenow.
Cyclopsitiacus nigrifrons Reichenow, Allg. deutsche orn. Ges. Berlin, Bericht 3, p. 6
(r891); Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p.100 (1891); idem, Ibis, 1905, p. 542.
Cyclopsittacus macilwraithi Rothschild (Plate 2, Fig. 9).
Cyclopsittacus macilwraitht Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn, Cl. No. 49, p. 21 (1897); idem,
Novit. Zool. Vol. 5, p. 510, pl. 18, f. 2 (2) (1898); Salvadori, Ibis, 1905, p. 542.
Cyclopsitta nigrifrons macilwraitht Rothschild & Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 8, p. 75 (1901)
(? = nigrifrons).
Cyclopsittacus amabilis Reichenow (Plate 2, Fig. 8).
Cyclopsitticus amabilis Reichenow, Journ. f. Orn. 1891, p. 432, (Bericht 7, p. 6); cf. Sal-
vadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 20, p. 617 (1891) ; idem, Ibis, 1905, p. 542.
Cyclopsitta nigrifrons amabilis Rothschild & Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 8, p.-75 (1901).
So Ee. and! iN Es New,
Guinea.
Aru Isl.and central New
Guinea along the Fly
River.
Salawati and N.W. New
Guinea.
S. E. New Guinea.
Aru Isl. and S. New
Guinea along the Fly
River.
N. German New Guinea.
British New Guinea.
E. New Guinea.
6
PSITTACI
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
eather
Fig. 1. Neopsittacus iris Temminck.
|
A
4
eS a
6
rubripileus Salvadori.
musschenbroeki Rosenberg.
. Cyclopsittacus blythi Wallace.
maccoyi Gould.
. Neopsittacus pullicauda Hartert.
— 7-8. Tail of Neopsittacus musschenbroeki Rosenberg (upper and underside).
— g. Foot of Neopsittacus musschenbroeki Rosenberg.
Prawn 2
Fig. 1. Cyclopsittacus diophthalmus Hombron & Jacquinot.
|
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|
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ECS eae
Turin, 15th August 1908.
occidentalis Salvadori.
inseparabilis Hartert.
edwardsii Oustalet.
virago Hartert, o, 9.
melanogenys Rosenberg.
amabilis Reichenow, o.
macilwraithi Rothschild.
Sie Gi
GENERA AVIUM
7
FAM. CYCLOPSITDTACIDAL
iI. NEOPSITTACUS IRIS. 2. N. RUBRIPILEUS. 3. N. MUSSCHENBRGEKI. 4. CYCLOPSITTACUS BLYTHI.
5- ©. MACCOYI. 6. N. PULLICAUDA. 7. 8. TAIL OF N. MUSSCHENBRGEKI. 9. FOOT OF N, MUSSCHENBRGKTI.
te
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GENERA AVIUM Taps p ee NCCa
FAM. CYCLOPSITTACIDA
1. C. DIOPHTHALMUS. z. €. OCCIDENTALIS. 3. C. INSEPARABILIS. 4, C. EDWARDSII o%. 5. C. VIRAGO Q.
6. C. VIRAGO oo. 7 C. MELANOGENYS. 8. C. AMABILIS oo. 9. C. MACILWRAITHI.
#
PICARIA
=P I ‘OA R Le.
FAM. ‘BUCEROTIDAS
by Dr ALPHONSE DUBO x
a aye 3 ee ae ie.
1911
& L. Desmet, BRussecs
PRINTED aND PuuLISHED BY V, VERTENFUIL.’
FAM. BUCEROTID&
fi
FAM. BUCEROTIDE
BY Dr. ALPHONSE DUBOIS
What is especially surprising, is the great lightness of their skeleton; nearly all the
bones are formed by pneumatic cells. In a great many of these birds, if not in all, the air can
come as far as the skin, which adheres only weakly on the muscles, and the subcutaneous
tissue contains some great pouches filled with air.
Characters. Bill large, stout, slightly curved, and more or less compressed; base of the
culmen with a variously shaped casque, in some species of large size, while in others it is
rudimentary or wanting; this casque is generally closed, hollow, and supported by bony tissue.
Wings ample, covering more or less the base of the tail; under wing-coverts do not cover the
basal parts of the quills. Tail more or less long and formed by ten feathers. Tarsus strong,
short, shorter or about equal to the middle toe and claw (Bucerotinae), rarely long (Bucoracinae) ;
middle toe united at base to the outward toe.
Margins of the eyelids furnished with strong lashes. Skeleton pneumatic. Palate desmo-
gnathous. Basipterygoide process absent.
Eggs white. Young hatched naked and helpless.
Habits and Reproduction. The Hornbills frequent the tropical forest-lands and all
except the Bucorvus, live essentially on the trees. Although they live in couples as a rule, they
are sociable and frequently assemble in great or small numbers. Nearly all walk clumsily, but
PICARIZS
J
they move with agility in the branches of the trees. They fly well, but noisily. The hearing and
sight are well developed among these birds, and they are generally prudent, timorous and
watchful.
Their food consists of fruits, herbaceous plants, insects, reptiles and other small verte-
brates; some being really omnivorous.
The mode of reproduction of the Hornbills is no less uncommon than their aspect, and
the unique custom of the males of inclosing the female in the hollow of a tree, firmly fastening
her in by a wall of mud, and keeping her a close prisoner until the eggs are hatched, has no
parallel in the customs of any other species of birds. The male is thus obliged to bring the food
to his mate during the brooding-time.
Range. This family is confined to Africa, to tropical Asia, and to the Indian archipelago
as far as the Philippine Islands.
Bibliography. Temminck, Planches coloriées (1820-39); Hemprich & Ehrenberg, Symbol phy-
sic, ete. (1828); Cuvier, Regne animal (1829); Lesson, Traité d’Ornithologie (1831); Riippell,
Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien (1835-40); G. R. Gray, Genera of Birds
(1844-49); Bonaparte, Conspectus generum avium (1850); Conspectus volucrum anisodacty-
lorum (1854); Cabanis & Heine, Museum Heineanum (1860); Schlegel, Museum des Pays-
Bas (Buceros) (1862); von Heuglin, Ornithologie N.-O.-Afrika’s (1871); Elliot, A Monograph
of the Bucerotide (1882); A. Dubois, Revue critique des Oiseaux de la famille des Bucérotidés
(Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. [1884]); Ogilvie-Grant. Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum,
Vol. 17(1892); A. Dubois, Synopsis avium (1899-1904); A. Reichenow, Die Végel Afrika’s (1g04) ;
A. Dubois, Remarque sur l’Ornithologie de |’Etat Indépendant du Congo (Annales du Musée
du Congo [1905)).
Two subfamilies can be distinguished :
+ SUBFAM. A — BUCORACINA=
Bill long, pointed, compressed and slightly curved; casque hollow, covers about the
basal third of the culmen, open or closed anteriorly. Throat naked. Tarsus very long.
The Bucoracinae consist of a single genus.
SUBFAM. B. — BUCEROTINAE=
Bill very large, compressed and slightly curved; casque more or less large, rudimentary
or wanting, always closed anteriorly. Tarsus short, shorter or about equal to the middle toe
and claw; toes short.
The Bucerotinae are divided into sixteen genera,
A. BUCORACIN 4=
GENUS BUCORVUS LEsSsoN
Bucorvus Lesson, Traité d’Ornith. p- 259 (1831) (type : B. abyssinicus),
Synonyms : Tvagopan Gray, List Gen. of Birds, p. 65 ( 1841) (type: B. abyssinicus); Tmetoceros Cabanis,
PAVE Uri © isi zs
Mo
Wiegm. Arch. p. 345 (1847) (type: B. abyssimicus); Bucorax, Sundevall, Oetv. Vet.-Akad. Férh.
Vol. 6, p. 161 (1849) (type : B. abyssznicus).
Characters. Bill long, compressed, slightly curved, terminating in a sharp point;
casque large, extending from base of culmen for about one-third its length, and open or closed
anteriorly. Throat naked. Wings ample, reaching to one-third the length of the tail. Tail long,
ample, rounded. Tarsus very long, covered with scales; toes rather short; claws short, strong.
Plumage black, except the primaries, which are white.
Geographical Distribution. Africa. Only two species and one variety are known.
KEY TO THE SPECIES
A. Casque open anteriorly ; base of the upper mandible with a veddish plate.
Tio COSTE GUME ORIP UR [OMS SISO UOTE ss 5 3 so 8 6 3 ls sl el Cel Cl UB, ABRESINIECUS,
2. Casque slightly open in front; sise much smaller, . . . Ee Bi GUINEENSIC:
B. Casque closed ov scarcely open anteriorly; size large.
3}. IN@ cadiise Maile Op dhe Wt TUOPUANe eo ee yp ce tl ll lg) @NAIIDIR.
1. Bucorvus abyssinicus (Boddaert) (Plate 1, Figs. 1, la.) North-eastern Africa :
Abyssinia, Sennaar,
Kordofan, Somali,
Zanguebar N.
Buceros abyssinicus Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl. p. 48 (1783).
Buceryos byac Dumont, Dict. Sc. Nat. Vol. 6, p. 201 (1817).
Buceros carunculatus WWagler, Syst. Avium, Buceros, no. 6 (1827).
Bucorvus abyssinicus Lesson, Traité d’Ornith. p. 256 (1831); Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot.
pl. 1 (1882); Dubois, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. p. 221 (1884).
Tragopan abyssinicus Gray, List Gen. of Birds, p. 65 (1841).
Bucorax abyssinicus Sundevall, Oefv. Vet.-Akad. Férh. Vol. 6, p. 161 (1849).
Tmetoceros abyssinicus Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Heinean. Vol. 2, p. 175 (1860).
Buceros carunculatus abyssinicus Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas (Buceros), p. 19 (1862).
2. Bucorvus abyssinicus var. guineensis (Schlegel). West Africa, from the
1201. N. andthe Gold
coast to the Congo
and North Angola.
Buceros abyssinicus (part.) auct. plur. (nec Bodd.).
Buceros abyssinicus guineensis Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas (Buceros), p. 20 (1862).
Bucorvus pyrrhops Elliot, Ann. Mae. Nat. Hist. Vol. 20, p. 171 (1877); Monogr. Buce-
rot. pl. 2 (1882).
Bucorax guineensis Barboza du Bocage, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 698 (1873); Bull. Soc.
Zool. Fr. p. 375 (1877).
Bucorvus abyssinicus var. guineensis, Dubois, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. Vol. 3, p. 221
(1884).
Bucorax abyssinicus (part.) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 350 (1892).
3. Bucorvus caffer (Verreaux). South Africa, from the
Cap to the Zambezia
Buceros leadbeateri (2?) Vigors et B. cuffer Verreaux,. in Hartlaub, Ornith. West-Afr. p. 166 and Benguela.
(1857).
Buceros abyssinicus (part.), auct. plur. (nec Bodd.).
Buceros carunculatus cafer Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas (Buceros), p. 20 (1862).
Bucorwus abyssinicus Layard, Birds S, Afr. p. 228 (1867).
Tmetoceros abysstnicus (part.) Finsch & Hartlaub, Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 480(1870); Heuglin,
Ornith. N.-O -Afr. Vol. 1, p. 731 (1871).
Bucoywus leadbeater’ Gray, Hand-list of Birds, Vol. 2, p. 131 (1870).
Bucorax caffer Barboza du Bocage, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 698 (1873).
Bucorvus caer iMiot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 3 (1882).
Bucorvus abyssinicus var. cafer Dubois, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. Vol. 3, p. 222 (1884).
4 PICARLAE
B. BUCEROTIN A:
KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE BUCEROTINA:
Al. Anterior part of casque solid; neck, throat and a stripe down the centre
of the back naked.
D. Sise large: middle tail-feathers very lone... 1. Genus RHINOPLAX.
B. Casque hollow; upper part of the neck and middle of the back feathered.
ho
. Casque elevated in front and rounded off behind, nearly half the length of bill;
throat naked. Size large . 2. Genus CRANORRHINUS.
3. Casque very large, vounded on upper edge, the anterior point either nearly
straight or recurved ; sides of throat naked, Sise very large. . . . . 3. Genus Buceros.
4. Casque very broad, subquadrate, covering basal half of culmen, flat, concave
anteriorly, with the corners turned slightly upwards into mintature horns
projecting forward ; sides of throat naked. Sizelarge . . . . . . 4. Genus DicHOCEROs.
5. Casque flat, widest posteriorly, rather pointed anteriorly ; sides of throat
Maked- Size layge. “= 4 a = eee an 4 eee 2 eens LimRocORsxe
6. Casque large, subcrescentic, somewhat swollen posteriorly, compressed and
elevated anteriorly. Middle of chin and throat feathered, Size move or
lessdavge Bo. 4 be me ow Oe Foe es fos 2 oe On Gens AnTeEicoeenon
7. Casque large and swollen; a naked wattle at the base of the throat, which ts
alsoonaked. Viedinunisized ss 0s 7. Genus CERATOGYMNA.
8. Casque of the males, more or less large, elevated and compressed; females
without casque, but the base of both mandibles deeply grooved transversally.
Crest well developed. Chin and throat feathered. Size more or less large. 8. Genus BYCANISTES.
g. No casque. Base of culmen covered with a series of overlapping plates Throat
Naked. Sige tarpon | 2 aay 5 fe 2 ee ee) en Pee SO URCIChUSE EN DOCH ROS.
10. Casque rudimentary; base of the upper mandible transversally grooved, Chin
and throat naked. Size very large 4. 5 4 + 2 5 = 4 =) 4.) ao. GenusvAcERos:
11. Casque moderate oy small, keel-shaped, extending over half the culmen,
highest at its anterior end, whence it inclines gradually backward to the
base of the bill. Throat naked or feathered. Size moderate . . . . . 1. Genus ANORRUINUS.
12. Casque moderately elevated, covering the greater part of the culmen, Tail very
long. Crest of long soft feathers. Size middling . . . . . . . . 12. Genus ORTHOLOPHUS.
13. Casque moderate, upright. compressed; basal half of bill transversally grooved.
Chin and throat naked, Size middling oy small. . . . . . . . 13. Genus PENELOPIDES.
14. Casque low, compressed, and indented by three deep groves for ts entire
length. Sizesmall . = . 3. » . | «© » = = + « « » « 4. (Genus) RHABDOTORRHINUS:
15. Bill curved, with a small keel-shaped casque, which ts rarely absent
(es masutus):S7zesmall 7 2 Se ee ee oe GenticglboPHocmRoss
16, No casque; bill long, slender, much curved, compressed. Size small . . . 16, Genus ALopuHtus.
FAM: BUCERODTIDZA
On
I. GENUS RHINOPLAX GLOGER
Rhinoplax Gloger, Hand- u. Hilfsb. p. 335 (1842) (type: R. galeatus).
Synonyms : Cyranoceros Reichenbach, Syst. Avium, pl. 1 (1849) (type : Buceros vigil); Buceroturus
Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 89 (1850) (type : B. galeatus).
Characters. Bill moderate, sloping to a sharp point; anterior wall of casque solid,
cylindrical, extending from the middle of the eye and ending abruptly in front at right angles
to the middle of the culmen. Skin round the eye, throat, neck and a stripe down the centre of
the back naked. Wings long, reaching a short distance beyond the upper tail-coverts, Centre
pair of tail-feathers very long.
Geographical Distribution. Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo.
1. Rhinoplax vigil (Forster). (Plate 3, Fig. 5.) South Tenasserim, Ma-
Buceros vigil Forster, Ind. Zocl. p. 40 (1781). lacca, Sumatra, Bor-
neo.
Buceros scutatus Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl. p. 55 (1783).
Buceros galeatus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 360 (1788).
Rhinoplax galeatus Gloger, Hand- u. Hilfsb. p. 335 (1842).
Buceroturus galeatus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 89 (1850).
Rhinoplax scutatus Horsfield & Moore, Cat. Birds Mus. I. Ind. Co. Vol. 2, p. 581 (1856).
Rhinoplax vigil Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. (text) pl. 10 (1882).
2. GENUS CRANORRHINUS CaABANIS & HEINE
Cranorrhinus Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Heinean. Vol. 2, p. 173 (1860) (type : Buceros cassidix).
Synonym : Cassidix, Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. go (1850).
Characters. Bill large, curved and compressed; base of both mandibles, or the lower
only, transversally grooved; casque elevated in front and rounded off behind, covering nearly
the basal half of the culmen, subcylindrical and smooth, or somewhat compressed and folded.
Throat naked. Crest more or less developed. Wings ample. Tail long, rounded. Head
coloured in the males, black in the females. Four species are known.
Geographical Distribution. Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes and Philippine
Islands.
KEY TO THE SPECIES
A. Base of both mandibles grooved.
Mem GUS RCN Ci Cicem CEE par dtleme NCUIUAcCl/ iz Cae a e @-eGASS ID Iya
B. Base of the lower mandible grooud only’.
2. Lail with basal thind black. vest buffy-white. . . . . . . . . . . €, GCORRUGATUS.
3. Dail white, with a terminal black band . . . . . =. ~~. =. ~. ~~. ~~. +. €. LEUGOCEPHALUS.
4 Tail whitish or cinnamon, apical portion and basal third greenish black. . . C. WALDENT.
1. Cranorrhinus cassidix (lemminck). (Plate 2, Fig. 3.) Celebes.
Buceros cassidix Vemminck, P1. Col. Vol. 2, p. 66, pl. 210 (1823).
Culao cassidiy Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 90 (1850).
6 PICARI AS
Cranorrhinus cassidiv Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Heinean. Vol. 2, p. 173 (1860); Elliot,
Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 16 (1882).
Buceros (Cranorrhinus) cassidiv Gray. Hand-list of Birds, Vol. 2, p. 129 (1870); Dubois,
Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. Vol. 3, p. 192 (1884).
Mindanao, Camiguin
2. Cranorrhinus leucocephalus (Vieillot).
(Philippine Islands).
Buceros leucocephalus Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. Vol. 4, p. 592 (1816).
Buceros sulcatus Temminck, P|]. Col. Vol. 2, p. 89, pl. 69 (1823).
Tockus sulcatus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 91 (1850).
Calao sulcatus Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr. Anisod. p. 3 (1854).
Buceros (Cranorrhinus) sulcatus Gray, Hand-list of Birds, Vol. 2, p. 129 (1870).
Cranorrhinus leucocephalus Walden, rans. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 165, pl. 27 (1875) ; Elliot,
Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 19 |1882).
Buceros (Cranorrhinus) leucocephalus, Dubois, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Vol. 3, p. 193 (1884).
Malacca, Sumatra, Bor-
3. Cranorrhinus corrugatus (Temminck).
neo,
Buceros corrugatus Temminck, P|. Col. Vol. 2, p. 85, pl. 531 (1832) (Mas.).
Buceros gracilis Temminck, ibidem, p. 87, pl. 535 (1832) (Fem.).
Buceros rugosus Begbie, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Vol.17, p. 404 (1846).
Calao (Cassidix) corrugatus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, }. 90 (1850).
Rhyticeros (Cassidix) corrugatus Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr. Anisod, p. 3 (1854).
Hydrocissa migratoria Maingay, Proc. Asiat. Soc. Beng. p. 196 (1868).
Cranorrhinus corrugatus Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 8, p. 51 (1872); Elliot,
Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 17 (1882).
Buceros (Cranorrhinus) corrugatus Dubois, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. Vol. 3, p. 192 (1884).
Guimaras, Panay (Phi-
4. Cranorrhinus waldeni Sharpe.
lippine Islands).
Cranorrhinus waldeni Sharpe, Trans. Linn, Soc. Lond. {2), Vol. 1, pp. 322, 351 (1877);
Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 28 (1882).
Buceros (Cranorrhinus) waldeni Dubois, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. Vol. 3, p. 193 (1884).
3. GENUS BUCEROS LINN4us
Buceros Linnezus, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 153 (1766) (type : B. rhinoceros).
Synonym : Meniceros Gloger, Hand- u. Hilfsb. p. 335 (1842) (type : B. rhinoceros),
Characters. Bill large, curved, terminating in a sharp point; casque very large, two-
thirds the length of the culmen, elevated, rounded on the upper edge, straight or much curved
upward anteriorly; base of the casque and of both mandibles black only in the males, Nostrils
small, basal, lateral, and hidden. Sides of throat naked. Crest moderate. Tail long, rounded,
white with a broad subterminal black band. Size very large.
Geographical Distribution. Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo, Java.
KEY TO THE SPECIES
1. Casque curved upwards anteriorly B. RHINOCEROS.
2. Casque nearly straight, not curved upwards anteriorly B. SILVESTRIS.
Malacca, Sumatra, Bor-
neo.
1. Buceros rhinoceros Linnzus (Plate 1, Fig. 2.)
Buceros rhinoceros Linneus, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 153 (1766).
Buceros rhinoceros : a, sumatranus, b. borneensis, c. indica Miller & Schlexel, Verh. Ges.
Ned. Ind. p. 22(1839-44).
Buceros rhinoceroides et sublunatus (Yemminck) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1,
|
p- 59, 90 (1850).
PAM: BUCEROTIDAS
NI
2. Buceros rhinoceros var. silvestris (Vieillot). Java.
? Buceros africanus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 359 (1788).
Buceros silvestris Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. Vol. 4, p. 592 (1816); Elliot, Monogr.
Bucerot. pl. 5 (1882).
Buceros diadematus Dumont, Dict. Sc. Nat. Vol. 4, p. 203 (1817).
Buceros niger Merrem, Ersch. u. Grub., Encycl. Vol. 13, p. 286 (1824).
Buceros lunatus Temminck, P]. Col. Vol. 2, p. 63, pl. 546 (1834).
Buceros rhinoceros javanicus Muller & Schlegel, Verh. Ges. Ned. Ind. p. 22 (1839-44).
Buceros rhinoceros lunatus Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas(Buceros), p. 5 (1862).
Buceros rhinoceros var. silvestris Dubois, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Bele. Vol. 3, p. 194
(1884).
4. GENUS DICHOCEROS GLOoGER
Dichoceros Gloger, Hand- u. Hilfsb. p. 335 (1842) (type : Buceros cavatus).
Synonym : Homraius Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr. Anisod. p. 2 (1854) (type : Bucevos bicornts).
Characters. Bill very large, stout, curved and pointed at tip; casque very broad, sub-
quadrate, covering about the basal half of the culmen, flat, convex behind, concave in front,
and rising on both sides into a square corner, which turns slightly upwards into miniature
horns projecting forward. Skin around eyes and sides of throat naked. Wings ample. Tail long,
broad, rounded, with a broad sub-terminal black band. Tarsi short, stout. Size large.
Geographical Distribution. Only one species, inhabiting South-eastern Asia and
Sumatra.
1. Dichoceros bicornis (Linneus). (Plate 1, Figs. 3, 3a.) Indo-Chinese countries,
Buceros bicornis Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 153 (1766). Malacca, Sumatra.
Buceros cavatus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. Vol. 8, p. 18 (1811); Gould, Cent. Birds, p. 44,
pl. (1832).
Buceros cristatus Vieillot. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. Vol. 4, p. 591 (1816).
Buceros homrai Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. p. 251 (1832).
Dichoceros cavatus Gloger, Hand- u. Hilfsb. p. 335 (1842).
Homyatus bicornis Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr. Anisod. p. 2 (1854).
Dichoceros bicornis Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Heinean. Vel. 2, p. 173 (1860); Elliot,
Monoer. Bucerot. pl. 6 (1882).
Dichoceros homrai Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. Birds, p. 111 (1873).
Buceros (Dichoceros) bicornis Dubois, Bull. Mus Hist. Nat. Belg. Vol. 3, p. 195 (1884).
5. GENUS HYDROCORAX BrISSON
Hydrocorax Brisson, Ornith. Vol. 4, p. 565 (1760) (type : Buceros hydrocorax).
ay
Synonym : Platyceros Cabanis.& Heine, Mus. Heinean. Vol. 2, p. 170 (1860) (type : Buceros
hydyocovax).
Characters. Bill large, strong, pointed, much curved towards the tip; casque large, flat,
extending two-thirds the length of the culmen, wide at the posterior end, rather pointed antert-
orly. Skin around eyes and sides of the throat naked. Wings ample, rather long. Tail long
and rounded, white stained with buff. Crest moderate.
Geographical Distribution, Philippine Islands.
8 PICARKITAS
KEY TO THE SPECIES
A. Anterior part of casque raised above the culmen,
1. Bill and casque entirely brick-red . RASS ot c ee . H. PLANICORNIS.
2 Anterior half of bill yellowish-while. . . Doe » » »« « « Hi MINDANENSIS.
B. Anterior part of casque not raised above the culmen,
Bie a0 tEtU 2c ae et ee ee . . H SEMIGALEATUS.
1. Hydrocorax planicornis ( \Merrem). (Plate 1, Fig. 4.) Luzon, Marinduque
. : - I : Philippi Ss):
Buceros hydrocorax Linneus, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 153 (1766). Philippine. Island
Buceros bicornis var. Shaw, Gen. Zool. Vol. 8, p. 17 (1811).
Buceros planicornis, Merrem, Ersch. u. Grub. Encycl. Vol. 13, p. 287 (1824).
Buceros platyrhynchus Pearson, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Beng. p. 652 (1841).
Hydrocorax planicornis Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr. Anisod. p. 2(1854); Elliot, Menogr.
Buceret. pl. 7 (1882); Dubois, Syn. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 100 (18g9).
Platyceros hydrocorax, Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Heinean. Vol. 2, p, 174 (1860).
Hydrocorax hydrocorax, Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 358 (1892).
2. Hydrocorax mindanensis (| weediale). Mindanao, Basilan | Phi-
Buceros mindanensis weeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. pp. 543, § lippine Islands).
Chall. p. 15, pl. 3 (188u)
23 (1878); Sclater,
Hydrocorax mindanensis Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot, pl 8 (1882); Ovilvie-Grant, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 359 (1892!.
Buceros hydrocerax var, mindanensis Dubois, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. Vol. 3, p. 196
(1884).
Hydrocorax planitcornis var. mindanensits Dubois, Syn. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 100 (1899).
3. Hydrocorax semigaleatus (Tweeddale). Samar, Panaon, Leyte
: = ; z = ; -hilippi S :
Buceros semigaleatus Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. pp. 279, 341, 379 (1878). (Philippine Islands
Hydrocorax semigaleatus Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 9 (1882); Dubois, Syn. Avium,
Vol. 1, p. 100 (1899).
Buceros hydrocorax var, semigaleata Dubois, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. Vol. 3, p.196 (1884).
6. GENUS ANTHRACOCEROS REICHENBACH
Anthracoceros Reichenbach, Syst. Avium, Pt. 49 (1849) (type : Buceros malabaricus).
Synonyms : Hydrocissa Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 90 (1850) (type : Buceros mono-
ceros); Limnophalus Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. texte of pl. 25 (1882) (type : Buceros montant) ;
Gymnolaemus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 370 (1892) (type : Anthracoceros marchit).
Characters. Bill large, compressed, abruptly curved at tip; casque large, sub-crescentic,
somewhat swollen posteriorly, compressed and elevated anteriorly, extending over the basal
three-fifths of, and forming an obtuse angle with the culmen. Skin around eyes and sides of
throat naked, latter rarely entirely naked. Crest and wings moderate.
Geographical’ Distribution. South and South-eastern Asia, Java, Sumatra, Borneo
and Sooloo,
KEY TO THE SPECIES
lL. Middle tail-feathers black or black tipped with white.
A. Outer tail-featiters white.
a. Casque with a great black patch extending over the grealer part.
1. Casque black posteriorly (co), or not black posteriorly (Q). . . . . «. A. CORONATUS.
BAM UGE ROM DAs 9
a’. Casque with a black patch anteriorly.
2. Bill black at the extremity (Q), oy white with a black patch at the base of the
MUAH COLES (GM) nme me ges Se TS sek ste ate CY ce see Ae a enue
B. Outer tail-feathers black tipped with white.
b. Breast and belly black.
3. Eyebrow white (O'), or blackish-grey(Q) . . . . . A. MALAYANUS.
. Posterior end of casque and mandtbles black (GQ), or anterior part ofl bill Hee with
a reddish-brown patch in front of the black at the base of the lower mandible (Q).
. CONVEXUS.
(iy SWAP USRECTIN so. Queenan ee nee See ies) fe ee cn 9.) Na IMENTS.
DISS UZESINGILEH ES Mic Rin a wl, oO Bs sk ee AV UTAUERBARTCUS:
1. Taal pure white.
6. Bill and casque blackish. . . . . at Be . . A. MONTANI.
. Bill and casque yellowish-white, with a black b patch at the base of the lower
TOMATO VERA ST Mrs ee) Os i, Vho-| ets iy 1 Sera a ee eee pear Nee TAT CHUL
1. Anthracoceros coronatus (Boddaert). (Plate 1, Figs. 5, 5a.) Indian Peninsula and
Buceros coronatus Boddaert, Tabl. Pl Enl. p. 53 (1783). Ceylon.
Buceyos pica Scopoli. Faun. et Flor. Insub. p. 87 (1786).
Buceros malabaricus var, Latham, Ind. Ornith. Vol. 1, p. 144 (1790), et auct. plur. (nec
Gmelin).
Buceros dschindschicus Latham & Davis, Faun. Ind. p. 6 (1795).
Buceros violaceus Shaw, Gen. Zool. Vol. 8, p. 19 (1811).
Buceros monoceros Shaw, ibidem, p. 8 (18rr).
Anthracoceros coronatus Reichenbach, Syst Avium, pl. 49 (1850); Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot.
pl. rr (1882).
Hydrocissa pica, monoceros et violaceus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 90 (1850).
Anorrhinus violaceus Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr. Anisod. p. 2 (1854).
Hydrocissa coronata Horsfield & Moore, Cat. Birds Mus. E. Ind. Co. Vol. 2, p. 588
(1856-1858).
2. Anthracoceros convexus (Temminck). Malacca, Sumatra, Java
Buceros albiyostris Horsfield (nec Shaw), Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond, Vol. 13, p. 175 (1822). and Borneo.
Buceros convexus Temminck, Pl. Col. Vol. 2, p. 82, p!. 530 (1832).
Buceros violaceus Hay (nec Shaw), Madr. Journ. Vol. 13, p. 148 (1844).
Buceros intermedius Blyth, Journ, Asiat Soc. Beng. Vol. 16, p. 994 (1847).
Hydrocissa convera Horsheld & Moore, Cat. Birds Mus. I. Ind. Co. Vol. 2. p. 5or
(1856-58).
Anthracoceros convexus Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 329 (1878); Elliot, Monogr.
Bucerot. pl. 12 (1882). .
Hydrocissa albirostris Nicholson (nec Shaw), The Ibis, p. 56 (1882).
5. Anthracoceros malabaricus par: Burma, Tenasserim, Si-
Buceros malabaricus Gmelin, Syst. . Vol. 1, p. 359 (1788). am, Cochin-China and
Buceros albirostris Shaw, Gen. oe oe 8, p. 13 (1811). Malacca.
Buceros leucogaster Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. Vol. 10, p. 922 (1843).
Buceros nigvalbus Hodgson, in Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844).
Hydrocissa albivostris Horsfield & Moore, Cat. Birds Mus. E. Ind. Co. Vol. 2. p. 589
(1856-58).
Hydrocissa coronata Godwin-Austen, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. Vol. 14, p. 95 (1875).
Anthracoceros fraterculus Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), Vol. 1, p. 85 (1878); Monogr.
Bucerot. pl. 14 (1882).
Anthracoceros malabaricus 12\liot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 13 (1882).
Aunthracoceros allirostris Oates, Birds Brit. Burma, Vol. 2, p. go (1883).
4. Anthracoceros malabaricus var. affinis (futton). Himalaya, India.
Buceros malabaricus et albiyostris (part.) auct. plur.
Buceros afinis Hutton, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. Vol, 18, p. 803 (1849),
Hydrocissu affinis Jerdon, Birds Ind. Vol. 1, p. 247 (1862).
Anthracoceros afinis Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus, Vol. 17, p. 366 (1892).
Aunthracoceros malabaricus var. affints Dubois, Syn. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 1or (1899).
IO PICARITAL
5. Anthracoceros malayanus (Rattles). Malacca, Sumatra, Bor-
Buceros malayanus Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Vol, 13, p. 292 (1822) neo
Buceros anthracicus Yemminck, P}. Col. Vol. 2, p. So, pl. 592 (1832).
Buceros antarcticus Swainson, Classif. Birds, Vol. 2, p. 296 (1837).
Buceros bicolor Eyton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 104 (1839).
Buceros elliotti Hay, Madr. Journ. Vol. 13, Pt. 2, p. 152 (1844).
Buceros nigrirostris Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. Vol. 16, p. 995 (1847).
Hydrocissa malayana Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. go (1850).
Hydrocissa bicoloy Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr, Anisod. p. 2 (1854).
Hydrocissa nigrirostris Horstield & Moore, Cat. Birds Mus. E. Ind. Co. Vol. 2, p. 593
(1856-58).
Anthracoceros malayanus Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 15 (1882).
6. Anthracoceros montani (Oustalet). Sooloo Islands
Buceros montant Oustalet, Bull. hebd. Assoc. Se. Fr. p. 205 (1880).
Limnophalus montani Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 25 (1882).
Anthracoceros montani Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit.
Syn. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 101 (1899).
Mus. Vol. 17, p. 370 (1892); Dubois,
7. Anthracoceros marchii Oustalet. Palawan.
Anthracoceros marchii Oustalet, Le Naturaliste, p. 108 (1885, zoth April); Dubois. Syn.
Avium, Vol. 1, p. 101 (1899).
Anthracoceros lempriert Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 446, pl. 26 (1885, 5th May).
Gymunolaemus maychti Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 370 (1892).
7. GENUS CERATOGYMNA BONAPARTE
Ceratogymna Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr. Anisod. p. 2 (1854) (type : Buceros elatus).
Synonyms : Tmetoceyos Bonaparte (nec Cabanis) loc. cit. (type : Bucevos atvatus) ; Sphagolobus Cabanis
& Heine, Mus. Heinean. Vol. 2, p. 171 (1860) (type : Buceros atratus).
Characters, Bill large, deep, and somewhat curved, especially at the apical third;
casque large, elevated, subcylindrical, swollen laterally and rounded on top. A naked wattle at
the base of the throat, which latter is also more or less naked. Head black in the males, rufous
in the female, and covered by a long bushy crest. Wings rather long. Tail long, slightly rounded.
Geographical Distribution. West Africa.
KEY TO THE SPECIES
he eauevaletalsfeaiwers wuhiten= 9% <a 0 y) 2 eee ern ee ne ;, ¢ JC hEnarar
Dg SEMICON A TITS COU sy CIPO 9 5 6 5 8 6 5 6 6 9 6 6 6 6 6 9 (Cp NIG,
1. Ceratogymna elata (Temminck). (Plate 2, Fig. 4.) West Africa, from Sierra
Buceros elatus Vemminck, Pl. Col. Vol. 2, p. 75, pl. 521, f. 1 (1831). Leone to Gaboon.
Buceros cultratus Sundevall, Oefv. Vet.-Akad. Forh. p. 160 (1849).
Bucorvus elatus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 89 (1850).
Ceratogymna elata Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr. Anisod. p. 2 (1854); Elliot, Monogr. Buce-
rot, pl. 23 (1882).
Tmetoceros cultratus Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr. Anisod. p. 2 (1854).
2. Ceratogymna atrata (Temminck). North-western tropical
Africa, from Ashantee
to Loango, Fernando
Po, Belgian Congo
(Ituri, Umangi, May-
umbe),
Buceros atratus Temminck, P], Col. Vol. 2, p. 69, pl. 558 (1834).
Bucorvus atvatus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 89 (1850)
Tmetoceros atratus Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr. Anisod. p. 12 (1854).
Buceros poensis Fraser, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. p. 136 (1855).
Sphagolobus atratus Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Heinean. Vol. 2, p. 171 (1860); Elliot, Monogr.
Bucerot. pl. 24 (1882).
Ceratogymna atrata Shelley, The Ibis, p. 51 (1888); Dubois, Syn. Avium, p. 1o1 (1899).
PAM: BUCEROMIDAS
8. GENUS BYCANISTES CaBANIS & HEINE
Teh
Bycanistes Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Heinean. Vol. 2, p. 171 (1860) (type : Buceros buccimator).
Synonym : Pholidophalus Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 32 (1882) (type : Buceros fistulatoy Q).
Characters. Bill more or less large, and compressed; casque more or less large in the
males, occasionally longer than bill, compressed, longitudinally or transversally furrowed,
usually covering the basal three-quarters of the culmen; in the females the casque is quite
rudimentary, and the bill has several irregular deep transverse grooves. Crest large, composed
of long soft feathers. Tail subquadrate. Plumage black glossed with dark-green, and white.
Size more or less large.
Geographical Distribution. Africa, south of the Sahara.
KEY TO THE SPECIES
A. Breast and belly white.
1. Outer tail-feathers black, tipped with white, casque blackish
2. Secondaries and outer tail-feathers pure white 1), casque yellowish.
3. Secondaries and outer tgil-feathers black with white ends (or nearly so), size
smaller.
B. Breast black, belly whate.
a. Feathers on sides of head with grey ends.
b. Ends of secondaries black, sometimes slightly margined with white.
4. Outer tail feathers black, with the basal portion and the terminal quarter white .
c. Greater wing-coverts with white ends.
5. Tail white, a black band at base, and the middle tail-feathers uniformly black .
6. Tail black, the third end white. Bay
d. Feathers on sides of head black, without grey cnuds.
e. Tail white, with a wide sub-basal black band.
7. Thighs black in front
8. Thighs pure white
1. Bycanistes buccinator (Temminck). (Plate 3, Fig. 2.)
Buceros buccinator Vemminck, P|. Col. Vol. 2, p. 93, pl. 284 (1824).
Bucorvus bucctnator Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 89 (1850).
Tmetoceros buccinator Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr. Anisod. p. 2 (1854).
Bycanistes bucctnatoy Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Heinean. Vol. 2, p. 171 (1860); Elliot,
Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 27 (1882); Dubois, Syn. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 101 (1899).
2. Bycanistes leucopygus (Giebel).
Buceros leucopygus Giebel, Zeitschr. Ges. Naturw. Vol. 47, p. 73, @ (1876).
Buceros (Bycanistes) leucopygius Dubois, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. Vol. 3, p. 202, pl. 10.
f. 1 (S juv.) (1884).
Buceros fistulator var. Dubois, ibidem, pl. 11 (2) (1884).
Buceros sharpii (nec Elliot) Sharpe, Journ. Linn, Soc. Lond. Zool. p. 438 (1884);
Ogilvie-Grant (part.), Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 422 (1892); Reichenow,
Journ. f. Ornith. p. 94 (1894); Vog. Afr. Vol. 2, p. 245 (1903).
1) The primaries have occasionally white ends.
o&
Se
B.
. BUCCINATOR.
. LEUCOPYGUS.
- FISTULATOR.
CRISTATUS.
- SUBCYLINDRICUS.
. ALOYSII.
CYLINDRICUS.
ALBOTIBIALIS.
South Africa, from Zam-
besi to the Cape Colo-
ny, and northwards to
Angola.
Nijam-Nfjam, Belgian
Congo, Gaboon.
12 PICARLA
Bycanistes leucopygiuns Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol17, p. 418 (1892);
Shelley, Birds Afr. Vol. 1, p. 113 (1896); Dubois, Syn, Avium, Vol. 1, p. 101 (1899) ;
Ann. Mus, Congo, Zool. (4), Tome 1, p. 6, pl. 4 (S, 2) (1905); Proc. fourth Intern.
Ornith. Congr. (Lond. 1905), p. 519 (1g07); Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. p. 133 (1909).
Buceros vivi Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 423 (1892) (in synon.
nec Dubois).
3. Bycanistes fistulator (Cassin). (Plate 3, Figs. 3, 3a.) West Africa, from Sene-
Buceros fistulator Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. Vol. 5, p. 68 (1852). gambia to Angola.
Tmetoceros fistulatoy Bonaparte, Cons). Volucr. Anisod. p. 2 (1854).
Buceros leucostigma (temminck) Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas (Buceros), p. 16 (1862).
Buceros (Bycanistes) fistulatoy Gray, Hand-list of Birds, Vol. 2, p. 131 (1870).
Buceros sharpti Elliot, The Ibis, pp. 177, 179 (&) (1873).
Bycanistes sharpei Bouvier, Cat. p. 28 (1875).
Pholidophalus fistulator et sharpii Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pls. 32, 33 (1882); Dubois,
Syn. Avium, Vol. 1, p. ror (1899).
Bycanistes fistulatoy Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 422 (1892).
4. Bycanistes cristatus (Riippell). East Africa, from Abys-
Buceros cristatus Rippell, Fauna Abyss. Vog. p. 3, pl. 1 (1835). Ss
Bucorvus cristatus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 89 (1850).
Tmetoceros cristatus Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr. Anisod. p. 2 (1854).
Bycanistes cristatus Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Heinean. Vol. 2, p. 72 (1860); Elliot, Monogr.
Bucerot. pl. 26 (1882).
5. Bycanistes subcylindricus (Sclater). West Africa : Angola,
Buceros subcylindricus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 668, pl. 39 (2) (1870); Dubois, ee ae
Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. Vol. 3, p. 201 (1884). oy acne zie
= . . e x 0 . yy g .
Bycanistes subquadvatus Cabanis, Journ. f. Ornith. p. 350, pl. 1 (G) (1880). Sea
Buceros subquadratus Hartlaub, Abh. Bremen, p. 208 (1882).
Bycanistes subcylindricus et subquadratus Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pls. 18, 19 (1882).
6. Bycanistes aloysii Salvadori. Ruwenzori,
Bycanistes aloystt Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. comp. Univ. Torino, Vol. 21, no. 542
(1906).
7. Bycanistes cylindricus (Temminck). North-western Africa,
Buceros cylindricus Yemminck, P1. Col. Vol. 2, p. 76, pl. 521, f. 2 (1824). ie Gaboon ‘to Lis
Bucorvus cylindricus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 89 (1850). ena
Tmetoceros cylindricus Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr. Anisod. p. 2 (1854).
Bycanistes cylindvicus Cabanis & Heine. Mus. Heinean, Vol. 2, p. 173 (1860); Elliot,
Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 30 (1882).
Buceros casuarinus Gray. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Vol. 8, p. 437, pl. 17 (1871).
Pholidophalus casuarinus Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 34 (1882).
8. Bycanistes albotibialis (Cabanis & Reichenow),. Cameroons, Gaboon,
Buceros albotibialis Cabanis & Reichenow, Journ, f. Ornith. pp. 19, 103 (1877), pl. 1 (GC) oan, BelpianeGr
go.
(1878).
Bycanistes albotibialis Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 31 (1882).
Pholidophalus kethulle’ Dubois, Ornith. Monatsb., p. 69 (2) (1900); Syn. Avium, Vol, 2,
p- 1061 (1903).
9. GENUS RHYTIDOCEROS REICHENBACH
Rhytidoceros Cabanis & Heine, Mus Heinean. Vol. 2, p. 172 (1860) (type : Buceros obscurus).
Synonyms : Rhyticeyos Reichenbach, Syst. Avium, pl. 1 (1849) (type : Buceros undulatus) ; Calao Bona-
parte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. go (1854) (type: Buceros plicatus).
Characters. Bill large, curved and compressed; culmen covered for nearly half its
basal length by a casque like protuberance, apparently formed of Jarge scales overlapping
each other; base of both mandibles grooved or not grooved transversally. Throat naked. Crest
well developed. Wings ample. Tail long, subequal, white or black.
PAM. BUCEROTIDAS
13}
Geographical Distribution. — South-eastern Asia, and the greater part of the Malayan
Archipelago.
KEY TO THE SPECIES
A. Tail pure white.
1. Base of both mandibles grooved transversally
a. Base of both mandibles not grooved.
2. Top of head and occiput dark chestnut ; rest of head and neck white tinged
with buff in the male; head black, and gular skin deep blue in the female
b. Head and neck bright chestnut in the male; head black, and gular skin white in the
female.
3. Size large
4. Sise much smaller .
B. Tail black.
5. Like R. narcondami, but with a black tail. and top of head and neck darker
brown .
1. Rhytidoceros undulatus (Shaw). (Plate 2, Fig. 5.)
Buceros undulatus et javanicus Shaw, Gen. Zool. Vol. 8, pp. 26, 28 (1811).
Buceros niger Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. Vol. 4, p. 592 (1816).
Buceros annulatus et javanus Dumont, Dict. Sc. Nat. Vol. 6, pp. 210, 215 (1817).
Buceros plicatus Muller & Schleger (nec Forster), Verh. Ges. Ned. Ind. pp. 24, 30
(1839-1844)
Buceros pucoran Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. Vol. 12, Pt. 2, p. 990 (1843).
Buceros fusavan Blyth, ibidem, Vol 16, p. 998 (1847).
Riiyticeros plicatus Reichenbach, Syst. Avium, pl. 40 (1849).
Galao plicatus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 90 (1850).
Rhytidoceros obscurus Cabanis & Heine (nec Gmelin), Mus. Heinean. Vol. 2, p. 172 (1860).
Buceros (Rhyticeros) obscuyus Gray, Hand-list of Birds, Vol. 2, p. 129 (1870).
Rhyticeros obscurus Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. Birds, p. 115 (1873).
Aceros plicatus Blyth, Cat. Mamm. and Birds Burma, p. 69 (1875).
Rhytidoceros undulatus Tweeddale, The Ibis, p. 292 (1877); Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot.
pl. 35 (1882)
Rhyticeros undulatus Hume & Davis, Str. F. Vol. 6, p. 111 (1878).
Buceros plicatus var. widulata Dubois, Bull, Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. Vol. 3, p. 206 (1884).
2. Rhytidoceros subruficollis (Blyth).
Buceros subruficollis Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. Vol. 12 (1), p- 177 (1843).
Buceros plicatus Blyth (nec Forster), ibidem, p. 991 (1843).
Rhyticeros subruficollis Horsfield & Moore, Cat. Birds Mus. E. Ind. Co. Vol. 2, p. 600
(1856-1858).
Rhytidoceros subruficollis, Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Heinean. Vol. 2, p. 172 (1860); Elliot,
Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 36 (1882).
Buceros (Rhyliceros) pusasan (part.) Vickell, The Ibis, p. 180 (1864).
Aceros subruficollis Biyth, Cat. Mamm. and Birds Burma, p. 69 (1875).
Buceros plicatus var. subrupicollis Dubois, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. Vol. 3, p. 206 (1884).
3. Rhytidoceros plicatus (Forster).
3ucervos plicatus et rostratus Forst , Ind. Zool. p. 40 (178r).
Buceros obscurus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 362 (1788).
Buceros vuficollis, Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. Vol. 4, p. 600 (1816).
Calao rupficollis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 90 (1850).
Rhyticeros ruficollis et plicatus Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr. Anisod, p. 3 (1854).
Calao papuensis Rosenberg, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. p. 229 (1863).
Rhytidoceros ruficollis Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat. Genova, Vol 7, p. 763 (1875)
Buceros flawvicollis Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. 1, p. 393 (1876).
R. UNDULATUS.
R. SUBRUFICOLLIS.
RR. PLICATUS.
R. NARCONDAMI.
R. EVERETTI.
Cachar, Manipur, Pegu.
Tenasserim, Malacca,
Sumatra, Borneo, Ja-
va.
Arrakan, Pegu, Tenasse-
rim, Siam, Malacca,
Sumatra, Borneo.
Moluccas, Papua and
Solomon Islands: New
Britain, New Guinea,
Waigiou, Mysol, Hal-
mahera, Morty, Bat-
chian, Ceram, Amboy-
na, Salwatti, Ravak,
Guebeh and Batanta,
14 PICARIA
Rhytidoceros plicatus Tweeddale, The Ibis, p. 294 (1877): Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 37
(1882); Dubois, Syn. Avium, Vol. 1, p. ror (1899).
Rhytidoceros plicatus var. ruficollis, Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat. Genova, Vol. 10,
p- 299 (1877):
4. Rhytidoceros narcondami Hume. Narcondam Island (Bay
Rhyticeros narcondami Hume, Str. Feath. Vol. 1, p. 411 (1873). of Bengal).
Rhytidoceros navcondami \:\\iot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 38 (1882).
Buceros plicatus (part | Dubois, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. Vol. 3, p. 205 (1884).
5. Rhytidoceros everetti Hartert. Sumba Island.
Rhytidoceros everett? Hartert, Ornith. Monatsb. Vol. 5, p. 117(1897) ; Dubois, Syn. Avium,
Vol. 1, p. 102 (1899).
10. GENUS ACEROS HopGson
Aceros Hodgson in Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1841) (type : Buceros nepalensis).
Characters. Bill large, curved and compressed; base of the upper mandible only is
covered by a large transversally grooved plate ; casque rudimentary. Tail wedge-shaped, basal
half black, rest white. Feathers of the crest and neck very long and hairy.
Geographical Distribution. South-eastern Himalayas, and the hilly districts from
Assam to Tenasserim.
1. Aceros nepalensis Hodgson. (Plate 2, Fig. 6.) Nepal, Sikkim, Boutan,
Buceros nepalensis Hodgson, Asiat. Res. Vol. 18, Pt. 1, p. 178, 2 pls. (1829); Gray, Gen. Assam to Tenasserim. ©
of Birds, Vol. 2, pl. a9 (1847).
Aceros nepalensts Hodgson, Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus. Pass. pl. 314 (1842); Elliot, Monogr.
Bucerot, pl. 45 (1882).
Calao (Aceros) nepalensts Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 90 (1850).
Rhyticeros (Aceros) nepalensis Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr. Anisod. p. 3 (1854).
Aceros leucostigma Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat. Genova (2), Vol. 5, p. 515 (1887).
ll. GENUS ANORRHINUS REICHENBACH
Anorrhinus Reichenbach, Syst. Avium, pl. 49 (1849) (type : Bucevos galeritus).
Synonyms: Berenicornis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 91 (1850) (type : Buceros comatus) ;
Ptilolaemus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 392 (1892) (type : Buceros tickellz).
Characters, Bill more or less large, somewhat curved and compressed; casque
extending about over half the culmen, highest at its anterior end, whence it inclines gradually
backward to the base of bill. Skin around eyes, cheeks and throat naked, or with the throat
more or less feathered. Head covered by a long loose bushy crest. Wings long. Tail long, broad
and usually rounded,
Geographical Distribution. Asalu, Cachar, Tenasserim, Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo.
KEY TO THE SPECIES
t. Uatl browiish onep with the lashithiuid Clack’. <=). 0 2) ee GALE Rue
2. Tail long, white, the middle pair of feathers considerably the longest .
a. Tail brownish black, tipped with white.
L. Stats of the head, chil and tino viufous-Ouf. =) 5) ey les en ea) un) ee ee DLGK Ian.
. . A. COMATUS.
S.S7desioj the head cAuiand thvoaienivite’ 5) re ysl) i ve ice ne ACS ee
PAM. BUCEROTIDAE 15
1. Anorrhinus galeritus (Temminck). (Plate 2, Fig. 7.) South Tenasserim, Ma-
Buceros galeritus Yemminck, P]. Col. Vol. 2. p. 78. pl. 520 (1824). lacca, Sumatra, Bor-
Buceros cavinatus Blyth, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Beng. Vol. 14, p. 187 (1845). Co:
Hydrocissa galeritus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 90 (1850).
Anorrhinus galeritus Reichenbach, Syst Avium, pl. 49 (1849) ; Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot
pl. 42 (1882); Dubois, Syn. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 102 (1899).
Hydrocissa (Anthracoceros) galeritus Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr. Anisod. p. 2 (1854).
2. Anorrhinus tickelli (Blyth). Burma, Northern ‘Te-
Buéeros tickelli Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. Vol. 24, p. 266 (1855). nasserim Hills.
Toccus tickelli Tickell, The Ibis, p. 173, pl. 3 (1864).
Ocyceros tickelli Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. Birds, p. 113 (1873).
Meniceros tickelliae Hume, Str. Feath. Vol. 2, p. 470 (1874).
Anorrhinus tickelli Blyth, Cat. Mamm. and Birds Burma, p. 69 (1875); Elliot. Monogr.
Bucerot. pl. 45 (1882); Dubois, Syn. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 102 (1899).
Ptilolaemus tickelli Ogilyie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 392 (1892).
3. Anorrhinus austeni Jerdon. Northern Cachar Hills,
Anorrhinus galerttus Godwin-Austen (nec Temminck), Journ, Asiat. Soc. Beng. Vol. 39 (2), He south of Dihing
i River.
p- 96 /1870).
Anorrhinus austent Jerdon, The Ibis, p. 6 (1872); Dubois, Syn. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 102
(18q9).
Craniovrhinus corrugatus Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. (extra no.) p. 69 (1875).
Anorrhinus tickelli (part.) Godwin-Austen, The Ibis, p. 207 (1878); Dubos, Bull. Mus.
Hist. Nat. Belg. Vol. 3, p. 209 (part.) (1884).
Ptilolaemus austent Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 393 (1892).
4. Anorrhinus comatus (Raffles). South Tenasserim, Ma-
Buceros comatus Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Vol. 13, p. 399 (1822). Jacca, Sumatra, Bor-
neo.
Buceros lugubyis Begbie, Malay Penins. p. 513 (1834).
Berenicoynis comatus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. g1 (1850).
Anorrhinus comatus Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 39 (1882); Dubois, Syn. Avium, Vol. 1,
Pp. 102 (1899).
Buceros (Anorrhinus) comatus Dubois, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. Vol. 3, p. 207 (1884).
12. GENUS ORTHOLOPHUS OGILVIE-GRANT
Ortholophus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 424 (1892) (type : Buceros leucolophus).
Characters. Bill fairly large and curved; casque moderately elevated, keel-shaped,
and covering the greater part of the culmen. A tract of feathers down the middle of the naked
throat. Tail very long, wedge-shaped, black tipped with white, the middle pair of tail-feathers
being very much the longest. Crest of long soft feathers, those on the lores and front of the
head growing straight up (Ogilvie-Grant).
Geographical Distribution, West Africa.
KEY TO THE VARIETIES
A. Greater wing-coverts and quills not tipped with white.
1. Stripe on the chin, cheeks and throat feathers black . . . . . . . . . QO. ALBOCRISTATUS.
2. Chin black or white, cheeks feathers white with black shafts . . . . . . QO. ™MACROURUS.
BB. Greater wing-coverts and quills tipped with white.
3), (Clides Cid WHGie JATTETS HH 5 3 n t }6O) CHESOIG
16 PICARIA#
1. Ortholophus albocristatus (Cassin). Sierra Leone, Liberian.
Buceros albocristatus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. Vol. 3, p. 330 (1847).
Berenicornis albocristatus (part.) Hartlaub, Ornith. W. Afr. pp. 163, 274 (1857).
Berenicornts leucolopha Wiittikoffer (nec Sharpe), Notes Leyd. Mus. p. 29 (1892).
Ortholophus leucolophus (part.) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17. p. 426 (1892;.
Ortholophus finschi Sharpe, The Ibis, p. 610 (1904).
2. Ortholophus albocristatus var. macroura (Bonaparte). (Plate 3, Fig. 4.) Liberia S. to the Gold
, . 7 : o ; Coast.
Berenicornis macrourus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen, Avium Vol. 1, p. 91 (1849). a
Buceros albocristatus, auct. plur. (nec Cassin).
Berenicornis leucolophus Sharpe, Zool. Rec. p. 54 (1873)
Anorrhinus lencolophus Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 41 (1882).
Buceros (Anorrhinus) albocristatus (part.) Dubois, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. Vol. 3,
p. 207 (1884).
Ortholophus lencolophus (part.) Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 426 (1892).
Anorrhinus albocristatus (part.), Dubois, Syn. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 102 (1899).
Cameroons to Loango,
3. Ortholophus albocristatus var. cassini linsch.
Belgian Congo.
Buceros et Ortholophus albocristatus, auct plur. (nec Cassin); Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot.
pl. 40 (1882); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. p 425 (1892).
Ortholophus cassini Finsch, Notes Leyd. Mus. Vol. 23, p. 201 (1901).
Ortholophus albocristatus var. leucolophus, Dubois, Ann. Mus. Congo (4), Vol. 1, p. 34 (1905).
13. GENUS PENELOPIDES REICHENBACH
Penelopides Reichenbach, Syst. Avium, pl. 49 (1849) (type : Buceros pani).
Characters. Bill fairly large and curved; basal half of both mandibles covered with a
plate, and either or both transversally grooved; casque low, compressed laterally, Chin, throat
and skin around eyes naked. Wings long. Tail long, slightly rounded. Crest moderate.
Geographical Distribution. Celebes and Philippine Islands,
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND VARIETIES
A. Belly rvufous.
1. Base of both mandibles with grooved plates; top of head, neck and breast
bupy whites os, ve GP Ge Wo eS cy Neng) eae ae POmPAONTINM Re
B. Belly white tinged with buff.
2. Base of both mandibles with grooved plates; basal half of the tail dark
brown, and succeeded by a wide white band (stained rufous), followed by
a terminal black band glossed with green . . . . . . . . . . PP. MANILLE GT.
3. Like the treceding, but the two outer tail-feathers black without white band . WP. Tavis &.
4. Base of upper mandible only with a grooved plate; tail without dark brown
at the base, upper parts blackish glossed with green 1) . . . . . . P. MINDORENSIS OC.
a. Base of lower mandible only with grooved plate; back, rump, upper tail-coverts
and wings black glossed with dark green; tail white (stained rufous), with a
wide terminal black band and some black at the base.
5. Basal half of bill and casque dark brown . . . . . . . . . . P. AFPINIS Of.
1) In the opinion of Prof. Steere, the female differs only from the male in having the bare skin round the eye and at
the base of the mandibles dark blue instead of flesh-coloured (List of the Mamm. and Birds, p. 13).
PAM: BUGCEROT IDA: 107)
6. Upper mandible flesh-colouved to thebase. . . . . . . . . . . WP. BASILANICA GT
7. Lail-coverts buff-white, like the under parts. . . . . . . . . . PP. SAMARENSIS GO.
C. Belly black (only the females).
©)
Or
t. Base of both mandibles with grooved plates; tail asin the male, but the outer
web of the outside feather 1s slightly black tothe base. . . . . . . FP. PANINI OF
2. Base of both mandibles with grooved plates; tail asin the male . . . . BP. MANItLe Q.
SNCS KOU ab mC SRI LENT)7 (0 Cie an a ee ne ee zeae NTIS
P. AFFINIs Q.
5-7. Base of lower mandible only with grooved plate . BASILANICA ©.
ee
ry
P. SAMARENSIS Q.
. Penelopides panini (Boddaert). (Plate 2, Fig. 1.) Guimaras, Panay, Ne-
gros, Masbate (Philip-
Bueeros panini Beddaert, Vab]. Pl. Enl. p. 48 (1783). 3
pine Islands).
Buceros panayensis Scopoli, Faun. et Flor. Insubr, Vol. 2, p. 87 (1786).
Buceros insculptus Dumont, Dict. Sc Nat. Vol. 6, p. 209 (1817).
Buceros sulcirostvis \Wagler, Syst. Avium, Buceros, no. 13 (1827).
Tockus sulcirostris Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 91 (1850)
Penelopides sulcirostris et panayensis Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr. Anisod. p. 3 (1854).
Penelopides panini Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Heinean. Vol. 2, p. 168 (1860); Elliot, Monogr.
Bucerot. pl. 21 (1882); Dubois, Syn. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 102 (1899).
Buceros manillae var. panint Dubois, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. Vol. 3, p. 211 (1884).
. Penelopides manillz (Boddaert). Luzon, Marinduque, Ca-
taguan (Philippine Is
Buceros manillae Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl. p. 54 (1783).
Buceros manillensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 361 (1788). ca
Buceros sulcirostris \Vagler (part.), Syst. Avium. Buceros, no. 13 (1827).
Buceros panini Gray (part.), Gen. Avium, Vol. 2, p. 400 (1847).
Buceros panayensis Blyth (nec Scopoli), Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. Vol. 16, p. 997 (1847).
Penelopides panini (part.) Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Heinean. Vol. 2, p. 168 (1860).
Perelopides manillae \Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 9, p. 168 (1875); Elliot,
Monogr. Bucerot pl. 20 (1882); Dubois, Syn. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 102 (1899).
. Penelopides manillz var. talisi Finsch. Luzon N.
Penelopides talisi’ Finsch, Notes Leyd. Mus. Vol. 23. p. 190 (1901).
Mindoro (Philippine Is-
. Penelopides mindorensis Steere.
lands).
Penelopides mindorensis Steere. List Birds and Mamm. Philipp. p. 13 (1890).
Penelopides affinis schmackeri Hartert, Cat. Mus. Senckenb. p. 139:(1891).
Penelopides manillae var. mindorensis Dubois, Syn Avium, Vol. 1, p. 102 (1899).
Mindanao (Philippine
. Penelopides affinis [weeddale.
Islands).
Penelopides afinis Vweeddale, Ann. Mae. Nat. Hist. (4), Vol. 20, p. 534 (1877); Elliot,
Monoer. Bucerot. pl. 22 (1882).
Buceros manillae var. afinis Dubois Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Bely. Vol. 3, p. 211 (1884).
Penelopides manillae var. afinis Dubois, Syn. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 102 (1899).
Basilan (Philippine Is-
. Penelopides affinis var. basilanica Steere.
lands).
Penelopides affinis Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 70 (1879).
Penelopides basilanica Steere, List Birds and Mamm. Philipp. p. 13 (1890).
Penelopides manillae var. basilanica Dubois, Syn. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 102 (1899).
Samar, Leyte, Dinagat
. Penelopides affinis var. samarensis Steere.
(Philippine Islands).
Penelopides afinis Yweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. pp. 108, 341 (1878).
Penelopides samarensis Steere, List Birds and Mamm. Philipp. p. 13 (1890).
Penzlopides manillae var. samarensis Dubois, Syn. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 102 (1899).
18 PICARIAL
14. GENUS RHABDOTORRHINUS MEYER & WIGLESWORTH
Hydrocissa (part.) Bonaparte (type : Buceros monoceros).
Rhabdotorrhinus Meyer & Wiglesworth, Abh. Mus. Dresden, no. 8, p. 6 (1895) (type : Buceros exavatus).
Characters. Bill moderate, curved, sharply pointed; casque low, compressed laterally,
and indented by three deep grooves for its entire length. Wings short. Tail rather short,
rounded. Sides of head and throat white in the male, black in the female, Size small.
Geographical Distribution. Celebes, (Malacca ?),
1. Rhabdotorrhinus exaratus (Temminck). (Plate 2, Fig. 2.) Celebes.
Buceros exarhatus Temminck, P]. Col. Vol. 2, p. 90, pl. 211 (1823).
Buceros exarhaetus Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. Vol. 16, p. 997 (1847).
Buceros exavatus Blyth, Cat. Birds Asiat. Soc. Beng. p. 44 (1849).
Hydrocissa exavatus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 90 (1850); Elliot, Monogr.
Bucerot. pl. 46 (1882); Dubois, Syn. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 103 (1899).
Anorrhinus exaratus Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr, Anisod. p. 2 (1854).
Penelopides exarvatus Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 376 (1892).
Rhabdotorrhinus exaratus Meyer & Wiglesworth, Abh. Mus. Dresden, no. 8, p. 6 (18095).
15. GENUS LOPHOCEROS HEmprICH & EHRENBERG
Lophoceros Hemprich & Ehrenberg, Symb. Phys. Avium, fol. 2 (1828) (type : Buceros nasutus).
Rynchoceros Gloger, Hand-u. Hilfsb. p. 335 (1842) (type : Buceros melanoleucus).
Grammicus Reichenbach, Syst. Avium, pl. 49 (1849) (type : Buceros nasutus).
Ocyceros Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. Birds, p. 113 (1873) (type : Buceros gingmuanus).
Orizocerus Oberholzer, Proc. U. 5. Nat. Mus. Vol. 22, p. 28 (1899) (type : Buceros hartlaubi). | cee
Characters. Bill moderate, curved, with a small keel-shaped casque, which is rarely
wanting. Sides of throat more or less naked. Head with a short occipital crest, Wings mode-
rate. Tail long
g, slightly rounded. Size small.
Geographical Distribution. India, Ceylon, Africa.
KEY TO THE SPECIES
A. A wide superciliary stripe, chin, breast and rest of under parts white; rest of the body
grey, palest on the chest and nape, inclining to brown on the back and tail.
t. Middle pawy of tail-feathers longest and slightly, the outer pairs widely tipped
DONE, po) 5. Gin Caen te oe Bes ee ee poe ee BS TROSIRION
B. Wing-coverts neither spotted nor margined with white.
a. Breast and belly white.
a’. Bill orange-red ; four outer pairs of tail-feathers with white tips.
2. Sides of the head with very small white striations; no white over the eyes . . . LL. MELANOLEUCUS.
al’, Sides of the head with much larger white striations.
3. White feathers over the eyes; plumage much paler . . . . . . . . . (LL. ANGOLENSIS.
4. A large white band over the eyes joining behind the nape; sides of the head white
Varieoaten WiuniOlack, 6 3 1 « =) = es) 3 ee ee SE lS IGEDORNSIS:
PAVE BUCE RO RUD A 19
al’. Middle of breast, belly, front of thighs and under tail-coverts white ; remainder
of plumage black.
5. Basal part of lower mandible veddish black; third and fourth pairs of tail-
feathers white a ken GM ee gees a eee mes Rae BONS CTAT USE
. Basal part of lower maniible yellowish white; third and fourth pairs of tail-
Oo)
feathers black with while ends. ee ee eee Le oEiIrEASeramus:
7. Breast blackish grey ; belly mixed with white; back, rump and upper tarl-coverts
greyish black ; bill blackish, crimson towards UWE UD). aaa ea ee eee SEPARA UP TE
C. Wing-coverts spotted or margined with white.
b. Wing-coverts spotted with white.
8. Plumage like L. hartlaubi, but the wing-coverts spotted with white ; bill and
small casque red, mandibles partly black ee GRAN TT.
c. Wing-coverts margined with white ; middle parr of tail-feathers with whitish shafts.
9. Bill and casque yellowish white; wings more than 230mm. . . . . . . JL. PALIDIROSTRIS.
10. Bill with the end orange-ved; wings undey 230 mm. . . . . . . . . L. NEUMANNI.
D. A white or pale buff line from the nape down the centre of the back; middle parr of tail-
feathers with white shafts.
ite CONAN RA CIRO. Gs eo a eee PS oo &@ eo A eg ce | ILS NAS ITUS,
na. Al wrpall hie URC QOO NG (OSGI. 3s Ss se a ek hh el gl gl Cg!) LL, oRREENTUS,
1. Lophoceros birostris (Scopoll). Western and central Pe-
ninsula of India to
Buceros birostris Scopoli, Faun. et-Flor. Insubr. Vol. 2, p. 87 (1786).
Buceros ginginianus Latham, Ind. Ornith. Vol. 1, p. 146 (1790). Nena
Buceros oxyurus Wagler, Syst. Avium, Buceros, no. 14 (1827).
Buceros cinerascens Hodgson, Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus. Pass. pl. 313 (1844).
Tockus gingintanus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen Avium, Vol. 1, p. 91 (1850).
Meniceros ginginianus Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr. Anisod. p. 3 (1854).
Tockus bicornis Horsfield & Moore, Cat. Birds Mus. E. Ind. Co. Vol. 2, p. 597 (1856-1858).
Penelopides ginginianus Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Heinean. Vol.2, p. 169 (1868).
AMeniceros bicornis Jerdon, Birds Ind. Vol. 1, p. 248 (1862).
Ocyceros ginginianus Fume, Nests and Eges Ind. Birds, p. 113 (1873).
Ocyceros bicornis Fairbank, Str. Feath. Vol. 5. p. 394 (1877).
Ocyceros biyostris Davidson & Wenden, Str. Feath. Vol. 7, p. 78 (1878).
Lophoceros birostris E\liot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 48 (1882); Dubois, Syn. Avium, Vol. 1,
p- 103 (1899).
2. Lophoceros melanoleucus (Lichtenstein). (Plate 2, Fig. 8.) Africa, S. of about 5° N.
Buceros melanoleucus Lichtenstein, Cat. Hamb. p. 8, no. go (1793). 4 ai
Buceros coronatus Shaw, Gen Zool. Vol. 8, p. 35 (1811).
Tockus melanoleucus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 91 (1850); Elliot, Monogr.
Bucerot. pl. 49 (1882).
Rhynchoceros melanoleucus Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr. Anisod. p. 3 (1854).
Lophoceros melanoleucus Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Hcinean. Vol. 2, p. 168 (1860); Dubois,
Syn. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 103 (1899).
Tockus coronatus Gurney, The Ibis, p. 133 (1861).
Lophoceros alboterminatus Buttikoffer, Notes Leyd. Mus, Vol. 11, p. 67 (1889).
Lophocevos m linoleucus suahelicus Neumann, Journ. f. Ornith. p. 187 (1905).
3. Lophoceros melanoleucus var. angolensis Reichenow. Angola.
Lophoceros melanoleucus angolensis Reichenow, Vog. Afr. Vol. 2. p. 250 (1902-03).
4. Lophoceros melanoleucus var. geloensis Neumann. Sobat District, N. E.
Africa.
Lophoceros melanoleucus geloensis Neumann, Journ. f. Ornith. p. 188 (1905).
20 PICARIZE
5. Lophoceros fasciatus (Shaw).
Buceros fasciatus Shaw, Gen. Zool. Vol. 8, p. 34 (1811).
Buceros melanoleucus-Vieillot (nec Lichtenstein), Nouv, Dict. Hist. Nat. Vol. 4, p. 505
(1816)
Tockus fasciatus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 91 (1850); Elliot, Monogr.
Bucerot. pl. 50. f. 1 (1882).
Grammicus fasciatus Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr. Anisod. p. 3 (1854).
Lophoceros fasciatus Cabanis & Heine, Mus, Heinean. Vol. 2, p. 168 | 1860); Dubois, Syn.
Avium, Vol. 1, p. 103 (1899)
6. Lophoceros fasciatus var. semifasciata (Hartlaub).
Buceros semifasciatus Hartlaub, Journ. f. Ornith. pp. 356, 361 (1855).
Tockus semtfasctatus Hartlaub, Ornith. W. Afr. p. 163 (1857); Elliot. Monogr. Bucerot.
pl. 5o, f. 2 (1882).
Buceros fasciatus var, semifasciatus Dubois, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. Vol. 3, p. 215 (1884).
Lophoceros semifasciatus Shelley, The Ibis, p. 59 (1888).
Lophoceros fasciatus var. semifasciata Dubois, Syn. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 103 (1899).
7. Lophoceros hartlaubi (Gould).
Toccus hartlaubi Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, p. 380 (1860); Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot.
pl. 58 (1882).
Buceros nagtglassi Schlegel, Neder]. Tijdschr. Dierk. Vol. 1, p. 56. pl. 2 (1862).
Buceros hartlaubi Reichenow, Journ. f. Ornith. p. 18 (1877).
Tockus nagtglasst Barboza du Bocage, Ornith. Angola, p. 541 (1881).
Alophius hartlaubi Dubois, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Bele. Vol. 3, p. 69 (1884).
Lophoceros hartlaubi Shelley, The Ibis, p. 69 (1888).
Orizocerus hartlaubi Oberholzer, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 22, p. 28 (1899).
8. Lophoceros hartlaubi var. granti Hartert.
Lophoceros granti Hartert. Novit. Zool. Vol. 2, p. 55 (1895); Dubois, Syn. Avium, Vol. 1,
p- 103 (1899): Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. (4), Tome 1, p. 9, pl. 5 (1905).
g. Lophoceros pallidirostris (Finsch & Hartlaub).
Buceros pallidirostris Finsch & Hartlaub, von der Decken’s Reisen O -Afr. p. 71 (1870).
Tockus pallidivostris Barboza du Bocage, Ornith. Angola, p. 117 (1881).
Tockus melanoleucus (part.) Sharpe, Layard, Birds S. Afr. p. 128 (1884).
Buceros nasutus var, dubia Dubois, Bull, Mus. Hist. Nat. Bele. Vol. 3. p. 213, pl. 10, f. 2
(1884).
Lophoceros pallidirostris Shelley, The Ibis, p. 64 (1888); Dubois, Syn. Avium, Vol. 1,
p. 103 (1899).
10. Lophoceros pallidirostris var. neumanni Reichenow.
Lophoceros neumanni Reichenow, Journ. f. Ornith. p. 230(1894); Vog. Afr. pl. 5, f. 2(1903).
Lophoceros pallidirostris var. neumannt Dubois, Syn. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 103 (1899).
11. Lophoceros nasutus (Linnzus).
Buceros nasutus Linnzus, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 154 (1766).
Buceros nasica Cuvier, Régne Anim, Vol. 1, p. 419 (1817).
Buceros (Lophoceros) forskalti et hemileucos Hemprich & Ehrenberg, Symb. Phys. Avium,
fol. aa, z (1828).
Buceros hastatus Cuvier, Regne Anim. Vol. 1, p. 446 (1829).
Buceros poectlorhynchus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool. p. 257 (1839).
Tockus nasutus Ruppell, Syst. Uebers. Vog. N.-O.-Afr. p. 79 (1845).
Buceros nasutus var. senegalensts et orientalis, Sundevall, Oefv. Vet.-Akad, Férh. pp. 108,
130 (1850).
Tockus poecilorhynchus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. gt (1850).
Grammicus hastatus et nasutus Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr. Anisod, p. 3 (1854).
Lophoceros forskalii Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Heinean. Vol. 2, p. 167 /1860).
Lophoceros nasatus Cabanis & Heine, ibidem, p. 167 (1860); Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot.
pl. 47 (1882).
Buceros nasatus (part.; Dubois, Bull. Mus, Hist. Nat. Belg. Vol. 3, p. 212 (1884).
West Africa : Angola
to Gaboon and Nijam-
Nijam, Belgian Con-
50.
West Africa, from the
Niger to Senegambia.
West Africa.
Belgian Congo(Aruwini,
Lake Léopold II re-
gion).
Benguela, Angola, Bel-
gian Congo to the
Lake Tanganyka.
Masailand.
Wholly tropical Africa.
PAM. BUCEROMIDAz ZI
South Africa (from the
Cape region to the
Katanga).
2. Lophoceros nasutus var. epirhina (Sundevall).
Buceros epirhinus Sundevall, Oefv. Vet.-Akad. Foérh. p. 108 (1850).
Buceros nasatus var. caffer, Sandevall, ibidem, p. 108 (1850).
Lophoceros epirhinus Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Heinean. Vol. 2, p. 167 (1860).
Tockus poectlorhynchus Kirk (nec Lafresnaye), The Ibis, p. 327 (1864).
Buceros, Tockus et Lophoceros nasutus (part.) auct. plur. (nec Linnzus).
Lophoceros nasutus var, epirhina, Dubois, Syn. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 103 (1899).
Lophoceyos nasutus epirhinus, Reichenow, Vée. Afr. Vol. 2, p. 258 (1904).
16. GENUS ALOPHIUS EmpricH « EHRENBERG
Alophius Hemprich & Ehrenberg, Symb. Phys. Avium,fol.2,foot-note (1828) (type: Buceros evythrorhynchus).
Synonym : Tockus Lesson, Traité d’}Ornith. p. 252 (1831) (type : Buceros erythrorhynchus).
Characters. Bill long, slender, much curved; mandible compressed laterallly along the
culmen; no casque. Sides of throat more or less naked. Wings and tail long, the latter rounded.
Size small.
Geographical Distribution. Atrica, \WWestern India, Ceylon.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND VARIETIES
A. Under parts grey or greyish-white.
1. Under parts grey ; middle and second pairs of tail-feathers brownish black,
three outer pairs the same, but with whiteends . . . A. GRISEUS.
. Under parts greyish-white ; middle and second pairs of Tee blackish.
brown with white ends; remaining feathers white, some black on the basal
Well OF Wie COSUIOWE, 3 5 2 o- 4 0 6 3c a © 6 5 5 o oF AN, GENGATISNGIS,
B. Wing-coverts spotted or margined with white.
a. Wing-coverts spotted with white.
3. Bill very long, yellowish ved, dark purple towards the tip; middle parr of
tail-feathers with black shafis. . . . . . A. MONTEIRI.
4. Bill bright scarlet ; middle pair of tail- vee zith Dane shafts . . . AS cAMURUS-
b. Wing-coverts margined with white.
5. Bill dull red, whitish on the basal part of the upper mandible ; middle parr
of tail-feathers with black shafts ; thivd and fourth pairs white . . . A. HEMPRICHI.
C. A white or pale buff stripe from the nape down the centre of the back.
c. Wing-coverts spotted with white ; middle pair of tail-feathers with black or blackish
shafts.
c!. Bill ved.
6. Top of the head and forehead dark grey tinged with brown; ear-coverts,
cheeks and sides of neck white edged with grey ; two outer tatl-feathers black
UPUTHs 5 6 6 6 » 59 8 =o 09 & 9 9 5 6 5 6 6 © Jo DUSVINAROIMEHANGENOS.
7. Forehead, cheeks and sides of the head pure white; two outey tarl-feathers
ile y MN Me eT ew eh cre) hea vs anes Jaye ee ee ce) ee PA DANAREN SIS:
8. Like A. damarensis, but much smaller . . . . . . . =. +. +. A MEDIANA.
d. Bill ovange-yellow.
e. Feathers on the chest white edged with greyish black.
g. Middle primaries spotted with white on the outey web only . . . . . A. LEUCOMELAS.
s
22
10. Middle primaries spotted with white on both webs. . . . . . . . A. ELEGANS.
11. Feathers on the chest white with black shafts. . . i ee A. FLAVIROSTRIS.
12. Lower mandible dark red, the upper orange-vellow; stse smaller . . . A, SOMALIENSIS.
13. Wing-coverts with sub-terminal oval white spots; bill red with yellowish-
whitevéxtyenity 3 5 5. 0 ce ee ee SORGI
f. Wing-coverts not spotted with white.
14. Bill ved with yellowish-white extremity. . Se 2 2 od) ROeACEDESKENTs
1. Alophius griseus (Latham). Western India, Khan-
Buceros griseus Latham, Ind. Ornith. Vol. 1, p. 147 (1790). Geisha
Buceros cineraceus Temminck, P]. Col. Vol. 2, p. 80 (1824).
Buceros (Tockus) griseus Lesson, Traité d’Ornith. p. 252 (1831).
Tockus griseus Bonaparte, Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 91 (1850); Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot.
pl. 54 (1882).
Rhinoplax griseus Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr. Anisod. p. 3 (1854).
Tockus gingalensis (part.) Jerdon, Birds Ind. Vol. 1, p. 250 (1862).
Alophius griseus Dubois, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg..Vol. 3, p. 216 (1884).
2. Alophius gingalensis (Shaw). Ceylon.
Buceros gingalensis Shaw, Gen. Zool. Vol. 8, p. 37 (1811).
Buceros gingala Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. Vol. 4, p 600 (1816).
Buceros pyrrhopygus \Wagler, Syst. Avium, Buceros, no. 18 (1827).
Tockus gingalensits Bonaparte, Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. gt (1850); Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot.
pl. 55 (1882).
Rhinoplax gingalensts Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr. Anisod. p. 3 (1854).
Tockus griseus Layard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 204 (1873).
Alophius griseus var. gingalensis, Dubois, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. p. 216 (1884); Syn.
Avium, Vol. 1, p. 103 (1899).
3. Alophius monteiri (Hartlaub). South Africa, Damara-
Toccus monteiri Hartlaub, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 87, pl. 5 (1865); Elliot, Monogr. REIS
Bucerot. pl. 53 (1882)
Alophius monteiri Dubois, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. Vol. 3, p. 219 (1884); Syn. Avium,
Vol. 1, p. 104 (1899).
Lophoceros monteiyi Shelley, The Ibis, p. 62 (1888).
4. Alophius camurus (Cassin). Western and central
Tockus camurus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. p. 319 (1857); Elliot, Monogr. ae
Bucerot. pl. 59 (1882).
Buceros pulchrivostris Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. Vol. 1, p. 74, pl. 4 (1862).
Tockus pulchrirostris Sharpe, The Ibis, p. 485 (1870).
Buceros camurus Reichenow, Journ. f. Ornith. p. 18 (1877).
Alophius camurus Dubois, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. Vol. 3, p. 220 {1884); Syn. Avium,
Vol. 1, p. 104 (1899).
Lophoceros camurus Shelley, The Ibis, p. 62 (1888 .
5. Alophius hemprichi (Ehrenberg). North-eastern Africa,
PICARIA!
Buceros (Lophoceros) hemprichit Ehrenberg,Symb. Phys. Avium, fol. aa, foot-note 3 (1828).
Buceros limbatus Riippell, Faun. Abyss. Vég. p. 5, pl. 2, f. 1 (1835).
Tockus limbatus Rippell, Syst. Uebers. Vog. N.-O.-Afr. p. 79 (1845).
Grammicus limbatus Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr. Anisod. p. 3 (1854).
Lophoceros limbatus Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Heinean. Vol. 2, p. 168 (1860).
Toccus hemprichi Blanford, Geol. Zool. Abyss. p. 326 (1870); Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot.
pl. 52 (1882).
Buceros hemprichi Finsch, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond, Vol. 8, p. 317 (1870).
Alophius hemprichti Dubois, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. Vol. 3, p. 215 (1884); Syn.
Avium, Vol. 1, p. 103 1899).
Lophoceros hempricht Shelley, The Ibis, p. 60 (1888).
PAV BUCH ROD As
6. Alophius erythrorhynchus (Temminck), (Plate 3, Fig. 1.)
SI
Cw
Buceros nasutus Vieillot (nec Linnzus), Encycl. Meth. Vol. 1, p. 305, pl. ro, f. 3 (1823).
Buceros erythrorhynchus Temminck, Pl. Col. Vol. 2, sp. 19 (1823).
Buceros (Alophius) erythrorhynchus var. leucopterus Hemprich & Ehrenberg, Symb. Phys.
Avium, fol. aa, foot-note 1 (1828).
Buceros (Tockus) erythrorvhynchus Lesson, Traité d’Ornith. p. 252 (1831).
Lockus erythrorvhynchus Rippell, Syst. Uebers. V6g.. N.-O.-Afr. p.
Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 56 (1882).
Buceros vupiyostris Sundevall, Oefv. Vet.-Akad. Forh. p. 108 (1850).
Buceros erythrorhyncus var. caffer Sundevall) ibidem, p. 108 (1850).
Riynchaceros erythrorhynchus Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Heinean. Vol. 2, p. 166 (1860).
Alophius erythrorhynchus Dubois, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. Vol. 3, p. 218 (1884); Syn.
Avium, Vol. 1, p. 104 (1899).
Lophoceros erythrorhynchus Shelley, Vhe Ibis, p. 65 (1888).
. Alophius erythrorhynchus var. damarensis (Shelley).
Tockus erythrorhynchus, auct. plur. (nec Temminck).
Lophoceros damarensis Shelley, The Ibis, p. 66 (1888); Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus. Vol. 17, p. 411, pl. 14 (1892).
Alophius evythrorhynchus var. damarensis Dubois. Syn. Avium, p. 104 (1899).
Lophoceros erythrorhynchus damarenst Reichenow, Vog. Afr. Vol. 2, p. 266 (1904).
. Alophius erythrorhynchus var. mediana (Sharpe).
Lophoceros medianus Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 498 (1895).
Alophius erythrorhynchus var. mediana Dubois, Syn. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 104 (18q9).
? Lophoceros erythrorhynchus Salvadori, Mem. Accad. Vorino (2), Vol. 44, p. 553..
g. Alophius flavirostris (Rtppell).
IO
Buceros flavirostris Rippell, Faun. Abyss. Vog, p. 6, pl. 2, f. 2 (1835).
Tockus flavirostris Rippell, Syst. Uebers. Vég. N.-O.-Afr. p. 79 (1845) ; Elliot, Monogr.
Bucerot. pl. 51 (1882).
Riynchaceros flavirostyis Cabanis, Journ. f. Ornith. p. 235 (1878).
Alophius flavirostris Dubois (part.), Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. Vol. 3, p. 218 (1884);
Syn. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 104 (1899).
Lophoceros flavirostris Shelley, The Ibis, p. 67 (1888).
. Alophius flavirostris var. leucomelas (Lichtenstein).
Buceros leucomelas Lichtenstein, Verz. Sdugeth u. V6g. p. 17 (1842).
Rhynchaceros leucomelas, Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Heinean. Vol. 2, p. 166 (1860).
Buceros, Tockus et Alophius flavirostris (part.), auct. plur. (nec Ruppell).
Lophoceros leucomelas Shelley, Whe Ibis, p. 67 (1888).
Alophius flavirostris var. leucomelas Dubois, Syn. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 104 (1899).
11. Alophius flavirostris var. elegans (Hartlaub).
Toccus elegans Hartlaub, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 86, pl. 4 (1865).
Tockus et Alophius flavirostris (part.), auct. plur.
Lophoceros elegans Shelley, The {bis, p. 68 (1888).
Alophius flavirostris var. elegans Dubois, Syn. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 104 (1899).
Lophoceros lencomelas 9, von Erlanger, Journ. f. Ornith, p. 444 (1905).
12. Alophius flavirostris var. somaliensis (Keichenow).
Lophoceros somaliensis Reichenow, Journ. f. Ornith, p. 96 (1894).
Alophius flavirostris var. somaliensis Dubois, Syn. Avium. Vol. 1, p. 104 (1899).
13. Alophius deckeni (Cabanis).
Bucevos (Rhynchaceros) deckeni Cabanis, von der Decken’s Reisen O.-Afr. Vol. 3, p. 36
pl. 6 (186s).
Buceros deckent Finsch & Hartlaub, Vég. O.-Afr. p. 489 (1870).
Rihynchaceros deckent Cabanis, Journ. f. Ornith, p. 235, pl. 2 (1870).
,
79 (1845); Elliot,
>
Tockus bocaget Oustalet, Bull. Soc. Phil. p. 161 (1881); Rochebrune, Faun. Sénégamb.
Ois. p. 121, pl. 13.
Tockus deckent Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot. pl. 57 (1882).
Alophius deckent Dubois, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Bele. Vol. 3, p. 217 (1884).
23
Africa, S. of about 17°
N. lat.
Damaraland.
Somaliland.
East Africa, between
about 15° N. lat. and
50'S. lat.
Great Namaqualand, Da-
maraland, Zambesi,
Transvaal, S. Africa.
South-western Africa
Somaliland.
Eastern and E.-central
Africa.
24 PICARLE
Lophoceros deck:nt Shelley, Uhe Lbis, p. 68 (1888).
Lophoceros sibbensis Sharpe, ibidem, p. 382 (1895).
Alophius deckeni var. sibbensis Dubois, Syn, Avium, Vol. 1, p 103 (1899).
14. Alophius deckeni var. jacksoni (Ogilvie-Grant). ‘Torquel, Suk (Jackson).
Lophoceros jacksoni Ogilvie-Grant, The Ibis, p. 127 (1891); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus, Vol. 17,
p. 416, pl. 13 (1892).
Alophius dechkeni var. jacksoni Dubois, Syn. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 103 (1899); Reichenow,
Vog. Afr. Vol. 2, p. 266 (1904).
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
AAG Baa
Fig. 1. Bucorvus abyssinicus (Boddaert).
la = = (right foot from inside).
— 2. Buceros rhinoceros Linnzus.
— 3. Dichoceros bicornis (Linnzus).
Sie ~- — (right foot from inside).
— 4. Hydrocorax planicornis (Merrem).
— 5. Anthracoceros coronatus (Boddaert).
a = = (left foot from inside).
Pinan
Fig. 1. Penelopides panini (Boddaert),.
Rhabdotorrhinus exaratus (Temminck).
|
NS
Cranorrhinus cassidix (Temminck),
Ceratogymna elata (Temminck).
|
eae
Rhytidoceros undulatus (Shaw).
Aceros nepalensis, Hodgson.
|
Bes
Anorrhinus galeritus (Temminck),
|
©
Lophoceros melanoleucus (Lichtenstein).
PLATE 3
Alophius erythrorhynchus (Temminck),
Bycanistes buccinator (Temminck).
|
O&O NH
Bycanistes fistulator (Cassin), mas. and fem.
— _ (underneath from the wing).
|
to
Q
-— 4. Ortholophus albocristatus var. macroura (Bonaparte),
3
. Rhinoplax vigil (Forst).
Uccle near Brussels, 15th May rott.
GENERA AVIUM PICARI#®
FAM. BUCEROTID At
I,1a. BUCORVUS ABYSSINICUS. 2. BUCEROS RHINOCEROS. 3,3a. DICHOCEROS BICORNIS. 4. HYDROCORAX PLANICORNIS.
5,5a. ANTHRACOCEROS CORONATUS.
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GENERA AVIUM PICARIA
FAM. BUCEROTID A
1, PENELOPIDES PANINI. 2. RHABDOTORRHINUS EXARATUS. 3. CRANORRHINUS’ CASSIDIX.
5. RHYTIDOCEROS UNDULATUS. 6. ACEROS NEPALENSIS. 7. ANORRHINUS GALERITUS,
4. CERATOGYMNA ELATA.
8. LOPHOCEROS MELANOLEUCUS.
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GENERA AVIUM PICARIA
FAM. BUCEROTIDA
1. ALOPHIUS ERYTHRORHYNCHUS. 2. BYCANISTES BUCCINATOR. 3, 3a. B. FISTULATOR. 4. ORTHOLOPHUS MACROURUS.
5. RHINOPLAX VIGIL.
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GENERA |
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CONDUCTED BY _
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WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY MESSRS. A. DUBOIS, E. HARTERT,
mo E. _ HELLMAYR, Ww. RS OGILVIE- GRANT, C. PARROT, APE wW. ROTHSCHILD,
T. ‘SALVADORI, P. L, SCLATER, &
_ PICARIE
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PRINTED AND PuBLIsHED BY V. VeERTENEUIL & L. DrEsmetr, BrusseLs
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FAM. MEROPIDE
FAM. MEROPID&
_ BY Dr CARL PARROT
HE Meropidae (Bee-eaters) form one of the most sharply defined and characteristic
groups of the great order Picariae, suborder Coraciae. From their morpholo-
gical features it is difficult to say to which other group they are most nearly
related, for there are close affinities to the family A/cedinidae while it cannot be
denied either that the Meropidae are also, though more distantly, allied to the Todidae and
Momotidae.
The bee-eaters differ from the other six families of the Coraciae by having the episternal
process forked (as in the majority of the Passeres) and perforated so as to receive the feet of the
coracoids (as in the Upupidae and Bucerotidae). Some authors are inclined to place the
Meropidae between the Coraciidae and the Galbulidae.
The most essential characters of the Meropine structure may be summarised as follows :
The skull is desmognathous and has a deep grove; the palate is desmognathous; the nasalia
are holorhine, the basypterygoid processes are absent; the sternum has four notches on the
posterior edge (episternal process vidé supra); the crista sterni is produced into a distinct
point; the scapula is very long and relatively broad. The tongue is narrow, elongated and
ends in horny filaments; the cesophagus lacks a crop, the gizzard is provided with a very
thick enticula; the right liver-lobe is much enlarged; the coeca are present. Generally there is
only the left carotid developed, but in Nyctiornis there are two. The oil-gland is nude. The
epinal tract is well defined on the neck, but divided into two tracts on the upper back; the
pectoral tract has also an outer branch.
The Bee-eaters are slender, delicately built birds. The bill is longer than the head,
acutely pointed, with both mandibles curved, the sides compressed and sloping from the culmen,
PICARI AS
bo
which, as arule, has a distinct ridge; the nostrils are basal, lateral, rounded, partly or entirely
hidden by short, stiff feathers or bristles. The tarsus is very short, often feathered on the upper
part, sometimes bare, sometimes covered in front with narrow transverse scales or scutella.
The three anterior toes are rather long, the lateral ones more or less united to the middle toe;
the hind toe is also relatively long and broadly padded beneath; the claws are moderately long,
curved and acute. The tail, long and rather broad, consists of twelve rectrices and is sometimes
square, sometimes rounded or forked; the middle feathers are often prolonged beyond the
lateral ones. The wing is more or less elongate and pointed; the first primary is rudimentary ;
either the second is the longest or the third and fourth form the tip of the wing. The iris of the
adults is as a rule bright red. The sexes are alike in plumage, but the female is somewhat
smaller than the male. The young birds are of a more uniform and fallow coloration, sometimes
duller, sometimes lighter.
Habits and Reproduction. The J/eropidae are very active birds, have a graceful,
extremely rapid flight which somewhat resembles that of the swallows, and a loud, sometimes
cheerful and chirruping whistling, sometimes a hoarse, repeatedly uttered note. They preter
well-watered countries, especially the neighbourhood of rivers, and frequent the sparingly
covered plains and open forests, some migrating, others remaining all the year in the same
locality. They usually perch on commanding branches or other objects, from which they are
likely to have a good out-look for espying their food, which consists only of flying insects (wasps,
bees, dragon-flies, bugs and even butterflies), On migrating they are usually seen in large or
small flocks, flying backwards and forewards in graceful sweeps for long periods without
resting, and catching its prey entirely on the wing.
The young, being helpless at the beginning of their live, are reared in horizontal holes,
digged by their parents in perpendicular banks of rivers, in earthy enbankments or in crumbly
rocks (sometimes in old quarries and pits); the entrance is small, reaching inwardly to the
depth of a yard or more and having at the end of the tube a roomy chambre; the eggs, from
four to eight in a clutch, are pure white, glossy and roundish, and are deposited on the bare
ground or on a lining of remains of food (fragments of insects) and ejectamenta. It has been
reported that some species lay their eggs in the holes of trees.
Range. The distribution of the Meropfidae is very wide, extending as it does over the
temperate and tropical portions of the Old World, The majority of the species are to be found
in Africa, where also the origin of the family is probably to be looked for. Up to-date we know
about fifty species and subspecies of Bee-eaters, of which twenty-nine are purely African.
Bibliography. Levaillant, Hist. Nat. des Promerops et des Guépiers fais. suite a celle des Oiseaux de
Paradis : Hist. Nat. Guépiers, 24 partie (1807); Gould, Birds Australia, Vol. 2 (1840);
Nitzsch, in Burmeister, Syst. Pterylographie (1840); G. R. Gray. Gen. of Birds, Vol. 1,
p. 85-87 (1844-1849); Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 1 (1850-1873); Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium,
Vol. 1, p. 160-164 (1850); Reichenbach, Handb. Spec. Ornith. Meropine, p. 61 83 (1852);
Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Heinean. 2. Theil, p. 132-142 (1859-60); Schlegel, Mus. Hist. Nat.
Pays-Bas, Vol. 3, Merops (1863); Huxley, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 467 ff. (Classif.) ;
Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1873, p. 631; 1874, p. 117 (Anatomy); Dresser, Monogr.
Meropide (1884-86); Sharpe, Review rec. attempts classify Birds (1884); Newton, Encycl.
Britann. Vol. 18, Ornith. (1884); Fiirbringer, Untersuch. Morphol. und System. Végel, Vol. 2,
PAM. MEROPIDAl 3
2
p. 1568 (1888); Seebohm, Classif. of Birds, p. 21 (1890); Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17,
p- 41-92 (1892); Oates, Handb. Birds Brit. Burmah, Vol. 2, p. 63-69 (1883); Newton, Diction.
of Birds, p. 29 (1893); Bronn-Gadow,. Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs, V6gel, 2. Syst.
Theil, p. 232 (1893); Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind. Birds, Vol. 3, p. tog-117 (1895); Kuschel,
Journ. f. Ornith. 1895, p. 223 ff. (Oology); Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds Celebes, Vol. 1,
p- 247-261 (1898): Sharpe, Hand-list Gen. and Spec. Birds, p. 72-75 (1900); Neumann, Journ.
f. Ornith. T900, p. 217-220; 1905, p. 191-193; Finsch, Notes Leyd. Mus. Vol. 23, p. 1-14
(1901-03); Reichenow, Vogel Afrikas, Vol. 2, p. 301-332 (1902-03) (Review of the African
Species); Naumann, Naturgesch. Végel Mitteleuropas, 3. (Folio) Aufl. Vol. 4, p. 330; von
Erlanger, Journ. f. Ornith. 1905, p. 452-457; Hesse, ibidem 1907, p. 225 (Anatomy).
Two subfamilies of the Meropidae can be distinguished.
SUBFAM. A. — MEROPINA=
The breast-plumes of normal shape, the nostrils partially covered by bristles. Birds of
slender build and small or moderate size. Sociable in their habits, they frequent open places,
steppes and plains, breeding as arule in colonies and wandering from place to place, according
to the change of season or, when inhabitants of temperate regions, performing regular migrations.
SUBFAM. B. — NYCTIORNINAE
The breast-plumes broad, elongated and pendent; the nasal apertures hidden by dense
bristles ; birds of rather stout shape and of medium or large size; inhabitants of dense forests,
even in the mountains, sociable or living in couples, but not strictly migratory.
A. MEROPINA®
The Meropinae are conveniently divided into four genera.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE MEROPINA=:
i. Furst primary much longer than the primary coverts .
De
— First primary shorter or but slightly longer than the primary coverts; central
Lip eatexSmelOon cate (a em see an enn een CenuSeViERORS:
2. Central tail-feathers elongated 2. Genus AZEROPS.
== (CANT NOMS OOTIOTS WOH MonGHOE ~~ 6 6 © 6 6 6 6 50 © 6 © 9 6 6 6 © © 0 © © © So
3}. Dien) wengy alastamule Ea gg ee ek kk og 9 de GEMS IDIGROORREUE,
=U ILA Ces re ee es tues a Sees ft) ed eee ee eel eae Genlsi Er innOPpHAaGuss
1. GENUS MEROPS LINNEUS
Merops Linnzus, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 182 (1766) (type: M. afiaster); cf. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.
Vol. 17, p. 58 (1892).
Characters. Bill long, curved and pointed, with the culmen ridged, the sides compressed,
the tip very acute; gape-line curved, the gonys very long and arched; nostrils basal, lateral,
4
PICARIZ#
roundish, and covered with a few short hairs, nasal membrane short. Wines long, pointed
? ? o e ?
covering two-thirds of the length of the tail, the first quill rudimentary, shorter or but very little
longer than the primary coverts, the second primary longest, the third rather shorter ; scapulars
shorter than the secondaries. Tail long, even, with the ends of the two middle feathers elong-
ated beyond the others and pointed. Tarsi very short and covered in front with narrow
transverse scales, or indistinctly scutellate; toes rather long, slender, the lateral ones unequal,
the outer toe being slightly longer, united as far as the second joint to the middle toe. The
lower part of the tibia bare.
These birds are, as a rule, very gregarious and are seen in large flocks, frequenting open
places and the borders of forests, chiefly near water, and breeding in colonies.
The forms belonging to the species 7. muelleri inhabit dense forests and live in couples.
Geographical Distribution. Africa, Madagascar, Southern Europe, Central Asia,
India, eastwards to Australia and New Guinea.
©
1o.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES
. Breast green ov blue.
Breast pink or rose colour
. Back and scapulars chestnut as well as the wings; head purplish blue like
the breast .
Back and scapulars not chestnut
. Back dark purplish maroon, the forehead bright cobalt, with whitish
SUvUPeS< A 8a BO a sce aay ey WSEAS 2
Back light chestnut, forehead dark blue, the base of the forehead some-
what paler
. Scapulars green, lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts silvery cobalt,
tail blue a aa
Scapulars ochre yellow like the lower back and rump; upper taal-coverts
andnianioueen: ye oom) Bee Won te, Pye oe ee ae te
. Mantle chestnut .
Mantle green.
. Head and mantle bay
Head and mantle deep chestnut
. Mantle dark green
Mantle grass-green .
. Upper throat yellow, succeeded by chestnut
Upper throat blue, green or greenish yellow, followed by a narrow line of
black, head green or brown washed with green
. Foreneck with a broad black patch, tail black, washed or edged with blue
ILCOvEMECK NOLO LAG hats ee een
Tail black, washed or edged with blue
Tail blue .
Tail green or golden olive .
. General colour above green, frontal band pale blue
General colour above golden olive, frontal band yellowish while
M.
M.
M.
M.
bo
1g.
3)
4
MUELLERI MUELLERI.
MUELLERI MENTALIS.
ae
APIASTER.
6.
7.
. AMERICANUS AMERICANUS (ad.).
M.
M.
AMERICANUS SUMATRANUS (ad.).
AMERICANUS (juv.).
ORNATUS (ad.).
. ORNATUS (JUV. ).
. SUPERCILIOSUs PHILIPPINUS.
« SUPERCILIOSUS SALVADORII.
PAM. MEROPIDZ2 5
12. Forehead, eyebrow and cheek stripe blue, head above light green Te
= Hovehead meyeUKOwmanmichecr stripe cumilenmnedd aboverOVOwiuNs | ee) een eer.
13. Colour of head and back contrasted with colour of throat and jugulum . ML. SUPERCIILOSUS SUPERCILIOSUS.
— Colour of head and back scarcely different fyvom that of throat and foreneck,
DO? NOMS INH, 5 5 2 9 6 8 09 6 © 5» 5 4 2 co 5 Wis SURIREGILIOSUS DONALDSONI.
14. General colour above grass-green oy washed with blue . . . . M. SUPERCILIOSUS PERSICUS.
— General colour above more yellowish green, the central rectrices more
GONG, 5 o¢ 0 0 © 6 @ 8 6 6 0 29 o 6 6 o o Wil, SURDRCIIOSUS GARR,
OUND POV HOCISULE Eke AO Neu eS ipeec, 2) cet. Pe Sis ss ways), ote tel cca Acti RO ace TO
sed PRCVMUNNOMUMICLNOU Ca Memaapmles: Peay ei ayia gst ist heh Uap ges (ts aut.) caiheie gma ate a pea ea
16. Head brown, washed with yellowish green . . De eV aviRiDrsiviRins!
= Jélan! gram, sajna whup jello. (Wine OR Ube MONE! 5 5 5 8 5 8 ol lg
17. Upper throat green or yellowish green. . . . . . . . . . . M2. VIRIDIS VIRIDISSIMUS.
— Upper throat greenish yellow ov chrom-yellow . . . . . . . . M. viRIDIS REICHENOWI.
18. Entive forehead and a broad eyebrow deepblue . . . . . . . . Mz. vrripis cyANOPHRYS.
— A narrow line at the base of the forchead and a narrow eyebrow blue. . MM. vixtnIS MUSCATENSIS.
19. Back crimson-pink ; head bluish green ; lower back and rump bright cobalt
blue Say CONV Sey Res ey cusp tin | en Wiay pee or ae 20.
— Back dark ashy-grey with a vosy shade, chin and cheeks white . . . M. MALIMBIcus.
20. Inhioat bliush green; breast yosy puke. . =| . - . - . = . . MM. NUBIGUS NUBIGUS.
— Cheeks and under surface of body rosy pork . . . . . . . . +. M~. NUBICUS NUBICOIDES.
1. Merops muelleri muelleri (Cassin). (Plate, Fig. 4.)
Meropiscus muelleri Cassin, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1857, p. 37 (Muni-river); cf. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus. Vol. 17, p. 59 (1892).
Merops batestana Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 10, p. 48 (1g00) (French Congo).
Fig. notab. Cassin, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. (2), Vol. 4, pl. 49, f. 2 (1860).
Hab. West Africa, from the Southern and Eastern Cameroons to Gaboon (Jaunde, Barombi, Bonge,
Benito, Muni, River Ja).
2. Merops muelleri mentalis Cabanis.
Merops mentalis Cabanis, Journ. f. Ornith. 1889, p. 78 (Kamerun). ;
Merops marionis Alexander, Bull. Brit Ornith. Club, Vol. 13, p. 33 (1903). (Bakaki | Fernando Po)).
Merops northcotti Sharpe, ibidem, Vol. 10, p. 49 (1900) (Gold Coast).
Fig. Dresser, Monogr. Merop. pl. 30 (1885).
Hab. West Africa, from the forests of the Gold Coast to the Sanaga river; mountainous districts of the
Cameroons (Fantee, Lake Barombi, Bibundi); Fernando Po.
3. Merops apiaster Linnzus. (Plate, Figs. 1, la, 1b.)
Merops apiastey Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 182 (1776) (« Europa australi, Oriente »); cf. Sharpe, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 63 (1892).
Merops congener Linneeus, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 183 (1766) WS Europa australi »).
Merops apiarius Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool. Vol. 13, Pt. 2, p. 73 (1825) (« Britain » etc.).
Merops huugariae Brehm, Vox. Deutschl. p. 146 (1831) ( (Unger.
Merops elegans Brehm, Vovellfang, p. 50 (1855).
Fig. notab. Albin. Nat. Hist. Birds. Vol. 2, pl. 44 Cee Montbeillard, Hist. Nat. Ois. Vol. 6, p. 23
(1779); Levaillant, Hist. Nat. Parad. et Guép. ae 3, pls. 1, 2 (1807); Naumann, Vog. Deutschl.
Vol. 5, pl. 143 (1826); Werner, Atl. Alcyons, pl. 2 (econ Gould, Birds Europ. Vol. 2. p. 59 (1837);
Sundevall, Svensk. Fogl. pl. 70 f. 1 (1856); Fritsch, V6g. Europ. pl. 14, f. 3 (1870); Dresser,
Monogr. Merop. pl. 18 (1884); Birds Europ. pl. 295 (1877); Naumann, Nature. Vogel. Mitteleur.
Vol. 4, pl. 37.
Hab. Southern Europe, extending to Central Asia, north to the Altai-mountains, south to the North-west
Provinces of India, occurring in winter throughout the whole of Africa; it is also said to breed on
the Cape of Good Hope and is common as a summer migrant in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.
6
PICARIZ#
4. Merops americanus americanus P. L. 5. Miller.
Merops americanus P, L. S. Miller, Syst. Nat. Suppl. p. 95 (1776) (ex Buff. Daubenton, Isle de France); locality
erroneous.
: Merops bicolor Boddaert, ‘Vabl. Enl. p 15 (1783) (ex Daubenton, same locality); cf. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus. Vol. 17, p. 60 (1892). '
Merops badius Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1
. p- 462 (1788) (ex Brisson et Daubenton :
Senegal), partim.
: Francie insula, ad fluv.
Merops castaneus Latham, Ind. Ornith. Vol. 1, p. 273 (1790) (ex Brisson et Daubenton ; same locality), partim.
Merops hypoglaucus Reichenbach, Handb. Merop. p. 76 (1852) (« angebl. aus Ostindien »), juv.
Fig. notab, Daubenton, Pl Enl. pl. 252; Brisson, Ornith. Vol. 4, p. 43, f. 2 (1760) (« Petit Guespier
des Philippines »); Dresser, Monogr. Merop. pl 7 (1884).
Hab. Confined to the Philippine Archipelago.
5. Merops americanus sumatranus Kaftles.
Merops sumatranus Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Vol. 13, p. 294 (1821) (Sumatra) ; cf. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus. Vol. 17, p. 61 (1892).
Merops cyanopygins Lesson, Traité d’'Ornith. p. 238 (1831)(Patr.non indic.;ex « Sumatra and Java », fide Pucheran,
Rev. Mag. Zool. p. 391 (1853).
Merops rochechowardi Heude, Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. p. 39 (1873) (teste Dres er).
Fig. Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 9, pl. 26. f. 2 (1875); Dresser, Monogr. Merop. pl. 6 (1884).
Hab. From Southern China to Cochin China and Siam, the Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra and
Borneo.
6. Merops ornatus ornatus Latham.
Merops ornatus Latham, Ind. Ornith. Suppl. p. XXXV (1801) (Nova Hollandia); cf. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus. Vol. 17, p 74 (1894).
Merops tenuipennis ou M. Thonini Dumont, Dict. Sc. Nat. (Levrault), Vol. 20, p. 52 (1821) (ex Levaillant, local.
correct. : « Aux Terres Australes »,
Merops melanurus Vigors & Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc, Lond. Vol. 15, p. 208 (1826) (« Conflux of Grose and
Hawkesbury Rivers, Australia»).
Merops modestus Oustalet, Bull. Assoc. Fr. p 248 (1878).
Fig. Latham, Gen. Syn. Suppl. 2 pl. 128 (1801); Levaillant, Hist. Nat. Guép. pl. 4 (1807): Lewin, Nat.
Hist. Birds N.S. Wales, pl. 2 (1822); Gould, Birds Austr. Vol. 2, pl. 16 (1840); Reichenbach, Handb.
Merop. pl. 446, ff. 3233, 3234 ‘ca. 1852); Dresser, Monogr. Merop. pl. 14 (1884); Meyer & Wigles-
worth, Birds Celebes, pl. 8, f. 13 (tail).
Hab. Australia, the Papuan Islands and Moluccas to Celebes, Timor, Flores and Sumba 1).
7. Merops superciliosus superciliosus Linneus.
Merops superciliosus Linneus, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 183 (1766) (Madagascar); cf. Sharpe Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.
Vol. 17, p. 70 (1892).
Merops rvuficapillus Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. Vol. 14, p. 23 (1817) (« passe par la Caffrérie »).
Merops vaillantii Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 161 (1950) (ex Madagascar).
Fig. notab. Brisson, Ornith. pl. 62, fig. (1760); Daubenton, Pl. Enl. pl. 259; Levaillant, Hist. Nat.
Guép. Vol. 3, pl 19 (1807); Dresser, Monogr. Merop. pl. 17 (1884).
Hab. Madagascar and adjacent islands; occurring also in various parts of the African continent.
8. Merops superciliosus donaldsoni Oberholser.
Merops superciliosus donaldsoni Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 27, p. 737 (1904) (Somali Land).
Hab. Somali Land (Fanole, Dawa River, Umfudu) and British East Africa.
g. Merops superciliosus persicus Pallas.
Merops persicus Pallas (part. Synon, M_ superciliosus), Reise Russ. Reichs, Vol. 2, Anhang, p. 708 (1773) (mare Casp.,
Gurjevac); cf Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 66 (1892).
Merops aegyptius Forskal, Descr. Animal. Aves p.
2 (1775) (Egypten).
Merops ruficollis Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. Vol. 14, p. 22 (1817) (« Egypte »).
1) The form 1/, sumbaensis A. B. Meyer (Sitzungsber. Ges. Isis Dresden, 1884, pp. 6, 19), typ. local. : Sumba, cannot
be maintained on account of the colour-differences mentioned by its describer (viz. more bluish on the breast and less
brownish suffusion on the head), but it seems that Australian specimens are rather larger. The species is, moreover, very
likely to be only a winter visitor to the island of Sumba.
PAM MEK ORID As
SI
? Merops savignyi Audouin, Expl. Somm. Planch. d’Ois. de l’'Egypte, par Savigny, p. 371 (1825) («toute l'Afrique»).
Fig. notab. Levaillant, Hist. Nat. Guép. pl. 6 et 6 bis. Sub-nom. : Guépier Savigny, Egypt.; Dresser,
Birds Europe, Vol. 5, pl. 296 (1877); Monogr. Merop. pl. 16 (1884).
Hab. North Africa (Egypt). South-Western Asia, Persia, to the north western provinces of India
to the Caucasus and Turkestan, occasionally in South-Eastern Europe, occurring from Nubia
(breeding ?) to Damara Land, Natal and Cape Colony in winter.
to. Merops superciliosus saharz Neumann.
Merops persicus saharae Neumann, Ornith. Monatsb. 1908, p. 28, (Tora, Lake Tsad).
? Merops longicauda Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. Vol. 14, p. 15 (1817) (Malimbe).
? Merops chrysocercus Cabanis & Heine 1), Mus. Heinean. Vol. 2, p. 139 (1859-1860) (Senegal).
Fig. Neumann, Journ. f. Ornith. 1899, pl. 16.
Hab. Oases of the Sahara, from Biskra to Lake Tsad; occurring perhaps also in Senegambia and the
Congo State.
1. Merops superciliosus philippinus Linneus.
Merops philippinus Linneus, Syst. Nat. ed. 13, Vol. 1, p. 183, no. 5(1766) (in insul. Philippinis); cf. Sharpe, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 71 (1892).
Merops javanicus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond, Vol. 13, p. 171 (1820) (Java).
Merops philippensis Stephens in Shaw, Gen. Zool. Vol. 13, Pt. 2, p. 75 (1826) (Philippine Isles).
Merops daudin Cuvier, Régne Anim. Vol. 1, p. 442 (1829) (ex Levaillant : Philippines).
Merops cyanorrhos Temminck, in Mus. Leyd. fide Cabanis, Mus. Heinean Vol. 2, p. 139 (1859-60).
Merops philippinus var, celebensts Blasius, Zeitschr. Ges. Ornith. Vol. 2, p. 239 (1885) (Celebes).
Fig. Brisson, Ornith. Vol. 4, pl. 43, f. 1 (1760); Daubenton, Pl. Enl. Vol. 6, p. 57; Levaillant, Hist.
Nat. Guép. pl. 14 (1807); Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 1, pl. 36 (1855); Reerenceem Handb. Merop.
pl. 444. ff. 3227, 3228 (1852); Dresser, Monogr. Merop. pl. 15 (1884); Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds
Celebes, pl. 8, f. 2 (1898) (tail).
Hab. Philippines, Moluccas, Malay Peninsula, Indian Peninsula, Indo-Chinese provinces, Ceylon,
Celebes.
12. Merops superciliosus salvadorii A. B. Meyer.
Merops salvadorti Meyer, The Ibis, p. 293 (1891) (New britain); cf. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 72,
nole (1892).
Fig. Meyer, Journ. f. Ornith. pl. 1, f. 1 (rgor).
Hab. New Britain, German New Guinea.
13. Merops viridis viridis 2) Linnzus.
Merops viridis Linneus, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 182 (1766) (Java, Bengala); cf. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.
Vol. 17, p. 78 (1892) part.
Merops coromandus Latham, Ind. Ornith. Vol. 1, p. 272 (1790) (India, Coromandela).
Merops orientalis Latham, Ind, Ornith. Suppl. p. XXXIII (1801) (India).
Merops caerulescens Latham, ibidem, p. XXXIII (1801) (« Habitatio dubia »).
Merops lamarck Cuvier, Régne Anim. Vol. 1, p. 442 (1829) (« grande partie de I’Inde et del’ Ariane »)
Merops indicus Jerdon, Madr. Journ. Vol. 2, p. 227 (1840) (« in numbers over all India »).
Merops luteus Reichenbach, Handb. Merop. p. 75 (1852) (Coromandel).
Merops ferrugicepbs Hodgson in Gray’s Zool. Miscell. p. 82 (1844). Nomen nudum.
Merops torquatus Hodgson, ibidem, p. 81 (1844). Nomen nudum.
Fig. notab. Albin, Nat. Hist. Birds, Vol. 3, pl. 30 (1740); Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, Vol. 4, pl. 183
(1751); Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 1, p. 35 (1855) ; Dresser, Monogr. Merop. pl. 9 (1886).
Hab. Persia, Baluchistan, Indian Peninsula and Ceylon, eastwards through the Burmese countries
to Cochin China.
14. Merops viridis viridissimus Swainson.
Merops viridisstmus Swainson, Birds West Afr. Vol. 2, p. 82 (1837) (Senegal ?).
Merops viridis Linneus, cf. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 78 (1892) part.
Fig. notab. Brisson, Ornith. Vol. 4, pl. 42, f. 2 (1760); Daubenton, Pl. Enl. Vol. 6, pl. 740; Levaillant,
Hist. Nat. Guép. pl. 10 (1807); Dresser, Birds Europe, Vol. 5, pl. 297 (1876); Dresser, Monogr.
Merop. pl. 8 (1884).
Hab. North-western Africa (Senegambia) and North-eastern Africa (Egypt, Sudan).
1) Probably winter- or immature plumage.
2) M. viridis viridis is probably to be subdivided into several forms. Birds from Ceylon are always smaller, those
from Baluchistan are lighter.
PICARIAS
mM
15. Merops viridis reichenowi Parrot.
Merops viridis veichenowi Parrot, Ornith. Monatsber; Vol. 18, p. 13 (1910) (Salomona, Eritrea).
Hab. Eritrea, Abyssinia, Nubia (Chartum, Shendi).
16. Merops viridis cyanophrys (Cabanis & Heine).
Plothrus cyanophiys Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Heinean. Vol. 2, p. 137 (1860) (Arabien)
Merops cyanophrys Cabanis & Heine, cf. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 83 (1892).
Fig. Heuglin, Ornith. Nordost-Afr. Vol. 1, pl. 6 (1869).
Hab. Southern Arabia.
17. Merops viridis muscatensis Sharpe.
Merops muscatensts Sharpe, The Ibis, 1886, pp. 15, 65 (Muscat, N. E. Arabia).
Merops muscatensis Sharpe, cf. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 82 (1892).
Fig. Dresser, Monogr. Merop. pl. 10 (1886).
Hab. Neighbourhood of Muscat (Eastern Arabia).
18. Merops malimbicus Shaw.
Merops malimbicus Shaw, Nat. Miscell. Vol. 17, p. 701 (1806) (Malimba); cf. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17,
p- 86 (1892).
Fig. Daudin, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Vol. 2, pl. 62, f. 1 (1803); Levaillant. Hist. Nat. Guép. pl. 5
(1807); Reichenbach, Handb. Merop. pl. 452, ff. 3256, 3257 (1852); Dresser, Monogr. Merop.
pl. 19 (1884).
Hab. West Africa, from the Gold Coast to Loango,
19. Merops nubicus nubicus Gmelin.
Merops nubicus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 464 (1788) (Nubia); cf. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17,
p- 85 (1892).
Merops superbus Pennant, Ind. Zool. Suppl. v. 33 (1790).
Merops caeruleocephalus Latham, Ind. Ornith. Vol. 1, p. 274 (1790) (« in Nubia »).
Fig. notab. Daubenton, Pl. Enl. pl. 649; Shaw & Nodder, Nat. Miscell. Vol. 3, pl. 78 (1791); Levaillant,
Hist. Nat. Guép. pl. 3 (1807); Dresser, Monogr. Merop. pl. 20 (1884); Journ. f. Ornith, 1905, pl. 9.
Hab. West Africa, from the Senegal to the Niger; East equatorial Africa, from Abyssinia to the Rufiji
(Zanzibar district).
20. Merops nubicus nubicoides Des Murs & Pucheran. 5
Merops nubicoides Des Murs & Pucheran, Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 243 (Port Natal).
Merops natalensis Reichenbach, Handb. Merop. p. 78 (1852) (Port Natal); cf. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.
Vol. 17, p. 84 (1892).
Fig. notab. Layard, Birds South Africa, pl. 4, f. 2 (1876); Dresser, Monogr. Merop. pl. 21 (1884).
Hab. South Africa, from Natal to Niassa Land, and westwards, from Damara Land into the Upper
Congo region.
2. GENUS AEROPS REICHENBACH
Erops Reichenbach, Handb. Merop. 1852, p. 82 (type : Merops albicollis Vieillot).
Characters. The first primary is much longer than the primary coverts, the second is
shorter than the third, the two central rectrices are much elongated and attenuated at
the end. Otherwise much like Werops.
These birds are also gregarious, frequenting both the forests and the steppes, and seem
to be migrants or partial migrants. Three forms (two undoubtedly subspecies and one species)
can be distinguished.
Geographical Distribution. The genus is confined to the Ethiopian region.
FAM. MBROPIDA: o-
KEY TO THE FORMS
1. General colour above pale green, upper throat white; crown, a broad stripe
von? Uke Gre, Chad laraad! (aio!) Gerass dpe Wbyegt WHE 5 . 2 0 0 6 6 6 2 06 5 5b 0 o 5 Be
— General colour above bright green, upper throat vufous buff like the crown
and nape, a blackish terminal band on the tal. . . . . . . +. +. ABROPS BOEHMI.
2. Smaller (wing gt-g97 mm.), the band across the throat narrower. . . . . A®SROPS ALBICOLIIS ALBICOLLIS.
— Larger (wing 98-108 mm.), the band across the throat rather broader . . . ASROPS ALBICOLLIS MAJOR (GC).
1. Aerops boehmi (Reichenow).
Merops (Melittophagus) boehmit Reichenow, Journ. f. Ornith. 1882, p. 233 (Bumi district); cf. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus. Vol. 17, p. 83 (1892).
Merops dressert Shelley, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1882, p. 303 (Rovuma River).
Fig. notab. Shelley, Journ. f. Ornith. 1882, pl. 2, f. 3; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1882, pl. 16; Dresser,
Monogr. Merop. pl. 12 (1884).
Hab. East- and East Central Africa.
2. AErops albicollis albicollis (Vieillot). (Plate, Figs. 2, 2a.)
Merops albicollis Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. Vol. 14, p. 15 (1817) (ex Levaillant, Hist. Nat. Gueép. 1807,
Senegal); cf. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 76 (1892).
Merops cuvierr Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zoo]. Mus. Berl. p. 15 (1823) (Senegambia).
Fig. notab. Levaillant, Hist. Nat. Guép. pl. 9 (1807); Swainson, Zool. Ill. Vol. 2, pl. 76 (1821); Dresser,
Monogr. Merop. pl. 13 (1884).
Hab. West Africa, from Senegambia to Gaboon (Western Senegal, Gambia, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Gold
Coast, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroons); eastwards to Central Africa (« Congo », Stanley Falls) and East
Central Africa (Unyoro, Lake Stephanie).
3. AErops albicollis major Parrot.
Aérops albicollis maior Parrot, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 15, p. 12 (1910) (Bagamoyo, East Africa).
Hab. Southern Arabia (Zahey); North-eastern Africa, south to the Zambesi River (Nubia, Kordofan,
Eritrea, Abessinia, British East Africa, German East Africa), west to Central Africa (Uganda,
Lado) and to the Upper and Lower Congo.
3. GENUS DICROCERCUS CABANIS & HEINE
Dicrocercus Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Heinean. Theil 2, p. 136 (type : D. hivundineus, Senegal); Sharpe,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 41 (1892).
Characters. They are the same of those of the family, with the breast-plumes normal,
but the tail deeply forked, the central rectrices not elongated; wings moderately long, pointed,
the third primary longest; the second and fourth somewhat shorter and nearly equal in length;
secondaries rather long, the elongated inner secondaries as long as the primaries. Feet small,
tolerably stout, the lower portion of the tibia bare, the tarsus scutellate, toes moderately short;
bill long, slender, acute; gape-line curved; nostrils roundish, nasal membrane short.
The swallow-tailed Bee-eaters are said to resemble Merops apiaster in habits, but
they are more frequently found isolated or in pairs in the forests, flying high when in search
of food, but also in localities near water.
Geographical Distribution. The genus, containing but one species with four subspecies,
is confined to Africa,
TO PICARTAS
KEY TO THE FORMS
1. Forehead and eyebrow blue, contrasting with colour of pileum, whichis green.
Rae eos es © 2 » «© «© « « . «= DD. TIRUNDINEUS RIRUNDINDUS:
. Throat band, abdomen and tail-coverts vich cobalt blue... . . D. HIRUNDINEUS CHRYSOLAIMUS.
— The blue of the belly, the tail-coverts and especially the throat band of a
HOGG ys 6 8 O oe ee oe a 6 OS RIRUNDINEUSIHEUGLING
— The blue colour still deeper; the belly and under tatl-coverts pale ultra-
mayine ble 5 « « « © « « « =» « © =» © & © « 9) JO SRIRUNDINDUSZOMOENSIS:
Pr . »
1. Dicrocercus hirundineus hirundineus (Lichtenstein).
Merops hivundineus Lichtenstein, Cat. Rer. Nat. Rariss. p. 21 (1793); ef. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol.
p. 43 (1892).
Merops furcatus Stanley, in Salt’s Voy. Abyss. Vol. 4, p. 57 (1814) (Mozambique ?).
Merops hivundinaceus Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. Vol. 14, p. 21 (1817).
Melittophagus tavva Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 316 (« Riviere d’Orange, jusque sous le tropique »).
Merops faiva Cuvier, Réegne Anim. Vol. 1, p. 442 (1829) (ex Levaillant, « Orange River »).
Merops hirundo Schalow, Journ. f. Ornith. 1886, p. 420.
Fig. notab. Levaillant, Hist. Nat. Guép. pl. 8; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, pl.
(1892); Dresser, Monogr. Merop. pl. 22.
1, f. 1 (head)
Hab. South Africa, to the Zanzibar region on the east coast, and to Damara Land and Benguela on
the west.
2. Dicrocercus hirundineus chrysolaimus (Jardine & Selby).
Merops chrysolaimus Jardine & Selby, Il. Ornith. Vol. 2, pl. 99 (ca. 1829) (« Cape of Good Hope, Sierra Leone,
Gambia »).
Dicrocercus furcatus Stanley, cf. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 42 (1892).
Fig. Jardine & Selby, Ill. Ornith. Vol. 2, pl. 99 (ca. 1829); Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, pl
aide
f. 2 (1892).
Hab. West Africa, from Senegambia to the Niger.
3. Dicrocercus hirundineus heuglini Neumann.
Dicrocercus hivundineus heuglint Neumann, Bull, Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 16, p. 113 (1906) | Bongo).
Merops azuroy Lesson, Traité d’Ornith. p. 239 (1831).
Hab. North-eastern Africa : Upper White Nile and Gazelle River districts.
4. Dicrocercus hirundineus omoensis Neumann.
Dicrocercus hirundineus omoensis Neumann, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 16, p. 114 (1906) (Koscha).
Hab. North-east Africa : Omo region.
4. GENUS MELITTOPHAGUS BolE
Melittophagus Boie, Isis 1828, p. 316 (type : M. pusillus P. L. 5S. Miller).
Characters. The genus Melittophagus closely resembles Merops, but with the wings
reaching to the middle of the tail and rounded, with the first quill much longer than the
primary coverts, the second shorter than the third, the third longest; the secondaries are long,
the inner ones much elongated; the tail is long, broad and-nearly even, the outer feathers
are slightly inclined outwards; the webs of the throat-feathers are dissolved, forming an
indistinct barbe. The bill is long, rather slender, attenuated towards the tip, which is acute.
The feet are small, rather stout; the lower part of the tibia is scantily feathered, the tarsus
scutellate,
BAM: ME ROPID Az Te
The species belonging to this genus are gregarious like their allies, but not so much as
the true Weropidae,; for they do not unite in such large flocks; looking out for prey they are
sitting, as a rule, on the tops of lower bushes, sallying forth from there after flying insects.
They are found in well-wooded plains, steppes or marshy localities, but some species,
e. g. I. giularis, frequent dense forests, live in couples and seem to breed also in the holes of
trees. Most of the species excavate their nest-holes in the banks of rivers.
Geographical Distribution. The Indian Peninsula and Ceylon, the Burmese countries,
Siam, Malay Peninsula and Java, and the whole of tropical Africa, which is the proper home
of the genus.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES
1. Outer aspect of quills fawn-colour ov chestnut, throat yellow or
crimson ay
— Outer aspect of Pee oreen, Teo giltoe OF GwNtte ys ba 5 ae wih, re ee see ee a hes tee ne ee eT
2. Outer aspect of quills fawn-colour; lateral tail-feathers fawn-
coloured, with a black band at the end; throat yellow, with a
black or blue band across its lower portion ae
— Outer aspect of quills chestnut or blackish brown, tail- sone
black, throat crimson Q-
3. Size larger, wing more than 82 mm.; band on lower throat
Wine, mostly porno bondared) cnauorariy me WHA 5 5 6 6 6 60 € o 6 5 6 6 o 6 5 hbo
— Size smaller, wing less than 82 mm.; band on lower throat ultra-
marine-blue Fis
4. Forehead green like the crown . De
— Forehead blue, a broad and long cobalt-blue superciliary stripe, the
throat-band bordered anteriorly with a broad blue edging . . M. PUSILLUS CYANOSTICTUS.
5. Blue border to the throat-band absent or very narrow, the black ter-
AUOUADATAOI ALIVE LAVA AY AOUUE Yuh toe Mi eas ese 3 Ge cok |) 1c cee ere
— Blue border to the throat narrow, the black terminal bar of the tail ;
broader, a distinct long azure-blue streak over the eye . . . MM. PUSILLUS MERIDIONALIS,.
Guy co OcURCc CH nn ne ae ee we ee USTED USBECSTIETaUS.
— A tuy azure-blue streak over or behind the eye . . . . . . MM. PUSILLUS OCULARIS.
TEM OVE NEU CHECILLURCRENGKOWUI NEVE UICGRAUGIZOfNLIVENLADL 21AYV OWE), ates teens
— Forehead and eyebyow blue, the black bar of the tail broader ;
BHO OUI 5 ll NIL, ARINC ATIOS ILAIRRIENATTEN,
8. A little blue over the eye, forming an indistinct eyebrow, the band on
lower throat rich ultvamarine-blue, under parts lighter; size
GU: “5 6 5 6 6 o 6 68 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 9 Wil, WARIEAIUS WAIIeAIUS,
— A blue spot in front of, an indistinct blue streak over the eye,
the band on lower throat bluish black, under parts darker ;
qe lige) oo os & 6 0 « 6 0 © 56 56 0 6 Jl, WAMIBGAINS ORIOETIES,
g. Central tail-feathers washed with ultvamarine-blue, crown of the
head and breast ultvamarine-blue. ... . . . . . . [Mbrops MUELLERI Immat., see above. |
— Central tail-feathers washed with bright blue, crown of the head
halos lipoas: Wiaix, Sadat Cedp GURU, 5 6 on el Oe
12 PICARIA#
to. The forehead and a broad superciliary stripe bright cobalt-blue
like the rump, the back glossy greenish black. . . . . . M. GULARIS GULARIS.
— The tips to the frontal feathers and an indistinct superciliary stripe
dull bluish green, the blue stripes of the breast mixed with red ;
the black of the back deeper. . . . . . . . . ~ « M. GULARIS AUSTRALIS.
tr. Throat yellow, with a black band across the foreneck ; crown, nape
and wniterscapulary mecion: DuiaiLt Gestalt Ved) ee.) ee es
=! Throat white oncrimson %.- 8 OB ee eee te ee As eee eee ne te
12. With a shade of chestnut preceeding the black bay on the foreneck. MM. LESCHENAULTI SWINHOEI.
— No chestnut on the lower throat . . . . . . . . . . M. LESCHENAULTI LESCHENAULTI.
13. Throat and cheeks white, breast pale fawn-colour, a blue eyebrow. M. REVOILIL.
GUS CUNO DOUG 8 Oe 8 8 8 o A a o 6 6 6 & F 6 5 5 HL
14. Of smaller size, wing gS-105 mm. ; chin crimson, upper tarl-coverts
Ay UATE OTOAD TOUEE G
— Of larger size, wing 110-123 mm.; chin, a cheek stripe and the
forehead whitish, upper tail-coverts deep cobalt-blue, tail green
wihiolacks, 2 4. os). & 3 se ee eee > ee ME BURHOCKIBULTOGKomDESS
I
On
_A narrow blue line across the base of the forehead, a blue streak
both below and above the eve and a cheeh-stripe of brighter blue
below the black ear-coverts . . . . . . . =. +. . +. M. BULLOCKI FRENATUS.
— No blue on eyebrow or cheek-stripe . . . . . . . . . M. BULLOCKI BULLOCKI.
1. Melittophagus pusillus pusillus (P. L. S. Miller).
Merops pusillus P. L. S. Muller, Syst. Nat. Suppl. p. 95 (1776) (ex Buffon : Senegal); cf. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus. Vol. 17, p 47 (1892).
Muscicapa bicolor Boddaert, Tabl. Pl, Enl. p. 19 (1783) (ex Daubenton).
Merops eryihropterus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p 464 (1788) (« ad fluv. Senegal »).
Merops collaris Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. Vol. 14, p. 16 (1817) (Senegal).
Merops minutus Bonnaterre & Vieillot, Encycl. Méthod. Vol. 1, p. 392 (1823) (ex Levaillant : Senegal et « grande
partie de |’Afrique meridionale »).
Merops minulus Cuvier, Régne Anim. Vol. 1, p. 442 (1829) (ex Levaillant, same locality). ;
Fig. Daubenton, P]. Enl. p. 318; Levaillant, Hist. Nat Guép. p. 53, no. 17 (1807); Sharpe, Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, pl. 1, f. 5; Dresser, Monogr. Merop. pl. 25 (1885, pt.).
Hab. West Africa, from Senegambia to the Cameroons.
2. Melittophagus pusillus ocularis Reichenow.
Melittophagus pusillus ocularits Reichenow, Ornith. Monatsber. 1900, p. 86 (« Nordost-Afrika, von Nubien bis in das
Gebiet des Gazellen-Flusses »).
Fig. Dresser, Monogr. Merop. pl. 25; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, pl. 1, f. 5 (1892) (head)
sub-nom. : WM. pusillus.
Hab. North-eastern Africa, from Nubia to the Gazelle-River (Nubia, Eritrea, Danakil-coast, Abyssinia,
Sudan); West Africa?
3. Melittophagus pusillus meridionalis Sharpe.
Melittophagus meridionalis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 45 (1892).
? Merops angolensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, p. 463 (1788) (Angola).
Fig. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, pl. 1, f. 4 (1892) (head).
Hab. South-eastern Africa, from Natal to British East Africa (Uganda) and to Angola and the Lower
Congo on the west; river Gambia (Brit. Mus.) [doubtful].
4. Melittophagus pusillus cyanostictus Cabanis.
Melittophagus cyanostictus Cabanis, von der Decken’s Reisen O, Afr. Vol. 3, p. 34 (1869); Journ. f. Ornith. 1875
p- 340 (« Mombas, Ost-Afrika »); cf. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol.'17, p. 48 (1892).
PAM. MEROPIDZE 13
Melittophagus pusillus sharpei Hartert, Novit. Zool. 7, p. 25 (1900).
Fig. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, pl. 1. f. 3 (1892): Wittlitz, Kupfertafeln VGgel, pl. 7, f. 2
(1832) (head).
Hab. East Africa, from the Zanzibar district (Pangani) north to Shoa (South Eastern Athiopia, Hawash,
North Somaliland).
5. Melittophagus variegatus variegatus (Vieillot). (Plate, Figs. 6, 6a )
Merops variegatus Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. Vol. 14, p. 25 (1817) (Malimbe); cf. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus. Vol. 17, p. 48 (1892).
Melittophagus sonnini Boie, Isis 1828, p. 316 (ex Levaillant, « Molymbe »).
Melittophagus cyanipectus Verreaux, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1851. p. 269 (Gaboon).
Fig. notab. Levaillant, Hist. Nat. Guép. pl. 7 (1807); Dresser, Monogr. Merop. pl. 24 (1885); Journ.
f. Ornith. pl. ro (1905).
Hab. West Africa, from Gaboon to Angola, extending eastwards into Equatorial Africa (Victoria, Nyanza,
Uganda).
6. Melittophagus variegatus lafresnayei Guérin.
Merops lafresnayer Guerin, Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 322 (Abyssinie); cf. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol.17, p 49 (1892).
Merops lefeburii Des Murs, ibidem, 1846, p. 243 (Abyssinia, provincia Chirensi).
Fig. notab. Wittlitz, Kupfertafeln V6gel, pl. 7 (1832); Des Murs, in Lefebvre, Voy. Abyss. pl. 5 (1845);
Guerin, in Ferret & Galinier, Voy. Abyss. Vol. 3, pl. 15(1847) ; Dresser, Monogr. Merop. pl. 23 (1884).
Hab. North-eastern Africa, from Abyssinia to Shoa.
. Melittophagus variegatus oreobates Sharpe.
Meliottophagus oreobates Sharpe, The Ibis 1892, p. 320 (Mount Elgon).
~
Fig. Journ. f. Ornith. 1905, pl. ro.
Hab. Mountain forests 1) of German- and British East Africa (Elgon, Toro, Kagera, Kilimandjaro,
Massai).
. Melittophagus gularis gularis (Sharpe & Nodder). ;
Merops gularis Shaw & Nodder, Nat. Miscell. Vol. 9, p. 337 (1798) (Sierra Leone); cf. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus. Vol 17, p. 50 (1892).
Fig. notab. Shaw & Nodder, Nat. Miscell. Vol. 9, pl. 337 (1798); Shaw, Gen. Zool. Vol. 8, pl. 23 (1811) ;
Gray, Gen. of Birds, Vol. 1, pl. 30 (1846); Dresser, Monogr. Merop. pls. 28, 29 (1885).
Hab. West Africa (Upper Guinea), from Sierra Leone to the Gold Coast.
oO
g. Melittophagus gularis australis (Reichenow). (Plate, Fig. 3.)
Meropiscus gularis australis Reichenow, Journ. f. Ornith. 1885, p. 222 (Angola, Congo).
Melittophagus gularis gabonensis Forbes & Robinson 2), Bull. Liverpool Mus. Vol. 2, p. 30 (x899) (Gaboon).
Hab. West Africa (Lower Guinea), eee Cameroons to Angola /Cuango River), and eastwards to the
Semliki River.
10. Melittophagus leschenaulti leschenaulti (Vieillot).
Merops leschenaulti Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. Vol. 14, p. 17 (1817) (ex Levaillant : Java); cf. Sharpe, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 55 (1892).
Merops urica Horsfield, Trans, Linn. Soc. Lond. Vol. 13, p. 172 (1821) (Java).
Merops quinticoloy Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. Vol. 14, p. 21 (1817) (ex Levaillant : ile de Ceylan [loc. erron.}).
Fig. Dresser, Monogr. Merop. pl. 27 (1885).
Hab. Confined to Java.
1. Melittophagus leschenaulti swinhoei (Hume).
Merops swinhoei Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. Birds, p. 102 (1873) (India); cf. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.
Vol. 17. p. 55 (1892).
1) It can not yet be decided, whether the « Formenkreis» M. variegatus is really distinct from M. pusillus or whether
the various races of vayiegatus are merely subspecies of pusillus.
2) Specimens from Gaboon and from the Cameroons, as a rule, seem to have the superciliary stripe clearer.
14 PICARLE
? Merops evythrocephalus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1. p. 463 (1788) (India).
Fig. Swainson, Zool. Ill. p. 8 (1820); Dresser, Monogr. Merop. pl. 26 (1885).
Hab. Indian Peninsula and Ceylon, the Andaman and Nicobar islands, Burmese countries to Siam
and Cochin China, Malay Peninsula.
12. Melittophagus revoilii Oustalet.
Merops (Melittuphagus) revoilii Oustalet, in Revoil’s Faune et Flor, Comalis, Ois, p. 5, pl. 1 (1882) (Somali Land);
cf. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 54 (1892).
Fig. Oustalet, in Revoil’s Faune et Flor. Comalis, Ois. pl. 1 (1882) ; Dresser, Monogr. Merop. pl. 34 (1886).
Hab. Somali Land.
13. Melittophagus bullocki bullocki (\ieillot).
Merops bullocki Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. Vol. 14, p. 13 (1817) (ex Levaillant : Senegal); cf. Sharpe, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 51 (1892).
Merops cyanogastey Swainson, Birds West Africa, p. 80 (1837).
Merops boleslawskii Pelzeln 1), Sitzungsber. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Vol. 30, p. 320 (1858) (Blauer Nil).
Fig. Levaillant, Hist. Nat. Guép. pl. 20 (1807).
Hab. West Africa, from Senegambia to the Niger 2), occasionally in the Upper White Nile district.
14. Melittophagus bullocki frenatus (Hartlaub).
Merops frenatus Hartlaub, Journ. f. Ornith, 1854, p. 257 (Sennar); cf. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17,
p- 52 (1892).
Fig. Reichenbach, Handb. Merop. pl. 450, ff. 3250, 3251 (1852); Dresser, Monogr. Merop. pl. 32 (1886).
Spec. from Senegal.
Hab. North-eastern Africa (North-eastern Abyssinia, Sennar, Blue Nile, Lado, Magois); Senegal.
15. Melittophagus bullocki bullockoides (A. Smith).
Merops bullockoides A, Smith, South Afr. Quart. Journ. (2), Vol. 2, p. 320 (1834) (South Africa).
Melittophagus albifrons Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Heinean, 2. Theil, p. 133 (1860) (Siid-Afrika); cf. Sharpe, Cat
Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 53 (1892).
Merops smithit Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Merops, p. 9 (1863) (Cafrérie et Gabon),
Fig. notab. Dresser, Monogr. Merop. pl. 35 (1885).
Hab. South-western Africa, from the Congo to the Kunene; East Africa, from Lake Naivasha and from
Kilima Ndjaro to the Upper Orange River; Senegal (doubtful) 3).
B. NYCTIORNINA=
KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE NYCTIORNINA=
i. Lhe central tal-feathers elongated . . . . . «» = =. + » « «= = = «= 0. Genus MERoPOGON:
2. The tail square, the central rectrices not elongated. . . . . . . . . . ~~. 2. Genus NYCTIORNIS.
1. GENUS MEROPOGON BONAPARTE
Meropogon Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 164 (1850) (type : MW. forsten:); Sharpe, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 87 (1892).
1) The Melsttophagus boleslawski, known from specimens taken on the Blue Nile, above Khartoum, and in Southern and
Eastern Sennar, is to be considered as an occasional aberration, in which the red throat is replaced by yellow.
2) Birds from the Guinea-coast have the head strongly suffused with blue and a blue edge before the black terminal
band of the secondaries, but to a lesser degree than in the next form.
3) A specimen from there has the hind part of the cheeks and the superciliary stripe more suffused with light-blue
than those from the Kilima Ndjaro.
FAM. MEROPIDAS 15
Characters. Bill long, curved and pointed; culmen not grooved, but a shallow channel
extends from the base of the maxilla, on both sides of the culmen, for two-thirds of its length;
feet rather small. The elongated pectoral plumes asin Nyctiormis; the tailis truncated, but the
central rectrices are elongated and attenuated at the end. In the structure of the wing it
rather agrees with Nyctiormis. The first primary has half the length of the second and is
decidedly longer than the primary coverts, the third and fourth are longest, the fifth is somewhat
shorter, though longer than the second.
The genus IWceropogon is a torest-haunting bird of sociable habits, living only at consid-
erable altitudes above the sea.
Geographical Distribution. Celebes and South-western Africa. The genus consists
only of two species.
KEY 110) THE FORMS
Os
1. Crown of head, throat and upper breast deep ultramarine-blue .
2. Crown of head, throat and upper breast black. . . . . . . . . . . M. BREWERT.
3. Brown of the nape, sides of neck and body shading into violet, the green of the upper
parts darker . : : ‘ M. FORSTENI FORSTENI.
— Brown of the nape, sides of neck and body clearer, the green of the upper parts
bytohteye rs wma rel eee h ae ieee etek oye Aa¥S | a) la eee OMe Neh ORSENTIACEN GRATIS"
1. Meropogon breweri Cassin.
Meropogon brewert Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 34 (« Ogobai River, a branch of the Camma
River, West Africa »); cf. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17, p. 86 (1802). :
Fig. Cassin, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. (2), Vol. 4, pl. 49, f. 1 (1860); Dresser, Monogr. Merop.
pl. 5 (1884).
Hab. West Africa from Gaboon to Loango.
2. Meropogon forsteni forsteni Bonaparte. (Plate, Fig. 5.)
Meropogon forstent Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 164 (1850) (Celebes); cf. Sharpe. Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus. Vol. 17, p. 87 (1892). ;
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Pt. 25 (1873); Dresser, Monogr. Merop. pl. 4 (1884).
Hab. Northern Celebes (Ruri Kan, Minahassa).
3. Meropogon forsteni centralis A. B. Meyer.
Meropogon forstent centralis A. B. Meyer, Notes Leyd. Mus. Vol. 23, p. 186 (1901-03) (Takala Mountains).
Hab. Central Celebes.
2. GENUS NYCTIORNIS
Nyctiornis Swainson, Zool. Illustr. (2), Vol. 2, text to pl. 56 (1831) (type : Nyctiornis amictus).
Characters. Bill long and curved, culmen pointed, rather flattened and grooved laterally
for some distance from the base, compressed towards the tip. The rounded nostrils hidden by
short, stiff feathers. Tarsi stout, anteriorly scutellate; toes rather long, the hind toe stout and
padded beneath. Feathers of the crown slightly elongated, those of the throat much more so,
pendent and somewhat attenuated towards the tip. Wings short and rounded, first quill
16 PICARI4#
somewhat shorter than the secondaries, the fourth longest, the third slightly shorter than the
latter, The rectrices long, broad, truncated, slightly emarginate.
The birds of this genus inhabit the dense jungles and vicinity of forests, are generally
seen singly or in couples and feed on insects (bees, etc.) which they capture chiefly on the
wing. These beautiful birds are at times very noisy, uttering repeatedly their hoarse note.
Probably resident all the year, they breed in March and April; one species (N. athertoni)
is said to lay its eggs in the holes of trees.
Geographical Distribution. The genus is confined to India and the Malay Archipelago.
KEY TO THE SPECIES
1. Long throat-feathers blue, head bluish green N. ATHERTONI.
2. Long throat-feathers scarlet: fore part of the crown lilac . . . . . . . . . . N, AMICTUS.
1. Nyctiornis athertoni Jardine & Selby. (Plate, Figs. 8, 8a.)
Nyetiornis athertoni Jardine & Selby, Ill. Ornith. Vol. 2, pl. 58 (1825-43) (« India»); cf. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit.
Mus. Vol. 17, p. 88).
Bucta nipalensts Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. Vol. 5, p. 361 (1836) (Nepal).
Nyctiornis caeruleus Swainson, Classif. of Birds, Vol. 2, p. 333 (1837).
Nyctiornis amherstiana Royle, Himal. Bot. Vol. 1, p. 76 (1839).
Alcemerops paleazureus Lesson, Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 262.
Merops cyanogularis Jerdon, Madr. Journ. Vol. 11, p. 229 (1830) (« Coonoor Pass, Neilgherries « South-India »).
Fig. notab, Jardine & Selby, Ill. Ornith. Vol. 2, pl. 58; Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 1, pl. 37; Dresser,
Monogr. Merop. pl. 3 (1884).
Hab. Southern and Central India; Himalayas, from the Dhoon to Assam, south to Tenasserim, east to
* Siam and Cambodja.
2. Nyctiornis amicta (Temminck).
Merops amictus Temminck, Pl. Col. (livr. 52), pl. 310(1824) (Sumatra) 1); cf. Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 17,
p-90 (1892).
Nyctiornis malaccensis Cabanis & Heine, Mus. Heinean, Vol. 2, p. 133 (1860) (Malacca).
Fig. notab. Temminck, P]. Col. No. 310 (1824); Swainson, Zool. Ill. (2), Vol. 2, pl. 56 (1831); Gould,
Birds Asia, Pt. 2, no. 3 (1850); Dresser, Monogr. Merop. pls. 1, 2 (1884).
Hab. Southern Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo.
1) Some specimens from the mountains round Batang Koewis are distinguished by their very stout bills.
FAM. MEROPIDA® 7
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Fig. 1. Wing of Merops apiaster.
— ta. Bill of Merops apiaster (from above).
— 1b. Bill of Merops apiaster (from below).
— 1c, Foot of Merops apiaster.
— Id. Vail of Merops apiaster.
— 2. Head of Arops albicollis major.
— 2a. Wing of AZrops albicollis.
— 3. Head of Melittophagus gularis australis.
— 4. Merops mueller,
5. Meropogon forsten1.
— 6. Foot of Melittophagus variegatus.
— 6a. Tail of Melittophagus variegatus ?).
7. Tail of Dicrocercus hirundineus.
— §. Head of Nyctiornis athertoni.
— 8a. Foot of Nyctiornis athertoni
The editors have much regret in announcing the death of Dr C. PARROT, which
took place on January 28, 1911. Owing to his untimely death the letter=press of this
part could not be brought quite up-to-date.
Munich, 15th March roro;
if
“
GENERA AVIUM PICARIA
FAM. MEROPID At
f, 1a, tb, 1c. MEROPS APIASTER. 2. AEROPS ALBICOLLIS MAJOR. 2a. WING OF AEROPS ALBICOLLIS.
3. MELITTOPHAGUS GULARIS AUSTRALIS.
4. MEROPS MUELLERI. 5- MEROPOGON FORSTENT. 6. FOOT OF MELITTOPHAGUS VARIEGATUS.
6a. TAIL OF MELITTOPHAGUS VARIEGATUS(?) 7- TAIL OF DICROCERCUS HIRUNDINEUS. 8, 8a. NYCTIORNIS ATHERTONI,
>
-PASSERES
CONTRIBUTIONS BY MESSRS. 4. DUBOIS, E. UARTERT
W. R, OGILVIE-GRANT, Hon. W. ROTHSCHILD, T. SALVA
¥e PO SCLATERS 688. Ue *
4
_ PrinTED AND PusBLisHED BY V. VerTENEUIL & L. Desmet, BRUSSELS
FAM. CERTHIID«
7
7
cmon
FAM. CERTHIIDE
BY C. E. HELLMAYR
<2AESSOHE members of this family, The Tree-Creepers, are « small, ten-primaried,
Gif
yy ( |
END
Characters. Bill variable as to relative length and degree of curvature,
mostly longer, in one genus (Climacteris) slightly shorter than the head, with tip
decurved, though in one genus (Tichodroma) but slightly so; culmen distinctly ridged; no
subterminal notch; maxilla not uncinate at tip; gonys straight or very nearly so. Nostrils
wholly exposed, longitudinal, overhung by a distinct operculum. Rictal bristles obsolete.
Wing rather long, rounded; third and fourth, or fourth and fifth, primaries longest; first
primary considerably less than half the second. Tail variable as to relative length and
shape of rectrices, either much shorter than wing, even or slightly rounded, with rectrices
soft, broad and rounded at tip (Salpornis, Tichodroma, Climacteris, Rhabdornis), or equal to, or
even slightly longer than wing, graduated, with rectrices stiffened and acuminate at tip (Certhia).
Tarsus generally longer, in one genus, Sa/pornis, slightly shorter than middle toe without claw;
acrotarsium either scutellate (Certhia, Salpornis) or booted (Tichodroma, Climacteris, Rhabdor-
mis), though in Climacteris there are sometimes indistinct scutes to be seen; lateral toes very
unequal in length, outer toe always decidedly longer than inner, but shorter than middle toe;
hallux considerably shorter than middle toe; basal phalanx of middle toe adherent to outer
toe for its whole length. Claws large, more or less strongly arched, that of hallux as long as, or
longer than, the digit.
Coloration. Exceedingly variable. See under the various genera.
Geographical Distribution. Palaearctic, Nearctic and Ethiopian Regions; Indian
Subregion; Australia; New Guinea.
BASSE RES
Habits and Nidification. The members of this family frequent rocks and trees,
climbing upwards in search of their food which consists of insects and their larva. The
species of the genera Certhia, Tichodroma and Climacteris build a soft nest in cavities of trees
or crevices of rocks (Tichodroma). The eggs (variable in number from three to nine) are white
or flesh colour, speckled and blotched with reddish brown, Salpornis makes an exception to
this rule (see below).
Bibliography. Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 8, pp. 322-340 (1883); Hellmayr, Tierreich, Liyr. 18,
pp. 204-229 (1903); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 50, Pt. 3, pp. 459-473 (1904).
KEY TO THE GENERA OF CERTHIIDA:
1. Tail shorter than wing, even or slightly rounded, with retrices broad, soft and rounded
GL LPY Car OS, Gs Be Re OS EE Se ee co ee eee
— Tail equal to, or slightly longer than wing, graduated, with rectrices vigid and
acwmuiateatiip 3 4 Soa EM ee an ee ee ee eee Ole Genmsue pein
2. Bill nearly twice as long as head, depressed ; citlmen almost straight with extreme tip
but slightly decurved. Tongue divided at tip, without any bristles. A considerable
amount of ved on vemiges and upper wing coverts. . . . . . . . . . 3. Genus TicHopRoMA.
— Bill about equal to, or but slightly longer than head; culmen, at least in teyminal
half, distinctly curved. Tongue with numerous bristles. No ved on remiges nor on
Up peveW ie COUCHES <0) ea ee ee ECO ee al ee ee
. Genus SALPORNIS.
N
3. First primary extremely small and narrow, not reaching beyond tip of primary coverts.
— First primary well-developed, broad, somewhat shorter than half the second . . . . . . . « « 2 Ge
4. Bill decidedly shorter than head, with culmen curved for its whole length . . . . 4. Genus CLIMACTERIS.
— Bill decidedly longer than head, with culmen nearly straight for its basal half. 5. Genus RHABDORNIS.
1. GENUS CERTHIA LINN42us
Certhia Linneus, Syst Nat. ed. 10, p. 118 (1758) (Type by elimination : Cevthia familiaris Linnzeus).
Certhius Olphe-Galliard, Ornith. Eur. occid., fase. 23, p. 41 (1888) (nom. emend.).
Characters. Bill variable as to relative length and degree of curvature, sometimes
decidedly shorter than head and nearly straight, sometimes much longer than head and
strongly curved, always laterally much compressed; culmen slightly ridged, ending in an
acute point, gonys nearly straight or slightly concave; maxillary tomium without trace of
subterminal notch. Nostrils basal, longitudinal, exposed, overhung by a broad operculum
which anteriorly does not reach to anterior end of nasal fossa. Tongue long, narrow, corneous,
terminating in about five bristles. Rictal bristles scarcely apparent. Wing moderately long,
rounded; fourth and fifth primaries longest, sixth scarcely shorter; second primary falling
between seventh and eighth; first primary somewhat less than half as long as second. Tail
about as long as wing, sometimes very slightly longer, distinctly graduated, the rectrices with
rigid and acuminate tips. Tarsus slender, somewhat shorter than middle toe with claw, the
acrotarsium distinctly scutellate; outer toe much longer than inner, but somewhat shorter
than the middle one; hallux intermediate in length between outer and inner toes; basal phalanx
)
FAM. CERTHIIDA:
ot middle toe adherent for entire length to lateral toes; claws long, strongly arched, much
compressed, that of hallux equal to, or slightly longer than, the digit.
Wing about 56-72; tail 54-70 mm,
‘Coloration. Above brownish, conspicuously streaked with darker brown, dusky or
blackish, and also marked with longitudinal stripes of whitish or buff; the wings dusky,
varied with pale greyish or brownish, the inner webs of quills crossed by a broad band of
batt or whitish; tail pale brown, sometimes narrowly barred with dusky. Under parts plain
white, pale grey, pale brown or rufescent brown, flanks and under tail coverts tinged with
fulvous or tawny. Sexes alike. Young not much different from adults.
Geographical Distribution. More northern portions of northern hemisphere, in the
Nearctic Region south to Nicaragua, in the Old World south to Burma. Thirty species and
subspecies, by far the greater number, in the Palearctic Region.
Habits and Nidification. « The Tree-Creepers, somewhat resemble the Nuthatches,
in habits, but climb only upward, or at least in upright position, usually ascending the trunks
of trees in spirals, flying from the top of one trunk to the base of another in quest for insect-
food lodged in crevices of the bark » (Ridgway). They build a soft nest in cavities of trees and
lay a large number (five to nine) of eggs, on a white ground colour speckled with reddish brown.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CERTHIA®
1. Rectrices with about twenty distinct, more or less vegulay, transverse
bands of dusky
2h
— Rectrices either uniform or with mere traces of dusky cross-markings. . . . . . . . .... 4.
2. General colour of upper parts ashy grey. Bill 22 mm. oy move . . 30. C. HIMALAYANA TENIURA.
— General colour of upper parts dark brown. Bill not move than 20 mm.,
TOSI exe ert So) as keen seem Poe Da soNn sc os NG Gena ane ears cg rem
3. Upper parts lighter brown; pileum dark brown with narrow ae
SHOP-BTUUS 5 5 3 9 ne GP kena eee 25. C. HIMALAYANA HIMALAYANA.
— Upper parts darker brown; ies nearly blackish, scarcely Ae
“OSL DAC ENUS) eee a ee ee -eh Ctak2 Onn CLIMATE AWANABYUNNANE NSIS"
4. Under parts, at least anterior portion, white ov whitish Ws
— Under parts without any white, the ground colour being pale fulvous,
ISHEYUSIDUN OWN ONAN IUFESEENN CLOWN, fy) ce ss ee ae) ee) ee
5. Under parts pale fulvous : lighter, more buff on chin and upper throat,
deeper on flanks and undey tail coverts . . . : . 16. C. sToLiczKka.
— Under parts dull greyish earthy brown, flanks and under tail coverts
Leg Cedi tH USPULlVOUS ia Wt ee vty fk er os) Ta ketone PS eee ire gamer ane 6.
6. Whole lower surface nearly uniform greyish earthy brown, only under
tail coverts fulvous . . el Sais 13. C. DISCOLOR DISCOLOR.
— Chin, throat and chest ee buff ‘belly ane brown or ae
brown . . 5 ° A . = s . . . . ° . . . . . I4. C. DISCOLOR MANIPURENSIS.
1) C. famtliaris persica, unknown to the author, is not included in the key.
Io.
Dh.
I2
Te
Tees
Tey
16.
PASSERES
Chin, throat and chest fulvous, belly vufescent byown . . . .
. Claw of hind toe long, but slightly arched. Feathers of forehead
very distinctly streaked with whitish. General colour above
lighter, more mixed with tobacco-yellow . . . . « .
Claw of hind toe short, strongly arched. Feathers of forehead very
indistinctly streaked with greyish, this being sometimes even
obsolete. General colour above darker, brown shades prevailing.
. Outer web of fourth primary uniform dusky. . . « . .
Outer web of fourth primary like the following ones with a distinct
WFO & 5 5 8 & : oy eee free
. Upper parts very dark, sae blackish brown, Si and upper
tail coverts deep rufous brown; flanks and under tail coverts
brownish smoky grey. . . . : cee cena
Upper parts lighter, brown, rump and res tail coverts an or
vufescent brown; flanks not smoky grey . . . . . ;
Upper parts dark brown, with the pale shaft-streaks brownish or
very dull whitish, vump deep vufescent brown; lower plumage
white, flanks and under tail coverts fulvous bvown . . . .
Upper parts light vufescent brown with the whitish shaft stripes
very distinct, rump clear vufescent; flanks scarcely shaded with
buffy grey, under tail coverts slightly washed with pale fulvous
Pale markings on upper back larger, more sharply defined,
distinctly witish, Vy 5 eae gt Oae
Pale markings on upper back less conspicuous, more vestricted, more
ov less shaded with greyish or brownish
Larger : wing of male averaging 66-69 mm. .
Smaller : wing of male averaging 63-67 mm. .
Ground colour of upper pavts much darker brown, abruptly
contrasted with white longitudinal stripes. a
Ground colour of upper parts lighter brown, less contvasted with
pale longitudinal stripes. ss
Lower surface purer white. Tail shorter : 62-65 mm.
Lower surface dingy whitish. Tail longer : 65-72 mm.
Larger : wing of male averaging 67-70 mm.
Smaller : wing of male averaging 60-65 mm.
Rump paler fervuginous
Rump darker ferruginous
. Upper parts more brownish, rump clearer ferruginous
Upper parts more rufescent, vump deeper fervuginous . . .
. Under parts decidedly white or but slightly shaded with dingy
buffish on abdomen; flanks and under tail coverts only ashy,
brownish or fulvous . .
Under parts darker, pale brown’sh grey, with chin and upper throat
only white. . .
15. C. DISCOLOk VICTORIE.
8. (C. FAMILIARIS).
18. (C. BRACHYDACTYLA).
10. C. FAMILIARIS KHAMENSIS.
12. C. FAMILIARIS NIPALENSIS.
II. C. FAMILIARIS HODGSONI.
4. C, FAMILIARIS JAPONICA.
1. C. FAMILIARIS FAMILIARIS.
3. C. FAMILIARIS CAUCASICA.
7. C. FAMILIARIS CORSA.
8. C. FAMILIARIS BIANCHII.
5. C. FAMILIARIS MACRODACTYLA.
6. C. FAMILIARIS BRITTANICA.
Te
10.
12.
T5s
iis
14.
16.
17°
20.
19.
OAs GE Relies yAr3; 5
19. Browner, the streaks of upper parts narrower and more brownish
OUAD IU UOTE GATILON ELS OOLY NEY 0101 aan et Ye 2 OO BRACHYDACTYLA ALTICOLA.
— Less brownish, the streaks of upper parts more purely white,
broader, on a clearer blackish ground. . . . . . . . 27. C. BRACHYDACTYLA ALBESCENS.
20. General colour above paler, with dark ground colour decidedly brown
and with light stripes more abruptly contrasted. Bill generally
lone a on - erii (UO peametonms) -
— General colour above darker, with ground colour more sooty and
with light stripes less abruptly contrasted. Bill generally shorter.
Outer web of fourth primary always with a more or less well-
marked buff spot . 25. (American forms).
. Fourth primary always with a more ov less well: | defined buf «pot
Onmoutcyace Ot a a afl vase eee ees.) ea coe eel oo
— Fourth primary with outer web uniform bei without a bef spor See espa sen anne Ae eS ee er yi ne MeO
22. Paley, with ground colour of upper parts more greyish brown, and
rump of aclearer tobacco fulvous . . . >. . . | 7. ©. BRACHYDACTYLA BRACHYDACTYEA-
— Darker, with ground colour of upper parts en brown, and rump
ofa darker, wupfescent byown, =. 2.» - | - | - 4 10. © BRACHYDACTYLA ULTRAMONDANA™
23. Browner, with ground colour of upper parts deep vufous brown,
the pale markings abruptly defined, the rump nearly chestnut.
Abdomen dingy buffish, flanks rufescent . . . . . . . 21. C, BRACHYDACTYLA HARTERTI.
— Darker, more sooty, with ground colour of upper parts deep brown,
nearly blackish; rump, however, paler, rufescent brown. Under
parts pure white, flanks only tinged with greyish or rufescent
DRO U0 i Me IE AY I ae ES AE PRA SE ona delat Va oy wae haha slay ns ge See Sa PR
24. Upper tail coverts light fulvous brown like tail. Flanks strongly
washed with rusty brown . . . . . . . . . 19, ©. BRACHYDACTYLA MAURITANICA.
— Upper tail coverts greyish brown like tail. Flanks washed with
BUCS? WOR 5 5 5 6 6 3 © 60 0 3 0 9 6 6 AG) Co BRACEMDATIMILA DOROMEIDZ,
25. Larger : wing averaging more than 65 mm. in male, more than
ERO SD CALAN a fe eee a a a ARP CeeE En eighteen Nag Se ink = Go) Pliocene. 6.) 2So
— Smaller : wing avevaging less than 64 mm. in male, less than
ONO E AI VOTEI ULL El ne We aoe ty, SREY IS is Vols no LS RS eit em mC RE a E2775
26. Browner above, with streaks more buffy, and less purely white
beneath ; bill shorter, averaging in male r4, in female 13 mm. 22. C. BRACHYDACTYLA AMERICANA.
— Less brownish above, with streaks purer oy more greyish white, and
more purely white beneath ; bill longer, averaging in male 16,5,
Un AU HS TR on a lg Ade Gy WRACHHNDACINGLA MONMMANIA
27. Less tawny above, purer white beneath; larger : wing averaging in
TAH OS UP WALL OOS) Wo 6 6 6 5 0 0 © 0 9 Milo Co WRYNCEbayNGmVauA ZiDiLORNIS,
— More tawny above, more buffy white below ; smaller : wing averaging
im male 62, im female Commi 2) C BRAGCHYDACTYIANOCCIDEN TALIS:
1. Certhia familiaris familiaris Linneus. (Plate, Figs. 1, la, 1b.)
Certhia familiaris Linnzus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 118 (1758) (Europa. We fix Sweden as type-locality : ex Faun.
Suec, no. 213).
Motacilla scolopacina Strom, N. Saml. Norske Selsk. Skr. Vol. 2, p. 367 tab. (1788) (Norway).
6 PASSERES
Certhia scandulaca Pallas, Zoogr Rosso-Asiat. Vol. 1, p. 432 (1827) (new name for Certhia familiayis Linnzus :
«in sylvestribus Rossi et Sibiriz »).
Certhia septentrionalis Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutsch]. p. 210 (1831) (« bewohnt die von Deutschland
noérdlich lierenden Walder, kommt im Winter bis Kiel, selten ins mittlere Deutschland herab »).
Certhia longicauda Reichenbach, Handb,. Scansoriz, p. 263 (1853) (ex Brandt MS., Jenissey, Siberia : « in keinem
Punkte von C, cos/ae zu unterscheiden »).
Certhia fasciata David, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, Vol. 3, Bull. p. 36 (1867) (Peking).
Certhia familiaris candida Hartert, Mitt. Ornith. Ver. Wien, Vol. 11, p. 161 (1887) (East Prussia).
Hab. Scandinavia, Russia, eastern provinces of Germany (West- and East Prussia), Poland, in Europe
southwards to the Carpathian Mountains, Roumania and to the north side of the Caucasus; eastwards
through Siberia as far as Amoorland and the shores of the Okhotsk Sea, also in Manchooria, North
China (Peking), Sakhalin, Corea and North Japan (Kuril Isl., Yezo); the northern limit of its range
coinciding with the timber-line.
Obs. The East-Asiatic birds not having been sufficiently studied, there may be one or two more races to
be distinguished, Specimens from Peking etc. are said to be small and of pale coloration, while those
from Yezo do not appear to be quite typical either.
2. Certhia familiaris persica Sarudny & Loudon.
Certhia familiaris persica Sarudny & Loudon, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 13, p. 106 (1905) (« bewohnt die dem Kaspi(sic)
angrenzenden Provinzen Persiens |Ghilan, Masanderom (sic) und Aserabad (sic)| »).
Hab. North Persia : Elburz Mts. in the provinces of Ghilan, Mazanderan and Asterabad. (Unknown to
the author.)
3. Certhia familiaris caucasica Buturlin.
Certhia familiarvis caucasica Buturlin, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 15, p. 8 (1907) (« Kaukasus und Transkaukasien »).
Hab. Caucasus Mts. and Transcaucasia.
4. Certhia familiaris japonica Hartert.
Certhia familiaris japonica Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 4, p. 138 (1897) (Hondo, Japan).
Hab, South Japan (Hondo).
5. Certhia familiaris macrodactyla Brehm.
Certhia macrodactyla Brehm, Handb, Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 208 (1831) (« bewohnt die Nadelwalder, ist im
Sommer selten im mittleren Deutschland »).
Certhia nattereri Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 224 (1850) (part. description rather uncertain :
« ex Sabaudia, Helvetia »).
Certhia costa Bailly, Mém. Soc. Roy. Acad. Savoie, Vol. 13, p. —(Description d'une nouv. esp, de Grimpereaux,
sep. p. 2) (1847) (Savoy). ;
Certhia brachyrhynchos Brehm, Naumannia 1855, p. 274 (1855) (new name for C., costae auct.); ibidem, Vol. 6, 1856.
p- 358 (Witten, Gorlitz etc.).
Certhia familiavis vera Brehm, ibidem, Vol. 6, p. 357 (1856) (« aus Pommern, . . aus Kiel und Galizien, und fand
ihn hier [i. e. Renthendorf] briitend »|.
Certhia familiaris pusilla Brehm, ibidem, p. 358 (1856) (« ich bekam ihn aus Dalmatien, und erlegte ihn ein einziges
Mal in der hiesigen Gegend » [i. e. Renthendorf]).
Certhia rhenana Kleinschmidt, Ornith, Monatsber. Vol. 8, p. 169 (1900) (« am Rhein »).
Fig. Naumann, Naturg. V6g. Deutschl. Vol. 5, 1826, pl. 140, f. 1, 2.
Hab. Germany (except West- and East Prussia), Belgium, France, Pyrenees, Switzerland, Austria,
Hungary, Bosnia and Hercegovina, and Northern Italy.
6. Certhia familiaris brittanica Ridgway.
Certhia brittanica Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 5, p. 113 (1882) (England).
Fig, Dresser, Birds Europe, Vol. 3, pl. 122.
Hab. Great Britain, Isle of Man, Ireland.
7. Certhia familiaris corsa Hartert.
Certhta familiaris corsa Hartert, Vg. palaarkt. Fauna, Lief. 3, p. 320 (1905) (Corsica).
Hab. Mountain forests of Corsica.
8. Certhia familiaris bianchii Hartert.
Certhia familiaris bianchii Hartert, Vog. palaarkt. Fauna, Lief. 3, p. 321 (1905) (Southern Tetung Mts., Kansu,
N. W. China). ;
Hab. Western China : Mountains of Kansu (Nan-shan) and Northern Szechuen.
PAM? (CE REIT DAS 7
. Certhia familiaris tianschanica Hartert.
©
Certhia familiaris tianschanica Hartert, Vog. palaarkt. Fauna, Lief. 3, p. 321 (1905) (Ak-su, south. Tian-shan).
Certhia familiaris albomaculata Johansen, Ornith. Jahrb. Vol. 18, p. 202 (1907) (Djarkent, Turkestan).
Hab. Central Asia : Tian-shan-range.
10. Certhia familiaris khamensis Bianchi.
Certhia khamensis Bianchi in Sharpe, Hand-List Birds, Vol. 4, pp. 355, 360 (1903) (« W. China[Kansu, Szechuen],
S. E. Tibet [Upper Mekong]». The two first-named localities are erroneous; terra typica : Kham, Upper
Mekong).
Hab. Kham district, Upper Mekong, S. E. Tibet.
11. Certhia familiaris hodgsoni Brooks.
Certhia hodgsoni Brooks, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. 41, 11, p. 74 (1872) (Kashmir).
Hab. Kashmir : pine forests near the timber-line in Astor and Gilgit, at elevations of 10,000 feet.
12. Certhia familiaris nipalensis Blyth.
Certhia nipalensis Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. 14, 1, p. 581 (1845) (Nepal).
Certhia mandellit Brooks, ibidem, Vol. 42, 11, p. 256 (1873) (Sikkim).
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 4, pl. 57, fig. sup.
Hab. Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan : pine forests at altitudes of from 8,000 to 13,000 feet.
13. Certhia discolor discolor Blyth.
Certhia discolor Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. 14, 11, p. 580 (1845) (Darjeeling).
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 4, pl. 57, fig. inf.
Hab. Himalaya in Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan, as far east as the Dafla Hills (Darrang).
14. Certhia discolor manipurensis Hume.
Certhia manipurensis Hume, Stray Feath. Vol. 10, p. 151 (1881) (Eastern Hills of Manipur).
Hab. Hill-ranges south of the Brahmapootra River : Manipur, Naga Hills.
15. Certhia discolor victoriz Rippon.
Certhia victortae Rippon, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 16, p. 87 (1906) (Mount Victoria, S. Chin Hills, Burma).
Hab. Mountains of Upper Burma (Mt. Victoria, in the Southern Chin Hills; Southern Shan States :
Karennee, Mawkmai State, Loi Pang, near Mekong R.).
16. Certhia stoliczkz Brooks.
Certhia stoliczkae Brooks, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. 42, 11, p. 256 (1873) (Sikkim).
Hab. Eastern Himalaya : Sikkim and Bhutan, at elevations of from 10,000 to 11,000 feet.
17. Certhia brachydactyla brachydactyla Brehm r). (Plate, Fig. 2.)
Certhia byachydactyla Brehm, Beitr. z. Vogelk. Vol. 1, p. 570 (1820) (Roda-valley, Germany).
Certhia longirostvis Brehm, ibidem, Vol. 2, p. 709 (1822) (new name for C. brachydactyla).
Certhia megarhynchos Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 211 (1831) (« bewohnt das westliche Deutschland,
namentlich Westphalen »).
Certhia pavadoxa Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 76 (1855) (« verirrt sich aus Ungarn sehr selten nach Deutschland »).
Certhia brachydactyla vera und C. b, media Brehm, Naumannia, Vol. 6, p. 359 (1856) (« bewohnt die mit laub-
tragenden Baumen besetzten Orte von ganz Deutschland »).
Fig. New edition of Naumann’s Vég. Deutschl. Vol. 2, pl. 25, f. 2 (1897).
Hab. Germany, very rare in the eastern provinces, common in the central and western parts, Holland,
Belgium, France, parts of Switzerland, widely distributed in Austria.
18. Certhia brachydactyla ultramontana Hartert.
Certhia brachydactyla ultramontana Hartert, Vog. palaiarkt. Fauna, Lief. 3, p. 324 (1905) (Panzano, Chianti, Italy).
Hab. Southern Europe, south of the Alpes: Italy, Spain, S. Dalmatia, Balkan Peninsula.
1) A curious variety is Certhia rufi-dorsalis Brehm (Naumannia, Vol. 6, p. 359, 1856, « Westphalen ») with the upper
parts strongly ferruginous. Cfr. Hartert, Vog. palaarkt. Fauna, Lief. 3, p. 323 (1905).
oO
IQ.
21.
26.
PASSERES
Certhia brachydactyla mauritanica \Vitherby.
Certhia brachydactyla mauritanica Witherby, Bull. Brit. Ornith, Club, Vol. 15, p. 35 (1905) (Ain-Draham, Tunis).
Hab. Woods of Tunis and Algeria.
. Certhia brachydactyla dorotheae Hartert.
Certhia-brachydactyla dorotheae Hartert, Bull, Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 14, p. 50 (1904) (Cyprus).
Hab. Pine forests of the Troddos Mountains, Cyprus.
Certhia brachydactyla harterti Hellmayr.
Certhia familiaris hav terti Hellmayr, Journ. f. Ornith, Vol. 49, p. 189 (1901) (Asia Minor).
Hab. Muuntains of Asia Minor (Smyrna, Alum-dagh).
2. Certhia brachydactyla americana Bonaparte.
Certhia americana Bonaparte, Comp. List Birds Europe and North America, p. 11 (1838) (based on C. familiaris
Audubon, Ornith. Biogr. Vol. 5, pl. 419 : North America).
Certhia rufa Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1875, p. 347 (1875) (ex « Certhia rufa » Bartram, Travels Florida,
p. 28gbis).
Certhia fusca (nec Gmelin 1788) Barton, Fragments Nat. Hist. Pennsylv. p. 11 (1799) (Pennsylvania).
Hab. Eastern North America: north to Ontario, Manitoba etc., west to eastern portion of the Great
Plains; breeding southward to Massachusetts, New York, northern Indiana, S. E. Dakota, S. E. Mis-
souri, and along higher Alleghenies to mountains of North Carolina; in winter southward to Florida
and Texas.
. Certhia brachydactyla montana Ridgway.
Certhia familiavis montana Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 5, p. 114 (1882) (Apache, Arizona).
Hab. Rocky Mountain district, breeding from New Mexico and Central Arizona to Cook Inlet, Alaska;
migrating southward to S. E. California etc.
. Certhia brachydactyla zelotes Osgood.
Certhia familiaris zelotes Osgood, Auk, Vol. 18, p. 182 (1901) (Battle Creek, Tehama Co., California).
Hab. California (except northern coast district), through Central Oregon and Washington to Central
British Columbia, breeding southward to Mount Whitney, Tejon Mountains and Los Angeles
County; northwards along coast to Marin County, California.
. Certhia brachydactyla occidentalis Ridgway.
(Certhia familiaris) occidentalis Ridgway, Proc. U S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 5, p. 115 (1882) (Simiahmoo, Washington).
Hab. Humid coast slope, from North California (Marin County) to Southern Alaska (Sitka).
Certhia brachydactyla alticola Miller.
Certhia mexicana (nec Gmelin, 1788), Gloger, Handb. Naturg. Vo6g. Eur. p. 381 footnote (1834) (Mexico).
« Certhia familiaris alticolaG. Miller, Auk, Vol. 12, p. 186, part. (1895) (new name for C. mexicana, preoccupied).
Hab. Mountains of South Mexico : States of Hidalgo, Vera Cruz, Puebla, Mexico, Michoacan, S. E.
Jalisco, Oaxaca and Chiapas; and high mountains of Guatemala, also recorded from nothern Nica-
ragua (Matagalpa).
. Certhia brachydactyla albescens Berlepsch.
Certhia mexicana albescens Berlepsch, Auk, Vol. 5, p. 450 (1888) (Durango, Durango).
Hab. Mountains of N. W. Mexico : Tepic, Jalisco (Guadalajara), Zacatecas, Durango, Chihuahua,
Sonora and southern Arizona (Santa Catalina, Santa Rita, Huachuca and Chiricahua Mts. etc.).
. Certhia himalayana himalayana Vigors.
Certhia himalayana Vigors, Proc, Comm. Zool. Soc. Vol. 1, p. 174 (1832) (Himalayan Mountains).
Certhia asiatica Swainson, Anim. in Menag. p. 353 (1838) (India).
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 2, pl. 17.
Hab. N. W. Himalayas from Chitral and Gilgit, east to Kumaon, and the adjoining parts of Afghanistan.
The records from Assam most probably refer to the next form.
. Certhia himalayana yunnanensis Sharpe.
Certhia yunnanensis Sharpe, Bull, Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 13, p. 11 (1902) (Shayang, Chiitung Road, W. Yunnan).
Fig. David & Oustalet, Ois. Chine, pl. 14.
Hab. S. W. China : Western Yunnan and W. Szechuen; Kansu?
FAM. CERTHIIDA: 9
30. Certhia himalayana tzniura Severtzow.
Certhia taeniura Severtzow, Izv. Obshch. Moskov., Vol. 8, no. 2, p. 138 (1873) (Turkestan) ; Zeitschr. Ges. Ornith.
Vol. 4, 1888, p. rog (transl.).
Hab. Mountains of Turkestan (Djimkent, Zarefshan etc.).
2. GENUS SALPORNIS G. R. GRAy
Salpornis G. R. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 15, 1
Hylypsornis Bocage, Jorn. Acad. Lisboa, Vol. 6, p. 198,
du Bocage).
Hypsilornis Salvin & Sclater, The Ibis (4), Vol. 6, p. 334 (1882) (nom. emend.).
847, p. 7 (Sp. un. : Certhia spilonota Franklin).
211 (1878) (Sp. un. : A. Salvadori Barboza
Characters. Bill longer than head, more robust than in the genus Certhia, at base rather
broadened, at terminal portion slightly compressed laterally ; culmen distinctly ridged, strongly
curved for its entire length, with acute tip; gonys slightly concave; maxillary tomium without
trace of subterminal notch. Nostrils basal, lateral, longitudinal, exposed, situated in a large
fossa, overhung by a coriaceous operculum. Tongue terminally ending in five bristles, lateral
borders smooth, No rictal bristles. Wing long and pointed, falling a little short of the tail; third
and fourth primaries longest, fifth scarcely shorter; second primary nearly as long as third;
first primary spurious, narrow, extremely short, not exceeding primary coverts; secondaries
broad, short, only two-thirds of the whole wing. Tail very much shorter than wing, slightly
emarginate, with rectrices soft and distinctly rounded at tip. Tarsus robust, somewhat shorter
than middle toe without claw; acrotarsium covered with large scutes; toes long and stout,
outer toe much longer than inner, the latter at base adherent to middle toe, hallux slightly
shorter than middle toe; claws strongly arched, that of hallux much shorter than the digit.
Wing 86-92, tail 52-60, tarsus 14-16, bill 17-25 mm.
Coloration, Above dark brown, variegated and spotted with whitish. Crown distinctly
streaked with whitish or buff. Wing dusky, varied with pale grey, buff and white. Tail ashy
or greyish brown, more or less banded with black. Under parts whitish or buff, throat and
foreneck streaked, breast and abdomen banded with blackish or dusky. Feet black. Sexes alike.
Geographical Distribution, Tropical Africa and Indian Peninsula. Four subspecies,
three of which are African.
Habits and Nidification. In habits Salpornis appears to resemble the true Tree-creepers,
running round the stems in all directions and flying with a steady flight from one tree to the
base of another. In mode of nidification, however, it (at least the Indian form) entirely differs
from all other members of the family, for it is said to build a cup-shaped nest on a horizontal
bough of a tree. The nest is composed of bits of leaf-stalk and leaves, chips of bark, and the
dung of cater-pillars, bound together by cobwebs, and forms a very firm, elastic structure. The
eggs (three in number) are greenish white, with a ring of blackish brown specks round the larger
end and a few specks over the remainder of the shell (Cleveland).
KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF THE GENUS SALPORNIS
1. Bill longer, about 25 mm. With a distinct white superciliary stripe. Median
vectrices ashy, with black and whitish marginal spots . . . . . . I.S. SPILONOTA SPILONOTA.
10 RASS ERS
—- Bill shorter. not more than 22 mm, No distinct white superciliary stripe.
N
Median rectrices regularly banded with greyish brown and black .
2. Marginal spots on the outer web of the quills obsolete, dull ashy; pale streaks
of pileum smaller, on the forehead indistinct and rather greyish; black
markings of the lower parts coarser, more bar-like . . . . . . . 4. S. SPILONOTA EMINI.
— Marginal spots on the outer web of the quills well-defined, pure white; pale
streaks on upper part of the head very distinct, nearly pure white; black
markines oflower, par(s Smaller) move Spol-lUhe, eae) ele) ena ect cee
3. Bill longer : 19-21 mm. General colour above and below more greyish. . . 2. S. SPILONOTA SALVADORI.
— Bill shorter : 17-17,5 mm. General colour above and below more vufescent . 3. S. SvIlLONOTA ERLANGERI.
1. Salpornis spilonota spilonota (J. Franklin).
Certhia spilonota J. Franklin, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 1, p. 121 (Oct. 1831) («on the Ganges between
Calcutta and Benares » or «in the Vindhyian Hills »).
Fig, Gray, Gen. of Birds, pl. 44, f. 1; Gould, Birds Asia, Vol 2, pl. 56.
Hab. Plains of India from the foot of the Himalayas southwards to near the Kistna River; the western
limits of its range appear to be Gurgaon, Sambhar, Ajmere and Abu.
2. Salpornis spilonota salvadori (Barboza du Bocage). (Plate, Fig. 6.)
Hylypsornis salvadori Barboza du Bocage, Jorn. Acad. Lisboa, Vol. 6, pp. 198, 211 (1878) (Caconda, Benguella).
Fig. Barboza du Bocage, Ornith. Angola, pl. 10, f. 2.
Hab. Central South Africa from Angola and Benguella in the west, eastwards to N. E. Mashonaland
(Salisbury, Ganyani), British Central (Zomba, Fort Hill, Ikawa) and German East Africa, and
southern part of British East Africa (Mount Elgon).
3. Salpornis spilonota erlangeri Neumann.
Salpornis sptlonota erlangeri Neumann, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 15, p. 52 (1907) (Anderatcha in Kaffa, South
Ethiopia).
Hab. South Ethiopia (Kaffa, Djamdjam), N. E. Africa.
4. Salpornis spilonota emini Hartlaub.
Salpornis emint Hartlaub, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1884, p. 415, pl. 37 (1884) (Langomeri, A2quatorial province).
Salpornis salvadorii ortentalis Hartlaub, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 37, p. 116 (1889) (new name for S. eminé Hartlaub).
Salpornis maclaudi (Oustalet MS.) Maclaud, Mammif. et Ois. de l’Afr. occid. p. 141 (1906) (Kouyeya [Kinsam] in
southern Fouta-Djalon : nom. nud.). =
Salpornis riggenbachi Reichenow, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 17, p. 140 (1909) (Banjo, N. W. Cameroons) 1).
Fig. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1884, pl. 37.
Hab. From the upper White Nile (Lado, Langomeri, Tobbo, Macraca) westwards to North Cameroons
(Banjo). Gold Coast (Gambaga, Sekwi) and French Guinea (Kouyeya, Fouta-Djalon).
3. GENUS TICHODROMA ILLIGER
Tichodroma llliger, Prodr. Mam. Avium, p. 210 (1811) (Sp. un. : Certhia muraria Linneus).
Petrodroma Vieillot, Anal. Ornith. pp. 45, 70 (1816) (Sp. un. : « Grimpereau de Muraille»).
Tichodromas Olphe-Galliard, Ornith. Eur. occid., fasc. 23, p. 31 (nom. emend. pro Tichodyoma Illiger).
Characters. Bill much longer than head, somewhat depressed at base, and laterally
much compressed in terminal portion; culmen distinctly ridged on basal third, nearly straight,
with the extreme tip slightly decurved; gonys straight, Nostrils longitudinal, entirely exposed,
overhung by a distinct operculum, forming a long, narrow slit-like opening on lower portion
1) According to Prof. Neumann (in litt.), who has compared the two types, S. riggenbacht is based upon a very worn
example of S. s. emrnt.
BAM. CERD AMIDA: II
of nasal groove. No rictal bristles. Tongue long, extremely thin, divided at tip, but without
any bristles. Wing long, much rounded; fourth, fifth and sixth primaries longest, third but a
little shorter; second about equal to eighth; first primary considerably shorter than half of the
second, Secondaries broad, about four-fifths of the length of the wing. Tail nearly square, the
outermost rectrix being scarcely 2-3 mm, shorter than the longest, somewhat less than two-
thirds of the wing; rectrices rather broad, soft, rounded at tip with the shafts not stiffened.
Under tail coverts very long, covering two-thirds of the tail. Tarsus slender, about as long as
middle toe with claw; acrotarsium covered in front with a single long lamina; middle toe
slightly longer than outer toe, inner toe much shorter than the outer one; claws slender,
much compressed, strongly arched; hallux about as long as inner toe, but much stouter;
its claw fully as long as the digit, and stronger than the other claws.
Wing 95-105, tail 55-65, tarsus 20-22, bill 27-33 mm.
Coloration. Plumage soft and copious. Double (a complete autumn- and a partial
spring) moult. In breeding plumage : head above and back clear ashy grey, upper tail coverts
darker, more slate grey. Wings blackish; first primary uniform; second, third, fourth and fifth,
sometimes also the sixth, with two large white spots on the inner web; secondaries and
primaries following the third with basal half of outer web beautiful carmine-red. Upper wing
coverts blackish with wide carmine-red edges. Tail feathers black, the two outer ones with long
white, the remaining with ashy grey tips. Cheeks, ear coverts, throat and foreneck black, rest
of lower surface slate grey, under tail coverts with slight white ends. In winter plumage the
cheeks, ear coverts, throat and foreneck are white, the breast and abdomen paler grey, and
the pileum washed with pale brownish. Sexes alike, but female generally smaller,
Geographical Distribution. Alpine districts of Central and South Europe (Alpes,
Pyrenees, Sierra Nevada, Apennins, Carpathians, Balkan), Palaeartic Asia (Caucasus, North
Persia, Afghanistan, Turkestan, Tibet, Mongolia) and Himalaya Range (as far east as Bhutan).
Said to breed also in North Africa (Atlas and Abyssinia).
Habits and Nidification. The single species of the genus exclusively inhabits high
mountains, where it climbs up on the cliffs and rocks. The nest, placed in crevices of rocks, is
a bulky structure of moss, grass and other soft materials and contains three eggs which are
oval-shaped, dull or slightly glossy white with small, brownish red freckles, chiefly round the
larger end, and some secondary shell-marks of bluish grey.
1. Tichodroma muraria (Linnzus). (Plate, Fig. 5.)
Certhia muraria Linneus. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, Vol. 1, p. 184 (1766) (South Europe).
Metacilla (Japsu) longirostra Gmelin, Reise Russ]. Vol. 3, p. 100, pl 19, f. 2 (1774) (Mountains of Persia).
Tichodroma alpina C, L. Koch, Syst. Baier. Zool. p. 80 (1816) (« Hochgebirge »).
Tichodroma phoenicoptera Temminck, Man. d’Ornith. ed. 2, Vol. 1, p. 412 (1820) (new name for Certhia muraria).
Tichodroma europaea Stephens in Shaw, Gen. Zool. Vol. 14, 1, p. 187 (1826) (new name for Certhia muraria).
Tichodroma brachyrhynchos Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vég. Deutschl. p. 213 (1831) (« Alpen Tyrols and Karnthens »).
Tichodroma macrorhynchos Brehm, ibidem, p. 213 (1831) (« Alpen der Schweiz und Salzburg, wahrscheinlich nicht
in Tyrol »).
Tichodvoma phoenicoptera ? var. subhemalayana Hodgson in Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 82 (1844) (nom. nud.).
Tiehodroma nepalensts Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 225 (1850) (« ex Asia centr. »).
Tichodroma hoffmeisteri Reichenbach, Handb, Ornith. Scansoriz, p. 271 (1853) (Namgiah in India),
Tichodroma media Brehm, Vorrelfang, p. 77 (1855) (« Tyrol und Karnthen bei Salzburg u. s. w. »).
Tichodroma muralis David & Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 88 (1877) (ex Brisson).
Fig. Dresser, Birds Eur. Vol. 3, pl. 123.
Hab. ‘The same as that of the genus.
12 PASSERES
4. GENUS CLIMACTERIS TEMMINCK
Climacteris Temminck, Man. d’Ornith. ed. 2, Vol. 1, p. LXXXV (1820) (Species : Certhia scandens and
C. picumnus).
Characters. Bill shorter than head, decidedly compressed for its terminal half, somewhat
broadened at base; culmen distinctly ridged, gradually curved from base to tip; gonys nearly
straight. Tongue not divided at tip, covered all over with short bristles. Nostrils basal,
longitudinal, distinctly operculate, exposed. No rictal bristles. Wing very much longer than
tail, rather pointed; third and fourth primaries longest, fifth but little shorter; first primary
considerably shorter than half the length of the second; second about equal to sixth. Secon-
daries rather short, less than two-thirds of the length of the wing. Tail short, slightly rounded;
rectrices broad, of nearly equai width and much rounded at tip. Tarsus robust, rather short,
though slightly longer than middle toe without claw; acrotarsium booted; middle toe much
longer than the lateral ones; outer toe adherent to middle toe for its basal phalanx; hallux long,
though distinctly shorter than middle toe, its claw very long and strongly arched.
Coloration. Variable, above either blackish rufescent- or olive brown, pileum sometimes
paler, sometimes darker than black; rump and upper tail coverts often strongly contrasted with
colour of mantle. Under parts, at least sides and flanks in most species streaked with white.
A broad buff or pale rufous band across the wings always present. Sexes nearly alike, the
differences restricted to markings on foreneck, chest or malar region. In most of the species,
the females have the feathers of the chest edged with ferruginous or light chestnut, these edges
being absent in the males. In C, melanota and C. picuimnus, the male has the foreneck spotted
with dusky, the female with light chestnut. The females of C. flacens and C. scandens show a
distinct golden- or orange yellow or rufous patch on the cheeks, below the ear coverts, which
does not exist in the males.
Geographical Distribution, Australia and New Guinea,
Habits. The Tree-Creepers inhabit the White-gum and Eucalyptus forests as well as the
flats studded with apple-trees. Habits and food resemble those of Certhia. The nest is placed
in holes of trees and very often composed of hairs of the Opossum. The two eggs are reddish
flesh-colour, thickly blotched all over with reddish brown.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CLIMACTERIS °)
N
1. All the upper parts black or blackish brown .
— Anterior upper parts olive-, rufescent- ov rufous brown, pileum some-
times darker than back, vump and under tail coverts sometimes
“I
ashy grey .
2. With a broad, buff superciliary stripe. . . . . . . . . . %3.(C. MELANOTA).
— No superciliary stripe a aca ae ee anaes SMe tO Nee ee eee aa ar 4.
ESATO OMIA ys 6 ol ee | So Oe eI ANON eye
1) C. rufa obscura, unknown to the author, is not included in the key.
4.
ae
oO
10.
IT.
PAM. CERTHMDA:
Spots on foreneck light chestnut.
Ground colour of under parts rufous byown . . . . . .
Ground colour of under parts chestnut.
Throat feathers white, broadly margined with black; no chestnut on
Chest Meas UTC e eRe Genny Sted) sy Sh og ke
Chin and throat uniform white; chest feathers edged with clear chestnut
. Throat feathers white broadly, margined with black. . .
Chin and throat uniform white. . . . . .
Sides of head and under parts mamly ferruginous . . . . . .
Loves and a large patch surrounding the eye only ferruginous ; under
parts not fervruginous : chin and throat being dingy white, feathers
of breast and abdomen white, streaked with dark brown and edged
with pale brownish. Rump and upper tail coverts ashy grey.
Sides of head and under parts without any ferruginous (except a small
patch on the cheeks in the females of several species). . . . .
. Feathers of the foreneck with a whate central stveak. laterally bordered
with dusky . . .
Feathers of the foreneck with a narrower whitish central streak, but
ho! Wordanad te GHNTB)s- 9 5 o 2 0 9 5 4 9 «
. Breast and abdomen greyish brown, each feather with a broad central
stripe of white, bordered on either side by a dusky stveak . . .
Feathers of chest clear fervuginous with a central stripe of white, lower
breast and abdomen greyish brown, each feather with a white streak,
bordered with dusky. . .
Rump and upper tail coverts uniform with back . .
Upper back brown, contrasted with the deep rufous brown or chestnut
vump and upper tail coverts. . . . .
Upper back brown, rump and upper tail coverts oe UC) a an a
Pilewm and nape uniform ashy brown. Chin and throat pale buff.
ICSC? 8 HONE GO-OS Tha 2 s 0 a 0 9 0 2 Pa
Feathers of the pileum dark brown, with rufous oy chestnut hips: Chin,
throat and foreneck pale olive grey. Smaller : wing 77-8So mm.
» Puna? SPOHA DD WEEHSD . 2. s 6 0 o o 6 5 0 0 0
Foreneck spotied with clear rufous .
. Tipsto the crown feathers pale rufous.
Tips to the crown-feathers darker chestnut
. Cheeks and malar region olive brown .
Cheeks and malar region vufous
. Checks and malar region olive brown .
Cheeksvanaymnalanwvectonoivestiit a4) ye ee
>. Larger : wing S6-S8S mm. .
Smalley: wing 7i mm...
. Cheeks and malay region davk brown. . . . «
With a rufous patch below the ear coverts
With a broad whitish superciliary stripe .
No superciliary stripe
Tes)
3. C. MELANOTA Q.
5
1. C. MELANURA &.
1. C. MELANURA Q.
2. C. WELLSI &.
2. C. WELISI 9.
8. (C. RUFA).
g. (C. ERYTHROPS).
Sok s : 10.
6. C. RUFA RUFA ©.
6. C. RUFA RUFA Q.
12. C. ERYTHROPS &%.
12. C. ERYTHROPS Q.
Le
, : , 16.
, OR
. (C., PICUMNUS).
Ts
8. C. PICUMNUS ©.
8. C, picumNus ©.
eee T4.
‘ iD.
5. C. PLACENS MERIDIONALIS ©.
5. C. PLACENS MERIDIONALIS ©.
4. C. PLACENS PLACENS GO.
4. C. PLACENS PLACENS Q.
: Las
g. C. SCANDENS MINOR juv.
10. C, SCANDENS SCANDENS © juv.
10. C, SCANDENS SCANDENS Q juv.
1Q.
20.
14 PASSE RES
19. Chest unijormibrownish oye 8. ee ee eC SUPER CTIIOS AMG:
— Chest feathers edged with clear ferruginous . . .°. . . . . It. C. SUPERCILIOSA OD.
20. EGY Qtr SWING SD MUMS OV MORE 5 fale wou ey ecient oT
— Smaller : wing So mm, or less te 2
21. A dull orange yellow patch below the ear coverts. . . . . . . 10. C, SCANDENS SCANDENS Q ad.
— No orange patch below the eav coveris. . . . . . . . . . 10. C, SCANDENS SCANDENS of ad.
22. A dull orange yellow patch below the ear coverts. . . . . % Q. C. SCANDENS MINOR Q ad.
— No orange patch below the car coverts. . . . . . . . . . &Q. C. SCANDENS MINOR Gf ad.
1. Climacteris melanura Gould.
Climacteris melanura Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 10, 1842, p. 138 (Febr. 1843) (« North-west coast of
Australia ».)
Fig. Gould, Birds Austr. Vol, 4, pl. 97.
Hab. N. W. Australia, Northern Territory and Northern Queensland.
2. Climacteris wellsi Ogilvie-Grant.
Climacteris wellsi Ogilvie-Grant, The Ibis (9), Vol 3, p. 664 (1909) (Clifton Dawns, Gascoyne River, W. Australia).
Hab. West Australia : Clifton Dawns, Gascoyne River.
3. Climacteris melanota Gould.
Climacteris melanotus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 14, 1846, p. 106 (Jan. 1847) (« The neighbourhood of the
river Lynd, in the interior of Australia »)
Climacteris melanonota Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 8, p. 334 (1883) (nom. emend.).
Fig. Gould, Birds Austr. Vol. 4, pl 96.
Hab. Northern Territory and North Queensland : districts bordering the gulf of Carpentaria.
4. Climacteris placens placens Sclater.
Climacteris placens Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1873, p. 693 (1874) (« Atam, apud montes Papuanos Arfak »).
Fig. Gould, Birds New Guinea, Vol. 1, pl. 8.
Hab. North western peninsula of Dutch New Guinea : Arfak mountains.
5. Climacteris placens meridionalis Hartert.
Climacteris placens mertdionalis Hartert, Bull. Brit. Ornith, Club, Vol. 21, p. 27 (1907) |Owgarra, Angabunga River,
Brit. New Guinea),
Hab. Mountains of British New Guinea : Owgarra, Angabunga River, Bihagi, Mambare River.
6. Climacteris rufa rufa Gould.
Climacteris rufa Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond. Vol. 8, p. 149, 1840 (July 1841) (« Western Australia »).
Fig. Gould, Birds Austr. Vol. 4, pl. 94. ;
Hab. Southern and Central portions of West Australia.
7. Climacteris rufa obscura Carter. ’
Climacteris rufa obscura Carter, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club. Vol. 27, p. 16 (1910) (Warren Rives,.S. W. Australia).
Hab. S W. Australia.
8. Climacteris picumnus picumnus Temminck, (Plate, Figs. 3, 3a, 3b.)
Climacteris picumnus Temminck, Rec. P]. Col. pl. 281, fig. 1 (1824) («a Timor, a Célébes (errore!) et a la cole sept.
de la Nouvelle-Hollande »).
Glyciphila? ocularis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 5, 1837, p. 154, (Dec. 1838) («in terra Van Diemen »).
Climacteris leucophaea (errore, nec Certhia leucophaea Latham 1801) Strickland, Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol. 11, p. 336 (1843)
(Latham’s name erroneously referred to the present species).
Fig. Gould, Birds Austr. Vol. 4, pl. 93 (s. n. C. scandens !).
Hab.East Australia (from Port Denison southwards) to Victoria, South Australia (Adelaide etc.), Tasmania.
g. Climacteris scandens minor P. L. Ramsay.
Climacteris leucophaea minoy P. L. Ramsay, Tabular List of Austral. Birds, Addenda, p. 2 (1891) (Mount Bartle
Frere, N. E. Queensland, descr, ad.).
Climacteris weiskei Reichenow, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 8, p. 187 (1900) (North Queensland; descr. 9 juv.).
Hab. North Queensland.
FAM. CERTHIIDA® 5)
10. Climacteris scandens scandens Temminck.
Climacteris scandens Temminck, Rec. PI. Col. pl. 281, f.2(1824) («sur les cotes orientales de la Nouvelle-Hollande»).
Climacteris pyrrhonota Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 976 (1868) (Dobroyde, New South Wales; —juv.) 1).
Fig. Gould, Birds Austr. Vol. 4, pl. 98 (s.n. C. picumnus!).
Hab. Southern Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia; Tasmania (2).
11. Climacteris superciliosa North.
Climacteris superciliosa North, Vhe Ibis (7), Vol. 1, p. 341 (1895) (Illara Creek, Central Australia).
Fig. Report Horn Exped. Central Austr. Vol. 2 (1896), pl. 7. f. 2
Hab. S. Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, S. Australia, Central Australia, West Australia (inte-
rior districts).
12. Climacteris erythrops Gould.
Climacteris erythrops Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 8, 1840, p. 148 (July 1841) (« New South Wales»).
? Climacteris affinis 2) Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. 32, p. 453 (1863) (« From the Melbourne Institution »).
Fig. Gould, Birds Austr. Vol. 4, pl. 95.
Hab New South Wales, Victoria, Southern Queensland.
5. GENUS RHABDORNIS REICHENBACH
Rhabdornis Reichenbach, Handb. Ornith. Scansoriz, pp. 221, 276 (1853) (Sp. un. : Meliphaga mystacalis
Temminck).
Characters. In structural characters nearly agreeing with Climacteris, but bill more
lengthened, being decidedly longer than head. Culmen nearly straight for basal portion, slightly
decurved terminally. Tongue corneous, depressed, divided at tip, slightly protractile, with
bristles only on lateral borders. Wing 75-83, tail 42-52, bill 18-24 mm.
and,
Coloration. Above of various shades of brown, upper part of head often darker than
back and streaked with white. Under parts white or buffy, feathers of flanks streaked with
blackish or dark brown. Bill black.
Geographical Distribution. Philippine Islands. Three forms.
Habits and Nidification appear to be unknown,
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF RHABDORNIS
1. Head above and nape blackish with white shaf.-streaks. Ear coverts blackish
BY OUI Nest eee urea Meera Ae 5, SE oo eee et saeco g 32) faces a a 2
— Head above and nape dark brown with whitish shaft-streaks. Ear coverts
earthy brown Ag Ie fey we 3:
— Head above and nape uniform greyish brown. Ear coverts blackish brown . 3. RK. INORNATA G3).
2. Back dark greyish brown. Larger : wing about Somm. . . . . . . I. R. MYSTACALIS MYSTACALIS Gf.
— Back light rufescent brown. Smaller : wing about 75 mm. 2. R. MYSTACALIS MINOR G.
3. Back dark vufous brown. Larger : wing about 78, bill2gmm. . . . . 1. R. MYSTACALIS MySTACALIS. Q.
n
A
— Back light rufescent brown. Smaller : wing about 75, bill 20 mm. . . MYSTACALIS MINOR Q.
1) Cfr. North, Nests and Eges Birds Australia etc. Vol. 2, 1906, p. 44-45.
2) Though commonly referred to the above species it is by no means certain that Blyth’s name might not have been
based upon an example of some other species, e. g. C. picumnus picumnus Temminck, ®. In any case, the description is
too incomplete to enable one to make out the species.
3) The female of R. inornata is unknown to the author.
16 PASSERES
1. Rhabdornis mystacalis mystacalis (Temminck). (Plate, Fig. 4.)
Meliphaga mystacalis Temminck, Rec. PI. Col. t. 335, f. 2 (1825) (« a l’ile de Luzon, aux environs de Manille »).
Climacteris striolata Kittlitz, Kupfertafeln Naturg. Vogel, pl. 6, f. 2 (1832) (Luzon).
Hab. Philippine Islands : Luzon, Masbate, Negros, Panay.
2. Rhabdornis mystacalis minor Ogilvie-Grant.
Rhabdornis minoy Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 6, p. 17 (1896) (Samar)
Hab. Philippine Islands : Samar, Mindanao, Leyte, Dinagat, Basilan, Bohol.
3. Rhabdornis inornata Ogilvie-Grant.
Rhabdornis inornata Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 6, p. 18 (1896) (Samar).
Fig. The Ibis (7), Vol. 3, pl. 6, f. 2 (1897).
Hab. Philippine Islands : Samar, Mindanao.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Fig. 1. Head of Certhia familiaris.
—- Ia. Tail of Certhia familiaris.
— 10. Foot of Certhia familiaris.
— 2. Head of Certhia brachydactyla.
— 3. Head of Climacteris picumnus.
— 3a, Foot of Climacteris picumnus.
— 30. Tail of Climacteris picumnus.
— 4. Head of Rhabdornis mystacalis,
— 5. Head of Tichodroma muraria.
-- 6, Salpornis salvadori (entire figure).
Munich, 15th May tort.
GENERA AVIUM PASSERES
FAM. CERTHIID AD
I, ta, 1b. CERTHIA FAMILIARIS. 2. C. BRACHYDACTYLA. 3, 3a, 3b. CLIMACTERIS PICUMNUS. 4. RHABDORNIS MYSTACALIS.
5. TICHODROMA MURARIA. 6. SALPORNIS SALVADORI.
a5. ae) ae aa
‘ a ee
ey Foe
16" PART | is k ee : *) Be An be ; : PASSERES
- CONDUCTED BY
oss
apnea
: “WITH. CONTRIBUTIONS BY MESSRS. “A. DUBOIS, B. HARTERT, :
e HELLMAYR w. R.. OGILVIE- GRANT, Hon. W. ROTHSCHILD, a SALVADOR,
P. L. SCLATER, ee
OS icscees ol
ee FS io ‘ FAM. SITTIDAE ee
BEES Mae istnlat Sue tes. e Scone Instiay of
Pps Da ER ae ys Sigteh ap an Mata ese by C. B. HELLMAYR i Yistian etsy “Oy t
Pen ee SEB Thi) ;
wean encase WITE > COLOURED PLATE \_ oe eu “
s ‘1911 :
ie PRINTED AND PuBLIsHED By V. VEeRTENEUVIL & L. DeEsmET, BRUSSELS
oe eee eee Te! eer so a i 5 =e - Uo Ss ye P L Ome DY) OS) ee
FAM. SITTIDE
FAM. SITTID&
BY C. E. HELLMAYR
AE or very slightly rounded; rectrices broad, with rounded tip; first primary less
than one-third as long as second.
Characters. Bill straight, shorter than, or nearly as long as, head; culmen rounded or
slightly ridged, very little, if anything, decurved terminally; gonys more or less ascending
terminally. Nostrils roundish, or oval, either non-operculate (Sitta, Callisitta), or distinctly oper-
culate (Neositta, Daphaenositta), in the former case sometimes (Siéta) partly concealed by antrorse,
latero-frontal plumules, in the latter entirely exposed. Rictal bristles either obsolete, or if
distinct, short and rather soft. Wing long, rather pointed; third and fourth, or third, fourth, and
fifth primaries longest; second primary equal to, or slightly longer than, seventh (Sitta, Callisitta),
or equal to fifth (Neositta); first primary very small, never one-third as long as second, some-
times scarcely exceeding primary coverts; wing-tip conspicuously longer than tarsus, Tail
about half as long as wing, sometimes slightly longer, sometimes much shorter, even or slightly
rounded; rectrices broad with rounded tip, shafts never projecting nor acuminate. Tarsus
sometimes longer, sometimes shorter than middle toe (without claw); the acrotarsium either
distinctly scutellate (Sitta, Callisitta), or booted (Neositta); lateral toes very unequal, the inner
(without claw) reaching only to second joint of middle toe, the outer reaching to middle of
penultimate phalanx of middle toe; basal phalanx of middle toe united to outer toe for greater
part of its length, to inner toe for a less distance; hallux (without claw) equal to outer toe
(without claw), its claw decidedly shorter than the digit.
PASSERES
SS)
Coloration variable, In the subfamily Sittimae above plain bluish grey or blue; pileum
and hindneck, at least partly, sometimes black or brown; the rectrices (except in the so-called
Rock-Nuthatches : genus Sitfa, nos. 40-46) partly black and white; under parts white, buff,
greyish, cinnamomeous, chestnut or vinaceous, or parti-coloured. In the subfamily Neosittinae
above grey or brown, streaked with dusky or blackish (Neositta), or black (Daphaenositta) ; rump
and upper tail coverts mostly white (Neositta) or spotted with rosy red (Daphaenositta); pileum
white, dark grey or black; beneath white in Neositta, either uniform, or with dusky streaks,
black in Daphaenositta; wings blackish, inner web of quills with middle portion cinnamon-
rufous or white (except in the two Papuan species of Neositta), rectrices blackish, the outer
ones tipped with white (Neositta) or pink (Daphaenositta).
Geographical Distribution. Palzarctic, Nearctic, ndo-Malayanand Australian Regions.
Habits and Nidification. The Nuthatches are expert climbers, running up and down
the trunks of trees or the faces of cliffs and rocks, often head downward, which the Tree-
creepers are unable to do. The members of the genera Sitta and Callisitta build their nest, a
loose, bulky structure, in holes of trees or crevices of rocks, the clutch consists of from five to
nine eggs, which are white, more or less speckled and blotched with reddish. The species of
Neositta, on the other hand, place their large, smoothly made nest in a dead fork of an eucalyp-
tus-tree; the eggs, three or four in number, are greenish or bluish white with dark brown spots.
Observations. It is somewhat difficult to draw a line between the Siftidae and Certhiidae,
certain genera of the latter group (Tichodroma, Climacteris) bemg decidedly intermediate,
though more nearly related to Certhia than to Sitta. From the osteological investigations of
Mr. F. A, Lucas it would seem that the Sittidae are, however, quite distinct from the Paridae,
with which they have been associated by several authors, The osteological characters of the
Sittidae having been given in full in the « Tierreich » I need not dwell again on this subject.
Bibliography. Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 8, 1883, p. 340-365; Hellmayr, Tierreich, Livr. 18,
1903, p. 168-201; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 50, Part 3, 1904, p. 436-459.
KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES AND GENERA OF SITTIDA:
1. Bill vather broad at base, where its depth about equals its width, not compressed oy
very slightly so in terminal portion. Nostrils non-operculate oy with operculum
very indistinct, posteriorly more or less concealed by antrorse latevo-frontal plu-
miles. Second primary about equal to seventh
Nd
~ eo se es 2) 3. 22 (Sublam). Simcines)s
— Bill extremely slendey, much compressed laterally, at base much deeper than
wide. Nostrils distinctly operculate, entively exposed. Second primary equal
to fifth
2. Bill strong, not compressed teyvminally, nearly or fully as long as head or
uo
. (Subfam. NeosiTTIv£).
tarsus. Nostrils almost completely hidden by dense, antrorse latero-frontal
Plamulest?s BATE BD PGA RIE ES ies Oy A ee ee Og eee Ten (GEDLISROLURIAS
— Bill slender, distinctly compressed terminally, decidedly shorter than head or tarsus.
Nostrils partly exposed, only posteriorly concealed by a few bristly feathers, . 2. Genus CALLisiTta.
BAM. SIPDIDAE 3
3. Bill relatively longer, with gonys decidedly ascending terminally. Without any rosy
ved colour on face and vump, the latter being, like upper taal coverts, mostly white. 3. Genus NEosiTTA.
— Bill relatively shorter, with gonys nearly straight. Forehead, chin and a few spots
OP CHOP TOS CAL, 6 ae Bo Gono a oF a 6 6) 6 6 Jo 6 Mo Gomis IDAs yoNO are”,
1. GENUS SITTA LINN4uS
Sitta Linnezus, Syst. Nat., Ed. ro, p. 115 (1758) (sp. type : Sitta europaea Linnzeus).
Sittella Rafinesque, Anal. Nat. p. 68 (1815) (nom. emend. pro Sztta Linnzus).
Rupisitta Buturlin, Mitteil. Kauk. Mus. Vol. 3, p. 64 (1907) (types : « Rock-Nuthatches »).
Characters. Bill robust, nearly as long as head, about equal to length of tarsus, at base
somewhat wider than deep; culmen quite or nearly straight, rounded above; gonys more or
less ascending terminally. Nostrils roundish or oval, non-operculate, or with operculum very
indistinct, almost completely concealed by antrorse, bristly latero-frontal plumules. Rictal
bristles conspicuous, though soft and rather short. Wing long, rather pointed; third, fourth and
fifth primaries longest, fourth usually slightly exceeding the two others; second primary about
equal to seventh or very slightly longer; first primary very small, less than one-third of second,
sometimes scarcely longer than primary coverts; secondaries short, about three-fourths of
whole wing, broadly rounded at tip; wing-tip decidedly longer than bill or tarsus. Tail short,
generally slightly more, sometimes much less, than half as long as wing, even or very slightly
rounded; the rectrices broad, with rounded tip. Tarsus decidedly longer than middle toe
without claw; acrotarsium distinctly scutellate; middle toe much the longest, lateral toes
very unequal, the inner (without claw) reaching only to second joint of middle toe, the outer
reaching to middle of penultimate phalanx of middle toe; basal phalanx of middle toe united
to outer toe for nearly the whole of its length, to inner toe less so; hallux equal to outer toe,
but much stouter with claw much stronger and more decidedly curved, though distinctly shorter
than the digit. Size extremely variable, length of wing varying from about 60 (S. pygiaea,
S. pusilla) to 115 (S. magna), that of tail from 30 to 70 mm.
Coloration. Sexes not or very little different. Above plain bluish, slaty or whitish grey,
pileum and hindneck sometimes wholly or partly black or brown; the rectrices often partly
black and white; in most of the old-world species a more or less distinct blackish stripe through
the eye from nasal feathers to sides of neck; under parts white, buff, cinnamomeous, greyish,
vinaceous, or chestnut, or with a mixture of two or more of these colours. Bill blackish, base
‘ of lower mandible more or less yellowish.
Geographical Distribution. Palearctic, Nearctic and Indo-Malayan Regions. Forty-
six species and subspecies.
Habits and Nidification. The large majority of the species inhabits forests, gardens,
parks etc., while the so-called Rock-Nuthatches (nos. 40-46) exclusively frequent rocks and
cliffs. The Nuthatches are the most perfect climbers, running up and down the trees and rocks,
often head downward. In winter, they associate with Tits, Gold-crests and Woodpeckers to
small flocks wandering about in search of food. Their nest, a voluminous, careless structure, 1s
4
PASSE RES
placed in holes of trees or crevices of rocks and contains in April or May from six to nine eggs,
which are white, speckled or blotched with reddish. Their food consists of insects and their
larvz, as well as of various seeds, nuts etc,
No
Ow
8.
Io.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF SITTA®
. Pileum and hindneck brown or olive, strongly contrasted with bluish
grey of back. Wing never more than 7o mm
Pileum and hindneck never brown or olive, being cither bluish grey or
black
. Pileum and hindneck brown, the posterior median portion with a large
white spot; no white patch on middle rectrices
Pileum and hindneck olive, the latter without large whitish median spot ;
middle vectvices with basal half or move of inner web white.
. Smaller, with pileum and hindneck more deeply olive, the latter with
whitish ov buffy median spot obsolete ov indistinct ; back more bluish
grey; adult male averaging wing 65, tatl 34 mm. :
Larger, with pilewm and hindneck paler or less decidedly wie the latter
with whitish or pale buffy median spot well developed; back less blush
grey; adult male averaging wing 67, tail 37 mm,
. Pileum either wholly black, or at least hindneck and a black, con-
trasting with bluish grey of back .
Head above without any black, being bluish grey like bee or slightly
darker grey than the latter .
. With a distinct black streak Kiar the lores ti idee the eye to the auricular
vegion . 3 SN eee
Whole sides of head white without any black
. A large chestnut patch on chest.
No chestnut patch on chest .
. Pileum and nape glossy black; black ee behind the eye broad and very
distinct; under parts brighter : throat buffy white, deepening to tawny
buff or dull ochraceous buff on posterior parts, darkest on flanks
Pileum only dull black; dusky stripe behind eye narrower, dull blackish
and sometimes mixed with whitish; under parts buff or greyish buff,
throat whitish : 2 cha 0 ee eee ee
Under parts dull greyish buff. Wing about 72, tail about 40 mm.
Under parts clear buff, without any greyish tinge. Wing not over 70,
tail averaging 35-38 mm.
. Larger : wing 67-70 mm.; under yap es buff or Tee cous buf.
Smaller : wing about 63 mm.; under parts very pale, creamy .
Under parts paler or darker buff, passing into whitish on chin and throat ;
Alanks and under tail coverts uniform chestnut. (Both sexes with entive
crown black.).
37
38.
39.
24.
lo
on
SL
to
4.
. S.PUSTIDLA.
. (S. PYGM#A).
S. PYGMEA PYGMEA.
S. PYGMEA LEUCONUCHA.
3
ize
10.
. S. KRUPERI.
a
S. CANADENSIS CANADENSIS G*.
Ser eos
S. CANADENSIS WHITEHEADI @.
. of
. S. CANADENSIS VILLOSA &.
WM
CANADENSIS COREA &.
(S. LEUCOPSIS).
1) S. yunnanensis Ogilvie-Grant, unknown to the author, could not be included in the key.
|
Wilks
4
Oo
14.
Ge
16.
1g.
. Slightly larger,
PAM. SITTIDZ®
Under parts white ov greyish white; flanks tinged with brownish ; under
tail coverts white, edged and tipped with light chestnut .
Under parts paler, clear buff. Larger : wing 76-81, tail 42-45 mim.
Under parts darker, deep ochvaceous buff. Smaller : wing 70-73, tail
4O-45 mm.
. Black markings on greater upper wing coverts and tertials larger, more
s §
sharply defined, deeper black, move conspicuously contrasted with the
clear bluish grey of marginal and terminal portions, the black space
web of third tertial with its postercoy extremity broadly
rounded .
on outer
Black markings on greater upper wing coverts and tertials less sharply
defined, duller black, less conspicuously contrasted with the duller grey
of marginal and terminal portions, the black avea on outer web of thivd
tertial with ats posterior extremity narrowly pointed or acummate .
with bill relatively shorter and stouter; black central
spaces of greater wing coverts and black areas on tertials more restricted ;
under parts more purely white, the sides and flanks faintly, if at
all, tinged with grey; adult female with pileum usually blush grey,
strongly contvasted with black of hindneck . . :
Slightly smaller, with bill relatively longer and narrower ; black central
spaces of greater wing coverts and black areas on tertials more extended ;
- under parts duller oy more greyish white, the sides and flanks strongly
greyish; adult female with pileum often glossy black like hindneck. .
Smaller : wing averaging less than go mm., with under parts moze
BUTE ly ia ite Pay ie Seek 2
Larger ; wing averaging more than go mm., with under parts less
purely, more greyish white. . .
. Larger, especially the fect; bill propor irate more slender; grey tup
and white subterminal patch of lateral rectrices averaging broader ;
adult male averaging wing S7, tail 46 mm... : eae
Smaller, especially the feet; bill relatively stouter ; grey ie and white sub-
terminal patch of lateral rectrices averaging narrower; adult male
averaging wing S6,tml 44mm. . . .
. Under parts paler, sides and flanks more fairly Teed with grey; bill
averaging longer, about r9-20mm. . . . . .« Sa) adit
Under parts darker, sides and flanks nearly so dark grey as back; bill
averaging shorter, about r7-I8S mm. . . . .
Under tail coverts with more or less chestnut .
Under tail coverts without chestnat
Under parts deep cinnamomeous oy chestnut, sometimes paler, oy even
whitish, on chinand throat. . . .
Under parts never cinnamomeous or chestnut, being either white, buff,
ochyaceous, or greyish, often parti-coloured of two of these tints. Under
tail coverts merely edged oy tipped with chestnut. . . . . . .
Under tail coverts grey with a large, white subterminal spot surrounded by
a distinct chestnut or ferruginous margin. . . .
S)
. (S. CAROLINENSIS).
29. S. LEUCOPSIS LEUCOPSIS.
30. S. LEUCOPSIS PRZEWALSKU.
5 Teo
14.
I. S. CAROLINENSIS CAROLINENSIS.
32. S. CAROLINENSIS ATKINSI.
33. S. CAROLINENSIS ACULEATA.
34. S. CAROLINENSIS LAGUNZ.
35. S. CAROLINENSIS NELSONI.
36. S. CAROLINENSIS MEXICANA.
at pe RA oe sts
; 38.
4 IQ.
: 5 22h
aoe: : 5 ADs
h
bo
N
1)
On
206.
bo
nN
Oo
to
. Size larger :
oa
. Abdomen,
IPAS
es
SERES
Under tail coverts grey, broadly tipped and edged with chestnut, without
Gy MUNTLC , -e he
o. Throat buff, gradually darkening into the chestnut of breast and abdomen
Chin whitish, remainder of lower plumage uniform chestnut
. Chestnut of lower parts somewhat paler. Size larger : wing 81-85 mm.
Chestnut of lower parts somewhat deeper. Size smaller : wing 69-76 mm.
wing more than rro, tail more than 60 mm. (Sides of head,
except a black stripe through the eye from lores to sides of neck, chin
and throat white, breast and abdomen smoky grey
Size smaller : wing considerably under 100, tail never more than So mm.
Ear coverts deep ochraceous, oy dingy grey slightly shaded with buff, like
under parts. Size smaller : wing 73-77 mm... ,
Ear coverts white, or very slightly tinged with pale buffy ageiene Sise
larger : wing So-88, very rarely 78mm. . . .
. Ear coverts, sides of neck, and under parts plain deep ochraceous.
Ear coverts, sides of neck, and under parts dingy grey, with a buffy linge,
nuddle of abdomen more purely ochraceous
. General tone of under parts greyer, with very little, if any, buffy Lie:
General tone of under parts less purely grey, with more decided ochraceous
CAST SU ESIODS GS 6G 6 0 - 0 o me mo o Cc
Under parts, at least anterior portion (throat, foreneck and chest) pure
Wiles eS Es aes : ern es
Under parts (except chin and upper throat) deep ochvaceous
sometimes also lower breast, clear ochraceous buff, abruptly
while of chest and throat. . .
or, if slightly washed with ae buffy
nol abruptly contrasted with white of breast. . . .
contrasted with 7
Abdomen either white like breast,
. Upper parts clearer, more of a bluish grey ; abdomen clear ochraceous buff,
paler, move creamy along middle line. . . . 2. . .
Upper parts darker, more slate grey; abdomen deeper ochvaceous buff,
scarcely paler in the middle. . . . *
Abdomen more or less decidedly washed with pale buff or creamy .
Abdomen pure white like breast. . . . . . . « .
. Two outer pairs of rectrices only with a large, white subterminal patch .
Three outer pairs of rvectrices with some white, the first and second with
a large subterminal patch, the third with a distinct apical spot. . .
. A very distinct frontal band and narrow apical margins to greater upper
WN COUEVUS WONILES ee
Only an ill-defined, narrow frontal edge white. Greater upper wing coverts
without, ov with very indistinct, whitish apical fringes .
. Larger, with longer, stoutery bill : wing averaging 86, bill about
Té, 0-20 ih. a eee
Smaller, with shorter, slendevey bill : wing averaging Sr, bill about
TO-18 OV Hive ene ce ;
Under parts paler, buff or light ochvaceous buff.
Under parts darker, deep ochraceous .
20.
nN
NS
Nn
Ww
18.
23;
I4.
On
Qt
S. NEGLECTA.
. S. CINNAMOVENTRIS.
. S. CASHMIRENSIS.
S. CASTANEOVENTRIS.
S. MAGNA.
(S. EUROPA).
24.
26,
S. EUROPA SINENSIS.
25.
S. EUROPA:A NAGAENSIS.
. S. EUROPA MONTIUM.
sha ee
: = a) OSs
28.
29.
S. EUROP-EA AMURENSIS.
S. EUROP-EA BEDFORDI.
. S. EUROPEA HOMEYERI.
sae ch Ee eS OF
. S. EUROPAEA ARCTICA.
Si
. S. EUROP-EA ALBIFRONS.
32
. S. EUROP.EA EUROPA,
S. EUROP.ZA URALENSIS.
aes Sao
352
39.
40.
41.
42.
46.
SVANUIV eee Sle Tits) Ats>
’
. Smaller, with shorter, much slendever bill, under parts paler, buff, and
bluish grey of upper parts clearer. Wing 79,5-82, bill 16,5-18 mm.
Larger, with stronger, as well as longer bill, under parts darker, light
ochraceous, and bluish grey of upper parts darker. Wing 81-86,
bill rS-20 mm,
. Larger, with long, powerful bill. Under parts very deep ochraceous.
Wing S7, bill 27 mm. . s
Smaller, with shorter, slenderer bill. Under parts paler ochraceous. Wing
never more than 85, generally less; bill r6-r9,5 mm. .
. With larger, longer bill : r7-19,5 mm. Whitish frontal edge indistinct.
With shorter bill: r6-17,5 mm. W hitish frontal edge more or less distinct.
. Bull stout, strong : 16-17,5 mm, Under parts more deeply ochraceous
Bill slender : 17-19 mm. Under parts less deeply ochraceous .
. With a broad, well-defined white superciliary stripe from base of bill to
sides of neck. Pilewm deeper bluish grey than the back, forming a
kind of indistinct dusky cap as
No well-defined white superciliary stripe. Prlewm 6 Pn the same
shade of bluish grey as the back
Breast and abdomen very pale greyish buff
Breast and abdomen pure buff, without any greyish admixture :
Blackish postocular streak well-defined; abdomen deeper, tawny buff or
ochraceous buff ye :
Blackish postocular streak obsolete ; abdomen alee clear ire
Black eye stripes united on forehead ; central parry of rectrvices with a white
spot near base. Abdomen and under tail coverts uniform deep fulvous.
Black eye stripes not united on forehead ; central paty of rvectrices without
any white at base. Abdomen and under tail coverts vufescent buff or
isabelline rufous . 5a ee xP lke ape ae Bee
Bull extremely short and slender : 16-18,5, its depth at base not more
than 4,5 mm. ; wing about 73-75 mm. ; with an indistinct dusky loral
stveak and a narrow dusky border along upper margin of ear coverts .
Bull stout and longer, more than 19 mm., its depth at base 5-7 mm. ; wing
more than 75 mm. ; a very broad, deep black stripe running ie base
of bill through eye to sides of neck.
. Smaller : wing 75-82 mm.; bill slender, shorter, rg-22 mm., its depth
at base about 5-5,5 mm.
Larger : wing 83-92 mm.; bill stouter, longer, 22-25 mm., its depth at
base about 6-7 mm.
. Upper parts darker, decidedly | bluish grey; bill stronger and stouter
Upper parts paler, more whitish grey ; bill slenderer
. Larger : wing 78-82, tail 46-52, bill 20-22 mm., with rufous buff of
abdomen slightly darker. Bn eChato ae eae oo Cae
Smaller : wing 75-77, tail 43-47, bill 19-20 mm., with rufous buff of
abdomen slightly paler . .
Larger : with slightly stoutey bill (wing 82, bill 2 22 bn Ne and Soa
buff of abdomen vather deeper
ints
10.
13},
24.
40.
41
land
7
. 5. EUROPA PERSICA.
. S. EUROPA BRITANNICA.
S. EUROPA RUBIGINOSA.
36.
S. EUROPA CHSIA.
Sie
S. EUROPA CAUCASICA.
S. EUROPA LEVANTINA.
39.
41.
S. CANADENSIS WHITEHEADI Q.
40.
S. CANADENSIS CANADENSIS Q.
. S. CANADENSIS VILLOSA ©.
. S. HIMALAYENSIS.
. S. TSCHITSCHERINI.
43.
44.
47-
AD).
46.
S. NEUMAYER NEUMAYER.
. S. NEUMAYER ZARUDNYI.
42. S. NEUMAYER SYRIACA,
Oo
On
|
PASSERES
Smalley : with slenderey bill (wing 78-So, bill 20-21 mm.), and vufous
buff of abdomen slightly paler. =. . . « . » « « . . « 43. S. NEUMAYER RUPICOLA.
>. Largey : wing 88-92 mm., with upper parts paler, clear cinereous, and
black eye stripe exceedingly bvoad . . . . . . . «. . « « 49. S. NEUMAYER DRESSERI.
Smaller : wing 83-85 mm., with upper parts darker, decidedly bluish
grey, and black eye-stvipe navrowey . . . . . «. « . « « 44. 5, NEUMAYER TEPHRONOTA.
Sitta europza europea Linneus. (Plate, Figs. 2, 2a, 2b.)
Sitta europaea Linné, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 115 (1758) (Europa, America, the latter locality erroneous. Sweden
fixed as typ. locality).
Sitta suecica Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 74 (1855) (Scandinavia).
Hab. Sweden, Norway, Northern Russia, and the Danish Islands south to Funen and Fano.
. Sitta europwa homeyeri Hartert.
Sitta caesta homeyeri Seebohm, Birds Japanese Emp. p. 92 (1890) (nom. nud.),
Sitta caesta homeyeri Hartert, The Ibis 1892, p. 364 (1892) (East Prussia).
Fig. Naumann, New edit. Vol. 2, pl. 23, f. 3.
Hab. Western Russia (Livland, Esthland, Poland etc.) and East Prussia; also said to occur in Crimea.
Sitta europza uralensis Gloger.
« Sitta europaea var, sibirica P., S. uralensis Lcht. », Gloger, Vollst. Handb. Naturg. Vog. Eur. p. 378 (1834) (« im
ganzen aussereuropadischen Russland ». We fix Ural Mount. as typ. locality}.
Sitta Asiatica Gould, Birds Europe, Vol. 3, pl. 236 (1837) (« Russia »).
Sitta baicalensis Taczanowski, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. Vol. 7, p. 386 (1882) (Irkutsk, Lake Baikal, Dauria).
Sitta amurensts clara Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 9, p. 390, 392 (1886) (Yezo).
Sitta bifasciata Madarasz, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 12, p. 183 (1904) (Krassnojarsk, W. Siberia; type examined).
Sitta biedermanni Reichenow, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol 55, p. 312 (1907) (Lake Telezky, Altai, Siberia; cotype
examined).
Hab. Southern and central parts of Siberia, from the Ural Mountains eastward to the shores of the
Okhotsk-Sea, Sakhalin, and the island of Yezo, Japan.
. Sitta europza albifrons Taczanowski.
Sitta albifrons Taczanowski, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. Vol. 7, p. 385 (1882) (Kamtschatka).
Hab. Kamtschatka, and Kuril Islands (Iterup etc.).
. Sitta europza arctica Buturlin.
Sitta arctica Buturlin, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 15, p. 79 (1907) (Werchojansk, N. Siberia).
Hab. N. E. Siberia : Jakutsk region between 60 and 68° n. lat. and from 130 to 156° east. long.
. Sitta europea amurensis Swinhoe.
? Sita yoseilia Bonaparte, Consp. Gen, Avium, Vol. 1, p. 227 (1850) (Japonia).
Sitia amurensis Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 350 (1871) (Amoorland).
Fig. Aves Przewalsk. pl. 9, f. 3.
Hab. Amoorland, Ussuri, Manchooria, Corea, and Isl. of Hondo (Japan).
. Sitta europzxa bedfordi Ogilvie-Grant.
Sitta bedfordi Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 23, p. 59 (1909) (Quelpart Isl., S. Corea).
Hab. Quelpart Isl., south of Corea.
. Sitta europza cesia Wolf.
Sitta caesia Wolf in : Meyer & Wolf, Taschenb, Deutsch. Vogelk. Vol. 1, p. 128, pl. 15 (1810) (« in verschiedenen
Gegenden Deutschlands, z. B. Thiiringen, Franken, der Wetterau, Baiern u. s. w. »).
Sitla pinetorum C. L. Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutsch]. p. 205 (1831) (« Deutsche Kiefernwalder »).
Sitta foliorum C, L, Brehm, ibidem, p. 206 (1831) (« in den deutschen Laubhdlzern »).
Sitta septentrionalis C. L. Brehm, ibidem, p. 206 (1831) (« bewohnt den Norden, kommt im Winter bei Kiel vor »).
Sitta advena C. L. Brehm, ibidem, p. 207 (1831) (« zeigt sich nur zuweilen in den WAaldern des mittleren Deutsch-
land »).
Sitta affinis Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. 15, p. 289 (1846) (proposed as a new name for S. europaea of
the Dictionnaire classique = S. caesta ex France).
Stila coerulescens Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 74 (1855) (Germany).
Io.
ele
Se
13)c
16,
18.
1g.
FAM. SITTIDE 9
? Sitta caesia minoy A. E. Brehm, Allg. Deutsch. Naturhist. Zeitung 1857, p. 447 (1857) (Spain).
Sitta cinerea Doderlein. Giorn. Sc. Palermo, Vol. 5 (1), p. 192 (1869) (Sicily).
(Sitta caesia) var. sordida Reichenow, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 55, p. 312 (1907) (« Mark, Mecklenburg, Pommern,
Schlesien, West- and Ostpreussen », in the latter province, however, S. ¢. jomeyert alone is found).
Hab. Europe, from Jutland south to the Pyrenees, Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, and east to the Balkan (common
in Dalmatia, Bosnia, Serbia and Rumania, rare in Greece). In Spain perhaps represented by a
different race, but a series should be examined.
. Sitta europza britannica Hartert.
Sitta europaea britannica Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 7, p. 526 (1900) (Tring, England).
Hab. England, Scotland, but not in Ireland.
Sitta europza caucasica Reichenow.
Sitia caesia caucasica Reichenow, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 9, p. 53 (1901) (Nalchikh in the Terek district,
N. Caucasus).
Hab. Caucasus Mts.
Sitta europza rubiginosa Tschusi.
Sitta europaea vubiginosa Tschusi, Ornith. Jahrb. Vol. 16, p. 140 (1905) (Asterabad, south shore of the Caspian Sea).
Hab. Elburz Mts., south shore of the Caspian Sea. N. Persia.
. Sitta europza persica Witherby.
Siita europaea persica Witherby, The Ibis 1903, p. 531 (1903) (Oak-woods of S. W. Persia).
Hab. Oak-woods of S. W. Persia.
Sitta europza levantina Hartert.
Sttta europaea levantina Hartert, V6g. palaarkt. Fauna, Livr. 3, p. 333 (1905) (Taurus, Asia Minor).
Hab. Asia Minor and Palestine.
. Sitta europza sinensis J. Verreaux. (Plate, Fig. 4.)
Sitia sinensis J. Verreaux, Nouy. Arch. Mus. Paris, Vol. 6, Bull. p. 34 (1870) (« dans les montagnes du Thibet
chinois », viz. Kiukiang and Mupin, cfr. loc. cit. Vol. 7, Bull. pp. 28,29. Although the examples from the
latter locality belong to S. ¢. montium, the name may safely be retained for the present form, since the
coloured figure (see below) undoubtedly represents the Kiukiang bird. Consequently Kiwkiang is to be
regarded as type locality).
Fig. J. Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, Vol. 9, Bull., tab. 4, f. 1.
Hab. Northern and central provinces of China (Tchi-li, Tchekiang, Hupeh, Shensi etc.); Isl. o-
Formosa.
Sitta europza montium La Touche.
Sitta montium La Touche, The Ibis 1899, p. 404 (1899) (Kuatun, N. W. Fokien).
Hab. Southern and western provinces of China (Fokien, Kiangsi, Szechuen etc.).
Sitta europza nagaensis Godwin-Austen.
Sitta nagaensis Godwin-Austen, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 44 (1874) (Naga Hills, Assam).
Sitta victoriae Rippon, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 14, p. 84 (1904) (Mt. Victoria, S. Chin Hills).
Fig. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. 43, II, pl. 4 (1874).
Hab. Assam (Naga Hills) and Burma (Chin Hills, Southern Shan States).
. Sitta yunnanensis Ogilvie-Grant.
Sitta yunnanensts Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 10, p. 37 (1900) (Wei-yuan, Southern Yunnan).
Hab. S. W. China : S. Yunnan. (Perhaps a subspecies of the preceding form.)
Sitta magna \V. Ramsay.
Sitta magna W. Ramsay, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1876, p. 677, t. 43 (2) (1877) (IKXarennee).
Fig. The Ibis 1897, tab. 1 (G),
Hab. Burma (Karennee, south. Shan States) and S. W. China ‘South Yunnan).
Sitta himalayensis Jardine & Selby.
Sitta himalayensis Jardine & Selby, Illustr. Ornith. Vol. 3, pl. 144 (Dec. 1835) (Himalaya).
Silta nipalensis Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. 5, II p. 779 (1836) (Nepal).
Hab. Throughout the Himalayas, from Kangra to Bhutan and Sikkim, at elevations of from 5000 to
11,000 feet. Also obtained in the Munipur Hills (Godwin-Austen) and recorded from the southern
Shan States (Bingham, The Ibis 1903, p.594).(Specimens from these localities should be reexamined.)
Io
21I.
24.
29%
28.
30.
PASSERES
. Sitta neglecta \Valden 1).
Sitta neglecta Walden, Aan. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), Vol. 5, p. 218 (1870) (« Karen Hills of the Toungoo District,
Burma »).
Hab. Burma (Karennee, south. Shan States, Pegu, Tenasserim).
Sitta cinnamoventris Blyth.
Sitta cinnamoventris Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc, Bengal, Vol. 11, I, p. 459 (1842) (no locality).
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 2, pl. 44.
Hab, Himalayas, from Murree to Dibrugarh, at altitudes of from 2000 to 6000 feet. Also found in Assam
(Khasia Hills), Manipur and Upper Burma.
. Sitta cashmirensis WW. Brooks.
Sitta cashmivensis W. Brooks, Proc. Asiat. Soc, Bengal 1871, p. 209 (1871) (Cashmeere).
Hab. Pine-forests of Kashmir and of the adjoining parts of Afghanistan.
. Sitta castaneoventris Franklin.
Sitta castaneoventris Franklin, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 1, p. 121 (1831) (« on the banks of the Ganges,
and in the mountain chain of Upper Hindoostan », cfr. loc. cit. p. 114).
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 2, t. 45.
Hab. Greater portion of the continent of India, from the base of the Himalayas to the Wynaad.
Sitta canadensis whiteheadi Sharpe. (Plate, Fig. 1.)
Sitta whiteheadi Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1884, pp. 233, 414, pl. 36 (1884) (Corsica).
Hab. Mountains of Corsica.
Sitta canadensis villosa ]. Verreaux.
Sitta villosa J. Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, Vol. 1, Bull. p. 78, pl. 5, f. 1 (1865) (« de la Chine, au nord
de Pékin »).
Sitia (sic) pekinensis David, ibidem, Vol. 3, Bull. p. 36 (1867) (Pékin).
Hab. Northern and north-western parts of China, Mongolia.
. Sitta canadensis corea Ogilvie-Grant.
Sitta corea Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 16, p. 87 (1906) (Seoul, Corea).
Hab. Near Séoul, Corea.
. Sitta canadensis canadensis Linnzus.
Sitta canadensis Linneus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, Vol. 1, p. 177 (1766) (based on S. canadensis Brisson, Ornith. Vol. 3,
p. 593, pl. 29, f. 4 : Canada).
Sitta varia Wilson, Amer. Ornith. Vol. 1, p. 40, pl. 2, f. 4 (1808) (based on S. varia, ventre rubro etc., Bartram,
Travels, Dublin edit. p. 287).
Sitta stulta Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. Vol. 31, p. 332 (1819) (based on Sita varia Wilson, loc. cit.).
Hab. « Forests of northern North America and higher mountains of United States » (Ridgway).
Sitta kriiperi Pelzeln.
Sitta Kriipeyi Pelzeln, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Vol. 48, 1, p. 149 (1863) (Smyrna).
Fig. The Ibis 1865, pl. 7, and Dresser, Birds Europe, Vol. 3, pl. 121.
Hab. Asia Minor, east to the Caucasus.
. Sitta leucopsis leucopsis Gould.
Sitta leucopsis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 17, 1849, p. 113 ‘1850) (Himalaya Mount.).
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 3, p. 46.
Hab. N. W. Himalayas and adjoining parts of Afyhanistan, at elevations of from 7000 to 10,000 feet.
Sitta leucopsis przewalskii Berezowski & Bianchi.
Sitta przewalskit Berezowski & Bianchi, Aves Exped. Potanin. p. 119 (1891) (Upper Chuanche); Deditius,
Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 45, p- 74 (1897) (transl.).
Fig. Pleske, Aves Przewalsk. Vol. 2, pl. 9, f. 4.
Hab. N. W. China : Kansu (Upper Chuanche), N. W. Hupeh (Patong).
1) Nos. 20-23 are most probably only geographical representatives of a single species.
FSeeAUI\ Ieee SL ens TTT) 922) IIe.
31. Sitta carolinensis carolinensis Latham.
Sitta carolinensis Latham, Index Ornith. Vol. 1, p. 262 (1790) (based on Srita cayolinensis Brisson. Ornith. Vol. 3
pp- 596 etc. ; « in America, Jamaica » [errore!]. We accept Carolina [ex Brisson] as typical habitat.).
Sitia melanocephala Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. Vol. 31, p. 336 (1819) (ex Latham etc.).
Hab. Eastern United States (except Florida and Golf coast), and south-eastern British provinces.
32. Sitta carolinensis atkinsi Scott.
Sitta carolinensis atkinsi Scott, Auk, Vol. 7, p. 118 (1890) (Tarpon Springs, Florida).
Hab. Florida, and westward alony Golf coast to Mississippi {Bay St. Louis).
53. Sitta carolinensis aculeata Cassin.
Sitta aculeata Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. Vol. 8, p. 254 (1856) (California).
Hab. Pacific Coast district, from northern Lower California to British Columbia.
34. Sitta carolinensis lagunz Brewster.
Sitta carolinensis lagunae Brewster, Auk, Vol. 8, p. 149 (1891) (Sierra de la Laguna, southern Lower California).
Hab. Cape St. Lucas district of Lower California.
535. Sitta carolinensis nelsoni Mearns.
Sitta carolinensts nelsoni Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 24, p. 918 (1902) (Huachuca Mts., Arizona).
Hab. Rocky Mountains and Great Plains districts, from eastern British Columbia and western Manitoba
to Sonora, Chihuahua and western Texas.
36. Sitta carolinensis mexicana Nelson & Palmer.
Sitta carolinensis mexicana Nelson & Palmer, Auk, Vol. 11, p. 45 (1895) (Mount Orizaba, Puebla, Mexico).
Hab. Mountains of southern and central Mexico,
37. Sitta pusilla Latham.
Sitta pusilla Latham, Index Ornith. Vol. 1, p. 263 (1790) (« based on Silta carolinensis minor Brisson, Ornith.
Vol. 3, p. 598, pl. 5 : Carolina »).
Sitta minoy Bechstein, Latham’s Uebers. Vogel, Vol. 1, p. 533, footnote in text (1793) (based on Sitta europaea 0
Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1,1, p. 440).
Sitta pusilla caniceps O. Bangs, Auk, Vol. 15, p. 180 (1898) (Clear Water, Hillsboro Co., Florida).
Hab. Coast pine belt of south-eastern United States, from southern Maryland and southern Delaware to
Florida and eastern Texas; Bahamas (Great Bahama Island).
35. Sitta pygmaa pygmea Vigors.
Sitla pygmaea Vigors, Zoology, Voyage « Blossom +, p. 25, pl. 4, f. 2 (1839) (Monterey, California).
Hab. Mountains of western North America and Mexico, in coniferous forests; north to British
Columbia, south to states of Vera Cruz, Puebla, Mexico; east to Montana, Wyoming, Colorado,
New Mexico etc.
39. Sitta pygmza leuconucha Anthony.
Sitta pygmaea leuconucha Anthony, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sc. (2), Vol. 2, p.
California).
77 (1889) (San Pedro Martir Mts., Lower
Sitla albinucha Sharpe, Hand-list Birds, Vol. 4, p. 350 (1903) (nom. emend.).
Hab. San Pedro Martir Mountains, northern Lower California, and northward to mountains of San
Diego County, California.
40. Sitta neumayer neumayer Michahelles.
Sitta Neumayer Michahelles, Isis, Vol. 23, p. 814 (1830) (Ragusa, in southern Dalmatia).
Sitta orientalis Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 207 (1831) (« im siidlichen Dalmatien »).
Sitla rufescens Gould, Birds Europe, Vol. 3, pl. 235 (1837) (ex Temminck MS : Dalmatia).
Sitta savatilis Schinz, Europ. Fauna, Vol, 1, p. 266 (1840) (Dalmatia).
Fig. Dresser, Birds Europe, Vol. 3, pl. 120.
Hab. South-eastern Europe, Balkan Peninsula :southern Dalmatia, Herzegovina, Montenegro, Bulgaria,
western parts of Turkey and Greece. (The records of its occurrence in Croatia and Spain are not
reliable.)
12 PASSERES
41. Sitta neumayer zarudnyi Buturlin.
Sitta zavudnyi Buturlin, Mitteil. Kaukas. Mus. Tiflis, Vol. 3, p. 70 (1907} (« Asia Minor : from Aidin to Taurus
inclusive »).
Hab. Asia Minor |Smyrna, Aidin, Ephesos etc., east to the Taurus Mountains 1), Cilicia).
. Sitta neumayer syriaca lemminck.
=f
nN
Sitta syviaca (Ehrenberg MS.) Temminck, Man. d’Oraith. (ed. 2) Vol. 3, p. 286 (1835) (« Syrie »).
Hab. Syria (Tannurin, Libanon, Antilibanon, Banias in the Jordan valley).
43. Sitta neumayer rupicola Blanford.
Sitta rupicola, Blanford, The Ibis (3), Vol. 3, p. 87 (1873) (« in montibus Persicis presertim in Elburz »; type ex
Elburz Mts.) 2).
Sitta syriaca parva Buturlin, The [bis (8), Vol. 6, p. 417 (1906) (Akhalzikh, Transcaucasia).
Fig. Blanford, Eastern Persia, Vol. 2, pl. 15, f. 2 (specimen in Tring Mus.).
Hab. North Persia : Elburz Mountains, south of the Caspian Sea; Transcaucasia, west to Adijaman 3)
(Kurdistan, Armenia). (Doubtfully separable from the preceding form.)
44. Sitta neumayer tephronota Sharpe.
Sitta tephronota Sharpe, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), Vol. 10, p. 450 (1872) (type from Kokand, in Ferghana,
Turkestan).
Sitta syriaca obscura Sarudny & Loudon4), Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 13, p. 76 (1905) (« bewohnt das Gebirge
zwischen dem persischen Meerbusen und dem Hochlande von Iruru, da sie sich nérdlich kaum weiter als bis
zum Breitengrade von Kaschan ausbreitet »).
Hab. Greater part of Persia (except south-western provinces and Elburz Range), from southern Azer-
bejan, Baluchistan, Afghanistan (Candahar) and Turkestan (as far east as Tian-shan Mountains).
45. Sitta neumayer dresseri Sarudny & Buturlin.
Sitta dressevi Sarudny & Buturlin, Ornith.Monatsber. Vol. 14, p. 132 (1906) (nolocality ! but « Mountains of South-
western Persia between highlands of Iran and lowlands of Mesopotamia » are to be regarded as terra typica;
cfr. Buturlin, Mitteil. Kauk. Mus. Vol. 3, p. 66).
Hab. Mountains of South-western Persia (Luristan, Arabistan, Farsistan, Laristan).
46. Sitta tschitscherini Sarudny.
Sttta tschitscherini Sarudny, Ornith. Jahrb. Vol. 15, p. 218 (1904) (Ispahan, South Persia).
Hab. Mountains of South-western Persia, north to Ispahan and southern parts of Zagrosh-Range.
2. GENUS CALLISITTA BONAPARTE
Dendrophila (nec Hodgson, April 1837, Phasianide) Swainson, Classif. of Birds, Vol. 2, p. 318
(July 1837) (Species : D. flavipes Swainson and D. frontalis Swainson).
Callisitta Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 226 (1850) (Sp. typ. : S-tta formosa Blyth).
Characters.
Bill slender, decidedly shorter than head or tarsus, slightly compressed
in terminal portion, its depth at base equal to width; culmen less rounded than in Sitfa, with
1) Specimens obtained by Danford in Tring Museum, examined by me.
2) Buturlin considers Blanford’s name untenable, but this view is erroneous. Even if Blanford’s description of S. rupr-
cola were a mixtum compositum his name would, by elimination, become available for the Rock-Nuthatch of the Elburz-
range. However, Blanford primarily based rupicola on the four specimens from the latter locality, and the others from
Kohrud and Shiraz were only incidentally mentioned. Moreover, one of the Lura valley examples, now in the Tring
Museum, bears, on the label, a note from Dr. Blanford’s own hand «type, Ibis 1873 p. 87, specimen figured Zoology of
Persia ». Parva Buturlin thus becomes a synonym of yvupicola, Transcaucasian skins being practically identical with Blan-
ford’s type. The specimen from Shiraz, also in Tring Museum, is referable to S. . dvesseri, while that from Kohrud, which
I have not seen, may belong to S. tschitscherini.
3) Specimen in Liverpool Museum (ex coll. Tristram) examined.
4) After examining more than fifty specimens from Persia, Baluchistan, Afghanistan and Turkestan, I am unable to
separate S.s. obscura from S.n, tephyonata, for the alleged colour-differences are not connected with distinct geographical areas.
PANE SI il DAs 13
tip conspicuously, though slightly inclined downwards ; gonys terminally more strongly ascend-
ing. Rictal bristles obsolete. Nostrils large, oval, almost entirely exposed, there being but a
few, rather elongated bristles reaching to anterior end of nasal fossa. Wing long, rather pointed ;
third, fourth and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest; second falling between sixth and
seventh ; first primary very small, less than one-third of second, but conspicuously longer than
primary coverts. Tail short, little more than half as long as wing, slightly rounded; the rectrices
broad, with rounded tip. Tarsus about equal to, or slightly shorter than, middle toe without
claw ; acrotarsium distinctly scutellate; proportions of toes exactly as in Sitta. Legs and feet
much more slender and gracile than in the last-named genus. Size variable, length of wing
varying trom about 70 to 100, that of tail from about 36 to 60 mm.
Coloration. — Sexes alike or very little different. Upper parts with more or less bright
blue colours; either pileum and back etc. uniform azure blue (Callisitta frontalis), with forehead
and lores only velvety black; cheeks and ear coverts vinous brownish; or top and sides of head
as well as nape black (C. azwrea); or head above and mantle black, spotted and streaked with
light blue, and rump uniform nile-blue (C. formosa). Under parts either ochraceous (C. formosa)
or vinaceous buff, more or less shaded with lilac; in one species, C. azwrea, belly black. Rectrices
partly black with greyish or whitish tips. Bill greenish or red in life, with extreme tip of upper
mandible black, in C. formosa uniform dark horn-colour.
Geographical Distribution. — Indo-Malayan Region. Nine species and subspecies.
Habits and Nidification apparently not different from S/féa.
OBSERVATIONS. — The above generic characters have been taken from C. frontalis and
C. azurea, which may or may not be congeneric with C. formosa, the type of the genus, It is
possible that the latter be nearer to Siffa; in this case a new generic name would have to
be created for the species nos. 2-9, which are easily distinguished from true Sitta by several
striking structural characters.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CALLISITTA
1. Larger, wing about roo, tail about 60 mm. Head above and mantle black with
spols and streaks of azuve and pale blue; rump and shoulders light nile-
blue. Chin and throat whitish, remainder of under parts deep ochraceous,
(LUE OR: CRUG WON COOH 9 8 ek le Ch HORINOSA,
— Smaller, wing not exceeding 50, tail not move than gomm. Back azure oy
~ violaceous blue, its upper portion sometimes varied with black . :
. Head above, nape and sides of head black, chin, throat and breast pale buff,
belly black. . . . Bi Bp ty hy Nt) ge, as 2 Co AZUL
bo
No
— Head above blue like the back; no black whatever on undey parts. Males
nith a broad black superciliary stripe, absent in females
3. Bill ved in life, yellow in skins. Loves entirely black
— Bill greenish. Loves with a distinct white spot
4. Legsand feetved . . . en en nS) | CARR ONTATTS CORAIELE ES.
aI > WH
— Legs and feet dark brown or Diaby olive .
14
Gn
is
iS)
Jp
4.
I
PASSE RES
_ Chin and upper throat vinous brownish like remainder of under parts. . . 6, C. FRONTALIS PALAWANA.
Chin and upper throat whitish, distinctly paler than chest andabdomen. . . . . . . . . . . 6,
. Under parts paler, creamy buff, shaded with pale vinaceous or lilac on flanks 4. C, FRONTALIS FRONTALIS.
Under parts darker, strongly washed with deep lilac. . os 5. C. FRONTALIS SATURATIOR.
. With a conspicuous whitish nuchal patch oS a ja) te ae we st ae ee 8. CO BRONTAMISEMESOMRUGsE
No whitish nuchal patch: .- e e s e e) ew Wece c
. Under parts pale brownish buff, flanks slightly shaded with pale lilac. . 7. C. PRONTALIS G:NOCHLAMYS.
Under parts strongly washed all over (except on throat) with deep lilac . . g. C. FRONTALIS LILACEA.
Callisitta formosa (Blyth). (Plate, Fig. 5.)
Sitta formosa. Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. 12, mn, p. 938 (1843) (Darjeeling, Sikkim).
Hab. Eastern Himalayas (Sikkim, Daphla Hills); Assam (Khasia Hills); Burma (Shan States)
Callisitta azurea (Lesson).
Sitta azuvea Lesson, ‘Traité d’Ornith, p. 316 (1830) (no locality).
Dendrophila flavipes Swainson, Anim, in Menag. p. 323 (1838) (« India »).
Fig. Gray, Genera Birds, Vol. 3, pl. 45.
Hab. Java, Timor, and Mountains of the Malay Peninsula (Gunong Jjau, G. Tahan, Semangko
Pass etc.).
Callisitta frontalis corallipes (Sharpe).
Dendrophila corallipes Sharpe, The [bis (5), Vol. 2, p. 479 (1888) (Kina Balu, N. Gorneo).
Hab. Mountains of North Borneo (Kina Balu).
Callisitta frontalis frontalis (Swainson). (Plate, Figs. 3, 3a.)
Sitta frontalis Swainson, Zool. Illustr. Vol. 1, pl. 2 (1820-21) (Ceylon).
Sitta corallina Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. 5, u, p. 779 (1836) (Nepal).
Sitta velata Yemminck, Pl. Col. pl. 72, f. 3 (1821) (Sumatra and Java).
Sitta frontalis hageni Parrot, Abhandl. Bay. Akad. Wissensch. 2. KI. Vol. 24 (1), p. 244 (1907) (Simpang, island
of Bangka).
Hab. Throughout the greater portion of India, including Ceylon; in the Himalayas, from Kumaon to
Dibrugarh, up to Sooo feet; Assam, and thence down to Tenasserim, the Malay Peninsula, and to
the islands of Java, Sumatra and Bangka.
. Callisitta frontalis saturatior (Hartert).
Sitta frontalis saturatioy Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 9, p. 573 (1902) (Gunong Tahan, Malay Peninsula).
Hab. Mountains of the Malay Peninsula (Gunone Tahan etc.), at elevations of from 3300 to 7000 feet.
N. B. A doubtful form whose range is very imperfectly known. It is rather difficult to understand
why Gunong Tahan should be inhabited by a peculiar race, while C. /. frontalis has an apparently
uninterrupted range from the Himalayas to the Sunda Islands.
. Callisitta frontalis palawana (Hartert).
Sitta frontalis palawana Hartert, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 16, p. 11 (1905) (Palawan).
Hab. Philippine Islands : Palawan and Balabac.
. Callisitta frontalis cenochlamys (Sharpe).
Dendrophila oenochlamys Sharpe, Trans, Linn. Soc. Lond (2), Vol. 1, p. 338, pl. 53, f. 3 (1876) (Island of Guimaras,
Philippine Islands).
Hab. Philippine Islands : Cebu, Guimaras, Luzon, Mindanao, Negros, Panay.
. Callisitta frontalis mesoleuca (Ogilvie-Grant).
Dendrophila mesolenca Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 3. p. 49 (1894) (Mountains of North Luzon).
Hab. High Mountains of North Luzon, Philippine Islands.
. Callisitta frontalis lilacea (Whitehead).
Dendrophila lilacea Whitehead, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 6, p. 49 (1897) (Samar).
Hab. Philippine Islands : Samar, Leyte. Basilan.
Ai Slee DyAS ID)
3. GENUS NEOSITTA HELLMAYR
Sittella (nec Rafinesque 1815!) Swainson, Classif. of Birds, Vol. 2, p. 317 (1837) (Sp. typ. : S. chry-
sopteva Latham).
Neositta Hellmayr, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 49, p. 187 (1901) (nom. emend. pro Sittella preoccupied).
Characters. — Bill extremely slender, decidedly shorter than head or tarsus, much
compressed, at base much deeper than wide; culmen slightly ridged, nearly straight, its tip
decidedly decurved, maxillary tomium with a very slight subterminal notch; gonys nearly
straight for basal half, distinctly ascending terminally. Rictal bristles obsolete. Nostrils large,
oval, operculate, entirely exposed, the slit-like nasal opening situated near lower edge of nasal
fossa. Wing long, rather poimted; third and fourth primaries longest, fifth slightly shorter ;
second about equal to fifth; first primary exceedingly small and narrow, equal to, or scarcely
longer than, primary coverts; secondaries short, about two-thirds of whole wing, broadly
rounded at tip; wing-tip much longer than tarsus. Tail about half as long as wing, very
slightly rounded; rectrices with rounded tips. Tarsus decidedly shorter than middle toe
without claw; acrotarsium booted, sometimes very indistinctly scutellate; proportion of toes
exactly as in Sitta and Callisitta, but much slenderer and shorter. Size small, length of wing
varying from 75 to 88, that of tail from 32 to 45 mm.
Coloration. Above either light grey streaked with dusky (Australian species) or brown,
streaked with blackish (New Guinean species); the rump and upper tail coverts mostly white;
the pileun white, dark grey, or black; beneath whitish, either uniform, or with dusky streaks,
especially on flanks; wings blackish, in the Australian species inner web of quills (except
innermost secondaries) with middle portion cinnamon-rufous, buff or white, forming a broad
transverse bar; rectrices blackish, the outer ones broadly tipped with white. Sexes different,
in the black-headed species the female with much more black about the head than the male.
Bill brownish horn colour, or yellow with black tip. Feet yellow.
Geographical’ Distribution. Australia and New Guinea. Ten species and subspecies,
two of which are Papuan.
Habits and Nidification. Habits exactly like those of Sifta. The nest of the « Tree-
runners », as they are called in Australia, is placed « like a filling of rubbish in an upright fork
of a branch of an Eucalyptus tree, usually about 2 inches in thickness, and is built of bits of
lichens, smoothly finished outside with little flakes of bark, glued on with mucus, to resemble
natural bark ». The eggs, three or four in number, are light grey-green in colour with bold
black blotches.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF NEOSITTA
1. Wings uniform dusky or nearly so, the third, fourth and fifth
N
Primaries only with a narrow white edge to the inner web
— Wings with a broad white or pale vufous cyoss-band, the second
third of the inner web of the primaries and secondaries being of
THES CQL ICP UG CORA OLA? Gs oo a ee) Be ee eC
16
Io.
Il.
H
Ov
16.
. Breast and abdomen sooty brown,
. Head all round,
. Upper part of head only black; frontal edge, lores,
PASSERES
some of the feathers with narrow
white edges. Head all yound and throat whtte . é
Under parts white, with blackish shaft-streaks. Pileum black .
Breast and abdomen pure white
nape and throat ashy white, most feathers with a
more ov less distinct grey shaft-line . 2 Lush glt oe oes
Top of the head blackish grey, with hoary whitish margins, throat
and jugulum blackish grey, with broad white edges to the feathers
. Feathers of lower parts with distinct dusky longitudinal streaks
Lower parts without trace of dusky streaks
. Bill entirely horn-brown. Top and sides of the head dusky; throat
only white, streaked with dusky in female. (Wing bar rufous.) .
Bull partly, at base, yellow .
. Pileum and sides of head dark smoky, throat and foreneck imma-
culate white. cer evn eee ees
Pileum and sides of head brown, throat and foreneck distinctly
stveaked with dusky
. Head above black in both sexes .
Head above white in male, pale grey in female
. Bill for its basal half yellow
Bill only at extreme base, about one-fourth of whole length, yellow
. Head all vound and throat black
Head above and nape only black, sides of head ae throat white.
Head all vound, including throat, black .
Head above and nape only black, sides of head dusky, throat white.
Wing-band rufous. (Head all vound, including throat, pure white
in male; top and sides of head pale grey, throat white, narrowly
streaked with dusky in female) .
Wing-band pure white (sexual differences as above) .
superciliary
sivipe, cheeks and eay coverts white.
Top and sides of head uniform black .
. Wing-band pure white .
Wing-band wholly or partly rufous
. Bill shorter, stout. Wing-band uniform rufous .
Bill longer, slender. Wing-band partly rusty, partly white (?)
. Wing-band pure white .
W ing-band wholly or partly aie
Bill shorter, stout. Wing-band uniform rufous . er
Bill longer, slender, Wing-band partly rusty, partly white (?)
1. Neositta chrysoptera (Latham).
Io.
I2.
6.
iS}
x
aA np pF O ©
oN.
2 IN:
. N. PAPUENSIS of (?).
. N. PAPUENSIS Q (?)
3)
. N. aLBIFRONS Q.
N. ALBIFRONS of.
oF
(N. PILEATA).
(N. CHRYSOPTERA).
7
. N. CHRYSOPTERA Of ad.
. N. CHRYSOPTERA Q.
. (N. srrrata).
a (Ne
. (N. STRIATA STRIATA).
LEUCOCEPHALA).
. (N. STRIATA MAGNIROSTRIS).
_N.
STRIATA STRIATA 9.
N,
N
N.
STRIATA STRIATA GO.
STRIATA MAGNIROSTRIS ©.
STRIATA MAGNIROSTRIS Or
N. LEUCOCEPHALA LEUCOCEPHALA,.
ILLEUCOCEPHALA ALBATA.
. (Males).
. (Females).
SINE
PILEATA ILLEUCOPTERA.
14.
. N. PILEATA PILEATA.
. PILEATA TENUIROSTRIS,
. N. PILEATA LEUCOPTERA.
16.
. PILEATA PILEATA.
PILEATA TENUIROSTRIS,
Sitta chrysoptera Latham, Index Ornith. Suppl. p. 32 (1801) (Nova Hollandia).
Fig. Gould, Birds Australia, Vol. 4, pl. ror.
Hab. Coast districts of Southern and Eastern Australia (South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales
and Queensland, northward to Port Denison).
VAIN, SII IMND ys v/,
2. Neositta leucocephala leucocephala (Gould).
Sittella leucocephala Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 5, 1837, p. 152 (Dec. 1838) («in Australia »).
Fig. Gould, Birds Australia, Vol. 4. pl. 102.
Hab. Parts of New South Wales, and southern districts of Queensland (Moreton Bay etc.).
3. Neositta leucocephala albata (P. Ramsay).
Sittella albata P. Ramsay, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 351 (1877) (neighbourhood of Port Denison).
Fig. Gould, Birds New Guinea, Vol. 3, pl. 28.
Hab. Northern districts of Queensland (Rockingham Bay etc.).
4. Neositta striata striata (Gould).
Sittella stviata Gould, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) Vol. 4, p. 110 (1869) (Cape York Peninsula).
Fig. Gould, Birds Australia, Suppl. pl. 54.
Hab. N. E. Queensland : Cape York Peninsula (southward to the Gulf of Carpentaria and to about
Rockingham Bay).
5. Neositta striata magnirostris Ingram.
Neositta magnirostris Ingram, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 21, p. 99 (1908) (Inkerman District. North Queensland).
Fig. The Ibis (9), Vol. 2, 1908, p. 473, pl. 9.
Hab. Northern Queensland : Inkerman Station, south-west of Townsville, in North Kennedy.
6. Neositta pileata pileata (Gould).
Sittella pileata Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 5, 1837, p. 151 (Dec. 1838) (« in Australia, apud flumen Cygno-
rum »;= 0).
Sittella melanocephala Gould, ibidem, p. 152 (Dec. 1838) (« in Australia, apud flumen Cygnorum » ; = Q).
Fig. Gould, Birds Australia, Vol. 4, pl. 104.
Hab. South-western portion of New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, and West Australia
(north to the Gascoyne River, in the south as far inland as Kalgoorlie).
7. Neositta pileata tenuirostris (Gould).
Sittella tenuirvostris Gould, Handbook Birds Austr. Vol. 1, p. 610 (1865) (Interior of South Australia ?; exact locality
unknown).
Hab. Appears to represent the preceding form in the interior districts of New South Wales and West
Australia (East Murchison, Laverton, Mt. Margaret). (This imperfectly described form is unknown
to the author).
8. Neositta pileata leucoptera (Gould).
Sittella leucoptera Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 7, 1839, p-152 (March 1840) (« North-west coast of Australia »).
Fig. Gould, Birds Australia, Vol. 4, pl. 103.
Hab. North Australia (Port Essington, Cobourg Peninsula, Kimberley, Arnhems Land etc.).
q. Neositta papuensis (Schlegel).
Sitta papuensis Schlegel, Neder]. Tijdschr. Dierk. Vol. 4, p. 47 (1871) (N. W. New Guinea).
Hab. Mountains of N. W. Dutch New Guinea (Arfak Mts., Hatam).
10. Neositta albifrons (P. Ramsay). (Plate, Figs. 6, 7.)
Sittella albifrons P. Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, Vol. 8. p. 24 (1883) (S. E. New Guinea : tableland
of Astrolabe Mts.).
Sittella grisetceps 1) De Vis, Report Brit. New Guinea. p. 102 (1894) (probably from Mount Manzao, Brit. New
Guinea; = Q).
Hab. Mountain Ranges of Brit. New Guinea (Astrolabe Mts., Owgarra. Angabunga R., Bihagi, Owen
Stanley Mts.).
4, GENUS DAPHCENOSITTA DE Vis
Dapheenositta De Vis, The Ibis (7), Vol. 3, p. 380 (1897) (Sp. typ. : D. mivanda De Vis).
Characters. — Agrees with the genus Neositta in having the nostrils distinctly oper-
culate and wholly exposed (not concealed by the latero-frontal plumules), but the bill is much
1) S. griseiceps was apparently based on a female of N. albifrons, though the description is by no means clear.
18 PASSE Bh
shorter, with culmen straight, and with gonys likewise straight, not ascending. Rictal bristles
obsolete. Wing rather long, somewhat pointed; third, fourth and fifth primaries longest; first
primary narrow, short, not reaching beyond tip of primary coverts; secondaries short. Tail
about half as long as wing, much rounded, with rectrices broad and distinctly rounded at tip.
Tarsus about as long as hind toe with claw, and longer than middle toe; claw of hallux equal
in length to digit, Wing 83, tail 44, tarsus 15, bill 18,5 mm.
Coloration. — Plumage soft. Sexes slightly different. The adult female is coloured as
follows : Forehead, chin and a few feathers on ear coverts bright rosy red; general colour of
upper and under parts black, the feathers with broad plumbeous margins; on the lower rump
a number of rosy-red spots, Quills dusky, the inner webs of primaries and outer secondaries
with a broad white band, as in some species of Neositta. Rectrices dusky, the four outer pairs
with broad, pink tips. The male differs by having a broad band across forehead and the sides
of the head crimson, and the throat-feathers also crimson with white bases. Young males have
the forehead and throat cinnamon; back and breast are mottled, secondaries and rectrices
tipped with cinnamon, Bill black, feet yellow.
Geographical Distribution. — New Guinea. Monotyfpic.
Habits and Nidification unknown.
1. Daphenositta miranda De Vis.
Daphoenositta miranda De Vis, The Ibis (7), Vol. 3, p. 380 (1877) (Mount Scratchley, Brit. New Guinea; — 9).
Daphoenositta miranda frontalis Oort, Notes Leyd. Mus. Vol. 32, n° 4, p. 214 (Dec. 1910) (Hellwig Mts., S.W. New
Guinea; = ©).
Fig. The Ibis (7), Vol. 4, 1898, p. 208, pl. 4.
Hab. Mount Scratchley in British New Guinea, at elevations of 12.000 feet; southern Dutch New
Guinea | Hellwig Mts.)
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Fig. 1. Head of Sitta canadensis whiteheadi, o.
— 2. Head of Sitta europza europea.
— 2a, Foot of Sitta europza europza.
Tail of Sitta europea europea.
— 3. Head of Callisitta frontalis frontalis, o.
— 3a. Foot of Callisitta frontalis frontalis, o".
— 4, Head of Sitta europzea sinensis.
5, Callisitta formosa,
— 6. Head of Neositta albifrons, co.
— 7. Head of Neositta albifrons, Q.
Munich, Ist June IoIt.
GENERA AVIUM DAN SS)OIR IES)
FAM. SITLIDAZ
-SLEDTA CANADENSIS WHITEHEADI o. 2,2a,2b. SITTA EUROPAEA EUROPAEA, 3,3a. CALLISITTA FRONTALIS FRONTALIS 7.
4. SITTA EUROPAEA SINENSIS. 5. CALLISIDTITA FORMOSA. 6. NEOSITTA ALBIFRONS (7.
vi ee a
rei oh
é ieee
oa ae Rte
arr
ey aay
a
i
-
FAM. REGULID&
FAM. REGULID&
BY C. E. HELLMAYR
Subfam. Regulinze Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 8, 1883, pp. 79-87.
Subfam. Regulinz and Polioptilinz Hellmayr, Tierreich, Lief. 18, 1903, pp. 2-29.
Subfam. Sylviinz (part.) and Polioptilinze Ridgway, Birds Middle- and North America, Pt.3 (= Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 50), 1904, pp. 698-736.
Characters. Bill, though variable in length, always shorter than head, slender, rather
broad and depressed at base, where it is wider than deep; culmen distinctly ridged, straight
for about one-third or half of its length, decidedly decurved terminally; commissure straight,
with or without subterminal notch; gonys slightly convex or nearly straight, slightly ascending
terminally. Nostrils wholly or partly exposed, longitudinal, operculate, sometimes partly
covered by antrorse bristly latero-frontal plumules. Rictal bristles moderately developed,
rather soft. Wings rather long, but rounded at tip; fourth and fifth, or fourth, fifth and sixth
primaries longest; first primary one-third or half as long as second. Tail variable in length and
shape, the rectrices usually rounded, in one genus, Regzlus, with somewhat pointed tips.
Tarsus longer than middle toe with claw, acrotarsium scutellate or booted; lateral toes about
equal in length; hallux equal in length to lateral toes, but stouter, with the claw more strongly
arched; basal phalanx of middle toe coherent for most of its length to outer toe.
Coloration very variable. Above olive-green, grey or bluish grey (wings and tail,
sometimes also crown, black in Polioptila; the crown with a red, orange or yellow patch in
Regulus, or at least different from colour of back, in Leftopoecile and Lophobasileus, in both
of which the lower rump is light blue); under parts whitish, yellowish or pale greyish, with
vinaceous and pale blue tints on throat, chest and sides in Leptopoecile and Lophobasileus. Sexes
not very different, young generally like the females, never spotted or streaked.
5
PASSERES
Geographical Distribution. Northern Hemisphere in general and greater part of
Neotropical Region (Polioptila).
Four genera with about fifty species and subspecies.
Observations. Under the above heading I propose to unite the genera Lepflopoecile,
Lophobasileus, Regulus and Polioptila, In external characters they closely agree with some of
the genera generally included in the family Sy/viidae, while in habits they are more like the
members of the Paridae, Until a thorough study of their anatomy be made, the proper syste-
matic position of these birds cannot be considered as satisfactorily established, However, this
question does not fall within the scope of Genera Avium, whose principal aim consists of
giving a condensed synopsis of the various species of the different families of birds.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF REGULIDA=
1. Acrotaysium booted. Rectrvices rather broadened subleyminally, with pointed tip.
General colour above olive green or greyish olive, crown in adults (except females
of R. calendula) with a bright yellow, orange or ved patch. Tail slightly
emarpinaie, fe so, Ge ew ee ee ee See GenUSEEGUInOSE
— Acrotarsium distinctly scutellate. Rectrices broadly vounded at tip. General colour
above never olive green or greyish olive, crown never with a bright coloured patch. . . . . «. « « « 2.
2. Tail much rounded, the outermost vectrix being from 7 to ro mm, shorter than
themedian No Crest’. 8s ke om 8) ss) cao
— Tail nearly even, the outermost vectrix being scarcely 2 mm. shorter than the
longest. With a long, full, white, occipital crest. . . . . . « « . 2. Genus LopHopasILEus.
3. Nostrils wholly exposed, not covered by plumules. General colour above blue grey or
Slatelovey) os Gh te, sy el ee ee eae Se? of ern as ee GDN Se OG LO RUNS
— Nostrils posteriorly half concealed by the antrorse, bristly latero-frontal plumules.
General colouy above olive grey or sandy grey, with crown veddish brown and
yump pale Oluevand yinaccols =. = m =» = A «+ © 4) 0) 45) te GenusterrroporGime.
I. GENUS LEPTOPOECILE SEvERTzow
Leptopoecile Severtzow, Izv. Obshch. Moskov. Vol. 8, no. 2, p. 66 (1873) (Sp. un. : Leptopoecile sophiae
Severtzow).
Stoliczkana Hume, Stray Feathers, Vol. 2, p. 513 (1874) (Sp. un. : S. stolicskae Hume).
Characters. Bill shorter than head, slender, acute; culmen slightly ridged, at base
somewhat depressed and but faintly decurved terminally, no subterminal notch; gonys straight.
Nostrils longitudinal, with a well-developed coriaceous operculum, posteriorly half concealed
by the very fine, bristle-like latero-frontal plumules. Rictus with but few, soft bristles. Wing
much rounded, the tip formed by the fourth, fifth and sixth primaries, which are nearly equal
in length; first primary about half as long as second, Tail longer than wing, distinctly rounded,
the outermost rectrix being from 7 to Io mm, shorter than the longest. Tarsus relatively
strong, in front distinctly scutellate, more than twice as long as hind toe without claw.
Plumage soft and lax,
RAMS REGULEID AS 3
Coloration. Sexes dissimilar. Adult males have the crown feathers reddish walnut-
brown tipped with greyish, the mantle olive grey or greyish sand colour, the feathers of the
rump, throat, foreneck and sides bright vinaceous with long pale blue tips. Wings dusky with
pale brown edges, Rectrices blackish, exteriorly edged with greenish blue, the lateral pair
with outer web buffy white, Frontal band and broad superciliary stripe delicate creamy buff.
In the females the crown is duller reddish, the mantle paler grey, the rump less extensively
vinaceous and blue, the sides of the head pale greyish, the under parts greyish white, more
buffy on abdomen, with a limited patch of pale vinaceous on flanks, Wing 49-52, tail 51-56 mm.
Geographical Distribution. Central Asia, from Turkestan and Gilgit to Western China.
Habits. The species of Leftopoectle are inhabitants of mountains at elevations of from
3000 to 14,000 feet, living in bushes, thickets etc. A nest found by Przewalski stood about
7 feet above the ground and was constructed of mosses and sheep-wool, lined inside with
soft feathers of Crossoptilon. The clutch consists of five eggs, which are white speckled and
spotted with dark reddish brown, resembling those of the Chiff-chaff (Phylloscopus collybita
Vieillot).
KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF LEPTOPOECILE
1. Feathers of throat, chest und sides bright vinaceous with long light blue tips.
Rectrices blackish with aistumoredges of greenish Ole) 5 4 8) ee 2) ee eee
— Throat, foreneck and sides dingy or pale greyish buff, lower flanks with only
@ limited patch of pale vinaceous. Rectrices greyish brow, edged with
greyisivoiue (QL©) > WON Se hitae rd Wee acy ven Stee
2. Middle of lower breast and abdomen deep buff strongly contrasted with colour
of chest and sides, which avevinaceous mixed with paleblue 4 4). 44 4 ee ee
— Lower parts nearly uniform coppery vinaceous with pale blue tips to the
feathers ; if anything, but a narrow line along centre of abdomen buff. . 3. L. SOPHIA OBSCURA GO.
3), JHA GT OIG IG) 5 oe oe 8 8 be lo a ol fk Me ky, COE Gopi GG
— Back paler, greyish sand colour 2. L. SOPHIE DESERTICOLA tf.
4. Back greyish sand colour 2. L. SOPHIE DESERTICOLA Q.
—— back Weht ovey shaded whole. 2 2 9 4) 3 Le Sornme)sopnra OF
— Back dark olive grey .
U2
=
. SOPHIZ OBSCURA Q.
1. Leptopoecile sophiz sophiz Severtzow. (Plate, Figs. 1, la.)
Leptopoecile sophiae Severtzow, Izv. Obshch. Moskov. Vol. 8, no. 2, p. 135, pl. 8, ff. 8, 9 (6 2) (1873) (Issyk-kul,
Tian shan); Zeitschr. ges. Ornith. Vol. 4, 1888, p. 99 (transl.).
Stoliczkana stoliczkae Hume, Stray Feath. Vol. 2, p. 513 (1874) (no exact locality. The types came from the Kara-
kash-valley, 11,000 to 14,000 feet; type in Brit. Mus. examined).
Leptopoecile sophtae major Menzbier, The Ibis (5), Vol. 3, p. 353 (1885) («on the Taushkan-Darja about Ush-tur-
fan»; type in Brit. Mus. examined).
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 2, 1876, pl. 62 (@), Pleske, Aves Przewalsk. pl. 2, ff. 3(G), 4 (2); Sharpe,
Res. Second Yarkand Miss. Aves, pl. 8.
Hab. Turkestan (Dsharkent, Tian shan), East to Kansu, N. W. China, South to Gilgit. Inhabits moun-
tains at altitudes of from 3000 to 14,000 feet.
2. Leptopoecile sophiz deserticola Hartert.
Leptopoectle sophiae deserticola Hartert, Voge. palaarkt. Fauna, Vol. 4, p. 401 (1907) (no type-locality specified.
Range given as : « Gebirge am Siidrande des Tarim-Beckens und der Wiiste Gobi»; type in Tring Museum
examined).
Hab. Mountains south of the Gobi-Desert : Russian Range, Altyn-tagh, Nan-shan, Tsaidam, Naidjin-gol.
4 BASS HES
3. Leptopoecile sophiz obscura Przewalski.
Leptopoecile obscura Przewalski, Zapiski Akad. Nauk St. Petersb. Vol. 55, p. 80 (1887) (Mountain-forests of
N. E. Tibet, on the upper Ditshu) ; Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 35, 1887, p. 277 (transl.).
Leptopoectle henrici Oustalet, Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. (7), Vol. 12, p. 287, pl. 10, f. 1 (1891) (« Plateaux du Tibet »,
5000 métr.; type in Paris Museum examined),
Fig. Pleske, Aves Przewalsk. pl. 6, f. 5.
Hab. Mountain forests of the Upper Yangtzekiang and its tributaries. west through the plateau of Tibet
to Gyantse, north of Sikkim.
2. GENUS LOPHOBASILEUS PLESKE
Lophobasileus Pleske, \Wissensch. Result. von Przewalski’s Reisen, Vol. 2, 1890, p. 95 (Sp. un.
Leptopoecile elegans Przewalski).
Characters. Very nearly allied to Leptopoecile, but differing in the following details : Bill
finer, longer and terminally even less curved, but more distinctly ridged than in the preceding
genus. Wing narrower, the innermost secondaries (tertials) being shorter. Tail decidedly
shorter than the wing, almost square, the lateral rectrices being scarcely 2 mm. shorter than
the median ones. Occiput with a full, pendant crest. In other respects the single species closely
resembles Leptococcile. Nostrils with a well-developed coriaceous operculum and partly hidden
by the latero-frontal plumules, First primary half as long as second, tip of wing formed by
fourth, fifth and sixth primaries.
Coloration. Sexes dissimilar. The adult male is a lovely, most delicately-coloured
creature, Pileum lilac grey, passing into whitish on frontal edge and on the sides; occiput with
a long, pure white crest. Lores and short superciliary streak black, sides of head and neck, as
well as nape, bright chestnut brown. Back dull blue, somewhat glossed with violet, uropygium
and upper tail coverts turquoise-blue. Upper wing coverts greenish olive brown, quills and
rectrices dusky with dull greenish or bluish edges. Under parts yinaceous cinnamon, middle of
abdomen paler, flanks reddish violet. Under wing coverts, axillaries and quill-lining whitish.
The female is darker and duller throughout, with the crest much shorter, the rump mixed with
ereenish; the sides of the head and under parts are dingy whitish, with a vinaceous-cinnamon
patch on the flanks. Wing 52-56, tail 44-47 mm.
Geographical Distribution. North-western China, on the upper Chuanche.
Habits. Inhabits coniferous forests of mountains at altitudes of from 7500 to 11,000 feet.
Nothing is known about its nidification.
1. Lophobasileus elegans (Przewalski). (Plate, Figs. 2, 2a.)
Leptopoecile elegans Przewalski, Zapiski Akad. Nauk St. Petersb. Vol. 55, p. 77 (1887) (upper Chuanche); Journ,
f. Ornith. Vol. 35, 1887, p. 275 (trans].).
Fig. Pleske, Aves Przewalsk. Vol. 2, pl. 6, ff. 1,2 (9).
Hab, North-western China : mountains on the upper Chuanche.
3. GENUS REGULUS VIEILLOT
Regulus Vieillot, Ois. Amer. sept. Vol. 2, 1807, p. 49 (Type : Regulus cristatus Vieillot).
Corthylio Cabanis, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 1, 1853, p. 83 (Type : Motacilla calendula Linneus).
FAM: REGULEIDZAs
Or
Characters. Bill small and slender; culmen much shorter than head, depressed at base,
where its width considerably exceeds its depth; culmen straight, only extreme tip distinctly
decurved, with a slight subterminal notch; gonys straight. Nostrils longitudinal, small, over-
hung by a distinct operculum, partly covered either by numerous, bristle-like plumules or by
a single well-developed feather. Rictal bristles soft, moderately developed. Wing rather long,
rounded at tip; fourth and fifth primaries longest, third and sixth but little shorter and nearly
equal; first primary about one-third as long as second, but never attaining half its length.
Tail about three-fourths as long as wing, distinctly emarginate, the rectrices becoming
somewhat broader terminally, with pointed tip. Tarsus long and slender, about one-third as
long as wing, much longer than middle toe with claw; acrotarsium booted; claws strongly
curved; basal phalanx of middle toe coherent to outer toe for most of its length, to inner toe
for about half its length. Plumage copious and lax.
Coloration. Olive-green or olive-greyish above, rump in one species (F. goodfellow?)
bright canary yellow. Wings dusky with pale edgings and two whitish bands; crown with
a half-concealed patch of yellow, orange or red, this patch margined with yellow and inclosed
between two stripes of black, except in 2. calendula; adult females also with a brightly-coloured
crown-patch (except in FR. calendula). Young similar to adults, but without black, yellow,
orange or red on crown.
Geographical Distribution. Nearctic and Palearctic Region, ranging southwards to
the Himalayas, mountains of tropical China, and the island of Formosa,
Habits. In habits, the Gold-crests closely resemble the Tits, inhabit principally
coniferous forests and feed on insects. The nest is a very bulky, more or less pensile, structure,
attached to small twigs in spruce or other coniferous trees, composed of delicate plant fibers,
mosses and various soft materials. The eggs are minutely spotted or flecked with brown on a
white or buffy ground colour, The clutch consits of from five to ten eggs.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF REGULUS
1. Nostrils covered by numerous, small, bristle-like plumules. No white
superciliary stvipe. Adult males with a large, vermilion-ved patch on
(CUD. Wein ON eo Moe OAT era a rE a eli eA eral to cio vn ig SRA) to ga Sop ee al), “BE
— Nostrils covered by a single, rather stiff, well-developed feather. With a
distinct whitish superciliary stripe. Both sexes with a brightly-coloured
COMER HER 5 6 9 8 6 6 6 6 op
2. Paley, with longer wing and shorter bill : wing more than 58 mm. in
OIC DRIOV EMU UMN OL TLIUEA ILO CML CLES xs FV) yh ley eee een eer etn Genes
— Darker, with shorter wing and longer bill : wing less than 57mm. in male,
lessithian oowauimiiyjonaltl, “= 5 a jan @ GS ea) Gy Me ee en We ee teen ep des
3. General colour of upper parts more greenish olive . . . . . . . 7. R. CALENDULA CALENDULA.
— General colour of upper parts move greyish olvwe. . . . . . . . 18. R. CALENDULA CINERACEUS.
4. Larger : wing of male 56, of female 54; bill S-gmm. . . . . . 19. R. CALENDULA GRINNELLI.
— Smaller : wing of male 54,5, of female S50; billtomm.. . . . . 20. R. CALENDULA OBSCURUS.
5. Lowey back and upper tail coverts bright canary yellow, strongly con-
6 PASSE RES
tvasted with the yellowish olive-gveen of the mantle. Flanks light
WHI UERE So fa al 6 6 ob Oo 6 6 8 ol eb oo &
— Lower back and upper tail coverts greenish olive or yellowish green, not
conspicuously different from colour of upper back. Flanks not canary-
IV EULOW ete 5 gE oa: A eT
6. Sides of the neck with a large patch of bright olive-yellow .
— No olive-yellow patch on sides of the neck . . . . . . .. .
. No ashy band across hindneck ; frontal edge buffy ; with a distinct blackish
I
posloculanstyeah sou 3) Gh nce Op ci eo Ree eee Oo ee
— A distinct ashy band round hindneck; frontal edge white; no blackish
POSLOCUIATISEKEDR aya EM siero) cl sou Eo Lee REN Te eae
8. Crown fatch vermilion-ved as in R. calendula. (Forehead and loves
black; a black postocular stripe; whitish superciliary stripes connected
GnLerAOT La \Wae oy hey 4 ee en ee. oe ee
= GrownpatchivellomorioKaneen a.) ia) =) eye ners
g. Blackish stripes bordering the yellow crown patch connected anteriorly.
— Blackish stripes bordering the yellow crown patch not connected anteriorly,
sometimes nearly obsolete. 4 ie SOO SR Race eae
10. Without a dusky postocular streak.
— Whitha more or less distinct dusky postocular streak.
11. General colour of upper parts duller, greyish olive. Larger : wing of
Male: 5O,9-00; Mens, 5 eo och) (ote ue ee eee ee
— General colour of upper parts brighter, greenish olive. Smalley : wing of
male 53-37 mm. .
12. Back duller olive-green; grey nuchal collar very broad .
— Back brighter olive-green ; grey nuchal collay much narrower .
13. Dusky stripes along lateral borders of yellow crown patch but slightly
mdicated or nearly obsolete .
— Black stripes along lateral borders of yellow crown patch broad and
strongly marked .
14. Sides of occiput, hindneck and nape distinctly ashy-gvey, strongly
contrasted with olive-green back.
— Sides of occiput and nape olive-greenish or greyish olive, gradually
shading into colour of back. .
15. Whitish apical spots on median and greater upper wing coverts broader
and more distinct. Crown patch reddish orange
— Whitish apical spots on median and greater upper wing coverts smaller.
Crown patch paler, ovange-yellow
16. Bill longer and more slender : 12-13 mm.
— Bill shorter : ro-zr mm.
17. Posterior sides of head and nape greenish ov brownish olive. Smaller :
WEB SOAS Wiles 6 6 & og o ©
— Posterior sides of head and nape slightly shaded with greyish. Larger :
UE POOL OI OLR ee UOGe al of Oe Oey Gl ba. ee on fo.
18. Upper parts paler, yellowish olive-green, lower parts paler buffy
16. R. GOODFELLOW1.
Je
14. R. IGNICAPILLUS IGNICAPILLUS.
15. R. 1GNICAPILLUS MADEIRENSIS.
i3. Re CUVIERT.
Qg.
10.
air, el doce es 135
8. R. REGULUS TENERIFF.
. - Tae
10. R. REGULUS SATRAPA.
‘i Sea gana eee
11. R. REGULUS OLIVACEUS.
12. R. REGULUS CLARUS.
g. R. REGULUS TRISTIS.
. ; I4.
E ee
16.
7. R. REGULUS JAPONENSIS.
3. R. REGULUS INTERNI.
4. R. REGULUS AZORICUS.
Wife
18.
eo
I. R. REGULUS REGULUS.
FAM. REGULIDA®
“I
— Upper parts darker, dull greenish olive, lower parts more strongly washed
. R. REGULUS ANGLORUM.
Nn
with brownish buff . . . . . : 5 foUAES
19. Upper parts bright olive-grveen, under ae rene brownish 1 buff.
~— Upper parts dull greenish olive, under parts dull greyish . .
. R. REGULUS HIMALAYENSIS.
DD Nn
. R. REGULUS YUNNANENSIS.
1. Regulus regulus regulus (Linnzus). (Plate, Fig. 7.)
Motacilla Regulus Linneus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 188 (1758) (« Habitat in Europa »; we fix Sweden as type-locality :
ex Fauna Suec. n° 235).
Regulus cristatus (nec R. cristatus Vieillot 1807) 1) Koch, Syst. Baier. Zool. p. 199 (1816) (Bavaria).
Regulus vulgaris Leach, Cat. Mamm. and Birds Brit. Mus. p. 25 (1816) (nom. nud.).
Regulus aureocapillus Meyer in Meyer & Wolf, Taschenb. deutsch. Végelk. Vol. 3, p. 108 (1822) (mew name for
M. vegulus of Linnzus).
Regulus crococephalus Brehm, Beitr. V6gelkunde, Vol. 2, p. 120 (1822) (new name for 1. regulus of Linneeus).
Regulus flavicapillus Naumann, Vog. Deutschl. Vol. 3, p. 968, pl. 93, ff. 1-3 (1823) (new name for J. regulus of
Linneus).
Regulus septentytonalis Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 479 (1831). (« Es bewohnt die nordeuropadischen
Walder, namentlich Skandinavien »).
Regulus chrysocephalus Brehm, ibidem, p. 481 (1831). (« Wandert im Oktober durch Mitteldeutschland »).
Regulus auricapillus Selby, Il. Brit. Ornith., ed. 2, Vol. 1, p. 229 (1833). (New name for M. regulus of Linneus.
« It is found throughout Europe, and as far northward as the Arctic Circle »).
Regulus Linnet Malm, Goteb. Bohusl. Fauna, p. 170 (1877) (Bohus).
Hab. Breeds in Europe as far north as the Arctic Circle, southwards down to the Pyrenees, in Italy and
Greece to the shores of the Mediterranean, also in Asia Minor and the Caucasus Mountains. In
autumn and winter likewise found in England, Spain, Portugal etc.
2. Regulus regulus anglorum Hartert.
Regulus regulus anglorum Hartert, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 16, p. 11 (1905) (Tring, England).
Hab. Great Britain, from the Isle of Wight to Scotland; Ireland.
3. Regulus regulus interni Hartert.
Regulus vegulus internt Hartert, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 16, p. 45 (1906) (Sassari, Sardinia).
Hab. Corsica and Sardinia.
4. Regulus regulus azoricus Seebohm.
Regulus cristatus var, azovicus Seebohm, Hist. Brit. Birds, Vol. 1, p. 454 (1883) (Azores).
Hab. Azores : Santa Maria, San Miguel, Terceira, San Jorge. Pico, Fayal and Flores Islands.
5. Regulus regulus himalayensis Jerdon.
Regulus himalayensis (Blyth MS.) Jerdon, Birds India, Vol. 2, p. 206 (1863) (N. W. Himalayas). -
Regulus cyistatus orientalis Seebohm, Birds Japan Emp. p. 80 (1890) (part. : « a new trinomial for the Eastern race
of the Gold-crest »).
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 4, pl. 60.
Hab. Himalayas, from Kashmir to Sikkim.
6. Regulus regulus yunnanensis Rippon.
Regulus himalayanus (errore!) A. David, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 7, Bull. pp. 7, 196 (1871) (nom.
nud.; Szechuen).
Regulus yunnanensis Rippon, Bull, Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 19, p. 19 (1906) (Yangtze River, W. Yunnan).
Hab. S. W. China : W. Yunnan (Yangtzekiang), Szechuen; Kansu ?
7- Regulus regulus japonensis Blakiston.
Regulus japonicus Bonaparte, Compte Rendu Acad. Sc. Paris, Vol. 42, p. 767 (1856) (nom. nud.).
Regulus japonensis Blakiston, The Ibis, Vol. 4, p. 320 (1862) (Hakodate, Yezo).
1) Regulus cristatus Vieillot, Ois. Amér. sept. Vol. 2, pe p. 50, pl. 106, cannot be used for any species of the genus,
being a mixtum compositum of R. r. regulus, R. y. satrapa and R. t. tgnicapillus. Plate and description seem to have been taken
from an example of the last-named species, while the name R. cyistatus is proposed as a substitute of Linné’s term regulus
employed by Vieillot in generic sense. Moreover, the author considered the North American form (R. y. satrapa) to be the
same as the European one (R. r. regulus).
8 PASSERES
Regulus cristatus orientalis Seebohm, Birds Jap. Emp. p. So (1890) (part. : «a new trimonial for the Eastern race
of the Gold-crest ».
Regulus cristatus coutst Sushkin, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 14, p. 44 (1904) (« Jugi Sayan zona subalpina »).
Hab. Japan (Yezo, Hondo, Kiusiu), Corea, Sakhalin, Ussuriland, Manchooria, Eastern and Central
Siberia as far west as Sayan Range and Tomsk, on the Obj River.
Obs. It is not impossible that the birds inhabiting the Asiatic continent be different from the typical
Japanese race. In this case, their proper name would be R. vegulus coatsi Sushkin.
8. Regulus regulus teneriffae Seebohm.
Regulus teneviffae Seebohm, Hist. Brit. Birds, Vol. 1, p. 459 (1883) (Canary Islands). _
Regulus satelles Koenig, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 37, p. 263 (1889) (Canary Islands, type locality : Tenerife).
Fig. Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 38, t. 5, f. 1.
Hab. Western Canary Islands : Tenerife, Grau Canaria, Gomera, Palma, Hierro.
g. Regulus regulus tristis Pleske. (Plate, Fig. 4.)
Regulus tristis Pleske, Bull. Acad, Sc. St. Petersb. (n. s.), Vol. 3, p. 146 (1892) (Transcaspia | Merw], W. Turke-
stan | Tshinas] and East. Turkestan | Ak-su, Jarkend-Darja]).
Hab, Transcaspia and Turkestan. (The locality Orenburg [fide Pleske| requires confirmation.)
10. Regulus regulus satrapa Lichtenstein.
Regulus satrapa Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berl. Mus. p. 35 (1823) (North America).
Regulus tricolor Nuttall, Man. Ornith. U.S. and Canada, Vol. 1, p. 420 (1832) (based on Syluia vegulus Wilson,
Amer, Ornith. Vol. 1, 1808, p. 126, pl. 8, f. 2).
Regulus yeguloides Jardine, ed. Wilson’s Amer. Ornith. Vol. 1, p. 127 (1832) (North America).
Fig. Audubon, Ornith. Biogr. Vol 2, 1834, pl. 186.
Hab. North America, east of the Rocky Mountains, north to Labrador, Keewatin etc., breeding south-
wards to Massachusetts, New York, N. Michigan, and along Allegheny Mountains to W. North
Carolina; wintering southwards to N, Florida and west along Gulf Coast S. C. Texas.
11. Regulus regulus olivaceus Baird.
| Regulus satvapa] var. olivaceus Baird, Rev. Amer. Birds, Vol. 1, p. 65, in text (1864) (Simiahmoo, Washington),
Regulus satrapa aztecus (Lawrence MS.) Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Birds, p. 591, in text (1887) (City of Mexico),
Hab. Western North America, from Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Coast, southwards in winter to
highlands of Mexico; breeding from Colorado, eastern Oregon, Sierra Nevada, Mount Shasta etc.,
northward to Kenai Peninsula and Kadiak Island, Alaska.
12. Regulus regulus clarus Dearborn.
Regulus satvapa clarus Dearborn, Field Mus. Publ. no, 125, p. 134 (1907) (Sierra Santa Elena, near Tecpam, Gua-
temala).
Hab, Highlands of Guatemala.
13. Regulus cuvierii Audubon.
Regulus cuvserii Audubon, Ornith. Biogr. Vol. 1, p. 288, pl. 55 (1831) |Fatland Ford, on the Schuylkill River,
Pennsylvania).
Hab. Fatland Ford, on the Schuylkill River, Pennsylvania.
Obs. Only one specimen, the type, known to have been obtained by Audubon on June 8, 1902. This
alleged species is most probably a hybrid between R. ry, satrapa and R. c. calendula.
14. Regulus ignicapillus ignicapillus (Temminck).
Syloia ignicapilla (Brehm MS.) Temminck, Man, d’Ornith., ed. 2, Vol. 1, p. 231 (1820) (« se montre trés rarement en
Allemagne et dans toutes les contrées orientales, tandis qu’il est tres commun en Irrance et dans les provinces
belges »).
Regulus mystaceus Vieillot, Faune Fran¢, Oiseaux, p. 231, pl. 102, f. 3 (1822) (part. : descr, plate and hab
« Europe » — Amérique sept. errore!).
« Regulus pyrocephalus mihi (frither Sylvia ignicapilla mihi) » Brehm, Beitr. Vogelk. Vol. 2, p. 130 (1822) (Germany,
Holland, France and [errore!] America).
Regulus Nilsonit Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 482 (1831) (« scheint nordéstlich von hier zu wohnen,
zieht im April... »).
Regulus ignicapillus minoy Parrot, Ornith. Jahrb. Vol. 21, p. 156 (Dec. 1910) (Ajaccio, Corsica) 1 ).
1) I cannot appreciate any of the characters given by the describer of this form although further researches may
prove it slightly different from continental birds.
PAM. REGUILIDAS 9
Regulus brachyrhynchus Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vég. Deutschl. p. 483 (1831) (« zieht im April und September
durch die hiesige Gegend » i. e. Renthendorf).
Fig. Naumann, Vog. Deutschl. Vol. 3, pl. 93, ff. 4-6; Dresser, Birds Europe, Vol. 2, pl. 73, f. 1.
Hab. Central Europe and the countries bordering the Mediterranean : Germany east to Poland, Austria,
Hungary, France, Spain, Algeria, Tunis, Italy, the whole Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor.
15. Regulus ignicapillus madeirensis Harcourt.
Regulus madeirensis Harcourt, Sketch of Madeira, p. 118 (1851) Madeira).
Fig. Dresser, Birds of Europe, Vol. 2, pl. 73, f. 2.
Hab. Mountain forests of the island of Madeira.
16. Regulus goodfellowi Ogilvie-Grant.
Regulus goodjellowi Ogilvie-Grant, Bull Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 16, p. 122 (1906) (Mount Morrison, Formosa,
9000 to 10,000 feet.
Fig. The Ibis (9), Vol. 1, 1907, pl. 3.
Hab. Island of Formosa : Mount Morrison at elevations of from 9000 to 10,000 feet.
17. Regulus calendula calendula (Linnzus). (Plate, Fig. 5.)
Motacilla calendula Linneus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, Vol. 1, p. 337 (1766) (based on « Le Poule ou Souci de Pensyl-
vanie », Brisson, Ornith. Vol. 3, p. 584 : Pennsylvania).
Parus griseus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, 1, p. 1010 1789) (« Greenland », based on O. F. Miiller, Zool. Dan.
Prodr. 1776, p. 34 : « Parus griseus vertice rubro »).
Regulus yubineus Vieillot, Ois. Amér. sept. Vol. 2, p. 49, pls. 104, 105 (1807) (new name for Mofacilla calendula
Linneus).
Fig. Audubon, Ornith. Biogr. Vol. 2, 1834, pl. 195.
Hab. North America, north to the limit of tree growth, in Labrador, Keewatin, Mackenzie, Yukon and
Alaska; breeding southward to Quebec, North Michigan and High Mountains of New Mexico,
Arizona and North California (Mount Shasta); in winter across United States and over tableland of
Mexico south to highlands of Guatemala. Accidental in Greenland.
15. Regulus calendula cineraceus Grinnell.
Regulus calendula cineraceus Grinnell, Condor, Vol. 6, p. 25 (1904) (Strain’s Camp, Mount Wilson, Los Angeles Co.,
California).
Hab. Mountains of southern California.
19. Regulus calendula grinnelli \V. Palmer.
Regulus calendula grinnelli WW. Palmer, Auk, Vol. 14. p. 399 (1897) (Sitka, Alaska).
Hab. Pacific Coast District of North America, breeding from British Columbia to head of Lynn Canal
and Yakutat Bay, Alaska. Occasionally migrating in winter to Middle California.
20. Regulus calendula obscurus Ridgway.
Regulus calendula obscurus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr. Vol. 2, p. 184 (1876) (Guadalupe Isl.,
Lower California). :
Hab. Guadalupe Island, off Lower California.
4. GENUS POLIOPTILA ScLATER
Culicivora (nec Swainson 1527!) Swainson, Classif. Birds, Vol. 2, 1837, p. 243 (Sp. un. : C. atri-
capilla Swainson).
.
Polioptila Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 23, 1855, p. 11 (Lype : Motacilla caevulea Linneus).
Characters. Bill somewhat shorter than head, slender, depressed and rather broad at
base; culmen nearly straight for basal third, rather abruptly decurved terminally, the tip very
slightly uncinate; maxillary tomium nearly straight with a distinct subterminal notch; gonys
straight or very faintly convex, Rictal bristles soft, though well developed. Nostrils exposed,
rather large, longitudinal, distinctly operculate, not covered by latero-frontal plumules. Wing
Io PASSERES
moderately long, rather rounded; tip formed by fourth and fifth primaries, which are nearly
equal in length, third scarcely shorter; first primary about half as long as second. Secondaries
broad and rather long, Tail as long as, or somewhat longer than, wing, much rounded, the
rectrices rather narrow with rounded tip. Tarsus long and slender, twice as long as middle toe
without claw, the acrotarsium distinctly scutellate; toes slender, the lateral ones about equal
in length to hallux. Plumage soft, but not so copious as in the other genera of the subfamily.
Coloration, Above grey or bluish grey, the pileum wholly or partly black in the adult
males of most species; tail black with a greater or lesser extent of white on outermost rectrices;
under parts white, pale grey, or creamy. Females duller in colour, without any black on pileum.
The young resemble the adult females. P. schistaccigula Hartert differs very markedly in
coloration : The white in the tail is restricted to a narrow apical margin of the outermost rectrix,
the general colour of the plumage is dark slate grey, almost blackish on pileum, with the
exception of the axillaries, middle of abdomen and under tail coverts, which are pure white.
Besides a narrow rim round the eye, a narrow line from rictus to eye and a few minute spots
on upper throat are also white.
Habits. The Gnat-catchers trequent the forests in small flocks, feeding on insects, and,
in their habits, are reported to resemble our Tits. Their nest, a deeply cup-shaped, compact
structure of plant-fibers, spiders’ webs, mosses and other soft material, outside often ornamented
with small bright-coloured lichens, is attached to branches of trees. The clutch consists of five
yale greenish blue or bluish white eggs, speckled with reddish brown.
} s Ss
Geographical Distribution. Warmer parts of North America, Cuba, Bahama Island,
Central- and South America, except the extreme south.
Twenty-five species and subspecies are known, most of which belong to the northern’
portion of the Neotropical region,
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF POLIOPTILA
1. Lail very much graduated, the outermost rectrvix being about half as
long as central pair. Wing never move than gomm. . . . 1. P. LEMBEYEI I).
— Tail rounded or slightly graduated, the outermost rectrix being more
Nv
than six-sevenths as long as central pay. Wing 45 mm. oy move. . . . . . . . . . :
On
2. Oulermost vectrix with more than terminal half white .
— Outermost rectrix with much less than terminal fourth white . . . . . . . . . . . se 35
3. Top and sides of the head dark slate grey like back ; throat and foreneck
dull slate grey, strongly contrasted with the silky white of breast
anadiabdomey. « 5 . 2 = woe 4 J «© i) fen eh) 20 SCHISTACEYGUIDAm acl) s
— Top of the head glossy bluish-black, back slate grey ov plumbeous ; under
parts mearly wiufoym ereyish white ov ughy gyey. (00. 96 = 5) =) eens ete
1) The adult males have a curved black line bordering upper and posterior margin of the auricular region. The
forehead is pale ashy-grey like the remaining upper parts, Sides of the head and under parts very pale grey, nearly white
on abdomen.
2) Female unknown.
OF
Io.
IAG
2s
16.
. Outerymost rvectyix
. Crown
FAM. REGULIDAEz
with outer web wholly white, except basal third ;
back paler : plumbeous; under parts greyish white ov very pale grey.
Outermost vectrix with outer web only edged with white ; back darker :
deep slate grey; under parts light grey
With more or less of glossy black on forehead, sides of the head or pileum.
No glossy black either on forehead or on crown. Sometimes a black
patch on upper portion of ear coverts .
Black of head confined to forehead and sides of the head. Crown never
black . .
Black of head covering at least greater part of pilewm
Lores and ear coverts glossy black like forehead . .
Loves and ear coverts bluish ov slate grey like the back .
. Pileum and back light bluish grey, cheeks, malay region and lower
surface of the body pure white, occasionally very faintly shaded with
pale greyish on chest and sides .
Pileum and back deep bluish slate ; cheeks, malay region and lower parts
bluish grey, shading into pale grey or greyish white on middle of
abdomen .
within
LOSSES aoe Naseer Pha ay Wis cane brn es fete Siete heen Av ge
U-shaped black mark bluish grey, mot distinctly
Crown within U-shaped black mark dark slate grey, somewhat glossed
with greenish blue . . . « :
Darker :
negwomand wider tal coverts white. - + = .,. a. -
Paley : the under parts white, oy greyish white, shaded with pale bluish
the under parts light bluish grey, ve the abdomen, anal
greyon sides. . .
Larger : wing more than 49, tail move than 50mm. . . . -
Smaller : wing about 47,5, tail about 46,5 mm. .
Black at base of lateral rectrix more restricted, usually concealed by
under tail coverts ; upper parts somewhat clearer and bluer.
Black at base of lateral vectvyix move extended, showing beyond longest
under tail coverts ; wpper parts slightly duller. . .
. Loves white, sometimes divided by a black line crossing from rictus to
anterioy angle of eve.
Loves black, sometimes with a few white feathers intermixed
. Superciliary region black, sometimes a white streak ov spot above posterior
angle of eye, but not confluent with white of lores.
Superciliary vegion white, confluent with white of lores. . .
Loves entively white. Larger : wing 49, tail 52 mm.
Loves with a black line crossing from victus to anterior angle of eye.
RSI Le neem TUCO Oot a PML U0 1) 7710770
Upper parts deep slate gvey ; breast and abdomen beautiful cream-colowr ;
ouleymost vectyix entively white. . . . . . . = .
Upper parts light bluish grey ; under parts white, more ov less shaded
vith extreme
with pale grey on chest and sides; outermost vectrix «
DASCHULAETEER en ie Matis th al eae
Toh
PLUMBEA PLUMBEA.
( 2-2P.
\ 3. P. PLUMBEA MARGARITA.
4. P. CALIFORNICA.
II. P. DUMICOLA BERLEPSCH1 Gt ad.
10. P. puMIcoLa DuMIcoLA & ad.
. P. NELSONI Gf ad.
Pe
wo
C#RULEA C&SIOGASTER Of ad.
a Usha
Aue HEL
7. P. CERULEA MEXICANA Gf ad.
5. P. CHRULEA CHRULEA 6 ad.
6. P. CHRULEA OBSCURA 6 ad.
I4.
18.
See AO
16.
15. P. ALBILORIS ALBILORIS GO ad.
16. P. ALBILORIS BAIRDI GO ad.
12. P. racrea Go ad. (Q unknown).
[2
7.
18.
IQ.
20.
21.
22.
23
28.
29.
. No white superciliary streak
PASSERES
Black at base of lateral vectrices less extended, usually concealed by
under tail coverts. Tail shorter: g1-gS mm... .
Black at base of lateral vectrices more extended, showing beyond longest
under tail coverts. Tail longer : 51-56 mm. ne he
Grey of upper parts paler and more bluish
Grey of upper parts darker, more slaty . .
Smaller : wing about 45 mm. Under parts entirely pure white, or with
sides but faintly tinged with very pale bluish grey.
Larger : wing about 48 mm. Under parts strongly shaded with bliash
grey on chestand sides . . . A ges
Greater upper wing coverts very distinctly margined with pure white ;
white edges of innermost secondaries (tertials) extremely broad,
occupying nearly the entire width of the outer web . . . .
Greater upper wing coverts edged with the colour of the back, dark
bluish or slate grey ; white edges of innermost secondaries (tertials)
much narrower, occupying only from one-fourth to one-third of the
width of the outer web
Outermost vectvix entirely white, sometimes with traces of black at the
extreme base of inner web of, Ral ou pe ener
Outermost vectrix with basal third or half of inner web black
With considerably move than basal half of inner web of outermost
vectrix black od Bons eas a an er
With much less than basal half of inner web of outermost vectrix black.
Black at base of outermost rvectrix move restricted, entirely concealed
by under tail coverts. Bill weaker and shorter : rr mm,
Black at base of outermost vectrix more extended, showing beyond
longest under tail coverts. Bill stronger and longer : 12-13 mm.
. Grey of back etc. paler, more bluish. Tail shorter : 47-52 mm.
Grey of back etc. darker, more slaty. Tail longer : 54-57 mm.
Upper portion of eay coverts slate blackish or black, producing a
conspicuous dusky postoculay patch .
Upper portion of ear coverts pale grey or greyish white.
With a distinct white superciliary streak.
. Ear coverts with at least upper half pale grey, not conspicuously
different from darker grey pileum, and shading into paler grey on
lower portion . hues amie
Ear coverts white, or greyish white, abyuptly contrasted with a dusky
postocular streak, ahove which is a narrow whitish line. ;
Tail longer : averaging 48 mm.
Tail shorter : avevaging 43 mm.
Outermost primary much less than half as long as second .
Outermost primary much larger, at least half as long as second .
1) Female of P. bilineata andina unknown.
2) Female of P. nigriceps albiventyis unknown to the author.
13. P. BILINEATA BILINEATA of ad.
14. P. BILINEATA ANDINA Of ad.
19.
20.
17. P. NIGRICEPS ALBIVENTRIS of ad.
18. P. NIGRICEPS NIGRICEPS of ad.
1g. P. Livipa Livipa of ad.
20. P. LIVIDA INNOTATA & ad.
22.
21. P. LIvips LEUCOGASTRA of ad.
seco Se one eee BSE
23. P. LIVIDA PARVIROSTRIS O ad.
ph se hs, och Sete) eee a eee
22. P. LiVIDA PLUMBICEPS of ad.
24. P. LIVIDA Mator Cf ad.
st be fog Bd acm eligtl 2i7
13. P. BILINEATA BILINEATA Q 1).
: 29.
Aiea se a es Sh
15. P. ALBILORIS ALBILORIS Q.
16, P. ALBILORIS BAIRDI Q.
A ERE Bee ype ee 30.
18. P. NIGRICEPS NIGRICEPS Q 2).
30.
31
SO}
STF
FAM, REGULIDA:
Larger, with smaller bill : wing 50 or more, bill less than ro mm. .
Smaller, with larger bill : wing 48 or less, bill ro mm. or more. .
Black at base of lateral vectrices more vestricted ; grey of upper parts
cleaver, white of under parts less greyish . . . «. . . .
Black at base of lateral rectvices more extended ; grey of upper parts
Ci Mleyemte aCe OfmiLI Chap CNL Ss OKC) C7) ntti
. Smaller and paler : wing about 45, tail 43,5 mm... . . . . .
Larger and darker : wing 47 and more, tail more than So mm. .
. Upper parts more bluish slate grey, under parts pale blush grey,
shading into white on abdomen, anal region and under tail coverts.
Upper parts duller slate grey, under parts white medially. . . .
. Cheeks and anterior portion of ear coverts bluish grey, sometimes mixed
with silvery white on malay region; posterior half of eay coverts
occupied by a large, deep black patch. Lower parts bluish grey,
shading into whitish on anal region and under tail coverts. .
Cheeks, anterior and lower portion of eay coverts pure white; dusky
patch more restricted to upper half of eay coverts and duller black,
Lower parts white, chest and sides sometimes faintly shaded with
UGB) HAOHSHUIS Ss leo te. ou ee ote es lo 6
Greater upper wing coverts broadly and very distinctly edged with pure
white. White edges to unermost secondaries (tertials) extremely
broad, veaching almost totheshaft. . . . . . . .. .
Greater upper wing coverts edged with colour of back (bluish or slate
grey). White edges to innermost secondaries (tertials) much nar-
vyower, occupying not more than one-third of width of outer web
. Loves entively white, abruptly contrasted with bluish grey of pileum.
IEQCUWTS UD GIA PUTO CHUHO 5 5 56 6 6 6 6 56 6 6 8
Lores bluish grey, somewhat mixed with whitish, not abruptly con-
trasted with slate grey of pileum. Feathers on eyelid slaty.
Outermost vectrix entirely white
Outermost vectrix at base of inner web black for one-third ov more of
GS VOGT 5 2
:. Black at base of lateval vectrices more extended. Back darker, slate grey.
Black at base of lateral vectrices move restricted. Back paler, bluish
grey
. Polioptila lembeyei (Gundlach).
Or
10.
1Q.
Ts
22.
Culicivora lembeyerc Gundlach, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 6, p.
Hab. Island of Cuba, Greater Antilles.
. Polioptila plumbea plumbea (Baird).
els
9.
ee
13
; 31.
32.
C#RULEA CHRULEA QO.
. CERULEA OBSCURA Q.
. CERULEA MEXICANA Q.
eee 33r
CHRULEA CESIOGASTER ©,
. NELSONI Q.
. DUMICOLA DUMICOLA Q.
: 35.
. LIVIDA LIVIDA Q 1).
36.
DUMICOLA BERLEPSCHI 9.
S/o
. LIVIDA INNOTATA ©.
spo esvne ae oe 38.
. LIVIDA LEUCOGASTRA 2 =
- LIVIDA PLUMBICEPS Qo 0
73 (1858) (Eastern Cuba).
Culicivora atricapilla (nec Swainson 1831-32!) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 5, p. 124 (1852)
(Texas).
Culicivora plonbea
= male juv.).
Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. Vol.
1) The females of P. livida pavvivostris and P. livida maior are unknown.
7, P
118 (1854) (Bill Williams R., Arizona;
14 PASSERES
Polioptila melanura, P. atriceps Lawrence, Ann. Lyc, Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 6, p. 168 (1858) (Ringgold Bar-
racks, Texas). P
Fig. Cassin, Illustr. Birds Calif. Texas, 1854, pl. 27; Kennerly, Kep. Pacific. R. R. Surv. Vol. 10, Pt. 4,
1859, pl. 33, f. 2.
Hab. South-western United States and adjacent parts of northern Mexico, from the Upper Rio Grande
Valley to the Colorado Valley, thence southward through Lower California to Cape St. Lucas,
north to southern Nevada, and S. E. California (Inyo County), west to eastern Riverside County,
California; south to Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, Chihuahua and Sonora.
3. Polioptila plumbea margarite Ridgway.
Polioptila margaritae Ridgway, Birds North and Middle Amer. Vol. 3 (= Bull. U. S, Nat. Mus. no. 50, Pt. 3),
p. 733, foot-note (1904) {Margarita Island, off Lower California).
Hab. Margarita Island, off Lower California, (Doubtful form.)
4. Polioptila californica Brewster.
Polioptila californica Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, Vol. 6, p. 103 (1881) (Riverside, San Bernardino Co.,
California).
Fig. Baird, Brewer & Ridgway, Hist. N. Amer. Birds, Vol. 1, 1874, pl. 6, f. 7.
Hab. Southern California, west and north of Colorado desert, and Pacific coast district of northern Lower
California; north to Ventura County; south to Santa Rosalia Bay and San Fernando; east to the
Colorado River.
ve Polioptila c#rulea czrulea (Linnzus).
Motacilla caerulea Linneus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, Vol. 1, p. 337 (1766) (based on Motacilla parva caerulea Edwards,
Glean. Nat. Hist. Vol. 2, 1760, p. 194, pl. 302 : Pensilvania).
Motacilla cana Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, 1, p. 973 (1789) (based on « Figuier cendré a gorge cendrée » Buffon,
Hist. Nat. Ois. Vol 5, p.319, and « Grey-throated Warbler », Pennant, Arctic Zool. Vol. 2, p. 411 : Louisiana).
Fig. Baird, Brewer & Ridgway, Hist. N. Amer. Birds, Vol. 1, 1874, pl. 6, f. 5.
Hab. Eastern United States : north to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, southern Ontario, southern Michigan,
northern Illinois, southern [owa and eastern Nebraska; southward to Florida, Louisiana and southern
Texas; wintering in Florida and other Gulf States, and southward to Bahamas, Cuba, eastern Mexico
and Guatemala.
6. Polioptila czrulea obscura Kidgway.
Polioptila caerulea obscura Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 5, p. 535 (1883) (San José del Cabo, Lower
California).
Hab. South-western United States and contiguous parts of northern Mexico; from western Texas to
California; northward to Colorado, southern Utah, southern Nevada and interior of northern Cali-
fornia; southward to Cape St. Lucas and through Mexican States of Chihuahua, Sonora, and Sinaloa
to Colima.
7. Polioptila cerulea mexicana (Bonaparte).
Culicivora mexicana Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 316 (1550) (Mexico).
Hab. South-eastern Mexico, in States of San Luis Potosi, Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Tabasco, Cam-
peche and Yucatan; Guatemala.
8. Polioptila caerulea cesiogaster Ridgway.
Polioptila caerulea caesiogaster Ridgway, Man. N. Amer Birds, p. 569 (1887) (New Providence Isl., Bahamas).
Hab. Bahamas : Islands of Abaco, Andros, New Providence, Little Abaco, Inagua; Cozumel and
adjacent coast of Yucatan (Merida).
g. Polioptila nelsoni Ridgway.
Polioptila nelsoni Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Vol. 16, p. 109 (1903) (Oaxaca City, Oaxaca).
Hab. States of Oaxaca (Oaxaca City) and Chiapas (Comitlan), S. E. Mexico.
FAM. REGULIDZ 15
10. Polioptila dumicola dumicola (Vieillot) 1).
Syluia dumicola Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. (nouv. ed.), Vol. 11, p. 170 (1817) (based on Azara no. 158 : Paraguay).
Culicivora boliviana Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 20, 1852, p. 34 (Dec. 1853) (Bolivia; type in Brit. Mus.
examined ; part. : the specimens obtained by d’Orbigny belong to the next form).
Fig. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1852, pl. 47 (type of C. boliviana Sclater).
Hab, Paraguay ; Argentine Republic, south to Buenos Aires, west to Cordova, Tucuman, Salta; south-
western and central parts of Bolivia (Caiza, Bolivian Chaco, S. José, Samaipata, Santa Cruz de la
Sierra); S. W. Matto Grosso (Corumba); Uruguay; South Brazil, State of Rio Grande do Sul (Sad
Lourengo).
11. Polioptila dumicola berlepschi Hellmayr.
Polioptila berlepschi Hellmayr, Novit. Zool. Vol. 8, p. 356 (1901) (Interior of Brazil : northern Sao Paulo, Goyaz,
Matto Grosso; type locality : Rio das Pedras, on the Rio Parana, northern S. Paulo).
Hab. Campos-districts of the interior of Brazil : in states of Goyaz (City of Goyaz, Leopoldina), N. W.
Minas Geraés (Agua Suja), northern S. Paulo (Rio Parana: Rio das Pedras, Itapura), northern
Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Chapada, Caxoeirinha, Engenho do Gama); westwards to plains of eastern
Bolivia (Chiquitos, Moxos).
12. Polioptila lactea Sharpe 2).
Polioptila lactea Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 10, p. 453 (1885) (« South America », the type is a skin of the
well-known Rio-make).
Polioptila melanocephala Bertoni, Anal. Cientif. Paraguayos (Aves Nuev. del Paraguay), p. 143 (1901) (Paraguay :
interior of primeval forest at 25°40! south lat.).
Hab. South-eastern Brazil : in states of Rio de Janeiro (Rio) and S. Paulo (Rio Feio, between Ypanema
and Rio Paranapanema); and Paraguay (Sapucay etc.). :
13. Polioptila bilineata bilineata (Bonaparte) 3).
Culicivora bilineata Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 316 (1850) (Cartagena, Colombia; types in Berlin
Mus. examined).
1) The type of C. boliviana in the Brit. Mus., exact locality unknown, and a single male from Santa Cruz (Central
Bolivia) in Coll. H. v. Berlepsch differ from a large series of P. dumicola dumicola (Paraguay, Argentine, Western Bolivia
|San José, Samaipata]) in having the upper throat and middle of the abdomen rather whitish, and the silvery-white malar
stripe broader and more distinct. ‘wo males from Argentine, one from Buenos Aires, the other from Espartillar (south of
Buenos Aires), however, also agree in these respects with the type of C. boliviana. A good series is required to settle the
status of the Central Bolivian form. .
2) Cfr. Hellmayr, Novit. Zool. Vol. 13, 1906, pp. 316, 317.
3) Mr. Ridgway, in his admirable work : Birds of North and Middle America, Vol. 3, 1904, pp. 726-729, attempted to
discriminate between P. bilineata (« from Veragua *) to Carribean Coast of Province of Santa Marta, Colombia ») and
P. superciliaris (from the « Isthmus of Panama to Guatemala»). P. bilimeatais said to have the under parts pure white, with
the flanks only washed with pale bluish grey, and to be larger (3 males from Santa Marta: wing 48-50, tail 42-44; 3 females
from Santa Marta : wing 45,5-47, tail 42-43,5 mm.); P. superciliaris to have the chest and sides of the body strongly shaded
with bluish grey and to be of smaller size (7 males : wing 45-47,5, tail 38-41; 10 females : wing 41,5-44, tail 36,5-39,5 mm.).
Having once more gone into the question, I am — much to my regret — unable to concur with Mr. Ridgway’s view. Besides
the types of C. bilimeata O 2 ad. from Cartagena, Berlin Museum, kindly forwarded by Dr. Reichenow, and two topotypical
males of P. superciliayss from Lion Hill, Panama R. R., obtained by McLeannan and received from Mr. Geo. N. Lawrence,
which have been obligingly lent me by Count Berlepsch and Mons. A. Ménégaux respectively, I have before me forty-two
specimens. As to the supposed differences in size it will be seen from the table given below that they have no real existence,
while the colour characters do not prove to be constant either. It is only just to mention that the types of C. bilineata Bonaparte
fully bear out the characters assigned to this form by Mr. Ridgway, viz. under parts pure white, with the flanks only pale
bluish grey and the chest very faintly shaded with the same etc., while the two topotypes of P. superciliavts have the whole
breast and sides much darker and more strongly washed with bluish grey. The grey of the back is by no means darker than
in the types of C. bilineata and many other specimens from Ecuador and Peru. The large majority of my examples from
Costa Rica and Guatemala agree in coloration of the under parts with the two adult males from Lion Hill, but the grey of
the back is either pale as in the latter, or darker more slaty. Nevertheless, I should have admitted the distinctness of the two
*) Mr. Ridgway includes Veragua in the range of the southern P. bilineata, apparently on the strength of Salvin’s
record and without having seen a specimen. One of Arce’s examples from Chitra, Veragua, an adult male, is in the Tring
Museum. It presents all the characters of superciliavis, viz. chest and sides strongly washed with bluish grey etc., and, if
two forms be distinguished, it should undoubtedly go with the Central American race. The range of P. bilineata would,
consequently, become restricted to N. W. South America.
16 PASSERES
Polioptila superciliavis Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 7, p 304 (1861) (Lion Hill, Panama R. R.).
Polioptila superciliavis magna Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Vol. 16, p. 110 (1903) (Cartago, Costa Rica; based
on a single female!)
Hab, Central America, from Guatemala to Veragua (Chitra) and Panama (line of Panama Railroad);
northern Colombia (Coast region : Cartagena, Santa Marta, Bonda); south through western Ecuador
(Nanegal, Babahoyo, Guayaquil, Esmeraldas, Balzar, Vinces, Santo Domingo, Yaguachi, Santa
Elena, Puna Isl, etc.) to N. W. Peru (Guadalupe. Tumbez, Lechugal. Pacasmayo, Tembladera),
in the mountains up to 1200 feet (Tembladera),
14. Polioptila bilineata andina Hellmayr.
Polioptila bilineata andina Hellmayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, Vol. 53, p. 224 (1903) (Cajabamba, North Peru,
9000 feet).
Hab. High Mountains of North Peru : Cajabamba, at elevations of o000 feet.
15. Polioptila albiloris albiloris Sclater & Salvin.
Polioptila albiloris Sclater & Salvin, Proc. Zool, Soc. Lond, 1860, p. 298 (1860) (Motagua Valley, Guatemala).
Fig. Salvin & Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer. Aves, Vol. 1, 1879, pl. 5, ff. 1, 2.
Hab. Guatemala (Chuacus) to Oaxaca (Santa Efigenia, Tehuantepec, Cuicuitlan, Huilotepec, Tapana)
in S. W. Mexico.
16. Polioptila albiloris bairdi Ridgway.
Polioptila baiydi Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Vol. 16, p. 110 (1903) (San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua).
Hab. Western Nicaragua (Realejo, San Juan del Sur, Sucuya, Grenada) and Costa Rica (Liberia,
Miravelles, Bebedero, Bagaces, Cartago).
17. Polioptila nigriceps albiventris Lawrence.
Polioptila albiventris Lawrence, Ann, New York Acad. Sc. Vol. 3, p. 273 (1885) (Temax, Yucatan).
Hab. Yucatan (Temax, Progreso) and Cozumel Island.
forms as races, were it not that my extensive series from Western Ecuador and N. W. Peru shewed such a considerable
amount of individual variation in the colour of the belly, half of the skins being like P. supeyciliayis from Central America,
while the other half exactly resembled the types of C. bilineata. Hence it became impossible to admit more than one form,
The dimensions which Mr. Ridgway gives for the type of his P. superciliaris magna are well within the limits of individual
variation of the species.
P. BILINEATA (Bonaparte) Wing Tail
Tirade.) Gantarenar dhy,perotsthe SPeGies an. i llmes ne nec ee 46.5 42, mm.
8iGGrad. Wi. Ecuador (Guayaquil Balzam)) 9 =e) ee enn ee 47-52 42-47 »
Th Sarl ee Nc TL Ocal NV fo GUY AL Oyo 48 49.2»)
Ton nel Crammed UTI OZ agIN WAV ew ELE TAUT ee electing) Soe eee 50 a5) »
20Gad. Tembladera, N. Peru. . .. . ‘i sry gece Sees 47.90 45,48 >
Te Olade se Gantdmenda-MliypelOrthe:SPCCLesi sl] lle illil lela nennE: 49 41,5»
SEOGE (Cte y ame Wes aeeClimy a Bas Soo eb a 5 a 2 49-50 44-45 »
229 ad. Balzar, W. Ecuador . . Seeks ee ars et : 47 44,40 »
5) 2 9vad" Nembladera NeW eerw) cr -) 2) 3 asl oe Seen 47-49 49-49 »
12ad. TYumbez, N. W. Peru. ~. so SS web oieta aoe Se Eee 47 46 »
P. SUPERCILIARIS Lawrence
260 ad. Lion Hill, Panama R. R., Topotypes of P. superciliaris . . 45,48 42 mm.
rite) cialis MGereEN(Gittseh 5 GS Gt a eS ous Go Ga 6 8 a < 51 46 »
TiC Ano AGM TE LG ates weap tae er ec yore Co So 44 »
1s) Hels EyoN MLE MWVG MOOI Gg G Bn ob = oO og S 4 3 5 48 43 »
1G ad. | Bebedero, Costa Ricas =. = = See Mie MO ci tee et 49 44 »
2 Gd ad. Buenos Aires, Costa Rica . tales eH 's ek Ct temic ae 48 43.44 »
a Gada) Wataralipa, Nicaragua ec, esl ise <i een 46 41 »
2° cad sGuatemalaig iy Ostia? faci See ee Seed, eee eee on ieee 48,5 43,44 »
7 Oads Guatemalal © sys. ce eh as oe. ce. Se ce yur en pecans 46 43 »
73 SMeN eval AR leialoroy (Cos atckis ky Go 6 6 Ss 2 OO So as god 6 48 2nd)
ion ree Oy PENG NONEEH (GOREN IS Kerh Gog Gg 6. Ge gp i oS 4 c 46 40 »
xO ads, iMataralpasy Nicarapiial jeve culties © isa) cones e epee rane 45 40,9 »
Ti Clad: “\ChIniguile.e © wey Gems hia ieecy nic) Wot em in ens, Mek ce emer 44 41 »
FAM. REGULIDA= 17
18. Polioptila nigriceps nigriceps Baird.
Polioptila nigriceps Baird, Rev. Amer. Birds. p. 69 (1864) (Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico).
Polioptila nigriceps yestricta Brewster, Auk, Vol. 6, p. 97 (1889) (Alamos, South Sonora, Mexico).
Hab. Western Mexico, from southern Sonora (Alamos, Culiacan) to Oaxaca (Tehuantepec, Santa
Efigenia, Puerto Angel, Huilotepec, Tapana, Cuicatlan etc.); Salvador (La Union) ?
1g. Polioptila livida livida (Gmelin) 1). (Plate, Figs. 6, 6a.)
Motacilla livida Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, 1, p. 981 (1789) (based on « Figuier de Madagascar » Daubenton,
Pl. Enl. pl. 705, f. 3 [= 2]; locality erroneous, we substitute Cayenne as terra typica).
Polioptila buffont Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1861, p. 127 (1861) (part.
; « Guiana [== Cayenne] et [errore!]|
Nova Grenada »; Cayenne to be considered as type locality).
Hab Surinam (Paramaribo); French Guiana (Cayenne, Roche-Marie, Saint-Jean du Maroni), Brazilian
Guiana (Amapa) and Lower Amazons (Para, Santarem; Urucurituba, left bank of the Rio Tapajoz).
20. Polioptila livida innotata Hellmayr.
Polioptsla buffont tnnotata Hellmayr, Novit. Zool. Vol. 8, p. 359 (1901) (North Brazil [Rio Branco], British Guiana
[Quonja, Aunai] : types from Forte do Rio Branco, North Brazil).
Hab. North Brazil : Forte do Sao Joaquim, on the Rio Branco; and British Guiana (Quonja, Aunai,
R. Rupununi).
21. Polioptila livida leucogasira (\Vied).
Sylvia leucogastva Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Brasil. Vol. 3, 11, p. 710 (1831) (province of Bahia, East Brazil).
Culicivora atricapilla Swainson, Zool. Ill. (new ser.), Vol. 2, pl. 57 (1832) (no locality).
Hab. Eastern Brazil, from Bahia to Pernambuco.
22. Polioptila livida plumbiceps Lawrence.
Polioptila plumbiceps Lawrence, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. Vol. 17, p. 37 (1865) (Venezuela; = male juv.).
Polioptila sclateri Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 10, p. 449 (1885) (Venezuela).
| Polioptila nigriceps| anteocularis 2) Hellmayr, Novit. Zool. Vol. 7, p. 537 (1900) (Bogota, Colombia).
Hab. Northern Venezuela, from state of Cumana to La Guayra and Caracas, including Margarita Island,
southward to the Rio Apuré (San Fernando), the Orinoco-River (Maipures, Ciudad Bolivar, Alta-
gracia) and its southerly tributary, the Caura; west to Colombia (Bogota- collections; Cauca Valley;
and, according to Sharpe, Valencia, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta).
23. Polioptila livida parvirostris Sharpe.
Polioptila parvirostris Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 10, p. 448 (1885) (Chamicuros, Eastern Peru).
Hab Southern tributaries of the Peruvian Amazons : Ucayali, Huallaga etc.
24. Polioptila livida maior Hellmayr.
Polioptila nigriceps matory Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. Vol. 7, p. 538 (1900) (Suecha, Andes of North Peru).
Hab. Andes of North Peru, at elevations of from 5000 to g000 feet (Suecha, Cajabamba, Araqueda,
Callacate etc.).
25. Polioptila schistaceigula [lartert. (Plate, Fig. 3.)
Polioptila schistacetgula Hartert, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 7, p. 30 (1898) (Cachabi, N. Ecuador).
Hab. N. W. Ecuador (Cachabi) and Isthmus of Darien.
1) Cfr. Hellmayr, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, Vol. 53, 1903, pp. 223, 224.
2) Ridgway (Birds of North and Middle America, Vol. 3, 1904, p. 714) considers this form to be different from
P.1. plumbiceps. 1 have shown, however, that the differences do not hold good when series of both are compared (cfr.
Hellmayr, Novit. Zool. Vol. 14, 1907. pp. 4, 5).
1& PASSERES
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Fig. 1. Head of Leptopoecile sophiz sophiz co.
— ta. Tail of Leptopoecile sophiz sophie ot.
— 2, Head of Lophobasileus elegans o.
— 2a. Tail of Lophobasileus elegans <.
— 3. Polioptila schistaceigula (entire figure).
Regulus regulus tristis (entire figure).
|
we
Head of Regulus calendula calendula.
— 6. Head of Polioptila livida livida o.
— 6a. Foot of Polioptila livida livida o&.
Foot of Regulus regulus regulus.
“I
Munich, 15th July rort.
GENERA AVIUM
PAS SIIRSES
FAM. REGULIDA®
I, la. HEAD AND TAIL OF LEPTOPOECILE SOPHIA SOPHIE o/.
2, 2a. HEAD AND TAIL OF LOPHOBASILEUS ELEGANS go’.
3. POLIOPTILA SCHISTACEIGULA. 4. REGULUS REGULUS TRISTIS ¢7. 5. REGULUS CALENDULA CALENDULA G7.
6, 6a. HEAD AND FOOT OF POLIOPTILA LIVIDA LIVIDA o7. 7. FOOT OF REGULUS REGULUS REGULUS.
Wh
VIUM
Fe eS Nha oes BY
Pp. WYTSMAN-
ao" “WITH | CONTRIBUTIONS. BY MESSRS. A. DUBOIS, EB. HARTERT,
- E, HELLMAYR, W. R. OGILVIE-GRANT, Hon. W. ROTHSCHILD, Tr. SALVADORI,
Pz Ee SCLATER, & ae
“PASSERES: « ) §
_ FAM. PARIDAE ea an oe
Sone Nae
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Misty
by C. E. HELLMAYR Mon
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Bone el smeer ee Fa
PRICE £ 1.5.6 (FR. 31.80) !
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FAM. PARID&A
BY C. E. HELLMAYR
Characters. Bill relatively small, much shorter than the head, more or
less conoidal, but extremely variable as to relative length, thickness and degree of curvature;
the maxillary tomium usually smooth, very rarely with a slight subterminal notch (Parisoma),
in one subfamily (Paradoxornithinae) more or less deeply sinuated; gonys relatively long (twice
as long as mandibular rhami). Nostrils mostly very small, roundish, non-operculate, entirely
concealed by antrorse latero-frontal plumules, sometimes, however, operculate, longitudinal
and more or less exposed, Rictal bristles usually distinct, though never very conspicuous, some-
times (Remizinae, Psaltriparinae) even obsolete. Wing rather long, rounded; third to sixth
primaries longest ; second primary exceedingly variable in length, either about equal to seventh
or eighth, or (in subfamilies Certhiparinae and Paradoxornithinac) not longer than secondaries ;
first primary about half as long as second, sometimes (Remizinae, Panurinae) rudimentary,
scarcely obvious. Tail variable in length, seldom only half as long as wing (in genus Cep/halo-
pyrus), usually about as long, sometimes much longer than wing, rounded, graduated or
emarginate, Tarsus variable in length, but always decidedly longer than middle toe with claw ;
acrotarsium scutellate or booted; proportion of toes variable, usually outer toe slightly longer
than inner toe, but slightly shorter than middle toe (except in Mohoma, in which genus outer
and middle toes are equal), hallux equal in length to inner toe, but stouter, its claw much
larger than those of anterior toes, sometimes nearly as long as the digit; basal phalanx
of middle toe adherent to lateral toes for most, if not the whole, of its extent. Plumage lax,
soft and copious.
PASSE RES
bo
Coloration extremely variable, See characters of subfamilies. Sexes mostly alike, some-
times different.
Geographical Distribution. Palearctic, Nearctic, Indo-Malayan, Australian, New
Zealand and Ethiopian Regions.
Six subfamilies with twenty-four genera.
Habits and Reproduction, The Titmice are arboreal, very active, non-migratory birds.
Their foods consists both of insects and various kinds of seeds, fruits etc, Nidification variable:
nest either placed in holes of trees, crevices of walls etc.; or a very bulky purse-like or retort-
shaped structure, suspended or attached to branches of twigs of trees or bushes (Remizinae,
Psaltriparinae); or an open, cup-shaped structure, placed on or near the ground (Panurinae) etc,
Eggs variable in shape and colour.
Observations. The family Paridae, as here defined, is certainly a rather heterogenous
group, the last two subfamilies, Paradoxornithinae and Certhiparinae, being of somewhat
doubtful affinities, yet they appear to be more nearly related to the Paridae than to any other
family,
Bibliography. Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 8, 1883, pp. 1-79; Hellmayr, Tierreich, Livr. 18,
1903, pp. 29-167; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 5o, Pt. 3, 1904, pp. 375-436 1).
KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES OF PARID/A=
1. Exposed culmen decidedly shorter than inner toe (without claw.) | Nasal
opening concealed by antrorse latervo-frontal plumules|. Tarsus nearly
iwicelas lone sas middle toe (ent ort cla) 9) 10) ees ae se ene)
— Exposed culmen equal to, ov longer than, inner toe (without claw). Tarsus
much less than twice as long as middle toe (without claw). First primary
about half aslongasisecond ..) es es ee
— Exposed culmen about equal to inner toe (without claw). Tarsus more than
twice as longas middle toe(without claw). First primary much more than
half as long as second. Second primary equal in length to secondaries. . . . . . . . «. « « 4s
nN
. Nasal fossa occupying about basal half of maxilla, nasal opening non-
operculate, voundish. Maxilla abruptly contracted terminally, with
culmen strongly ridged. Under tail coverts much less than half as long
as longest vectrices. First primary well-developed, nearly half as long
USISCCONAN elu 3 2 po) = 1a 40 ae eee a oc ee eee OUlbofame, Pe SAr RP ARINe
— Nasal fossa occupying much less than basal half of maxilla, broadly oper-
culate, with slit ltke nasal opening situated near lower edge of groove.
Maxilla not abruptly contracted, though narrow, terminally, with
culmen above much vounded. Under tail coverts fully half as long as
longest vectrices. First primary vudimentary, veduced to a minute,
lanceolate feather, not reaching to tip of primary coverts . . . . 5. Subfam. Panurin#.
1 Mr. Ridgway’s admirable work has been of the greatest assistance to me in the preparation of this revision,
an 1 most of the family- and generic characters have been taken from it.
FAM. PARIDA®
Oo
3. Bill with evther culmen oy gonys (usually both) distinctly convex, tts tip
not acute. First primary about half as long as second, the latter
always shorter than seventh. Rictal bristles distinct . . . I. Subfam. Partnz.
— Bill with both, culmen and gonys, nearly straight, its tip acute. Furst
primary decidedly less than half as long as second, usually vudimen-
tary, scarcely exceeding primary-coverts, the second longer than seventh.
LORE USES WOSWIE gs lk eg] 6a SUOMI, IROEAINED.
4. Bill extremely elevated, very much deeper than wide, with outlines strongly
convex, and culmen much rounded above; maxillary tomium more or
less deeply sinuated. Nostrils non-operculate, small, roundish, entirely
concealed by dense, antyorse, latero-frontal plumules. . . . . . 4. Subfam. PaRaDOXORNITHINE.
—- Bill not elevated, as wide as, or even wider than, deep, with culmen
but slightly convex for terminal half and distinctly ridged ; maxillary
tomium without trace of sinuation. Nostrils distinctly operculate, large,
longitudinal, posteriorly overhung hy bristly latero-frontal plumules. 6. Subfam. CERTHIPARINE.
1. SUBFAM. PARIN4E
THE TITMICE
In this group I include, besides the true Tits (Paras), the old-world genera Melanochlora,
Penthornis, Parisoma (s. strict.), Aphelocephala and Sphenostoma. Vhey are all, without
exception, small-sized birds with rather strong, distinctly convex, more or less blunt bill,
rounded, even or slightly emarginate tail, composed of equally broad rectrices, and with inter-
orbital septum without any large, central foramen.
Characters. Bill relatively small, much shorter than head, about equal to, or longer
than, inner toe without claw, much longer than deep, with either culmen or gonys (usually
both) distinctly convex, its tip not acute; maxillary tomium with or without subterminal notch.
Nasal opening occupying much less than basal half of maxilla, either operculate and then mostly
exposed, or non-operculate and concealed by antrorse latero-frontal plumules. Wing rather long,
rounded; third, fourth and fifth, or fourth and fifth, primaries longest; second primary always
shorter than seventh, equal either to eighth or to ninth; first primary about half as long as
second. Tail variable as to relative length, even, rounded, or slightly emarginate; rectrices
broad, more or less rounded at tip. Tarsus much less than twice as long as middle toe (without
claw); acrotarsium distinctly scutellate; middle toe longest, outer toe slightly longer than
inner; basal phalanx of middle toe adherent to inner toe for entire length, to outer toe for more
than half its length; hallux equal in length to inner toe, but stouter. Interorbital septum without
any large central foramen. Plumage soft and copious.
Coloration variable (see genera). Sexes sometimes alike, sometimes more or less
different.
Geographical Distribution. Palearctic, Neartic, Indo-Malayan, Australian and Ethio-
pian Regions.
PASSERES
Nidification. Nest either in holes of various kinds (Parus), or a free, bulky structure
(Aphelocephala). Eggs mostly white, spotted with brownish red or light red (Parus), or fleshy
white (4 phelocephala).
KEY TO THE GENERA OF PARIN A=
1. Nostrils non-operculate, small, voundish, entirely concealed by antrorse latero-
frontal plumules. Tongue with distinct horny bristles. Upper tail coverts
covering not more than basal third of tail, usually much less .
— Nostrils situated in a large operculated groove, nasal opening roundish, hidden
by antrorse latero-frontal plumules. Tongue without bristles. Upper tail coverts
tN
long, coveyvinge basal’half ofiail . «=. 5 2 «= = = w= | = = 9) 4. Genus APHELOGERHADA:
— Nostrils operculate, entively exposed. Upper tail coverts short, covering much less
Hanasalthind of tat 08) 5 en ne ek te es, Se eed ee
N
. Bill decidedly longer than hallux (without claw), with culmen more abruptly
curved, and tip of maxilla slightly uncinate .
Pp i re wate . Genus PENTHORNIS.
— Bill about as long as hallux (without claw), with culmen less abruptly curved,
no
and tip of maxilla not uncinate Se > eee
3. Bull stout, much expanded at base; tail strongly rounded, the outermost rectrix
falling short of the middle pair by length of inner toe with claw . . . . 3. Genus MELANOCHLORA.
— Bill more slender, not expanded at base; tail even, emarginate, or very slightly
rounded, the difference between longest and shortest vectrix being much less
than length ofiinner toe with claw. . 5 . 4. - «© » « = = = &. Genus PARUS-
4. Bill at base nearly as deep as wide, with culmen rounded and strongly curved for
the whole of its length; no subterminal notch near end of maxillary tomium.
Tail much longey than wing =. . 2 2 ee tt le CC CSC SC, GENUS SPHENOSTOMA
— Bill at base decidedly wider than deep, much compressed terminally, with culmen
nearly straight for basal half, rather abruptly decurved terminally ; maxillary
tomium with slight subterminal notch. Tail about equal to length of wing. . 6. Genus PARIsoMA.
1. GENUS PARUS LINNuS
Parus Linneus. Syst Nat, ed. 10, p. 189 (1758) (type by elimination : Pavus majoy Linnzus).
Lophophanes Kaup, Skizz. Entwicklungsgesch. pp. gt, 92 (182g) (type by elimination : Parus cristatus
Linneeus).
Cyanistes Kaup, ibidem, p. 99 (1829) (type : Parus cyanus Pallas).
Peecile (nec Poecilus Bonelli 1809) Kaup, ibidem, p. 114 (1829) (type by elimination : Pavus palustris
Linneeus).
Sylviparus Burton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 3, 1835, p. 154 (1836) (type : Syluiparus modestus
Burton).
Peecila Gray, Genera of Birds, Vol. 1, p. 1g1 (1848) (nom. emend. pro Poecile Kaup).
Penthestes Reichenbach, Avium Syst. Nat. pl. 62 (1850) (type : Pavus lugubvis Temminck).
Melaniparus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 228 (1850) (sp. : P. niger, leucomelas, leuco-
pterus, leuconotus).
Machlolophus Cabanis, Mus. Heinean. Vol. 1, p. 91 (1851) (type : Pavus spilonotus).
FAM. PARIDZ 5)
Bzolophus Cabanis, Mus. Heinean. Vol. 1, p. gt (185r) (type : Parus bicoloy Linnzus).
Pentheres Cabanis, ibidem, p. 92 (1851) (nom. emend. pro Melanipavus Bonaparte).
Pzcila Bonaparte, Ann. Sc. Nat. (4), Vol. 1, p. rar (1854) (nom. emend. pro Poecile Kaup).
Poikilis J]. H. Blasius, List Europ. Birds, p. 8 (1862) (nom. emend. pro Poecilé Kaup).
Pecilia Dybowski, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. Vol. 8, p. 361 (1883) (nom. emend. pro Poecile Kaup),
Sittiparus de Selys-Longchamps, ibidem, Vol. 9, pp, 43, 58 (1884) (type: Pavus varius Temminck &
Schlegel).
Periparus de Selys-Longchamps, ibidem, pp. 43, 59 (1884) (type : Pavus ater Linneeus).
Pardaliparus de Selys Longchamps, ibidem, p. 73 (1884) (sp _: P. elegans, P. amabilis, P. venustulus).
Phzopharus Madarasz, Magyar Mad. p. 139 (1900) (type : P. palustris Linneus).
fEgithospiza Hellmayr, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 49, p. 171 (1901) (type : Pavus fringillinus Fischer &
Reichenow).
Peeciloides Bianchi, Ann. Mus. Zool. St-Pétersb. Vol. 7, p. 241 (1902) (type : Poecile superciliosa
Przewalsk1).
Characters. Bill much shorter than head, extremely variable as to relative length, shape
and size, sometimes slender, sometimes stout, but always more or less conic, with obtuse tip;
culmen much rounded aboye, decidedly decurved terminally, without trace of subterminal
notch; gonys more or less distinctly ascending terminally. Nostrils basal, roundish, small,
non-operculate, completely concealed by dense, antrorse latero-frontal plumules. Rictal bristles
obvious, though short and soft. Tongue obtuse, its tip beset with horny bristles. Wing rather
long, but rounded; fourth and fifth, fourth, fifth and sixth, or third, fourth and fifth primaries
longest; second primary equal to ninth or eighth, always shorter thanseventh; first primary much
less than half as long as second, but considerably longer than primary coverts. Tail extremely
variable as to relative length, either much shorter, or conspicuously longer, than wing, rounded
or emarginate, but never much graduated; rectrices rounded or slightly pointed at tip. Tarsus
rather strong, conspicuously longer than middle toe with claw, or wing-tip; the acrotarsium
distinctly scutellate; outer toe slightly longer than inner toe, its claw reaching to or beyond
base of middle toe; hallux equal in length to outer toe, but much stouter, its claw much larger
than those of anterior toes, sometimes nearly as long as the digit; basal phalanx of middle toe
adherent to inner toe for its entire length, to outer toe for about half its length. Feathers of
pileum often much elongated, forming a full, erect or pendant crest of various length and shape.
Plumage woolly, soft and lax.
Coloration extremely variable. In some species the upper parts are plain brown or
grey, the lower parts white, greyish or buff, without light markings on wings and tail; others
are brightly-coloured birds, with the upper parts varied with black, yellow and green, the
wings ornamented by bright yellow, white or bluish markings, the under surface bright yellow
or white, with black throat and abdominal stripe. Often is there a distinct greyish or white
nuchal patch, and the outer rectrices are partly white.
Geographical Distribution. Palearctic, Nearctic, Indo-Malayan and Ethiopian
Regions,
Habits and Nidification. The Tits are very active, omnivorous, non-migratory birds.
Their nest, a very careless, loose structure of mosses, lichens, dry leaves etc., lined inside with
feathers, hair and other soft material, is placed in holes of all kind; the clutch consists of from
sixto fourteen eggs, which are white, spotted all over with reddish brown or pale red.
6 PASSERES
Observations. I have been in considerable doubt about the propriety of uniting in a
single genus the numerous species and subspecies commonly referred to Parus. However,
several attempts to use the slight structural differences (in shape and size of bill, shape and
relative length of tail) together with style of coloration as generic characters having entirely
failed I see no other way out of the difficulty but the one here taken. With regard to the
question of subdivision of this genus the remarks of Mr. Ridgway (Birds North- and Middle
Amer. Vol. 3, p. 378) should be consulted.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF PARUS
1. Head with a distinct, full occipital crest, the crest-feathers being either
rounded, ov slightly attenuated and recurved at thetip. . . . . . . . =... =... .
— Head without a distinct, full crest, the occipital feathers being either
novmally shaped, or very slightly lengthened (section Cyanistes,
Parus funereus), ov only a few of them are elongated (several
sforms.of ‘section, Periparus)) 5.6. 2.0 j-- oy in an et 4 De ee eee
. Plumage above uniform olive-green, lower parts paler. Above the eye
iS
a well-defined, bright lemon-yellow stripe, only to be seen when the
WEQULEVSHAV EN) QUSEC ate tan ee) ey yn Se CODE GMS)
— Plumage not uniform olwve-green. No bright lemon-yellow stripe above
U 8 § ay
HASG Ie ee aide «oe Oe oe ceed) es Pres oS hs
3. Under parts pale dingy greenish, more yellowish in the middle of the
abdomen’ ies pine ss ois cee Ge VS eee ee 1 ook Pe aronEsmismopEsmuss
— Under parts duller, throat and breast move greyish green . . . . 73. P. MODESTUS SATURATIOR.
4. Upper wing coverts with large white or yellow apical spots. Head
above metallic black, with a distinct pale nuchal patch, sides of
head yellow, with a black stveak from eye to sides of neck . . . 5. (MAcHLOLOPHUS).
— Upper wing coverts without trace of light apical spots. Head above
never uniform metallic glossy black. No pale nuchal patch; sides
of head without black streak . . . . . op ae bo 3 ee Ent een eae aT
5. Throat yellow like the remainder of under parts. Wuchal paveh White. 3, ae
— Throat more or less black. Nuchal patch yellow. hits.
6. Head above like all the upper parts glossy greenish black; middle of
the abdomen with a distinct black longitudinal stripe . . . . So. P. HoLsTI Go.
— Lateral portions of pileum washed with olive, back etc. dull greenish
olive-gvey ; no blackish median stripe on the abdomen . . . . 5o. P. Houstr Q.
7. Forehead yellow, crown black .
— Forehead black like the crown. . . ae eos SWE o oo oa 2 OR
8. Back bluish grey, spottéd with black on anterior portion. ie : throat
and middle of breast down to anal region black, sides and flanks
Gleanicineveouse so 9%, 22g, a) ee en es eee ee RE oe
— Back greenish, sometimes varied with blackish on upper portion. Below
mainly yellow, with more or less of black on throat ; flanks sometimes
BveytSa ee See Me Me og ee tecd to's) moore, Silica en
1) P, atricapillus sakhalinensis could not be included in the key, being unknown to the author.
Io.
in.
I2.
T1Se
14.
16.
WF
18.
19.
FAM. PARIDA
. Whole throat and broad stripe down the middle of breast and abdomen
black ; sides of breast bright yellow, flanks move greenish 5
Upper throat only more or less black, foreneck and breast yellowish
green, flanks and anal region ashy grey Cees wee
Back bright olive-gveen ; apical spots to upper wing coverts pale yellow.
Back dull greyish olwe-green; apical spots to upper wing coverts
pure white. Seiod ers : :
Bill slender, tts depth at base ia to not more than ee Pee
tail emarginate ; longer crest feathers recurved terminally
Bull very stout, its depth at base equal to more than half the length of
exposed culmen ; tail more or less vounded ; longer crest-feathers
not recurved terminally . en ye wahe yeah a Sas
Feathers of pileum and crest uniform mouse-grey; sides of head light
buff, sbeckled with grey; throat and remaining lower parts deep buff
Feathers of forehead and crown black, broadly edged with white;
crest-feathers black, edged and tipped with white; sides of head
white, the auricular vegion surrounded above and behind by a broad
black band. Middle of throat and foreneck black, remainder of
lower parts white, tinged with brown on sides and flanks
Back olivaceous grey, scarcely different from colour of pileum; lower
parts deep vusty buff.
Back light olive-byown, decidedly contrasting with mouse-grey of
puleum and crest; lower parts lig ght buff .
Back and upper wing coverts lighter : greyish brown or clear wood-
wing of adult male about 63-68 mm
Back and upper wing coverts decidedly darker : deep olive-brown.
Smaller : wing of adult male about 60-63 mm. (Flanks strongly
washed with brownish.) .
brown. Larger :
. Back and upper wing coverts light isabelle-brownish, with a greyish
cast. Flanks paler buff .
Back and upper wing coverts darker :
deeply buff Se Ese eee, wee
Throat white or grey; no black on sides of head or neck
Throat black or partly so; a black band across end of auricular region
and another across side of neck. ; eee
Above slate-grey ov olive-grey, the head with black on ee or
crown, or else the forehead rusty ; sides and flanks cinnamon-vufous
oy cinnamon-buff .
wood-brown. Flanks more
Above brownish grey or greyish brown, the head without any black or
vusty ; sides and flanks pale brownish grey or greyish brown
Crown and crest grey, like back ; forehead black or dusky .
Crown and crest black or blackish ; forehead whitish or rusty
Smaller grey of upper
parts darker, more strongly tinged with olive.
: adult male averaging wing 71, tail 62 mm.;
Larger : adult male averaging wing 77, tail 67 mm.; grey of upper
parts lighter, less tinged. with olive
“SI
49. P. sPILONOTUS.
Dit, 12, max ©),
47. P. XANTHOGENYS XANTHOGENYS.
48. P. XANTHOGENYS APLONOTUS.
12. (LopHOPHANES).
16. (BHOLOPHUS).
13. (P. DICHROUS).
14. (P. cRISTATUS).
77. P. DICHROUS DICHROUS.
78. P. DICHROUS DICHROIDES.
76. P. CRISTATUS SCOTICUS.
74. P. CRISTATUS CRISTATUS.
75. P. CRISTATUS MITRATUS.
We
23. (P. WOLLWEBERI).
18.
2Os
81. P. BICOLOR.
1g. (P. ATRICRISTATUS).
82. P. ATRICRISTATUS ATRICRISTATUS.
83. P. ATRICRISTATUS SENNETTI.
24.
29\-
26.
27,
28.
29.
SMe
PASSERES
20. Smalley : wing of adult male averaging less than 7o, of female not
more than 68 mm.; upper parts browner .
Larger : wing of adult male averaging more than 7o, of female more
than 68 mm.; upper parts greyer .
. Upper parts darker : brownish grey
Upper parts lighter : light brownish grey.
22. Under parts more decidedly greyish ; tail and tarsus longer, bill larger.
Under parts move whitish ; tail and tarsus shorter, bill smaller
. Darker : with grey of upper parts more olive ; under parts light olive-
ervey AP Ree Ow thet, Met ca etd a Renton
Paler : with grey i eee parts cleaver; under parts dull greyish
white .
Head all vound black ;
Head not all round black, the cheeks and auricular vegion being either
wholly white, greyish white, yellow, buff, pale vufous, or chestnut,
or at least a distinct subocular band over the cheeks, beginning at
base of bill, grey (P. griseiventris) . je
Nape and upper back pale sulphur-yellow, rump delicate bluish grey.
Lower parts (except black throat) bright yellow, flanks slightly
shaded with greenish.
No yellow whatever in the plumage 2
Nape and upper back buffy greyish white, ma contrasted with the
glossy black of head and lower rump. (Upper wing coverts and all
the lower parts uniform black, more oy less glossy.) . :
Nape and upper back not buffy greyish white, being either black like
the pilexm, or slaty or brownish grey like lower vump .
Upper wing coverts edged with slaty (sometimes the greater series
slightly tipped with white), quills and rectrices without trace of
white markings. (General colour dark slaty with slight greenish
gloss, head and throat darker, blackish.) . :
Upper wing coverts with a large amount of white; quills and outer
vectvices more or less broadly edged with white
Back and upper tail coverts glossy black like the pileum :
Back and upper tail coverts grey, abruptly contrasted with black of
pileum.
Lowey breast, abdomen and under tail coverts white, abruptly contrasted
with black of chest and throat . itn enas cae tee
Whole under surface black or slaty, though sometimes with abdomen
vathey duller than anterior lower parts; under tail coverts only
with white edges.
. Greater upper wing coverts black, exteriorly edged with white. (Under
parts slaty black in adults, paler, more greyish slate in females and
young birds.) .
Greater upper wing coverts entirely white. aaa
Rectrices, except central pair, more or less distinctly edg.d with white.
Wing 85-90 mm.
84.
85.
86.
87.
10g.
38.
39.
ore
32.
3355
P. INORNATUS INORNATUS,
21
P. INORNATUS MURINUS.
22.
P. INORNATUS RIDGWAYI.
P. INORNATUS CINERACEUS.
P. WOLLWEBERI WOLLWEBERI.
. P. WOLLWEBERI ANNEXUS.
Boe
38.
P. AMABILIS.
26.
P. LEUCONOTUS.
gf
P. FUNEREUS.
28.
2g.
33%
P. ALBIVENTRIS.
30.
P. NIGER NIGER.
aie
P. NIGER INSIGNIS.
ia es
Sie
Os |
oe
39.
40.
Al.
FAM. PARIDA®
Rectrices uniform black, or the outermost pair only edged with white at
tup and along outer web.
. Largest : wing 85-95 mm.
Middle-sized : wing 75-84 mm.
Smaller : wvig 69-76 mm.
. Foreneck and chest black like throat im males, somewhat duller,
more brownish black in females; in both sexes a large glossy
black patch, continuous to black of chest, occupying the middle of
the breast .
Foreneck and chest gy Bane black ae oat pea colour fn
no black patch in middle of breast .
. Sides of breast, and abdomen dingy white, flanks iy washed with
pale brownish grey : :
Sides of breast, and abdomen distinctly Buse with buffy b brown. .
. Breast and abdomen deeper : cinnamomeous ; flanks not greyish
Breast and abdomen paler : fawn-colouy or brownish buff; flanks
washed with greyish.
. Cinnamomeous colour of belly deeper
Cinnamomeous colour of belly paler
Belly light fawn-colour .
Belly brownish buff or buffy
. Forehead and crown without any black, the former being white, the
latter either greyish white, oy light ov dark blue; across hindneck
a broad band of dark blue or blackish blue. Under parts mainly
white, ov yellow, or composed of these two colours, often with black
on throat and middle of breast . :
Forehead, sides of head, nape band and under ee of re ap
yufous, palest and shaded with greyish on abdomen. Crown feathers
blackish, edged with gvey, forming a well-defined cap .
Upper part of the head uniform black, only forehead sometimes dif-
Fevently coloured, with or without pale nuchal patch. With more
or less black on throat. j
Chin and throat white, without any black. Top 6 of the head whitish
oy very faintly shaded with pale bluish grey. Outer rvectrices mostly
white .
Chin and middle t throat ie Crown light or dark blue, ae
contvasted with white forehead. Outer rectrices blue-grey, the
outermost parry sometimes narrowly edged with white along outer web
Lower parts (except a more or less distinct blackish streak along middle
of breast) uniform white. cA) Uke eet ates
Lower parts not uniform white, foreneck and chest being extensively
bright yellow . :
Crown nearly pure white; grey at base of lateral vectrices indistinct
and more restricted 5.8
Crown distinctly shaded with pale bluish grey; grey at base of lateral
vectvices very distinct and move extended .
9
32a
. P. NIGER LACUUM.
36. P. NIG
35. P. NIGER EEUCOMELAS.
34. P. NIGER GUINEENSIS.
Se
Shs
45. P. FASCIIVENTER FASCIIVENTER.
46. P. FASCIIVENTER TANGANYICA.
36.
ae Io
40. P. RUFIVENTRIS RUFIVENTRIS.
41. P. RUFIVENTRIS MASUKUENSIS.
42. P. RUFIVENTRIS PALLIDIVENTRIS.
43. P. RUFIVENTRIS ROVUME.
39. (CYANISTES).
44. P. FRINGILLINUS.
54°
40.
43.
AT
42.
68. P. cyANUS CYANUS.
69. P. CYANUS TIANSCHANICUS.
Io
42.
43.
44.
45.
40.
47.
48.
49.
5o.
PASSERES
Behind the eye a very distinct bluish black stripe confluent with the
broad, bluish black nuchal band
No blackish stripe behind the eye; bluish black nuchal band narrow,
interrupted in the middle
Lower parts mostly white, with a more or less well-developed pale
yellow patch on chest. Inney secondaries with broad, white apical
spots. (Crown azuve-blue, contrasted with white forehead. Wing
about 65 mm.)
Lower parts yellow, with median portion of lower breast and abdomen
more or less white. Inner secondaries but narrowly edged with white
at tip .
Crown and band across occiput deep blackish blue, no whitish nuchal
patch; upper back blue-grey or bluish grey, sometimes faintly
washed with greenish
Crown and band across occiput much lighter, pale or dark azure-blue ;
avery large whitish ov greyish white nuchal patch; back uniform
olive-green or greyish green, without any bluish grey
Lower back and rump olive-green, contrasting with blue-grey of upper
back. (Greater upper wing coverts tipped with white; belly yellow
with blackish abdominal stripe, but without any white.)
Whole back nearly uniform blue-grey, only the wropygium slightly
washed with olive-greentsh . :
Greater upper wing coverts broadly tipped with while, forming a well-
defined oblique wing-band
Greater upper wing coverts uniform dark blue, oy very faintly edged
with greyish white at tip, but never with a distinct white band.
Chest, sides and under tail coverts pale yellow, middle of breast and
abdomen extensively white, without ov with a very indistinct
blackish stripe
All the breast and abdomen, including under tail coverts, deep yellow,
with a very narrow, black and white stripe along middle of breast
and abdomen . Ret a ee
Upper parts deeper blue-grey, abdomen deeper yellow
Upper parts cleaver bluish grey, abdomen paler yellow .
Back brighter, decidedly olive-green ov yellowish green. Yellow of
under parts deeper
Back duller, greyish green or greenish olive-grey. Yellow of under
parts paler
Back clearer, light olive-green. Size larger : wing of adult males
averaging 68 mm.
Back darker, dull greenish olive. Size smaller : wing of adult males
averaging 063 64mm,
. Back more decidedly green, light nuchal area very faintly shaded with
bluish grey, lateral in'erscapular feathers with scarcely any bluish
tinge
70. P. CYANUS FLAVIPECTUS.
7i. P. CYANUS BEREZOWSKII.
67. P. PLESKII.
65. P. CHRULEUS OMBRIOSUS.
64. P. CHRULEUS TENERIFF2.
66. P. C#&RULEUS PALMENSIS.
62. P. CHRULEUS ULTRAMARINUS.
63. P. C&RULEUS DEGENER.
55. P. CHRULEUS CERULEUS.
44.
45.
49.
46,
47.
48.
un
nN
on
On
56.
60.
61.
. Broad band across forehead (as well as loves, cheeks,
. No whitish nuchal patch ;
BAM. IRARI DAs
Back clearer,
interscapular feathers distinctly shaded with pale bluish gr
more yellowish green; light nuchal avea and lateral
. Bill larger, stout. White tips to inner secondaries narrower Bs more
sharply defined
Bill smaller, slender. White tips to imner secondaries wider
. Back decidedly pale greyish green oy greyish olivaceous; breast and
5 5 5 ’
abdomen very pale yellow
Back less tinged with greyish ; breast and abdomen averaging darker
yellow .
malay- and
auricular vegions and sides of neck) deep buff or chestnut, abruptly
contrasted with glossy black of pileum and nape; large nuchal patch
of buff or chestnut; no light superciliary streak. Bull stout, with
vyemarkably blunt tip. RAs CAUSED Ve aa
Forehead either black like the pileum, or else, ely white and
confluent with a well-defined superciliary stripe, reaching to the
sides of the neck. Bill slender, with tip not remarkably obtuse .
. Forehead, nuchal patch, as well as sides of head and neck, chestnut-
brown. Back dull olive, on antertoy portion slightly mixed with
chestnut ;
Forehead, nuchal ari as aol as sides of hh head and neck, ce buff
Back slate-gvey .
wing of males So-S6, of females 74-76 mm. Upbe. back
middle of breast and abdomen buff, sides and
flanks clear cinnamon-vifous
Smaller :
rufous on uf per surface, the whole back being deep slate-grey ; all the
Larger :
cinnamon-rufous ;
wing of adult (type, not sexed) 65,5 mm. No cinnamon-
lower parts below the black throat-patch uniform light chestnut.
greater upper wing coverts never tipped with
white nor conspicuously edged with whitish a ae
A more or less distinct white or whitish nuchal patch in the center of
the hindneck, ov else, a distinct black styipe along middle line of
belly
. A well-defined white ore stveak .
No white superciliary streak
. Under parts, below black throat, pale cinnamomeous
Under parts, below black throat and chest, dull white, sides ae
olwe grey . : : ae
Back, as well as sides and flanks, more purely grey ; bill larger
Back, as well as sides and flanks, decidedly olive- grey; bill smaller
Head above deep black, the apical portion of the feathers with a distinct
metallic gloss .
Head above dull black Glee metallic aN dark brown or gv Ae
brown .
. Under parts below the black throat untform cinnamomeous .
Tal
58. P. C#RULEUS ORIENTALES.
56. P. CERULEUS OBSCURUS.
57. P. C#ERULEUS OGLIASTRE.
61. P. C#RULEUS PERSICUS.
60. P. CHRULEUS RADDEI.
5g. P. CBRULEUS SATUNINI.
55. (SITTIPARUS).
Mc
54. P. VARIUS OWSTONI.
6).
32. P. VARIUS VARIUS.
53. P. VARIUS CASTANEOVENTRIS.
58. (PENTHESTES).
> WHO.
59.
: 61.
115. P. SUPERCILIOSUS.
60.
117. P. GAMBELI BAILEYA:.
116. P. GAMBELI GAMBELI.
62
76.
121. P. DAVIDI.
12 PASSERES
— Under parts below black throat not uniform cinnamomeous, being white
oy whitish medially, buff, olive-grey ov olive-byown on sides and
PlaWRS S80 ee sey SS td eed SE EI ee ee este a
63. Chin, throat and foreneck uniform black, abruptly defined against
colour of breast. Sides and flanks olive-grey or olive-browitt's. oa th SAR eee Be 64.
— Chin and middle of upper throat only uniform black, the black bases,
on lower throat and foreneck, being almost completely concealed by
theioroad whate tps. Sides and flanks: Gui veW c eetnr en
64. Back olive-grey, edges of upper wing coverts and quills olive-greyish ;
sides of neck pure white, sides and flanks dingy olive-grey. . . 118. P. SCLATERI.
— Back dusky olive-brown, edges of upper wing coverts and quills olive-
brown; sides of neck clouded with brownish; sides and flanks dark
ATA a a nn eer eerie eer dane Beeman hs er ce te bee OO A eS Ee Sg | (8S),
65. Larger : wing 64-69, tail 56-58 mm., with sides and flanks more
vufescent olive-brown. . . . . . . . . . . «+. . 120. P. HYPERMELANUS DEJEANI.
— Smaller : wing 62, tail 49 mm., with sides and flanks deeper olive-
brown without any rufescent tinge. . . . . . . . . . YIg.P,HYPERMEL#NUS HYPERMELANUS.
66. Back as well as edges to upper wing coverts and quills decidedly
brown, without or with very little greyish admixture. Sides dect-
ADE | ae Tac Oy Pe ica Seb. Wo FA ne eo MoM ey 5) An es GD og (OF,
— Back as well as edges to upper wing coverts and quills decidedly
greyish, with little brownish admixture. Sides not perceptibly
winshed witlibupy. % Ws wy Vs cee Es eee As) ue ee eee ee
67. Smaller : wing of male averaging 64 mm , with back much darker,
deep brown with a slight, but decided vufescent tinge . . . . 125. P. PALUSTRIS DRESSERI.
— Larger : wing of male averaging 66 mm., with back decidedly paler,
earthy- or hair-brown without any vufescent tinge . . Ft Se tele Ra ey ree Son oe
68. Sides and flanks strongly and extensively suffused with deep buf sides
of neck much clouded with dusky. Back deepey brown . 2 |. | sw sw OE
— Sides and flanks but faintly washed with pale buff, this colour gradu-
ally shading wnto the white area of the middle; sides of neck
scarcely clouded with pale brownish. Back paler, ashy byrown . . . . . . . 4. . ss... Piles
69. Back deep hair-brown; buff wash on sides and flanks strongly pro-
nounced . . . ts, TSP RD eo Se ee OP as ee 20 a) SPAS ERTS MAGUS:
Back lighter brown; buff wash on sides and flanks paler. . jncieh Poe ye, oil 4-9 ae ke) ee
70. Back waymer brown. 2 5 . 2 « «2 » © » « 5 « » 228. 0P2 PALUSTRISIKOREJE WI.
— Back lighter, sandy brown. . . . . » . «. . |. . | . 129. P. PALUSTRIS HELLMAYRI.
7s Back darkeviand browney < -s Seas a Ven cs Gey) Be ares Pee) se ne
—— Back palervand anovesgreyish brown... Px). Veeco ti ate Toh ee
72. Back somewhat darker, more olive-byown. Bill averaging longer and
SVOULEKS ody Me Wes 4 Se 4s ok Pinos) Woke aey)t eet ee ee 124. P. PALUSTRIS LONGIROSTRIS.
— Back somewhat paler, more purely haty-brown. Bill averaging shorter
and. more'siendey, = es Oe 2 PAR TISMRIGICOMMUNIS.
73. Back decidedly greyish brown ; edges to upper wing coverts and quills
less brownish. Bill slender. . . . . ~~ & 6) 6 ez ee PALUS TRIS PALUSTRIS:
“I
“I
“I
SI
a
I
OA
80.
PAM. PARID AS
Back decidedly more brownish ; edges to upper wing coverts and quills
MOVED KOWIIS Ime UL LESLOTL Leen eA ree
Larger, with longer tail : averaging 1 males 68, in females 64mm.
Smaller, with shorter tail: averaging i males 60, in females 56 mm.
Back nearly pure ashy grey. Billslendey . . . . . .
Back slightly shaded with brownish. Bull stowt, deep at base .
IBagle Gest. (UP Mene WRG.) o 56 = 0 0 6 5 © o
Back not chestnut, being either brown, grey, whitish grey or tsabelle-
COLOUPE NIE ser MOR w the eeu Mes Won) SS ES A
Sides and flanks extensively chestnut. . . . .
Sides and flanks pale brownish grey with little, if any, chestnut.
. Smaller, with shorter tail (tn male 52-55 mm.) . . . .
Larger, with longer tail (tn male 57-67 mm.). . . . . . .
Sides and flanks obviously tinged ov intermixed with chestnut. .
Sides and flanks without any chestiut, or with a very slight tinge of
that colowv. . . Sea Eras dee
Sides and flanks bright wood-byown, fulvous, or rusty brown,
distinctly, uf not abruptly, contrasted with dingy white of middle
portion of belly . . . . ;
Sides and flanks white or slightly tinged with buff
Pileum and nape much darker, coffee-brown or blackish brown. Bull
stouter and longer (culmen about 11-I2mm.) .-. . . .
Pileum and nape much paler, dvab- or greyish brown. Bull slender
and shorter (culmen about g-romm.). . . . . . .. .
Pileum and nape dull brownish black, back bright isabelle-brown
Pileum and nape dark coffee-byvown, back paley and duller, sandy
Bx OU IUR: sameeren Pte gat
Sides of neck white; sides and flanks wood-brown or fulvous
Sides of neck grey ; sides and flanks rusty brown or cinnamon-brown
Day hevaarlanOxOwnexaaooucns sim i) eet ites! fs) 0 0) cae es
Paley and more greyish above. . . aie: :
Pileum greyish brown; rectrices edged with ERM Tae Bill
smaller, slender . . . Cr gs ;
Pileum drab grey ; vectrices edged with gy oo Bill larger, stout
EIU AUCH es GULT CRATE OIL). ee
Bill larger : culmen about ro mm.
Sides and flanks paler, fawn-colour .
Sides and flanks darker, wood-brown
Larger (wing in male 66 mm. ov more, in female 65 mm. or more).
Smaller (wing in male 64, m female 60-61 mm.). . . .
Paley and byowner above, throat more sooty .
Darker and less brown above, throat blacker . . . . .. .
Larger : with remarkably stout, deep and strong bill of a brownish
horn-colour. Wing 7o-Somm. . . . . .... ~«.
Smaller : with exceedingly slender, small bill, which vs uniform
black. Wing 58-7o mm. . . .
L27e
Pe
PALUSTRIS STAGNATIL?S.
—
On
132. P. PALUSTRIS HENSONI.
130. P. PALUSTRIS BREVIROSTRIS.
131. P. PALUSTRIS CRASSIROSTRIS.
77. (P. RUFESCENS).
: , A 79-
5 ee ee tien Kas
: 78.
166. P. RUFESCENS RUFESCENS.
167. P. RUFESCENS VIVAX.
168. P. RUFESCENS NEGLECTUS.
169. P. RUFESCENS BARLOWI.
2 4. = BOs
: : Oo)
81. (P. SONGARUS).
sola OSES a eae SRO Ze
IDI. P. SONGARUS SONGARUS.
132. P. SONGARUS AFFINIS.
83. (P. cINcTUS).
$7. (P. HUDSONICUS).
: & tile
. Z Oo s
158. P. CINCTUS CINCTUS.
15g. P. CINCTUS SAYANUS.
162. P. CINCTUS ALASCENSIS.
5 by ea) ose A A, pomOO’
160. P. GINCTUS OBTECTUS.
161. P. CINCTUS KOLYMENSIS.
BA) ES aed Pere OOs
165. P. HUDSONICUS LITTORALIS.
163. P. HUDSONICUS HUDSONICUS.
164. P. HUDSONICUS COLUMBIANUS.
go. (P. LuGuBRIS).
94. (P. ATRICAPILLUS).
14
90.
gl.
92.
g3.
94.
95.
96.
99.
PASSERES
Pileum deep, velvety brownish black ; black throat-patch abruptly
defined against white of chest, not broken, on lower edge, by
white tips to the feathers Se ky as 1 ee
Pileum dull blackish brown or deep brown; black throat-patch
not abruptly defined against white of chest, but with posterior
edge much broken by white tips to the feathers .
Upper parts decidedly earthy brown or greyish brown; sides and
flanks tinged with pale buffy :
Upper parts clear buffy grey; sides and flanks ee ih like
vemainder of belly . 3
Sides and flanks only washed with ‘ba middle of breast and
abdomen pure white oy nearly so . en Ae
Lower breast, abdomen and under tail coverts decidedly washed
all ovey with buff :
Pileum decidedly blackish brown,
63-68 mm.
Pileum dark seal-brown. Smaller : wing 70-74, tail 60-64 mm.
Larger : wing 72-80, tail
Chin and whole throat black, only the feathers near posterior
edge of this black avea more oy less conspicuously tipped with
white :
Chin and middle of ee throat ere black, while, on sides of
throat and on lower throat, the black bases of the feathers ave
almost completely concealed by long white tips
Black of throat with posterior edge much broken by white tips
to feathers; g
edged with white;
length of tail and length of wing decidedly less than length of
veater wing coverts and secondaries conspicuously
tail relatively longer (difference between
culmen) . ¥ 5
Black of throat with Pee edge more solid », very ae
defined against white of chest; greater wing coverts and inner
secondaries edged with light grey; tail relatively shorter (d1f-
Ference between length of tail and length of wing much greater
than length of culmen) .
Larger and paler :
female move than 62 mm...
wing of male averaging 66 mm. or more, of
Smalley and much darker : wing of male averaging 62, of
female 59.5 mm.
. Smalley and darker, with tail relatively shorter : male averaging
wing 06, tail 61.5, female wing 63, tail 59-60 mm. .
Larger and paler, with tail relatively longer :
wing 66, tail 65, female wing 64.5
male aAVEV AQIS
, tail 64 mm.
3. Grey of back slightly darker and more buffy, the sides and
flanks more strongly buffy . eat
Grey of black slightly paler and purer, the sides and 1 flanks
paler buffy, sometimes entirely white .
Larger, the back clearer grey
156.
TOO
ToS.
154.
95.
Iol,
TSO.
T3306
gl.
g2.
P. LUGUBRIS ANATOLL®.
P. LUGUBRIS DUBIUS.
g3.
P. LUGUBRIS HYRCANUS.
P. LUGUBRIS LUGUBRIS
P. LUGUBRIS LUGENS.
(American forms).
(Paleearctic forms).
96.
99.
97-
P. ATRICAPILLUS OCCIDENTALIS.
P. ATKICAPILLUS ATRICAPILLUS.
gd.
P. ATRICAPILLUS SEPTENTRIONALIS.
P. ATRICAPILLUS TURNERI.
I0o.
FAM. PARIDA®
— Smaller, the back more brownish grey .
100. Grey of upper parts slightly darker.
— Grey of upper parts slightly paler .
101. Back and upper wing coverts decidedly brownish. Edges to inner
secondaries buffy oy brownish white . . . . . . . .
— Back and upper wing coverts clearer, buffy grey. Edges to mner
secondaries white oy hoary. . . .
102. Darker and more brownish above.
— Paler and less brownish, more greyish above
103. Larger : wing 65-70 mm.
— Smaller : wing 57-64 mm.
104. Smalley : wing 57-61 mm., with back etc. darker, deep greyish
brown, and with flanks and ear coverts strongly shaded with
HOSLY MOU Mi ea MOONEE) ico we ANS Ocal See Gfiiesn © st east ee
— Larger: wing 58.5-64 mm., with back etc. not so dark, and
with flanks and ear coverts much less suffused with biyff .
105. Slightly darker above ; wing averaging shorter : 58-62 mm.
— Slightly paler above; wing averaging longer : 60-64 mm. .
106. Larger, wing of male averaging 67.5 mm., with back etc.
slightly paler and move gveyish . . . . . . . .
— Smaller, wing of male averaging 62 mm., with back etc. slightly
darker and movebyowmish. - . . 2 . -
107. Back etc. exceedingly pale, whitish grey; edges to vectrices pure
white; sides and flanks pure white, without the slightest buff
LIC ger ae gee eae eer See ts
— Back etc. decidedly darker, clear buffy grey; edges to vectrices
hoary; sides and flanks distinctly, though sometimes faintly,
tinged with bufy se
108. Back etc. duller grey ; size averaging smaller .
— Bach etc. cleaver gvey; size avevaging largey. . . . . .
109. Sides and flanks paler buff; tail longer : 57-62 mm. .
— Sides and flanks deeper buff; tail shorter : 53-58 mm.
110. Without trace of black longitudinal stripe on middle of belly
— With a very distinct black stripe along middle line of breast and
abdomen. . . .
111. Upper tail coverts glossy black, abruptly contrasted with colour
Of ADACK eS rw pie re eh) Go Ne te ay at yor eee
— Ubpper tail coverts grey, olive, or brown, but never black .
112. Lower back and rump delicate blue-grey . . . . . . .
— Lower back and rump light green. . . . . . .. ~«.
113. Sides of head and neck white, faintly tinged with pale yellowish.
White apical spots on median and greater upper wing coverts
MMU RUB. ee DUNE h eat oh a) ao). aire
— Sides of head and neck bright yellow. Light apical spots on
median and greater upper wing coverts large . . . . .
139. P. ATRICAPILLUS IMPIGER.
137. P. ATRICAPILLUS CAROLINENSIS.
138. P. ATRICAPILLUS AGILIS.
T47. P. ATRICAPILLUS MONTANUS.
150. P. ATRICAPILLUS KLEINSCHMIDTI.
149. P. aTRICAPILLUS RHENANUS.
148. P. ATRICAPILLUS SALICARIUS.
146. P. ATRICAPILLUS ASSIMILIS.
149. P. ATRICAPILLUS BIANCHII.
15
102.
107.
103.
106.
104.
105.
140. P. ATRICAPILLUS KAMTSCHATKENSIS.
143. P. ATRICAPILLUS BAICALENSIS.
144. P. ATRICAPILLUS BOREALIS.
I41. P. ATRICAPILLUS RESTRICTUS.
112. (PARDALIPARUS).
116. (PERIPARUS).
114. P. VENUSTULUS.
112. P. ELEGANS EDITH&.
108.
109.
Les
136.
Ii4.
16
II4.
Eo)
I21.
I2ida.
122.
Ton
124.
PASSERES
Upper back black, variegated with white and olive-green
Upper back mostly white, with very little or no olive-green, and
very little black . . . . ieee anette
Bill larger ; with apical spots on asa
nearly pure white; underneath, the black confined to chin and
ving coverts and rectrices
Os & 6 8 4 o o& 8
Bill smaller; with apical spots on upper wing coverts and rectrices
pale yellow ; underneath, black of throat continued on to the
Chest 2. :
Upper wing coverts She m, not of tipped with whitish 2
Median and greater upper wing coverts broadly lipped with
whitish .
Middle of breast and abdomen more or less extensively ferruginous.
Belly without any ferruginous. . . .
Larger
of head and neck purewhite. . . . . : A
Smaller :
abdomen, ashy grey or greyish white. Sides of head and neck
Breast and abdomen ashy grey, slightly shaded with brownish
: wing about 71-77 mm, Throat and chest black ; sides
wing about 67-72 mm. Throat only black, chest, like
Breast and abdomen dull greyish tsabelle-colour, greyish white
in the middle .
Black of throat paling into ae grey on chest, rest of belly
ASHER MEY Oise Tom ot sy x ee en
Breast and abdomen never grey, being either pale yellow, white,
QNUSh0F Cilio) | es
Sides of head and neck as
sulphur-yellow.
Sides of head and neck pure white ;
sulphur-yellow ; back brown, olive-grey or bluish grey
well as breast and abdomen pale
breast and abdomen not
Back und upper tail coverts light olive greenish; sides and
SLONRS) BUGVISH i) sey" ty oe ee oe ee
Back olive-grey, washed with cinnamon, upper tail coverts, sides
and flanks cinnamon brown. . . .
Black of throat continued over the entive chest; sides and flanks
much darker, deep olive-grey or rufescent olive-brown. . .
Black colour below confined to chin and throat ; sides and flanks
pale or deep buff, but never olive-grey nor olive-brown
Stdes and flanks dull olive-ovey . . . . . 2. = « g
Sides and flanks deep rufescent olive-brown .
Breast and abdomen nearly uniform deep buff or chamois,
middle line scarcely paler than sides oy eta
Sides and flanks only more or less deeply washed with buff, middle
of breast and abdomen largely white or whitish 5
Larger : wing 61-64 mm, Vertical feathers not or but slightly
elongated. Breast and abdomen deeper, ochraceous buff .
Io;
I11. P. ELEGANS ALBESCENS.
110. P. ELEGANS ELEGANS.
113. P. ELEGANS MINDANENSIS.
oo ab Sb eel ch ae pepe
«) weer
88. P. RUBIDIVENTRIS.
loki keer eats 118.
89. P. RUFONUCHALIS RUFONUCHALIS.
Ore.
ete:
IIg.
. RUFONUCHALIS BEAVANI.
RUFONUCHALIS PC&CILOPSIS.
MELANOLOPHUS,
t. (Peaner):
r21a.
ae ; a a) a ee
g6. P. ATER LEDOUCI.
g3a. P. ATER HIBERNICUS.
5 : a ewes
. 124.
g5. P. ATER ATLAS.
108. P. ATER CYPRIOTES.
“ = ‘ : Ae Een
oe ee ae a tales 127.
nog wile
ATER RUFIPECTUS.
Toss
136.
138.
6. Back paler grey.
. Larger
3. Bill slender,
. Whole back dark oliwe-grey ;
5. Back more strongly washed with olive ;
. Upper back erther
FAM. PARIDA:
Smalley Vertical feathers much elongated.
Breast and abdomen paler, chamots.
2 wing 34-59 mm.
Crest-feathers less elongated, not recurved
teyminally
Back darker grey. Crest- ia more elongated , slightly ve-
curved terminally
: wing 63-70 mm.
Smalley : wing 55-63, very rarely 64 mm.
culmen about 12 mm. .
Bill stout, culmen about ro-rz mm. ae
sides ee fede washed
with buff. ae ae
Upper and middle back pure bluish grey oe m P. ater eee
yump only olive-grey ; sides and flanks creamy white
. Back decidedly vufescent olive-brown
Back dull brownish olive.
. Upper back purely bluish grey, more or less contrasted with
olive-grey of rump . fe
Upper back oliwe-grey like the rump
2. Bill thicker, stronger, its depth at base about 7.5-8.2 mm. Buff
tinge on sides and flanks paler and more restricted; white
apical spots on wing coverts smaller Beste
Bill slender, weeker, tts depth at base rarely sista 7.5 mm.
Buff tinge on sides and flanks brighter and more extended ;
white apical spots on wing coverts larger
Back move purely blue-grey. Feathers of occiput distinctly
elongated, as to form a slight crest : :
Back less purely blush grey. Feathers of deciped not ov very
slightly elongated
. Sides and flanks strongly washed with a rusty nuff
Sides and flanks much paler, light buff
buff tinge on sides and
flanks slightly paler
Back less decidedly washed with olwwe ;
flanks deeper oe ie
Back deep black like the ee nee
Back never black, being either bluish grey, or light green, or
» buff tinge on sides and
ashy brown, 1 abrupt contrast with black of pileum
wholly light green, or at least, anterior portion
strongly washed with that colouwv. . . . . . “es
Upper back bliash or blue-grey, without any green ov with but
a faint greenish sheen immediately behind the whitish nuchal
patch, or uniform greyish or earthy brown .
Under parts lighter or deeper yellow, sometimes (P. m. aphro-
dite) creamy with more or less of yellow on chest
Under parts dingy crveamy or buffy white, without any yellow
IOL.
103.
106.
107.
104.
105.
98.
Ioo.
99-
94.
g3.
97-
Hy
dg
- ATER PEKINENSIS,.
- ATER MODIUS.
ATER DERJUGINI.
-. ATER MOLTCHANOVI.
- ATER PHZONOTUS.
- ATER MICHALOWSKII.
. ATER ATER.
- ATER INSULARIS.
- ATER AMURENSIS.
- ATER VIEIRA.
- ATER BRITANNICUS.
- ATER SARDUS.
- NUCHALIS.
126.
128.
Sse
129.
130.
125
134.
113)3}.
Tie
138.
150.
139.
147.
18 PASSERES
139. Median upper wing coverts black, with broad, white edges,
greater series black, exteriorly narrowly edged with blue and
broadly tipped with white . . . . . ». «= .
— Median upper wing coverts uniform pale bluish grey, greater
series bluish grey, dusky on inner web, broadly tipped with
WHILE? oe ee sce A oats ee
Lower vump only grey; white tips to greater wing coverts and
tuner secondaries vathey navvowey . . . . . . .
140.
— Whole rump grey; white tips to greater wing coverts and inner
secondaries vathey widey. . . . . . . « . -
Green area above more restricted to upper back; yellow of under
parts decidedly paler .
— Green area above extended all over anterior and middle portions
14.
of back; yellow of under parts much deeper . . . . .
141a. Larger : wing of male 75 mm. and more, of female 71-74 mm.
— Smalley : wing of male 71-735, of female 68-70 mm.
142. Yellow of under parts duller, about sulphur-yellow. . . .
— Yellow of under parts deeper, more saturated, often mixed with
CAMP ONO Bo Gg
nis MEUM ee oe a gk
=I ES DULISYOUL NA GNCLCED a ee
144. Yellow of under parts slightly purer, the wedge-shaped white
apical spot on the outermost vectvix more extended, abruptly
defined ee 2 .
-— Yellow of under parts sligi ghtly duller, the sbwoate ceed e white
apical spot on outermost vectrix more restricted and vather
EVIE 2 4 of eo oan & os Oo So 2 6 0
145. Tarsus longer : 20-22 mm, Yellow of under parts never
admixed with creamy-white . . . .
— Tarsus shorter : 18-20 mm. Yellow of under parts often
admixed with creamy-whtte. . . . . . .. .
Smaller
— Larger : wing 68-74, tail 60-70 mm.
: wing 67-69, tail 57-60 mm.
147. White on outer vectvices much more extended, especially the
blackish
stvipe along basal half ofimneyweb. . . . . . .
penultimate paiy entirely white, except a narrow,
— White on outer rectvices much less extended, the penultimate pair
blackish, with a short, wedge-shaped apical spot only white .
TAS A Bers CUI CIOO POM titi Wana >) i) apc
— Smalley: wing 65-7OMM.. . «. « 2 « 5 = «
149. Greater portion of upper back olive-green. . . woe
— Only the anterior portion of upper back, next to Wagan nuchal
patch, olwe-syeem . 5 2 4 « 4 &
140. (P. MONTICOLUS).
1. (P. major part.).
2. P. MONTICOLUS MONTICOLUS.
3. P. MONTICOLUS INSPERATUS.
outa Dae
eo Tae
P. MAJOR BLANFORDI 1).
P. MAJOR ZAYROSSIENSIS I).
Ila. P. MAJOR TERRESANCT.
143.
av. tls Ri) 1 See ie oe
so yei cit Ge ne ele Ut an ta
5. P. MAJOR NEWTONI.
4. P. MAJOR MAjoR.
7. P. MAJOR CORSUS.
6. P. MAJOR EXCELSUS.
: : 140.
g. P. MAJOR APHRODITE.
8. P. MAJOR PELOPONNESIUS.
23. P. MAJOR TIBETANUS.
je i et jor oss ne a BO Oe
21. P. MAJOR MINOR.
sa, Re gel Pe aera
22. P. MAJOR COMMIXTUS.
24. P. MAJOR OKINAW2.
1) Owing to lack of material Iam unable to say by which characters the two forms are distinguishable. Sarudny’s
long description is almost useless.
150.
Tose
73)
159.
FAM. PARIDZE
Tail very slightly vounded, the outermost rectrix bemg scarcely
5 mm. shorter than the longest
Tail much vounded, the outermost rectrix being at least ro mm.
shorter than the longest .
Cheeks, suboculay vegion, eay coverts and sides of neck buffy
white or whate
No white on sides of head, only with a pale grey band running
from base. of bill under the eye to lower portion of ear coverts
. Inner web of remiges edged with isabelline. White area on sides
of head bordered behind by a blackish band .
Inner web of remiges cdged with white. White area on sides of
head behind not bordered by black
Whitish nuchal spot distinct ; breast and abdomen more decidedly
tinged with buff.
Whitish nuchal spot obsolete; breast and abdomen scarcely tinged
with buff.
. Back earthy brown or greyish brown; edges to upper wing coverts
and vectrices smoky white .
Back bluish grey; edges to upper wing coverts and rectrices
nearly pure white SoU mcwpes
Whitish nuchal patch distinct. Bull larger
Whitish nuchal patch absent or obsolete. Bill smaller
. Upper parts very dark blue-grey; greater upper wing coverts
blackish with blue-grey outer margin, the rmnermost only
with a minute, white apical spot ; vectrices without any white,
sometimes the outermost with a very small, white tip
Upper parts light bluish grey or pale cinercous ; greater upper
wing coverts with broad, white or buffy greyish white apical
spots, forming a wide transverse band on the wing; outer
vecivices for greater payvt white . . . . . . «
. Upper parts light cinerveous; sides of breast, flanks and under
tail coverts pure white, with a very faint greyish shade on
LOW erALGNES Ar ar Mtg ewk guts DPE R en ee bee he
Upper parts dark bluish grey; sides, flanks and under tail
coverts dull buffy greyish .
. Interscapulium sometimes slightly shaded with greenish; white
of lateral vectyices more restricted, outermost vectvix with outer
web and small spot at tip of inner web, penultimate vectrix
with a limited apical spot white ; eee
Interscapulium never shaded with greenish; white of lateral
vectvices much extended, outermost vectvix nearly entirely
white, penultimate with whole outer web and a large portion
of apical half of inner web white.
Bull stouter, deeper. Tail longer : 77-Sr mm.
Bill slender, less deep. Tail shorter : 68-76 mm.
Ig
151. (African forms).
156. (Palearctic and Indian forms).
152
31. P. GRISEIVENTRIS.
Toos
Loa
29. P. AFER THRUPPI.
30. P. AFER BARAK.
26. P. AFER AFER.
TOE
27. P. AFER CINERASCENS.
28. P. AFER PARVIROSTRIS.
25. P. NIGRILORIS.
157. (P. major part.)
158.
160.
12. P. MAJOR INTERMEDIUS.
159.
oe eas MAJOR TURKESTANICUS.
I4. ee MAJOR BOKHARENSIS.
20 RASS EIRES
160. Bluish grey of upper parts darker, without whitish nuchal
patch; white of lateral vectrices less extended . . . . . 20. P. MAJOR SARAWACENSIS.
— Bluish grey of upper parts lighter, with distinct whitish ov
greyish white nuchal patch; white of lateral rectrices more
extendid., 2a°s 24. Seale hoe gee eee ONC an OST
161. Central pair of vectrices black, narrowly edged with grey along
OULEVEDEDE mice, <5 che! Ceeee SPs ean, es ee 17. P. MAJOR MAHRATTARUM.
— Central paiy of rectrices wholly grey, or with but a narrow
blackish line along theshaft’ 2. =<. 7 «© %s) 2) es le
162. Nuchal patch darkened with greyisk. Larger : wing 70-78,
tail 68-72 mm... = se) se es ee. MATJORICASCHURENGICE
— Nuchal patch pure white or very nearly so. Smaller : wing 62-72,
tatl 53265 minis oe VE Teh ee, ee a ae erie ero
163. Smaller : wing 61-65 mm., with larger, longer bill. . . . 19. P. MAJOR HAINANUS.
— Larger : wing 64-68 mm., with smaller, shorter bill ek 164.
164. White of lateral vectrices more extended . . . . . . . 16. P. MAJOR PLANORUM.
— White of lateral rectvices less extended. . . . . . . . ‘18. P. MAJOR CINEREUS.
1. Parus nuchalis Jerdon,
Parus nuchalis Jerdon, Ilustr. Ind. Ornith. pl. 46 (1843) (Eastern Ghats, west of Nellore. Madras Presidency) ;
Madras Journ. Vol. 13, u, 1844, p. 131, pl. 2.
Hab. Originally described from the Eastern Ghats, Madras, and recorded from Bangalore, Mysore, in
South India; but also found in the Aravalli Range from the country round Sambhar Lake to Deesa,
in Rajputana, N. W India.
Obs. The northern birds are most likely to be different from P. xuchalis of the Ghats, but I have never
been able to examine specimens from the type locality.
2. Parus monticolus monticolus Vigors.
Parus monticolus Vigors, Proc. Comm, Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 1, p. 22 (1831) (Himalayan Mountains),
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 2, pl. 57.
Hab. Himalayas, from Kashmir to Bhutan, also in Assam, Manipur, and thence to the mountainous parts
of Western and Southern China (Szechuen, Kansu, Hoopeh, Shensi etc.)
3. Parus monticolus insperatus Swinhoe.
Parus insperatus Swinhoe, The Ibis (new ser.), Vol. 2, pp. 308, 402 (1866) (Formosa).
Hab. Mountains of Formosa.
4. Parus major major Linneus. (PI. 1, Fig. 6; Pl. 2, Fig. 9.)
Parus major Linneus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 189 (1758) (« Habitat in Europa ». We fix Sweden as type locality).
Parus Fringillago Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. Vol. 1, p. 555 (1827) (new name for P. major Linnzus : « per omniam
Rossiam et Sibiriam »).
Parus yobustus Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 461 (1831) (« liebt die Nadelhdlzer », type locality :
Germany). ;
Parus cyanotos Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 241 (1855) (« in Deutschland »).
Parus intercedens Brehm, ibidem, p. 241 (1855) (« kommt dusserst selten nach Mitteldeutschland »; type, examined
in Tring Museum, is a pale aberration).
Parus mayor verus Brehm, Naumannia, Vol. 6, p. 367 (1856) (Scandinavia, Germany).
Parus pallidus Brehm, ibidem, p. 367 (1856) (type from Greiz, Saxony, examined in the Tring Museum, is an
abnormally pale specimen).
Parus maior sulfureus Kollibay, Journ, f. Ornith. Vol. 52, p. 459 (1904) (Bocche di Cattaro, Dalmatia).
Fig. Naumann, V6g. Deutschl. Vol. 4, pl. 94, f. 1.
Hab. Europe, from the Polar circle southwards to Spain, Italy, the northern Balkan states, east through
Russia and Western Siberia as far as the Altai Mountains.
5. Parus major newtoni Prazak.
Pavus major newtont Prazak, Ornith. Jahrb. Vol. 5. p. 239 (1894) (England).
Hab. England, Scotland, Ireland.
©
Io.
tL.
FAM, PARIDZ® al
Parus major excelsus Buvyry.
Parus major excelsus Buvry, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 5, p. 194 (1857) (Forest Nratka-el-abbia, Northern Algeria).
Hab. Woods of Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco.
Parus major corsus Kleinschmidt.
Parus corsus Kleinschmidt, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 11, p. 6 (1903) (Corsica).
Hab. Corsica and Sardinia.
Parus major peloponnesius Parrot.
Parus maior peloponnesius Parrot, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 53, p. 547 (1905) (Calamata, Greece).
Hab. Greece.
Parus major aphrodite Madarasz.
Parus aphrodite Madarasz, Term. Fiizet. Vol. 24, p. 272 (1901) (Cyprus).
Hab. Cyprus; Asia Minor?
Parus major blanfordi Prazak.
Parus major blanfordi Prazak, Ornith. Jahrb. Vol. 5, p. 240 (1894) (Persien. Types from Teheran, North Persia,
in the Vienna Museum examined).
Parus maioy caspius Sarudny & Loudon, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 13, p. 109 (1905) (« bewohnt jene verschiedenen
Provinzen, die an das Kaspische Meer grenzen [Ghilan, Masanderan und Asterabad] und ebenso die Walder
des Tieflandes von Talysch»).
Hab. North Persia; countries on the south shore of the Caspian Sea from Lenkoran to Asterabad.
Parus major zayrossiensis Sarudny & Loudon.
Parus maior zayrossiensis Sarudny & Loudon, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 13, p. 108 (1905) (« System des Sagrosch-
gebirges, stidwestliches Persien »).
Hab. S. W. Persia : Zagrosh, Shiraz, Fars etc.
11a. Parus major terraesancte Hartert.
T2)
1s
14.
16.
Parus major tervaesanctae Hartert, Vogel palaarkt. Fauna, Lief. 6, p. xxxi (1a10) (Jerusalem).
Hab. Palestine.
Parus major intermedius Sarudny.
Parus bocharensis var. intermedius Zarudnoi, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou (n. s.), Vol. 3, p. 789 (1890) (Mountains of
South-western Transcaspia : « Karguy-Sou, Firousé, Gujarmaou, Soumbar and Tchandyr »).
Parvus transcaspius Zarudnoi, ibidem (n. s.), Vol. 7, p. 364 (1893) (new name for P. bocharensts var. intermedius).
Hab. Mountains of North-east (east of Asterabad) and Eastern Persia, S. W. Transcaspia and southern
parts of Afghanistan and Baluchistan.
Parus major turkestanicus Sarudny & Loudon.
Parus bocharensis turkestanicus Sarudny & Loudon, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 13, p. 109 (1905) (« bewohnt das
Dsungarei-, Semiratschja- und Syr-Darja Gebiet ».)
Hab. Turkestan (provinces of Syr-Darja and Semiretchje, Tian-shan), and Western Dsungaria
(Dsharkent etc.).
Parus major bokharensis Lichtenstein.
Payus bokhavensts Lichtenstein, in Eversmann’s Reise nach Orenburg und Buchara, p. 131 (1823) (Bokhara).
Parus bocharensis typicus Zaraudnoi, Bull, Soc. Nat. Moscou (n. s.), Vol. 3, p. 789 (1890) (Plains of Tedshen,
Murgab, Merw, Kara-ben etc.). :
Hab. Plains of Transcaspia (Tedshen, Merw, Murgab), Bokhara, the valley of the Amu-D&rja.
Parus major caschmirensis Hartert.
Parus major caschmirensis Wartert, Vogel palaarkt. Fauna, Lief. 3, p. 345 (1905) (Gilgit).
Hab. Mountains of Kashmir, N. W. India.
Parus major planorum Hartert.
Parus major planorum Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 12, p. 499 (1905) (South Punjab).
Hab. Plains of Northern India : Punjab, Rajputana, south probably to the Vindhya Range.
Parus major mahrattarum Hartert.
Parus major mahrattarwn Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 12, p. 499 (1905) (Ceylon).
Hab. Indian Peninsula, from the Vindhya Range southwards, and Ceylon.
bo
bo
PASSERES
18. Parus major cinereus Vieillot.
19.
Parus cinereus Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. Vol. 20, p. 316 (1818) (Batavia, Java).
Parus atriceps Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Vol. 13, p. 160 (1821) (Java).
Parus albigena Wilkes, Encycl. Lond. Vol. 18, p. 727 (1821) (based on Levaillant, Ois d’Afr. Vol. 3, t. 139, fig.
sup. |= f. 1]: S. Africa, errore!).
Parus nipalensis Hodgson, Ind. Review, Vol. 1, p. 31 (1837) (Nepal).
Parus cinereus (P. caesius Tickell MS.) Jerdon, Birds India, Vol. 2, p. 278 (1863) (India generally).
Fig. Temminck, Pl. Col, t. 287, f. 2.
Hab. Himalayas, from Simla to Bhutan, Assam, Western Burma, Malayan Peninsula, Greater and
Lesser Sunda Islands, east to Flores and Alor.
Parus major hainanus Hartert.
Parus major hainanus Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 12, p. 499 (1905) (Hainan).
Hab. Island of Hainan.
Parus major sarawacensis H. Slater.
20.
Parus cinerascens (nec Vieillot 1818) H. Slater, The Ibis (5), Vol. 3, p. 122, pl. 4 (1885) (Bungal Hills, near
Sarawak, N. Borneo).
Parus savawacensis H. Slater, ibidem, p. 327 (1885) (nom. emend.).
Hab. Sarawak, North Borneo : Bungal Hills.
21. Parus major minor Temminck « Schlegel.
Paryus minoy Temminck & Schlegel, Fauna Japon. Aves, p 70, t. 33 (1848) (« Japon »),
Parus major artatus, Thayer & Bangs, Bull Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll., Vol. 52, p. 140 (1909) (Ichang,
Hupeh, China) 1).
Hab. South-east Siberia (Ussuri, Amoorland), North China (southwards to the valley of the Yangtse
kiang and Shanghai), Manchooria, and North Japan (Yezo, Hondo, Kiu-siu).
22. Parus major commixtus Swinhoe.
Parus commixtus Swinhoe, The Ibis (new ser.), Vol. 4, p. 63 (1868) (Amoy, South China).
Hab. Southern China, west to Upper Burma and Eastern Tenasserim.
23. Parus major tibetanus Hartert.
Parus major tibetanus Hartert, Vg. palaarkt. Fauna, Lief. 3, p. 346 (1905) (Chaksam, Tsongpo-valley, Tibet).
Hab. Southern Tibet (Gyantse, Chaksam, Lhasa).
24. Parus major okinawe Hartert.
iS}
O1
26.
No
7
Parus major okinawae Hartert, Vog. palaarkt. Fauna, Lief. 3, p. 346 (1905) (Okinawa-shima, Loo-choo Islands).
Hab. Okinawa Island, northern group of the Loo-choo Islands.
. Parus nigriloris Hellmayr. (Pl. 1, Fig. 7.)
Parus nigrilorvis Hellmayr, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 8, p. 139 (1900) (Ishigaki, southern Loo-choo Islands).
Parus stejnegeri Bangs, Bull. Mus, Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll. Vol. 36, p. 267 (1901) (Ishigaki).
Hab. Ishigaki Island. southern group of the Loo-choo Islands.
Parus afer afer Gmelin.
Parus afer Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, 1, p. 1010 (1789) (based upon « Black-Breasted Titmouse », Latham, Gen.
Syn. Birds Vol. 2, u, p. 539 : «ad caput bone spei »).
Parus fuscus Viellot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. Vol. 20, p. 309 (1818) (based on Levaillant, Ois. d’Afr. Vol. 3,
@ pl. 139, f. 2 [inf.| : « dans les environs du Cap » 2).
Fig. Levaillant, Ois. d’Afr. Vol 3, pl. 130, f. 2 (inf.).
Hab. South Africa : southern Cape Colony (Capetown, Deelfontein etc.).
. Parus afer cinerascens Vieillot.
Parus cinerascens Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. Vol. 20, p. 316 (1818) (based on Levaillant, Ois. d’Afr, Vol. 3,
pl. 138 : « dans les mimosas du Candeboo »).
1) I cannot find any constant difference between birds from Ussuri and Japan on one side, and those from Central
China (Ichang, Shasi. Itu on the Yangtsze; Ningpo near Shanghai) on the other.
2) Vieillot (loc. cit.) erroneously quotes pl. 134, f. 1, where Axthoscopus m. minutus is represented, but his description
(les plumes « du dessus du corps et des ailes d’un brun terreux ») leaves no doubt that he intended to name the lower figure
of plate 139.
FAM. PARIDA® 23
Parus variegatus Wilkes, Encycl. Lond. Vol. 18, p. 726 (1821) (based on Levaillant, Ois. d’Afr. pl. 138; cfr. Cassin,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. Dec. 1867, p. 221).
Parus afer intermedius 1) (nec P. bocharensis var. intermedius Sarudny 1890) Shelley, Birds Afr. Vol. 2, p. 241 (1900)
(Potchefstroom, Transvaal).
Parus afer damarensis Reichenow, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 10, p. 77 (1902) (Damaraland).
Fig. Levaillant, Ois. d’Afr. Vol. 3, pl. 138.
Hab. South-western (Benguella, Damaraland) and South-ea:tern Africa (Oranje Colony, Transvaal ; pro-
bably also in Lourenco Marques; Natal ?).
28. Parus afer parvirostris Shelley.
Parus afer parvirostris Shelley, Birds Africa, Vol. 2, p. 241 (1900) (Salisbury, Mashonaland).
Hab. South Central Africa : Rhodesia (Salisbury, Ndola, Melsetter) and southern part of British Central
Africa (Katanga on the lower Shiré River, south of Lake Nyasa).
29. Parus afer thruppi Shelley.
Pavus thruppi Shelley, The Ibis (5), Vol. 3, p. 406, pl. 11, f. 2 (1885) (Plateau of northern Somaliland, south of
Berbera).
Hab. Northern and Central Somaliland, southern limits not exactly known.
3o. Parus afer barake Jackson.
Parus bavakae Jackson, The Ibis (7), Vol. 5, p. 639 (1899) (Njemps, British East Africa).
Hab. British East Africa (Njemps near Lake Baringo) and northern German East Africa (plains of
WWilima Ndjaro: Taweta, Kahe, Taro}.
31. Parus griseiventris Reichenow.
2 Parus griserventyis Reichenow, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 30, p. 210 (1882) (Kakoma).
Parus gilviventris (lapsu) Bohm, ibidem, Vol. 31, p. 207 (1883) (Kakoma).
Fig. Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 34, 1886, pl. 2.
Hab. German East Africa : only known from Kakoma in southern Unjamwezi.
32. Parus niger niger Vieillot.
Parus niger Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. Vol. 20, p. 325 (1818) (based on Levaillant, Ois. d’Afr. Vol 3,
pl. 137 [@ 2]: «sur les bords des riviéres Sondag, Swartekop et dans le pays des Caffres» i. e. South-eastern
Africa).
Pavus leucopterus Swainson, Birds West. Afr. Vol. 2, p. 42 (1837) (part. : new name for. P. niger Vieillot with
which the author erreneously unites the birds from « Senegal »),
Parus luctuosus Lichtenstein, Nomencl. Avium Mus. Berol. p. 36 (1854) (nom. nud.).
Parus xanthostomus Shelley, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 1, p. 6 (1892) («in terra Zambesiana »; = juv.).
Parus filleborni Reichenow, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 8, p. 5 (1900) (Undis, Nyasaland; — 9).
Fig. Levaillant, Ois. d'Afr. Vol. 3, pl. 137 (6 2); Shelley, Birds Afr. Vol. 2, pl. ro, f. x (juv.).
Hab. South Africa, northward as far as the Cunene, in the west, and Pangani River (Useguha), in
the east 2).
33. Parus niger insignis Cabanis.
Parus (Pentheres) insignis Cabanis, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 28, p. 419 (1880) (Angola).
Hab. South-west and Central Africa: from Angola east to Nyasaland and to west shore of Lake Tanganyika.
34. Parus niger guineensis Shelley.
Parus guineensis Shelley, Birds Africa Vol. 2, p. 229 (1900) (West Africa).
Hab. Western Africa : from Senegal to the Niger.
35. Parus niger leucomelas Riippell.
Parus leucomelas Riippell, Neue Wirbelthiere, Vog. p. 100, pl. 37, f. 2 (1835) (Laranta Mountains, Temben,
Abyssinia).
1) According to Prof. Neumann (in litt.) scarcely distinguishable from Damaraland specimens by its slightly darker
grey back. If separable it would require a new name.
2) Very likely two races can be distinguished: one, the true P. 7. niger, inhabiting South and S. E. Africa, and
another undescribed in Damaraland. P. wxanthostomus (type in Brit. Mus. examined) and P. fiilleborni (fide Neumann in
litt.) are certainly nothing but youngish females of P. x. niger.
2A PASSERES
Penthestes melanoleucus Wirttemberg, Naumannia, Vol. 7, p. 433 (1857) (nom, nud.),
Fig. Riippell, Neue Wirbelthiere, V6g. pl. 37, f. 2.
Hab. North-east Africa : Abyssinia and Shoa,
N. B. The records of this species from the Victoria Nyansa require confirmation. The birds from this
district very likely represent a distinct form.
36. Parus niger lacuum Neumann.
Parus niger lacuum Neumann, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 54, p. 260 (1906) (Suksuki River, South Ethiopia).
Hab. North-eastern Africa : Lake-district south of the Hawash and Omo-region.
&
37. Parus albiventris Shelley. : ;
Parus albiventris Shelley, The Ibis (4), Vol. 5, p. 116 (1881) (Uzogo).
Fig. Shelley, Birds Africa, Vol. 2, pl. 10, f. 2.
Hab, Southern Brit. East Africa (Elgeju, Mau) and German East Africa : from the Victoria Nyanza
south to the Rovuma River.
N. B. Perhaps merely a geographic form of the P, nigery-group, but exact limits of range as compared
with that of P. x. niger not yet sufficiently established.
38. Parus leuconotus Guérin.
Parus leuconotus Guérin-Méneville, Rev. Zool. Vol. 6, p. 162 (1843) (« Abyssinie »).
Parus dorsalus Rippell, Syst. Uebers. Vog. N.-O. Afr. p. 42, pl. 18 (1845) (Abyssinia).
Fig. Ferrest & Galinier, Voy. Abyssinie, Vol. 3, pl. 9, f. 1.
Hab. North-eastern Africa : Highlands of Abyssinia and Shoa, southward as far as Djamdjam-country.
39. Parus funereus (J. & E. Verreaux). (PI. 1, Fig. 3.)
Melanoparus funereus J. & E. Verreaux, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 3, p. 104 (1885) (Gaboon).
? Parus nigricinereus Jackson, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 8, p. 22 (1898) (Nandi, Equatorial Africa).
Fig. The Ibis (7), Vol. 5, 1899, pl. 13 (P. nigricinereus).
Hab. Western Africa (Gold coast, Camaroons, Gaboon); Equatorial Africa (Nandi, Ruwenzori).
N. B. This little-known species may, after all, be divisible into two races, in which case the name
P. nigricinereus would have to be retained for the eastern form.
40. Parus rufiventris rufiventris Barboza du Bocage.
Parus rufiventris Barboza du Bocage, Jorn. Acad. Lisboa, Vol. 6, p. 161 (1877) (Caconda, Benguella).
Fig. Barboza du Bocage, Ornith. Angola, pl. 10, f. 1.
Hab. S. W. Africa : Angola, Beuguella, Congo-basin (Stanley-pool, Léopoldsville etc.).
41. Parus rufiventris masukuensis Shelley.
Parus masukuensis Shelley, Birds Africa, Vol. 2, p. 238 (1900) (Nyika Plateau and Masuku Range).
Hab. British Central Africa : Masuku Range and Nyika Plateau, west of Lake Nyasa; N. E. Rhodesia :
Ulungu Mt., West Loangwa distrist.
42. Parus rufiventris pallidiventris Reichenow.
Parus pallidiventris Reichenow, Journ, f. Ornith, Vol. 33, p. 217 (1885) (IkKakoma).
Fig. Reichenow, Vog. Afr. Vol. 3, pl. [18].
Hab. German East Africa : Kakoma in southern Unjamwezi.
43. Parus rufiventris rovume Shelley.
Parus yovumae Shelley, Bull, Brit. Ornith Club, Vol.1, p.6 (1892) (« prope flumen Rovuma dictum in Africa
orientale »).
Hab. Coast districts of Eastern Africa, from Useguha southward to the lower Zambezi and Mashona-
land (Salisbury).
44. Parus fringillinus Fischer & Reichenow.
Parus fringillinus Fischer & Reichenow, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 32, p. 56 (1884) (foot of Meru Mountain).
Fig. Zeitschr. ges. Ornith. Vol. 1, 1884, pl. 19.
Hab. German East Africa : Masailand (plains on the foot of the Meru Mountain).
45. Parus fasciiventer fasciiventer Reichenow. :
Parus fasciiventey Reichenow, Ornith, Monatsber. Vol. 1, p. 31 (1893) (Ruwenzori).
Fig. Reichenow, Vég. Afr. Vol. 3, pl. [18].
Hab. Central Africa : Ruwenzori Range.
FAM. PARIDZ® DS
46. Parus fasciiventer tanganjice Reichenow.
Parus fasciiventey tanganjicae Reichenow, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol.17, p. 42 (1909) (Forests west of Lake Tanganyika).
Hab. Central Africa : forests west of Lake Tanganyika.
47. Parus xanthogenys xanthogenys Vigors.
Paris xanthogenys Vigors, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. Vol. 1, p. 23 (1831) (Himalayan Mountains).
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 2, pl. 52; Contrib. Ornith. 1852, t. [87], f. 1.
Hab. Western Himalaya, from Murree to Eastern Nepal, at elevations of from 4000 to 7000 feet.
48. Parus xanthogenys aplonotus Blyth 1).
Parus aplonotus Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. 16,1, p. 444 (1847) (« Mountains of Central India»).
Parus Ferdoni Blyth, ibidem, Vol. 25, p. 445 (1856) (Bombay).
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 2, pl. 54.
Hab. The peninsula of India, south of a line drawn from Abu to Pareshnath in Behar, up to elevations
of 6000 feet.
49. Parus spilonotus Blyth.
Parus spilonotus Blyth, Cat. Birds Mus. Asiat. Soc. p. 103 (1849) (name based on P. xanthogenys [nec Vigors] Blyth,
Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. 16, 1, 1847, p. 445 : Himalayas).
Parus subviridis (Tickell MS.) Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. 24, p. 267 (1855) (« mountainous interior of
Tenasserim provinces»).
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 2, pl. 53; Contrib. Ornith. 1852, pl. [87], f. 2.
Hab. Eastern Himalayas (Nepal, Sikkim), Assam, Khasia Hills, Manipur, Burma, Tennasserim, at
elevations of from 3000 to 6000 feet 2).
e
5o. Parus holsti Seebohm.
Parus holsti Seebohm, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 4, p. 7 (1894) (Interior of Formosa).
Fig. The Ibis (7), Vol. 1, 1897, p. 211, pl. 6.
Hab. Mountains of Formosa.
51. Parus rex A. David. (PI. 1, Fig. 2.)
Parus (Machlolophus) rex A. David, Ann. Sc. Nat. (5), Vol. 19, art. no. 9, p. 4 (1874) (« Koatén, Fokien occidental »).
Fig. David & Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 286, pl. 36.
Hab. Mountains of South China (West Fohkien) and Tonkin.
. Parus varius varius Temmuinck & Schlegel 3).
Parus varius Temminck & Schlegel, Fauna Japon. Aves, p. 71, pl. 35 (1848) (« Japon »).
Parus sieboldi Seebohm, Birds Japanese Emp. p. 85 (1890) (new name for P. varius).
Parus rubidus Blakiston, The Ibis, Vol. 4, p. 321 (1862) (err. typ.).
Ov
nN
Fig, Fauna Japon. Aves, pl. 35.
Hab. Japan (Hondo, Yezo) and Corea.
53. Parus variusscastaneoventris Gould.
Parus castaneoventyis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1862, p. 280 (1863) (Formosa).
Parus cinnamomeiventris Gray, Handlist Birds, Vol. 1, p. 231 (1869) (err. typ.).
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 2, pl. 49.
Hab. Formosa.
1) A doubtful species is :
Pavus grifithit Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. 16, 1, p. 445 (1847) (« between Assam and Ava»).
This supposed species has been based on a drawing of a bird obtained by Dr. Griffith, between Assam and Ava. It is
said to differ from P. x. xanthogenys and P. x. aplonotus by lacking the crest and by having the upper parts black (instead of
olive) and the back spotted with yellow.
2) Having never seen any Tenasserim specimens I cannot vouch for P. subviridis being really asynonym of P. sfilonotus.
Blyth’s original description certainly suggests a bird different from the latter, unless it be taken from a young or immature
example.
3) A nearly allied form appears to inhabit Okinawa-shima, central group of the Loo-choo Islands (see Stejneger, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 9, 1886, p. 650), The single female is stated to be smaller than P. v. varius (wing 67 instead of
76-86 mm.) and somewhat different in coloration : chestnut patch on upper back smaller, flanks paler etc. In size it is thus
seen to be intermediate between P. v. varius and P. v, castaneoventris.
26 PASSERES
54. Parus varius owstoni ljima. (PI. 2, Fig. 8.)
Parus Owstont Tjima, Dobutsugaku Zasshi, Yokohama, no. 62 (1893) (Myiakeshima |Seven Islands, Idzu, Japan});
Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 5, 1897, pp. 143-144 (reprint).
Hab. Japan, Seven Islands : Myiake and Fachijio.
55. Parus ceruleus ceruleus Linnzus.
Parus caeruleus Linneus, Syst. Nat., ed. ro, p. 190 (1758) (« Habitat in Europa»; we fix Sweden as type locality).
Parus erectus P. L. S. Miller, Natursystem, Suppl. p. 178 (1776) (ex Buffon, Europa)
Parus coerulescens Brehm, Handb. Nature. Deutschl. p. 463 (1831) (« sie bewohnt Mitteldeutschland »).
Parus coeruleus pallidus (nec P. pallidus Brehm 1856) H. Grote, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 10, p. 181 (1902) (Lessnéje
near St.-Petersbourg; type examined).
Parus coeruleus languidus H. Grote, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 52, p. 307 (1904) (nom. emend. for P. c¢. pallidus Grote).
Parus coeruleus calamensis Parrot, Verband]. Ornith. Ges. Bayern, Vol. 7, p. 28 (1908) \Calamata, Greece).
Fig. Naumann, Vog. Deutschl. Vol. 4, pl. 95, ff. 1, 2.
Hab. North-, Central- and South Europe : in Scandinavia northwards to 64° latitude, in the Russian
Empire only in the Baltic Provinces (St. Petersburg, Livland, Esthland etc.), Poland and in the
southern gouvernements down to the northern slopes of the Caucasus. Common in Austria, Hun-
gary, on the Balkan Peninsula, in Italy, Germany, Switzerland and France. Doubtfully recorded
from Asia Minor and Transcaucasia. Specimens from Spain and Portugal are probably different.
56. Parus czruleus obscurus Prazak.
[Parus caeruleus| obscurus Prazak, Ornith. Jahrb. Vol. 5, p. 246 (1894) (England).
Hab. Great Britain and Ireland.
c . .
57. Parus czeruleus ogliastre Hartert.
Parus caeruleus ogliastvae Hartert, Vog. paldarkt. Fauna, Lief. 3, p. 349 (1905) (Lanusei, Ogliastra-district, Eastern
Sardinia).
Hab. Sardinia and Corsica.
58. Parus ceruleus orientalis (Sarudny & Loudon),
Cyanistes coeruleus orientalis Sarudny & Loudon, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 13, p. 105(1905) (Eastern Governments
of European Russia).
Hab. East Russia : Governments of Orenburg, Ufa, Samara, Kasan, Simbirsk.
5g. Parus czeruleus satunini (Sarudny).
Cyantstes coeruleus satunint Sarudny, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 16, p. 6 (1908) (Lenkoran, Kumbashinsk (Talysh)
etc., N. Persia).
Hab. Northern Persia : vicinity of Lenkoran and Kumbashinsk (Talysh), Kaswin and Transcaspian
Mountains,
60. Parus czruleus raddei Sarudny.
Cyanistes coeruleus raddei Sarudny, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 16, p. 5 (1908) (« in den persischen Provinzen Astera-
bad, Masanderan und Ghilan»).
Hab. North Persia : Elburz Mountains, provinces of Asterabad, Mazanderan and Ghilan.
61. Parus czeruleus persicus Blantord.
Parus (Cyanistes) persicus Blanford, The Ibis (3), Vol. 3, p. 89 (1873) (« in quercetis prope urbem Shiraz »).
Fig. Blanford, East. Persia, Vol. 2, Zool. pl. 16, f. 2.
Hab. Oak-wood: of S. W. Persia (Shiraz, Zagrosh, Fars etc.).
62. Parus ceruleus ultramarinus Bonaparte.
Parus ultramayinus Bonaparte, Rev. Zool. Vol. 4, p. 146 (1841) («habite la régence de Tunis, ... et notamment
a Sfax »).
Parus coeruleanus Malherbe, Bull. Soc. Moselle, Vol. 3, p. 58 (1845) (Bone, Algeria).
Fig. Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 38, 1890, pl. 4, f. 1.
Hab. Tunis, Algeria, Morocco.
63. Parus ce#ruleus degener Hartert.
Parus caeruleus degener Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 8, pp. 309, 322 (1901) (Fuerteventura and Lanzarote).
PAM. PARIDAz
by
“SI
Cyanistes ultyamarinus tnsularis (nec P.. ater insularis Hellmayr) Bianchi, Ann, Mus. Zool. St-Pétersb. Vol. 7, p. 252
(1902) (ex Meade-Waldo, The Ibis (6), Vol. 5. 1893, p. 190 : Fuerteventura and Lanzarote).
Hab. Eastern Canary Islands : Fuerteventura, Lanzarote.
64. Parus ceruleus teneriffa Lesson.
Parus Teneriffae Lesson, Traité d’Ornith. p. 456 (1831) (Teneriffe).
Parus violaceus Bolle, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 2, p. 455 (1854) (Canary Islands).
Fig. Dresser, Birds Eur Vol. 9, pl. 660, fig. inf.; Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 38, 1890, pl. 4, f. 2.
Hab. Canary Islands : Teneriffe, Gran Canaria, Gomera.
65. Parus czruleus ombriosus Meade-Waldo.
Parus ombriosus Meade-Waldo, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), Vol. 5, p. 103 (1890) (Hierro).
Fig. Dresser, Birds Eur. Vol. 9, pl. 661; The Ibis (6), Vol. 2, 1890, pl. 13.
Hab. Canary Island : Hierro.
66. Parus czeruleus palmensis Meade-\Valdo.
Parus palmensis Meade-Waldo, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6!, Vol. 3, p. 490 (1889) (Palma).
Fig. Dresser, Birds Eur. Vol. 9, pl. 660, fig. sup.; The Ibis (6), Vol. 1, 1889, pl. 16.
Hab. Canary Island : Palma.
67. Parus pleskii Cabanis.
Parus (Cyanistes) Pleskis Cabanis, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 25, p. 213, pl. 3, f. 1 (1877) (St. Petersburg).
Parus pleskei var. pallescens Hellmayr, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 49, p. 175 (1901) (North Russia).
Fig. Dresser, Birds Eur. Vol. 9, pl. 659; new edition of « Naumann. », Vol. 2, pl. 18, f. 8; Menzbier.
Ornith. Geogr. Eur. Ross. Vol. 1, 1882, pl. 1 (pallescens).
Hab. Only known breeding place : Motiwilowka, Gouv. Kiew, South Russia. Beyond breeding time
specimens have been taken near St. Petersburg, Moskow and Orenburg.
Obs. This form is still imperfectly known. Hartert considers it to be a geographic race of P. caeruleus,
but this opinion is not supported by its having been found breeding within the area occupied by
C.c. caervuleus. The examples named pallescens may be hybrids between P. pleskei and P. cyanus cyanus.
68. Parus cyanus cyanus Pallas. (PI. 1, Fig. 11.)
Parus cyanus Pallas, Nov. Comment. Acad. Petrop. Vol. 14,1, p. 498, pl. 13, f. 1 (1770) («...a Volgensibus, regio-
nibus datur avicula, cuius patria, qua latissime ad orientem patet Sibiria extenditur, ubi ab acurratissimo
quondam Messerschmidio passim observata et pro Payo caevuleo descripta fuit ». Terra typica therefore
Volga, S. Russia).
Parus saebyensis Sparrman, Mus. Carlson. Vol. 1, t. 25 (1876) (« Ad predium Carlsonianum Saeby in Sudermannia
detecta est»).
Parus Knjaescik Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, 11, p. 1013 (1789) («in Sibiriz quercetis»; ex Lepechin, iter, Vol. r,
p. 181, 1770). 7
Parus cyanus and Parus elegans Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 242 (1855) (« beide kommen aus Asien sehr selten nach
Europa, bis Deutschland »).
Fig. Dresser, Birds Eur. Vol. 3, pl. 114.
Hab. Eastern Russia and West Siberia, exact eastern limits yet to be determined, though it is certainly
this form which occurs in the Governments Omsk and Tomsk.
69. Parus cyanus tianschanicus (Menzbier). (Pl. 1, Fig. 12.)
Cyanistes cyanus var. tian-schanicus Menzbier, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. Vol. 9, p. 276 (1884) (« dans les montagnes qui
bordent les déserts de l’Asie centrale au nord-ouest et a ]’ouest»).
Hab. Mountains of Central Asia (Tian-shan, Altai, Alatau, Tarbagatai, Kwen-lun etc.) and Eastern
Siberia to Amoorland.
70. Parus cyanus flavipectus Severtzow.
Parus flavipectus Severtzow, Izv. Obshs. Moskoyv. Vol. 8, no. 2, p. 133, pl. 8, f. 7 (1873) (Turkestan); Olphe-
Galliard, Zeitschr. ges. Ornith. Vol. 4, 1887, p. 95 (transl.).
Fig. Menzbier, Ornith. Turkestan, pl. 10 (Oo 2, juv.).
Hab. East Turkestan : valley of the Ferghana and Naryn Rivers.
71. Parus cyanus berezowskii (Pleske).
Cyanistes berezowskii Pleske, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 3, p. 13 (1893) (Upper Chuanche, China).
Fig. Aves Przewalsk. t. 7, ff. 3, 4.
Hab. Mountain forests of the Upper Chuanche, West China, up to 8000 feet.
28 PASSERES
72. Parus modestus modestus (Burton).
Sylviparus modestus Burton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 3, 1835, p. 154 (1836) (« apud montes Himalayensis »).
Parus (?) minutus Jerdon, Madras Journ, Vol. 11, p. 8 (1840) («edge of northern Ghats »).
Parus seriophyys Blyth, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. 13, 11. p. 942 (1844) (ex Hodgson MS. : Nepal).
Hab. Himalayas, from Kashmir to Bhutan, and mountains of Southern (Szechuen, Fohkien) and
Central (Tsin-ling Range) China. Jerdon records it from Ajanta, Khandesh district. I have not seen
specimens from this locality.
73. Parus modestus saturatior (Rippon).
Syluiparus satuvatioy Rippon, Bull. Brit, Ornith Club, Vol. 16, p. 87 (1906) (Mount Victoria, southern Chin Hills,
Burma).
Hab. Burma ; Mount Victoria in the southern Chin Hills. Godwin-Austen’s record of S. modestus
from the eastern Barail Range (Japvo, Khunho), south of the Brahmaputra River, probably also
refers to the present form.
74. Parus cristatus cristatus Linneus
Parus cristatus Linnzus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 189 (1758) (« Habitat in Europa »; we fix Sweden as type locality :
ex Fauna Suec. no. 239).
Fie. New edition of Naumann’s Vog. Mitteleur, Vol. 2, pl. 19, f. 1.
Hab. Scandinavia, Northern and Western Russia (Baltic Provinces, Poland), East Prussia.
75. Parus cristatus mitratus Brehm.
Parus mitratus Brehm, Handb, Nature. Vog. Deutschl. p. 467 (1831) (« bewohnt die deutschen Schwarzwilder »),
Parus rufescens (nec ‘Vownsend 1837) Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 243 (1855) (« Mitteldeutschland »).
Lophophanes cristatus brunnescens Prazak, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 45, p. 347 (1897) |new name for P. rufescens Brehm :
« West Europe »).
Fie. New edition of Naumann’'s Vog. Mitteleur. Vol. 2, pl. 19, f. 2, pl. 20, f. 1.
Hab. Central and western parts of Germany, Jutland, Holland, France, Switzerland, Austria, Hungary,
Spain, Balkan Peninsula,
76. Parus cristatus scoticus (Prazak).
Lophophanes cristatus scotica Prazak, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 45, p. 347 (1897) (Scotland).
Hab. Very locally distributed in Scotland, breeding particularly in the Strathspey.
Obs. This is a well-marked form, easily recognizable by its much darker, brownish olive back and
smaller size (wing 60-63 mm.).
'
77. Parus dichrous dichrous Hodgson,
Parus dichrous Hodgson, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. 13, 1, p. 943 (1844) (Nepal).
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 2, pl. 58. ;
Hab. Himalaya from Dharmsala to Sikkim, at elevations of from 7500 to 12,000 feet.
78. Parus dichrous dichroides (Przewalsk\).
Lophophanes dichroides Przewalski, in Rowley’s Ornith. Miscell. Vol. 2, p. 189 (1877) (Kansu, N. W. China).
Fig. Aves Przewalsk. pl. 9, f. 2.
Hab. Western and N W. China(Kansu, Mupin, Tetung Mountains), in coniferous forests of the subalpine
region.
79. Parus wollweberi wollweberi (Bonaparte).
Lophophanes wollweveri Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sc. Paris, Vol. 31, p. 478 (1850) (Zacatecas, Mexico).
Lophophanes galeatus (Lichtenstein MS.) Cabanis, Mus. Heinean. Vol. 1, p. 90, footnote (1850) (Mexico).
Hab. Highlands of Mexico, in the States of Oaxaca, Puebla, Vera Cruz (Orizaba) and northwards to
Zacatecas.
So. Parus wollweberi annexus Cassin.
Parus annexus Cassin, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sc. Philad. Vol. 5, p. 103. pl. 1 (1850) (« Rio Grande, Texas », locality
erroneous, cfr. Ridgway, Birds North- and Middle America, Vol. 3, rg04, p. 394, footnote).
Hab. Mountains of Arizona, New Mexico, Sonora and Chihua-hua.
PAM. PARIDAs 29
81. Parus bicolor Linnzus 1).
Parus bicolor Linneus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, Vol. 1, p. 340 (1766) (ex Catesby, Crested Titmouse. Nat. Hist. Caro-
lina, Vol. 1, pl. 57 : Carolina).
Lophophanes missouriensis Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv. Vol. 9, p. 384, in text (1858) (Fort Leavenworth, Kansas).
Parus (Lophophanes) bicolor floridanus Bangs, Auk, Vol. 15, p. 181 (1898) (Clear Water, Hillsboro Co., Florida).
‘ Fig. Audubon, Ornith. Biogr. Vol. 1, 1831, pl. 39. i
Hab. Eastern United States, north to southern Pennsylvania and New Jersey, Central Ohio, northern
Indiana, northern Illinois, southern Iowa, and N. E. Nebraska; west to eastern portion of the Great
Plains (Nebraska to Texas); south to Gulf coast, including southern Florida as well as eastern and
central parts of Texas.
82. Parus atricristatus atricristatus Cassin 1).
Paris atricristatus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. Vol. 5, p. 103, pl. 2 (1850) (Rio Grande, Texas).
Hab. Rio Grande Valley, and Mexican States of Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, San Luiz Potosi
and Vera Cruz.
83. Parus atricristatus sennetti (Ridgway).
Baeolophus atricristatus sennetti Ridgway, Birds North- and Middle America [= Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 50, Pt. 3],
Vol. 3, p. 386 (1904) (Leon Springs, Bexar Co., Texas).
Fig. Cassin, Illustr. Birds Calif. 1853, pl. 3.
Hab. Central Texas, exact southern limits not yet known.
84. Parus inornatus inornatus Gambel.
Parus trornatus Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. Vol. 2, p. 265 (1845) (near Monterey, California).
Baeolophus inornatus yestrictus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Vol. 16, p. 109 (1903) (Oakland, California) ;
= B. 7. tnornatus; J. Grinnell, Auk, Vol. 23, 1906, pp. 186-188.
Fig. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. (2). Vol. 1, 1847, pl. 8. f. 2.
Hab. California : north of San Bernardino Mountains and Colorado Desert; north to Mendocino and
Siskiyou ; south to Santa Barbara, Ventura and Kern; east to western slope of Sierra Nevada.
85. Parus inornatus murinus (Ridgway).
Baeolophus tnornatus murtnus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Vol. 16, p. 109 (1903) (Nachoguero Valley, Lower
California).
Hab. Southern California (Los Angeles, San Bernardino, San Diego Counties) and Northern Lower
California (Nachoguero Valley, San Pedro Martir Mountains etc.).
. Parus inornatus ridgwayi Richmond.
Lophophanes tnornatus griseus (nec Parus griseus Gmelin 1788) Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat Mus. Vol. 5, p. 344 (1882)
(Iron City, south. Utah).
Pars tnornatus vidgwayt Richmond, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Vol.15, p.155 (1902)(new name for L. 7. gviseus Ridgway).
Hab. Mountains of the arid interior Districts of western United States; north to Nevada, Utah and
Colorado; east to western Texas (Guadalupe Mts.) ; west to eastern base of Sierra Nevada and
S. E. California; south to Mexican boundary line in New Mexico and Arizona.
oa
O)
87. Parus inornatus cineraceus (Ridgway).
Lophophanes inornatus ctneraceus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 6, p. 154 (1883) (Laguna, Lower California).
Hab. Cape St. Lucas District of Lower California (Sierra de la Laguna, Victoria Mountains).
88. Parus rubidiventris Blyth.
Paryus rubidiventris Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. 16, 1, p. 445 (1847) («Nepal and Sikkim »).
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 2, pl. 59.
Hab. Nepal.
Obs. This is a very imperfectly known form and may perhaps turn out to be a geographic race of
P. vufonuchalis or even an immature stage of P. ry. beavant. It differs from the latter in having the
breast and abdomen ferruginous, sometimes mixed with greyish, especially on the flanks. Besides,
the head and throat are duller, more of a brownish black.
1) Hybrids between P. bicoloy and P. a. atricristatus have been described under the names : Parus atricristatus castanet-
frons Sennett (Auk, Vol. 4, 1887, p. 28 : Bee Co., Texas) and Parus bicolor texensis Sennett (loc. cit. p. 29: Bee Co., Texas).
The former agrees with P. a. atricristatus in having the crown and crest black, but the frontal band is chestnut instead of
whitish, while the other form has the crown and crest grey like P. bicolor, from which it differs by the forehead being rusty or
chestnut instead of black. See Ridgway, Birds North- an Middle America, Vol. 3, 1904, p. 386; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus.
New York, Vol. 23, 1907, pp. 467-481.
30
89.
go.
92.
g3.
g3a.
94.
Q).
96.
97-
PASSERES
Parus rufonuchalis rufonuchalis Blyth.
Parus vufonuchalis Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. 18, u, p. 810 (1849) (« Range beyond Simla, near the
snow-line »).
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 2, pl. 6o.
Hab. Turkestan, and Himalayas from Gilgit to Ghurwal, in the breeding season at elevations of from
7000 to 12,000 feet.
Parus rufonuchalis beavani (Jerdon).
Lophophanes Beavani (Blyth MS.) Jerdon, Birds of India, Vol. 2, p. 275 (1863) (Mount Tongloo, Sikkim, at eleva-
tions of 10,000 feet).
Parus Atkinsoni Jerdon, ibidem, p. 276 (1863) (« interior of Sikkim, at a considerable elevation »).
Hab. Eastern Himalayas (Nepal, Sikkim) and Western China 1) (Tsinling, South Shen-si, Kansu).
Parus rufonuchalis peecilopsis (Sharpe) 2).
Lophophanes poecilopsis Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 13, p. 11 (1902) (Chii-tung, W. Yunnan).
Hab. S. W. China : W. Yunnan).
Parus melanolophus Vigors.
Pavus melanolophus Vigors, Proc. Comm, Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 1, p. 23 (1831) (Himalaya).
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 2, pl. 61.
Hab. Parts of Afghanistan, and western Himalayas (from Kumaon to Gilgit and Murree), at elevations
of from 6000 to 12,000 feet.
Parus ater britannicus Sharpe & Dresser.
Parus britannicus Sharpe & Dresser, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), Vol. 8, p. 437 (1871) (England).
Fig. Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Philos, Soc. Vol. 50, Pt. 3, no. 13, pl., f. 2.
Hab. England, Scotland.
Parus ater hibernicus Ogilvie-Grant.
Parus hibernicus Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 27, p. 37 (1910) (Ireland).
Fig. The Ibis, rg11, pp. 548-552, pl. ro.
Hab. Ireland.
Parus ater vieirz Nicholson.
Parus vieirae Nicholson, Mem. Proc. Manchester Lit. Philos. Soc. Vol. 50, Pt. 3, no. 13, p. 16, pl., f. 1 (1906)
(Coimbra, Portugal).
Hab. Portugal, probably also in Spain.
Parus ater atlas Meade-Waldo.
Pavus atlas Meade-Waldo, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 12, p. 27 (1901) (Atlas Mountains, Morocco).
Fig. The Ibis, 1903, pl. 6.
Hab. Morocco: Atlas Mountains, at elevations of 6000 feet and more.
Parus ater ledouci Malherbe. (PI. 1, Fig. 5.)
Parus ledouci Malherbe, Bull. Soc. Moselle, Vol. 3, ». 57 (1845) (Algeria).
Fig. The Ibis, 1871, pl. 3; Dresser, Birds Europe, Vol. 3, pl. 107.
Hab. North Algeria and North Tunisia.
Parus ater sardus Kleinschmidt.
Parus savdus Kleinschmidt, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 11, p. 186 (1903) (Sardinia).
Hab. Sardinia and Corsica.
Parus ater ater Linneus.
Parus ater Linneus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 190 (1758) (« Habitat in Europa»; we fix Sweden as type locality).
Parus carbonartus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat, Vol. 1, p. 556 (1827) (new name for P. afer of Linnzus).
1) I have not seen specimens from any Chinese locality.
2) Unknown to the author.
PAM. PARIDA® ST
Parus abietum Brehm, Handb. Naturg. V6g. Deutsch]. p. 466 (1831) (« bewohnt die gebirgigen deutschen
Schwarzwalder »).
Parus ater schwedeyt Loudon & Tschusi, Ornith. Jahrb, Vol. 16, p. 140 (1905) (Livland).
Hab. Europe, from 64° n. lat. south to Italy, the Balcan States, Asia Minor, and east to West and Central
Siberia.
Obs. As a rule, specimens from Scandinavia, East Prussia and Russia (Livland) are purer bluish grey
on the back and have the flanks rather pale. If the form from Central-and S. E. Europe should prove
to be separable the name P. a. abietum would become available for it.
gg. Parus ater amurensis (Buturlin).
Periparus ater amurensis Buturlin, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 15, p. 80 (1907) (Amoor, Ussuri, Sakhalin etc.).
Hab. Eastern Siberia : Amoorland, Ussuri, Sakhalin and the shores of the Okhotsk Sea.
100. Parus ater insularis Hellinayr.
Parus ater insulayis Hellmayr, Ornith. Jahrb. Vol. 13, p. 36 (1902) (Japan, type from Suruga, Hondo).
Hab. Japan (Yezo, Hondo).
tor. Parus ater pekinensis A. David.
Parus pekinensis A. David, The [bis (mew series), Vol. 6, p. 155 (1870) (Pekin, China).
Fig. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, Vol. 8, 1872, Bull. pl. 5, f.1; David & Oustalet, Ois. Chine, pl. 34.
Hab. China (from Pekin to Fohkien), Manchooria, Corea (Chemulpo).
102. Parus ater rufipectus Severtzow.
Parus ater var. rufipectus (asiatica) Severtzow, Izv. Obshch. Moskov, Vol. 8, no. 2, p. 134 (1873) (Turkestan; Rus-
sian!): Dresser, The Ibis, 1876, p. 93 (transl.).
Parus piceae Severtzow, Stray Feath. Vol. 3, p. 423 (1875) (Turkestan).
Fig. Aves Przewalsk. pl. 9, f. 1.
Hab. Turkestan : Tian-shan Mountains, at elevations of from 8000 to 10,000 feet.
103. Parus ater emodius Hodgson.
Parus aemodius Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. 13.11, p. 943 (1844, (Nepal).
Lophophanes Humei W. E. Brooks, ibidem, Vol. 42, 1, p. 57 (1873) (Sikkim).
Hab. Eastern Himalayas (Sikkim, Nepal), eastwards into Western China (Kansu, Shensi).
104. Parus ater phzonotus Blanford.
Parus phaeonotus Blanford, The Ibis (3), Vol. 3, p. 88 (1873) (« in quercetis haud procul ab urbe persica Shiraz »).
Fig. Blanford, Eastern Persia, Vol. 2, Zool. pl. 16, f. 1.
Hab. Oak-woods of Persia (Shiraz etc.), and southern Transcaspia (Ashabad, Shirwan etc.).
105. Parus ater michalowskii Bogdanow.
Parus Michalowskii Bogdanow, Trudui Kazan. Univ. Vol. 8, Iv, p. 87 (1879) (Suram Pass and Kirshaweli in
Western Caucasus; Russian!); Schalow, Journ. f. Ornith. 1880, p. 268 (transl.).
Hab. Southern Caucasus (Kura valley, from Suram and Sekarsk to Kedabeg, Tiflis and Lenkoran).
Obs. One specimen from the Laba valley (Mt. Kuba), North Caucasus, differs by having the back much
less brownish, greyish olive, and the brownish wash on the flanks paler and more restricted. In
coloration, it is practically identical with P. a. deyjugin?, but has a much shorter, stouter bill.
106. Parus ater derjugini (Sarudny & Loudon).
« Periparus atey Linneus var. derjugini » Sarudny & Loudon, Ornith, Monatsber. Vol. 11, p.129 (1903) (« Tschoroch-
gebiet » in N. W. Caucasus).
Hab. Lasistan in Northern Armenia, and Dshoroch-district, Transcaucas a.
107. Parus ater moltchanovi \Menzbier.
Parus moltchanovt Menzbier, Bull, Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 13, p. 49 (1903) (« in sylvis montium Yaila peninsule
Taurice »).
Hab. Mountains of Southern Crimea.
108. Parus ater cypriotes Dresser. (PI. 1, Fig. 4.)
Parus cypriotes Dresser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1887, p. 563 (1888) (Cyprus).
Fig. Dresser, Birds Europe, Vol. 9, pl. 658.
Hab. Cyprus. °
32 PASSERES
1og. Parus amabilis Sharpe.
Parus amabilis Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. (2), Vol. 1, p. 338, pl. 53, f. 2 (1877) (Island of Balabac, Philippines).
Hab. Philippine Islands ; Balabac, Palawan.
tro. Parus elegans elegans Lesson.
Parus elegans Lesson, Traité d'Ornith. p. 456 (1831) (no locality; the type is from the Philippines; cfr. Pucheran,
Rev. Mag. Zool. (2), Vol. 6, 1854, p. 68).
Parus quadrivittatus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool. Vol. 3, p. 129 (1840) (« in Manilla aut in India»),
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 2, pl. 5o.
Hab. Philippine Islands: Luzon, Mindoro, Negros, Panay, Guimaras, Cebu, Bongao 1).
r1r. Parus elegans albescens (McGregor).
Pardaliparus albescens McGregor, Philipp. Journ. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 293 (1907) (Ticao Island).
Hab. Philippine Islands : Masbate, Ticao.
112. Parus elegans edithz (\IcGregor).
Pardaliparus edithae McGregor, Philipp. Journ. Sc. Vol. 2, p. 294 (1907) (Calayan Island, Babuyan Group).
Hab. Northern Philippine Islands : Calayan Isl , Babuyan Group.
113. Parus elegans mindanensis (Mearns).
Pardaliparus elegans mindanensis Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash, Vol. 18, p. 8 (1905) (Mount Apo, Mindanao).
Hab. Philippine Islands : Mountains of Mindanao,
114. Parus venustulus Swinhoe.
Parus venustulus Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 133 (1870) (« from Kweifoo in Szechuen to Ichang in
Hoopih »).
Pardaliparus potaninae Bianchi, Ann. Mus. Zool. St-Pétersb. Vol. 7, p..247 (1902) {based on P, venustulus Berezowski
& Bianchi, Av. Exped. Potanini, p. 108, pl. 2. f. 3: S. W. Kansu).
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 2, t. 48; Blackwelder, Research in China, Vol. 1, 11, 1907, pl. 62.
Hab. Mountains of China, from Kansu and Shensi (Tsinling) south to Szechuen, Hoopeh and
N. W. Fohkien.
115. Parus superciliosus (Przewalski). (Pl. 1, Fig. 10.)
Pecile superciliosa Przewalski, in Rowley’s Ornith. Miscell. Vol. 2, p. 189 (1877) (Alpine region of the mountains
of Kansu).
Fig. Aves Przewalsk. p. 160, t. 8, ff. 3, 4.
Hab. Alpine region of Western China : Kansu, upper Chuanche, Southern Kookoonor-Range.
116. Parus gambeli gambeli Ridgway.
Parus montanus (nec Baldenstein 1827) Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. Vol. 1, p. 259 (1843) (Santa Fé, New
Mexico).
Parus gambeli Ridgway, in Amer. Oraith. Union’s Check-List, p. 335 (1886) (nom. emend.),.
Parus gambeli thayert Birtwell, Auk, Vol. 18, p. 166 (1901) (Near Albuquerque, New Mexico).
Fig. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. (2), Vol. 1, t. 8, f. 1.
Hab. Mountains of western United States, from the Rocky Mountains to the Coast ranges; north to
British Columbia, south to Western Texas, New Mexico and Arizona and Northern California,
117. Parus gambeli baileyz (J. Grinnell).
Penthestes gambeli batleyae J, Grinnell, Condor, Vol. ro, p. 29 (1908) (Sierra San Gabriel, Los Angeles County,
California).
Hab. Mountains of Southern California (Sierra San Gabriel, San Bernardino Mountains); North. Lower
California?
118. Parus sclateri Kleinschmidt.
Parus meridionalis (nec Lilljeborg 1852) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 24, 1856, p. 293 (Jan. 1857) (El Jacale,
S. Mexico).
1) It is yet to be determined to which race the birds found on the Sulu and Tawi Tawi Islands are referable.
Possibly thay constitute an undescribed form.
_iii-
FAM. PARIDA®
OO
Oo
Parus sclatert Kleinschmidt, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 45, p. 133, in text (1897) (nom. emend.).
Hab. Highlands of Mexico from States of Oaxaca, Vera Cruz and Puebla north to S. Arizona (Chiricahua
Mountains).
11g. Parus hypermelznus hypermelznus (Berezowski & Bianchi).
Poecile hypermelaena Berezowski & Bianchi, Av. Exped. Potanini, p. 112, t. 2, f. 2 (1891) (Shen-si, near the frontier
of Kansu); Deditius, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 45, 1897, p. 72 (transl.).
Hab. N. W. China : Lan-tsha-kou in Shensi, near the frontier of Kansu.
120. Parus hypermelznus dejeani Oustalet.
Parus dejeani Oustalet, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 3, p. 209 (1897) (Ta-tsien-lu, Szechuen).
Hab. W. China : Szechuen.
t21. Parus davidi (Berezowski & Bianchi).
Poecile Davidi Berezowski & Bianchi, Av. Exped. Potanini, p. 113, t, 2, f. 3 (1891) (South Kansu); Deditius, Journ.
f. Ornith. Vol. 45, 1897, p. 73 (transl.).
Hab. North- and Western China : Szechuen, Kansu, Shensi (Tsinling Mts.).
122. Parus palustris palustris Linneus.
Parus palustris Linneus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 190 (1758) (« Habitat in Europa »; we fix Sweden as terra typica;
cfr. Hartert, V6g. palaarkt. Fauna, Lief. 3, p. 370).
Parus meridionalis Lilljeborg, Naumannia, Vol. 2, 1, p. 100 (1852) (based on Nilsson and Selys).
Parus fruticeti Wallengren, Naumannia, Vol. 4, p. 141 (1854) («im stidlichen und mittleren Schweden gemein »).
Poecila palustris vera L. Brehm, Naumannia, Vol. 6, p. 368 (1856) (part. : «in der hiesigen Gegend [errore!] und
in Schweden, namentlich bei Stockholm »).
Fig. Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 45, 1897, pl. 4; fig. sup. New edit. of « Naumann », Vol. 2, pl. 21, f. 5.
Hab. Southern- and central portions of Scandinavia, Russian Baltic Provinces and East Prussia.
123. Parus palustris communis Baldenstein. (PI. 1, Fig 9.)
Parus cinereus communis Baldenstein, Neue Alpina, Vol. 2, p. 31 (1827) («tiberall in unseren ‘alern... selten bis
in die Mittelberge hinauf», terra typica : Graubtinden. Switzerland).
Parus subpalustris Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 242 (1855) (« Deutschland », typ. loc. : Renthendorf).
Poecila palustris sordida Brehm, Naumannia, Vol. 6, p. 369 (1856) (« Mitteldeutschland », typ. loc. : Renthendorf).
Fig. New edit of « Naumann », Vol. 2, pl. 20, f. 4
Hab. Germany (except western- and eastern parts), Switzerland, Austriaand S. W. Hungary (Baranya).
124. Parus palustris longirostris Kleinschmidt.
Pavus dressevi longivostris Kleinschmidt, Ornith. Jahrb. Vol. 8, p. 65 (1897) («Frankreich und Rheingegend ».
Terra typica : Latour, France; cfr. Hartert, Vég. palaarkt. Fauna, Lief. 3, p. 373). i
Fig. Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 45, 1897, pl. 3, fig. sup.
Hab. Rhine-province, France, Holland and Belgium.
125. Parus palustris dresseri Stejneger.
Parus palustris dresseri Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 9, 1886, p. 200 (1887) (Great Britain).
Fig. New edit. of Naumann’s Vog. Mitteleur. Vol. 2, pl. 21, few
Hab. England and southern parts of Scotland.
126. Parus palustris italicus Tschusi & Hellmayr.
Parus communis italicus Tschusi & Hellmayr, Ornith. Jahrb. Vol. 11, p. 204 (1900) (Siena, Toscany).
Parus communis tschusii Hellmayr, Ornith. Jahrb. Vol. 12, p. 110 (1901) (Cremona, N. Italy).
Hab. Italy ; also in Sicily and Sardinia (breeding ?)
127. Parus palustris stagnatilis Brehm.
Parus stagnatilis Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 242 (1855) (« Galizien »).
Hab. Galizia, Hungary, Balkan Peninsula, South Russia and Caucasus; Asia Minor ?
128. Parus palustris korejewi Sarudny & Harms. :
Parus communis korejewi Sarudny & Harms, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 10, p. 54 (1902) (Karatau, Turkestan).
Hab. Turkestan : Karatau.
34
I29
PASSERES
. Parus palustris hellmayri Bianchi.
Parus palustris hellmayri Bianchi, Ann. Mus. Zool. St-Pétersb. Vol. 7, p. 236 (1902) (based on « Parus sp. nov.»
Kleinschmidt, Ornith. Jahrb. Vol. 8, 1897, p. 77 : Pekin, China).
Hab. North China ;: Pekin.
130. Parus palustris brevirostris (Taczanowski).
Poicilia brevivostris Taczanowski, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 20, p. 444 (1872) (South Baicalia).
Hab, Central Siberia (Krasnoyarsk to Irkutsk, Lake Baical, Altai etc.).
131. Parus palustris crassirostris (Taczanowsk1).
Poicilia palustris crassivostris Taczanowski, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. Vol, 10, }. 470 (1885) (Sidemi River, East Siberia).
Hab. S. E. Siberia : Ussuriland ; Corea ?.
132. Parus palustris hensoni Stejneger.
Parus hensoni Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 15, p. 342 (1892) (Hakodate, Yezo).
Parus seebohmi Stejneger, ibidem, p. 343 (1892) (Sapporo, Yezo).
Hab. North Japan : Yezo and Iterup, Kuril Isl.
133, Parus atricapillus atricapillus Linneus.
Parus atricapillus Linneus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, Vol. 1, p. 341 (1766) (based on Brisson, « Payus canadensis atricapil-
lus », Ornith. Vol. 3, p. 553 : Canada).
Pavus melanocephalus Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 242 (1855) (Nordamerika).
Fig. Audubon, Ornith. Biogr. Vol. 4, 1838, p. 374, pl. 353, f. 3.
Hab. North-eastern United States and south-eastern British Provinces, north to New Foundland,
southern Labrador, south to about 4o° lat. A separate colony inhabits the area between the Rocky
Mountains and Cascade Range, in eastern Washington, western Idaho and central British Colum-
bia (cfr, Ridgway, Birds North- and Middle America, Vol. 3, 1904, p. 398).
134. Parus atricapillus septentrionalis Harris.
Parus septentrionalis Harris, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. Vol 2, p. 300 (Dec. 1845) (near mouth of Yellowstone
a ee Eee a Vest welita
Parus albescens Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Survey, Vol. 9, p. xxxvu (1858) (Rocky Mountains; nomen nudum,
but characters given, without name, on p. 389, in text).
Hab. Great Plains and Rocky Mountain districts of central Nerth America, from New Mexico and
Kansas to Alaska (Kenai), east to eastern Kansas, Iowa, S. Dakota, W. Minnesota, Manitoba etc.).
135. Parus atricapillus turneri Ridgway.
Parus atricapillus turneri Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Vol. 2, p. 89 (1884) (St. Michael, Alaska).
Hab. Alaska, west and north of Cook Inlet.
136, Parus atricapillus occidentalis Baird.
Parus occidentalis Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Survey, Vol. 9, p. 391 (1858) (Shoal-water Bay, Washington).
Hab. North-west Coast of North America : from the Columbia River to British Columbia.
My -964, So Brtqen
137. Parus atricapillus carolinensis Aububon.
Parus cavolinensis Audubon, Ornith. Biogr. Vol. 2, p. 341, pl. 160 (1834) (near Charleston, South Carolina).
Hab. Eastern United States (south of 400 latitude), south to northern- and western Florida and golf coast
westward to Louisiana.
138. Parus atricapillus agilis Sennett.
140
Parus carolinensis agilis Sennett, Auk, Vol. 5, p. 46 (1888) (Bee Co., Texas).
Hab. Eastern and central Texas, Indian Territory and Oklahoma.
. Parus atricapillus impiger Bangs.
Parus carolinensis impiger Bangs, Proc. New Eng]. Zool. Club, Vol. 4, p- 1 (1903) (Deep Creek, near Lake Ashby,
East Florida), ‘
Hab, Eastern Florida.
. Parus atricapillus kamtschatkensis (Bonaparte),
Poecila kamtschatkensis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 230 (1850) («Parus palustris, ex Kamtschatka, Mus.
Lugd. »).
FAM. PARIDA® 5
Parus wiemutht Dybowski MS. fide Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 29, 1885, p. 297.
Fig. Zeitschr. ges. Ornith. Vol. 1, t. 7.
Hab. Kamtchatka.
1. Parus atricapillus restrictus Hellmayr.
Payus borealis restrictus Hellmayr, Ornith. Jahrb. Vol. 11, p. 215 (1900) (Hondo).
Hab. South Japan : Island of Hondo.
2. Parus atricapillus sachalinensis Lonnberg.
Parus atricapillus sachalinensis Lonnberg, Journ. Sc. Coll. Tokio, Vol. 23, art. 14, p. 20 (1908) (Saghalin).
Hab. Island of Sakhalin.
143, Parus atricapillus baicalensis (Swinhoe).
Poecile batcalensis Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4); Vol. 7, p. 257 (1871) (« Transbaikal », the type in the Brit.
Mus., examined by me, is from Kultuk, on Lake Baical).
Povcilta palustris macroura Vaczanowski, Mém. Acad. Sc. St.-Pétersb. (7), Vol. 39, p. 436 (1891) (Gouv. Irkutsk and
Dauria).
Poecile tunkanensts Madarasz, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung. Vol. 7, p. 177 (1909) (Tunkan Mts., west of Lake Baical).
Hab. From N. E. Russia through Siberia to the shores of the Sea of Okhotsk, Manchooria and the island
of Yezo, Japan.
144. Parus atricapillus borealis Selys-Longchamps.
Parus borealis Selys-Longchamps, Bull. Acad. Roy. Bruxelles, Vol. 10, 1, p. 28 (1843) (Iceland, errore! We fix
Sweden as type locality).
Parus colletti Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 11, p. 74 (1888) (Beryen, West Norway).
Fig. Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 45, 1897, pl. 4, fig. inf.; New edit. of « Naumann », Vol. 2, pl. 21, f. 3.
Hab. Scandinavia, North-west Russia, Baltic Provinces and East Prussia.
145. Parus atricapillus bianchii (Sarudny & Harms).
Poecile salicaria neglecta (nec Parus rufescens neglectus Ridgway 1879) Sarudny & Harms, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 8.
P- 19 (1900) (Pleskau, W. Russia).
Poecile salicaria bianchii Sarudny & Harms, ibidem, p. 67 (1900) (nom. emend.).
Hab. Only known from Pskow in W. Russia. Breeding places unknown, perhaps in the Waldai Mts.
146. Parus atricapillus assimilis Brehm.
Parus assimilis Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 242 (1855) (« Galizien»).
Hab. South-eastern Europe (Carpathian Mountains, Transsylvania, Hungary, Bosnia, Serbia and
Bulgaria). :
147. Parus atricapillus montanus Baldenstein. (Pl. 1, Fig. 8.)
Parus cinereus montanus Baldenstein, Neue Alpina, Vol. 2, p. 31 (1827) (Mountain Forests of Graubitinden,
Switzerland).
Parus alpestris Bailly, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Savoie, 1852, p. 22 (1852) (Savoy).
Poecila salicaria alpina Brehm, Naumannia, Vol. 6, p. 370 (1856) («auf den Alpen der Schweiz »).
Parus Baldensteiniz Salis, Jahresber. Naturf. Ges. Graubindens, Vol. 6, p. 107 (1861) («In Nadelwaldern von
4000 bis 7000 Fuss in Graubiinden, z. B. St. Moritz im Engadin»).
Fig New edition of Naumann’s V6g. Mitteleuropas. Vol. 2, pl. 21, f. 2.
Hab. Forests of the Alpes from Styria and Carinthia westwards to Savoy, Basses-Alpes etc. at elevations
of from 3000 to 7000 feet.
148. Parus atricapillus salicarius Brehm.
Parus salicarius Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 465 (1831) (« Lebt in unseren Talern, besonders
an den mit Weiden besetzten Bach-, Fluss- und Teichufern»; type locality : Renthendorf).
Parus accedans Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 242 (1855) («Deutschland »; type locality : Renthendorf).
Parus murinus Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 242 (1855) (« Deutschland »; type locality : Renthendorf).
Poecila salicavia vera Brehm, Naumannia, Vol. 6, p. 370 (1856) («in den hiesigen Talern », 1. e. Renthendorf).
Parus mustcus Homeyer (ex Brehm in litt.) Ornith. Briefe, p. 76 (1881) («lebt und briitet im Nadelwald »; type
locality : Renthendorf).
36 PASSE RES
Parus salicarius communis Olphe-Galliard (ex Brehm in litt.), Ornith. Jahrb. Vol. 3, p. 146 (1892) (« Deutschland »;
type locality : Renthendorf).
Hab. Parts of Germany (Mecklenburg, Silesia, Thuringia, Bavaria) and Austria, in the lowlands and
hill districts up to about 3000 feet.
149. Parus atricapillus rhenanus Kleinschmidt.
Parus yhenanus Kleinschmidt, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 8, p. 168 (1900) (Banks of the Rhine between Mayence and
Bingen).
Fig. Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 45, 1897, pl. 3; New edition of « Naumann », Vol. 2, pl. 21, f. r.
Hab. Known to inhabit the valley of the Rhine, from Worms down to Wesel, and widely distributed in
Holland. Probably also occurring in Belgium and France.
150. Parus atricapillus kleinschmidti Hellmayr 1).
Parus montanus kleinschmidti Hellmayr, Ornith. Jahrb. Vol. 11, p. 212 (1900) (England, the type is from Coalfall
Wood, Finchley, near London).
Hab. England, Scotland.
151. Parus songarus songarus Severtzow.
Parus songarus Severtzow, Izv. Obshch. Moskov. Vol. 8. no. 2, p. 134 (1873) (Tian-shan, Turkestan); Dresser,
The Ibis (3), Vol. 6, 1876, p. g3 (transl.).
Fig. Aves Przewalsk. pl. 8, f. 1.
Hab. Northern Turkestan (Ssairam-Noor, Tian-shan, Kara-tau, Dsharkent, Musart Range etc.).
152. Parus songarus affinis (Przewalski).
Poecile afinis Przewalski, in Rowley’s Ornith. Miscell. Vol. 2, p. 188 (1877) (Alashan and Kansu’.
Fig. Aves Przewalsk. pl. 8, f. 2.
Hab. North-eastern Tibet, Kansu, southern Mongolia.
153. Parus lugubris lugubris Temminck.
Parus lugubris (Natterer MS.) Temminck, Man. d’Ornith , ed. 2, Vol. 1, p. 293 (1820) (Dalmatia and Hungary).
Fig. Nauman’s Vég. Deutschl. Vol. 13, 11, pl. 379. f 1; Reiser, Ornis Bale. Vol. 3, 1905, pl. 1, f. 1.
Hab. Southern Hungary (near Mehadia, in Transsylvania etc.), Istria, Dalmatia, Montenegro, Bosnia,
Hercegovina, Serbia and Bulgaria.
154. Parus lugubris lugens Brehm.
Parus lugens Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 243 (1855) (Greece).
Parus lugubris graecus Reiser, Ornith. Jahrb. Vol. 12, p. 216 (1901) (ZEtolikon, Greece).
Fig. Reiser, Ornis Balc. Vol. 3, 1905, pl. 1, f. 2.
Hab. Greece. (Specimens from Turkey which may belong here I have not seen )
155. Parus lugubris hyrcanus (Sarudny & Loudon).
Poectle lugubyis hyrcanus Sarudny & Loudon, Ornith Monatsber. Vol. 13, p. 76 (1905) (Rustum Abad, proy. Ghilan,
North Persia). ,
Hab. North Persia : Elburz Mountains in the provinces of Ghilan and Mazanderan, south of the
Caspian Sea.
156. Parus lugubris dubius Hellmayr.
Poecile lugubris persica (nec Parus persicus Blanford, 1873) Prazak, Ornith. Jahrb. Vol. 6, p. 81 (1895) (ex Blanford,
East. Persia, Vol. 2, Zool. p. 229 : Oak-forest near Shiraz).
Parus lugubyis dubius Hellmayr, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 49, p. 173 (1gor) (Persia).
Hab. Oak-forests of South Persia (Shiraz, Fars). — (Specimens from Palestine | Libanon] are said to
belong to the same form.)
1) Parus brandtzii ( Bogdanow).
Poecile brandtii Bogdanow, Trudui Kazan. Univ. Vol. 8, 1v, p- 89 (1879) (Borshom, Caucasus); Schalow, Journ. f.
Ornith. Vol. 28, 1880, p. 269 (transl.); cfr. Hartert, Vog. palaarkt. Fauna, Lief. 3, 1905, p. 360.
Doubtful species, perhaps a geographical form of P. atricapillus,
PAM. PARID As 37
57. Parus lugubris anatoliz Hartert.
Parus lugubris anatoliae Hartert, Vog. Palaarkt. Fauna, Lief. 3, p. 368 {1905) (Ahoory, Asia Minor).
Hab. Mountains of Asia Minor.
158. Parus cinctus cinctus Boddaert.
Parus cinctus Beddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl. p. 44 (1783) (ex Daubenton, Pl. Enl. 708, Buffon & Brisson : Siberia).
Parus sibtricus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, 1, p. 1013 (1789) (ex Daubenton etc., Siberia).
Parus lapponicus Lundahl, Notiser Sallsk. Fauna Fenn. Vol. 1, p. 4, pl. 1, f. 1 (1848) (Lappland).
Parus septentrionalis (nec Harris 1845!) Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 243 (1855) (Russia).
Poecila stbirica vera Brehm, Naumannia, Vol. 6, p. 369 (1856) (« Verirrt sich aus dem Asiatischen Russland nach
Europa, kommt aber auch in Norw egen vor »).
Poecila sibirica microrhynchos Brehm, 1bidem, p. 369 (new name for P. septentrionalis rehm).
Parus melanothorax (Brehm in litt.) Olphe-Galliard, Ornith. Jahrb. Vol. 3, p. 137 (1892) (Norway).
Fig. Dresser, Birds Europe, Vol. 3, pl. 112
Hab. Northern parts of Scandinavia, Lappland, North Russia and northern Siberia (eastwards to the
Jenissey).
159. Parus cinctus sayanus (Sushkin).
Poectle cincta sayana Sushkin, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 14, p 44 (1904) (« Sayan occidentalis, Altai»).
Hab. Eastern Sayan-Range, Altai Mountains.
160. Parus cinctus obtectus Cabanis.
Parus (Poecile) obtectus Cabanis, Journ, f. Ornith. Vol. 19, p. 237 (1871) (south of Lake Baikal, Siberia).
Parus grisescens Sharpe & Dresser Birds Europe, Vol. 3, p. 129 (1871) (south shores of Lake Baikal).
Hab. Siberia, from Tomsk (?), the Jenissey River (Krasnoyarsk) and the countries round Lake Baikal,
east to Amoorland. Exact eastern limits not known.
16r. Parus cinctus kolymensis (Buturlin).
Poecile kolymensis Buturlin, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 56, p. 284 (1908) (Kolyma R., N. E. Siberia).
Hab. N. E. Siberia, from the Kolyma River south to the shores of the Okhotsk Sea.
2. Parus cinctus alascensis (Prazak).
Poecile cincta alascensis Prazak, Ornith. Jahrb. Vol. 6, p. 92 (1895) (Alaska); cfr. Ridgway, Birds North- and
Middle America, Vol. 3, 1904, p. 411.
Hab. Nothern Alaska (St. Michael, valley of Kowak River etc.) and eastwards to northern Mackenzie
(Fort Anderson)...
a
Os
- Parus hudsonicus hudsonicus Forster.
Parus Hudsonicus J. &. Forster, Philos. Trans. Vol. 62, pp. 408, 430 (1772) (Severn R., Hudson Bay).
Parus hudsontcus evura Coues, Key N. Americ. Birds, ed. 2, p. 267 (1884) (Alaska).
Parus hudsonicus ungava Rhoads, Auk, Vol. 10, p. 32g (1893) (Fort Chimo, Ungava).
Parus stoneyi Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Birds, p. 591 (1887) (Kowak R., N. W. Alaska).
Hab. From shores cf Hudson Bay (including Ungava district) north-westward to Alaska (north and west
of Cook Inlet) as far as valley of Kowak River.
164. Parus hudsonicus columbianus Rhoads.
Parus hudsonicus columbianus Rhoads, Auk, Vol. ro, p. 23 (1893) (Field, British Columbia).
Hab. Rotky Mountain district, from interior of British Columbia, north. Montana and Alberta to Kenai
Peninsula, Alaska.
165. Parus hudsonicus littoralis Bryant.
Parus hudsonicus var. littoralis Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Vol. 9, p. 368 (1865) (Yarmouth, Nova Scotia).
Hab. South-eastern British Provinces (south. Labrador, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia) and
extreme north-eastern United States (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, N. E. New York).
166. Parus rufescens rufescens Townsend 1).
Pavus rufescens Townsend, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc, Philad. Vol. 7, Pt. 2, p. 190 (1837) (Columbia River).
) J. Grinnell, The Origin and Distribution of the Chestnut-Backed Chickadee; Auk, Vol. 21, 1904, pp. 364-352.
38 PASSERES
Parus sitchensts Kittlitz, in Lutkeé’s Voy. Le Seniavine, p. 268 in text (1836) (Sitka, Alaska; nom. nud.).
Fig. Audubon, Ornith. Biogr. Vol. 4, 1838, pl. 353.
Hab. Pacific Coast District, from North California to Sitka, Alaska; east to Montana (Great Falls).
167. Parus rufescens vivax J. Grinnell.
Penthestes rufescens vivax J. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. Vol. 5, p. 414 (1910) (Prince William Sound, Alaska).
Hab. Prince William Sound District, Alaska.
168, Parus rufescens neglectus Ridgway 1).
Parus rvufescens 6. neglectus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, Vol. 1, p. 485 (1879) (Nicasio, Marin Co., California).
Hab. Marin County, California.
16g. Parus rufescens barlowi |. Grinnell 1).
Pavus vufescens barlowi J. Grinnell, Condor, Vol. 2, p. 127 (1900) (Stevens Creek Canon, Santa Clara Co., California).
Hab. Middle coast district of California, south of San Francisco Bay to past Monterey.
2. GENUS PENTHORNIS HELLMAyYR
Penthornis Hellmayr. Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 49, p. 170 (1gor) (sp. typ. : Melanipavus semilarvatus
Salvadori).
Characters. Bill rather longer than in the members of the genus Paras, though not
unlike in shape; culmen more abruptly curved in terminal portion, somewhat broadened at
base, conspicuously uncinate; gonys nearly straight, at extreme tip only slightly ascending,
Nostrils lateral, small, roundish, entirely hidden by the dense antrorse, latero-frontal plumules,
Wing longer than in Parus and less rounded at tip, when folded, reaching over two-thirds ot
tail; third, fourth and fifth primaries longest; first primary a little less than half as long as
second, Tail nearly square, much shorter than wing. Tarsus robust; acrotarsium covered in
front with distinct scutes. Proportion of toes etc, as in Parus. Wing 70-80, tail 46-60, tarsus
15-17, bill 8-11 mm.
Coloration. Black and white. Forehead and lores white or buffy white. All the other
plumage black, wings and tail duller than the rest. Sexes not much different. In the male the
black portions of the plumage are strongly glossed with bluish, while the female is dull blackish
brown below, Females and young birds with a more or less distinct whitish nuchal patch, half
concealed by the dusky tips of the feathers. Bill black.
Geographical Distribution. Philippine Islands. Two species.
Habits and Nidification unknown.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PENTHORNIS
1. With a white alary speculum. Larger : wing 80, tail60 mm. . . . . . . . . 2. P. YESSACOURBE.
— No white alar speculum. Smaller : wing 70-74, tail 46-50 mm. . . . . . . . I. P. SEMILARVATUS.
1. Penthornis semilarvatus (Salvadori). (PI. 1, Fig. 1.)
Melaniparus semilarvatus Salvadori, Atti Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat. Vol. 8, 1865, p. 375 (1866) (« Himalayas », errore!).
Fig. The Ibis (4), Vol. 3, 1879, pl. o.
Hab. Philippine Island : Luzon
1) See footnote on page 37.
FAM. PARIDA= 30
2. Penthornis tessacourbe (Scopoli).
Muscicapa (Tessacourbe) Scopoli, Delicie Flor. et Faun. Insubr. Vol. 2, p. 95 (1786) (based on « Le Gobe-mouche
noir de l’isle de Lucon », Sonnerat, Voy. Nouv.-Guinée, p. 59, pl. 27, f. 2 : Luzon, locality most probably
erroneous).
Muscicapa luzoniensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat Vol.1, 1. p. 942 (1789) (based on the same).
Muicropus nehrkornt \V. Blasius, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol 38, p. 147 (1890) (Mindanao).
Hab. Philippine Island : Mindanao.
3. GENUS MELANOCHLORA LESSON
Melanochlora Lesson, Rev. Zool. Vol. 2, p. 42 (1839) (sp. typ. : M. swmatrana Lesson).
Crataionyx Eyton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 7, 1839, p. 104 (sp. : C. fava Eyton et C. ater Eyton).
Cratzonyx Agassiz, Nomencl. Zool., Index, p. 103 (1846) (nom. emend. pro Cvataionyx Eyton).
Ptilobaphus Reichenbach, Avium Syst. pl. 62 (1850).
Melanichlora A. Dubois, Syn. Avium, Vol. 1, p. 460 (1g0r) (nom. emend. pro Melanochlova Lesson).
Characters. Bill rather stout, much shorter than head, about equal in length to inner
toe with claw, with outlines decidedly convex, at base somewhat deeper than wide; culmen
conspicuously curved; gonys terminally more abruptly ascending than in Parus. Nostrils basal,
very small, nearly circular, concealed by dense, antrorse latero-frontal plumules. Rictal bristles
well-developed. Wing long, rounded; fourth, fifth and sixth primaries nearly equal and longest;
third primary equal to seventh, decidedly shorter than fourth to sixth; second equal to ninth;
first primary somewhat less than half as long as second; wing-tip about equal to length of
tarsus. Tail conspicuously shorter than the wing, slightly graduated; rectrices relatively
narrow, with rather pointed tips. Tarsus robust, much longer than middle toe with claw;
acrotarsium distinctly scutellate; proportions and adhesion of toes exactly as in Paras, but
both toes and claws stronger. Feathers of pileum much lengthened, with the barbs dissolved,
forming a long, full, erect crest. Wing 100-115, tail $5-go, tarsus 21-24, bill about 16 mm.
Coloration. Sexes different. Forehead, crown, crest and under parts (including under
tail coverts) bright yellow in both sexes; nape, back, wings, tail, throat and breast deep black,
glossed with bluish green in the male, olive-brown with a slight greenish sheen in the female.
The young birds resemble the female, but have a much shorter crest, the upper wing coverts
tipped with yellow, and the rectrices edged with whitish.
Observations. Though not unlike Parws in general appearance, the stouter bill, much
more rounded tail with pointed rectrices, longer tarsus, and the peculiar of the elongated
crown-feathers render Melanochlora a well-characterized genus among the Paridae.
Geographical Distribution. India, Burma, Malakka, Sumatra, Monotypic.
Habits and Nidification. We are told by Indian field-ornithologists that this bird
frequents the larger trees in small flocks. Nothing appears to be known regarding its nidification.
KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF MELANOCHLORA SULTANEA
L. Lajger s wineiop male DLO-Ero mi. = 2 ee ee | MO SUETANEASULTANEA:
— Smaller: wing ofmale 1oo-ro7 mm. . . . . . . =. . =. . . 2. M. SULTANEA FLAVOCRISTATA.
40 PASSERES
1. Melanochlora sultanea sultanea (Hodgson). (PI. 2, Figs. 6a, 6b.)
Parus sultaneus Hodgson, Ind. Review, Vol. 1, }). 31 (1837) (Nepal).
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 2, pl. 5r.
Hab. The lower ranges of the Himalayas from Nepal to head of Assam valley; mountains south of the
Bramaputra (Khasia hills, Cachar, Manipur); Burma (from the Kakhyru hills near Bhamo, south-
ward to Pevu, Karennee etc.) and northern Tennasserim. Also recorded from the mountains of
N. W. Fohkien, South-eastern China. I have, however, never seen Chinese examples.
2. Melanochlora sultanea flavocristata (Lafresnaye).
Parus flavo-cristatus Lafresnaye, Mag. Zool. Cl. 2, pl. 80 (1837) (« Iles de la Sonde »).
Melanochlora Sumatrana Lesson, Rev. Zool. Vol. 2, p. 42 (1839) (Sumatra).
Crataionyx flava Eyton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 7, 1839, p. 104 (1839) (« Malaya»; = ©).
Crataionyx ater Eyton, ibidem, p. 104 (1839) (« Malaya»; = 2).
Fig. Mag. Zool. 1837, Cl. 2, pl. 80.
Hab. Southern Tennasserim, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra.
4. GENUS APHELOCEPHALA OBERHOLSER
Xerophila (nec F. Held 1837, Mollusca) Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 8, 1840, p. 175 (1841)
(type : X. leucopsis Gould).
Aphelocephala Oberholser, Proc. Acad Nat. Sc. Philad. 1899, p. 214 (1899) (nom. emend.).
Characters. Bill rather short, semi-conical, thick, decidedly deeper than wide, culmen
strongly curved from base to tip; gonys straight for its basal half, distinctly ascending termi-
nally. Tongue obtuse, without any bristles. Nasal fossz large, operculate; nostrils very small,
nearly circular and almost completely concealed by the antrorse, dense, bristle-like latero-
frontal plumules. Rictal bristles strong, well developed, though not very numerous, Wing
rather long, rounded; fourth and fifth primaries longest, third and sixth but little shorter; first
primary somewhat longer than half the second. Secondaries broad and rather long, their
length equal to about four-fifths of the wing. Tail square, much shorter than wing, not more
than three-fourths of the latter. Upper tail coverts much developed, covering the basal half
of the tail. Tarsus robust, rather more than twice as long as hind toe without claw; acrotarsium
distinctly scutellate. Toes slender, outer toe somewhat longer than inner, with claws rather
short; hallux stout, with stronger, more decidedly curved claw. Wing 56-60, tail 40-46 mm.
Coloration. Above hair-brown or chestnut (if chestnut, pileam dark brown). Lores and
sides of forehead white or buff. Under parts variable, either plain buffish, with more or less
ferruginous on flanks (4. leucopsis and A. castaneiventris), or with a distinct crescent (chestnut
in 4. fectoralis, black in A. nigricincta) over the breast. Tail tipped with white. Sexes alike.
Plumage soft and lax.
Geographical Distribution. Australia. Five species and subspecies.
Habits. These birds associate in small flocks, frequent gardens, bushes, and low trees,
and hop very quickly over the ground, prying among the herbage for their food, which princi-
pally consists of the seeds of grasses and small annuals. They are reported to be very tame
and to be met with even in the gardens of Adelaide, The nest is of large size, of a domed form,
with a hole for an entrance near the top, and is composed of dried grasses, moss, spider’s webs,
wool, the soft blossoms of plants and dead leaves matted together and inside lined with
feathers. The eggs, mostly three in a clutch, are fleshy white.
BAM: BARID As AI
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF APHELOCEPHALA
1. Upper parts plain olive-brownish or greyish, pileim somewhat darker than back. No
pectoral collar 2
— Back and rump chestnut-brown, pileum and wpper tari coverts hary-brown. With a
black oy chestnut pectoral collar . 4
2. Flanks pale greyish brown, sometimes faintly shaded with rufescent oF
— Flanks cinnamon-rufous . 5. A. CASTANEIVENTRIS.
Shel) CRON SUn espe ks bss RAW acre Re os ae tee: Se nee AER COLSISBEEN CORSIS=
— Paler cree ne 2. A. LEUCOPSIS PALLIDA.
4. Pectoral band broad, chestnut 3. A. PECTORALIS.
— Pectoral band narrow, black. 4. A. NIGRICINCTA.
1. Aphelocephala leucopsis leucopsis (Gould). (Pl. 2, Fig. 1.)
Xerophila leucopsis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 8, 1840, p. 175 (July 1841) (South Australia).
Fig. Gould, Birds Australia, Vol. 3, pl. 67.
Hab, South Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Central- and parts of West
Australia.
<
No
. Aphelocephala leucopsis pallida Mathews.
Aphelocephala leucopsis pallida Mathews, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 27, p.62 (1911) (Leigh’s Creek, South Australia).
Hab. Interior of South Australia (Leigh’s Creek).
5. Aphelocephala pectoralis (Gould).
Xerophila pectoralis Gould, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist (4), Vol. 8, p. 192 (1871) (Port Augusta, South Australia).
Fig. Gould, Birds New Guinea, Vol. 1, pl. 12.
Hab. South Australia (Port Augusta).
4. Aphelocephala nigricincta (North).
Xerophila nigricincta North, The Ibis (7), Vol. 1, p. 340 (1895) (Missionary Plain, Central Australia).
Fig. Report Horn Exp. Centr. Austr. Vol. 2, pl. 7, fig. sup.
Hab. Central Australia.
5. Aphelocephala castaneiventris (Milligan).
Xevophila castaneiventrvis Milligan, Emu, Vol. 3, p. 70 (1903) (Day Down, Murchison District).
Fig. Emu, Vol. 4, 1905, pl. 13, f. 1.
Hab. West Australia: Murchison District, Central- and Western Division, as far north as Gascoyne River.
-5. GENUS SPHENOSTOMA GouULpD
Sphenostoma Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 5, 1837, p. 149 (1838) (sp. un. : S. cristatum Gould).
Characters. Bill rather long, somewhat compressed, at base nearly as deep as wide;
culmen distinctly curved; maxillary tomium without trace of subterminal notch; gonys
decidedly concave. No rictal bristles. Nostrils basal, situated in a small, operculate groove,
the roundish nasal opening wholly exposed, not covered by plumes, Latero-frontal plumules
not directed forward. Wing moderately long, rounded; fourth and filth primaries longest; first
primary well developed, about as long as half the second. Secondaries very long, being equal
to about six-sevenths of the whole wing. Tail conspicuously longer than wing, much rounded.
Tarsus robust, relatively short, about equal to middle toe; acrotarsium distinctly scutellate.
Toes rather long and large, claws relatively short, though strong. Feathers of pileum lengthened
and narrowed, forming a long, though not dense, erect crest.
42 PASSERES
Coloration. Sexes alike. Upper parts and median tail feathers earthy brown, sometimes
washed with rufescent; wings greyish brown, primaries narrowly edged with whitish along
outer web. Rectrices (except middle pair) dark brown, with long white tips. Lower surface of
body dingy whitish, more or less strongly washed with greyish brown or rufescent brown,
especially on sides and flanks. Under tail coverts ashy brown, tipped with whitish. Wing 81-86,
tail 94-97, tarsus about 27, bill 13-15 mm,
Geographical Distribution, Australia,
Habits and Nidification. This bird inhabits the low scrubby trees and bushes which
stud the hot plains of Australia.
1. Sphenostoma cristatum Gould.
Sphenostoma cristatum Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 5, 1837, p. 150 (1838) («in Nova Cambria Australi,
apud oram orientalem »).
Fig. Gould, Birds Austr. Vol. 3, pl. 17.
Hab. Queensland, New South Wales, Central-, West- and North-western Australia.
6. GENUS PARISOMA SwalINson 1)
Subgenus Parisoma Swainson (& ]. Richardson), Fauna Boreali- Amer. Vol. 2, p. 490 (183r) (sp. typ. :
« Le Grignet » = P. subcaeruleum Vieillot).
Parosoma L. Agassiz, Nomencl. Zool., Index, p. 274 (1846) (nom. emend.).
Egithalopsis Heine. Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 7, p. 431 (1859) (nom. emend.).
Characters. Bill not unlike that of Parus, but laterally much compressed. Culmen
distinctly ridged, gradually curved from base to tip, slightly uncinate; maxillary tomium with
slight subterminal notch; gonys straight, in terminal third slightly ascending. Rictal bristles
short, though rather stiff. Nostrils lateral, longitudinal, situated in a large, distinctly operculate
groove; the slit-like nasal opening usually quite exposed, in P. fp. pluimbeum and P. pf. orientale,
however, covered by the antrorse, latero-frontal plumules. Wing long, somewhat rounded;
third, fourth and fifth primaries longest, second equal to eighth; first primary as long as, or rather
longer than, half the second. Tail equal to, or rather longer than, wing, strongly rounded. Tarsus
slender, somewhat longer than middle toe without claw; acrotarsium distinctly scutellate.
Toes slender, with rather long, much compressed, acute claws; hallux about equal in length to
outer toe. Wing 60-70, tail 58-73 mm.
Coloration. Above grey or plumbeous; wings dusky, with whitish or pale greyish
markings; tail blackish, the outer rectrices with long white tips. Under parts white or pale
greyish, throat and foreneck often streaked with dusky; flanks and under tail coverts white,
greyish, buff or light chestnut. Bill black. Sexes alike.
1. In the « Tierreich » Livr. 18, p. 135, I also included in the above genus Sylvia lugens Ritippell, Pav tsoma jacksoni
Sharpe and Syluia blanfordi Seebohm. Prof. Neumann, however, has pointed out to me that these three species were true
Warblers (Sylvia). Reichenow (Vog. Afr. Vol. 3, p. 523) places, near Parisoma, his new genus Afatema (type : Parisoma
olivascens Cassin) and Hypodes Cassin (type : Eopsaltyia cinerea Cassin). According to Prof. Neumann, neither of them is
referable to the family of Paridae, the former being a large Alseonax, the latter most probably identi
cal with Muscicapa
lugens Hartlaub. =
FAM. PARID# 43
Geographical Distribution. Tropical Africa. Seven forms.
Habits and Nidification unknown. We have only a note by Heuelin, that, in its habits,
P. plumbeum reminds one rather of the Flycatchers.
Observations. The systematic position of this genus is still far from being satisfactorily
established, and it may yet turn out to belong to the MWvscicapidae.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF PARISOMA
ee AUER OL CGR RO CONAGHOSS/ GHE7/6 Ck a a nnn Sem eas Orie
== No (lage (iOSS-ORTW OP JOG 2 «o 5 » 56 5 o o 6 6 0 or
2. Under tail coverts cleay chestnut; throat broadly streaked with black .
— Under tail coverts white or fulvous, but not chestnut. . . 2g ay, es Re see ere
3. Upper parts darker. more plumbeous . . . . . . . . ~. . I. PR. SUBCERULEUM SUBCHRULEUM.
dS
in}
— Upper parts paler, more ashy grey . . SUBC-ERULEUM CINERASCENS.
4 Upper parts dull brownish grey; lower throat and foreneck conspi-
cuously streaked with dusky : sone 4. P. LAYARDI.
— Upper parts pure grey; throat and foreneck uniform whitish, not
SIVCURE ea ey ieee a wad ome MMe Se eG. B53 be k,n ee
5. Rectrices brownish black, the oyter ones very slightly tipped with light
CVC Meee ona eee eA ees Gs Wa ay et, ee eee HOLOSPODIUME
— Rectrices blackish, the outermost for the greater part white. . . . . . .. =... =... =. ia=&6;,
6. Upper parts darker grey; outermost vectrix with outer web and apical
third of inner web white, penultimate rvectrix black with a small
TWH TUCO SNM s 2 2 2 0 6 5 ao 5 « a 6 9 6 6 6) 1, DOURIBZUIN ORIINALID,
— Upper parts lighter grey; outermost rectvix, with the exception of the
basal third of winer web, entirely white, penultimate vectrix with
On
ae)
whsle outer web and long tip to inner web white . . PLUMBEUM PLUMBEUM.
1. Parisoma subceruleum subczeruleum (Vieillot).
Sylvia subcaerulea Vieillot, Nouv. Dict., Hist. Nat. Vol. 11, p. 188 (1817) (based on « Le Grignet », Levaillant, Ois.
d’ Afr. Vol. 3, pl. 126, f. 1: « sur les bords de la riviére Gaus, Goud (d'Or) ou Gaurits ; je l'ai trouvée répandue
depuis la jusqu’au Brake-Rivier »). f
Parisoma rufiventer Swainson, Classif. Birds, Vol. 2, p. 247 (1837) (based on Levaillant, Ois. d’Afr. Vol. 3, pl. 126).
Sylvia erythropygos Lichtenstein, Verz. Samml. Kaffernland, p. 14 (1842) (Caffraria).
Fig. Levaillant, Ois. d Afr. Vol. 3, pl. 126, f. 1.
Hab. South Africa (Cape Colony) and South-eastern Africa (Natal, Oranje Colony, Transvaal, Mata-
beleland).
2. Parisoma subczruleum cinerascens Reichenow.
Parisoma subcaeruleum cinevascens Reichenow, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 10, p. 77 (1902) (Damaraland).
Hab. S. W. Africa : Benguella and Damaraland.
3. Parisoma bohmi Reichenow.
Parisoma béhmi Reichenow, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 39, p. 209, pl. 2, f. 2 (1882) (Seke in Ugogo).
Fig. Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 3o, pl. 2, f. 2.
Hab, Eastern Africa : from Somaliland southward to central German East Africa (Ugogo).
4. Parisoma layardi Hartlaub.
Parisoma layardi Hartlaub, The Ibis, Vol. 4, p. 147 (1862) (Cape Colony).
44 PASSERES
Stenostiva schistacea Heuglin, Ornith. N. O. Afr. Vol. 1, 1, p. 433 (1871) (« Kaplandschaft »).
Hab. Southern- and South-western Africa (Cape Colony, Oranje, Namaqua, Damaraland etc.), [Probably
a subspecies of P. plumbeum.|
5. Parisoma plumbeum plumbeum (Hartlaub). (PI. 2, Figs. 7a, 7b.)
Stenostira plumbea G. Hartlaub, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 6, p. 41 (1858) (ex J. Verreaux MS. : Casamanze River in
the interior of Senegambia).
Parisoma melanurum Cassin, Proc, Acad, Nat. Se. Philad. 1859, p. 51 (1859) (Camma and Rembo, Gaboon),.
Parisoma catoleucum Reichenow, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol 8, p. 5 (1900) (« Chamba im Niassa-Gebiet »).
Hab. Western Africa (from Senegambia to Benguella), North-east Africa (White-Nile district) and
South-eastern Africa (Natal, Swaziland, Nyasaland).
N. B. Specimens from Nyasaland are not quite typical. If separable, they are entitled to the name
P. plumbenm catolencum.
6. Parisoma plumbeum orientale Reichenow & Neumann.
Parisoma orientale Reichenow & Neumann, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 3, p. 74 (1895) (kibwezi, South Ukamba).
Hab. Britist East Africa : Taro desert, Kibwezi (Southern Ukamba).
7. Parisoma holospodium Bates.
Parisoma holospodium G. L, Bates, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 25, p. 27 1909) (Bitye, River Ja, Cameroon).
Hab. West Africa : Bitye, River Ja, in Cameroon.
2. SUBFAM. PSALTRIPARINAE
THE LONG-TAILED TITS
This group comprises the Long-tailed Tits, small-sized birds with very small, strongly
convex bill, graduated tail, composed of narrow, at tip rather attenuated rectrices, and with
interorbital septum contracted to a slender, horizontal bar, separating two very large foramina,
Characters. Bill small, much less than half as long as head, about equal to length of
hallux (without claw), with outlines strongly convex; culmen strongly curved, abruptly
contracted terminally ; gonys distinctly ascending terminally. Nasal fossa large, occupying about
basal half of maxilla, entirely concealed by dense, antrorse, latero-frontal plumules. Wing short,
rounded ; fourth, fifth and sixth primaries longest ; second primary always shorter than seventh,
being equal to eighth or ninth; first primary about half as long as second, sometimes slightly
shorter, sometimes very little longer (Psaltria); wing-tip decidedly shorter than tarsus. Tail
graduated, usually longer, in one genus (Psaltria) slightly shorter than wing; rectrices narrow,
somewhat attenuated at tip. Tarsus little less than twice as long as middle toe (without claw) ;
scutes of acrotarsium often inclined to fuse into a single, long lamina; middle toe longest, outer
toe slightly longer than inner; basal phalanx of middle toe adherent for decidedly less than its
entire length to inner toe, but for its entire length to outer toe; hallux about as long as outer
toe, but much stouter. Interorbital septum contracted to a slender, horizontal bar, separating
two very large foramina which extend much the greater part of the distance, longitudinally,
across orbit. Plumage exceedingly soft and copious.
Coloration variable (see genera). Sexes alike,
Geographical Distribution, Palaarctic, Nearctic and Indo-Malayan Regions.
PAM. PARI IDA 45
Nidifcation. Nest very bulky, purse-like, suspended or attached to twigs of trees or
bushes. Eggs white, with or without reddish brown specks.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF PSALTRIPARIN Az
1. Tail excessively graduated (the outermost rvectrix being about half as long as the
median) and much longer than the wing, the difference being at least equal to
middle toe with claw, but generally much move. . . . . . . . . . 7. Genus ASGITHALOS.
— Tail much less graduated (the outermost rectrix being at least two-thirds as long as
the median), equal to, slightly shorter or longer than wing, the difference between
length of wing and tail being decidedly less than length of tarsus. . . a 6 We ean ace gem ee
. Basal phalanx of middle toe adherent to lateral toes foy its entire length. Tail
equal to, or slightly shorter than, wing . . aa ee Sm Weoarce oot al re PS eee a
— Basal phalanx of middie toe adherent to outer toe only for greater be of its
length, to imner toe for a less distance. Tatl decidedly longer than wing. . 10. Genus PSALTRIPARUS.
3. First primary slightly longer than half the second Tail slightly shorter than
wing. Bill thick, at base decidedly deeper than wide . . . - g. Genus Psarrria.
— First primary equal to, or slightly shorter than, half the second. Tail about aed
to wing. Bill more compressed, at base decidedly wider than deep. . . . . 8. Genus A®GITHALISCUS.
7. GENUS AZEGITHALOS Jon. HERMANN
Egithalos J. Hermann, Observ. Zool. p. 214 (1804) (type : Pipya europaea J. Hermann).
Acredula C. L. Koch, Syst. Baier. Zool. p. 199 (1816) (type : Acredula caudata).
Mecistura Leach, Cat. Mamm. and Birds Brit. Mus. p. 17 (1816) (sp. un. : M. vagans Leach).
Paroides L. Brehm, Isis, Vol. 21, p. 1284 (1828) (type : Parus caudatus Linneeus).
Megistura G. R. Gray, List Genera of Birds, p. 23 (1840) (mom. emend. pro Mecistuva Leach).
Orites (nec Keyserling & Blasius 1840!) G. R. Gray, List Genera of Birds. ed. 2, p. 32 (1842)
(sp. un. : O. caudatus).
Subgenus Megisturus Temminck & Schlegel, Fauna Japon. Aves, p. 71 (1848).
Characters. Bill very small, much less than half as long as head (exposed culmen about
equal to length of hallux without claw), very much deeper than wide; culmen strongly curved,
gonys less so. Nostrils small, nearly circular, entirely hidden by the antrorse, latero-frontal
plumules. Rictal bristles numerous, though soft and short. Wing rather long, somewhat
pointed ; fourth and fifth primaries longest; sixth a little shorter, but considerably longer than
third; first primary decidedly less than half the second. Tail much longer than wing, emarginate
and at the same time much graduated; the rectrices rather narrow, lengthened, somewhat
attenuated at tip. Submedian pair longest, the median distinctly shorter and about equal in
length to the fourth from outside; outer rectrices strongly graduated, the outermost being
about half as long as the middle pair. Tarsus slender, somewhat shorter than twice the length
of middle toe without claw; scutes of acrotarsium inclined to fuse into a single, long lamina;
outer toe slightly longer than inner one; hallux about as long as outer toe, but much stouter,
with a much stronger as well as longer claw; outer toe united to middle one for its basal
phalanx. Wing 54-66, tail 65-100 mm.
40 PASSERES
Coloration. Back black or grey, most of the species with more or less pink on shoulders
and uropygium; head above either pure white (4. c. caudatus) or with more or less distinct,
brown or black stripes along sides of pileum. Wings dusky, inner secondaries edged with white
or greyish, Sides of head white or buff. Under parts white or dingy buff, flanks and under tail
coverts washed with rosy; sometimes a blackish or dark grey patch on the lower throat.
Rectrices black, the three or four lateral ones with long white tips. Plumage copious and soft. :
Sexes alike. Young with broad head-stripes and back dull dark brown, without any rosy on
rump or shoulders; under parts dingy whitish, in 4. c. glaucogularis and A. c. vinaceus throat
and foreneck strongly tinged with rufous.
Geographical Distribution. Palearctic Region, in the east ranging southward to
tropical China. i
Habits and Nidification. The Long-tailed Tits inhabit forests, gardens, parks and bushy
districts, but, at least in Europe, are not found in the mountains. The nest is a bulky, well-
woven structure of moss, lichens, spider’s webs etc., inside lined with feathers and other soft
materials, the entrance a small hole on one side, and is placed, at from 1 to 3 metres above
the ground, on a small tree or bush. The eggs, seven or more in number, are dull white,
mostly punctulated or speckled with pale red.
Monotypic. One species with fourteen subspecies.
KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF A:GITHALOS CAUDATUS
1. With a more or less distinct greyish or dark grey patch on lower
throat .
AU ULO TIENT GHENT TALL, rn a SV Se ee
2. Upper back black. Greyish throat-patch but slightly indicated. . . 5. A. CAUDATUS MACEDONICUS.
— Upper back like rump ashy grey. Dark grey throat-patch very distinct . . . . . . . .. .. 3.
3. No dusky spots on chest; colour of breast and abdomen brownish
buff; greater part of head above glossy black, forehead and a
vathey nayvrow stripe along middle of hind-crown and occiput
buffy what ee em ee Rea ee a Eo
— With a vow of dusky spots across chest; colour of breast and abdomen
white, but slightly shaded with buffish; forehead and a continuous
broad stripe along pileum and occiput whitish : 5.
4. Smalley : wing 55-60, tail 60-65 mm. Throat-patch darker : nearly
slate-ovey . eo ee we eS 2 os AS CAUDATUSIGLAUCOGUIARISIaACE
— Larger : wing 62-63, tail 79-89 mm. Throat-patch lighter: ashy grey 14. A, CAUDATUS VINACEUS ad.
5. Back and rump darker grey; pale crown stripe and under parts more
DUB eS ol ee 3 Ae) Be ee oie aT UAC TOS ARE
— Back and vump cleaver grey, pale crown stripe and under parts
nearly WHE ew De ADCO DATIOS ueASSEMIIE
f 13. A. CAUDATUS GLAUCOGULARIS juv.
6. Throat and chest dull rufous ) ; J
( 14. A. CAUDATUS VINACEUS juv.
—" Phroutiand chestwhite likewohui . 9 = = |: ee ee 7-
7. Upper back glossy black without any grey; lateral interscapular
Bis}
feathers rosy, sometimes ULM WIth OKey: ee —. 3) ss yen eke 8.
PAM. PARIDZS AT
— Upper back mostly grey, though sometimes more ov lessmuxed withblack . . . . . . . .. =. ~~. Y2,z
8. Head above uniform white without dusky stripes on sides of crown . 1. A. CAUDATUS CAUDATUS.
— Head not uniform white, there being always more oy less well-marked
brown or black stripes along sides of crown, though sometimes
merely indicated by some brownish or blackish spots above the eye
ILGHONESTL CSO; MOCCUD Ui tea 1 pertts army se tice SS ie, Na cee
g. Black crown-stvipes broad, conducted on to the base of the bill; forehead
and broad stripe along middle of crown and occiput pure white.
No dusky spots on chest. Wing 58-62mm. . . . . . . . 6. A. CAUDATUS TRIVIRGATUS.
— Brown or black crown-strifes reaching not much beyond anterior angle
of eye. Chest with a vow of distinct dusky oy bvown spots . . . . . 1... . «| Soe Se TOr
10. Lateral interscapular feathers uniform rosy . anestsne
— Lateyal interscapulay feathers mixed with ashy grey. . . . . . 4. A. CAUDATUS TAURICUS I).
11. Wing longer : 62-67 mm. Stripes along sides of crown narrower,
brown or black; median portion of crown purey white . . . . 2. A. CAUDATUS EUROPEUS.
— Wang shorter : 58-62 mm. Stripes along sides of crown broader,
always deep black; median portion of crown more restricted and
OURORRIGs 27 o 9 6,2 6 9 2 0 a 6 «0 6 6 0 oy A, CAUIDATUS ROSS,
MDE aLeVvalCnOW I =SthIp ESUOLACKi Ny penis. ts ews Nee) Gc oer uch en ay) peers) eS Co TES
— Lateral crown-stripes pale brown . . . . ae 0 tfle
13. Larger : wing of male 60-61, tatl 79-84 mm. Hindneck extensively
black, contrasting with the pale ashy grey back and vump, Shoulders
CORSHONOISSY TOS) 5 a 6 © 9s 2 6 8 60 6 5» 9 «o 56 So A, CAGIOAIUG TTALIVD.
— Smaller : wing of male 57-58, tail 77-79 mm. Only a narrow blackish
band across hindneck, not abruptly contrasting with dark grey back.
Shoulders dark grey, without vosy tinge . . . . . . . . J. A. CAUDATUS IRBIT.
tte ILTAgO? 8 CNG COWS We 5 2 = 6 os 6 2 6 90 6 4 5 oo HO ,VA, CAUIDAINUS WAIOR.
SSH ICH MCO ICR O31 ON 71011) aren ero ae Sen C AUD ATU SISI GUISE
1. Aegithalos caudatus caudatus (Linneus). (PI. 3, Fig. 9.)
Pavus caudatus Linnzus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 190 (1758) (« Habitat in Europa »; we fix Sweden as type locality).
Lanius biavmicus (nec Parus biaymicus Linnzus 1758) Linnzus, Fauna Suec., ed. 2, p. 29, t. 1, f. 84 (1761) (errore!
part. : excl. cit. Albin & Edwards).
Paroides pinetorum Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 243 (1855) (part. : «in einem grossen Teile von Europa »).
Acredula macyura Seebohm, Hist. Brit. Birds, Vol. 1, p. 487, in text (1883) («from St. Petersburg eastwards »).
Acredula caudata sibirica Seebohm, Birds Japan. Emp. p. 88 (1890) (« Central Siberia»).
[Aegithalus caudatus] japonica Prazak, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 45, p. 291 (1897) («im nordlichen Japan »).
Acredula trivirgata magna Clark, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 32, p. 475 (1907) (Seoul, Korea; = juv.).
Fig. Dresser, Birds Europe. Vol. 3, pl. 104; Naumann, V6g. Deutschl. Vol. 4, t. 95, ff. 4-6.
Hab. Northern- and Eastern Europe, Siberia, Corea, Northern Japan (Yezo; Iturup, Kuril Is].). In
winter in Central Germany, Roumania, Austria and on the northern slopes of the Caucasus, some-
times also in Hesse, Rhine province, Belgium and in the north of France.
2. AZgithalos caudatus europzeus (Hermann).
Pipya? europaea J. Hermann. Observ. Zoolog. p. 214 (1804) (Basel).
Paroides longicaudus Brehm, Handb. Vog. Deutschl. p. 470 (1831) (part. : «im mittleren Deutschland »).
Paroides pinetorum Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 243 (1855) (part. : «in einem grossen Teile von Europa »).
Fig. Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 34, 1886, pl. 16, Vol. 41, 1893, pl. 4.
Hab. Southern- and Central Europe : North France, Belgium, Holland, Western Germany (Rhine
province, eastwards to Hesse and Thuringia), Austria, Switzerland, Northern Italy, Hungary,
Serbia, Bosnia, Bulgaria and Roumania.
1) Unknown to the author.
48 PASSERES
3. AEgithalos caudatus roseus (Blyth).
Mecistuva vagans Leach, Cat. Mamm. and Birds Brit. Mus. p. 17 (1816) (Devonshire; nom, nud.).
Mecistura rosea Blyth, in Gilbert White, Nat. Hist. Selborne, p. 111 (1836) (England).
Mecistura longicaudata Macgillivray, Hist. Brit. Birds, Vol. 2, p. 454 (1839) (England).
Fig. Dresser, Birds, Europe, Vol. 3, pl. 103.
Hab. Great Britain and Ireland. In winter in South France (Pyrenees).
4. ZEgithalos caudatus tauricus (Menzbier)
Acredula rosea tauvica Menzbier, Bull. Brit Ornith. Club, Vol. 13, p. 49 (1903) («in sylvis montium Yaila penin-
sulz Taurice »).
Hab. South Russia : Forests of the Yaila Mountains, Crimea.
5 AGgithalos caudatus macedonicus Dresser.
Acredula macedonica Dresser, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 1, p. 15 (1892) («in monte Olympo »).
Fig. Dresser, Birds Europe, Vol. 9, t. 655, f. 1.
Hab. Greece (Olymp, Othrys, Thessalia, Lamia, Akarnania etc., but not in Morea), northwards as far
as Monastir in Turkey.
6. 4Bgithalos caudatus trivirgatus (Temminck & Schlegel).
Parus (Megisturus) trivirgatus Temminck & Schlegel. Fauna Japon. Aves, p. 71, pl. 34 (1848) (« Japon»).
Hab. South Japan: Yezo and Kiusiu.
. 4Zgithalos caudatus irbii (Sharpe & Dresser).
Acredula irbii Sharpe & Dresser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 312 (1871) (Gibraltar, Spain).
Aegithalus caudatus tyrrhenicus Parrot, Ornith. Jahrb, Vol. 21, p. 1551910) (Ajaccio, Corsica).
“I
Fig. Dresser, Birds Europe, Vol. 3, t. 105, fig. sup.
Hab. Iberian Peninsula and Corsica.
8. AAgithalos caudatus italiz Jourdain.
Aegithalus caudatus italiae Jourdain, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 27, ». 39 (1910) (Cremona, Italy).
Hab. Southern and Central Italy, along the Adriatic coast north to Venice; Elba (not in Sardinia);
South France. Stragglers have been taken in Southern Tyrol and near Paris.
g. 42githalos caudatus siculus (Whitaker).
Acredula sicula Whitaker, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 11, p. 52 (1901) (Sicily).
Fig. The Ibis (8), Vol. 2, p. 54, pl. 2.
Hab. Mountains of Sicily.
10. A2githalos caudatus major (Kadde).
Acredula tephronota var. major Radde, Ornis Caucas. p. 144, pl. 6, f. 1 (184) (Tiflis and Shamchor. Caucasus).
Mecistura irbyi var, caucastca T. Lorenz, Beitr. Ornith. Nordseite Kaukas. p. 60 (1887) (Podkumok, N Caucasus).
Acredula dorsalis Madarasz, Term. Fiizet. Vol. 23, p. 202, pl. 7, f. 1 (1900) (Pjatigorsk, N. Caucasus; type
examined),
Acredula senex Madarasz, ibidem, p. 202, pl. 7, f. 2 (1900) (Pjatigorsk, N. Caucasus; type examined).
Fig. Dresser, Birds Europe, Vol. 9, pl. 655, f. 2.
Hab. Caucasus : northern slopes, Kura valley.
11. Hgithalos caudatus alpinus (Hablizl).
Parus alpinus Hablizl, in Pallas, Neue Nord. Beytr. Vol. 4, p. 49 (1783) («auf dem Samamisischen Gebirge »,
province Ghilan, N. Persia).
Orites tephronotus Giinther, The Ibis (new ser.), Vol. 1, p. 95, pl. 4 (1865) (« Asiatic side of the Bosphorus »).
Mecistura péltzami Severtzow, Izv. Obshch. Moskov. Vol. 8, no. 2, p. 135, pl. 8, f. 1 (1873) (Astrabad, N. Persia).
Fig. Dresser, Birds Europe, Vol. 3, pl. 105, f. 2.
Hab. Environs of Constantinople [ Pera, Belgrade 1), Buyukdere, Bagsheishkoé etc. |, Asia Minor as far
east as the Taurus Mountains, in the north to Lenkoran, and along the south shore of the Caspian
Sea through the provinces of Ghilan and Mazanderan to Astrabad, North Persia.
12. 42githalos caudatus passekii (Sarudny).
Acredula tephronota passekti Sarudny, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 12, p. 164 (1904) (« bewohnt die Eichenwalder der
Gebirge zwischen dem Iranischen Hochlande und der Ebene Mesopotamiens »).
Hab. Oak-forests of the mountains of S. W. Persia (Farsistan : Shiraz, Kaluni etc.).
1) Not Belgrad in Serbia, as erroneously stated by Bianchi.
FAM, PARIDAS 49
13. A2githalos caudatus glaucogularis (Moore).
Orites ? glaucogularist) Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 22, 1854, p. 140 (185
Mecistura swinhoet (Zelebor MS.) Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Vol. 1, 11, p. 66, pl. 3,
examined).
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 2, pl. 69.
Hab. Central China : valley of the Yangtsekiang, Shanghai, Ningpo etc.
5) (China).
f. r (1865) (Shanghai; =juv., type
14. Aegithalos caudatus vinaceus (J. Verreaux).
Mecistura vinacea 2) Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris. Vol. 6, Bull. p. 39 (1870) (Ourato, Monvolia; cfr. Verreaux,
ibidem, Vol. 7, 1871, Bull. p. 56; =juv., type in Paris Museum examined).
Acredula calva Pleske, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 3, p. 13 (1893) (« Upper Chuan-che, China»).
Fig. Aves Przewalsk. Livr. 4, 1905, pl. 7, f. 1, 2 (= ad.); Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, Vol. 8,
1872, Bull. pl. 2, £ 3: (— juv.).
Hab. Mountains of the Upper Chuanche in N. W. China (Kansu) and South Mongolia (Uroto, Alashan).
8. GENUS AZEGITHALISCUS CaBanis
Aegithaliscus Cabanis, Mus. Heinean. Vol. 1, p. go (1851) (sp. typ. : Parus erythrocephalus Vigors).
Acanthiparus Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 2, Pt. 7, pl. 67 (1855) (sp. typ. : A. niveogulavis Moore).
Characters. Bill variable as to relative length and shape, in A. erythrocephalus and
allies very much as in -£githalos, but less compressed, being short, thick, at base distinctly
wider than deep, with culmen strongly curved for its entire length, and with gonys
conspicuously ascending terminally. 4. niveogularis, A. bonvaloti and A. iouschistos, on the
other hand, have the bill much more compressed (even more so than in 4githalos), and
decidedly longer, with culmen much less curved and gonys straighter, resembling in this respect
the American genus Psaltriparus, from which they chiefly differ by having the tail shorter than,
or equal to, the wing (instead of longer), and the rectrices as well as the remiges somewhat
broader. 4. fuliginosus beg, however, intermediate between the two groups typefied by
A. erythrocephalus and A. niveogularis, | deemed it better not to separate the genera A:githa-
liscus and Acanthiparus, since, in other structural details, they are practically identical. Rictal
bristles minute, soft, though always present. Nostrils roundish, entirely hidden by antrorse,
latero-frontal plumules. Wing rather long, much rounded; fourth, fifth and sixth primaries
longest; first primary a little shorter than, or as long as half the second. Tail slightly shorter
than, or equal to wing, much rounded and at the same time slightly emarginate, the submedian
pair of rectrices being a little longer than the median; the rectrices conspicuously rounded at
tip. Tarsus slender, about twice as long as middle toe without claw; acrotarsium distinctly
scutellate; outer toe slightly longer than inner one; hallux about as long as outer toe, but much
stouter, its claw much shorter than the digit, strongly arched; basal phalanx of middle toe
adherent to lateral toes for its entire length. Wing 46-58, tail 44-55 mm,
Coloration. Back slate-grey, olive-grey, or sepia-brown (4. /fuliginosus); median portion
of crown usually different from back, either rufous or fawn-colour, or white anteriorly passing
into smoky brown on hind crown and nape, in one species (A. fuliginosus) sepia-brown
1) Misprinted Acredula glaucovivens Reichenow, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 2, 1894, p. 28.
2) Although in juvenile plumage, the type certainly belongs to this form and vot to A. c. slaucogularis as erroneously
admitted in « Tierreich », Livr. 1, p. 118, the dark belly and the large size, besides the locality, leave no doubt whatever.
5o PASSERES
like back. Eye region and broad superciliary stripe black, or silky grey (4. fuliginosus). Throat
and foreneck white, throat (in 4. /eawcogenys also the chin) often black or grey; remaining under
parts buff, ferruginous or vinaceous isabelle, sometimes a brown band across chest. Feet light
brown. Bill black.
Geographical Distribution. India, Western- and Southern China. Eleven forms,
Habits and Nidification. — Exactly like 4:githalos.
Observations. The members of this genus differ from :githalos chiefly by having the
tail much shorter and far less graduated, the outermost rectrix being about two-thirds as
long as the tail, Two groups can easily be arranged, one comprising the rufous-headed
species, 4. erythrocephalus, to which the scarce A. leucogemys most likely also belongs, while
the other consists of 4. niveogularis, A. bonvaloti, A. iouschistos and the somewhat aberrant
A. fuliginosus.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF A:GITHALISCUS »)
1. Throat black. Bill short and thick, with culmen strongly
Mecurved: os. Ao he em ee om ee Pe er eS ct
— Throat never black, being either white or silvery grey ; some-
times the dusky bases of the feathers, especially on sides
of throat showing through, without forming, however, a
plain, black throat-patch. Bull slender, longer, with
culmen much lessidecuvued. © 11 ks pu Seton ee 7
2. Chin and throat black ; ear coverts greyish brown. (Breast and
abdomen buffy isabelline, inclining to deep buff on flanks ;
pileum pale dull reddish bvown.) . . . . . . . «6, A. LEUCOGENYS.
— Chin white, abruptly contrasted with black of throat. Ear
couerts, deep black like remainders sides af head ee) ees) ee
3. With a distinct white eyebrow from above the eye to sides of
neck; under parts below black throat-patch buff, dark-
ening to vinous ochraceous on sides and flanks. (Top of
head chestnut-rufous) . . . . . . . . . . 1. A. ERYTHROCEPHALUS ERYTHROCEPHALUS.
— No distinct white eyebrow, the posterior superciliary region
being black, sometimes narrowly streaked with white; black
thyoat-patch followed by a well-defined, pure white jugu-
lar crescent; a narrow band across chest as well as sides
and flanks ochraceous or fervuginous, abruptly contrasting
with white centre of breast and abdomen, or else whole
lower parts below white jugulay band uniform ferru-
PUMOUS.. no eee ae ge re) crm em
4. Posterior superciliary region distiictly, though narrowly
1) A. shaype: Rippon, unknown to the author, coul not be included in the key. From the short diagnosis : « Similis
A. bonvaloti, sed regione parotica saturate brunnea, nec postica cinnamomea, et torque collari brunneo distinguendus » (!)
it is even impossible to say to which other species this supposed new form might be most nearly allied.
FAM. PARIDAs SI
streaked with white. Whole lower plumage below white
jugular crescent deep fervuginous, centre of belly not
abyupiypwniie se el 2s AL PERYDHROCEPHALUS MANIPURPNSIS.
— Posterior superciliary vegion entirely black or with mere
traces of greyish white edges to some of the feathers.
A distinct narrow band across chest, sides and flanks
ochvaceous or ferruginous, abruptly contrasted with the
Cra) THC (OE OD Tae OF UCI 5 5 8 a 6 6 6 6 60 6 5 4 Oo
OL
5. Head above, cross-band on chest as well as sides and flanks
ONG) WARTS, 5 8 gS Aly DIVANEMROCIOMANLUG DULCE.
— Head above, cross-band cn chest as well as sides and flanks
UGE Penean e71i00 G72 07 Same Tae ON eu emia ne ey Seca) Yt eg rd erac
6. Ferruginous of head paler; cross-band on chest and sides
deeper, almost chestnut. . . . . . . . . . «4. A. ERYTHROCEPHALUS TALIFUENSIS.
— Ferruginous of head darker ; cross-band on chest and sides
UAT, CURTITHUPSUIIINS =3 5 6 a 8 0 6 4 6 5. A. ERYTHROCEPHALUS CONCINNUS.
7. Eye region and broad superciliary stripe somewhat glossy
silky grey. Upper parts of the head and back sepia-brown
(Throat pale grey, sides of neck and foreneck white;
chest sepia-brown, passing mito vinous brown on flanks
and paling to white on middle of belly.) . . . . . it. A. FULIGINOSUS.
— Eye region and broad superciliary stripe deep black. Back
light grey, slightly shaded wath olive, central stripe on
Cad Waptaren jane walloniy oy Wael ~=5 » 2» » »6 © s co 6 o &
oO
8. Median crown-slripe from forehead to nape fawn-colour.
(Chin and throat silvery white, remainder of lower parts
GUA? OME) 2 0 5 6 6 6 6 5 5 6 6 Ho AL, HOURCENSTOS.
— Median crown-stripe white anteriorly, becoming smoky
GR OTELTIRO TN OSL CHO 1203/10 G1 ae mam Y= =< =a
g. Breast and abdomen pinkish isabelline, separated from the
white of throat and forencck by a distinct, narrow, smoky
Gyodnncioss-lal en 2) ee lOe ae NIVEOGUIEARTSS
— Breast and abdomen bright ferrugimous, passing into white
on middle of abdomen. No brown cross-band on chest . 9. A. BONVALOTY.
HH
. 4egithaliscus erythrocephalus erythrocephalus (Vigors).
Parus erythrocephalus Vigors, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. Lond, Vol. 1, p. 23 (1831) (Himalayan Mountains).
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 2, pl. 64.
Hab. Himalayas, from Hazara District to Bhutan, at elevations of from 6000 to 10,000 feet.
Nd
. Zgithaliscus erythrocephalus manipurensis Hume.
Aegithaliscus manipurensts Hume, Stray Feath. Vol. 11, p. 254 (1888) (Manipur).
Hab. Assam, south of the Brahmaputra River : Shillong and Naga Hills; Manipur.
bo
. Egithaliscus erythrocephalus pulchellus Rippon.
Aegithaliscus pulchellus Rippon, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 11, p. 11 (1900) (Nanoi, Loi Mai, south. Shan States).
Fig. The Ibis (8), Vol. 1, rg01, p. 528, pl. 11, f. 2.
Hab. Burma: Nanoi, Loi Mai, Kalaw, Karennee, Ménétaung, Loi Salii Range, in the southern Shan
States, at elevations of from 3000 to 6000 feet.
PASSERES
mn
lo
,. 4Egithaliscus erythrocephalus talifuensis Rippon.
Aegithaliscus talifuensis Rippon, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 14, p. 18 (1903) (Gyi-dzin Shan, east of Talifu,
W. Yun-nan).
Hab. Mountains east of Talifu, W. Yunnan, S. W. China, andadjoining parts of Upper Burma (Bhamo).
. Egithaliscus erythrocephalus concinnus (Gould).
Psaltria concinna Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 2, pl. 65 (1855) (China).
Aegithaliscus anophrys Swinhoe, The Ibis (new ser.), Vol. 4, p. 64 (1868) (Tingchow, W. Fohkien).
Hab. China. south of the Yangtze valley from Tchekiang and Fohkien westward to(?) Szechuen ; Hainan;
tn
Formosa.
6, ABgithaliscus leucogenys (Moore).
Orites? leucogenys Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 22, 1854, p. 139 (1855) (« Afghanistan, in the woods of
Balu Chughur, at 4000 feet elevation »).
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 2, pl. 66.
Hab. North-western portion of Kashmir (Gilgit, Bargo, Singal etc.) and adjoining parts of Afghanistan,
at elevations of from 5500 to 7000 feet.
. “Agithaliscus sharpei Rippon.
Egithaliscus sharpei Rippon, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 14, p. 84 (1904) (Mt. Victoria, southern Chin Hills).
St
Hab. Burma : Mount Victoria in the southern Chin Hills.
8. A8githalicus iouschistos (Hodgson).
Parus iouschistos Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. 13, 1, p. 943 (1844) (Nepal).
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 2, pl. 68.
Hab. Eastern Himalaya: Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, at elevations of from 9000 to 10,000 feet.
9. Egithaliscus bonvaloti (Oustalet).
Acredula Bonvaloti Oustalet, Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. (7), Vol. 12, p. 286, pl. 9, f. 1 (1891) (Va-tsien-lu and Pendjama,
Szechuen):
Hab. Western China : Tatsienlu and Pendjama in Western Szechuen.
10. A2githaliscus niveogularis (Moore).
Orites (?) niveogularis Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 22, 1854, p. 140 (1855) (« North India»).
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 2, pl. 67.
Hab. N. W. Himalaya, Kashmir: Simla, Gulmurg, Dashgam etc. at elevations of from 6000 to 10,000 feet.
11. A2githaliscus fuliginosus (|. Verreaux). (Pl. 3, Fig. 4.)
Mecistura fuliginosa J. Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, Vol. 5, Bull. p. 36 (1869) (« dans la partie occidentale
du Sse-tchuan »; cfr. J. Verreaux, ibidem, Vol. 7, 1871, Bull. p. 57).
Fig. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, Vol. 8, 1872, pl. 5, f. 4.
Hab. Mountains of Western China : Kansu, western Szechuen and southern Tsinling.
9. GENUS PSALTRIA TEMMINCK
Psaltria. Temminck, Pl. Col. pl. Goo, f. 4 (1836) (sp. un. : Psaltria exilis Yemminck).
Characters. Bill much less than half as long as head, rather broad and deep; culmen
strongly curved, commissure smooth; gonys nearly straight for basal half, abruptly ascending
terminally. Rictal bristles minute. Nostrils lateral, situated in a groove and entirely concealed
by the dense, antrorse, latero frontal plumules. Wing short and rounded; fourth, fifth and sixth
primaries longest; first primary more than half as long as second; secondaries relatively long,
their length somewhat exceeding three-fourths of the whole wing. Tail slightly shorter than
wing, much rounded, the outer rectrices being gradually shorter than the median ones. Tarsus
FAM. PARIDAz
O1
SP)
slender, more than twice as long as hind toe without claw; acrotarsium covered in front with
scutes which, however, are often fused into a single lamina; outer toe adherent to middle one
for its basal phalanx, the inner toe united for a less distance. Wing 40-46, tail 38-48 mm.
Coloration. Head above, wings and tail uniform brown; nape, back and upper tail
coverts ashy, here and there tinged with brownish, Cheeks and ear coverts brownish white.
Under surface dingy white, sides shaded with brownish. Sexes alike.
Geographical Distribution. Island of Java. Monotypic.
Habits. Boie (Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 6, 1858, p. 365) tells us that, in habits, call-ncte
and food, it closely resembles our Long-tailed Tit. Nothing appears to be known regarding its
nidification.
1. Psaltria exilis Temmunck. (Pl. 2, Fig. 2.)
Psaltria exilis Yemminck, Pl. Col. pl. 600, f. 4 (1836) (Java).
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 2, pl. 63.
Hab, Island of Java.
10. GENUS PSALTRIPARUS BONAPARTE?)
Psaltriparus Bonaparte. Compt. Rend. Ac. Sc. Paris, Vol. 31, p. 478 (1850) (type : Parus personatus
Bonaparte = P. melanotis Hartlaub).
Pysaltriparus Westermann, Bijdr. Dierk. Vol. 1, no. 3, p. 16 (1851) (err. typogr.).
Psalatrirus J. W. v. Miiller, Reise Ver. Staaten, Canada, Mex. Vol. 3, p. 571 (1865) (sp. un. :
P. melanotis).
Psaltrites Cabanis, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 29, p. 333 (1881) (nom. emend.).
Characters. Bill very small, much less than half as long as head, much deeper than
broad; culmen strongly curved, gonys less so. Nostril small, roundish or broadly ovate,
concealed by the antrorse, latero-frontal plumules. Rictal bristles minute, only visible on close
examination. Wing rather long, but much rounded; fourth, fifth and sixth primaries longest,
third shorter than sixth, first primary about half as long as second. Tail slightly longer than
the wing, the rectrices narrow with broadly rounded tips, much graduated. Tarsus about twice
as long as middle toe without claw, slender, the acrotarsium distinctly scutellate; outer toe
slightly longer than inner one; basal phalanx of middle toe adherent to outer toé for greater
part of its length, to inner toe for some distance. Wing 47-53, tail 50-62 mm.
Coloration. Above plain grey or olive, the pileum sometimes brownish; beneath pale
grey or whitish, sometimes tinged with buffy or vinaceous on abdomen; sides of the head
sometimes black.
Nidification. Nest a very bulky purse-like structure, suspended to twigs of bushes or
small trees, composed of moss, lichens, spider’s webs, and other soft materials, the entrance a
small hole on one side near top. Eggs immaculate white.
1) Characters and key taken from Ridgway, Birds North- and Middle America, Vol. 3, 1904, pp. 423-436; cfr. also
Oberholser, Auk, Vol. 20, 1903, pp. 198-20r.
PASSERES
tn
aS
Geographical Distribution. Western United States and temperate parts of Mexico and
Guatemala. Nine forms.
Observations. This genus is very nearly related to -/-githaliscus, from which it mainly
differs by rather longer tail, broader remiges and rectices and different style of coloration.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF PSALTRIPARUS
With black on sidesofhead . . . . . . 2.
~- No black whatever on sides of head 7.
2. Entire sides of head black 3
= Sides.of-head only partly black: 474 a) sea te geet
Bie BUT OOO DNATA SURO CUBAS 5 6 5 8 8 9 3 6 8 5b 6 6 4 6 4 6 5 6 op hh
— Back and rump olwe-grey . . . = 2 | © | =| SPA MEDANOMG LeOvDLiG? ads
4. Back olive-brown, under parts ee buff. ee ee 1. P. MELANOTIS MELANOTIS of ad.
— Back olive or greyish olive, under parts dull white, very slightly,
pata, tniged wih bie. | a) a 4 2 ed 2 Ue MEDANOMIS MUU suai NaC.
By, RA PE (AO TUS IOP OHS 6 5 6 6 6 6 6 59 o 6 o & 5 Boa 6 6 6 5 Wee
— Backhand rump olive-grey . . . : » ) + = » « 3 PA MELANOTIS rLovon © andi Give
6. Back olive-brown, under parts sty er are . . . . . | I. P. MELANOTIS MELANOTIS QO and Gfjuv-
— Back olive or olive greyish, under parts dull white or but faintly
tinged with buff . 2, P. MELANOTIS IULUS 9 and of juy.
7. Pilewmn grey like back. 4 yee ah ap) ste) fey gears ps st ge
———ULeUmA BHO UN NUL NUN EIUE TONIC NGVA0 OCLC halen an
8. Upper parts olive-grey, under parts darker 4. P. PLUMBEUS PLUMBEUS.
— Ubpfer parts bluish grey, under parts paler 5. P. pLUMBEUS CECAUMENORUM
SLE CMT ALTA UGH OMOUMMUP DBS 5° 6 9 6 0 0 4 59 @ a ao 5 6 @ » 8 6 o co 5 HOE
— Back paler cleaner erty. ee OM PERNT SIG RIND:
Os IDA 6 HE IAEA TCU TROPA LUD OED 5 5 5 6 5 5 6 6 6 8 6 5 5 a 5 6 he
— Paley : the sides and flanks more faintly smoky brown. . . . 8. P. MINIMUS C\LIFORNICUS.
UM Daher es A 8 ems SAO ARSE
——wealey. Weer ee ee Ol Nn ITSO SE OINIONTUTSS
1. Psaltriparus melanotis melanotis (Hartlaub).
Parus melanotis Hartlaub, Rev. Zool. Vol. 7, p. 216 (1844) (Guatemala).
Psaltviparus personatus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend, Acad. Sc. Paris, Vol. 31, p. 478 (1850) (Mountains of Southern
Mexico).
Psaltrites heluivenivis Cabanis, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 29, p. 333 (1881) (Tehuantepec, Mexico?; = ®).
Fig. Baird, Birds N. America, 1860, p. 396, pl. 53, f. 3; Westermann, Bijdr. Dierk. Vol. 1, no. 3, 185r,
p. 16, plate, ff. 2
Hab. Southern Mexico (Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Mexico, Puebla, Vera Cruz, Michoacan, Oaxaca, Chiapas}
and highlands of Guatemala.
2. Psaltriparus melanotis iulus Jouy.
Psaltriparus melanotis mus Jouy, Proc. U. S, Nat. Mus. Vol. 16, p. 776 (1894) (Hacienda El Molino, Jalisco,
S. W. Mexico).
Hab. Western- and Central Mexico (Jalisco, Zacatecas, San Luiz Potosi, Tepic).
5. Psaltriparus melanotis loydi Sennett.
Psaltyipavus lloyd’ Sennett, Auk, Vol. 5, p. 43 Jan. 1888) (Limpia Canon, near Fort Davis, Presidio County,
S. W. Texas).
On
SI
Or
On
FAM. PARIDA
Psaltripavus santarttae Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 10, p. 697 (Oct. 1888) {Santa Rita Mts , S. Arizona).
Hab. S. W. Texas, S. New Mexico, southern Arizona (Chiricahua, Huachuca and Santa Rita Mts.),
southward into North Sonora and Chihuahua.
. Psaltriparus plumbeus plumbeus (Baird).
Psaliria plumbea Baird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. Vol. 7, p. 118 (1854) (Little Colorado River, Arizona).
Fig. Baird, Birds N. America, 1860, p. 398, pl. 33, f. 2.
Hab. Arid interior districts of western United States, north to eastern Oregon and south-western
Wyoming, east to Colorado and S. W. Texas, west to W. Nevada and S. E. California.
. Psaltriparus plumbeus cecaumenorum Thayer & Bangs.
Psaltriparus plumbeus cecaumenorum Thayer & Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Vol. 19, p. 20 (1906) (Sierra de
Antonez, Central Sonora}.
Hab. North Central Sonora; N. Chihuahua (?)
. Psaltriparus minimus minimus (Townsend).
Parus minimus Townsend, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. Vol. 7, 1, p. 190 (1837) (Columbia River).
Fig. Audubon, Birds America, ed. in-80, Vol. 2, 1841, pl. 130.
Hab. West slope of coast mountains of Oregon, California and Lower California, north to the Columbia
River.
. Psaltriparus minimus saturatus Ridgway.
Psaltriparus minimus saturatus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Vol. 16, p. 109 (1903) (Mount Vernon, Washington).
Hab. Vicinity of Puget Sound, Washington.
. Psaltriparus minimus californicus Ridgway.
Psaliriparus minimus californicus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc, Wash. Vol. 2, p. 89 (1884) (Baird, Shasta Co., Cali-
fornia). j
Hab. Interior districts of Oregon and California.
. Psaltriparus minimus grindz Ridgeway.
Psaltriparus gyindae (Belding MS.) Ridgway, Proc, U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 6, p. 155 (1883) (Laguna, Lower Cali-
fornia).
Hab. Cape St. Lucas district of Lower California.
3. SUBFAM. REMIZINA= ?
THE PENDULINE TITS
This group comprises the so-called Penduline Tits, small-sized birds with slender,
nearly straight, acute bill, even or emarginate tail, and the interorbital septum with a large
central foramen,
Characters. Bill slender, much shorter than head, with both culmen and gonys nearly
straight, and acute tip. Nostrils basal, roundish, non-operculate, either exposed (Cephalopyrus)
or concealed by antrorse, latero-frontal plumules. Rictal bristles obsolete, Wing rather long,
pointed (Cephalopyrus) or rounded; third and fourth, or third, fourth and fifth, primaries longest;
second primary variable in length, sometimes (Cefphalopyrus) nearly as long as third, sometimes
conspicuously shorter, but always longer than seventh; first primary also variable in length, some-
times (Cephalopyrius) exceedingly small, about halfas long as primary coverts, sometimes distinctly
56 PASSERES
longer than the latter, but always less than half as long as second. Tail shorter than wing,
even, emarginate or slightly rounded. Tarsus much longer than exposed culmen; acrotarsium
distinctly scutellate; outer toe slightly longer than inner one; basal phalanx of middle toe
adherent to outer toe for more than half of its length, to inner toe for its entire length; hallux
about equal to inner toe, but much stouter; claw compressed, strongly arched with acute
tip. Interorbital septum with a large central foramen. Plumage less soft and copious than in the
Parinae and Psaltriparinae.
Colorations variable (see genera). Sexes alike or little different,
Geographical Distribution. Palaarctic, Nearctic, Indo-Malayan (one genus in Hima-
laya) and Ethiopian Regions.
Nidification. The nest, a bulky, globular or retort-shaped stucture of twigs ete., with
entrance a small hole on one side, is placed among twigs of bushes and low trees. The eggs
are either uniform white (Remisza, Anthoscopus), or pale greenish blue, speckled with reddish
brown (Awriparus), or uniform dark blue (?) (Cephalopyrius).
KEY TO THE GENERA OF REMIZINA=
1. Nostrils large, exposed. Wing pointed; second primary nearly as long as third
and fourth, which are the longest; first primary extremely small and narrow,
scarcely half as long as primary coverts. Wing-tip much longer than tarsus.
Tail about half as long as wing. Feathers of fore part of crown slightly length-
ened and somewhat stiffened, forming a distinct, evect crest (Indian) . . . 14. Genus CEPHALOPYRUS.
— Nostrils small, entirely concealed by antrorse, latero-frontal plumules. Wing
rounded; second primary conspicuously shorter than third and fourth ; first
primary always distinctly longer than primary coverts. Wing-tip very much
shorter than tarsus. Tail much more than half as long as wing. Feathers of
iS)
fore part of crown not forming a crest.
2. First primary reduced to a narrow, lanceolate feather, but little eae tip of
primary coverts, Tail distinctly emarginate, about four-fifths of the wing
(Palacarctte). 2 = Re ee Ee Genii cebasnitea
— Furst primary well-developed, nearly half as long assecond. . . . . . |. . +» «© «© «© ss 6 + Ge
3. Tail nearly as long as wing, slightly. rounded. Culmen slightly decurved termi-
nally (Nearciic)). 2 5 = 2 & 4 = § = no ne ee dS) GenuSeAGRIPARCs:
— Tail about threefifths of wing, distinctly emarginate. Culmen not decurved
leymanally (Ethiopian) . . . . . . 5 6 o « © © eo ee eke, (Genus ANDHOSGORUS:
11. GENUS REMIZA STEJNEGER
Egithalus (nec 4githalos Hermann 1804!) Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 556 (part.).
Remiza Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 9, pp. 374, 387 (1886) (type : Parus pendulinus aeeecr)
Remizus Prazak, in See Naumann's Vég. Mitteleur. Vol. 2, p. 240 (1897) (nom. emend.).
Remiz Clark, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 32, p. 474 (1907) (apparently proposed as a substitute of
Remiza eee
On
~I
BAM. PARI DA
Characters. Bill exceedingly slender, much shorter than head, with both culmen
and gonys nearly straight; tip in most of the species acute, in R. macronyx and subspecies
somewhat flattened. Nostrils lateral, very small, circular and entirely hidden by the antrorse,
latero-frontal plumules. Rictal bristles obsolete or scarcely indicated. Wing rather long,
rounded, first primary reduced to a narrow, lanceolate feather, in length equal to, or but little
depassing, the primary coverts; third and fourth primaries forming the tip, fifth hardly shorter;
second primary falling between the sixth and seventh; secondaries long, about four-fifths of
whole wing; wing-tip much shorter than tarsus. Tail slightly emarginate, distinctly shorter than
the wing, the difference being about equal to length of bill. Tarsus relatively strong, covered in
front with very distinctly separated scutes. Toes with strongly curved claws. Outer toe slightly
longer than inner one; basal phalanx of middle toe adherent to outer toe for more than half of
its length, to inner toe for its entire length; hallux about equal to inner toe, but much stouter.
Coloration. The majority of the species (nos. 1-5) have the upper back clear chestnut,
shading into buff on lower back and rump and into buffy or greyish white on upper tail coverts.
The upper wing coverts are either clear chestnut, cinnamon-rufous or isabelle, wing- and tail
feathers dusky, broadly edged with hoary white. Forehead and sides of the head black, the
crown exceedingly variable in coloration, varying from hoary white to chestnut; under parts
white, more or less underlaid with cinnamon on chest, and washed with buff on abdomen. The
five first forms are undoubtedly geographic races of the same type, and such is also very likely
the case with 7. yeriseensis, The Central-Asiatic subspecies differ from the Western ones by
their much smaller, weeker bill. R. pendulina jaxartensis resembles, as far as coloration is
concerned, the European R. p. pendulina, in having the lesser upper wing coyerts cinnamon-
rufous and the black frontal band followed by a narrow, rufous border, while in R. p. stoliczkae
this line is altogether absent and the colour of the lesser wing coverts much paler, isabelle or
cinnamon-buff, R. yeniseensis, of which only the immature plumage is known, shares the
coloration of the wings with R. p. stoliczkae, but differs from the corresponding stage of the
latter by the much broader and more distinct, buffy white frontal edge, loral and supercilary
streak. R. macronyx and allies (nos. 9-11) are somewhat aberrant both in coloration and struc-
ture. The bill is larger, flatter and less pointed, the feet are considerably stronger, the spurious
primary is somewhat longer, In the adults, the whole head and sometimes even parts of the back
and breast are black; however, the immature plumages closely resemble those of the typical
forms.
Geographical Distribution. South-eastern Europe and temperate regions of Palearctic
Asia, in the east southwards to the Yangtszekiang and to Southern Japan (Kiusiu).
Habits and Nidification. The members of this genus frequent the banks of rivers and
lakes, and marshy places. The nest is usually built on thin twigs of willows, poplars, birches and
other trees, often overhanging a river or swamp, but sometimes away from water. It is a beauti-
ful stracture of the down of willow catkins or other vegetable down, carefully woven together
with stems and fibres; in shape it somewhat resembles a flask, completely domed and thickly
woven at the bottom, with one or two openings. The eggs, from five to seven in number, are
pure white, without gloss, of remarkably elongated shape, and measure from 14 to 18 by
Io to IL mm. (Jourdain).
no
On
9.
Io.
Tels
r2.
. Head all round black, throat duller,
. Larger : wing 55-60, tail 48-52 mm.
. Black frontal band followed by anarrow, but distinct chestnut line.
. Bill much larger as well as longer
PASSERES
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES
more greyish black
Forehead black, crown whitish, pale greyish, buff oy chestnut. Sides
of the head black . :
No black whatever on forehead and sides of the head, except sometimes
an indistinct small dusky patch on the lower portion of the ear coverts.
. Black above mainly restricted to head and nape. Lower breast and abdo-
men paler, fulvous
Black above extended over the greater part of the back. Lower breast
and abdomen darker, clear chestnut
Smaller : wing 55-56, tail 46,5-51 mm.
. Feathers of the occiput largely black, this colour sometimes half-con-
cealed by white tips, forming, together with the black sides of the
head and forehead, a broad, more or less complete band encircling the
white centre of the crown
Feathers of the occiput only at the extreme base dark grey, thew
apical portions of the same colour as the crown
. Pileum chestnut .
Pilewm deep buff.
Pileum dingy whitish or pale greyish.
No chestnut line behind black frontalband . . . . . .
Chestnut line continued along upper margin of the black sides of head
as fay back as posterior end of ear coverts .
Chestnut line bordering black frontal band and continued to above the eye.
- T0-I2 mm, . . .
Bull much smaller and shorter :'7,5-9 mm... ae
Pileum pale ashy with narvow, but distinct dusky aa lines.
Wing
longer : 55-57 mm.
Pileum uniform dingy white. Wing shorter : 52-54 mm. .
Pileum darker, greyish brown. Feet stronger, bill very large, flattened
towards the tip . .
Pileum paler, dull or greyish buff. Feet weeker, bill smaller, distinctly
acute
Bill larger, longer : 10-11 mm.
Bill weekev and smaller
Narrox
Sg = OU oe once)
' frontal edge whitish, followed by a distinct chestnut line. Pale
superciliary streak scarcely indicated .
Broad frontal band, lores, and a very distinct superciliary stripe buffy
white. No chestnut line behind frontal band
1) R. ssaposhnikow!, unknown to the author, is not included in the key.
Tee
g. R
LO. R
EMS:
Opa
R
OF REMIZA "
te
4.
Io.
ae
. MACRONYX NIGRICANS ad.
. MACRONYX MACRONYX ad.
. MACRONYX NEGLECTUS ad.
. CORONATA ad,
5:
. PENDULINA CASPIA ad.
. MACRONYX MACRONYX semi ad.
. MACRONYX NEGLECTUS Semiad.
. R. MACRONYX NIGRICANS semi ad,
6.
a
, : Q.
2. R. PENDULINA CaAsPIa semi ad.
t. R. PENDULINA PENDULINA ad.
3. R. PENDULINA JAXARTENSIS ad.
5. R. PENDULINA CoNSOBRINA ad,
4. R. PENDULINA STOLICZK#& ad.
\ g. R. MACRONYX MACRONYX juv.
10. R. MACRONYX NEGLECTUS juv.
| TI. Rt. MACRONYX NIGRICANS Juv.
: ce Gh eee eee
1, R. PENDULINA PENDULINA JUV.
a day Bo cet Te Aish ane ee
3. R. PENDULINA JAXARTENSIS juv.
6, R. YENISEENSIS Juv.
PAM. PARIDAE ; 59
1. Remiza pendulina pendulina (linnzus).
Motacilla Pendulinus Linneus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, p. 189 (1758) (« Habitat in Polonia, Lithuania, Hungaria,
Italia, missa a DD. Montio »).
Paris narbonensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, 1, p. 1014 (1789) (based on « La Penduline» Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois.
Vol. 5, p. 433, and Daubenton, Pl. Enl. 708, f. 1 : Languedoc, South France).
Pendulinus Polonicus Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 476 (1831) («lebt in den Rohrwildern Polens,
selten an den rohrreichen See- und Flussufern Deutschlands »).
Pendulinus medius Brehm, ibidem, p. 477 (1831) (« kommt bei Wien vor »).
Pendulinus maerourus (sic) Brehm, ibidem, p. 477 (1831) (« sie lebt an der Donau, zeigt sich auf der Wanderung in
der Nahe von Wien »).
fer Parus minimus Gloger, Gemeinnitz. Hand- und Hilfsbuch Naturg. p. 281 (1842) (new name for Wofacilla Pendu-
linus Linneus).
Remtzus pendulinus raddei Prazak, in Hennicke, Naumann’s Naturg. V6g. Mitteleur. Vol. 2, p. 242 (1897) (South
Europe |South Russia, Eastern Galicia}).
Fig. Dresser, Birds Europe, Vol. 3, pl. 116.
Hab. Southern Europe : eastern parts of Spain, southern France, Italy, the Plains of the Danube, west-
wards as far as Vienna (Austria), Hercegovina (Utovo Blato), Galicia, Poland, S. W. Russia
(Poltawa etc.). Formerly breeding at various localities in Germany, nowadays only sparingly to be
met with in Silesia.
2. Remiza pendulina caspia (Poelzam). (PI. 2, Fig. 3.)
Egithalus caspius Poelzam, Protok. Kazan. Univ. Vol. 1, p. 141 (1870) (Astrakhan).
£githalus castaneus Severtzow, Izv. Obshch. Moskoy. Vol. 8, no. 2, p. 136 (1873) (Astrakhan); Zeitschr. ges.
Ornith. Vol. 4, 1887, p. 104 (iransl.).
githalus galliardi d Hamonville, Cat. Ois. Europe, p. 38 (1876) (based on gtthaius sp. Olphe-Galliard, The
This (3), Vol. 5, 1875. pp. 268, 269 : « Russie méridionale »).° ,
Fig. Dresser, Birds Europe, Vol. 3, pl. 117.
Hab. Delta of the Volga | Astrakhan) and the countries on the northern shore of the Caspian Sea, north-
wards as far as Orenburg.
3. Remiza pendulina jaxartensis Sushkin.
Zgithalus pendulinus var. jaxartica Severtzow, Izv. Obshch. Moskov. Vol. 8, no. 2, p. 135, pl. 9, f. 2 (1873) (no
description. plate uncoloured and not recognizable : hence nomen nudum),
Remiza pendulina jaxartensts Sushkin, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 14, p. 45 (1904) (« Turkestan »; the types,
examined by me, are from Tshinaz on the Syr-Darja). -
Hab. West Turkestan : valley of the Syr-Darja (Tshinaz, Perovsk).
4. Remiza pendulina stoliczke (Hume).
4Egitalus stoliczkae Hume, Stray Feath. Vol. 2, p. 521 (1874) (No locality. Terra typica is : Bora south of Kashgar,
Eastern Turkestan. Type in Brit. Mus. examined).
Remiza pendulina centralastae Sushkin, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 14, p. 45 (1904) (« Asia centralis ». Terra
typica is : Sa-tchou, in S. E. Mongolia. Typesin St. Petersburg Museum examined).
Fig. Scient. Res. Sec. Yarkand Miss. Aves, pl. 7; Bianchi, Aves Przewalsk. Livr. 4, 1905, pl. 10, ff. x, 2.
Hab. East Turkestan (Kashgar, Nija- and Tjertjen Darja, Sa-tchu). Dsungaria (R. Urungu, Bulugun,
Bulun-tochoi) and Mongolia (Urot).
5. Remiza pendulina consobrina (Swinhoe) 1).
Egithalus consobrinus Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1870 p. 133 (1870) (Sha-shi on the Yangtzekiang, below
Ichang, China. Type in Brit. Mus. examined).
Remiz consobrinus suffusus Clark, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 32, p- 474 (1907) (Fusan, Corea).
Remiz consobrinus japonicus Clark, ibidem, p. 475 (1907) (Japan).
Fier. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 2, pl. 70.
Hab. Middle China : Valley of the Yangtzekiang; Corea (Fusan); South Japan : Kiu-siu (Nagasaki).
1) Mr. Clark (loc. cit.) separates the Corean- and Japanese representatives from the typical Chinese R. p. cousobrina.
Adult do from Nagasaki (British and St. Petersburg Museum) I cannot distinguish from Swinhoe's type, either in size or
coloration. Although I have not seen the Corean bird, its distinctness appears scarcely possible in view of the fact that
examples from Kiushiu (Nagasaki) and China prove to be identical.
n
N
60 : PASSERES
6. Remiza yeniseensis Sushkin.
Remiza yentseensis Sushkin, Bull, brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 14, p. 44 (1904) (« Mongoliz septentrionalis pars inter
juga Sayan et Tannu-ola posita, ad cursum superiorem fluminis Yenisei »; type examined).
Hab. Central Siberia : Upper Yenissey (Kemtchik River, Mount Chaircham).
Obs Doubtful form. If anything it will prove to be a geographical race of R. pendulina. No adult males
are known; the types — immature OC — differ from the corresponding plumage of R. p. jaxartensis,
with which they snare the shortness of the bill and yeneral coloration, by lacking the chestnut line
behind the whitish frontal band.
7. Remiza coronata (Severtzow).
ZEgithalus coronatus Severtzow, Izv. Obshch. Moskov. Vol. 8, no 2, p. 136, pl. 9, f. 3 (1873) (Naw near Chodjent,
on the Syr-Darja, Samarkand); Zeitschr. ges Ornith. Vol. 4. 1887, p. 103 (transl.).
Egithalus atricapillus Severtzow, ibidem, p. 137, pl. 9, ff. 4, 5(1873) (Syr-Darja near Perowsk; also near Djimkent
and in the Oigoum Mountains, not far from ‘ashkent); Zeitschr. ges. Ornith. Vol. 4, 1887, p. 105 (transl.).
Iiab. Transcaspia (Tedshen, Merw), West Turkestan (Guldja, north of the Alai Range, Amu Darja,
Syr-Darja. Sarafshan), south to adjoining parts of Afghanistan and Eastern Persia; in winter
migrating as far southwards as Kohat and Sindh in Western India.
8. Remiza ssaposhnikowi (Johansen).
Anthoscopus ssaposhnikowt Johansen, Ornith, Jahrb. Vol. 18, p. 201 (1907) (Shore of Lake Balkash, west of the
River Karatal).
Fig. Johansen, Vogel des Siebenstromgebietes und Turkestans, gesammelt von der Exped. des Prof.
W. W. Ssaposhnikow im Jahre 1902 Tomsk, 1908, pl. 1.
Hab. South shore of Lake Balkash, west of the River Karatal.
Obs. This little-known form requires further confirmation, According to Johansen it agrees in the length
of the spurious (first) primary with R. macronyx, but differs widely in coloration : having only the
forehead and sides of the head black, the pileum chestnut, the nape and lower back buff, the
interscapulium cinnamon-rufous, the throat white, rest of under parts pale buff, shaded with pink
on the chest. It would thus seem to be very similar to R. /. cuspra in coloration, still it may turn out
to represent a stage of the next form.
g. Remiza macronyx macronyx (Severtzow).
éEgithalus macronyx Severtzow, Izv. Obshch. Moskoy. Vol. 8, no. 2, p. 137, pl. 9, £. 8 (1873) (Djimkent, Syr-Darja);
Zeitschr. yes. Ornith. Vol, 4, 1887, p. 106 (transl.).
fEgithalus rutilans Severtzow, ibidem, p. 137, pl. 9, ff. 6, 7 (A. rutilans var. cucullata and var. pectoralis on the plate)
(1873) (Djimkent, Syr-Darja); Zeitschr. ges. Ornith. Vol. 4, 1887, p. 107 (transl.).
Hab. West Turkestan : valleys of the Syr- and Amu-Darja.
10. Remiza macronyx neglecta (Sarudny).
Anthoscopus rutilans neglectus Sarudny, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 16, p. 163 (1908) (Reeds of the south shore of the
Caspian Sea).
Hab. Reeds of the south shore of the Caspian Sea near Lenkoran, and in the provinces of Ghilan,
Mazanderan and Asterabad, Northern Persia.
11. Remiza macronyx nigricans (Sarudny).
Anthoscopus rutilans nigricans Sarudny, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 16, p. 162 (1go8) (Seistan, East Persia).
Hab. Reeds of the Hilmend River, Lakes Chamoon-i-Suwaran and Chamoon-i-Farrakh etc. in Seistan,
Ieastern Persia.
12. GENUS ANTHOSCOPUS CABANIS
Anthoscopus Cabanis, Mus. Heinean. Vol. 1, p. 89 (1851) (sp. typ. : Sylvia minuta Shaw),
Characters. Bill much shorter than head, with acute tip; culmen rounded, nearly straight,
but little decurved terminally; gonys straight. Nostrils small, roundish, completely hidden by
dense, antrorse latero-frontal plumules. No rictal bristles. Wing relatively long, rather rounded,
third, fourth and fifth primaries longest, sixth somewhat shorter, but much longer than second;
FAM. PARIDAz 61
first primary well developed, though rather narrower than the other primaries, about half as
long as second. Tail much shorter than wing, slightly emarginate. Tarsus rather strong,
decidedly longer than middle toe with claw; acrotarsium conspicuously scutellate; middle toe
longest, inner toe slightly shorter than outer one; hallux intermediate in length between lateral
toes, but much stouter. The structure of the feet is exactly as in Remiza, further details being,
therefore, unnecessary. Wing 50-56, tail 30-38 mm.
Coloration. Above plain olive-grey, olive-green or yellowish green, forehead sometimes
bright yellow, sometimes washed with pale ochraceous, in most species obsoletely or distinctly
spotted or punctulated with dusky. Under parts whitish, yellow or ochraceous, throat and
chest in several species conspicuously paler than lower belly. Bill and feet blackish or dusky.
Geographical Distribution. Tropical Africa (Ethiopian Region), Thirteen forms are at
present known.
Habits and Nidification exactly as in Remiza.
Observations. This genus, while closely allied to the Palearctic Penduline Tits
(Remiza), difiers by its relatively shorter tail and by having a well-developed and much longer
first primary. Besides, the style of coloration is very different in the two genera,
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF ANTHOSCOPUS
1. Under parts with some isabelle or ochraceous buff, evther the whole lvower
surface (except throat) or lower abdomen and under tail coverts being of that
GOlOnieMOID evap artSVO Kei SD l mamaria iia 1) i) 5 eee eee oi A
— Under parts never isabelle or ochraceous buff, being either whitish ov yellow. . . . . . . .. ~~. 62
2. Throat, foreneck and chest white, shading gradually into ochraceous-buff on belly
and under tail coverts 3):
— Whole under surface nearly uniform isabelle-colour, only on upper throat passing
into buffy white . . . ee ae Eat Ae RS AIS Sy 40 te n e e
3. Upper tail coverts pale brownish grey like back. Isabelle-colour of belly paler
and more restricted to anal region. . : 54 6. 5 eo o Os A. MUSCULUG,
— Upper tail coverts distinctly washed with ochraceous- “buff. L Lower breast, abdomen
and tril tan GRNCTS OMRORGUBHD 5 5 5 6 2 © 6 5 6 © © 8 6» © 0.9 09 ¢ 6 9 fhe
4. Upper parts sandy grey. Axillaries and under wing coverts creamy buff: . . ©. A. CAROL CAROLI.
— Upper parts clear brownish grey. Axillavies and under wing coverts pure white. 7. A. CAROLI ROBERTSI.
5. Upper parts, including vump and upper tail coverts, purely ashy grey, forehead
decidedly washed with ochvaceous. Under parts paler. Wing 52,5 mm. . 8. A. CAROLI ROTHSCHILDI.
— Upper parts olivaceous-grey, forehead barely, vump and upper tail coverts
distinctly shaded with ochraceous. Under parts deeper. Wing 55-59 mm. . 9. A. CAROLI SYLVIELLA.
6. Forehead more or less brightly yellow, with or without dusky apical spots to the
Feathers z - AR See
— Feathers of forehead ee edged or rae DUP NTS Ges es Be Oo Oo ee oe Beta | Fh
7. Breast and abdomen darker, dull ochyveous-yellow; upper parts dark ashy, on
viump and upper tail coverts olwaceous. . . . . . . . =. =. . «. J. A, MINUTUS MINUTUS.
— Breast and abdomen light sulphur-yellow ; upper parts clear olivaceous-gvey. . . . . . . .. . 8.
=
8. Upper parts more washed with ole . . . . . . =... . =. =. ~. #2 A, MINUTUS SMITHIT.
62 PASSBRES
—= Upper paris move purely ovey . 2 3 4. ee eNO DUS IOAMIARINSISE
g. Bill move powerful, stouter, longer : g mm. or move. Wing 54mm. or more. . . . . . . = = 10.
— Bill slender, weak, shorter : 8 mm. or less. Wing not more than S2mm.. . . . . . . . ~. . Ii.
10. Under parts pale dingy yellow. . . <p e alee 2 User wey 0 ot eee IDAERR ORGS
— Under parts dirty while, without any ie ered) ei Se MLS Ey GG ed SA ANSORGEM
RO NOAM ONT MCORP INS 6 6 o “oO Gg 4 8 69 8 96 5 6 wy 9 9 6 @ A oy oR
— Forehead with scarcely traces of minute, greyish apical spots; head above and
back bright olive-green ; under parts pale yellowish . » . « 94. AS ROCGARIT.
12. Upper parts greyish olive-gveen; under parts white, flanks shaded with pale greyish. 5, A, PUNCTIFRONS.
— Upper parts bright vellowish green; under parts uniform pale lemon-yellow. . 13. A. PARVULUS
tr. Anthoscopus minutus minutus (Shaw & Nodder) 1).
Sylvia minuta Shaw & Nodder, Natur. Miscell. Vol. 23, pl. 997 (1812) (based on Levaillant, Ois. d’Afr. Vol. 3,
pl. 134, ff. 1, 2 : «Le Figuier Becque Fleur», « aux environs du Heere-Logement, et de la jusqu’a la
Riviére-des-Eléphans », i. e. Cape Colony).
Phyllopneuste antophila Boie, Isis, Vol. 21, p. 321 (1828) (based on Levaillant, Ois. d’Afr. Vol. 3, pl. 134, ff. 1, 2).
Alnthoscopus] m{inutus] levaillanti Reichenow, Vog. Afr. Vol. 3, p. 526 (1905) (new name for A. minutus apud Sharpe,
The Ibis (8), Vol. 4, 1904, pl. 8. f. 1).
Fig. The Ibis (8), Vol. 4, 1904, pl. 8, f. r.
Hab. South Africa : Cape Colony (Oliphant’s River, Deelfontein, Kingwilliamstown, Port Elizabeth,
Nel’s Port etc.).
dS
. Anthoscopus minutus smithii (Jardine).
Zgithalus Smithii Jardine, Edinb. Journ. Nat. Geogr. Sc. Vol. 3, p. 212, pl. 5, f. 1 (1831) (South Africa, type
collected by Dr. A. Smith).
Fig. Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 8, pl. 1, f. 2; Sharpe, The Ibis (8), Vol. 4, 1904, pl. 8, f. 2
Hab. South-eastern Africa: Transvaal, from Pe setae and Rustenburg northwards to Mashonaland.
3. Anthoscopus minutus damarensis Reichenow.
A[nthoscopus| m{tnutus| damarensis Reichenow, Vog. Afr. Vol. 3, p. 526, in text (1905) (Damaraland, no type loca-
lity specified).
Hab. S. W. Africa : Damaraland, north to Mossamedes (Huxe).
4. Anthoscopus roccatii Salvadori 2).
Anthoscopus Roccatii Salvadori, Boll, Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, Vol.21, n0.542, p.2 (1906) (Entebbe, Uganda).
Fig. Trans. Zool. Soc. Vol. 19, pl. 13, f. 2
Hab. British East Africa, Uganda Protectorate ; Entebbe (north shore of Victoria Nyansa) and Mokia
(south-eastern slope of Mount Ruwenzori).
Ur
. Anthoscopus punctifrons (Sundevall).
Egithalus punctifrons Sundevall, Oefv. Vet. Akad. Porh. Vol. 7, no. 5, p. 129 (1850) (Sennaar).
Hab. North-east Africa : on the Upper White Nile (Khartum, Shendi, Jebel-Ahmed-Agha, Goz-Abu-
Gumar) ; also recorded from « Sennar » and « Abyssinia ».
6, Anthoscopus caroli caroli (Sharpe).
“Egithalus cavoli Sharpe, The Ibis (3), Vol. 1, p. 415 (1871) (Ovaquenyama, Damara Iand).
Fig. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 8, pl. 1
Hab. S W. Africa (Damaraland). |The records from Swaziland, N. E. Rhodesia and Karonga (Nyasa-
land) are most certainly referable to the following subspecies. |
1) Although Levaillant’s figure leaves much to desire yet the explicit statement that he met with the species only in
the localities given above enables us to strictly refer the name minutus to the form of the Cape Colony.
2) This species I have not seen. Mr. Ogilvie-Grant, however, informs me that the British Museum possesses a series
from Mokia, S. E. Ruwenzori, and has favoured me with the following note : « In the colour of the under parts A. roccatit is
intermediate between A. punctifrons and A, capensis (i.e. A. minutus smithti), On the upper surface it is darker olive-green than
A, punctifrous. From both species it is very easily distinguished by having the fore part of the forehead yellow and with
scarcely a trace of the black spots characteristic of both A. functifronus and A, capensis. »
PAVE PAIR As 63
7. Anthoscopus caroli robertsi Haagner.
Anthoscopus roberiss Haagner, Ann. Transvaal Mus. Vol. 1, no. 4, p. 234 (1909) (Villa Pereira, Boror District,
Portuguese East Africa).
Hab. S. E. Africa : Boror district, north of the Zambezi, Portuguese East Africa. Apparently also in
Eastern Transvaal (= Swaziland : Lijdenburg), North-east Rhodesia (Salisbury, Ganyani R ), and
North Nyasaland (Karonga).
8. Anthoscopus caroli rothschildi Neumann.
Anthoscopus rothschilai Neamann, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 55, p. 597 (1907) (Simba, Brit. East Africa).
Hab. Southern British East Africa : Simba in Ukamba province.
g. Anthoscopus caroli sylviella Reichenow.
Anthoscopus sylviella Reichenow, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 12, p. 27 (1904) (Malangali in Usafua).
Anthoscopus sharper Hartert, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 15, p. 75 (1905) (Usambiro, south of Victoria Nyanza;
type examined).
Anthoscopus colomannt Madarasz, Archiv. Zool. Vol. 1, p. 177 (1910) (Ngare-Dowash).
Fig. Reichenow, V6g. Afrikas, Vol. 3, pl. [23], f. 1.
Hab. German East Africa : Usafua, Usambiro, Ngare Dowash.
ro. Anthoscopus musculus (Hartlaub).
Bgithalus musculus Hartlaub, Ornith. Centralbl. Vol. 7, p. 91 (1882) (Lado).
Fig. Shelley, Birds Africa, Vol. 2, 1900, pl. 11, f. 2.
Hab. Eastern Africa: from Southern Somaliland (Djamdjam, Damaso, Anole, Haud ete.) and South
Ethiopia (Hawasch) to the upper White Nile (Lado) and the Kilimandjaro District {Vaweta, Ndjiri).
' .
rr. Anthoscopus flavifrons (Cassin).
Egithalus flavifrons Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. Vol. 7, 1854, ». 325 (1855) (Moonda River, Gaboon).
Rhaphidornis flavifrons Reichenow, Ornith. Monatsber. Vol. 5, p. 123 (1897) (Bipinde, Cameroons).
Egithalus camayoonensis Shelley, Birds Africa, Vol. 2, p. 251 (1900) (Bipinde, Cameroons).
Fig. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1858, pl. 1, f. 2.
Hab. Western Africa : Gaboon, Cameroons.
12. Anthoscopus ansorgei Hartert. (Pl. 3, Fig. 5.)
Anthoscopus ansorger Hartert, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 15, }). 74 (1905) (Mangonga River, Benguella).
Hab. S. W. Africa : Angola (Bihe, Benguella, Caconda).
13. Anthoscopus parvulus (Heuglin).
Egithalus 2? parvulus Heuglin, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 12, p. 260 (1864) (« in der Waldregion in Bongo »).
2? AEgithalus calotropiphilus Rochebrune, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris (7). Vol. 7, p. 166 (1883) (Senegambia); Faune
Sénég. Oiseaux, 1884, p. 188, pl. 16.
Fig. Hartlaub, Zool. Jahrb. Vol. 2, 1887, pl. 12, f. 3.
Hab: Only known from Senegambia (St. Louis) and the Upper White Nile (Bongo, Redjaf, Kiri).
13. Genus AURIPARUS Batrp
Auriparus Baird, Review Amer. Birds, p. 85 (1864) (type : 4 githalus flaviceps Sundevall).
Characters, Bill much shorter than head, with nearly straight outlines and acute tip;
culmen very faintly curved terminally. Nostrils as in Remiza. Rictal bristles obsolete. Wing
relatively long, but rounded; third, fourth and fifth primaries longest; second primary equal to,
or longer than, seventh; first (spurious) primary, though small and narrow, much longer than
in Remiza, about half as long as second. Tail somewhat shorter than the wing, slightly
64 PASSERES
rounded, not emarginate as in Remiza. Tarsus about twice as long as culmen, decidedly longer
than middle toe with claw; acrotarsium distinctly scutellate. Outer toe slightly longer than
inner one; basal phalanx of middle toe adherent to outer toe for more than half of its length,
entirely adherent to inner toe.
Coloration, Above dingy grey, below uniform greyish white. Adult birds with the top
and sides of the head olive- or gamboge-yellow, brighter on forehead, duller on occiput, and
lesser upper wing coverts clear chestnut-rufous.
Geographical Distribution. South-western districts of United States and northern
states of Mexico.
Habits and Nidification. Resembles in habits and nidification the Palearctic Penduline
Tits (Remiza). The nest, a bulky globular or retort-shaped structure of thorny twigs, with
entrance a small hole in side, is placed among twigs of thorny trees and bushes. The eggs are
pale greenish blue, speckled with reddish brown, hence different from those of Remiza.
KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF AURIPARUS
1. Larger : wing G 50-55, 9 4953; tal O& 46-50, Q 43,5-48 mm,
Yellow of head duller in adults. Young with upper parts uniform
greyish brown, abdomen and under tail coverts whitish . . . . . 1. A. FLAVICEPS FLAVICEPS.
2. Smaller : wing & 48,5-52, Q 47-51; tail G& 39,5-44, Q 39-44 mm.
Yellow of head brighter in adults. Young with upper parts strongly
olivaceous, abdomen and under tail coverts olive yellowish . A. FLAVICEPS LAMPROCEPHALUS,
nN
1. Auriparus flaviceps flaviceps (Sundevall). (PI. 2, Fig. 4.)
Egithalus flaviceps Sundevall, Oefv. Vet. Akad. Férh. Stockholm, Vol. 7, n° 5, p. 129 (1850) (« Sitka vel California »)
Conivostvum ornatum Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat, Hist. New York, Vol. 5, p. 112, pl. 5, f. 1 (1852) (Rio Grande.
Texas).
Fig. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, Vol. 5, pl. 5, f. 1.
Hab. Southern Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, S. W. Utah, S. Nevada, andS. California; Northern Lower
California; also in Mexican States of Sonora, Chihuahua, Durango, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon and
Tamaulipas.
2. Auriparus flaviceps lamprocephalus Oberholser.
Auriparus flaviceps ornatus (nec C. ornatwn Lawrence 1852) W. E. Bryant. Zoe, Vol. 1, p. 149 (1890) (part. : Lower
California).
Auriparus flaviceps lamprocephalus Oberholser, Auk, Vol. 14, p. 391 (1897) (same locality).
Hab. Cape St. Lucas district of Lower California and opposite parts of Southern Sonora (Guaymas,
Alamos etc.).
14. GENUS CEPHALOPYRUS BONAPARTE
Cephalopyrus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sc. Paris, Vol. 38, p. 62 (1854) (sp typ. : Parus
fiammiceps Burton).
Characters. Bill slender, much shorter than head, with both culmen and gonys nearly
straight, culmen above rounded, and with acute tip. Nostrils basal, round, very large (much
larger than in the other genera of the subfamily), entirely exposed (not hidden by antrorse,
PAM, PARIDZ® 65
latero-frontal plumules). Rictal bristles obsolete. Wing rather long, pointed; third and fourth
primaries equal and longest; second and fifth but slightly shorter; first primary obsolete, being
reduced to a minute, lanceolate feather, scarcely half as long as primary coverts; secondaries
short, somewhat less than two-thirds of whole wing; wing-tip very much longer than tarsus.
Tail even, extremely short, about half as long as wing, rectrices broad, with rounded tip. Tarsus
longer than exposed culmen, but much less than twice its length; acrotarsium distinctly scutel-
late; proportion of toes as in Remiza; claws rather shorter and more slender than in the last-
named genus. Wing 60-62, tail 30-34 mm. Feathers of forehead conspicuously elongated,
slightly stiffened, forming, together with the likewise lengthened, but not stiffened feathers of
the crown, a distinct, erect crest.
Coloration. Erect feathers of forehead and fore part of crown, as well as lores bright
fiery orange-red; rest of pileum and back light yellowish olive-green, more yellowish on rump
and upper tail coverts; wing coverts and quills dusky, broadly edged with dull olive-yellowish ;
rectrices dusky, with narrow, pale yellowish margins. Sides of head, throat, foreneck and chest
bright golden yellow, washed with reddish orange on chin, passing into clear yellow on belly,
and to buff on anal region. The females and young birds lack the fiery red forehead and are
more greenish on the back, with chin and throat duller, greenish yellow, and belly paler yellow.
Bill and feet horn-colour.
Geographical Distribution. Himalayas and adjoining parts of Afghanistan.
Habits and Nidification. Very little is known regarding its habits. It is said to nest in
holes of trees and to lay uniform dark blue eggs! If there is no mistake about this subject the
species would radically differ in that respect from all other members of the subfamily.
1. Cephalopyrus flammiceps (Burton).
Egithalus fammiceps Burton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 3, 1835, p. 153 (1836) (« apud montes Himalayenses »).
Dicoeum sanguinifrons (A. Hay MS.) Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. 15, p. 44 (1846) (« neighbourhood of
Simla »).
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 2, pl. 71; Contrib. Ornith. 1850, pl. 66, fig. inf.
Hab. Himalayas, from Gilgit and Murree to Bhutan, and adjoining parts of Afghanistan, at elevations
of from 3000 to gooo feet. In winter descending to the plains of India (Cawnpore, Etawah, Aligarh,
Raipur, Nagpur, Sangor etc.).
4. SUBFAM. PARADOXORNITHIN4=
THE CROW-TITS
Characters. Bill much shorter than the head, either equal to, or slightly longer than,
inner toe (without claw), very much compressed, being much deeper than broad, sometimes
even deeper than long (Paradoxornis), with outlines strongly convex; culmen rounded above,
sometimes excessively so, strongly curved for its entire length; maxillary and mandibular tomiz
more or less distinctly sinuated; gonys abruptly ascending terminally. Rictal bristles obvious,
though not very numerous. Nostrils very small, nearly circular, completely concealed by setose,
antrorse latero-frontal plumules. Wing of moderate length, about three times as long as tarsus,
66 PASSERES
rounded; fourth to seventh primaries longest; third primary conspicuously shorter, about
equal to eighth or ninth, second equal to secondaries; first primary well-developed, much
more than half as long as second. Tail very variable as to relative length, either longer or
shorter than the wing, rounded or graduated. Tarsus strong, much more than twice as long as
middle toe (without claw); acrotarsium scutellate, the scutes rarely fused into a single lamina;
middle toe longest, outer toe slightly longer than inner one; basal phalanx of middle toe united to
inner toe for entire length, to outer toe for about half its length; hallux about equal to inner toe,
but much stouter, its claw much shorter than the digit, more strongly arched than claws of
anterior toes. Plumage remarkably soft and copious. Sexes alike, young very little different
from adults, not spotted nor streaked.
Geographical Distribution, Southern and Eastern Asia, Mostly Indo-Malayan, but a
few species extend their range into the Palzearctic Region. Six genera with about thirty-five
species and subspecies.
Habits. The Crow-Tits are reported to resemble the Titmice in habits and food.
About their nidification very little is yet known, The few species whose breeding-habits have
been described build an open, cup-shaped nest of dry stems of grasses, branches, bamboo-
leaves etc. in bushes or trees, and lay three eggs which are either uniform blue or spotted and
blotched with brownish and grey on a white ground colour.
Bibliography. Oates, Fauna Brit. India, Birds, Vol. 1, 1889, pp. 60 ff.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF PARADOXORNITHINA=
1. Outer toe abortive, reduced to a short, clawless stump . . . . . . . . 16. Genus CHOLORNIS.
— Outer toe noymal .
be
2. Lail decidedly longer than the wing sn
— Tail decidedly shorter than the wing Be
3. Tail slightly graduated, the outermost tail-feather being about 10 mm. shorter
than the longest. Bull longer, less convex, gonys but slightly ascending.
Larger: wing 120mm. andmore. . . . . . =. . . =. ~~. . ~ 20. Genus Conostona.
— Tail much graduated, the outermost tail feather being half as long as the central
(longest) one. Bull shorter, more elevated Smaller : wing never exceeding
TOO MID So st se eb oy Ek Gop a Ge pe es Soe SE a RT
4. Bill deeper than long. Cutting edge of upper mandible with a strong sigmoid
LT aie ap Meet’ Ry cao Sor «Gt feo es) es ey ee Mon Genus PARADGXORNISs
— Bill not deeper than long. Cutting edge of upper mandible without or with merely
Slight indication of sigmoid curve. 2. 2. ww Cw Ct CeCe Ct CSC SCO. GEMS SUTHORA:
5. Larger : wing more than 80 mm, Culmen strongly convex, somewhat elevated,
slightly rounded above; mandible with terminal half of gonys slightly as-
Etnding i mg ate ee ee GenluSEeSiinampARtics
— Smalley : wing not more than 55 mm. Culmen much less convex, with the meso-
vhinium much broadened and flattened; mandible swollen, with basal half of
gonys nearly straight, its terminal half abruptly turned upward, almost in a
vertical ane = 9% oy ae 8 a Be PO GenTISENIEOSUmHORAS
PAM. PARIDAE 67
15. GENUS PARADOXORNIS GouLp
Paradoxornis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 4, p. 17 (1836) (sp. un. : Paradoxornis flavirostris Gould).
Bathyrhynchus McClelland, Quart. Journ. Calcutta Soc. no. 4, p. 531 (1837) (sp. un. : B. brevivostris
McClelland).
Anacrites Gistel, Naturg. Thierr. p. ro (1848) (new name for Paradoxornis Gould).
Calamornis (subgenus) Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 3, p. 73 (1874) (sp. un. : Pavadoxornis heudei David).
Characters. Bill much compressed laterally, decidedly deeper than long; culmen, from
the base to the tip, strongly curved, ending in an acute point; cutting edge of upper mandible
with a deep sigmoid curve to which corresponds a distinct sinuation in the lower mandible, the
latter being somewhat swollen, with the apical half rather abruptly ascending. Nostrils very
small, circular and completely hidden by the dense nasal plumules. Wing short and much
rounded, its tip being formed by the fourth, fifth and sixth primaries; first primary consider-
ably more than half as long as second. Secondaries well developed, more than five-sixth of
the total length of the wing, Tail very much graduated and much longer than the wing.
Metatarsus covered in front with scutes, exceeding twice the length of hind toe without claw.
Claws strong, distinctly curved. Plumage exceedingly soft and copious, the feathers of the
hindneck especially so. Sexes alike.
Coloration. The two typical species, P. flavirostris and P. guttaticollis, have the top of
the head and nape rufous-brown, the remaining upper parts brown, the quills dusky with
rufescent brown edges, the tail pale brown. There is more or less black on the chin, the throat
is either banded with black and white (P. flavirostris) or uniform whitish, resp. sandy
buff (P. guttaticollis); rest of lower parts fulvous-brown, paler in the middle of belly, chest in
P., flavirostris blackish. P. heudei, which may be not strictly congeneric with those two species,
differs very markedly in coloration. Forehead and middle of crown are light grey, bordered
laterally by a blackish stripe from the bill to the nape. Sides of the head ashy white. Nape and
upper back light grey, washed with pale vinaceous; lower back and upper tail coverts bright
fulvous-brown. Quills blackish, edged with light chestnut and buffy white. Outermost rectrix
white, the central one pale fulvous, the remaining ones black, with the tip of the outer web
greyish, and that of the inner web white. Chin and throat white, foreneck rosy or pale
vinaceous, remainder of belly pale fulvous, shading into chestnut on sides of breast. Besides,
P. heudei has the tail very much longer and more graduated, so that the recognition of a genus
Calamornis might be justifiable. :
Geographical Distribution. The species of Paradoxornis are found in Northern
India (Eastern Himalayas, Assam) and Western and Southern China,
Habits and Nidification. Very little is known regarding their habits and nidification.
They are said to frequent thickets of reeds and to feed on insects. P. flavirostris builds an open,
cup-shaped nest, its eggs are described by Mr. C. C. Stuart Baker as white spotted and
blotched with brownish and grey.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PARADOXORNIS
1. Head above light ashy grey, along the sides of the head a black stripe ; outer tail feathers
Witt OSL BYORI ALC /D=n eee 2) ene =) eee ee ete enn en oe ODE.
68 PASSERES
— Head above rufous brown ; outer tail feathers without white markings. . . . . . . . . .. . 2
2. Chin black, throat barred with black and white; a broad black band across the chest. . 2. P. ¥LAVIROSTRIS.
— Chin black, throat dingy white, lower throat and chest washed with sandy buff; jugulum
with a few, narrow, avrow-head-shaped black marks. . . . . . . =. . +. 3. P. GUTTATICOLLIS.
1. Paradoxornis heudei A. David. (PI. 3, Fig. 2.)
Paradoxornis Heudei A. David, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sc. Paris, Vol.74,p.1450(1872)|Nanking, Lower Yangtsze-kiang).
Fig. Nouv. Arch, Mus. Paris, Vol. 9, Bull. pl. 4, f. 2; David & Oustalet, Ois. Chine, pl. 63.
Hab. Inhabits the reeds uf the Lower Yangtsze-kiang near Nanking, Eastern China.
bd
. Paradoxornis flavirostris Gould 1).
Paradoxornis flavirostvis Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 4, p. 17 (1836) («in Nepalia »).
Bathyrhynchus brevirostvis McClelland, Quart. Journ. Calcutta Soc. no. 4, p.531, with plate, f. 1 (Dec. 1837) (Assam),
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 3, pl. 75.
Hab. Eastern Himalaya (from Nepal to Bhutan); also in the Khasia-, Shillong- and Naga Hills and
Cachar, in Upper Assam, south of the Brahmaputra River.
3. Paradoxornis guttaticollis A. David 1).
Paradoxornis guttaticollis A. David, Nouv. Arch, Mus, Paris, Vol. 7, Bull. p. 14 (1871) (Szechuen and Mupin,
W. China).
Payadoxornis Austent Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 3, pl. 73 (1874) (Assam, Kuchai-, Naga- and Shillong Hills).
Fig. David & Oustalet, Ois. Chine, pl. 64.
Hab. Western- and Southern China (Szechuen, Kansu, Fohkien); Assam; hilly districts south of the
Brahmaputra River (Khasia-, Shillong-, Naga Hills, Sylhet), southwards to Lot Moheng, in the
southern Shan States, South Burma. Lives in the mountains at altitudes of 4000 feet and more.
16. GENUS CHOLORNIS J. VERREAUX
Cholornis J. Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, Vol. 6, 1870, Bull. p. 35 (sp. un. : C. parvadoxa,
J. Verreaux); ibidem, Vol. 7, 1871, Bull. p. 33 (detailed description).
Characters. Bill short, deep, laterally much compressed; culmen strongly convex,
ending in a sharp point; lower edge of upper mandible without any trace of sigmoid curve;
gonys strongly ascending in apical half. Nostrils very small, circular and completely hidden by
dense, bristle-like plumes, At the base of the bill a number of rather stiffened rictal bristles.
Wing less rounded than in the other genera of the subfamily, with the fifth and sixth
primaries forming the tip; first primary somewhat longer than half the second. Tail strongly
graduated and considerably longer than the wing. Acrotarsium covered with distinct scutes.
Toes long and robust, with moderately curved claws; outer toe abortive, reduced to a short
clawless stump, adherent to the middle toe for less than half of its length. Plumage exceedingly
soft and copious, especially on the back. Feathers of the pileum somewhat lengthened, so as
to form a slight crest.
Coloration. Top of the head greyish brown, forehead rather paler, inclining to whity
brown. Lores and a broad stripe above the eye and ear coverts as far back as the sides of the
nape dark brown. A rim round the eye white. Sides of the head pale brown, shaded with
vinaceous and streaked with dingy whitish. Back pale reddish brown, here and there washed
1) Although one feels tempted to consider the two species as mere geographical representatives, such does not
appear to be the case, for they occur side by side in the Khasia- and Naga Hills. I have examined several specimens of
both from this district in the British Museum.
FAM. PARIDA 69
with ashy. Quills greyish brown, outwardly margined with rufescent brown. Rectrices dull
greyish brown, with the shafts pale rufescent brown. Chin and upper throat dark brown with
paler edges; remaining under parts pale greyish brown, the centre of abdomen purer greyish,
the flanks darker brownish. Bill yellow, eye whitish. Sexes alike. Wing 92-96, tail 105-115,
bill 14 mm.
Geographical Distribution. Mountains of Western China (Moupin, Kansu).
Habits. According to A. David this remarkable bird, in its habits, closely resembles
the species of the genus Swthora.
1. Cholornis paradoxa |. Verreaux. (Pl. 2, Fig. 5.)
Cholornis paradoxa J. Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, Vol. 6, Bull. p. 35 (1870) (« Montagnes du Thibet
chinois », sc. Moupin, W. China; cfr. J. Verreaux, ibidem, Vol. 7, 1871, p. 34).
Fig. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, Vol. 7. pl. 1, f 1; David & Oustalet, Ois. Chine, pl. 62.
Hab. Mountains of Western China.
17. GENUS SUTHORA HobDGSsON
Suthora Hodgson, Ind. Review, Vol. 2, p. 32 (1838) (Sp. un. : Suthora nipalensis Hodgson).
Temnoris Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. 10, 1, p. 29 (1841) (new name for Swthora Hodgson).
Heteromorpha (nec Kirby 1825, Coleoptera !) Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. 12,1, p. 448
(1843) (sp. un. : Heteromorpha unicolor Hodgson).
Chleuasicus Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. 14, 11, p.578 (1845) (sp. un. : Chleuasicus vujficeps Blyth).
Hemirhynchus Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 13, p.31 (1845) (new name for Temnoris Hodgson).
Temnorhis Agassiz, Nomencl. Zool., Index, p. 363 (1846) (nom. emend. for Temnoris Hodgson).
Characters. Bill short, thick, longer than deep. Culmen strongly curved, commissure
nearly straight; gonys broad, rounded, in apical half abruptly ascending. Tip of bill never
acute, always more or less blunt. Nostrils remarkably small, circular and entirely hidden by
antrorse, latero-frontal plumules; near base of bill a certain number of soft bristles to be
observed. Wing relatively short and rounded. First (spurious) primary well developed, about
two-thirds as long as second; fifth, sixth and seventh primaries forming the tip of the wing,
the sixth slightly exceeding the two others. Tail, composed of narrow, elongated feathers,
strongly graduated, the outermost feather being about half as long as central rectrix,
and decidedly, in several species even much, longer than the wing. Tarsus nearly twice as
long as middle toe without claw. Acrotarsium distinctly scutellate, the scutes sometimes fused
into a single lamina. Toes moderately Jong, basal phalanx of middle toe adherent to outer toe
for most, if not the whole of its extent; claws strongly curved. Plumage soft and copious.
Pileum often with a short, but full crest. Sexes alike.
Geographical Distribution. The species of this genus are distributed over India,
Burma and China, frequenting forests at elevations of from 3000 to 10,000 feet, with the
exception of the races of S. webbiana, which are found at lower altitudes.
Habits. They are said to resemble the Tits in their habits, feeding on insects, for which
they search the branches and leaves of trees. About their nidification very little is known.
M. D. La Touche tells us, that S. g. gularis and S. w. suffusa build cup-shaped nests in bushes
70 BASSES
and that the eggs of the latter species are uniform blue, while those of S. g. gularis have grey
and brownish spots on a whitish ground-colour.
Observations. While admitting that several species, e. g. S. r. ruficeps, S. r. atrosuper-
ciliaris, S. f. fulvifrons, S. f. cyanophrys etc. have a much blunter bill than the various races of
S. webbiana or S. conspicillata, I find S. poliotis and allies so completely intermediate in the
shape of the bill that I have not ventured to draw a line between Suthora and Chleuasius.
S, wnicolor has perhaps better claims for generic separation, on account of its large size and
uniform coloration, though I do not see why it should not be included in the present genus.
Still I have serious doubts as to whether the group as here defined is a natural one, The
proportions of wing and tail are not the same in all species. In S. mipalensis, S. gularis and
allies, and S. foliotis with its relatives, the tail but little exceeds the wing, while this organ is
much more elongated in S. przewalskii, S. fulvifrons, S. conspicillata, S, alphonsiana and the races
ot S, webbiana. Yet S, viuficeps stands between the two groups, so that I have deemed it best
not to make any subdivision. On the other hand, S. davidiana and S. thompsoni are very
different in structural characters from all the species here included in Swthora.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF SUTHORA |
i Larger : wing more than So, tail about roo mm. Upper parts brown,
pileum tinged with vinaceous, lores and superciliary streak blackish,
throat and sides of neck greyish brown, breast and abdomen dull
fulvous, chin washed with vinaceous . . . . . . .. . 1. S. UNICOLOR.
— Middle-sized : wing 70-75, tail So-85 mm. Top and sides of the
head, and nape cleay fervuginous, strongly contrasting with the
pale olive-brown of the back and the white of the throat. . (S. RUFICEPS).
1
= olmaller ware (considerably ess than Ovni. 2 se) ie eee) kre) es eee
2. No black streak over the eye. Under parts white, faintly shaded with
creamy on chestand sides . . . . . . » «. . . « « 2. 9. RUFICEPS RUFICEPS.
— A narrow black streak over the eye. Under parts tinged all over with
deep huge ok Os SS ORUBICEES ATROSUPERGIMIARISE
3. With a large black patch on the throat, sometimes half-concealed by
OLA SSM OCICS 6 6 lO A A 4.
— Nolblack whatever on theithnout 2) sae) eae no
Top of the head smoky grey, broad superciliaries from forehead to
+
nape black, throat-feathers black, edged with rusty, vest of under
parts ovange-fuluous. SE NTPAENSIS-
— Top of the head never grey, either orange-ochvaceous or olive-yellowish.
Thyoat-feathers either uniform black or edged with white; vest of
under parts whitish, more or less shaded with greyish or fulvous
across chest, flanks washed with greyish, fulvous or yellowish byown. . . . . . . . . +. + OO
5. With a long, broad superciliary stripe of black. . . . . . . . 2. . ss se ss ss 6
== INoiblack-superciliary stripe.) (Jn, ao ee ee) ee 9-
6. Ear coverts bright orange. Black superciliaries broader and confluent
on forchend - ws hf ah 3g og bee ace Se ao ee SEO osm meneame:
af
n
Io.
Il.
14.
rs
16.
. Chest, sides and under tail coverts bright fulvous
FAM. PARIDA#
Ear coverts ashy grey. Black superciliaries narrower and separated
trom each other, the forehead being ovange-ochraceous like the crown
Flanks and under tail coverts only bright fulvous
Flanks pale ashy, under tail coverts white
. Chin and throat uniform black, the feathers of the latter scarcely
Fringed with white at the tp, breast and sides pale ashy grey,
middle of abdomen and under tail coverts white . aa
Chin- and throat-feathers black at base, with long white tips, almost
completely hiding the black gvound-colour ; vest of under parts sordid
white, only the flanks tinged with greyish.
. General colour of upper parts-darker, bright ochvaceous-brown.
General colour of upper parts paler, light vellowish olive, brightening
to dull ochvaceous-vellow on forehead and fore part of crown
Bill smaller. Breast, middle of abdomen and under tail coverts silky
white, flanks washed with deep ochraceous .
Bill longer and stouter. Chest pale grey, sides of breast and abdomen
extensively bright ochraceous-brown eae
Top of the head clear ochreous-yellow, this colour bordered laterally
by a broad greyish olive or slate-grey stripe, reaching from above
the eye to the sides of the nape. Anterior under parts deep ochreous-
yellow . ; :
Top of the head never ochreous yellow, either ashy grey (S. prze-
walskil), vimaceous oy vufous-brown .
Stripe on the sides of the cvown greyish olive .
Stripe on the sides of the crown slate-gvey. . . . . .
. Crown and nape ashy grey; forehead, loves and broad superciliary
stripe as far bach as the sides of the nape deep rufous-bvown. Under-
parts cinnamomeous, sides of breast shaded with greyish, flanks pale
Gy OUNTS ar a ne
Upper part of the head deep vinaceous-brown oy cimnamon-rufous.
Lower surface, at least anterior parts, pale vinaceous, pink or
whitish, with ov without brown streaks on throat and foreneck.
A narrow vim of silky white feathers round the eye (= eyelid), Top
of the head deep vinaceous-brown ja
No white vim round the eve. Top of the head and nape ciunamon-
yufous .
Sides of the head and neck brownish ashy, strongly contrasting with
colour of pileum and throat. . . . . .
Sides of the head and neck pale or bright cinnamon, not strongly con-
trasting with adjommng parts . . . ciao eee
Top and sides of the head rather deep and bright cinnamon-rufous.
Quills exteriorly edged with pale brown (= colour of back).
Top of the head light, vathey dull cinnamon, sides of the head
distinctly paler, shading into vinaceous-cuimamon or pink. Quills
extevionly edved with bright chestnut
71
8. S. RIPPONI.
12. S. POLIOTIS FE.
10. S, POLIOTIS POLIOTIS.
II. S. POLIOTIS DAFLAENSIS.
j ie as eee @OF
6. S. GULARIS MORRISONIANA.
5. S. GULARIS GULARIS.
7. S. GULARIS CRADDOCKT.
12. (S. FULVIFRONS).
So oe eA ND eee TES
13. S. FULVIFRONS FULVIFRONS.
14. S. FULVIFRONS CYANOPHRYS.
15. S. PRZEWALSKII,
5 Tals
16. S. CONSPICILLATA.
oe
17. S. ALPHONSIANA.
16. S. (WEBBIANA).
7
8
“I
nN
18.
I.
PASSERES
. Throat and foreneck very pale pink, nearly whitish, with strongly
defined shaft-streaks of rufescent brown; belly paler. . . . . 23. S. WEBBIANA STYANI.
Thyoat and foveneck decidedly pale vinaceous or vinous-pink, with
merely traces of brownish shaft-lines ; belly darker, especially flanks
LS)
N
op)
more brownish er reeks 5 . WEBBIANA BRUNNEA.
Edges to inner secondaries buff or brownish buff. Back and flanks
averaging lightey, . . 5 1 s sts sw Ue UC CU «CO SD, WEBBIANA MANTSCHURIGAG
Edges to inner secondaries deep vufescent brown or chestnut. Back and
flanks averaging darker . wt EP alge SRS zea ace) OL
. Bill larger and stouter : g-9,5 mm. Tatl shorter : about 58S mm. . 21. S. WEBBIANA BULOMACHUS.
Bull smaller and slenderer': 7,9-91.mm. Hatt longer: 98-O7/Mite 7.) = ee
s3=
. Cinnamon of pileum and nape brighter, sides of the head vinaceous- .
CUNAMONT. <0 hen fee 3 Vel a es) ee en ein 20) Se WEBBIANAUSUERUSAG
Cinnamon of pileum and nape duller, sides of the head distinctly paler
than pileum, vinaceous-pink. . . . . . . +. . »« «. « IQ. S. WEBBIANA WEBBIANA.
Suthora unicolor (Hodgson).
Heteromorpha unicoloy Hodgson, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. 12, 1, p. 448 (1843) (Nepal).
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 3, pl. 76.
Hab. Eastern Himalaya (Nepal, Sikkim) and Mountains of Western China (Mupin, Ta-tsien-lu) at
elevations of from 7000 to 10,900 feet.
. Suthora ruficeps ruficeps (Blyth).
Chleuasicus ruficeps Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. 14, 11, p. 578 (1845) (Darjiling, Sikkim),
Suthora oatesi Sharpe, Hand-List of Birds, Vol. 4, p. 70 (1903) (nom. emend.).
Hab. Eastern Himalaya : Sikkim.
. Suthora ruficeps atrosuperciliaris (Godwin-Austen).
Chleuasicus ruficeps var, atrosuperciliaris Godwin- Austen, Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1877, p. 147 (1877) (Sadiya,
Upper Assam).
Fig. Anderson, Results Yunnan Exp. Vol. 2, pl. 47, fig. inf.
Hab. Mountains of Upper Assam (North Cachar : Baladhan, Margherita, Sadiya; Ponsee near the
frontier of Yunnan).
. Suthora nipalensis Hodgson.
Suthora nipalensis Hodgson, Ind. Review, Vol. 2, p. 32 (1838) (Nepal).
Temnoris atrifrons Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 13, p. 31 (1845) (Nepal).
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 3, pl. 70, fig. sup.; Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. 12, 1, 1843,
plate to p. 450.
Hab. Eastern Himalaya : Nepal.
. Suthora gularis gularis |. Verreaux.
Suthora gularis J. Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, Vol. 6, Bull. p. 35 (1870) (« Thibet chinois », the type came
from Western Szechuen; cfr. loc. cit. Vol. 7, Bull. p. 36).
Suthora verreauxi Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 7, p. 488 (1883) (new name for S. gularis Verreaux).
Fig. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, Vol. 8. Bull. pl. 3, f. 1.
Hab. Mountains of Szechuen and N. W. Fohkien in Southern China.
. Suthora gularis morrisoniana Ogilvie-Grant.
Suthora morrisoniana Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 16, p. 119 (1906) (Mount Morrison, Formosa).
Hab. Island of Formosa : Mounts Morrison and Arizan, at altitudes of gooo feet.
“I
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Il.
12.
TS.
4.
Te
16.
FAM. PARID A=
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. Suthora gularis craddocki Bingham.
Suthora craddocki Bingham, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 13, p. 54 (1903) /Loi-Pang-Nan, Shan States).
Fig. The Ibis (8), Vol. 3, 1903, pl. 11, f. 1.
Hab. Upper Burma: Loi-Pang-Nan, east of Kengtung, in the valley of the Mekong River, southern
Shan States, at elevations of 8500 feet.
. Suthora ripponi Sharpe.
Suthora rippont Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 15, p. 96 (1905) (Mt. Victoria, southern Chin Hills).
Hab. Upper Burma : Mount Victoria, in the southern Chin Hills. (Doubtful form.)
. Suthora poliotis humii Sharpe.
Suthora humii Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 7, p. 487 (1883) (« Eastern Himalayas »; we fix Sikkim as type
locality).
Temnoris vel Suthora pictifrons (ex Hodgson MS.) Oates, Fauna Brit. India, Birds, Vol.1, p. 65, in text (1889)
(Darjiling, Sikkim).
Hab. Eastern Himalaya : At and above Darjiling, Sikkim.
Suthora poliotis poliotis Blyth.
Suthora poliotis Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. 20, p. 522 (1851) (Chérra Punji, Khasia Hills, Assam).
Suthory munipurensis Godwin-Austen & Walden, The Ibis (3), Vol. 5, p. 250 (1875) (Karakhul, Munipur Hills).
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 3, pl. 69.
Hab. Assam, south of the Brahmaputra River : Khasia (Cherra Poonjee), Naga (Samma) and Manipur
Hills (Karakhul); Upper Burma (Bhamo, Kauri-Kachin).
Suthora poliotis daflaensis Godwin-Austen.
Suthora daflaensis Godwin-Austen, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), Vol. 17, p. 32 (1876) (Dafla Hills).
Fig. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. 45, 1, 1876, pl. 3.
Hab. N. E. Himalaya : Dafla Hills (= Darrang), north of the Brahmaputra R., at elevations of from
5000 to 7000 feet.
Suthora poliotis fez Salvadori.
Suthora feae Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat. Genova, Vol. 27, p. 363 (1889) (Karennee, Burma).
Hab. South Burma : Karennee.
Suthora fulvifrons fulvifrons (Hodgson).
Temnoris fuluifrons Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 13, p. 31 (1845) (Nepal).
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 3, pl. 71.
Hab. Eastern Himalayas : Nepal and Sikkim at high elevations.
Suthora fulvifrons cyanophrys A. David & Oustalet.
Suthora cyanophrys A. David & Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 213 (1877) (S. E. Chensi, China; types in Paris Museum
examined),
Fig. David & Oustalet, Ois. Chine, pl. 66.
Hab. Mountains of Western China : Southern Shen-si, at altitudes of 5400 feet.
Suthora przewalskii Berezowski & Bianchi.
Suthora Pyzewalskii Berezowski & Bianchi, Av. Exp. Potanini, p. 67, pl. 2, f. 1 (1891) (Southern Kansu); Deditius,
Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 45, 1897, p. 69 (transl.)
Hab. N. W-. China : Mountains of Southern Kansu.
Suthora conspicillata David. (PI. 3, Fig. 3.)
Suthora conspicillata David, Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Paris, Vol. 7, Bull. pp. 9, 14 (1871) (« Kokonoor », N. W. China).
Tig. David & Oustalet, Ois. Chine, pl. 65.
Hab. Mountains of North-west China ; Kukunoor, South Kansu, Tsinling, Szechuen,
. Suthora alphonsiana |. Verreaux.
Suthova alphonsiana J. Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, Vol. 6, Bull. p. 35 (1870) (« Thibet chinois », the type
was obtained near « Tchentou »; cfr. loc. cit. Vol. 7, Bull. p. 35).
Fig, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, Vol. 8, Bull. pl. 3, f. 2.
Hab. Mountains of S. W. China ; Szechuen and Yunnan.
74 PASSERES
18. Suthora webbiana mantschurica [aczanowski.
Suthova webbiana, mantschurica Taczanowski, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. Vol.10, p. 470 (1885) (Alamanowka in Ussuriland).
Hab. S. E. Siberia : Ussuriland.
19. Suthora webbiana webbiana Gray.
Suthora Webbiana Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 20, 1852, p. 70 Aves, pl. 49 (May 1854) (Shanghai; type
examined).
Suthora fulvicauda C, W. Campbell, The Ibis (6), Vol. 4, p. 237 (1892) (Chemulpo, Corea; = juv.; type in Brit.
Mus. examined).
Suthora longicauda C. W. Campbell, ibidem, p. 237 (1892) (« thirty miles south-east of Seoul, Corea»; = © ad.; type
in Brit. Mus. examined).
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 3, pl. 72.
Hab. Eastern China (Shanghai, Ningpo), apparently also in Hupeh and Kansu; Corea.
20. Suthora webbiana suffusa Swinhoe.
Suthora suffusa Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 372 (1871) (« about the mountainous sides of the gorges
of the upper Yangtsze »).
Hab. Central China : valley of the Yangtsze kiang | Kiukiang, Ichang, Shashi) southwards to Fohkien.
21. Suthora webbiana bulomachus Swinhoe.
Suthora bulomachus Swinhoe, The Ibis (new ser.) Vol. 2, p. 300, pl. 9 (1886) (Formosa).
Hab. Island of Formosa,
22. Suthora webbiana brunnea Anderson.
Suthora byrunnea Anderson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 211 (1871) (Momien, Yunnan).
Fig. Anderson, Results Yunnan Exp. Vol. 2, pl. 49, fig. inf.
Hab. S. W. China : Momien in Western Yunnan, west of the Salween River.
23. Suthora webbiana styani Rippon.
Suthora styani Rippon, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 13, p. 54 (1903) (Tali Valley, W. Yunnan).
Hab. S. W. China : Tali Valley in Western Yunnan, east of the Mekong River.
18. GENUS NEOSUTHORA Nov. GEN.
Characters. Bill very much larger and quite differently shaped, as compared with
the members of the genus Swthora. Upper mandible much deeper, culmen less convex, with
the mesorhinium much broadened and flattened, and not distinctly curved towards the tip;
commissure, as in Szthora and Psittiparus, with scarcely an indication of a slight sigmoid
curve; lower mandible of nearly the same shape as in Suthora, but more swollen, deeper and
in the apical portion even more abruptly turned upwards. Tip of bill conspicuously blunt
and obtuse, even more so than in the species of the extreme C//euasicus-type. Wings more
rounded than in Suthova, the fourth to seventh primaries being the longest, First primary
vell developed, more than half as long as the longest remex. Tail, composed of rather narrow,
pointed feathers, much shorter than in Swthora, about three-fourths as long as the wing and,
instead of being strongly graduated, but slightly rounded; the outermost rectrix falling short
Db
of the other tail-feathers, which are nearly equal, by about the length of the hind toe without
claw. Legs and feet decidedly stronger and more robust than in Suthora. Plumage less copious
and not so soft. Sexes alike. Type of the genus : Suthora davidiana Slater.
Coloration, Top and sides of the head bright cinnamon-rufous; back pale slate-grey,
with or without olive tinge; wings and tail-feathers dusky, exteriorly margined with bright
FAM. PARID A 79
rufescent brown; chin and upper throat black; lower throat and chest greyish, washed with
buffish on middle of breast; flanks, abdomen and lower tail coverts clear brownish ochraceous.
Bill yellow. Wing 50-52, tail 36-38 mm.
Geographical Distribution. Mountain-ranges of Southern China (Fohkien), and of
southern Shan States in Burma.
KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF NEOSUTHORA
1. Black throat-feathers with distinct white apical spots. Cinnamon-rufous of head
cleaver and extending on to the upper back . . . . . . . . . I. N. DAVIDIANA DAVIDIANA.
— Thyroat-feathers uniform black. Cinnamon-rufous of head deeper and restricted
WOU CG TWH 5 8 Be kl Kl ll lk gy Ni IANA THOMASON,
1. Neosuthora davidiana davidiana (Slater). (PI. 3, Fig. 1.) 92
Suthora davidiana Slater, The Ibis (7), Vol. 3, p. 172, pl. 4, f. 1 (1879) (Kuatun, N. W. Fohkien).
Hab. Mountains of N. W. Fohkien, South China.
2. Neosuthora davidiana thompsoni (Bingham).
Suthora thompsont Bingham, Bull. Brit. Ornmith. Club, Vol. 13, p. 63 (1903) (Kyatpyin near Paunglaung stream,
Loilong, southern Shan States).
Fig. The Ibis (8}, Vol. 3, 1903, pl. 11, f. 2.
Hab. Upper Burma, southern Shan States : Kyatpyin near the Paunglaung River in the Loilong State,
at altitudes of 2500 feet.
19. GENUS PSITTIPARUS HELLMAYR
Sczorhynchus (nec E. B. Wilson 1881, Pycnogonidae!) E. WW. Oates, Fauna Brit. India, Birds, Vol. 1,
p- 68 (1889) (sp. typ. : Pavadoxornis ruficeps Blyth).
Psittiparus Hellmayr, Tierreich, Livr. 18, p. 163 (1903) (same type).
4
Characters. In general structure the members of this genus are not unlike Neoswthora,
but, besides being much larger, they have the tail proportionately longer and a differently
shaped bill. The culmen is far more convex and in its apical portion strongly curved, the
mesorhinium not flattened at all, being somewhat elevated and decidedly rounded; the sigmoid
curve of the commissure rather more pronounced; the lower mandibleless high and notso swollen,
with the gonys not abruptly ascending; the tip of the bill, though not acute, distinctly pointed,
not blunt. In the wing the fifth, sixth and seventh primaries are the longest, the first primary
somewhat more than half as long as the wing. Tail about four-fifths of the length of the
wing, slightly rounded; the outermost rextrix being from to to 15 mm. shorter than the central
one; the penultimate rectrix about 6 mm, longer, but a little shorter than the third and so on,
Legs and feet relatively stronger than in Neoswthora, apparently more adapted to terrestrial
habits.
Coloration. Back and wings clear olive or pale rufescent brown, tail duller, more
greyish. In one species (P. ruficeps) the top and sides of the head are bright ferruginous, in the
other (P. gularis) the upper part of the head is ashy grey, with a well-defined black frontal- and
superciliary stripe, while the lores, cheeks and ear coverts are white, more or less shaded with
pale cinereous. Bill (in skin) bright yellow.
76 PASSERES
Geographical Distribution. The species of Psittiparis inhabit the mountains of India,
Burma, Southern China and the island of Hainan, at elevations of {rom 2500 to S000 feet.
Habits. These birds frequent bamboo-thickets, reeds and tall grasses. They construct
a cup-shaped nest of grass-stalks, coated externally with a few cobwebs and lined inside with
stripes of bamboo-stems; its eggs, three in number, are white, spotted and blotched with grey
and pale brown.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF PSITTIPARUS
1. Top and sides of the head and neck clear ferruginous. Throat and foreneck
UNE SOV DUFF 0 asp) eo 1 eee wd ey ay ee. oe ee ee Cee UTE Oye
— Crown and nape cinereous; narrow frontal band and long superciliaries black.
Lores and cheeks white, ear coverts and sides of the neck whitish or pale
cinereous. A black patch on the throat ae ee 5 : 3. (P. GuLaris).
2. Bill smaller : 14, wing averaging shorter : 85-88 mm, Under surface of body
white, chest and flanks faintly shaded with pale buff. . . . . . . 1. P. RUFICEPS RUFICEPS.
— Bill larger : 16-17, wing averaging longer : 87-95 mm. Under surface of
body strongly tinged with deep buff or fulvous buff. . . . . . . . 2. P. RUFICEPS BAKERI.
3. Under surface of body strongly suffused with fulvous buff. Wing 83-88 mm. 4. P. GULARIS TRANSFIUVIALIS.
—= Under swifaceiof body white. <5 oe Ss ee es ee
4. Black throat-patch smaller and higher up on the chin. Suboculay vegion and
eay coverts white or greyish white. Wing go-g5 mm. . . . . . . 3. P. GULARIS GULARIS.
— Black throat-patch larger and lower down, leaving a distinct white. space on
6 }
the chin. Suboculay region and cheeks cinereous . . ae
5. Larger: wing 97-100, tal 88-g0 mm. . . . . . . . =. =| +. . 9. P. GULARIS FOKIENSIS:
— Smalley : wing 84-87, tal So-S3 mm. . .. . . . . . . =. . . 6. P. GULARIS HAINANUS.
1. Psittiparus ruficeps ruficeps (Blyth).
Paradoxornis ruficeps Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. 11,1, p. 177 (1842) (« Bootan »).
lig Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 3, pl. 78.
Hab. Eastern Himalayas : Sikkim and Bhutan.
2. Psittiparus ruficeps bakeri (Hartert).
Scaeorhiyuchus ruficeps bakeri Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 7, p. 548 (1900); (Hungrum, North Cachar).
Hab. Assam : hills south of the Brahmaputra (Khasia hills, Cachar) and Burma, southwards to Karennee,
and enasserim (as far south as Thoungyah).
3. Psittiparus gularis gularis (Gray).
Paradoxornis gularts Gray Genera Birds, Vol. 2, p. 389, pl. 94, f. 2 (1845) (no locality ; we fix Sikkim as type locality)
Paradoxornis caniceps Blyth, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. 18, 1, p. 810 (1849) (Darjiling).
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 3, pl. 77.
Hab. Eastern Himalaya : Sikkim and Bhutan, at elevations of from 3000 to 6000 feet.
4. Psittiparus gularis transfluvialis ([artert).
Scacorhynchus gularis transfluvialis Hartert, Novit. Zool. Vol. 7, p. 548 (1900) {Guilang, North Cachar).
Hab. Assam : hill ranges south of the Brahmaputra R (IKhasia hills, Cachar); Burma (Karennee,
Loilong, southern Shan States).
5. Psittiparus gularis fokiensis (David).
Heteromorpha Fokiensis David, Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. (5), Vol. 19, art. no. 9, p. 4 (1874) («a Koatén, dans le Fokien
occidental »).
Fig. David & Oustalet. Ois. Chine, pl. 61.
Hab. South China : Mountains of West Fokhien.
EAWIE ARID aS
—I
~I
6. Psittiparus gularis hainanus Rothschild.
Psiftiparus gularis hainanus Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 14, p. 7 (1903) (Mount Wuchi, Hainan).
Hab. Mountains of the Island of Hainan.
20. GENUS CONOSTOMA HopGson
Conostoma Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc, Bengal, Vol. 10, 1, p. 856 (1841) (sp. un. : C. aemodis).
Characters. Bill longer and less elevated than in the preceding genera, with the culmen
not so strongly convex; commissure without the slightest trace of a sigmoid curve, gonys
straight, at the tip slightly ascending. Wing rounded; sixth and seventh primaries forming the
tip, the first (spurious) quill somewhat exceeding two-thirds of the second primary. Tail slightly
graduated, and distinctly longer than the wing. Acrotarsium covered in front with large scutes.
Toes long and robust, the hind toe with rather long, strongly curved claw. Plumage long and
sott. Sexes alike.
Coloration. Upper parts dull rufescent brown, forehead brownish white; lores and
feathers in front of the eye dark brown. Wings greyish brown, outer webs of secondaries on
basal portion bright rufescent brown. Tail-feathers greyish brown, along the shaft washed with
rufescent brown. Under surface dingy greyish brown, more brownish on flanks, more greyish
in the middle of the belly; throat with indistinct whitish longitudinal streaks. Amillaries and
under wing coverts light buff. Bill dark yellow. Wing 120-130, tail 130-140, bill 23-24 mm.
Geographical Distribution. Eastern Himalaya (Nepal and Sikkim) at elevations of
{rom 10,000 to I1,o00 feet, and high mountains of Western China (Szechuen, Ixansu).
Habits. « Constructs a hemispherical nest of dry stems and blades of grass and bamboo-
leaves on a branch of a bamboo in May. The eggs, probably three in number, are dull white,
blotched and streaked with yellowish brown and spotted about the larger end with dark
purple » (Oates).
1. Conostoma e2modium Hodgson.
Conostoma aemodius, C. oemodius, C. omodius, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol. 10, 11, pp. 856, 857, with
plate (1841) (« Northern Region of Nepal»).
Fig. Gould, Birds Asia, Vol. 3, pl. 31.
Hab. Eastern Himalaya (Nepal, Sikkim) and high Mountains of Western China (Szechuen, Kansu).
N. B. I have not seen specimens from any Chinese locality.
5. SUBFAM. PANURINAE=
THE BEARDED TITS
Characters. Bill very short, about as long as inner toe without claw, broadened at base,
where its width slightly exceeds its depth; culmen rounded, abruptly decurved in apical half,
with uncinate tip; maxillary commissure distinctly convex; gonys but little ascending termi-
nally. Nasal fossz large, roundish operculate, the slit-like, nasal opening situated near lower
edge and entirely concealed by the dense, antrorse, bristly latero-frontal plumules. Rictal
bristles well developed, though rather short and soft, not reaching beyond basal third of bill.
78 PASSE RES
Tongue horny, obtuse, divided at the end, terminating in a few horny bristles. Wing moderately
long, narrow and somewhat pointed, third, fourth and fifth primaries longest and nearly equal in
length, sixth a little shorter; second as long as sixth; first primary rudimentary, reduced to an
excessively narrow, lanceolate feather, even shorter than primary coverts. Tail much length-
ened, very much longer than wing, exceedingly graduated, outermost rectrix scarcely half as
long as median; rectrices narrow, attenuated at tip. Under tail coverts remarkably well-deve-
loped, in length equal to outermost rectrix. Tarsus strong, about twice as long as middle toe
without claw; acrotarsium distinctly scutellate; middle toe longest, outer toe slightly longer
than inner one; claws slender, compressed, acute; hallux stouter and shorter than the other
toes, 1ts claw much stronger. Wing 57-63, tail 75-go mm.
Coloration. Plumage soft, though less copious than in the Parinae. Sexes different, the
male ornamented by a broad black moustache of elongated feathers. The adult male is a very
elegantly coloured creature. Top of the head, nape and ear coverts delicate pale grey, passing
into white on frontal edge and sides of neck. Lores, cheeks and moustache deep velvety black.
Back and rump deep cinnamon-buff; upper tail coverts brownish pink; scapulars white; wing
coverts black, broadly edged with colour of back; primary coverts and bastard-feathers
blackish, with broad white edges; primaries dark grey-brown, the outer ones with white,
the remaining with isabelle margins; secondaries dark greyish brown, broadly edged with
deep cinnamon-buff; the three innermost with a broad black stripe along the shaft and nearly
white on inner web. Rectrices isabelle-colour, below more cinnamon, the two outer pairs
black on basal portion and with a long white tip. Throat and breast white, sides of breast
washed with pale pink, flanks cinnamon-buff; under tail coverts deep velvety black, The
female differs by having the head above and nape pale brownish, the sides of the head dingy
white, without the black mystacal stripe, and the under tail coverts very pale buff. The
black of the outer rectrices, too, is less pronounced, The young have the middle of the back
and the rectrices (except the median pair) mostly blackish; the first primarv is well developed,
of normal shape and almost half as long as second, Bill yellow.
Geographical Distribution. South- and Western Europe, and Palearctic Asia eastward
to Northern China and Amoorland. One species with two subspecies.
Habits and Nidification. The Bearded Tit lives exclusively in extended reed-thickets
and marshes. Its call-note and song are not unlike those of the true Parinae, which it also
resembles in habits and food, The nest, an open, cup-shaped, loose structure of dried reed-
stems, grasses, leaves etc., inside lined with various soft material, feathers etc., is placed on
or near the ground. The clutch consists of from five to seven roundish eggs, which are glossy
or buffy white, speckled with blackish brown. Two broods: one in April and May, the second
from June to the beginning of August.
21. GENUS PANURUS C. L. KocH
Panurus C. L. Koch, Syst. Baier. Zool. p. 201 (1816) (sp. un. : P. biarmicus).
Calamophilus Leach, Cat. Mamm. Birds Brit. Mus. p. 17 (1816) (sp. un. : C. biarmicus).
Mystacinus Boie, Isis, p. 556 (1822) (sp. typ. : M. barbatus).
Hypenites Gloger, Gemeinn. Naturg. Vég. Deutschl. p. 28r (1842) (sp. un. : H. barbatus).
PAM. PARIDAz
SI
©
Characters, Habits, Nidification as those of the Subfamily.
KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF PANURUS BIARMICUS
1. Back and rump deeper, cinnamon-brown ; upper tail coverts faintly washed with
Dit oe Gy Sat gs
es Gs ee Ge GS hsi ld) ss) ie) ee eee BIARMICUSEBIARINITCUSS
— Back and rump paler, more cinnamon-buff; upper tail coverts decidedly washed
IUD (OU e a ele ee 8 bo 8 6 Go ep Be be 94 4 (Bo le’y HIVNRNICUS RUSSICUS,
1. Panurus biarmicus biarmicus (Linneus). (PI. 2, Fig. 10.)
Parus biarmicus Linnzeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 190 (1758) (« Habitat in Europa»; based on Albin, Avium, Vol. 1,
p. 46, pl. 48, and Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, Vol. 2, p. 55. pl. 55. Albin’s figure is barely recognizable, while
that of Edwards unquestionably refers to the dark-coloured western bird. Moreover, the latter author
expressly states that the specimens described were brought alive from Copenhagen and adds having seen
others « shot among the reeds in marshes near London »),
Parus barbatus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. Vol. 1, p. 549 (1827) (new name for P. biarmicus Linnzus).
Mystacinus ayundinaceus Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutsch]. p. 474 (1831) (« bewohnt den Nordosten der alten
Welt, wandert aber im Herbst und kommt dann an die Kiiste der deutschen Ostsee, haufig nach Holland,
sogar, jedoch selten an den Wisleber und andere grosse Seen unseres Vaterlandes ». Pure hypothetical
speculations, for the Bearded Tit never occured in any part of N. E. Europe; the birds said to have nested
on the salt-lakes near Eisleben, Thuringia, most certainly belonged to the western race).
Alystactnus dentatus Brehm, ibidem, p. 474 (1831) (Holland).
Panurus biarmicus occidentalis Vschusi, Ornith. Jahrb. Vol. 15, p. 228 (1904) (Venetia).
Fig. Dresser, Birds Europe, Vol. 3, pl. 102.
Hab. South Europe (Italy, north to Venetia and Lombardy, Southern France, Eastern Spain); England
(nowadays only breeding in Norfolk); Holland; formerly breeding in the marshes of Northern
Germany as far east as Mecklenburg. It was probably this form that is reported to have nested on the
salt-lake near Eisleben, Thuringia.
2. Panurus biarmicus russicus (Brehm).
Mystacinus Russicus Brehm, Handb. Naturg. Voy. Deutschl. p. 472 (1831) («sie lebt in Russland, kommt im Herbst
und Winter nach Ungarn und in die Nahe von Wien »).
Calamophilus sibiricus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sc. Paris, Vol. 43, p. 414 (1856) (« Kamtchatka », locality
erroneous).
Panurus biaymicus vaddei Prazak, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 45, p. 288 (1897) (based on Radde [Ornis, Vol. 3, 1887,
P- 477 : Astara near Lenkoran, Caspian Sea], who described a young bird as adult).
Hab. Breeding in Eastern Europe (East Galicia, Hungary, Roumania, South Russia), Asia Minor,
Persia, West Siberia, Turkestan (Zaidam, Kookonor, Ordos), Manchooria as far east as Sidemi,
Amoor Bay, inS. E. Siberia, It is probably this form that appears in Greece during the winter months.
6. SUBFAM. CERTHIPARINA=
It is proposed to associate, in this group, the three New Zealand genera Mohoua, Certhi-
p } 2a 5 ? D )
parus and Finschia, although I must confess that I have serious doubts as to whether they really
have any close relations to the Paridac, and whether the last-named genus may not ultimately
5 8 j j
prove to be altogether different from the two others. Yet the three species agree fer se in the
exceedingly long, rather robust tarsus, a character which separates them at a glance from all
the other members of the family of Tits. Mohoua, furthermore, differs very markedly in the
proportions of the toes, while /inschia and Certhiparus resemble, in this respect, the true Tits.
The last-named genus and Mo/oua, on the other hand, present another striking character in the
5 ? > | 5
pointed rectrices with the shafts stiffened and acuminate, indicating arboreal habits, whereas
So PASSERES
Finschia has soft, rounded tail-feathers, as well as a much smaller, slenderer bill. Dr. Finsch
considers Mohoua to be nearly allied to the Timeliine genus Ovthonyx, and refers the two
others to the Parvidae. Until careful anatomical investigations of the three types have been made
every classificatory attempt must necessarily be regarded as provisional.
Characters. Bill much shorter than head, about equal to middle toe (without claw), at
base as wide as, or even wider than deep, distinctly compressed, at least for terminal portion;
culmen conspicuously decurved terminally; gonys nearly straight, but slightly ascending
towards the tip. Rictal bristles obvious. Nostrils basal, distinctly operculate, posteriorly
overhung by antrorse, latero-frontal plumules. Wing short, either somewhat pointed (Mohoua,
Certhiparus) or distinctly rounded (Finschia); fourth and fifth, or fifth and sixth, primaries
longest ; first primary much more than half as long as second; wing-tip very much less than
length of tarsus. Tail graduated, extremely variable as to relative length and shape of rectrices.
Tarsus robust, fully twice as long as middle toe (without claw); acrotarsium scutellate or booted;
proportion of toes variable (see key); middle toe adherent to outer one for greater part of
basal phalanx, to inner toe for a less distance. Claws very strong, much curved, with acute tip.
Plumage soft and copious as in the Parinae,
Coloration variable. Wohoua and Certhiparus have the head of the same colour as the
under parts, yellow in the former, dingy white in the latter; back and wings brown, rectrices
dull olive in Wohoua, pale brown in Certhiparus. Finschia has the crown, upper tail coverts and
the tail rufous-brown, the latter crossed by a blackish band, the sides of head and nape dark
ashy, the back brown, the lower parts isabelline-buff.
Geographical Distribution. New Zealand.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF CERTHIPARIN A:
1. Tail much shorter than the wing, rectrices with shafts stiffened and distinctly
projecting. Outer and middle toes equal in length, much longer than mney toe. 22. Genus Monova.
— Tail equal to, or longer than, the wing. Middle toe longest, outer toe slightly
longer than the inner one Pa) eres ; AA 2h
2. Bill vather broadened at base, where its width decidedly exceeds its depth, slightly
compressed terminally. Tail about equal to wing, with vectrices acuminate
ab Tp a ee EE Ee ee eG enustSrnanneanitc.
— Bill slender, much compressed laterally, at base fully as deep as wide. Tail
decidedly longer than wing, with rectrices soft and broadly rounded at ip . 24. Genus Finsciia.
22. GENUS MOHOUA LESSON
Mohoua Lesson, Compl. Gzuvr. Buffon, Vol. g. p. 139 (1837) (sp. tvp. : Mohoua hua Lesson).
Clitonyx Reichenbach, Avium Syst. pl. 38 (1849) (sp. typ. : Clitonyx ochrocephalus Gmelin).
Characters. Bill much shorter than head, somewhat broadened at base, where its width
decidedly exceeds its depth, much compressed terminally; culmen distinctly ridged, strongly
decurved in apical portion; gonys nearly straight. Nostrils basal, operculate, only posteriorly
IAINE, TPAIRJUD)4e
wm
iH
concealed by antrorse latero-frontal plumules. Rictal bristles distinct, though soft and short,
not reaching beyond anterior end of nasal fossa, Wing long, rather pointed; fourth and filth
primaries longest, sixth but little shorter, though conspicuously longer than third; second
falling between eighth and ninth; first primary well developed, broad, much more than half as
long as second, Tail much shorter than wing, graduated, rectrices somewhat pointed at tip,
with the shafts stiffened and distinctly projecting. Tarsus robust, very long, much longer than
middle toe with claw; acrotarsium scutellate, the scutes, however, often fused into a single
lamina, the divisions being obliterated. Toes long, outer and middle toes equal in length, and
conspicuously longer than inner toe; outer toe adherent to middle toe for its entire basal
phalanx; hallux about equal to outer toe or slightly longer, but much stouter; claws robust,
strongly curved, especially that of hallux, which is scarcely shorter than the digit. Wing 80-84,
tail 62-70, tarsus 25-28, bill about 13 mm.
Coloration. Sexes alike. Plumage soft and copious. Head all round, foreneck, breast
and abdomen bright Jemon-yellow, sides and flanks dull olive-brownish; under tail coverts
dingy white, with dusky bases. Back, ramp and upper tail coverts dull greenish olive-brown.
Wings dusky, edged with olive-brown. Tail dull greenish olive, paler beneath, with shafts
above reddish brown, below whitish. Bill black. Feet brown. The young birds differ from the
adult ones in having the yellow portions of the plumage duller, and the head above obscured
by dusky olive edges to the feathers.
Geographical Distribution. New Zealand.
Observations. The systematic position of this bird is still very uncertain. In structural
characters, it shows a great likeness to the Australian genus Orthom\x, commonly referred to
the Timeliidac, and I should not be surprised if it would ultimately prove to belong to this
group rather than to the Paridae. From the latter it very markedly differs by its very long,
thick tarsus, the proportion of the toes and by having the shafts of the rectrices stiffened and
projecting.
1. Mohoua ochrocephala (Gmelin). (PI. 3, Fig. 6 )
Muscicapa ochrocephala Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1, u, p. 944 (1789) (based on « Yellow-headed Flycatcher », Latham,
Gen. Syn. Birds, Vol. 2,1, p. 342 : « Queen Charlotte’s Sound, in New Zeeland »).
Certhia heteroclites Quoy & Gaimard, Voyage Astrolabe, Vol. 1, p. 223, Ois. pl. 17, f. 1 (1830) («habite la baie
Tasman »).
Mohoua hua Lesson, Compl. Oevr. Buffon, Vol. 9, p. 139 (1837) (Nouvelle-Zélande).
Orthonyx icterocephalus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool. Vol. 2, p. 257 (1839) («in insulis les Marquises dictis », errore!).
Parus heteroclytus Lafresnaye, Mag. Zool. Cl. 2, Ois. pl. 8 (1839) (Nouvelle-Zélande).
Musicapa chloris Forster, Descr. Anim. Austr. p. 87 (1844) («in insula australi Nove Zeelandiz »).
Fig. Buller, Hist. Birds New Zeal., ed. 2, Vol. 1, 1887, pl. 6.
Hab. South Island of New Zealand.
23. GENUS CERTHIPARUS LAFRESNAYE
Certhiparus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool. Vol. 5, p. 69 (1842) (sp. typ. : Parus senilis Dubus).
Certhioparus Agassiz, Nomencl. Zool., Index, p. 75 (1846) (nom. emend.).
Phyllodytes (nec Wagler 1830, Amphibia!) Finsch, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 21, p. 397 (1873) (nom.
emend. pro Certhiparus Lafresnaye).
82 RASS EES
Characters. Bill similar in shape to that of Wooua, but rather slenderer. Nostrils basal,
operculate and posteriorly concealed by the antrorse, latero-frontal plumules, exactly as in -
Mohoua. Rictal bristles equally short, but somewhat stronger and stiffer, Wing long, pointed ;
fifth and sixth primaries longest, fourth and seventh but a little shorter; third falling between
seventh and eighth; second about equal to tenth, scarcely longer than secondaries ; first primary
conspicuously longer than half the second. Tail very long, about equal to wing, strongly
graduated; rectrices rather pointed, with the shafts acuminate and slightly projecting, but
much less stiffened than in J/ohowa. Tarsus much slenderer than in JJohona, conspicuously
longer than middle toe with claw; acrotarsium booted, sometimes a few obsolete scutes on
lower portion. [oes more slender than in J/ohoua; middle toe longest, outer toe slightly longer
than inner one; hallux about as long as outer toe, but stouter, its claw decidedly shorter than
the digit. Claws shorter and much more compressed than in J/ohoua, strongly arched.
Wing
e¢ 70-75, tail 70-73, tarsus about 26, bill 12 mm.
Coloration. Plumage soft and copious. Sexes alike. Head all round, breast and middle
of abdomen white, shaded with greyish on crown, with buffy on belly; flanks washed with
brownish, Back pale reddish brown; lesser upper wing coverts paler brown, the median and
ereater series dusky, with broad whity brown edges; remiges and rectrices brown, the former
exteriorly edged with paler brown. Bill and feet black. Young birds are duller in colour, the
white of the pileum is mixed with brown and the under parts are less purely white.
Geographical Distribution. New Zealand.
Observations. While closely resembling Wohoua in shape of bill and tail as well as in
style of coloration, yet Certhiparus is easily distinguished by its relatively longer tail, different
proportion of the toes and different wing-formula.
1. Certhiparus albicilla (lesson). (Pl. 3, Fig. 8.)
Fringilla albicilla Lesson, Voy. Coquille. Vol. 1, 11, p. 662 (1828) (« a la baie des Iles a la Nouvelle-Zelande »).
Parus senilis Dubus, Bull, Acad. Bruxelles, Vol. 6, 1, p. 297 (1839) (Nouvelle-Zélande).
Clitonyx albicapilla W. L. Buller, Hist. Birds New Zeal., ed. 2, Vol. 1, p. 53 (1887) (nom. emend.).
Certhiparus cinerea Ellman, The Zoologist, Vol. 19, p. 7465 (1861) (nom. nud.).
Fig. Buller, loc. cit. pl. 6.
Hab. North Island of New Zealand.
24. GENUS FINSCHIA HutTTron
Finschia Hutton, The [bis (8), Vol. 3, p. 319 (sp. tvpe : Certhiparus novae zealandiae auct.).
Characters. Bill very short, about half as long as head, slender, much compressed,
its width at base being equal to its depth ; calmen decidedly convex; gonys nearly straight. Rictal
bristles numerous, well-developed, reaching almost to tip of bill, Nostrils basal, distinctly
operculate, almost completely hidden by antrorse, latero-frontal plumules. Wing moderately
long, rounded; fifth and sixth primaries longest, fourth little shorter, but decidedly longer than
seventh; third falling between seventh and eighth, second equal to tenth; first primary conspi-
cuously longer than half the second. Tail much longer than wing, strongly graduated, with
rectrices soft and broadly rounded at tip, shafts not stiffened nor projecting. Tarsus shorter
BAM= PARIDAS
(op)
Oo
than in the preceding genera, though still conspicuously longer than middle toe with claw ;
acrotarsium booted or very indistinctly scutellate. Toes slender and of the same proportions as
in Certhiparus, the middle toe being longest, the outer toe slightly longer than inner one; hallux
about as long as inner toe, but much stouter, Claws as in Certhiparus. \Wing 60-65, tail 65-70,
tarsus 22-23, bill about 11 mm.
Coloration. Plumage exceedingly lax and copious. Sexes alike. Forehead and crown
dull rufous; sides of the head and neck, as well as a broad band round the nape, dark ashy
grey; behind the eye a more or less distinct greyish white streak. Back and upper wing coverts
warm rufescent brown, remiges dusky, edged with rufescent brown. Upper tail coverts and
rectrices cinnamon-brown, the latter (except the two middle pairs) with a broad blackish band
across inner web. Under parts buff, palest on throat, deepest on belly. Bill and feet pale brown.
Geographical Distribution. New Zealand.
Observations. The genus Finschia is very distinct from Mohoua and Certhiparus, though
agreeing with the latter in proportion of toes. It may be recognized by its very much smaller
bill, and by having the tail distinctly longer than the wing, with the rectrices broadly rounded,
not acuminate at tip.
1. Finschia novz-seelandiz (Gmelin). (Pl. 3, Fig 7.)
Parus novae Seelandiae Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Vol. 1 mu. p. 1013 (1789) (based on « New Zealand Titmouse », Latham,
Gen. Syn. Birds, Vol. 2, 11, p. 558 : « Dusky Bay, New Zealand »).
Certhiparus maculicaudus G. R. Gray, in E. Dieffenbach, Travels in N. Zealand, Vol. 2, p. 189 (1843) (New
Zealand),
Parus urostigma G. R. Vorster, Descr. Anim. Austr. p. 90 (1844) («in insula australi Novee Zeelandiz »).
Fig. Buller, Hist. Birds New Zeal., ed. 2, Vol. 1, 1887, pl. 6.
Hab. South Island of New Zealand.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
JPIL/AINS, I
Fig. I. Head of Penthornis semilarvatus.
— 7, IJaleadl oO amas mex oi alcl,
— 3. Head of Parus funereus.
— 4. Head of Parus ater cypriotes.
5. Head of Parus ater ledouct.
— 6. Foot of Parus major major.
— 7. Entire figure of Parus nigriloris.
— 8. Head of Parus atricapillus montanus.
— 9g. Head of Parus palustris communis.
— 10. Head of Parus superciliosus.
— It. Head of Parus cyanus cyanus.
— 12, Head of Parus cyanus tianschanicus.
bo
Crieets
2
NI
Oo @m
PASSERES
PLATE 2
Head of Aphelocephala leucopsis leucopsis.
Head of Psaltria exilis.
Head of Remiza pendulina caspia.
Head of Auriparus flaviceps flaviceps.
Foot of Cholornis paradoxa,
Head of Melanochlora sultanea sultanea of ad.
Tail of Melanochlora sultanea sultanea.
Head of Parisoma plumbeum plumbeum.
Foot of Parisoma plumbeum plumbeum.
Entire figure of Parus varius owstoni.
Tail of Parus major major,
Tail of Panurus biarmicus biarmicus.
PramE. 3
Head of Neosuthora davidiana davidiana.
Head of Paradoxornis heudei,
Head of Suthora conspicillata.
Entire figure of A¢githaliscus fuliginosus.
Entire figure of Anthoscopus ansorgel.
Foot of Mohoua ochrocephala.
Foot of Finschia nove-seelandiz.
Foot of Certhiparus albicilla.
Tail of At githalos caudatus caudatus.
Munich, 15th October Ig1t,
GENERA AVIUM INS SIRES
FAM. PARIDE
I. PENTHORNIS SEMILARVATUS. 2. PARUS REX Go AD. 3. PARUS FUNEREUS. 4. PARUS ATER CYPRIOTES.
5. PARUS ATER LEDOUCI. 6. FOOT OF PARUS MAJOR MAJOR. 7. PARUS NIGRILORIS. 8. PARUS ATRICAPILLUS MONTANUS.
9. PARUS PALUSTRIS COMMUNIS. 10. PARUS SUPERCILIOSUS. 11. PARUS CYANUS CYANUS. 12. PARUS CYANUS TIANSCHANICUS.
= 4
-
‘
>
ur
GENERA AVIUM PASSERES
FAM. PARID AL
1. APHELOCEPHALA LEUCOPSIS LEUCOPSIS. 2. PSALTRIA EXILIS. 3. REMIZA PENDULINA*CASPIA.
4. AURIPARUS FLAVICEPS FLAVICEPS. 5. FOOT OF CHOLORNIS PARADOXA. 6a. MELANOCHLORA SULTANEA SULTANEA 7 AD,
6b. TAIL OF MELANOCHLORA SULTANEA SULTANEA. 7a. PARISOMA PLUMBEUM PLUMBEUM.
7b. FOOT OF PARISOMA PLUMBEUM PLUMBEUM. 8 PARUS VARIUS OWSTONI. g. TAIL OF PARUS MAJOR MAJOR.
10. TAIL OF PANURUS BIARMICUS BIARMICUS.
2
GENERA AVIUM PASSERES
PAM. PARID AE
1. NEOSUTHORA DAVIDIANA DAVIDIANA. 2. PARADOXORNIS HEUDEI. 3. SUTHORA CONSPICILLATA.
4. AEGITHALISCUS FULIGINOSUS. 5. ANTHOSCOPUS ANSORGEI. 6. FOOT OF MOHOUA OCHROCEPHALA.
7- FOOT OF FINSCHIA NOV 4s-SEELANDL4S. 8. FOOT OF CERTHIPARUS ALBICILLA. 9 TAIL OF ASGITHALOS CAUDATUS CAUDATUS,
oO
erePART go | ’ GRUES
GENERA
: AVIUM
_ CONDUCTED BY
LP, WYTSMAN
WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY MESSRS. e: BRASIL, AG DUBOIS, EB. HARTERT,
°C. BE. HELLMAYR, Hon. Ww. ROTHSCHILD, Th, SALVADORI, &
- GRUES
FAM. GRUIDAS”
by L. BRASIL
WITH 3 COLOURED: PLATES
wa? . 1913
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Price @/o (FR. 197.25)". zoe Ba
EP de Me 1OT4
| | eee \ 2299 05
sae i af bb \emtes,
A ce
PrinTED and PunuisHep sy V. VerreNgeui. & LL, DesmerT, BrusseLs
FAM. GRUID&A
eee ™
FAM. GRUID&A
BY L. BRASIL
OHE Griid@ or Cranes are large wading-birds. They form in the Order Gruwes,
Nein Gruiformes, or Alectorides a well-characterised Family.
(88
Characters. The neck is long, The bill is straight, rather compressed,
moderate in length, with nasal furrows, which reach beyond the middle of the
upper mandible; the nostrils are elongated or oval, closed posteriorly by a large membran;
the lower mandible is provided on each side with a lateral groove. The legs are very long.
The tibiz are partly bare. The metatarsi are slender, scutellated in front, reticulated behind.
The toes are four in number; they are rather short, strong, and furnished with sharp hooked
claws; the hallux is Small, much elevated, The wings are ample and powertul; the inner secon-
daries exceed the primaries and are generally composed of drooping feathers with dissociated
webs; sometimes the innermost are enormously lengthened. The tail is short; there are twelve
rectrices, Feathers have an aftershaift.
Powder-down patches are absent. The oilgland is tutted.
The ambiens, semi-tendinosus, and accessory muscles are always present. The trachea is
always convoluted, more or less, with the exception of Balearica, The gallbladder is present.
The ceca are variable in length, {rom 7 to 20 cm, The skull is schizognathous, without basip-
terygoid processes and has occipital foramina, The impressions for the supra-occipital glands
are slight and hard to see from above. The sternum ts generally perforated in front when the
trachea is convoluted,
Habits and Reproduction. Cranes, for the most part, are mainly vegetable-feeders, but
they eat greedily mollusks and earthworms, and they pick up also any small mammal, reptile,
amphibian or fish that comes in their way. They prefer usually to stay near water, in the
neighbourood of marshes or lagoons, also they are found on large open plains, sandy flats or
on the sea-shore, Their voice is generally a sonorous trumpet-like note. Cranes are gregarious
birds and form usually very large flocks, which in winter, for the northern species, migrate
southwards, In the breeding season flocks break up into pairs, Nuptial ceremonies consisting
mainly of special dances are sometimes found, Cranes are said to pair for life; they return
to
—~
eas
aw
fat
=
=
(T)
WN
annually to the same breeding haunts. The nest is made in shallow water or on ground; it is a
large conical mass of aquatic plants, a hole or a slight depression on the dry and bare ground,
In rule two eggs are laid, sometimes, though rarely, they are three in number. The eggs are
creamy white, olive brown or buff, more or less streaked and blotched with reddish brown,
red or purplish grey spots, The nestling is covered with down and able to run soon after it is
hatched,
Sexual characters are very slight, The male is usually larger, with the naked parts, it
any, more conspicuous,
Range. The Gruid@ inhabit all the great zoogeographical Regions, except the New
Zealand one and, in the Neotropical, south of Mexico, Nor are they never found in Malayan
Archipelago, Papuasia and Polynesian Islands,
Bibliography. Tegetmeier Blyth, Nat. Hist. Cranes (1881); Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., Vol. 23,
pp. 248-277 (1894); Blaauw, Monog. Cranes (1597); Sharpe, Hand-list Birds, Vol. 1, pp. 176-179
ye
(1899); Dresser, Man. Pal. Birds, Vol. 2, pp. 717-723 (1903); Chalmers Mitchell, Proce. Zool,
Soc. Lond. rg04, Vol. 2, pp. 200-205.
Two Sublamilies can be distinguished.
SUBFAM. A. GRUINA=
Bill equal to or longer than the head. Nostrils linear, No tult of straw-like bristles on the
nape, Trachea convoluted,
The Gruin@ contain eight Genera,
SUBFAM. B. BALEARICINAE
Bill shorter than the head, Nostrils oval and oblique, A tuilt of straw-like bristles on the
nape. Trachea without convolutions,
The Balcaricine contain only a single Genus,
A. SUBFAM. GRUINA=
KEY TO THE GENERA
A. Crown of head naked.
a. Ears-coverts feathered like the cheeks and sides of neck.
als Dhelchecks whollysjeatheved 20) ee) Ge ISierRGSe
b!. The cheeks more or less naked.
al’. Entire crown and whole of cheeks naked
bn
. Genus LIMNOGERANUS.
b!’. Hinder crown and hinder cheeks feathered. . . . . . 3. Genus LeucoGERANUS.
b. Ears-coverts represented by a patch of feathers. . . . . . . . . 4. Genus ANTIGONE.
FAM. GRUIDA®
B. Crown of head feathered.
c. The head wholly feathered.
0
c’. Ears-coverts vepresented by moderately lengthened feathers . . . 5. Genus TETRAPTERYX.
d'. Ears-coverts represented by a very long tuft of silky feathers. . . 6. Genus ANTHROPOIDES.
d. The head with a naked region.
e'. The naked region confined at the base of the bill .
om ~I
f'. The naked region extending behind the ears
1. GENUS GRUS PALLAS
Grus Pallas, Miscell. Zool. pp. 66-67 (1766).
Synonym : Megalornis Gray, List Gen. Birds (2. ed.), p. 85 (1841).
Type : Grus grus gyrus (Linnzeus).
. Genus BUGERANUS.
. Genus PsEUDOGERANUS.
Characters. Crown of head bare, Ears-coverts feathered and the cheeks feathered like
them. Inner secondaries falecated and pointed, not much produced and consisting of more or
less decomposed feathers. General colour grey or white.
Geographical Distribution. Europe. Northern Asia with China, Northern India and
Japan. Northern Africa, Northern America from Alaska to Mexico inclusive.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES
A. Tail grey with ov without the terminal part blackish.
a. Throat grey’.
a’. General colour dark ashy grey including the inney secondaries . 1. G. GRUS GRUS.
b!. General colour pearly grey, the inner secondaries lighter . . 2. G. GRUS LILFORDI.
b. Throat white.
c!. Upper part of the neck grey.
al’. Smaller. Tarsus not more than 22cm . . . .
. G. CANADENSIS CANADENSIS.
8
b!’. Larger. Tarsus more than 25cm. . . . . . . 4. G. CANADENSIS MEXICANA.
5
d!. Upper part ofthe neck white . . . . . . G. MONACHUS.
BiarlGlAGhis a rn 6. G. NIGRICOLLIS.
C. Tail pure white . 7. G. JAPONENSIS.
1. Grus grus grus (Linnus) (Plate 1, Fig. 1-3). Europe, N. and N. E.
Ardea gyrus Linnzus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. 1, p. 141 (1758). ee
Grus communis Bechstein, Naturg. Deutschl. Vol. 3, p. 60 (1793).
Gyrus cinerea Meyer & Wolf, Taschenb. Vol. 2, p. 350 (1810).
Grus vulgaris Pallas (part.), Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. Vol 2, p. 106 (1811).
Megaloruts grus Gray. List Gen. Birds, ed. 1, p. 85 (1841).
Grus communts Tegetmeier & Blyth, Nat. Hist. Cranes, p. 59 (1881).
Grus svus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 23, p. 250 (1894).
Grus communis Blaauw (part.), Monoe. Cranes, p. 1, pl. 1 (1897).
Grus gyus Sharpe, Hand-list Birds Vol. 1, p. 176 (1899).
2. Grus grus lilfordi Sharpe. N. Asia to N. W. India
Grus vulgaris Pallas (part.), Zoogr. Rosso Asiat. Vol. 2, p. 106 (1811).
Grus longivosiris Blyth (nec Temm, & Schleg.), Birds Burm. p. 157 (1875).
Grus communis var. orientalis Vexetmeier & Blyth (nec Irankl.), Nat. Hist. Cranes,
p. 59 (1881).
China and Hainan.
4 GRUES
Grus lilfordi Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 23, p. 252 (1894).
Grus communis Blaauw (part.), Monog. Cranes, p. 1 (1897).
Grus lilferdé Sharpe, Hand-list Birds Vol. 1, p. 176 (1899).
3. Grus canadensis canadensis ( Linneus). N. E. Siberia, Arctic
Ardea canadensis \.inneus, Syst. Nat ed. x, 1, p. 141 (1858). peas W. United
Grus fusca Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. Vol. 13, p. 558 (1817). ete S
Grus fraterculus Baird, Cassin & Lawrence, Birds N. Am., p. 596 (1858).
Grus canadensis Veyetmeier & Blyth (part.), Nat. Hist. Cranes, p. 72 (1581).
Grus canadensis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 23, p. 256 (1894).
Grus canadensis Blaauw (part.), Monog. Cranes, p. 21 (1897).
Grus canadensis Sharpe, Hand-list Birds Vol. 1, }. 177 (189q).
Grus nicdieckt Reichenow, Ornit. Monatsber. Vol. 14, p. 256 (1906).
4. Grus canadensis mexicana (P. L. S. Miller). United States to Mexico
Ardea (Grus) mexicana P. L. S Muller, Syst. Nat. Suppl., p. 110 (1776).
Grus poliophaa \Wagler, Syst. Av. Grus sp. 7 (1827).
Grus americana Gray (part.), Gen. Birds Vol. 3, p. 352 (1845).
Grus cinerea longirostris Temminck & Schlegel, Faun. Jap., p. 117, pl. 72 (1850).
Grus canadensis Vegetmeier & Blyth (part.), Nat. Hist. Cranes, p. 72 (1881).
Grus mexicana Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 23, p. 254 (1804).
Grus canadensts Blaauw (part.), Monog. Cranes, p. 21 (1897).
Grus mexteana Sharpe, Hand-list Birds Vol. 1, p. 176 (1899).
5. Grus monachus lemminck. li, Siberia, China. Japan.
Grus monachus Temminck, Pl. Col. Vol. 5, pl. 555 (1835).
Grus monacha Tegetmeier & Blyth, Nat. Hist. Cranes, p. 71 (1581).
Grus monachus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 23, p. 257 (1894).
Grus monachus Blaauw, Monog. Cranes, p. 15, pl. 4 (1897).
Gius monachus Sharpe, Hand-list Birds Vol. 1, p. 177 (1899).
6. Grus nigricollis Prjevalsky. S. W. China.
Grus nigricollis Prjevalsky, Mong. Tang. Vol. 2, p. 135 (1876).
Grus nigricollis Prjevalsky, Rowley’s Orn. Misc. Vol. 2, p. 436. pl. g (1877).
Grus nigricollis Tegetmeier & Blyth, Nat. Hist. Cranes, p. 7o, pl. (1881).
Grus nigricollis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus, Vol. 23, p. 258 (1894).
Grus nigricollis Blaauw, Monog. Cranes, p. 8, pl. 2 (1897).
Grus nigricollis Sharpe, Hand-list Birds Vol. 1, p. 177 (1890).
7. Grus japonensis (P. L. S. Miller). E. Siberia, Corea, China,
Ardea (Grus) japonensis P. L. S. Muller, Syst. Nat. Suppl , p.110 (1776). Japan.
Antigone montignesia Bonaparte, C. R. Ac. Sc. Vol. 38, p. 661 (1854).
Grus leucogeranus Dylbowsky & Parvex. Journ. f. Orn, 1868, p. 337.
Grus viridirostris Tegetmeier & Blyth, Nat. Hist. Cranes, p. 53 (1881).
Grus japonensis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 23, p. 258 (1894).
Grus japonensis Blaauw, Monog. Cranes, p 2, pl. 3 (1897).
Grus Japonensis Sharpe, Hand-list Birds Vol. 1, p. 177 (18q9).
2. GENUS LIMNOGERANUS SHARPE
Limnogeranus Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Oinit. Club, Vol. 1, p. xxxvu (1893).
Type : Limnogeranus americanus (Linneeus).
Characters, Crown of head, forehead, cheeks and lores wholly devoid of feathers.
Forehead provided with hair-like black bristles which hide the skin. Similar bristles on cheeks
and lores but less numerous. Skin of the crown completely naked and flesh-coloured. Inner
secondaries lengthened, pointed, decomposed and pendent,
RAM. GRULDA 5)
Geographical Distribution. The same as that of the only Species.
Interior of N. America,
Ardea americana Linneus, Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1, p. 142 (1758). oe to oe and
Grus clamator Bartram, Trav. Florida, p. 292 (1791). eee
Grus struthio Wagler,Syst. Av. Grus sp. 6 (1827).
Grus hoyanus Dudley, Proc. Philad. Acad. Vol. 7, p. 64 (1864).
Grus americana Vegetmeier & Blyth, Nat. Hist. Cranes, p. 54 (1881).
Limnogeranus americanus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 23. p. 259 (1Sq4).
Grus americanus Blaauw, Monog. Cranes, p. 17, pl. 5 (1897).
Limnogeranus americanus Sharpe, Hand-list Birds Vol. 1, p 178 (1899).
1. Limnogeranus americanus (Linneus) (Plate 1, Fig. 5).
-3. GENUS LEUCOGERANUS BONAPARTE
Leucogeranus Bonaparte, C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, Vol. 40, p. 720 (£855).
Synonym : Sarcogeranus Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Om. Club, Vol. 1, p xxxvir (1893).
Type : Leucogeranus leucogeranus (Pallas).
Characters, Skin of the head devoid of feathers only on the fore part, till just behind the
eyes; hinder crown and hinder cheeks consequently feathered.
Geographical Distribution. The same as that of the only Species.
Ik. Europe, N.and C. Asia,
1. Leucogeranus leucogeranus (Pallas) (Plate 1. Fig. 4).
Japan, N. W. India.
Grus leucogeranus Pallas, Reise Russ. keichs. Vol. 2, p. 714, tab. F (1773).
Ardea gigantea S. G. Gmelin, Reise Russl. Vol. 2, p. 189 (1774)-
Leucogeranus leucogeranos Bonaparte, C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, Vol. 40, p. 720 (1855).
Grus polit Yule, Book Ser Marco Polo Vol. 1, p. 262 (1871).
Grus leucogeranus Tegetmeier & Blyth, Nat. Hist. Cranes, p. 38 (188r).
Sarcogeranus leucogeranus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 23, p. 261 (1804).
Grus leucogeranus Blaauw, Monog. Cranes, p. 53, pl. 14 (1897).
Sarcogeranus leugogeranus Sharpe, Hand-list Birds Vol 1, p. 178 (1899).
4. GENUS ANTIGONE REICHENBACH
Antigone Keichenbach, Handb. Spec. Orn., p. xxmi (1852).
Synonym : Mathewsia Iredale, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, Vol. 27, p. 47 (1911).
Type : Antigone antigone (Linneus).
Characters. Head and upper part of neck bare, except at the ears, which are covered
by a patch of feathers. Coarse granulations on the hind neck. Inner secondaries pointed, not
decomposed, visibly produced beyond the primaries.
Geographical Distribution. India, Burma, Cochinchina, Malay Peninsula, Australia.
KEY TO THE SPECIES
A. Upper neck naked on a large space.
a. A white collay round the neck. Inner secondaries white. . . . . . . A. ANTIGONE.
A. SHARPE.
tS)
b. No white collar vound the neck. Inner secondaries grey .
Bb. Upper neck naked on a very small space.
es
Be
ce. Darker above and below . . RUBICUNDA RUBICUNDA.
=
CLP EXCLU TARE DEACON 20 70 a 4. A. RUBICUNDA ARGENTEA.
6 GRUES
1. Antigone antigone (Linnzcus) (Plate 2, Fig. 1). N. and C. India.
Ardea antigone Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1, p. 142 (1758
Grus collaris Boddaert, Vabl. Pl. Enl., p. 52 (1753)
Grus torquata Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. Vol. 13, p. 560 (1817
Grus antigene Vegetmeier & Blyth (part.), Nat. Hist. Cranes, p. 47 (1881).
Antigone collaris Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 23, p. 262 (1894).
Grus collayis Blaauw, Monog.. Cranes, p. 26, pl. 7 (18907).
Antigone antigone Sharpe, Hand-list Birds Vol. 1, p. 178 (1899).
2. Antigone sharpei Blanford. Burma, Cochinchina,
= ° rN ° > s 5 e Malay Peninsula.
Grus antigone Tegetmeier & Blyth (part.), Nat. Hist. Cranes, p. 47 (1881). Talay Peninsula
Antigone antigone Sharpe. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 23, p. 264 (1804).
Grus (Antigone) sharpii Blanford, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club Vol. 5, p. v1 (1895).
Grus antigone Blaauw, Monog. Cranes, p. 29, pl. 8 (1897).
Antigone sharpet Sharpe, Hand-list Birds Vol. 1, p, 178 (1899).
3. Antigone rubicunda rubicunda (Perry). Iz. and S. Australia.
Ardea rvubicunda Perry, Arcana June 1810 ( fide Mathews, Novit.Zool. Vol. 17, p. 499, 1910).
Grus australasiana Gould, Birds Austral. Vol. 6, pl. 48 (1848).
Grus australasianus Vegetmeier & Blyth, Nat. Hist. Cranes, p. 51 (1581).
Antigone australasiana Sharpe, Cat Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 23, p. 265 (1894).
Grus austrvalasiana Blaauw, Monog. Cranes, p. 33, pl. 9 (1897).
Antigone australasiana Sharpe, Hand-list Birds Vol. 1, p. 178 (1899).
Mathewsia rubicunda lredale, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club Vol. 27, p. 47 (1011).
4. Antigone rubicunda argentea ( Mathews). N. W. Australia.
Mathewsia rubicunda argentea Mathews, Novit. Zool. Vol. 18, p. 227 (1912).
2
5. GENuS TETRAPTERYX THUNBERG
Tetrapteryx Vhunberg, Kk. Vet. Akad. Forh. Stockh. 1818, p. 242.
Synonym : Geranus Bonaparte, C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, Vol. 38, p. 661 (1854).
Type : Tetrapteryx paradisea (Lichtenstein).
Characters. The head wholly feathered, Feathers of cheeks, ears and nape lenghtened,
dense and loose, No caruncles at the base of the bill, Innermost secondaries enormously pro-
longed and nearly touching the ground, Feathers of the lower throat and chest elongated and
lanceolate as in Herons. :
Geographical Distribution. The same as that of the only Species,
1. Tetrapteryx paradisea (|ichtenstein) (Plate 2, Fig. 2-3). S. Africa to Mashonaland
Ardea paradisea Lichtenstein, Cat. Rer. Rariss. Hamb. p. 28 (1793). and Damaraland.
Tetrapteryx capensis Thunberg. K. Vet. Akad. Forh. Stockh, 1818, p. 242. t. 8.
Anthropoides stanleyanus Vigors, Zool. Journ. Vol. 2, p. 234, pl. 8 (1826).
Grus caffra Fritsch, Drei Jahre Sud-Atr., p. 108 (1868).
Grus pavadisea Vegetmeier & Blyth, Nat. Hist. Cranes, . 23 (1881).
Tetrapteryx paradisea Sharpe, Cat, Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 23, p. 268 (1804).
Anthropoides pavadisea Blaauw, Monog. Cranes, p. 41, pl. 11 (1897).
Tetrapteryx pavadisea Sharpe, Hand-list Birds Vol. 1, », 178 (1809).
6. GENUS ANTHROPOIDES VIEILLoT
Anthropoides Vieillot, Analyse, p. 59 (1816).
Synonyms : Philorchemon Gloger, Handb. Naturg., p. 438 (1842).
Scops Gray, Gen. Birds, Vol. 3, p. 553 (1845).
Type : Anthropoides virgo (Linneus).
SI
FAM. GRUIDZAE
Characters. The head wholly feathered, The ears covered with a very long tuit of silly
feathers. Feathers of the lower throat elongated and pendent. Innermost secondaries immensely
elongated, faleated and pendent.
Geographical Distribution. The same as that of the only Species.
1. Anthropoides virgo (Linneus) (Plate 2, Fig. 4). S Europe, Africa to Natal,
SEY; Bile Tv. (ene
Ardea virgo Linneus, Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1, p. 141 (1758). S: Ne a es China
Grus ornata Brehm, Vogelf. p. 291 (1855). and Ne Woclnidl as
Grus virgo Tegetmeier & Blyth, Nat. Hist. Cranes, p. 26 (188r).
Anthropotdes virgo Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 23, p. 269 (1804).
Anthropoides virgo Blaauw, Monog. Cranes, p. 35, pl. 10 (1897).
Anthropotdes virgo Sharpe, Hand-list Birds Vol. 1, p. 179 (1899).
7. GENUS BUGERANUS GLOGER
Bugeranus Gloger, Handb. Naturg., p. 440 (1842).
Synonym : Laomedontia Reichenbach, Handb. Spec. Orn., p. xxii (1852).
Type : Bugeranus cavunculatus (Gmelin).
Characters. The head wholly feathered except at the base of the bill, which is naked
and warted, A feathered lappet on each side of the throat. Inner secondaries enormously
produced and pendent. ;
Geographical Distribution. The same as that of the only Species.
S. Africa, W. to Congo,
IE to Shoa and Soma-
1. Bugeranus carunculatus (Gmelin) (Plate 2, Fig. 5)
Ardea carunculata Gmelin, Linn, Syst. Nat. ed. xm, 1, p. 643 (1788). F
: eae 3 : ; liland.
Ardea palearis Forster, Descr. Anim. p. 47 (1844).
Grus carunculata Tegetmeier & Blyth, Nat. Hist. Cranes, p. 33 (1881).
Bugeranus carunculatus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 23. p. 267 (1804).
Anthropordes carunculata Blaauw, Monog. Cranes, }). 45, pl. 12 (1897).
Bugeranus carunculatus Sharpe, Hand list Birds Vol..1, p. 178 (1899).
8. GENUS PSEUDOGERANUS SHARPE
Pseudogeranus Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, Vol. 1, p. xxxvi (1893).
Type : Pseudogeranus leuchauchen (Yemminck).
Characters, Forehead, base of the bill and region round the eyes devoid of feathers,
the naked skin extending behind the ears, which are covered by a patch of feathers moderate in
length as in Antigone, Inner secondaries moderately lengthened and pendent.
Geographical Distribution. The same as that of the only Species.
1. Pseudogeranus leucauchen (Temminck) (Plate 2, Fig. 6). E. Siberia, Corea, N. I.
Grus leucauchen Vemminck, Pl. Col. Vol. 5, pl. 449 (1838). Sarasa
Scops wipio Gray, Gen. Birds Vol. 3, p. 553 (1845).
Grus leucauchen Vegetmeier & Blyth, Nat. Hist. Cranes, p. 35 (1881).
Pseudogeyvanus leucauchen Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 23, p. 266 (1894).
Anthyropoides leucauchen Blaauw, Monog. Cranes, p. 49, pl. 13 (1897).
Pseudogeranus lencauchen Sharpe, Hand-list Birds Vol. 1, p. 178 (1899).
rh
G
ax
i
S
B. SUBFAM. BALEARICINA=
Only a single Genus . g. Genus BaLrarica.
9. GENUS BALEARICA BrISssON
Balearica Brisson, Orn., Vol. 5, p. 511 (1760).
Synonym : Geranarchus Gloger, Handb. Naturg., p. 438 (1842).
Type : Balearica pavonina pavontna (Eee
Characters. Bill thick, a little shorter than the head. Nostrils oval and oblique. Crown
of the head covered with a patch of velvety black feathers, A ees tuft of straw-like bristles on
the nape. Throat and sides of the face bare. Bare sides of the face particoloured white and red
or pinkish, A more or less large red-coloured wattle on the lower throat, Feathers of chest and
lower part of the neck lengthened, lanceolated and pendent, Inner greater wing-coverts straw-
coloured and desintegrated. Innermost secondaries somewhat decomposed.
Geographical Distribution. Africa, Southern Europe accidentally, Persian Gult?
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES
A. Upper part of the bare cheek-patch white, the lower part pinkish. Throat-
wattle small. Neck feathers dark slaty grey.
Size larger. General colour lighter. Bill horn-coloured at the tip.
White part of the bare cheek-patch larger . . » . . . I. B. PAVONINA PAVONINA.
b. Size smaller. General colour darker. Bill wholly black. White part
of the bare cheek-patch smaller. . . . . Serr 2. B. PAVONINA CECILIA.
. Bare cheek-patch white with a small upper portion ved. Throat-watlle large
and pendent. Neck feathers pearly grey.
c. Upper margin of the bare cheek-patch rounded. . . . . . . 3. B. REGULORUM REGULORUM.
d. Upper margin of the bare cheek-patch with a knob-like process. . 4. B. REGULORUM GIBBERICEPS.
1. Balearica pavonina pavonina (Linneus) (Plate 3, Fig. 1). W.and Equatorial Africa,
Ardea pavonina Linneus, Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1, p. 141 (1758).
Grus balearica Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. Vol. 13, p. 557 (1817).
Balearica pavonina Vegetmeier & Blyth, Nat. Hist. Cranes, p. 19 (1881).
Balearica pavonina Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 23, p. 272 (18904).
Balearica pavonina Blaauw, Monog. Cranes, }). 57, pl. 15 (1897)
Balearica pavonina Sharpe, Hand-list Birds Vol. 1, p. 179 (18aq).
Balearica payonina Chalmers Mitchell, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1904 Vol. 2, p. 201,
fig. 30.
2. Balearica pavonina ceciliz Chalmers Mitchell (Plate 3, Fig 2). White Nile.
Balearica ceciliae Chalmers Mitchell, Abstr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1904, n® 10, p. 13
Balearica ceciliae Chalmers Mitchell, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1904 Vol. 2, p. 204,
fig. 40
FAM. GRUIDZ
3. Balearica regulorum regulorum (Bennett) (Plate 3, Fig. 3). S. Africa to Uganda.
Anthropoides regulorum Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1833, p. 118.
Balearica chrysopelargus Tegetmeier & Blyth, Nat. Hist Cranes, p. 15 (1881).
Balearica chrysopelargus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 23, p. 274 (1894).
Balearica regulorum Blaauw (part.). Monog. Cranes, p. 61, pl. 16 (1897).
Balearica regulorum Sharpe, Hand-list Birds Vol. 1. p. 179 (1899).
Balearica regulovrum Chalmers Mitchell, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1904 Vol. 2, p. 200,
ho. 37
7:
4. Balearica regulorum gibbericeps Reichenow. E. Africa.
Balearica gibbericeps Reichenow, Journ. f. Orn 1892, p. 125.
Balearica gibbericeps Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 23, p. 275 (1894).
Balearica regulorum Blaauw (part.), Monog. Cranes, p. 62 (1897).
Balearica gibbericeps Sharpe, Hand-list Birds Vol. 1, p. 179 (1899).
Balearica gibbericeps Chalmers Mitchell, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1904 Vol. 2, p. 201,
fie. 38.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
| reeNGTy sya
Fig, 1. Grus grus grus,
= 2 = = = (tne nead).
— 3- — = =— (the foot),
Leucogeranus leucogeranus (the head).
t
(Om dS
Limnogeranus americanus (the head).
PLATE 2
Fig, 1. Antigone antigone (the head),
lo
Tetrapteryx paradisea.
= 3, = = (the head),
Anthropoides virgo (the head).
t
|
+
Bugeranus carunculatus (the head).
Cy On
Pseudogeranus leucauchen (the head),
PiLAwrie 3
Fig. 1. Balearica pavonina pavonina.
— 2. _ pavonina ceciliz (the head),
I
= 3, = regulorum regulorum (the head).
Caen, 1oth October 1913.
GENERA AVIUM
GRUES
1
4
1
4
GRUS GRUS GRUS.
TS
& ge
2
*
S
FAM. GRUIDA
2. HEAD OF GRUS GRUS GRUS.
3. FOOT OF GRUS GRUS GRUS. 4. HEAD OF LEUCOGERANUS
LEUCOGERANUS. 5. HEAD OF LIMNOGERANUS AMERICANUS.
“fe eee
GENERA AVIUM GRUES
FAM. GRUID
1, HEAD OF ANTIGONE ANTIGONE 2. TETRAPTERIX PARADISEA. 3. HEAD OF TETRAPTERIX PARADISEA. 4. HEAD
OF ANTHROPOIDES VIRGO. 5. HEAD OF BUGERANUS CARUNCULATUS. 6, HEAD OF PSEUDOGERANUS LEUCAUCHEN.
GENERA AVIUM
GRUES
13
A
bh
3
re
m
~
PPT I
FAM. GRUID&
1. BALEARICA PAVONINA PAVONINA. 2. HEAD OF BALEARICA PAVONINA CECILIA,
3. HEAD OF BALEARICA REGU-
LORUM REGULORUM.
“Tt 35 a
20" PART © 2 i : -CASUARII
_ GENERA
CONDUCTED BY
_ P.WYTSMAN |
| WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY MESSRS. L. BRASIL, A. DUBOIS, BE. HARTERT,
C. BR. HELLMAYR, Hon. W. ROTHSCHILD, T. SALVADORI, &
a.
CASUARII
FAM. CASUARIIDAE
by Le BRASIL
a
WITH 3 COLOURED PLATES
1913
LZ) 2 eT a
}
“224905.
PRINTED AND PubBLISHED py V. VertTENEUIL & |. Desmer, BrussEis
aw wee her Pre ey OO
ae ee
FAM. CASUARIIDE
ff
!
FAM. CASUARIIDA
BY L. BRASIL
HE Casuariid@, or Cassowaries, show with Emeus many important points of
resemblance, but they can be immediately distinguished by the more hair-like
appearance of the feathers, the spine-shape of the degenerate remiges, the presence
upon the head of a horny helmet, and the great development of the inner claw, so
that, if Cassowaries and Emeus are united in the same Order Casuarii or Casuartiformes, they
form there two very distinct Families, the Caswariid@ and the Dromaiide.
The different forms of Cassowaries have been studied chiefly by Sclater, Salvadori,
Oustalet, and, above all, by Walter Rothschild whose -splendid monograph is the finest
and the most useful work made on these birds.
Characters. The Casuariid@ ave robust and large flightless Palcognathe, smaller
however than Ostriches and Emeus : a full-developed individual of the tallest species stands
about 150 centim. high and the dwarf form Caswarius casuarius chimera 1s yet as large as a
turkey. The fore-limb is rudimentary, and, with the exception of four or five very modified
remiges, quite undistinguishable exteriorly.
The head, moderate in size, is bare and bears a more or less high horny helmet, which
is of various shapes, being laterally compressed and freely developed behind, or posteriorly
depressed and then almost pyramidal, or reduced and very low. The neck is rather long, strong,
and also bare on its greater part; the naked space extends more in front and behind, and, in
many species, laterally very far. The head and neck naked skin is brightly and diversely
coloured, mainly with blue, and much adorned with caruncles and folds in various places ; in
most cases the fore-neck bears one or two more or less large wattles. The naked skin shows
also scattered hairs, which are chiefly numerous and strong upon the rim of the ear-opening.
Eye-lashes are present and well-developed. The bill is moderate in length, generally shorter
than the head, strong, laterally compressed, with the culmen curved near the tip and overlaping
that of the under mandible. The nostrils are placed in a broad membranous groove; their
opening is oval and relatively anterior in situation. A well-marked sternal callosity is present.
4
CASUARII
The wing is quite rudimentary; the remiges, five or six in number, are black, long, cylindrical
and rigid shafts, like porcupine spines, without any indication of webs; two or three are
attached to the manus and can be considered as primaries, the others being secondaries ; when
six of these degenerate remiges are present, the first is far the smallest; an ala spuria is wanting;
the other wing feathers are not distinguishable from the general plumage; a blunt claw is
oiten present, not always. Rectrices are not apparent, but generally the posterior body feathers
are more elongated and can feign a sort of pendent tail. The tibiz are feathered, being naked
only on their very extreme distal part. The metatarsi, which are shorter than in most other
flightless Palcognatha, are very robust and covered with variously shaped scutes, with large
hexagonal ones on their greater part, with small dense roundish seales at the proximal end,
with large transverse scutes below in front near the toes. The toes are three in number, of
which the middle one is the longest, the inner one the smallest; they are covered with large
transverse scutes; the claws are robust, the middle and outer ones curved, the inner of an
unusual considerable length, straitgh, pointed, and constituting a powerful and dangerous
weapon. The body is clothed with stiff hair-like feathers, in which the aftershaft is as long as
the main shaft. Adult birds have an entirely black plumage, young ones are brown, nestlings
when hatched are more or less pale brown with longitudinal black stripes.
According to Pycraft, the pterylosis shows an apterion spinale which sometimes is
wanting, a more or less well-marked apterion mesogastrai including the sternal callosity and
extending backwards to within a short distance of the cloacal aperture, and an apterion trunci
laterale principally represented by the naked under surface of the wing, An oil gland is wanting.
The duodenum is wide and is provided with a diverticulum into which pancreatic and
hepatic ducts open; the ceca are relatively short and of a uniform thickness throughout; the
rectum is short and nearly straight. The right lobe of the liver is larger than the left; a spigelian
lobe is present; there is a gall bladder, The lower end of the trachea is slightly dilated above
the bronchi and the last few tracheal rings are incomplet behind, the space left between them
being continuous with a membrana tympaniformis; there is neither pessulus nor intrinsic
muscles; the outer vocal cord is well-developed. According to the high degree of degeneration
of the fore-limb, the wing musculature is very reduced; the following points can be marked out :
both rhomboidet are present, but they arise from ribs; the biceps originates only from the
coracoid; the coraco-brachialis internus is entirely tendinous ; the subscapularis arises only from
the scapula. In the thigh the semitendinosus and its accessory are well-developed, the femoro-
caudal is slender, its accessory 1s enormous in size, the ambiens, uf this muscle is present, is
quite reduced and impertect, Casuarius, as Dromaius, possesses a strongly developed dermo-
dorsalis. As in the Dromaius skull, to which that of Casvarius is very alike in essential
characters, the vomer is of considerable length, extending forwards the distal extremity of the
parasphenoidal rostrum, but it is only slightly expanded between the maxillo-palatines; the
palatines are unfenestrated and anchylosed with the pterygoids and vomer; the mesethmoid,
nasals, and more or less of frontals contribute to form the prominent casque. The sternum is
relatively elongated and posteriorly pointed, Rudimentary clavicles are said to be present, In
the pelvis, the pectineal process is not very important, the interobturator process is well-marked
but do not reach the pubis, the pubis‘and the ischium are united at their distal extremity only
by cartilage. Only one carpal, the radial, is distinguishable ; the three metacarpals are wholly
PAVE EASA AS 3
fused together ; the index is alone retained, being represented only by a vestigial phalanx, The
femur is non-pneumatic; the ungual phalanx of the inner toe is very elongated.
The females are similar to the males but larger.
Habits and Reproduction. Cassowaries are inhabitants of wooded country, in the
densest part of which they remain during the day-time. As, in addition, they are wary and timid,
their habits are badly known, It seems they live usually solitary or in pairs, however small flocks
can be constituted after breeding by the relatively long union of young birds with parents,
and possibly also by the combination of two families, Though entirely diurnal, Cassowaries
leave the cover only in the morning and evening, then they are found where they have their
favourite feeding and also in the neighbourood of water; these birds are indeed very tond of
bathing, being poweriul swimmers, which can cross wide rivers, and even, as it would appear,
narrow sea channels, They run with great swiftness, though rather heavily, and can leap over
obstacles as much as two meters high, Usually, as Emeus, they rest on the whole metatarsus.
Cassowaries are very pugnacious, even both sexes fighting each other when it is not the
breeding season; attacked or only angry, they kick forwards or sideways with their feet, or
strike with the rigid shafts of their degenerate wings, using also the beak at the same time; the
powerful claw of their inner toe makes the kicking very dangerous, According to Rothschild who
has possessed and observed in life most of Cassowaries, « the voice is a curious sort of snorting,
grunting, and bellowing, usually not very loud, and differmg according to the species »; the
note most often uttered by the male of the Australian form consists of quickly-repeated croaking
sounds, audible at a considerable distance. All sort of vegetable matters are eaten, insects and
crustaceans being also picked up, but fruits seem by much the preferred food, The nest is made
in the densest part of the cover; it is merely a depression on the soil provided with fallen leaves
and grass. The eggs, which appear to be from three to eight in number, are of a light green
colour, with close-set granulations of dark bright green. The cock, it seems, incubates alone,
though some say that the hen assists him, and he tends the young birds when hatched. The
disproportion in the sexes pointed out by Rothschild who has found only 6 males among
150 living Cassowaries secured in the usual manner « by shooting the old male and catching his
brood of chicks when still in down », is really a very conspicuous thing if the duties of incubation
are performed solely by the cock and if only one female lays in each nest.
Range. Molucean and Papuan Sub-Regions, Northern Australia,
Bibliography. Salvadori, Mem. R. Accad. Se. ‘Vorino (2), Vol. 34, pp. 173-217 (1881); Ornith.
Papuasia e Molucche. Vol. 3, pp. 473-503 (1882); Cat. Birds Bit. Mus. Vol. 27, pp. 590-602
(1895); Chalmers Mitchell. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1896, p. 140; Oustalet, Nouv. Arch. Mus.
Hist. Nat. Paris (3), Vol. 8, pp. 263-207 (1896): Beddard, Structure and Classification of Birds,
pp. 493-528 (1899); Sharpe. Iland-list Birds, Vol. 1, pp 3-4 (1899); Rothschild, Proce. Zool.
Soc. Lond. 1899, pp. 773 776: Rothschild & Pycraft, Trans. Zoo]. Soc. Lond. Vol. 15, pp. 109-
290 (1900); Meyer, Ibis (8). Vol. 1, pp. 194-196 (1g0t); Matschie. Journ. f..Ornith. Vol. 49,
pp. 265-267 (1gor); Rothschild. ibidem. pp. 360 361 (1901); Bull. Brit, Ornith. Club, Vol. 14,
pp. 38-40 (1904); ibidem, Vol. 15, pp. 32-33 (1905); Novit. Zool. Vol 14, pp. 504-505 (1907);
van Oort, Notes Mus. Leyden, Vol. 29, pp. 204-206 (1g08); Rothschild, Novit. Zool. Vol. 15,
p.392(tgo8); Mathews, Birds Australia, Vol. 1, pp. 27-34 (1910); Ogilvie-Grant. Bull. Brit. Ornith.
Club, Vol. 29. p. 25 (1911); Rothschild, ibidem, pp. 49-52 (1912); Verhandl. V. Intern. Ornith.
Koner. Berlin, pp. 144-169 (1gt2); Dubois, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, Vol. 38, pp. 104-113 (1913).
The Casuartide@ consist of a single Genus.
4 CASUARII
GENUS CASUARIUS BrISSON
Casuarius Brisson, Ornith. Vol. 5, p. 10 (1760).
Synonyms : Rhea Lacépéde (non Latham), Mém. Inst. lr, Paris, Vol. 3, p. 519 (1801).
Cela Oken, Lehrb. Naturgesch. Vol. 3, Zool. (2) p. 646 (1816) (Cela Moehring,
Geslacht. Vogelen, p. 43, 1758).
Oayporus Brookes, Catal. Mus. J. Brookes, Pt. 2. p. 95 (1828).
? Thrasys Billberg, Syn. Faune Scand. Vol. 1, Pars 2, tab. A (1828).
Hippalectryo Gloger, Hand- u. Hilfsb. p. 452 (1842).
Type : Casuarius casuarius casuarius (Linneus).
Characters, The same as those of the Family.
Geographical Distribution. Moluccan and Papuan Sub-Reegions, Northern Australia.
Sfap I Z
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES
A. Only two wattles, which ave on the same level.
a. Very small,asa tivkey, . 5 = . . =» « « «| ©. ©. CASUARIUS CHIMERA.
b. Larger, at least as a Rhea.
a’. Wattles close together.
al’, Size large.
all’, Wattles veryelarge, above 125 mm.
long.
at, Sides of neck anteriorly bright
Wik os 3 f «© 5 5 6 fo Gy @Ns its Sem uio,
bt. Sides of neck antertorly bluish
Purple ee ae ee oe GC ICASUARTUSHOMNSONII.
b!"'. Watties middle-sized, at most So mm.
long.
ct. Casque low, but very large ; sides
of neck anteriorly blue, poste-
C. CASUARIUS BECCARII.
to
rviorly scarlet
d'. Casque low, not very large.
a>, Sides of neck anteriorly
purplish blue, poste-
yiorlyved . . . . %. ©. CASUARTUS CASUARIUS.
b°. Sides of neck anteriorly
purplish mauve, poste-
yiorly scarlet . . . 5. C. CASUARIUS VIOLICOLLIS.
b'’. Size velatively small,
cl”. Casqueveryhigh . . . . . . 6, ©. CASUARTUS ALTIJUGUS.
d"'. Casque middle-sized.
et. A fleshy-ved ridge on each side
offoveneck. . ... . . A. C. GCASUARIUS BISTRIATUS.
f!. No ridges on foreneck . . . 3, C. CASUARIUS SALVADORII.
b!’. Wattles far apart on the sides of the neck. . . 10. C. BICARUNCULATUS.
FAM. CASUARIIDAS 5
B. A single wattle at the inferior edge of the foreneck without
or with additional wattles.
c. Without additional wattles.
c!. Foreneck orange or yellow.
el’. No yellow occipital patch. . . . . . It. C. UNAPPENDICULATUS UNAPPENDICULATUS.
d"’. A yellow occipital patch.
e!". Casque depressed posteriorly.
gt Casquelow . . . . . . 12. C. UNAPPENDICULATUS RONHSCHILDI.
ht. Casque very high . . . . 13. C. UNAPPENDICULATUS OCCIPITALIS.
f"'". Casque not depressed posteriorly . 15, C, UNAPPENDICULATUS AURANTIACUS.
d'. Foreneck crimson.
e!. Casquedepyessed . . . . . . . . 16. C. UNAPPENDICULATUS SUFFUSUS.
f'". Casquevery high . . . . . . . . 18. C. UNAPPENDICULATUS MITRATUS.
e'. Foveneck blue.
g''. Sudes of neck entirely blue . . . . . 4. C. UNAPPENDICULATUS LAGLAIZEI.
h"". Sides of neck inferiorly crimson . . . . 19. C. PHILIPI
fl, Foreneckblucand ved =. - 2. + . = « + 17. ©. UNAPPENDICULATUS RUFOTINGTUS.
d. Wath one or two additional wattles.
g'. Asmall additional wattle above the principal one. 20, C. DOGGETTI.
h'. A pair of additional wattles.
1". Foreneck blue; sides of neck purple . . . 21. C, JAMRACHT.
j. Foreneck yellow ; sides of neck yellow . . 22. C. HAGENBECKI.
C. No wattle, only sometimes a small knob on the naked part
of the foreneck.
e. Front of the neck pink or rosy-red.
1. Foveneck entirely pink ; hindneck yellow 28. C. ROSEIGULARIS.
j'. Foreneck partly pink ov rosy-red; hindneck not
yellow.
[tL LO ENCE RNIN RNCIIGNS Gy LCL eae 2Oen Cone ORI
1". Front of the neck almost entirely covered by
a large vosy-red patch . . . . . . 30. C. KEYSSERT.
f. Front of the neck blue or violet-blue.
k'. Hindneck not entively blue.
ml". Occiput and sides of the face black; lower
part of the hindneck ovange-chrome . . 25. C. CLAUDIT.
n'', Occiput and sides of the face white; lower
part of the hindneck scarlet.
ge! No black and pink patch below eay . 23, C. PAPUANUS PAPUANUS.
=
h!'". A black and pink patch below eay . 24. C; PAPUANUS EDWARDST.
I. Hindneck entively blue.
o'. Head whitish-blue.
i’, Foveneck blue with a ved patch in
GCL Cen 2 On © eC hl COM ISielC MICOS.
j''. Foreneck blue without a ved patch . 27, C. PICTICOLLIS HECKI.
p"'. Head dark blue.
CASUARII
k!''. Foreneck without a round dark crimson
patch = fe eS oe ne I GSBENNETEUBENNE DCL
VW". Foreneckh with a round dark crimson
patch. = ne & «A ey ee O2 Ce BENNE TTA CULAMUS
1. Casuarius casuarius casuarius (linneus) (Plate 1, Fig. 1-4; Plate 2, Ceram.
Fig. 1).
Struthio casuarius Linneus, Syst. Nat. Ed, 10,1, p. 155 (1758).
Casuarvius galeatus Bonnaterre, Enc. Méth. Vol. 1, p. 4, pl. 14, fig. 2 (1790).
Casuartus galeatus Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 27, p. 592 (1895).
Casuarius casuarius Sharpe, Hand-list Birds, Vol. 1, p. 3 (1899).
Casuarius casuarius Rothschild, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 15, p. 113, pl. 22 (1900).
Casuayius casuartus casuarius Rothschild, Verhandl. V. Intern, Ornith. Kongr. p. 161
(1912).
Casuayius casuayius Rothschild, Bull, Brit, Ornith. Club, Vol. 20, p. 52 (1912).
2. Casuarius casuarius beccarii Sclater. Wokan Island, Aru Is-
Casuarius beccarti Sclater, Proc, Zool. Soc. Lond. 1875, p. 87, fig. 1-2 (p. 86). lands.
Casuarius becearti Salvadori (part.}, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 27, p. 596 (1895).
Ca:uarius beccarti Sharpe, Hand-list Birds, Vol. 1, p. 3 (1899).
Casuarius casuarius beccarii Rothschild, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 15, p. 116,
pl. 23 (1900).
Casuarius casuartus beccayii Rothschild, Verhand). V. Intern. Ornith. Kongr. p, 151
(1912).
Casuarius casuarius beccarti Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 29, p. 52 (1912).
3. Casuarius casuarius salvadorii Oustalet (Plate 2, Fig. 4). Coast of Geelvink Bay,
Casuarius salvadorit Oustalet, Bull. Assoc Sc. France, n° 539, p. 350 (1878).
Casuarius salvadorit Salvadori (part.), Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 27, p. 595 (1895).
Casuarius salvadorii Sharpe, Hand-list Birds, Vol. 1, p. 3 (1899).
Casuarius casuarius salvadorit Rothschild, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 15, p. 120,
pl 24 (1900).
Casuartus casuarius salvadorii Rothschild, Verhandl. V. Intern, Ornith. Kongr, p. 151
N. W. New Guinea.
(1912).
Casuarius bicarunculatus salvadorit Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 20, p. 52
(1912).
4. Casuarius casuarius bistriatus van Oort. Coast of central New Gui-
Casuarius casuarius bistyiatus van Oort, Notes Leyden Mus. Vol. 29, p.204, pl. 8 (1907). Ros
Casuarius casuarius bistriatus Rothschild, Verhandl, V. Intern. Ornith. Kongr. p. 151
(1912).
Casuarius casuarius altijugus Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith, Club, Vol. 29, p. 52 (1012).
5. Casuarius casuarius violicollis Rothschild. ‘Trangan Island, Aru Is-
Casuarius casuarius violicollis Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 8, p. 27 (1899). one:
Casuarius violicollis Sharpe, Hand-list Birds, Vol. 1, p. 3 (1809).
Casuarius casuarius violicollis Rothschild, Trans. Zool. Soc, Lond. Vol. 15, p. 122,
pl. 26 (1900).
Casuarius casuartus violicollis Rothschild, Verhandl. V. Intern. Ornith. Kongr. p. 151
(1912).
Caswarius casuarius violicollis Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith, Club, Vol. 20. p.52 (1912).
6. Casuarius casuarius altijugus Sclater (Plate 2, Fig. 3). Arfak Peninsula, N. W.
Casuarius altijugus Sclater, Nature, Vol. 17, p. 375 (1878). eg Ciaree.
Casuarius salvadorit Salvadori (part.), Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 27, p. S05 (1895).
Casuayius casuartus intensus Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 8, p. 21 (1899).
Casuarius intensus Sharpe, Hand-list Birds, Vol. 1, p. 3 (1899).
Casuarius casuartus tntensus Rothschild, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 15, p. 121, pl. 27
(1900).
Casuarius casuarius altijugus Rothschild, Verhandl. V. Intern. Ornith, Kongr. p. 151
(1912).
Casuartus casnartus altijugus Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith, Club, Vol. 29, p. 52 (1912).
FAM. CASUARIIDZ2
7. Casuarius casuarius sclateri Salvadori.
Casuarius sclatert Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat. Genova, Vol. 12, p. 422 (1578).
Casuarius beccarit Salvadori (part.), Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 27, p. 596 (1895).
Casuarius casuarius sclater? Rothschild, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 15, p. 118, fig. 1
(1900).
Casuarius caswartus sclater? Rothschild, Verhandl V.Intern. Ornith. Koner. p. 151 (1912).
Casuarius casuarius sclatert Rothschild, Bull. Brit Ornith. Club, Vol. zg, p. 52 (1912).
8. Casuarius casuarius johnsonii |. Miiller, (Plate 2, Fig. 2).
Casuarius australis Wall (non Shaw), Sydney Herald 3rd June 1854.
Casuartus Johnsons: Muller, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, p. 242
Casuarius australis Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 27, p. 594 (1895).
Casuarius australis Sharpe, Hand-list Birds, Vol. 1, p. 3 (18g9).
Casuarius casuarius australis Rothschild, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 123, pl. 25 (1900).
Casuarius casuarius australis Mathews, Birds Australia, Vol. 1, p. 28, pl. 5 (1910).
Casuarius casuarius australis Rothschild, Verhandl. V. Intern, Ornith. Kongr. p. 151
(1912).
Casuarius casuarius johnsonit Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith Club, Vol. 29, p. 52 (1912).
Casuarius casuarius johnsonit Mathews, Novit. Zool. Vol. 18, p. 176 (1912).
g. Casuarius casuarius chimzra Kothschild.
Casuartus casuarius chimera Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 14, p. 39 (1904).
Casuarius casuarius chimaera Rothschild, Verhandl.V.Intern.Ornith. Kongr.p.152(1912).
Casuarius bicarunculatus chimera Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol.29, p.52(1912).
10. Casuarius bicarunculatus Sclater (Plate 2, Fig. 6).
Casuarius bicarunculatus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1860, p. 211.
Casuarius bicarunculatus Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 27, p. 591 (1895).
Casuarius bicarunculatus Sharpe, Hand list Birds, Vol. 1, p. 3 (1899).
Casuarius bicaruncutatus Rothsch 1d, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 15, p.129. pl. 28 (1900).
Casuartus casuarius bicarunculaius Rothschild, Verhandl. V. Intern. Ornith. Kongr.
p- 152 (1912).
Casuarvius bicarunculatus Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 20, p. 52 (1912).
i)
11. Casuarius unappendiculatus unappendiculatus Blyth (Plate 1, Fig.5).
Cusuartus unappendiculatus Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. Vol. 29, p. 112 (1860).
Casuarits untappendiculatus Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 27.p.597 (1895).
Casuarius uniappendiculatus Sharpe, Hand-list Birds, Vol. 1, p. 4 (1899)-
Casuarius unappendiculatus unappendiculatus Rothschild, Verhandl. V. Intern. Ornith.
Kongr. p. 152 (1912).
Casuarius unappendiculatus Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 29, p. 52 (1912).
12. Casuarius unappendiculatus rothschildi Matschie (Plate 3, Fig. 1).
Casuarius wnappendiculatus Rothschild (non Blyth), Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 15,
p- 132, pl. 29-30 (1900).
Casuarius unappendiculatus rothschildi Matschie, Journ. f. Ornith. Vol. 49, p. 26 (1901),
Casuarius uiappendiculatus rothschildi Rothschild, Verhandl. V. Intern. Ornith. Kongr.
p. 152 (1912).
Casuarius unappendiculatus rothschildt Rothschild, Bull, Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 20,
p. 52 (1912).
13. Casuarius unappendiculatus occipitalis Salvadori (Plate 3, Fig. 2).
Cusuarius occtpitalis Salvadori, Ann Mus. Stor. Nat. Genova, Vol. 7, p. 718 footnote
(1875).
Casuarius occipitalis Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 27, p. 598 (1895).
Casnuarius occtpitalis Oustalet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris (3), Vol. 8, p. 264,
pl. 14 (1896).
Casuarius occipitalis Sharpe, Hand-list Birds, Vol. 1, p. 4 (1899).
Casuarius unappendiculatus occipitalis Rothschild, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 15,
p. 135, pl. 31 (1900).’
Casuarius unappendiculatus occipitalis Rothschild, Verhand]. V. Intern. Ornith. Kongr.
p- 152 (1912).
Casuarius unappendiculatus occtpitalis Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 29,
p. 52 (1912).
—~rI
S. E. New Guinea.
North Queensland.
German New Guinea.
Islands of Wammer and
Kabroor, Aru Islands.
Salwatti Island.
Arfak Peninsula, N. W.
New Guinea.
Jobi Island.
8 CASUARII
14. Casuarius unappendiculatus laglaizei Oustalet. Jobi Island.
Casuarvius laglaizet Oustalet, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris (8), Vol. 5, n° 9, pp. 1-3 (1893).
Casuartus ocetpttalis Salvadori (part.), Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 27, p. 598 (1895).
Casuarins laglaizet Oustalet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris (3), Vol. 8, p. 265,
pl. 15 (1806).
Casuarius wrappendiculatus occipitalis abery, laglaizei Rothschild, Trans. Zool, Soc. Lond.
Vol. 15, p. 136 (1900).
15, Casuarius unappendiculatus aurantiacus Rothschild. German New Guinea.
Casuarius uniappendiculatus aurvantiacus Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 8,
p. 50 (1899).
Casuarius unappendiculatus auvantiacus Rothschild, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 15,
p. 136, pl. 32 (1900).
Casuarius unappendiculalus auvantiacus Rothschild, Verhandl. V. Intern, Ornith. Kongr.
p. 152 (1912).
Casuarius unappendiculatus aurvantiacus Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 20,
den OED) =
16, Casuarius unappendiculatus suffusus Rothschild. N. W. New Guinea?
Casuarius unappendiculatus suffusus Rothschild, Bull, Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 14, p. 39
(1904).
Casuartus unappendiculatus suffusus Rothschild, Verhandl. V. Intern, Ornith. Kongr.
p- 152 (1912).
Casuarvius unappendiculatus suffusus Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 29, p. 52,
(1912).
17. Casuarius unappendiculatus rufotinctus Rothschild. Northern parts of Central
} BU ! ae a : y = New Guinea,
Casnarius unappendiculatus rufotinctus Rothschild, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 15, 7 7
p. 137 (1900).
Casnuarius unappendiculatus rufotinclus Rothschild, Verhandl, V. Intern. Ornith, Kongr.
p. 152 (1912).
Casuarius unappendiculatus rufotinctus Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 29,
p. 132 (1912).
18, Casuarius unappendiculatus mitratus Rothschild. 2
Casuarius wrappendiculatus mitralus Rothschild, Bull. Brit, Ornith. Club, Vol. 14, p. 38
(1904).
Casuarius unappendiculatus mitvatus Rothschild, Novit. Zool. Vol.14. p. 504, p].6 (1907).
Casuavius unappendiculatus mitratus Rothschild, Verhandl. V. Intern. Ornith. Kongr.
p= 152 (1912).
Casuarius unappendiculatus mitvatus Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 29,
p. 52 (1912).
1g. Casuarius philipi Kothschild. ?
Casuarius philipe Rothschild, Novit. Zool. Vol. 5, p. 418 (188).
Casuarius philip? Sharpe, Hand-list Birds, Vol. 1, p. 4 (189).
Casuartus philip? Rothschild, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 15, p. 138, pl. 33 (1900).
Casuartus philipt Rothschild, Verhandl. V. Intern. Ornith. Kongr. p. 152 (1912).
Casnarius philipi Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 29, p. 52 (1912).
20. Casuarius doggetti Rothschild (Plate 3, Fig. 3). ?
Casuarius doggett? Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 14, p. 39 (1904).
Casuarius doggettt Rothschild, Novit. Zool. Vol. 14. p. 504, pl. 7 (1907).
Casuarius doggetlé Rothschild, Verhandl. V. Intern. Ornith. Kongr. p. 152 (1912).
Casuarius doggelti Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 20, p. 52 (1912).
21. Casuarius jamrachi Rothschild (Plate 2, Fig. 5). Admiralty Islands?
Castartus jamrachi Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 14, p. 40 (1904).
Casuartus jamrachi Rothschild, Novit. Zool. Vol. 14, p. 504, pl. 5 (1907).
Casuarius jamrvachi Rothschild, Verhandl. V. Intern. Ornith. Konyr. p. 152 (1912).
Casuaryius Jamrvacht Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 29, p. 52 (1912).
FAM. CASUARIIDAE 9
22. Casuarius hagenbecki Rothschild. Admiralty Islands ?
Casuartus hagenbecki Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 14, p. 40 (1904).
Casuarius hagenbecki Rothschild, Verhandl. V. Intern. Ornith. Kongr. p. 152 (1912).
Casnartus hagenbecki Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 29, p. 52 (1912).
23. Casuarius papuanus papuanus Schlegel (Plate 3, Fig. 4). Arfak Peninsula, N. W.
Casuartus papuanus Schlegel, Nederl. ‘Yijdschr. Vol. 4, p. 54 (1871). Fane
Casuarius westermannt Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 248.
Casuarius papuanus Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit Mus. Vol. 27, p. 5a9 (1895).
Casuartus papuanus Sharpe, Hand-list Birds, Vol. 1, p. 4 (1899).
Casuavius papuanus Rothschild, rans. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 15, p. 139, pl. 34 (1900).
Casuarius papianus papuanus Rothschild, Verhandl. V. Intern. Ornith. Kongr. p. 152
(1912).
Casnarius papuanus Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 29, p. 52 (1912).
24. Casuarius papuanus edwardsi Oustalet. Coast of Gelvink Bay,
: ; i z s N. W.N linea.
Casuarius edwardsii Oustalet, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 389, pl. 21. NEWWeNe wae
Casuarius papuanus Salvadori (part.), Cat Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 27, p. 600 (1895).
Casuartus papuanus edwardsi Rothschild, Vrans. Zool Soc. Lond. Vol. 15, p. 141, pl. 35
{19Q00).
Crsuarius papuanus edwardsi Rothschild, Verhandl. V. Intern. Ornith. Kongr. p. 152
IQI2).
Casuarius papuanus edwardsi Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 29, p. 52 (1912).
25. Casuarius claudii Ogilvie-Grant. S. and C. Dutch New
z F - ee : : = 7 a Guinea.
Casuarius claudii Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 29, p. 25 (1911).
Casnartus claudit Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 29, p. 52 (1912).
26. Casuarius picticollis picticollis Sclater. Coast Region, British
= : yee rales F New Guinea.
Casuayius picticollis Sclater. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1874, p. 138
Casuarius picticollis Salvadori (part.). Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 27, p. 600 (1895).
Casuarius picticollis Sharpe, Hand-list Birds, Vol. 1, p. 4 (1899).
Casuarius picticollis Rothschild, ‘rans. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 15, p. 143, pl. 36 (1900).
Casuarius picticollis picticollis Rothschild, Verhandl. V. Intern. Ornith. Koner. p. 152
(912).
Casuarius picticollis Rothschild, Bull Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 29, p. 52 (1812).
27. Casuarius picticollis hecki Rothschild. German New Guinea.
Casuarius picticollis hecki Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 8, p. 49 (1899).
Casuarius picticollis hecki Rothschild, Vrans. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 15, p. 144. pl.37 (1900).
Casuarius picticollis hecki Rothschild, Verhandl. V. Intern, Ornith. Iwongr. p. 152 (1912).
Casuarius picticollis hecki Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 29. p. 52 (1912).
25. Casuarius roseigularis Rothschild. Admiralty Islands?
Casuartus roseigularis Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 15, p. 32 (1905).
Casuarins roseigularis Rothschild, Verhandl. V Intern. Ornith. Kongr. p. 152 (1912).
Casnarius voseigularis Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club. Vol. 29, p. 52 (1912).
S22
29. Casuarius loriz Rothschild (Plate 3, Fig. 5). Owen Stanley Mountains,
Casuartus picticollis Salvadori (part.), Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 27, p. 600 1895). EDR eG
Casuartus lorie Rothschild, Novit. Zool. Vol. 5, p. 513 (1808).
Casuarius lorie Sharpe, Hand-list Birds, Vol. 1. p. 4 (1899).
Casuaryius lorie Rothschild, Trans. Zool, Soc. Lond. Vol. 15, 142. pl. 38 (1900).
Casuartus lorie Rothschild, Verhandl. V. Intern. Noner,. p. 152 (1912).
Casnarius lorie Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 20, p. 52 (r912".
30. Casuarius keysseri Rothschild. German New Guinea.
Casuarius keyssert Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 29, p. 50 (1912).
31. Casuarius bennetti bennetti Gould (Plate 3, Fig. 6). New Britain.
Casuartus bennetti Gould, Proc. Zool. S c. Lond. 1857, p. 260. pl. 120.
Casuarius bennett Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 27, p. Gor (1895)
rin)
CASUARII
Casuarius bennett? Sharpe, Hand-list Birds, Vol. 1, p. 4 (1899)
Casuarius bennetti Rothschild, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 15, p. 145, pl. 39 (1900).
Casuarius bennett bennetti Rothschild, Verhandl. V. Intern. Ornith. Kongr. p. 152 (1912).
Casuarius bennetti Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 29, p. 52 (1912).
_ 32. Casuarius bennetti maculatus Rothschild.
Casuarius bennettt maculatus Rothschild, Vrans, Zool. Soc, Lond. Vol. 15, p. 148 (1900).
Casuarius bennett? maculatus Rothschild, Verhandl. V. Intern. Ornith. Kongr. p. 152
(1912).
Fig. I
nO =
my S ne
|
NS
|
ie)
|
— 2. —
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
IPILAMEID, 1
Casuarius casuarius Casuarius.
— (the bill).
(the head, anterior part).
(the right foot, inside view).
unappendiculatus unappendiculatus (the head).
PLATE 2
Casuarius casuarius casuarius (the head).
== johnsonui (the head),
— altijugus (the head)
= salvadorui (the head),
jamrachi (the head).
bicarunculatus (the head).
Brae: S
Casuarius unappendiculatus rothschildi (the head),
-- occipitalis,
doggetti (the head),
papuanus papuanus (the head),
lorize (the head),
bennetti bennetti.
(The figures of plates 2 and 3 after W. Rothschild’s works),
Caen, roth October 1913.
GENERA AVIUM CASUARII
FAM. CASUARIID&#
1. CASUARIUS CASUARIUS CASUARIUS. 2. BILL OF CASUARIUS CASUARIUS CASUARIUS. 3 BILL OF CASUARIUS CASU-
ARIUS CASUARIUS. 4. FOOT OF CASUARIUS CASUARIUS CASUARIUS. 5. HEAD OF CASUARIUS UNAPPENDICULATUS
UNAPPENDICULATUS.
GENERA AVIUM CASUARII
FAM. CASUARIIDA
1. HEAD OF CASUARIUS CASUARIUS CASUARIUS. 2. HEAD OF CASUARIUS CASUARIUS JOHNSONII. 3. HEAD OF CASU-
ARIUS CASUARIUS ALTIJUGUS. 4. HEAD OF CASUARIUS CASUARIUS SALVADORII. 5. HEAD OF CASUARIUS JAMRACHI.
6. HEAD OF CASUARIUS BICARUNCULATUS.
a a ae a a 7 i.e
GENERA AVIUM CASUARII
FAM. CASUARIIDA#
1. HEAD OF CASUARIUS UNAPPENDICULATUS ROTHSCHILDI. 2. HEAD OF CASUARIUS UNAPPENDICULATUS OCCIPITALIS.
3. HEAD OF CASUARIUS DOGGETTI. 4. HEAD OF CASUARIUS PAPUANUS PAPUANUS. 5. HEAD OF CASUARIUS LORLZ#E.
6. HEAD OF CASUARIUS BENNETTI BENNETTI.
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FAM. RHINOCHETIDA
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FAM. RHINOCHETID«
BY L. BRASIL
seems to be really. However Kagu is somewhat allied, though not very closely,
to Cranes and above all to American Sun-Bittern. Therefore Rhinochetida are
included as these last Birds in the Order Grues, Graiformes or Alectorides.
Characters, — The size is about that of a domestic fowl. The head is large, the neck
strong and rather short, the legs are long. The bill is a little longer than the head, strong com-
pressed, the culmen flat on about two third of its way trom the base, rounded on the last third
and here rather arched. On each side of the maxilla is a wide and deep furrow, long about as
the half of the bill, with at the base a very peculiar horned opercule, which conceals the nostril
and is said to protect it when the bird rummages the earth for worms, The mandible is devoid
of lateral grooves, The eye is very large. Behind the head, feathers are very elongated — the
longest measure Io or 12 cm, —, and form a pendent tuft which is erected in angry, fright or
any other excitement. The wings are moderate, broad, and rounded; the primaries are ten in
number, the first is the shortest, the fifth the longest; the inner secondaries, which are thirteen
in number, exceed the primaries, The tail is rather long, wide, and rounded, with twelve
rectrices. The legs are Jong and slender. The tibiz are partly bare. The tarsi present in front
large and high transverse scutes, smaller scales behind. Toes are four in number; the hallux
is rather long and elevated; claws are arched and sharp. Feathers are somewhat desintegrated
and they have a large aftershaft. In adults, down covers the whole surface. The general colo-
ration is slaty grey, with the wings and tail obscurely barred.
In opposition with the Gruida, but as in the Eurypygide and Meswnatida, powder-
down patches exist and the present oil gland is nude. Powder-down patches have a very
GRUES
special disposition : they are profusely scattered over the body. The pterylosis is described by
Forbes as follows : On the neck the dorsal tract is double and continues so until its termination
about on a level with the anterior end of the scapula; the posterior portion of the dorsal tract,
which is quite separate {rom the anterior portions, is only forked to a slight extent anteriorly
and widely dilated mesially, The ventral tract is broken up into two and the pectoral branch
is likewise quite separated from the main tract, what seems special to R/iinochetos and Mesanas.
The humeral tract in perfectly free from the inferior one. The characters of the pterylosis of
Rhinochetos seems to be indebted for much to the presence of the scattered powder-down
patches,
The musculature has been carefully studied by Beddard. The semitendinosus, its
accessory, the femoro-caudal, and the ambiens are all present; the semitendinosus is inserted
in common with the semimembranosus; both peroneals are present; the flexor hallucis supplies
the hallux alone; the tendon of the tensor patagi brevis divides into three branches, the two
inner of which are prolonged some way beyond the tendon of the extensor metacarpi radialis
longi, to which they are first of all attached; there is a biceps slip and an accessory biceps,
which arises from the humerus just below the insertion of the deltoid, and is inserted near the
insertion of the biceps; the expansor secundariorum is present.
The cervical vertebre are sixteen in number, the two last of which can be provided with
movable ribs. Four dorsal vertebre ave ankylosed. Five ribs articulate with the sternum, The
sternum is weak, narrow, and posteriorly unnotched; its keel is small. The pelvis is broad.
The furcula is weak and U-shaped. The pelvis is broad. The anterior furrow of the metatarsus
is broad and very deep. The skull is schizorhinal and incompletely desmognathous; the orbit
is very large with the edge prominent and sharp; the interorbital septum is largely fenestrate ;
there are no basipterygoid processes; a partial bony internasal septum is present; the palatines
are abruptly truncated posteriorly ; there are small occipital foramina.
Habits and Reproduction. Kagus are solitary birds; they can be found in small flocks
only in the sun-rise, They are looking grave and sad, standing often motionless, crookbacked,
the neck shortened. ‘They inhabit dark woods and in the fern near the sea-shore, but also, in the
interior of their native island, wild ravines, craggy places, and the top of the hills. Sleeping
during the day-time, they become activ in the evening, then feeding upon snails, insects, trogs,
and mainly upon worms, which are cleverly picked from earth. Kagus walk quickly and then
stand for a long time motionless; the can run very rapidly, the body carried after the manner of
a Rail and often wings expanded. When excited, they execute gesticulations or take attitudes in
a way that no other bird is know to do. The flight is heavy and low; the bird rises only when
it cannot do otherwise. The voice is loud, piercing and yelplike; it is heard usually about
daybreak when the birds are assembled.
The nest is made on the ground in a hole provided with sprigs and leaves. A single egy
is laid; it is elliptical in shape, stony-grey in colour with spots and blotches of dull grey; the
surface is slightly glossy and the shell comparatively fine. The nestling is covered with down
and has a variegated coloration.
Range. Only one Species confined to New Caledonia.
FAM, RHINOCHETIDZ 33
Bibliography. J. Verreaux et des Murs, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 2° Sér. Vol. 12, p. 439 (1860); ibidem,
Vol. 14, p. 142 (1862); Parker, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 6, p. 501 (1869); Murie, Trans.
Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 7, p. 465 (1872); Forbes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1882, p. 270; Beddard,
Proc Zool. Soc. Lond. 1891, p. 9; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 23, p. 246 (1894);
Burekhardt, Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, Vol. 12, p. 412 (1900); Nova Acta Abh. Leop. Carol.
Deutsch. Akad. Vol. 77, p. 247 (1901); 1bidem, Vol. 79, p. g (tg01); North, Rec. Austral. Mus.
Vol. 4, p. 310 (1902); Campbell, Emu, Vol. 4, p. 166 (1905).
GENUS RHINOCHETOS J. VERREAUX ET DES Murs
Rhynochetos |. Verreaux et des Murs, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 2° Sér. Vol. 12, p. 439 (1860).
1. Rhinochetos jubatus |. Verreaux et des Murs (Plate, Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4).
Type : Rhinochetos jubatus J. Verreaux et des Murs.
Characters and Geographical Distribution. The same as those of the Family.
New Caledonia.
Rhynochetos jubatus |. Verreaux et des Murs, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 2¢ ser. Vol. 12,
p- 440, pl. 21 (1860).
Rhinochetus jubatus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 23, p. 246 (1894).
Rhinochelus jubatus Sharpe, Hand-list Birds, Vol. 1, p. 180 (1899).
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Fig. 1. Khinochetos jubatus.
— — (the head).
=" 3: — = (the right foot).
= 4. — — (the wing).
Caen, 15th October 1913.
=
nn ‘ee ee ee ; - ~~
GENERA AVIUM GRUES
FAM. RHINOCHETIDA
t. RHINOCHETOS JUBATUS. 2. HEAD OF RHINOCHETOS JUBATUS. 3. FOOT OF RHINOCHETOS JUBATUS. 4. WING OF
RHINOCHETOS JUBATUS.
iraq ty
ri,
ae
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FAM. APTERYGIDA
FAM. APTERYGIDE
BY L. BRASIL
oN HE Aptervgide, or kiwis, are Birds of the Sub-Class Pal@ognatha. The system
Rey of classification by which Kiwis and Moas constitute in this Sub-Class a single
DA. Order Aptervges or Aptervgiformes, with two Sub-Orders, Aptervgines and
Jinmanes, seems to us the most natural and we have adopted it. The Sub-Order
Aptervgines includes only the one Family 4 ftervgida.
Characters. About the size of a large domestic fowl, or a little more, Kiwis are the
smallest of the living Ratite; they differ from other such birds, amongst other things, by the
presence ol a back toe, by the very remarkable position of the nostrils at the tip of the bill, and
by the relatively enormous size of the eggs.
The bill is very long, slender, weak, grooved at the sides, a little arched near the tip,
with a hard bony cere at the base; the upper mandible, at its extremity, projects over the lower
and consequently constitutes alone the tip of the bill. The nostrils are small, sub-linear, placed,
as it is said above, near the very end of the long bill, but laterally and a little underneath. The
neck is short and strong. The wings, which are in an extremely aborted condition and covered
with body feathers, are functionless and invisible exteriorly, but they have rudimentary remiges,
apparently thirteen or fourteen in number; the manus bears a claw. The legs are very thick and
situated backwardly; the tibiz are feathered; the metatarsi, which are as long as the middle
toe, are clothed with variously sized scutes, those in front of the lowest part are the largest and
transverse, The toes are four in number owing to the fore-mentioned hallux, which is small and
elevated ; the front toes are robust, covered with broad scutes and provided, like the back one,
with strong, long and sharp claws. The tail devoid of distinct rectrices is rudimentary and not
apparent. The feathers, constituting a soft and loose plumage, are narrow, lanceolate, and
composed of long desunited barbs or filaments; they have no aftershalt; many elongated hairs
occur on the front of the head and the sides of the face; apteria mesogastreei and trunci lateral
are present and well marked. There is a large and peculiar oil gland, which is nude or with two
minute feathers.
The small intestine is relatively long and narrow ; the large intestine 1s short; the czeca
APT ERY GES
i)
are moderate in leneth and they are dilated in their terminal half. The left liver-lobe is larger
than the right; the gall bladder is occasionaly wanting; the hepatic and pancreatic ducts open
separately in the duodenum. The posterior intermediate and abdominal air-sacs are small and
quite exceptionally they are enclosed within the sub-pulmonary chamber. There is only one
carotid, the left. Alone amongst the Iratifa, Apirygide have retained the following muscles,
the serratus metapatagialis, the latissimus dorsi metapatagialis, and the pectoralis abdomi-
nalis; on the other hand, only here the latissimus dorsi anterior is wanting; the rhomboideus
protundus is also absent; in the leg the most variable muscles are all present. The skull is very
elongated in its anterior part and rounded posteriorly ; the post-orbital processes are entirely
absent; the lacrymal is vestigial; the frontal do not form a sharp edge to the orbit; the vomer
is fused with the pterygoid and palatine; the quadrate has a two-headed process ; the symphysis
of the mandible is very long, about half of the length of the ramus. The sternum, variable in
form and proportions, is a small quadrate bone with a wide anterior emargination and rather
deep notches posteriorly, caused by the projection of the posterior lateral processes; it is
usually quite smooth, but sometimes presents « a low ridge nearly as well marked as the
vestigial keel of Stringops » (Parker). The clavicles are absent. The wing is small-boned and
shows in the structure of the manus various degrees of degeneration; a single digit is present,
the index, which has two or three phalanges and is clawed. The pre-acetabular part of the ilium
is exceptionally long; posteriorly the iliam and ischium are widely separated; the pubis never
fuses with the ischium at its free extremity; the interobturator process is very small and do not
meet with the pubis; the pectineal process is large and pointed. The femur is relatively large
and more slender than in any other living Ratifae. All the phalanges are moderate in length.
The female is nearly similar to the male but larger.
Habits and Reproduction, Kiwis are swift running birds, only active in the night,
hidden, during the day-time, in natural cavities or holes burrowed by themselves, They inhabit
wooded country and high hills. Their food consists chiefly of earthworms, for seeking which in
the ground the bill is remarkably adapted, but insects, molluscs, and berries are also eaten.
Kiwis are very pugnacious and make good use of their powerful legs in kicking at any object
approaching them closely. The cry is a high shrill whistle or a low hoarse note; sometimes a
low cackling or grunting noise is heard. The female alone makes the nesting place; it is usually
an excavation among the roots of a tree fern or a hole which she finds ready made in the
eround, but sometimes she burrows it with her claws, without any assistance of her mate, The
eges are generally two in number; they are elliptical in form and abnormally big : an egg of
Mantell’s Kiwi can measure 134 by 73 millim.; the shell is smooth, very thin, pure white, or
with a slightly greenish grey tint. The male performs all the duties of incubation and takes
entire charge of the young birds till they are able to shift for themselves.
Infortunately Kiwis are now vanishing birds. They are however protected by law, but
the voluntary introduction into New Zealand of polecats, stoats, and weasels, in the hope of
suppressing rabbits, has been for them a dreadful thing, which will make more early their
whole extermination; shortly, it seems, Kiwis will have to undergo the regretiul fate of their
compatriots and nearest allies, the quite extinct Moas.
Range. This Family is entirely confined to New Zealand.
PAM: APT ERYGIDZ: 3
Bibliography. Buller, Hist. Birds New Zealand 2nd. Ed. Vol. 2, pp. 308-332 (1888); Parker, Phil.
Trans. Vol. 182, pp. 25-134 (1891); Rothschild, Bull. Brith. Ormith. Club, Vol. 1. pp. 59-62
(1893): Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 27, pp. 603-612 (1895); Rothschild and Beddard,
Novit. Zool. Vol. 6, pp. 361-402 (1899): Sharpe, Hand-list Birds, Vol. 1, p 7 (1899); Pycraft,
Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 15, pp. 149-290 (1900); Buller, Suppl. Birds New Zealand, Vol. r,
pp. 1-30 (1905); Rothschild, Verhandl. V. Intern. Ornith. Kongr. pp. 152-153, 657, 163 (1912).
The dftervgid@ consist of a single Genus.
GENUS APTERYX SHAW
Apteryx Shaw, Nat. Misc. Vol. 24, pl. 1057-1058 (1813).
Synonym : Apfernyx Swainson, Nat. Hist. and Class. Birds, Vol. 2, p. 346 (1837).
Type : Aptervx australis australis Shaw.
Characters. The same as those of the Family.
Geographical Distribution. New Zealand : North and South Islands, Stewart Island.
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES
A. General plumage brown. The feathers of the upper parts longitudinally striped.
a. Size smaller; culmen, less than 170 mam.
a’. Lighter, more greyish. Feathers of the neck softer . . . . . . i. A. AUSTRALIS AUSTRALIS.
A. AUSTRALIS MANTELLI.
lo
r
b!. Darker, more brown. Feathers of the hind neck harsh .
Os
.
ie
b. Size larger; culmen, till 200 mm. . AUSTRALIS LAWRYI.
B. General plumage greyish. The feathers transversally barred,
c. Svze smaller. Plumage lighter. Light bars narrower.
ce’. Smaller. Dark bars of the feathers lighter
d’. Larger. Dark bars of the feathers heavier, move conspicuous .
A. OWENI OWENI.
on -
A. OWENI OCCIDENTALIS.
|
e=
d. Size larger. Plumage darker. Light bars wider . OWENI HAASTI.
1. Apteryx australis australis Shaw (Plate, Fig. 1-3). South Isl., New Zealand.
Apteryx australis Shaw, Nat. Misc. Vol. 24, pl. 1057-1058 (1813).
Apteryx australis Buller, Hist. B. New Zeal. 2nd. Ed. Vol. 2, p. 322 (1888).
Apteryx australis Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 27, p. 604 (1895).
Apteryx australis Sharpe, Hand-list Birds, Vol. 1, p. 7 (1899).
Apteryx australis Rothschild /part.), Novit. Zool. Vol. 6, p. 362 (180).
Aptervx australis Buller, Suppl. B. New Zeal. Vol. 1, p. 2 (1905).
Apteryx australis australis Rothschild, Verhandl.V. Intern. Ornith. Kongr. p. 152 (1912).
2. Apteryx australis mantelli Bartlett. North Isl., New Zealand.
Apleryx mantell: Bartlett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1850. p. 275, pl. 30, fig 3-4, pl. 31,
fiy. 2.
Apteryx bulleri Sharpe, Proc. Wellington Phil. Soc. 1885, p. 6.
Apteryx bulleri Buller, Hist. B. New Zeal. 2nd. Ed. Vol. 2, p. 308. pl (188s).
Apteryx mantelli Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 27, p. 607 (1895).
Apterya mantelli Sharpe, Hand-list Birds, Vol. 1, p. 7 (1899).
Aptervx australis mantelli Rothschild, Novit. Zool. Vol. 6, p. 360, pl. 10 (1890).
Apleryx manteli Buller, Suppl. B. New Zeal. Vol. 1, p 12 (1905).
Apteryx bulleri Buller, ibidem, 1. 17 (1905).
Apteryx austyalis mantellt Rothschild, Verhand1. V. Intern. Ornith. Kongr. p. 152 (1912)
Se Apteryx australis lawryi Rothschild. Stewart Isl., New Zealand.
Apteryy maxima Buller, Trans. New Zeal. [nst. Vol. 23. p. 602 (1891).
Apteryy lawryt Rothschild, Bull. Brit Ornith. Club, Vol. 1, p. 61 (1893).
4 ACPRERMGES
Apteryx lawryi Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 27, p. 606 | 1895).
Apteryx lawryt Sharpe, Hand-list Birds, Vol. 1, p. 7 (1899).
Apteryx australis Rothschild (part.), Novit. Zool. Vol. 6, p. 362, pl. g and 14 (1Sq9).
Apteryx lawryi Buller, Suppl. B. New Zeal, Vol. 1, p. 1, fig. pp. 9-10 (1905).
4. Apteryx oweni oweni Gould (Plate, Fig. 4-5). South Isl., New Zealand.
Apteryx owenti Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1847, p. 94.
Apteryx oweni Buller, Hist. B. New Zeal. 2nd. Ed. Vol. 2, p. 327, pl. (1888).
Apteryx owent Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 27, p. 609 (1895).
Apteryx oweni Sharpe, Hand-list Birds, Vol. 1, p. 7 | 1899).
Apteryx owent Rothschild, Novit. Zool. Vol. 6, p. 383, pl. 11 (1899).
Apteryx owen? Buller, Suppl. B. New Zeal. Vol. 1, p. 19. fig. p. 22 (1905).
Apteryx owent owent Rothschild, Verhandl, V. Intern. Ornith. Kongr. p. 152 (1912).
5. Apteryx oweni occidentalis Rothschild. North Isl. (Mount Hector,
Tararua Ranges) and
South Isl. (west coast),
New Zealand.
Apteryx owent Buller (part.), Hist. 3. New Zeal. 2nd. Ed. Vol. 2, p. 328 (1888).
Apteryx occidentalis Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, Vol. 1, p. 61 (1893).
Apteryx occidentalis Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 27, p. 610 (1895).
Apteryx occidentalis Sharpe, Hand-list Birds, Vol. 1, p. 7 (1890).
Apteryx oweni occidentalis Rothschild, Novit. Zool. Vol. 6, p. 384, pl. 12 (1899).
Apteryx occidentalis Buller, Supp). B. New Zeal. Vol. 1, p. 23 (1905).
Apteryx oweni occidentalis Rothschild, Verhandl. V_ Intern. Ornith. Kongr. p.153(1g12).
6. Apteryx oweni haasti Potts. South Isl. (Southern Alps,
Apteryx haasti Potts, Trans. New Zeal. Inst. Vol. 4, p. 204 (1872). west, Coast) NCW eas
Apteryx haasti Buller, Hist. B. New Zeal. 2nd. Ed. Vol. 2, p. 330 (1888). last
Apteryx haasti Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus, Vol. 27, p. 611 (1895).
Apteryx haasti Sharpe, Hand-list Birds, Vol. 1, p. 7 (1899).
Apteryx haasti Rothschild, Novit. Zool. Vol. 6, p. 381, pl. 13 (18u9).
Apteryx haasti Buller, Suppl. B. New Zeal. Vol. 1, p. 25, pl. 1 (1905).
Apteryx haasti Rothschild, Verhandl. V. Intern. Ornith. Kongr. p. 152 (1912).
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
lig. 1. Apteryx australis australis.
a a es (the bill).
—- 23 = — — (the extremity of the bill, from above).
— 4. — owenl oweni (the head).
— i — — — (the leit foot).
Caen, 15th October 1913. 13
GENERA AVIUM APTERYGES
FAM. APTERYGIDA
1. APTERYX AUSTRALIS AUSTRALIS. 2. BILL OF APTERYX AUSTRALIS AUSTRALIS. 3. TIP OF THE BILL OF APTERYX
AUSTRALIS AUSTRALIS. 4. HEAD OF APTERYX OWENI OWENI. 5. FOOT OF APTERYX OWENTI OWENTI.
Tw =
: j — ' ‘ 5
a> eee et ie nae i te > £1 ue * Se y s -*%
FAM. CHAMEIDA
BY C. E. HELLMAYR
Chamezidz Ridgway, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 50, Vol. 3, 1904, p. 683-691.
Characters 1). Bill much shorter than head, about equal to middle toe without claw, at
base decidedly wider than deep; culmen strongly curved; maxillary tomium slightly concave
for terminal half, without subterminal notch; gonys slightly convex, its basal angle directly
beneath the anterior end of nasal fossae. In general form, the bill is not unlike that of the parine
genus 4: githalos, being, however, relatively longer and stouter, more compressed towards tip
and more acute. Nasal fossae very large, entirely unfeathered; nostrils large, overhung by a
broad, somewhat elevated, operculum which, as in Certhiidac, does not reach to anterior end of
nasal fossae, Rictal bristles well developed; feathers of chin and upper throat terminated by
distinct, though rather fine bristles. Wing short and much rounded; sixth and seventh primaries
longest, filth scarcely shorter; first primary about two-thirds of second; third equal in leneth to
secondaries while the second primary is much shorter than the latter, Tail much longer than
wing, much graduated; the two middle pairs about equal in length, the third but little shorter,
the outermost somewhat more than half as lone as median rectrix; rectrices rather narrow, of
nearly equal width, tips very much rounded, Tarsus very long (nearly half as long as wing);
acrotarsium encroaching but little on outer side of tarsus, divided into eight scutes, of which the
third, fourth and fifth, from above, are much the longest; middle toe without claw more than
half as long as tarsus, its basal phalanx adherent for half its length to outer toe, less adherent to
inner toe; outer toe slightly longer than inner one; hallux about equal in length to inner toe, but
much stouter, its claw decidedly shorter than the digit. Wing 54-63; tail 73-90; bill about
IO-I2 mm.
1) The characters of this family have been taken from Ridgway’s great work.
RASS TEES
to
Coloration. Dull brown above, sometimes rather greyish on head; beneath buffy or
pale cinnamomeous, obsoletely streaked with greyish on throat and chest; plumage very lax and
solt, pileum slightly crested. Sexes alike,
Geographical Distribution. California and Oregon, Western United States,
Observations. Although the characters of the single genus are mainly intermediate be-
tween those of the Paridae (Yits) and Troglodytidae (Wrens) it cannot be referred to either of
thenr, and constitutes a rather isolated type among the Oscines. From the investigations of
F. A, Lucas 1) and Rk. W. Shufeldt 2) it would seem that the Wren-Tits, in osteological struc-
ture, come nearest to Psaltriparus.
Habits and Nidification. The members of the genus are terrestrial birds, living in
shrubberies of hill- and mountain slopes, The male is said to have a very sweet, trilling song.
The cup-shaped nest is placed, in low bushes, on or near the ground and contains three to five,
uniform pale blue eggs.
Monotypic. One species with four subspecies.
GENUS CHAMZEA GAMBEL
1847. Chamzea Gambel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Philad. Vol. 3, p. 154 (Sp. un. : Chamaea fasciata Gambel).
Characters. The same as those of the family.
KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF CHAMAZA FASCIATA
1. Darker : the bach etc. sepia brown or sooty, the under parts ruddy cinnamon.) . . . . . . . + . 2.
— Paler : the back etc. cleaver, more grevish brown, the under parts pale buffv-or
VINACEONS GUINAMIOW’ 2° 1s tes TY Gp ee ee ee Ee ed en a en
». Darker : the back dark sepia brown or sooty, the under parts deeper vinaceous or
FawmiColOUrs © son 6 me EE RO eh, Cee eco) ees) oe el Coma CATER SED Ier As
— Paler: the back clearer septa brown, the under parts lighter vinaceous cinnamon, 2. C. FASCIATA KUFULA.
3. Darker : the back browner under parls, deeper cinnamomeous. . . . . « . I. C. PASCIATA FASCIATA.
- Paler : the back more greyish, under parts paler, more buffy. . . . . . . 4. C. FASCIATA HENSHAW1.
|. Chameea fasciata fasciata (Gambel).
Parus fasciatus Gambel, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sc. Philad. Vol. 2, p. 265 (1845) (California; tvpe in U.S. Nat Mus.
Wash. stated by Ridgway to belong to the present form; cfr. Ridgw., Birds North & Middle America,
Vol. 3, 1904, p. 687).
Chamaea fasciata intermedia Grinnell, Condor, Vol. 2, p. 86 (1900) (Palo Alto, Santa Clara Co., California).
Vig. Journ, Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. (2 ser.), Vol. 1, 1847, pl. 8, fig. 3.
Hab. Eastern and southern shores of San Francisco Bay, and Lower Sacramento Valley, in the counties
Santa Clara, Alameda, Contra Costa, San Joaquin, Sacramento, etc.
1) Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 13, 1890, p. 337-345, pl. 27.
2) Journal. of. Morph. Vol. 3, p. 475-502.
no
Ue
PAM, CHAMASI DAE 3
Chamea fasciata rufula Ridgway.
Chamaea fasctala rufula Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Vol. 16, p. rag (1903) (Nicasio, Marin Co., California).
Hab. Vicinity of San I'rancisco Bay, on west slope of Coast range, tn Mendocino, Marin, San Francisco,
San Mateo and Santa Clara counties, California.
Chamea fasciata phea Osgood.
Chamaea fasciata phaea Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Vol. 13, p. 42 (1899) (Newport, Yaquina Bay, Oregon).
Hab. Coast district of Oregon (Yaquina Bay) and northern California from mouth of Columbia River to
Humboldt Bay.
Chamea fasciata henshawi Ridgway.
Chamaea fasciata henshaws Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 5, p. 13 (1882} {Walkers Basin, Kern Co., South
California).
Hab. Interior valleys and foothills and southern coast district of California, from eastern slope of the
Coast Range in Napa and Lake counties, northward to Shasta County, and southward through
Sacramento and Joaquin valleys and western foothills of Sierra Nevada to Kern County, thence
southwards through southern coast district to northwestern Lower California.
Munich, 15th October 1913,
*
Very a
ree ry
coe w= ae
<7
24” PART PASSERES
GENERA
~AVIUM
CONDUCTED BY
P.WYTSMAN
WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY MESSRS. L. BRASIL, A. DUBOIS, E. HARTERT,
_ €. E. HELLMAYR, Hon. W. ROTHSCHILD, T. SALVADORI, &
PASSERES. LoLa
FAM. HYPOSITTID& |
. by C. E. HELLMAYR
WITH I COLOURED PLATE
1913
PRICE 4/7 (FR. 5.75) Pane i)
( WEL ZS
C22 19 Om,
————_——
PRINTED AND PuBLISHED BY V. VERTENEUIL & [LL. Desmet, BrussELs
FAM. HYPOSITTID&é
FAM. HYPOSITTID&A
BY C. E. HELLMAYR
Hyposittida. Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Vol. 16, p. 125 (1903).
Characters. Bill half as long as head, rather strong, decidedly widened at base,
where its width is about equal to its depth, and somewhat compressed terminally; culmen
slightly ridged, its apical portion distinctly curved, uncinate at tip; both maxillary and
mandibular tomium with a slight, but distinct subterminal notch; gonys decidedly ascending
terminally. Rictal bristles strongly developed, rather stiff, reaching over more than two-thirds
of the whole bill. Nostrils basal, large, broadly oval, non-operculate, exposed, posteriorly
concealed by the dense antrorse latero-frontal plumules as well as by some elongated, stiff
bristles. Wing rather long, much rounded; fourth, fifth and sixth primaries nearly equal and
longest; third about equal to seventh, both conspicuously shorter than the three longest
primaries; second much shorter than third, about equal to ninth; first primary well-developed,
though a little narrower than the following, somewhat longer than half the second; secondaries
very broad, the outer ones decidedly longer than the innermost primaries; wing-tip much less
than length of tarsus. Tail three-fourths as long as wing, very slightly rounded; rectrices of
equal width with rounded tip. Tarsus about as long as middle toe without claw; acrotarsium
booted; outer toe nearly as long as middle toe and united to the latter for the whole of its
basal and half of its subbasal phalanges; inner toe only about half as long as outer toe and
united to middle toe for the whole of its basal half; hallux fully as long as middle toe (without
claw); claws much compressed, strongly arched with acute tip. Size small : Wing, 75-78;
tail, 58-62 mm.
Coloration. Sexes different. The male is coloured as follows : Narrow frontal edge,
lores and chin velvety black; crown, back, upper tail- and upper wing coverts bright greenish
blue; cheeks and ear coverts rather paler and duller blue; remiges and rectrices dusky,
exteriorly washed and edged with dull greenish blue, Under parts dull blue, slightly shaded
PASSE RES
to
with greenish on sides and flanks; under wing coverts greyish with greenish blue tips; quill-
lining distinctly rufescent-buff. The female differs by having the frontal edge, lores and chin
whitish, the cheeks, ear coverts and all the lower parts dull smoky brownish, with some
bluish shade here and there; the upper plumage, too, is of amore greenish blue. Bill coral-red,
extreme tip dusky, feet blackish; iris dark red.
Geographical Distribution. Madagascar, Monotypic (one genus with a single species).
Habits and Nidification. In habits, it is said to resemble our Nuthatches, running up
and down the trunks of trees in search of food, Its eggs seem to be unknown.
Observations. The single species constituting this family has been referred by various
authors, as also formerly by myself, to the Nuthatches (Siftidae). It differs, however, so stri-
kingly from all members of the latter group that there can. be no question, I think, about its
being much more properly placed in a separate family, as has been proposed by Mr, Ridgway.
The differences between the two families may be summarized as follows 1).
a. Maxilla uncinate at tip, with tomium distinctly notched subterminally, the mandibular
tomium also notched near tip; hallux (without claw) fully as long as middle toe (without
claw) ; outer toe very nearly as long as middle toe and united to the latter for the whole
of the basal and half of its subbasal phalanges ; inner toe only about half as long as outer;
tail thveefourths asloupas wig. «9% «= «© « = 3 2 = 6 ces aeeeen elpOoiammres
b. Maxilla not uncinate at tip, mandibular tomium never, maxillary tomium sometimes
(Neositta) very slightly notched subterminally; hallux (without claw) decidedly shorter
than middle toe (without claw); outer toe decidedly shorley than middle toe and united to
the latter fov not more than the basal phalanx ; inner toe three-fourths as long as outer toe;
taal about hatfas lone asiwing 2 vo) ee eS Homose
GENUS HYPOSITTA A. NEWTON
1863. Hypherpes (non Chaudoir 1538, Coleoptera!) A. Newton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1863, p. 85
(Spec. Typ. : H. corallirostvis, Newton).
1881. Hypositta A. Newton, ibidem, 1881, p. 438 (nom. emend. pro Hypherfes).
1. Hypositta corallirostris (A. Newton).
Hypherpes corallirostris A. Newton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1863, p.85, pl. 13 (1863) (Madagascar); descr. et fig. 9.
Fig. Milne Edwards & Grandidier, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Vol. 14, pl. 121-121 ¢.
Hab. Madagascar,
1) The principal characters have been so clearly pointed out by Mr. Ridgway that I cannot do better than repro-
duce (with some slight modifications) what he says about this subject in his great work (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash.
n° 50, Part 3, 1904, p. 439, footnote c).
PAW EY ROSli iD As
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
eng, ie Hypositta corallirostris, 9.
Head of H. corallirostris, &.
4. Bill and leg of H. corallirostris.
6. Wang and tail of H. corallirostris.
8, 9. Head, bill and leg of Sitta europzea europea.
|
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Munich, 15th November 1913.
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GENERA AVIUM PASSERES
FAM. HYPOSITTIDA
1. HYPOSITTA CORALLIROSTRIS 2. 2. HEAD OF HYPOSITTA CORALLIROSTRIS o7. 3. BILL OF HYPOSITTA CORALLIROSTRIS.
4. LEG OF HYPOSITTA CORALLIROSTRIS. 5. 6. WING AND TAIL OF HYPOSITTA CORALLIROSTRIS 9. 7. 8. HEAD AND
BILL OF SITTA E. EUROPA. 9. LEG OF SITTA E. EUROPA.
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CASUARIT.
FAM. DROMAIID4=
: by L. BRASIL
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LOrt
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FAM. DROMAIID&
FAM. DROMATID&
BY L. BRASIL
two Pern Dromatide and Casuartidw, are often noes in a same Grciler
Casuarii, Casuartiformes, or Megistanes.
Characters. Next to the Ostrich, Emus are the largest of existing birds, Dromaius
novehollandia standing more than 1 m. 50 high.
The head is relatively small, devoid of helmet; the crown is covered with semi-erect or
recurved feathers; the sides of face are more or less bare and show hair-like bristles. The bill
is moderate, broad, dorso-ventrally depressed; the culmen is elevated at the base. The nostrils,
about the middle of the bill in position, are impervious and placed in a large membranous
groove with the opening anteriorly; they are not protected by an opercule. The neck is long,
bare on the sides of its upper part, feathered elsewhere, devoid of wattles. The wings are rudi-
mentary, without real quills; the degenerate remiges, seventeen in number, possessing an
aftershaft, are similar to the body feathers; an ala spuria is wanting. The rectrices are undis-
tinguishable, so that the tail is not apparent. The tibiae are wholly feathered. The metatarsi
are long, more slender, and less powerful than in Caswarius; they are covered posteriorly
with a series of rough scales, in front with small reticulate plates, which gradually fuse to
form ten large tranverse scutes placed on the distal third. Three front toes are present, the
inner being the shortest. There is no hallux. The claws, about equally large, are short and
strong. The planta is covered with small reticulate plates, Feathers have an aftershaft extremely
large, equal to the main shaft, as in Casuarius, but they are less desintegrated, so that the
plumage is less hair-like, more softer. The general colouration is blackish, brown, or ashy-grey.
An uropygium is distinctly traceable in the nestling, much more easily demonstrable in
the ripe embryo (Pycraft).
CASUARII
Ns
The small intestine is long and relatively narrow; the rectum ts short, nearly straight;
the cca are of moderate length. The right lobe of the liver is larger than the left; a spigelian
lobe is present; there is a well-developed gall bladder; the hepatic and pancreatic ducts open
Separately into the duodenum. The trachea is peculiar in that its front wall is pierced by a long,
vertical, slit-like median aperture, caused by the deficiency of certain of the tracheal rings in
this region; the lining membrane of the tube projects from this opening and forms a large dila-
table sac, which can be filled with air at will; this remarkable structure is, no doubt, an organ
of sound, which probably produces the peculiar drumming of the bird. There are two carotids.
Accordingly to the degenerate condition of the fore limb, many muscles have disappeared : the
pectoralis propatagialis, biceps propatagialis, deltoides propatagialis, deltoides minor, scapulo-
humeralis anterior, serratus metapatagialis, latissimus dorsali metapatagialis, pectoralis
abdominalis; traces of the expansor secundariorum are said to exist; the pectoralis major is
very reduced; the latissimus dorsi anterior is present; the rhomboideus profundus and superfi-
cialis arise from ribs, the latter from three, the former from only one; the biceps arises from
the whole of the coracoid and from just an adjacent bit of the sternum; the ambiens and the
femorocaudal are wanting; all the gluteals are present; the accessory femorocaudal is very
large; a strongly developed dermo-dorsalis is present, The vertebre are fifty-four in number,
ot which seventeen or eighteen are cervical, nine or ten post-sacral; the atlas is notched, very
nearly perforated; the sternum is entire and it is rather pointed at its extremity; rudimentary
clavicles exist; the pre-coracoids are vestigial; the wing is so reduced that it is scarcely longer
than the skull; there is no distinguishable carpal region; the metacarpals and phalanges have
all fused into one indistinguishable rod of bone; the pubes and ischia are united posteriorly.
with the ilium, but only by cartilage; the pectineal process is well developed; the interobtu-
rator process is present, and shuts off an anterior portion of the obturator foramen; the femur
is highly pneumatic, and bears a large pneumatic foramen between its head and the great
trochanter ; the vomer is expanded into a broad flattened plate between the maxillo-palatines,
and it 1s separated from the parasphenoidal rostrum; the beak is dorso-ventrally depressed ;
the palatines are fenestrated posteriorly, and they are not anchylosed with pterygoids; the
horizontal plate of the mesethmoid appears on the surface of the skull between nasals, but it is
never inflated to form a casque; the lachrymals fuse with nasals and frontals; the supra-orbital
processes are long.
The anatomical characters given above are borrowed for a large part trom Beddard and
from Pyeraft.
Habits and Reproduction, Emus inhabit large plains or open forest districts, They are
monogamous, but they unite in small companies after breeding. They run stongly and rapidly,
and rest on the whole metatarsus, They love bathing, and can get through water very quickly,
being capable of crossing even a broad river. Their food consists of all sorts of vegetable
matters, fruits, roots, herbage, etc., but they seem to prefer fruits. They utter at times a
hissing or grunting sound, and, in the breeding season, the peculiar drumming is produced by
both sexes when the birds are near the nest; the male’s voice is sharper and more distinct,
The nest is « usually a flat bed or platform composed of grass or other herbage plucked by the
bird round about the site, and trampled down; sometimes bark, pieces of sticks, and leaves
FAM. DROMAIIDA= 3
of trees are used, intermingled with a few of the bird’s own feathers » (Campbell); the shape is
generally oval, about 1m. 20 by om. 75 in size, and about 5 cm. in thickness ; sometimes no
nest is formed. The eggs, which are small for the size of the bird, are elliptical in shape ; the
surface is rough, with granulations of dark green upon a shell of more or less light metallic
green. The clutch varies from seven to eighteen eggs, but it is possible that when the number
of eggs is larger than eleven or twelve, the nest was used by two females at least. The male
performs a very large part of the duties of incubation, and, with the female, attends upon the
chicks. The young bird in down shows broad longitudinal dark streaks on a light ground.
The Emu of Australia is the only one that still exists. Those that lived in the neigh-
bouring islands have now all disappeared, and very little is known about them, One, in parti-
cular, the dwarf Emu of King Island, is only known by what the French traveller Peron, who
observed it in the beginning of the nineteenth century, says of it, and also by a few bones
coming from a recent sandy formation. With our actual knowledge, no special character
distinguishes clearly this bird from the dwarf Emu of Kangaroo Island, Dromaius peroni, and
if we may think that it belongs at least to a distinct race localised at King Island, the insufh-
ciency of our documentation about it does not allow us to be absolutely positive. However,
the King Island Emu is generally designated under the name of Dromaius minor, which name
Spencer used in describing the bones mentioned above. It is also under the name of Dromaius
minor that the King Island Emu figures below, but subject to the above remarks.
Range. Australia ; formerly adjacent islands, Tasmania, Kangaroo Island, Wing Island.
Bibliography. Salvadon, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 27, pp. 585-589 (1895); Chalmers Mitchell, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond. 1896, p. 140; Beddard, Structure and Classification of Birds, pp. 493-528
(1898) ; Sharpe, Hand-list Birds, Vol. 1, pp. 2-3 (1899) ; Milne-Edwards & Oustalet, Bull. Mus.
Hist. Nat. Vol. 5, pp. 206-214 (1899); Pycraft, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. Vol. 15, pp. 149-290
(1900); Chalmers Mitchell, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Vol. 8, p. 182 (1901); Mathews, Birds
Australia, Vol. 1, pp. 1-27 (1910); Novit. Zool. Vol. 18, pp. 175-176 (1912); Austr. Avian Rec.
Vol. 1, p. 107 (1912); Rothschild, Verhandl. V. Intern. Ornith. Kongr. pp. 15t & 160 (1912);
Dubois, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, Vol. 37. pp. 308-310 (1913); Brasil, Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. (6);
Vol. 6, pp. 76-97 (1914).
The Dromaiid@ consist of a single Genus.
GENUS DROMAIUS VIEILLOT
Dromaius Vieillot, Analyse, p. 70 (1816).
(Also spelt, Dromiceius, Dyomeus, Dromiceus, Drometcus. |
Synonyms : Tachea Fleming, Philos. of Zool. Vol. 2, p. 257 (1822).
? Chelarga Billberg, Syn. Faunze Scand. Vol. 1, Pars 2, tab. A (1828).
Peronista Mathews, Austr. Avian Rec. Vol. 1, p. 107 (1912).
Type : Dromaius novehollandie novehollandiea (Latham).
Characters. The same as those of the Family.
Geographical Distribution, The same as the range of the Family.
4 CASUARII
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES
A. Tarsus more than 3o cm, in length.
a. Feathers of fore-neck black in contrast to the under surface. .
a!. Feathers of the upper-surface not wholly blackish
a!', Feathers of the upper-surface brown and tipped with black. 1. D. NOVASHOLLANDIA! NOVASHOLLANDIA:.
S
b!'. Feathers of the upper-surface brown, nottipped withblack. 2. D. NOVASHOLLANDIA WOODWARDI.
b!. Feathers of the uppey-surface wholly blackish . . . . 3. D. NovVAHOLLANDIA ROTHSCHILDI.
b. Feathers of the fove-neck whitish like the remainder of the
undey-surface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. D. NOVAHOLLANDIZ DIEMENENSIS.
B. Tarsus less than 30 cm. in length.
Cabeluicniumbrsienaerer> =a te een) Ce en enn ee PePeRONES
al Jee im iiaGe oo 9a og oo 6 0 Go 6 «6 6 GA IDE ehigstors,
1. Dromaius novehollandie novehollandiz (\latham) (Plate, Fig. 1-4).
Casuarius nove-hollandie Latham, Ind. Orn, Vol. 2, p. 665 (1790).
Dromicetus nove-hollandie Vieillot, Anal. p. 54 (1816).
Dromaius ater Vieillot (pars), Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. Vol. 10, p. 212 (1817)
Droméus trroratus Bartlett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1859, p. 205.
Dromues nove-hollandie Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 27, p. 586 (1895).
Dromeaus trroratus Salvadori, ibidem, p. 589 (1895).
Dromeus nove-hollandi@e Sharpe, Hand-list Birds, Vol. 1, p. 2 (1899).
Dromeus trroratus Sharpe, ibidem, p. 3 (1899).
Dromaius nove-hollandie nove-hollandie Mathews, Birds Austral. Vol. 1, p. 3, pl. 1
(1910.)
Dromiceius novaehollandiae novaehollandiae Mathews, Novit. Zool. Vol. 18, p. 175 (1912).
Dromaius novachollandiae novachollandiae Rothschild, Verhandl.V. Ornith. Kongr. p. 151
(1912).
Dromiceius nove-hollandie Dubois, Bull. Soc Zool. France, Vol. 37, p. 309 (1913).
2. Dromaius novehollandiz woodwardi Mathews.
Dromicetus novaehollandiae woodwardi Mathews, Novit. Zool. Vol. 18, p. 175 (1912)
Dromiceius nove-hollandie var. woodwardi Dubois, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, Vol. 37,
p. 309 (1913)
3. Dromaius novehollandiz rothschildi Mathews.
Dromiceius novachollandiae rothschildi Mathews, Novit. Zool. Vol. 18, p. 175 (1912).
Dromiceius nove-hollandie var. rothschildi Dubois, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, Vol. 37,
p- 310 (1913).
4. Dromaius novehollandiz diemenensis l.ec Souét,
Drom@us diemenensis Le Souéf, Cat. Austral. B. Egys and Nests, p. 23 (1904).
Dromeus diemenensis Le Souéf, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, Vol. 21, p. 13 (1907).
Dromatus nove-hollandig diemenensis Mathews, Birds Austral. Vol. 1, p. 14, pl. 2 (1910)
Dromaius novachollandiae diemanensis Rothschild, Verhand. V. Intern. Ornith. Kongr
p. 151 (1912).
Dromicetus nove-hollandi@ var. diemenensis Dubois, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, Vol. 37,
p. 310 (1913).
5. Dromaius peroni Rothschild.
Casuarius nove hollandie Péron, Voy. Découv. Terres Austral. Vol. 2, p. 19, pl: 36
(1816).
Dromaius ater Vieillot (pars), Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. Vol. 10, p. 212 (1817).
Dromaius ater Vieillot, Gal. des Ois. pl. 226 (1825).
Dromaius pavvulus Gould, in Broderip’s Penny Cyclop. Vol. 23, p. 145 (1842).
Dromaius ater Milne-Edwards & Oustalet, Vol. comm. Centen. Mus. Hist Nat. Paris,
: p- 246, pl. 5 {1893).
Dromeus ater Silvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 27, p. 588 (1806).
k. Australia.
N. W. Australia,
S. W. Australia.
Tasmania (Extinct).
Kangaroo Is]. (Extinct).
FAM. DROMAIIDA
Dromeéus ater Sharpe, Hand-list Birds, Vol. 1, p. 3 (1899).
Dromaius perons Rothschild, Extinct Birds, p. 235, pl. 40 (1907).
Dromaius parvulus Mathews, Birds Austral. Vol. 1, p. 19, pl. 3 (1ar10).
Dromaius minor Mathews (pars), ibidem, p. 23, pl. 4 (1910).
Dromicetus spenceyi Mathews, Novit. Zool. Vol. 18, p. 176, footnote (1912).
Dromaius parvulus Rothschild, Verhandl. V. Intern. Ornith. Kongr. p. 151 (1012).
Peronista peroni Mathews, Austr. Avian. Rec. Vol. 1. p. 107 (1912).
Dromicetus peront Dubois, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, Vol 37, p. 310 (1913).
Dromicetus minor Dubois (pars), ibidem, p. 310 (1913).
6. Dromaius minor Spencer. King Isl. (Extinct).
Drome@us minor Spencer, Vict. Nat. Vol. 23, p. 140 (1906).
Dromeaus basst Legge, Emu 6, p. 119 (1907).
Dromaius minoy Rothschild, Extinct Birds, p. 237 (1907).
Dromaius minor Mathews (pars), Birds Austral. Vol. 1, p. 23 (1910).
Dromaius minoy Rothschild, Verhandl. V. Intern. Ornith. Kongr. p. 151 (1912).
Dromiceius minor Dubois (pars), Bull. Soc. Zool. France, Vol. 37, p. 310 (1973).
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Fig. 1. Dromaius noveehollandiz novehollandie.
— 2. — = — (the head).
Se — — (the bill).
(the foot).
Caen, 19th January 1914.
GENERA AVIUM : CASUARII
FAM. DROMAIID4:
1. DROMAIUS NOVZEHOLLANDLZ NOVASHOLLANDIZE. 2. HEAD OF DROMAIUS NOVASHOLLANDIAE NOV ASHOLLANDL4ES,
3. BILL OF DROMAIUS NOV AZSHOLLANDL NOV AZHOLLANDLZ, 4.FOOT OF DROMAIUS NOV ASHOLLANDLE NOV ASHOLLANDL#,
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FAM. MESITID&A
BY L. BRASIL
HE Family De consists of a single Genus Mesites Coy) Saint- Se
ae oe by eae Geoffroy Saint- Hilaire (1838) to ote neighbourood of
the Pigeons, then placed near the Mound-builders by Gray (1841), Reichenbach
(1851) , and Bonaparte (1854). Alterwards, at J. Verreaux’s suggestion, it seems, the Genus has
been classed by Gray (1869), Sundevall (1872), and Hartlaub (1877) in the Passerine birds.
A. Milne-Edwards (1878), judging from his own dissection of Mesites variegata, the single
known species, put the bird close to the Rails and Herons, Gadow (1893), considering Mesites
as a link between the Gruiformes, the Tinamiformces, and the Galliformes, has referred it to this
last Order. On the other side, Forbes (1882), after Bartlett (1877), has point out the affinities
of Mesites with Eurypyga and Rhinochetos; Sharpe (1891, 1899), acknowledging the truth of
this observation, has placed the three birds in the Order Gruiformes or Grues, where I put
them also.
Characters. Mesites variegata is a bird of a moderate size, being large about as a
Water Rail.
The bill is slender, compressed, moderate in length, shorter than the head, the culmen
rounded and slightly incurved; the nostrils are long, linear and concave upturned slits, exten-
ding for more than half the length of the bill, and covered with a well-marked membranous
valvular operculum, The wings are short and obtuse; the primaries are ten in number, the first
of which is rather long, the next three are on increasing, the next three are equal; there are
six secondaries. The tail is long, strong, and rounded; there are sixteen upper tail-coverts,
fourteen rectrices, which are longer than the upper tail-coverts, and fourteen under
tail-coverts about one quarter shorter. The legs are rather long, slender, weak; the tibiz are
GRUES
to
naked on their inferior part ; the metatarsi are scutellated; the toes are slender; the hallux is
inserted on the same level than the front toes, the inner of which is shorter than the outer; at the
base, on a very small extent, the outer and middle toes are united by a skin expansion, The
feathers have no aftershaft; their rhachis is slender and weak, the barbs are without strong
adherence, so that the plumage is very soft to the touch,
The pterylosis has been fully described by Forbes and summed up as it follows by
Beddard : «There are four apteria on the neck, since both dorsal and ventral tracts divide early.
The dorsal tracts converge inter-scapularly, and then become much feebler, and are continued
on to the Y-shaped posterior part of the tract, The ventral tracts cease altogether at the com-
mencement of the pectoral region, but recommence behind the powder-downs, The outer
branch is present, but is quite inconnected with the main stem. » There are five pairs of
powder-down patches : two pairs are dorsal, one in the interscapular region, the other on the
rump; two pairs are ventral, one on the breast, the other on the posterior ventral region ; the
patches of the fifth pair are lateral, being axillary in situation. The oil gland is present and
apparently nude,
The tongue is long, slender, bifid at its extremity. There are two carotids. The sternum
is weak and narrow; the keel is small and has its anterior angle about on the middle of the
breast-bone; anterior and posterior lateral processes are present and well-developed. The
clavicles are wanting. According to the terrestrial habits and to the high run-power of the bird,
the wing bones are reduced, but the pelvis is very wide and the legs are strong boned; the
skull is schizognathous with weak maxillo-palatines. In the hind limb musculature, the femo-
rocaudal and its accessory, the semitendinosus and its accessory, the ambiens, are all present,
The female has a more uniformly coloured plumage than the male; she is more rufous
and originally she has been described as a distinct species, Mesites unicolor.
Habits and Reproduction. MJesites is a terrestrial bird inhabiting only some wooded
eastern districts of the mountains of Madagascar, It does not fly, but runs quickly, When the
bird is walking, it stops frequently looking on all sides, then runs again, The cry is a feeble deaf
note, uttered specially in running. Insects, chiefly ants, constitute the main part of the feeding.
The nest is upon the ground; it is made of small branches, sprigs of rush, or Pandanus leaves.
Range. The JJesitid@ are confined to Madagascar,
Bibliography. Milne-Edwards et Grandidier, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Ois. Vol. 2, p. 601 (1885);
Sharpe. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 23, p. 244 (1894); Beddard, Structure and Classification of
Birds, p. 379 (1898); Sharpe. Hand-list Birds, Vol. 1, p. 180 (1899).
The Wesitid@ consist of a single Genus Mesites. Only one Species is known, WV. variegata.
GENUS MESITES GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE
Mesites Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sc. Paris, Vol. 6, p. 440 (1838).
Synonym : Mesenas Reichenbach, Naturgesch. Tauben, p. 6 (1862).
Mesttornis attributed by Gray (Hand-list, Vol. 1, p. 267, 1869) to Bonaparte has never
been introduced by this ornithologist for replacing Mesites (see Comptes Rendus
Acad. Sc. Paris, Vol. 41, pp. 650-651, 1855).
————— =
hd
PAM: MES 1D zs 3
Characters and Geographical Distribution. The same as those of the Family.
1. Mesites variegata Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (Plate, Fig. 1-7). Madagascar.
Mesites variegata Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sc. Paris, Vol. 6,
p. 440 (1838).
Mesites unicolor Des Murs, Rev. Zool. Vol. 8, p. 176 (1845).
Mesenas variegata Reichenbach, Naturgesch. Tauben, p. 6 (1862).
Meswnas unicolor Reichenbach, Naturgesch, Tauben, p. 7 (1862).
Mesites variegata Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. Vol. 23, p. 244 (1894).
Mesceenas variegata Sharpe, Hand-list Birds, Vol. 1, p. 180 (1899).
Mesites variegata Reichenow, Die Vogel, Vol. 1, p. 222 (1913).
EXPLANATION OF PLATE
Fig. 1. Mesites variegata ot.
— 2, — = (the head, natural size).
ey nie: = ©,
ee —— == (the wing).
— 535, — = (the tail).
— 6, — — (the left foot).
— 7. a = (the bill, from above).
(From Milne-Edwards & Grandidier’s Histoire Naturelle de Madagascar).
(On the Plate, for Meswnatide, Mesa@nas, read Mesitide, Mesites).
Caen, 16th June r9r4.
GENERA AVIUM GRUES
FAM. MES@NATIDZ#
1. MESGENAS VARIEGATA go. 2. HEAD OF MESGENAS VARIEGATA. 3 MESCENAS VARIEGATA 2. 4. WING OF MESGENAS
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Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
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Understanding 9/11